JOHNSON'S GARDENERS' DICTIONARY

EDITED BY J. ERASER, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., AND A. HEMSLEY

JOHNSON'S

GARDENERS' DICTIONARY

AND

CULTURAL INSTRUCTOR

EDITED BY

J. FRASER, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., AND A. HEMSLEY

A NEW EDITION

Baaed on the Original Edition of 1846, thoroughly recast and brought
down to the year 1917

LONDON

GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, LIMITED
NEW YORK : A. T. DE LA MARE PRINTING & PUBLISHING Co., LTD.

PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION

\G a new edition of the GARDENERS' DICTIONARY on the original one of

involved the addition of many thousand names, and in doing so we have

consulted the Kew Bulletin for new plants from 187610 1910 inclusive; also the

seven Kew Hand-lists of plants actually in cultivation there, which means

most of those grown at the present day. The lists of new Chinese plants,

tissued by Messrs J. Veitch and Sons have also been added.

Much of our information has been gleaned from the living plants themselves,
during our close contact with the Kew collections since 1880.

All the names have been checked, altered if wrong, and brought up to date,
-According to the arrangement in the Genera Plantamm, by Bentham and Hooker,
;aided by the Kew Hand-lists, the Index Kewensis, and Synopsis Filicum for Ferns.

To avoid the repetition of synonyms the old names have been retained in their
proper alphabetical order, and, if altered, the reference is given to the modern
ones. The genus Prunus now includes Amygdalus, Persica, Armeniaca,
Prunus, Cerasus, Padus, and Laurocerasus, but for horticultural purposes their
identity has been preserved by arranging the species in six alphabetical lists, under
such headings as Almonds and Peaches, Apricots, Plums, Cherries, Bird
Cherries, and Laurel Cherries. In like manner Pyrus includes Pyrus, Malus,
Aria, Sorbus, Aronia, Pseudocydonia, and Mespilus, but, although this is not
new in all cases, the species have been grouped under such well-recognised
names as Pears, Apples, White Beam Trees, Mountain Ashes, Medlars, etc.
The Quinces are still retained under Cydonia. Azalea, Rhododendron, Cactus,
Echium, Orobus, Pinus, and Pyrethrum have been dealt with somewhat
similarly, but the cross-references will make clear what the correct or modern
names are.

As in the first edition, the English translation or meaning of each generic
and specific name has been given by reference to the original Latin or Greek,
except in the case of proper or commemorative names and names of places,
which are more obvious.

In the pronunciation of Greek and Latin names every vowel or diphthong is
equivalent to a syllable ; and an accent is placed after the vowel upon which
emphasis or stress should be laid in speaking.

The cultural articles on flowers, fruits and vegetables have been amended
and brought up to date, or in some cases rewritten.

The height of plants is given in feet or some fraction of a foot. The use of
technical terms has been avoided in all cases, except for fungi, where they are
strictly limited.

Critical species or forms of minor importance, having no horticultural value,
have been omitted ; also most of the hybrids, which are not likely to have any
permanent value.

THE EDITORS.

3607.U

THE GARDENERS' DICTIONARY AND
CULTURAL INSTRUCTOR

AAB (Alnus glutinosa). See ALNUS.
AARON (Arum maculatum). See ARUM.
AARON'S BEARD (Hypericum calycinum and Saxi-
fraga sarmentosa). See HYPERICUM and SAXIFRAGA.
AARON'S ROD (Verbascum Thapsus). See VER-

BASCUM.

ABCHASIAN HELLEBORE. See HELLEBORUS

ABCHASICUS.

ABE LE TREE (Populus alba). See POPULUS.

ABE'LIA. (After Dr. Abel, physician to the em-
bassa ^e of Lord Amherst to China. Nat. ord. Caprifoils
[Caprifoliacea?]. Linn. Sys. $-Pentandria i-Monogynia.)
Half-hardy evergreen shrubs ; may be turned out into
the borders in summer. Cuttings in summer, in light
turfy loam and peat, and layers in spring.
4 . chine'nsis. 5. Pink and white. September. China.

1844.
„ ,, grandiflo'ra. Garden variety. Hardy. Rev. Hort.,

1886, p. 488.

., floribu'nda (many-flowered). 3. Rosy-purple. Re-
quires a little peat March. Mexico. 1842.
„ rupe'stris (rock). See A. CHINENSIS.
„ spathula'ia. White. Japan. 1881. B. M.( t. 6601.
„ trifto'ra (three-flowered). 5. Pale red. September.

Hindostan.

„ uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 3. China.
ABELMO'SCHUS. See HIBISCUS.
ABERRANT. Deviating from a typical form.
ABIES, Silver Fir. (From abeo, depart [from the
ground] : applied on account of the height that some of
the species attain.) Ord. CONIFER*. A widely dis-
tributed genus, chiefly from the Northern Hemisphere,
and growing farther north of Norway and Sweden than
any other timber trees. There is some confusion regard-
ing names, and they are by some authorities included
with Pinus. According to Humboldt, there is a line
across Norway and Sweden beyond which wheat cannot
be grown. Birch and Barley grow farther north, and
beyond this the Spruce Firs is the only woody vegetation.
For culture, see CONIFER.C.
A. ajane'sis. See PICE A AJANENSIS.
„ a'lba. See PICEA ALBA.
., albertia'na. See TUSGA MERTENSIAXA.
„ alcoquia'na. See PICEA ALCOCKIA.VA.
„ ama'bilis. 180. April. N. California. 1831. G. C.,

1880, v. 14, p. 136.
„ aroma'tica. 100. Oregon.
„ ariton'ica (G. C., 1901, xxix. 86 ; 134, f. 52, 3).

Coniferae. H. Arizona. (Henkel, Darmstadt.)
„ babore'nsis. See A. NUMIDICA.
„ balsa'mea. 45. May. N. Amer. 1696. Pin. Wob..

t. 37- Balm of Gilead.
„ „ columna'ris (M. D. G., 1903, 94). Conifers. H.

(Diedorf Experiment Garden, Germany.)
„ „ hudso'nica. N. Amer. Syn. A. Fraseri hudsonica.
„ „ lulf'scens (M. D. G., 1903, 94). H. (Diedorf Ex-
periment Garden, Germany.)
„ bi'fida. Japan. 1861 ; a form of A. firma.
n brachyphy'lla. 120. Japan. 1879. G. C., 1879,

V. 12, p. 556.

„ bracUa'ta. 120. California. 1853. V. M. C., p. 90.

A. brunonia'na. See TSUGA ERUNONIANA.
, canade'nsis. See TSUGA CANADENSIS.
, carolinia'na. See TSUGA CAROLINIANA.
, cephalo'nica. 60. Mountains of Greece. 1824.

Syn. A. Regina-Amalicc.
, cili'cica. 40 to 60. Asia Minor.
, co'ncolor. Sotojiso. California. 1851. J.L. S., 22.

p. 178. Syn. A. Parsonii.
„ „ au'rea (M. D. G., 1906, 144). Coniferae. H.

C. Ansorge, Klein Flottbek, Hamburg.
„ „ brevifo'lia(M. D. G., 1906, 144). C. Ansorge, Klein

Flottbek, Hamburg.
„ „ falca'ta (M. D. G., 1905, 212). Coniferae. H.

W. F. Niemetz, Teinesvar, Hungary.
„ Delava'yi (G. C., 1906, xxxix. 212, f. 82). Western

China.

,. Dougla'sii. See PSEDDOTSUGA DOUGLASII.
„ ,, glau'ca. Hort.
„ dumo'sa. See TSUGA BRUNONIANA.
„ Ei'chleri. 100. Caucasus.
., Engelma'nni and var. candidi'ssima. See PICEA

ENGELMANNI.

„ ,, glau'ca. Glaucous spruce fir.
„ exce'lsa. See PICEA EXCELSA.
„ ,, attenua'ta. The thin-leaved spruce.
„ „ brevifo'lia. The short-leaved Norway spruce.
„ „ clanbrasilia'na. Lord Clanbrasil spruce.
„ „ e'legans. Knight's dwarf spruce.
„ „ eremi'ta. Syns. A. miniata, Picea excelsa eremita.
„ „ finedone'nsis. The Finedon spruce.
.t » gregprya'na. Gregory's dwarf spruce.
„ „ horizonta'lis. The horizontal spruce.
„ „ Max'welli. Maxwell's dwarf spruce.
„ „ monstro'sa. Syn. P. excelsa, var. virgala.
„ ,, mucrona'ta. The spike-leaved spruce.
„ ,, muta'bilis (W. G., 1888, 107). H. Garden variety

of Picea excelsa.

„ „ parvifo'rmis. The minute spruce.
„ „ pu'mila. The low-growing spruce.
•I » Pygma'a. One of the dwarfest of firs.
„ ,, pyramida'lis. The pyramidal spruce.
„ „ stri'cta. The upright Clanbrasil spruce.
„ „ variega'ta. The variegated spruce.
,, falca'ta. 35. Oregon.
„ Farge'sii (G. C., 1906, xxxix. 212, f. 83). Central and

Western China ( J . Veitch & Sons.)
„ fi'rma. too. Mountains of Japan. V. M. C., p. 95.

1801. Syn. A. bifHa.
„ Fortu'nei. See Keteleeria Fortune*. G. C., 1884, v.

21, p. 348.

,, Frase'ri. 30. May. Pennsylvania. 1811.

„ „ hudso'nica. See A. BALSAM/EA.

„ „ na'na. Dwarf.

„ Gle'hni. See PICBA GLEHNII.

„ gra'ndis. 170. May. New California. 1831. V. M. C.,

p. 97.
„ „ pe'ndula (M. D. G., 1896, 28). H. A weeping

form, of garden origin.
,, heterophy'lla. See TSUGA MERTERSIANA.
,, homole'pis. Japan.
„ hookeria'na. Sir W. Hooker's spruce. See TSUGA

PATTONIANA.

,, insula'ris. See PINUS.
,, iezoe'nsis. See KETELEERIA FORTUNEI.
„ Khu'trow. See PICEA MORINDA.
,, lasiosca'rpa. British Columbia to Colorado.

A

ABOBRA

ABUTILON

A. lowia'na. Sierra Nevada.
„ magni'fica. Californian Sierras.
,, ,, xznthoca'rpa.

„ Marif'sii. Japan. 1879. G. C, 1879, v. 12, p. 189.
„ Menzie'sii. Menzies spruce. See PICEA MENZIESII.
„ Merku'sii. See PINUS.
„ mertcnsia'na. Californian hemlock spruce. See

TSUGA.

„ microphy'lla. 180. Oregon.
,, microspe'rma. The small-seeded Japan spruce. See

PICEA AJANENSIS.
„ minia'ta. See PICEA EREMITA.
„ Mori'nda. The Himalayan spruce. See PICEA

MORINDA.
„ mucrona'ta. 180. Oregon. See PICEA EXCELSA

MUCRONATA.

„ na'na. See TSUGA SIEBOLDII NANA.

„ nfgra. See PICEA NIGRA.

,, no'bilis. 200 to 300. California. 1831. G. C., 1885,

v. 24, p. 653.
,, ,, robu'sta. 200. California. 1851. See A. MAGNI-

FICA XANTHOCARPA.

,, nordmannia'na. 80. Crimea. 1848. B. M., t. 6992.

,, ,, au'reo'variega'ta (M. D. G., 1903, 94). Diedorf Ex-
periment Garden, Germany.

„ „ horizonta'lis. Garden variety.

„ „ pe'ndula (R. H.( 1890, 440, f. 132). H. Garden
variety.

„ numi'dica. Algerian mountains. G. C., 1888, iii.
140, f. 23.

„ obova'ia. The obovate spruce. See PICEA OBOVATA.

„ Omo'rica (Servian spruce). See PICEA OMORICA.

„ orienta'lis. The Oriental spruce. See PICEA ORIEN-
TALIS.

„ Parso'nii. See A. CONCOLOR.

,, pattonia'na. See TSUGA PATTONIANA.

„ pectina'ta. 80 to 100. Central Europe. 1603.

„ Pi'cea, with vars. Apolli'nis and leiocla'da. See
PICEA EXCELSA.

„ pi'chta. See A. SIBIRICA.

„ Pi'ndrow. 100. May. Himalayas. 1837. G. C.,
1886, v. 25, p. 689.

„ Pinsa'po. 65. Spain. 1838. G. C., 1885, v. 24,
p. 465. (A. andre'ana, A. beiss'neriana, A. ke'nti-
ana, A. masters' iana. Garden varieties.) (R. H.,
1902, 163, 164). Coniferae. H. (Moser, Versailles.)

„ poll to,. Japanese Fir. See PICEA POLITA.

,, pu'ngens. See PICEA.

„ „ glau'ca. (Blue spruce.)

„ „ pen'dula.

„ Regi'ncz-Ama'lice. See A. CEPHALONICA.

„ religio'sa. 150. Mexico. 1839. B. M., t. 6753.

,. Roe'zlii. 50. Mexico. 1870.

„ ru'bra, with vars. arctica and violacea. See PICEA

RUBRA.

„ sachaline'nsis. Island of Yesso. 1879. G. C., 1879,

v. 12, p. 589.
„ schrenkia'na. Schrenk's fir. See PICEA OBOVATA

SCHRENKIANA.

., sibi'rica. 50. May. Siberia. 1820. Syn. A. pichta.

„ Sieboldi. 25 to 30. Japan. See TSUGA SIEBOLDI.

„ sitcht'nsis. See PICEA SITCHENSIS.

., smithia'na. See PICEA MORINDA.

„ tubalpi'na. 60 to 100. High mountains of Colorado
Variety of A. lasiocarpa.

„ „ Beissne'ri (Gfl., 1903, 47). H. (H. A. Hesse,
Weener, Germany.)

„ trigo'na. See SEQUOIA RAFINESQUEI.

„ Tsu'ga. See TSUGA SIEBOLDII.

,. Vei'ichii. 140. Japan. 1861. J. L. S., 18, t. 20.

„ webbia'na. go. Himalayas. 1822. G. C., 1886
v. 25, pp. 688 and 788.

„ Williamso'ni. See TSUGA PATTONIANA.
ABO'BRA. (Its native name. Nat. ord. Cucurbita-
ceic.) Intermediate greenhouse plant. Seeds sown in
light soil in April. The tubers can be stored in winter.
A. viridiflo'ra. Climbing perennial. Pale green. Brazil.
ABO'RTION. Imperfect development. A seed vessel
may swell or a fruit develop the pulpy portion, but no
perfect seeds produced. In some instances pollen trans-
ferred from other flowers will produce perfect seeds, but
there are some hybrids which prove abortive under any
conditions. The term is also applied to unnatural de-
velopments in the growth of plants.

ABRAHAM OF MAMRE OAK (Quercus pseudo-
cocci/era). See QUERCUS.

ABRA'XAS GROSSULARIA'TA. Magpie moth. See
INSECT PESTS.

ABRO'MA. (From a, not, and broma, food ; on ac-
count of its deleterious qualities. Nat. ord. Byttneriads
[Sterculiaceae]. Linn. i8-Polyadelphia i-Decandria.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Seed in March in heat ; or
cuttings of half-ripe wood, April, in strong heat, under a
bell-glass ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 65° to 75* ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
A. augu'sta (smooth-stalked). 10. August. Purple.

E. Ind. 1770.
„ fastuo'sa (prickly-stalked). 10. June to October.

Purple. N. S. Wales. 1800.
„ latifo'lia, B. M., t. 6546.
,, sinuo'sa. Madagascar. 1884.

ABRO'NIA. (From abros, its involucrum being deli-
cate. Nat. ord. Nyctagos [Nyctaginaceae]. Linn., $-Pen-
tandria i-Monogynia. Allied to Mirabilis.)

Half-hardy perennial trailers. Cuttings or seeds ;
sandy peat, with a little light loam.
A. arena'ria. ij. Lemon. California. 1865.
,, fra'grans. i. White. Rocky Mountains. 1865.

Night blooming. B. M., t. 5544.
„ latifo'lia. ij. Yellow. August. N.W. Amer. B.

M., t. 6546.

,, nielli' fera (honey-bearing). £. July. Orange. Cali-
fornia. 1826.

„ pulche'lla (neat). \. July. Pink. California. 1848.
,, ro'sea (rose-coloured). See A. UMBELLATA.
,, umbella'ta (umbel-flowered). £. April and May.
Pink. California. 1823. Purple Sand Verbena.
A'BRUS precato'rius. Wild Liquorice. (From the
leaves being soft and delicate, abros, and prayer, pre-
catorius. because its seeds are used for rosaries. Nat.
ord. Mimosads [LeguminosajJ. Linn. ij-Diadelphia,
i-Decandria.)

Stove climber. Cuttings in sand, under a glass ; sand
and peat.

12. Pale purple. March to May. W. Ind.
ABU'TA. (Native name. Nat. ord. Menispermaceas.)
Free-growing stove evergreen climber, and is used medi-
cinally in Cayenne. Cuttings root freely in ordinary
propagating frame. Pot in good loam and leaf-mould.
A. rufe'scens. 10. Grey outside, purple inside. March.

Cayenne. 1820.

ABU'TILON. (Arabic name for a'plant like a mallow.
Nat. ord. Mallowworts [Malvaceae]. Linn. i6-Mona-
delphia 8-Polyandria.)

An interesting class of flowering plants of which we
have many garden varieties, under favourable conditions
they flower throughout the year. Though regarded as
greenhouse plants, they succeed well in the open during
the summer. Cuttings may be taken at any season of
the year, and will root freely in a close frame where there
is a little bottom heat. For the cuttings sandy loam
may be used (see PROPAGATING) ; for potting good fibrous
loam with manure and sand added. Light and air with
a temperature of from 50° to 60° during the winter will
ensure success.

A. auranti'acum (orange-coloured). Orange. Brazil.
,, auri'tum (eared). Red. December. Tropics, Old

World. 1821.
,, bedfordia'num (D. of Bedford's). 15. Yellow and

red. November. Brazil. 1838.
,, brazilie'nse. G. C., 1882, vol. 18, p. 498.
, chrysosle'phanum compa'ctum (W. G., 1888, 123).
,, cri'spum (crisped). 3. Yellow. Tropics. 1827.
,, Darwi'nii. 4. Orange-red, veins blood-red. April.

S. Brazil. 1871. B. M., t. 5917.
,, escule'ntum. Yellow. Brazil. 1880.
,, floribu'ndum. Orange-red. Rev. Hort., 1881, p. 350.
,, grave' olens (strong-scented). 6. Orange and red.

E. Ind. 1842. Stove.
„ insi'gne (handsome-flowered). White and carmine.

January. New Grenada.
,, intege'rrimum (whole-leaved). 14. Yellow. May.

New Grenada. Stove.
„ Lemoi'nei (F. M., t. 287). G.

„ longicu'spe (long-pointed). Bluish-purple. Abyssinia.
1908.

ABYSSINIAN

ACACIA

A. megapota'micum. 3. Yellow, with scarlet calyx.
Spring. Rio Grande. 1864. Syn. A. vexillariutn.
,, mo'lU (soft). Peru.

., OcksSnii (Ochsen's). Purple. Chili. 1866.
,, pleniflo'ra, (double-flowered). Orange, with red

stripes, double. 1885.
„ patoniflo'rum (peony-flowered). Piiik. January.

Brazil. 1845.
,, pulche'Uum (pretty). See PLAGIANTHUS PUL-

CHELLUS.
„ rufine'rve (red-nerved). Pale yellow. August. Rio

Janeiro. 1845.
,, Sawi'trii (G. C., 1899, xxv. 276). Malvaceae. G. A

pretty foliage plant. (Lord Leigh.)
,, seUovia'nummarmora'tum. Leaves marbled creamy-
yellow. Brazil. Stove.
„ sinSnse (Chinese). Orange-yellow, with brown-red

blotches. Central China. 1909.

,, stria'tum (striped). 10. Orange and red stripes ;
continually blooming. Brazil. 1837. In Hamp-
shire and south of England, large old plants flower
freely turned out under a south wall, being there all
but hardy.

„ „ kewSnsi (Kevr). Middle lobe of leaf short. 1885.
„ „ Thompso'nii (Thompson's). Leaves smooth, tes-
sellated with yellow. 1885.
„ Thompso'ni flora plena (R. H., 1885, t. 324). See

A. PLENIFLO'RA.
„ Thompso'nii spu'rium (spurious). Leaves downy,

tessellated with yellow. 1885.
„ veno'sum (veined). Orange and red stripes. July.

Mexico. 1846.
„ vitifo'lium (vine-leaved). 6. White. July. Chili.

1837.

There are now many garden varieties, including those
with variegated foliage. Of the latter A. sellovianum,
marmoratum, a large leaved variety, is one of the hand-
somest, and A. megapotamicum is another much ap-
preciated variety. Hybrid varieties vary in colour from
white, yellow, pink, up to deep crimson, and are too
numerous to include in this work. Years ago they were
very popular, but it is only a few of the most decided
colours that are now grown.

ABYSSINIAN PRIMROSE (Primula verticillata boveana).

ACACALLIS. (From ake, a point, and hallos, beauty ;
the points of the segments are deep blue. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytal orchid. Fibre of peat, sphagnum,
and crocks. Increased by division.
A. cya'nea (blue). White, tipped deep blue. August.

Brazil. 1843.
„ „ a'lba (white). Lip pure white. 1885.

ACACIA. (From akazo, to sharpen, on account
of the prickliness of the species first noticed. Nat.
ord. Mimosads [Leguminosae]. Linn., 2$-Polygamia,
i-Monoxia.)

This is an extensive and variable genus, most of which
require greenhouse treatment. They all succeed best in
turfy loam and peat, with sand added, and those grown
for ordinary decorations or for market are limited to a
few species. Those grown as flowering plants are propa-
gated from cuttings. The most useful sorts are armata,
cordate, dtalbata, ovata, riceana, and Drummondi. Cut-
tings from short- jointed shoots after the flowering period
are taken off close to the old wood, put in a compost of
equal parts of good loam, peat, and sand, and placed
where there is a little bottom heat and a close cool sur-
face. Lophantha. and many others may be raised from
seeds. The seeds will germinate better if soaked in
tepid water until they swell. All succeed best if placed
in the open during the summer.

STOVE SPECIES.

A. acanthoca'rpa (spine-podded). See MIMOSA.
„ acapulce'nsis (Acapulcan). See LYSILOMA.
„ arctbica (Arabian). 20. White. E. Ind. 1596.

This tree produces gum-arabic.

,, bancroftia'm (Bancroft's). See C^SALPINIA BIJUGA.
., brachyaca'ntha (short-spined). See MIMOSA ACANTHO-

CARPA.

„ b-urmannia'na (Burmann's). 6. Ceylon. 1818.
„ cie'sia (grey). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1773.

A. Ca'Uchu (catechu). 40. Pale yellow. E. Ind. 1790.
This tree produces that most powerful astringent,
catechu. The bark of all the other species also
abounds in astringent principle, useful for tanning.

,, centrophy'lla (spur-leaved). 20. White. Jamaica. 1818.

,, Cerato'nia (Ceratonia). See MIMOSA CERATONIA.

,, chrysosta'chys (golden-spiked). 15. Mauritius. 1824.

,, conci'nna (neat). 20. White. E. Ind. 1823.

,, concordia'na (Concord's). See PITHECOLOBIUM UM-

BELLATUM.

,, copalli'na (copal). 20. 1825.

„ * corni'gera (horn-bearing). See A. SPADICIGERA.

„ coronillafo'lia (coronilla-leaved). 10. N. Africa.

1817.

,, di'ptera (two-winged). See PROSOPIS JULIFLORA.
,, dumo'sa (bushy). See A. LATRONUM.
„ ebu'rnea (ivory'-thorned). 5. Yellow. E. Ind. 1792.
„ edu'lis (eatable-fruited). See A. FARNESIANA.
,, *farnesia'na (farnesian). 15. Yellow. July. St.

Domingo. 1656. " Cassie."
,, fcrrugi'nea (rusty). E. Ind. 1818.
„ filici'na (fern-leaved). 20. Mexico. 1825.
,, formo'sa (beautiful). See CALLIANDRA FORMOSA.
,, frondo'sa (leafy). See LEUC,CNA GLAUCA.
,, frutico'sa (shrubby). See MIMOSA FRUTICOSA.
,, Giraffce (cameleopard's). 40. Cape of Good Hope.

1816.

„ gra'ta (grateful). See PIPTADENIA MACROCARPA.
,, guayaquile'nsis (Guayaquil). See MIMOSA.
,, guiane'nsis (Guiana). See STRYPHNODENDRON.
„ Hcemato'xylon (bloody- wooded). 20. Yellow, white.

Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
„ heteroma'lla (one side woolly- leaved). Yellow. June.

N. Holland. 1818.
,, I'ntsia (Intsia). See A. C.CSIA.
,, * Jacara'nda (Jacaranda-like). 20. Yellow, white.

S. Amer. 1825.

,, kalko'ra. (kalkora). See ALBIZZIA JULIBRISSIN.
,, kermesi'na (kermesina). Purple.
,, latisi'liqua (broad-podded). See LYSILOMA.
„ latro'num. 20. E. Ind. 1818. Syn. A. dumota.
„ laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 4. Yellow. May. Tanna.

„ Lc'bbek (lebbek). See ALBIZZIA.

,, lentiscifo'lia (lentiscus-leaved). 20. Cuba. 1824.

, lepro'sa. Yellow. Australia. 1817. B. R., t. 1441.

. „ ienuifo'lia. 1883.

, leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). See A. FARNESIANA.

, leucophlce'a (white). 12. Pale yellow. E. Ind. 1812.

, longifto'ra. 1884.

, lu'cida (shining). See ALBIZZIA.

, macraca' ntha, (long-spined). 20. Jamaica. 1820.

,, macranthoi'des. See A. MACRACANTHA.

„ Ma'ngium (Mangium's). 10. Yellow. E. Ind. 1820.

., microphy'lla. (small-leaved). See PIPTADENIA PERE-
GRIN A.

„ nudiflo'ra. 30. White. 1823. Syn. A. rohriana.

„ odorati'ssima (most fragrant). See ALBIZZIA.

„ oligophy'lla, (few-leaved). 4. Yellow. 1817.

,, penna'ta (feather-leaved). 20. Yellow. E. Ind.
1773.

, pilo'sa (downy). See CALLIANDRA H.EMATOMMA.

, pinna' ta. See A. PENNATA.

, plumo'sa (feathery-leaved). 20. Yellow. A climber.

, portorice' 'nsis (Porto Rico). See CALLIANDRA.

, prisma' tica (prismatic). 6. Yellow. 1818.

, * pulche' rrim* (fairest). See STRYPHNODENDRON

FLORIBUNDUM.

,, quandrangula'ris (four-angled). See CALLIANDRA

TETRAGONA.

,. ripa'ria. 10. W. Ind. 1820. Syn. A. sarmentosa.

„ rohria'na (Rohr's). See A. NUDIFLORA.

„ Ro'ssii (Ross's). 40. 1822.

,, sarmento'sa (twiggy). See A. RIPARIA.

,, sca'ndens (climbing). See ENTADA.

,, semicorda'ia (half-heart-shaped). 40. E. Ind. 1820.

„ Senega'l (Senegal). 30. White. Africa. 1823.

,, Seri'ssa (Shireesh). 20. E. Ind. 1822.

,, spadi'cigera (B. M., t. 7395). One of the bull's horn

acacias. Central America and Cuba. 1692. Syn.

A. cornigera.

„ specio'sa (showy). See ALBIZZIA LEBBEK
„ Spi'ni (Spine's). 15. Red, yellow.
,, stipula'ta (large-stipuled). See ALBIZZIA.
„ Sv'ma. 10. E. Ind. 1820.

ACACIA

ACACIA

A. iamarindifo'lia (tamarind-leaved). 4. White. W.

Ind. 1774.
., iomento'sa (woolly). 20. E. Ind. 1816.

tricho'des (hairy). See LEUC.ENA TRICHODES.
„ va'ga (common). 40. White. Brazil. 1818.
„ venu'sta (charming). 6. Pink. S. Amer. 1816.

ve'ra (tnie, Egyptian thorn). See A. ARABICA.
„ virtfscens (strong-growing). 20. S. Amer. 1829.
„ Wallichia'na (Wallich's). See A. CATECHU.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES.

A. abieti'na (fir-like). See A. LINIFOLIA.

„ 'affi'nis (kindred). 5- Yellow. May. N. Holland.
1822. This is the Green Wattle Mimosa of the
settlers. A variety of dealbata.
ala'ta (wing-stalked). 6. Yellow. May. N. Hol-
land. 1803.

„ amx'na (pleasing). 5. Yellow. May. N. Holland.
1820.

„ cmgula'ta (angular). See A. DISCOLOR.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See A. LONGIFOLIA.

„ argyrophy'lla. See A. BRACHYBOTRYA.

„ *arma' ta (armed, simple-leaved). 10. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1803. Syn. A. hybrida and A. tristis.

„ a'spera (rough). 4. Yellow. May. N. Holland.
1824. Syn. A. Ausfieldii and A. densifolia.

„ baileya'na (G. C., 1894. xv. 37, f. 4)- Leguminosas.
Australia.

„ biflo'ra (two-flowered). 3. Yellow. May. N. Hol-
land. 1803.

„ binerva'ta (two-nerved). 8. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1824.

„ brachybo'trya. 8. Yellow. April. Swan River.
B. M., t. 4384. Syn. A. argyrophylla.

„ brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 3. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1820.

,, bre'vipes (short-stalked). See A. MELANOXYLONT.

„ buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 4. Yellow. April. N. Hol-
land. 1824.

„ calamifo'lia (reed-leaved). Yellow. May. N. Hol-
land. 1823.

„ canalicula'ta (channeled). Yellow. May. N. Hol-
land, 1824.

„ cave'nia. See A. FARNESIANA.

,, cclastrifo'lia (celastrus-leaved). See A. MYRTIFOLIA.

„ cilia' ta (fringe-winged). See A. STRIGOSA.

,, cinera'scens (ash-coloured). See A. GLAUCESCENS.

„ cochlea' ris (spoon-leaved). 4. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1818.

„ confe'rta (crowded). Yellow. April. N. Holland.
1824.

„ coria'cea (leathery-leaved). 5. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1825.

„ crassica'rpa (thick- fruited). 6. Yellow. April. N.
Holland. 1824.

„ culirifo'rmis (knife-shaped). 15. Yellow. April. N.
Holland. 1820.

„ cunea'ta (wedge-shaped). Yellow. April. Swan
River. 1837.

„ cuspida'ta. See A. DIFFUSA.

„ cyanophy'lla (blue-leaved). Yettow. April. Swan.
River. 1838.

„ Cyck'ts (Cyclops-like). 4. Yellow. May. N. Hol-
land. 1824.

„ cycno'rum (Swan River). See A. OBSCURA.

„ daviesiafo'lia (Daviesia- leaved). 6. Yellow. Tune
N. Holland. 1817.

„ *dealba'ta (whitened). 10. Yellow. May. N. Hol-
land. 1823.

„ *deci'piens pramo'rsa (deceiving, bitten-leaved). -\
Yellow. May. N. Holland. 1830.

„ *decu'rrens (decurrent). 6. Yellow. June. N. S.
Wales. 1790.

„ densifo'lia. See A. ASPERA.

„ denti'fera (tooth-bearing). Yellow. April. Swan
River. 1839.

„ depe'ndens (weeping). See A. LONGIFOLIA.

„ de' linens (detaining). 3. Yellow. May. S. Africa
1828.

„ diffu'sa. Yellow. May. Tasmania. B. R., t. 634.
Syn. A. cuspidate.

„ dilata'ta. 6. Whito. April. N. Holland. 1827.

„ *dillwyniafo'lia (Dillwynia-leaved). 3. Yellow
May. N. Holland. 1828.

A. dimidia'ta. 6. Yellow. June. N. Holland. 1814.
,, di'ptera (two- winged).
„ „ erio'ptera (woolly-winged). Yellow. September.

Swan River. 1840.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). 10. Yellow. May. N. S.

Wales. 1784.

,, divarica'ta (straggling). See A. DILATATA.
,, *dolabrifo'rmis (hatchet-leaved). See A. DIMIDIATA.
„ Drummo'ndii. 10. Yellow. April. Swan River.
,, echi'nula (prickly). See A. JUNIPERINA.
„ elonga'ta (long-branched). 6. Yellow. May. N.

Holland. 1824.

,, emargina'ta (single-notched-leaved). See A. STRICTA.
„ erioca'rpa (woolly- fruited). Pale yellow. April. N.

Holland. 1845.
„ eriocla'da (woolly-branched). Yellow. June. N.

Holland. 1849.
„ Esterha'zia (Prince Esterhazy's). 4. Yellow. May.

N. Holland. 1824.
„ *faka'ta, (sickle- leaved). 6. Yellow. May. N. S.

Wales. 1790.

,, falcifp'rmis (sickle-shaped). See A. PENNINERVIS.
,, *ftoribu'nda (many-flowered). See A. LONGIFOLIA.
,, glau'ca (milky-white). See LEUC^ENA GLAUCA.
,, glauce'scens. 10. Yellow. May. N. Holland.

1824.

,, *gra'ndis (great). See A. PULCHELLA.
,, grave' olens (strong-smelling). See A. VERNICIFLUA.
,, gummi'fera (gum-bearing). 30. N. Africa. 1823.
,, harpophy'lla (Card., 1902, Ixi. 168 ; J. of H., 1902.

xliv. 190. Queensland. (Mrs. Denison.)
„ hastula'ta (halbert-leaved). 4. Yellow. May. N.

Holland. 1824.
,, heteraca'ntha (varied- prickled). 15. Cape of Good

Hope. 1816.
,, heteraphy'lla (variable-leaved). 5. Yellow. May.

N. Holland. 1824.

,, hispidi'ssima (hairiest). See A. PULCHELLA.
„ *Ao/os*n'c«a (all silky). Yellow. April. N.Holland.

1820.

,, homoma'lla (equal- woolled). See A. GLAUCESCENS.
„ *Hnege'lii (Baron Huegel's). Pale yellow. February.

N. Holland. 1846.

,, humifu'sa (trailing). N. Holland. 1820.
,, hy'brida (hybrid). See A. ARMATA.
,, ine'rmis variega'ta (G. C., 1902, xxxi. Suppl. May. 31,

iii).

,, intermedia (intermediate). See A. LONGIFOLIA.
,, interte'xta (interwoven). See A. LONGIFOLIA.
„ *juniperi'na (juniper-leaved). 6. Yellow. May.

N. S. Wales. 1790.
,, lambertia'na (Lambert's). See CALLIANDRA LAM-

BERTIANA.

„ lani'gera (woolly). 6. Yellow. April. N. Holland*

1824.

„ Lawso'ni (Lawson's). N. S. Wales.
,, lepro'sa. Australia. 1817.
„ lep toca' rpa (slender- podded). 6. Yellow. April. N<

Holland. 1821.

,, leucophy'lla (white-leaved). See A. HOLOSERICEA.
,, ligula'ta (strap-shape-leaved). See A. SALICINA.
„ linea'ris (linear). 3. Yellow. May. N. S. Wales,

1820.
„ linifo'lia. 4. Yellow. May. N. S. Wales. 1790.

Syn. A. abietina.
„ longifo'lia. 6. Yellow. May. Australia. 1792.

B. M., t. 2166. Syn. A. intertexta.
„ „ floribu'nda. 6. Yellow. April. N. S. Wales.

1816. Syns. A. angustifolia and A. intermedia.
„ „ mucrona'ta. Yellow. March. Tasmania. 1819.

Syn. A. dependens.
„ „ So'phora. 10. Yellow. May. Tasmania. 1805.

Syn. A. Sophora;.

„ */ongt'ssima (longest-leaved). See A. LINEARIS.
,, lopha'ntha. See ALBIZZIA.
„ luna'ta. 2. Yellow. April. N. S. Wales. Syn.

A. olecefolia.

„ Meisne'rii. Yellow. May. S.W. Australia.
„ melano'xylon. 6. Yellow. N. S. Wales. B. M.,

t. 1659. Syn. A. brevipes.

„ metti'fera (honey-bearing). White. Arabia. 1826.
„ mo'llis (soft). See ALBIZZIA JULIBRISSIN.
„ mottea'na (G. C., 1906, xxxix. 213).
„ myrtifo'lia. 3. May. N. S. Wales. 1789. B. M.,

t. 302.

ACACIA

ACANTHOLIMON

A. myr/i/o'/ta celastrifo'lia. 6. Yellow. May. Swan

River. 1842.

„ Ne'mu. See ALBIZZIA JULIBRISSIN.
., ni'gricans. 6. Yellow. April. King George's Sound.

B. M., t. 2188.

., obli'qua. 6. N. Holland. 1842.
.. obscu'ra. 2j. Yellow. Swan River. 1852. Syn.

A. cycnorum.

., ole.Tfo'lia. See A. LUNATA.

.. OxycSdrus. 10. Yellow. May. N. S. Wales. B.

M., t. 2928.
„ pcnnine'rvisfalcifo'rmis. 6. Yellow. May. Australia.

1818. Syn. A. falciformis.
,. peniade'nia. 10. Yellow. May. N. S. Wales. B.

R., t. 1521.
„ platyphyl'la (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow. June. N.

Holland. 1820.
.. podalyriv' folia (G. C., 1906, xxxix. 213). E. Australia.

(Sir T. Hanbury, La Mortola.)
,, pube'scens. 6 to 10. N. Holland. 1790.
„ pulche'lla gra'ndis. Golden yellow. March. Australia.

1846. Syn. A. grandis.
„ „ hispidi'ssima. 3. Yellow. Swan River. 1800.

B. M., t. 4588. Syn. A. hispidissima.

., ricea'na. Yellow. May. Tasmania. Maund. Bot.,

,, Richardso'ni (Richardson's). 10. Yellow. June.

N. Holland. 1822.
., rotundtfo'lia. See A. OBLIOUA.
,, ruscifo'lia. See A. VERTICILLATA LATIFOLIA.
.. salici'na. Yellow. March. N. S. Wales. 1818. Syn.

A. ligulata.

,. Sf'ntis. 8 to 10. Australia.
„ sali'gna. 6 to 10. N. Holland. 1818.
„ serica'ta (silky). Yellow. April. N. Holland. 1820.
„ Si'msii (Sims's). Yellow. April. N. Holland. 1819.
,, *So'phor<z (sophora-podded). See A. LONGIFOLIA.
„ *specta'bUis (remarkable). Yellow. April. N. S.

Wales. 1837.
„ sph&roce'phala. Mexico.

„ squama' (a (scaly). Yellow. April. N. Holland. 1836.
„ stenophy'Ua (short-leaved). Yellow. March. N. S.

Wales. 1818.
„ stri'cta (erect-headed). 2. Yellow. March. N. S.

Wales. 1790.

„ strigo'sa. 4. Yellow. W. Australia. Syn. A. ciliata.
,. strombuli'fera (spiral-podded). See PROSOPIS.
,, suave'olens (sweet-scented). 4. Yellow. April. N.

S. Wales. 1790.

„ subula'ia (awl-shaped). 4. Yellow. May. N. Hol-
land. 1824.
., sulca'ta (furrowed-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. N.

Holland. 1803.

,, *taxifo'lia (yew-leaved). See A. RICEANA.
,, irapezoi'dea (trapezium-leaved). See A. DECIPIENS.
„ trinena'ta (three-nerved). 6. Yellow. April. N.

Holland. 1820.

,, tri'stis (dull green-coloured). See A. ARMATA.
., umbella'ta (umbellate). Yellow. April. N. Holland.

1819.

,. uncina'ta (hook-leaved). See A. UNDUL^FOLIA.
„ uncinophy'lla. 7. Yellow. April. Swan River.
„ undulafo'lia (wave-leaved). 4. Yellow. May. N.

Holland. 1824.
., urophy'lla (tail-leaved). Pale yellow. April. Swan

River. 1836.
,, vernici'flua (varnish-flowing). 6. Yellow. April. N.

Holland. 1818.
„ *verticilla'ta (whorl-leaved). 10. Yellow. April Van

Diemen's Land. 1780.
„ „ angu'sta (narrow-leaved). 10. Yellow. April.

N. Holland. 1780.
., • „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow. April.

N. Holland. 1780. Syn. A. ruscifolia.
,. vf,ti'ta (clothed). 6. Yellow. June. N. Holland.

1820.
„ vimina'lis (twiggy). Yellow. April. N. Holland.

1820.

,. virga'ta (branchy). See A. VERMCIFLUA.
,, riridira'mis (green-branched). See XEROCLADIA

ZKYHERI.
., viscfdula. Extra tropical E. Australia. Gfl., t.

1109.
„ vomerifo'rmis (plough-share-shaped). Yellow. April.

N. Holland. 1818.

HALF-HARDY SPECIES.

A. Julibri'ssin (silk-tree). 20. White. August. Levant.
1745. See ALBIZZIA JULIBRISSIN.

AC JENA. (From akaina, a thorn, in allusion to the
slender spines on the calyx.) Ord. ROSACES. Dwarf
shrubby plants, propagated from cuttings, as recom-
mended for other hardy rock plants, or from divisions of
the roots, which should be done early in the spring.

A. adscSndens (B. T. O., 1888, 331). Rosace*. H.

Patagonia.

,, adsu'rgens. 9 in. Hort.

.. Bucha'nanii. 9 in. Xew Zealand.

„ microphy'lla. J. Green. New Zealand.

,, millefo'lia. Myriad-leaved.

,, myriophy'lla. 6 in. to i ft. Argentina. 1828.

,, No'va-Zeala'ndia. 9 in. New Zealand.

,. ovi'na (B. T. O., 1888, 332). H. Australia.

.. pinnati'fida. 1828. Chili. B. R.. t. 1271.

,, pulche'lla. Leaves bronzy.

,, Sanguiso'rbig. Australia.

„ „ sarmento'sa (B. T. O., 1888, 332). H. per. Tristan

d'Acunha.

,, seri'cea (B. T. O., 1888, p. 332). H. per. Mexico.

., sple'ndtns (B. T. O., 1888, 332). H. Chili.

ACA LYPHA. A name given by Hippocrates to the
nettle, mostly stove or intermediate greenhouse plants,
propagated from the terminal shoots, in light sandy soil,
potted on in good loam, leaf-mould, and manure. Sandtri
(or hispida) is remarkable for the long racemes of crimson
flowers, others have inconspicuous flowers and showy
variegated foliage.

A. Chantrie'ri (R. H., 1897, 402).
,, godseffia'na (G. C., 1898, xxiii. 241, f. 87). New

Guinea.

„ hamiltonia'na (Bruant Cat., 1895).
„ his'pida ramo'sa (Jard., 1906, 99). Syn. A. Sanderi

Hort. New Guinea. 1896.
„ macafeea'na. Rev. Hort., 1882. p. 288. See A.

WILKESIANA.

„ macrophy'lla. 1876.

,, morifontane'nsis (R. H., 1897, 402).

,, musa'ica. Polynesia. 1877.

„ „ Cowba'rnii (G. C., 1904, xxxv. 117).

., obova'ta. South Sea Islands. 1884.

,, Sande'ri (G. C., 1896, xx. 392). 10 to 15. New

Guinea. Syn. with A. hispida.

„ „ alba (G. C., 1902, xxxi. 440). Syn of A. hispida.
., to'rta. i to 2. Samoa. 1876.

„ triu'mphans (111. H., 1888. 55. t. 55). Solomon Isles.
„ wilktsia'na. New Hebrides. 1866. Syn. A. tricolor.
„ „ margina'ta. Fiji Island. 1875.

ACAHPE. (From akampes, inflexible.) Nat. ord.
Orchideae ; tribe Vandeae ; sub-tribe Sarcantheas. Epi-
phytal orchids which need a stove temperature. For
culture, see ORCHIDS.

A. conge" sta (crowded). Yellow, crimson. E. Ind.
„ denta'ta. Sikkim, Moulmein. 1873.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved), ij. \ellow, red, white.

September. E. Ind. 1847.
„ madagascarie'nsis (G. C., 1891, x. 408).
„ multiflo'ra. China. Syn. Vanda multifiora.
„ pachyglo'ssa (thick-lipped). E. Trop. Africa.
„ papHlo'sa. India. B. R., t 1552. Syn. Saccolabium

papillosum.
„ wightia'na (Wightian). S. India.

ACANTHO DIUM. See BLEPHARIS.

ACANTHOLnMON. (Derivation uncertain. Nat. ord.
Plumbagineae, allied to Statice.)

Hardy evergreen perennials, dwarf compact habit, with
narrow, sharply- pointed leaves ; succeed best in dry
soil ; cuttings early in the autumn or layers in spring.
May also be raised from seed.

A. acero'sum. Armenia. Syn. Statice acerosa.
„ gluma'ceum. J. Pink. Asia Minor. 1851 Fl. Ser.,

t. 677. Syn. Statice Ararati.
„ Hohfna'cken (Hohenacker's). £. Red. July.

Caucasus. 1813.
,, venu'stum. J. Pin
1866. p. 451.

k. Cilicia. 1873. Rev. HorL,

ACANTHOMINTHA

ACER

ACANTHOMI'NTHA. (From akantha, a thorn, minthc,
mint. Nat. ord. Labiatae.)

Border annual, raised from seeds sown in spring.
A. tiicifo'lia. Purple, yellow, white. July. California.
1838. B. M., t. 6750.

ACANTHONE MA. (From akantha, a spine, and nema,

_: 1 9. Allie'

carpus.)

a filament. Nat. ord. Gesneraceas. Allied to Strepto-

Stove plant, with the habit of Streplocarpus. Seeds
sown in early spring in sandy loam ; manure is added
after potting later.

A. sirigo'sum. £. Deep purple, with whitish tube.
Fernando Po. 1862. B. M., t. 5339.

ACANTHOPA'NAX.

A. acerifo'lium. 1908.
, divarica' turn. Japan. 1901.
, Henry'i. 5. Green. W. China. 1910.
, japo'nicum. Japan.
, ricinifo'lium. Japan. 1868.
, sessiliflo'rum. China.
,, spino'sum. Japan.

„ „ variega'tum (variegated). Leaves edged creamy-
white. Japan. 1874.

ACANTHOPHTPPIUM. (From acanthos, a thorn, and
ippion, a horse ; but why, is not apparent. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)
Loam and peat in a rough state ; division or pseudo
bulbs ; 50° to 60° when at rest ; 70° to 80° when growing.
A. bi' color (two-coloured). Yellow and red. June.

Ceylon. 1833.

,, Curti'sii. Malay Archipelago.
,, „ a'lbidum (L., t. 619). Malayan Archipelago.
„ ebu'rneum (G. C., 1896, xx. 266). S. Malaya (?).
„ java'nicum (Javanese). Crimson, rose. August.

Java. 1844.
„ mantinia'num (J. O., 1896, 138 ; L., xii. t. 536). S.

Philippines.
„ stria' turn (striped-flowered). White-striped. June.

Nepaul.
„ sylhete'nse (Sylhet). White. June. Sylhet. 1837.

ACANTHOPHCE NIX. (From akantha, a spine, and
phoenix, the date palm. Nat. ord. Palmaceae. Allied to
Areca.)

Useful stove palms, increased by seeds only, which
are germinated in a moist bottom-heat, in a compost of
one part loam, one of peat, one of leaf-mould, and the
remainder of sand.

A. crini'ta. Seychelles. 1824. Fl. Ser.. t. 1706.
„ gra'ndis (111. H.. 1895, 185). Palmaa S.
„ ru'bra. Madagascar. 1823. Syns. Calamus deal-
batus and C. Verschaffelti.

ACANTHOPHYXLUM. (From akantha, a prickle, and
phullon, a leaf ; leaves spiny. Nat. ord. Caryophyllaceas.)
Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds ; cuttings. Ordinary
well-drained soil.

A. pu'ngens (prickly). See A. SPINOSUM.
„ spino'sum (spiny). 2. Pink. July. Caucasus. 1831.
„ verticilla' turn (whorled). £. White. July. Armenia.
1823.

ACANTHORHTZA. (From akantha, a spine, and
rhiza, a root. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove palms. For culture, see THRINAX.
A. aculea'ta. Mexico. 1864. Syn. Chamcerops staura-

cantha. Kerch. Palm, t. 24.
,, arbo'rea. Country unknown.
„ Walli'sii. Trop. America. 1879. Gfl t 077 f 2
.. Warscewi'czii. Chiriqui. Gfl., t. 860! f. 3.
ACANTHOSTA'CHYS. (Acanthos, a spine, stachys a
spike. Nat. ord. Bromeliads [Bromeliacea;]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove herbaceous plant. Suckers ; equal parts of
sand, leaf-mould, and decayed wood.
A. strobila'cea (cone- fruited). 4. Red and yellow.

June. Brazil. 1840.

ACA'NTHUS. Bear's Breech. (Acanthos, a spine •
some being prickly. Nat. ord. Acanthads [Acanthacea-]!
Linn. 1 4-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Herbaceous plants. Seeds, and root division ; light
rich garden-soil, sown in autumn or early in spring.

A. arbo'reus (G. C., 1902, xxxi. 221, f. 70). 20. N.E.

Tropical Africa.

,, cardmfo'lius (thistle-leaved). See BLEPHARIS.
,, Ca'roli-Alexa'ndri. i to i£. White, rosy. Greece.

1886.

,. hispa'nicus (Spanish). See A. NIGER.
,, longifo'lius. 3^ to 5. Purple-rose. Dalmatia. 1869.
„ mo'llis (soft). 3. White. August. Italy. 1548.

The leaves of this are said to have given rise to the

Corinthian style in architecture.
,, monta'nus. 3. W. Africa. 1865.
,, ni'ger (black). 3. White. August. Portugal. 1759.
„ Perri'ngi (G. C., 1905, xxxvii. 2 ; Gartenwelt, ix. 354).

Acanthacea3. i to ij. Cappadocian Anti-Taurus.
„ spino'sus (spiny). 3. White. August. Italy. 1629.
,, ., spinosi' ssimus (most-spiny). 3. White. August.

South of Europe. 1629.

A'CARUS. The Mite. See IXSECT PESTS.

ACCLIMATISATION.— In years gone by, when we
were getting more new plants from various regions, this
was an important subject, and even at the present time
it requires consideration. Taking all Japanese shrubs
and plants, when newly introduced, they start into
growth too early in the season and suffer from frost.
Aucuba japonica, when first introduced (in 1783), was
regarded as a tender shrub, and was first grown in the
stove, then the greenhouse, and later was found to be
quite hardy. Pceonia Moutan is another example. The
J apanese maples are quite hardy, except that when we
get a frost late in the spring they suffer on account of
having started into growth too early. It is the same
with Astilbe japonica though the roots (or crowns) are
quite hardy, yet they start into growth early in the
spring, and it frequently happens that the late frost cuts
them down, and though introduced at least fifty years
ago will still persist in starting early in the season. It
seems inherent with all Japanese plants to start into
growth early in the season, and some seasons they may
escape damage by frost, but they more often suffer. It
is the same with plants from other regions — take Dicentra
(Dielytra) spectabilis, though found in Japan is also a
native of Siberia, and is one of our first hardy plants to
flower in spring, but will suffer from frost. The conifers
from Mexico, which grow in the mountainous regions, are
not so impulsive, and it is only when we get an excep-
tionally late frost that they suffer. When we first had
the tuberous begonias from Brazil they were treated as
stove plants, now they are grown in the open, yet they
suffer from the first frost we get in the autumn. It is
the same with many other succulent plants, take the
dahlias, tomatoes, or even potatoes ; they are from the
Tropics, but do well out of doors here in England during
the summer. It is shrubs and trees which will, after a
time, become acclimatised and withstand our winters.
The difficulties to contend with are the early growth in
spring and the late unripened growth in the autumn.
To provide against these evils, means should be taken to
ripen shrubs off early, and also to prevent them starting
too early in the spring.

A'CER. The Maple. (Acer, hard, or sharp; because
the wood was used for lances. Nat. ord. Maples [Sapind-
aceae]. Linn. 2^-Polygamia, i-Moncecia.)

We have had many additions to this genus during the
past few years. The Japanese varieties are beautiful
but of slow growth. They may be propagated either
from grafting or budding on the common species, which
are raised from seeds. They may also be propagated
from layers. A. saccharinum produces sugar, and
Pseudo-platanus is a useful timber tree. The varieties
of A. japonicum may be recommended for pot plants
for the cool conservatory.

A. austri'acum (Austrian maple). See A. CAMPESTRE

AUSTRIACUM.

,, barba'tum (bearded-calyxed). See A. SACCHARINUM.

,, Bo'scii. Siberia. 1820.

,, campe'stre (common). 25. Green and yellow. May.

Britain.
,, ,, austri'acum. 30. Green and yellow. June.

Austria. 1812.
„ „ colli'num (hill-dwelling). 25. Green and yellow.

April. France.
„ „ hebeca'rpum (downy-fruited). 25. Green and

yellow. June. Britain.

ACER

ACER

A. campe'stre laviga'tum (smooth-leaved). 30. Green

and yellow. June.

„ „ na'num (dwarf). 6. Green and yellow. June.
„ „ postelt'nse (M. D. G., 1896). Sapindaceae. H.

Yellow-leaved form of the common maple.
„ „ ScAuw'im (M. D. G., 1902, 104). Sapindaceae. H.
,, tau'ricum (Taurian). Leaves larger and less

divided.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated). 25. Green and yellow.

May. Britain.

„ cissifo'lium (Cissus-leaved). 6 to 12. Japan.
„ circina'tum (round- leaved). 30. Green and yellow.

April. Columbia. 1827.
„ col'chtcum au'reum. See A. LAETUM.
„ „ tricolor (R. H., 1886, 371).
„ cre'ticum (Cretan). 6. May. Levant. 1752.
„ dasyca'rpum (hairy-fruited). Green and yellow.

April. N. Amer. 1725. Timber.
„ ,. pulverule'ntum. Leaves spotted white.
„ Da'vidt (G. C., xxxiii. 62). Sapindaceae. H. Central

China.

„ digita'tum. A variety of A. palmatum.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). Leaves bluish-white beneath.

China. 1908.

„ disse'ctum. A variety of A. palmatum,
„ Dougla'sii. See A. GLABRUM.

„ Du'retti au'reo-margina'tum (M. D. G., 1896, 79). H.
., erioca'rpum. See A. DASYCARPUM.
„ ew'sum (G. C., 1903, xxxiii. 100). H. Central China.
„ Franche'ti (G. C., 1903, xxxiii. 100). Central China.
„ Ginna'la. Amur River.
„ „ a'lbo-vanega'tum (white- variegated). Leaves with

pure white blotches. 1910.
„ gla'brum. 15 to 30. N. W. Amer. Syns. A. Douglasii

and A. triportitum,

„ „ rhodoca'rpum (red-fruited). Fruits red. 1910.
„ glau'cum. See A. SAXGUIXEUM.
„ gri'seum (G. C., 1903, xxxiii.).
„ Heldrei'chii (Gfl., t. 1185). H. Greece.
„ ,, purpura'tum (M. D. G., 1906, 212). H. Sapindaceae.
„ He'nryi (G. C., 1903, xxxiii. 100). H. Central

China.
„ heterophy'llum (various-leaved). Green and yellow.

May. Levant. 1759. Evergreen.
,, ihe'ricum (Georgian). See A. MONSPESSULANUM.
„ insi'gne (B. M., t. 6697).
„ insigne Wol'fi, (M. D. G., 1905, 210). Sapindaceas. H.

Caucasus.

„ japo'nicum. Japan.
„ „ vitifo'lium. Japan. 1874. Syn. A. japonicum

compactum of gardens.
„ la'tum cultra'tum (G. C., 1903, xxxiii. 100). H.

Central China.
H „ au'reum (golden). Leaves red and golden.

1909.

„ ,, ru'brum. Young leaves red.
„ „ tricauda'tum (J. R. H. S., xxix. 354 f.).
„ teviga'tum Farge'sii (J. R. H. S., xxix. 353 f.).
,. launfo'lium. See A. OBLONGUM.
„ laxiflo'rum (G. C., 1903, xxxiii. 63). H. Central

China.

• turn (lobed-leaved). See A. BOSCH.
„ Lobe'lii. 50. May. Naples.
„ macrophy'llum (long-leaved). 25. Green. May. N.

Amer. 1812.

„ marmora'tum. See A. PICTUM.
„ Mi'cets. Japan. 1864.
„ .Miya'bei (Spath Cat., 1894-5). H. Japan.
„ rr.onspessula'num (Montpellier). 8. Green and yel-
low. May. France. 1739.
„ ,, Biederma'nni (Gfl., 1899, 410).
., monta'num. See A. SPICATUM.
., Xezu'ndo. 40. United States. 1688.
„ ., borea'le (M. D. G., 1896, 2). H.
„ „ califo'rnicum au'reum (R. H., 1898, 327). Sapin-
daceae. H.

,. „ fo'liismargina'tisau'reis(R. H. B., 1889, 268). H.
,. „ Guicka'rdi (R. H. B., 1889, 268). H.
„ .. odessa'num (M. D. G., 1896, 2). H.
„ „ pe'ndulttm (Jard., 1895, 128). H.

.•ichver'ini (M. D. G., 1905, 212). H.
,, n: grum (black). See A. SACCHARINUM MGRUM.
„ mkoe'nse (Niko). Japan. 1881.
„ oblo'ngum (oblong-leaved). 20. Green and white.

NepauL 1824.

A. nbtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). See A. CRETICUM.
,, opulifo'lium (Guelder-rose-leaved). 20. Green and

yellow. May. France. 1823.
,, ,, obtusa'tum (blunt-lobed-leaved). 40. Green and

yellow. May. Hungary. 1825. This is the Nea-

polita'num of the Italians, and the hy'bridum of

London nurseries.

,, ,, O'palus (Opalus). See A. OPULIFOLIUM.
„ onta'tum. Dull red, mixed with copper-red. Japan.

1867.
„ palma'tum (palmate-leaved). 10. Green. Japan.

1820.

„ ,. Ao'kii (Gfl., 1892, t. 33). H. tree.
,, „ atropurpu'reum. Japan.
„ „ cri' spurn. Japan. 1871.
„ „ disse'ctum. 30. Red. May. Japan. 1845.
,, „ „ ro 'seo-pi 'ctum. 1886. Garden variety.
„ ,, ,, orna'tum. Brownish-red, with yellowish-green

mid-ribs. Japan. 1871.
„ „ palmati'fidum. See Var. dissectum.
„ „ reticula'tum. Emerald green, with dark green

veins. Japan. 1865.
„ „ ro'seo-margina'lum. Light green edged rose.

Japan. 1875.

„ „ sangui'ntum. Deep reddish-crimson. 1874.
,. „ septemlo'bum. Purplish. Spring. Japan. 1864.
,, ,, ,, bi' color. Variegated with bronze-red and rose.

Japan. 1874.
„ „ „ e'legans. Tipped with red when young.

Japan. 1874.
„ „ „ margina'tum. Green, with pale reticulated

edges. Japan. 1874.
, , pennsylva'nicum ( Pennsylvanian or s triped bark) . 20.

Green and yellow. May. N. Amer. 1755.
„ „ erythrocla'dum (Spath Cat., n. 116, 72). Sapin-
daceae. H.

,, pi'ctum (painted). 20. Temperate Asia. 1840.
,, platanoi'des (plane-like). 50. Green and yellow.

June. Europe. 1683. Timber.
„ „ columna're (R. H., 1878, 346). H. tree.
„ „ compa'ctum (Gfl., 1886, 117). H. tree.
.. „ integri'lobum (Gfl., 1887, 431 ff.)- H. tree.
„ „ foui'nii (Jouin's). Leaves with yellow blotches.

1910.
„ „ lacinia'tum (cut-leaved). 30. Green and yellow.

June. Europe. 1683. Must be grafted or budded.

Timber.

„ „ mu'lticolor (Gfl., 1886, 219). H.
., „ sangui'neum (blood-red). Leaves blood-red in

autumn. 1910.

,. „ undula'tum (R. H., 1887, 63). H. tree.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated). 30. Green and yellow.

June. Europe. 1683. Must be grafted or budded.
„ „ Walderse'ei (Spath Cat., n. 116, 73). H.
„ „ WiUma'ckii (Gfl., 1903, 337, t. 1516). H.
„ Pseu'do-pla'tanus (the sycamore). 50. Green and

yellow. April. Britain. Timber.
,, „ brilliant? ssima (Card.. 1905, Ixvii. 318). H.
„ „ erythroca'rpum (W. G., 1904, 151). H.
„ „ euchlo'rum (B. H., 1879, 270). H. tree.
„ ,. purpu'reum (purple-leaved). Purple. May. 1828.
„ „ rubicu'ndum (reddish). Leaves mottled with

dark rose. 1910.
„ „ subobtu'sum (slightly blunt-leaved). 50. Green

and yellow. May.
„ ,, variega'tum (variegated S.). 50. Green and

yellow. April. Britain. Must be grafted or

budded.
„ ru'brum (red-flowered or swamp-maple). There are

two varieties, one with leaves variegated with white.

and the other with yellow. 40. Red. April. N.

Amer. 1656.
,, ,, magni'ficum (magnificent). Leaves red in autumn.

1910.
„ rufinSrve albo-limba'tum. Green. May. Japan.

1869.
.. sacchari'num (sugar-maple). 40. Yellow. ApriL

N. Amer. 1735. Timber.
,. „ chloro'cinctum (R. W., 1906, 128). H.
„ „ nfgrum. 40. April. N. Amer. 1812.
,, sangui'neum, Carr. in Rev. Hortic., 1867, 280.
,, Semeno'vi. Turkestan. 1879.
„ sempervi'rens. See A. HETHROPHYLLUM.
,, sieboldia'num.
,. tiiu'Hse co'ncolor (J. R. H. S., xxix. 348 f.)- H.

ACERANTHUS

ACHIMENES

A. spica'tum. United States. 1750.

lacinia'tum. Leaves deeply cut. 1907.
„ stocky ophy' Hum (G. C., 1903, xxxiii. 62). Himalaya

and Central China.

„ sutchuent'nse (J. R. H. S., xxix. 353 *•)•
., tarta'ricum. 20. Green and yellow. May. Tar-

tary. 1759.
„ tegmento'sum (covered). Leaves nearly 6 in. long.

Amur region. 1909.
„ tene'llum (G. C., 1903, xxxiii. 100). H. Szechuen,

China.

„ teira'merum lobula'tum (J. R. H. S., xxix. 353 f.).
Trantvette'rierythroca'rpa(Cait. Nat. Arb. Zosch., 1892,

11). H. tree. Caucasus.
„ VcmVolxe'mii. Greenish, silvery beneath. Caucasus.

1877.

, veluti'num. See A. INSIGNE.

ACERA'NTHUS. (From acer, sharp, and anthos, a
flower. Nat. ord. Berberidaceae.)

Hardy perennial herb. Divisions. Ordinary soil.
A. diphy'llus (two-leaved). £. Red. May. Japan.

1830.

A'CERAS. (From a without, and keras a horn.) Nat.
ord. Orchidaceae, of which there are two species, our
British " man orchid " being one of the most interesting,
and is found on dry, chalky pastures in Sussex, but has
proved difficult to establish under cultivation.
A. anthropo'phora. The green man orchid. June. H.

i ft.

„ bollta'na (G. C., 1898, xxiii. 365, f. 138).
„ secundiflo'ra(B. R., 1. 1525). See HABENARIA INTACTA.

ACETAHIOUS PLANTS. Salading.

ACHULKA. Milfoil. (Achilles, pupil of Chiron, first
used it in medicine. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, z-Superflua.)

This genus includes some useful herbaceous plants,
which are readily propagated by division. All except
one are hardy, and thrive in any ordinary garden soil.
A. Ptarmica flore-pleno is very useful for cut bloom. A.
Tourneforlii is a greenhouse species of a shrubby habit, and
requires to be propagated from cuttings in the spring.
A. abrotMiifo'lia (southern-leaved). See TANACETUM

MILLEFOLIATUM.

„ acumina'ta (taper-pointed). 2. White. August.

1830.

„ eegypti'aca (Egyptian). See A. TOURNEFORTII.
„ ageratifo'lia. \. White. May. Greece. 1874.
„ A ge'ralum (sweet maudlin). 2. Yellow. September.

South of Europe. 1570.
„ al'bida (whitish). See A. TENUIFOLIA.
„ alpi'na (Alpine). 6 inches. White. September.

Europe. 1731.
„ asplenifo'lia (asplenium-leaved). ij. Pink. July.

N. Amer. 1803.
„ atra'ta (black-cupped). White. August. Austria.

1596.

„ au rea. See CHRYSANTHEMUM ACHILLE/EFOLIUM.
„ auricula'la (eared), i. Yellow. July. Asia Minor.

1827.
„ Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). i. White. August. Italy.

1825.
.. cJwm<zm£K/o7ta(chamomile-leaved). 9 inches. White.

July. France. 1825.

„ coarcta'ta. (compressed). See A. COMPACTA.
„ compa'cta (compact), i. Pale yellow. July. 1803.
„ erotica (Cretan), i. White. July. Candia. 1739.
,, crista'la (crested-leaved). See A. ALPINA.
„ (Ucolo'rans (staining), i. White, yellow. July. 1798.
„ decu'mbens (decumbent). 6 inches. Yellow. July.

Kamtschatka. 1816.

„ Eupato'rium (fern-leaved). See A. FILIPENDULINA.
„ falca'ta, (sickle-leaved). 6 inches. Pale yellow. July.

Levant. 1739.
„ filipenduli'na(G. C., 1881, vol. 16, p. 429). 4. Yellow.

July. Caspian shore. 1803. One of the best,

continuing long in flower.
., glomera'ta (spherical). See A. COMPACTA.
.. grandifto'ra (large-flowered), i. White. July.

Caucasus. 1818.

„ holoserfcea (velvety), ij. White. August. Par-
nassus. 1817.
„ Hutf'ri (Huter's). $. \Vhite. Switzerland. 1908.

A. impa'tiens(imp&tient). 2. White. August. Siberia.

1759.

„ lana'ta (wooUy). i. White. July. 1804.
„ leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). Pale yellow. July.

Tauria. 1816.
„ lingula'ta buglo'ssis (Gard., 1900, Ivii. 485). H.

li to 2.
„ macrophy'lla (long-leaved). 3. White. July. Italy.

1710.
„ micra'ntka. i. Light yellow. August. Orient.

1730.
„ Millefo'lium (milfoil). 2. White. August. Britain.

Found sometimes with reddish flowers.
,, monio'lica (Mongolian). See A. SIBIRICA.
„ moscha'ta (musky). 2. White. June. Italy. 1775.
,, myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved). See TANACETUM

MILLEFOLIATUM.

„ na'na (dwarf). 6 inches. White. July. Italy. 1759-

„ no'bilis (noble). 2. White. Germany. 1640.

„ „ ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white), ij. Pale yellow.

August. 1804.
„ odora'ta (sweet-scented). 6 inches. White. July.

Europe. 1729.
„ pectina'ta (comb-leaved), ij. Pale yellow. August.

Hungary. 1801. Thought by some to be the

same as ochroleu'ca.
„ Pta'rmica flo're ple'no (double-blossomed sneezewort).

i. White. August.

,, pube'scens (hairy). See A. MICRANTHA.
,, puncta'ta (dotted). See A. ODORATA.
,, recurvifo'lia (recurve-leaved). See A. CHAM.«MELI-

FOLIA.

., rupe'stris (B. M., t. 6905 ; R. H., 1887, 166). Com-
positae. H. per.

,, Santoli'na (lavender-cotton). I. Pale yellow. July.
Levant. 1759.

,, santolinoi'des (lavender-cotton-like), i. White. July.
Spain.

., seta'cea (bristly), i. White. July. Hungary. 1805.

, sibi'rica. N. Asia. White. June. 1818.

, siehea'na(K. B., 1906, 73). Compositae. H. 2to2j.

, specio'sa (showy). See A. PTARMICA.

, squarro'sa (rough-headed), i. White. July. 1755.

,, tau'rica (Taurian). See A. LEPTOPHYLLA.

'„ Unuifo'lia (thin-leaved), i. Yellow. July. Orient.
1658.

„ tomento'sa (downy). 2. Yellow. July. Britain.

„ Tournefo'rtii. i. Pale yellow. August. Levant.
1640.

„ vermicula'ris (worm-like). i£. Yellow. August.

Russia. 1835.

ACHIME'NES. (From cheimaino, to suffer from cold,
and a prefixed as an augmentive, alluding to the tender-
ness of the genus. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneraceae].
Linn. n-Didynamia, 2-Angiospennia). This genus in-
cludes a number of interesting species, and many garden
varieties. Although usually treated as stove plants, the
ordinary varieties may be grown under much cooler
treatment than is generally recommended, and they
make more serviceable plants. All except where other-
wise indicated ripen off in the autumn. They are in-
creased from the tubercules which are found at the base
of the stems, and they may also be propagated from
cuttings and raised from seed. These should be kept in
dry soil during the winter, and started in January or
February. Achimenes are very effective as basket plants ;
when suspended they droop over and form a mass of
bloom. They may also be grown in pans, as they do
not require much root run, but are benefited by liquid
manure after they are well advanced in growth. For-
merly they were grown under shading and kept very
moist, but if started where they are well exposed, and
watering at the roots is properly attended to, they will
be more satisfactory.

A. ama'bilis. See N^JGELIA MULTIFLORA.
,, argyrosti'gma (silver-spotted). See KCELLIKERIA.
,, atrosangui'nea (dark crimson). See A. FOLIOSA.
,, ca'ndida (white), ij. July. White. Guatemala.

1848.

,, chontale'nsis. See EPISCIA.
„ cocci' 'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. August. Jamaica. 1778.

A variety, A. c. major, is good.
,. cuprea'la (coppery). Scarlet. July. New Grenada.

1847.

ACHRAS

ACMADENIA

A. Esche'rii (Escher's). Purple, crimson. June. Gar-
dens. 1849.
„ floribu'ndae'legans (many-flowered). Purple, crimson.

October. Gardens. 1848.
,, folio'sa. ij. Crimson. August.
„ formp'sa (handsome). Rose. September.
„ gloxiniafto'ra (gloxina-flowered). See GLOXINIA

GLABRATA.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Pale crimson. This is

a greenhouse herbaceous plant. October. Mexico.

1842. A variety of this, Skinnerii, is a stove plant.

Gautemala. Shaded scarlet. 1847.
„ heterophy'Ua (various-leaved). Scarlet Van Houtte.

July.

,, hirsu'ti (hairy). 2\. Rose. September. Brazil. 1844.
„ interme'dia (intermediate), i. Scarlet. August.

Gardens. 1847.

,, Jaure'guia (Jauree^iia's). See A. LONGIFLORA.
„ Jay' »» (Jay's). Violet-purple. June. Gardens. 1848.
„ lana'ta (woolly). J. Purple. October. Mexico.

1856.

„ Liebma'nni (Liepmann's). ij. Pale crimson. July.
„ lilacine'lla. Lilac. 188. Syn. Eucodonia lilacinella.
„ longifto'ra (long-flowered). This is a greenhouse her-
baceous plant. Violet August. Gautemala.

1841. A stove variety, A. I. major, is good.
„ ,, a'lba (white, long- flowered). White. October.

Guatemala. 1849. Same as Jaureguia ?
„ ,, Jaure'guia. White. Carmine eye. October.

Mexico. 1848.
„ „ Kleti (Klee's). f August. Pink and purple.

Guatemala. 1848.
„ „ latifo'lia. Lilac. Guatemala.
„ „ ma'jor. Violet. Guatemala.
„ magni'fica. 2. Scarlet New Grenada.
„ marga'rita. White. Central America.
,, mi'sera (poor-flowered). See DICYRTA WARSCE-

WICZIANA.

„ Afot<n//o'ttfu(Mountford's). Scarlet August Gar-
den. 1847.
„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered), i. Lilac. October.

Brazil. 1843.
., ocella'ta (eye-spotted). i\. Red. July. Panama.

1847.
„ pa'tens (spreading), i. Violet. June. Mexico. 1846.

A small variety of this is not worth growing.
„ peduncula'ta (long-stalked). 2. Scarlet, yellow. June.

Guatemala. 1840.
„ pi'cta (spotted). See Tyo^A.
,, pyropa'a (flame-coloured). See A. COCCINEA.
„ ro'sea (rosy), i. Pink. June. Guatemala. 1841.
„ Schee'rii. J. August. 1850. Syn. Scheeria mexicana.
„ Skinne'ri (Skinner's). See A. HIRSUTA.
„ sple'ndens. Violet. Guatemala.
„ tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 2. White. March.

Mexico. 1815.
„ tyrianthi'na (Tyrian blue), ij. Violet-blue. August.

Mexico. 1849.
„ venu'sta (charming), ij. Purple. July. Hybrid.

1848.
„ Verschaffe'ltii.

[In addition, a long list of garden hybrids might be
given.]

A'CHRAS. (The native name. Nat. ord. Sapotacea;.)
Evergreen stove tree. Cuttings in sand in bottom-
heat. Loam, peat and sand.
A. Sapo'ta (Sapota). 201050. Whitish. May. Trop.

Amer. 1731. " Sapodilla Plum."

ACHYRATfTHES VERSCHAFFE'LTII. See IRESINE
HERBSTII.

ACIDANTHKRA. (From akis, akidos, a point, and
anthera, an anther ; the anthers are pointed. Nat. ord.
Iridaceae.)

Stove bulbs. Offsets. Loam, peat, and sand.
A. aquinoctia'lis (aequinoctial). J. White, with red

spots in the throat. Sierra Leone. 1842.
„ cape'nsis (Cape), i to ij. Whitish. September. S.

Africa. 1793.
„ tubulo'sa (tubular), i. White or tinged pink. S.

Africa. 1825.

ACINETA. (From akineta, immovable ; the lip bein-
jointless. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monogynia.)

A. A'rcei. Yellow. Central Amer. 1866.
„ Barke'ri. 2. Yellow. May. Mexico. 1837. Syn.

Peristeria Barkeri.

„ colo'ssea (D. R., 1899, 169). Orchidaces. S.
„ de'nsa. ij. Central Amer. 1889. B. M., t. 7143.
„ hrubya'na (G. C., 1882, xviii. 102). White, purple.

New Grenada. 1882.
„ Humbo'ldtii. 2. Chocolate and crimson. May.

Venezuela. 1841. Syns. (B. R., 1843, t. 18) Peri-

steria Humboldlii and Anguloa superba.
„ „ Colma'nii (G. C., 1903, xxxiii. 270). Orchidaceae.

S.

„ ,, stramtnea. Straw, dotted. Columbia. 1872.
„ sulca'la (G. C., 1879, xi. 652). Ecaudor. 1879.
„ Wrig'htii (Card. World, 1889, v. 673 ; L. iv. 88). See

LACJBKA SPECTABILIS.

ACIO'TIS. (Akis, a point, and ous, an ear ; from shape
of petals. Nat. ord. Melastomads [Melastomaceae]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove plants allied to Osbe:kia, and though requiring
heat during the winter may be grown in the greenhouse
in summer. Propagate from cuttings early in the spring,
using loam, sand, and peat in equal parts ; pot on in good
loam, adding some leaf-mould and peat.

A. aqua'tica (water). 9 inches. White and red. June.

S. Amer. 1793.
,, di'scolor (various-coloured), i. White and red.

June. Trinidad. 1816.

,, fra'gilis (fragile). J. White. June. Guiana. 1822.
„ paludo'sa (marsh). J. Rose. June. Brazil. 1825.
,, pendulifo'lia (drooping- leaved). J. Rose. March.

Guiana. 1826.
,, purpvr'ascens (purplish). 4. White. Guiana. 1817.

ACIPHVLLA. (From ake, a point, and phyllon, a
leaf ; referring to the sharply-pointed leaf segments.
Nat. ord. Umbelliferae. Allied to Angelica.)

May be propagated by divisions which should be don«
early in the spring, and may also be raised from seeds
sown in April or May ; they are all natives of New Zealand,
and are suited for the rock-garden. Plant in rich sandy
loam.

A. CoUnso'i. 6. White. New Zealand. 1875.
„ Lya'lli. New Zealand. 1889. (W. G., 1889, 123.)
„ squarro'sa. 6. White. New Zealand. (G. C., 1884,
vol. 22, p. 328.)

A'CB. (After Acts, a Sicilian shepherd, Nat. ord.
AmaryUids [Amaryllidacea], Linn. 6-Hexindriz, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Dwarf bulbous plants suitable for a sunny position on
the rock-garden. They are rather delicate plants and
should be planted in fibrous loam and leaf-mould, propa-
gated by divisions ; but the clump should not be dis-
turbed too frequently, for they do better after the second
or third year. They are now placed under Leucojum.

A. autumna'lis (autumn-blooming). 3 inches. Pink.

September. Portugal. 1829.
„ ro'sea, (rose-coloured). 3 inches. August. Corsica.

1820.
„ trichophy'Ua (hair-leaved). 6 inches. White.

January. Spain. 1820.
„ ,, grandiflo'r.i (large-flowered). 6 inches. White.

August Numidia. 1820.

ACISANTHE'BA. (Akis, a point ; anthera, an anther,
having pointed anthers. Nat ord. Melastomads [Melas-
tomacea?]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

An evergreen stove-shrub, the rest herbs ; allied to
Heeria; cultivated like Aciotis.

A. brevifolia (short-leaved). J. Purple. Trinidad

1822. Annual.

„ quadra'ta (square-branched). 3. Jamaica. 1804.
,, recu'rva (recurved), i. Purple. Trinidad. 1820.

Perennial.
,, triva'lvis (three-valve:!), i. Purple. Guiana. 1825.

Annual.

ACMADE NIA. (Acme, 9, point ; aden, a gland ; the
anthers having glands. Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutacese].
Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen plant, allied to Diosma. Pro-
pagate from cutting early in the spring, using sand, peat,
and loam in equal parts. Pot on into loam and leaf-
mould, with sand added.

ACMENA

10

ACONITUM

A. juniperi'na (Juniper-like), i. May. 1823.
„ tetrago'na (four-angled). 2. White. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1798.

ACME'NA. (Acmena, a fabulous nyniph. Nat. ord.
Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn. iz-Icosandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs propagated from young
side-shoots early in the spring, in sand and peat. For
potting on add loam and leaf-mould ; pot firmly, and
give careful attention to watering. They are now placed
under Eugenia.
A. floribu'nda (many-flowered). 6. White. July. N.

Holland. 1788.
„ ova' to (Bull. Cat., 1882, 13).
ACNI'STUS. (Derivation not clear. Nat. ord. Solan-

Small greenhouse tree. Cuttings in sand in bottom-
heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
A. arbore'scens (tree-like). Mexico.

ACOKANTHERA.

A. lycioi'des. 4. White. S. Africa. 1824.
„ specta'bilis. 10. White. Spring. S. Africa. 1872.
„ venena'ta. 10. White. Spring. S. Africa. 1787.

ACONIO'PTERIS. See ACROSTICHUM.

ACONI'TUM. (Being plentiful near Acona. Nat-
ord. Crowfoots [Ranunculaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria,
3-Trigynia.)

Hardy herbaceous plants, some of which are very
beautiful and will grow under the shade of trees, and
succeed well in any common garden soil, propagated
from divisions or seeds. Our indigenous species (A.
Napellus), the Common Monkshood, is one of the most
virulent poisons to cattle and to human beings ; the roots,
though distinct, have been taken for horse-radish, and
fatalities have occurred through the mistake. Almost
all other species are equally dangerous.

TUBEROUS ROOTED.

A. acumina'tum (acuminate). See A. PANICULATUM.
,, acu'tum (acute-leaved). See A. NAPELLUS.
„ albi'dum (whitish). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, a'lbum. See A. VARIEGATUM.
,, amae'num (pleasing). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, amplifto'rum (large-flowered). See A. NAPELLUS
,, angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, bernhardia'num (Bernhard's). See A. NAPELLUS.
„ biflo'rum (two-flowered), j. Pale blue. June.

Siberia. 1817.

,, Brau'nii (Braune's). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, callibo' tryon (fine-racemed). See A. NAPELLUS.
„ Ca'mmarum (Cammarum). 3. Purple. August.

Austria. 1752.
,, ,, stcerkianutn.

,, ce'rnuum (drooping). See A. CAMMARUM.
„ „ flexicau'le (zigzag-stemmed). 3. Blue. July.

Switzerland. 1819.
„ „ pauciflo'rum (few-flowered). 3. Blue. July.

Switzerland. 1821.

„ ,, ramo'sum (branchy). 3. Blue. July.
„ Clu'sii (Clusius's). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, Columbia' num. Western North America.
„ commute.' turn (changed, or tall dog's-bane). See A.

NAPELLUS.

„ delphinifo'lium (larkspur-leaved). See A. NAPELLUS.
„ disscc'tum (Gfl., 1886, 226, f.). H. per.
„ ela'tum (tall). See A. NAPELLUS.
, e'minens (eminent). See A. NAPELLUS.
, erioste'mum (woolly-stamened). See A. CAMMARUM.
, eusta'chium (well-spiked). See A. NAPELLUS.
, exalta'tum (exalted). See A. CAMMARUM.
, Fischc'ri (B. M., t. 7130). Blue. Syn. A. calif orni-

cum. North-east Asia, Japan, and N. Amer.
„ fia'ccidum (flaccid). 5. Blue. July. Siberia. 1822.
„ florkea'num (F15rke's). 3. Blue. July. Siberia.

1822.
„ ., bi' color (two-coloured). 3. Blue, white. June.

Switzerland. 1801.

„ formo'sum (handsome). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, Fu'nckii (Funke's). See A. NAPELLUS.
„ galea'tum (lizard's- bane). See A. ORIENTALE.
„ gibbo'sum (swollen). See A. VARIEGATUM.
„ Gvieli'ni (Gmelin's). See A. LYCOCTONUM.

A. gra'cile (slender). See A. VARIEGATUM.
„ gymna'ndrum (B. M., t. 8113). H. 6. Tibet and

W. China. 1907.

,, Halle'ri (Hallet's). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, „ bi' color (two-coloured). 4. Blue. June. Switzer-
land. 1820.

,, hama'tum (hooked). See A. VARIEGATUM.
,, hebe'gynum (hairy-styled). See A. PANICULATUM.
„ „ multi'fidum (many-cleft). 3. Purple. July.

Switzerland. 1819.
„ hemsleya'num (J. R. H. S., xxviii. 58, f. 13). H.

Blue. Central China. 1905.

,, heterophy'llum (greenish-yellow). Himalayas. 1874.
,, hi'ans (gaping). 4. Blue. June. South of Europe.

1823.

,, Ho'ppii (Hoppe's). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, Mini' turn (anointed). See A. VARIEGATUM.
,, intermedium (intermediate). See A. VARIEGATUM.
,, inu'nctum (anointed). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, japo'nicum (Japan). 6. Flesh. August. Japan.

1790.

„ „ cceru'leum (azure). 4. Blue. July. Japan. 1700.
,, kcelea'num (Kcelle's). See A. NAPELLUS.
, » Pygmte'um (pigmy). 2. Blue. June. South of

Europe. 1822.

„ Kdhle'ri (Kohler's). See A. NAPELLUS.
„ lacinio'sum (jagged). See A. VARIEGATUM.
,, Ice' turn (joyful). See A. NAPELLUS.
„ la'xum (loose). See A. NAPELLUS.
„ leuca'nthum (white-flowered). 3. White. June.

1823.

,, ma'ximum (largest). See A. FISCHERI.
,, melo'ctonum (badger's-bane). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
,, Meye'ri (Meyer's). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, mo' lie (soft). See A. PANICULATUM.
„ Nape'llus (monk's-hood). 4. Blue. June. Europe.

1596.

„ „ a'lbum (-white- flowered). 4. White. June. Swit-
zerland. 1819.

„ „ e'minens (B. M., t. 8152). 9. Rhenish Prussia.
„ „ rube'llus (small red- flowered). 4. Blue. June.

Switzerland. 1819.

,, nasu'tum (great-nosed). See A. FISCHERI.
,, neomonta'num (new-mountain). See A. NAPELLUS.
„ neuberge'nse (Neuberg). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, ni'tidum (shining). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
,, oligoca'rpum (few-podded). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, orienta'le. Caucasus. 1822.
,, ottonia'num (Otto's). See A. CAMMARUM.
„ panicula'tum (panicled). 3. Pale blue. July.

France. 1815.

,, plica'tum (plaited). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, produ'ctum (long-lipped). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, pube'scens (pubescent). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, reco'gnitum (recognised). See A. VOLUBILE.
,, rhyncha' 'nthum (bill-flowered). See A. VARIEGATUM.
„ „ bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Whitish-blue. July.

Switzerland. 1819.
,, ri'gidum (rigid). See A. NAPELLUS.
„ „ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. Blue. June.

1826.

,, rostra' turn (beaked). See A. NAPELLUS.
„ „ pilosiu' sculum (rather hairy). 3. Purple. July.

Carpathian mountains. 1800.
„ scapo'sum pyramida'le (G. C., 1904, xxxvi. 155). H.

Heliotrope. Central China.
,, Schleiche'ri (Schleicher's). See A. NAPELLUS.
„ semigalca'tum (half-helmeted). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, specio'sum (showy). See A. CAMMARUM.
,, Sprenge'lii (Sprengel's). See A. CAMMARUM.
,, squarro'sum (squarrose). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
,, stri'ctum (upright). See A. NAPELLUS.
,, tau'ricum (Taurian). See A. Napellus.
,, iortuo'sum (twisting). 6. Purplish-blue. June. 1812.
,, to'xicum (poisonous). See A. PANICULATUM.
„ umbro'sum (shady). 3. Blue. July. Switzerland.

1825.
„ uncina'tum (hooked). 2. Blue. July. N. Amer.

1768.
., ,, michauxia'num (Michaux's). 2. Blue. July. N.

Amer. 1800.
„ variega'tum (variegated). 5. Purplish-white. July.

South of Europe. 1597.
„ „ albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 4. White. July.

Switzerland. 1819.

ACORUS

ii

ACROPHORUS

A. variega'tum bt color (two-coloured). 4. Whitish-blue.

July. Switzerland. 1821.
„ ,. caru'Uum (blue). 4- Blue. July. Switzerland.

1819.

., venu'stum (beautiful). See A. NAPELLUS.
„ Vilmori'ni (Vilmorin's). Blue. China. 1908.
., virga'tum (twiggy). See A. NAPELLUS.
., volu'biU (twining). 6. Blue. July. Siberia. 1799-

latise'ctum (broadly-cut). See A. VILMORINI.
„ „ tenuisectwn (finely-cut). 6. Blue. Manchuria.

1910.

.. Willdeno'vii (Willdenow's). See A. NAPELLUS.
„ Wilso'ni (Card., 1903, Ixiv. 340, f.). H. China.
,. too'ctonum (poisonous). See A. LYCOCTONUM.

FIBROUS ROOTED.
A. A'nthora (Anthora). ij. Pale yellow. July.

Pyrenees. 1596.

,, anthoroi'deum (Anthora-like). See A. AKTHORA.
,, austra'le (southern). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
„ autumna'lf (autumnal). See A. FISCHERI.
„ barba'tum (bearded). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
,, carpa'ticum (Carpathian). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
„ chine'nse (Chinese). 4. Blue. September. China.

1833.

„ cyno'ctonum (tall dog's-bane). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
„ Decando'llii (Decandolle's). See A. ANTHORA.
„ deco'rum (neat). See A. CAMMARUM.
„ eu'lophum (well-crested). See A. ANTHORA.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). See A. ANTHORA.
,, hi'spidum (rough-haired). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
„ Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). See A. ANTHORA.
„ Lama'rckii (Lamarck's). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
,, laxiflo'rum (loose-flowered). See A. NAPELLUS.
„ lupici'dum (wolfs-bane). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
„ Lyco'ctonum (wolfs-bane). 3. Purple. July. Alps.

Europe. 1596.
,, „ pyrenai'citm. 3. Yellow. June. Pyrenees.

1739-

„ „ ranunctilifo'lium.

„ macrophy'llum (large-leaved). See A. ORIENTALS.
., molda'vicum (Moldavian). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
„ nrmoro'svm (grove). See A. ANTHORA.
„ Nulta'llii (Nuttall's). 5. Pale blue. August N.

Amer. 1829.

,, ochra'nthum (pale-flowered). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
,, ochroleu'cum (yellowish- white). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
„ ova' turn (ovate-leaved). See A. HETEROPHYLLUM.
„ Palla'sii (Pallas's). See A. ANTHORA.
„ pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
„ rectum (upright). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
„ rubicu'ndum (reddish). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
„ septtntriona'le (northern). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
„ stofrkia'num (Stoerk's). See A. CAMMARUM.
., iherio'phonum (beast's-bane). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
,. trago'ctonum (goat's-bane). See A. LYCOCTONUM.
.. tersi' color (various-coloured). See A. CAMMARUM.
., vulpa'ria (fox-bane). See A. LYCOCTONUM.

A CORUS. (From a, privative, and kore, the pupil of
the eye ; referring to its medical qualities. Nat. ord.
A raids [Araceae"]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

A small genus of herbaceous plants, having sword-like
leaves. A. Calamus is a useful medicinal plant — a native
of our marshes ; but now used chiefly by perfumers for
the fragrance of its roots. Hardy marsh perennials.
Thrives on river-banks or on the margins of ponds.

A. Ca'lamus (sweet-flag). 2. June. Britain.
,, ,, lerre'stris. i. June. China. 1822. Sch. Gen.

Ar., t. 98.

„ „ vartega'tus. A useful garden variety.
,. grami'neus (grass-leaved). J. February. Japan.

1796.
.. ., variega'tus. A garden variety used for rockeries.

ACRADENIA. (From akros, the top, and aden. a

Sland. Five glands are seen on the top of the ovary,
at. ord. Rutacea.)

A cool greenhouse evergreen shrub, with trifoliate
leaves dotted with glands ; cuttings from side-shoots in
spring ; put in the close propagating frame. Pot in good
loamy soil.

A. Frankli'nia. 8. White. Tasmania. 1845.

ACRE is the usual land-measure in Great Britain.
The Statute Acre throughout the United Kingdom now
contains 4 square roods ; a rood contains 40 square
perches, rods, poles, or lugs ; and a perch contains
3oJ square yards. A Statute Acre, therefore, contains
4840 square yards. The Irish Acre contains 7840 square
vards, or nearly equal to i acre, 2 roods, and 19 perches,
Statute measure. The Scotch Acre contains 5760 square
yards, equal to i acre, i rood, and 2 perches, Statute
measure.

ACRIDOCA RPUS. (From akris, a locust, and karpos,
fruit ; in reference to a resemblance of the fruit to a
locust. Nat. ord. Malpighiaceje.)

A pretty greenhouse climber ; should be potted in a
rough, porous soil, with good drainage ; and requires
liberal supplies of water. Usually increased from im-
ported seeds, but may also be propagated from cuttings
taken from young growths, and put in the propagating
frame where there is bottom-heat.

A. naiali'tius. Yellow. July. Natal. 1867. B. M..

t. 5738.
„ xanztba'ricus (Zanzibar). 10. Yellow. Zanzibar. 1825.

ACRIOTSIS. (From akros, top, and opsis, eye. Nat.
ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

A small genus of pretty stove orchids.

A. densiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). Green and pinki
Borneo. 1846.

„ i'ndica (G. C.. 1881, xv. 656). India.

„ java'nica. White, green, and purple. August.
Bantam. 1842. Syn. A. picta.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Whitish- yellow, striped red-
purple. Straits Settlements. 1909.

,, pi'cta (painted). See A. JAVANICA.

ACROCH&'NE. (From akros, top, and chaino, to
gape. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae ; tribe, Epidendreae ; sub-
tribe, Dendrobieae.)

A. Rima'nni. Lilac purple. Tropical Asia.
ACROCLI'NIUM. See HELIPTERUM.

ACROCOMIA. (From akros, top, and kome, a tuft;
referring to the way the leaves are produced. Nat. ord.
Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, 6-Hexandria.)

A genus of South American Palms ; a race of plants
including some of the most majestic specimens of the
vegetable kingdom, whose products of fruit, root, stems,
and leaves are applied to numerous economical purposes.
The suckers or stems from the roots require to be taken
off carefully and potted in sandy loam.

A. acnlea'ia (prickly). See A. SCLEROCARPA.
„ cube'nsis. See A. LASIOSPATHA.
„ fusifo'rmis (spindle-shaped). 40. Trinidad. 1731.
,, globo'sa (globular). 20. St. Vincent. 1824.
,, guiane'nsis (Guiana). 30. Demerara. 1824.
,, ho'rrida (horrid). 30. Trinidad. 1820.
„ lasiospa'tha. Para. 1846. Syn. A. cubensis.
,. mi' nor (smaller). 20. Trinidad. 1820.
,, scleroca'rpa (hard-fruited). 40. W. Ind. 1731.
„ tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 30. Brazil. 1824.

ACROKY'CHIA. (From akros, top, and onyx, a claw ;
referring to the curved points of the petals. Nat. ord.
Cilronworts [Rutaceas]. Linn. &-Octandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

A fine greenhouse evergreen tree, producing sweet-
scented blossoms, not unlike those of the orange. Cuttings
of small side-shoots in July, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
soil, sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

A. Cunninghami (Cunningham's). See MEDICOSMA.
„ laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 4. Yellow. Trop. Asia.

1820.
„ leevis (smooth). White. April. Australia. 1825.

ACROPERA. (From akros, the end, and pera, a
pouch ; referring to a pouch-like appendage at the end
of the labellum. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacea?]. Linn.
29-Gynandria. i-Monogynia.)

A pretty stove orchid. For culture, see ORCHIDS.
A. Loddige'sii (Loddiges's). See GONGORA GALEATA.

ACRO PHORUS. See DAVALLIA.

ACROPHYLLUM

12

ACTINOCARPUS

ACROPHY'LLUM. (From akros, top, and phyllon, a
leaf • referring to the way in which the leaves are pro-
duced at the summit of the branches above the flowers.
Nat. ord. Cunoniads [Saxifragaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in July ; soil, sandy peat and loam.
A veno'sum. 6. Pink and white. May. N. Holland.

1836.

„ verticilla'tum (whorled). See A. VENOSUM.
ACRO'PTERIS. (From akros, a point, and pteris, a
fern. Nat. ord. Filices. Linn. zt-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)
Allied to Asplenium, the Spleenwort. Stove Ferns,
propagated by division ; soil, light, loam and peat. See
ASPLENIUM.

A. austra'lis (southern). Brown. N. Holland.
„ canarie'nsis (Canary). Brown. Canaries. 1824.
„ cauda'ta (tailed). Brown. I. of Luzon. 1824.
„ falca'ta (sickle-like), x. Brown. India. 1843.
„ laserpitifo'lia (laserpitium-leaved). Brown. I. of

Luzon. 1843.
„ oxyphy'lla (sharp-leaved). Brown, yellow. I. of

Luzon. 1843.

„ pellu'cida (clear). Brown. I. of Luzon. 1843.
„ platyphy'lla (flat-leaved). Brown, yellow. Malacca.

1843.
„ prcemo'rsum (bitten-leaved). A synonym of

Asplenium furcatum.

„ radia'ta (rayed). Brown. N. Amer. 1793.
,. Ru'ta-mura'ria (wall-rue), j. Brown. Britain. 1793.
„ septentriona'le (northern), £. Brown. Britain. 1844.
„ 5 e'rra (saw-leaved). Brown. North of Europe. 1844.
„ spathuli'na (spathulate). I. of Luzon. 1844.
,, va'rians (varying). I. of Luzon. 1844.
,, ,, au'reum. Syn. A. marginatum.
These are now all included under the Aspleniums, and
modern authors do not recognise the name.

ACRO'STICHUM. (From akros, top, and stichos,
order ; in reference to the lines on the back of the
leaves ; but the application is not very obvious. Linn.
24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices].)

Nearly all stove Ferns. Seed and root division ; loam
and peat, equal parts. Winter temp, not below 50°.
A. acumina'tum. 2. Brazil. 1831.
,, alcico'rne (elk's-horn). See PLATYCERIUM.
,, (Cordreyi, „ „ dive'rgens, „ „ Hi'lli „ „

ma'jus, garden varieties. See PLATYCERIUM.)
,, apiifo'lium (celery-leaved). July. Philippines.
,, appendicula' turn (appendaged). 2. W. Ind. 1824.
„ articula' turn (jcinted). 2-3. Philippines.
„ asplenifo'lium (asplenium-leaved). i. Brown, yellow.

July. Brazil. 1833.

„ au'reum (golden). 4. August. W. Ind. 1855.
„ auri'tum (eared), i-ii. Philippines, Malaya.
,, bifurca'tum (twice-forked). £-f . March. St. Helena.
„ brasilie'nse. i. Brazil.

„ cm>t'nwm(stag's-horn-like). 3-5. Mexico to Peru. 1823.
„ ,, corcovade'nse (Corcovado). Fronds simply pinnate.

Brazil. 1837.
„ citrifo'lium (orange-leaved). £. Yellow, brown.

September. W. Ind.
,, confor'me. J. Trop. Amer.

„ crena'tum. Syn.A.crispatulwn. Variety of A. virens.
„ crini'tum (hairy), i. July. W. Ind. 1793.
„ decor a' turn. i. W. Ind.
„ decur'rens. i. Philippines.
,, fimbria'tum (fringed). Brazil. 1824.
„ ftabella'tum (fan-shaped), £. Colombia to Peru.
,, ,, triparti'tum (three-parted). Colombia.
„ fia'ccidum (feeble). J-x. Panama to Brazil.
„ flagelli'ferum (rod-shaped). 2. E. Ind. 1828.
„ fcenicula'ceum (fennel-like). J-J. Andes of

Ecuador.
„ fusifo'rme (spindle-formed), i. Brown, yellow. July.

Malacca.

,, glandulo'sum (glandulous). i. Jamaica. 1825.
,, gran'de (magnificent). See PLATYCERIUM.
„ Herminie'ri. Trop. Amer. 1871.
,, jitglandifo'lium (walnut-leaved). 2. Yellow, brown.

August. Surinam. 1832.

„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved), i. Yellow, blue. Jamaica.
„ lechleria'num (Lechlerian). 3^-5. Peru and Ecuador.

1886.

A. longifo'lium (long-leaved). See A. LATIFOLIUM.

„ ma'gnum. i. Demerara.

,, musco'sum. i. Trop. Amer.

, nicotianafo'lium (tobacco-leaved). 2. Brown. Oc-
tober. W. Ind.

,, no'bilis. 2. Brazil.

,, osmunda' ccum. Syn. Polybotrya osmundaceum.

„ pelta'tum (shield-like). \-\. Mexico to Peru and
Brazil.

„ piloselloi' des (mouse-ear-leaved). See A. SPATHULATUM.

„ preslia'num. i. Trop. Amer.

,, punctula'tum (finely-dotted). i£-2|. Mascarene
Isles.

,, quercifol'ium. Syn. Gymnopteris quercifolium.

„ rig'idum. i. Brazil.

,, sca'ndens. Syn. Stenochlcsna scandens.

,, scolope'ndrifolium (scolopendrium-like). 2. Brown.
August. E. Ind.

,, serratifo 'Hum (serrate-leaved). 2-3$. Venezuela ;
Brazil ; Peru.

„ si'mplex (simple-leaved), i. Jamaica. 1793.

., spathula' turn. z. Brown, yellow. July. E. Ind. 1822.

,, Stemma'ria (Stemmaria). See PLATYCERIUM /ETHIO-
PICUM.

,, subdia'phanum (semi-transparent). Brown. India.

,, villo'sum. i. Trop. Amer.

., ,, undula'tum. i. Trop. Amer.

,, vi'rens crispa' tulum. Pinnae crisped.

,, visco'sum. J. Trop. Amer.

ACROTREMA. (From akros, a point, and trema, a
perforation. Nat. ord. Dilleniaceas.) Greenhouse plants.
Treatment as given for Doliocarpus.
A. Wolke'ri (B. M., t. 5353). Yellow. June. Ceylon.
1861. Warm greenhouse.

ACRO'TRICHE. (From akros, top, and ihrix, hair ;
referring to the hairs on the sepals. Nat. ord. Epacrids
[Epacridacea?]. Linn. 6-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sandy peat,
under a bell-glass, in cold frame. Temp., 40° to 45°.
A. corda'ta (heart-leaved). See A. OVALIFOLIA.
„ divarica'ta (straggling). $. White. May. N. Hol-
land. 1824.

„ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). \. White. May. N. Hol-
land. 1823.

ACT&'A. (From aktaia, the elm ; referring to the
leaves. Nat. ord. Crowfoots [Ranunculacea?]. Linn. 13-
Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials of little beauty. Propa-
gated by dividing roots.

A. palma'ta. A synonym of Trautvetteria palmata.
,, spica'ta (spiked or bane-berry). 3. White. May.

Britain.
,, ,, ni'gra.
,, „ ru'bra.

ACTINE'LLA. (From aktin, a ray. Nat. ord. Com-
positae.) In open border with light sandy soil.

A. grandiflo'ra. \. Yellow. Colorado.
„ lana'ta. See ERIOPHYLLUM C/ESPITOSUM.
,, scapo'sa. i. Yellow. Texas.

ACTINI'DIA. (From aktin, a ray.) Nat. ord. Tern-
strcemiaceae. Syn. Trochostigma. Ornamental, hardy,
deciduous climbing shrubs, with axillary corymbs of
blooms. They thrive in a light rich soil ; increased by
seeds, layers, or cuttings. Useful as climbers on a wall
or trellis-work.

A. callosa. (Rev. Hort., 1874, *• 395-) White. N.E.

Asia.
,, chine'nsis. (The Card., 1882, vol. xxi. p. 101.) Bright

yellow. Central China.

,, Henry'i. Leaves bronze-red. China. 1906.
,, Kolomi'cta. See A. CALLOSA.
,, poly'gama. White. Japan. 1870.
., volu'bilis. (Rev. Hort., 1874, f. 395.) White. Japan

1874.

ACTINOCA'RPUS. (From alkin, a ray, and carpos,
fruit ; referring to its radiated appearance. Nat. ord.
Alismads [AliSmaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, 4-Poly-
gynia.) Now included with Damasonium.

Aquatics. A. minor grows in sandy peat immersed
in water ; seeds sown in sandy peat ; temp., 40* to 50°.

ACTINOLEPIS

ADENANDRA

A. Damaso'nium (Damasonium). |. White. July.

England.

.. mi'nor (smaller). J. White. June. N. S. Wales.
ACTTNOLE PIS. (From aktin, a ray, and lepis, a
scale. Nat. ord. Compositae.) A free-growing annual,
verv pretty as an edging plant, also known as Shortia
calt/ornica.

A. corona'ria (B. M.. t. 3828). i. Yellow. California.
September. 1839. Syns. Bceria coronaria and
Hymenoxys californica.

ACTTNO MERIS. (From aktin, a ray, and tneris, part ;
referring to the radiated aspect of the parts. Nat.
ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
5'Frustranea.)

Ornamental hardy plants, allied to Coreopsis, and of
easy culture. Propagated by dividing roots.

A. ala' ta (wing-stalked). See VERBESINA OCCIDENTALS
„ helianthoi'des (sunflower-like). 3. Yellow. S. Amer.

1825.

,. proce'ra (tall). See A. SQUARROSA.
„ squarro'sa (squarrose). 3. Yellow. July. N. Amer.

1640.

ACTINIO PTERIS. (From aktin. a ray, and pteris.
a fern.) Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. A very distinct
genus, having small palmate fronds, deep green, and
requiring a moderate stove temperature. Should be raised
from spores (see TREATMENT OF FERNS). They like an
open compost consisting chiefly of loam, peat, and sand ;
with good drainage.

A. radio! ta. India. 1869. (Ic. PI., t. 975.)
,, „ austra'lis. (Ic. PL, t. 976.)
ACTINO'TUS. (From actinotos, meaning radiated,
on account of the form of the involucrum. Nat. ord.
Umbellifers [Umbelliferae]. Linn. s~Pentandria, i-Mono-

Perennials requiring greenhouse treatment ; in winter
the temperature should not fall below 35° to 40° ;
propagated by divisions of roots ; grow in good fibrous
loam, or peat may be added if the loam is heavy.

A. Helia'nthi (sunflower). 2. White. June. N.Holland.

1821.
., leucoce'phalus (white-headed). Swan River. 1837.

ACU MINATED. Having a long, slender point.

A'CYNOS. (A Greek word of no obvious meaning,
applied to balsamic plants. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labi-
ata?]. Linn. n-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia.) Now
referred to Calamintha.

These thyme-like plants are all hardy. Increased
either by seeds or division of roots.

ANNUALS.

A. keterophy'Uus (variable-leaved). J. Purple. June.

Italy. 1822. See CALAMINTHA SUAVE'OLENS.
„ suave'olens (sweet-scented), i. Red. July. Greece.

1817.
„ vulga'ris (Ba'sil-leaved, common). Violet. July.

britian. See CALAMIXTHA ACINOS.
, villo'sus (villous). J. Red. July. Germany. 1817.

BIENNIALS.

A. alpi'nus (Alpine). \. Purple. August. Austria.

1731.
„ grandifto'rus (great- flowered). J. Purple. July.

1810.
„ patavi'nus (Paduan). J. Flesh. July. S. Europe.

1776.
„ purpura'scens (purplish). \. Purple. June. Spain.

1820.

EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

A. grave'olens (strong-scented). i. Purple. July.
Crimea. 1820.

„ He'rba-baro'na (herb-barona). i. Purple. July. Cor-
sica. 1820. See THYMUS HERBA-BARONA.

„ rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). J. Purple. June.
Spain. 1820. See CALAMINTHA ALPINA.

A DA. (A name probably given in honour of some
lady. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.) Tribe, Vandeae. A genus
of epiphytes, containing two species found at high

elevations on the Columbian Andes, succeed well in a
cool greenhouse. May be grown with the Odontoglossums.

A. auranti'aca (B. M., t. 5435). Orange. New Grenada.

1864.

,, Lehma'nni. Leaves marbled with grey. A newer
introduction.

ADAM'S APPLE. A name applied to several different
plants, including Citrus Limctta and Musa paradisiaca.

ADAM'S NEEDLE. See YUCCA.

ADA'MIA. (In honour of John Adam, M.D., of Cal-
cutta. Nat. ord. Saxifrages [Saxifragaceae]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, s-Pentagynia. Now referred to Dichroa.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Pot in light fibrous
loam, or add peat and leaf-mould; propagate from
cuttings in dose frame.

A. cya'nea (blue- berried). See DICHROA FEBRIFUGA.
,, sylva'tica (wood). See DICHROA FEBRIFUGA.
,, versi 'color (many-coloured). See DICHROA FEBRIFUGA.

ADAHSIA SCILLOrDES. See PUSCHKI'NIA.

ADANSO NIA. The Baobab. A single African tree
comprehends this genus. Is regarded as one of the
largest trees in the world.
A. digita'ta. White. Senegal 1724. B. M., t. 2791-2.

ADDER'S- TONGUE. A Fern. Ophioglo'sswn.

ADELA'STER ALBTVE'NIS. An excellent foliage
plant, with leaves of a dark green, veined with white.
Now referred to Eranthemum.

ADEXGES ABIE'TIS. See INSECT PESTS.

ADE LIA. (From a, not, and delos, visible ; in refer-
ence to the minute parts of fructification. Nat. ord.
Spurgeworts [Euphorbiaceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, i-Mon-
andna.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Peat and loam ; cuttings in
sandy loam, after their cut end is dry.

A. Acido'ton(spiry). 3. Greenish- white. June. Jamaica.

1768.
„ Berna'rdia (Bernard de Jussieu's). 6. Green. July.

Jamaica. 1768. See BERNARDIA DICHOTOMA.
„ ricine'lla (ricinus-like). 6. Greenish-white. July.

Jamaica. 1768.

ADELOBO'TRYS. (From adelos, obscure, and botrys,
a cluster. Nat. ord. Melastomaceae.) Stove epiphytes.
For culture, see PLEROMA.

A. LindSni. White changing to purple. Brazil. 1866.
„ sca'ndens. White. Guiana.

ADENA'NDRA. (From aden, a gland, and antr, the
stamen or male organ ; referring to the aspect of the
anthers. Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn. $-Pen-
tandria, i-Monogynia. This genus was formerly included
in Diosma.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, propagated from half-
ripened shoots in close frame with a little bottom-heat ;
may be grown in the open during the summer, and in a
light airy house during the winter, with a temperature
not falling much below 40°. Pot in light fibrous loam,
with leaf-mould and peat added ; careful attention to
watering is necessary.

.-1. acumina'ta (acuminate). See A. AMCENA.
„ amct'na (pleasing). 2. Red. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1798.
., „ acumina'ta. 2. White. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1812.
„ coria'cea (leathery-leaved). 2. Pink. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1720.
., fra'grans (fragrant). 3. Pink. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1812.

„ linea 'ris (linear-leaved). See A. UNIFLORA.
„ margina'ta (margined). 2. Pink. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1806.

,, specio'sa (showy). See A. UMBELLATA.
„ tetrago'na. See ACMADENIA TETRAGONA.
„ umbella'ta (umbel-flowered). 2. Pink. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1790.
„ ,, multiflo'ra (many-flowered, showy). 2. Pink.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
,, ,, pauciflo'ra( few-flowered, showy). 2. Pink. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

ADENANTHERA

ADESMIA

A. uniflo'ra (one-flowered), i. Pink. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1775.
„ ,, linea'ris. i. Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope.

1800.
,, „ pube'scens. 2. Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope.

1786. Syn. A. villosa.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). 2. Pink. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1786.

ADENANTHE'RA. (From aden, a gland, and anther a,
an anther ; referring to the gland on each anther. Linn.
lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosas], and allied to Mimosa.)

Stove evergreen trees. Loam and peat ; cuttings.

A. chrysosta'chys. See PIPTADENIA.
„ falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 5. Yellow. E. Ind. 1812.
„ pavoni'na (peacock-like). 5. Yellow, white. July.

E. Ind. 1759.
,, sca'ndens. See ENTADA.

ADENA'NTHOS. (From aden, a gland, and anthos, a
flower ; referring to the glands on the flowers. Nat. ord.
Proteads [Proteaceae]. Linn. 4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy peat cuttings in
spring, under a glass, in sand ; soil, peat and loam.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
A. barbi'gera (bearded). Swan River.
„ cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 5. Red. July. N. Holland.

1824.

,, obova'ta (obovate-leaved). 5. Red. July. N. Hol-
land. 1826.

„ seri'cea (silky). 5. Red. N. Holland. 1824.
,, terminalis (terminal-flowered). Swan River.

ADE'NIUM. (From Aden, where it is native. Nat. ord.
Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Greenhouse shrub, allied to Alstonia. It is propa-
gated from cuttings of the young shoots in sand, under
a glass, with bottom-heat, in spring. Soil, loam, leaf-
mould, and some manure ; if loam is heavy, add some
peat and pot firmly.

A. obe'sum. 3. June. Pinky crimson. Aden. 1845.
B. M., t. 5418. Syn. A. Honghel.

ADENOCALY'MNA. (From aden, a gland, and
calymna, a covering ; referring to the conspicuous glands
on the leaves and floral coverings. Nat. ord. Bignoniads
[Bignoniaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

A genus allied to Spatho'dea. Stove evergreen twiner.
Loam and peat ; cuttings in sand and peat in the stove
propagating pit.

A. como'sum (hairy). 20. October. Yellow. Brazil.

1841.

„ longeracemo' sum. Yellow. October. Brazil.
„ ni'tidum. Yellow. Brazil. 1869. Pax. Fl. Card.,

t. 2.

ADENOCA'RPUS. (From aden, a gland, and carpos,
fruit ; referring to the glands on the fruit. Nat.
ord. Mimosads [Leguminosae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia,
6-Decandria. Allied to Cytisus.)

This genus is chiefly made up of old species of cytisus,
brooms, and allied plants. All are yellow-flowered. Ths
first two greenhouse plants, others hardy ; sandy loam,
but with a little peat for the first two. Seeds sown in
March, and cuttings any time in spring and summer.
A. anagy'rus. 2. June. Canaries. 1815. This and
foliolosus are evergreen and require protection from
frost.
,, deco'rticans. May. Sierra Nevada. Rev. Hort

1883, p. 156.

„ foltolo'sus (slightly-leaved). 6. May. Canaries. 1629.
,, frankenioi' des (frankenia-like). See A. ANAGYRUS.
„ hispa'nicus (Spanish). 3. June. Spain. 1816.
„ intcrme'dius (intermediate). 4. June. Sicily.
., „ parvi'fo'lius (small-leaved). 4. June. South of

France. 1800.

., telone'nsis (Toulon). 3. June. South of France.
1800.

ADENOPE'LTIS. (From aden, a gland, and pe'lte, a
small shield ; the shape of the glands. Nat. ord.
Euphorbiaceae.)

A stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.

A. Colligua'ya (Colliguaya). 6. White. May. Chili.
1796.

ADENO'PHORA. (From aden, a gland, and phoreo,
to bear. Nat. ord. Bellwort [Campanulace®]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous plants, like Campanula. Common
soil. Seeds. All bear blue or bluish flowers.
A. commu'nis (common). 4. July. Europe. 1810.
it ii ny'brida. 2. June. Siberia. 1816.
,, „ suave' olens. 2. June. Siberia. 1816.
,, corona'ta. B. R., t. 149. See A. MARSUFIIFLORA.
,, coronopifo'Ua (buckthorn-leaved), i. June. Dahuria.

1822

„ denticula'ta (finely-toothed). See A. TRICUSPIDAT\.
„ Fische'ri (Fischer's). See A. COMMUNIS.
,, Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 2. June. Siberia. 1820.
„ interme'dia (intermediate). See A. COMMUNIS.
,, Lama'rckii (Lamarck's). 2. July. Siberia. 1820.
,, latifo'lia. 2. June. Siberia. 1821.
„ liliifo'lia. B. R., t. 236. See. A. COMMUNIS.
, marsupiiflo'ra (purse-flowered). 2. July. 1818.
,, pere'skicefo'lia (pereskia-leaved). See A. LATIFOLIA.
„ £m'£/oc<2/o7ta(periploca-leaved). i. August. Siberia.

1824.
,, rabelaisia'na (Rabelais's). 2. August. Siberia.

1823.

„ reticula'ta (netted). 2. July. Siberia. 1820.
„ stri'cta (erect). Dark blue Japan. 1904.
„ stylo' sa (long-styled). 2. May. Siberia. 1820.
„ tricuspida' ta. i. July. Siberia. 1817.
„ verticilla'ta (whorl-leaved). 2. June. Siberia. 1783.

ADENO'SMA. (From aden, a gland, and osme, smell ;
The plants exhale a mint-like scent from the glands. Nat.
ord. Scrophulariaceae. Syn. Pterostigma.)

A. grandifto'rum. 3. Violet. Hong-Kong. 1845. Syn.
Pterostigma grandiflorum. B. R., 1846, t. 16.

ADENOSTE'MMA. (From aden, a gland, and stemma,
a crown ; the anthers are often crowned with a gland.
Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Greenhouse perennial. Seeds ; cuttings under a bell-
glass. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

A. visco'sum (clammy). 2. White. June. Tropics of
Old World. 1821.

ADENO STOMA. (From aden, a gland, and stoma,
a pore. Nat. ord. Sanguisorbs [Rosaceas]. Linn.
i2-Icosandria, i-Monogynia.) Hardy shrub, allied to
Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla).

Propagated by cuttings of the young shoots in spring,
under a glass, in sand. Soil, rich loam and peat, in equal
proportions.

A. fascicula' turn (fascicled). 3. White. California. 1848.

ADENO'STYLES. (From aden, a gland, and stulis, a
style. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Hardy perennial herbs. Divisions. Ordinary garden
soil.
A. a'lbida (whitish). 2. Purple. July. Europe.

,, a'lbifrons (white-leaved) See A. ALBIDA.

,, alpi'na (alpine). See A. VIRIDIS.

,, gla'bra (smooth). See A. VIRIDIS.

„ Petasi'tes (Petasites). See A. ALBIDA.

„ vi'ridis (green). 2. Purple. July. Europe. 1739.

ADENOTRI'CHIA. (From aden, a gland, and thrix,
hair ; having hairs with glands. Nat. ord. Composites
[Compositae]. Linn. i6-Syngenesia, 2-Superftua. Allied
to Groundsel.) Now classed with Se'necio.

Half-hardy herbaceous plant. Propagated from seeds
sown in the spring in a gentle hotbed. Planted out in
summer. Soil, light rich loam.

A. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 2. May. Yellow,
Chili. 1826. See SENECIO ADENOTRICHIUS.

ADE SMIA. (From a, not, or without, and desmos, a
bond ; in reference to the stamens being free. Linn.
i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosae]. Greenhouse and half-hardy plants,
allied to Hedysarum, all more or less of a trailing
habit.)

Annuals, sown in spring in slight hotbed. Cuttings of
others in summer, in sandy loam, in close propagating
frame with bottom-heat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

ADHATODA

ADIANTUM

ANNUALS.
A. murica'ta (point-covered), x. Yellow. June. Pata-

£ OLlicl . I 70 3 •

.. pappo'sa (downy-podded), i. Yellow. June. Chili.

1823.
„ pe'ndula (pendulous-flowered), i. Yellow. June.

Buenos Ayres. 1625.

EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

A. balsa' mica. Yellow. March. Chili. B. M., t. 6921.
„ glutino'sa (sticky). YeUow. Chili. 1831.
,. Loudo'nii (London's). 2. Yellow. May. Valparaiso.

„ micrvp'ky'Ua (smaU-leaved). Yellow. Valparaiso.

1830.
„ uspaUaU'nsis (uspallatan). i. Yellow. July. Chili.

1832.
visco'sa (clammy). 12. Yellow. August. Chili.

1831.

ADHATO'DA. (Native name. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.
Allied to J usticia.) Propagated from cuttings early in the
spring in the stove, and require stove treatment. Should
be potted in porous loamy soil, with good drainage.
A. cydoniafo'lia. 5. Purple, white. August. Brazil.

1855. B. M., t. 4962.

„ pa' tula (spreading). White. April. S. Africa. 1824.
„ refUxiflo'ra (reflexed-flowered). i. Purple. June.

W. Ind. 1824.

., Va'sica. 10. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1699. B. M.,
t. 861. Syn. J usticia Adhitoda.

ADIANTO'PSES. (From adiantum, and opsis, like ;
resembling the Maidenhair. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices] ;
considered sometimes as a section of Cheilanthes. For
culture, see FERNS.
A. pteroi'des. Java.
„ radia'ta. i. S. Amer.

ADIA'NTUBL Maidenhair. (From adiantos, dry, as
if plunged in water, yet remaining dry. Nat. ord. Ferns
[Filices]. Linn. 24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

This extensive genus includes species from all climates,
and in addition to the many distinct species there are
numerous garden varieties. They vary considerably,
some having simple, or undivided fronds, and others
have broad-spreading fronds with numerous small
pinnules. They also vary in habit ; most of them may
be raised from spores ; some are proliferous from the
fronds, others from the roots. For general culture, see
FERNS.

A. ce'mulum (G. C., 1878-584). Brazil. See A. CUNEA-
TUM.
„ aOiio'picum (^Ethiopian). 2. Brown. September.

1838.

„ affi'ne. Syn. A. Cunninghami.
„ ama'bile. See A. MOOREI.
„ amce'num. Syn. with A. ftabellulatum.
„ andic'olum. See A. GLAUCOPHYLLUM.
„ aneite'nse. Aneiteum Isles. 1880.
,, assi'mile. A form of A. eethiopicum.
.. „ crista'tum (BulL Cat.. 9). Victoria.
,. Bau'sfi. A garden hybrid. 1879.
., be'Uum. Bermuda. 1879.
.. bessonia'num (G. C., 1896, xx. 75). A variety of A.

tenerum. W. Ind.

.. Birkenhea'dii (G. C., 1886, xxv. 648).
.. Bou'rnei (Fl. and P., 1882, 105). A form of A.

cuneatum.

,. Bu'rnii (G. C., 1887. i. 447).

„ Capi'llus-ve'neris (Venus's hair). Common maiden-
hair.

„ ,, cornubie'nse (Cornish).
cri'spulum (crisped).
daphni'tes (glistening).
digita'tum (G. C., 1887, i. 547).
fi'ssum (divided).

Foo'ti (Foot's). Allied to the variety fissum.
gra'nde (G. C., 1886, xxvi. 103).
imbrica'tum (G. C., 1887, i. 547).
inci'sum (deeply cut).
magni'ficum (magnificent).
montzia'num.

rotunda' turn (rounded). Isle of Man.
, undula'tum (wavy).

A. cardiochlafna (heart form indusium). See A. POLY-

PHYLLUM.

„ cauda'tum (tailed).

,, ,, cilia' turn (ciliated).

„ Clce'sii (111. Hort., 1894, t 137). Brazil.

„ Colli'sii (Veitch Cat., 1885, 9).

„ colpo'des (deep hollow). Ecuador and Peru. 1875.

„ „ ro'seum (G. and F.. 1888, i. 376).

,, conci'nnum (neat). Trop. Amer.

„ „ Flemi'ngii (Fleming's).

,, ,, la' turn (broad).

,, conglomera' turn (G. M., 1903, p. 269).

„ crena'tum (crenated). Mexico. Syn. A. ivttesianum.

,, crista'tum (crested). W. Ind. and Venezuela. 1844.

Syn. A. kunzeanum.
., crowea'num (G. M., 1904, 211).
„ cube'nse. Cuba and Jamaica.
,. cunea'tum (wedge-shaped). Brazil. 1820.
„ „ cK'mulum. Brazil. 1878.
„ „ Ba'rdii (W. G., 1903, 119).
,. „ defte'xum (G. C., 1884, xx. 716).
„ „ dissc'ctum (G. C., 1879, xii. 84).
„ „ e'legans (G. C.. 1885, xxiv. 134).
•• » fragranti' ssimum (G. C., 1887, i. 447, and ii. 198-

9, f. 49).

,, ,, graci Ihmum.
„ „ Gordo'ni (W. G.. 1888, 107).
„ „ gra'ndiceps (G. C., 1882, xvL 685).
„ „ Lawso'ni (Lawson's).
,, ,, Legra'ndi.

„ ., mu'ndulum (neat). 1879.
., „ Paco'ttii.
., „ stri'ctum (upright).
„ Cunningha'mii. See A. AFFINE.
., curva'tum (curved). Trop. Amer. 1841.
., cycloso'rum (with circular spore masses). Ecuador.
., Da'ddsii (G. C., 1887, i. 42).
„ deco'rum (decorous). See A. WAGNERI.
„ ,, arge'nteo-stri'atum (R. H. B., 1904, 240).
„ ddtoi'deum (deltoid). W. Ind. Islands.
,, dia'phanum (transparent). S.E.China. New Zealand,

&c. Syn. A. setulosum.
„ digita'tum (finger-leaved). Peru. Also cultivated

under the name of A. speciosum.
„ dolabrifo'rme (Fl. and P., 1882, 105).
,, dolo'sum (deceiving). Syn. A. Wilsoni.
„ Edgewo'rthii (I1L Hort., 1878, t. 286). India.
„ e'legans (G. C., 1886, xxv. 200).
„ eleganti'ssimum (G. C., 1892, xii. 249). A sport from

A. cuneatum.

„ emargina'tum (notched). See A. *THIOPICUM.
exci'sum (bluntly cut). Chili.
„ Leyi (Ley's).
„ multi'fidum (much cut).
, farleye'nse. See A. TENERUM FARLEYENSE.
fascicula'tum (G. C., 1897, xxii. 9).
Fe'ei. Syn. A. ftexuosum.
Ferguso'n'i (G. C., 1884, xxii. 360). Ceylon.
, fe'stum (G. C.. 1887, i. no).
. ftuvia'tHe multi'fidum (G. C., 1879, xii. 84).
ftabellula' turn (small fan-leaved). Syn. A. amcenum.
fiexuo'sum (zigzag). Syn. A. Feei.
, formo'sum (beautiful). Australia. 1820.
fovea'rum (pitted). See A. TETRAPHYLLUM.
fu'lvum (tawny). New Zealand.
Ghiesbre'ghtii. See A. TENERUM SCUTUM.
,. glaucophy 'Hum (grey-leaved). Syns. A. andicolum

and A. mexicanum.

,, graci'llimum (very graceful). A form of A. cuneatum.
,, gro'ssum (large). 2. Colombia. 1909.
„ henslovia'num (Henslow's). Columbia, Peru, &c.,
1833. Syns. A. latum, A. Reichenbachii, and A.
sessilifolium.

„ Hewa'rdia. June. Guiana. Syn. Hewardia adiantoides.
„ hi'ans (gaping). New Caledonia.
,, hispi'dulum. Syn. A. pubescens.
„ intermedium. Trop. Amer. from the Antilles, and
southward to Peru and Rio Janeiro. 1824. Syn.
A. triangulatum.

„ kunzea'num. Syn. A. cristatum.
„ Icc'tum (joyful). Syn. A. henslovianum.
„ lambertia'num (W. G., 1890, 345). A variety of A.

cuneatum.

„ La'thomi (Lathom's). Stated to be a sport from A.
tenerum.

ADIANTUM

16

^CHMEA

A. Legra'ndii (Fl. and P., 1882, 105). See A. CUNEATUM.
„ LindSni (Linden's). Amazons. 1866.
., linea'tum (III. Hort.. 1895, 185, 312, t. 44).
., lu'cidum (shiny). W. Ind. Islands and Trop. Amer.
,, luddemannia'num. A crested variety of A. cuneatum.
„ lunula'tum (crescent-leaved).
„ „ celSbicum (111. Hort., 1878, t. 329).
„ macro' cladum (long-branched). Syn. with A. poly-

phyllum.

,, macrophy'llum (long-leaved). Trop. Amer. 1793.
„ „ albo- stria' turn (G. C., 1892, xi. 816).
„ „ bipinna'tum (Williams Cat., 1885, 7).
„ macro' pterum (long- winged). Syn. A. Wilsoni. See

A. DOLOSUM.
„ Mairi'sii (G. C., 1885, xxiv. 294). Garden variety of

A. Capillus-vencris.

,, manica'tum (Card., 1890, xxxviii. 94).
„ mexica'num (Mexican). See A. GLAUCOPHYLLUM.
„ microphy'llum (short-leaved). See A. VENUSTUM.
,, mono'chlamys (once covered). Japan.
,, monoso'rum (uni-soriate). Solomon Islands.
„ Moo'rei (Moore's). Andes of Peru. Syn. A. amabile.
„ moritzia'num (Moritz's). S. Amer. See A. CAPILLUS-

VENERIS.
„ mu'ndulum (G. C., 1879, xii. 84). Dwarf variety of

A. cuneatum.
„ ntbulo'sum (G. C., 1893, xiii. 415). A seedling form of

A. graculimum.

„ neo-caledo'nia (G. C., 1883, xix. 720). New Cale-
donia.

„ neoguinee'nse. New Guinea. 1877.
„ obli'quum (oblique). W. Ind. 1826.
,. „ min'us (Bull. Cat, 1883, n). Colombia.
„ obtu'sum. Jamaica. 1879.
., Owe'ni (G. C., 1887, i. no).
„ Paco'ttii (Fl. and P., 1882, 105). A variety of A.

cuneatum.

,. palma'tum (G. C, 1877, vii. 40, f. 5). Peru.
„ Paradi'si (G. C., 1889, vi. 558). S. Africa.
„ pa'tens (spreading). Brazil, &c. 1824.
., peda'tum (pedate). N. Hindostan. the United States,

&c.

„ peruvia'num (111. Hort., 1878, t. 331). Peru.
,, polyphy'llum (many-leaved). Colombia. Syns. A

cardioMctna and A. macrocladum.
,, populifo'lium (poplar-leaved). See A. SEEMANNI.
„ Pri'nceps (princely). New Grenada. 1875.
,, prionophy Hum (saw-leaved). See A. TETRAPHYLLUM.
„ pube'scens (downy). See A. HISPIDULUM.
„ pulverulSntum (dusty). W. Ind.
„ regi'nce (Veitch Cat, 1888, t. 331). Garden variety.
„ rtichenba'chii. See A. HENSLOVIANUM.
„ renifo'rme (kidney-shaped).
„ ,, asarifolium (Asarum-leaved).
„ rhodophy'llum (G. C., 1881, xxi. 372).
„ rhomboi'deum (G. C., 1879, xii. 84). See A. OBTUSUM.
„ rube' Hum (reddish). Bolivia. 1868.
„ schizophy'llum (L'Hort Int. Cat., 1888-9, 45).
,, scu'tum (shield). Syn. A. Ghiesbreghtii. See A.

TENERUM.

„ „ ramo'sum (G. C., 1903, xxxiii. 382). See A.

TENERUM.

„ „ ro'seum (rosy). Fronds rose. 1910.

., Seema'nnii (Seemann's). Central Amer. 1868.

Syns. A. populifolium and A. Zahnii.
„ sessilifo'lium (stalkless). See A. HENSLOVIANUM.
„ setulo'sum (bristly). See A. DIAPHANUM.
„ specio'sum (showy). See A. DIGITATUM.
„ subvolu'bile (nearly twining). E. Peru.
„ Ufnerum (tender). Mexico, &c.
,, ,, alcico'rne.

„ „ farleyetnse. Barbadoes. 1865.
„ „ Latho'mi.
„ „ ramo'sum.
„ „ scu'tum.
., „ Victo'rice. 1882.
„ tetraphy'llum (four-leaved). Trop. Amer.
„ „ gra'cile (Bull. Cat, 1878, f. ix.). Colombia.
„ ,, Henderso'nii (Henderson's).
„ „ obtu'sum (111. Hort, 1889, 65, t. 86). Congo.
„ ti'nctum (tinted). Trop. Amer.
„ trapezifo'rme (rhomb-shaped). W. Ind. 1793.
„ „ Catherines.
„ „ cultra'tum (sharpened).
„ „ „ Fu'nckii (Funck's).

A. trapezifo'rme pentada' ctylon (five-fingered).
,, friaH£ttto'/ttm(triangle-leaved). See A. INTERMEDIUM.
,, va'rium (various). Undoubtedly syn. with A. villosum.
,, veitchia'num (Veitch's). Peruvian Andes. 1868.
,, veluti'num (velvety). Colombia. 1866.
,, venu'stum (charming). Himalayas. Syn. A. micro*

phyllum.
„ versaille'nse (G. and F., 1888, i. 376). Crested form'

of A. Capillus-veneris.

„ Victo'rice (G. C., 1882, xvii. 428). See A. TENERUM.
., villo'sum (hairy stalked). W. Ind. 1775.
„ Wagne'ri (Wagner's). Syn. A. decorum.
„ Walto'ni (G. C., 1887, i. in).
„ Weiga'ndii (G. C., 1884, xx. 748). American garden

variety.

„ wilesia'num (Wiles). See A. CRENATUM.
„ Willia'msii (G. C., 1878, x. 45, f. 4). Peruvian Andes.
„ Wilso'ni (Wilson's). Jamaica. Syn. A. macrop-

terum. See A. DOLOSUM.

A DINA. NAUCLEA ADINA is a synonym. Ten other
names have been given to Nauclea.

A pretty little stove plant ; may be propagated from
cuttings put in loam, peat, and sand, under a bell-glass
or in the stove propagating pit. Pot in sandy loam and
leaf-mould, with good drainage.
A. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 40. Yellow. E. Ind.
„ globiflo'ra (globe-flowered). 3. White. July. China.
1804.

ADLU MIA. (Named after Adlum, an American
author. Nat. ord. Fumewprts. Allied to Corydalis
[Papaveraceae]. Linn. ly-Diadelphia, z-Hexandria.)

A biennial climber, requiring common soil. Seeds.
Does not climb or flower until the second year.

A. cirrho'sa (tendriled). 15. White. August. N. Amer.
1778.

ADO LPHIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Rhamnaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand in bottom-
heat. Loam, peat, sand.
A. infe'sta (troublesome). 4. Mexico. 1824.

ADO NIS. (Named after Adonis of the Classics. Nat.
ord. Crowfoots [Ranunculaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria,
6-Polygynia.)

Hardy plants ; common soil ; the annual species from
seeds, and the perennial from seed or root division.

ANNUALS.

A. cestiva'lis (summer). 2. Scarlet. June. South oi
Europe. 1629.

,, „ citri'na (citron-coloured), i. Orange. June. South
of Europe. 1819.

„ autumna'lis (autumnal. Pheasant's eye), i. Crim-
son. July. Britain.

,, fla'mmea. i. Scarlet. Austria.

PERENNIALS.

,, amure'nsis (G. C., 1896, xix. 240). Manchuria.

„ „ flor'e ple'no (G. W., 1903, 126).

,, apenni'na (Apennine). See A. PYRENAICA.

,, davu'rica (Dahurian). See A. VERNALIS.

,, disto'rta (distorted), i. April. Yellow. Naples.
1827.

„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). ij. July. Yellow. Pyre-
nees. 1817.

„ sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. April. Yellow. Siberia.
1827.

„ vcrna'lis (spring), r. March. Yellow. Europe.
1629.

„ „ a'lba (J. of H., 1906, lii. 39).

„ „ ma'jor. Dwarfer. Flowers larger. 1879. G. C.,
1879, v. n, p. 621.

„ volge'nsis( Volga), i. April. Yellow. Russia. 1818.

2ECHfiIE'A. (From aichtne, a point ; in reference to
the rigid points on the calices or flower-envelopes. Nat.
ord. Bromelworts [Bromeliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria.
i-Monogynia.)

Suckers ; light turfy loam and leaf-mould ; very hand-
some. Stove herbaceous perennials.

/E. augu'sta (august). Trop. Amer.
,, BarlSei. 3. Primrose. Brit. Honduras. 1877.

/ECHMEA

AERANTHES

bracUa'ta. Yellow, bracts crimson. W. Ind. 1873.
brasilie'nsis (Gfl., t. 1202). Brazil.
feromc'/kz/o'/kMBromelia-leaved). i*. Blue. Febru-
ary. Trinidad. 1824.
caruU'scens. i. Bluish. S. Amer. 1870. Snys.

A. c^rulea, Lamprococcus, and Hoplophytum c<eru-

lescens.
calycula'ta. $. Yellow, bracts red. 1862. Syns.

Hohenbergia calyculata, Hoplophytum calyculatum,

and Macrochordivm luteum.
ccelSstis. Sky-blue. Brazil. Syns. Hoplophytum

caleste and Hohenbergia ccelestis.
Co'rnui (R. H., 1885, t. 36). Brazil.
cyathtfo'rmis (cup-shaped). Brazil. Syn. Canistrum

cyathiforrne.

cylindra'ta (Gfl., 1898, t. 1447). Brazil.
di scolor (vari-coloured). See A. FULGENS.
disticha'ntha. i. Red, purple. S. Brazil. 1852.
drakea'na (R. H., 1888, 401). Ecuador.
erythrosta'chya. Rose, red. Brazil. 1864. Syn.

Hohenbergia erythroslachya.
exsu'dans. 2. White. W. Ind. 1824. Syns.

Bromelia exsudans, Hohenbergia exsudans, H.

capitate,
fascia' to. ij. Pink, bracts rose. Rio Janeiro. 1826.

Syns. Bilbcrgia fasciata and B. rhodocyanea.
„ purpu'rea. Purple.
Ferna'nda'. 2. Yellowish. Para. 1872. Syns.

Ananas mensdorfuina and Bromelia Fernanda,
flexuo'sa (G. C., 1887, i. 8). See AL. SPECTABILIS.
fu'lgens. i. Scarlet, blue. September. Cayenne.

1842.

„ discolor. (B. M., t. 4293.)
Furstenbe'rgii. I. Rose. Bahia. 1879.
germinya'na. 2. Reddish-white. New Granada.

Syns. Bromelia daguensis and Chevaliera ger-

minyana.

gi'gas (B. M., t. 8107). Allied to /£. Lalindei. Prob-
ably Brazil .
Glazio'vii. 7. Red, purple. S. Brazil. 1880. Belg.

Hort., 1881, t. 13.
glomera'ta. Violet, bracts crimson. Bahia. 1866.

Syn. Pironneava glomerata.

Hooke'ri. Scarlet, purple, yellow. BrazU. 1864.
hy'strix. 2$. Violet, bracts scarlet. February.

Cayenne. 1880.

Lali'ndei (111. Hort. 1882, t. 481). Colombia.
lavandula'cea (B. M., t. 8005). W. Ind.
Icgrdlia'na. \. Red, purple. 1865. Syn. Hohen-
bergia legrelliana. See ORTGIESIA LEGRELLIANA.
lingula'ta (tongue-leaved), ij. Yellow. May. S.

Amer. 1759.
luddemannia'na. Red, green. S. Amer. 1866.

Syn. Pironneava luddemanniana. See A. C^ERULES-

CENS.

macraca'niha. See XL. SCHIEDEANA.
,. Pelliefri. 3 to 4. Whitish, bracts carmine. 1880.
Mari'ce-Regi'nce. Blue, white, bracts carmine.

April. Costa Rica. 1863.
Melino'nii. i. Crimson-pink. S. Amer.
Merte'nsii (Merten's). Green, red. March. Deme-

rara. 1830.

mexica'na (G. C., 1897, i. 8). 2. Green, crimson.
morrenia'na. 2. Purple. S. Amer. 1875. Mexico.
mucroniflo'ra (spiny-petaled). Yellow. September.

Peru. 1852.
myriophy'lla (B. M., t. 6939). 2\. Pink, fading to

lilac. Trop. Amer. 1887.
nudicau'lis. i. Yellow. Trop. Amer. 1825. Syns.

Billbergia and Hohenbergia nudicaulis.
, „ glaoriu' scula (smooth). Greenish-yellow ; bracts

carmine.

, odo'ra. 7. Yellowish. Guiana. 1879.
Ortgie'sii. Red. 1860. See ORTEGSIA TILLANDSIOIDES.
panicula'ta (R. H., 1880, 245). 2. Rosy-purple,

bracts white, woolly. Peru. 1877.
, paniculi'gera (Bull. Cat., 1882, 13). 3. Red-purple.

Jamaica. 1882. Syn. Hohenbergia paniculigera.
, pinelia'na. i. Yellow, bracts red. Brazil. 1862.

Syns. Echinostachys and M acrochordium pinelianum.
, purpu'rea (Williams' Cat., 1889, 22). i to ij. Leaves,

crimson-purple. Colombia.

, re%u!a'ris. i. White, bracts red. S. Brazil. 1873.
, schiedea'na. Pale yellow. Central Mexico. 1880.

Syn. M. macracantha.

£. specta'bilis. Rose-crimson. Guatemala. 1875. Syn.

£.. flexuosa.
„ suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2$. Pink. April.

Brazil. 1838. Syn. Billbergia melanacantha.
„ Vei'tchii. i. Scarlet. Colombia. 1877. Syn.

Chevalliera Veitchii.
„ „ supe'rba (R. H., 1880, 450 t.).
„ Weilba'chii. i J. Pink, light violet ; scape and bracts

scarlet. Brazil. 1854.
„ „ leodie'nsis. Scarlet, violet, green. Brazil. 1887.

2ECTDnJM. A genus of small cup-shaped fungi, para-
sitic on certain plants. £. berberidis, one of the best-
known species, lives on the leaves of the ordinary bar-
berry. There are numerous other species, including
JE. convallariae, M. ficarice, and /£. violce.

2EGICERAS. (From aix, a goat, and keros, a horn ;
alluding to the shape of its fruit. Nat. ord. Ardisiads
[Myrsinaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Propagated from cut-
tings of the half-ripe shoots in close frame with bottom-
heat. Pot in good loam, leaf-mould, and peat.

JE. fra'grans (fragrant). See M. MAJUS.
„ ma'jus. White. N. Holland. 1824.

jEGI'PHILA. (From aix, a goat, and philos, dear ;
referring to its being a favourite with goats. Nat. ord.
Verbenas [Verbenaceas]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Sandy rich loam ; cuttings in
sand, under a glass, with bottom-heat. Winter temp.,
50° to 60° ; summer, 65° to 80°.

/£. arbore'scens (arborescent). 10. White. Trinidad.

1823.

„ diffu'sa (diffuse). 2. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 1824.
„ ela'ta (tall). 12. Pale yellow. August. W. Ind.

1823.

„ fce'tida (stinking). 2. Lilac. July. W. Ind. 1820.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. November.

Havannah. 1843. See CLERODENDRON GRANDI-

FLORUM.

„ Ice' vis (smooth). June. Yellow. Guinea. 1824.
„ martinice'nsis (Martinique). 6. White. W. Ind.

1780.
„ obova'ta (obovate). 2. Yellow. September. W. Ind.

1804.
„ tri'fida (three-cleft). 4. White. June. Jamaica.

1826.

lE'GLE. Bengal Quince. (From &gle, one of the
Hesperides. Nat. ord. Citronworts [Rutacea3]. Linn.
i$-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

The Marmelos is a delicious Indian fruit, possessing
high medicinal qualities. Stove evergreen shrub. Cut-
tings of ripe-wooded shoots, in sand, and peat in stove
propagating pit ; pot in good loam, leaf-mould, and
manure.
M. Ma'rmelos (ma'rmelos). 6. Whitish-red. E. Ind.

1759-

„ sepia'ria (hedge). 6. White. May. China and
Japan. 1869.

2EGOPO'DIUM. (From aix, goat, and podion, a little
foot, probably from shape of leaflets. Nat. ord. Um-
belliferse.)

Free-growing, hardy plant. There is a variegated
form which makes a very pretty edging.

2EGOCHLO A. See GILIA NAVARE'TTIA.

2EOLA NTHUS. (From aiolo, to vary, and anthos, a
flower ; referring to the variableness of the flowers.
Nat. ord. Labiates, or Lipworts [Labiatae]. Linn. 14-
Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Stove annuals. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand ;

M. Livingsta' nei. Brown. E. Africa. 1859.
., suave'olens (sweet-scented). See A. SUAVIS.
,, sua'vis. i. White. July. Brazil. 1825.

^EO'NTUM. See SEMPERVIVUM.

AERANTHES. (Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceaj].)
A. Arachnitis. J. Green. Madagascar. 1873.
„ grandiflo'rus. f. White. Madagascar.

B

AERANTHUS

18

^ESCHYNANTHUS

AERA'NTHUS. (From aer, air, and anthos, a flower,
referring to the way in which the plant grows. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monan-
dria.)

Stove orchids. Division of root ; on wood, or in a
basket.

A. brachy'centron (Act. Hort., Petrop, 1890, xi. 303).
,, curnowia'nus. Madagascar. 1883.
,. grandidieria'nus (O., 1888, 200).
,, grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). See AERANTHES.
., Leo'nis (G. C., 1885, xxiii. 726 ; xxiv. 80, f. 17-18).

See ANGR/ECUM HUMBLOTII.
„ ophiople'ctron (G. C., 1888, iv. 91).
„ trichople'ctron (G. C., 1888, iii. 264). Madagascar.
AERA TION. Exposing soil to the air. This is
referred to under soils, but it may be remarked here that
it is a most important factor in the cultivation of all
vegetable products both in the ground and in pots.

AE RIDES. (From aer, the air ; in reference to the
power these have of living on the air. Nat. ord. Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids. These all require a summer temp, of
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 65°. Grow best in baskets
filled with sphagnum or white bog-moss.
A. affi'ne. Rosy. India. Syn. A. roseum. See A.

MULTIFLORUM.

„ augustia'num (G. C., 1890, vii. 9). Philippine Islands.
,, ballantinia'num (G. C., 1885, xxiv. 198). See A.

SUAVISSIMUM.

„ bfrnhardia'num (G. C., 1886, xxiv. 650). Borneo.
,. Broo'kei (Sir A. Brooke's). Purple and white ;

fragrant. Bombay. See A. CRISPUM.
„ Burbi'dgei sple'ndens. Rich purple, ochre. 1885.
„ crassifo'lium (G. C., 1877, vii. 590). Purplish.

Burma.

,, cri'spum (B. M., t. 4427). S. Ind.
, „ lindleya'num. i. White, pink. E. Ind.
„ „ Warne'ri.

„ cyli'ndricum (B. M., t. 4982). See A. VANDARUM.
„ dasyca'rpum. Brownish, rosy. India (?). 1865.
,, diffo'rme. See ORNITHOCHILUS FUSCUS.
„ Duque'snei (J. H. F., 1906, 777). White, dotted with

rose.
„ Emeri'cii (G. C., 1883. xviii. 586). Pale lilac. May.

Andaman Islands. 1882.
., expa'nsum. White, light rose. 1882. Syn. A. fal-

catum, yar. expansum.
„ „ Leo'nice. Spur green.
„ falca'tum. White, pale violet. Tenasserim. 1862.

Syns. A. Larpentce and Mendelii.
„ „ compa'ctum (G. C., 1888, iii. 744).
„ Farme'ri. i£. White, yellow. June. E. Ind.
„ Fieldi'ngii. Purple, white. India. 1855.
„ „ a'lbum (L., xii., t. 538). 1896.
„ ,, Willia'msii. White, rose. India.
„ formo'sum (Fl. and P., 1882, 105).
„ godefroya'num (G. C., 1886, xxv. 814). Cochin-
China.

„ gutta'tum. See RHYNCHOSTYLIS RETUSA.
„ houlletid 'num. Yellow, purple, lip white and

amethyst. E. Trop. Asia.
„ Huito'ni. See SACCOLABIUM.
„ illu'stre (G. C , 1882, xviii. 71).
„ lanso'ni (G. C., 1890, viii. 66). Burma.
„ japo'nicum. j. Yellowish, white, purple. June.

Japan. 1862. Greenhouse.

„ Lawrdncea (G. C., 1884, xx. 460). Philippines.
„ „ amesia'na (G. C., 1891, x. 393). 1891.
,, „ sanderia'num.

,, lawrencia'num. White, carmine. Trop. Asia. 1882.
„ ledouxia'num (G. C., 1898, xxiv. 134).
,, Ifea'num. Trop. Asia.
„ le'pidum. White. India. 1883.
,, lindleya'num. See A. CRISPUM.
„ macula' turn formo'sum (L., i., t. n). Whitish, rose.

June.
., maculo'sum. ij. Purple spotted. May. Bombay.

1840.

,. „ illu'stre. White. India. 1882.
„ ., Schrcede'ri.
„ margina'tum (G. C., 1885, xxiii. 533). Yellow,

blotched purple, brown. 1885.
„ Micholi'tzii (O. R., 1904, 181). Annam.

A. mitra'tum. White, lip violet. April. Moulineiu.

1864.
„ multifto'rum. i. White, rose. India. 1837. Syns.

A. affine (B. M., t. 4049), Lobbii trigonum, and

Veitchii.

„ odontochi'lum. 2. Sylhet. 1837.
„ odora'tum. i£. White. August. E. Ind. 1800.

Syn. A. cornutum.
„ „ birma'nicum. Purple.
„ „ Demido'ffi (L., i., t. 14). White, rose.
„ „ purpura' scens (G. C., 1881, xvi. 596).
„ ortgiesia'num (G. C., 1885, xxiii. 501). White, purple.

1885.
„ pachyphy'llum (G. C., 1880, xiv. 231). Crimson-lake.

Burma. 1880.

„ panicula'tum (B. R., t. 220). See SARCANTHUS.
„ Pico'ti (Orch., 1890, f. 288). Cochin-China.
„ picotia'num (G. C., 1888, iv. 378). See A. HOULLETIA-

NUM.

„ platychi'lum (K. B., 1893, 64).

,, quinquevu'lnerum. \. Pink. June. Philippines. 1838.
ii •• purpura'tum (G. C., 1881, xvi. 230).
,, ,, schadenbergia'num (Gfl., 1886, 606).
,, radico'sum (rooting). S. India.
„ Reichenba'chii co' chin-chine' nse (G. C., 1881, xiv. 620).

Cochin-China. See A. SUAVISSIMUM.
„ Roebele'nii (G. C., 1884, xxi. 310). Philippines.
„ rohania'num (G. C., 1884, xxi. 206). See A. SUAVISSI-
MUM.
„ sanderia'num. White, purple, yellow. E. Trop.

Africa (?). 1884. See A. LAWRENCES.
„ savagea'num (Veitch Man., vii. 78). Philippines.
„ Schrcede'ri. ij. White, pink. E. Ind. See A.

MACULOSUM.

,, suavi' ssimum. White, lilac. June. Malacca. Syns.

A. ballantinianum, nobile, Reichenbachii, and

rohanianum.

„ „ bla'ndum (Gfl., 1891, 576).
„ iessella'tum. See VANDA ROXBURGHI.
„ testa'ceum. See VANDA PARVIFLORA.
,, thibautia'num. White, amethyst. Polynesia. 1866.
„ vanda'rum. White, yellow. India. 1867. Syn. A.

cylindricum.
„ Vei'tchi (B. H., 1881, 123, t. 8-9). See A.

MULTIFLORUM.

,, vi'rens. Whitish-purple. April. Java. 1843.

„ „ EUi'sii (W. O. A., ii., t. 298). White, tinged with

rose. Java.

„ „ Sande'rce (G. C., 1906, xl. 36). Pure white.
,, wightia'num. See VANDA PARVIFLORA.
There are also several garden hybrids.
33'RVA (derivation not known). Amarantaceae.
Tender herbs or shrubs, allied to Achyranthes. Lanate
plants of Tropical Asia and Africa, with perfect or im-
perfect flowers, the perianth segments short and hyaline ;
stamens 5 or 4, sterile filaments intervening ; flowers
very small, usually in clusters, white with a red shade.
M. java'nica (Javanese). 2. White. E. Ind. 1768.
,, lana'ta (woolly). See A. TOMENTOSA.
„ Monso'nia (Monsonia). 2. White. August. E. Ind.

1776.

,, sanguinole' nta (A. sanguinea, Hort). Leaves ij to
2^ inches long, opposite or alternate. Cultivated
for its dark red leaves. Java.
,, tomento'sa. i. White. E. Ind. 1691.
52SCHYNA'NTHUS. (From aischuno, to be ashamed,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneraceae].
Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Stove evergreens, some of which are very showy, pro-
pagated from cuttings in spring, under ordinary treat-
ment of stove plants.
M. a'lbida (whitish), i. Java. 1849.
,, atropurpu'rea. See A. PURPURASCENS.
,, atrosangui' 'nea (dark-bloody). Dark red. July.
,, Auckla'ndiae (Lady Auckland's). Scarlet. Borneo.

1847.

„ boschia'na (Bosch's). See A. LAMPONGA.
,, braciea'ta. Scarlet. April. E. Ind. 1839.
,, cordifo'lia. Red. Borneo.
,, Fee'i. Mexico. Scandent.
„ fu'lgens. Crimson, yellow. October. E. Ind.
„ grandifto'ra. (large-flowered). 5. Scarlet. August.

E. Ind. 1837.
„ Hildebra'ndii (B. M., t. 7365). Burma,

^SCHYNOMENE

AGALMYLA

A. Horsfie'ldii (Horsfield's). 2. Pale scarlet. August.

Java. 1844.

„ java'nica (B. M., t. 4503). Red. yellow. Java, 1849.
.. Lampo'nga. Scarlet. July. Sumatra. 1843.
„ Linde'ni. Amazons. 1866.

,. lobbia'na (Lobb's). x. Scarlet. June. Java. 1845.
„ longiflo'ra (long- flowered). 2. Scarlet. June. 1845.
„ macroca'lyx (N. B., iv. 314. t. i). Siam. 1907
„ macula' to. (spotted). 3. Scarlet. August. India.

1839.

„ marmora'ta. ij. Scarlet. June. Java. 1847.
„ minia'ta (vermilion). ij. Scarlet. June. Java.

1845.

„ obco'nica (B. M., t. 7336). Malaya.
., Paxto'nii (Paxton's). See A. BRACTEATA.
., pu'lchra (fair). Scarlet. i. July. Java. 1845.
,. purpura'scens (purplish), i. Purple, yellow. March.

Java. 1845.
,, radi'cans (stem-fibred). Red. August. Sumatra.

1845.
„ ramosi'ssima (most-branched). 3. Scarlet. June.

E. Ind. 1837.
, Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). Scarlet. July. E. Ind.

1837.

.. specio'sa (showy). 2. May. Orange. Java. 1845.
„ sple'ndida. 1881. Garden hybrid.
„ tricolor (B. M., t. 5031).
.. veluti'na. Colombia. 1866.
., zebri'nus (striped). See A. MARMORATA.

ffiSCHYNO MENE. (From aischuno, to be ashamed ;
in reference to the supposed sensitiveness in the leaves.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants. Allied to Hedysarum
[Leguminosae]. Linn. Diadelphia, Decandria.)

Stove plants. The annuals by seed in a high tem-
perature, and the shrubs by cuttings in peat, loam, and
sand, in close stove propagating pit in good heat ; rich
sandy loam. Winter temp., 60° to 75° ; summer, 70°
to 80°.

ANNUALS.

£. america'na (American). 2. Yellow. July. Jamaica.

1732.
„ a'spera (rough-stemmed). 2. Yellow. June. E. Ind.

1759-

,. ki'spida (rough-haired). 2. Yellow. N. Amer. 1803.
,, i'ndica (Indian). 2. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1799.
,, pu'mila (dwarf). See AL, INDICA.
,, subvisco'sa (subviscid). See JE. INDICA.
.. visci'dula (viscidish). x. Yellow. July. Florida.

1816.

SHRUBS.

£. cre'piians (rattling-podded). 4. Yellow. July.

Caraccas. 1820.

,, pa'tula (spreading). See JE. SENSITIVA.
„ pe'ndula (drooping). 3. Yellow. July. Mauritius.

1826.
,, sensili'va (sensitive). 3. White. W. Ind. 1733.

JE'SCULUS. Horse Chestnut. (From esca, nourish-
ment ; referring to the ground flour from the kernels of
some species. Nat. ord. Soapworts [Sapindaceae]. Linn.
7-Hfptandria, i-Monogynia.)

The Horse Chestnut and others of the same genus
produce nutritive fruits (or nuts), but others of the same
order are poisonous ; propagated by seeds of the species ;
variegated and double varieties by grafting. Succeed
best in good, deep, loamy soil. All hardy deciduous trees.

£. califo'rnica (B. M., t. 5077). 20. White. July.

California. 1820.
,. ca'rnea. Syn. /£. rubicunda. Garden hybrid. Grafts

or buds. 1820.

., „ Brio'tii (R. H., 1878, 370).
„ „ ru'bro petiola'ta (Spath Cat., No. 104, 73).
., chine'nsis (W. G., 1889, 452). See M. TURBINATA.
., discolor (Hort). See JE. FLAVA PURPURASCENS.
„ fla'va. Sweet Buckeye. N. Amer. 1764.
„ ,, purpura'scens (purplish). 4 to 25. Red, yellow.

June. N. Amer. 1812.
„ gla'bra (smooth-leaved). 12. Greenish- yellow. May.

N. Amer. 1812. Grafts.
„ Hippoca'stanum (common Horse C). 40. White.

May. Asia. 1629. Seeds.
,. „ fto're-ple'no (double-flowered). 40. White. Mny.

Gardens. Grafts.

A. Hippoca'stanum fo'liis arge'nteis (silver-leaved). 40.

White. May. Garden. Grafts.
„ „ Henke'li (M. D. G., 1903, 126).
,, „ var icga' turn (common striped-leaved). 16. White.

May. Asia. 1629. Layers.

„ i'ndica. 40. White. July. Himalayas. 1844.
,, macroca'rpa (Hort). See .#£. PAVIA.
,, negle'cta (neglected). 20. Pale yellow. May.

Hybrid. 1823.

,. ohioe'nsis (Ohio). See JE. GLABRA.
,, pa'Uida (pale-flowered). See JE. GLABRA.
„ parviflo'ra. White. July. United States. 1785.
,, Pa'via. Red Buckeye. 1711.
„ ,, ro'sea variega'ta (M. D. G., 1906, 211).
„ plantiere'nsis (R. H., 1894. 246).
„ rubicu'nda (red-flowered). See JE. CARNEA.
„ ru'bra (Hort). See /£. PAVIA.
„ turbina'ta (R. H., 1888, 120-124, 496). Cultivated

under the name of JE. chinensis. Japan.

/b'imONE MA. (From aitho, to scorch, and nema, a
filament ; in reference to some burnt appearance in the
stamens. Nat. ord. Crossworts, or Crucifers [Cruciferae].
Allied to Lepidium. Linn. ii'Tetradynamia, i-Mono-
gynia.)

The order of Crucifers — to which our Cabbages.Mustard,
Cress, Turnips, and Horse-radish belong — has the univer-
sal character of being possessed with antiscorbutic and
stimulating qualities. Hardy alpine plants, suited for
rock-work. Common light soil ; seeds and cuttings.

ANNUALS.

JE. Buxbau'mii (Buxbaum's). See JE. CAPPADOCICUM.
,, cappado'cicum. $. Pale red. June. Levant. 1823.
,, gra'cile (slender). J. Pale red. June. Carniola.

1823.
,, oppositifo'lium (opposite-leaved), i. White. July.

Syria. 1827.
„ saxa'tile (rock). £. Flesh. June. S. of Europe. 1759.

BIENNIAL.
JE. monospe'rmum. J. Pale purple. Spain. 1778.

PERENNIALS.

JE. coridifo'lium. Rosy-purple. May. Asia Minor. 1871.
,, dia'strophis (Gard., 1903, Ixiii. 109 f.).
„ grandiflo'rum (Gfl., t. 1102). ij. Rose. May.

1879.
,, heterocar' pum (variable-podded). J. Purple. July.

Armenia. 1837.
„ membrana'ceum (membranous-podded). J. Lilac.

July. Persia. 1829.
„ parviflo'rum (small-flowered). J. Lilac. July.

Persia. 1830.
„ piilche'llum. Similar to /£. coridifolium. Armenia.

ZETTHIO'NIA. (From Mihion, one of Phoebus' horses.
Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
i-J£qualis.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings ; common
light soil. They are now referred to Tolpis.

M. filifo'rmis (thread-leaved). ij. June. Yellow.

Madeira. 1777.

., frutico'sa (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June. Madeira.
1785.

AFRICAN ALMOND. Brabe'jum.
AFRICAN FLEABANE. Tarchona'nthus.
AFRICAN LILY. Agapa'nthus.
AFRICAN MARIGOLD. Tage'tes ere'cta.

AFZE'LH. (In honour of Dr. A. Afzelius. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosas]. Linn. &-Octan-
dria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Amherstia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Sandy peat and leaf-mould.
Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass. Winter temp., 55°
to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.

A. africa'na (Africa). Crimson. June. Sierra Leone.
1821.

AGA LMA. See HEPTAPLEURUM.

AQA'LMYLA. (From agalma, an ornament, and hule,
a forest. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneraceaj]. Lino.
H-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

AGANISIA

20

AGATHOSMA

It is a fine stove plant, with scarlet tubular flowers,
suitable for growing on branches of trees, in baskets or
in pots, in the orchid-house or moist stove. Propagated
from cuttings. Sandy, fibrous peat suits it.
A. longisty'la (Rev. Hort.. 1873, p. 271). See A.

STAMINEA.

„ stami'nea (long-stamened). 2. November. Scarlet.
June. Java. 1846.

AGANTSIA. (From aganos, desirable ; in reference
to the beauty of these neat little plants. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceas], Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Grown on a block in stove ; division of root.
A. c&ru'lea. Blue, with darker blue blotches. Brazil.

1876. Now referred to Acacallis cyanea.
„ cya'nea (B. R., 1845, t. 28). Whitej blue. August.
Colombia. 1843. Syns. Warrea cyanea. Now re-
ferred to Acacallis cyanea.
,, fimbria'ta. White, lip blue, fringed. Demerara.

1874.

,, grami'nea. J. Yellow, red.
„ iono'ptera. White, violet. Peru. 1871. Syn.

KcellensUinia ionoptera.
.. ISpida (L., ix., t. 400). Brazil.
„ oliveria'na (G. C., 1878, ix. 558). Brazil.
„ pukhe'lla. 4. Cream-coloured. June. Demerara.

1838.

, tricolor. Yellow, faint blue, lip red and orange.
Amazon. 1888.

AGANO SMA. (From aganes, mild, and osme, smell.
Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn. ^-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

The order of Dogbanes includes a host of most beautiful
plants — as Allamanda, Echites, Oleander, &c. They are
venomous in many cases, and always to be suspected.
These stove plants are propagated by cuttings in sand,
under glass, and with bottom-heat ; they prefer a mix-
ture of loam, sand, and peat.

A. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). See A. MARGINATA.
,, calyci'na. White, fragrant. October. E. Ind. 1812.

Shrubby twiner.
., caryophylla'ta (clove-scented). Pale yellow. October.

E. Ind. 1812. Shrubby twiner.
„ cymo'sa (cymose-flowered). White, fragrant. Sylhet.

Shrub.
„ „ e'legans (elegant). Purple. E. Ind. Shrubby

twiner.
„ margina'ta (bordered). White, fragrant. Sylhet.

Shrubby twiner.

,, Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). See A. CALYCINA.
„ Walli'chii (Wallich's). See A. CALYCINA.

AGAPA'NTHTJS. Blue African Lily. (From agape
love, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. Lily worts [Liliacea?].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Half-hardy plants from the Cape of Good Hope. Sandy
loam ; suckers. Require to be kept in a cold pit during
winter.

A. caule'scens (Gfl., 1901, 21 ; 281, t. 1487). Allied to

A. umbellatus.

„ insi'gnis (Card., 1903, Ixiv. 67 f.). S. Africa.
„ umbellatus. 3. Blue. April. 1692.
a'lbidus. 2. Whitish. September.
albifto'rus (Maund. Bot.. v. ii., t. 86). White.
ca'ndidus. White. S. Africa. 1880.
exce'lsus (Bull. Cat, 1878, 154). S. Africa.
fto're-a'lbo. 1879.

„ ple'no (Bull. Cat., 1878, 154). S. Africa.
giga'nteus. 3. Dark blue. 1879.
globo'sus (G. C., 1905, xxxviii. 237, f. 459). Orange
River Colony.
inter me' dius.

Leichtli'nii (G. C., 1879, x. 428). S. Africa.
ma'ximus (B. R., 1843, t. 7).
mi'nimus (B. R., t. 699).
moorea'nus. Blue. September. S. Africa. 1872.

,, mi' nor. ij. Dark blue. 1879.
Saint-pau'lii (Card., 1903, Ixiv. 90).
,, „ variega'tus. 2. Blue. April.

AGAPE'TES. (From agapetos, admired; referring to
the brilliant flowers. Nat. ord. Vacciniaceae.)
A. b.ixifo'lia (B. M., t. 5012). 5. Red. Bootan.
„ gla'bra (smooth). 6. Deep rose. September. India.

A. macra'ntha (large-flowered). White, yellow, red.

India. 1849.

.. Ma'nnii. Khasia. 1892.
„ Moo'rii (B. M.. t. 7928).
,, pulche'rrima (B. M., t. 4303). Syn. Thibaudiii

pulcherrima. See A. VARIEGATA.

,, seti'gera (bristle-bearing). Scarlet. Himalaya. 1837.
,, specio'sa (G. C., 1907, xli. 224, 230, f. 101).
,, vaccina'cea. Khasia. 1837. See VACCINIUM SERRA-

TUM.
,, variega'ta. Scarlet. Khasia. 1837. Syn. Thibaudia

variegata. ,

AGA RICUS. (From Agaria, the name of a town in
Sarmatia. Nat. ord. Mushrooms [Basidiomycetes].
Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, s-Fungi.)

This very large genus of fungous plants includes the
Mushroom (A. campestris) and the Fairy-ring Mushroom
(A. pratensis), with a few others, which are eatable ; but
except the two named, they are too dangerous for us to
recommend them. See MUSHROOM.

AGARI'STA. (A mythological name ; alluding to the
beautiful aspect of the flowers. Nat. ord. Ericaceae)
A. calliopsi'dea. See LEPTOSYNE CALLIOPSIDEA.
„ neriifo'lia. Syns. Andromeda nerii folia and Leucothoe

neriifolia.
„ pu'lchra. Syn. Leucothoe pulchra.

AGA'STACHYS. (From agastos, admirable, and
stachys, a spike. Nat. ord. Proteads [Proteaceae]. Linn.
^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Ripe-wooded cuttings
in sand, under a glass, and in a cold frame ; equal parts
loam, sand, and peat.

A. odora'ta (fragrant). 3. Pale yellow. June. N.
Holland. 1826.

AGATH2E'A. (From agathos, excellent ; in reference
to the beauty of the flowers. Nat. ord. Composites,
allied to Aster [Compositas]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-
Superfl.ua. Also referred to as Felicia.

Greenhouse plants ; cultivated like the Cineraria,
which they much resemble.
A. ccele'stis (heavenly). 2. Blue. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1759.
,, linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. Blue. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1800.

AGATHE'LPIS. (From agathos, pleasant, and thelis.
a woman. Nat. ord. Selagiads [Selaginaceae]. Linn.
14-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in April, in sandy loam, under a glass without
heat. Soil, peat, and sandy loam, equal parts. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.
A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). White. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1823.

„ parvifo'lia (small-leaved). White. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1816.

AGA'THIS (agathis, glome ; the flowers in clusters).
Half-hardy conifers, yielding Dammar resin.
A. austra'lis (southern). New Zealand.
,, robu'sta (Mast.). Dammara robusta, C. Moore. A tree
reaching upwards of 100 feet in Australia.

AGATHOPHY'LLUM. Madagascar Nutmeg. (From
agathos, pleasant, and phyllon, a leaf ; referring to the
pleasant, clove-like smell of the leaf. Nat. ord. Laurels
[Lauraceae]. Linn. n-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Peat, and light rich loam ;
cuttings.

A. aroma' ticum (aromatic). 30. White. Madagascar.
1823. Now referred to Ravensara.

AGATHO'SMA. (From agathos, pleasant, and osme,
smell. Nat. ord. Rueworts. Allied to Diosma [Rutaceae].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

The Rueworts are principally distinguished for their
bitterness and powerful smell. Greenhouse evergreen
shrubs, all from the Cape of Good Hope, and all bloom-
ing in May and June. Peat and sand ; cuttings of young
shoots in sand, under a glass, without heat. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°. In summer a rather shady place.
A. acumina'ta (sharp-pointed-leaved). See A. IMBRICATA
„ ambi'gua (doubtful). 2. White. 1810.

AGATHYRSUS

21

AGAVE

A. brcvi folia (short-leaved). See A. ERECTA.

., brunia'des (Brunia-like). See A. CUSPIDATA.

„ cfrefo'lium (chervil-leaved). 2. White. 1774.

„ ctiia'ta. (eyelash-haired). 2. White. 1774.

„ cuspnla'ta. 2. Purple. 1820. *

„ fre'cta (upright). 2. Blue, white. 1816.

„ hi'rta (hairy). 2. Purple. 1794.
„ ,, exsicca'ta (dried-up. hairy). 2. Purple. 1718.
„ „ purpu'rea (purple, hairy)! 2. Purple. 1791.

,. hi'spida (rough-haired), i. Violet. 1786.

., tmfirica'ta (imbricated). 3. Pink. 1774.

„ hnifo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. White. 1823.

„ orbicula'ris (round-leaved). 2. White. 1800.

„ proli'fera (proliferous). 2. White. 1790.

,, puht'sccns (downy), i. White. 1798.

,. refte'xa (reflex-leaved). 2. Purple. 1820.

„ rugo'sa (coarsely-wrinkled). 2. White. 1790.

,, M/uamo'sa (scaly), i. June. 1818.

,, rcnttnatia'na (Ventenat's hairy). 2. Purple. 1794.

„ vesti'ta (clothed). 2. White.' 1824.

,, villo'sa (long-haired). 2. Violet. 1786.

AGATHY RSUS. (From agathos, pretty, and thyrsus,
a thyrse, or dense panicle ; referring to the handsome
flowers so produced. Nat. ord. Composites. Allied to
Hawkweed [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-J£qualis.) .

All hardy herbaceous perennials, except A. floridanus, \
which is biennial. Root division and seeds. Common ;
garden-soil. Now referred to Lactuca.

A. alpi'nus (alpine). 4. Blue. July. Scotland. See

LACTUCA ALPINA.
„ cya'neus (blue). 2. Blue. July. Nepaul. 1802.

i ACTL'CA HASTATA.

„ florida'nus. See LACTUCA CRETICA.

„ Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 6. Blue. August. France.

1804. See LACTL-CA.
„ sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Blue. August. Siberia.

1794. See LACTUCA.
„ tata'ricus (Tartarian). 4. Blue. August. Siberia.

1784. See LACTUCA.

AGATL (The Sanscrit name for it. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosee]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia,
4-Decandria. Allied to Galega. Now referred to
Sesbania.)

Stove evergreen trees. Loam and peat in equal pro-
portions ; cuttings in sand, under a glass, with bottom-
heat.

A. cocci' nea (scarlet). 45. Red. August. E. Ind. 1768.
„ grandtflo'ra (large-flowered). 20. Red. August.
E. Ind. 1820.

AGAURIA. (From agauros, proud ; the bright ap-
pearance of the plants. Nat. ord. Ericaceae)

Evergreen stove or greenhouse shrubs. Layers. Peaty
soil.

A. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. Pink. July. Bourbon.

1822.

„ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 4. Pale green. June.
Trop. Africa. 1825.

AGA'VE. Aloe. (From agavos, admirable ; referring
to the stately form in which some of them flower. Nat.
ord. Amaryllids. Linn. ty-Hexandria, i:\fonogynia.)

The fibre of some species of aloe has been manufactured
into ropes and paper, and the juice into an intoxicating
liquor called pulque, from which, in its turn, brandy is
distilled. Stove and greenhouse succulent plants. Rich
loamy soil, decayed vegetable mould, and brick rubbish ;
suckers.

A. a'lbicans. 4. Greenish-yellow. Mexico. 1860.
„ a'lbida. See A. ALBICANS.
„ AliJbe'rtii (G. C., 1883. xix. 176). Syn. Allibertia

intermedia.
„ america'na (B. M.. t. 3654). 24 to 36. Yellowish.

Trop. Arner. About 1554.
„ ,, MMe'ri. A dwarf variety. 1768.
,, ,, onui'ta.

„ „ pi'cto. Leaves variegated.

„ „ vanega'ta. 12. Yellow. August. S. Amer. 1640.
„ atna'na. See A. SCOLYMI .>>.
„ amurensis. A dwarf form of A. xylonacantha.
„ angustifo'lia. See A. RIGID A.
„ angusti'ssima (G. aud F., 1893, vi. 5, fig. i). Mexico.

A. applana'ta. Mexico. 1869.
„ arma'ta (R. H., 1903, 227). Mexico.
,, aspe'rrima. 2. Yellow. Texas. 1864.
,, atrovi'rens. Mexico.

.. Bakefri (Card., 1902, Ixi. 240 ff.). Mexico (?).
„ Baxtefri (G. C., 1888, iii. 392). Mexico.
,, Beauca'rnci. Mexico. See A. KERCHOVEI.
„ Bernha'rdii. Mexico. 1868.
„ besseria'na (B. M., t. 5940). 2. Green. Mexico.

1869. See A. MACRANTHA.

„ BotlSrii (B. M., t. 6248). Greenish. Mexico. 1875.
,, Bou'chei. 6. Yellowish-green. Mexico. 1861.
„ brachysta'chys. 3. Green. Mexico. 1820.
„ bracteo'sa (G. C., 1882, xviii., 776, f. 138-9). Monterey,

Mexico.

,, braunia'na. Mexico. 1865.
„ bromeliafo'lia. Mexico. 1834.
,, bulbo'sa. Colombia. 1871.

, califo'rnica. See A. FALCATA.

, candda'brum. See A. RIGID A ELONGATA.

, carchario' donta. Country unknown. 1907.

, cariba'a. Martinique. 1877.

, celsia'na. 4. Green. May. Mexico. 1839.

, chloraca'ntha. 6. Green. Mexico. 1842.
„ cocci'nea. 2. Mexico. 1859.
„ cochlea'ris. 25. Yellowish-green. Mexico. 1867
,, ccerule'scens. See A. LOPHANTHA.
,, conci'nna. Mexico. 1877.
,, conduplica'ta. Mexico. 1865.
,, Cordero'yi. Mexico. 1872.
,, crena'ta. See A. SCOLYMUS.
„ cuculla'ta. Mexico. 1860.
., dasylirioi'des. 10. Green. Mexico. 1846.
,, ,, angustifo'lia. Mexico. 1871.

„ compa'cta. Mexico. 1871.
dealba'ta. See A. DASYURIOIDES.
decaisnea'na. Mexico.
de-meesteria'na. Mexico.

densiflo'ra. 6. Green. September. Mexico. 1857.
Dese'rti. 4 to 10. Yellow. California. 1877.
desmetia'na. See A. HORRIDA.
diplaca'ntha. Mexico.
echinoi'des. See A. STRIATA.
Ehrenbe'rgii. 5. Mexico. 1864.

, elemeetia 'na. 14. Yellowish-green. Mexico. 1864.

, elonga'ta. See A. RIGIDA.

, ensi'fera. See A. UNIVITTATA.

, excelsa. Honduras.

, expa'nsa. See A. AMERICANA.

, falca'ta. Mexico. 1869.

, femlia'na (B. M., t. 6589). Mexico.

, fe'rox. Mexico. 1861.

, fili'fera. 6. Greenish. Summer. Mexico.

, „ filamento'sa. 10. Green, purplish. Mexico.

, „ variega'ta. 1881.

, fla'ccida. Mexico. 1872.

, flave'scens. See A. MACRANTHA.

, fo'etida. See FURCROZA GIGANTEA.

, Franzosi'ni (K. B.. 1892, 3).

, Fuersienbe'rgii. See A. AMERICANA.

, funkia'na. See A. LOPHANTHA.

, Galeo'ttei. Mexico. 1877.

, gemina'ta.

, geminiflo'ra. 15. Reddish-brown. Mexico. 1810.

, Ghiesbre'ghtii. Mexico. 1862.

, Gilbe'yi. See A. HORRIDA.

, Gilbe'rti (M. K., 1904, 126). See A. BAKERI.

, glance1 scens. Syn. A. attenuata.

, gcspperiia'na. 8. Mexico. 1865.

, Guedeney'ri. 12. Yellowish-green. Mexico. 1875.

, gutta'ta. Mexico. 1860.

, Haselo'ffi. 7. Green. Mexico. 1864.

, Haynaldii. 10. Pale green. Autumn. 1879.

, Henrique'sii (G. C., 1887, i. 732). 12. Green, tinged

brown. Mexico. 1887.
,, ,, glomuliflo'ra.

„ heteraca' ntha. 6. Olive-green. Mexico.
,, Hooke'ri (B. M., t. 6539). 30. Greenish. Mexico.
,, horizonta'lis. 6. Reddish-brown. Mexico. 1865.
,, ho'rrida. 6 to 8. Yellowish-green. Spring. Mexico.

1862.

,, ,, Gilbe'yi. Mexico. 1873.
„ ,, le'vior. Leaves longer and narrower. Mexico.

1870.
„ „ macrodo'nia. Mexico. 1876.

AGAVE

22

AGERATUM

A . ho 'rrida micraca'ntha. Mexico. 1876.
„ Houlle'tii. Mexico. 1865.
„ humboldtia'na. Mexico. 1865.
,, imbrica' t(\. Mexico.
,, ine'rmis. See A. KERCHOVEI.
„ interme'dm. See A. ALIBERTII.
,, I'xtli. See A. RIGIDA.
„ ixtlioi'des. See A. RIGIDA ELONGATA.
,, jacquinia no.. See A. LURIDA.
„ Kara'tto. 5. Green. S. Amer. 1768.
„ Kercho'vei. Mexico. 1864.
,, ,, canahcula' to,.
„ ,, ma'jor.
., ,, ine'rmis.
„ „ Vei'tchii.
„ kewe'nsis. Mexico. 1865.
„ Langla'ssei (R. H., 1901. 349, ff. 147-8).
,, latici'ncta. Mexico. 1869.
,, lati'ssima. See A. ATROVIRENS.
„ laurentia'na. Mexico. 1865.
„ la'xa. 1834.

„ laxifo'lia (B. M., t. 7477). Mexico.
„ legrellia'na. See A. EHRENBERGII.
,, leguaya'na. See A. GHIESBREGHTII.
„ Lindle'yi. Mexico. 1867.
„ littcBoides. 8. Greenish-yellow. Country unknown.

1909.

, longifo'lia. Mexico.
,, lopha'ntha. 10 to 12. Mexico.
, ,, c&rule'scens.

„ lu'rida. 8. Green. June. Vera Cruz. 1731.
, macra'ntha. 3. Greenish. Mexico Mountains. 1830.

Syn. A. fiavescens.
„ macraca'ntha. Mexico. 1869.
,, macrodo'nta. See A. KERCHOVEI.
„ macula'ta. £ to 3. Purplish-green. Texas. 1856.
„ maigretia'na. See A. HORRIDA.
„ martia'na. Mexico. 1864.
,, maximilia'na. Mexico. Syn. A. gustaviana.
„ maximowiczia'na. 6£. Green. 1889.
„ melanaca' ntha. Mexico. 1863.
,, me'scal. See A. SCOLYMUS.
„ mexica'na. 5. Green. Mexico. 1817.
„ micraca'ntha. 6. Greenish-yellow. Mexico. 1860.
„ mi'nor. 6. Leaves entire. 1869.
„ tnir adore' nsis. 20, Yellow, green. Summer. Mexico.

1869.

,, mi'tis. 10. Yellowish. Mexico. 1860.
„ moorea'na. New Grenada. 1873.
„ Morri'sii (G. C., 1887, i. 543, 549, f. 105). 15 to 20.

Bright yellow. Jamaica. 1887.
„ Muilma'nni. 5. Mexico. 1871.
., Nicke'lsi (R. H., 1895, 579). Texas.
„ Nisso'ni. Mexico. 1874.
„ oblonga'ta. 8. Mexico. 1868.
„ offoya'na. Mexico. 1862.
„ oligophy'lla. Mexico (?). 1878.
„ oxtgiesia'na. Mexico. 1876.
„ parrasa'na (N. B., iv. 250). Mexico. 1907.
„ Parry'i (G. C., 1879, xii. 237, 39). Arizona.
,. paucifo'lia (G. C., 1878, ix. 266). Mexico.
,, pavolinia'na. 7. Green-yeMow. Country unknown.

1910.

„ Peaco'ckii. Mexico. 1873.
„ pectina'ta. Mexico. 1869.
„ Pfcrsdo'rffi (R. H., 1904, 326).
„ poly oca' ntha. 6. Green. August. 1800.
„ polyacanthoi'des. Mexico. 1835.
,, Poselge'ri. See A. HETERACANTHA.
„ potato'rum. 12. Greenish-yellow. Mexico. 1813.
„ pruino'sa. Mexico. 1863.
,, pube'scens. 3. Greenish. 1870.
„ pugionifo'rmis. Mexico. 1830.
„ pulche'rrima. Mexico. 1835.
,, recu'rva. See A. STKIATA.
„ regelia'na. Mexico. 1865.
,, re'gia. Mexico. 1872.
,. reyolu'ta. 4. Greenish. Mexico. 1840.
„ ri'gida. 6. Green. Mexico. 1790.
,, ,, elonga'ta. Mexico. 1871.
.. ,, I'xtli.

„ raezlta'na. Mexico. 1869.
,, Roha'nii. See A. GHIESBREGHTII.
„ rube'scens. Mexico. 1834.
„ ru'dis. Mexico. 1864.

A. rupi'cola. 8. Yellowish. Mexico. 1858.
,, salmia'na. 20 to 30. Greenish-yellow. Mexico.
Syns. A. tehuacanensis and A. jacobiana. See A.

ATROVIRENS. .

,, Sapona'ria. See A. BRACK YSTACH vs.

,, Sarto'rii. 6. Green. Mexico. 1860. Syns. A.

Noachii, A. czspitosa, and A. pendula.
,, Saunde'rsii. See A. SCOLYMUS.
,, schidi'gera. 6. Greenish. Mexico. 1861.
,, Schnittspa'hni. See A. SCOLYMUS.
,, Sco'lymus. 14. Greenish- yellow. Mexico. 1830.

Syns. A. amcena, and A. auricantha.
,, ,, crena'ta.
„ ,, Saunde'rsii.

„ Seema'nni. 6. Nicaragua. 1868.
„ ,, acu'ta. Nicaragua. 1869.
„ „ papillo'sa. Nicaragua. 1869.
,, „ parvispi'na. Nicaragua. 1869.
,. serrula'ta. Mexico. 1842.
,, Sha'wii (Gfl., t. 902, f. a-c G.). California.
„ Si'msii. Mexico. 1871.
,, Simo'ni (R. H., 1904, 297, ff. 128-130).
,, smithia'na. Mexico. 1865.
,, soboli'fera. 10. Yellowish. Mexico. 1678.
,, spica'ta. 15. Greenish. Cuba. 1802.
,, sple'ndens. Mexico.

,, stria'ta. 6. Yellow-green. Mexico. 1856.
,, ,, recu'rva.
„ ,, Richa'rdsii. Mexico.
,, „ stri'cta. Mexico. 1869.
,, Taylo'ri. See A. WRIGHTII.
,, Terraccia'noi (Gfl., 1893, 66, f. 14) ; probably Mexico

or Texas.

,, Theome'tel. 10. Yellowish- green. Mexico.
,. thomsonia'na. Mexico. 1865.

,, tonelia'na (G. C., i88i,xv. 362). 2. Mexico. 1881.
,, triangula'ris. See A. HORRIDA.
,, undula'ta. 3. Mexico. 1840.
,, univitta'ta. Green. Mexico. 1830.
,, Vandervi'nneni. Mexico.
„ variega'ta. i£. Green. Leaves green, with dark

blotches. Mexico. 1865.
,, Verschafle'ltii. See A. SCOLYMUS.
,, Victo'ricB-Regi'ncz. 8. Mexico. 1875. Syn. A.

Consider anti.

„ villa'rum (R. H., 1886, 465). Garden hybrid.
,, virgi'nica. 3. Purple. N. Amer. 1765.
,, viridi' ssima. Mexico. 1877.
,, vivi'para. 15. Green. September. S. Amer. 1731.

Syns. A . Cantula and A . bulbifera.
,, Walli'sii. Colombia. 1867.
,, warellia'na. Mexico.
„ Watson'i (K. B., 1907, 322). Probably Central

Amer. 1907.

,, Webe'ri (Jard., 1901, 265). Mexico.
,, wiesenberge'nsis. 8. Greenish- yellow. Mexico.

1885.

„ Willia'msii. Trop. Amer. 1872.
,, Wislize'ni. 12. Mexico.
,, Woodro'wi (G. C., 1899, xxvi. 432). A form of A.

vivipara.
,, Wri'ghtii. 10. Green, edged cream. Central Amer.

1909.

„ xalape'nsis. 13. Mexico. 1875.
„ xylonaca'ntha. 8. Green. Mexico. Syn. A.Vander*

donckii.

„ „ vitta'ta. Syn. A. hybrida.
„ yucccefo'lia. 6. Yellow. 1816.

AGDE'STIS. (A mythical hermaphrodite monster, the
genus being an anomalous one in its order.) Phyto-
laccaceae. A monotypic genus. Tender climbing shrub.
Mexico.

A. clemati'dea, Moc. and Sesse. With axiliary or terminal
branched racemous cymes.

AGENO'RA. See HYPOCHOJKIS.

AGE'RATUM. (From a, not, and geras, old ; in
reference to the flowers being always clear. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite?]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-J5qualis.)

All annuals, but may be kept perennials by cuttings,
or in pots, if not allowed to ripen seeds. The first two
greenhouse; the others, except A. mexicanum, hardy.
Light rich soil ; cuttings and seeds. There are many
garden varieties of mexicanum, which are extensively

AGLAIA

AIR

used for bedding. Imperial Dwarf Blue and Imperial
Dwarf White were among the first we had, but there are
now numerous names from different raisers. They all
come fairly true from seed, but it is desirable to propa-
gate from cuttings, as there is little trouble in keeping
plants through the winter, and cuttings root freely
early in the spring.

A. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved), i. White. July.
Monte Video. 1827.

., caru'lfum (sky-blue). See A. CONYZOIDES.

., ceclesti'num (B. M., t. 1730). See A. CORYMBOSUM.

,. conyzoi'dfs (conyza-like). I. Light blue. July.
America. 1714.

„ corymbo'sum. i. Blue. July. Mexico. 1732.

„ Lasseau'xii (Rev. Hort., 1870, p. 90). See CONO-

CLINIUM.

,, latifo'lium (broad-leaved). See A. CONYZOIDES.

„ mexica'num (Mexican). 2. Blue. June. Mexico.

1822. Greenhouse.

„ puncta'tum (Jacq. H. Schcenb., t. 300).
.. stn'ctvm (upright). See ADENOSTEMMA VISCOSUM.
„ suffrutico' sum (Gfl., t. 108).
., Wendla'ndi (R. H., 1885, 9). Mexico.

AGLA'IA. (The name of one of the three Graces. Nat.
ord. Meliads [Meliacea?]. Linn. $-Penlandria, \-Mono-
gynia.)

Until very recently this interesting Chinese plant was
referred to the Citronworts. Stove evergreen shrub.
Light loam, decayed dung, and peat ; half-ripe cuttings
in sand ; in stove-propagating frame with bottom-heat.

A. odora' ta (sweet-scented). Striped. February. China.
1810.

AGLAOMO'RPHA. (From aglaos, beautiful, and
morphe, a form. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn.
24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove herbaceous Fern. Root division and seed ; light,
rich loam and peat.

A. meyenia'na (Meyenian). Yellow. May. Island of
Luzon. See POLYPODIUM MEYENIANUM.

AGLAONFMA. (From aglaos, bright, and nema, a
thread, alluding to the shining stamens. Nat. ord.
Araceae.)

Stove evergreen perennials, some of which are remark-
able for their beautiful variegated foliage. They require
a warm, moist atmosphere, and may be propagated
from cuttings in sand and peat ; some may be propagated
from divisions, and others from seeds ; pot in fibrous
loam, peat, and leaf-mould, with sand added.

A. acutispa'thum. Light green ; leaves dark green,

paler beneath. Canton.
„ commuta'tum (B. M., t. 5500).
,, commute' turn pi'ctum.
„ hookeria' num. Spathe green, paler inside. India.

1874.

., Lava'lleei. Syn. Schismatoglottis Lavalleei.
„ Ma'nnii. (B. If., t. 5760). Whitish. W. Africa. 1868.
,, marantifo' Hum. Malaya.
„ nebulo'sum. Leaves dark green, blotched with whitish

green. Java. 1887.
,, ni'tidum. See A. OBLONGIFOLIUM.
„ oblongifo'lium. Malaya.
„ pfctwn. i to 2. White ; leaves blotched. August.

Borneo. 1880.

„ „ compa'ctum. Shining green. Java. 1888.
„ si'mplex. 2 to 3. White. July. Java.
„ versi 'color (Bull. Cat.). E. Ind.

AGNO'STUS. See STENOCA'RPUS.
AGONIO'PTERIS. See ACRO'STICHUM.

AGO'NIS. (From agonos, without children, or a,
privative, and gonu, a joint. Nat. ord. Myrtaceae.)

Evergreen greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings in sand, under
a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand.

A. fUxuo'sa (flexuous). 2. June. Australia. 1823.
„ margina'ta (margined). 2103. White. June. Aus-
tralia. 1827.

AGRLMO'NIA. Agrimony. (From agremone, a plant
by the Greeks in cataract of the eye. Nat. ord.
Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Allied to Potentilla. Linn, n-
Dodecandria, 2-Digynia.)

Hardy herbaceous plants. Root division ; common
garden soil.

A. Eupato'ria (Eupatoria). 3. Yellow. June. Britain.
,, nepalc'nsis (Nepuul). Set- A. EUPATORIA.
„ odora' ta (scented). 4. Yellow. July. England and

Ireland.

,, parviflo'ra. 3. Yellow. July. Virginia. 1810.
„ suave'olens (sweet-smelling). See A. PARVIFLORA.

AGROMTZA VIOUE. Pansy Fly. Attacks the
flower by puncturing the petal, and extracting the juice ;
the puncture causes the colouring matter to fade. Very
minute ; shining black ; bristly ; eyes green ; head
orange. Appears in May. See IRIS FLY, also INSECT
PESTS.

AGROSTEMMA. Rose Campion. (From agros, afield,
and stemma, a crown ; referring to the beauty of the
flowers. Nat. ord. Cloveworts [Caryophyllaceae]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, 4-Tetragynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Common soil ; division
or seed. All are now referred to Lychnis, which se«.

A. bungea'na (Don Bunge's). i. Scarlet. July. Russia.

1834.

„ decu'mbens (hanging-down), i. Crimson. July.
„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). i. Pale rose. June. Pyre-
nees. 1819.
,, sue'cica (Swedish). See LYCHNIS ALPINA.

AGRO'STIS. Bent grass. (From agros, a field. The
Greek name for a kind of grass. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

A. e'lfgans. i. Russia. 1834,

„ nebulo'sa. i\. Spain.

„ pulchSlla. i to i. Sicily.

,, Spica-ve'nti. England. See APERA SPICA-VENTI.

AGRO'TB. The Turnip Moth. See TURNIP.

AGYNEIA. (From a, without, and gune, female. The
male and female are in different flowers. Nat. ord.
Euphorbiaceae.)

Stove annual. Seeds. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

A. baccifo'rmis (berry-formed). 2. Green, yellow. July.
India ; Malaya. 1793.

AILA'NTHUS. (From ailanto, tree of heaven ; re-
ferring to its lofty growth. Nat. ord. [Simarubaceae].
i Linn. 2^-Polygamia, n-Dicecia.)

Deciduous trees. Cuttings of the roots ; sandy loam
and peat. Glandulosa makes a very handsome tree.

A. exctflsa (lofty). 50. Green. E. Ind. 1800. Stove.
„ Gira'ldii (Girald's). Leaves long. China. 1907.
,, glandulo'sa (glandulous). 20. Green. China. 1751.

Hardy.

„ ,. pendulifo'lia. (R. H., 1906, 545, f. 205).
„ „ tricolor (three-coloured). Leaves with rose

blotches becoming white. 1907.
„ sutchuend 'nsis (Sutchuen). Fruits flat, 2j in. long.

Central China. 1907.
,, vHmorinia'na (R. H., 1904, 444, f. 184). W. China.

Syn. A. glandulosa spinosa.

AINSL^A. (Named after Dr. Whitelaw Ainstie, an
authority on Indian drugs. Nat. ord. Composite.)

A. a'£tera( Bull. Cat, 1882, 13). Purple. Sikkim. Hima-
laya. 1882.
. WalkSri (B. M.. t. 6225). i. White. Hong-Kong.

1875-

AIR. Atmospheric air is uniformly and universally
composed of —

Oxygen 21

Nitrogen 79

Every 100 parts, even in the driest weather, containing,
in solution, one part of water ; and in every 1000 parts
having admixed about one part of Carbonic Acid. The
average proportions are —

Air 98.9

Watery vapour 1.0

Carbonic Acid Gas . . . . o.i
All these are absolutely necessary to every plant, to
enable it to vegetate with all the vigour of which it is
capable ; and on its due state depends, in a great measure,
the health of any plant requiring the protection of glass.
See LEAVES ROOTS, VENTILATION.

AIR

24

ALBUCA

AIR (Giving). This is a term used by gardeners for
ventilation, or opening the top sashes to let out the
stagnant air and admit fresh, by giving ventilation from
the sides or lower portion of the houses ; modern growers
rarely give much side ventilation. On consideration,
any one will agree that it is not a natural state of things
to have a cold draught from beneath the plants where they
are grown on stages.

AI'RA. (From aim, the Greek name for Lolium
temulentum. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)
A. ftexuo'sa. i£. Shining brown. Britain. See

DESCHAMPSIA.

,, pulche'lla. £. S. Europe. Correct name Gastridium
australe.

AIR-PLANT. Ae' rides.

AITO'NIA. (In honour of Mr. W. Alton, once head-
gardener at Kew. Nat. ord. Meliads [Meliaceae]. Linn.
i6~Moncidelphia, 5-Pentandria.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Loam and peat ; cuttings
of young wood, in sandy loam, in close frame, with bottom-
heat. Pot in good loam with some manure and sand.
A. cape'nsis (Cape). 2. Pink. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1777.

AIZO'ON. (From aei, always, and zoos, alive. The
plants are fleshy, and retain their vitality for a long tune.
Nat. ord. Ficoideae.)

Greenhouse succulent propagated from cuttings or
seeds, and grown fully exposed to the sun. Pot in light
loamy soil.

A. canarie'nse. See SESUVIUM PEDUNCULATUM.
,, sarmento' sum. Greenish-white. S. Africa. 1862.

AJAR. Used to denote the smallest amount of open-
ing to allow the entrance of air, and usually applied to
the front sashes or lights.

A' JUG A. Bugle. (From a, not, and zugon, a yoke ;
in reference to the calyx being one-leaved. Nat. ord.
Labiates, or Lipworts [Labiatae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia,
i-Gymnospermia.)

Hardy plants. Common garden-soil ; division, or

ANNUALS.
A. Chamcz'pitys (ground-pine). i. Yellow. July.

England.

„ 1'va (Iva). i. Yellow. May. South of Europe.
1759-

PERENNIALS.

A. ausira'lis (southern), i. Blue. July. N. Holland.

1822.

„ folio'sa (leafy). See A. GENEVENSIS.
,, furca'ta. See CRAINOTOME VERSICOLOR.
„ geneve'nsis (Geneva), i. Flesh. July. Switzerland.

1656.
„ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved), i. Blue. June. Nepaul.

1821.
„ Laxma'nni (Laxmann's). i. Variegated. July.

Siberia. 1800.

„ orienta'lis (oriental). 2. Blue. June. Levant. 1752.
,, pyramida'lis (pyramidal). $. Blue. May. Britain.

A beautiful plant.
„ refptans (Eng. Bot., ed. 3, t. 1088). J to i. Blue,

purple. Britain.
,, ,, atropurpu'rea.

„ „ ru'bra (red-flowered), i. Red. May. Britain.
„ „ ru'bra variega'ta (variegated-leaved), i. Blue.

April. Britain.
,, rupe'stris (rock). See A. PYRAMIDALIS.

AKEBIA. (The name it bears in Japan. Nat.
ord. Lardizabalads [Berber ideas]. Linn. n-Moncccia,
6-Hexandria.)

The fruit of Akebia quinata is used in Japan as an
emollient medicine. Greenhouse evergreen twiner. Root
division and cuttings ; sandy loam and peat.
A. loba'ta (B. M., t. 7485). Japan and N. China.
,, ,, austra'lis (southern). Leaves with three leaflets.

1907.

„ quina'ta (five-leafleted). Lilac-pink. March. Chusan.
1845.

AKEE-TREE. Bli'ghia sapida.

ALA'NOIUM. (The Malayan name for two trees,
bearing fruit not palatable to Europeans. Nat. ord.
[Cornacea?]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen trees. Loam, mixed with peat ;
cuttings under glass, with bottom-heat.

A. decape'talum (ten-petaled). See A. LAMARCKII.
,, hexape'talum (six-petaled). See A. LAMARCKII.
„ Lama'rckii. 10. Pale purple. E. Ind. 1779.

ALATE RNUS. Rha'mnus Alate'rnus.
ALBERTA. (In honour of Albertus Magnus, a
thirteenth-century philosopher. Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

ORNAMENTAL GREENHOUSE OR STOVE SHRUB.

A. ma' gnu (Bull. Cat., 1891). Red. Fruit red, winged.
Natal. 1891.

ALBI'ZZIA. (In honour of an Italian gentleman.
Nat. ord. Leguminosae ; allied to Acacia.)

Greenhouse shrubs or trees. Some are hardy ; chiefly
useful for their ornamental foliage. A. lophantha is
extensively used for sub- tropical gardens raised from
seeds.

A. Julibri'ssin. Syns. A. rosea, Acacia mollis, and A.
Nemu. Asia. 1745.

,, Le'bbek (Beed. Fl. Syl., t. 53). Syns. Acacia Lcbbek
and A. speciosa.

„ lopha'ntha (B. R., t. 361). White. S.W. Aus-
tralia. 1803. Syn. Acacia lophantha.

„ odorati'ssima. Syn. Acacia odoratissima.

,, pro'cera. Tropical Asia and Australia.

,, stipula'ta. Syn. Acacia stipulata.

ALBU'CA. (From albicans, or albus, white ; referring
to the prevalence of white flowers in the genus. Nat.
ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceas]. Linn. 6-Hexandna, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Greenhouse bulbs ; all from the Cape of Good Hope,
except where otherwise named. Sandy loam and peat ;
suckers from the old bulb, or leaves taken off with a scale.
Well adapted for planting out in a border of light
loam, in front of a greenhouse ; to be covered from
frost like Ixias.

A. abyssi'nica (Abyssinian). 2. White. August. 1818.
„ Atte'nce. 3. Greenish-white. Zanzibar. 1887.
,, alti'ssima (tallest). 4. White. May. 1789.
„ angole'nsis. 3. Yellow, green. Angola.
,, au'rea (golden). 2. Greenish-yellow. June. 1818.
„ Buchana'ni (G. C., 1892, xii. 488). Nyasaland.
,, cauda'ta (tailed). 2. Yellow. June. 1791.
,, coarcta'ta (compressed). 2. White. June. 1774.
,, Coope'ri. J. Yellowish-green. S. Africa.
„ corymbo'sa (G. C., 1886, xxvi. 38). Allied to A.

juncifolia.

„ Elwe'sii (G. C., 1880, xiv. 230). See A. WAKEFIELDII.
,, exwia'ta (adder's skin). See URGINEA.
,, fastigia'ta (peaked). 2. White. June. 1774.
,, fibro'sa. i. Yellow, green. S. Africa.
,, filifo'lia (thread-leaved). See URGINEA FILIFOLIA.
,, ,, major (Gard., 1904, Ixv.). See URGINEA.
,, fia'ccida (weak). 2. Yellow, green. June. 1791.
,, fraf grans (fragrant), i. Yellow, green. July. 1791.
,, fu'gax (fleeting). See URGINEA FRAGRANS.
,, Garde 'ni (Capt. Garden's). See SPEIRANTHA CON-

VALLARIOIDES.

,, glandulo'sa. £. White, green, yellowish. S.

Africa.

. ,, juncilo'lia (G. C., 1876, v. 534). S. Africa.
,, ma'jor (greater). 3. Green, yellow. May. 1759.
,, mi'nor (smaller), i. Yellow. May. 1768.
„ Nelso'ni (G. C, 1880, xiv. 198, f. 41). Natal.
,, physo'des (flatulent). See URGINEA.
., polyphy'lla. J. White, green. March. S. Africa.

1872.

„ seto'sa (bristly), i. Green. June. 1795.
,, spira'lis (spiral-leaved), i. White. June. 1795.
,, ienuifo'lia. |. Pale yellow, green. S. Africa.
„ iriochophy'lla. Bright yellow. Natal. 1889.
„ viridifto'ra (green-flowered), i. Green. June. 1794.
,, visco'sa (clammy-leaved), i. White, green. June.

1779-

,, vilta'ta (banded). See ORNITHOGALUM.
„ Wakefie'ldii (B. M., t. 6429). Syn. A. Elwesii. E.

Trop. Africa. 1879.

ALBURNUM

ALLANTODIA

ALBURNUM. The layers of young wood next be-
neath the bark, in which layers the vessels are situated
for conveying the sap from the roots to the leaves.

ALCHEMI'LLA. Lady's Mantle. (From alkemtlyeh,
.:ncname. Nat ord. Sanguisorbs [Rosaceae]. Linn.
4-Tetrandria, i-.Monogynia.)

Herbaceous perennials. Common dry soil ; seeds, or
divisions. Will succeed in any dry soil. Drainage must
be good ; suitable for the Rock-garden, except the two
greenhouse species.

GREENHOUSE.

A. cipe'nsis (Cape), i. Green. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1818.

„ sMtidurfo'lia (sibbaldia-leaved). i. White. June.
Mexico. 1823.

HARDY.

A. alpi'na (alpine), i. Green. June. Britain.
„ fi'ssa (cleft-leaved), i. Green. July. Switzerland.

1826.

„ pentaphy'llea (five-leaved), i. White. July. Switzer-
land. 1784.

., pube'scens (downy). See A. VULGARIS.
., stri'cea (silky), i. Green. July. Caucasus. 1813.
;t'rw. i. Green. July. Britain.

ALCHO'RNEA. (Derivation not clear. Nat. ord.
Euphorbiaceae.)

Greenhouse shrub. Cuttings in sand under a bell-
glass. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
A. ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 3. Green. Australia. 1829.

A'LCOVE. A seat in a recess, formed of stone, brick,
or other material.

A LDER. See A'LNUS.

ALECTORU RUS. (From alekfor, a cock, and oura, a
tail ; in allusion to the long stamens in one form of the
flower. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Hardy perennial herb, with thick rootstock. Offsets.
Well-drained soil.
A. yedoensis (Yedo). 1-2$. Pale rose. Japan. 1910.

ALETRIS. (From alctron, meal; referring to the
powdery appearance of the whole plant. Nat. ord.
Bloodworts [Hasmodoraceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

A. farino'sa is the most intense of bitters known.
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Shady situation. Peat
or loam and leaf-soil ; offsets.

A. au'rea (golden- tipped). i. Yellow. July. N.

Amer. 1811.

,. farina' sa (mealy), i. White. June. N. Amer.
1768.

ALEURITES. (The name is the Greek word for
mealy ; in reference to the mealy appearance of the
plants. Nat. ord. Spurgeworts [Euphorbiaceae]. Allied
to Croton.)

Stove evergreen trees. Loam. Ripe cuttings root
readily in sand, under a glass, in heat.

A. corda'ta (heart-leaved). Japan. 1818.
„ tri'loba (three-lobed). 10. Apetal. October. Society
Islands. 1793. " Candleberry Tree."

ALEXANDERS or ALISANDER(Smy rntum Olusa'trum)
received its common name from the Greek, which means
" a helper of man," because formerly believed to possess
powerful medicinal properties. It was also much culti-
vated for its stems, when blanched, to be eaten as celery,
which it slightly resembles in flavour. Sow any time
from the end of March to the commencement of May, in
drills three feet apart. Thin the plants when two inches
high to a foot apart, and the seedlings removed may
be planted in rows at similar distances. Earth them up,
to blanch like celery, when about a foot high. The
plants will last two years ; but the stems are finer and
crisper, if raised from seed annually. Grow it on a rich,
light soil, and give it abundance of water and liquid-
manure.

ALEXANDRIAN LAUREL. Daneea Laurus.
ALEYRO DBS PROLETELLA. See INSECT PESTS.

ALFALFA, Lucerne (Medicago saliva. Linn.). Deep-
rooted perennial forage plant. See MEDICAGO SATIVA.

ALG2EL Name applied to seaweeds.

ALHA'GL (The Arabic name of the plant. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants. Allied to Hedysarum [Leguminosas].
Linn. ij-Diaddphia. i-Decandria.)

The natural secretion from the leaves and branches of
A. tnaurorum is supposed by some to be the manna of
Scripture. It is worthy of remark, that this secretion is
not now formed in Arabia, Egypt, or India, but only in
Persia, where it is highly esteemed as food for cattle.
Both require the protection of a greenhouse in winter.
Sandy loam and peat ; young cuttings and seeds, the
first in sand, the latter in a hotbed. Winter temp.,
40° to 45° ; in summer, 55° to 70°.

A. camelo 'rum (camels'). 2. Red. July. Siberia. 1816.
„ mauro'rum (Moors'). 2. Red. July. Egypt. 1714.

ALIBE RTIA. ( In honour of A libert, a French chemist.
Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings ; sandy peat.

A. edu'lis (eatable). 12. Cream-coloured. Guiana.
1823.

ALJBRE XIA TOMENTO SA. See DOLIA.

ALTSMA. Water Plantain. (From the Celtic word
alis, water. Nat. ord. Alismads [Alismaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, \-Pplysynia.)

Hardy aquatics. Seed ; sandy peat immersed in
water. A. Plantago is recommended in hydrophobia.

A. Damaso'nium. See DAMASONIUM.
,, lanceola'tum (spear-leaved). See A. PLANTAGO.
,, na'tans (floating). See ELISMA.
,, parviflo'rum (small-flowered). See A. PLAXTAGO.
,, Planta'go (plantain). 2. Pure white. July. Britain.
,, ranunculoi'des (ranunculus-like). See ECHINODORUS.
,, trivia' le (trivial). See A. PLANTAGO.

ALKANE'T. Alka'nna tincto'ria.

ALKA NNA. (The Arabic name. Nat. ord. Boragin-
aceae.)

Hardy perennial herbs. Divisions. Ordinary garden
soil.

A. lit tea (yellow). Yellow. Europe.
„ orienta'lis (oriental). 2. Yellow. June. Levant.

1713.
„ tincto'ria (dyer's). 2. Blue. July. Europe; Orient. 1596.

ALLAMA'NDA. (In honour of Dr. Allamand, of
Leyden. Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

This order is remarkable for handsome flowering plants,
with deleterious qualities. An infusion of the leaves of
A. cathartica is a valuable purgative. Stove evergreen
climbers. Rich loam ; cuttings root readily in sand,
with bottom-heat and moist air. Winter temp., 55° to
65° ; summer, 65° to 75°. Keep the plants dry during
the autumn and winter ; start them early in the spring.

A. Auble'tii (B. M., t. 4411). See A. CATHARTICA.
„ catha'rlica (cathartic). 12. Yellow. July. Guiana.

1785-

., Chflso'ni. Garden Hybrid.
,, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. June. Brazil.

1844.

„ neriifo'lia, (B. M., t. 4594). June. 1851.
„ no'bilis(B.U., 1.5764). Yellow. July. Brazil. 1867.
„ parae'nsis (Para). Yellow. Brazil.' 1846.
,, Scho'tlii (Schott's). September. Yellow. Brazil.

1847-

o'ni (Gfl., 1887. 554, 560-1, f. 142).
„ verliciUa' ta (whorl-leaved). June. E. Ind. 1812.
„ ,. magni'fica (Williams' Cat., 1888. 19).
„ viola'cea (G. C., 1889, vi. 304). Purple. Brazil. 1859.

Re-introduced 1889.
„ Willia'msii (G. C., 1891, x. in). A variety of

A. cathartica.
,, uardlea'na. Yellow, outside maroon. New Grenada.

1881.

ALLANTO DIA. (From allantos, a sausage ; in refer-
ence to the cylindrical form of the indusium, or the case
which encloses the seeds of Ferns. Nat. ord. Ferns
[Filices]. T inn. 24'Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

ALLARDTIA

ALLIUM

Greenhouse Ferns ; division of the roots, or sowing
spores ; equal parts, turfy peat and loam.

A. austra'lis (southern). Brown. Van Diemen's Land.

1820. Syn. of Asplenium umbrosum.
„ axila'ris (axillary). 2. Brown. Madeira. 1779.
„ brunonia'na (Brownian). 2. Himalaya ; Java.
„ strigo'sa (strigose). 2. Brown. Madeira.
„ te'nera (tender), i. Brown. N. Holland. 1820.
„ umbro'sa (shade-loving). 4. Brown. Madeira. 1779.

See ASPLENIUM UMBROSUM.
ALLA'RDTIA. See TILLA'NDSIA.
ALLEYS are of two kinds :— i. The narrow walks
which divide the compartments of the kitchen-garden ;
and, 2. Narrow walks in the shrubberies and pleasure-
grounds, closely bounded and overshadowed by the
shrubs and trees.

ALLIGATOR PEAR. Perse' a grali'ssima.
ALLIO'NIA. In honour of C. Allioni, an Italian
botanist. Nat. ord. Nyctagos. Allied to the Marvel of
Peru [Nyctaginacea?]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds ; sandy loam.
A. incarna'la (flesh-coloured). i. Flesh. August.

Cumana. 1820.

,, ova'ta (egg-leaved). See OXYBAPHUS FLORIBUNDUS.
,, viola'cea (violet-coloured). See OXYBAPHUS.

A'LLIUM. (From the Celtic all, meaning hot, or
burning ; referring to the well-known qualities of all the
Onionworts, which are now classed in the Nat. ord. Lily-
worts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

The onion, garlic, and leek, according to Dr. Royle, are
the plants translated as such in the Bible (Num. ch. xi. 5).
The genus includes the onion, garlic, &c. Hardy bulbs.
Seeds or offsets ; rich, light loam.

A. acumina' turn, f. Deep rose. July. N.W. Amer.

1840.

„ „ ru'brum. Deep red purple. California.
„ A'kaka (B. T. O., 1894, 226). See A. KARATAVIENSE.
„ cdbopilo'sum (G. C., 1903, xxxiv. t. 34).
„ Alexia'num. Whitish, striped brownish - purple.

Turkestan. 1890.
„ amblyopky'llum(Ga., t. 1190). 2. Purple. Turkestan.

1885.

,, ammo'philum. See A. ANGULOSUM.
„ A mpelopr a' sum (Wild-leek). 2. Purple. May. Eng-
land.

„ a'nceps. £. Purple. May. California. 1875.
„ Anderso'mi (Anderson's). See A. SENESCENS.
„ angulo'sum (angulose). i. Light purple. June.

Siberia. 1739.
,, ascalo'nicum (askalon, or shallot), i. Purple. June.

Palestine. 1546.
„ „ ma'jus (greater askalon, or scallion). i. Purple.

July. South of Europe.
,, a'sperum (rough). See A. CARINATUM.
,, azu'reum (blue-coloured). See A. C^ERULEUM.
„ backhousia'num. 3. Himalayas. 1885.
„ baueria'num. i. Pale red. Cyprus. 1874.
„ Bidwi'llia. J. Bright rose. July. Sierra Nevada.
,, &rac/tys/e'»non(short-stamened). See A. SUBHIRSUTUM.
„ Brcwc'ri. f. Deep rose. July. California. 1882.
„ cabu'licum (B. M., t. 7294). Afghanistan.
„ ceeru'lfum (sky-blue). Blue. June. Russia. 1840.
,, carina' turn. i. Violet. June. Europe. 1823.
„ ca'spium. 3. Green. May. Astrachan.
„ Ctfpa (onion). 3. White. June.
„ ,. aggrega'tum (aggregated onion), i. White. June.
„ ,, pauciflo'rum (few-flowered onion). 2. White.

June.

,, cepcefo'rme (onion-form). See A. CEPA.
„ cinSreum (grey), i. Straw. July. Siberia. 1829.
,, confefrtum (crowded). See A. SENESCENS.
,, conge'stum (crowded-flowered). See A. STELLERIANUM.
„ controve'rsum (contrary-stemmed). See A. SATIVUM.
,, cya'neum. Blue. Kansu. N. China. 1890. Syn.

A. cyaneum macrostemon.
„ desce'ndens (down-flowering). See A. SPH/EROCE-

PHALUM.

„ Diosco'ridis. Purple, green, white. June. Sicily.

1832. Syn. N ectaroscordum siculum.
,. ela'lum (Gfl.. t. 1251). 3. Purple. Central Asia.

1887.

A. EUi'sii(B. M., 1.7875). Khorasan, Persia. Turkestan

1880.

„ Erde'lii. £. WTiite. Palestine. 1879.
„ falcifo'lium. J. Pale rose. August. N.W. Amer

1880.

„ falcifo'rme. J. White. California. 1882.
„ Fetiso'wii. Rosy lilac. Turkestan. 1879.
„ Fische'ri (Fischer's), i. Lilac. July. Siberia. 1829
,, fistulo'sum (pipe-leaved). Welsh onion. 2. Green

yellow. April. Siberia. 1629.
„ fla'vum. i. Yellow. Italy. 1759.
„ Ira! grans (B. R., t. 898). See NOTHOSCORDUM.
„ giga'nteum (Gfl., t. 1113). ij. Rose lilac. 1883

Merv.

„ glau'cum (milky-green). See A. SENESCENS.
„ gra'cile (Andr. Rep., t. 107). See NORTHOSCORDTJM.
„ gutta'tum. See A. MARGARITACEUM.
„ Hieroso'lymce (Damm. Cat.. 1889, 3). f. White.

Palestine.
„ Holtze'ri (Gfl., t. 1169, f. a.-c.). White, anthers rose.

Turkestan. 1880.

„ illy'ricum (Illyrian). See A. ROSEUM.
,, inodo'rum (B. M., t. 1129). See NOTHOSCORDUM.
,, intermedium (intermediate). See A. PANICULATUM.
„ kansue'nse (Regel. Descr., 6). Blue. Kansu, N.

China. Syn. A. cyaneum brachystemon.
„ karatavie'nse (Gfl., t. 941). £. White. Turkestan.

May. 1878.

,, litto'reum (sea-side). See A. MONSPESSULANUM.
„ longifo'lium (long-leaved), i. Dark purple. July.

Mexico. 1826.
,, Maclea'nii(B. M., t. 6707). Mauve, purple. Summer.

Cabul. 1882.

„ macnabia'num. i. Deep rose. N. Amer.
„ macra'nthum (B. M., t. 6789). Deep purple. E.

Himalayas.

„ ma'gicum. See A. NIGRUM.
„ margarita'ceum. ij. White. Europe.
,, me'dium (middle). See A. TRIQUETRUM.
„ Mo'ly (moly). i. Yellow. June. South of Europe.

1604.

,, monspessula'num. 2. Purple. Italy. 1818.
,, murraya'num. See A. ACUMINATUM.
,, muta'bile. i to 2. White or rose. July. N.

Amer. 1824.

„ narcissiflo'rum. J. Deep purple. Italy. 1875.
,, neapolita'num. ij. White. S. Europe. 1823.
,, nevade'nse. \. White or rose. Sierra Nevada. 1882.
,. ni'grum. 3. Violet or whitish. June. S. Europe.

Syn. A. magicum.

„ odo'rum. i. White, pink. July. Siberia.
,, olera'ceum. 2. White. August. S. Europe. 1818.
,, Ophiosco' rodon (garden rocambole). See A. SATIVUM.
,, oreo'philum. i. Reddish-purple. Turkestan.
„ orienta'le. Asia Minor.
,, ,, rube'llum (Damm. Cat., 1889, 3).
„ ostrowskia'num. 2. Purple. W. Turkestan. 1882.
„ oviflo'rum (Gfl., t. 1134). 3. Dark lilac. Tibet and

Sikkim.

„ oxype'talum. See A. OLERACEUM.
,, panicula' turn. i. White. June. 1827.
,, parado'xum. i. White. Siberia.
„ parciflo'rum (G. C., 1888, iv. 236). f. Purple.

Corsica and Sardinia. 1888.
,, pedemonta'num. See A. NARCISSIFLORUM.
„ Po'rrum (leek). 2. White. Switzerland. 1562.
,, proli'ferum (proliferous). See A. CEPA.
,, przewalskia'num. Rosy-lilac. Kansu, China. 1890.
,, pu'lchrum (beautiful). See A. NIGRUM.
., Pu'rshii (Pursh's). See A. VINEALE.
,, ramo'sum (branchy). 2. Pale yellow. June. Siberia.

1819.
„ reticula'tum. i. Pink or white. Summer. N. W.

Amer. 1882.

„ ,, alternifo'lium. N. W. Amer.
,, ro'seum. i. Pale rose. Summer. S.Europe. 1752.
,, rotu'ndum. z. June. Hungary. 1826.
„ sati'vum (garlic). 2. White. June. Sicily. 1548.
,, Schczno'prasum (chives). J. Flesh. May. Britain.
,, Scorodo'prasum (rocambole). 3. Light purple. July.

Denmark. 1596.
,, SCOT zonercefo' Hum (scorzonera-leaved). i. Yellow.

June. South of Europe. 1820.
„ Semeno'vi (Gfl., t. 1156). Yellow. Central Asia.

1884.

ALLMANIA

ALOCASIA

A. semiretschenskia'num (Gfl., t. 971, f. g-k). Turkestan.
.. sene'scens. i. Purple. July. Siberia.
„ si'culum (Sicilian). Purple, green, white. June

Sicily. 1832.
„ sphcfroce'phalum. t. Reddish-purple. S. Europe.

1759.

,. Sprenge'ri. Yellowish. Jaffa. 1889.
.. spu'num (spurious). See A. SENE.-
„ sttlleria'num (Stellerian). i. Purple. May. Siberia.

1818.

., stipita'tum. 6. Purple, violet. Bokhara. 1881.
„ strami'neutn. i. Straw- yellow. Manchuria. 1877.
„ stria' turn (B. M., tt. 1035, 1524). See NOTHOSCORDUM.
„ subhirsu' turn. 2. White.
„ trique'trum. i\. White, green. S. Europe.
., unifo'lium. itoa. Mauve-pink. July. California.

1873.

,, ursi'num. i. White. Summer. Britain.
„ va'lidum. 2. White or rose. Summer. California.

1881.
„ Victoria'lis (Victor's). 2. Green, yellow. May.

Austria. 1739.
„ ., angustifo'lium (Victor's narrow-leaved), i. Green,

yellow. April.

,. i-inca'le. i. Pink. June. Britain.
.. viola' 'cfum (violet). See A. CARINATUM.
,. Waldstei'nii (Waldstein's). See A. ROTUNDUM.
„ sebdane'nse (Gard., 1899, Iv. 282). White. Syria and

Armenia.

ALLMA'NIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Amarantaceae.)

Stove perennial herbs. Seeds. Cuttings in sand in a
close frame. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

A. a'lbida (whitish). White. India; Malaya.
„ nodiflo'ra (node-flowering), i. Yellow. July. India ;
Malaya. 1824.

ALLOPHY'LUS. (From aUos, diverse, and phulon, a
race. Nat. ord. Sapindacese.)

Stove, white-flowered evergreen. Cuttings in bottom-
heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
A. Co'bbe (Cobbe). 12 to 15. Eastern Asia. 1804.

ALLOPLE'CTUS. (From olios, diverse, and plekein,
to plait ; in reference to the leaves. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts
[Gesneraceae]. Linn. Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Stove evergreens. Light, rich soil ; cuttings. Allied
to Gesnerias, and require similar treatment.
A. bi' color. Leaves velvety-green, with silvery-grey

band. S. Amer. 1869.
., capita'tus (B. M., t. 4452) 3. Red, yellow. March.

S. Amer. 1848.

„ chrysa'nthus. Yellow. Colombia. 1853.
, cocci'neus. Guiana.
„ co'ncolor. See A. DICHROCS.
„ crista'tus. W. Ind.
,, di'chrous (two-coloured). 2. Purple, yellow. Brazil.

1845.

„ ., co'ncolor. Red. Brazil. 1846.
„ Forge'tii (Forget's). Pale yellow. Peru. 1910.
„ peiia'tus. i. Yellow. Aug'ust. Costa Rica. 1877.
„ re' pens (creeping). Yellow, brown. February. St.

Martha. 1845. This is a climbing plant.
,, Schli'mii. Purple, yellow. New Grenada. 1851.
„ tigri'nus (tiger-spotted). 3 to 4. White, pink. Vene-
zuela. 1852.

„ vitta'tus. Yellow, calyx crimson. Peru. 1870.
„ zamore'nsis. i. Yellow, calvx orange-red. Colom-
bia. 1875.

ALLOSORUS. (From olios, diverse, and soros, a
heap ; in reference to the variety of the patches of
fructification — son" — on the back of the leaf. Nat. ord.
Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

A. acrostickoi'des. See CRYPTOGRAMME CRISPA.
„ calomela'nos (deltoid-leaved). See PELL.tA.
carda'tus (heart-leaved). See PELLX.A.
cri'spus (curled). See CRYPTOGRAMME.
flexuo'sus (zigzag). See PELL>CA CORDATA.
imbrica'tus. See JAMESONIA.
Karwi'nskii. See LLAVEA CORDIFOLIA.

ALLOTMENT. A space of land divided amongst so
many labourers or artisans, and generally at the same
price' as that which the farmer pays. It may just be

such a piece of ground as a man and his family may
successfully cultivate in their over-hours, after attending
to their usual employment during the day. The term
allotment thus becomes synonymous with garden ; and,
if near to the occupier's home, such a piece of ground is
of great importance to him, socially and morally. Or,
secondly, an allotment may be such a space of ground as
will secure the labourer in employment, when otherwise
he might be without it. In many districts the local
authorities assist, or let ground at reduced rates, and in
the suburbs of London and other large towns holders of
from five to ten rods of ground find it healthy exercise,
and also get the benefit of fresh vegetables.

ALLSEED. Polyca'rpon.
ALLSPICE. Calyca'nthus.
ALLSPICE-TREE. Pime'nta.

ALLUVIAL SOIL is so called from the Latin word
alluere, to wash down ; because the soil so named is that
rich deposit of finely-divided earths and decomposing
vegetable matters which, forming the land in valleys,
and on the banks of rivers, is evidently formed of the
richest and finest portions, washed down from higher
situated soils. Alluvial soils are usually very fertile,
and excellent for pasturage.

ALMOND. Amy'gdalus.

AXNUS. The Alder-tree. (From al, near, and
Ian, the bank of a river ; in reference to the situation
where the Alder delights to grow. Nat. ord. Birchworts
[Cupuliferas]. Linn. 2i-Monoscia, 4-Tetrandria.)

Hardy deciduous trees. The flowers have no petals.
Layers, or seeds ; light loam, in moist situation.

A. barba'la (bearded). March. Caucasus. 1838.
,, canade'nsis (Canadian). See A. SERRULATA.
„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). June. Naples. 1818.
„ gla'uca (milky-green). See A. INCANA.
,. glutino'sa (sticky). April. Britain.
,. „ emargina'ta (five-notched-leaved). April. Britain.
„ „ fo'liis va-riega'tis (variegated-leaved). April.

Britain.

„ ,, imperia'lis (imperial). Leaves very finely cut.
„ „ inci'sa (cut-leaved). April. Britain.
„ „ lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). April. Britain.
,, ,, quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). April. Britain. 1838.
, inca'na (hoary-leaved). 20. June. Europe. 1780.
,, angula'ta (angular-leaved) . 20.
,, pinna'to, (pinnate). See A. INCANA INCISA.
,, inci'sa. 26. June. Europe.
, jorulle'nsis (Jorulla). Mexico.
, macroca'rpa (long- fruited). See A. GLUTINOSA.
, macrophy'lla (long-leaved). See A. SERRULATA.
, obcorda'ta (two-lobed). See A. CORDIFOLIA.
, oblonga'ta (oblong-leaved). 20. June. South of

Europe. 1730.

„ ,, elliptica (elliptic-lobed). 20. June.
,, oxyacanthafolia (oxycanth-leaved). See A. GLUTI-
NOSA INCISA.

„ pu'mila (dwarf). 10. June.
„ ru'bra (red). 20. June.
,, rugo'sa (wrinkled). See A. SERRULATA.
„ serrula'ia (saw-leaved). 20. June. N. Amer. 1769.
., sibi'rica (Siberian). See A. INCANA.
,, subrotu'nda (roundish-kar«d). 23. April.
,, undula' ta (w awe-leaved) . 20. June. N. Amer. 1782.

ALOCA'SIA. (From a, without, and Colocasia.) Allied
to Colocasia. Ord. Araceae. Handsome stove foliage ;
plants propagated by offsets or divisions, and some may
be raised from seed ; should be potted in rough, fibrous
loam, peat, and sand ; some sphagnum mess may also
be used. Heat moisture, and when growing, liquid
manure may be given freely. A slight shading is
necessary in bright weather.

A. alba. ij. White. Java. 1854.
,, ama'bilis. See A. LONGILOBA.
„ augustia'na (111. Hort., t. 593). Papua.
„ Chelso'nii. Hybrid between A. cuprea and A. longi-

loba.

,, cuculla'ta. 2. Green, whitish. Spring. India. 1826.
,, cuprea. i to ij. Purplish, white. Borneo. 1860.

Syns. A . metallica, Xanthosoma plutnbea.
„ atsmetia'na. Leaves sinuate. 1908.

ALOE

28

ALOE

A. e'minens. Leaf dark green above, purple, with pale

green veins ; spathe green. E. Ind. 1887.
„ Gaulai'nii. Dark green leaves, with silvery nerves

above ; light violet, with blackish nerves beneath.

1890.

,, gtga'ntea. See A. LONGILOBA.
,, gra'ndis. 5. Spathes white, striped carmine outside.

E. Indian Archipelago.
,, gutta' ta. aj. Spathe white, spotted with purple.

Borneo. 1879.

,, hy'brida. A cross between A. Lowii and A. cuprea.
„ illu'stris. Leaves rich green, with olive-black patches.

India. 1873.

,, i'ndica. 2. Whitish, green. India.
,, „ variega'ta.
„ Jenni'ngsii. Leaves green, with blackish patches

between the veins. India. 1867. This is Colo-

casia affinis.

„ Johnslo'ni. Leaves red-veined, stalks spiny. Solo-
mon Isles. 1875. See CYRTOSPERMA.
,, Lierva'lii. Leaves bright green. Philippines. 1869.
„ Linde'ni(l\\. Hort., t. 603). Spathe pale green, spadix

white. Papua.
,, longilo'ba. i|. Green, whitish. Leaves green, with

silvery veins. Java. 1864. Syns. A. amabilis

and A . giganlea.
„ Lo'wii. i. White ; olive-green, with thick white ribs .

deep purple beneath. Borneo. 1862.
„ macrorrhi' za. 5. Green, whitish. Polynesia. 1818.
„ ,, variega'ta. Leaves blotched with cream. Ceylon.
,, Marcha'llii. Leaves green, with dark blotches, and

broad central silvery band. India. 1811. See

COLOCASIA MARCHALLI.

., meta'llica. See A. CUPREA.

., navicula'ris. i. Whitish. May. India. 1855.

„ odo'ra (odorous). 3. Green, yellow. May. India ;

China. 1810.

„ Po'rtei (Forte's). New Guinea. 1862.
,, pri'nceps. Leaves olive-green, greyish beneath, with

chocolate-brown veins. Malay Archipelago. 1888.
„ pu'mila. £. Green. January. Borneo. 1879.
„ Putze'ysi (111. Hort., 1.439). Leaves dark green above,

purple beneath ; veins pale green. Sumatra. 1882.
,, Regi'na (111. Hort., t. 544). Leaves dark green above ,

brownish purple beneath ; spathe whitish. Borneo.

1884.
„ Regnie'ri (Regnier's). Leaves dark green, with whitish

ribs. Siam. 1887.
'„ reve'rsa. i. Leaves grey-green, veins darker.

Philippine Islands. 1890.
,, Roe'zlii. See CALADIUM MARMORATUM.
,, sanderia'na. Leaves metallic blue, veins white.

Indian Archipelago. 1884.
„ scabriu'scula. Spathe and spadix white. N. W.

Borneo. 1878.

,. Sede'ni. A hybrid between A. Lowii and A. cuprea.
„ Singapore' nsis. ij. Penang.
„ sinua'ta. Spathe green, spadix white. Philippines.

1886.
„ thibautia'na. 2. Leaves dark green, with white

venation above, purple beneath. Borneo. 1878.
., variega'ta. See A. INDICA.
„ Villaneu'vci (111. Hort., xxxiv., t. 21).
„ watsonia'na (G. C., 1893. xiii. 442, 569, f. 83). Olive-
green, and dark purple on the upper surface and

beneath. See A. PUTZEYSI.
„ zebri'na. 3. White. June. Philippine Isles. 1862.

There are also several garden hybrids.

A'LOE. (From alloeh, its Arabic name. Nat. ord.
Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen succulents, from the Cape of
Good Hope. Sandy loam and peat, with a little reduced
manure, and full one-third of broken bricks and lime-
rubbish, and good drainage. Give very little water in
winter. Medium temp, in winter, 40° ; in summer, 50°
to 70° ; water with care in winter. Propagated from
suckers or leaves, inserted in gravelly soil. As purga-
tives, the juice of the tree-aloes are exclusively in use,
particularly that of A. socotrana, vulgaris, purpurascens,
and spicata.

A. abyssi'nica (W. G., 1896, 102). 3. Yellow. Abys-
sinia. 1777.

„ „ Peaco'ckii (B. M.. t. 6620). Yellow. Abyssinia.
1879.

A. abyssi'nica percra'ssa. Red. Abyssinia. 1873.
,, acumina'ta (spike-leaved). See A. HUMILIS.
„ africa'na. i. Yellow. October. Cape of Good Hope.

1823.

„ agayefo'lia. Red. green. Autumn. 1879.
„ albispi'na (white-spined). Scarlet. June. 1796.
,, alboci'ncta (white-banded). See A. STRIATA.
,, arbore'scens (tree-like). Red. June. 1731.
,, arista'ta (awned). Orange. May. 1801.
„ „ leiophy'lla. 1879.
., Athersto'nei. See A. PLURIDENS.
,, atrovi'rens. See HAWORTHIA.
„ auranti'aca (G. C., 1892, xi. 780). S. Africa.
,, Bai'nesii. S. Africa.
,, Barbe'rtB. See A. BAINESII.
,, Bau'mii (Baum's). 3 to 5. Orange-red. S.W. Africa.

1904.

,, Bayfie'ldii. See GASTERIA.

., Bedinghau'sii (M. K., 1896, 24). Garden hybrid.
,, Begui'nii (M. K., 1896, 24). Garden hybrid.
,, Bolu'sii. See A. AFRICAN A.
,, Bour'ea. Pale green tinged with red. 1822. Syn.

Bowiea africana.

„ brachy' stachys (B. M., t. 7399). Zanzibar.
„ brevifo'lia (short-leaved). Orange. June. 1810.
, Buchana'ni (K. B., 1895, 119). Trop. Africa.
, c&'sia (grey). 2. Orange. July. 1818.
, ,, da'tior (taller). 9. Red. June. 1821.
, chine' nsis (Chinese). Yellow. June. 1821.
, chloroleu'ca (G. C., 1877, viii. 38). 6 to 10. Pale

yellowish. S. Africa. 1877.
„ Chludow'ii (M. K., 1896, 24). Garden hybrid.
„ cilia'ris (hair- fringed). Red. June. 1821
,, Commely'ni (Commelin's). See A. MITRIFORMIS.
,, commuta'ta. 2. Coral-red May. S. Africa. 1877.
„ consobri'na. 2. Reddish-yellow. S. Africa. 1845.
„ Coope'ri. i. Orange, greenish. Natal. 1862. Syn.

A. schmidtiana.

„ cya'nea (M. K., 1896, 24). Garden hybrid.
,, depre'ssa (depressed). Orange. August. 1831.
„ Derbe'tzi (R. H., 1894, 147). Garden hybrid.
,, dicho'toma (pair-branched). Red. July. 1781.
„ di'stans (distant). 6. Red. July. 1732.
,, „ prede'ssa (&a.t-leaved). 6. Red. July. 1820.
„ „ refle'xa (reflexed). 4. Red. July. 1820.
„ drepanopliy'lla. 8 to 10. Whitish, green. S. Africa.

1862.

„ echina'ta (hedge-hog). See A. HUMILIS.
,, flavtspi'na (yellow-spined). See A. MITRIFORMIS.
,, frute'scens (shrubby). See A. ARBORESCENS.
,, gla'uca (milky-green). Red. April. 1731.
,, ,, rhodaca'ntha (lesser red-spined). 4. Red. May.

i73i-

„ gra'cilis (graceful). Orange. June. 1822.
„ Gree'nii (B. M., t. 6520). 2. Red. S. Africa.

1875-

,, lianburya'na. See A. STRIATA.

„ heteraca'ntha(B. M., t. 6863). 3. Bright red, whitish.
,, Hiledbra' ndtii. f. Coral red, yellowish, green. E.

Trop. Africa. 1888.

„ Ho'ltzei (M. K., 1896, 24). Garden hybrid.
,, Hoye'ri (M. K., 1896, 24). Garden hybrid.
,, hu'milis (Jacq. H. Schoanb, t. 420). Orange. April.

1731-

., „ acumina'ta (B. M., t. 757). Orange. April. 1795.
,, ,, incu'rva (B. M., t. 828). Orange. May. 1731.
,, ,, macile'nta. Leaves tinged with purple.
,, ,, subtubercula'ta. Orange. June. 1620.
,, imbrica'ta (W. G., 1893, 194). Garden hybrid.
,, incu'rva (incurved). See A. HUMILIS.
,, ine'rmis. Arabia. See A. HETERACANTHA.
,, insi'gnis (G. C., 1885, xxiv. 40, 41, f. 8). Garden

hybrid.
,, Kir'kii (B. M., t. 7386). Orange, tipped with brown.

Zanzibar.

„ Lae'tii (M. K., 1896, 24). Garden hybrid.
,, Ice'vis (smooth), i \. July. 1820.
,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Scarlet. July. 1795.
„ linea'ta (line-marked). Scarlet. 1789.
,, „ glauce'scens (milky-green-marked). Scarlet. 1789.
„ Lapai'xii (M. K., 1896, 27). Garden hybrid.
,, Lau'chei (M. K., 1896, 27). Garden hybrid.
,, longiarista' la. See A. ARISTATA.
„ longiflo'ra (G. C., 1888, iv. 756). ij. Pale yellow,

green. 1888.

ALOMIA

29

ALPINIA

X. Lun/M(K. B., 1894. 342)- Reddish-green. Arabia.
„ Ly'nchii (G. C.. 1881. \v. 266). 2$. Pale yellow.

greenish. 1881. Garden Hvhri«l.
,. macraca'ntka (B. M., t. 6580). Yellow, red. March.

1862.
,. macroca'rpa. i. Coral-red. April. Abyssinia. 1870.

inargtna'lis. See LOMATOI-HYLIA'M HORBOMCUM.
„ Marlo'tkii (Marloth's). Flower-spikes horizontal.

British Bechuanaland. 1909.
,, mitrifo'rmis (B. M., t. 1270). Red. August. 1731.

Syn. A. Commtlyni.
„ flavispi'na.

„ „ pachyphy'lla. S. Africa. 1862.
„ Montci'roi (G. C., 1889, vi. 523). Dull red. Delagoa

Bay. 1889.
,, myriaca'ntha. 2. Red, green. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1823.

,, ni'tens. S. Africa. 1878.
„ no'bilis. Blue. August. 1800.
,. Nowo'tnyi (M. K., 1896, 27). Garden hybrid.
., palle'scens. See A. SERRULATA.
„ pallidiflo ra (pale-flowered). Pale flesh. S. Africa (?).

1907.

„ panicula'ta. See A. STRIATA.
„ pendulifio'ra (G. C., 1888 iv. 178). Pale yellow.

Zanzibar.

„ percra'ssa. Coral-red. May. Mountains of Abys-
sinia. 1879. See A. ABYSSINICA.
„ Pe'rryi (B. M., t. 6596). \. Green. Socotra. 1879.
„ platy'Upis (G. C., 1877, viii. 38). 10. Coral-red

or yellow. S. Africa. 1877.
„ plica'tilis. 10. Reddish- yellow. 1731.
., plu'ridens. Red. July. 1823.
„ praU'nsis (B. M., t. 6705). ij. Scarlet. S.

Africa. 1862.

„ proli'fera. See A. BREVIFOLIA.
„ ,, ma'jor. Orange. April. 1819.
,, purpura'scens. Purple. August. 1789.
„ Que'hlii (M. K.. 1896, 27). Garden hybrid.
,, rhodaca'ntha. See A. GLAUCA.
„ rubrolu'tea (red-yellow). Red, inner yellow, with

brown tips. Trop. S.W. Africa. 1909.
„ sapona'ria (soapy). Red. July. 1727.
,. „ lu' teostria' ta (yellow-striped, soapy). Red. July.

1821.
,, Schimpc'ri. 2. Orange-scarlet. June. Abyssinia.

1876.

„ schmidti'ana (Gfl., t. 970). See A. COOPERI.
., Sermoi'dea. 4. Kaffraria. 1862.
,, Se'rra (saw). Orange. July. 1818.
„ serrula'ta (finely- toothed). Red. July. 1789.
„ simonia'na (W. G., 1893, 194). Garden hybrid.
„ spica'ia (spiked). Red. 1795.
,, spino'sior (more spiny). Red. April. 1820.
,, stria'ta. Scarlet. July. 1795. Syn. A. paniculata.
„ ,, oligospei'la (G. C. 1894, xv. 588). British

Kaffrari a

,, stria tula (slight-striped). Red. June. 1821.
„ subere'cta (slightly-leaning). See A. HUMILIS.
„ ,, semigutta'ta (half -spotted). Orange. May. 1819.
„ subtubercula' ta (slightly-knobbed). See A. HUMILIS.
„ succetri'na (socotrine). Red. March. 1731.
,, tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). Orange. June. 1831.
„ tenu'ior (thinned). Orange. June. 1821.
., Thra'skii. 5. S. Africa. 1860.
„ tricolor (B. M., 6324). Coral-red, flesh, yellow.

Spring. S. Africa. 1875.
,, tubercula' ta. Orange. April. 1796.
„ variega'ta. Pink. June. 1790.
,, vi'rens (B. M., t. 1355). $. Red. Autumn.
,, ,, macMnta. See A. HUMILIS.
., xanthaca'nlha. See A. MITRIFORMIS.
.. Zeyhe'ri. See A. BAINESII.

ALO MIA. (From a, not, and loma, a fringe. Nat.
ord. Composites. Allied to Eupatorium [Compositae].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, \-JEqualis.)

Half-hardy evergreen. Sandy loam ; cuttings ; temp,
not below 35° in winter.
A. ageratoi'des (ageratum-like). White. July. Mexico.

1824.

ALO'NA. (Letters of the primitive name, Nolana,
transposed from Nola, a little bell ; in reference to the
form of the flowers. Nat. ord. Nolanads [Convolvul-
acea]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

A small order of pretty Chilian half-shrubby green-
house evergreens, with large flowers ; cuttings root
freely in sandy loam ; peat and loam.

A. bacca'ta (berry-bearing). Yellow. Coquimbo.

, coele'stis (sky-blue). 2. Blue. Chili. 1843.

, carno'sa (fleshy). Blue. Coquimbo.

, glandulo'sa (glandulous). Blue. Valparaiso.

, longifo'lia (long-leaved). Blue. Coquimbo.

, obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). Blue. July. Coquimbo.

revolu'ta (rolled-back-leaved). Blue. Peru.

, rostra' ta (beaked). See OSTEOCARPUS ROSTRATUS.

, tomento'sa (white-downed). White. Valparaiso.

ALONSO A. (In honour of Z. Alonzo, a Spaniard.
Nat. ord. Figworts. Allied to Hemimeris [Scrophulari-
aceae]. Linn. \\-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, except A. caulialata, which is
a half-hardy herbaceous. Rich mould ; cuttings, or
seeds, the first in sandy loam in August or March ; the
seeds in March in gentle heat.
A. acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 3. Scarlet. June. Peru.

1700.

., albifto'ra. 2. White, yellow. Mexico. 1877.
„ caidiala'ta (wing-stemmed). 3. Scarlet. June.

Chili. 1823.
„ incisifo'lia (cut-leaved). 2. Scarlet. June. Chili.

1795-

,, interme'dia (intermediate). See A. LINEARIS.
„ linea'ris (linear-leaved). 2. Scarlet. June. Peru.

1790.

., linifo'lia. li. Scarlet. Peru.
„ Matthe'wsii. i. Scarlet. Peru.
„ myrtifo'lia. Scarlet.
„ Warscewi'czii. ij. Crimson. July. Peru. 1858.

ALOYSIA. Sweet-scented Verbena. (In honour of
Maria Louisa, Queen of Spain. Nat. ord. Verbenas
[Verbenacea?]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 3-Angiospermia.)

Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Rich mould ; cuttings
from young shoots in sandy soil, in close frame or hotbed
early in spring. Correct name Lippia.
A. citriodo'ra (lemon-scented). 3. Pale purple. August-
Chili. 1784. See LIPPIA CITRIODORA.

ALPHO'NSEA. (Commemorative of the French botan-
ist, Alphonso Decandolle. Nat. ord. Anonaces.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
A. In' tea (yellow). 6. Greenish- yellow. India. 1822.

ALPINES, strictly speaking, are plants from alpine,
that is, mountainous districts, usually requiring the pro-
tection of a frame in winter, because we cannot secure
to them their natural covering of snow during that
season. Gardeners, however, include in their lists of
Alpines a great diversity of small plants, difficult of
cultivation. They are best grown in pots, and require
light sandy loam and lime rubble, with abundant drainage.

ALPI'NIA. (In honour of Alpini, an Italian botanist.
Nat. ord. Gingerworts [Scitaminaceae]. T.inn i-Monan-
dria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials, except A. penicillata,
which is a greenhouse plant. Rich sandy soil and peat.
They like much moisture and pot-room in the growing
season ; root division in moist atmosphere. Some are
remarkable for their beautiful variegated foliage.
A. ala'ta. 3. Red. May. E. Ind. 1823. Syn.

A. roscoeana.
„ a'lbo-linea'ta. 3. Leaves banded with white. New

Guinea. 1880.
„ Allu'ghas (Allughas). 2. Red. February. E. Ind.

„ AntUld'rum (Antilles). 4. Flesh. May. W. Ind.

1826.
,, auricula'ta (eared). 5. Reddish-yellow. E. Ind.

1814.

,, bornee'nsis (B. S. B. F., 1904, 448). 4-6. Borneo.
„ bractea'ta (bracted). 3. White. May. E. Ind.

1824.
,, c.eru'elfa (blue). 4. White. Berries blue. Australia.

1820.
„ calcara'ta (spur-flowered). 3. White. September. E.

Ind. 1800.

„ Cardamo'mum (Cardamom). See ELETTARIA.
„ ce'rnua (drooping). See A. CALCARATA.

ALSEUOSMIA

ALSTROMERIA

A, chine'nsis (Chinese). 3. White. China. 1825.
„ como'sa (tufted-spiked). See COSTUS.
„ diffi'sa (two-cleft). 6. Purple-blue, yellow. April.

E. Ind. 1818.

,, exalta'ta (lofty). See RENEALMIA.
„ fimbria'ta (B. S. B. F., 1904, 447). 3-5. Purple.
„ Gala'nga (Galanga). 6. White, yellow. October.

E. Ind.

„ lingiiesfo'rmis (tongue-formed). See ELETTARIA.
„ longepe'tiola (B. S. B. F., liii. 134). 6. White or rose,

purple-spotted. W. Trop. Africa. 1906.
„ tnagni'fica (magnificent). See AMOMUM.
„ malacce'nsis (Malayan). 5. White. April. E. Ind.

1799.

,, media (mediate). See AMOMUM COSTATUM.
„ mu'tica (spurless). 5. White. August. E. Ind.

1811.

„ nu'tans (nodding).' 13. Pink. May. E. Ind. 1792.
,, occidenta' Us ( western). See RENEALMIA OCCIDENTALS.
„ officina'rum (B. M., t. 6995). White. S. China.
,, penicilla'ta (pencilled). 3. Pink. May. China.
„ pu'mila (B. M., t. 6832). White. S. China.
., puni'cea (scarlet). See ELETTARIA.
,, racemo'sa (branchy). See RENEALMIA RACEMOSA.
,, rafflesia'na. Leaves. Green, striped white. Polynesia.
,, roscoea'na (Roscoe's). See A. ALATA.
„ Roxbu'rgthii.

„ spica'ta, (spiked). 2. Sumatra. 1822.
„ spira'lis. See COSTUS SPIRALIS.
„ stria' to, (streaked). 4. E. Ind. 1818.
„ tricolor (G. C., xxxiii. 245). Solomon Isles. See A.

BRACTEATA.

„ tubula'ta (tubular). 2. Red. July. Demerara. 1820.
,, vitta'ta. See A. RAFFLESIANA.

„ zingiberi'na (B. M., t. 6944). 5. Greenish-yellow,
white, crimson. Siam. 1886.

ALSEUO'SMIA. (From alsos, a grove, and eu-osme,
a perfume. Nat. ord. Caprifoliaceae.)
A. macrophy'lla (B. M., t. 6951). 10. Creamy-white,
red. New Zealand. 1884.

ALSIKE. A common name for Tri folium hybridum.

ALSI'NE. Chickweed. (From alsos, a grove ; in re-
ference to the situation preferred by these plants. Nat.
ord. Cloveworts [Caryophyllaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria,
3-Trigynia.) Now referred to Arenaria.

Hardy annuals. Seed ; common loam.

A. laricifo'lia (larch-leaved). \. Siberia. 1834. This

is perennial ; root division.
„ mollugi'nea (mollugo-Uke). £. White. July. Spaia

1816.
„ mucrona'ta (spine-pointed-leaved), i. White. July.

South of Europe. 1777.
,. pube'scens (downy). £. White. July. 1810. See

ARENARIA TENUIFOLIA.
., segeta'lis (cornfield). See SPERGULARIA.

ALSODEI'A. (From alsodes, leafy. Nat. ord. Violet-
worts [Violaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Loam and peat ; cuttings
in sand, in warm propagating pit.

A. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). White. Madagascar. 1824.
„ pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). White. Madagascar.
1824.

ALSOMI TRA. (From alsos, a grove, and mitra, a
mitre. Nat. ord. Cucurbitaceae.)

A. sarcophy'lla. White. Winter. Burmah, Siam. 1870.
Syn. Zanonia sarcophylla.

ALSO PHILA. (From alsos, a grove, and phileo, to
love ; in reference to the situation best suited for the
plants. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z±-Cryp-
togamia, i-Filices.)

Greenhouse tree Ferns. Peat and loam ; spores, see
FERNS.

A. aculea'ta. See A. FEROX.

,, a'spera. W. Ind.

„ atrovi'rens (G. and F., 1893, vi. 194). Brazil.

„ „ keria'na (G. C., 1887, i. 639).

„ austra'lis. Australia. 1833.

., „ Willia'msii. 1874.

„ Barou'mba (R. H., 1900, 584). Congo.

,. congoe'nsis (Card., 1903, Ixiii. 288). Congo.

A. conta'minans (111. Hort., t. 458). S.E. Asia.
,, fe'rox. Trop. America.
., gla'uca. Manilla. 1862.
„ hi'spida. New Grenada. 1881.
,, Hostma'nni. Guiana.

,, inca'na (hoary). Petioles black, spiny. Congo. 1906.
„ lateva'gans. New Grenada. 1881.
,, leichardtia'na. Australia. 1867. Syns. A. Macarthuri

and A. Moorei.

„ loubetia'na (R. H., 1900, 583).
„ lunula'ta (Williams' Cat., 1880, 12). Polynesia.
„ marshallia'na (G. C., 1894, xv. 663). Brazil (?).
,, Mique'lii. Java.
,, moorea'na. See A. LEICHARDTIANA.
„ podophy'lla. Hong-Kong. 1881.
,, pruina'ta. 8. Trop. Amer.
„ ra'dens. Brazil.

„ Rebe'ccce. 8. Queensland. 1882.
,, sagittifo'lia. Trinidad. 1872.
,, scottia'na. Sikkim. 1872.
„ Tceni'tis denticula' ta. Brazil.

ALSTO'NIA. (In honour of Dr. Alston. Nat. ord.
Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono~
gynia.)

The leaves of Alstonia are slightly astringent, and are
used as tea. Stove evergreen shrubs, allied to the
Oleander. Sandy loam and peat ; cuttings root readily
in moist bottom-heat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 75°. Being allied to one of the most
virulent poisonous plants we have, it would be danger-
ous to use them for tea. And in making cuttings care
should be taken not to get the juice on any cuts on the
hands.

A. schola'ris (oleander-leaved). 8. White. May. E.

Ind. 1825. Syn. Echites scholaris.
„ venena'ta (poisonous). 6. White. June. E.
Ind. 1825.

ALSTROME'RIA. (In honour of Baron Alstrdmer, a
Swedish botanist. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

All the species of this beautiful genus live out of doors
with us, with a slight protection from frost, except A.
caryophyllacea, erroneously called Ligtu ; and this requires
stove heat and absolute rest in winter. All the species,
also, have one uniform mode of upright growth, by which
they are easily distinguished from Boma'reas, the species
of which are all twiners. The golden Alstromer from
Chiloe (A. aurea) is perfectly hardy in England, and pre-
fers a damp situation and strong loam ; the other species
are chiefly from the alpine regions of Chili, and require
free air and lighter soil — their long fascicled (or bundled)
roots are not well adapted for pot cultivation. They
succeed in deep, rich, light loam, and sand, and should
be planted eight or ten inches deep, and receive abund-
ance of water while they are growing. Alstromers have
a strong natural tendency to variation, but will not
cross with Boma'reas,. as has been asserted. No limits
can be assigned between species and varieties in this
family ; a race of endless variations has been obtained
from A. hookeria'na by the pollen of A. hcema'ntha and
its varieties. These are called Van Houtte's seedlings.
The following are the most distinct forms of the genus
in our gardens ; but many more are recorded and
described, which remain to be introduced : —
A. au'rea (golden). See A. AURANTIACA.

,, auranti'aca. Orange. Chili. 1831.

,, cummingia'na (Cumming's). See A. VERSICOLOR.

,, caryophyllaf cea, syn. Li'gtu (clove-like scent), x.
February. Scarlet. Brazil. 1776.

„ chile'nsis. 2. Yellow, red. July. Chili. 1849.

,, densifto'ra. See BOMAREA TOMENTOSA.

„ hcema'ntha, var. barclaya'na (blood-coloured). 2}.
July. Crimson. ChUi. 1830.

,, Hooke'rii (Dr. Hooker's). See A. LIGTU.

„ Li'gtu. Chili.

,, ,, pu'lchra, syn. Flos Marti'ni ; syn. tri 'color (fair).
li. June. White, purple, and yellow. Chili.
1822.

,, Nei'llii (Neil's). See A. SPATHULATA.

„ ova'ta. See BOMAREA OVATA.

„ Pelegri'na (spot-flowered), i. July. Striped. Chili.
1754-

„ „ a'lba. White, yellow. 1877.

ALTERNANTHERA

ALYSSUM

A. peruvia'na. See A. VERSICOLOR.
., psittaci'na (parrot-like). See A. PULCHELLA.
., pulche'lla (B. R., t. 1008). Brazil.
.. revolu'ta (G. W., 1904, 700). Chili.
., Si'ntsii (Sims's). See A. LIGTU.
„ spathula' ta. \ to I. Reddish. Chili.
„ ,. Xei'Uii (B. M., t. 3105).
,, versi'color. Chili.
,, „ ni'veo-margina'ta. Leaves white margined. 1875.

ALTERNANTHFRA. (Alluding to the anthers being
alternately barren. Nat. ord. Amaranths [Amarantaceae].
Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Chiefly stove herbaceous perennials propagated from
cuttings in stove or on hotbed ; Amabilis, ficoidea,
paronychioides, and other garden varieties, are exten-
sively used for carpet-bedding, but though they grow
'well in the open during the summer they require stove
treatment in winter, and should be kept on a shelf close
to the glass. Also known as Telanthera.
A. Achyra'ntha (chaff-flowered). i. White. July.

Buenos Ayres. 1732.

., ama'bilis (111. Hort.. 1868, t. 558). See TELAN-
THERA FICOIDEA.

„ cane'scens (hoary), i. White. July. Cumana. 1825.
„ caracasa'na (Caraccas). i. White. July. Caraccas.

1819.

„ denticula'ta (finely-toothed-leaved). See A. SESSILIS.
,. ficoi'dea. See TELANTHERA FICOIDEA.
.. „ versi'color (111. Hort., 12, t. 440). See TELAN-
THERA VERSICOLOR.
fo'rn
Ind.

„ flave'scens (yellowish), x. July. Colombia. 1824.
,, frutSscens (shrubby), i. White. July. Peru. 1820.

This will do in a greenhouse.
„ nodiflo'ra (knot-flowered). White. May. N.

Holland. 1826.

„ paronychioi'des. See TELANTHERA BETTZICHIANA.
„ „ au'rea.
,, „ magni'ftca.
„ „ ma'jor.
„ polygonoi'aes (polygonum-like). See TELANTHERA

POLYCONOIDES.

., procu'mbens (procumbent). 4. White. July. Brazil.

1818.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). i. June. Trinidad. 1817.

Greenhouse herb.

„ seri'cea (silky). 2. White. July. Quito, 1820.
„ se'ssilis (stalkless). J. July. Brown. E. Ind.

1778. A biennial.

„ ,, amce'na (111. Hort., 1865, t. 447). See TELAN-
THERA AMOZNA.

, spathula'ta (111. Hort., 1865, t. 445). See TELAN-
THERA FICOIDEA.
„ spino'sa (spinous). Yellow. June. 1823. Stove

annual.
„ tersi'color. See TELANTHERA VERSICOLOR.

ALTHJE A. Mallow. (From altheo, to cure ; in refer-
ence to the medicinal qualities. Nat. ord. Mallowworts
[Malvaceas]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 8-Polyandria.)

The biennials and annuals sow in spring ; the herbace-
ous dividing the roots, or seeds, which, sown as soon as
ripe, produce flowering plants next year. A. ro'sea is
the Hollyhock. For culture of this and its varieties,
see HOLLYHOCK.

HARDY ANNUALS.

A. acau'lis (stemless). 2. Purple. July. Aleppo. 1680.
„ hirsute (hairy) 2. White. July. Britain.
„ Ludwi'gii (Ludwig's). 2. Pink. July. Sicily. 1791.

HARDY BIENNIAL

A. cariba'a (Caribbean). See A. ROSEA.
,, chine' nsis. See A. ROSEA.
„ ficifo'lia (fig-leaved). 6. Orange. July. Siberia.

1597-

, frolovia'na (Frolove's). 3. July. Siberia. 1827.
„ pa'llida (pale-flowered). 6. Pale red. July. Hun-
gary. 1805.

., ro'sea (the hollyhock). Red. August. Orient. 1573.
., ,. bi'loba (two-lobed H.). 8. Red. July.
„ SicbSri (Sieber's). 4. Purple. July. Sicily. 1829.
., ttria'ta (streaked). 5. White. July.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

A. cannabi'na (hemp- leaved). 6. Purple. July. South
of Europe. 1597.
., nurbone'nsis.

„ flexuo'sa (zigzag). 3. Pink. July. E. Ind. 1803.

,, narbone'nsis (Narbonne). See A. CANNABINA.

., nudiflo'ra (naked-flowered). 6. White. July.
Siberia. 1827.

„ officina'lis (officinal, Marsh-mallow). 4. Flesh. July.
Britain.

,, taurine' nsis (Turin). See A. OFFICINALIS.
ALTTNGIA. (In honour of Alting, a German botanist.
Nat. ord. Conifers [Coniferae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, i$-Mona-
delphia.)

Now referred to Araucaria, which see.
A. Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). 30. A petal. N.
Holland. 1824.

„ exceflsa (tall). 100. Apetal. Norfolk Island. 1796.
ALTITUDE, or elevation above the sea, has a great
influence over vegetation. The greater the altitude the
greater the reduction of temperature ; so much so that
every 600 feet of altitude are believed to reduce the
annual temperature as much as receding a degree from
the equator, either to the north or to the south. But
this rule is far from universally applicable ; for the
limit of perpetual snow at the equator is at the height
of 15,000 feet ; whereas, in the 35 th degree of north
latitude, the limit is at 11,000 feet, being an average of
about 120 feet of altitude for every degree of recession
from the equator. In the 45th degree, the limit is
8400 feet, being an average of 146 feet for every degree ;
in the soth degree, 6000 feet, or 180 feet for each degree ;
in the 6oth, 3000 feet, or 200 feet for a degree ; and in
the 7oth, from 1200 to 2000 feet, or about the same for
each degree as to the 6oth degree of latitude. Now we
know of no reason why the temperature of elevations
below the snow-line should not follow the same grada-
tions ; and if this be so, these may be taken as a rule.
All plants growing above 7000 feet under the equator,
ought to grow in the open air, in the latitude of London.
In general, good vegetation is produced at the same
distance from the snow-line in the same latitudes. Many
plants have been wrongly treated through taking the
latitude, without regard to elevation.

ALUMINOUS, applied to land, means heavy, owing
to the presence of clay.

ALY'SSUM. Madwort. (From a, not, and lyssa,
rage ; in reference to a fable that the plant allayed anger.
Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. i$-Tetra-
dynamia.)

Seeds, cuttings, and root divisions ; common soil.
Mostly yellow-flowered and hardy. The best plants of
the shrubs are from cuttings in April and May, and
struck in a hotbed. They flower next year. The saxa-
tile is the best yellow, and for scent none surpass the
white sweet alyssum of the gardens, which will sow
itself in the ground, and may be sowed several times
during the summer, by the side of borders, like the
Virginia stock. The evergreen shrubs, as they are
called, more resemble herbaceous plants, they are so
lowly in their growth. They are best propagated by
cuttings of the points of the shoots, two or three inches
in length, inserted in sandy loam, early in the season,
and in a shady place. Variegatum is a little tender.
Though all grow freely in common soil, yet to have them
in perfection they should be used as rock or hillock plants.
Even when planted in the border they succeed best when
planted in little mounds. The variegatum makes a fine
edging to any brilliant-coloured bed.

EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

A. atla'nticum (Atlantic). See A. MONTANUM.
„ cane'scens (hoary). White. April. Siberia. 1828.
„ cre'ticum (Cretan). J. Yellow. July. Crete. 1739.
,, gemone'nse (German), x. April. Europe. 1820.
,, obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). See A. ALPESTRE.
,, orienia'lf (eastern), x. April. Crete.
„ ,, variega'tum (variegated- leaved). April. Gardens.
„ saxa'tile (rock), x. June. Candia. 1710.
,, „ lu'teum (Jard., 1906, 29).
„ „ citn'num. Lemon.
„ „ fio'reple'no. Double.
„ „ variega'tum.

ALYXIA

AMATEUR

A- serpyllifo'lium (thyme-leaved). See A. ALPESTRE.
,. spatula'tum (spatulate). i. April. Siberia. 1818.
., verna'le (vernal). See A. MONTANUM.

ANNUALS.

A. campe'stre. Britain.

„ hirsu'tum (hairy), i. June. Tauria. 1817.
„ linifo'lium (flax- leaved). $. White. June. Caucasus.

1819.
„ sinua'tum (indented), i. May. Europe. 1596.

Biennial.
„ wnbdla'tum (umbellate), i. July. Tauria. 1821.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

A. alpe'stre (alpine), i. June. South of Europe. 1825.
„ arge"nteum (silvery), i. April. Switzerland.
,, Bertholo'nii (Bertholoni's). See A. ARGENTEUM.
,, cuneifo'lium (wedge-leaved). See A. MONTANUM.
„ dasyca'rpum. £. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1819.

Syn. Anodontea dasycarpa.
., diffu'sum (spreading). See A. MONTANUM.
„ ede'ntulum. i. Yellow. July. Hungary. 1820.

Syn. Anodonlea edentulum. See A. GEMONENSE.
„ macroca'rpum. |. White. June. France. 1823.

Syn. Anodontea macrocarpa.
„ mari'timum. White. S. Europe. 1722. Syns.

A. halimifolium and Anodontea halimifolia. See

also K03NIGA.

., marschallia' num (Marschall's). i. April. Caucasus.

1820.

,, micra'nthum (small-flowered). See A. CAMPESTRE.
,, monta'num (mountain), i. June. Germany. 1713.
,, mura'le (wall). See A. ARGENTEUM.
„ obova'tum. J. Yellow. June. France. 1830. Syn.

Anodontea obovata. See A. SIBIRICUM.
,, oly'mpicum. i. June. 1700.
„ podo'licum (Podollan). £. White. June. Europe, &c.

1821. " Russian Madwort."
„ procu'mbens (trailing).
„ rupe'stre. ±. White. June. Naples. 1825. Syn.

Anodontea rupestre.
,, sibi'ricum. Siberia.
„ spino'sum. £. White. June. S. of Europe.

1683.

,, tortuo'sum (twisted). See A. ALPESTRE.
„ umbella'tum. i. July. Tauria. 1821.
,, utricula'tum (B. M., t. 130). See VESICARIA.
, Warscha'llii (Warschall's). June. Yellow. South

of Europe. 1847.
„ Wierzbi'ckii. ij. Deep yellow. Summer. Asia

Minor.
,. wulfenia'num (Wulfen's). i. April. Carinthia.

1819.

ALY'XIA. (From aluxis, grief ; in reference to the deep,
dull green of several species. Nat. ord. Apocynacea?. }
Shrubby stove plants, propagated from half-ripened
shoots in close frame, with bottom-heat, sand, peat, and
loam for cuttings ; for potting, loam, leaf-mould, and
manure with sand added.

A. bracteolo'sa. Climber. Pale yellow. Fiji. 1887.
„ daphnoi'des. A low shrub. White, tube yellowish

Norfolk Island. 1830.

„ ruscifo'lia (B. M., t. 3313). A low shrub. Flesh

colour. New South Wales. Syn. A. Richardsonii.

ALZATE'A. (In honour of a Spanish naturalist,

named Alzaty. Nat. ord. Spindle-trees [Celas tracer] .

Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings in hotbed ;
sandy peat.
A. verticilla'ta (verticillate). 20. Peru. 1824.

AMANI'TA. See MUSHROOM.
AMARABO'YA. Allied to Pleroma, which see.

AMARA'NTUS. Amaranth. (From a, not, and
mairaino, to wither ; in reference to the durability or
" everlasting " quality of the flowers of some species
Nat. ord. Amaranths [Amarantaceae]. Linn. •zi-Moncecia,
5-Pentandria.)

Hardy or half-hardy annuals. Rich loam ; seeds
sown in open ground in March and April.
A. atropurpu'reus (dark purple). 3. Purple. September.
E. Ind. 1820.

A. bi' color (two-coloured). See A. MELANCHOLICUS.
„ cauda'tus (love-lies-bleeding). 4. Red. August,

E. Ind. 1596.
,, ,, ma'ximus (true-love-lies-bleeding). 6. Red.

August. 1820.

,, crue'ntus (dark-bloody). See A. PANICULATUS.
„ fascia'lus (banded). See A. VIRIDIS.
„ fta'vus (yellow). 4. Light yellow. August. India.

1759.

„ gange'ticus. 3. Red. July. Trop. Regions. 1816.
„ Hende'ri. 3. Orange, carmine, golden-yellow. &c.
,, hypochondri'acus. 2. Purple or green. N.America.
„ interru'ptus (interrupted). 3. Red. July. E. Ind.

1816.

,, lancefo'lius (lance-leaved). See A. GANGETICUS.
„ Margari'tce. Garden variety. 1887.
,, melancho'licusru'ber. Leaves crimson purple. Japan.

Half-hardy.
„ olera'ceus (pot-herb). 6. Pale red. July. E. Ind.

1764.

„ panicula'tus. 5. Red, green, or yellow.
,, salicifo'lius (Fl. Ser., t. 1929). 2j. Leaves green,

bronzy, or orange-red. Philippines. 1871.
„ sangui'neus (bloody). 3. Red. August. Bahama.

1775-
„ specio'sus (showy). (B. M., t. 2227). 6. Red. July.

Nepaul. 1819.

,, tricolor (three-coloured). See A. GANGETICUS.
,, vi'ridis. Trop. Regions.

AMARY'LLIS. (A classical name, after Virgil's
Amaryllis. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Half-hardy deciduous bulbs. Ever since the day the
great Linnasus instituted this genus, " with a playful
reason assigned," until the whole order was arranged by
the late Dean of Manchester, it has been loaded in books
with all kinds of allied plants in an interminable con-
fusion. Every hybrid usually arranged in this genus
is a Hippeastrum ; and all which we think necessary to
mention will be found under that genus. Plant in light,
rich soil, in a sheltered place, well drained, and the
bulbs placed at least six inches deep.
A. Bellado'nna (Belladonna lily). 2. Pale pink. Cape

of Good Hope. 1712.
,, „ bla'nda (charming), ij. June. Whitish. Cape

of Good Hope. 1754.
,, „ pa'llida (pale-flowered). 2. Flesh. August. Cape

of Good Hope. 1712.

„ ,, stria'ta (striped). Striped with crimson. 1904.
„ Parke'ri (Parker's). Rosy pink and white. (A.

Belladonna blandaxBrunsvigia Josephine.) 1889.

" Kew Belladonna."

These are all that we can arrange in this genus, although
we think that Brunsvigia Josephine and B. grandiflora
are true Amaryllises, having crossed, or produced fertile
seeds, with Amaryllis blanda ; but, as they are very
distinct in the appearance of their leaves and bulbs, no
author but Dr. Herbert has yet ventured to unite them
with Amaryllis. Without aiming at a reform of our
botanical classification, we think it desirable to keep
Hippeastrum apart from Amaryllis, on account of the
opposite habits of the bulbs of the two genera, those of
the Amaryllis growing only late in the autumn, and
through the winter in Europe ; while those of Hippeas-
trum are under the gardener's control, and may be
managed to grow at different periods. Our great aim
should be to get crosses between Amaryllis and Valotta.
Thus reduced, Amaryllis would turn evergreen, or at
least produce leaves and flowers simultaneously. In
many gardens the Hippeastrums are still found under the
name of Amaryllis ; having become very popular under
the latter name many old growers do not like to discard it.

AMASO'NIA. (In honour of an American traveller,
named Amason. Nat. ord. Verbenas [Verbenaceae].
Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Sandy loam ; suckers.
A. calyci'na (large-calyxed). 2. Yellow. September.

Trinidad. 1825.
,, ere' eta (upright). 2. Yellow. September. Maranhao.

1823.
,, puni'cea (scarlet). See A. CALYCINA.

AMATE'UR. As the true qualification of an amateur
sometimes is questioned at local horticultural shows,

AMATUNGULA

33

AMERICAN CRESS

we give our definition. We consider that person is an
amateur who has a taste for a pursuit (floriculture, or
horticulture, for instance), but who neither follows it as
a profession nor for pecuniary advantage, or does not
employ professional aid.

AMATUNGU'LA. Carissa grandiflo'ra.

AMBER, SWEET- See HYPERICUM ANDROS.EMOM.

AMBER TREE. See ANTHOSPERMUM.

AM3LOSTO MA. (From amblos, blunt, and stoma, a
mouth. Nat. ord. Orchideae ; Tribe, Epidendreae ; sub-
tribe, Stenoglosseae.)

A. ce'rnuum. i. Yellowish-green. Brazil. Syn. A.
tridactylum.

AMBROSI'NIA. (Named after Prof. Giacinti Am-
brosim, of Bologna.) Ord. Aroidece (Araceas).
A. Ba'ssii. 4 inches. Corsica, Sardinia. 1879.
„ cilia'ta. See CRYPTOCORYNE.

A'MBURT (Plasmodiophora brassica) is a disease
peculiar to the Cabbageworts, and is known by the
various names of Hanbury, Anbury, and Club Root.
Fingers and Toes, a name applied to it in some parts,
alludes to the swollen state of the small roots of the
affected plants.

Cabbage-plants are frequently infected with ambury
in the seed-bed, which infection appears in the form of
a gall or wart on the stem near the roots. If this swelling
is short and thick it will probably contain a grub of the
Cabbage Gall Weevil (Ceutorhynchus sulcicoUis), but if
elongated it is certain that the spores of the ambury
disease have gained an entrance, and if on the main
root the swelling soon attains the size of the fist. All
the smaller roots get attacked more or less, producing the
state known as Fingers and Toes. Very soon the
principal roots and base of the stem are more or less
completely permeated by the fungus, thus preventing
the ascent of water and food constituents, and the first
bright day causes the leaves to wilt or flag for want
of moisture, owing to the obstruction caused by the
fungus. Spores are produced in myriads, forming dark
masses in the interior of the clubbed roots, and later on
the latter rot. All the cabbage tribe, as well as turnips,
wallflower and other crucifers are liable to attack by
this destructive fungus, the spores of which remain in
the roots and the ground till a favourable period arrives,
when they recommence growth. Being one of the
slime fungi, its spores leave their cells and swarm over
the ground ready to attack the roots of this class of
plants again.

Remedies. — All diseased plants should be carefully dug
up, and every bit of swollen root burned in order to
destroy the spores in them. The ground should be
trenched in autumn, and the top soil placed in the
bottom of the trench. A good dressing of gas lime
should be placed over this. Before placing the bottom
spit on the top give another dressing of gas lime on the
top of the second spit. Nothing should be planted for
two months after using gas lime. Select fresh ground
every year for raising seedlings, and also for planting
them upon.

AMELA'NCHIER. (Savoy name of the Medlar, to
which this genus is closely allied. Nat. ord. Appleworts
[Rosaceae]. Linn. 12-Icosandria. 2-Di-pentagynia.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs, closely allied to the Medlar.
Layers ; common rich loam. Small trees cultivated for
their showy white flowers, which are produced early in
the season. They are also propagated by grafting on
the hawthorn, or on the quince.

A. alni/o'l^i, 6. Dark purple. N.W. Amer. 1888.
„ asia'tica. White, 1879. Japan.
„ Botrya'pium (grape-pear). See A. CANADENSIS.
„ canade'nsis. White. 12. N. Amer. 1746.
„ fto'rida. (flowery). See A. ALNIFOLIA.
., ,, parvifo'lia (smal'-leaved). See A. ALNIFOLIA.
„ oligoca'rpa (G. and F., 1888, i. 245. 247, f. 44). Eastern

United States.

„ ova'lis (oval-leaved). See A. CAXADENSIS.
„ „ se'mi-inUgrifo'lia (half - entire -leaved). See A.

ALNIFOHA.

„ ,, subcorda'ta (subcordate-leaved). N. Amer.
„ oxy'odon (GfL, 1902. 609, f. 126 B.). N'.W. Amer.

A. sangui'nea (bloody). See A. CANADENSIS.
„ utaMnsis (Utah). 3. White. Utah, U.S. Amer. 1909.
., vulga'ris (common). 6. South of Europe. 1596.

AMKLLUS. (A name employed by Virgil for a blue
aster-looking plant growing on the banks of the river
Mella. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. T.inn. ig-Syn-
gcnesia, 2-Superftua.)

Allied to Aster. The first is a greenhouse evergreen
shrub, and the other two hardy herbaceous perennials.
Loamy soil ; cuttings.

A. Lychni'tis (lychnitis). i. Violet July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1768.

„ spinulo'sus (spinulose). 2. Yellow. August. Mis-
souri. 1811.

„ villo'sus (long-haired), i. Yellow. August. Missouri.
1811. See CHRYSOPSIS.

AMERICAN ALMOND. See BRABEJUM.
AMERICAN ALOE. Aga've america'na.

AMERICAN BLIGHT. The insect attacking our apple-
trees, and known by this name, is the Eriosoma lanigera
of some entomologists, and E. mali and Aphis lanigera of
others. Later authors give it as Schizoneura lanigera.
Its generic characters are, having an abdomen (belly)
without tubercles, antennae, or horns, short and thread
form, and the whole body more or less cottony or tomen-
tose. The presence of these insects is shown by the
white cottony matter in the cracks and excrescences of
apple-tree branches in the spring. When crushed they
extrude a reddish fluid. These insects are injurious by
piercing the sap-vessels of the tree, sucking the juice,
and causing wounds which ulcerate, and finally destroy,
the branch attacked, by corroding through all the sap-
vessels. The cottony matter is abundant ; and, wafted
to other trees, conveys to them infection by bearing
with it the eggs or embryo insects. Such, however, is
not the exclusive mode of diffusing the disease ; for,
although the females are usually wingless, yet many are
produced with wings at the season propitious to colonisa-
tion : the males are uniformly winged. In the winter
these insects retire underground, and prey upon the roots
of the apple-tree. A tree thus ravaged at all seasons
will soon be killed, if prompt and vigorous remedies are
not adopted. The affected roots may be bared and left
exposed for a few days to the cold, and the earth, before
being returned, be saturated with ammoniacal liquor
from the gas-works. In early March the branches should
be scraped and scrubbed with the same ammoniacal
liquid, or a strong brine of cornmoa salt ; but, whatever
liquid is employed, the scraping and hard bristles of the
brush should penetrate every crack in the bark. We
have found spirit of turpentine, applied thoroughly to
every patch of the insect by means of an old tooth-
brush, the most effective destroyer of these insects. The
spirit must be applied carefully, because it kills every
leaf on which it falls. There are many special prepara-
tions which are very effective in destroying this pest.
An emulsion of paraffin is one of the most effective
remedies. The codlin and June-eating apple-trees are
particularly liable to be infected ; but we never observed
it upon any one of the russet apples ; and the Crofton
pippin is also said to be exempted. Our woodcut repre-
sents the insect of its natural size as well as magnified.
The head, antennas, and proboscis, by which it wounds
the sap-vessels, are still further magnified.

AMERICAN COWSLIP. Dodeca' theon.

AMERICAN CRANBERRY. Oxyco'ccus macroca'rpus.
Grown extensively for the berries, which are bottled or
exported in barrels or cases. It has become a favourite
fruit for tarts, &c,, and may be used fresh or kept in
bottles for winter use. The English species, 0. palustris,
is also grown for its berries, and usually proves very
prolific. Both species succeed on moist, boggy ground
or by the edge of a stream where there is a fairly deep
deposit of decayed leaves and other decayed vegetable
matter. The North American species is perhaps the
easiest to cultivate. They may be propagated from
suckers or cuttings in the autumn, or raised from seed ;
once planted they require very little attention.

AMERICAN CRESS. Barbare'a pra'cox. Soil and
Situation: For the winter standing crops, a light, dry
soil, in an open but warm situation ; and, for the summer,

c

AMERICAN PLANTS

34

AMOMUM

a rather moister and shady border — in neither instance
rich. Sow every six weeks from March to August, for
summer and autumn ; and one sowing, either at the
end of August or beginning of September, for a supply
during winter and spring. Sow in drills nine inches apart.
Culture: Water occasionally during dry weather, both
before and after the appearance of the plants. Thin to
three inches apart. In winter, shelter with a little litter
or other light covering, supported by some twigs bent
over the bed, or some bushy branches laid among the
plants ; keep clear of weeds. In gathering, strip off the
outside leaves, which enables successional crops to become
rapidly fit for use. When the plants begin to run, their
centres must be cut away, which causes them to shoot
afresh. To obtain Seed, a few of the strongest plants,
raised from the first spring sowing, are left ungatbered
from. They flower in June or July, and perfect their
seed before the commencement of autumn. Since we
have had the better salads forced and procurable all the
year through, the American or winter cress is not appre-
ciated, and is rarely found under cultivation.

AMERICAN PLANTS. These comprise many very
different species, which, resembling each other in re-
quiring a well-drained, peaty soil and abundance of
water, are usually cultivated in a separate department,
where the garden-establishment is extensive ; and,
wherever grown, should have a compartment to them-
selves, a very acutely sloping bank, facing the north or
east ; and some of them — as the Rhododendron, Andro-
meda, and Azaleas — do not object to being overshadowed
by trees. The soil, as already stated, should, if pos-
sible, be peaty ; and the best annual dressings that can
be applied are such matters as decayed leaves and the
bottom of old wood-stacks, or any other mixture of
decayed woody fibre ; and, in fact, these tribes in general
have been well grown in an artificially compounded soil,
such as rotten leaves, and ordinary light soil, with some
sand, using twice as much of the vegetable matter as of
the others.

AMERI'MNUM. (From a, not, and merimna, care ;
in reference to the little care needed by the Houseleek,
to which this name was applied by the Greeks. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. i6-Mona-
delphia, g-Decandria. Now referred to Dalbergia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the young shoots
in sand and gentle heat ; rich loam.
A. Bro'wnii (Brown's). 10. White. W. Ind. 1793.
,, strigulo'sum (strigulose). 20. White. Trinidad.
1817.

AMETHYSTEA. (From amethu'stos, the amethyst;
in reference to the blue colour of the flower. Nat. ord.
Labiates, or Lipworts [Labiate]. Linn. Didynamia,
i-Gymnospermia.

Hardy annual. Seed ; peat and sandy loam.
A. c(Eru'lea (blue-flowering). 2. Blue. July. Siberia.
1759-

AMHE RSTIA. (In honour of the Countess Amherst.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. 17-
Diadelphia, i-Decandria.)

Allied to Jonesia. This splendid flowering tree, " the
cream of the Indian Flora," was first flowered in England,
by Mrs. Lawrence, in 1849. The individual flowers
sustain the praise lavished on this tree ; but they are so
ephemeral, lasting hardly three days, as to render its
cultivation less desirable. Stove evergreen tree. Rich,
strong loam ; cuttings of half-ripened wood, in sand,
in stove propagating pit.

A. no'bilis (noble). 40. Rich vermilion. E. Ind.
1837.

AMIA'NTmUM. See ZYGADENUS.

AMTCIA. (In honour of B. Amici, physician. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Mona-
delphia, i-Decandria.)

Stove evergreen climber. Rough sandy loam ; cut-
tings sand and peat, to which good loam may be added,
and put in close stove propagating pit.

A. Zygo'meris (two- join ted- podded). 8. Yellow. June.
Mexico. 1826.

AMMO'BIUM. (From ammos, sand, and bio, to live ;
in reference to the sandy soil in which it thrives. Nnt.

ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. lo-Syngenesia,
i-JEqualis.)

Half-hardy annuals or biennials. Cuttings and seed
sown in the autumn flower the next year ; common soil.

A. ala'tum (winged). 2. White. June. N. Holland.

1822.

„ „ grandiflo'rum. Pure white.
„ plantagi' neum (plantain-leaved), i. White. August.

N. Holland. 1827.

AMMO'CHARIS. (From ammos, sand, and charts, de-
light; the plant grows in sand. Nat. ord. Amarylli-
daceae.)

Greenhouse bulbs. Offsets. Loam, a little leaf-
mould, and plenty of sand.

A. falca'ta (sickle-shaped), r. Red. May. S. Africa.

1774-

„ „ pa'llida (pale), i. Pink. September. S. Africa.
1826.

AMMODE NDRON. (From ammos, sand, and dendron,
a tree ; in reference to the situation it grows in. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosas]. Linn. 10-
Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

A hardy evergreen tree. Allied to Sophora. Propa-
gated from seeds or layers. Light sandy soil.

A. Sieve' rsii (Siever's). 4. Purple. June. Siberia.
1837-

AMMOGE TON. (From ammos, sand, and geton, near ;
the situation it likes. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-dEqualis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Root division ; sandy
loam.

A. SCOT 'zonerifo 'Hum (scorzonera-leaved). Yellow. May.
N. Amer. 1834. See TROXIMON GLAUCUM.

AMMO PHILA. (Greek, sand-loving. Gramineas.)

A. arundina'cea (A. arenaria). Grown on coast to bind
sand.

AMMY'RSINE. (From ammos, sand, and myrsine,
myrtle. Nat. ord. Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn. 10-
Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy evergreen shrubs, allied to Ledum, but requiring
slight protection in winter. Peat ; layers. This genus
should be united to Leiophyllum, which see.

A. buxifo'lia (box-leaved), i. White. May. N. Amer.

1736.
,. „ prostra'ta (flat-lying). White. June. N. Amer.

AMOMOPHY'LLUM. See SPATHIPHYLLUM.

AMO'MUM. (From a, not, and momos, impurity ; in
reference to the quality of counteracting poison. Nat.
ord. Gingerworts [Scitaminaceas]. Linn. i-Monandria,
i-Monpgynia.)

Grains of paradise, acrid seeds used to give pungent
flavour to liquors, belong to different species of Amomum.
Being aromatic herbs, they were used in embalming ;
whence the word mummy. Stove herbaceous perennials.
Root division ; rich, light loam ; require, when growing,
a high, moist heat.

A. aculea'tum (prickly). 10. Orange. May. E. Ind.

1819.
„ Afze'lii (Afzelius's). 3. Pink. May. Sierra Leone.

1795-
„ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 8. Red. June.

Madagascar.
„ aroma'ticum (aromatic). 3. Purplish-yellow. June.

E. Ind. 1823.

,, Cardamo'mum (small cardamom). See A. CARDAMON.
„ Ca'rdamon. 4. Pale brown. June. E. Ind. 1823.
, Clu'sii (B. M., t. 5250). See A. DANIELLI.
, „ purpu'reum. See A. DANIELLI.
, costa'tum. 6. Red. July. E. Indies. 1815.
, Danie'lli (bastard melegueta). 2j. Red. W. Africa.
, dealba'tum (whitened). 3. White. April. Bengal.

1819.
,, grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). See A. GRANUM-

PARADISI.

•„ Gra'num-paradi'si (grain of paradise). 3. Red. March.

Madagascar.
., hemisphte'ricum (B. M., t. 7592). Java.

AMOORA

35

AMPELYGONUM

A. latifp'lium (broad-leaved). 4. Purplish- yellow. June,

Sierra Leone. 1824.

,, magni'ficum. 10. Red. July. Mauritius. 1830.
., ma'ximum (greatest). 5. White. June. E. Ind.
,, Melegue'ta mi' nor (B. M., t. 5987). Pale pink. May.

Sierra Leone. 1869.
„ platya'ndrum (B. S. B. F., 1904, 451).
„ ^ce'ptrum(B. M., t. 3761). 5. Rose-purple. January.

Old Calabar. 1863.

„ seri'ceum (silky). See A. DEALBATUM.
„ subula'tum (awl-shaped). 3. Yellow. April. Bengal.

1822.

„ sylre'stre (wood). See RENEALMIA.
„ tri'lobum (B. S. B. F., 1904, 453). French Indo-

China.

„ unifo'lium (B. S. B. F., 1907. 403). Indo-China.
„ vitelli'num. 2. Yellow. May. Ceylon.
., Zi'ngiber. See ZINCIBER OFFICINALE.

AMOO'RA. (Nat. ord. Meliads [Meliaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, ^-Trigynia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand and loam
in close frame with bottom-heat, in a hotbed ; soil, light,
rich loam.

A. cuculla'ta (cowl-leaved). Yellow. May. E. Ind.
1834.

AMORPHA. Bastard Indigo. (From a, not, and
morphe, form ; in reference to the irregularity of the
flowers. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosas].
Linn. if>-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs. Common soil ; layers, or
cuttings of the ripe wood in autumn.

A. cane'scens (hoary). See A. FRUTICOSA.
„ cro'c#>-/ana' to ( yellow- woolled). See A. FRUTICOSA.
„ fra'grans (fragrant). See A. FRUTICOSA.
„ frutico'sa (shrubby). 6. Purple. July. Carolina.

1724.
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 9. Purple. June.

S. Carolina. 1812.
„ „ au'reo-variega'ta (golden-variegated). Leaves

blotched with golden-yellow. 1907.
„ „ c&ru'lta (blue). 9. Blue. June. S. Carolina.
„ „ emargina'ta (emarginate-leaved). 6. Purple.

July. Carolina. 1724.

„ ., microphy'lla (small-leaved). See A. SANA.
„ gla'bra (smooth). See A. FRUTICOSA.
M herba'cea (herbaceous). 3. Blue. July. Carolina.

1803.

„ Lewi' sit (Lewis's). See A. FRUTICOSA.
„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). See A. NANA.
., na'na (dwarf). 2. Blue. August. Missouri. 1811.

These last four require a little protection in winter.

AMORPHOPHAXLUS. (From amorphos, deformed,
and phallos, a mace ; alluding to the inflorescence. Syn.
Pythion, including Proteinophallus. Ord. Aroides
(Araceae]).

A remarkably distinct class of Aroids. In some species
the flowers are extremely foetid. They are produced before
the foliage, which consists of a single leaf with a long
stalk, with a flat, nearly circular branching leaf. A.
Rivieri is one of the most attractive. They succeed best
in good loam, leaf-mould, and manure. The leaves ripen off
in the autumn, and the tuber should be stored in sand in a
fairly dry, warm position. They rarely produce offsets,
and it is only from imported tubers or seeds that they
can be increased.

A. campanula' tus. Syn. Arum campanulatum. See

A. VIROSUS.

„ Cka'tty. 3. India. 1872.

B du'bius (B. M., t. 5187). 2. Purple. June. E. Ind.

1857.
„ Eichle'ri (B. M., t. 7091). \\. Purple, white ; spadix

brown. Congo.

„ Ellio'ttii (B. M., t. 7349). Sierra Leone.
.. Ga'lbra (G. C., 1895, xvii. 484). Allied to A. variabilis.
„ gra'ndis. 3. Spathe green, white inside ; spadix

purplish. Java. 1865.
„ Lacou'rii (111. Hort., 1878, t. 316). Cochin-China.

1879-
„ leone'nsis. Spathe and spadix purplish-brown.

Sierra Leone. 1845.
„ niw'sus. See DRACOMTIUM ASPERUM.

A. no'bilis. Spathe livid purple, spotted with white.

Java. 1867.

„ oncophy'llus (B. M., t. 7327). Andaman Islands.
,, papillo'sus. Greenish and dark brown.
,, pi'ctus. Java. 1865.

., Rivie'ri. Syns. Proteinophallus Rivieri and A. Konjact
,, Schweinfu'rthii (Schweinfurth's). Dark purple, with

pale zone. Brit, and Germ. E. Africa. 1910.
„ specio'sus. Java. 1865.
„ Tita'num (B. M., tt. 7i53~7i55)- A remarkable

plant, of large proportions. 10. W. Sumatra.

1878.

„ viro'sus (G. C., 1885, xxiii. 759). Siam.
,, Walli'sii. See DRACONTIUM ASPERUM.
,, xebri'nus. Java. 1865.

AMPELO'PSIS. (From ampelos, a vine, and opsis,
resemblance ; in reference to its resemblance to the
grape-vine. Nat. ord. Vineworts [AmpelidaceaB]. Linn.
S-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.) Now united with Vitis
which see.

The Ampelopsis are so nearly allied to Vitis, which
causes some confusion. The common Virginian Creeper
(Ampelopsis quinquefolia or A. hederacea) is one of the
most popular climbers we have, especially for town
gardens. A . Veitchii, which is perhaps even more popular,
and of which we have some distinct varieties, has been
variously named Vitis inconstans and Ampelopsis tricus-
pidata, but A. Veitchiii is likely to remain the popular
name for all garden purposes. A. henry ana is also in-
cluded with Vitis ; this is a newer introduction, which
may become as popular as those named above, and
though included with Vitis, is more generally known as
Ampelopsis.

Loudon said A. hederacea is " the most vigorous-grow-
ing climber in Europe. It thrives in almost every soil
I and situation, from Warsaw to Naples." Hardy de-
! ciduous climbers ; all their flowers purple and green.
j Common soil ; layers or cuttings.

A. aconitifo'lia. China. 1868. Syns. A. lu'cida, A.
tri'loba, A. triparti'ta, and Vitis disse'cta. See

VlTIS SERIAN^FOLIA.

„ bipinna'ta (double- winged). 15. August. N. Amer.

1700. See VITIS ARBOREA.

„ citrulloi'des (Rev. Hort., 1868, p. 10). 16. Greenish.
,, corda'ta (heart-leaved). 20. May. N. Amer. 1803.

See VITIS INDIVISA.
,, hedera'cea (Virginian creeper). 60. July. N. Amer.

Syn. A. quinquefo'lia. See VITIS QUINQUEFOLIA.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy). 60. May. N. Amer. 1806. See

V. QUINQUEFOLIA.

,, Low'ii (G. C., 1907, xlii. 253). Raised from seed of

A. Veitchii.

„ napifo'rmis. Greenish. China. 1870.
[ ,, quinquefo'lia. See A. HEDERACEA.

,, Saint-Pau'lii (R. H., 1907, 567). Probably native of

N. Amer.
„ sempervi'rens. An evergreen species. 1881. See

VITIS STRIATA.
„ serjanifo'lia (Gfl.. 1867, p. 451). Syns. A. tubero'sa,

A. lissus, and A. viticifo'lia. Japan. 1867. See

VlTIS SERIAN^EFOLIA.

,, tricuspida'ta. Syns. A. Vei'tchii and Vitis japo'nica.
See VITIS INCONSTANS.

,, tri'loba. Syn. A. aconitifo'lia. See VITIS SERIAN^E-
FOLIA.

,, tripari'ta. Syn. A. aconitifo'lia. See VITIS SERIA.V.E-
FOLIA.

„ tubero'sa. Syn. A . serjanafo'lia. See VITIS SERIAN^E-
FOLIA.

„ Vei'tchii. Syn. A. tricuspida'ta. See VITIS INCON-
STANS.

AMPELOVTTIS. (Nat. ord. Ampelidacea.)
Climbers allied to Vitis may be propagated from
cuttings or layers ; hardy in sheltered positions.

A. Davi'di (R. H., 1889, 204, t.). N. China.
„ intermedia (R. H., 1891, 334).
„ RomanSti (R. H., 1892, 94). China (?).

AMPELOSI'CTOS. A synonym of Telfai'ria.

AMPELY'GONUM. (From ampelos. a vine, and gonu.
a joint ; referring to its stems. Nat^ ord. Buckwheats
[Polygonaceae]. Linn. S-Octandria,

AMPHALTS

AMYRIS

Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Sandy loam and a
little peat ; seeds.

A. ckine'nse (Chinese). Yellowish- white. July. E. Ind.
1837. See POLYGONUM.

AMPHA'LIS. (From amphalos, surrounded by the sea.
Nat. ord. Urticaceae.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand, in bottom-
heat. Loam, a little peat and sand.
A. madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 20. Mascarene
Islands. 1823.

AMPHERE'PHIS. (From ampherephes, well-covered ;
alluding to the double involucre. Nat. ord. Composites
[Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-^Equalis.)

Hardy annuals, with purple flowers. Sandy loam ;
seeds. Now referred to Centrantherum.
A. arista.' ta (awned). See CENTRANTHERUM PUNCTATUM.
„ interme'dia (intermediate). See CENTRANTHERUM

INTERMEDIUM.

„ mu'tica (awnless). See CENTRANTHERUM MUTICUM.

AMPHIBLE'MMA. (From amphi, on both sides, and
blemma, a face. Nat. ord. Melastomaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sandy peat, in a
close frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous peat and loam,
with sand.

A. cymo'sum (cymed). 2. Purple. June. Trop. Africa.
1792.

AMPHI'BLESTRA. See PTERIS.

AMPHICARP.ffi'A. (From amphi, around, or on either
side, and karpos, fruit ; in reference to the plant bearing
pods on the stem and on the shoots. Nat. ord. Legumin-
ous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, 4-Decan-
dria.)

Ornamental twining, hardy annual plants ; allied to
Wistaria ; readily increased by seeds, in common soil.

A. monoi'ca (monoicus). 4. September. N. Amer.

1781.
., sarmento'sa (twiggy). See A. MONOICA.

AMPHTCOME. (From amphi, around, and home, hair ;
in reference to the winged seed. Nat. ord. Bignoniads
(Bignoniacea?]. Linn. 14-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Pretty half-hardy evergreens, not unlike a Pent-
stemon. It may be increased by seeds, or by cuttings,
which root readily in sandy peat, in July, if placed under
glass.

Lilac.

A. argu'ta (finely-cut), i.

Mountains.

„ Emo'di (B. M., t. 4890).
Himalaya. 1852.

August. Himalaya
Rose, orange. October.

AMPHILO'BIUM. (From amphi, round, and lobos, a
pod ; in reference to the shape of the seed-vessel. Nat.
ord. Bignoniads [Bignoniaceae]. Linn. i4-Didynamia,
z-Angiospermia. Now referred to Amphilophium.)

AMPHILO'PHIUM. (From amphi, round, and lophos,
a crest. Nat. ord. Bignoniaceae.)

A handsome evergreen climber, requiring the same
treatment as Bignonia. Cuttings root readily under
glass, on bottom-heat, in the spring months. Soil, loam
and leaf-mould.

A. panicula' turn (panicled) . 20. Purple. W. Ind. 1738.
AMPHISCO'PIA POHLIA'NA. See PORPHYROCOMA

LANCEOLATA.

AMPfflTE'CNA. (From amphi, both, and teknon,
child, or seed. Nat. ord. Bignoniaceae.)

Stove climber. Cuttings in bottom-heat. Loam, peat,
sand.

A. macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Yellow. Central Amer
1882.

AMPHITHA'LEA. (Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from Cape of Good Hope.
Cuttings in sand and peat, in close frame.

A. de'nsa (dense). 3. Yellow. June. 1822.
„ erictzfo'lia. 3. Yellow. June. 1812. Syn. Bor-
bonia ericcefolia.

AMSO'NIA. (In honour of Charles Amson, a scientific
traveller in America. Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae
— Plumiereae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Allied to Plumieria. These are handsome herbaceous
perennials, with blue flowers, and will grow in any garden-
soil ; rooting readily from cuttings during the summer
months, or they may be divided at the root at any season.

A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. N. Amer. 1774.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See A. TABERN^MONTANA.
,, salicifo'lia( willow-leaved). See A.TABERN^EMONTANA.
,, Tabern&monta'na. 2. N. Amer. 1759.

AMY'GDALO'PSIS. See PRUNUS.

AMY'GDALUS. (From amysso, to lacerate, in refer-
ence to the fissured channels in the stone of the fruit ;
but some suppose from a Hebrew word signifying vigilant,
as its early flowers announce the return of spring. Nat.
ord. Almondworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Now referred to Prunus, which see.)

These are very ornamental plants ; the tall tree kinds
are very pretty in the middle or back ground of shrub-
beries ; the dwarf kinds, also, as front plants to the
same. The varieties are increased by budding them upon
seedling plum-stocks. In the south of France, Italy,
Spain, and different parts of the Levant, they are culti-
vated for their fruit. Almost any soil suits them. For
early forcing they are very effective ; established in pots
a year previous very little heat is required to have them
in flower early.

A. Boissie'ri (R. H., 1879, 229, f. 62-64). Pale rose.

Asia Minor. 1879.
,, cochinchine'nsis (Cochin-China). Pink. March.

Cochin-China. 1825.
,, commu'nis (common or sweet). 15. Red. April.

Barbary. 1548.

., ,, ama'ra (bitter), i. Red. April. Barbary. 1548.
„ „ du'lcis (sweet). 15. Red. March. 1548.
,, ,, flo're-ple'no (double-blossomed). 15. Red. March

1548.
„ „ fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 15. Red.

March. 1548.
„ >, fra'gilis (brittle). 15. Red. April. Barbary.

1548.
„ „ grandiflo'ra ro'sea (great-rosy-flowered). 15.

Rose. March. 1548.
„ ,, macroca'rpa (long- fruited). 15. Red. April.

Barbary. 1548.

,, „ pe'ndula (drooping). 15. White. March. 1548.
,, „ persicoi'des (peach-like). 15. Red. April.

Barbary. 1548.
,, ,, salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 15. White. March.

1548.

„ fenzlia'na (Spath Cat., No. 104, 75).
„ inca'na (hoary). 2. Red. April. Caucasus.

„ campe1 stris (field). 2. Red. April. Podolia.

1818.
„ „ geo'rgica (Georgian). 3. Red. April. Georgia.

1818.
,, orienta'lis (eastern). 10. Red. April. Levant.

1756.
,, peduncula'ta (flower-stalked). 10. Red. April.

Siberia. 1833.
i PRI

33T
COS

Crete. 1802.

„ Pe'rsica. See PRUNUS PERSICA.

„ „ ru'bra. Leaves deep red in spring. White. 1874.

,, prostra'ta (prostrate-growing). 2. Red. April.

,, pu'mila (double-dwarf). 4. Red. April. China.

1683. See PRUNUS JAPONICA FLORE ROSEO PLENO.

,, sibi'rica (Siberian). 5. Red. April. Siberia. 1820.

A'MYRIS. (From a, intensive, and myrrha, myrrh ;

in reference to its powerful perfume. Nat. ord. Amyrids

[Burseraceae]. Linn. S-Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

This genus is famed for its resinous gum. The species
are all ornamental, white-flowered, evergreen stove trees,
growing well in loam and peat, and readily increased by
cuttings in sand and peat, on bottom-heat, under glass,
in the spring months.

A. acumina'ta (acuminated). 20. E. Ind. 1823.

„ brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 20. August. Brazil. 1823.

,, heptaphy'lla (seven-leaved). 16. E. Ind. 1820.

,, Luna'ni (Lunan's). 12. July. Jamaica. 1820.

,, mari'tima (sea). 12. S. Amer. 1810.

„ na'na (dwarf). 5. E. Ind. 1822.

ANABASIS

37

ANANAS

A. Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 20. W. Ind. 1820.
„ sylva'tica (wood). 16. July. Carthage. 1793.
., Tecoma'ca (Tecomaca). 20. Mexico. 1827.
„ toxi'fera (poison-bearing). 10. W. Ind. 1818.
„ zeyla'nica. See BALSAMODENDRON.

ANA BASIS. (From the Greek, alluding to its up-
right habit. Nat. ord. Chenopodiacea?.)

Half-hardy shrubby evergreen, from cuttings in sandy
toil.

A. Ammode'ndron (W. G., 1888, 37). See HALOXYLON
AMMODENDRON.

ANACA'MPSEROS. (From anakampto, to cause to
return, and eras, love ; an ancient name for a plant fabled
to possess the virtue of restoring the soft passion. Nat.
ord. Purslane [Portulaceae]. Linn. n-Dodfcandria, i-
Monogynia.)

These are very pretty little greenhouse plants ; do well
in sand and loam, mixed with a little lime-rubbish, and
are increased either from seeds sown in spring, or from
cuttings at any time ; even a single leaf will make a
plant. The cuttings should be laid to dry a day or two
before planting.

A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), i. Pink. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1820.
„ arachnoi'des (cobwebbed). i J. Pink. August. Cape

of Good Hope. 1790.
„ filamenio'sa (thready), i. Pink. September. Cape

of Good Hope. 1795.

,, intertne'dia (intermediate). See A. TELEPHIASTRUM.
„ lanceola'ta (spear-leaved), i. Pink. September.

Cape of Good Hope. 1796.
„ polyphy'Ua (many-leaved), i. Pink. August. Cape

of Good Hope. 1818.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). i. Pink. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1732.

„ ru'bens (reddish-leaved). See A. ARACHNOIDES.
„ rufe'scens (rusty-coloured). See A. ARACHNOIDES.
,, Telephia' strum. Pink. August. Cape of Good Hope.

1813.
„ ra'rians (varying). See A. TELEPHIASTRUM.

ANACA RDIUM. (From ana, like, and kardia, the
heart ; in reference to the form of the nut. Nat. ord.
Anacards, or Terebinths [Anacardiaceae]. Linn. 2^-Poly-
gamia, 2-Dicecia.)

A. occidenta'le produces the Cashew-nut. These are
stove evergreen trees, ornamental, producing panicled
corymbs of sweet-smelling flowers. Soil, rich loam ; ripe
cuttings root readily, with their leaves on, in a pot of
sand, under a glass, in heat.

A. occidenta'U (western). 20. Green, red. W. Ind.

1699.

„ ,, i'ndicum (Indian). 20. Green, red. E. Ind.
1699.

ANACY'CLUS. (From ana, like, and kyklos, a circle ;
in reference to the rows of ovaries in circles round the
disc. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syn-
genesia, 2-Superfl.ua.)

Common hardy annuals of no great beauty, allied to
Chamomile. They should be sown in the open ground in
April.

A. alexandri'nus (Alexandrian). Yellow. June. Egypt.

1828.

,, au'reus (golden-flowered). See ANTHEMIS AUREA.
„ clava'tus (clubbed). 2. White. August. Barbary.

1810.
„ Pyre thrum (pyrethrum-like). 2. White. August.

Barbary. 1837.
„ radia'tus (rayed). 2. Yellow. August. South of

Europe. 1596.

„ ,, purpura' scens (Gfl., t. 1074). Spain.
„ tomenta'sus. Syn. Anthemis pubescens. See A.

CLAVATUS.

ANADE'NIA. (From a, not, and aden, a gland ; in re-
ference to the absence of a honey-gland. Nat. ord. Pro-
teads [Proteaceae]. Linn. 4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Pretty greenhouse plants, referred to Grevillea. Grown
in peat, with a little loam ; can be propagated by cuttings
in sand and loam, in close frame with bottom-heat.

A. M angle' sii (Mangle's). See GREVILLEA GLABRATA.
„ pulchSlla (neat). See GREVILLEA PULCHELLA.

ANAGA'LLIS. Pimpernel. ( From anagelao, to laugh ;
fabled to possess a virtue to remove sadness. Nat. ord.
Primeworts [Primulaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

A favourite genus with gardeners. They are very
interesting plants, of easy culture ; many of the perennial
kinds require greenhouse protection during winter, and
are readily increased by cuttings, in spring, in the hot-
beds. The whole of them make excellent rock and border
plants for the summer.

A. alternifo'lia (alternate-leaved). Yellow, pink. April.

Chili. 1839. Herbaceous perennial.
,, arve'nsis. Scarlet. Britain. Syn. A. phoenicea.
„ „ caru'lca. Blue. June. England.
,, „ ca'rnea (fleshy). i. Flesh. August. Britain.

1819. Hardy annual.
,, colli'na (Andr. Bot. Rep., t. 367). 3. Vermilion.

August. Morocco. 1803. Syn. A. grandiftora.
„ „ a'lba compa'cta (Gfl., t. 1125). White. 1883.

Both are varieties of linifolia.
,, frutico'sa (shrubby). See A. LINIFOLIA.
,, i'ndica (Indian). See A. ARVENSIS CCRULEA.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See A. ARVENSIS.
,, linifo'lia (flax-leaved). Blue. August. Portugal.

1796. Greenhouse biennial.
,, „ Brewe"ri (Brewer's). J. Red. June. Gardens.

1648. This and the next five are greenhouse her-
baceous trailers.

,, „ lilaci'na (lilac-flowered), i. Lilac. May. 1836.
„ „ Mone'lli (Monelli's). i. Blue. July. Italy.

1648.
„ „ phceni'cea (Phoenician). Scarlet. May. Morocco.

1803.

„ „ Phili'psii (Philips's). f. Brown. June. Gar-
dens. 1803.
,, „ vnllmorea'na. £. Purple. August. Madeira.

1834.
„ Marrya'tta (Mrs. Marryatt's). i. Copper. July.

Hybrid. 1828. Half-hardy evergreen trailer.
„ tentlla (Eng. Bot., ed. 3, t. 1148). ±. Rose colour.

July. Britain. A creeper.
„ webbia'na (P. B. Webb's), i. Blue. July. Gardens.

1828. Half-hardy trailer.
„ wellsia'na (Wells's). i. Copper. August. English

hybrid. 1830. Half-hardy trailer.

ANA GYRIS. (From ana, like, and gyros, a spiral,
or turning in a circle ; in reference to its curved pods.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. 10-
Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Small ornamental trees, allied to Podalyria; require
the protection of the greenhouse ; soil, loam and peat ;
young cuttings root readily in sand and peat, under glass,
planted in July.

A. fce'iida (foetid). 9. Yellow. April. Spain. 1750.
,, glau'ca (galucous). See A. FCSTIDA.
„ inodo'ra (scentless). White. April. China. 1821.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 19. YeUow. April. Tene-

riffe. 1815.
„ sinefnsis (Chinese). 6. Yellow. April. China. 1820.

ANAMTRTA. (A native name. Nat. ord. Menisper-
maces.)

Stove, evergreen twiner. Seeds ; cuttings in sand in
bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.

A. Co'cculus (Cocculus). 20. White, green. India;

Malaya. 1800. "Cocculus Indicus."
,, panicula'ta (panicled). See A. COCCULUS.

ANA'NAS. (From nanas, the local name for the
pine-apple in South America. Nat. ord. Bromelworts
(Bromeliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

For culture, see PINE-APPLE.

A. bracamore'nsis (Lind. Cat., 1879, 6). See A. SATIVUS.
„ bractea'tus (bracted). 3. Crimson. April. Brazil.

1820.

,, de'bilis (weak}. See A. SATIVUS.
,, lu'cidus (shining). See A. SATIVUS LUCIDUS.
„ macrodo'ntes (Belg. Hort., 1878, t. 5). Syn. Bromelia

undulata.
„ Mordilo'na (B. H.. 1879, 302). See A. SATWU3

LUCIDUS.

,. mensdorfia'nus. Syn. JEchmea. Fernanda.
„ portea'nus (R. H., 1878, 140). See A. SATIVUS.

ANANASSA

ANCHUSA

A. sati'vus (cultivated. The pine-apple). 3. Purple.

April. S. Amer. 1690.
„ „ bracamorc'nsis. Fruit large.
„ „ lu'cidus.
„ ,, portea'nus.
„ „ variega'tus. A handsome variegated plant for

vases.

ANANA'SSA. See ANANAS.

ANA'NTHERIX. (From a, not, and antherix, an awn ;
fn reference to the want of awns, or filiform appendages
to the pollen masses. Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepia-
daceae]. Linn. 6-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

A hardy herbaceous plant, increased by root division ;
at any season, any soil suits it in an open situation.
A. vi'ridis (green). J. Green, yellow. September. N.
Amer. 1812. See ASCLEPIODORA VIRIDIS.

ANAPHA'LIS. (Altered from Gnaphalium. Nat. ord.
Compositae ; Tribe Inuloideae.)
A. conto'rta (contorted). 2. White. July. Himalaya.

1821.
„ margarita'cea(Eent'h. and Hooker). Keeping well in

a dried state.

„ roylea'na. White, yellow. September. India. 1882.
„ tripline'rvis (triple-nerved). i. White. August.
Himalaya. 1823.

ANARRHTNT7M. (From a, not, and rhin, nose. The
snout-like form of the allied genus Antirrhinum is wanting
in this. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn.
i4-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Allied to Snapdragon. These plants are hardy biennials,
and very pretty. Seeds may be sown in the open borders
in spring, or the plants may be perpetuated by cuttings.
See ANTIRRHI'NUM MA'JUS.
A. bellidifo' Hum (daisy-leaved). 2. Blue. July. France.

1629.

,, Durimi'nium. i£. Whitish. Portugal. 1818.
„ frutico'sum (shrubby). 2. White. August. South

of Europe. 1826.
,, hirsu'tum. See A. DURIMINIUM.
,, pube'scens (downy). See A. DURIMINIUM.

ANASCE'TUM CRASSIFO'LIUM. See POLYPODIUM
(DRYNARIA).

ANASTA'TICA. (From anastasis, resurrection ; in
reference to its hygrometrical property. Nat. ord.
Crudfers [Cruciferae]. Linn. -L^-Tetradynamia.)

An annual plant, indigenous to the Egyptian deserts.
and called the Rose of Jericho. When full grown it con-
tracts its rigid branches into a round ball, and is then
tossed about by the wind. When it alights in water, or
on damp ground, the branches relax and open out, as if
its life was renewed ; hence its name of Resurrection
Plant. Among the superstitious tales told of it is, that
" it first bloomed on Christmas Eve, to salute the birth
of the Redeemer, and paid homage to His resurrection
by remaining expanded till Easter." This curious annual
requires frame-protection during the colder months ; in-
creased by seeds in any common soil.

A. hierochu'ntica (Rose of Jericho), i. White. July.
Levant. 1597.

ANA'XETON. (Name unexplained. Nat. ord. Com-
positae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, under
a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand.

A. arbo'reum (tree-like). itoi£. White. May. S.Africa.
1770.

ANCHIE TEA. (In honour of a Brazilian writer on
plants of that name. Nat. ord. Violetworts [Violacese].
Linn. $~Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

An ornamental evergreen stove climber. Loam and
peat ; increased most readily by seeds.

A. pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved). 3. White. July. Brazil.
1822.

ANCHOMANES. (Nat. ord. Aroidea. Allied to
Amorphophallus. )

A. Hookeri is a pretty stove perennial Aroid. Like
the Amorphophallus, the flowers open before the foliage
appears, the leaves die away in the autumn, and

during the dormant period the cornus should be kept
dry and in a warm position, but not where they will get
dried too much. When started in spring pot in a good
fibrous loam, with leaf-mould, manure, and sand added,
and give liquid manure when they are well rooted.
A. diffo'rmis (two-formed). See A. HOOKERI.

„ du'bius (G. C.. 1885, xiii. 669). Spathe purplish
outside, cream-coloured within.

„ Hooke'ri. Syn. Caladium petiolatum.

„ „ pa'llida (B. M., t. 5394). 1862.

AN'CHOVY-PEAR. See GRI'AS.

ANCHU'SA. (From anchousa, a cosmetic paint, for-
merly made from A . tincto'ria, for staining the skin. Nat.
ord. Borageworts [Boraginaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia.)

A reddish-brown substance, thought to be a peculiar
chemical principle, used by dyers, is obtained from the
roots of A. tincto'ria, or alkanet, and from other plants of
this order. The whole of this genus, but two, are hardy
perennial, biennial, or annual ornamental plants of the
easiest culture, either by seeds or root division at any
season. A . cape'nsis and pulche-lla require a little frame-
protection during the winter months.

ANNUALS.
A. eegypti'aca (Egyptian). 2. Blue. July. S.Europe.

1821.
,, aggrega'ta (cluster-flowered). $. Blue. June.

Levant. 1827.

,, amce'na (pleasing). See A. ITALICA.
., hy'brida (hybrid). 2. White, blue. July. Italy.

1820.

„ Mille'ri (Miller's), if Blue. May. 1824.
,, parviflo'ra (small-flowered), i. Blue. June. Levant.

1827.

„ stylo'sa (stylose). i. Blue. May. Siberia. 1802.
,, tene'lla (delicate). See BOTHRIOSPERMUM TENELLUM.
,, verruca' sa (warty). See A. ^GYPTIACA.

BIENNIALS.

A. aspe'rrima (very rough). See ARNEBIAHISPIDISSIMA.
„ cape'nsis (Cape), i. Blue. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1830.

„ „ a'lba (white). White. 1908.
,, Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). See A. OCHROLEUCA.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See NONNEA ROSEA.

PERENNIALS.

A. affi'nis (B. T. O., 1896, 220, f. 12). Abyssinia.
,, Aga'rdhii (Agardh's). i. Blue. August. Siberia.

1820.
,, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Purple. May.

South of Europe. 1640.
,, Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 2. Blue. July. South of

Europe. 1820.

,, caspito'sa (tufted), i. Blue. June. Levant. 1838.
., cri'spa (curled), i. Blue. June. Corsica. 1835.
,, hi'spida (bristly). 2. Blue. July. Egypt. 1817.
,, ita'lica (Italian). 2. Bright blue- August. South

Europe. 1810.

,, lana'ta. See SOLENANTHUS LANATUS.
,, leptophy'lla (slender- leaved). See A. OFFICINALIS.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Blue. July. Italy.

1819.
,, tnacula'ta (spotted-leaved). 2. Blue. May. Russia.

1824.
„ wyoso/tdi/?o'ffl(myosotis-flowered). i. Pink. August.

Levant. 1713.
,, officina'lis (officinal). 2. Blue. August. Tauria

1825.
., ,, incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 2. Flesh. August.

South of Europe. 1816.
,, ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). 2. Purple. July.

Orient.

,, panicula'ta (panicled). See A. ITALICA.
,, pftiola'ta (petiolated). See CYNOGLOSSUM PETIOLATUM.
., proce'ra (tail). See A. OCHROLEUCA.
,, nipe'stris (rock). See ERITRICHIUM RUPESTRE.
,, sempervfrens. ij. Blue. Britain.
,, seri'cea (silky). See ERITRICHIUM SERICEUM.
,, tincto'ria (dyer's). See ALKANNA TINCTORIA.
,, undula'ta (wave-leaved). 2. Purple. July. Spain.

1752-
„ zeyla'nica. See BOTHRIOSPERMUM TENELLUM.

ANCISTROCHILUS

39

ANDROMEDA

ANCISTROCHTLUS. (From agkistron, a fish-hook, and
cheilos, a lip ; the lip is hooked at the tip. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytal Orchid that may be grown in pots,
pans, or baskets. Divisions. Fibre of peat, sphagnum,
and crocks.

A. thompsonia'nus (Thompsonian). J. White ; lip
purple, striped with brown. Trop. Africa. 1879.
„ „ Gm/i'/u (Gen til's). \. Violet, with broader seg-

ments. Congo Free State. 1904.
„ punctula' turn (finely-dotted). Sej
finely dotted with red. 1898.

ii n ptinctula'tum (finely-dotted). Sepals and petals

ANCISTROPHY'LLUM. (From agkistron, a fish-hook,
and phullon, a leaf ; the leaves are furnished with
hooks. Nat. ord. Palmaceas.)

Stove Palm. Seeds. Loam, fibrous peat, and sand.
A. lee've (smooth). Trop. Africa.

ANCYLO'CLADUS. A synonym of Willughbeia.

ANCYLO'GYNE. (From ankylos, curved, and gyne, a
female ; the pistil is curved. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.
Syn. Sanchezia.)

Handsome stove shrubs ; nobilis has large oval, varie-
gated leaves, and makes a fine specimen for culture.
See SANCHEZIA.

A. longiflo'ra (B. M., t. 5588). Purple. April. Guaya-
quil. 1866.

„ no'bilis (B. M., t. 5594). Yellow, bracts red. June.
Ecuador. 1863.

ANDERSO'NIA. (In honour of Messrs. Anderson.
patrous of botany. Nat. ord. Epacrids [Epacridaceae].
Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Very pretty greenhouse shrubs. Sandy peat ; cuttings
root readily, in spring, in common hotbed.

A. cezru'lea (Gfl., t. 1180, fig. 2). 2. Calyx pink.

corolla blue. King George's Sound. W. Australia.
., de-pre'ssa (Gfl., t. 1180, f. i). $. Blue and white.

\V. Australia.
„ komalo' stoma (Gfl., t. 1180, fig. 3). Calyx pink,

corolla blue. King George's Sound. W. Australia.
„ sprengelioi'des (sprengelia-like). 2. Pink. June. N.

Holland. 1803.

ANDI'RA. (Its local name in the Brazils. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia,
4-Decandria.)

Alliance obscure. Large ornamental stove trees. Soil,
loam and peat ; cuttings root readily under a glass, in
heat.

A. exce'lsa. 20. Purple. Trinidad. 1818.
,, ine'rmis (unarmed). 20. Purple. W. Ind. 1773.
„ racemo'sa (branchy). See A. EXCELSA.

ANDRA'CHNE. (From andrachne, the herb purslane.
Nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, in
bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.

A. fruticp'sa (shrubby). 2. Green, yellow. July, August.
China. 1820.

ANDROCY MBIUM. (From aner, anther, and kymbion
a saucer ; in reference to the peculiar form of the anthers
Nat. ord. Melanths [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, 3-
Trigynia.)

Few plants are more generally poisonous than this
order of Melanths. Interesting bulbous-rooted plants,
requiring the protection of frame or greenhouse ; in-
creased readily by offsets and seed. Loam and leaf-
mould, sand, and good drainage ; grown fully exposed to
the sun, and rested after a season's growth is developed.

A. eucomofdes (eucomis-like). i. Green. April. Cape

of Good Hope. 1794.
„ leuca'nthum (Swt. Fl. Card., t. 165).
„ melanthioi' des (melanthium-like). i. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
.. puncta'tum. See A. LEUCANTHUM.
„ voluta're (rolled-leaved), i. White. April. Cape of

Good Hope. 1816.

ANDROGRA PEE. (From aner, andros, a stamen, and
grapho, to write. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Stove perennial herbs. Cuttings in a close frame,
with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.

A. echioi'des (Echium-like). i. Red. April. E. Ind.

1820.
,, elonga'ta (elongated). 2. Red. May. E. Ind. 1812.

ANDROLETIS. (From aner, a man, and lepis, a
scale ; alluding to the scaly stamens. Ord. BromeliaceaB.)

Allied to Billbergias. Propagated from offsets, which
are produced after flowering. Pot in good sandy loam and
leaf-mould. Now referred to jEchmea.

A. Skinne'ri. ij. Gautemala. 1850. Syn. BiUbergia
Skinneri.

ANDROMA'CHIA. (Nat. ord. Composite.)
Greenhouse herbaceous plant ; propagate from cuttings ;
good loamy soil. Now referred to Liabum.

A. Maro'ni (R. H.. 1887, 496). 2. Pale yellow. Brazil.
1887.

ANDRO MEDA. (A classical name, after the daughter
of Cepheus and Cassiope, King and Queen of ^Ethiopia.
Nat. ord. Heathworts [Ericaceae]. lo-Decandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

An extensive family of beautiful shrubs, all evergreen
and all hardy, except those otherwise specified ; delight
in a peaty soil, although some of them will do well in
any soil ; generally increased by layers, put down about
the month of September, to remain till that time twelve-
month ; also by seeds, which should be sown as soon as
ripe in large pans or pots, and covered thinly with earth
in a cold frame, but plenty of air given. Very useful for
the rock-garden and for sloping banks.

HARDY.

A. acumina'ta (acuminate). 3. White. August. N.

Amer. 1765. See LEUCOTHOS ACUMINATA
„ anguslifo'lia (narrow-leaved), i. White. August.

N. Amer. 1748. See CASSANDRA CALYCULATA.
,, arbo'rea (sorrel-tree). 40. White. August. N. Amer.

1752. See OXYDENDRON ARBOREUM.

„ axilla'ris (axil-flowering), i. White. June. N.

Amer. 1765. See LEUCOTHOE AXILLARIS.
„ „ longifo'lia (long-leaved), i. White. July. N.

Amer. 1765.
„ calycula'ta (small-calyxed). 2. White. March. N.

Amer. 1748. See CASSANDRA CALYCULATA.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. White. March.

Newfoundland. 1748.

., „ na'na (dwarf), i. White. March. Newfound-
land. 1748.
„ „ ventrico'sa (inflated). 2. White. March. Russia.

1748.

.; campanula' ia. Greenish-white, tinted with red.
,, cane'scens (hoary). 3. White. June. N. Amer.

1748.
„ Catcsba'i (Catesby's). 2. White. June. N. Amer.

1793. See LEUCOTHOE CATESB^EI.
„ coria'cea (thick-leaved). 3. Pink. July. N. Amer.

1765. See PIERIS NITIDA.
„ „ ru'bra (red-flowered). 3. Red. July. N. Amer.

1765-
.. cri'spa (curled). 3. White. July. N. Amer. 1824.

See CASSANDRA CALYCULATA.
„ dealba'ta (whitened). 2. Pink. April. N. Amer.

1824. See ZENOBIA SPECIOSA.
„ fastigia'ta (pyramidal). 2. White. May. Himalaya.

1855. See CASSIOPE FASTIGIATA.
,, floribu'nda (many-flowered). 3. White. May. N.

Amer. 1812. See PIERIS FLORIBUNDA.
,, glaucophy'Ua (glaucous-leaved), i. Pink. July.

N. Amer. 1812. See A. POLIFOLIA.
,, hypnoi'des (moss-like), i. White, red. June. Lap-
land. 1798. Half-hardy deciduous creeper. See

CASSIOPE HYPNOIDES.
,, maria'na (Maryland). 2. White. June. N. Amer.

1763. See PIERIS MARIANA.
,, „ oblo'nga (oblong-leaved). 2. White. June. N.

Amer. 1736.
,, ,, ova'l is (oval-leaved). 2. White. June. N. Amer.

1736.
„ pilulifera (pellet-bearing). 3. White. June. W.

Florida. 1842. See LYONIA PANICULATA.
„ Polifo'lia (polium-leaved). i. Pink. May. Britain,
„ ,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), i. Pink. April.

Ingria. 1790.

ANDROMYCIA

40

ANDROSTEPHIUM

A. Polifo'lia latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Pink. July.

olifo'lia latifo'lia (
N. Amer. 1700.

„ „ me'dia (wild rosemary). i. White. July.

Britain. 1790.
„ ,, mi'nima (smallest), i. Pink. April. Britain.

1790.
„ „ oleifo'lia (olive-leaved), i. Pink. April. Britain.

1790.
., „ revolu'ta (rolled-back-leaved), i. Pink. April.

North of Europe. 1783.
,, „ rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 2. Pink. July.

N. Amer. 1736.
,, „ subula'ta, (awl-leaved), i. Pink. July. North of

Europe. 1783.
,, racemo'sa (branchy). 3. White. June. N. Amer.

1736. See LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. White. July. Cuba.

1736.
„ „ stric'ia (upright). 4. White. July. N. Amer.

1736.

STOVE.

A. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. Pink. July. Mauritius.

1822. See AGAURIA BUXIFOLIA.
„ fascicula'ta (bundled). 20. White. April. Jamaica.

1824. See LYONIA FASCICULATA.
,, jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 6. White. June. Jamaica.

1793. See LYONIA JAMAICENSIS.
„ rubigino'sa (ruddy). 10. White. July. W. Ind.

1736. See LYONIA RUBIGINOSA.

GREENHOUSE.
A. elegant? 'ssima (very elegant). See A. JAPONICA

ELEGANTISSIMA.

„ ,, formo'sa (beautiful). See PIERIS FORMOSA.

,, japo'nica (Japan). 3. White. June. Japan. 1806.
See PIERIS JAPOXICA.

,, „ deganti'ssima (R. H., 1887, 83).

,, neriifo'lia (oleander-leaved). 3. Crimson. June.
Brazil. 1851. See LEUCOTHOE NERIIFOLIA.

,, ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 20. White. June. N.
Amer. 1825. See PIERIS OVALIFOLIA.

„ £Mtym£/o'/ia(phillyrea-leaved). i. White. January.
W. Florida. 1842. See PIERIS PHILLYRE^EFOLIA.

,, salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 4. Pale green. June.
Mauritius. 1825. See AGAURIA SALICIFOLIA.

., sine'nsis (Chinese). 2. Blush. June. China. 1826.
See VACCINIUM BRACTEATUM.

„ specio'sa (showy). 3, White. August. Carolina.
1800. See ZENOBIA SPECIOSA.

„ „ glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Pink. August. Caro-
lina. 1800. See ZENOBIA SPECIOSA PULVERULENTA.

,, ,, ni'tida (shining-leaved). 3. White. August.
Carolina. 1800. See ZENOBIA SPECIOSA.

,, „ pulverule'nta (dusty-leaved). 3. White. August.
Carolina. 1800. See ZENOBIA SPECIOSA PULVERU-
LENTA. '

„ spica'ta (spiked). 2. White. June. N. Amer.
1800. See LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA.

„ Utrago'na (four-angled), i. White. April. Lapland.
1810. Half-hardy. See CASSIOPE TETRAGONA.

ANDROMY'CIA. See XANTHOSOMA.

ANDROPO'GON. (From aner, a man, and pogon, a
beard. Nat. ord. Graminese.)

A genus of grasses. Propagated by seeds, and also by
division of the roots. The European kind succeed in the
open air, if planted in a warm, dry border.

A. argen'teus. Silver beard glass. Probably a form of

A. saccharoides, Swartz, of Trop. Amer.
,, formo'sus. March. 1882.
,, furca'tus. N. Amer.
,, halepe'nsis. Tropics.
,, murica'tus. See A. SQUARROSUS.
,, pube'scens. Dalmatia.

„ Schcena'ntkus. 2. India. 1786. Syn. A. citratus.
,, squarro'sus. Tropics.
„ stria'tus. Malabar. See ISCH^MUM I.AXUM.

ANDRO'SACE. (From aner, a man, and sakos, buckler ;
in reference to the resemblance of the anther to an
ancient buckler. Nat. ord. Primeworts [Primulacesej.
Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

A favourite family of small alpine plants. All do be*t,

though hardy, grown in pots, in peat and sandy loam,
and carefully watered ; increased by seeds ; and the
perennials by cuttings, or root division. All are interest-
ing plants for the rock-work in summer, and in winter
protected in frame.

ANNUALS.

A. donga' ta (elongated), i. White. April. Austria.

1776.

,, ,, na'na (dwarf), i. White. April. Denmark. 1803.
., filifo'rmis (thread-like), i. White. May. Siberia.

1820.

,, macra'ntha (Gard., 1897, Hi. 434). See A. ALBANA.
„ macroca'rpa (large-capsuled). i. White. July.

Siberia. 1827.

,, ma'xima (greatest), i. White. April. Austria. 1797.
,, obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved), i. Pink. April. Italy.

1817.
„ septentriona'lis (northern), i. White. May. Russia.

1755-

BIENNIALS.

A. acau'lis (stalkless). i. White. July. Siberia. 1825.
,, alismoi'des (alisma-like). See A. LACTIFLORA.
,, brevifo'lia (short- leaved). See A. SEPTENTRIONALIS.
„ bulleya'na (Bulleyan). See A. COCCINEA.
,, cocci'nea (scarlet). $. Cinnabar-red. S.W. China.

1908.

„ lactiflo'ra (milk-flowered). i. White. August.
Siberia. 1806.

PERENNIALS.

A. alba'na (G. C., 1892, xii. 399). E. Caucasus.
„ alpi'na. J. Rose, with yellow throat. June.

Switzerland. 1775.
., arge'niea. See A. IMBRICATA.
,, brita'nnica (W. G.( 1890, 34). \. White. March to

May.

„ ca'rnea. i. Flesh. July. Switzerland. 1768.
,, carina'ta. See A. CHAM^JASME.
,, cauca'sica (G. C., 1892, xii. 399). Caucasus.
,, Chamezja'sme. i. Pink. July. Austria. 1768.
,, cyli'ndrica (W. G., 1890, 34).
„ folio'sa (B. M., t. 6661).
,, glacia'lis. £. Pink. June. Europe. 1775.
,, hedrea'ntha (Gard., 1904, Ixv., 307). Pale purple.

Thrace.

,, helve'tica. White, yellow. May. Switzerland. 1775.
,, Henry'i (Gard., 1906, Ixix., Suppl., June 2 [4]). White.

Central China.

,, imbrica'ta. \. White. June. Europe. 1826.
,, la'ctea. i. White. July. Austria. 1752.
,, Lagge'ri (GfL, t. 969). Pyrenees. 1879.
,, lanugino'sa. J. Rose, yellow. August. Himalaya.

1842.

,, „ Leichtli'ni. White, with red eye.
,, lineafris. See A. SEPTENTRIONALIS.
„ pube'scens (B. M., t. 5808). June. Central Tyrolese

Alps. 1869.
„ pyrena'ica. White, with yellow eye. Summer.

Pyrenees.

,, raddia'na (Jard., 1897, 378). Caucasus.
,, rotundifo'lia (B. M., t. 6617). Himalaya.
,, sarmento'sa (B. M., t. 6210). Himalaya.
,, sempervivoi des (Gard., 1893, xliv. 466). W. Tibet.
,, spinuli'fera (spine-bearing). | to i. Rose-pink.

China. 1910.

,, villa' sa (B. M., t. 743). Syn. A. penicillata..
,, viialia'na. |. Yellow. Alps. 1787. Syn. Gregoria

vitaliana. See DOUGLASIA VITALIANA.
„ wulfenia'na (W. G., 1890, 35). Hardy form of A.

alpina.

ANDROS^E'MUM. (From aner, man, and haima,
blood ; in reference to the juice of the plant. Nat. ord.
Tutsans [Hypericaceae]. Linn. i6-Polyaddphia, 8-Poly-
andria.)

A hardy, herbaceous, pretty perennial, readily in-
creased by seeds or root division. Does well under the
drip of large trees. Now referred to Hypericum.

A. officina'le (officinal). 2. Yellow. August. Britain.

ANDROSTE'PHIUM. (From aner. a man, and slephos,
a crown. Nat. ord. Liliaceje.)

ANDRYALA

ANEMONE

A pretty little hardy bulbous plant, allied to Brodiaea ;
propagated by offsets ; rich sandy loam and leaf-mould,
plant rather deep.

A. viola' ceum. \. Violet-blue. Spring. Texas. 1874.

ANDRT'ALA. (Of unknown meaning. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. I .inn. io-Syngenesia, i-JEqualis.
Allied to Hieracium.)

Both the greenhouse and hardy species are rather
pretty, and will grow in any common soil ; they are in-
creased by seeds and root division. All are hardy,
except those otherwise described. Few of the species
are now in cultivation.

A. arge'niea, (silvery), i. Yellow. August. Pyrenees.

1817. Biennial.

„ ckienznlkifo'lia. (stock-leaved). See A. VARIA.
,, crithmifp'lia (samphire-leaved), i. Yellow. August.

Madeira. 1778. Greenhouse biennial
,, inca'na (hoary). See A. RAGUSINA.
„ inUgrifo'lia (entire-leaved), i. Yellow. August.

South of Europe. 1711. Biennial.
„ lana'ta. See HIESACH.-M PAXNOSUM.
„ mogadore'nsis. 2. Yellow. April. Morocco. 1871.
,, ni'gricans (blackish-flowered), i. Yellow. August.

Barbary. 1804. Annual.
„ pinnati'fida (pinnatifid-leaved). i. Yellow. July.

Madeira. 1778. Greenhouse biennial
„ ragusi'na (Ragusan). i. Yellow. August. Archi-
pelago. 1753. Greenhouse perennial.
,, runcina'ta (runcinate). See A. INTEGRIFOLIA.
.. va'ria. i to 3. Yellow. June. Madeira. 1777.

Greenhouse perennial.

ANELLE'MA. (From a, not, and eilema, involucrum ;
in reference to the absence of the involucrum. Nat. ord.
Spiderworts [Commelinaceae] . Linn. ^-Triandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

All perennials and pretty little trailing-plants, except
A. gigante'um and A. si'nicum. They are increased by
seed and root division ; soil, loam, manure, leaf-mould,
and sand.

GREENHOUSE.

A. affi'ne (similar), i. Blue. August. N. Holland.
1820. Evergreen. See A. GRAMINEUM.

„ biflo'rum (two-flowered), i. Blue. August. N.Hol-
land. 1820. Evergreen.

. grami'nuemaffi'ne. i. Blue. August. Australia. 1820.

„ nudiflo'rum (naked-flowered), i. Blue. July. E. Ind.
1776. Biennial.

,, si'nicum (Chinese), i. Purple-blue. May. China.
1820. Herbaceous perennial.

,, spira'tum (spiral), i. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1783.
Evergreen.

STOVE.

A. acumina' turn (pointed), i Blue. August. N. Hol-
land. 1822. Evergreen.

,, aquinoctia'lc (equinoctial), i. Blue. July. Guinea.
1820. Evergreen.

„ ambi'guum (ambiguous). 3. Blue. July. Sierra
Leone. 1822. Herbaceous.

,, crispa'tum (curled-leaved). See POLLIA CRISPATA.

„ gigantSum. i. Blue. July. Mozambique. 1825.
Syns. A. ensi folium and A. longifolium.

„ longito'lium (long-leaved). See A. GIGANTEUM.

,, nudiczu'le (naked-stemmed). See A. NUDIFLORUM

„ serrula'tum (saw-edged), i. Blue. July. Trinidad.
1824. Evergreen.

ANEMIA. (From aneimon, naked; in reference to
the naked inflorescence. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices].
Linn. z^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove herbaceous perennials, allied to Schizaea; soil,
loam and peat; readily increased from spores. For
culture, see FERNS.

A. adiantifo'lia (maiden - hair - leaved). 3. Brown.

August. W. Ind. 1793.
,. caiuia'ia (tailed). Brazil. 1831.
,, cocn'nea (scarlet), i. Brown. August. VV. Ind

1830.
.. coUi'na (hill), i. Brown. August. Brazil. 1829.

A. flfxuo'sa (zigzag). See A. TOMENTOSA.
,, fraxinifo'lia (ash-leaved). See A. PHYLLITIDIS.
,, hi'rta (hairy). See A. PHYLLITIDIS.
,, hirsu'ta (soft-haired). 3. Brown. June. Jamaica.

1704.

„ ,, tene'lla (slender), i. Brown. May. W. Ind. 1843.
„ ku'milis (dwarf). See A. OBLONGIFOLIA.
., lacinia'ta (jagged). See A. PHYLLITIDIS.
., lanceola'ta (lanceolate). See A. PHYLLITIDIS.
,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). See A. PHYLLITIDIS.
, mandiocca'na. i. Mandiocca district, Rio Janeiro.
, oblongifo'lia. Mexico to Brazil.
, „ ku'milis. Smaller.
, radi'cans. See A. CAUDATA.
, rtfpens. See A. HIRSUTA.

, PhyUi'tidis (Phyllitis-like). i. Brown. June. Trini-
dad. 1830.
, „ fraxinifo'lia. i. June. Brazil. 1828.

, hirta (hairy).

, lacinia'ta. i. August. W. Ind. 1794.

, lanceola'ta. 2. August. W. Ind. 1820.

, linea'ta. S. Amer. 1868.

, longifo'lia. i. August. Brazil. 1831.

, tessella'ta. Pinnae dark green, with bright green

centre, and dull grey border. Brazil. 1875. Syn.

A. Phyllitidis plumbea.
„ tomento'sa. i. Trop. Amer. Syns. A. deltoidea,

A. flexuosa, and A. villosa.

ANEMLDI'CTYON. See ANEMIA.

ANEMIO'PSIS. (From aneimon, naked, and apsis,
like ; stems almost leafless. Nat. ord. Piperaceae.)

Hardy sub-aquatic perennial. See WATER GARDEN.
A. calif o'rnica (B. M., t 5292). White. California.
1862. See HOUTTUYNIA CALIFORNIA.

ANE'MONE. Wind-flower. (From anemos, the wind ;
inhabiting exposed places. Nat. ord. Crowfoots [Ranun-
culaceae]. i^-Polyandria, 6-Polygynia.)

These consist of herbaceous and tuberous rooted plants,
most of which are hardy, but some of the small growing
species do better in a cold frame during the winter.
Many of them flower early in the spring and are among
the prettiest things we have for the Rockery. Numerous
garden varieties exist, among the most popular being the
St. Brigid varieties of corona' 'ria for early spring ; and
the varieties of japo'nica for late summer and autumn.

TUBEROUS ROOTED.

A. apenni'na (Apennine). f. Blue. ApriL England.
„ „ ple'na (G. M., 1906, 301). Mauve or lilac.
„ „ purpu'rea (G. M., 1906, 265). Purple.
„ balde'nsis (Mount Baldo). j. White. May. Switzer-
land. 1792.

„ bla'nda. |. Deep blue. Winter. Eastern Europe.
„ „ scythi'nica (Card., 1895, xlvii. 279). Pale blue

and white. N. Kurdistan.

„ c<zru'lea (blue). i£. Blue. May. Siberia. 1826.
„ carolinia'na (CaroUna). See A. DECAPETALA.
,, ce'rnua (Gard., 1900, Ivii. 356). Japan.
„ corona' ria (garland or poppy A.). $. Striped. June.

Levant. 1596.

„ „ ple'na (double- flowered). J. Striped. ApriL
,, decape'tala. i. White. May. CaroUna. 1824.
,, EunrSnia (B. T. O., 1894, 226). Persia.
„ fischeria'na (Fischer's). J. White. April. Siberia.

1827.

„ horte'nsis (garden). }. Striped. April. Italy. 1597.
„ „ ftor'e-ple'no (double-flowered), i. Red. May.

Europe.
» » fv'lgens (shining), i. Red. May. South of

Europe. 1818.
„ „ minia'ta (red-leaved-flowered). J. Red. May

Gardens.

„ „ pavoni'na (peacock-«ye). i. Red. April. France.
,, „ purpu'rea. \. Purple. ApriL Italy. 1597.
„ intermedia (G. C., 1903, xxxiii. 243). Silesia.
,, lancifo'lia (lance-leaved). See A. NEMOROSA.
,, nemoro'sa (grove). J. White, red. April. Britain.
,, ,, Atte'nii (Allen's). Lavender-mauve, large, iqio.
„ „ ceeru'lea (blue- flowered}. J. Light blue. May.

Gardens.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). J. White. April.

Britain.

ANEMONE

42

ANEMONE

A. nemoro'sa lancifo'lia. White. N. Amer. 1822.
„ „ robinsonia'na (Gfl., t. 945). Pale blue.
„ palma'ta (palmated). £. Yellow. May. Portugal.

1597-
„ „ flo're-a'lbido (whitish-flowered). |. Whitish.

May.
„ „ flo're-fla'vo (yellow-flowered). J. Yellow. May.

Portugal. 1597.

„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). f . Yellow. May.
„ parvifto'ra (small-flowered). £. White. May. N.

Amer. 1824.
,, quinquefo'lia (five-leaved. American wood). $.

White. April. N. Amer. 1817. See A.

NEMOROSA.

,, ranunculoi'des (ranunculus-like). |. Yellow. April.

England.
„ refle'xa (bent-back). £. Yellow. April. Siberia.

1818.
,, stella' to, purpu'rea (purple-star- leaved). See A.

HORTENSIS.
„ umbella'ta (umbelled). See A. NARCISSIFLORA.

HERBACEOUS.

A. acutipe'tala(pomted-petaled). See A. PULSATILLA.
„ a'lba (white). See A. SYLVESTRIS.
,. alba'na (Albana). J. White. May. Caucasus.

1821.

„ alpi'na (alpine). $. White. Austria. 1658.
,, angulo'sa. i. Blue. March. E. Europe.
„ „ a'lba.

„ „ lilaci'na grandifto'ra.
,, ,, ro'sea.
„ bungea'na (Card., 1907, Ixxi. 214). Golden yellow.

Siberia.

., ca'ffra (G. C., 1890, vii. 389). White. S. Africa.
„ cape'nsis (Cape), i. Purple. April. Cape of Good

Hope. 1795. Greenhouse.
„ ce'rnua (drooping). J. Red, white. May. Japan.

1806.
,, dahu'rica (Dahurian). f. Flesh. May. Dahuria.

1819.
„ deltoi'dea (triangular). White. May. Columbia.

1827.
„ dicho'toma (forked), i. Red, white. May. N. Amer.

1768.

„ elonga'ta (G. C., 1907, xlii. 127). Himalaya.
.. Fanni'nii (G. C., 1886, xxv. 432, f. 84). White.

NataL

.. gavania'na (Gavan's). Nepaul. 1844.
„ Halle'ri (Haller's). $. Purple. April. Switzerland.

1816.
„ Hepa'tica. |. February to April. Purple. Europe.

1573. Svn. Hepatica triloba.
„ „ a'lba. White, red anthers.
„ „ a'lbo-ple'na. Double white. 1903.
„ „ ctcrulea. Blue.
„ „ ceeru'leo-plc'na. Double blue.
„ „ ni'vea. Wholly white.
,, „ ru'bra. Red.
,, „ ru'bro-ple'na. Double red.
„ hudsonia'na (Hudson's). See A. MULTIFIDA.
„ hupehe'nsis (Hupeh). 3. Mauve, carmine base.

China. 1910.
„ japo'nica (Japan). 2. Rose. September. Japan.

„ „ a'lba. White.

„ „ h/brida. Pale rose.

„ longisca'pa (long-stalked). See A. POLYANTHES.

„ magella'nica (Gard., 1907, Ixxi. 77). Yellow. Straits
of Magellan.

., micra'ntha (small-flowered). See A. ALPINA.

.. monia'na (mountain), i. Purple. June. Switzer-
land. 1830.

„ multi'fida (many-cleft), i. White. June. Magellan.
1824.

„ nardssiflo'ra (narcissus-flowered), i. White May.
Siberia. 1773.

., nuttallia'na (Nuttall's). See A. PATENS.

,, obsoleta (obsolete). See A. PRATENSIS.

„ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). White. June. Himalaya.
1844.

„ obtusilo'ba (blunt-lobed-fcat;^). £. White. June.
Himalaya. 1843.

„ pa'tens (spreading), i. Light yellow. June. Siberia.
1753.

A. pa'tens nuttallia'na. $. July. N. Amer. 1827.

,, ,, ochrpleu'ca (yellowish-white), i. Cream. April.
Siberia. 1752.

„ pennsylvd 'nica (Pennsylvanian). i. White. May.
N. Amer. 1756.

,. polya'nthfs. White. Himalayas. 1839.

,, prate'nsis (meadow). |. Dark purple. May. Ger-
many. 1731.

,, Pulsati'lla (common pulsatilla). £. Violet. May.
England.

,, ,, a'lba. White.

„ „ a'lbida (whitish- flowered), i- Whitish. April.
Germany. 1834.

,, ,, ru'bra (red-flowered). Reddish-purple. May.
Germany. 1834.

,, rc^dja'na (Regelian). i. Violet. Central Asia. 1904.

„ Richardso'ni (Richardson's). J. Yellow. June.
N. Amer. 1827.

„ rivula'ris (river). i£. White. June. N. Ind. 1840.

„ sibi'rica (Siberian)." J. White. June. Siberia.
1804.

,, sulphu'rea (sulphwt-coloured). i. Sulphur. May.
Europe. 1816.

„ sylve'stris (wood-snowdrop). $. White. May. Ger-
many. 1596.

„ triio'lia( three-leaved). £. White. April. France. _I597-
See A. HEPATICA!

„ tri'loba a'lbo-ple'na (G. M., 1903, 219, 238 f.). White.

„ urale'nsis (Ural). See A. BALDENSIS.

,, verna'lis (spring). £. White. April. Switzerland.

1752.
„ ,, flo're-lu'teo (yellow-flowered). J. Yellow. April.

South of Europe.
,, virginia'na (Virginian). £. White. May. N. Amer.

1772.
,, ,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. White. June.

Gardens. Greenhouse.
,, vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). 3. White. September.

Nepaul. 1829. Half-hardy.

The anemone, the florist's flower of our gardens, is the
offspring of the A. corona'ria (poppy anemone), and A.
horie'nsis. Sprung from these there are annually in-
creased varieties. A variety lasts about twelve years.

Characteristics of a good Single Anemone. — The stem
strong, elastic, and erect, not less than nine inches high ;
the flower at least two inches and a half in diameter,
consisting of large, substantial, well-rounded petals, at
first horizontally extended, and then turning a little up-
wards, so as to form a broad, shallow cup ; the colour
clear and distinct when diversified in the same flower, or
brilliant and striking if it consists only of one colour, as
blue, crimson, or scarlet, &c.

A double anemone should have the outer petals quite
flat, the second series a little shorter, the third shorter
still, and so on till the centre is quite full, when the whole
should form a rather flat hemisphere. Every double
flower should be of one full colour.

Propagation. — Offsets from the root, and new varieties
from seed.

By offsets, all the best kinds should be taken up annually
at the decay of the leaf, and the root divided, at the time
of taking up, to allow the wound to heal, into as many
pieces or knobs as are furnished with an eye or bud,
observing, however, that if they are divided very small,
they flower very weak the first year.

The time for taking up the roots is June and August,
when the leaf and stalk are withered ; for then the roots
cease to grow for a month or six weeks.

Take them up in dry weather, spread in an airy place
out of the sun for about a week, then clear from earth,
and store in bags or boxes.

The Seed. — Sow from the best single or semi-double
flowers. Double flowers produce none.

Sowing. — Make the beds in a sheltered part of your
garden, facing the south ; remove the old soil from the
beds to the depth of sixteen or eighteen inches. If it is
low and swampy, with a wet, clay bottom, drain well,
and do not dig so deep ; if high and dry, or with a sandy
or gravelly subsoil, you may go a little deeper. Then put
in from four to six inches of unmixed cowdung, such as
might be gathered up where these animals feed. Upon
this layer of dung place as much good fresh loam as will
raise the beds to their former level, or a little higher.
Make the surface very fine, and then sow. Anemone-

ANEMONOPSIS

43

ANGELONIA

seed requires to be well rubbed with the hand, either
amongst some sharp sand or finely-sifted coal ashes, to
separate the seeds. When the seed is sown, cover it
immediately with some sifted, light, sandy soil, half an
inch. It will soon come up, and should be frequently
watered in dry weather. Beds so made will flower the
same year ; mark the best, and preserve them for plant-
ing the next year.

Time for planting is October, or early in November,
and the plants will come into flower in April and beginning
of May ; but if some are planted in the middle of Sep-
tember, and a second parcel towards the middle or after
end of October, they will afford a succession of bloom
from the beginning of April until the middle of May ;
and if a third plantation is made in February or be-
ginning of March, they will come into flower about the
middle of May, and continue until the middle of June.

Spit and Site. — The situation should be thoroughly
drained, and open to the south. Any common, mode-
rately light earth suits the anemone ; overmoist and stiff
soils rot the roots in winter. If necessary to make a soil,
proceed as described for the seed-bed. Take maiden loam
from the surface of a pasture, the top spit, turf and all ;
to every load of this add one of cowdung, and half a load
of sea or drift-sand ; blend the whole together, and form
it into a ridge, in which let it remain a year, at least,
turning it over once in two or three months. But, in
default of pasture-earth, a good compost may be formed
of common, light garden-soil and rotted cowdung, adding,
to every load of the former, half a load of the latter, and
about a quarter of that of drift or sea-sand ; and of
either of which composts the bed is to be formed. Make
it about twelve or fifteen inches in depth, and three feet
and a half broad.

Planting in Borders. — Plant five roots together, in a
patch of five or six inches in breadth, two or three inches
deep.

Beds should be three feet and a half broad, with alleys
eighteen inches wide between bed and bed, and fifteen or
eighteen inches deep ; break the earth small, but do not
sift it ; elevate the beds three inches above the general
surface ; but if there is danger of moisture standing in
winter, double or treble that height is proper, working
the whole a little rounded, and after planting, rake the
surface smooth.

Plant six rows lengthwise, the roots at six inches
distance in each row, and two inches deep.

The autumn plantation comes in leaf in November ;
but, as the plants are hardy, nothing is needful to be
done till the bloom begins to appear, and then arch the
beds with hoops, to support mats, to protect them
from frost.

Forcing. — Double anemones, potted in September or in
October, in some compost, as above particularised, may
be placed in a cold frame or pit, and watered but sparingly
until the following spring, when they may be put into
a warmer place. They will not stand much forcing. A
second blooming may be obtained by planting more
roots, in a similar way, in December.

Mildew. — This disease first appears as pale spots on
the under sides of the leaves. These spots gradually rise
into tubercles, and a minute fungus bursts through.
This parasite is /Eci'dium quadri'fidum. Sea-sand, or a
little salt mixed with the compost of the bed, is a good
preventive ; and sprinkling with sulphur is the best
remedy. Anemones are liable to have distorted, swollen
leaves, the cure for which is to render the soil more free
from stagnant moisture.

ANEMONO PSIS. (From anemone, and opsis, resem-
blance ; flowers similar to those of the Anemone. Xat.
ord. Ranunculaceae. A monotypic genus from Japan.)

A handsome herbaceous plant resembling Anemone
japonica in habit, with purple-blue flowers, propagated
from divisions or seeds; rich, deep loam. A great
favourite in America.

A. macTophy'lla (B. M., t. 6413). a to 3. Pale lilac.
Japan.

ANEMOP^EGMA. (From anemos, the wind, and
paigma, sport.) Nat. ord. Bignoniacea. Attractive stove
climbing shrubs. For culture, see BIGNONIA.

A. carrere'nse (Journal of Botany, 1898, 188). Pale
citron-yellow. Trinidad.

A. clemati'deum. See PITHECOCTENIUM CLEMATIDEUM.
,, racemo'sum. Buff. September. Brazil. 1879.

ANE'THUM. (From ano, upwards, and theo, to run ;
in reference to its quick growth. Nat. ord. Umbellifers
[UmbellifersB]. Linn. $-Pentandria, z-Digynia.)

A genus of useful plants, succeeding well in any
common garden-soil ; all hardy, readily increased by
seed or root division. Now referred to Peucedanum.

ANNUAL.

A. So'wa (Sowa). i. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1810.
See PEUCEDANUM GRAVEOLENS.

BIENNIALS.

A. grave' olens (strong-smelling, or dill). 3. Yellow-

July. Spain. 1570.

,, piperi'tum (peppered). 6. Yellow. July. Italy.
1824. See FCENICULUM PIPERITUM.

PERENNIALS.

A. faeni'culum (fennel). 6. Yellow. August. England.

See FOBNICULUM VULGARE.

„ „ du'lce (sweet). 4. Yellow. August. Italy.
See DILL and FENNEL.

ANGADE'NIA. (From aggos, a vessel, and aden, a
gland. Nat. ord. Apocynaceae.)

Evergreen climbing stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in
a close case, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.

A. ni'tida (shining). 15. Yellow, with vermilion band
on tube. Trop. S. Amer. 1909.

ANGE'LJCA. (In reference to its fabled angelic virtues
in medicine. Nat. ord. Umbellifers [Umbelliferae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

Common water-side perennials, of not much beauty
as garden-plants. The only species requiring notice here
is toe common Ange'lica.

A. ArchangSlica (archangel). 4. July. Green. England.

See ARCHANGELICA OFFICINALIS.
,, songorrica. White. Central Asia. 1879.

The stalks of this are cut in May for candying. For-
merly, the stalks were blanched for eating, like celery.
Soil and Situation : Grows best in moist situations, such
as the banks of ponds and ditches. Sowing : Sow soon
after the seed is ripe, about September, being almost
useless if preserved until the spring. Cultivation : Sow
thin, in drills a foot asunder, and half an inch deep.
When five or six inches high, the plants must be thinned
to a distance of at least two feet and a half from each
other. In May, or early in June of the second year, they
flower, when they must be cut down, which causes them
to sprout again ; and if this is carefully attended to,
they will continue for three or four years ; but, if per-
mitted to run to seed, they perish soon after.

ANGETLICA-TREE. Ara'lia spino'sa.

ANGELO'NIA. (From angelon, its local name in South
America. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophuariaceae]. Linn.
i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Hemimeris.)

Pretty stove herbaceous plants ; seed in heat, sown in
February ; division of the roots of several kinds, and
cuttings of young shoots in April, inserted in sand and
loam in close frame ; must not be kept too damp ; loam
and peat. Summer temp., from 60° to 70°; winter,
55° to 60°.

A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). ij. Deep violet.

June. Mexico. 1846.
,, corni'gera (horn-bearing). i. Purple. August.

Brazil. 1839.
,, floribu'nda (many-flowered), i. Purple. August.

Brazil. 1839.
,, Gardne'ri (Mr. Gardner's), i. Purplish- white. May.

Pernambuco. 1838.
,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). i. Purplish-white.

May. Pernambuco. 1838.
,, minia'ta (crimson). i. Purplish-white. May.

Pernambuco. 1838.
„ salicariczfo'lia (willow-leaved). X. Light blue.

August S. Amer. 1818.

ANGIANTHUS

44

ANGRECUM

ANGIA'NTHUS. (From aggos, vessel, and anthos, a
flower. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositac]. Linn. ig-Syn-
genesia, $-Segregata.)

Pretty greenhouse herbaceous plants ; division of
the root ; seed, and cuttings in close frame. Summer
temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 50°.

A. au'reus (golden). See A. TOMENTOSUS.
„ pitsi'llus. Dark straw-coloured. July. Australia.

1858. Syn. Chrysocoryne angianthoides.
,, tomento'sus. i. Yellow. July. N.Holland. 1803.

ANGIO'PTERIS. (From aggeion, a vessel, and pteris,
a wing. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Cryptogamia
i-Filices.)

A stove Fern, cultivated like Acropteris.

A. eve! eta. (tall). June. Brown. Island of Luzon.
., pruino'sa. Java.
,, teysmannia' na. Java.

ANGO'PHORA. (From aggos, a vessel, and pkoreo, to
bear ; in reference to the shape of the fruit. Nat. ord.
Myrtleblooms [Myrtacea?]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

This is the most natural order of plants, and no blue
flower has yet been found to belong to it. Greenhouse
evergreen shrubs ; propagate from cuttings in loam, sand,
and peat in close frame ; may be grown in the open
during summer.

A. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 6. Yellow. August. N.

Holland. 1789.

„ lanceola'ta (lanceolate-teaz;^). 6. Yellow. August.
N. Holland. 1816.

ANGR^E CUM. (From angurek, the Malayan term for
air-plants. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacea?]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

By offsets in spring, sphagnum moss, and broken pot-
sherds, and pieces of wood ; kept moist and hot when
growing in summer ; cool in winter ; hot and dry when
coming into bloom. Summer temp., 70° to 85° ; winter,
55° to 60°.

A. apicula'tum (small-pointed). £. White. Sierra
Leone. 1844.

„ „ dormania'num (G. C., 1886, xxiv. 456).

„ arcua'tum. £. White. Natal. Syn. Listrostachys
arcuata.

„ armeni'acam (apricot-coloured- flowered). Yellowish-
pink. Sierra Leone. 1838.

,, articula' turn. White. Madagascar. 1872.

„ ashante'nse (Ashantee). $. Cinnamon. June.
Ashantee. 1843.

„ Augu'sti (August's). Pure white. N.E. Rhodesia.
1908.

., avicula'rium. $. White. 1887.

,. bi'lQbwn (two-lobed). A. White. September. Cape
Coast. 1841.

„ „ Ki'rkii (G. C., 1882, xviii. 488). Zanzibar.

„ bisto'rtum (K. B., 1893, 65). Allied to A. arcuatum.

„ Buysso'ni (G. M., 1907, 885). White. Madagascar.

,. calli'gerum (G. C., 1887, ii. 552).

,, cauda'tum (tail-lipped), ij. White, green. August.
Sierra Leone. 1834.

,, caule'scens (stemmed). SoeMYSTACioiuMCAULESCENS.

„ cephalo'tes. White. Trop. Africa. 1873. Syn.
Listrostachys cephalotes.

., chaillua'num. White. Gaboon. W. Africa. 1866.

„ christya'num (G. C., 1880, xiii. 806). Whitish.

,, citra'tum (B. M., t. 5624). Cream. Madagascar.

„ clandesti'num (concealed- flowered). £. Green, white.
September. Sierra Leone. 1835.

,, cry'ptodon (G. C., 1883, xix. 307). White. Mada-
gascar.

„ desce'ndens (G. C., 1882, xvii. 558).

„ di'stichum (tvro-rovfed-leaved). $. White. Sep-
tember. Sierra Leone. 1834.

„ ebu'rneum (ivory-lipped). i|. White. January.
Madagascar. 1826.

„ „ vi'rens (lip green in centre).

„ eichleria'num (W. G., 1882, 434, f. 102). Light green,
lip white. Loango. W. Africa.

., FMi'sii. i. White, buff. Madagascar. 1870.

„ expa'nsum (expanded). White. Mascarene Islands.
1909.

A. falca'tum (B. M., t. 2097). Pure white. Japan. 1815.

Syn. Limodorum falcatum.
„ fastuo'sum (G. C., 1881, xvi. 74«. 844). White.

Madagascar.
„ florule'ntum (G. C., 1885, xxiii. 787)- Comoro

Islands.

,, Fournie'rtz (R. H., 1896, 256 f.).
,, fournieria'num (G. C., 1894, xv. 808 ; xvi. 43, f. 7).

Allied to A. eichlerianwn. Madagascar.
„ fra'grans (B. M., t. 7161). Pure white. Bourbon and

Mauritius.

,, funa'le (B. M., t. 4295). See DENDROPHYLAX FUNALIS.
„ fusca'tum (G. C., 1882, xviii. 488). Ochre, white.

Madagascar. 1881.

„ germinya'num (B. M., t. 7061). Madagascar.
„ gladiifo'lium (B. R., 1840, t. 68). White. February.

Bourbon.
„ glomera'tum (G. C., 1886, xxiv. 678). White. Sierra

Leone. 1884.
,, grandidieria'num (R. H., 1887, 42, f. 9). Ivory-white.

Comoro Islands. SeeAERANTHUSGRANDIDIERIANUS.

„ henriquesia'num (G. C., 1878, ix. 725). St. Thomas'
• Island, W. Africa.

„ Hildebra'ndtii (G. C., 1878, ix. 725). Yellow-orange.
Comoro Islands.

„ Humblo'tii (Humblot's). f. Ivory-white. Comoro
Islands. 1885.

,, hyaloi'des (G. C., 1880, xiii. 264). Whitish. Mada-
gascar. 1880.

„ ichneumo'neum (G. C., 1887, ii. 681). Ochreous-white.
W. Trop. Africa.

„ imbrica'tum (G. C., 1887, i. 15). Creamy-white, lip
orange and yellow. W. Trop. Africa.

,, infundibula're (funnel-shaped). Greenish- white.
W. Trop. Africa. 1904.

,, kimballia'num. See A. POLYSTACHYS.

„ Ko'tschyi (Veitch Cat., 1881, 5, 14). Ivory-white.
E. Trop. Africa.

,, micra'nthum (small- flowered). ±. White. Sierra
Leone. 1834.

„ mode'stum (B. M., t. 6693). White. April. Mada-
gascar.

,, moorea'num (G. C., 1897, xxi. 210). Salwin.

„ obrienia'num (G. C., 1892, xi. 816).

,, odorati'ssimum (very sweet-scented). White. Sierra
Leone. 1832.

„ ophiople'ctron (G. C., 1888, iv. 91). Greenish-yellow,
with white lip and reddish ochre spur. Allied to
A. curnowianum.

„ ornithorhy'nchum(b]id.'s-bea.l<.). White. Brazil. 1840.

„ pa'llidum (G. and F., 1890, 78). White. W. Africa.

,, pellu'cidum (transparent). £. White. November.
Siarra Leone. 1842.

,, pertu'sum (broken). J. White. October. Sierra
Leone. 1836.

,, pescatorea'num. White. Bourbon.

,, polysta'chys. Whitish-green. 1889. Syn. A. Kim-
ballianum.

,, polysta'chyum (many-spiked). Peru. 1840.

,, primuli'num (G. C., 1890, vii. 388). Madagascar.

,, ri'ngens. Yellowish-white. Cameroons. 1878. Syn.
Listrostachys.

,, rostella're (G. C., 1885, xxiii. 726). Comoro Islands.

„ rothschildia'num (G. C., 1903, xxxiv. 131, f. 51).
White. Uganda.

„ sanderia'num (G. C., 1888, iii. 168, 395). White.
Comoro Islands. 1888.

,, Scheffle'ri. Reddish-brown.

,, ,, vi'rens (Orch., i. 70). German E. Africa.

„ scottia'num (G. C., 1879, x. 556). White. Comoro
Islands. 1878.

,, Sede'ni. E. Trop. Africa. 1878. Syn. Listro-
stachys Sedeni.

„ sesquipeda'le (B. M., t. 5113). 2. White. Mada-
gascar. 1857.

„ Smith' ii (K. B., 1895, 37). Brownish. Kilimanjaro,
E. Trop. Africa.

,, stylo'sum (K. B., 1895, 194). Allied to A. apiculatum.
Madagascar.

,, subula'tum. White. Sierra Leone. 1832.

,, supe'rbvm. Green ; lip white. Madagascar.

„ tefnue (G. C., 1852, p. 390). Syn. A. purpurascens.

„ teretifo'liwn. White. Sierra Leone.

., tridactyli'Us (G. C., 1888, iv. 34). Buff. Sierra
Leone. 1888.

ANGUILLARIA

45

ANIMAL MATTERS

ANGUILLA'RIA. (From angtiilla, an eel ; in refer-
ence to the twisted seeds. Nat. ord. Melanths [Liii-
aceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, ^-Trigynia. Allied to Vera-
trum.)

Herbaceous plants, requiring a little protection in
winter ; division of roots, and cuttings, under a hand-
light ; peat and loam.

A. biglandulo'sa (two-glanded). See A. DIOICA.
„ dioi'ca (dioecious), i. Purple. May. New South

Wales. 1826.
„ i'ndica (Indian). See IPHIGENIA IMDICA.

ANGULO A. In honour of Angulo, a Spanish natura-
list. Nat. ord. Orchids fOrchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynan-
dria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove orchids, requiring the same culture as Angraecum.

A. Clifto'ni (Clifton's). Lemon-yellow, purple. Colombia.

1910.
„ Chwe'sii (Clowes'), ij. May. Yellow and white.

Colombia. 1842.
„ „ fto'ribus fla'vis (Clowes' straw-coloured). ij.

May. Pale yellow. 1845.
,, du'bia. White, blotched with purple. Columbia.

1882.
„ ebu'rnta. White, lip spotted with pink. New

Grenada.

,, srandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See STANHOPEA BUCE-
PHALUS.

„ interme'dia. Garden hybrid. 1888.
,, Rucke'ri (Rucker*s). li. May. Yellow and crimson .

1845.

„ „ a'lba. White. 1888.
., „ me'dia. Yellow, spotted crimson, lip crimson.

Colombia. 1887.

,, ., refu'sa. Lemon, blotched purple. 1883.
,, ., sangtti'nea. Red. May.
„ supe'rba (superb). See ACINETA HUMBOLDTII.
„ umflo'ra (one-flowered). May. Cream-coloured.

Peru. 1843. There is a variety of this with pink

flowers.

ANGU'RIA. One of the Greek names for the cucumber.
Nat. ord. Cucurbits [Cucurbitaceae]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia,
2-Diandria.)

Tropical evergreen climbers ; seed and cuttings ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., low, or may be grown in the
open ; winter, 55° to 60°.

A. makoya'na (Makoy's). See GURANIA.
„ peda'ta (pedate). 20. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1820.
., triloba'ta (three-lobed). 20. Pink. July. Carthage.

1793-
,, trifolia'ta (three-leafleted). 10. Yellow. July. St.

Domingo. 1793.
„ umbro'sa (shady). 10. Yellow. July. S. Amer.

1827.
„ Warscewi'czii (B. M., t. 5304).

ANHALO'NIUM. (From an, without, and helos, a
nail or spine. Nat. ord. Cactaceae.)

A. Englema'nni (111. Hort.. 1869, t. 605 A). Mexico.

„ fissura' turn. See A. ENGLEMANNI.

,, Kotchube'yi. Mexico.

,, Lfwi'nii. See A. WILLIAMSII LEWINII.

,, prisma'ticum. $. Mexico.

„ Willia'msii (Gfl., 1888, p. 411). Mexico.

,, „ Le&i'nii (Gfl., 1888, 410-11). Mexico.

A NIA. (After a Roman beautiful widow. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Monogynia.
Now referred to Tainia.)

A. bico'rnis (two-horned). J. March. Yellow, green.
Ceylon. 1841. Cultivated like Anguloa. See
TAISIA DICORNIS.

ANIGOZA'NTHOS. (From anoigo, to expand, and
anthos, a flower ; in reference to the branching expansion
of the flower-stalks. Nat. ord. Bloodworts [Hasmodo-
raceas]. Linn. 6-Hcxandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous plants ; division of the roots
in spring ; loam, one part to three of peat. Grow in cool
greenhouse in summer, and a temperature of 40" to 45°
in winter.

A. bi' 'color ( two-coloured- flowered). 3. Scarlet, green.

May. Swan River. 1837.
.. cocci'tiea (scarlet). See A. FLAVIDA.
., fta'vida (\e\lovrish-green-flowered). 3. Yellow. July.

N. Holland. 1808.

., fuligino'sa (sooty). See MACROPODIA FUMOSA.
,, hu'milis (dwarf). Brown. Swan River.
,, Mangltfsii (Mr. Mangle's). 3. Green. May. Swan

River. 1833.
,, ,, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Green, red.

July. N. Holland. 1836.
„ pulche'rrima (beautiful), zj. Yellow, white. Swan

River. 1840.
„ ru'fa (rusty). 2. Yellow, red. June. N. Holland.

1824.
„ tyria'nthina. See A. RUFA.

ANIMAL MATTERS, without any exception, are bene-
ficial as manures ; for they all yield, during putrefaction,
gases and soluble substances, that are imbibed greedily
by the roots of plants. That this is the case, affords no
cause for wonder, because animal matters and vegetable
matters are alike compounded of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen, with a small addition of saline
matters. The general consideration of MANURES will be
found under that title, and other relative information
under the heads DUNG and VEGETABLE MATTERS ; and
in this place, we shall confine our attention to some of
the most available of strictly animal matters. See also
the article BONES.

Blubber, or fat of the whale, contains train-oil, com-
posed of —

Carbon
Hydrogen .
Oxygen

. 68.87
. 16.10
• 15-03

with a little animal skin and muscle. 40 gallons of train-
oil, mixed with 120 bushels of screened soil, grew 23 tons
of turnips per acre, on a soil where 40 bushels of bones
broken small, and 80 bushels of burnt earth, produced
only 21 tons.

Fish, generally, such as sprats, herrings, pilchards,
five-fingers, and shell-fish, owe their powerful fertilising
qualities not only to the oil they contain, but also to
the phosphate of lime in their bones. From 25 to
45 bushels per acre are the extreme quantities to be
applied broadcast ; but if in the drills, with the crop,
1 6 bushels are ample. They are beneficial to all the
gardener's crops, but especially to asparagus, parsnips,
carrots, beets, onions, and beans. Shell-fish should be
smashed before being applied.

Blood is a very rich manure, and has been applied with
especial benefit to vines and other fruit-trees. The blood
of the ox contains about 80 per cent, of water, and 20 per
cent, solid matter. The latter contains, in 100 parts,
when dried —

Carbon .
Hydrogen
Azote .
Oxygen .
Ashes .

51-950

7.165

17.172

19.295

4.418

The ashes contain various salts, as chloride of sodium
(common salt), phosphate of lime, with a little oxide of
iroq. Sugar-baker's skimmings owe their chief fertilising
qualities to the blood used in clarifying the sugar, and
which is combined with vegetable albumen, and ex-
tractive.

Woollen Rags, cut into very small pieces, are a good
manure, decomposing slowly, and benefiting the second
as much as the first crop. Hops and turnips have been
the crops to which they have been chiefly applied. Half
a ton per acre is a fair dressing. Wool is composed of—

Carbon .
Hydrogen
Azote .
Ox
Sul

ygen \
phur /

. 50.653

7-029

. 17.710

. 24.608

It leaves a very slight ash, containing minute quantities
of muriate of potash, lime, and probably phosphate of

ANISACANTHA

46

ANNESLIA

lime. Feathers and hair closely resemble it in their
components. Horns are composed of —

Carbon ...... 51-578

Hydrogen ..... 6.712

Azote ...... 17.284

besides minute proportions of sulphate, muriate and
phosphate of potash, phosphate of lime, and other less
important matters.
Shells.— Those of the following are thus composed : —

Phos-
phate of
Lime.

Carbon-
ate of
Lime.

Animal
Matter.

Oyster ....

1.2

98.3

0-5

Lobster ....

7.0

63.0

30.0

Hen's eggs

5-7

89.6

4-7

They have all been found good, in a pounded form, as
manures for turnips, and must be for all other plants,
and on all soils where calcareous matters are deficient.

ANISACA'NTHA. (From anisos, unequal, and dkantha,
a spine. Nat. ord. Chenopods [Chenopodiaceae]. Linn.
4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Evergreen under-shrub ; cuttings of young shoots, a
little hard at bottom, in April ; sandy loam. Greenhouse
temperature.

A. divarica'ta (straggling). 2. N. Holland. 1824.

ANISACA'NTHUS. (From anisos, unequal, and aca'ntha,
a spine ; but more probably refers to the genus Acanthus.
Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould,
and sand.
A. pu'milus (dwarf). \. April. Mexico. 1820,

ANISA'NTHUS. (From anisos, unequal, and anthos,
a flower. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn. ^-Triandria,
i - Monogy nia.)

This is now a synonym of Antholyza. Greenhouse or
frame bulbs, requiring protection in winter ; offsets ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45°.

A. Cuno'nia (Cunon's). 2. Scarlet. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1756.
„ quadrangula'ris (quadrangular). 2. Yellow. April.

Cape of Good Hope. 1700.

„ sple'ndens (splendid). 2. Scarlet. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1828. See ANTHOLYZA CAFFRA.

A'NISE. Pimpine'lla Ani'sum.

Half-hardy annual, used for garnishing or seasoning.
Sow during April, in pots, plunged in a hotbed ; remove
to a warm, light border in May. Thin the plants to
six inches apart. The seed is ripe in August or Sep-
tember. It does not bear transplanting.

A'NISEED-TREE. Illi'cium anisa'tum.

ANISOCHI LUS. (From anisos, unequal, and cheilos,
lip. Nat. ord. Labiates or Lipworts [Labiatae]. Linn.
H-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia.)

Stove biennial ; seeds in heat, or cuttings in sandy
soil, in close frame, moderate stove temperature.
A. carno'sus (fleshy). 2. Lilac. August. E. Ind. 1778.

ANISO'MELES. (From anisos, unequal, and melos, a
member. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiatae]. Linn. i^-Didy-
namia, i-Gymnospermia.)

Chiefly evergreen under-sbrubs ; cuttings of stove
species in April, in close frame with bottom-heat. Green-
house species, under glass, without heat. Sow the annual
in March, in heat ; loam and peat. Temperature same
for stove plants, 55° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 60°. Green-
house, winter. 45°.

A. furca'ta (forked). See CRANIOTOME VERSICOLOR.
,. malaba'rica (Malabar). 2. Violet. August. E. Ind.

1823.
„ moscha'ta (musk). 2. Purple. August. N. Holland.

1824.

„ ova'ta (ovate-leaved). 2. Pink. August. E. Ind.
1823. Stove annual.

ANISOPE'TALUM CAREYA'NUM. See BDLBO-

FHYLLUM.

ANISOTIA HORTTCOLA is a beetle which often
attacks the rose-flowers about June. Its maggots live
under turf, and feed on its roots.

ANISO'TES. (From anisotes, inequality ; leaves un-
equal in size. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, under
a bell-glass, in a warm greenhouse. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand.

A. diver sifo'lius (diverse-leaved). Flame-coloured or
yellow. Socotra. 1908.

ANNUALS are plants which live but one year, and
consequently have to be raised from seed every season.
It is rather difficult to make quite a clear definition, for
there are some which, though naturally annuals, may be
perpetuated by propagation from cuttings — Mignonette
is an example ; and in addition to this the same plants
will flower for two or three years if not allowed to ripen
the seed. Then we have many biennials and perennials
which may be treated as annuals, and it is in consequence
of this that trouble occurs at flower-shows in the judging.
The question is often asked, What is an annual, biennial,
or perennial ? Prizes being offered for so many varieties
of either class, both exhibitors and judges are liable to
fall into errors. Taking the Calliopsis (or Coreopsis)
and Gaillardias in each case we have annuals, biennials,
and perennials, but the perennials will flower the first
year if sown early and raised under glass. Annuals may
be divided into three classes — viz. hardy, half-hardy,
and greenhouse. Hardy annuals may be sown in the
open ground, where they are to flower. In some instances,
as with Sweet Peas, Iberis, Saponaria calabrica, Cen-
taureas, &c., may be sown in the autumn, but with most
annuals February or March is quite early enough, and
for succession they may be sown as late as May, or for
autumn flowering sowings may be made up to the middle
of June. The former system of growing annuals in rows,
except when required for an edging, is not appreciated.
Grown in circular patches with colours well divided they
are much more effective. In sowing annuals the depth
varies considerably. The larger seeds require to be well
covered, especially those sown in the autumn. For
small seeds sown in spring the ground may be worked
down level and the seeds sown on the surface, then
raked in. This should be done when the ground is in
good condition — that is, not too wet or top dry. In
most instances the seedlings will require thinning out,
and it is essential that this should be done before the
seedlings get drawn up thin through being crowded up
together. Each patch or row should be clearly marked
with a label or something to indicate where the seeds are
sown. Birds are often troublesome. Some twigs stuck
in round the patches or along the rows and dark thread
twined about is a useful protection, and a good dusting
of soot or lime will keep off slugs and other vermin.

Half-hardy Annuals are those which require to be
raised under glass and well established before planting
in the open ground. The time of sowing seeds is given
under the various subjects, but the chief conditions are
plenty of light without being fully exposed to bright
sunshine, and careful attention to watering. Avoid
sowing too thickly, and prick off as soon as large enough
to handle, and in all cases put the seedlings down,
allowing the seed leaves to just clear the soil, and do
not use cold soil. In all cases where the seedlings have
been kept too close and warm they will suffer when
exposed ; full exposure will secure short, sturdy growth,
and when planting out time comes they will not suffer
from the change.

Greenhouse Annuals. Of these the Celosias, Gom-
phrenas, and Torenia Fournieri may be given as examples.
Sown in February in heat and grown on, they flower
through the summer in the greenhouse, and though
formerly given more heat the Celosias may be used for
bedding in warm situations, and many other subjects
which at one time were grown in heat are found to do
well in the open during the summer.

ANNE SLIA (grandiflo'ra). Syns. of Calliandra grandi-
flora and A. spinosa of Euryale ferox.

ANODA

47

ANOMOCHLOA

ANO'DA. (From anodas, impervious ; cells more
united than in Sida. Nat. ord. Malvaceae.)

Half-hardy shrubs from cuttings during the summer in
close frame, and annuals from seeds in a cold frame.

A. crcnatiflo'ra. Mexico. Syn. A. parviflora.

„ crista' ta (crested). 3. Purple. July. Mexico. 1725.

, dillenia'na (Dillenian). See A. CRISTATA.

, lavateroi'des (Lavatera-like). 3. Purple. Mexico.

, puni'cea (purple). 3 to 5. Purple. Mexico.

, Ochse'nii. See ABUTILON OCHSENII.

, hasta'ta. White or purple. Annual. Mexico. 1799.

, Wri'ghtii. Purple. Annual. New Mexico.

ANODO'NTEA. (From a, not, and odontos, a tooth ;
in reference to the stamens. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruci-
ferae]. Linn. is-Tetradynamia. Allied to Alyssum, to
which they are now referred.)

For general management, see ALYSSUM.

A. dasyca'rpa (thick-fruited). |. Yellow. July.

Siberia. 1819.
„ ede'nMa (toothless), i. Yellow. July. Hungary.

1820. See ALYSSUM GEMONENSE.
„ kalimifo'lia (purslane-leaved). J. White. June.

South of Europe. 1820.
„ macroca'rpa (long-fruited). \. White. June.

France. 1823.
,. obova'ta (obovate). J. Yellow. June. France.

1830.

„ rupe'stris (rock). $. White. June. Naples. 1825.
„ spino'sa (thorny). £. White. June. South of

Europe. 1683.

ANCECTOCHTLUS. (From anoikios, open, and cheilos,
a lip ; in reference to the spreading apex of the lip.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceas]. Linn. zo-Gynandria,
i-Monandria.)

Stove terrestrial orchids, and a great contrast to
most of the order, being more remarkable for their
beautiful foliage rather than showy flowers. The ovate
leaves are beautifully reticulated and the colours very
bright. They are rather difficult to cultivate, requiring
a close, moist atmosphere potted in sand, sphagnum,
peat, powdered charcoal, and a little good fibrous loam
may be added, drainage should consist of broken crocks
and lumps of charcoal ; few of them grow more than
about six inches high, and having spreading rhizomes
require to be regulated and pegged to the surface.
Propagated from the spreading stems, which should be
cut off quite close below a joint. They are usually
grown in glass cases over a bed of sphagnum moss or
under large bell-glasses. The temperature may vary
from 55* to 66° in winter, and in the spring or growing
season may rise to 80°. In Ceylon they grow in the
hedgerows, and the natives call reealis " The King of
the Woods."

A. arge'ntfus pi'ctus. See PHYSURUS PICTUS.
» argyr&'us. Brazil. Physurus (?).
,, argyroneu'rus. Java.

,, Boy'Ui. Olive-green, with golden veins. India.
;) BullSnii. Leaves coppery-red striped. Borneo.

1861.

,, chryso'prasus. Coppery and green veined. Java.
,, conci'nnus. Dark olive-green, with coppery-red

stripes. Assam.

,, dawsonia'nus. See H.CMARIA DAWSONIANA.
,, Day'i. Syn. Dossinia marmorata Dayi.
„ Domi'nii. Hybrid between Goodyera discolor and

A. Fredtrici-Augusti.
„ Eldora'dp. Dark green, with lighter veins. Central

America.
„ Frederi'ci-Augu'sti. Dark green, with broad orange

and green stripes.

,, Herio'tii. Dark mahogany colour with shadowy net-
work. India. 1881.
„ hierogly'phicus. Dark green, with silvery-grey

blotches. Assam.
,, insert plus (Bull. Cat., 1878, 154). Olive-green, with

reddish-golden veins. Assam.
.. interme'dius. Dark olive-veined with gold.
java'nicus. Dark olive-green, with lighter blotches.

Java.
„ LansbSrgi* (111. Hort, 1887. t. i). Dark green,

lighter green central n«rves. Malaya.

A. latimacula'tus. See A. ROXBURGHII.
„ lobbia'nus (Fl. Ser., t. 519). See A. ROXBURGHII.
,, Lo'wii. See DOSSINIA MARMORATA.
,, magni'ficus. Gold stripe down centre, and veined with

gold. Borneo.

„ MeinSrti. See DOSSINIA MEINERTI.
„ Nte'vi (]. H. F., 1899, 665). Light green, with

blotches of light yellowish-green.
„ nevittea'na. Green, with orange-yellow veins.
,, ordia'nus. Vivid green, lined with golden veins.

Java. 1869.
„ orna'tus (Bull. Cat., 1878, 154). Velvety olive-green,

with reddish golden veins.
,, Ortgiefsii. See PHYSURUS ORTGIESII.
,, pi'ctus. See PHYSURUS PICTUS.
„ querccti'colus. See PHYSURUS QUERCETICOLUS.
,, rega'lis. Velvety green, with a network of gold.

Ceylon. 1836. Syn. A. setaceus.
„ ., a'lba-margina'tus. Leaves with white edges.
„ „ corda'tus. Leaves with broad gold markings.
,, „ grandifo'lius. Light green, with a golden net-
work.
„ „ inorna'tus (B. M., t. 5208). Dark, rich velvety.

with slight markings.
„ „ pi'ctus. Leaves with central golden stripe.

„ Reinwa'rdtii. Velvety bronze, with golden lines.

Java.
„ Roxbu'rghii. Dark velvety green, striated with lines

of silver. India.
„ Rucke'ri. Bronzy green, with six rows of distinct

spots. Borneo. 1861.
,, sandtria'nus (G. C., 1895, xviii. 484). See MACODES

SANDERIANA.

„ SchcellSri. Silver-striped leaves. Costa Rica. 1862.

,, seta' ecus. See A. REGALIS.

„ Siesma'yeri (Jard., 1899, 190). Brownish velvety,

self-coloured leaves.
,, specio'sus. Dark green, mottled white or pale green.

Central America.

„ specta'bUis. Netted with gold. Borneo.
,, stria' tus. See ZEUXINE REGIA.
,, TurnSri. Rich bronze, golden reticulated.
,, Vei'tchii. See MACODES VEITCHII.
„ Woga'ni (J. H. F., 1899, 665). Dark green, with

brown shading and silvery-white lines.
,, xanthophy'llus. See A. FREDERICI-AUGUSTI.
,. zebri'nus. Deep olive-green, with copper-coloured

veins. India. 1863.

ANOIGA'NTHUS. (From anigo, to expand, and anthos,
flower. Nat. ord. Amaryllideae.) Greenhouse bulb.

A.breviflo'rus. i. Bright yellow. Natal. 1888. Syns.

A . luteus and Cyrtanihus lutescens.

ANOM AThLK C A. (From anomos, singular, and thtca,
a capsule, or seed- pod. Nat. ord. I rids [Iridaceae].
Linn. $-Triandria, i-Monogynia.) By some authors
referred to Lapeyrousia.

Very neat, Ixia-like, dwarf, bulbous plants, which
flower in the open borders all summer, in any light,
garden-soil ; ripen seeds freely, and require the protec-
tion of a frame in winter. Propagated from seeds and
offsets ; light, sandy loam and common soil ; bulbs
require, in most places, to be kept in a frame, or in
stored bags, during winter. A. crue'nta, especially, is
well fitted for a flower-bed, or for the window-sill.

A. crue'nta (bloody), i. Crimson. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1830.

„ ju'ncea (rushy), i. Lilac. May. Cape of Good
Hope. 1791. Syns. Gladiolus polystachus. Andr.
Rep., t. 66. G. excisus. Jacq. H. Schcen., t. 491.

ANOMOCHLO'A. (From anomos, lawless, and chloa,
grass, referring to its differing from other grasses in
having four stamens instead of three, which is the usual
number.)

Perennial grass requiring stove treatment; may be
raised from seeds or increased by divisions. Pot in rich
loam.

A. marantoi'dea (B. M., t. 5331). i. Green. Brazil.
1862.

ANONA

48

ANTHEMIS

ANONA. (From nttnona, its local name in Banda.
Nat. ord. Anonads [Anonaceae]. Linn. i$-Polyandria,
6-Polygamia.)

Tropical evergreen trees and shrubs ; cuttings of
ripened wood, in strong heat, under a glass, in April ;
rich loam. Summer temp., moderate ; winter, 55° to 65°.

A. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 12. Yellow, green.

Mauritius. 1824.

„ asia'tica (Asiatic). 12. Yellow, green. Asia. 1816.
„ Cheritno'lia (Cherimoyer). 18. Brown. August.

S. Amer. 1739.

., cine'rea (grey). 15. Yellow, green. VV. Ind. 1818.
„ gla'bra (smooth-fruited). 16. Brown. August.

Carolina. 1774.
,, laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 15. Brown. W. Ind.

1773-

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See DUGUETIA LONGIFOLIA.
„ mexica'na (Mexican). 12. Yellow, green. Mexico.

1823.

,, muco'sa (mucous). See ROLLINIA SIEBERI.
„ murica'ta (muricated. The sour sop). 10. Green,

yellow. W. Ind. 1656.

,, obtusifo'lia (blunt- leaved). See ROLLINIA SIEBERI.
„ paludo'sa (marsh). 4. Green. Guiana. 1830.
„ palu'stris (marsh. The cork-wood). 15. Yellow.

W. Ind. 1731.
., puncta'ta (spotted). 12. Yellow, green. Trinidad.

1818.
„ reticula'ta (netted). 20. White, green. S. Amer.

1690.

„ rhiza'ntha. 15. Red. Brazil. 1882.
,, senegale'nsis (Senegal). 10. Yellow, green. Guinea.

1824.
,, squamo'sa (scaly. The sweet sop). 20. White,

green. S. Amer. 1731.

ANO'NYMOS BRACTEA'TA. SCCZORNIABRACTEATA.
ANOPLA'NTHUS. Syn. of Phelypaa.
ANOPLOPHY'TUM. See SCHLUMBERGERIA and TIL-

LANDSIA.

ANO'PTERUS. (From ano, upwards, and pteris, a
fern ; alluding to the semblance of the leaves. Nat.
ord. Saxifrages [Saxifragaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

A greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings in close frame
with bottom-heat ; sandy loam and peat. Usually in a
cold pit or greenhouse, but should be tried on a wall,
with slight winter protection.

A. glandule' sus (gland-leaved). 3. December. White
and pink. Van Diemen's Land. 1846.

ANRE'DERA. (Nat. ord. Chenopodiaceae.)
Greenhouse climber, fleshy, light green leaves and long

racemes of white flowers, from cuttings in spring or

summer.

A. sca'ndens. See A. SPICATA.
„ spica'ta. White. Texas. 1889.

ANSE LLIA. (In honour of Mr. Ansell, the botanical
collector who accompanied the ill-fated Niger Expedition.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceas]. Linn. so-Gynandria,
I'Monogynia. Allied to Aganisia.)

Stove orchids. Divisions ; turfy loam, peat, ami
good drainage. Temp, in summer, 60° to 85°, with plenty
of moisture at root and top ; winter, 55° to 60°, and
kept dry.

A. africa'na (African). 3. Brown, green, and yellow.

February. Fernando Po. 1844.
„ confu'sa (Lind. 2, t. 36). Syn. A. africana.
„ congoe'nsis (Lind. 2. t. 64). Congo.
„ gigante'a. Yellow, brown. Natal. 1847.
„ ., cilri'na. Lip orange-citron.
„ ., lu'Ua. Light yellow. Natal.
„ ku'milis (Bull. Cat, 1891, 3). Zambesi.
„ nilo'tica. Dwarfer than A. africana, with brighter

flowers. E. Trop. Africa.

AMT. (Formi'ca). To drive this insect away, dig up
its nests and haunts, and mix the earth with gas-lime.
To kill it, pour over the nest, at night, a strong decoction
of elder-leaves. To trap it, smear the inside of a garden-
pot with honey, invert it over the nest, and when crowded

with them, hold it over the steam of boiling water ; or
turn a flower-pot, with its hole stopped, over the nest.
The ants build up into it, and the whole colony may be
taken away in a shovel. They may be kept from ascend-
ing standard and espalier trees, by tying a piece of wool
round the stems and the supporters. If fed with arsenic
and treacle they will feed freely, and not killed will
emigrate. With early forced peaches they are very
destructive, as they bite out the stamens and pistils before
the fruit is set, but a good feed of arsenic will effectually
drive them away. Those not killed will be driven away.

ANTENNA'RIA. (From antenna, feelers ; in reference
to the downy heads of the seeds. Nat. ord. Composites
[Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua.)

Root division and seeds ; common, light soil. In most
places the Nepaul species require the protection of a cold
pit in winter.

A. alpi'na (alpine), i. Pink. June. Alpine. Europe.

1775-
„ carpa'lhica (Carpathian), i. Pink. June. Carpathian

Mountains. 1775.

„ conio'ria (twisted-leaved). See ANAPHALIS CONTORTA.
„ dioi'ca (dioecious), i. Pink. June. Britain. 1821.
.• >» hyperbo'rea (northern), i. Whitish. June. Isle

of Skye. 1821.
„ ,, tomento'sa. Summer. Silvery-leaved. Syn. A.

Candida.

„ margarita'cea (pearly). See ANAPHALIS MARGARITACEA.
,, plantagi'nea (plantain-leaved), i. White. July.

Virginia. 1759.
,, tripline'rvis (three-nerved). i. White. August.

Nepaul. 1823. See ANAPHALIS TRIPLINERVIS.

ANTHACA'NTHUS. (From anthos, a flower, and
Acanthus. Nat. ord. Acanthacese.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings hi sand, hi a close case,
with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

A. acicula'ris (needle-shaped). 2. Red. July. Jamaica.

1821.
„ spino'sus (spiny). 3. July. S. Amer. 1733.

A'NTHEMIS. Chamomile. (From Anthemon, a
flower ; in reference to the great number of flowers pro-
duced. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syn-
genesia, 2-Superflua.)

With a few exceptions, they are hardy plants. Division
of plant, and seeds ; common soil. The single-flowering
A. no'bilis is superior to the double for medicinal pro-
perties.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

A. alpi'na (alpine), i. White. July. Austria. 1824.
,, apiifo'lia (parsley- leaved). See A. PARTHENIOIDES.
„ Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). i. White. August. Italy.

1825. See ACHILLEA BARRELIERI.
„ bitbersteinia'na (Gfl., t. 936). Yellow.
„ „ marschaUia'na. i to 2. Yellow. Caucasus.

1816.

,, ,, rudolphia'na. i. Yellow. July. Caucasus. 1824.
„ carpa'thica (Carpathian), i. White. June. Car-

pathia. 1820.
,, Chamomi'lla (chamomile). i. White. July. South

of Europe. 1807.
„ coronopifo'lia (buck-horn-leaved), r. White. May.

Spain. 1818.

„ flonbit'nda (free-flowering), i. Pure white. 1908.
,, fruticulo'sa (shrubby). 2. White. August. Caucasus.

1820.

,, globo'sa (globose). See ZALUZANIA GLOBOSA.
,, grandiflo'ra (great-flowered). i. White. July.

South of Europe. 1825.

„ ibe'r ica (Iberian), i. White. August. Iberia. 1820.
,, incrassa'ta( thick- peduncled). See ANACYCLUS CLAVA-

TUS.

„ Kitaibe'llii (Kitaibel's). See A. MONTANA.
„ macedo'nica (Gard., 1894, xlv. 519).
,, marshallia'na (Marshall's). See A. BIEBERSTEINIANA.
„ melampo'dina (black-footed), i. White. August.

Egypt. 1819.
,, monta'na (mountain), i. Purple. July. Italy.

1759-

,, Parthenioi'des. Syn. A. apiifo'lia.
,, petr&'a (rock). See A. CARPATHICA,

ANTHEPHORA

49

ANTHODON

A. pube'scens (soft-haired). See ANACYCLUS CLAVATUS.
„ Pyre'tkrum (pellitory of Spain). See ANACVCLUS

PYRETHRUM.
., n&'scens (rigescent). 2. White. August. Caucasus.

1805.
„ ntdolpkitfm* (Rudolph's). See A. BIEBERSTEINIANA.

i tilis (rock). See A. MONTANA.
„ tincto'ria (dyer's). 2. Yellow. June. Britain.
,. tomento'sa (downy), x. White. July. Levant. 1795.

ANNUALS.

A. Aizo'on. See ACHILLEA AGERATIFOLIA.
„ alti'ssima (tallest). 4. White. July. South of

Europe. 1731.

,, au'rea. x. Yellow. August. Levant. 1570.
„ austri'aca (Austrian), i. White. August. Austria.

1759.

.. chi'a (Chian). 2. White. June. Chio. 1731.
,. Co'ta (cota). x. White. ApriL Italy. 1714.
„ discoi'dta (discoid). See A. TINCTORIA.
,, fa'llax (uncertain). See A. FUSCATA.
„ fusca'ta (brown-scaled), x. White. July. Portugal.

1805.
.. mart lima (sea), i. White. July. Mediterranean.

1800.

„ mi'xta (mixed), i. White. August. France. 1731.
„ mucronula'ta (hard-pointed). See ANACYCLUS CLAVA-
TUS.
„ ruthSnica (Russian). 2. White. June. Taurida.

1823.
„ Triumfe'tti (Triumfetti's). i. Pale yellow. August.

Switzerland. 1819.

EVERGREENS.

A. cre'tica (Cretan). $. August. Mediterranean region.

1729.
„ cupania'na. x. \Vhite. August. Barbary. 1818.

Biennial.
„ no'bilis (noble. Common chamomile). x. White.

August, Britain.
„ „ fto're-ple'no (double). i. White. August.

Britain.
,, puncta'ta (dotted). See A. CUPANIANA.

See CHAMOMILE^

ANTHE PHORA. (From dnthos, a flower, and phoreo,
to bear. Nat. ord. Grasses [Gramineae]. Linn. 3-
Triandria, 2-Digynia.)

Seed in March or April. Peat and loam. They are
pretty, and with the exception of requiring a greenhouse
in winter, as easily managed as any other grass.

A. t'legans (elegant). Apetal. August. Mexico. 1776.
,, villa's* (soft-haired). See A. ELEGANS.

ANTHE' RICTJM. (From anthos, a flower, and kerkos,
a hedge ; in reference to the tall flower-stems. Nat. ord.
Ltiyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Few orders of plants are less ably arranged by men of
science, and still less understood by the gardener, than
the " beautiful " Order of Lilies. Some are hardy, others
are mostly low, greenhouse, herbaceous plants, with
tuberous and fleshy-bundled roots. Propagated by
suckers, offsets, and seeds. Sandy loam, with abundance
of drainage, and requiring the frame or greenhouse in
winter.

A. albucoi'dts (albuca-like). See ORNITHOGALUM SUAVEO-

LENS.

„ BichSti (Jard., 1902, 609, f. 126 B.).

„ bip&iuncula'lum (two-peduncled). See A. TRIFLORUM.

,, canalicula' turn (channelled-leaved). i. White and

green. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
„ „ ru'fum (rusty), i. Copper. June. Cape of Good

Hope.

„ ceeru'leum (bluish). See PASITHEA C/ERULEA.
„ cilia' turn (eye-lashed). 2. Yellow. May. S.

Africa. 1823.

„ cro'ceum (saffron), i. White. June. Georgia. 1800.
., echeandioi'des (B. M., t 6809). Bright yellow.

Mexico.
„ da' turn and da' turn varifga'tum. See CHLOROPHYTUM

ELATUM.

A. falca'tum (sickle-shaped), i. White. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1825.

,, filifo'lium (thread-leaved). See URGINEA FILIFOLIA.
,, filtfo'rmt (thr«ad-form). SCCBULBINELLATRIQUETRA.
,, fUxifo'lium (zigzag-leaved). I. White. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1795.
„ floribu'ndum (many-flowered). See BULBINELLA LATI-

FOLIA.

„ fra'grans (sweet-scented). See URGINEA FRAGRANS.
,, frute'scens. See BULBINE CAULESCENS.
., Gerra'rdi. J. White, green. Natal. 1876.
„ graci'llimum. 4. White. 1879.
„ graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). See A. UNDULATUM.
„ graptophy'Uum. $. White. Summer. Socotra.

1882.
„ hirsu'tum (hairy), x. White. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1820.

,, hi'sptdum. i. White. May. S. Africa. 1774.
„ Hoffma'nnii (Gartenwelt, viiL 501). E. Africa.
,, Hooke'ri. See BULBINELLA HOOKERI.
„ Lilia'go. Syns. PhalanRium and Watsonia LUiago.
„ Lilia'strum and var. ma' jus. Sec PARADISEA LILIAS-

TRUM.

„ longifo'lium (long-leaved), x. White. July. Capa

of Good Hope. 1824.
„ makoya'num (Gfl., t. 1007). 2 to 3. White. Leaves

striped and margined with white.
„ pilo' sum (long-haired). See ORNITHOGALUM HISPIDUM.
„ plumo'sum (feather-petaled). See BOTTIONEA THYS-

ANOTHOIDES.

,, pomeridia'num (afternoon). See CHLOROGALUM

POMERIDIANUM.

,, ramo'sum. White. Europe.

„ revolu'tum (rolled-back). 2. White. October. Cape

of Good Hope. 1731.

„ sca'brum (rough), i. Yellow. June. S.Africa. 1825.
,, sero'tinum (late-flowering). See LLOYDIA ALPINA.
„ spira'le (spiral). See ERIOSPERMUM SPIRALS.
,, squa'mewn (scaly). See A. HISPIDUM.
,, sulphu'reum (sulphur). See ORNITHOGALUM PYRE-

NAICUM.
,, triflo'rum (three-flowered), x. White. September.

Cape of Good Hope. 1782.
„ unduia'tum (waved), i. White. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1825.
,, variega turn. Syns. A. WUliamsii and Phalangium

argenteolineare. See CHLOROPHYTUM ELATUM.
,, vesperti'num (evening). See A. FALCATUM.
,, villo'swn (long-haired). See GAGEA BOHEMICA.

ANTHOCEPHALUS. (From anthos, a flower, and
kephale, a head ; the flowers are in compact heads. Nat.
ord. Rubiaceae.)

Evergreen stove tree. Cuttings of half-ripe wood in
sandy soil in bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.

A. morindafo'lius (Morinda- leaved). 20. Orange. E.
Ind.

ANTHOCE RGB. (From anthos, a flower, and kirkis,
a ray. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solanaceae]. Linn. 14-
Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Cuttings of ripened wood in April, placed in sandy
soil under a glass, set at first in a cool place, and after-
wards placed in a mild bottom-heat. Sandy loam and
peat, well drained. Intermediate temperature.

A. a'lbicans (whitish-leaved). 3. White. June. N.

Holland. 1825.

„ floribu'nda. 3. White. N. S. Wales.
„ ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). See A. VISCOSA.
,, liito'rea (shore). 3. White. June. N. Holland. 1803.
„ visco'sa (clammy). 6. White. May. N. Holland.

1822.

ANTHOCLETSTA. (From anthos, a flower, and
cleistos, shut up. Nat. ord. Loganiads [Loganiaceae].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Cuttings in heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
65° to 80* ; winter, 55° to 66°.

A. insi'gnis (K. B., 1895, 150, 158). Yellow. Swaziland.
„ macrophy'lla (long-leaved). 20. White, Sierra
Leone. 1820.

A'NTHODON. (From anthos, a flower, and odon, a
tooth. Nat. ord. Celastraceae. Linn. 3-Triandria, i-
Monogynia.)

D

ANTHOLOMA

ANTHONOMUS

Tropical evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of half-ripened
wood, in close frame with bottom-heat ; sandy loam and
peat. Temperature as for preceding genus. Now re-
ferred to Salacia.

A. elli'pticum (elliptic). 12. Yellow, green. Rio

Janeiro. 1818.

,, panicula.' turn (panicled). 12. Yellow, green. Rio
Janeiro. 1818.

ANTHOLO'MA. (From anthos, a flower, and loma, a
fringe. Nat. ord. Tiliaceae. Linn. i$-Polyandria, i-
Monogynia.)

A stove evergreen shrub ; cuttings of ripe wood, under
glass, in sand and in heat ; light, rich loam. Tempera-
ture as for preceding.

A. monta'na (mountain). N. Caledonia. 1810.

ANTHOLY'ZA. (From anthos, a flower, and lyssa,
rage ; in reference to the opening of the flower like the
mouth of an enraged animal. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceae].
Linn. ^-Triandria, i-Monoeynia.)

Bulbs requiring the assistance of a frame or greenhouse
in winter, or to be planted deep enough beyond the
reach of frost in a dry, sheltered situation ; light, sandy
soil ; offsets. Syn. Anisa'nthus.

A. aihio'pica (Ethiopian). 3. Scarlet and green. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1759.
,, „ bi'color. 2. Flowers nodding, upper half scarlet,

lower yellowish-green. May. Cape of Good Hope.

Syn. A. celhiopica minor.
„ „ ri'ngens. Red, yellow. November. Cape of Good

Hope. Syn. A. vittigera.
„ ca'ffra. Syn. Anisanthus splendens.
„ Cuno'nia. Syn. Anisanthus Cunonia.
., fuca'ta. 2 to 2j. Bright red-yellow. S. Africa.

1818.

,, monta'na. See GLADIOLUS MONTANUS.
,, panicu'lata ma'jor (Gard., 1904, Ixvi. 348).
,, quadrangula'ris. 2. Yellow-red. April. Cape of

Good Hope. 1760.
„ Schweinfu'rthii (G. C., 1894, xv. 588). Bright red

and yellow. Abyssinia.
„ spica'ta. See GLADIOLUS MILLERI.
., tubulo'sa (Andr. Rep., t. 174). See WATSONIA

ALETROIDES.

ANTHOMY'IA, a genus of fly very injurious to the
gardener. The principal species are the following : —

A. cepa'rum (onion-fly).

In light soils, especially, the onion is liable to suffer
from the grub or larva of this fly (Anthomy'ia cepa'rum,
or Scaio'phaga cepa'rum of some writers). The gardener
who sees his young onions, when about the thickness of
a straw, turning yellow, and the leaves sunk down upon
the ground, may at once know that they are the victims
of this insect. Even when of larger growth the onion is
still liable to suffer from its attacks, and even up to the
time of the bulb's full growth. If the outer coats of a
young onion thus destroyed are stripped off, the grub is
at once detected ; but if the onion is older, the grubs
are often numerous. In both cases they will be found
feeding on the very heart of the onion. The grub varies
from about a quarter to half an inch long, is fleshy,
shining, whitish, cylindrical, tapering from the head to
the tail, and divided into twelve segments. The pores
through which it breathes are yellow, and in the first
segment. In about three weeks from the time of being
hatched it changes into a chestnut-coloured, oval
puparium, or case, within which is the real pupa. From
this, in about a fortnight, the perfect fly comes forth,
of the size of the cross lines, and appearing as magnified
in our drawing. This is the female, and is entirely of a
pale, ashy colour, covered with black bristles. The male
has a black line down the middle of the abdomen. The
antennae and legs are black ; the wings are transparent,
almost colourless, but iridescent pink and green. The
female inserts her eggs within the leaf-sheaths of the
onion, close to the ground. She continues to lay her
eggs from May to September, producing several broods
during that period. The latest brood remains in the pupa
state through the winter, so that all old, decaying store-
onions should be burnt up as spring advances. The best
preventive of this grub is to sprinkle gas-lime between

the rows of seeding-onions, its fumes being offensive to
the fly. It may be well, also, to try spreading powdered
charcoal among them in a similar way, for the fly is said
to deposit her eggs in this powder as readily as in the
onion-plants.

A. bra'ssica, cabbage-fly, says Mr. Curtis, is found
through the summer, and is the parent of a maggot
which has been known to lay waste whole fields of cab-
bages, by diseasing the roots on which they feed, as well
as at the base of the stalk. Successive generations are
feeding until November ; the latter families lying in the
pupa state through the winter, and most probably some
of the flies survive that season, secreted in holes and
crevices. When the cabbage-leaves assume a lead or
yellow colour, and droop in midday from the effect of
the sun, such plants, being diseased, should be taken up,
carried away, and burnt, and brine or lime put into the
holes. Gardeners, in some instances, have collected
large quantities of the pupae from the roots by drawing
away the earth.

The male of A . bra'ssiccz is dark, bright grey, with black
bristles ; there is a black stripe half-way down the middle
of the thorax, and a curved one on each side ; the body
has a more decided black stripe down the centre, and the
segments are marked by a line of the same colour : legs
and antennae blackish ; wings a little smoky. The
female is pale, ashy-grey ; the eyes remote, with a dark
chestnut-coloured stripe on the crown ; the wings are
similar in tint to those of the foregoing species, but the
insects are considerably smaller. — Gardeners' Chronicle.

A. lactu'cce, lettuce-fly. Mr. Curtis says the larvaa
make their appearance in August, but are abundant in
September ; they closely resemble those from the cabbage
and turnips, being of a yellowish-white colour, tapering
towards the head, which is pointed, and armed with two
short, black claws at the nose. These maggots live in the
involucra of different varieties of lettuce, feeding upon
the seeds and receptacle ; and when these are consumed,
they wriggle themselves out backward, either to enter
another seed-vessel or fall to the ground and become
pupae.

When the seed-stems are gathered and dying, the larvae
change to pupae, called shucks, in Surrey, being bright
chestnut-coloured, oval cases, which are rough, when
examined under a lens, with two minute tubercles at the
head, and two hooks, and a few other tubercles at the
tail. In the course of May a few of the pupae hatch ;
they have, however, been observed as early as April,
and as late as July. The male is intense black, clothed
with short hair and bristles ; the eyes reddish-brown,
and meeting above ; face inclining to chestnut-colour,
with a bright spot of the same on the crown ; the fore
part of the trunk bears four varying whitish stripes ;
the body is ashy-grey, the segments blackish, at the base
a deep black;' wings two, stained with black, and
beautifully iridescent; the base and poisers ochreous,
the nervures of the wings pitchy.

The female is entirely ashy-grey, and less bristly ; the
eyes not meeting on the crown, with a bright chestnut-
coloured stripe between them ; body oval, the apex cone-
shaped ; horns and legs blackish ; wings and nervures
lighter than in the male, which it equals in size. — Ibid,

ANTHONOMUS POMO'RUM. Apple Weevil. This
insect shelters itself beneath the scurfy bark during the
winter, awaiting the return of spring to renew its attacks
upon the blossom-buds. " This insect," says Mr. Curtis,
" commits great devastation in apple-orchards, by de-
stroying the stamens, pistil, and receptacle of the flower.
As soon as the blossom-buds swell, the female beetle
begins to deposit her eggs. In calm weather, she selects
a good bud, and makes a hole in it with her rostrum
(long beak) ; she fixes herself at the hole, lays one egg,
and goes on till she has deposited a considerable number
of eggs in separate buds. The bud continues to swell,
and the petals (flower-leaves) nearly expand, when sud-
denly the growth ceases and the petals wither, and
assume a shrivelled appearance. If one of these flower-
buds be examined when nearly expanded, a small, white
grub, with a black head, will be found in the centre, which
begins to assume a yellowish colour ; a few days later
the grub will be found either wholly or partially changed
to a beetle, and, should there be a small hole on the side
of the receptacle, the beetle will have escaped, the trans-
formation from the egg to the perfect state not having

ANTHOSPERMUM

ANTHURIUM

occupied more than a month. When this beetle, or
weevil, leaves the receptacle, it feeds during the summer
on the leaves of the trees, and is seldom to be seen.
In the autumn, the weevils leave the trees and search for
convenient hiding-places, under stones about the trees
or under the rough bark, in which they pass the winter.
Consequently, as they commence their operations early
in the spring, care should be taken to remove all stones,
dead leaves, and other litter from under the trees, as well
as to scrape off the rough, dead bark from them in the
winter season. The apple-weevil is also very injurious
to pear-trees. This beetle, or weevil, is scarcely one line
and a half long ; its wing-cases are dark brown, with
whitish-grey stripes ; its antennae (horns or feelers) spring
from the middle of its beak, and all these parts, as well
as its eyes and the under part of the body, are black."

There are several nearly-allied species of predatory
weevils, which will be found under the name of CURCU'LIO.

ANTHOSPE RMUM. (From anthos, a flower, and
spertna, seeds. Nat. ord. Cinchotiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn.
22-Dicecia, ^.-Tetrandria.)

Cuttings in sand, in close frame ; peat and loam ;
summer temp., intermediate temperature.

A. athio'picum (Ethiopian). 2. Green and white.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1692.

ANTHOXA'NTHUM. (Yellow-flower, from the Greek. )
Gramineae. A. odoratum. Linn. One of the sweet
grasses, useful in pastures.

ANTHU RIUM. (From anthos, a flower, and our a, a
tail ; referring to the spadix, or Arum, flower-spike.
Nat. ord. Aroids [AroideaeJ. Linn. ^-Tctrandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Pothos.)

In the old edition there are only two species recorded,
but it has since become a most important genus, and
there are many garden hybrids of those with showy
flowers. They are chiefly hybrids of andrea'num and
scherzeria'num. Many of the varieties are named, but
seedlings are now so numerous that they are grown under
colours only, in some instances. In andrea'num we have
various colours from pure white, pink, and various shades
up to deep blood-red or crimson. They may be raised
from seeds, but it is a slow process, it being nearly a year
after flowering before seeds are ripened, and then they
are slow to germinate. The seeds should be sown as
soon as ripe, the seed pots well drained and filled up
with sphagnum moss, rough peat, and sand, and some
powdered charcoal may be added. They may also be
propagated by divisions, and should be grown in a com-
post of rough, fibrous loam, peat, sphagnum moss, sand,
and charcoal, with good drainage, and in potting the
crowns of the plants should be kept well above the
rims of the pots. They delight in a moist atmosphere
and a high temperature, but may be kept cooler while in
flower. Those grown for their foliage require similar
treatment. While growing, liquid manure may be used
freely, but it should not be very strong.

A. acau'le. 3. Green or violet. Spring. W. Ind. 1853.
,, acu'tum. i. Dark green. Brazil. 1887.
„ aeranthe. 3. Spathe green, spadix red-brown. Trop.

Amer.

,, affi'ne. Yellowish-green. 1855.
„ Allendo'rfi (GfL, 1889, 121, t. 1293). Hybrid be-
tween A. andreanum and A. Lindigii.
„ am't'num. Spathe green. Venezuela. 1848.
„ andi'cola. i£. Spathe olive-green, spadix brownish-
purple. Mexico. 1855. Syn. A. cucullalum.
„ andrea'num (111. Hort., 1877, t. 271). Spathe scarlet,

spadix yellowish, whitish. Columbia. 1876.
„ „ a'lba (Veitch Cat, 1895, 2). Pure white.
„ ., amce'num (G. C., 1893, xiii. 415). Spathe rose-
carmine and white spadix tipped with yellow.
„ „ atropurpu'reum (R. H. B., 1889, 169 t.). Garden

hybrid between A. andreanum and A. Chanlrien.
,, „ atrosangui'neum (G. C., 1893, xiii. 415). Dark
crimson spathes.

flo're a'lbo (R. H., 1887, 171). Garden variety.
Game'ri (R. H., 1907, 30).
Lawre'ncia (G. C.. 1900, xxvii. 370). White.
rhodochlo'rum (R. H., 1901, 452 t).
uambekea'num (111. Hort., 1892, 109, t. 163).
White spathes.
,, angusta'tum (narrow). J. May. Venezuela. 1823.

A. appunia'num. Spathe green, spadix violet. Vene-
zuela. 1860.

,, Aublc'iii. See A. PENTAPHYLI.UM.

., augusii'num. See A. TRINEKVM'M.

„ Bake'ri. Spathe green, the spadix being of a pleasing
combination of pink and bright scarlet. July.
Costa Rica. 1872.

,, be'llum. 3. Green, red-brown. Brazil. 1860.

., Bino'ti. i. Olive-green. Autumn. Brazil.

., bogotf'nsc (Sand. Cat., 1897, 3, f.).

, bouchea'num. Spathe green, spadix violet. Vene-
zuela. 1855.

., brachygona'tum. Mexico. 1860.

;, brevi''lobum (C. G., 1887, i. 380). Spathe purplish,
spadix dark purple-brown.

., Bro'wnii (G. C., 1877, vi. 744). Spathe greenish
tinged with red, purplish spadix. Columbia.

„ burfordie'nse (G. C., 1889, vi. 700). Garden hybrid
similar to A. leodiense, A. carneum, &c.

,, ca'ndidum. See SPATHIPHYLLUM.

,, ca'rneum (R. H., 1884, 101). Garden hybrid between
A. lindenia'num and andrea'num. There is also a
garden variety under the same name, a hybrid
between A. andrea'num and A. nymph&ifo'lium.

„ Chamberlai'ni (G. C., 1888, hi. 462, 464-5, f. 66, 67).
Spathe pale, dull, puce-coloured outside, shining
crimson inside. Spadix dull red. Venezuela (?).

,, chantinia'num (R. H., 1889, 157). Garden hybrid
between A. houllettianum and A. andreanum.

„ ChantriSri (R. H., 1884, 101). Garden hybrid be-
tween A. subsignatum and A. ornatum.

„ chelseie'nse (G. C., 1886, xxiv. 650). Garden hybrid
between A . Veitchii and A . andreanum.

„ colocasicefo'lium (R. H., 1879, 452, f. 90). Trop.
Amer.

,, corda'tum. Whitish-green. Trop. Amer. 1854.

„ cordifo'lium. 2j. Green. W. Ind.

„ coria'ceum. 3. Green. Brazil.

,, costa'tum (ribbed). Spathe greenish, spadix violet.
Venezuela. 1854.

„ crassifo'lium (G. C., 1883, xix. 10). Spathe light
green, spadix dull green.

,, crassine'rvium. Green. Panama. 1796.

,, crombezia' num (R. H., 1894, 552 t.). Garden
hybid, of which A. scherzeria'num is one of the
parents.

., crue'ntum (R. H., 1886, 50). Garden hybrid between
A. andreanum and A. Veitchii.

,, crystalli'num. i. Greenish. Leaves velvety green,
with frosted veins. Columbia.

,, ,, illus'tre (G. C., 1898, xxiv. 293). Apparently the
same as variegatum.

„ „ variega'tum (G. C., 1893, xiii. 641). Leaves wiih
large blotches of creamy-white.

„ crystalli'no-Edua'rdi (R. H., 1903, 253).

,, cymbifo'rme (G. C., 1889, vi 67). Spathe white, with
salmon-pink spadix. Colombia (?).

., Decha'rdi (111. Hort., 1877, t. 269). See SPATHI-
PHYLLUM CANN^EFOLIUM.

„ denta'tum (R. H.. 1884, 293, f. 71). Garden hybrid

between A. fi'ssum and A. leuconeu'rum.
„ desmetia'num (111. Hort., 1888, 47, t. 52). Garden

hybrid.
,, devansaya'num. Hybrid between A. magni'ficum

and A. galeo'ttianitm.
,, digita'tum. i. Spathe green, spadix violet.

Colombia.

,, dominice1 'nse. i. Dominica. 1860.
„ Edua'rdi (R. H., 1884, 102). Garden hybrid between

A. crystalli'num and A. subsigna' turn.
,, egre'gium. See A. ELLIPTICUM.
„ e'legans (Gfl., t. 1112). Spathe green and spadix

green or dark purple.
,, elli'pticum. Caraccas. 1853.
,, emargina' turn. i. Green, brownish. Trop. Amer.
,, exce'lsius (W. G., 1890, 307 t.). A hybrid between

A. Veifchii and A. orna'tum.
,, ferriere'nse (Fl. and P., 1883, 10). Garden hybrid

between A. andrea'num and A. orna'tum.
,, fi'ssum. 2. Green. Colombia. 1868.
,, fla'vidum (G. C., 1886, xxiv. 651). Spathe pale

yellowish or yellowish-green, spadix pale violet

pink. Colombia.

,, fioribu'ndum. See SPATHIPHYLLUM.
,, fraxine'nse (G. C., 1899, xxvi. 58).

ANTHURIUM

ANTHURIUM

A. Frcebe'lii (Gfl., 1886, 52). Garden hybrid between
A. andrea'num and A. orna'tum.

,, Forge'ti (G. C., 1906, xxxix. 161). Colombia.

„ Galeo'tti. Brazil. 1858.

„ gandave'nse (G. C., 1893, xiii. 415). Garden hybrid
between A . andrea'num and A . Chantrie'ri.

„ gaudichaudia' num. 2%. Green. S. Brazil.

,, geitneria'num. 2. Green. Trop. Amer. 1867.

,, gladiifo'lium. i\. Spathe green, spadix red-brown.
Brazil. 1860.

,, glance' scens. Green. Trop. Amer.

,, Glazio'vii (B. M., t. 6833). Spathe green outside,
deep purple within ; spadix violet-purple. Brazil.

,, Goldri'ngi (G. and F., 1893, 269). Garden hybrid be-
tween A. andrea'num and A. scherzeri'anum.

„ gra'cile. Green. Guiana. 1833.

„ grandiflo'rum perfec'tum (R. H. B., 1904, 72). Spathe
red.

., grandifo'lium. Caraccas and Colombia.

„ greya'num (G. and F., v. 526). Garden hybrid be-
tween A. arna'tum and A. andrea'num,

,, Gusta'vi (Gfl., t. 1076). Green. Colombia.

„ hanburya'num (W. G., 1897, 256). Garden hybrid.

„ liardya'num (R. H., 1889, 157). Garden hybrid be-
tween A. andrea'num and A. Edua'rdi.

,, Harri'sii. Spathe greenish, spadix violet- brown.
Brazil. 1826.

„ „ pu'lchrum (G. C., 1880, xiv. 358). Whitish spathe,
spadix brownish-crimson. Brazil.

„ He'ro. Hybrid between A. Vei'tchii and A. orna'tum.

„ Holla'ndi (G. and F., 1893, 269). Garden hybrid be-
tween A. gra'nde and A. ferriere'nse.

,, Hooke'ri. 3. Spathe green, spadix green or violet.
Trop. Amer. 1840.

,, houlletiia'num (R. H., 1884, 101). Garden hybrid be-
tween A . magnifi'cum and A . andrea'num.

„ Huege-lii. W. Ind.

,, humboldtia'num. See A. RUBRINERVIUM.

., inconspi'cuum (G. C., 1885, xxiii. 787). Spathe green,
spadix dark violet-brown.

„ intermedium (Bull. Cat., 1884, n). Garden hybrid
between A. hybri'dum and A. crystalli'num.

„ isare'nse (R. H., 1888, 423). Garden hybrid.

„ Kalbreye'ri (G. C.. 1881, xvi. 116). Colombia.

,, Kellerma'nni (Jard., 1893, 43., f. 15). There is ateo a
garden hybrid (see H. G., 1888, 49).

„ Kol'bii (Gfl., 1889, 121, t. 1293). Hybrid of A.
andrea'num and A. lindenia'num.

„ Lai'ngi (W. G., 1888, 383). Garden variety.

,, lanceola' turn. Certain varieties of A. Harrisii are
grown under this name.

,, lauchea'num. 2. Brownish-purple. 1857.

„ lawrencea'num (R. H., 1888, t. 12). Garden hybrid.

,, Lawre'ncice (G. C., 1892, xi. 731). Garden hybrid.

,, leptosla' chyum. See A. OLFERSIANUM.

,, leuconeu'ron. Green. Mexico. 1862.

,, Ihotzkya'num. 2. Red-brown. blackish- violet.
Brazil. 1860.

,, libonia'num. See A. GAUDICHAUDIANUM.

„ lindenia'num. 3. Spathe white, spadix white or
purplish. Colombia. 1866. Syns. A . Lindeni and
A. Lindigi.

,, longifo'lium. i. Mexico. 1829.

„ lo'ngipes (G. C., 1882, xviii. 297). Spathe green,
spadix yellowish. Brazil.

„ longispa'ihum (R. H., 1888, 498). Guadeloupe.

„ lu'cidum. 4 to 5. Reddish-brown, purplish. Brazil.

„ macro'lobum (Bull. Cat., 1883, n). Garden hybrid
between A. leuconeu'ron and A. peda'to-radia'tum.

,, macrophy'llum. See POTHOS MACROPHYLLA.

„ macrospa' dix. Guiana. 1862.

,, magni'ficum. Colombia.

., Ma'lyi. i. Reddish- violet, blackish-violet. Brazil.
1860.

,, margarita'ceum. See A. HOFFMANNI.

„ maximilia'num. 3. Spathe green, spadix red-brown.
Brazil. 1860.

„ meta'llicum. Green. 1860.

„ miquelid 'num. 5. Green, purplish. Brazil. 1869.
Syn. A. Fendleri of gardens.

„ moorea'num (G. C., 1886, xxvi. 230, 497). A garden
hybrid between A. crystalli'num and A. subsig-
na'tum.

„ mortfontane'nse (R. H., 1885, 282). Garden hybrid
between A. andrea'num and A. Vei'tchii.

A. nymphcefo'lium. Spathe white, spadix purplish.

Venezuela. 1854.
,, ochra'nthum. 2. Spathe greenish- yellow, spadix

yellow. Costa Rica. 1853.
,, olfersia'num. 4. Green-purplish. Brazil.
,, orna'tum. 2\. Spathe white, spadix purplish.

Spring. Venezuela.
„ Ortgie'sii (Gfl., 1889, 121, t. 1293). Hybrid of A.

andrea'num and A. lindenia'num.

,, ottonia'num. Spathe green, spadix bluish-green, be-
coming purplish. Brazil.
„ pandurcefo'rme. Costa Rica. 1860.
„ Paradi'sa (Williams' Cat., 1891, 24). Garden hybrid

between A. andrea'num and A. orna'tum.
„ pa'rvum (G. C., 1881, xiv. 588). Purple-brown.

Rio de Janeiro.

„ Pa'tini. See SPATHIPHYLLUM.
,, pedati'fidum. See A. PEDATO-RADIATUM.
,, peda'to-radia'tum. 2. Green. Mexico. 1859.
,, pentaphy'llum. 1859.
,, podophy'llum. 3. Green. Mexico. 1859.
,, polyto'mum. See A. PODOPHYLLUM.
,, pu'milum(G. C., 1896, xix. 401). Garden seedling ot

hybrid ; parentage not stated.
„ puncta'tum (G. C., 1886, xxvi. 809). Greenish.

Ecuador.

„ purpu'reum (G. C. 1887, i. 575). Purple. Brazil.
,, radi'cans. J. Green. Brazil (?).
,, recusa'tum. Trop. Amer. 1860.
,, refle'xum. Trop. Amer. 1867.
,, rega'le. Green, pale veined. Brazil. 1866.
„ ricasolia'num (W. G., 1897, 258). Garden hybrid.
,, ridolfia'num (W. G., 1897, 258). Garden hybrid.
,, ridolfia'num a'lbum (B. T. O., 1891, 244, t. 8). Garden

hybrid.

,, Rigou'tsi (S. H., 1899, 57). Garden hybrid.
„ Roe'zlii. 3. White. Andes of Santa Martha.
^ ,, rosczflo'rum (G. C., 1892, xi. 731). No description

available.

„ ro'seum (B. T. O., 1888, 99). Garden hybrid.
,, rothschildia'num. Garden hybrid. 1884.
., rotundispa'thum (111. Hort., 1891, t. 119). Garden

hvbrid between A. andrea'num and A. lin-

,, rube'scens. Reddish. September. Brazil. 1828.
,, rubrine'rvium. Spathe yellow-green, spadix rosy-
violet. Venezuela. 1820.

,, rugo'sum. 2. Spadix violet-brown. Caraccas. 1858.
,, Sagitta'ria. See A. PANDUR^EFORME.
,, sagitta'tum. See A. RUBRINERVIUM.
,, salmo'neum (111. Hort., 1895, t. 42). Garden

hybrid between A. lindenia'num and A. undre-

a'num.
,, Sande'ri (Sander's). Leaves sinuate, banded with

silvery-white. Colombia. 1908.
,, sanderia'num (G. C., 1895, xvii. 594). Seedling

variety, related to A. andrea'num.
„ Saunde'rsii (B. M., t. 6218). Spathe pale green,

spadix greyish-green, becoming purplish.
,, scherzeria'num. i. Spathe and spadix scarlet.

Costa Rica.

„ ,, Adria'ni (111. Hort., 1878, t. 351). Richly coloured.
., „ a'lbolinea'tum (W. G., 1888, 278).
„ „ andegave'nse (R. H., 1881, 272). Resembling A.

rothschildia'num.

„ „ a'tro-sangui'neum (W. G., 1889, 113).
,, ., bispatha'ceum (111. Hort., 1890, 67, t. 107). With

two red spathes placed opposite to each other.
„ „ bruxelle'nse (111. Hort., 1887, 51, t. 18).
„ „ compa'ctum (G. C., 1895, xvii. 467). White.

thickly covered with blotches of coral-red.
„ „ gigante'um. Blood-red. 1884.
„ „ Henderso'ni (F. M., t. 468). Crimson-coloured.

„ imperia'le (R. H., 1903, 227).
„ „ la'cteum (111. Hort., 1886, t. 607). White.
„ „ ma'ximum (Bull. Cat., 1881, 7, 15). Scarlet.
„ „ „ a'lbum (111. Hort., 1890, 29, t. 100). White.
,, „ muta'bilis. Spathe white, gradually becoming

scarlet. 1883.
,, „ nebulo'sum (R. H., 1888, 146). Garden variety,

with double white spathes, dusted with red.
„ „ ni'gricans (W. G., 1889, 113).
„ „ parisie'nse (R. H., 1887, 144).
n i. pygm&'um. Spathe small, spadix stalked. 1880.
„ ,, ro'seum (Bull. Cat., 1893, 9). Salmon-rose.

ANTHYLLIS

53

ANTIGRAMME

A. scherteria'num rothschildia' num. Spathe creamy red-
spotted, spadix creamy. 1880.
„ ,, ro's«<m(Bull. Cat., 1893, 9). Salmon-rose coloured

spathes.

„ ,, rotundiflo'rum (W. G., 1889. 113).
,, ,, rotundispa' tkum (round-spathed). Spathe rounded,

white above. 1908.
„ „ sanguin'eum (W. G., 1889, 113).
„ „ venicenea'num. Spathe white, with red tip. 1884.
„ „ Wa'rdii (Veitch Cat.. 1879, 28). Broad foliage,

and spathes 6 in. long by 4 in. broad.
„ „ warocquea'num (111. Hort., 1888, 43, t. 51). White,

spathes spotted with red.
„ ,, Willia'msii. i. Spathe white, spadix yellowish.

Costa Rica. 1874. Syn. A. scherzerianum album.
„ Sello'um (Sello's). 3. May. Isle of St. J uan. 1794-
,, selloww'num. Brazil. 1841.
,, signa'tum. ii. Green. 1858.
,. sinua'tum. 2j. Purplish. Brazil. 1860.
,, smilacifo'rme. See A. UNDATUM.
„ spathiphy'llum (G. C., 1877, vii. 652). ij. Spathe

white, spadix yellowish. Trop. Amer. 1875.
„ sple'ndidum (G. C., 1883, xix. 381, f. 58). Leaves of

a beautiful sea-green colour. Colombia.
„ stri'ctum. i. Bluish-green. Brazil. Syn. A. dom-

beyanum of gardens.
„ subsagitta' turn. Venezuela. 1860.
,, subsigna' turn. ij. Yellow. Central Amer. 1861.
• ,, subula'tum (G. C., 1886, xxvi. 230). Spadix purple-
red, and white spathe.
„ teirago'num. Green. 1860.
„ torrigia'num (W. G., 1897, 258). Garden hybrid.
^,, tri'lobum (111. Hort., 1878, t. 283). Syn. A. trifidum.

Colombia.
,, trine'rve (three-nerved), i to i. Green. Berries lilac.

Brazil and Guiana.
„ trine' roium. 2. Green. Brazil.
,, triu'mphans (Bull. Cat., 1883, n). Spathe green,

spadix greenish-white. There is also a garden

hybrid with pink spathe and yellow spadix.
,, undo.' turn. Purplish. Brazil. 1860.
,, undula'tum. See A. HARKISII.
„ Valvasso'rii (W. G., 1897, 256). Garden hybrid.
,, varia'bile. Spathe green, spadix violet. Brazil.

1832.
„ Vei'tchii (G. C., 1877, vi. 772, f. 142, 143). Spadix

whitish or pink. Colombia.

- „ „ acumina'tum (G. C., 1885, xxiv. 650). Colombia.
,, vellozia'num. See A. OLFERSIANUM.
„ veruai.'neum (R. H., 1884, 204 t.). White spathed

variety of A. scherzeria' num.
, viola'ceum. Trop. Amer. 1859.
, ,, leucoca'rpum. Mexico. 1859.
,, viola'scens. See A. COSTATUM.
,, virgo'sum. Spathe green, spadix reddish. Brazil.

1860.
,, I'iride. Trop. Amer. 1855.

cneria'num. Caraccas. 1853.
„ Walli'sii. 2j. Green. Colombia.
„ Walu'jewi (Gfl., t. 1004). Allied to A. magni'ficum.
„ wambekea'num(l\\.. Hort., 1895, 185). Garden hybrid

between A. lindenia'num and A. andrea'num.
., uarocquea'num (Fl. and P., 1878, ipi). Foliage

plant similar to A. Veitchii. Colombia.
., Warsccwi'czii. See A. SINUATUM.
,, Willdeno'vii. i. Brazil. 1860.
„ Wittma'ckii (Gfl., 1889, 121, t. 1293). Hybrid of A.

andrea'num and A. lindenia'num.

ANTHY'LLIS. (From anthos, a flower, and ioulos,
down ; literally, downy flower. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [LeguminoscBj. Allied to Trefoil. Linn. i6-Mona-
delphia, 6-Decandria.)

Seeds, division of roots, cuttings ; the hardy perennial
and annual species like a light, well-drained soil ; the
greenhouse varieties should have fibrous loam, leaf-mould,
and if loam is heavy some peat added.

HARDY ANNUALS.

A. cornici'na (crow), i. White. July. Spain. 1759.
„ hamo'sa (hooked), i. Pale yellow. July. Barbary.

1821.

„ lotoi'des (lotus-like), i. Yellow. July. Spain. 1739.
„ Utraphy'lla (four-leaved), i. Yellow. July. South
of Europe. 1640.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

A. Aspala'thi (aspalath us-like). See A. HERMANNI.C.
„ Ba'rba-Jo'vis (Jupiter's beard). 3. Pale yellow.

April. South of Europe. 1640.
,, cytisoi'des (cytisus-like). 2. White. June. Spain.

1731.
,, echina'ta (hedgehog), i. Purple. June. South of

Europe.

,, Erina'cea (prickly). See ERINACEA PUNGENS.
„ Herma'nnite (Hermann's). 2. Yellow. July.

Levant. 1739.
,, heterophy'lla (various-leaved). i. Pink. July.

South of Europe. 1768.
,, tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1818.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

A. alpi'na (hairy-alpine). See A. VULNERARIA.
„ cre'tica (B. M., t. 1092). See EBENUS CRETICA.
,, cunea'ta. See LESPEDEZA ERIOCARPA.
,, Dille'nii (Dillenius's). See A. VULNERARIA DILLENH.
,, Gera'rdi (Gerard's), i. White. August. Provence.

1806.
„ monta'na (mountain), i. Purple. July. South of

Europe. 1759.
,, ,, a'lba (white), i. White. July. South of Europe.

1818.
„ onobrychoi'des (Sainfoin-like). i. Yellow. July.

Spain. 1817.
,, polyce'phala (many-headed). i. Yellow. July.

Barbary. 1829.

,, polyphy'lla (many-leaved). See A. VULNERARIA.
,, Vulnera'ria (common woundwort). i. Yellow. July.

Britain.
„ „ albiflo'ra (white-flowered). i. White. July.

Britain.

„ ,, Dille'nii. Red.
,, „ hirsuti' 'ssima (very hairy). J. Red. July.

Europe. 1816.

„ „ ru'bra (red-flowered), i. Red. July. Britain,
,, „ rubriflo'ra. See A. V. DILLENH.
,, webbia'na (Webb's). See A. VULNERARIA.

ANTIA'RIS. (From antja, its Java name. Nat. ord.
Artocarpads [Urticaceae]. Linn. 2i'Monctcia, 4-Tet-
randria. Allied to Brosimum.)

This is the fabled upas-tree of Java, which furnishes the
deadly poison known as " Antjar poison," and said to be
used as a poison for " arrows." It has been said that
cattle could not live near this tree, but this has been
proved to be wrong. Evergreen requiring stove treat-
ment, cuttings of ripened wood in close frame ; loam,
peat, and sand.

A. toxica'ria (poisonous). 40. Green. Java. 1844.
ANTICLE'A. Included under ZVGADENUS.

ANTIDE SMA. (Greek anti, for, and desma, bond ; the
bark of A. Bunius being used for cordage. Lupiior-
biaceae. Tropical trees or shrubs.)

A. Bu'nius (Spreng). Dark green foliage ; small berries.
Malaya.

ANTTGONON. (From anti, against or opposite, and
gonia, an angle. Ord. Polygonaceae.)

Stove climbers with showy flowers, but do not flower
freely ; require similar treatment as the Bougainvilleas ;
should be well exposed to the sun.

A ama'bile. Bright rose.

guatemaWnse. Rose-pink. Guatemala. 1876. Syn.

A. insi'gne.

insi'gne. See A. GUATEMALENSE.
le'ptopus. Rose. Mexico. 1868.
., albiflo'ra. White. 1888.

ANTIGRA'MME. (From anti, like, and gramma,
writing ; in reference to the appearance of the spore-
cases, or seed-vessels. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn.
24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices. Allied to Scolopendrium.)
A greenhouse Fern. Divisions ; peat and loam. Temp.
r, 55° to 75° ; winter, 45° to 50°.

A. rhyzophy'lla (roo ting-leaved). Brown. May. Now
referred to Scolopendrium rhizophyllum.

ANTIRRHINUM

54

APHELANDRA

ANTIRRHINUM. (From anti, like, and rhin, a snout,
or nose ; flowers like the snout of an animal. Nat. ord.
Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn. i^-Tetradynamia, 2-
Angiospermia.)

Common soil, if not retentive of moisture. All hardy
herbaceous perennials, except when otherwise specified.
Excellent for banks and under trees, but above either
for the tops of walls. The varieties are endless. The
different types — major, nana, and intermedia — are now
grown under colours only, and though there may be
some variations they come fairly true from seeds. Sow
in June for flowering the following season.
A. alpi'num. See LINARIA ALPINA.
,, angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). See A. SICULUM.
,, Asari'na (asarina). i. White. July. Italy. 1699.

Half-hardy evergreen trailer.
„ calyci'num ( large- calyxed). i. Red. July. Syria.

1810. Hardy annual.
„ fru'ticans. See NEMESIA.
„ glandulo'sum (glandular-haired). 2. Roan, yellow.

September. California. 1834. Hardy annual.
„ Uspa'nicum. i. Rose, yellow. Spain. 1878. Syn.

A. latifo'lium of Bourg.

,, latifo'lium. Miller's Card. Diet., ed. viii. Europe.
„ lani'gerwn. See LINARIA LANIGERA.
„ Lind'ria. See LINARIA VULGARIS.
„ linarioi'des. See LINARIA VULGARIS.
,, macroca'rpum. See NEMESIA CHAM^EDRIFOLIA.
,, ma' jus (greater). 2. Pink. July. England.
., „ bi' color (two-coloured). 2. White. July. Eng-
land.
„ ,, cocci'neus (scarlet-flowered). 2. Scarlet. July.

England.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. Flesh. July.

England.

„ „ Pelo'ria, (G. W., 1903, 21). Flowers regular.
„ ,, variega'tum (variegated-leaved). 2. Red. July.

England.
„ maurandioi' des (Maurandya-like). 10. Purple. July.

Mexico. 1844.

,, me'dium (intermediate). See A. STRIATUM.
„ meona'nthum (smaller-flowered). See A. SEMPER-

VIRENS.
,, mo' lie (soft-leaved), i. White. August. Spain.

1752. Half-hardy evergreen trailer.
,, montevide'nse (Monte Videan). See A. MAJUS.
„ nuttallia' num (Gfl., t. 1275, f. 3). i to 2. Cali-
fornia. 1888.

,, ochroleu' cum (pale yellow). See LINARIA VULGARIS.
,, odo'rum. See LINARIA ODORA.
,, Oro'ntiwn (orontium). i. Flesh. August. Britain.

Hardy annual.
„ „ grandiflo'rum. i. Red. July. Spain. 1810.

Syn. A. calycinum of Vent.
,, sempervi'rens (evergreen). 2. Pink. August.

Pyrenees. 1821.

„ si'culum (Sicilian), i. White. July. 1804.
„ spu'rium. See LINARIA SPURIA.
,, stria' turn (striped). 2. Pink. August. Europe. 1821.
,, stri'ctum. See LINARIA SIBTHORPIANA.
,. tortuo'sum (twisted). Purple. June. Italy.

ANTIRRHCE A. (From anti, against, and rheo, to
flow. Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots
in sand, in a close frame, with bottom-heat. Loam,
peat, and sand.
A. lu'cida (shining). 20. White. May. W. Ind. 1818.

ANTLER MOTH. See CHAR^E'AS.

ANTO'NIA. A synonym of Rhynchoglossum.

ANTRO'PHYUM. (From antron, a cavern, and phio,
to grow ; referring to its place of growth. Nat. ord.
Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove Ferns. Division of the roots ; sandy loam, in
a shady situation.

A. cayenne'nse (Cayenne). Brown. Cayenne.

,, coria'ceum (leathery). Brown.

,, lanceola'tum (lance-leaved). Brown. August. W.

Ind. 1793.

,, latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Brown. Island of Luzon.

,, obtu'sum (blunt-leaved). Brown. Island of Luzon.

„ reticula' turn (netted). Brown.

„ semicosta' turn (half-ribbed). Brown. Island of Luzon.

ANTS. See INSECT PESTS.
ANTWERP HOLLYHOCK. Althafa ficifo'lia.
ANU'BIAS. (Nat. ord. Aroidea?.)
A. heterophy'lla (G. C., 1889, vi. 67). i. Leaves bright

green, blotched dull yellow. Congo. 1889.
,, na'na (N. B., 1899, 281). Cameroons.

AOPLA RENIFO'RMIS. See HABENA'RIA RENI-
FO'RMIS.

AO'TUS. (From a, not, and ous, ear; the ear-like
appendages to the calyx are wanting. Nat. ord. Legu-
minous Plants [Leguminosa?]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-
Monogynia.)

Greenhouse small evergreen shrubs. Seeds sown in
heat. Cuttings of half-ripened wood in April, in sand, in
close frame. Sandy loam and peat, with a little charcoal.

A. gra'cilis (slender). See A. GRACILLIMA.

,, graci'llima (most slender). 3. Yellow, crimson.
May. N. Holland. 1844.

., inca'na (hoary). 2. Yellow. June. N. Holland.
1824.

,, lani'gera (woolly). Crimson, yellow. April. More-
ton Bay. 1838.

,, villo'sa (soft-haired). 2. Yellow. June. N. Holland.
1790.

„ ,, ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Yellow. June. N.
Holland. 1810.

„ „ ferrugi'nea (rusty). 2. Yellow. June. N. Hol-
land. 1820.

,, virga'ta (twiggy). 2. Yellow. June. N. Holland.
1824.

APA'RGIA. (A Greek name of a plant now unknown.
Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
i-Mqualis.)

Allied to Succory. Common treatment in border.
Division of roots.

A. auranti'aca (orange-coloured), i. Orange. June.
Hungary. 1816.

The above hardy herbaceous perennial is the only one
worth cultivating, though there are many other species.
Now referred to Leontodon.

APEI'BA. (The local name of one of the species
in Brazil. Nat. ord. Lindenblooms [Tiliaceae]. Linn. 13-
Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Tropical evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings of ripe
wood, under a glass, in strong heat ; peat and loam.
Should be curbed in the Chinese fashion, by pruning their
roots, &c.
A. a'spera (rough-capsuled). 30. Yellow. Cayenne.

1792.

„ l&'ms (smooth-leaved). 10. Green. Cayenne. 1817.
,, Petou'mo (Petoumo). 40. Yellow. S. Amer. 1817.
,, Tibou'rbou (Tibourbou). 7. Yellow. S. Amer. 1756.

APEN'ULA. Syn. of Specularia.

APE'RA ARUNDINA'CEA. An ornamental grass, the
panicle of which has slender, drooping branches. 1882.

A. Spi'ca-ve'nti (wind-spike), i to z\. July. Europe;
Orient.

APHANA'NTHE. (Greek, aphanes, inconspicuous, and
anthe, flower.) Urticaceae. Trees or shrubs.

A. a'spera (Planch). A slender-growing shrub, not
much known.

APHELA'NDRA. (From apheles, simple, and aner, a
male ; the anthers being one-celled. Nat. ord. Acanihads
[Acanthaceffi]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Allied to Justicia. A showy
class of plants with terminal spikes of flowers chiefly
bright colours, with yellow bracts which last for some
time after the flowers have fallen ; propagate early in the
spring from side-shoots ; use plenty of sand at base of
cuttings, and a light sandy compost, in stove propagating
pit ; pot in rich, open soil, and grow under stove treat-
ment.
A. acutifo'lia. Vermilion-red. October. Colombia.

1868.

,, atnce'na. See A. BLANCHETIANA.
,, atrovi'rens (111. Hort., vol. 31, t. 527). Yellow. Bahia.
1884.

APHELEXIS

55

APHIS

A. auranti'aca. 3. Deep orange-scarlet. Mexico. 1844.
„ „ Roe'zlii. Orange-scarlet. Mexico. 1867. Syn.

A. Roc'dii.
,. blanchetta'na. Leaves green, silvery veins. Brazil.

1888.

„ chamissonia'na (B. M., t. 6627). Syn. A. punctata.
„ chry'sops (Bull. Cat., 1887, 7-9). 1887. See A.

SQUARROSA LEOPOLDII.

„ cm/a' to. 3. Brilliant orange-scarlet. W. Ind. 1733.

Syn. Juslicia pulcherrima.

., crista'ta, (crested) of Lindley. See A. TETRAGONA.
„ du'bia (111. Hort., 1894, 233. t. 15). Garden hybrid.
„ Fasana'tor (111. Hort., 1874, t. 164). i±. Scarlet.

Autumn. New Grenada. 1874.
„ fu'lgens. ij. Orange. Autumn. 1847.
„ glabra'ta. i$. Yellow. Autumn. S. Amer. 1848.
„ HydromSstus (Hydromestus). 2. Yellow. May.

Mexico. 1842.

„ Leopo'ldi. See A. SQUARROSA.
„ libonia'na (B. M., t. 5463). Crimson.
, macedouia'na (111. Hort., vol. 33, t. 583). Dark green

leaves, lighter nerves, with violet-purple beneath.

Brazil 1886.

„ Maclea'yi (Macleay's). Orange-scarlet. 1908.
„ macula'ta (B. M., t. 4556). i. Yellow. Mexico.
„ Margan'ta> (Belg. Hort., 1883, t. 19). Orange.

Leaves dark green, with lighter green nerves, under

surface rose.
„ me dio-aura' ta. Leaves bright green, with yellow

central band. Syn. Graptophvllum medio-auratum.
„ ni'tens. 2103. Vermilion-scarlet. Colombia. 1867.
„ ,, Sinitzi'ni. Scarlet. E. Peru. 1876.
„ orna'ta (Belg. Hort., 1865, t. 3). Yellow, purple.

Brazil. 1864.

„ portea'na. 2. Bright orange. Brazil. 1854.
„ prisma'tica (prismatic). Yellow. Central Amer. 1852.
,, pulche'rrima (fairest). Colombia.
„ pu'mila. Orange coloured. Brazil. 1878.
„ ., sple'ndens (Gfl., t. 1104). Brazil.
„ puncta'ta. See A. CHAMISSONIANA.
„ Roe'zlii. A syn. of A. aurantiaca Raedii.
,, squarro'sA. Brazil.
„ squarro'sa citri'na (Fl. Ser., t 809). Yellow. Brazil.

1851.

„ ,, Leopo'ldii. Syn. A. chrysops.
„ sulphu'rea (B. M., t. 5951). Yellow. Guayaquil.

1872.

„ tetrago'na. 2. Autumn. 1846.
,, „ gra'ndis. September. Merida, Venezuela.
„ „ imperia'lis (Gfl., 1891, 449, t. 1354). Central

Amer.
„ variega'ta (B. M., 4899). i|. Yellow. Brazil.

APHELE XIS. (From apheles, simple, and exis, habit.
Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesta,
2'Superflua.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Referred to Helichrysum.
Cuttings in spring or summer ; small side-shoots are best,
ripened, but not hard, inserted in sand, under a bell-
glass, or in close frame. A very distinct class of plants
from the Cape of Good Hope. They are, by some authors,
included with the Helichrysums by some authorities, but
have so long been known to the trade under the above
name, and are so totally distinct in every respect from
the ordinary plants known as Helichrysums, that it seems
difficult to associate them together, and the above name
may well be retained as a separate genus. They require
similar treatment to the Cape Ericas. Formerly they were
among the plants grown into large specimens for exhibi-
tion. Summer temp., 55° to 65° ; winter, 40° to 47°.

A. ericoi'des (heath-like), x. White. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1796.

., fascicula'ta (fascicled). 2. Purple, yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1799. See HELICHRYSUM

SESAMOIDES.

„ „ a'lba (white-flowered). 2. White. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1799.
„ „ ru'bra (red-flowered). 2. Red. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1799.
„ „ versi'cclor (parti-coloured). 2. Variegated. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1799.
„ hu'milis (dwarf). 2. Pink. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1810.
„ „ macra'ntha (large-flowered-dwarf). 2. Purple.

N. Holland. 1840.

A. hu'milis ro'sea (rose-large-flowered-dwarf). 2. Rose.

Gardens. 1845.
,, „ purpu'rea (purple-large-flowered-dwarf). 2. Purple.

N. Holland. 1840.
„ scsamoi'des (sesamun-like). 2. Purple, white. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1739. See HELICHRYSUM

SESAMOIDES.

APHIS. The plant-louse, or green fly ; called some-
times the puceron, or vine-fretter. It is usual to consider
that every plant liable to be attacked by this insect is
the victim of some especial species ; but we think that
further examination will reduce the number of species
very considerably. Difference in colour certainly does
not constitute a specific difference ; for the rose-louse is
green when the shoots of the rose are green, but red when
the shoots are of this colour. The amount of injury they
cause to a plant, by robbing it of its sap or blood, is pro-
portioned to their number, and the time they are allowed
to infest the subject of their attack.

Aphis humuli (the Hop aphis) often proves very de-
structive to the hop crops. The green fly on our roses
(Aphis rosce) is that of which we will now offer a few
particulars. It is curious that these always are most
abundant after the prevalence of easterly winds ; and
Mr. Jenyns observed in Cambridgeshire, during October,
and Mr. White, at Selborne, in August, myriads of
aphides, in both instances, after the wind had been for
some time easterly. So fast do they multiply, twenty
generations being producible in one year, and the young
in the autumn being born alive, and not from an egg.
Reaumur has shown that one female may be the ancestor
of nearly six millions in five generations. It is needless
to describe minutely the rose aphis. It is usually light
green, with green wood ; and red, with red wood, with
brown antenna? and legs, and transparent iridescent
wings. They frequently change their skins ; and these
may be seen hanging about the leaves and shoots of the
rose. The males may be known by a double row of black
dots on each of their sides. There are many effectual
insecticides for the destruction of this troublesome pest
if used as soon as they appear, but when the leaves get
curled through the moisture being extracted it is diffi-
cult to cleanse the trees.

Aphis pyrimali is of a grass-green colour, attacking
{ the apple and pear. To prevent its appearance, the
I following treatment is said to be very effectual. The
, application must be made every other if not every year ;
i but once in two years may be sufficient, if thoroughly
\ well done. Take i Ib. sulphur vivum, i Ib. Scotch snuff,

ii Ib. quicklime, £ Ib. lampblack, i Ib. soft soap, and of
water sufficient to make it into the consistence of paint.
j Unnail your trees about February, before the bloom-buds
• begin to swell, and with a common paint-brush paint
\ every branch from the ground upwards.

A. persi&cB is dark green, and is peculiar to the peach
I and nectarine.

A. pruni ravages the plum tribes, and is a very light
j green.

A. rumicis, known popularly as the Black Dolphin and

: Elephant, is black, and attacks the common bean. The

tops of beans attacked by the black dolphin should be

! forthwith removed ; and smaller plants may be syringed

I with tobacco-water, or water in which elder-leaves have

j been boiled ; which applications are all fatal to the

aphis ; syringing with soap-suds, on two or three follow-

j ing days, is also effectual.

A. pisi is green, and affects the pea.
A. lonicera, woodbine louse. Dingy green.
A. cerasi, Morello cherry louse. Appears black. In-
fests the under sides of the leaves, especially on wet soils.
A. coryli, nut louse. Pale green.
A. dahlia, dahlia louse. Amber-coloured.
A. ribis, red-currant louse. Blackish.
A. ligustri, privet louse. Dark brown.
A. ribis-nigri, black-currant louse. Transparent green.
A. lathy ri, sweet- pea louse. Dark purple.
A. (Cinara) raphani, radish louse. Females, green ;
males, lightish-red.

The aphides on the peach appear the earliest, being, as
are all the others, the produce of eggs deposited during
the previous autumn. During the spring and summer
they are viviparous, and breed with extraordinary
rapidity. The gardener does well, therefore, to scrub
the branches of his wall-trees, and to boil or change the

APHYLLANTHES

APONOGETON

shreds every winter, for he thus destroys the pest in
embryo. So soon as they appear in spring over each
wall-tree a mat should be fastened, and tobacco in some
mode, burnt beneath it. Peas, whilst the dew is upon
them, may be dusted with Scotch inuff. Over the apple,
plum, and other standards, the only available remedy is
a repeated application of quicklime, at the same early
period of the day, by the means of Curtis's lime-duster.

The larvae of the Coccinella or Lady-bird, especially
C. punctate, the Syrphus, or bee-like fly, the Hemerobius
perla, or golden-eyed fly, the ant, some caterpillars, and
many of the Ichneumonid<z, are great destroyers of the
aphis, and should be encouraged rather than removed.
See AMERICAN BLIGHT.

The following directions are applicable to the destruc-
tion of every kind of aphis. When you intend to
fumigate your plants, in a house, pit, or frame, choose a
still evening, and let your plants be quite dry. Place
them closer together, and in the clear space thus obtained
put either an iron pan, or, if you have not such a thing,
use a hard-burnt garden-pot ; put in it a few red-hot
cinders that do not smoke ; upon those cinders put your
tobacco, or tobacco-paper, rather damp. A cloud of
smoke will immediately rise, and will soon fill the frame.
There are several useful fumigators offered by those who
supply the tobacco preparations for fumigating, and there
are also some most effective liquid fumigants used in
the form of vapour, with small spirit-lamps to heat them.

And for plants in the open, which cannot be fumigated,
there are some good liquid preparations, which may be
applied with a sprayer or ordinary syringe. As soon as
you judge it to be well filled with smoke, remove the pan,
or pot, and carry it to the next frame, if you have more
than one that requires smoking. Be extremely careful
that the tobacco does not break out into a flame, as it is
that which does the mischief. If you perceive a likeli-
hood of blazing out, prevent it with a sprinkling of water,
very gently applied. Cover up the frames with mats to
keep in the smoke as long as possible. The next morning
examine the aphides, or green flies, and if you find any
alive repeat the smoking the following evening. This
second application will most effectually destroy all your
enemies. You may now syringe the plants pretty
severely, to wash away the dead bodies of the slain, and
the plants will again thrive and flourish in perfect health
and beauty.

APHYLLA'NTHES. (From aphyllos, leafless, and
anthos, a flower ; the flowers on rush-like branches. Nat.
ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceas]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the
roots and seeds ; sandy loam and leaf-mould ; requires
a warm situation, or a cold pit in winter.

A. monspelie'nsis (Montpelier). Blue. S. of France.
1791.

API'CRA. (From apicros, not bitter. Nat. ord.
IJliaceae.)

Greenhouse succulents, allied to the genus Aloe ;
tuckers and cuttings ; sandy loam. Summer temp.,
cool greenhouse ; winter, 35" to 45° ; kept rather dry.

A. a'spera (rougli). i. Grey. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1795.

„ aspe'rula (roughish). See HAWORTHIA ASPERULA.
„ bicarina'ta (double-keeled), i. Grey. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1820.

„ bullula'ta (little-blistered). See A. PENTAGONA.
„ conge'sta. r. Whitish. 1843.
„ deltoi'dea. i. Whitish. May. S. Africa. 1865.
,, foliolo'sa (small-leafy), i. Grey. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1795.

,, imbrica'ia (imbricated). See A. SPIRALIS.
., ma'jor. More robust.

,, ni'gra (rough black). See HAWORTHIA NIGRA.
,, ptniago'na (five-angled), ij. Grey. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1731.
„ „ bullula'ta. ij. Yellow. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1795. Syn. Aloe bullulata.
„ „ spirtftta. ij. Grey. June. Cape of Good Hope.

1790.
,, ,, Willdeno'vii. £. Greenish. Syn. A. spiralis,

WUldenow, not Linneeus.
„ ,. to'rta (twisted), i. Grey. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1800.

A. ri'gida (rigid). See HAWORTHIA SUBRIGIDA.
„ spira'lis (great spiral), i. Grey. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1790.
„ spire'lla (small spiral). See A. PENTAGONA SPIRELLA.

A'PIOS. (From apion, a pear ; in reference to the
form of the roots. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosas]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria.)

Hardy tuberous-rooted plant, allied to Glycine.
Division of roots ; sandy loam, leaf-mould, and manure.

A. frutc'scens. See WISTARIA FRUTESCENS.
,, tubero'sa( tuberous-rooted). 6. Brown, pink. August.
N. Amer. 1640.

APIOSPE'RMUM. Syn. of Pistia.

A'PIUM. (From apon, Celtic word for water ; water-
plant. Nat. ord. Umbellifers [Umbellifera;]. Linn. $-Pen-
tandria, 2-Digynia.)

Allied to Parsley. Seeds, spring, and superior, rich
soil, for the culinary kinds ; common soD for others.
See CELERY.

A. chile' nse (Chilian), i. White. Chili. 1836.
,, grave'olens (strong-smelling Celery). 4. White. July.
Britain. CELERY, which see.

APLE'CTRUM. (From a, not, and plektron, a spur ;
the flower spurless. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae],
Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Hardy orchid ; offsets ; sandy peat.

A, hyema'le (wintry), i. Brown. N. Amer. 1827.
APLOTA'XIS. See SAUSSUREA.

APOCYNA'CE.2E. A numerous family of trees, shrubs,
or rarely herbs, generally having a milky, poisonous sap.
Flowers regular, solitary, or corymbose ; corolla salver
shaped or campanulate. Leaves simple, opposite ; some-
times alternate or whorled. Genera included in this
order are : Allamanda, Nerium, Tabernaemontana, and
Vinca.

APO'CYNUM. (From apo, from, and kyon, a dog;
poisonous to dogs. Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceis].
Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia-.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Suckers, division, and
seeds ; common garden-soil.

A. androscemifo'lium (tutsan-leaved). 2. Striped.

August. N. Amer. 1688.
,, cannabi'num (hemp-like). 3. Yellow. August. N.

Amer. 1699.

,, frute'scens. See ICHNOCARPUS.
„ hypfricifo'lium (hypericum-leaved). See A. CANNA-

BINUM.
„ vene'tum (Venetian). 2. White. June. Adriatic

Islands. 1690.

APODOLTRION. (From a, privative, pous, a foot, and
lirion, a lily ; the stems are short and hidden in the bulb-
neck. Nat. ord. Amaryllidaceae.)

Greenhouse bulb. Offsets. Loam, peat, and sand.

A. lanceola'tum (lance-shaped)
Africa. 1790.

. White. July. S.

APONOGE'TON. (From apon, Celtic for water, and
geiton, neighbour ; indicating its places of growth. Nat.
ord. Arrowgrasses [Naiadaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria,
2,-Trigynia.)

Aquatics, kept in a vessel of water, in stove or green-
house, according to their native localities, but all thriving
in the stove ; offsets, loam and peat.

X. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved), i. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1788. Greenhouse.
,, cape'nse (G. C., 1906, xxxix. 306). White. S. Africa.
„ cri'spum (curled-leaved). i. White. August.

Ceylon. 1820. Stove.
,, dista'chyum (two-spiked), i. White. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1788. Greenhouse.
,, „ ro'seum. Rosy tinted. 1885.
„ juncifo'lium (rush-leaved). White. 1747. Stove.
„ Lagran'gei (R. H., 1895, t. 380). A form of A.

distachyum.
„ monosta'chyon (simple-spiked), i. Pink. September.

E. Ind. 1803. Stove.
„ (Ouviran'dra) henkelia'num (G. C., 1906, xl. 270,

ff. 108, 109). Described as a new species ; it has

APORETICA

57

APPLE

a larger rhizome than A. fettestrale, covered at the
growing point with a few small scales. Madagascar.

,, ro'seum. See A. DISTACHYUM ROSEUM.

„ spatha'ceum ju'nceum (B. M., t. 6399). t. Pinkish.
Autumn. S. Africa. 1879. Half-hardy.

APORE TICA. A synonym of Schmidelia.
APO RUM. See DENDROBIUM.

APPLE (Pyrus Mains). It is hardly necessary to
record that the Apple is most extensively grown and the
most useful of aU hardy fruits. Varieties are very
numerous. It is recorded in the 1868 edition of this
book that there were 1496 varieties, and since that time
many more have been added. The Apple in its wild
state exists in most countries of Europe, and is generally
known as the Crab. The English Crab is supposed to
be one of the original parents of the fine varieties we now
have ; yet it appears that we are indebted to Normandy
for some of the Cider apples, and to Holland and France
for some of the dessert and kitchen varieties. From
the immense number of varieties now cultivated it is
difficult to make a selection. Many of those given in the
old edition remain favourites, but many fine varieties
have been added since ; except where they have been
fully tested it will be better to keep to old standard sorts.
The following is a selection from those recommended
by the leading authorities on fruit culture, most of which
the writer is also acquainted with, but it must be re-
membered that sorts which succeed well in one locality
fail in another, and before planting extensively local
authorities should be consulted. In the list the time of
ripening is given as near as possible, but some allowance
must be made for position ; seasons also have a great
influence. And the various authorities differ in the times
given for ripening. Apples are ready to gather when
the pips (seeds) are of a dark brown or blackish colour,
but some require to be kept for a time after they are
gathered ; while others are of better flavour if eaten as
soon as gathered from the trees.

VARIETIES FOR DESSERT. July-August. — Beauty of
Bath, Juneating (sometimes written "Joaneting")
white, Juneating red (syn. Margaret), Irish Peach, Mr.
Gladstone, Early Harvest; August-September. — Devon-
shire Quarrenden ; Kerry Pippin, Miller's Seedling ;
Lady Dudeley, Yellow Ingestrie ; Worcester Pearmain ;
Red Astrachan ; and Langley Pippin. Sfptember-
October.— James Grieve, Pine Golden Pippin ; September
Beauty, Golden Reinette, Washington, Cornish Aro-
matic, and King's Acre Pippin. October-November. —
American Mother, King of the Pippins ; Scarlet Non-
pareil ; Ribston Pippin ; Margil ; Blenheim Orange,
and Wealthy. November-December- January. — Adam's
Pearmain ; Cox's Orange Pippin ; Charles Ross ; Mab-
bott's Pearmain, Christmas Pearmain, Aldington Pippin,
and Gravenstein. January-February-March. — Boston
Russett, Court Pendu Plat, Lord Hindlip ; Mannington
Pearmain, Reinette du Canada, Claygate Pearmain.
March- April-May. — Allen's Everlasting, Brownlee's
Russett ; Cockle's Pippin, Duke of Devonshire, Feam's
Pippin, Lord Burghley, and Reinette du Canada.

VARIETEIS FOR KITCHEN (cooking purposes). Ausust-
September. — Lord Suffield, Keswick Codlin, Duchess of
Oldenburgh, Lord Grosvenor, Stirling Castle, Frogmore
Prolific, and Pott's Seedling. October-November. — Beauty
of Kent, Cellini, Cox's Pomona, Ecklinville, Emperor
Alexander, Hambling's Seedling, Peasgood's Nonsuch,
Golden Noble, The Queen, Worcestershire Pearmain, and
Grenadier. November - December - January. — Bismarck,
Blenheim Orange, Lady Henniker, Lane's Prince Albert,
Gascoigne's Seedling, Tower of Glammis, Newton
Wonder, Jubilee, Sandringham, Norfolk Beauty, and Dr.
Harvey. February-March-April.— Alfriston, Bramley's
Seedling, Wellington, King of Tomkins County, Annie
Elizabeth, Northern Greening, Warner's King, Lord
Derby, and Mere de Menage.

APPLES FOR SMALL GARDEN. Dessert.— James Grieve,
Juneating, Red Quarrenden, Cox's Orange Pippin,
Miller's Seedling, Braddick's Nonpareil.

FOR KITCHEN USE.— Cellini, Lord Suffield, Cox's
Pomona, Lane's Prince Albert, Newton Wonder,
Stirling Castle, The Queen. Bismarck, and the old
favourite, Keswick Codlin, may be added. For cottage
gardens, if limited to a few sorts, James Grieve, Cellini,
Lord Suffield, and Cox's Pomona should be included.

Where only a few trees are grown it will be found more
satisfactory to plant early varieties. And for market
purposes a limited number of sorts which follow in suc-
cession will be found more profitable than growing a
large collection.

CULTURE. — In a dictionary it is not necessary to go
fully into cultural details, except to give a brief summary
of the various methods of propagating, and the different
modes of training, pruning, &c. The increasing of stock
is the first thing to be considered. From seeds, of course,
appears to be the most natural means, but since we have
such a great number of varieties of garden origin, there
is no reliance to be placed on getting any sort true from
seeds. Yet those who have the space and time may find
it interesting to raise seedlings, and by cross fertilisation
some improved varieties may be raised. Fertilising
should be done systematically. Taking two dessert
varieties, one may be of good growth and a fair cropper,
but wanting in quality. Fertilise from one of better
quality which may not be so robust, but keep to sorts
which come in at about the same time and which appear
to have some affinity to each other. The same remarks
apply to kitchen varieties. After a selection has been
made keep persistently to the same varieties, and if on
fruiting they show cross fertilisation has been effected,
but not quite satisfactory results are obtained, work
again on the seedlings, or raise more seedlings from the
first without re-crossing. Seedlings may fruit earlier if
grafted on the Paradise stock, and it will do no harm
to cut back the young trees to provide the grafts (or
scions). The time of bringing seedling Apples into fruit-
ing trees varies considerably, but from three to four
years is the earliest that they can be expected to bear
fruit. The seedlings should be transplanted when about
a year old, and this may be done as soon as the leaves
are off in the autumn. Pruning will depend upon growth,
but generally the terminal shoot may be shortened back,
and if the trees are given plenty of room the laterals will
make flower-buds much earlier than where the trees are
crowded together. And more satisfactory results will be
obtained by growing on a few carefully selected crosses
than growing a larger number which have not been
properly cross-fertilised. Propagation may be affected
from cuttings, but this is rarely done except to provide
stocks of the Codlings and Paradise for grafting on ; these
may also be obtained from layers. Most of the stocks
grown for grafting or budding on are raised from seeds of
the Crab. For standards the seedlings may be encouraged
to grow freely, removing all side branches until the stem
has reached from 6 to 8 feet high ; they may then be
budded with the desired sorts. This should be done in
July or August. Great care should be taken that the
wood used does not get withered during the process. A
wet cloth should be used to wrap the wood, from which
the buds are to be taken, up in. Where large quantities
are done, it would not be advisable to wait for the
weather, but where possible the budding should be done
on a dull, damp day. It may be added that younger
stocks may be budded and the stems formed from the
variety to be grown. The bush and pyramid trees may
be grown from budding on young seedlings. In the
choice of stocks much depends upon varieties to be
grown, and for what purpose. For fruiting early the
Paradise is the best ; there are several varieties of this,
which originate from Pyrus prcecox ; the broad-leaved
Paradise is recommended as one of the best. The Crab
or native Pyrus \Ialus is the best for producing
strong-growing trees as standards. Seedlings raised
from the Cider Apples, and other hardy sorts, are also
used.

GRAFTING. — This method of propagating is not so
general as it was in years gone by; but where it is
desirable to increase a variety as rapidly as possible no
wood must be wasted. The stocks must be well estab-
lished. There are many different methods of grafting— for
Apples, whip or " tongue grafting " is perhaps the best
method (see notes on GRAFTING). The scions (or grafts)
should be taken in December, cut in suitable lengths,
tied in small bundles, and buried in the ground under
a north wall or other cool and shady position— this will
retard them. The grafting should be done in March
and April ; the sap in the stocks will then be rising and
ready to give support to the scions. Success depends
greatly on having a very sharp knife and making quite
clean cuts both on the stock and on the scion. Formerly

APPLE

APRICOT

a band of wet clay was used, but moss is equally good
and much less trouble. This tied round so as to fully
cover the union and kept moist in dry weather will
generally lead to success in grafting, but we have seen
many failures, owing to the neglect of small details. A
most important point is to keep the scions quite fresh,
and in dry weather they should be covered with a
wet cloth.

METHODS OF GROWING, TRAINING, &c. — Apple trees
are adaptable to various forms of culture. For large
orchards standards were most favoured, with small bush
fruits such as Gooseberries and Currants growing between
them, but modern growers find that the bush and
pyramid trees are the most profitable. Messrs. Rivers
and Sons suggest that the pyramids or bush-trees, if
worked on the Paradise stocks, may be planted 9 feet
apart each way, and this will require 537 trees to plant
an acre. Bush fruits (Currants and Gooseberries) may
be planted between the rows at a distance 6 feet between
each plant. Apples on the Crab stock require more
room, and should have at least 12 feet each way between
the trees, and this will take 300 trees per acre.

Standards. — As stated above, these are not planted so
extensively as formerly ; yet in some positions they are
very useful, if only for decorative effect. Here it may be
noted that many hardy deciduous flowering trees are
planted for effect, yet as a rule fruit trees which are
equally beautiful when in flower, and more attractive
when they have a crop of bright, rosy- tin ted fruit,
rarely find a place except in the orchard or kitchen
garden.

Espaliers.— This is a term applied to trees trained with
horizontal growths running from a main upright stem.
They may be planted from 18 to 24 feet apart. The
foundation or first horizontal laterals are formed before
planting in a permanent position, after which the main
upright central growth should be cut back to secure
further side laterals ; the ultimate numbers usually
being four to six on either side of the main stem. And
after the trees are properly furnished all erect shoots
should be stopped back ; this will throw the vigour into
the horizontal branches. It is well known that sap, like
hot water, will rise to the highest point, but stop the
erect growths and the sap will flow horizontally. Espaliers
form useful divisions in various parts of the kitchen -
garden. Usually they are planted from 3 to 4 feet from
the walks, leaving a border for flowers grown for cutting
from, and vegetables are grown behind.

Cordons. — This term is applied to the trees trained
horizontally with a single stem, or they may be grown
obliquely or upright, but are confined to one or two
stems. Trees of this kind make a nice edging for borders ;
and for walls where there are buttresses, cordons can
be utilised with effect and profit. A cordon taken up
each buttress will cover the space which the ordinary
trained trees cannot be taken over.

Planting.— The earlier the trees can be planted after
the leaves are off in the autumn the better, yet planting
may be done up to the end of March. The first thing is
to have the ground properly prepared by trenching and
manuring; much will depend upon the nature of the
soil. In some instances very little manure, if any, will
be required, while some ground may have a liberal
dressing. It will depend entirely on the quality of the
ground, and also, to some extent, the sorts to be planted.
The vigorous growing sorts crop best on poor ground.
It is not necessary to trench the whole of the ground
when planting, but a good space — say, 3 feet each way
from the stem — should be well prepared. The trees if of
any size will require to have some of the strong roots
shortened back, and any roots that have been broken in
digging up the trees should be cut off clean. It is as
necessary to make clean cuts on the roots as it is when
pruning the tops. In planting, the hole should be made
wide, with a flat bottom. Spread the roots out evenly,
and work the soil well among them. Press it firmly and
cover all the roots, but do not plant too deeply.
Standards require stakes, and these should be driven
down deeply, so that they hold the trees firmly ; for if
the trees are not held in position the winds will twist
them about and loosen the roots before they are estab-
lished. Success depends greatly on a proper start. The
liberal use of lime on the surface will be beneficial and
go a great way towards eradicating vermin. It should
be added that in the process of planting care should be

taken to prevent the roots getting dry. The fibrous or
most useful roots soon perish if exposed.

Pruning. — This is an important operation, especially
in the formation of young trees. Clean cuts close above
the wood bud is one great point. A shoot should be cut
from the back of the bud, a little below the level, bring-
ing the knife up to come out just above the bud. Canker
may often be traced to injudicious pruning. If cut as
above a callus will soon be formed, but when cut a little
distance above a wood bud, the portion of stem above
the bud will die back, and frequently leave a bad joint,
which will cause canker later on. In regard to the time
of pruning, winter pruning should be done as early as
possible after the leaves are off the trees, but it is often
left later. The advantage of early pruning is that the
buds plump up from the base of the shoots, and the
trees start more evenly. Methods of pruning depend
upon the growth of the trees and the form of training.
In the formation of bush trees the growths should be
thinned out from the centre. Thick, bunchy trees are
never satisfactory. Pyramids require to be headed back
until the lower lateral branches are well developed. A
pyramid may be grown to from 10 to 12 feet high, but this
must be accomplished by yearly growths. After the
trees are well built up it will only remain to cut back
all young shoots from year to year, or leaving any to fill
up vacancies, and it may occur that some of the main
branches require to be cut away where the trees get too
thick. The Espaliers and Cordons require what is
termed spur pruning — that is, all growths cut back nearly
close to the main stems, except leaving the main lateral
shoot for extension where necessary. It is not advisable
to cut in too close. If a few buds are left the terminal
bud will grow and the lower ones form short flowering
spurs for the following year, and perhaps part of the old
wood may be cut back when pruning the following
year.

Summer Pruning is sometimes recommended, but this
requires to be done with care, and should not be done
late in the season. Some of the surplus growths may be
cut away about July or earlier, and shoots shortened
back may form flowering spurs. When done too late
only soft, unripened growths are made, and this will be
of no use either for fruiting or for making the trees.
Careful observation is the best means of ascertaining
how to use the knife either for summer or winter pruning.

Insect Pests and Fungoid Diseases. — Apples are subject
to numerous insect pests, and also to fungoid diseases —
these will be more fully dealt with under INSECT PESTS and
DISEASES ; but it may here be remarked that a thorough
spraying in the winter, and again soon after the fruits
are set, also a good dressing of lime on the ground, will
go a great way towards keeping off troublesome pests.

Gathering Apples. — The question often arises, When
should Apples be gathered ? Outside appearances are
rather deceiving. One of the best guides is to examine
the seeds. Colour varies a little, but when they are
dark brown or nearly black the Apples will be ripe
enough to gather. Yet it may not always be desirable
to gather as soon as the seeds have changed colour. If
the Apples are not falling off the trees it may be better
to leave them for a time, especially those that are to
be kept for some time after they are gathered. If
gathered before they are fully ripe they are liable to
shrivel. Keeping also makes some difference. In large
establishments a properly constructed fruit room is
available. Small growers may store them in a cellar if
there is not too much moisture, or any cool cupboard
where the change of outside temperature does not affect
them. Nothing should come in contact with the Apples
that is likely to affect the flavour. Dry, clean straw
may be used, or perfectly dry, clean boxes lined with
clean paper ; no printed paper should be employed. The
time of keeping much depends upon how the Apples are
handled. A very slight bruise will produce decay, and
one left among sound fruit will cause the rot to spread.

APPLE BERRY. See BILLARDIERA.

APPLE-BLOSSOM WEEVIL (Anthonomus pomorum).
Apple Mussel Scale (Aspidiotus conchiformis). Apple or
Codlin Grub (Carpocapsa pomonana). See INSECT PESTS.

APRICOT. Pru'nus Artneni'aca.
VARIETIES : i. Early Masculine. — End of July. The
best of the very early Apricots. Fruit rather small

APRICOT

59

AQUARIUM

round, and of a yellowish colour, tinted with red on
one side.

2. Large Early, or Precoce. — Ripens next in order. An
oblong fruit, of a palish-orange colour, with a very agree-
able juice.

3. Blenheim, or Shipley's.— One of the most useful
Apricots in the kingdom ; for, although inferior in flavour
to the Moorpark, it is a much greater bearer, and a sure
ripener. An oval fruit, middle-sized, and of a palish-
lemon colour. This kind is allied to the Moorpark ;
possibly a seedling from it.

4. Hemskerk. — Another of the Moorpark section ;
somewhat earlier. This also ripens safer than the Moor-
park, and such is a weighty consideration with northern
horticulturists. A roundish fruit, somewhat flattened
at the crown ; colour, orange and red.

5. Breda. — A well-known preserving fruit, and most
eligible for growing, as an ordinary standard, in our
southern counties, or on any trellis device. Called
" Brussels " by some. A small fruit, generally of a
cramped or angled appearance ; of an orange colour, and
richly flavoured.

6. Royal. — A good fruit, of very rich flavour, ripening
just a little before the Moorpark. Of a large size, oval,
and of an orange complexion.

7. Moorpark. — The first Apricot in the kingdom, taken
altogether. A full-sized, roundish fruit, ripening about
middle season ; flavour first rate. No garden of any
pretensions is complete without a Moorpark or two.

These are all that are truly essential either to the
amateur or the cottager. For the amateur who, in a
small garden, has room for three only, and those dis-
tinct kinds, we recommend Nos. 3, 5, and 7. If four,
then take Nos. i, 3, 5, 7. If five, then Nos. i, 3, 5, 6, 7.
For cottagers, we say, Nos. 3 and 7. Above all, we
would recommend the " Shipley's " to the cottager, as
being a hardier and a larger tree, and a much surer
bearer. Besides the above, there are the Black, the
Almond, Musch-Musch, very sweet, of the Breda
section ; the Orange, fitter for preserving than dessert,
a good bearer ; the Roman, another good bearer ; the
Turkey, a useful late variety ; the Kaisha, a Syrian kind,
delicious, and possessing a sweet kernel.

Choice of Trees. — Those who have to select, whether
from stock of their own or from the nursery, should first
see that the junction between the stock and the scion is
complete, and thoroughly healed. If any gum or other
exudation appear on any stem, by all means reject the
tree as to present use.

Two or three years' trained trees are the most eligible,
and such should possess at least two branches on either
side, and a central one if possible. Care should be taken
to select those in which the side-branches are of about
equal thickness.

Propagation is best done by budding. Some choose
the Apricot stock, or those from the kernels ; others
prefer the Plum stock : the latter, however, has been
much complained of in late years. Our nurserymen have
what is called a " commoner " stock, which appears to
be a sort of wild Plum, and which, in general, answers
pretty well.

For dwarfs, bud at 8 inches from the soil ; for half-
standajrds, at 3 feet ; and for standards, at 5 feet.

Period of Planting. — Those who wish to gain time may
plant successfully in the first or second week of October :
any time, however, from that period until the early part
of March will do.

Soil. — A good, sound, and rather unctuous loam is
best, using a little ordinary vegetable matter, but no
manure, unless on the surface. See MULCHING. Do not
make the soil deeper than 18 inches. See article
STATIONS.

Aspect. — A south aspect is best in the northern parts
of the kingdom ; but the east and west frequently pro-
duce superior fruit in the southern counties, where very
warm aspects are apt to produce mealy fruit in hot
seasons. Standards can only be grown in our southern
districts, where they are sometimes very prolific and
high-flavoured. As standards, they are several years in
coming into bearing.

Training. — The branches should be on an average
from 6 to 8 inches apart, and kept as horizontal as
possible. The espalier is a very good form ; but the
ordinary fan- training is very well adapted, if care be
taken to pinch over-luxuriant shoots in time.

Pruning must be regulated by the knowledge that,
with the exception of such as the Moorpark, many
varieties bear chiefly on the shoots of the previous year ;
the Moorpark mostly on spurs two and three years' old.
Summer Pruning. — Take off all fore-right shoots, and
others that are irregular and misplaced, reserving those
that are not too vigorous, and that will train in well
for next year's bearing. If done early in May, the finger
and thumb will supersede the necessity for the knife.
Continue to nail the shoots to the wall, as necessary,
during the summer, tying down or nailing in all short-
jointed, weak-looking spray. Over-vigorous shoots may
be stopped early in June, and be thus induced to put
forth more fertile laterals.

Winter Pruning had best be done as soon as the leaves
have fallen, though it may be carried on until the buds
begin to swell, in March. Cut out any naked-looking
shoots not more than four or five years old, avoiding
amputations in the larger limbs, and get their places
reoccupied by younger and better branches. Keep a
! leading shoot at the end of each branch. Vigorous shoots
of the last year shorten as far as the points seem ill-
ripened — weaker shoots about one-third. This promotes
the production of laterals for next year's fruiting, and
gives a fuller supply of sap to the blossom-buds. Cut
off gross, fore-right spurs; but lateral spurs may be
retained, as they sometimes produce blossom-buds, as
they nearly always do in the Moorpark. Let also all
decaying or imperfect points be pruned off.

Espaliers are to be formed as those on walls ; standards
only requiring dead, crowded, or chafing branches to be
removed.

When an Apricot gets diseased, it is much more
profitable to replace it by a younger, than to attempt
its renovation.

Gathering should take place before the fruit is dead
ripe, or it will be mealy.

Thinning should commence as soon as the fruit is large
enough for tarts, in May, or early in June ; no fruit
being left nearer, finally, than about 5 inches to another.
The thinning may be done, however, at twice.

Insects. — Wasps and flies are best kept off by a net,
at least a foot from the walL See EARWIG, SEMASIA,
and APHIS.

Mildew is often the most formidable assailant of the
Apricot, as it usually arises from excess of moisture to
the root. Draining the border, and mixing lime with
the soil, has, in such case, been found efficacious as a
preventive ; and, at the same tune, sulphur, as a well-
known and powerful antagonist of the mildew, may be
l carefully dusted over the tree.

Protection of Blossom. — We know of no fruit that more

j requires or deserves the fostering care of the gardener

i than this. Blossoming, as it frequently does, in the end

i of February or beginning of March, it must expect to be

rocked by not only the " rude, imperious gale," but,

what is much worse, to be subjected occasionally to a

temperature of some ten or fifteen degrees of frost. We

have ever found it the best policy to protect carefully,

; using a rather thick covering, and taking care to remove

i it on every possible occasion. Nothing can be better

! than a stout canvas. Some, however, use bunting ;

i some, ordinary garden-mats ; and not a few, the fronds

i of fern, spruce-branches, and even wisps of straw.

General Maxims of Culture. — First of all, a sound, loamy
soil, with very little manure, is most suitable. It is well,
nevertheless, in order to gain time, to use a little generous
soil, to start the plant into free growth ; second, to
persist in summer stopping, in order to equalise growths ;
and, thirdly, after careful summer training, to remove
all superfluous spray which shades the embryo fruit buds
in the end of August. In addition to this, top-dressings
in May, and the application of liquid-manure, when the
fruit commences the last swelling, will be found useful
adjuncts of high culture. Apricot-branches, especially
the Moorpark, are apt to decay of a sudden, without
apparent reasons. By persisting in the tying-down sys-
tem, however, a succession is ever ready for any gap.

AQUA RIUM is the place devoted to the cultivation
of aquatic or water-plants. The majority of those culti-
vated are exotic, and require the protection of glass. If
there are only a few of these, they may be successfully
grown in cisterns, placed in a stove ; but if the collec-
tion be extensive, it requires a separate edifice. The

AQUARIUM

60

AQUARIUM

tank-system of heating by hot-water offers a very
superior mode of keeping the water at a fitting tempera-
ture. The leaden cistern in which the plants are sub-
merged may rest readily upon the slates forming the
cover of the tank. The handsomest form for this
purpose would be a circular building, devoted entirely to
the aquatics, because they do not thrive satisfactorily in
parts or corners of a house in which other plants are
tultivated. The size will depend upon the will or the
means of the owner. If the cultivation of the imperial
Victoria regia is intended, it ought not to be less than
26 feet diameter. This will allow a tank of 20 feet
diameter, and a walk 3 feet wide round it. To make it
hold water, the sides should be made of thick slates,
fitted so as to be water-tight ; or it may be built with
bricks set in cement, and lined with the same. It should
be at least 3 feet deep, for the Victoria loves deep
water. The water should be heated with 4|-inch hot-
water pipes, coiled three times round the tank, and two
pipes should be carried round the house, near to the
outer wall, to give heat to the air of the house. The roof
should be formed with wrought iron bars, and should
be flat, as far as possible, to allow the rain-water to run
off freely. The Victoria should be planted on a mound
of strong earth, the base of which should be, at the
least, 5 feet in diameter, and the top 2 feet, and it
should be brought up within a foot of the surface of
the water. This should have a motion given to it by
means of a vertical wheel, with narrow boards affixed
to it at right angles, at 6 or 8 inches apart. This vertical
wheel should dip into the water a few inches, and should
play upon an axis, being set in motion by a small stream
of water falling constantly upon the boards. This wheel
will give a gentle motion to the whole surface of the
water, which motion will be a faint imitation of a stream,
and will be very beneficial to the plants. The heat of
the water should be never lower than 70°. Air will be
necessary in the hot days of summer, and may be given
by means of shutters in the walls, 8 or 9 feet apart, and
a circular opening in the roof, at the centre, 2 feet or
3 feet in diameter. This part may be easily contrived,
by any mechanic, to lift up and fall down by a simple
machinery. This will cause a circulation of air, necessary
in all habitations of plants. If the Victoria is not in-
tended to be grown, the house need not be more than
half the size.

The Victoria house at Chatsworth is a noble structure
for the purpose. It is, however, the opposite to our
beau ideal of an aquarium, being square, with a circular
tank in the centre, and the corners filled up with eight
small tanks, in which are grown one plant of a kind of
other fine, stove aquatics. A walk runs round the central
tank, and that walk is entered by a short one from each
side of the square. A walk, too, is formed into each
corner ; and a walk runs close along the front, thus
forming the small tanks alluded to above. The diameter
of the central tank is 33 feet, which will give us some
idea of this truly noble aquarium ; but very few culti-
vators will choose to go to the expense of erecting such
a house.

The following are aquatic stove plants : —
Aponogeton angustifolium.
„ distachyum.
,, monostachyon.

Cyperus alternifolius.

„ Papyrus.
Damasonium alismoides.
Eichornia speciosa.
Euryale ferox.
Hydrocleis Commersonii.
Limnanthemum indicum.
Limnophyton obtusifolium.
Monochoria hastaefolia.
Nelumbium speciosum.
Nymphaea Lotus.

„ „ pubescens.

„ ,, rubra.

„ stellata.

„ ,, caerulea.

,, ,, zanzibarensis.

tetragona.

Philydrum lanuginosum.
Pistia Stratiotes.
Pontederia cordata.

Sagittaria lancifolia.
Sauromatum guttatum.
Thalia dealbata.
Victoria regia.
Villarsia ovata.

Propagation and Culture. — Being all herbaceous plants,
they are to be propagated as these generally are. Some
are raised from seeds, which, in general, should be sown
as soon as ripe, and the pots plunged in shallow water.
When the plants come up, they may be transplanted into
other pots, and shifted as they advance in growth, till
in a pot of sufficient size to admit their flowering, which
will generally take place the same season. Instead of
being kept in pots, the plants may be inserted in a bed
of earth, on the bottom of the aquarium. Keep the
water warm, say from 70° to 75° in summer, and leave
them nearly dry in winter. Nelu'mbium specio'sum re-
quires a water heat of 84°.

Cyperus Papyrus, Nelumbium, Nymphaea, Hydrocleis,
Hydrocharis, Sagittaria, and Pontederia, will furnish
variety enough.

Aquarium for Hardy Aquatics. — For this choose the
lowest part of your garden ; dig out the soil or clay to
a moderate depth ; it may either be of a regular form,
as a circle or oval, or irregular, which latter we prefer,
with a bay in one part, a jutting promontory in another,
a shelving shore here, and a steep bank, covered with
shrubs, at another point. However small the piece of
water may be, a little good taste and judicious manage-
ment will have the best effect. Having formed the shape
by digging out the soil to the required depth, from 2
to 3 feet, the next point is to make it hold water. There
is nothing better than clay for this purpose : it will
require preparing to make it retentive of water. Take
a small portion, say a barrow-load, and chop it into
small pieces with a sharp spade. If it be dry, add a
little water to it ; then, with a wooden hammer having a
long handle, beat it well till every part is of a uniform
consistency, having the appearance of clay dough.
Spread this on the bottom of the pond, about 6 inches
thick. Proceed with mixing up and beating barrow-load
after barrow-load till the bottom is entirely covered ;
then either put on a pair of wooden-soled shoes, or go
on it with naked feet ; the last is the best way. Tread
the prepared clay firmly, closely, and evenly down. Do
this well and properly, and the bottom will never leak.
As soon as that part is finished, mix and beat more clay
for the sides. With the spade, as soon as it or a portion
of it is ready, dab it against the sloping bank, com-
mencing at and joining it to the clay bottom. As soon
as this is done, beat it with the wooden hammer firmly
against the bank. If you have plenty of clay, 8 inches
will not be too thick for the sides. Remember, the more
firmly the clay is beaten to the sides, the better it will
hold water. The clay must be quite pure — that is, have
no stones or other matter left amongst it. If there are
any such left, they will serve as conduits for the water
to escape by, and all your labour will be in vain. Pro-
ceed with adding layers of clay upward, until you reach
the level you intend the water to be. Carry the clay-
puddle 2 or 3 inches higher, level the natural soil down to
it, and let this soil be 2 inches or more higher than the
clay. This will prevent it cracking away from the bank.
Your aquarium is now ready for the water. Previously
to rilling it, however, cover the bottom, upon the clay,
with a coating of loam, 4 inches thick. This is intended
to encourage the water-plants to root in, and to cause
them to grow finely. If you can procure a sufficient
quantity of rough stones or pebbles, place them against
the banks. These will prevent the water from washing
away the clay-puddle. All being now ready, let in the
water.

Planting. — As soon as the aquarium is full of water
you may plant the aquatics. The best mode is to have
some wicker baskets of various sizes, to suit the size of
each plant. Fill one with soil, inserting the plant in-
tended for it at the same time ; cover the top of the soil
with some twisted hay-bands, coiling them round the
plant ; then lace them firmly down with some strong
three-cord twine, passing it under the rim of the wicker
basket, so as to keep in it the soil and the plant. Throw
either a plank or a long ladder across the water. On this
you can walk, carrying the plant with you. Drop it into
the place you intend it for, and so treat all the other

AQUIFOLIACE^E

61

AQUILEGTA

water plants. Some of them — the wattr-lily , for instance
—have their leaves floating on the surface ; but this is
not needful at first. They (the leaves) will soon rise to
the surface, and assume their natural position. The
u-ater-rioiet has both its roots and leaves floating ; all
that is required, then, is to cast it into the water, and
let it ilourish as it pleases.

Some of our readers may wish to have aquatics culti-
vated in tanks formed with masonry, the water to be
used for watering plants in pots, &c. ' This can be easily
accomplished by puddling the bottom with clay, as
mentioned above, and building upon it sloping walls,
using Roman cement for mortar. These, if well executed,
are very ornamental, and of a neat • appearance. If the
tank walls are carried up 3 or 4 feet above the level, the
plants are then brought nearer to the eye. An example
of this may be seen in the royal gardens at Kew. Single
plants of this kind may be cultivated in vases, or even in
troughs, the only thing they will require being a portion
of mud at the bottom for the plants to root in. The
after-culture the aquatics will require is, if possible, to
change the water frequently, and keep the surface clear
from water-mosses. A few ducks soon clear off the
latter ; otherwise the mosses must be skimmed, or
flooded off with water, if there is supply enough.

The following are some of the best hardy aquatics : —

Stratio'tcs aloi'des (water-soldier), native of Britain.

Aponoge'ton dista'chyum (two-spiked Aponogeton), a
very pretty, floating aquatic, from the Cape of Good
Hope ; yet, although from a warm country, it is suffi-
ciently hardy to survive an ordinary winter. It has
white "flowers.

Bu'tomus umbella'tus (Umbel-flowering Rush), one of
the best of our native aquatics, found in ditches. It has
beautiful heads of pink flowers, and does not require
deep water ; consequently, may be planted near the
edge of the water. Cattle are very fond of its leaves.

Ca'lla palu'stris (Marsh Calla). a native of North
America, and

Richd'rdiaafrica'na (African Calla), both plants of great
beauty. The latter is, on that account, cultivated as a
greenhouse and window plant, and is commonly called
the " arum plant." This species is rather tender, but
will survive our winter if planted in deep water.

Hotto'nia palu'stris (Marsh Hottonia), flesh-coloured
flowers : a native of Britain.

Menya'nthes trifolia'ta (three-leaved Buckbean), with
white flowers. This is another native species, growing
in shallow waters. It is very pretty, and worth
cultivation.

Nu'phar lu'toim (Yellow-flowered Nuphar), a fine
water-plant, native of Britain.

Nu'phar a'dvena (Stranger Nuphar), yellow and red ;
a tine species, from North America.

Nymphce'a a'lba (White Water-Lily). This is, without
doubt, the finest of our hardy water-plants. It loves
deep water, with plenty of room, and a muddy bottom
to root in. It then will produce numbers of its beautiful,
large, milk-white flowers.

Ty'pha latifo'lia (Broad-leaved Cat's- tail). Though
not so showy as some species, this plant is worth grow-
ing, producing its large spikes of flowers abundantly in
shallow waters.

Besides these there are — Alisma Plantago ; Echinodorus
ranunculoides : Lobelia Dortmanna ; Myriophyllum
spicatitm and verticillatum ; Polygonum amphibium ;
Sagittaria sagittifolia ; Teucrium Scordium ; Trapa
natans and bispinosa ; and Limnanthemum pdtatum
and lacunosum.

AQUIFOLIA'CESL See ILEX.

AQULLA RIA. (From aquila, an eagle, locally called
Eagle-wood in Malacca. Nat. ord. Aquilariads [Thymelae-
acea?]. Linn. io-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

The Eagle- wood is the inside of the trunk of Aquila' ri a
malaccefnsis and A. Aga'llochi — esteemed a cordial hi Asia.
Cuttings in heat, in sand, and under a bell-glass. Sandy
loam, with a little peat. Summer temp., 65° to 75° ;
winter, 55° to 60°.

A. malaccSnsis (Malacca). 6. Whitish-green. Malacca.
1823. A stove evergreen shrub.

AQULLE GIA. Columbine. (From aquila, an eagle ;
in reference to the form of the petals. Nat. ord. Crow-

foots [Ranunculaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, $~Penta~
gynia.)

Seeds in March ; common soil. Seedlings flower some-
times the first, but generally the second season. All
hardy herbaceous perennials.

A. alpi'na (alpine), i. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1731.
,, anm0not'<f« (anemone-like). See ISOPVRUM GRANDI-

FLORUM.

,, a'rctica (arctic). See A. FORMOSA.
,, atropurpu'rea (dark purple). See A. VIRIDIFLORA.
„ „ fischeria'na (Fischer's). See A. VIRIDIFLORA.
,, au'rea. See A. CHRYSANTHA.

„ baikale'nsis (G. C, 1900, xxvu. 407). Flowers a com-
bination of blue, white, and green.
„ Bertolo'nii. i. Blue, violet June. Syn. A. Reuteri.
„ bi' color. See A. SIBIRICA.

„ brachy'ceras (short-spurred). See A. LEPTOCERAS.
,, cceru'lea. 2. Blue and white. Rocky Mountains.

1864.

„ ceeru'leo-chrysa'ntha. Garden hybrid. 1889.
„ „ hy'brida. Blue, white. Of garden origin.
., califor'nica hy'brida (F. M., t. 278).
„ canade'nsis (Canadian). 2. Reddish-orange. June.

N. Amer. 1640.

„ „ au'rea. See A. FLAVESCEKS.
„ „ lu'tea (yellow-flowered), i. Pale yellow. May.

N. Amer. 1835.
„ chrysa'ntha. 2 to 4. Yellow. California. 1873.

Syn. A. Uptoceras chrysantha.
„ „ fiave'scens. See A. FLAVESCKNS.
„ dahu'rica (Dahurian). See A. VIRIDIFLORA.
,, ecalcara'ta (Gfl., 1903, 576). Japan.
„ flabella'ta (Rev. Hort., 1887, p. 548, f. no).
,. ,, na'na fto're albo. Garden variety.
„ flavSscens. Yellow. California. 1872.
„ formo'sa (beautiful). 2. Red, orange. June. N.

Amer. 1822.

„ fra' 'grans (fragrant). J. Yellow-striped. May. Hima-
layas. 1839.

,, garnieria'na (Miss Garnier's). See A. SIBIRICA.
„ glandulo'sa (glandular), z. Whitish-blue. June.

Siberia. 1822.
„ „ co'ncolor (one-coloured). 2. Violet. July.

Altaia. 1822.
,. ., di' 'scalar (two-coloured). Bluish- white. June.

Siberia. 1789.
„ „ jucu'nda (B. R., 1847, t. 19). i$. Blue. June.

Siberia. 1844.
,, glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Whitish- yellow. June.

Himalayas. 1839.

,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See A. GLANDULOSA.
„ Helena (W. G., 1902, 104). Garden hybrid between

A. flabellata nana alba and A. ceerulea.
„ Hooke'ri. (Figured in B. M., t. 6552, as A. fortnosa.)
., hy'brida (hybrid). See A. VULGARIS.
,, jucu'nda (joyous-looking). See A. GLANDULOSA

JUCUNDA.

,, kanaorie'nsis (B. M., 4693). See A. MOORCROFTIANA.

„ Kitaibdlii. 2. Purple. June. Asia Minor.

,, lepto'ceras (slender-homed), i. Blue. June. Russia.

1833.
„ longi'ssima. Yellow, straw, or reddish. Texas and

Mexico. 1888.

„ macra'ntha (Fl. Ser., t. 531). See A. C/ERULEA.
,, moorcroftia'na. i. White, blue. June. Himalayas.
,, ni'gricans (Belg. Hort., vol. 4, t. i). See A. VULGARIS.
„ oly'mpica. ij. Mauve-blue, white. 1880.
„ oxyse'pala. Siberia. 1890.
„ parviflo'ra (small- flowered). i. Purple. June.

Siberia. 1819.
., pubiflo'ra (woolly-flowered). Pale purple. June.

India. 1839.
„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). i. Blue. July. Pyrenees.

1818.

,, Reute'ri. See BERTOLONII.
„ sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. Blue, white. June. Siberia.

1806.
„ Skinnefri (Mr. Skinner's), f Red, green. May.

Mexico. 1841.
„ specio'sa. See A. SIBIRICA.
,, specta'bilis. See A. SIBIRICA.
„ Stua'rtii. Garden hybrid. 1888.
„ thalictrifo'lia (Gfl., t. 961, f. i). 2. Blue.

Summer. Tyrol. 1879.

ARABIS

62

ARALIA

A. transsilva'nica (G. C., 1892, xi. 650). See A. VULGARIS

TRANSSILVANICA.

„ viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). 2. Green, yellow. June.
Siberia. 1780.

„ visco'sa (clammy). See A. KITAIBELII.

„ vulga'ris (common). 2. Blue. June. Britain.

„ ,, a'lba. Pure white.

„ „ atra'ta. Dark violet. Germany. 1890.

„ „ cornicula'ta (small-horn-double). 2. Blue, white.
June. Europe.

„ „ de'gener (degenerate-double). 2. Blue, white.
June. Europe.

„ ,, ecalcara'ta (spurless).

„ „ e'legans (elegant), i. Purple. June. Europe.

„ „ hy'brida. Lilac-purple, white.

„ ,, inve'rsa (inverted-double). 2. Blue, white. June.
Europe.

„ „ stella'ta (starred-double). 2. Blue, white. June.
Europe.

„ „ transsilva'nica. Bright purplish-blue. Tran-
sylvania. 1892.

„ ,, vervcenea'na. Leaves variegated.

„ ,. ivittmannia'na. Lilac-purple, white.

AR'ABIS. WaU-cress. (From Arabia, probably in
reference to the dry situations where many of the species
grow. Nat. ord. Crosswords or Crucifers [Crucifera?].
Linn. i^-Tetradynamia.)

Pretty rock-work ornaments ; seeds in March or
August ; cuttings under hand-lights ; common soil.
Hardy perennial trailers, except where otherwise specified.

A. a'lbida (whitish), i. White. July. Caucasus. 1798.
,, ,, flo're ple'no (double).

,, ,, flo're ple'no variega'ta. Double and variegated.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated-leaved). J. White. Feb-
ruary. Gardens.

„ Allio'nii. i. White. May. Piedmont. 1658.
., alpe'stris (rocky), i. White. July. Switzerland.

1819. Hardy biennial.

, alpi'na (alpine), i. White, yellow. May. Switzer-
land. 1596.
,, „ clusia'na (Clusius's). i. White. May. Pyrenees.

1596.
,, „ na'na (dwarf), i. White. May. Switzerland.

1819.

,, ambi'gua (doubtful). See A. PETR^EA.
„ areno'sa (sand), i. Pink. July. Germany. 1798.

Hardy annual.

., auricula'ta. r. White. June. Podolia. 1827.
„ bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved), i. White, yellow. June.

Switzerland. 1773.
„ blepharophy'lla (B. M., t. 6087). Rosy purple. Spring.

California. 1874.
„ cteru'lea (blue), i. Pale blue. June. Switzerland.

*793-
,, cilia'ta (eye-lashed). I. White. June. Ireland.

Hardy biennial.
„ colli'na (B. M., t. 3021). White or pale purple.

Naples.

„ crispa'ta (curled). See A. ALPINA.
,, curtisi'liqua (short-podded). See A. HIRSUTA.
,, dasyca'rpa (thick-podded). See A. AURICULATA.
,, flexuo'sa (zigzag). See A. SERPYLLIFOLIA.
,, Halle'ri. i. Pale red. June. Europe. 1824.
„ hirsu'ta. i. White. June. Britain.
„ Holbce'llii. i. Lilac. August. N. Amer. 1836.
,, lasiolo'ba (jagged-lobed). 2. White. June. Mexico.

1820. Hardy biennial.

„ lilaci'na (lilac-flowered). See A. HOLBCELLII.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See A. ALBIDA.

„ lu'cida (shining-leaved), i. White. June. Hungary.

1790.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated-leaved), i. White. June.

Gardens.

„ mo'llis (soft), i. White. June. Caucasus. 1817.
,, tnura'lis. Spring and summer. Italy.
„ „ ro'sea (B. M., t. 324**). Rose. 1832.
,, nu'tans (nodding). See A. ALLIONII.
„ ovirie'nsis (ovirian). See A. HALLERI.
., pe'ndula (Jacq. Vind., vol. 3, t. 34). White. May to

J une. Siberia.

„ petrce'a (rock), i. While. June. Britain.
,, „ ambi'gua. White. June. Britain.
„ „ fuistula'ta (halbert-feai^). i. Purple. June.

Britain.

A. petrce'a hi'spida (bristly). i. White. June.

Scotland.

,, prcz'cox (early). See A. PROCURRENS.
,, f>rocu'rrens (procurrent). i. White. June. Hun-
gary. 1818.

,, ,, variega'ta. White. Graceful rock trailer.
,, pu'mila (dwarf), i. White. June. Austria. 1816.
„ retro fro,' eta (bent-back). See A. HOLBOZLLII.
., ro'sea (rosy-flowered). See A. MURALIS ROSEA.
,, xchivereckia'na (Shivereck's). i. White. June.

Austria. 1826.
„ serpyllifo'lia. White.
,, stellala'ta (little-starred). See A. PUMILA.
,, slenope'tala (narrow- petaled). i. White. June.

1818. Hardy biennial.
„ stoloni'fera (shoot-bearing). i. White. June.

Carniola. 1818.

„ stri'cta (upright). Cream. May. England.
„ Todaro'i. May. 1881.
,, toxophy'lla (bow-leaved). See SISYMBRIUM TOXO-

PHYLLUM.

,, undula'ta (waved-leaved). See A. ALPINA.
„ ve'rna (spring), i. Purple. May. France. 1710.

Hardy annual.

ARA'CE2£ or AROIDE.ffi. A considerable order of
herbaceous plants, with tuberous rhizomes. Flowers on
a spadix, unisexual, or hermaphrodite, protected by a
spathe ; large radical leaves. The genera attached to
this order include : Alocasia, Arum, Caladium, Colocasia,
and Dieffenbachia.

A'RACHIS. Earth-nut. (From a, not, and rachis, a
branch ; a branchless plant. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosas]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria.)

Seed ; sandy loam ; summer temp., 60° to 75° ;
winter, 55° to 65° ; but may be treated as an annual.

A. hypogce'a (underground). 2. Yellow. June. Africa,
1812.

ARACHNA'NTHE. (From arachne, a spider, and
anthos, flower. Nat. ord. Orchideae ; tribe Vandeas-Sar-
cantheas.) Stove orchids. For treatment, see VANDA.

A. anname'nsis. i£. Yellow and red-brown. Annam. 1905.
,, be'lla. Pale ochre, cinnamon ; lip white, purplish-
brown. Malaya. 1888. Syn. Esmeralda bella.
„ bih'nguis. Khasia and Burma.
„ Cathca'rtii. Yellow, red, white. India. 1864. Syn.

Vanda Cathcartii.
„ Cla'rkei (B. M., t. 7077). Yellow, red. September.

E. Himalayas. 1885. Syns. Esmeralda Clarkei and

Vanda Clarkei.
„ Lo'wii. Yellow, brown. February. Borneo. 1846.

Syns. Renanthera Lowii and Vanda Lowii.
„ „ rohdenia'na (Veitch Man. Orch. Phalsen., 10).

Dwarf form, with brighter coloured flowers. Borneo.
„ moschi'fera. Creamy-white or yellowish. Java. 1793.

Syns. Epidendrurn Flos-aeris, Renanthera arachnites,

and R. Flos-aeris.

ARACHNIMO'RPHA. A synonym of Rondeletia.

ARA'LIA. (Meaning unknown. Nat. ord. Ivy worts
[Araliaceas]. Linn. $-Pentandria, 5-Pentagynia.)

Aromatic gum-resin is produced from the root of
A. racemo'sa, spino'sa, and hi'spida. The young shoots
of A. edu'lis are used in China as a delicate vegetable ;
and in North America the shoots of A. nudicau'lis are
used like sarsaparilla. Hardy species, division of the
plants, and also division of the roots. Greenhouse and
stove species ; cuttings of the ripe wood, in a gentle
heat, strike quickly. Sandy loam and peat ; common
treatment. All stove evergreens, except where other-
wise specified.

A. aculea'ta (prickly). See BRASSAIOPSIS.
,, amboine' nsis (Gartenwelt, viii., 139 f.).
,, arbo'rea (tree). See DENDROPANAX.
, balfouria'na (G. C., 1898, xxiii. 250).
, cachemi'rica (G. and F., 1888, 320). Cashmere.
, capita'ta (capitate). See OREOPANAX.
, Chabrie'rii. See EL^EODENDRON ORIENTALS.
, chine'nsis. 5. White. 1838.
, „ ela'ta. Tall.
, „ fo'liis aureo-varie' gatis (M. G. Z., 1896, 323).

Golden variegated leaves.
,, cochlea' ta (shell-leaved). See PANAX.

ARALIA

ARAUJIA

corda'ta. Japan. 1843.

crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). See PSEUDOPANAX.

,, pi' eta. See PANAX LONGISSIMUM.
deleatia'na. See PANAX FRUTICOSUM DELEAUANI-M.
digitate (finger-leaved). See OREOPANAX XALAPENSE.
edu'lis (eatable). See A. CORD ATA.
eleganii ssima. Polynesia. 1873.
excc'lsa. See LEEA COCCISEA.

.i (Farge's). Small hardy tree. Central

China. 1910.

ferrusi'nea. See SCIADOPHYLLUM.
filicifo'lia. Leaves green, with purplish midribs.

Polynesia. 1876.
fra'grans. See HETEROPANAX.
ge'mma (111. Hort., voL 30, t. 477). New Caledonia.

1875.

Ghiesbre'chtii. See OREOPANAX XALAPENSE.
glomtr'.ila'ta. See BRASSAIOPSIS SPECIOSA.
graci'llima. See A. VEITCHII GRACILLIMA.
granaie'nsis. Colombia. 1874.
Guilfo'ylei. See PANAX FRUTICOSUM.
handsti'orthe'nsis (Card., 1901, lix. 401). See A.

VEITCHII GRACILLIMA.
He'nryi (Dr. Henry's). 5. Leaves with 4-5 leaflets.

Central China. 1910.
ki'spida. 8. White. July. N. Amer. 1799. Hardy,

deciduous.

japo'nica. See FATSIA JAPONICA.
kerchovea'na. South Sea Islands. 1883.
leptophv'lla. See DIZYGOTHECA.
lo'ngpipes (Bull. Cat., 1883, 12). N. Australia.
Low'ce (G. C., 1899, xxvi. 366). Stiff habit, with

pinnate dark green leaves.

macrophy'lla (large-leaved). SeeMERYTA LATIFOLTA.
macula'ta. Leaves green, petioles blackish-purple,

dotted with green. Polynesia.
mandschur'ica foL au'reo-variega'ta (Veitch Cat., 1905,

36). See A. CHINEXSIS FOLIIS AUREO-VARIEGATIS.
Marimowi'czii. Japan. 1874. See ACAXTHOPANAX

RICINIFOLIUM.

mi'cans. See PANAX SPLENDENS.
monstro'sa. Leaflets white-margined, grey blotched.

Polynesia. 1880.

mnehlenbergia'na (Muhlenberg's). See A. HISPIDA.
no'bilis (Williams' Cat., 1882, 24). Light green,

marbled with darker green.
osya'na. Resembling A. leptophylla. South Sea

Islands. 1870.

palma'ta. See TREVESIA SUNDAICA.
papyri'fera. See FATSIA.
pelta'ta. Trop. Amer. 1869.
pentaphy'lla. See ACAXTHOPANAX SPINOSUM.
„ variega'ia. Leaves broadly edged with creamy-
white. Japan. 1874. See ACANTHOPANAX SPINO-

SCM.

pube'scens. 6. White. W. Ind. 1818.
quercifo'lia (Williams' Cat., 1881, 21, 30). Leaflets

light shining green. New Britain.
quinquefo'lia. " Ginseng." Hardy. N. Amer.
„ gra'cilis (G. C., 1882, xvii. 217). Seedling variety,

of slender habit.
racemo'sa (raceme-/Zou;mng). 4. White. July. N.

Amer. 1658. Hardy herbaceous.
Regi'na (111. Hort., 1879, t. 337). See DIZYGOTHECA.
reticula'ta. See OREOPANAX.
rotu'nda (BulL Cat., 1883, 12). Polynesia.
sambucifo'lia (elder-leaved). 5. White. August.

N. Holland. 1823. Greenhouse evergreen.
Scheffle'ra. See SCHEFFLERA DIGITATA.
sciadophy'Uum. See SCIADOPHYLLUM BROWNII.
Shephe'rdii (Shepherd's). Green. New Zealand.

1842.
sonchifo'lia (Lind. Cat., 1878, 3). See MERYTA SONCHI-

FOLIA.

specta'bilis. See A. FILICIFOLIA.
spino'sa (thorny). 8. White. Virginia. 1688.

Hardy deciduous.
spinulo'sa (Williams' Cat., 1881, 18, 30). Dark green,

margined with reddish-crimson spines. 1881.
terna. ta. New Britain. 1879.
Thibau'tii. See OREOPANAX.
trifo'lia (three-leaved). See PSEUDOPANAX CRASS i-

FOLIUM TRIFOLIUM.

tri'loba (Bull. Cat, 1905). Dark green. New Cale-
donia. 1 896.

A. uinbraculi'ffra (shade-giving). See POLYSCIAS NO-

DOSA.

„ Vei'tchii (111. Hort., 1875, t. 225). Leaves brownish.
New Caledonia. 1867.

„ „ graci'llima. Leaves with white midribs. Poly-
nesia. 1876. Syn. A. gracillima.

ARALIA' CRffi. An order of trees, shrubs, or (rarely)
herbaceous plants, often pubescent, and sometimes spiny.
The flowers are variously disposed, hermaphrodite or
unisexual, with valvate petals, usually five. The family
is closely akin to Umbelliferae, whilst the genera include
Aralia and Hedera.

ARAR-TREE. A common name for Callitris quadri-
valvis.

ARAUCA'RIA. (From Arawanos, the name of the
people in whose country Arauca'ria imbrica'ta grows in
Chili. Nat. ord. Conifers [Conifers]. Linn. 22-Dicccia,
i^-Polyandria.)

The most popular species of this genus are A. excelsa
and A. imbricata. The first named is not quite hardy,
but is one of the most symmetrical greenhouse foliage
plants we have, and there are several distinct varieties.
It is generally known as the Norfolk Island Pine. Seeds
being very perishable they rarely reach this country in good
condition, but seedling plants from the west coast of
Africa packed in selaginella reach here in a healthy state,
and if the tops are taken off and rooted they make better
plants than seedlings, the latter being deficient in branches
at the base. The same plants when well established will
give more cuttings, but it is only the terminal growths
that are of any use. Seeds to arrive in good condition
must be packed in moist soil and stored where there is
no great change in temperature. We have received seeds
of A. Cunninghami from Australia packed in loam, and
germination has started on the voyage, but dry seeds
have always failed. A. imbricata, though having such
large seeds, are equally perishable, and should be packed
in moist sand or loam. Seeds of this are said to be good
food when roasted. All require good loamy compost,
and for cuttings plenty of sand.

A. Bala'nsce. 130 to 160. New Caledonia. 1875.
„ Bidwi'llii (Mr. BidwiU's). 150. Apetal. Moreton

Bay.
„ brasUia'na (Brazilian araucaria, or pine). 100.

Apetal. Brazil. 1819.
„ „ gra'cilis.
„ „ ridolfia'na.

„ columna'ris. Synonym of A. Cookii.
„ Coo'kii(B. M., t. 4635). 200. New Caledonia. 1851.

Syn. A. columnaris.
„ „ atfrea. Foliage golden- yellow.
„ Cunningha'mii. 100 feet. Moreton Bay. Syn.

Altingia Cunninghamii.
„ „ glau'ca. With silvery glaucous leaves.
„ „ longifo'lia.

,, elegans. See A. BRASILIANA.
„ exce'lsa. 150 feet. Norfolk Island Pine. Syn.

Altingia excelsa.
,, ,, a' Ibo-spi' ca.
„ „ glau'ca, with lighter green and very glaucous

iea'na. New Caledonia.
luelle'ri. New Caledonia.
„ ., robu'sta. Larger in all its parts.
,, „ Silver Star (G. C., 1909, xlv. 386).
„ „ virga'ia (M. D. G., 1906, 193).
., goldiea'na. See A. EXCELSA.

,, i>r.brica'ta. 50 to 100. The Monkey puzzle. Chili.
1796.

,',' ',' platifo'lia (G. C., 1895, xvii. 468). With broader

leaves.

„ „ variega'ia.

,, Muelle'ri(U\. Hort., 1882, t. 449). See A. EXCELSA.
,, Ru'lei. 50. Papuan, Archipelago.
„ „ e'legans. With smaller leaves, and branchlets

more slender.

ARAU'JIA. (Native name. Nat. ord. Asclepiadacea?.)

Intermediate greenhouse climbers, from seeds sown

early in spring or cuttings from short side-shoots, in close

frame, with bottom-heat. Grows freely in fibrous loam,

leaf-mould and manure added.

ARBORETUM

64

ARCTOTIS

A. angustifo'lia. Green, white, purple. Uruguay. 1865.
„ grandiflo'ra. White. October. Brazil. Syns. Physi-

anthus auricomus (B. M., t. 3891), Schubertia

graveolens (B. R., 1846, t. 21), Schubertia grartdi-

fiora of gardens.

,, grave'olens. See A. GRANDIFLOKA,
„ serici'fera. White ; pale rose in bud. August.

Buenos Ayres. 1830. Syns. Physianlhus albens

(B. M., t. 3201 ; B. R., t. 1759).

ARBORE'TTJM is a collection of trees and shrubs
capable of enduring exposure to our climate. These are
sometimes arranged in genera, according to their pre-
cedence in the alphabet ; but best in groups, conformably
to the natural system ; and, whichever is adopted, it is
quite compatible with an attention to facility of access
by means of walks, as well as to picturesque effect.

A'RBOR VTT2E. Thu'ya.

ARBOUR is a seat shaded by trees. Sometimes these
are trained over a wooden or iron trellis-work, mingled
with the everlasting sweet-pea, clematis, and other
climbing, sweet-scented plants. When the trellis-work
is complicated, and the structure more elaborate, with a
preponderance of the climbers already named, together
with the honeysuckle, &c., they are described as French
or Italian arbours.

A'RBUTUS. Strawberry-tree. (From arboise, a Celtic
word for rough fruit. Nat. ord. Heathworts [Ericaceae].
Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Seeds, budding, and inarching. Common soil for the
hardy species ; sandy loam and peat for those which
require the protection of a greenhouse in winter. All
those are hardy evergreens which are not otherwise
described.

A. alpi'na. See ARCTOSTAPHYLOS ALPINA.
„ Andra'chne (andrachne). 10. White. April. Levant.

1724.
,, ,, serratifo'lia (B. C., t. 580). Syn. A. serratifolia.

See A. HYBRIDA.

,, andrachnoi' des (andrachne-like). See A. HYBRIDA.
,, canarie'nsis (Canary). 8. Whitish-green. June.

Canaries. 1796. Greenhouse evergreen.
„ densifto'ra (thickly-flowered). 20. White. Mexico.

1826. Greenhouse evergreen.

,, hy'brida (hybrid). Whitish-yellow. Garden origin.
,, laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). See A. XALAPENSIS.
„ Menzie'sii (Menzies'). White. N. Amer. 1827.
„ Mille'ri (Miller's). 10. White. September. Hybrid.

Orient.

„ mo'llis (B. M., t. 4595). 6. Rose. June. Mexico.
„ mucrona? to, (sharp- pointed leaved). See PERNETTYA.
,, phillyrecefo'lia (phillyrea-leaved). See PERNETTYA.
,, pilo'sa (hairy-branched). See PERNETTYA.
,, proce'ra (tall). See A. MENZIESII.
,, pu'mila (dwarf). See PERNETTYA EMPETRIFOLIA.
„ serratifo'lia (saw-edged-leaved). See A. HYBRIDA.
„ specio'sa (showy). Mexico. 1837.
,, tomento'sa (woolly-branched). See ARCTOSTAPHYLOS

PUNGENS.

„ „ nu'da (smooth-branched).
, U'nedo (unedo). 10. White. October. Ireland.
, „ cri'spa (curled). 8. White. October.
, ,, Croo'mti. See yar. A. RUBRA.
, „ intege' rrima (entire-leaved). 6. Pink. October.
, „ ple'na (double-flowered). 5. White. October.
, „ ru'bra (red-flowered). 10. Pink. October.
, „ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 6. White. October.
, „ schizope'tala (cut-petaled). 7. White. October.
, U'va-u'rsi. See ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI.
, va'rians (Paxt. Fl. Card., n, p. 118, f. 197).
, xalape'nsis (Journ. Hort. Soc., vol. 5, p. 193). 6 to 9.

Reddish-white. April. Mexico.

ARCADE is a walk arched over with trellis-work, and
this covered with climbers.

ARCHANGEL, or WHITE DEAD NETTLE. La'mium
a'lbum.

ARCHANGE'LICA. (From arche, chief, and angelica,
from its supposed virtues. Nat. ord. Umbellifers [Um-
belliferae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

A. hirsu'ta (hairy), i. White. July. N. Amer. 1824.
„ officinia'lis (officinal). 4. Green. July. England.

This is the same as Ange'lica Ar change' lica. There are
two other species, but worthless. Seeds in April ;
common soil.

ARCHO'NTpPHGE'NIX. (Greek majestic phcenix.)
Palmaceae ; tribe Areceae. For culture, see PALMS.

A. Alexa'ndra (H. Wendl. and Drude). 70. Also known
as Ptychosperma AUxandrece,. Queensland. 1870.
,, cunninghamia'na (H. Wendl. and Drude). 60. Also
known as Seaforthia elegans. Queensland.

ARC'TIUM. (From Greek word for bear, probably
alluding to the shaggy root.)
Cultivated in Japan for the roots as a vegetable.

ARCTO'GERON. (From arktos, a bear, and geron,
an old man. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Hardy perennial herb. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary
garden soil.

A. grami'neum (grassy). J. Purple. July. Siberia.
1824.

ARCTOSTA'PHYLOS. (From arktos, a bear, and
staphyle, a berry. Bears eat the fruit of some species.
Nat. ord. Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Hardy plants, requiring treatment similar to Arbutus.

A. alpi'na (alpine blackberried). i. Flesh. April.
Scotland. Deciduous trailer.

„ arbutoi'des (Arbutus-like). 6. White. May. Guate-
mala. 1842.

,, argu'ta. Calyx red, corolla white. Mexico. 1836.

„ calif o'rnica. A variety of A. Uva-ursi.

„ cordifo'lia. See A. TOMENTOSA.

,, di'scolor. See A. ARGUTA.

„ glau'ca. 8 to 24. Fruit red. California.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). Mexico. 1847. Half-
hardy evergreen under-shrub.

,, Manza'nita (B. M., t. 8128). California.

„ nevade'nsis (M. D. G., 1896, 18). California.

,, ni'tida (shining). See A. ARGUTA.

„ polifo'lia (Polium-leaved). Crimson. May. Mexico.
1840.

., pu'ngens (stinging), i. White. February. Mexico.
1839. Half-hardy evergreen shrub.

„ tomento'sa (downy). White. N. Amer. 1826. Ever-
green shrub. Syn. A. cordifolia and Arbutus
tomentosa.

„ „ hi'spida (B. M., t. 3320). White. December.
Mouth of Columbia River.

„ „ nu'da. With glabrous branches.

„ U'va-u'rsi (bear's-grape). i. White. April. Britain.
Evergreen trailer.

,, ,, calif o'rnica.

ARCTOTHE'CA. (From arktos, a bear, and theke, a
capsule ; seed-pod, or capsule, as rough as a bear. Nat.
ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 3-
Frustranea. Allied to Arctotis.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Division of the
plant ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 65° ;
winter, 40° to 45°.

A. grandifio'ra (great-flowered). See A. REPENS.
„ hi'rta (hairy), i. Yellow. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1820.
„ re' pens (creeping), i. Yellow. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1793.

ARCTO'TIS. (From arktos, a bear, and ous, an ear-
Shaggy fruit. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, 4-Necessaria.)

General treatment same as for Arctotheca. Many are
easily propagated by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass,
in a shady, cool place, and a few by seeds. All green-
house evergreens, except where otherwise specified.

A. acau'lis (stemless). i. Yellow, red. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1759. Greenhouse herbaceous per-
ennial.

,, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Purple. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1739.

,, arbor e' scens ( tree-like). See A. ASPERA ARBORESCENS.

„ arge'ntea (stiver-leaved), i. Orange. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774. Greenhouse biennial.

,, a'spera (broad-rough-leaved). 3. Yellow. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1710.

A. a'spera arbore'scens. 2. White, pink. 1818.
„ ,, cickora'cta. x. White, red. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1812. Syn. A. bicolor.
„ „ inci'sa (Jacq. H. Schcen., t. 169). Syn. A. auri-

culata.

„ „ sca'bra. Syn. A, maculata.
„ „ undula'ta. Syn. A. aureola.
,, aure'ola (golden). See A. ASPERA UNDULATA.
,, auricula' ta (ear-leaved). See A. ASPERA INCISA.
„ bellidifo'lia. Syn. A. paniculata.
,, bi color (two- coloured). See A. ASPERA CICHORIACEA.
„ ca'niida. Syn. A. glaucophylla.
„ Cinera'ria (cineraria). 2. Yellow, orange. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1824. Greenhouse herba-
ceous perennial.

,, cu'prea (copper-coloured). See A. ASPERA UNDULATA.
„ decu'mbens (decumbent). See A. STOECHADIFOLIA.
„ decu'rrens (decurrent). See A. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
„ ela'tior (taller). 2. Yellow, purple. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1820.
,, fastuo'sa (disdainful). 2. Orange, red. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1795. Greenhouse biennial.
,, ,, spinulo'sa. Syn. A. spinulosa.
., fla'ccida (flagging-stalked), i. White, red. June-

Cape of Good Hope. 1794. Greenhouse annual.
„ glabra'ta (smoothish). See A. L^VIS.
,, glaucophy'lla (milky-green-leaved). See A. CANDIDA.
,, grandiflo'ra (great-flowered). See A. L.EVIS.
., gra'ndis. See A. STCECHADIFOLIA.
., Gumbletrfni. i. Orange-red. Namaqualand. 1901.
., la' vis. Syns. A. glabrata, A. grandi flora, and A.

squarrosa.

„ leichtlinia'na. Probably the same as A. revoluta.
„ leptorhi'za. Orange-yellow, coppery outside. Cape

of Good Hope. Annual.
„ „ brevisca'pa. Short flower-stalk.
„ „ longisca'pa. Long flower-stalk.
„ macula'ta (spotted). See A. ASPERA SCABRA.
,, melanocy'cla (dark-circled). See A. ASPERA.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). See A. BELLIDIFOLIA.
„ plantagi'nea (plantain-leaved). See VENIDIUM SEMI-

PAPPOSUM.
„ re'ptans (creeping), i. White, red. August. Cape

of Good Hope. 1795. Greennouse herbaceous

perennial.
,, revolu'ta (revolute). i. Yellow. Jun-s. Cape of

Good Hope. 1820. Greenhouse herbaceous peren-
nial.

„ ro'sea (rosy). See A. STCECHADIFOLIA.
„ Sckrade'ri (Schrader*s). Pink. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1832. Greenhouse annual.
,, specio'sa (showy). See A. ACAULIS.
,, spinulo'sa (small-thorny-leaved). See A. FASTUOSA

SPINULOSA.

„ squarro'sa (squarrose). See A. L/EVIS.
„ stcechadifo'lia. 2. White, lilac outside. S.W. Africa.

1790. Syns. A . grandis, A . decumbens, and A . rosea .
,, tri'color (three-coloured). See A. ACAULIS.
,, undula'ta (wave-leaved) of Jacquin. See A. ACAULIS.
„ virga'ta (twiggy), i. Yellow. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1816. Hardy annual.

ARCUA TION. The same as LAYERING.
ARDI'SIA. (From ardis, a spear-head ; in reference
to the sharp-pointed divisions of the flower. Nat. ord.
Ardisiads [Myrsinaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Half-ripened cuttings from the stem, or pieces of the
roots inserted in light soil, and placed in strong heat,
soon root ; also by seeds, which require a rather long
period to vegetate ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
medium ; winter, 48° to 55°. Stove evergreens, except
where otherwise specified.

A. acumina'ta (king- pointed). 7. July. Guiana. 1803.
,, canalicula' ta (channelled). 6. July. 1821.
,, canarie'nsis (Canary), to. Red. July. Canaries.

1820. Greenhouse.

„ capita! ta. Greenish-white. Berries bright red. Fiji.
., chine'nsis. 6. Salmon-red. China. 1834.
,, colora'ta (coloured). 10. Rad. July. E. Ind. 1816.
.. complana'ta (levelled). See A. COLORATA.
,, coria'cea (leathery). 7. Scarlet. Antilles. 1824.
„ crena'ta ( round-no tched-leaved). 10. White. July.
China. 1809. Syns. A.crispa, A.crenulata(Lodd.),
and A. lentiginosa.

A. crenula'ta. See A. CRENATA.
„ tflegans (elegant). See A. CRENATA.
„ exce'lsa (tall). 30. Red. July. Madeira. 1784.

Greenhouse.
„ gigantifo'lia (K. B.. 1906, 74). Rose-coloured. S.

China.
,, horto'rum (Gfl., 1865, t. 491). White. Japan.

1866. Berries red.
,, Hymena'ndra (membrane-anthered). See HYMENAN-

DRA WALLICHII.

,, hu'milis (humble). 3. Red. July. Ceylon. 1820.
,, japo'nica. i. White. June. Japan. 1884.
,, lanceola'ta (lanceolate). 6. Red. July. E. Ind.

'ra (side-flowering). 6. White. W. Ind.

1793-

,, lentigino'sa (speckled). See A. CRENATA.
., littora'lis (sea-side). See A. HUMILIS.
, macroca'rpa (long-fruited). 5. Flesh. Nepaul. 1824.

Greenhouse.
,, mamilla'ta. Dwarf. White, tinged rose ; berries

rose-red. China. 1887.
„ meta'llica(l\l. Hort., voL 28, t. 421). Rose. Sumatra.

1881.

,, neriifo'lia. Pink. Himalayas. 1824.
,, odontophy'lla (tooth-leaved). See A. CHINENSIS.
., Olive'ri (B. M., t. 6357). Rose-purple, white eye.

July. Costa Rica. 1876.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). 12. Red. July. E. Ind.

1818.

„ pi'cta (Bull. Cat., 1885). 1885. Brazil.
„ pube'scens (hoary-haired). 6. July. 1820. Green-
house.

,, puncta'ta (dotted). See A. CRENATA.
,, Pyramidalis (pyramidal). 25. Red. July. Santa

Cruz. 1818.
„ serrula'ta (saw-leaved). 3. Red. July. W. Ind.

1821.

„ solana'cea (nightshade-like). See A. HUMILIS.
,, thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). See A. NERIIFOLIA.
,, tinifo'lia (tinus-leaved). 10. Red. July. W. Ind.

1820.

„ villo'sa. Whitish. October. China.
„ „ mo'llis. With good red berries.
,. Walli'chii. 2. Red, July. India.

ARDUI'NA. (In honour of P. Arduini, curator of the
economical garden of Padua, in the time of Linnaeus.
Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Cuttings in sand. Tinder a glass ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., medium ; winter, 40° to 45°. A green-
house evergreen. Now referred to Carissa.

A. bispino'sa (two-spined). See CARISSA ARDUINA.

ARECA. The Cabbage Palm. (Called areec, in
Malabar, when an old tree. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceae].
Linn. 2i-Moncecia, lo-Monadelphia.)

The Catechu yields a most powerful and astringent
medicine, and its berry is the Betel-nut, chewed by the
natives of Hindostan, and its charcoal as a dentifrice.
Seeds ; light, sandy soil. Summer temp., 75° to 80° ;
winter, 55° to 65°. All stove Palms.

A. a'lbd. See DICTYOSPERMA ALBUM.
„ Ali'cia. N. Australia.
,, au'rea. See DICTYOSPERMA AUREUM.
„ Bautfri (B. M., t. 5935). See RHOPALOSTYLIS BAUERI.
„ Ca'techu (medicinal catechu). 30. White. E. Ind.

1690.

„ conci'nna. 8 to 12. Ceylon.

,, crini'ta (hair-coated). See ACANTHOPHCENIX CRINITA.
„ exi'lis (slender). 30. W. Ind. 1823.
,, fla'va. Stem and petioles yellow. Madagascar. 1877.
,; gigantf'a. See PINANGA TERNATENSIS.
„ glandifo'rmis. 30. Moluccas.
„ hu'milis (humble). See PINANGA DISTICHA.
,. lute'scens (yellowish). See CHRYSALIDOCARPUS

LUTESCENS.

,, ma'micot (mamicot). 30. S. Amer. 1822.
,. Micholi'trii (Sand. Cat., 1895, 46). New Guinea.
,, monosta'chya. See BACULARIA MONOSTACHYA.
,, monta'na (mountain). See PRESTOEA MONTANA.
„ no'bilis. See XEPHROSPERMA VAN. HOUTTEANUM.
„ Norma'nbyi. 60. Australia.
,, olera'cea (potherb). See OREODOXA OLERACEA.

£

ARENARIA

66

ARETHUSA

A. purpu'rca (111. Hort., 1877, t 298). Mauritius.
,, ru'bra (red). See ACANTHOPHCENIX.
.. sa'pida. See RHOPALOSTYLIS SAPIDA.
,, seychella'rum. See STEVENSONIA GRANDIFOLIA.
„ specio'sa. See HYOPHORBE AMARICAULIS.
,, tria'ndra. 20. E. Ind. 1825.
„ „ pu'mila (B. M., t. 6025). 10. Java.
„ Verschaffe'ltii. See HYOPHORBE.

ARENA'RIA. (From arena, sand ; in reference to the
sandy soil in which the plant grows. Nat. ord. Clove-
worts [Caryophyllaceae]. Linn. io-Decandria, $-Trigynia.
Now includes Alsine.)

All hardy herbaceous perennials, except when other-
wise described. Seeds ; division of the plant ; sandy soil.
A. austri'aca (Austrian). $. White. July. Austria.

1793-
., balea'rica (Balearic). J. White. July. Majorca.

1787. Hardy evergreen trailer.

,. biflo'ra (two-flowered). J. White. March. Switzer-
land. 1818.

,, brevicau'lis (short-stemmed). See A. LANCEOLATA.
., ccespito'sa (turfy). J. White. July. Switzerland.

1826.
„ calyci'na(large-calyxed). J. White. July. Barbary.

1816. Hardy annual.
,. calycula'ta (calyculate). J. White. July. Hungary.

1817.
„ canade'nsis (Canada), f. Red. July. N. Amer.

1812. Hardy annual. See SPERGULARIA RUBRA.
„ cane'scens (hoary). ±. White. July. 1817.
,, capilla'cea (hair-like). See A. CAPILLARIS.
,, capilla'ris (capillary). J. White. July. Siberia.

1820.

„ cherlerioi'des (cherleria-like). See A. LANCEOLATA.
,, cilia' ta (eye-lashed). £. White. June. Ireland.
„ ,, norve'gica. White. July. Scotland.
,, conimbrice'nsis (Conimbra). J. White. July. Por-
tugal. 1817. Hardy annual.
,, controve'rsa. Spain, France. Syn. A. conirnbrice'nsis

of J. Gay.

„ dahu'rica (Dahurian). See A. JUNCEA.
„ de'nsa (dense). See A. GRACILIS.
,, fascicula'ta (fascicled). £. White. July. Europe.

Hardy annual.

,, filifo'lia (thread-leaved). See A.'SETACEA.
,, formo'sa (handsome). See A. CAPILLARIS.
,, Gera'rdi (Gerard's). See A. VERNA GERARDI.
„ glabe'rrima (smoothest). £. White. July. Caucasus.

1816.
„ glandulo'sa (glandular). J. Purple. June. S. Africa.

1820. Hardy annual.
„ glomer a' ta (round-headed). £. White. July. Tauria.

1818. Hardy annual.
,, gra'cilis. White. July. Hungary. 1824. Syn. A.

densa.
,, graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). J. White. July.

Siberia. 1817.

„ grandiflo'ra( great-flowered). J. White. July. Swit-
zerland. 1783. t
„ grave'olens. White. July. Greece. 1820. Syn.

A. pubescens.

„ gypsophyloi'des. J. White. Asia Minor.
„ He'lmii (Helm's). J. White. July. Siberia. 1826.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy). See A. RECURVA.
., Hu'ieri (Journ. of Hort., 1894, xxix. 369, f. 57). Pure

white. Tyrol.
„ imbrica'ta (imbricated). J. White. July. Caucasus.

1820.

,, ju'ncea. i. White. July. Siberia. 1824.
„ juniperi'na (juniper-leaved). J. White. July.

Siberia. 1800.

„ lanceola'ta (lanceolate). J. White. June. Switzer-
land. 1823.

,, lanugino'sa. White. S. Amer. 1832.
„ laricifo'lia (larch-leaved). J. White. August.

Europe.

,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). See A. GRAMINIFOLIA.
„ macroca'rpa (long-fruited). J. White. July. N.

Amer. 1810.
,, margina'ta (margined). |. White. July. Caucasus.

1818. Hardy deciduous trailer.
„ mari'na (marine). July. Germany. 1793. See

SPERGULARIA SALINA.
„ mcditerra'nea (Mediterranean). See A, MUCRONATA.

A. mollugi'nea. Syn. Alsine molluginea.
„ monta'na (mountain). J. White. June. France.

1800.
,, mucrona'ta. Syns. A. mediterranea, A. triandra, and

Alsine mucronata.

„ multicau'lis (many-stemmed). See A. CILIATA.
, nardifo'lia (nardus- leaved). See A. CAPILLARIS.
. nemoro'sa (grove). See A. LANUGINOSA.
, norve'gica (Norwegian). See A. CILIATA NORVEGICA.
, otiioi'des (otites-like). White. July. Siberia. 1820.
, pe'ndula (pendulous). White. July. Hungary. 1816.
, peploi'des (peplis-like). White. June. Britain.

Evergreen creeper.
,, pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). White. July. Caucasus.

1823.

,, polygonoi'des (knotgrass-like). Red. July. Switzer-
land. 1822.

,, proce'ra (tall). See A. GRAMINIFOLIA.
,, procu'mbens (procumbent). Purple. July. Egypt.

1 80 1. Half-hardy deciduous trailer.
,, pube'scens (downy). See A. GRAVEOLENS.
,, purpu'rea (purple). White. July. Spain. 1823.

Hardy annual.
„ ramosi'ssima (branchiest). White. July. Hungary.

1816. Hardy biennial.

,, recu'rva (recurved). White. July. Alps. 1822.
„ ri'gida (stiff). J. White. July. Siberia. 1823.
,, rostra'ta (beaked). J. White. August. Hungary.

1816.

„ rotundifo'lia. $. White. July. Asia Minor.
„ rube' lla (reddish-flowered). J. Red. July. Scotland.
,, ru'bra (red). See SPERGULARIA RUBRA.
,, sali'na (saline). See SPERGULARIA SALINA.
,, saxa'tilis (rock). J. White. July. Germany. 1732.
„ sca'bra (rough). £. White. July. Alps, Europe.

1822.

,, segeta'lis. See SPERGULARIA SEGETALIS.
,, seta'cea (bristle-leaved). £. White. July. France.
„ stria' ta (striated). £. White. July. Switzerland.

1683.

„ stri'cta (upright). J. White. July. N. Amer. 1812.
„ subula'ta (awl-shaped). J. White. June. Caucasus.

1822.
„ tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). J. White. July. England.

Hardy annual.
„ „ Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). J. White. July. South

of France. 1820.
„ „ hy'brida (hybrid). J. White. July. South of

France. 1827.
,, „ visci'dula (viscidish). J. White. July. France.

1818.
,, tetraque'tra (square-stalked). J. White. August.

Pyrenees. 1731.

„ tria'ndra (three-stamened). See A. MUCRONATA.
,, triflo'ra (three-flowered). See A. GRANDIFLORA.
,, uligino'sa (marsh). J. White. July. Switzerland.

1817.

„ ve'rna (spring). J. White. May. Britain.
,, ,, Gera'rdi. White. June. Britain.
,, verticilla'ta (whorled). See ACANTHOPHYLLUM VERTI-

CILLATUM.

ARE'NGA. (Name of uncertain origin. Syn. Saguerus.
Nat. ord. Palmae.)

Tropical Palms, requiring heat and moisture, but not
too much pot room; not effective when small; large
plants are showy from seeds in heat.

A. Engle'ri (K. B., 1895, 19). 5. Formosa.
„ sacchari' fera. 40. Flowers striped. June. Moluc-
cas. 1829.
„ Wi'ghtii (Bull. Cat., 1882, 13). S. India.

ARETHU'SA. (A classical name, after one of Diana's
nymphs. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceas]. Linn. 2O-Gyn-
andria, i-Monogynia.)

Division, peat and loam, with charcoal. Summer
temp., 65° to 80° ; winter, 55* to 65°.

A. bulbo'sa (bulbous). J. Whitish-red. June. Carolina.

Greenhouse.

,, cilia'ris. See BARTHOLINA PECTINATA.
,, plica' ta (plaited). See POGONIA.
,, ro'sea. Syn. Crybe rosea.

,. sine'nsis (B. M., t. 7935). White and red. W. China.
1896.

ARETIA

67

ARIS^MA

ARETHA. (Named in honour of a Swiss professor,
Aretius. Nat. ord. Primeworts [PrimulaceaeJ. Linn.
S-Pentandria. i-Monogynia.)

Division of the roots in spring or autumn ; sand, loam,
and peat. They cannot bear stagnant water ; are good
for rock-work ; all, but one, hardy herbaceous perennials.

A. alpi'na (alpine). See ANDROSACE GLACIALIS.

„ arge'ntea (silvery). See ANDROSACE IMBRICATA.

,, helvetica (Swiss). See ANDROSACE HELVETICA.

„ pube'scens (downy). See ANDROSACE ALPINA.

„ vitalia'na (Vital's). See DOUGLASIA VITALIANA.

ARGA'NIA. (From argam, its aboriginal name. Nat.
ord. Sapotads [Sapotaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Fine stove, hard-wooded, evergreen timber-tree ;
layers and cuttings in autumn or spring ; the latter in
close frame. Summer temp.. 60° to 70° ; winter, 45° to
55°. The specific gravity of the wood is so great that
it sinks in water.

A. Sidero'xylon (iron-wood). 14. Green, yellow. July.
Morocco. 1711.

ARGEM<yNE. (From argema, a cataract of the eye ;
in reference to its medicinal qualities. Nat. ord. Poppy-
worts [Papaveraceae]. Linn. i$-Polyandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

The seed of A. mexica'na is the Ficp del inferno (in-
fernal fig) of the Spaniards ; a purgative and powerful
narcotic, especially if smoked with tobacco. In the
West Indies they are used as a substitute for ipecacuanha.
Hardy annuals except where otherwise specified ; seeds,
suckers, and divisions in March ; common soil.

A. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). See A. MEXICAN A.
„ bardaya'na (Mr. Barclay's). 5. Cream. June.

Mexico. 1827. Half-hardy herbaceous perennial.
„ grandtflo'ra (great-flowered). See A. MEXICANA.
„ hi'spida (B. M., t 6402). 2. White. California.

1879.
„ mexica'na (Mexican). 2. Yellow. July. Mexico.

1592.
„ ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 2. Sulphur. July.

Mexico. 1827.

ARGOLA'SIA. (From argos, white, and lasios. woolly ;
the perianth being velvety-white. Nat. ord. Blopdroots
[Haemodoraceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

A small greenhouse plant, of easy culture, but must
not get dry ; division of the roots ; sandy loam and
peat. Summer temp., moderate ; winter, 40° to 45°.

A. plumo'sa (feathery). See LANARIA PLUMOSA.

AEGY'LIA CANES'CENS. (B. M.. t. 74H-) Bignoni-
aceae. Stem fleshy, 9 in. long and 3 in. wide, producing
annually flowering stems 18 in. high, bearing alternate
leaves resembling those of the carrot, and a terminal
cluster of tubular flowers i in. long and ij in. across ;
colour bright yellow, with red streaks in the throat.

ARGYRETA. Silver-weed. (From argyreios, silvery ;
in reference to the silvery hue of the leaves. Nat. ord.
Bindweeds [Convolvulaceae]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

All stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings, half-ripened
wood, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April, and in nice
bottom-heat ; rich loam and peat. Summer temp..
60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 60°.

A. acu'ta. China.
„ bo'na-no'x (night-flowering). See RIVEA HYFOCRATERI-

FORMIS.

,, capita'ta (headed). Purple. July. E. Ind. 1823.
,, cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 10. Purple. August. E.

Ind. 1822.

,, cymo'sa (cyme-flowered). 10. Pink. E. Ind. 1823.
„ f estiva (festive). White. July. India. 1838.
„ hirsu'ta (B. M., t. 4940). 10. Lilac. June. E. Ind.

1850.

„ malaba'rica (Malabar). Cream. July. E. Ind. 1823.
„ orna'ta (adorned). 10. White. E. Ind. 1824.
„ pierrea'na (R. H., 1906, 506, ff. 208, 209). White,

tinted with rose. Tonquin.

„ poma'cea (apple- fruited). Pink. E. Ind. 1818.
„ popitlifo'lia (poplar-leaved). Rose, crimson eye.

Ceylon. 1869.

A. Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). White. July. E. Ind.

1826.

,, specio'sa (showy). 10. Red. July. E. Ind. 1818.
„ sple'ndens (shining), i. Pink. E. Ind. 1820. Syns.

Ipom<ea splendens and Lettsomia splendens.
„ ttlixfo'lia (Tilia-leaved). White. June. E. Ind.

1812.
,, unifto'ra (one-flowered). See RIVEA HYPOCRATERI-

FORMIS.
„ neyla'nica. Rosy, crimson eye. Ceylon. 1869.

Syns. Calonyction sanguineum and Rivea zeylanica.

ARGYROCHJETA. A synonym of Parthenium.

ARGYROLO'BTUM. (From arguros, silver, and lobos,
a pod ; the pods are silvery. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Hardy and greenhouse perennial herbs or sub-shrubs.
Divisions of the hardy species, cuttings of the greenhouse
ones, under a hand-light. Loam, peat, and sand for the
greenhouse ones.
A, andrewsia'num (Andrewsian). 2. Yellow. June.

S. Africa. Greenhouse. 1790.
„ calyci'num (large-calyxed). 2. Yellow. August.

Dalmatia ; Caucasus ; Persia. 1820.
„ filifo'rme (thread-formed). Red. July. S. Africa.

1824.

„ linnaa'num (Linnean). 3. Yellow. August. Medi-
terranean region. 1739.

„ petiola're (long-stalked). Yellow. S.Africa. Green-
house.

ARGYROPHTTON DOUGLA'SH. See ARGY-

ROXI'PHIUM SANDWICE'NSE.

ARGROXTPHTUM. (From arguros, silver, and
Xiphion, a corn-flag; in allusion to the leaves. Ord.
Compositae.)

A. sandwice'nse (Ic. PI., t. 75). Sandwich Islands. 1872.
Syn. Argyrophyton Douglassi.

A'RIA. For culture, see PY'RUS. Refer also to
SORBUS.

A. Ho'stii (R. H., 1877, 210). Flowers in large terminal
corymbs, rosy-pink. Syns. Pyrus Chamceme' spilus
Hostii and Crategus Hostii. See PYRUS HOSTII.

ARIS^EMA. (From or on, an arum, and sana, a
standard ; in reference to the close affinity to Arum.
Nat. ord. Arads [Aroideas]. Linn. 2i-Moncccia, g-Poly-
andria.)

Tuberous-rooted perennials. Division of its tubers ;
loam and peat.

A. ano'malum. J. Greenish and brown. Perak. 1890.
„ atroru'bens (B. M.. t. 950). N. Amer. 1758. Syn.

A rum triphyllum zebrinum.
„ bakeria'na (G. C., 1897, xxi. 352).
„ conci'nnum (B. M., t 5914). a. Spathe striped

white and green, or white and purple ; spadix,

green or purple.

,, cttrva'tum (B. M., t. 5931). See A. TORTUOSUM.
„ curva'tum (B. M., t. 5931). 2 to 4. Spathe green and

purple-brown ; spadix green. Spring. Himalayas.

1871. Syn. A. helleborifolium.
„ Draco' ntium (dragon). 2. June. Green. N. Amer.

1759. Hardy.

„ enneaphy'llwn (Gfl., 1891, 578. f. 103). Arabia.
„ fimbria'tum (G. C., 1884, vol. 22, p. 680). Spathe

brownish-purple, with whitish bands ; spadix whip-
like, covered with purplish threads. Philippine

Islands.

„ fta'vum (B. M., t. 7700). Himalaya.
„ galea'tum. Spathe green, with white ribs; spadix

white. May. Sikkim, 1879.
„ Gira'ldii (B. T. O., 1893, t 12).
,, Griffi'thii. i to ij. Spathe brown-violet, with green

veins ; spadix brown-violet. Sikkim. Spring.

1879.

,, japo'nicum (B. M., t. 7910). China ; Japan.
„ Lackne'ri (N. B., 1898, 186). Burma.
,, Leschenau'ltii. Green, white. Ceylon. 1864.
„ macrospa'thum (large-spathed). Pink. July. Mexico.

1839. Greenhouse.
„ Murra'yi (Murray's), ij. Apetal. March. Bombay.

1847. Stove.
., neglc'ctum. Green. Ceylon. 1864.

ARISARUM

68

ARISTOLOCHIA

A. nepenthoi'des (B. M., t. 6446). Spathe ochre, brown
and green ; spadix yellowish. E. Himalayas.
1879.

,, papilla' sum. See A. LESCHENAULTII.

„ pentaphy'llum (five-leaved). India ; China.

„ pi'ctum (painted). Purple-brown and silvery-white.
W. China. 1910.

„ pu'lchrum. i£. Spathe green and white ; spadix
green. Spring. India. 1879.

„ ri'ngens (gaping). $. May. Japan. 1800. Half-
hardy.

„ „ prx'cox. Green, white, purple. Japan.

„ ,, Siebo'ldii. Japan. 1857.

„ specio'sum (G. C., 1879, vol. 12, p. 585).

„ Urna'tum (three-leafleted). J. Purple. May. Japan.
1774. Half-hardy.

„ iortuo'sum (twisted). Himalaya.

,, triphy'llum (three-leaved). J. Brown. May. N.
Amer. 1664. Hardy.

„ u'tile (B. M., t. 6474). i to i£. Spathe purple-
brown, with green ribs ; spadix purple-brown.
Sikkim. 1879.

,, Wi'ghtii. See A. NEGLECTUM.

,, Wra'yi. i$. Green, white. Perak. 1889.

,, zebn'nwn. See A. TRIPHYLLUM.

ARISA'RUM. (Name of Greek origin. Nat. ord. Aroids
[Araceaj].)

A genus of half-hardy, herbaceous plants, allied to
Arisaema. Unisexual flowers, the spadix having no rudi-
mentary flowers ; heart-shaped or spear-shaped leaves
on long stalks. Raised by seed or division of the root in
spring ; sand, loam, and peat compost.

A. probosci'deum (B. M., t. 6634). Spathe greyish below,

olive-green above. February. S. Italy. 1818.
„ vulga're (B. M., t. 6023). i. May. S. Europe.
1596.

ARIS'TEA. (From arista, a point or beard ; in refer-
ence to the rigid points of the leaves. Nat. ord. Irids
[Iridacea?]. Linn. ^-Triandria, i-Monogynia.)

The least conspicuous plants of this order. Their
leaves form the chief herbage for cattle at the Cape of
Good Hope. Greenhouse plants. Seed and divisions
in March or April; sandy loam and peat. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.

A. capita' ta (headed). 3. Blue. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1790.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbose), i to 3. Blue. June. S.

Africa. 1803.
,, cya'nea (bright blue). J. Blue. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1759.

„ dicho'toma (forked). S. Africa.
„ Ecklo'ni (Ecklon's). S. Africa.
,, melaleu'ca (black and white), i. Pale blue. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1796.
„ platycau'lis (G. C., 1887, i. 732). i. Blue. Pondo-

land. 1887.
„ pusi'lla (little). J. Blue. July. Cape of Good Hope.

1806.
„ spira'lis (spiral-flowered). i. Pale blue. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1795.

ARISTOLOCHIA. Birthwort. (From aristos, best,
and locheia, parturition ; its supposed medicinal char-
acter. Nat. ord. Birthworts [Aristolochiaceae]. Linn.
2o-Gynandria, 6-Hexandria.)

Herbaceous and climbing plants, the first by division
of the roots ; hardy climbing ones by division of the
roots, and layers in spring or autumn. Stove plants ;
cuttings of fine wood, in sand, in heat, in close frame.
Sandy loam for the hardy ; peat and loam for the tender
kinds. Temp, for the latter, summer, 65° to 80° ; winter,
55° to 60°.

HARDY.

A. arkansa'na (Arkansas). 20. Purple. July. Arkansas.

1824. Deciduous climber.
„ bce'tica (Baetic). 6. Purple. June. Spain. 1596.

Deciduous climber.
,, cMe'nsis (Chilian). 6. Purple, green. September.

W. Ind. 1832. Deciduous half-hardy.
. Clemati'tis (clematis-like). 2. Yellow. July. Britain.

Herbaceous perennial.

A. glandulo'sa. Green, brown. May. Cuba. 1846.
,, lo'nga (long-rooted). 2. Purple. July. South of

Europe. 1548. Deciduous trailer.
,, macrade'nia. See A. GLANDULOSA.
,, moupine'nsis (Moupine). Pale green, yellow. W.

China. 1910. Climber.
„ pa'llida (pale-flowered). 2. White, purple. Italy.

1640. Herbaceous perennial.
,, Pisiolo'chia (pistolochia). 2. Purple. July. South

of Europe. 1597. Deciduous trailer.
„ pon'tica (G. C., 1902, xxxi. 333, f. 113). Greenish-
purple. Caucasus.

„ sagitta'ta (arrow-shaped). See A. SERPENTARIA.
„ Serpenta'ria (snake-root-like), i. Dark purple. July.

N. Amer. 1632. Deciduous trailer.
,, sina'rum. Green. China. 1859.
„ Si'pho (tube-bearing). 30. Yellow, brown. July.

N. Amer. 1763. Deciduous climber.
„ tomento'sa (downy). 20. Purple. July. N. Amer.

1799. Deciduous climber.

GREENHOUSE.

A. alti'ssima (B. M., t. 6586). Yellow, brown. June to

August.
„ arbore'scens (tree-like). 20. Yellow, purple. July.

America. 1737. Evergreen shrub.
„ cilia'ta (fringed). See A. FIMBRIATA.
,, fimbria'ta. Purple, yellow. Buenos Ayres.
,, glau'ca (milky-green-leaved). See A. B^ETICA.
„ hi'rta (hairy). 2. Purple. June. Asia Minor. 1759.

Herbaceous perennial.
,, rotu'nda (round-roofed). 2. Dark purple. July.

South of Europe. 1596. Herbaceous perennial.
„ sempervi'rens (evergreen). 4. Purple. June. Candia.

1727.

STOVE.

A. acumina'ia (long-pointed). 10. Purple. Mauritius.

1822.
„ angui'cida (snake-like). 5. White, brown. December.

New Grenada. 1845. Twining evergreen.
„ arbo'rea. Brown, purple. New Grenada. 1862.
,, barba'ta (bearded). 10. Purple. Caraccas. 1796.
,, biloba'ta (two-lobed). 10. Purple. 1824.
„ bractea'ta (bracted). 3. Purple. July. E. Ind.

1793. Evergreen trailer.
,, brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 20. Purple, netted brown.

Brazil. 1820.
„ cauda'ta (tailed-lipped). 5. Lurid. June. Brazil.

1828. Deciduous twiner.
., „ f&'tens (stinking- flowered). 20. Purple, yellow.

June. W. Ind. 1832.
,, cilio'sa (fringed). See A. FIMBRIATA.
„ clypea'ta. White, deep purple. Colombia. 1871.
„ cordifo'lia. 30. Creamy- yellow, lurid purple.

Mexico. 1871.
„ cymbi'fera (boat- flowered). 20. Purple. July. St.

Paul. 1829.
„ dammeria'na (G. C., 1895, xvii. 452). Climber.

Central Amer.
„ delioi'dea variega'ta. Leaves variegated with white.

Colombia. 1870.
,, Ducha'rtrei. See A. RUIZIANA.
„ e'legans (B. M., t. 6909). Yellowish-green, white, and

red-purple. Brazil. 1885.
., „ X brasilie'nsis (G. C., 1897, xxii. 126, f. 36 ).

Garden hybrid.
,, floribu'nda. Purplish-red, with yellow veins. Brazi 1

1868.

,, fce'tida (fcetid). 20. July. Mexico. 1822.
„ galea'ta. Cumber. Cream-coloured, with purplish

veins. New Grenada. 1873.
,, Gibe'rtii. Yellow, purple. Paraguay.
,, gigante'a of Hooker. See A. GRANDIFLORA.
,, gigante'a (gigantic-flowered). 20. Yellow, brown.

J uly. Brazil.
„ gi'gas (giant). 6. White, brown. June. Guatemala.

1842. Deciduous climber.
„ „ Sturtevan'tii (G. and F., 1891, 546). Large

flowered variety. Guatemala.
„ goldiea'na. Large flowers, outside greenish, inside

deep yellow, with chocolate veins. Old Calabar

River. 1867.

ARISTOLOCHIACE^E

69

ARNICA

A. grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 20. Jamaica. 1824.
„ hasta'ta (halbert-leaved). See A. PENTANDRA.
,, hi'ans (G. C., 1887, i. 40). Climber. Venezuela.
„ hyperbo'rea (northern). 20. Purple. May. India.

1836.

.. i'ndica (Indian). 10. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1780.
„ labio'sa (great-lipped). 20. Purple, green, yellow.

July. Brazil. 1821.
„ Ituconeu'ra. Purple-brown. September. Magdalena.

1858.
„ longicAuda'ta. Climber. Creamy- white, with purple

veins. British Guiana. 1890.
„ longifo'lia (B. M., t. 6884). Purple-brown. Climber.

Hong- Kong.

,, macrou'ra X brasilie'nsis. Hybrid.
„ ma'xima. 20. Purple. July. New Spain. 1759.
,, odorati' ssima (sweetest-scented). 10. Purple. July.

Jamaica. 1737.

„ ormthoce'phala (bird's-head). See A. BRASILIKNSIS.
,, pandura'ta. 10. Caraccas. 1823.
„ pandurifo'rmis (fiddle-shaped). See A. PANDURATA.
„ penta'ndra. 16. July. Cuba. 1822.
,. promis'sa (G. C., 1879", ii. 494). Victoria, W. Africa.
,, ridi'cula (B. M., t. 6934). Tawny, with purple-brown

veins. Stove climber.
,, ri'ngens (gaping). See A. BRASILIENSIS.
„ roxburghia'na. September. India. 1881.
„ ruixia'na (Ruizian). Cream-white, brown. Peru.

1868.

„ sacca'ta (pouch-flowered). 20. Purplish-red. Sep-
tember. Sylhet. 1829. Deciduous climber.
„ Sal'pinx (G. C., 1886, xxvi. 456, 457, f. 92). Climber ;

flowers cream - coloured, with purple veins.

Paraguay.

„ suriname'n'sis (Surinam). 20. Yellow. Surinam. 1823.
„ Thwaite'sii. 3. YeUow. March. Old Calabar. 1854.
., tricauda'ta. Dark purple-brown. August. Mexico.

1866.

„ tri'fida (three-cleft-leaved). See A. TRILOBATA.
„ triloba'ta (three-lobed). 6. Purple. June. W. Ind.

1775-
„ ungulifo'lia. Brownish-purple. June. Labuan.

1880.

„ Westla'ndi (B. M., t. 7011). Climber. Greenish-
yellow, veined purple-brown. China. 1888.

AKI STOLOCHIA'CE2E. A remarkable order of plants,
with curiously inflated flowers, consisting of a calyx
of a dull tint. It is generally known as the Birthwort
family, and includes Aristolochia Clematitis.

ARISTOTE LIA, (In memory of the great Aristotle.
Nat. ord. Lindenblooms [Tiliaceae]. Linn. n-Dode-
candria, i-Monogynia.)

This genus has been placed among Homaliads, or
Philadelphiads, by some botanists ; but Dr. Lindley says
(Veg. King., 371) it has most affinity to this order.
A. Ma'cqui produces edible berries, of a dark purple
colour, and wine is made from them in Chili. It is a
hardy evergreen shrub. Layers in autumn, and cuttings
in April, in sand, under a hand-light. Common, sandy
soil.

A. Braithwai'tei. White. New Hebrides. 1881.
„ Ma'cqui (Macqui). 4. Whitish-green. May. Chili.

1735-
„ „ variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 4. Whitish-green.

May. Gardens.
„ peduncula' ris (long-stalked). 6. White. Tasmania.

1818.
„ racemo'sa. 6 to 20. New Zealand. 1873.

ARMENI ACA, (From Armenia, the native country
of the apricot. Nat. ord. Almondworts [Rosace*].
Linn. 12-Icosandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy deciduous trees ; generally budded in summer
on plum-stocks, but some use apricot seedlings for budding
peaches ; rather heavy, loamy soil. See APRICOT. Also
referred to Prunus.
A. briganti'aca (Brigancon). 6. Pink. March. South

of Europe. 1819.

„ dasycafrpa (thick-fruited). 15. White. April. 1800.
„ „ persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). 15. Pink. April.

1800.

,. sibi'rica (Siberian). 6. Pink. April. Siberia. 1788.
., vulga'ris (common apricot). 15. White. April.
Levant. 1548.

A. vulga'ris cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 15. White.

March. Levant. 1548.

„ „ fio're-ple'no (double-flowered). 15. White. ApriL
,. „ fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 15. White.

April.
„ „ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 15. White. March.

Levant. 1548.

ARME'EIA. Thrift. (The Latin name for the Sweet
William. Nat. ord. Leadworts [Plumbaginacea?]. Linn.
5-Pcntandria, $-Pentagynia.)

All hardy herbaceous perennials, except when other-
wise specified. Division of the plant ; seeds in spring ;
sandy, loamy soil. The tender kinds will require to be
well drained, and receive the protection of a frame, or
pit, during winter.
A. cdlia'cea (garlic-leaved). See A. PLANTAGINEA LEU-

CANTHA.

„ alpi'na (alpine), i. Purple. July. Carinthia.

„ arena'ria (sand). See A. MARITIMA.

,, argyroce'phala. White. Greece. 1888.

„ bae'tica hi'rta. i. Pink. July. N. Africa. 1820.

Greenhouse.
,, Cephalo'tes (round-headed). See A. LATIFOLIA and

A. MAURITANICA.

,, ccespito'sa (Gfl., t. 1192). i. Pink. June. South

of Europe. 1817. Syn. A. humilis.
„ denticula'ta (toothed). 2. Flesh. June. Naples.

1816.

., dianthoi'des (pink-like). See A. PLANTAGINEA.
,, elonga'ta (elongated). Red. July. Europe.
., fascicula'ta (bundled). 2. Purple. July. Portugal.

Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
„ hi'rta (hairy). See A. BQETICA HIRTA.
,, humilis (dwarf). See A. C.BSPITOSA.
,, ju'ncea. J. Rose-pink. June. S. Europe.
,, juniperifo'lia (juniper-leaved). See A. C.ESPITOSA.
,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Light red. July.

Algarbia. 1740.
„ littora'lis (seashore), i. Pink. July. South of

Europe.

,, mari'tima (seaside), i. Red. July. Britain.
„ „ a'lba (white- flowered). *. White. September.

Gardens.
„ „ cocci' nea (scarlet- flowered). J. Red. September.

Gardens.

,, maurita'nica. N. Africa. Syn. A. CephaloUs.
„ monta'na (mountain). See A. MARITIMA.
„ pinifo'lia (pine-leaved), i. Pink. June. Portugal.
,, plantagi'nea (plantain-like). I. Red. June. S.

of Europe. 1818.
„ „ leuca'ntha. White flowered. Syns. A. alliacea,

plantaginea alba, and A. scorzonerifolia.
„ pu'ngens (pungent), i. Pink. June. Spain. 1818.
„ scor toner cefo'lta (scorzonera-leaved). See A. PLAN-
TAGINEA.

,, undula'ta (W. G, 1888, 325). See A. ARGYROCEPHALA.
„ vulga'ris (common) of Wildenow. See A. ELONGATA.

ARMERIA'STRUM. See ACANTHOLIMON.

ARNE BIA. (Arabic name of the plant. Nat. ord.
Boraginaceas.) Allied to Lithospermum. Cuttings from
side-shoots taken off close to stem during the autumn
and placed in close frame. A. echnoides may be propa-
gated from root cuttings. All are hardy.

A. cornu'ta (G. and F., 1888, 6). ij. Yellow, brown.

Afghanistan. 1888.

,, echioi'des (B. M.,t. 4409). See MACROTOMIA ECHIOIDES.
„ Griffi'thii (B. M., t. 5266). f. Orange, black.

Afghanistan. Annual.
„ his pidi' ssima. 2. Blue. May. Egypt. 1817. Syn.

Anchusa asperrima.
„ macrothy'rsa (W. G., 1891, 128). i to ij. Yellow.

Armenia. 1891.

A'RNTCA. (From arnakis, lamb-skin ; in reference to
the texture of the leaves. Nat. ord. Composites [Com-
positae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua. Allied to
Groundsel.)

Hardy, dwarf, herbaceous plants ; division of the
plants in spring or autumn. They like a little peat in-
corporated with the soil. A. Corsica prefers bog-earth.
Tincture of Arnica is used as a medicine.

A. Aro'nicum. See A. SCORPIOIDES.
,. Bellidia' strum. See ASTER BELLIDIASTRUU.

ARNOLDIA

70

ARTEMISIA

A. Chamisso'nis. 2. Yellow. July. N. Amer.
„ Clu'sii (Clusius's). See DORONICUM GLACIALE.
„ corda'ta (heart-shaped), i. Yellow. July. Switzer-

land. 1819.

„ co'rsica (Corsican). See DORONICUM CORSICUM.
„ Doro'nicum ( leopard' s-bane). See SENECIO DOR-

ONICUM.

„ folio' sa. 2. Pale yellow. August. United States.
,, glacia'lis (icy). See DORONICUM GLACIALE.
„ helve'tica (Swiss). See A. MONTANA.
,, lani'gera (wool-bearing). See SENECIO LANATUS.
,, monta'na (mountain), i. Yellow. July. Europe.

., scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). i. Yellow. July.
Austria. 1710.

ARNO'LDIA. See DIMORPHOTHECA.

ARNOPO'GON. Sheep's-beard. (From arnos, a lamb,
and pogon, a beard ; in reference to the bearded seeds.
Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
\-Mqualis. Now referred to Urospermum.)

Hardy plants ; seed in March or April. Common
garden soil.

4. a'sper (rough). See UROSPERMUM PICROIDES ASPERUM.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). See UROSPERMUM PICROIDES

CAPENSE.

„ Dalecha'mpii (Dalechamp's). See UROSPERMUM
DALECHAMPII.

,, picroi'des (picris-like). See UROSPERMUM PICROIDES.

ARODE'NDRON ENGLE'RI (Gartenwelt, viii. 501).
Aracese. A very distinct aroid, growing about 6 ft. high,
with an extremely large fructification. Zanzibar. 1904.
Treatment same as other tropical aroids.

ARO'NIA. See CRAT/EGUS ARONIA and PYRUS.

ARO'NICUM. (From arnica, lamb-skin ; in reference
to the softness of the flower-heads. Nat. ord. Composites
[Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua. Referred
to Doronicum.)

A hardy, herbaceous, perennial, groundsel-like plant.
Divisions ; common soil.

A. alta'icum (Altaic). See DORONICUM ALTAICUM.

ARPOPHY'LLUM. (From arpe, a scimitar, and phyllon,
a leaf; alluding to the shape of the leaf. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Evergreen epiphytes may be grown in peat, sphagnum,
charcoal, and crocks, and require plenty ot water while
growing. To flower them well they must be well exposed
to the sun after they have made growth.

A. cardina'le (Pescatorea, vol. i, t. 45). i. Rose.

Summer. New Grenada.
„ gigante'um (Warn. Sel. Orch., t. 39). 2. Dark

purple, rose. April. Mexico.
„ spica'tum (B. M., t. 6022). i. Purple. April.

Guatemala. 1839.

ARRABIDJE A. (Meaning not evident. Nat. ord.
Bignoniaceae.)

Stove climber. Cuttings in bottom-heat. Loam,
peat, and sand.

A. ca'ndicans (whitish). 10. Guiana. 1820.

ARRACA'CIA. (Its Spanish name in South America.
Nat. ord. Umbellifers [Umbelliferae]. Linn. yPentandria,
2-Digynia. Allied to Conium.)

A. escule'nta, a native of the tableland of Grenada,
produces large esculent roots not unlike parsnips, but of
a better quality. Stove tuberous perennials. Division
of the roots ; rich loam. Summer temp., 70° to 85° ;
winter, 55° to 60°.

A. Duge'sii (Duges's). 4. White. Mexico. 1904.
„ escule'nta (eatable). See A. XANTHORRHIZA.
„ moscha'ta (musky). 2. White. June. S. Amer.

1824.
„ xanthorrhi' za. 3. Brownish. July. Jamaica. 1823.

ARRHENA'THERUM. (From arrhen, a male, and
ather, a point ; on account of the awns on the male
spikes. Nat ord. Grasses [Gramineae]. Linn. 2$-Poly-
gamia, \-Monoecia.)

This genus realty should be reunited to Avena.

Perennial grasses ; seeds ; division. Common soil, aa
for any other grass. Useful for sandv soils.

A. avena'ceum (oat-like). 5. Apetal. June. Britain.
,, „ mu'ticum (awnless). 4. Apetal. July. Scotland.
,, „ bulbo'sum (bulbous). 3. Apetal. July. Britain.

ARRHOSTO XYLUM. See RUELLIA.
ARROW ARUM. See PELTANDRA VIRGINICA.
ARROW-GRASS. See TRIGLOCHIN.
ARROW-HEAD. See SAGITTA'RIA.
ARROW-ROOT. See MARA'NTA.

ARTABO'TRYS. (From aratao, to suspend or sup-
port, and botrys, grapes ; in reference to the way the
fruit is supported by the curious tendril. Nat. ord.
Anonads [Anonaceas]. Linn. i^-Polyandrici,6-Polygynia.)

The leaves of this plant are held in Java to be invaluable
against cholera. Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
ripened wood in sand, in close frame with bottom-heat,
in March or April. Sandy loam and peat, with a little
rotten dung. Summer temp., 65° to 75° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.

A. odorati' ssimus (sweetest-scented). 6. Brown. India.
1818.

ARTANE'MA. (From aratao, to support, and nema,
a filament ; in reference to a tooth-like process growing
on the longer filaments. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophu-
lariaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied
to Torenia.)

A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds ; cuttings of
the half-ripened shoots in autumn or spring. Will keep
over the winter in the greenhouse, but seeds may be
sown in the open border, in the beginning of May, as an
annual. Sandy loam, and a little peat or leaf-mould.

A. fimbria'tum (irmged-corollaed). 3. Pale blue. August.
More ton Bay. 1830.

ARTAN'THE. See PIPER.

ARTEMISIA. Wormwood. (From Artemis, one of
the names of Diana. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-&qualis.)

Various species of Artemisias, or Wormwoods, have
been used as tonic, bitter, and aromatic medicines from
remote ages. All hardy herbaceous perennials, except
where otherwise specified. Annuals, by seed ; those
with branching, shrubby stems, and the whole of the
greenhouse varieties, which are mostly shrubby, by
cuttings ; the hardy species, by dividing the roots. For
greenhouse kinds, sandy loam, well drained ; for the
others, common soil. Greenhouse summer temp., mode-
rate ; winter, 40° to 45°.

A. Abro'tanum (southernwood). 4. Yellow, green.

August. Europe. 1548. Hardy deciduous shrub.
„ ,, hu'mile (low), ij. Yellow, green. September.

South of Europe.
,, „ tobolskia'num (Tobolskian). 5. Yellow, green.

September.
„ Absinthium (absinthe). White, yellow. Europe.

Britain. 1548.
,, Ada'msii. 10. Yellow, green. October. China.

1732. Syn. A. tenuifolia.
,, a'fra (African). 3. White. August. Greenhouse

evergreen shrub.

,, alpi'na (alpine). Sae A. LANATA.
,, anethifo'lia. 4. Yellowish-green. Autumn. Siberia

1816.

,, apri'ca (sunny). See A. FRIGIDA.
,, arbore'scens (tree-like). 10. July. Levant. 1640

Hardy evergreen shrub.
„ arge'ntea (silvery). 4. Yellow, green. June. Madeira.

1777. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
,, armeni'aca. Armenia.
,, „ potentillatfo'lia. i. July. Siberia. 1818. Syn. A.

potentillcefolia.

,, arragone'nsis. See A. HERBA-ALBA.
,, austri'aca. i. White. October. E. Europe.
, ,, orienta'lis. 2. Yellow, green. July. Armenia.

1816. Syn. A. orientalis.
,, ,, re' pens. Syn. A. repens.
„ bie'nnis. Yellowish. October. 1823. Coppermine

River, N. Amer. Syn. A. hispanica.
„ borea'lis. Yellow, green. July. Siberia. 1820.

ARTHROPHYLLUM

ARTICHOKE

A. campe'stris. Green. England.
., camphor a' ta S. Europe.
„ ,, saxa'tilis. 3. Brown. July. Hungary.
„ c&rule'scens (bluish). 2. Yellow. September. Medi-
terranean Region. Hardy evergreen shrub.
,, ca'na. 2 to 3. Yellow. N. Amer. 1800.
„ cauca'sica. See A. LANATA CAUCASICA.
„ chine'nsis (Chinese Moxa). 4. Yellow. July. China.

1818. Greenhouse herbaceous.
„ Dracu'nculus (tarragon). 2. White, green. July.

South of Europe. 1548.
,, fri'gida (cold), i. Yellow, green. August. Siberia.

1826. Syn. A. aprica.
,, furca'ta (forked). See A. TRIFURCATA.
,, ga'llica (French). 2. Brown. August. France.
.. glacia'lis (icy), i. Yellow, green. July. Switzer-
land. 1739.

,. He'rba-a'lba. White. Spain. Morocco.
,, hispa'nica. See A. BIENNIS.
,, inodo'ra. See A. CAMPESTRTS.
„ juda'ica (Judean). 2. Yellow. August. 1774.

Half-hardy evergreen.
,, lacinia'ta. N. China.
,. lactiflo'ra (pale-flowered). 2. Pale white. November.

NepauL 1828. Greenhouse evergreen.
„ lana'ta. Spain. Italy; Tauria. 1804.
„ „ cauca'sica. Corolla woolly at top. Caucasus.
„ lednice'nsis (Lednisc). See A. CAMPESTRIS.
„ mari'tima (sea), i. Brown. July. Britain.
,, marschallia'na (MarschalTs). See A. CAMPESTRIS.
„ Muttlli'na (mutellina). i. Yellow. July. Alps.

Europe. 1815.
„ norve'gica (Norwegian), i. Yellow. July. Norway.

1818.

„ orienta'lis (oriental). See A. AUSTRIACA.
„ Palla'sii (Pallas's). See A. BOREALIS.
„ pectina'ta (comb-leaved), i. Brown. June. Dauria.

1806. Hardy annual.

„ pfduncula'ris (flower-stalked). See A. SPLEKDENS.
„ £o'n*ica(Pontine). 3. Yellow. September. Austria.

1570.

,, pottntillcefo'lia (potentilla-leaved). See A. ARMENIACA.
,, ramo'sa (branchy). 2. Canaries. 1816. Greenhouse

evergreen.

,, re'pens (creeping). See A. AUSTRIACA.
„ rupe'stris (hill). 2. Brown. August. Siberia. 1748.
., saxa'tilis (rock). See A. CAMPHORATA.
,, scopa'ria. 3 to 5. Whitish. Autumn. S. Europe.
,, seri'cea (silky-fcaird). 2. White. June. Siberia.

1796.
„ spica'ta (spiked), i. Brown. June. Switzerland.

1790.
„ sple'ndgns. i. Yellow. July. Caucasus. 1818.

Syn. A. penduncularis.
„ stelleria'na. }. Yellowish. N. Amer.
„ tanacctifo'lia. ij. Brownish. Summer. Siberia.

1768.
„ tau'rica (Taurian). i. White, green. July. Tauria.

1818.
,, tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). See EUPATORIUM FCENI-

CULACEUM.

„ tournefortia'na (Rchb. Hort., vol. i., t. 5). 2.

Greenish. Orient.

„ tridenta'ta (Spath. Cat., 1894-95). Western N. Amer.
„ trifurca'ta. Soongaria. Syn. A. furca'ta.
„ laicnti'na (Valentian). See A. HERBA-ALBA.
,, vulga'ris (common wormwood).
„ „ a-u'rea. Leaves yellow. 1879.
,, „ variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 2. Purple. August.

Gardens.
„ Wulfe'nii (Wulfen's). See A. MUTELLINA.

ARTHROPHYXLUM MADAGASCARIE NSE. See

PHYLLARTHRON BOJERIANUM.

ARTHROPO'DIUM. (From arthron, a joint, and pous,
a foot ; in reference to the flower-stalks being jointed,
Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Anthericum.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, except where other-
wise specified. Seeds, offsets, and suckers. Sandy loam
and a little peat, or leaf-mould. Summer temp., medium ;
winter, 40° to 45°.
A. cirra'tum (curled). 3. White. June. New Zealand.

1821.
„ fimbria'tum (fringed). See DICHOPOGON SIEBERIANUS.

A. minus (smaller). 2. White. July. N.Holland. 1823.

,, ne'o-caledo'nicum. ij. White. May. New Cale-
donia. 1877.

,, panicula'tum (panicled). 3. White. August. N. S.
Wales. 1800. Greenhouse bulb.

,, pe'ndulum (pendulous). See A. PANICULATUM.

ARTHRO PTERIS. See NEPHRODIUM and NEPHRO-
LEPIS.

ARTHROSO'LEN. (From arthros, a joint, and solen,
a tube ; the flowers are jointed. Nat. ord. Thyme-
leaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat and sand.
A. la'xus (loose), i. White. June, July. S. Africa.

1804.
„ spica' tus (spiked), i. White. May. S.Africa. 1787.

ARTHROSTE MMA. (From arthron, a joint, and
stemma, a crown ; the flower-stalks being jointed. Nat.
ord. Melastomads [Melastomacea?]. Linn. 8-Octandria,
i-Monogynia. Alh'ed to Osbeckia.)

Cuttings of small, firm, side-shoots in August or April,
under a glass, in sandy soil. The stove species with
heat ; sandy loam, and a little peat or leaf-mould.

A. fra'gile (brittle). 3. Rosy. June. Mexico. 1846.

Stove evergreen.

,, ni'tidum (glossy-leaved). See TIBOUCHINA NITIDA.
,, versi'color (changeable-flowered). See TIBOUCHINA
VERSICOLOR.

ARTHROTA'XIS. See ATHROTAXIS.

ARTICHOKE. (Cy'nara Sco'lymus.) Many persons
have thought that the name of this vegetable refers to
the almost unswallowable part of it known by the name
of " the choke " ; but this is quite a mistake. The word
artichoke is merely the English mode of spelling its
French name, artichaut ; and this is said, by old writers,
to be a corruption of the Arabic name for it, alcocalos,
which has reference to the shape of its heads being like
that of the pine-apple. The Arabs prize it highly, not
only for its edible heads, but its roots as a purgative,
and its gummy exudations as an emetic.

Varieties. — There are two varieties in cultivation, the
conical, or French, of which the heads are green, and the
scales of their calyx spreading ; and the globe, tinged with
purple, with the scales curved inwards and compactly.
The artichoke is sometimes called the globe artichoke, on
account of the round outline of its heads. These heads
are boiled, and the bottom of each scale, or calyx, eaten
with butter and salt. The bottom of these heads, which
is the part named " the receptacle " by botanists, because
it is the receptacle or part containing all the members of
the flower, is very fleshy, and is cooked in various ways ;
being, also, sometimes dried, and used in winter.

Propagation. — It may be raised from seed ; but the
most expeditious and usual way is to plant suckers from
the old roots in the spring. When the suckers are eight
or ten inches high, in open weather, about the end of
March, or early in April, select such as have much of
their fibrous roots, and are sound, and not woody. The
brown, hard part by which they are attached to the
parent stem must be removed, and, if that cuts crisp and
tender, the suckers are good, but, if tough and stringy,
they are worthless. Further, to prepare them for plant-
ing, the large, outside leaves are taken off so low that
the heart appears above them. If they have been some
time separated from the stock, or if the weather is dry,
they are greatly invigorated by being put into water for
three or four hours before they are planted. They
should be set in rows, four feet and a half by three feet
apart, and about half their length beneath the surface.
Turn a large flower-pot, or a sea-kale pot, over each,
and water them abundantly every evening until they are
established, as well as during the droughts of summer.
The only other attention they require, during the summer,
is the frequent use of the hoe, and an occasional supply
of liquid-manure. It is also an excellent plan to have
some mulch kept about their roots during dry weather,
immediately after planting, and during the whole summer,
and to remove all small, weak suckers about June. The
plants will produce a succession of heads from July to
October of the year they are planted. For about five
years they will continue similarly productive during

ARTILLERY

72

ARUM

May, June, and July. At the end of five years a fresh
bed should be made.

No vegetable is more benefited than the artichoke by
the application of sea-weed or any other manure con-
taining common salt.

To obtain Chards. — Those who require chards must
make a plantation annually ; for making the chards
destroys the plants. After the best heads have been
cut, early in July, the leaves are to be cut over within
half a foot of the ground, and the stems as low as possible.
In September or October, when the new shoots or leaves
are about two feet high, they are bound close with a
wreath of hay or straw, and earth or litter is drawn
round the stems of the plants. The blanching is per-
fected in a month or six weeks. If the chards are wished
late in the winter, the whole plants may be dug up before
frost sets in, and laid in sand in their blanched state. In
this way they may be kept for several weeks.

Gobbo. — The Italians, to make this, bend the stem of
an artichoke down to a right angle, and the stalks of the
leaves are bound together, and covered over so as to
blanch. The result is a lump, which is eaten raw, with
salt, and is tolerably good. In Italy it is used in the
autumn and winter, and replaces radishes.

Winter Dressing. — As soon as a stem is cleared of all
its heads in the summer, it should be broken down close
to the root ; and early in November the beds should be
dressed for the winter. Cut away the old leaves close
to the ground, but without injuring the centre or side-
shoots. Fork over the bed, throwing the earth in a
ridge, about eight inches high, over each row, putting
it close round each plant, but being careful to keep the
heart free from the crumbs of soil. After this has been
done, pile round every plant some long litter, or pea-
haulm, three or four inches thick ; and, to keep this from
blowing away, as well as to help in preserving the roots
from severe frosts, cover over the litter, or haulm, two
inches deep with coal-ashes. The ashes may be turned
into the soil in the spring, being much liked by the
artichoke.

Soil and Situation.— The finest heads are produced in
a soil abounding in moisture ; but in such they will not
survive the winter. They should have a rich, deep loam
allotted to them. Manure must be applied every spring ;
and the best compost for them is a mixture of three
parts well-putrefied dung, and one part of fine coal-ashes.
They should always have an open exposure, and, above
all, be free from the influence of trees ; for if beneath
their shade or drip the plants spindle, and produce
worthless heads.

Insect. — The leaves of the artichoke are liable to injury
by a beetle. See CASSIDA VIRIDIS.

Saving Seed. — Select any number of the earliest and
finest heads ; and as soon as the flowers begin to decay,
the heads should be turned, and tied downwards, so as
to prevent the wet lodging in them, which would rot the
seeds.

ARTILLERY PLANT. See PILEA MUSCOSA.
ARTOCA'RPEffi. A tribe of the large order Urticaceae.
ARTOCA'RPUS. Bread-fruit. (From artos, bread,
and carpos, fruit. The fruit, baked, resembles bread.
Nat. ord. Artocarpads [Urticacea;]. Linn. zi-Moncecia,
i-Monandria.)

In this order we meet with such anomalies as the in-
valuable bread-fruit-tree of the tropics, the useful cow-
tree of Caraccas, and the virulent poison of the upas-tree
of Java, side by side. Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings
of ripened wood in sand, under a hand-light, and in a
brisk, sweet, bottom-heat. Loamy soil. Summer temp.,
60° to 70° ; winter, 60° to 65°. The flowers of all the
species are whitish-green.

A- Canno'ni (Fl. and Pom., 1875, p. 211). Society
Islands.

„ ebu'rnea (Bull. Cat., 1878). 4. Dark green, with
white veins. South Sea Islands.

„ inci'sa (cut-leaved). 50. South Sea Islands. 1793.

„ „ nuci'fera (nut- bearing). 50. E. Ind. 1793.

,, integrifo'lia (entire-leaved. Jack-tree). 60. June.
E. Ind. 1778.

„ „ heterophy'lla( variable-leaved). 60. E. Ind. 1778.

„ Karste'ni.

„ lacinia'ta. Polynesia.

„ „ meta'llica. Leaves bronzy above, reddish-purple
beneath. Polynesia.

A' RUM. (From aron, supposed to be an ancient
Egyptian word. Nat. ord. Arads [Aroideae]. Linn.
2i-Moncccia, g-Polyandria.)

All are propagated by division of the roots ; best done
when the plants commence growing, in spring. Sandy
loam will suit the most of them ; the stove species should
have a portion of peat. Winter temp, for them, from
50° to 60°. All are herbaceous perennials, except where
otherwise particularised.

HARDY.

A. atroru'bens (dark-purple-streaked), i. Brown. July.

N. Amer. 1758. See ARIS^MA.

,, bulbi'fenim (bulb-bearing). This is Amorphophallus.
,, byzanti'num. See A. ITALICUM.
,, concinna' turn. See A. ITALICUM.
,, Diosco'ridis. Greece. Asia Minor.

„ specta'bile (G. C., 1897, xxi. 2).
,, Draco'ntium (green-dragon.). See ARIS/EMA DRACON-

TIUM.
„ Dracu'nculus (common-dragon). See DRACUNCULUS

VULGARIS.

„ Egge'ri (S. H., 1898, 395). Closely allied to Dios-

coridis.

„ elonga'tum. See A. ORIENTALS.
,, gra'tum. See A. ORIENTALE.
,, ita'licum (Italian). 2. Light yellow. June. Italy.

1683.

„ macula' turn. Britain. Spathe greenish, leaves spotted.
„ Magdale'nce (B. T. O., 1894, 227). Nearly allied to

A. paltzstinum.

„ „ marmora'tum, marbled with yellow.
,, Ma'lyi. See A. MACULATUM.
,, marmora'tum. See A. ITALICUM.
,, modice'nse (B. T. O., 1894, 227). Vigorous form of

A. italicum. Sicily.
„ Nicke'lii. See A. ITALICUM.
„ ni'grum. Spathe blackish inside.
,, numi'dicum. See A. ITALICUM.
,, orienta'le (eastern), i. June. Tauria. 1820.
,, palcesti'num. Black, purple. Orient. 1864.
„ „ fo'liis variega'tis (B. T. O., 1902).
„ ,, tri'color (Card.. 1904, Ixy. 215). Apparently the

same as A . palastinum foliis variegatis.
„ palma'tum (hand-shaped). 2. 1825.
„ Pette'ri. See A. ORIENTALE.

,, pkilistcz'um. Spathe spotted inside. Syria. 1859.
„ pi'ctum (painted). 2. Corsica. 1800.
,, probosci' deum (proboscis-like). See ARISARUM PRO-

BOSCIDEUM.

,, sa'nctum. See A. PAL^ESTINUM.
,, specta'bile. See A. DIOSCORIDIS SPECTABILE.
,, syri'acum. See A. DIOSCORIDIS.
,, tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). See BIARUM.
,, trip hy 'llum( three-leaved). See ARIS^EMA ATRORUBENS.
,, variola' turn. See XANTHOSOMA VIOLACEUM.
„ zebri'num (zebra), i. Brown. June. N. Amer.
1664.

GREENHOUSE.
A. crini'tum (hairy-sheathed). See HELICODICEROS CRINI-

TUS.

,, detrunca' turn. Greenish-yellow, spotted purple. Asia

Minor. 1889.

„ ri'ngens (gaping), i. June. Japan. 1800.
,, terna'tum(three-leafteted). SeePiNELLiATUBERiFERA,

STOVE.

A. campanula' turn (bell-shaped). See AMORPHOPHALLUS.
„ Coloca'sia (colocasia). See COLOCASIA ANTIQUORUM.
,, divarica'tum (straggling). See TYPHONIUM.
,, hedera'ceum (ivy-leaved). See PHILODENDRON.
,, i'ndicum (Indian). See COLOCASIA INDICA.
,, integrifo'lium (entire-leaved). See AGLAONEMA.
,, lingula'tum (tongue-leaved). 6. W. Ind. 1793.

Epiphyte.

,, margina'ium (margined). 2. E. Ind. 1820.
,, obtusi'lobum (blunt-lobed). 2. 1824.
,, orixe'nse (Orissan). See TYPHONIUM TRILOBATUM.
,, peda'tum (pedate). See SAUROMATUM.
,, pentaphy'llum (five-leaved). See ARIS/EMA PENTA-

PHYLLUM.

,, ramo'sum (branchy). 3. June. 1810. Evergreen.

ARUM LILY

73

ASCLEPIAS

A. sagittifo'lium (arrow-leaved). See UROSPATHA.

„ sarmento'sum (runner-bearing). Brazil. 1835.

„ spira'le (spiral). See CRYPTOCORYNE.

., triloba'tum (three-lobed). See TYPHONIDM DIVARI-

CATUM.

,. ., auricula' turn (eared).

„ veno'sum (veiny-purple-flowered). See SAUROHATUM

GUTTATUM.

ARUM LILT. See RICHA'RDIA AFRICA'NA.

ARUNDINA RIA. (From Arundo, a reed). A genus
of handsome hardy Bamboos. Nat. ord. Grasses
[Gramineae].

A. a'nceps. Origin unknown.
,, arista' 'ta. N. E. Himalaya.
,, auri'coma. 2 to 3. Japan. Syn. Bambusa. Forlunei

aurea of gardens.

,, ckrysa'ntha. 3 to 4. Japan. 1894.
., falca'ta. 4 to 6. Himalaya. Syn. Bambusa falcata.

Half-hardy.
„ Falcone'ri. 4 to 6. Himalaya. Syn. Tkamnoca-

lamus Falconeri.

„ Fortu'nei. i. Japan. Syn. Bambusa For tunei varie-
gate.

„ Hi'ndsii. 10. Japan.
,, ,, grami'nea. 3. Japan.
„ hookeria'na. Sikkim.
„ hu'milis. i. Japan.
., japo'nica. 10. Japan. Syns. Bambusa M etake and

B. japonica.

„ Koka'ntsik. 3. Japan.
„ Kumasa'sa. 4. Japan. Syns. Arundinaria metallica

and Bambusa palmata.
„ Laydeke'ri. 1894.

„ macrospe'rma. Large Cane. N. Amer.
„ „ te'cta. Switch Cane.
., Maximowi'csii. See SIMONI VARIEGATA.
„ Meta'ke. See A. JAPONICA.
,, ni'tida. 8 to 10. Central China. 1881. Syn. A.

khasyana.

„ no'bilis. Origin unknown.
„ pu'mila. Japan.

•• Pygma'a. i. Japan. Syn. Bambusa pygmaa.
„ racemo'sa. N. Ind.
„ Simo'ni. 12 to 20. China.
., „ Chi'no.
„ „ variega'ta. Leaves striped creamy-white. Syn.

A. Maximovnczii.
,, Vei'tchii. 2. Japan.

ARU'NDO. Reed. (A word of doubtful derivation ;
perhaps from the Latin word arundo, a reed. Nat. ord.
Grasses [Gramineae]. Linn. 3'Triandria, 2-Digynia.)

Seeds and divisions ; common soil.

A. conspi'cua. See CORTADERIA.
„ Do'nax (donax). 10. Apetal. July. S. Europe.

1648.
„ „ versi' color (striped). 3. Apetal. July. S.Europe.

1648.
„ madagascarie'nsis (K. B., 1893, 341). 10 to 20.

Feathery panicles. Asia, Africa, and Madagascar.
., maurita'nica. See A. PLINIANA.
.. plinia'na. Greenhouse. Mediterranean Regions.

ARYTE'EA. See RATOXIA.

ASAFCE TIDA. See NARTHEX ASAFCETIDA.

ASARUM. Asarabacca. (From a, not, and saron,
feminine ; the application not obvious, but perhaps
because too violent a medicine for women. Nat. ord.
Birthworts [Aristolochiaceae]. Linn. n-Dodecandria, i-
Monogynia.)

A. europce'um is called cabaret in France, and is said
there to be used by frequenters of pot-houses to produce
vomiting. Hardy herbaceous plants, more curious than
pretty. Divisions of the plant ; common border ; if
with a little leaf-mould, all the better.

A. albive'nium. Green, purple ; leaves white- veined.

Japan. 1864.
„ anfo'lium (arum-leaved), i. Brown. June. N.

Amer. 1823.
„ canade'nse (Canadian), i. Brown. June. Canada.

1713-
„ cauda'tum. Brownish-red. California. 1880.

A. caudi'gcrum (G. C., 1890, vii. 422). Dwarf arum-like

plant.

,, e'legans. Purple, green. Japan. 1863.
,, europa'um (European), x. Purple. May. England.
„ geo'philum (B. M., t. 7168). Red-purple, spotted

white, edged golden-yellow.
„ grandifo' Hum (large-leaved). i. Brown. May.

N. Amer. I 1820.
,, macra'nthum (B. M., t. 7022). Pale brown, yellow,

purple. Kelung, Formosa. 1877.
,, ma'ximum (G. and F., 1895, 133). Maroon- purple,

with white blotch.
., parviflo'ra. See A. ELEGANS.
„ ThunbSrgii. |. Purplish-green. May. Japan.

1839. Syn. Heterotropa asaroides.
„ virgi'nicum (Virginian), i. Brown. May. Virginia.

1759-

ASCARI CIDA. (From ascaris, an intestine worm,
and c<zdo, to kill ; referring to its virtue in medicine.
Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
i-.Equalis.)

Now referred to Vernonia. Stove annuals ; seeds in
March, in heat ; common soil. Temp., 60° to 75°.

A. anthelmi'nthica (worm-killing). See VERNONIA.
,, tripline'rvia (triple-nerved). See BACCHARIS.

ASCLE PIADA'CEZE. A numerous order of, for the
greater part, lactescent, climbing shrubs. Flowers sub-
umbellate, fascicled, or racemose, interpetiolar ; pollen
collected in the form of waxy masses, adhering to the
cells of the contiguous anthers ; follicles two. Leaves
entire, generally opposite.

ASCLETIAS. Swallowwort. (The Greek name of
jEsculapius of the Latins. Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepia-
daceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

All hardy herbaceous and sub-shrubby perennials,
except when otherwise specified. The hardy species,
chiefly by division of the root in April ; the s'tove and
greenhouse kinds, by the same process ; and cuttings of the
young shoots, when they begin to grow, in heat ; and
also seeds, kept over, and sown in heat, in February.
Loam, leaf -mould, and manure, but most of the loam.
The stove species will stand the winter if the tempera-
ture is not below 48°.

A. acumina'ta (long-pointed). See A. KLAPROTHIANA.
„ amce'na (pleasing). See A. PURPURASCENS.
,, amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 2. Red. July. N.

Amer. 1816.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. White. July.

Mexico. 1817.

„ arbore'scens. See GOMPHOCARPUS.
,, atrosangui'nea au'rea. Blood-red, corona yellow.

Bolivia. 1881.

, campe'stris. White. July. Brazil. 1818. Stove.
, cine'rea (grey). 2. Brown. July. N. Amer. 1825.
, citrifo'lia (citron-leaved). See A. CAMPESTRIS.
, conni'vens. See ASCLEPIODORA VIRIDIS.
, Cornu'ti. See A. SYRIACA.
, curassa'vica (Curassoa). 3. Scarlet. July. S. Amer.

1692. Stove herbaceous.
„ „ a'lba (white), x. White. July. S. Amer. Stove

herbaceous.

„ decu'mbens (decumbent). See A. TUBEROSA.
„ Dougla'sii (Douglas's). See A. SPECIOSA.
„ exalta'ta (lofty). See A. SYRIACA.
„ gigante'a. See CALOTROPIS.

,, Ha'llii (G. C., 1900, xxviii., 183, f. 53). California.
„ hy'brida. See A. PURPURASCENS.
,, incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 2. Purple. July. N.

Amer. 1710.
„ „ puflchra. Purple.

„ Klaprothia'na. 2. Red. July. N. Amer. 1826.
„ laurifo'lia. See A. RUBRA.
„ Lina'ria (toad-flax-/«at,'«f). 2. White. July.

Mexico. 1802. Greenhouse herbaceous.
„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 3. \Vhite. July. Mexico.

1818. Greenhouse herbaceous.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Pale purple. July. N.

Amer. 1816.
„ mexica'na (Mexican). 3. White. July. Mexico.

1821. Greenhouse evergreen.

,, Michau'xii. N. Amer. Syn. A. angustifolia. Ell.
,. ni'vea (snowy). See A. PHYTOLACCOIDES.

ASCLEPIODORA

74

ASPALATHUS

A. obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 3. Purple. July. N.

Amer. 1820.

„ parvifto'ra (small-flowered). See A. PERENNIS.
„ paupe'rcula (poor). 2. Red. July. N. Amer. 1817.
,, pere'nnis. 3. White. September. N. Amer. 1774.
„ phytolaccoi' des (phytolacca-like). 3. Purple. July.

N. Amer. 1812.

,, „ ni'vea. White. N. Amer. 1730.
,, polysta'chia (many-spiked). 4. White. July. N.

Amer. 1825.

„ pu'lchra (fair). See A. INCARNATA.
,, purpura' scens (purplish). 3. Purple. July. N.

Amer. 1732.
,, quadrifo'lia (four-leaved), i. White, red. July.

N. Amer. 1820.
„ ro'sea (rosy), i. Red. July. Mexico. 1824.

Greenhouse herbaceous.

„ ru'bra (red), i. Red. July. Virginia. 1825.
,, sca'ndens See PHILIBERTIA VIMINALIS.
,, specio'sa. Red. N.W. Amer. 1846.
., Sulliva'ntii. Deep purple. Allied to A. syriaca.
„ syri'aca (Syrian). 4. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1629.
,, tenaci' ssima. See MARSDENIA.
., tubero'sa (tuberous-roofed). 2. Orange. August.

N. Amer. 1680. Hardy tuber.
„ variega'ta (variegated). 4. White. July. N. Amer.

1597-
,, verticilla'ta (whorl-leaved). 3. White, green. July.

N. Amer. 1759.

,, „ linifo'lia. See A. LINIFOLIA.
„ vesti'ta (clothed). 3. Yellowish-green. October.

N. Amer. 1844.
„ vimina'lis. See PHILIBERTIA VIMINALIS.

ASCLEPIODO'RA. (Swallowworts. Nat. ord. Ascle-
piads [Asclepidaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, z-Digynia.)

Propagated by division of the root when growth is
commencing in spring. Ordinary garden soil.
A. procu'mbens. £. Green, yellow. September. N.

Amer.
„ vi'ridis. N. Amer. 1812.

ASCY'RUM. (From a, not, and skyros, roughness ;
plants not hard to the touch. Nat. ord. Tutsans [Hyperi-
caceae]. Linn. Polyadelphia, 8-Polyandria.)

All, but one, greenhouse evergreens ; cuttings of small
shoots, pretty hard ; placed in very sandy soil, in close
frame, any time during summer ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 50° to 65° ; winter, 38° to 45°.
A. amplexicau'le (stem-clasping). 2. Yellow. August.

N. Amer. 1823.
„ Cru'x-A'ndrex (St. Andrew's cross). 2. Yellow. July.

N. Amer. 1759.
,, hypericoi' des (hypericum-like). 2. Yellow. August.

W. Ind. 1759.
,, pu'milum (dwarf), i. Yellow. July. Georgia. 1806.

Half-hardy herbaceous.
,, sta'ns (standing). 2. Yellow. August. N. Amer. 1816.

ASHES are the remains of a substance which has under-
gone burning, and are as various in the proportions of
their components as are the bodies capable of being burnt.
Whatever be the substance burnt, the process should be
made to proceed as slowly as possible ; for, by such
regulation, more carbon, or charcoal, is preserved in the
ashes, which is the most valuable of their constituents.
The simplest mode of effecting a slow combustion is to
bank the burning substance over with earth, leaving only
a small orifice, to admit the air sufficiently to keep up a
smouldering fire.

Ashes have been usually recommended as a manure
most useful to heavy soils ; but this is a decided mistake.
As fertilisers they are beneficial upon all soils ; and they
can never be applied in sufficient quantity to alter the
staple of a too tenacious soil. To thirty square yards,
twenty-eight pounds are an average application ; and
they cannot be put on too fresh.

Peat-ashes contain —

Silica (flint) 32

Sulphate of lime (gypsum) . . .12
Sulphate and muriate of soda (Glauber

and common salt) 6

Carbonate of lime (chalk) .... 40

Oxide of iron 3

Loss . 7

They are an excellent application to lawns turnips,
cabbages, potatoes, and peas.

Coal-ashes contain carbon, silica, alumina, sulphate of
lime, iron and potash, carbonate of lime, and oxide of
iron. They are a good manure for grass, peas, and
potatoes. Sprinkled half an inch deep on the surface,
over beans and peas, they hasten the germination of the
seed, and preserve it from mice. They are also used for
forming dry walks in the kitchen-department.

Soap-boilers' ashes contain —

Silica . ... 35.0

Lime . ... 35.0

Magnesia . ... 2.3

Alumina (clay) . . . 1.5

Oxide of iron . ... 1.7
,, manganese . . .1.8
Potash (combined with silica) . . .0.5

Soda „ . o.a

Sulphuric acid (combined with lime) . o.a

Phosphoric acid ,, „ . 3.5

Common salt o.i

Carbonic acid (combined with lime and

magnesia) 18.2

They are good for all crops, but especially grass and
potatoes.

Wood-ashes and the ashes of garden-weeds generally
contain silica, alumina, oxides of iron and manganese,
lime, magnesia, potash, partly in the state of a silicate,
soda, sulphates of potash and lime, phosphate of lime,
chloride of sodium (common salt), and carbonates of
lime, potash, and magnesia, with a considerable portion
of charcoal. They are a good application to cabbages,
potatoes, and peas.

Turf-ashes contain silica, alumina, oxides of iron and
manganese, lime, magnesia, sulphates of potash and lime,
phosphates of lime and magnesia, common salt, and
charcoal. They have been used beneficially to grass,
onions, carrots, beans, potatoes, and beetroot.

ASH-TREE. Fra'xinus exce'lsior.
ASIATIC-POISON BULB. Cri'num asia'ticum.

ASI'MINA. (A Canadian name, not explained. Nat.
ord. Anonads [Anonaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, 6-Poly-
gynia.)

A . tri'loba is a fit companion to such plants as Da'phnes,
Illi'ciums, and Di'rca palu'stris in British gardens. Some-
times by seed, but chiefly by layering the branches, to-
wards the end of summer. Peat and loam.

A. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 3. White. June.

Georgia. 1820.
„ parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 3. Brown. May. N.

Amer. 1806.

„ pygmce'a (pigmy). 2. White. N. Amer. 1812.
,, tri'loba (three-lobed-flowered). 8. Pale purple.

August. N. Amer. 1822.

ASPA'LATHUS. (From a, not, and spao, to extract ;
in reference to the difficulty of extracting its thorns from
a wound. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. i6-Monadelphia, i-Decandria.)

With one exception, all greenhouse evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings of half-ripened wood, in April, in sand ; placed
over sandy peat, well drained, kept shaded, and little
water given, as they are apt to damp off. Loam and
lumpy peat. Temp., summer, 55° to 65° ; winter, 40°
to 45 •
A. affi'nis (kindred). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1822.
„ a'lbens (white). 4. White. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1774.
arachnoi'dea. Shrubby, erect. Corolla silky. S.

Africa.
,, araneo'sa (cobwebbed). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1795.
,, arge'ntea (silvery-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1759.
,, asparagoi' des (asparagus-like). 3. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
,, astroi'tes (starry). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1818.

,, callo'sa (beautiful). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1812.

ASPARAGUS

75

ASPARAGUS

A. ca'ndicans (whitish). 2. Pale yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1774.
„ capita 'ta (head-flowered). a. Yellow. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1823.
„ carno'sa (Aeshy-Uaved). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1795.
„ Chcno'poda (goose-foot). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1759.
„ cilia ns (fringed). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1799.
„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1800.
„ tncrfo'lia (heath-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1789.
.. gaiioi'des (galium-like). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1817.
„ genistoi'des (broom-like). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1816.
„ globo'sa (globular). 3. Orange. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1802.

„ hi'spida (stiff -haired). See A. THVMIFOLIA.
„ Hy'strix (porcupine). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1824.

„ i'ndica (Indian). See INDIGO' FERA ASPALATHOIDES.
„ laricifo'lia. 2. Yellow. July. S. Africa. 1823.
„ larici'na (larch-leaved). See A. LARICIFO'LIA.
„ lotoi'des. S. Africa. 1816. Syn. A. quinquefolia.
„ mucrona'ta (spine-pointed). See VIBORGIA ARMATA.
„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See A. THYMIFOLIA.
„ peduncula' ta (long-flower-stalked). 6. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1775.
„ quinquefo'lia (five-leaved). See A. LOTOIDES.
„ seri'cea (silky). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1816.
„ spino'sa (spiny). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1824.

„ squarro'sa (squarrose). See A. PEDUNCULATA.
„ subula'ta (awl-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1789.
„ thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1825.
„ vniflo'ra (single- flowered). 3. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1812.

ASPA'RAGUS. (From a, intensive, and sparasso, to
tear ; in reference to the strong prickles of some species.
Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Mono-

The A. officina'lis is well known in our kitchen-gardens :
it, as well as the other hardy kinds, is propagated chiefly
by seeds, and rejoices in rich, light loam, well drained.
The stove and greenhouse varieties are propagated chiefly
by dividing the roots, and prefer sandy loam and peat.
All herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise speci-

fied

HARDY.

A. ama'rus (bitter). See A. SCABER.

„ Broussone'tii (Broussonet's). 2. Canaries.

„ davu'ricus (Davurian). 3. Green. April. Davuria.

1823. Syn. A. glycycarpus.

„ hngifo'lius '(long-leaved). 3. White. July. Siberia.

1827.

„ mart'timus (maritime). 2. Green. June.

„ officina'lis (officinal). 4. Green. July. England.

„ sca'ber. 4. Green. July. France. 1824.

„ sylva'ticus (wood). See A. TENUIFOLIUS.

,. tenutfo'lius (fine-leaved). Yellow. June. Hungary.

,, tricar ina'tus. See A. VERTICILLA'TUS.

,, rerticilla'ris (whorl-leaved). See A. VERTICILLATUS.

„ vcrticilla'tus. 2. White. July. Caucasus. 1752.

GREENHOUSE.

A. acutifo'lius (acute-leaved). 2. Whitish-green. Spain.

1640. Evergreen shrub, half-hardy.
„ athio'picus (Ethiopian). 3. White. Cape of Good

Hope. 1816. Evergreen shrub.
„ „ albane'nsis. Allied to A. plumosus.
„ „ ternifo'lius. White. August. S. Africa. 1872.
„ africa'nus aepe'ndens. 4. White. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1819. Evergreen climber.
„ a'lbus (white). 12. White. Spain. 1540. Half-

hardy.
„ aphy'llus stipula'ri$. S. Europe. 1800. Syn. A.

horridus.

A. asia'ticus (Asiatic). 3. White. Asia. 1759. Ever-
green shrub.
,, cape'nsis (Cape). 4. Green. April. Cape of Good

Hope. 1691. Evergreen shrub.
„ Colma'ni (G. C., 1906, xxxix., 109).
„ Coope'ri. Whitish. S. Africa. 1862. Climber.
,, comore'nsis. Emerald green. 1888.
,, cri'spus. Syns. A. decumbens and A. flexuosus.
„ declina'tus (down-bent). 5. Whitish-green. Cape of

Good Hope. 1759. Half-hardy.
., decu'mbens (decumbent). See A. CRISPUS.
., depe'ndens (drooping). See A. AFRICANUS.
,, Duche'snei (R. H., 1900, 583). Congo Free State.
,, flonga'tus (elongated). 6-7. Africa. 1908.
., falcifo'rmis. See A. MEDEOLOIDES FALCIFORMIS.
,, ftlici'nus (B. T. O., 1902, 142). Resembling A.

lucidus.

,, ,, Gira'ldii (Girald's). Green. China. 1908.
„ glycyca'rpus. See A. DAVURICUS.
., grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). See A. UMBELLATUS.
,, Greenfif'ldi (G. M., 1902, 441). See A. MYRIOCLADUS.
,, ho'rridus (horrid). See A. APHYLLUS STIPULARIS.
,, japo'nicus (G. M., 1902, 42). See A. SCANDENS.
,, la'nceus (lance-leaved). White. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1811. Herbaceous climber.
,, larici'nus (larch-like). White. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1816.

,, Leo'ms (Leo's). White or yellowish. S.Africa. 1909.
,, h'ngipes (K. B., 1901, 134). Cameroon Mountains.
,, medfoloi'dfs. S. Africa. Best known as Smiiax.
,, ,, angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 6. July. 1752.
„ „ falcifo'rmis. Syns. A. falciforntis, Myrsiphyllum,

asparagoides, and M. falciform*.
„ „ myrtifo'lius (myrtle - leaved). Leaves small.

1904.
„ myrio'cladus (G. M., 1902, 441). Dwarf species.

NataL
„ nivenia'nus (Niven's). Whitish-purple. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1811.
„ pectina'tus. See A. SCANDENS.
„ plumo'sus. White. S. Africa. 1876.
„ „ Blampie'di (G. C., 1902, xxxi., 150).
„ „ na'nus. S. Africa. 1880.
„ ,, robu'stus. Vigorous variety.
„ racemo'sus (racemose). 3. Whitish-green. E. Ind.

1808. Evergreen shrub.

„ ramosi'ssimus. Cream colour. S. Africa. 1862.
„ retrofra' 'ctus (backwards-bent). 4. White. July.

Africa. 1759. Evergreen twiner.
„ „ arbo'reus (Jard., 1890, 255, f.).
,, sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Green. Cape of Good Hope.

1795. Evergreen climber.
,, smithia'nus (Smith's). Teneriffe. 1529. Evergreen

shrub.

,, Sprenge'ri (Gfl., 1890, p. 490). Natal.
„ „ compa'cta (G. C., 1898, xxiv., 445).
„ „ falcatoi'des (Gfl., 1902, 162).
„ „ ochroleu'ca (Gfl., 1902, 133). Fruits yellow.
„ „ variega'ta (G. C., 1898, xxiii., 250).
„ ,, sieberia'nus. Garden hybrid (crispus and tenuissi-

««tts).
„ stipula'ceus (large-stipuled). 4. White. Cape of

Good Hope. 1821. Evergreen twiner.
., subala'tus (winged). White, fragrant. Himalaya.

Climber.

ii M gra'cilis (Gard., 1904, Ixvi.. 220).
„ subula'tus (avrl-leaved). 3. Cape of Good Hope. 1811.

Evergreen shrub.

,, tenui'ssimus. Light green foliage. S. Africa.
„ tetrago'nus (four-angled). \\'hite. S. Africa. 1909.
., umbella'tus. Canary Islands. Syn. A. grandiflorus.
„ umbellula'tus of Bresler. Syn. A. crispus of

Bojer.

,, undula'lus (waved). 6. S. Africa. 1816.
,, virga'tus. 5. Green. S. Africa. 1862.

STOVE.

A. falca'tus (sickle-leai-ed) . 3. Whitish-green. Trop.
Africa. 1792. Evergreen shrub.

,, flexuo'sus (zigzag). See A. CRISPUS OF LAMARCK.

., madagascarie'nsis(B.M., 1.8046). Yellowish. Mada-
gascar. 1905.

,, sarmento'sus (twiggy). 6. Whitish-green. August.
Ceylon. 1810. Evergreen twiner.

ASPARAGUS

76

ASPARAGUS

ASPA'RAGUS (Aspa'ragus officina'lis) was, by the old
gardeners, called sperage, and by the modern vulgar,
grass, or sparrow-grass. The small heads are sometimes
spoken of as sprue.

Varieties. — Formerly we had only two varieties — the
red-topped and the green-topped — now we have Conno-
ver's Colossal, Giant Argenteuil, and Palmetto, a fine
American variety ,but much depends upon soil and culture.

Soil best suited to this vegetable is a fresh, sandy loam,
made rich by the abundant addition of manure. It
should be trenched from two feet to two feet and a half
deep. This depth of good, rich soil, on a dry sub-soil, is
ample to yield the very best of heads, if the yearly suc-
cessive management be attended to.

Situation. — The bed should enjoy the influence of the
sun during the whole of the day, as free as possible from
the influence of trees and shrubs, and ranging north and
south. The sub-soil should be dry, or the bed kept so
by being founded on rubbish, or other material, to serve
as a drain. The space of ground required for the supply
of a small family is at least eight square perches. If
less, it will be incapable of affording one hundred heads
at a time. Sixteen perches will, in general, afford two
or three hundred every day, in the height of the season.

Sowing. — To raise plants, sow any time, from the
middle of February to the beginning of April, in drills,
one inch deep, and one foot apart, if the seedlings are
to be transplanted ; but two feet apart, if they are to
remain where sown. When starting with seedlings some
may remain in the seed-beds, and will give good results
a year earlier than those transplanted. Much depends
upon soil in good loam and a gravelly sub-soil. Where
water gets away naturally, it will not be necessary to
make much preparation, except to manure the ground
and work it well before sowing the seed.

Culture in Seed-bed. — If dry weather, the bed should
be refreshed with moderate but frequent waterings ; and,
if sown as late as April, the seeds should be soaked for
at least a day, and the surface soil kept moist by watering
in the evenings during dry weather. Care must be taken
to keep free from weeds, though this operation should
never commence until the plants are well above ground,
which will be in the course of three or four weeks from
the time of sowing. Sprinkle them about twice a month
with salt, and supply them once a week with a good
soaking of liquid-manure, during the growing season.
Towards the end of October, as soon as the stems are
completely withered, they must be cut down, and well-
rotted dung spread over the bed, to the depth of about
two inches. This serves to increase the vigour of the
plants the following year. About March in the next
year thin the plants to one foot apart ; and those re-
moved may be transplanted into a bed, twelve inches
apart, if it is intended that they should attain another
or two years' further growth before being finally planted
out ; or they may be planted immediately into the beds,
for production. It may be here remarked, that the
plants may remain one or two years in the seed-bed.
They will even succeed after remaining three ; but if
they continue four, they generally fail when transplanted.

Time of Planting. — The best time is the end of March,
if the soil is dry, and the season warm and forward ;
otherwise it is better to wait until the commencement of
April. A very determinate signal of the appropriate
time for planting is when the plants are beginning to
grow. If moved earlier, and they have to lie torpid for
two or three months, many of them die, or, in general,
shoot up very weak.

Construction of the Beds. — Have them four and a half
feet wide. The situation should be fixed upon a month
or two previously to making and planting the beds. The
whole should be trenched two feet to two feet and a half
deep, and thoroughly well manured, as the work goes
on, with rich, thoroughly-decayed manure. When all is
trenched and manured in this way, give a good surface-
dressing of salt, which will wash in with rains. After
lying in this way for a month, give the whole another
surface-dressing with similar manure, and double-dig or
trench the whole over again, leaving the surface rough
and open, giving the whole another salting, and let it lie
in this way until the time for planting. Previously to
marking out the beds, the whole should have another
thorough good digging over, making the surface neat
and even as the work goes on.

Mode of Planting.— The plants being taken from the

seed-bed carefully with a narrow-pronged dung-fork,
with as little injury to the roots as possible, they must
be laid separately and evenly together, for the sake of
convenience whilst planting, the roots tteing apt to en-
tangle, and cause much trouble and injury in parting
them. They should be exposed as short a time as
possible to the air ; and, to this end, it is advisable to
keep them, until planted, in a basket covered with a
little sand. The mode of planting is to form drills, or
narrow trenches, five or six inches deep, and one foot
apart, cut out with the spade, the line-side of each drill
being made perpendicular ; and against this the plants
are to be placed, with their crowns one and a half or two
inches below the surface, and twelve inches asunder.
The roots must be spread out wide, in the form of a fan,
a little earth being drawn over each, to retain it in its
position whilst the row is proceeded with. For the sake
of convenience, one drill should be made at a time, and
the plants inserted and covered completely before another
is commenced. When the planting is completed, the bed
is to be lightly raked over, and its outline distinctly
marked out. Care must be taken never to tread on the
beds (they are formed narrow to render it unnecessary) ;
for everything tending to consolidate them is injurious,
as, from the length of time they have to continue,
without a possibility of stirring them to any considerable
depth, they have a closer texture than is beneficial to
vegetation. Water must be given, in dry weather, daily,
until the plants are established. The paths between the
beds should be two feet wide. The first season after
planting the beds, a crop of radishes may be sown upon
them without injury to the young plants, if the radishes
are all drawn off early. It too often happens that new
asparagus-beds are ruined by being pestered with other
crops ; but a row, or even two rows, of either lettuces or
spinach, may be sown in the alleys.

Subsequent Cultivation. — Throughout the year care must
be taken to keep the beds clear of weeds ; and, in May
and summer, apply liquid-mamire twice a week plenti-
fully, giving a sprinkling of salt once a month. In the
latter end of October, or commencement of November,
the beds are to have the winter dressing. The stalks
must be cut down and cleared away ; tbe beds cleaned,
if weedy, and carefully forked up. A thoroughly good
dressing of manure is put all over the beds equally, and
the alleys forked over too ; whilst, for the sake of giving
the whole a finish, a line is put down each side of the
alley, the edges made up a little, and a few crumbs from
the alleys thrown upon the beds, and the edges marked
out with the point of the spade. The work is then done
for the winter.

Spring Dressing. — In the month of March the beds are
again forked over carefully, the manure and soil well
broken up and mixed together, and some of the rougher
parts of manure, with all the rakings, forked into the
alleys ; after which the beds are raked over.

Production. — In the May of the second year after
planting, if they are very highly cultivated with liquid-
manure, cutting may commence ; but, under ordinary
culture, cutting had better not begin until the third year.
There is some difference of opinion regarding when
asparagus should be cut. The French method is to cut
almost before any green shows, but some English people
prefer it with more green. Cutting should cease at the
end of June, or very early in July.

Forcing may be commenced at the end of November.
For this purpose, take up the plants from an old bed, or
others raised purposely, when they are three or four
years old. Carefully commence on one side one of the
outer rows of the bed, by digging out a trench, forking
the earth as much as possible from underneath the
plants, so that they may easily, and without straining or
injuring their roots, be moved out entirely, by thrusting
down the fork behind them. Be very careful, at the
same time, that the buds about the crowns of the plants
are not injured by the fork, or trampled upon, or bruised
in any way during their removal. Obtaining handsome,
strong shoots depends much upon the care with which
the plants are thus handled. Asparagus is very easily
forced, and is very productive under the treatment when
properly managed. It may be forced in various modes
through the winter ; but those who have the command of
hot water, to give it a moderate bottom-heat, will find
this give the least trouble. It may also be grown in
winter, in any kind of forcing-house, either in boxes filled

ASPASIA

77

ASPHODELINE

with earth, or in a pit filled with leaves, tan, or other
fermenting materials. Melon-pits and frames may be
used for the same purpose. The hotbed of fermenting
materials, thoroughly well worked previously to being
made up into the beds, may give but a slight heat, and
on it may be put six inches of old tan, or leaf-mould.
Put the asparagus-plants into this, and keep them,
during the winter months, about one foot from the glass.
Cover them, at first, only slightly with th« old tan, or
leaf-mould ; but, in ten days or a fortnight, add three
or four more inches of the same kind of covering. Take
care that altogether the crowns of the plants are not
covered more than five or six inches deep. When the
plants have begun to grow freely, and the shoots begin
to appear through the surface, give them some weak,
slightly- warmed, or tepid liquid-manure, adding to each
gallon of it two ounces of common salt.

Quantity to be Forced. — To keep a supply during the
winter months, commencing the first week in November,
use two or three light cucumber-frames ; and a succes-
sional bed should be made up in about a fortnight or
three weeks afterwards, and so on until the end of
March, taking the advantage of fine, open weather for
taking up and planting.

Insects. — See CRIOCERIS ASPARAGI.

To obtain Seed. — Some shoots should be marked, and
left in early spring ; for those which are allowed to run
up after the season of cutting is over are seldom forward
enough to ripen their seeds perfectly. In choosing the
shoots for this purpose, those only must be marked which
are the finest, roundest, and have the closest heads ;
those having quick-opening heads, or are small or flat,
are never to be left. It is remarkable that while some
plants seed freely every year others invariably fail. Each
chosen shoot must be fastened to a stake, which, by
keeping it in its natural position, enables the seed to
ripen more perfectly. The seed is usually ripe hi Sep-
tember, when it must be collected; put in moist sand,
where it should remain until the pulp has thoroughly
ripened, and there will be no difficulty in getting the
sand separated after it is quite dry, when it may be well
cleansed in water. The seeds sink to the bottom, and
the refuse floats, and will pass away with the water as
it is gently poured off. By two or three washings, the
seeds will be completely cleansed, and, when perfectly
dried by exposure to the sun and air, may be stored for
use ; but should not be placed where it gets very dry,
or warm ; it will keep for a considerable time in a tin
box if placed in a cool, dry position.

ASP A' SLA. (From aspazomai, I embrace ; the column
embraced by the labellum. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchi-
daceae]. Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids, best grown in baskets containing
sphagnum, peat, and broken crocks, with charcoal ;
rather dry during winter, and moister when growing.
Summer temp., 65° to 80° ; winter, 58° to 65°.

A. epidendroi'des (epidendrum-like). i. Whitish-yellow.

Panama. 1833.

luna'ta (crescent-marked). Brazil. 1844.
lu'tea (yellow). Yellow. March. Guiana. 1838.
papiliona'cea. f. Yellowish, brownish, orange, violet.

Costa Rica. 1876.

principi'ssa. Light green, buff. 1888.
psittaci'na. Green, brown, purplish. Ecuador. 1878.
variega' ta (variegated- flowered) . i. Green and yellow.

February. Panama. 1836.

ASPEN. Po'pulus tre'mula.

ASPEREXLA. (From asp er, rough. Nat. ord. Grami-
neae.)

A. Hy'strix (Wien Gart. Zeit., 1889, p. 228, f. 45).
Hardy annual; sow early in spring.

ASPE'RULA. Woodruff. (The diminutive of asper,
rough ; in reference to the rough leaves. Nat. ord.
Stellates, or Starworts [Rubiaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria,
i-Monogynia.)

All hardy herbaceous plants, except where otherwise
described. Division of the plant in March ; common
soil. Most of them succeed in shady positions, and will
grow under trees. A . tricho'des from seed.

A. alpi'na (alpine). See A. CYNANCHICA.
„ arcadit'nsis (Arcadian). J. Red. April. Arcadia.
1819.

A. arista' fa (awned). i. Yellow. July. South of

Europe. 1823.
„ as'pera (rough). Greenish-yellow. July. Caucasus ;

Persia. 1837.
,, azu'rea. i. Pale blue. Caucasus. 1867. Syn.

A. orientalis.
„ brevifo'lia (short-leaved). J. Purple. July. Asia

Minor. 1825. Half-hardy evergreen trailer.
„ cala'brica. See PUTORIA CALABRICA.
,, crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). See A. TOMENTOSA.
„ cyna'nchica (cynanche-like). i. Flesh. July.

England.
„ „ saxa'tilis. Syn. A. pyrenaica. i. Flesh. July.

Spain. 1821.
„ galtoi'des (galium-like). i. White. July. South of

Europe. 1710.
„ „ tyra'ica (Tyrian). }. White. May. Levant.

1829.
„ glomera'ta (crowded), i. Yellow. July. Orient.

1824.

„ Gusso'ni. i. Pink. August. Sicily. 1829.
„ hirsu'ta (soft-haired), i. White. June. Portugal.

1819.

,, hi'rta (bristly), i. Purple. July. Pyrenees. 1817.
., inca'na (hoary). Purple. June. Crete. 1823.
„ Iceviga'ta (smoothed), i. White. June. South of

Europe. 1775.
„ kmgifio'ra (long-flowered). i. Yellowish-purple.

July. Hungary. 1821.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See GALIUM.
„ molluginoi'des (Mollujo-like). i. Yellow. July.

Caucasus. 1820.

„ monta'na (mountain). See A. CYNANCHICA.
.. ni'tida (glossy). See A. GUSSONI.
,, odora'ta (sweet-scented), i. White. June. Britain.
„ orienta'lis. See A. AZUREA.
„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). See A. CYNANCHICA SAXA-

TILIS.

„ ri'gida (stiff), i. Red. July. Greece. 1819.
„ sea' bra (rough). See A. ARISTATA.
„ scuiella'ris (skull-cap), i. Russia. 1838.
,, subero'sa. J. Pink. June. Greece. 1903.
„ supi'na (supine). See A. CYNANCHICA.
„ tauri'na (bull), i. White. June. Italy. 1739.
,, tincto'ria (dyer's), i. White. July. Europe. 1764.
„ tomento'sa (downy), i. Red. July. South of

Europe. 1817. Syn. A. crassifolia.
„ tricho'des (hairy). White. June. Persia. 1838.

Hardy annual.

ASPHALT, BITUMEN, or JEW'S PITCH, is found
floating on the Dead Sea, and elsewhere. It becomes
very hard by exposure to the air ; and its name has been
appropriated to various artificial preparations, all of
which owe their properties to the boiled gas-tar which
enters into their composition. Thus the asphalt felt is
rendered waterproof for shed-roofing, &c., by being
soaked in that tar ; and asphalt walks are most dry and
excellent when made as follows : Take two parts of very
dry lime-rubbish, and one part coal-ashes, also very dry,
and both sifted fine. In a dry place, on a dry day, mix
them, and leave a hole in the middle of the heap, as brick-
layers do when making mortar. Into this pour boiling-
hot coal-tar ; mix, and, when as stiff as mortar, put it
three inches thick where the walk is to be. The ground
should be dry, and beaten smooth. Sprinkle over it
coarse sand : when cold, pass a light roller over it, and
in a few days the walk will be solid and waterproof.

ASPHODELTNE. Nat. ord. Liliaces. A genus of
plants closely allied to Asphodelus, but distinguished by
erect leafy stems. Hardy plants that thrive in any
ordinary garden soil ; propagated by divisions.

A. Bala'nsa (G. C., 1898, xxiii., in, f. 43). White.

Cilicia and Cappadocia.

„ Basi'lii (G. C., 1898, xxiii., in.) Mount St. Basil.
,, brevicau'lis. Yellow, veined with green. Orient.
„ damasce'na. White. Asia Minor.
,, dammeria'na (G. C., 1898, xxiii., in). White.

Cilicia.

,, isthmoca'rpa (G. C.. 1898, xxiii., in, f. 44). Cilicia.
,, imperia'lis (G. C., 1897, xxii. 397, f. 116). Asia

Minor.
„ libu'rnica. Yellow, striped with green. S. Europe

Syns. Asphodelus capillaris and A. crettcus.

ASPHODELUS

78

ASPIDIUM

A. lu'tea. Yellow. Sicily. 1596. Syn. Asphodelus

luteus.

„ „ sibi'rica (B. R., t. 1507). Pale yellow. May.
Siberia. 1829. There is another form with double
flowers.
,, proli'fera. i. White. August. Armenia. 1824.

Hardy annual. Syn. Asphodelus proliferus.
„ tau'rica. White, striped with green. Asia Minor, &c.

1812. Syn. Asphodelus tauricus.

„ tenu'ior. Yellow. Orient. Syn. Asphodelus tenuior.

ASPHO'DELUS. Asphodel. (From a, not, and sphallo,

to supplant ; the stately flowers not easily surpassed.

Nat. ord. Lily worts [Liliaceaa], Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-

Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise
specified. Dividing the roots, except the stove annuals,
which may be raised from seed. Grown in any common
soil. A. interme'dius requires the protection of a cold
pit in winter ; temperature for it at that period, 38° to 45°.
A. asti'vus (summer). See A. TENUIFOLIUS.
„ a'lbus (white). 2. White. April. South of Europe.

1820.

,, asia'ticus (Asiatic). White. June. Levant. 1824.
„ capilla'ris (hair-leaved). See ASPHODELINE LIBURNICA.
„ clava'tus (club-seeded). See A. TENUIFOLIUS.
„ como'sus. 2. White, green. N. W. Himalaya. 1887.
„ cre'ticus (Cretan). See ASPHODELINE LIBURNICA.
„ fistulo'sus (pipe-stalked). 2. White. August. South

of Europe. 1596.

„ interme'dius (intermediate). See A. RAMOSUS.
,, lu'teus (yellow). See ASPHODELINE LUTEA.
„ microca'rpus (small-podded). See A. RAMO'SUS

MICROCA'RPUS.

„ proli'ferus (proliferous). See ASPHODELINE PROLIFERA.
,, ramo'sus (branchy). 2. White. April. South of

Europe. 1551.

„ ,, a'lbus. 2. White. April. South of Europe. 1820.
„ ,, interme'dius. 2. White. July. Canaries. 1822.

Syn. A. intermedius.
, „ microca'rpus. Dalmatia. 1831.
, „ Villa'rsii. White. Eastern France. 1888.
, sibi'ricus (Siberian). See ASPHODELINE LUTEA.
, tau'ricus (Taurian). See ASPHODELINE TAURICA.
, tenuifo'lius. Oriental India.
, „ clava'tus. White. July. E. India. 1808.
, tenu'ior (slenderer). See ASPHODELINE.
, Villa'rsii. See A. RAMOSUS.

ASPIDIOTUS. See Co'ccus.

ASPIDISTRA. (From aspidiseon, a little round
shield ; shape of flower, or, probably, in reference to the
mushroom-shaped stigma by which Aspidistras are char-
acterised. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 8-
Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

Most useful foliage plants for house decoration propa-
gated by division ; pot in good loamy compost. They
have been described as stove plants, but though thriving
well in heat they are almost hardy.

A. ela'tior (taller). 2. Brown. October. Japan. 1835.
„ lu'rida (lurid), i. Purple. July. China. 1832.
„ „ puncta'ta (dotted), i. Purple. March.
„ ,, variega'ta. 2. Brown. October. Japan. 1835.
„ ty'pica (W. G., 1894, 266). Supposed to have been
introduced from Tonkin.

ASPI'DIUM. Shield Fern. (From aspidion, a little
buckler ; the shape of the spores or seed-apparatus.
Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-
Filices.)

Spores or seed, and division of the roots, just after they
start growing in the spring. Shady situation ; loam and
peat. The greenhouse and stove kinds should have
their appropriate treatment ; those of the latter should
not have the temperature lower than 50° in winter. See
FERNS for general culture.

HARDY.

A. acrostichoi'des. N. Amer. Syn. Polystichum acrosti-
choides.

„ „ gra'ndiceps. Crested form. Garden variety.

„ ,, inci'sum. Pointed, pinnules deeply incised.

., aculea'tum. The Hard Shield Fern. Syn. Polysti-
chum aculeatum.

,, alpi'num (alpine). See CYSTOPTERIS ALPINA.

angula're. The Soft Shield Fern. There are nume-
rous varieties of this kind. Syn. Polystichum
angulare.

„ gra'ndiceps. With narrow fronds, and much
forked top.

atoma'rium (atomed). See CYSTOPTERIS BULBIFERA.

bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). See CYSTOPTERIS BULBI-
FERA.

crista'tum. See NEPHRODIUM CRISTATUM.
,, clintonia'num (G. and F., 1888, 342). See
NEPHRODIUM.

crista'tumXmargina'le (G. and F., 1896, 444, f. 58).
Natural hybrid.

denta'tum (toothed). See CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS DEN-
TATA.

dilata'tum (widened-crested). See NEPHRODIUM.

dumeto'rum (thicket). See NEPHRODIUM SPINULOSUM

DUMETORUM.

fra'gile (brittle). See CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS.

Halle' ri (Haller's). Brown. April. Switzerland.

1824.

irri'guum (plashy). See NEPHRODIUM IRRIGUUM.
loba'tum (lobed). 1-2. June. Britain.
Lonchi'tis. i to 2. Britain. Syn. Polystichum
Lonchitis.

„ aspe'rrimum (roughest), i. July. N. Amer.
monta'num (mountain). See NEPHRODIUM MONTANUM.
muni' turn. California. Syn. Polystichum munitum.
re'gium (royal). See CYSTOPTERIS ALPINA.
rhce'ticum (Rhaatian). See ASPLENIUM FILIX FOJMINA

RH^TICUM.

GREENHOUSE.

a'mulum. See NEPHRODIUM .*MULUM.

arista' turn, i to 2. Japan, Himalayas, New South
Wales. Syn. Polystichum aristatum.
,, coniifo'lium. Finely divided fronds.
,, variega'tum. With a band of green running
through the bases of the pinnules.

cape'nse. i to 2. S. Amer., New Zealand, Cape
Colony. Syns. A. coriaceum and Polystichum
capense.

falcine'llum. i. May. Madeira. Syn. Polystichum
falcinellum.

fcenicula'ceum. Syn. Polystichum fcenicula'ceum.

frondo'sum. Syn. Polystichum frondosum.

laserpitiifo'lium. Syns. Lastrea Standishii and Poly-
stichum laserpitiifolium.

lepidocau'lon. Syn. Polystichum lepidocaulon.

mohrioi'des. Syn. Polystichum mohrioides.

pu'ngens. Syn. Polystichum pungens.

tri'pteron. Syn. Polytsichum tripteron.

va'rium. Syn. Lastrea varia and Polystichum varium.

STOVE.

ala'tum (winged). See NEPHRODIUM VASTUM.
ama'bile. Syn. Polystichum amabile.
ano'malum. Syn. Polystichum anomalum.
auricula' turn. Syns. A. ocellatum and Polystichum
auriculatum.

,, le'ntum. Pinna? divided into lobes.

„ mar gina' turn. Texture more coriaceous.
cicuta'rium (cowbane-like). See NEPHRODIUM.
decu'rrens (decurrent). See NEPHRODIUM.
exal ta' turn (lofty). 4. Brown. July. Jamaica. 1793.
falca'tum. Syn. Cyrtomium falcatum.

„ caryoti'deum. Syn. Cyrtomium caryotideum.

„ Fortu'nei. Syn. Cyrtomium Fortunei.

„ Ma'yi (May's). Fronds crested. 1908.
fle'xum. Syn. Polystichum flexum.
gra'nde (grand). See NEPHRODIUM PACHYPHYLLUM.
heracleifo'lium (cow-parsnip-leaved). See A. TRIFOLIA-

TUM.
Hooke'ri (Hooker's). Brown, yellow. June. Malay

Archipelago. 1812.
indivi'sum (whole-leafed). 2. Brown. July. Jamaica.

1824.
latifo'lium (broad-leaved). See NEPHRODIUM LATI-

FOLIUM.

macrophy'llum (large-leaved). See NEPHRODIUM.
meniscioi'des. Syns. A. confertum and Cyclodium

meniscioides.

mucrona'tum. Syn. Polystichum mucronatum.
pa'tens (spreading). See NEPHRODIUM.

ASPIDOPTERYS

79

ASPLENIUM

A. pectina'tum (comb-like), i. Brown. July. W. Ind.

1820.

„ pu'ngens (stinging). Brown. W. Ind.
„ repa'ndum (wavy-leaved). Brown. July. Island of

Luzon.
„ rhizophy'llum (root-leaved). J. Brown. July.

Jamaica. 1820.

„ semicorda' turn. Syn. Polystichum semicordaium.
„ singaporia'num (Singapore). See NEPHRODIUM.
., trapeziofdes (trapezium-like). See A. VIVIPARUM.
„ tria'ngulum. Syn. Polystichum triangulum.

i turn (three-leaved). 2. Brown. July. W.
Ind. 1769.
„ „ heradeifo'lium. The pinnae pinnatifid on both

sides at the base.
„ vivi'parum. Syns. A. trapezioides and Polystichum

viviparum.

Some authors include Alhyrium Filix-foemina in this
genus, but it has now been put with the Aspleniums by
the Kew authorities.

ASPIDO PTERYS. (From aspis, aspidos, a shield, and
pteron, a wing ; the fruits have shield-like wings. Nat.
ord. Malpighiaceae.)

Stove climbers. Cuttings of firm young shoots in
sand, in bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
A. nu'tans (nodding). 10. White. July. Himalaya. 1820.
„ roxburghia'na (Roxburghian). 10. White. July.
India. 1820.

ASPLE NIUM. Spleenwort. (From a, not. and splen,
spleen ; referring to its supposed medicinal proper-
ties. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2\-Cryptogamia,
i-Filices.)

This is an extensive and variable genus, the disposition
of the spores being the only connecting link. Taking
the large, broad-fronded A. Nidus, and compare it with
A. viviparum, which has very finely-cut small fronds, there
appears to be little affinity. A. Felix-fctmina, better
known in gardens as Athyrium F. — f. (which see) has
given us innumerable garden varieties, many of which are
of exquisite beauty ; and about one hundred varieties
have gained certificates from the Royal Horticultural
Society. These are all natives of Britain, and the ordinary
type is known as " The Lady Fern." The species most
extensively grown for market (or decorations) belong to
the bulbiferum type ; yet A. Nidus (the Bird's-nest
Fern) has more recently come into favour and is ex-
tensively grown. For treatment, see FERNS.

HARDY.
A. Adia'ntum-ni' grum (black adiantum). i. Brown.

August. Britain.

„ „ acu'tum (Eng. Bot., ed. 3, t. 1875). Ireland.
,, ,, caudifo'lium.
., „ crista'tum. Crested. 1881.
„ ,, gra'ndiceps. Large crested.
., ., oxyphy'Hum. Sharp-leaved.
,, ., refra'ctum.
„ alternifo'lium (alternate-leaved), i. Brown. July.

Scotland. See A. GERMANICUM.
„ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved), i. Brown. July.

N. Amer. 1812.
„ Athy'num (athyrium). 2. Brown. August. N.

Amer. 1823. See A. FILIX-FO^-MINA.
., Ce'Urach (scale or scaly fern). Britain. Syn. Ceter-

ack officinarum.
„ „ au'reum. Canaries and Madeira. Syns. Ceterach

aureum and A. aureum.
„ crena'tum. Scandinavia.
„ ebe'neum (ebony-stalked), i. Brown. July. N.

Amer. 1779.
,, Fi'lix-fas'mina (female fern). 2. Brown. April.

Britain. There are numerous varieties of this

species.

,, fonta'num (fountain), i. Brown. July. England.
„ germa'nicum. Syn. A. alternifolium.
„ Halle'ri, (Haller's). See A. FONTANUM.
„ lanceola' turn (lanceolate), i. Brown. August. England.
„ ,, crispa'tum. Curled.
„ ,, mi'crodon. Useful for case culture.
„ mari'num (sea), i. Brown. July. Britain. The

varieties of this include : coro'nans, crena'tum,

mira'bile, plumo'sum, ra'mo-plumo'sttm, ramo sum,

sub-bipinna' turn, and Thomso'nce.

A. Michau'xi (Michaux's). See A. FILIX-F<EMINA.
,. monta'num (mountain) . i. Brown. July. N. Amer.

1812.
,. platyneu'ron (Ebony spleen wort). Maine to Florida,

and westward to California.
,, polyphy'llum. See A. ACUMINATUM.
,, „ myriophy'llum. With broader fronds.
,, rhizophy ttum (rooting-leaved), See SCOLOPENDRIUM

RHIZOPHYLLUM.

„ Ru'ta-mura'ria (waU-rue). }. Brown. July. Britain.

., septentriona'le (nor them), i. Brown. July. Britain.

., thelypteroi'dcs (thelypteris-like). i. Brown. July.
N. Amer. 1823.

,, Tricho'manes (maiden-hair). $. Brown. July.
Britain. The varieties in cultivation comprise
crista'tum, iiici'sum, mulii'fidum, and ramo'sum.

„ vi'ridt (green), i. Brown. June. Britain.

GREENHOUSE.

A. acumina'tum. 2. Sandwich Islands. Syn. A.
polyphyllum.

„ acu'tum (acute). 2. Brown. April. Teneriffe. 1818.

„ alte'rnans. Syn. A. Dalhausitz.

„ alUrna'tum (tapering), i. Brown. July. N. Hol-
land. 1824.

., ambi'guum (doubtful), i. Brown. W. Ind.

,, anisophy'llum (unequal-leaved). Natal.

., Arno ttii. Sandwich Islands. 1877. Syns. A.dipla-
zioides and Diplazium Arnottii.

„ aspidioi'des. Trop. Amer. Syn. A. multisectum.

„ attenua'tum (attenuated). Queensland.

,, bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing), i. Brown. July. New
Zealand. 1820.

„ ,, fabia'num. Syn. A. fabianum.

„ „ la'xum. Habit more slender.

„ canarie'nse (Canary). Brown. July. Canaries. 1824.

,, cauda' turn (tailed). Polynesia.

„ Cole'nsoi. ij. New Zealand.

,, compre'ssum. St. Helena. Stove or greenhouse.

,, conti'guum. Sandwich Islands.

„ „ fi'ssum. South Sea Islands. 1880.

„ Dalhou'sia. See A. ALTERNANS.

„ denta'tum. W. Ind. 1820.

,, dJnttx (sharp-toothed). Brown. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1790.

., diffo'rme (irregular), i. Brown. August. N. Hol-
land. 1823. See A. OBTUSATUM.

., dimo'rphum. Norfolk Islands. Syns. A. diver si-
folium and Darea dimorpha.

„ diplazioi'des. See A. ARNOTTII.

,, diver si fo' Hum (various-leaved). 2. Brown. June.
Norfolk Islands. 1831. Garden Syn. of A.
dimorphum.

„ exte'nsum. Andes of Columbia and Peru.

,, falca'tum. i to ij. Polynesian Islands, Australia,
New Zealand, &c. 1825.

„ fernandesia'num. A variety of A. lunulatum.

„ fi'ssum (cleft-fronds). Brown. April. Hungary.
1825.

„ fiabellifo'lium (fan-leaved), i. Brown. July. N.
Holland. 1820.

„ fla'ccidum (feeble). New .Zealand. 1823.

„ goringia'num pi'ctum. See A. MACROCARPUM.

„ Hemioni'tis. |. S. Europe and N. Africa. Syn.
A. palmatum.

„ ,, crista'tum. Syn. A. palmatum cristatum.

„ „ multi'fidum. Azores.

„ Herb'stii (G. C., 1896, xx., 470). Garden hybrid.

,, heteroca'rpum. i to 3. Himalayas and South-
Eastern Asia. Stove or greenhouse.

,, hookeria'num. ij. New Zealand.

,, ho'rridum. Sandwich Islands. 1884.

,, inci'sum. i. Japan, &c.

,, java'nicum. See ALLANTODIA B RUN ONI AN A.

„ la'nceum. Syns. A. sub sinua turn and Diplazium
lanceum.

„ laserpitiifo'lium. Polynesian Islands, N. Aus-
tralia, &c.

„ macroca'rpum. i to 3. Syn. A. goringianum pictum.

„ madere'nse (Madeira), i. Brown. July. Madeira.
1828.

., mona'nthemnm (one-flowered), i. Brown. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

,, multise1 ctum. See A. ASPIDIOIDES.

„ ni'Mttm. N. India, Ceylon, &c.

ASPLENIUM

80

ASPLENIUM

4. No'va-cdUdo'nice. An evergreen Fern. New Cale-
donia.
,, obtusa'tum (blunt- fronded). 2. Brown. July. N.

Holland. 1824.
,, „ diffo'rme.

., ,, lu'cidum. Syn. A. lucidum.
,, odonti'tes. See A. FLACCIDUM.
,, oxyphy'llum. i to 2. Himalayas, Java, and Japan.

Syns. Athyrium oxyphyllum and Lastrea eburnea.
„ palma'tum (hand-shaped). See A. HEMIONITIS.
„ Pctra'rchtz (Petrarch's). J. Brown. August. France.

1819.

„ pinnati'fidum. Pennsylvania.
„ planicaule. Himalayas. 1841.
„ po'lyodon (many-toothed). See A. FALCATUM.
,, prolonga'tum. See A. RUT^CFOLIUM.
,, rutefo'lium. Ceylon, S. Africa, &c. Syn. Darea

rutefolia.

„ „ prolonga'tum.
„ Selo'sii. Tyrol and Carinthia.
„ Shephe'rdii (Shepherd's). i. Brown. August.

Trop. Amer. 1820.
„ „ inaquila. 'terum (unequal-sided).
,, spinulo'sum. i. Amurland, Manchuria, &c. Syns.

Athyrium spinulosum and Cystopteris spinulosa.
,, sple'ndens. i. Cape Colony.
,, umbro'sum. Canaries, Himalayas, &c. Syns. Allan-

todia australis and Aihryrium umbrosum.
, va'rians. Himalayas.

STOVE.

A. absci'ssum. Trop. Amer. Syn. A. firmum.
„ affi'ne. Mascarene Islands. Syn. A. spathulinum.
„ ala'tum (winged), i. Brown. W. Ind.
„ alismtzfo'lium. Syn. Anisogonium alismafolium.
„ amboine'nse (Williams' Cat., 1881, 31). South Sea

Islands.

„ api'cidens. See A. VIEILLARDII.
,, arbore'scens (tree-like). Syn. Diplazium arborescens.
.. auricula' turn. Trop. Amer. 1820.
,, auri'tum (eared), i. Brown. September. S. Amer.

1829.

,, australa'sicum. See A. NIDUS.

„ Bapti'stii. South Sea Islands. 1879. See A. VIEIL-
LARDII.
,, Belange'ri. Malayan Peninsula. Syns. A. veitchi-

anum and Darea Belangeri.

,, biauri'tum (two-eared), i. Brown. July. W. Ind.
„ biparti'tum (equal- parted). 2. Brown. August.

Jamaica. 1820.
,, bisse'ctum (bisected). 2. Brown. July. Jamaica.

1821.
,, brachy'pteron (broadly-winged). Madagascar. Syn.

Darea brachypieron.
„ brasilie'nse (Brazilian), i. Brown. July. Brazil.

1822.

„ breviso'rum (shortly seriate). Jamaica. Syn. Athy-
rium brevisorum.
„ calophy'llum (beautiful-leaved). Brown. June.

Island of Luzon.
„ Campbe'llii (G. C., 1885, xxiv.. 7). British and Dutch

Guiana.
„ cicuta'rium (cowbane-like). i. Brown. August.

W. Ind. 1820.
., crena'tum (round-notched). Brown. September.

Brazil. 1836.

„ crista'tum. Garden hybrid.
„ cultrifo'lium (knife-leaved), i. Brown. W. Ind.

1820.
„ cunea'tum (wedge-shaped), i. Brown. September.

W. Ind. 1832.

„ decussa'tum. Syn. Anisogonium decussatum.
„ denta'tum (toothed), i. Brown. July. W. Ind.

1820.

„ deprSssum (depressed), i. Brown. August.
„ dimidia'tum (halved). Brown. September. W. Ind.

1827.

„ Druery'i. A variety of Baptistii.
„ du'ale (G. C., 1893, xiii. 10).
„ elfganti' ssimum. Garden hybrid.
„ elonga'tum (elongated). See A. TENERUM.
„ ere'ctum. See A. LUNULATUM.
., fro' sum (jagged-kavftf). Brown, yellow. June.

W. Ind.
,. escule'ntum. Syn. Anisogonium esculentum.

A. fijie'nse. 2. Fiji.
,, formo'sum (beautiful), i. Brown. June. W. lad.

1822.
,, fra' 'grans (fragrant), i. Brown. August. Jamaica.

1703-

„ ,, fcenicula'ceum. Narrower segments.
,, Franco' 'nis. Trop. Amer. Syn. Diplazium Fr anconis.
„ f urea' turn. Syn. A. praemorsum.
„ Gardne'ri. Ceylon. 1873.
,, grandifo'lium. Syn. Diplazium grandifolium.
„ Grevi'llei. Fronds undivided. India.
,, hetero'chroum (Bull. Cat., 1878, 155). In the way of

A. monanthemum.
„ he'terodon. See A. VULCANICUM.
„ lacera'tum (G. C., 1906, xl. 263, f. 107). Allied to A.

Nidus.

„ la'cteum (milky). Yellow. April. W. Ind.
„ lottum (gay). W. Ind.
,, laffania'num. Bermuda. 1880.
„ Laure'ntii denticula' turn. Pinnae bilobed, deeply

toothed. Congo. 1908.
,, linea'tum. i to 2. Mauritius.
,, longiso'rum. New Grenada. 1881.
,, longi' ssimum (longest). Brown. May. Malacca.

1840.

„ lu'cidum (shining). See A. OBTUSATUM.
„ lunula'tum (crescent-shaped). Tropics. Varieties

are erectum. lobatum, pteropus, fernandezianum,

tenellum, and tripinnatifidum.
„ macrophy'llum. Trop. Asia.

,, margina'tum (G. C., 1893, xiii. 641). Large pinnate-
leaved species. Trop. Amer.
., ma'ximum. Syns. A. diver sifolium and Diplazium

decurrens.

,, melanocau'lon. Syn. Diplazium melanocaulon.
„ May'i (G. C., 1898, xxiii. 372, f. 140). Garden

hybrid.

, , musafo'lium. A variety of A . Nidus.
„ myriophy'llum. See A. RHIZOPHYLLUM.
,, Ni'dus (bird's-nest). 2. Brown. August. E. Ind.

1820.
,, „ australa'sicum. Australia. Syn. Thamnoptfris

australasicum.

,, „ musafo'lium (Musa-leaved). 3-6. May. E. Ind.
„ Phylli'tidis (Phyllitidis). 1-2. Himalaya;

Malaya.
,, ni'tens. Mauritius. Syn. A. macrophyllum of

gardens.
,, obtitsifo'lium (obtuse-leaved). J. Brown. Jamaica.

1838.
,, obtusi'lobum. New Hebrides. 1861. Syn. Darea

obtusiloba.

„ oligophy'Uum (few-leaved). Brown. Brazil. 1841.
„ Oti'tes (otites). 1841.
., palea'ceum. Australia. 1879.
,, pa'rvulum. Syn. A. trilobum.
„ persicifo'lium (peach-leaved). Brown. Island of

Luzon.

,, planicau'le (smooth-stalked). E. Ind. i84T.
„ plantagi'neum. W. Ind. 1819. Syn. Diplazium plan-

tagineum.

,, prcemo'rsum (jagged-pointed). See A. FURCATUM.
,, pulche'llum. Trop. Amer.
,, pu'lchrum (fair). Brown. June. Jamaica.
., pu'milum (dwarf), i. Brown. July. W. Ind. 1823.
,, rachirhi'zon. Trop. Amer. Syn. A. rachirhince.
,, radi'cans (rooting), i. Brown. June. W. Ind. 1820.
,, rese'ctum (shredded), i. Brown. July. Mauritius.

1820.
„ rhizo'phorum (root-bearing), i. Brown. August.

Jamaica. 1793.
,, rhizophy'llum. Trop. Amer.
„ „ myriophy'llum. Broader fronds.
,. salici'num (willow-like), i. Brown. May. E. Ind.

1839.
„ salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). i. Brown. June.

W. Ind.

„ Sanderso'ni. Natal. 1880.

.. sca'ndens. i to 2. New Guinea, Philippines. 1887.
,, schi'zodon. See A. VIEILLARDII.
,, Schku'hrii. Ceylon. Syn. Diplazium Schkuhrii.
„ scolopendrioi'des (hart's- tongue-like). Brown. July.

Island of Leyte. 1840.
„ serra'tum (saw-kar#f). 2. Brown. August. W. Ind.

1793-

ASSAM TEA

81

ASTER

A. serrula'tum (minutely-toothed). Brownish-yellow.

June. India.

., stria'tum (striated). See A. SHEPHERDII.
„ sulca'tum (furrowed). Brown. July. VV. Ind. 1827.
,, sylva'ticum. 2. India.

„ te'nerum. Brown, yellow. June. Malaya. 1840.
,, ,, elonga' turn.

„ ThwaitSsii. i. Ceylon. Syn. Diplatium Thwaitesii.
., tri'lobum. Chili and S. Brazil. See A. PARVULUM.
., vfitchia'num. See A. BELANGERI.
„ Vieilla'rdi. i. New Caledonia. Syn. A. schizodon.
„ ,, apicidens.
„ ,, Bapti'stii.

„ „ fa'cile. J. New Caledonia. 1881.
„ vitttrfo'rme (ribbon-like). Brownish- yellow. Island

of Luzon.
„ vivi'parum (viviparous). i. Brown. August.

Mauritius. 1820.
„ vulca'nicum. i to 2. Java and Fiji. Syn. A.

heterodon.
„ lam&fo'lium (zamia-leaved). 2. Brown. July.

Caraccas. 1820.
„ teyla'nicum. Ceylon. Syn. Diplazium zcylanicum.

ASSAM TEA. Cam* Ilia thei'fera assamica.

ASSO NLA. (After the Spanish botanist, Ignatius de
Asso. Nat. ord. Sterculiads [Sterculiaceae]. Linn. 16-
Monadelphia, j-Decandrta.) They are now referred to
Dombeya.

Stove trees. Cuttings in sand, in heat, under a glass ;
sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50°
to 60°.

A. popu'lnea (poplar-leaved). 10. White. Bourbon.

1820.

„ viburnoi'des (viburnum-like), n. White. Bourbon.
1822.

ASTA'RTEA. (A classical name, after Astarte, a
goddess of the Assyrians and Sidonians, called in Scrip-
ture Ashtaroth. Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms [M>Ttaceae].
Linn. i8-Polyadelphia, 2-Polyandria.)

A greenhouse shrub. Cuttings of small shoots, half-
ripe, in sandy soil, in close frame, and kept shaded for
a time ; sandy loam and peat. Intermediate tempera-
ture.

A. fascicula'ris (bundle-flowered). 3. N. Holland. 1830.

ASTE'LIA. ( From asielos, wanting a pillar, in reference
to its having no stem or trunk. Nat. ord. Liliaceaj.
Tribe, Dracamea?.)

Greenhouse perennials with long, slender, hairy leaves ;
propagated by divisions in spring ; light, loamy soil.

A. Ba'nksii (Hort. Vanh., t. 5). Greenish. New Zea-
land.

„ bivitta'ta. New Zealand. 1864.

,. Cunnin°ha'mii (B. M., t. 5175). Green. February.
N. Island, New Zealand.

„ Sola'ndri (B. M., t. 5503). Greenish. New Zealand.
1864.

ASTELMA. (From a, not, and stdma, a crown ; in
reference to the construction of the fruit. Nat ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngentsia, 2-Super-
fiua.)

A. fragrans, imbricatum, and relortum are now referred
to Helichrysum ; the rest to Helipterum. Greenhouse
evergreen shrubs ; all natives of the Cape of Good Hope.
Seeds sown in a gentle heat ; cuttings in sand and loam,
in close frame or hand-glass ; light, fibrous loam and peat,
good drainage. Summer temp., 50° to 65° ; winter, 40°
to 48°.

A. cane'scens (hoary). 2. Purple. June. 1794.
„ exi'mium (fine). 3. Crimson. July. 1793.
fra' grans (fragrant). 2. Pink. July. 1803.
imbrica'tum (imbricated). 2. White. August. 1820.
milleflo'rum (thousand-flowered), i. Pale purple.

July. 1802. See HELIPTERUM PHLOMOIDES.
reto'rtum (twisted-back), i. White. July. 1732.
speciosi'ssimum (showiest). 8. White. August. 1691.
spira'U (spiral-leaved). See HELIPTERUMVARIEGATUM.
Staheli'na (Staehelina-like). See HELIPTERUM SPECIO-

SISSIMUM.

„ variega'tum (variegated). 2. Brown, white. June.
i Box.

ASTETHANUS. (From a, without, and Stephanos, a
crown; in reference to the stamens. Nat. ord. Asclepiads
[Asclepiadaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

Greenhouse twining evergreen plants ; division and
cuttings ; peat and sandy loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

A. linea'ris (linear). 4. White. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1816.

„ trifto'rus (three-flowered). 4. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.

ASTER. Starwort. (Ftom aster, a star. The flowers
of Composites, or Starworts, are called florets, and, being
collected together on a receptacle, as in the daisy or
dahlia, the rays of their circumference resemble stars.
Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
2-Superflua.)

In this genus we have many variable species, and a
large number of garden hybrids. It is those known
popularly as Michaelmas Daisies or Starworts that are the
most important section. Flowering late in the summer
and during the autumn up to the time we get severe
frosts they are much appreciated, and though at one
time much neglected, in recent years they have come
to the front again, and many very pretty garden varieties
have been added. There are several distinct sections,
yet it is difficult to place some of the garden hybrids.
The varieties of AMELLUS are a distinct type and do
not appear to intercross with others ; they are of dwarf
habit with rather broad leaves, which are covered with
short, silky hairs. The flowers are of various shades of
blue-violet, and some have a distinct pink shade ; they
may be propagated from cuttings or divisions, but the
roots do not spread much. ACRIS is another distinct
type, and most are dwarf in habit, forming compact
clumps, which may be readily divided to increase the
stock. CORDIFOLIUS is distinguished by the rather large
basal leaves and tall spikes of small starry flowers of
various shades from white to deep mauve, and the under-
ground rhizomes spread freely. DIFFUSUS may be
described as of tufted growth, with broad spreading
racemes of medium-sized flowers. There are several
distinct varieties, and are of medium height, and though
growing compact may be readily divided to increase the
stock. ERICOIDES, of which there are some pretty
varieties, all have very small flowers, produced in graceful
sprays, and very small heath-like foliage. Nov<c-
ANGLI* includes some very pretty varieties of erect
growth with rather large flowers, varying in colour
from pink to deep purple small, woolly leaves, and tufted
growth. NOVI-BELGII is perhaps the most important
type, and of this the varieties are very numerous, varying
in height from about 2 feet to 5 feet, and flowers
vary in size, also in colours, from white, pink, to deep
blue, the most distinct characteristic being the spreading
rhizomes and lance-shaped leaves. The strong-growing
sorts of this section prove rather troublesome weeds if
allowed to seed, and the rhizomes also spread a great
distance when allowed to do so. VIMINEUS forms another
distinct group with small starry flowers and of dwarf
habit, and garden varieties are numerous.

In addition to the above there are many other distinct
species of which we have no garden varieties, and the
hybrids, which cannot be classified, are numerous. All
of those known as MICHAELMAS DAISIES are easily culti-
vated and are quite hardy. They may be grown in any
ordinary garden soil. In planting, due regard should be
paid to the heights and habits of the various sorts.
They may be specially recommended for supplying cut
bloom after the summer flowers are passed, but those of
the NovcB-AngUae section, though very showy in the
daytime, close their flowers at night.

The evergreen, greenhouse species are not often seen
in cultivation. They may be propagated from cuttings
in the spring and grown in any ordinary potting compost.
This section is now mostly referred to Olearia and
Felicia.

The Chinese Asters, which are annuals, and known as
Aster chinensis, A. sinensis and A. hortensis, are now
given under Callistephus hortensis by botanical autho-
rities, yet in gardens and in the markets they are still
known as Asters, sometimes as German Asters, as we get
the largest proportion of seed from Germany. It seems
doubtful if the name " Callistephus " will ever become
popular, yet it is useful to prevent confusion with the
Michaelmas Daisies. For culture, &c., see CALLISTEPHUS,

ASTER

82

ASTER

HARDY.
A. abbrevia'tus (shortened). 2. Blue. August. N.

Amer.
., a'cris (acrid). 2. Blue. August. South of Europe.

i73i-

„ „ ca'rnca. Flesh pink, dwarf and compact.
„ „ dracunculoi'des. 2\. Mauve-blue.
„ „ na'nus (G. C., 1902, xxxii. 293).
„ acumina' tus (long-pointed). 2. Pale red. September.

N. Amer. 1806.

„ adulteri'nus (false). See NOVI-BELGII.
,, (zsti'vus (summer). 2. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1776.

Labrador Starwort. See A. LONGIFOLIUS.
„ a'lbus (white). See A. PTARMICOIDES.
„ alpi'nus (alpine), i. Purple. June. Europe. 1658.
„ „ fto're-a'lbo (white-flowered), i. White. July.

Europe. 1828.

„ „ lo'ngipeduncula'tus (Gfl., 1903, 362).
„ „ ramo'sus (small-branchy). i. Blue. June.

Europe.

,, „ specio'sus. Large-flowered variety.
„ olta'icus (Altaic), i. Blue. June. Siberia. 1894.
„ alwarte'nsis (Alwart). See ERIGERON PULCHELLUS.
,, amelloi'des (amellus-like). i£. Violet. July.

Podolia. 1824.
„ Ame'llus (Amellus). 2. Purple. August. Italy.

1596. Italian Starwort.
„ „ angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale blue.

August. South of Europe. 1596.
„ ,, bessara'bicus. Purple. September. Russia. 1834.
„ „ cassu'bicus. Deep violet-blue.
„ „ Distinction. Rosy-mauve.
,, ,, Framfie'ldi. Deep blue, dwarf habit.
„ „ ma'jor. Large, deep blue.
„ „ On' ward. Deep purple-blue.
„ ,, ro'sens (rosy). Rose. 1909.
,, ,, ste'lla. Clear mauve.
„ amethysti'nus. 3. Bright lilac. October. United

States. Syn. A. bostoniensis.
,, amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). See A. L^EVIS.
,, amygdali'nus (almond-leaved). See A. UMBELLATUS.
„ angu'stus (G. C., 1886, xxvi. 659). N. Amer. and

N. Asia.

,, aragone'nsis. Syn. A. lusitanicus.
„ arge'nteus (silver-leaved). See A. SERICEUS.
„ artemisiiflo 'rus (wormwood-flowered). See A. TRADES-

CANTI.

„ azu'reus. 3. Violet. United States.

„ Bfllidia' strum, i. White. June. Austria. 1570.

Syns. Bellidiastrum Michelli and Doronicum

Michelli.

„ bellidifio'rus (daisy-flowered). See A. PANICULATUS.
„ bessara'bicus (Bessarabian). See A. AMELLUS.
,, bi' color (two-coloured). See A. LONGIFOLIUS.
„ biflo'rus (two-flowered). See A. SIBIRICUS.
„ Bigelo'vii. 2\. Purple, yellow. Colorado. 1878.

Syn. A. Townshendi.

„ bla'ndus (charming). See A. PUNICEUS.
„ brachy'trichus (R. H., 1900, 369, f. 172). Violet-blue.

Yunnan.

„ cabu'licus (Cabul). See MICROGLOSSA ALBESCENS.
,, cane'scens (hoary). 2. Violet. September. N. Amer.

1812. Hardy biennial.

,, ca'nus (hoary-leaved). 3. Purple. August. Hun-
gary. 1816.
„ carno'sus (G. C., 1901, xxx. 219). Violet and orange.

N. Amer.
,, cassiara'bicus (Arabian cassa). 2. Pink. September.

Russia. 1834.
,, cauca' sicus ( Caucasian), i. Purple. July. Caucasus.

1804.

,, Chapma'nni. 4. Bright blue. United States.
„ chine'nsis. See CALLISTEPHUS HORTENSIS.
„ chrysophy'llus. See OLEARIA CHRYSOPHYLLA.
,, cilia'tus (fringed). See A. MULTIFLORUS.
., conci'nnus (neat). 2. Purple. October. N. Amer

1800.
„ co'ncolor (one-coloured), i. Purple. October. N.

Amer. 1759.

„ conyzoi'des (conyza-like). See SERICOCARPUS.
„ Corde'lia (G. C., 1902, xxxii. 293). Garden hybrid.
„ cor difo'lius (heart-leaved). 2. Blue. July. N. Amer.

1759-

„ .. al'bulus. White, shaded lilac.
„ ,, Da'ndy. 3$. Pale lavender.

A. cordifo'lius Dia'na. 4. Blush, mauve.
„ ,, e'legans. 4. White, lavender shade.
,, „ magni'ficus (G. C., 1902, xxxii. 238). Pale blue-
,, coridifo'lius (coris-leaved). See A. DUMOSUS.
,, cornifo'lius (cornus-leaved). See A. INFIRMUS.
„ corymbo'sus (corymbed). 2. White. October. N.

Amer. 1765.

„ Curti'sii. 2. Bright lilac. United States.
,, cya'neus (bright blue). See A. L^VIS.
,, dahu'ricus. 2. Pale blue. Central Siberia.
„ Delava'yi (R. H., 1897, 27). Violet-brown. Yunnan.
„ deserto'rum (desert). 2. Blue. July. Russia. 1820.
„ diffu'sus (diffuse). 2. White. October. N. Amer.

1777.

,, „ Cootnbe Fi'shacre. 2. Bluish-rose.
,, ,, Da'tschii. 2. Creamy-white.
„ „ horizonta'lis. Bluish-tinted ray florets, rosy disc.
„ ., pen'dulus. 2\. White.
„ „ The Prince. z\. Bluish-white, rosy disc.
„ diplostephioi'des (B. M., t. 6718). Light purple.

Himalaya.
,, divarica'tus (straggling). 2. White. September.

N. Amer. 1800.

,, Dougla'sii. 3 to 4. Purple. California.
,, dracunculoi'des (tarragon-like). See A. ACRIS.
,, dumo'sus (bushy). 3. White. October. N. Amer.

1734-

„ „ a'lbus. White. N. Amer.
,, ,, viola'ceus. Violet-purple. N. Amer.
,, e'legans (elegant). 2. Blue. September. 1790.
,, e'minens (eminent). See A. NOVI-BELGII.
„ ,, virgi'neus (pure- white-ray #2). 3. Whitish-yellow.

September. United States.
„ ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. White. September. N.

Amer. 1758.

„ „ Clio. 3. Dwarf er in habit.
„ Falcone'ri (Falconer's). i£. Sky-blue. Kashmir.

1910.

„ Fendle'rii (Card., 1900, Ivii. 209). Violet. N. Amer.
,, fi'rmus (firm). 6. Red. August. N. Amer. 1816.
,, fioribu'ndus (many-flowered). 4. Purple. September.

N. Amer.

,, foliolo'sus (small-leafy). See A. EMINENS.
„ folio'sus (leafy). See DUMOSUS.
,, fra'gilis (brittle). See A. DUMOSUS.
„ Fremo'nti (Gard., 1900. Ivii. 475). Soft pink. Rocky

Mountains.

,, gra'cilis (slender), i. Green. August. N. Amer.
„ graminifo'lius (grass-leaved). See ERIGERON HYS-

SOPIFOLIUS.
,, grandiflo'rus (great-flowered. Catesby's Starwort).

2. Blue. November. N. Amer. 1720.
„ grave' olens (strong-smelling). See A. OBLONGIFOLIUS.
,, gymnoce'phalus (B. M., t. 6549). Rose-purple.

Mexico.
„ Herve'yi (G. and F., 1889, 472, f. 131). Bright lilac.

N. Amer.

„ heterophy'llus (various-leaved). See A. CORDIFOLIUS.
„ hi'spidus (bristly-stalked). See HETEROPAPPUS.
„ hu'milis (humble). See A. INFIRMIS.
„ hy'bridus Di'adem. 3. Rosy-lilac.
,, hyssopifo'lius (hyssop-leaved). See A. ACRIS.
„ ibe'ricus (Iberian). See A. AMELLUS.
,, inci'sus (cut-leaved). See BOLTONIA INCISA.
,, infi'rtnus. 3. White. October. N. Amer.
,, inuloi'des (inula-like). See ERIGERON MULTIRADIATUS.
,, ju'nceus (rush-like). 4. Flesh. September. N.

Amer. 1758.

,, Iceviga'tus (smooth-stemmed). See A. LJEVIS.
„ la' vis (smooth). 2. Blue. September. N. Amer.

1758.

„ lanceola'tus (spear-headed). See A. PANICULATUS.
„ laxiflo'rus (loose-flowered). See A. LONGIFOLIUS.
,, la'xus (supple-stalked). See A. NOVI-BELGII.
,, linariifo'lius (savory-leaved), i. Pale blue. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1699.
„ lindleya'nus (G. and F., 1889, 448, f. 127). Pale

violet. N. Amer.

,, linifo'lius (flax-leaved). See A. SUBULATUS.
,, Lino'syris (Eng. Bot., ed. 3, t. 777). Bright yellow.

Syns. Chrysocoma Linosyris and Linosyris vulgaris.
„ longifo'lius (long-leaved). 3. White. October. N.

Amer. 1798.

,, ,, for'mosus. ij to 2. Pink.
„ lusita'nicus (Spanish). See A. ARAGONENSIS.

ASTER

ASTER

A. luxu'rians (luxuriant). See A. NOVI-BKLGII.
„ macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 2. White. August.

N. Amer. 1739.
,. margina'tus (bordered), i. Violet. July. New

Granada. 1827.
„ Mesa grandifto' rus (large-flowered). See ERIGERON

MACRANTHUS MESA.

„ mi'ser. 2. White. August. 1812.

„ monta'nus (mountain). See A. SERICEUS.

„ multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 3. White. September.

N. Amer. 1732.

„ muta'bilis (changeable). See A. NOVI-BELGII.
„ myrtifo'lius (myrtle-leaved). See A. MISER.
„ nanshani'cus (G. C., 1899, xxv. 330, f. 120). Pale

lilac. N.W. China.
„ nemora'lis (grove), i. Lilac. August. N. Amer.

„ No'va-A'nglia (New England). 6. Purple. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1710.

„ ,, Melpo'mene. 3. Purple-blue, centre orange.

„ „ Mrs. J. F. Ray' tier. 3. Bright rosy-red.

„ ,, pra'cox. Purple, with crimson shade.

„ ,, pre'cocite. Large blue-purple.

„ ,, pulche'llus. 4. Purple.

, „ ru'ber (red-flowered). 6. Red. July. N. Amer.
1812.

„ ,, W. Bow' man. Rosy-purple, large.

„ Ko'vi-Be'lgii (New York). 4. Purple, blue. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1710.

„ ,, Arctu'rus. 3$. Deep blue.

„ „ Colere'tti. Rose. 3*. Bright rose,

„ „ Calli'ope. 3. Blush-pink.
Ela'ine. 3. Rosy-lavender.
E'sme. i\. Snow white.
Finchley. \Vhite. Large white.
Irene. 3$. Blue lilac. Large.
Lady Treve'lyan. Pure white.
leeviga'tus. Rosy-pink.

Margaret Matthews. Large white, with yellow
disc.

„ ,, Mary Crum. Pale blue, on a white ground.

,, ,, Nancy. 3. Clear blue, very free flowering.

„ „ Perle Lyonnaise. 2. Pure white, starry flowers.

„ „ Robert Parker. 4. Lavender-blue.

„ „ „ na'nus. 3.

» ,, se'mi-ple'na (G. C., 1902, xxxii. 293). Lavender-
blue.

„ ,, Theodo'ra. Deep mauve, with a rosy tint.

„ „ T. S. Ware. 3$. Mauve, tinted red.

„ „ White Spray. 5. Pure white.

„ ,, Wm. Marshall. 4. Clear mauve, long racemes.

„ nudiflo'rus (naked-flowered). See A. RADULA.

„ obli'quus. See A. SALICIFOLIUS.

„ oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved). 2. Lilac. July. N.
Amer. 1797.

„ pa'llens (pale- flowered). See A. PATULUS.

„ paludo'sus (marshy). 3. Blue. August. N. Amer.
1784-

„ panicula'tus (panicled). 4. Blue. September. N.
Amer. 1640.

„ „ la'xus W. J. Grant. 3$. Flesh pink, with rosy
disc.

„ panno'nicus (Hungarian). See A. TRIPOLIUM.

„ pa' tens (spreading- haired). 2. Purple. October.
N. Amer. 1773.

„ pa'tulus. 2. Violet. July. N. Amer. 1800.

„ pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). See A. ERICOIDE&

„ pe'ndulus (down-hanging). See A. DIFFVSUS.

„ peregri'nus (foreign), i. Blue. July. N. Amer.

„ phlogifo'ltus (phlox-leaved). See A. PATENS.

„ Picco'lH (B. M., t. 7669). 2 to 3. Lilac-purple.
N. China.

„ pilo'sus (downy). See A. AMETHYSTINUS.

„ plantaginifo'lius (plantain-leaved). See SERJCOCARPUS
COSYZOIDES.

„ polyphy'Uus (many-leaved). 3. White. September.
N. Amer.

„ Porte'ri (Card., 1900, Iviii. 372). White. N. Amer.

,, praa'ltus (very tall). See A. NOVI-BELGII.

„ pnz'cox (early- flowering). See A. PATULUS.

„ prenanihoi'des (prenanthes-like). 3. Blue. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1821.

.. Pseu'd-ame'llus (G. C., 1886, xxvi. 659). Bluish-
purple. W. Himalayas.

„ ptarmicoi'des. ij. White. N. Amer.

A. pukhe'llus (pretty). See ERIGEROX.
„ pulche'rrimus (prettiest). See A. LINARIIFOLIUS.
„ puncta'tus (dotted). See A. ACRIS.
„ puni'ceus (red-stalked). 8. Blue. September. N.

Amer. 1710.
„ „ demi'ssus (dwarf). 2. Blue. September.

Gardens. 1820.
,, „ pulche'rrimus (fairest). White, tinted pale blue.

1908.

,, pyrencf'us (Pyrenean). 2. Violet. July. Pyrenees.
„ Ra'dula (rasp-leaved). 2. White. October. N. Amer.

1785.
„ ramo'sus (smo#-branchy). i. Purple, red. June.

N. Amer. 1816.

,, recurua'tus (bent-back). See A. DIFFUSUS.
„ reticula'tus (netted-leaved). 3. White. July. N.

Amer. 1812.

„ rigi'dulus (stif&sh). See A. SALICIFOLIUS.
., ri'gidus (stifi-leaved). See A. LINARIIFOLIUS.
,, rivula'ris (river-side). 3. \Vhite. August. N. Amer

1820.

„ rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). See A. L^EVIS.
„ sagittifo'lius (arrow-leaved). 2. Flesh. June. N

Amer. 1760.
„ salicifo'lius (willow-leaved). 6. Flesh. September

N. Amer. 1760.

„ soli' gnus (sallow-leaved). See A. PANICULATUS.
„ salsugino'sus. See ERIGERON.
„ sangui'neus (bloody). See A. PANICULATUS.
„ Schrebe'ri (Schreber's). See A. MACROPHYLLUS.
„ seri'ceus (silky). 2. Purple. October. N. Amer.
„ sero'tinus (late- flowering). See A. NOVI-BELGII.
„ sessiliflo'rus (stalkless-flowered). 5. Red. October.

N. Amer. 1700.

„ Sho'rtii. 2 to 4. Purplish-blue. N. Amer.
., sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Blue. August. Siberia.

1768.
„ sikkime'nsis (Sikkim). 3. Bluish- purple. October.

Sikkim. Himalaya. 1850.

„ si'mplex (single-stemmed). See A. PANICULATUS.
., solidaginoi'des (solidago-Uke). See SERICOCARPUS

SOLIDAGINEUS.

„ sparsiflo'rus (scattered-flowered). See A. TENUI-

FOLIUS.
„ specta'bilis (showy). 2. Blue. August. N. Amer.

1777-

„ spu'rius (spurious). See A. NOV^-ANGLI^.
,, squarro'sus (squarrose). 2. Blue. June. N. Amer.

1801.

,, stellula'lus (small-star-like). See OLEARIA.
„ Stra'cheyi (B. M., t. 6912). Bluish-purple. Western

Himalaya.

,, stri'ctus (straight). See A. RADULA.
„ subcaru'leus (G. C., 1901, xxx. 385). N.W. India.
,, subula'tus (awl-shaped). 2. Pale blue. September.

N. Amer.

,, surculo'sus (spriggy). 2. Purple. August. N. Amer.
,. tardiflo'rus (late-flowered). 2. Blue. September.

N. Amer. 1775.
„ tata'ricus (Tartarian), i. White. August. Tartary.

1818.
„ tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). 3. White. August.

N. Amer. 1723.

,, Thomso'ni. ij. Lilac. Himalayas.
,, tomento'sus (woolly). See OLEARIA DENTATA.
,, tortifo'lius (twisted-leaved), i. Purple. September.

N. Amer.

,, Townshe'ndi. See A. BIGELOVII.
„ Tradesca'nti (Tradescant's). 3. White. August.

1886, xxvi. 686). Purple. Sikkim.

N. Amer. 1633.
„ trice'phalus (G. C..
,, trine' rvis( three-nerved). 2. White. August. Nepaul.

1818.
„ Trt#)o'/iMm(Tripoly-Seastarwort). 2. Blue. August.

Britain.

,, turbine'llus. Mauve. N. Amer.
,. „ a'lbus. White.

„ umbeUa'tus (umbelled). 5. White. N. Amer. 1759.
,, undula'tus (wave-leaved). 3. Purple. September.

N. Amer. 1699.
„ Va'hlii (Vahl's). Chili.
„ versi' 'color (various-coloured). 3. White, purple.

August. N. Amer. 1790.
„ villo'sus (shaggy). 2. Yellow. August. Europe,

1799.

ASTERACANTHA

84

ASTILBE

A. Vilmori'ni (J. H. F., 1896, 1188). Bluish-purple.

Western China.
,, vimi'neus (twiggy). 3. Blue. September. N. Amer.

1800.
„ „ perfe'ctus (G. C., 1902, xxxii. 238). White, tipped

with pink.

GREENHOUSE.

A. aculea'tus (prickly-leaved). See OLEARIA RAMULOSA.
„ angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). See FELICIA.
,, argophy'llus (silvery-leaved). See OLEARIA.
„ carolinia'nus (Carolina). 8. Purple. September.

Carolina.
„ Cymbalo,' rice (ivy-leaved). 2. White. September.

Cape of Good Hope. 1786.

„ erube'scens (blushing). See OLEARIA MYRSINOIDES.
„ exaspera'tus (roughened). See OLEARIA RAMULOSA.
„ filifo'lius (thread-leaved). 3. White. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1812.
,, frutico'sus (shrubby). 2. Mauve ; disc yellow. S.

Africa. 1759.

„ fruticulo' 'sus (rather shrubby). See A. PLURIFLORUS.
„ lira'tus (rigid-stemmed). See OLEARIA STELLULATA.
„ myrsinoi'des (myrsine-like). See OLEARIA.
„ obtusa'tus (blunt-leaved). 4. White. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1793.
,, pluriflo'rus (many-flowered). 2. White. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1759.
,, refle'xus (bent-'ba.ck-leaved). See FELICIA.
., seri'ceus (silky-leaved). 3. Blue. August. N. Amer.

1786.
„ tene'llus (delicate), i. Blue. August. Cape of Good

Hope. 1769. Greenhouse biennial.
„ villa' sus (long-haired). See FELICIA ANGUSTIFOLIA.
ASTER AC A' NTH A. (From aster, a star, and acantha,
a spine ; referring to the disposition of the spines. Nat.
ord. Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia,
2-Angiospermia. Allied to Barleria.) See also HYGRO-
PHILA, the correct name.

Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Division and seeds ;
sandy loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.

A. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Egypt.
1781. See HYGROPHILA SPINOSA.

ASTE'RISCUS MARTTIMUS. See ODONTOSPERMUM

MARITIMUM.

ASTEROCE PHALUS. (From aster, a star, and ke-
phale, a head ; in reference to the fruit. Nat. ord. Teazle-
worts [Dipsaceae]. Linn. 4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Now included with Scabiosa. Annuals, from seed ;
perennials, from seed, or cuttings, under a hand-glass ;
common soil. All hardy, except where otherwise
specified.

ANNUALS.

A. atropurpu'reus (dark purple). Brown. July. S.

Europe. 1629.

„ „ a'lbus (white). White. July. S. Europe. 1629.
„ ,, ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). 3. Flesh. July. S.

Europe. 1629.
„ ,, proli'ferus (proliferous). 3. Purple. July. S.

Europe. 1629.
„ „ ro'seus (rose-coloured). 3. Red. July. S.

Europe. 1629.
„ „ variega'tus (variegated). 3. Variegated. July.

S. Europe. 1629.

„ Bieberstei'nii (Bieberstein's). See S. MICRANTHA.
„ grandifto'rus (great-flowered). See S. MARITIMA.
„ legione'nsis (Leon), ij. Pink. July. Spain. 1820.
,, mari'timus (sea). 2. Purple. July. Italy. 1683.
„ negle'ctus (neglected), ij. Red. June. Germany.

1825.
., palcesti'nus (Palestine), i. Citron. July. Palestine.

1771.
„ pectina'tus (comb-leaved). ij. Violet. July.

Arabia. 1824.
„ £ro7z7«-(many-suckered). i. Yellow. July. Egypt.

1683.
„ rota'tus (wheel-shaped), ij. Pink. July. Iberia.

1823.

,, saxa'tilis (rock), ij. Pink. July Spain. 1827.
„ si'culus (Sicilian), i. Pink. July. Sicily. 1783.
„ si'mplex (simple). See S. MONSPELIENSIS.
„ tttlla'lus (starry), ij. Blue. July. Spain. 1596.

PERENNIALS.

africa'nus (African). See S. CRETICA.

agre'stis (field). See S. GRAMUNTIA.

alti'ssimus (very tall). See S. AFRICAN A.

amoe'nus (pleasant). Purple. June. 1820.

arge'nteus (silvery). See S. UCRANICA.

banna'ticus (Bannatic). 3. Pink. July. Hungary.

1802.

„ a'lbus (white- flowered). 3. White. July. Gar-
dens.

cane'scens (hoary). See S. SUAVEOLENS.
capilla'tus (long-haired). 2. Violet. July. 1820.
cauca'sicus (Caucasian), i. Blue. June. Caucasus..

1803.
ceratophy'llus (buckhorn-leaved). 2. Red. July.

Italy. 1826.
Columba'ria (pigeon-coloured). i. Purple. July.

Britain.
commuia'tus (changed), i. Blue. July. Siberia.

1826.
crena'tus (scolloped). 2. Flesh. August. Italy.

1825.
cre'ticus (Cretan), i. Purple. June. Crete. 1596.

Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
e'legans (elegant). See S. CAUCASIA.
graminifo'lius (grass-leaved). i. Blue. July.

Switzerland. 1683.

gramu'ntius (Gramont). See S. GRAMUNTIA.
holoseri'ceus (all-silky), i. Blue. July. Pyrenees.

1818.

inca'nus (hoary), i. Red. July. Europe. 1826.
interme'dius (intermediate). See S. LUSITANICA.
isete'nsis (Isetsk). i. White. July. Siberia. 1801.
lu'cidus (shining). See S. NITENS.
lu'teus (yellow). June. Russia. 1820.
lyra'tus (lyrate-leaved). See S. SICULA.
micra'nthus (small-flowered). i. Pink. July.

Armenia. 1825.

molli'ssimus (softest). See S. COLUMBARIA.
ni'tens (glittering). June. Azores. 1779.
ochroleu'cus (yellowish-white). See S. ISETENSIS.
paucise'tus (few-bristled). See S. GRAMUNTIA.
pyrena'icus (Pyrenean). See S. COLUMBARIA.
r upe'stris (hill) . i. Pink. July. Caucasus. 1824.
rutcefo'lius (rue-leaved), i. Scarlet. July. Sicily.

1804.
„ Scopo'lii (Scopoli's). 2. Straw. July. S. Europe.

1819.

, se'tifer (bristle-bearing). See S. SETIFERA.
„ silenifo'lius (silene-leaved). See S. BRACHIATA.
, tomento'sus (woolly). See S. SUCCISA.
, ucra'nicus (Ukraine). i. Light yellow. July.

Ukraine. 1795.

, urceola'tus (jagged). See S. RUT^FOLIA.
, webbia'nus (Webb's). See S. ORCHROLEUCA.

ASTEROSTIGMA. See STAUROSTIGMA.

ASTILBE. (From a, not, and stilbe, brightness;
! flowers not very striking. Nat. ord. Saxifrages [Saxi-
fragaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, 2-Digynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials propagated by divisions,
| or may be raised from seeds. They grow freely in any
! rich garden soil, and delight in moisture, but require
good drainage. A. japonica (better known as Spiraa
japonica) and the varieties are much esteemed for forcing.
They are also retarded by the cold storage (refrigerating)
treatment, so that we now get them all the year through,
and the retarded plants (or clumps) are more satisfactory
for mid-winter or up to March than those forced. There
are now a great many hybrid varieties of these. Peach
Blossom and Queen Alexandra have pink flowers and
are very pretty, and there are several improved white
varieties. Marquis of Salisbury has proved one of the
best ; but there are so many nearly alike, and we are con-
stantly getting further additions, and some are so nearly
allied to the herbaceous spiraeas that it is difficult to
divide them at sight, but here other authors are followed
as near as possible. Hoteia was a name used at one
time, but most authorities have now dropped this name,
and Astilbe is the correct one, though Spiraea is the
popular garden name.

A. a'lba (G. C., 1904, xxxvi. 46). Garden hybrid.
,, Aru'ncus. See SPHUBA ARUNCUS.
„ barba'fa. See A. JAPONICA.

ASTIRIA

ASTRAGALUS

A. chine'nsis (Card., 1892, xlii. 221). Pink-coloured.

China.

„ David'ii (G. C., 1902, xxxii. 95, 122, f. 34).
„ deca'ndra, Don (A. biter nata, Britt.). Often con-
founded with Aruncus Sylvester, that is, Spireea.
., gra'ndis (G. C., 1905, xxxviu. 74, 426, f.). White.

China.

r „ japo'nica. Pure white. May. Japan. Syns. Spiraa
barbata and japonica, also Hoteia barbata and H.
japonic*.
< ., „ variega'ta. Variegated with yellow.

„ Lemoi'nei (R. H., 1895, 567, f. 185). Garden hybrid.
' ,. rivula'ris. 3. Yellowish-white. Himalayas. 1835.

• f» »• gigante'a. 5. Cream. 1909.

• „ TO sea (G. C., 1904, xxxvi. 46, 143, f. 58). Garden

hybrid.
\. „ ru'bra. 4 to 6. Rose. Late summer and autumn.

Himalayas. 1851.
,, simplicifo'lia (simple-leaved). |-i. White. Japan.

1910.

„ Thunbe'rgii. ij. White. Japan. 1878.
„ vire'scens (green). Green. China. 1908.

ASTTRIA. (From a, not, and steiros, sterile ; in
allusion to the absence of barren stamens. Nat. ord.
Sterculiaceae.) A stove evergreen shrub allied to Dom-
beya ; propagated from cuttings in the spring ; light,
sandy loam and peat, in close frame.

A. ros'ea (B. R., 1844, t. 49). Pink. May. Mauritius.
1843.

ASTRAGALUS. Milk Vetch. (An ancient Greek-
name for some leguminous plant. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria.)

All hardy, except where otherwise specified. Annual
species, seed, in common, sandy soil, in March. Perennial
herbaceous species, division of the plant. The tinder-
shrubs, cuttings, under a hand-light ; common, sandy soil
for all.

ANNUALS.

There are very few of this genus in general cultivation.
In searching through I can find only about six species
referred to ; of these, alpinus for the rockery and hypo-
glottis and its white variety are among the most useful,
but rock plants have become so popular we may see
more of them.

A. .-Egi'ceras (gozt's-hora-podded). i. Pale yellow, j

July. 1818.
„ Alope'cias (sea-fox). 3. Yellow. June. Siberia. !

1800.
„ annula'ris (ring-formed), i|. Purple. July. Egypt.

1800. Trailer.
„ ba'ticus (Bcetic). i. Pale yellow. July. South of

Europe. 1759. Trailer.
„ brachy'ceras (short-horn-podded). J. Yellow. July.

Tauria. 1828.
„ Bu'ceras (oK-horn-podded). i. Pale yellow. July.

1818. Trailer.

„ canalicula' tits (channel-podded). See A. SCORPIOIDES.
,, caryoca'rpus (nut-podded), i. Purple. July. N.

Amer. 1800. Biennial.
„ Ci'cer (vetch). 2. Yellow. July. Europe. 1570.

Trailer.
,. contoriuplica' tus (twisted- plaited), i. Pale yellow.

July. Siberia. 1764. Trailer.
„ crucia'tus (cross- formed), ij. Violet July. 1820.

Trailer.
„ cymb&ca'rpus (boat-podded). J. White. July.

Portugal. 1800. Trailer.

., Gla'ux (milkwort). J. Purple. July. Spain. 1596.
.. lotoi'des (lotus-like). See A. SINICUS.
„ mareo'ticus (Mareotic). J. Lilac. July. Egypt.

1817. Trailer.
„ nuttallia'nus (NuttalTs). J. Blue. July. America.

1820. Trailer.
„ oxiglo'ttis (sharp- tongue-leaved). J. Blue. July.

Tauria. 1817. Trailer.
„ p entaglo'ttis (five-tongued). J. Purple. July. Spain.

1739. Trailer.

„ reticula'tus (netted). Blue. July. Caucasus. 1828.
„ Schmalhau'seni (Schmalhausen's). J. Summer.

Turkestan. 1883.
„ scorpioi'des (scorpion-like*£o<i<tef). i. Pale blue.

July. Spain. 1816.

A. sesa'meus (sesame-like), r. Pale blue. July. South

of Europe. 1816. Trailer.

„ si'nicus (Chinese). J. Red. August. China. 1763.
,, triangula'ris (three-angled), i. Pale yellow. July.

1818.
,, tribuloi'des (tribulus-like). J. Purple. July. Egypt.

1817. Trailer.

„ trime'stris (three- monthly). |. Pale yellow. July.

Egypt. 1730. Trailer.
„ trimo'rphus (three-formed). See A. ANNULARIS.

PERENNIALS.
A. acutifo'lius (pointed-leaved). $. July. Switzerland.

1826.
„ adsu'rgens (arising). J. Purple. July. Siberia.

1820.
„ „ prostra' tus (prostrate). J. Purple. July. Siberia.

1818. Trailer.

„ adu'ncus (hooked), i. Purple. July. Caucasus.

1819.
„ albicau'lis (white-stemmed). $. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1803.
„ alopecuroi'dfs (fox-tail-like). 2. Light yellow. July.

Siberia. 1737.

„ alpi'nus. Bluish-purple. Britain.
„ „ dahu'ricus (Dahurian). Pale yellow. Dahuria.

1820.
„ annuody'tes (sand-viper). J. White. July. Siberia.

1820. Evergreen under-shrub.
„ a'rcticus (Arctic). J. Purple. July. N. Europe.

1816.
., arena 'rius (sand), i. Blue. July. Germany. 1798.

Trailer.
,. arista' tus (awned). i. Purple. July. Pyrenees.

1791. Evergreen.
„ a'sper (rough). 3. Pale yellow. July. Astracan.

1796.
„ austra'lis (southern), i. White. July. France.

1818.
„ austri'acus (Austrian). J. Pale blue. July. Austria.

1640.
„ baicale'nsis (Baical). i. August. Yellow. Siberia.

1830.

„ baionne'nsis. J. Purple. July. France. 1816.
„ bayone'nsis (Bayonne). See A. BAIONNENSIS.
„ brachyca'rpus (short-podded), ifc. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1820. Trailer.

„ breviflo'rus (short-flowered). See A. ERIOCEPHALUS.
„ buchtorme nsis (Buchtonn). J. Yellow. Siberia.

1818.

„ calyci'nus (long-calyxed). August. Caucasus. 1819.
„ canade'nsis (Canadian), ij. Pale yellow. July.

N. Amer. 1732.

„ capita'tus (headed). See A. EMARGINATUS.
,, capri'nus (goat-scented), i. Pale yellow. July.

Barbary. 1683.

„ carolinia'nus (Carolina). See A. CANADENSIS.
,, cauca'sicus (Caucasian). J. White. July. Caucasus.

1824. Evergreen.

,, Cephalo'tes. i. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1819.
„ charta'ceus. 4. Yellow. July. Persia. 1835.
„ chine'nsis (Chinese), i. Pale yellow. July. China.

1795. Greenhouse.
„ chlorosta'chys (green-spiked). 3. Greenish-yellow.

September. Nepaul. 1824.
„ chorine'nsis (Chorinan). J. Cream. July. Siberia.

1796.
„ Christia'nus (Christian). 3. Pale yellow. July.

Armenia. 1737. So called by Dioscorides, be-
cause a native of the birth-land of Christianity.
„ dahu'ricus (Dahurian). f . Purple. June. Dahuria.

1822.

„ da'nicus. J. Purple. June to September. Britain.
„ „ a'lbus. White. Gardens.
.. dasya'nthus (thick-flowered), i. June. Hungary.

1819.
„ dasyglo'ttis (thick-tongue-leaved). See A. PENTA-

GLOTTIS.
„ depre'ssus (depressed). J. Pale yellow. July.

Europe. 1772. Trailer.

„ diffu'sus (wide-scattered). See A. DOLICHOPHYLLUS.
„ dolichophy'llus. }. Pale yellow. July. Caucasus.

1820.
„ donia'nus (Don's). }. Purple. July. Nepaul.

1818. Trailer.

ASTRAGALUS

ASTRANTIA

A. emargina'tus (nicked-leaf). i. Pale yellow. July.

Levant. 1759.
„ epiglo'ttis (heart-podded). £. Pale yellow. July.

South of Europe. 1737. Trailer.
„ erioce'phalus. |. Purple. July. Armenia. 1826.

Half-hardy evergreen.
,, exsca'pus (scapeless). £. Yellow. July. Hungary.

1827.
,, falca'tus (sickle-podded ; hairy-podded). 3. Greenish-

yellow. July. Siberia. Syn. A. virescens.
,, falcifo'rmis (sickle-shaped). i£. Pale j^ellow. July.

Algiers. 1816.

„ fri'gidus (cold), i. Cream. July. Austria. 1795.
,, fruiico'sus (shrubby), ij. Violet. July. Siberia.

1804.
,, galegifo'rmis (goa.t's-rue-leaved). 2. Yellowish-green.

June. Caucasus. 1729.
,, gilgia'nus (N. B., 1896, 185). Deep ray-violet. Asia

Minor.
„ glycyphylloi'des (glycyphyllus-like. Liquorice milk-

vetch). i. Pale yellow. July. Caucasus. 1818.

Trailer.
.» glycyphy'llos (sweet-leaved). 3. Yellowish-green.

July. Britain. Trailer.
,, gra'cilis (slender). J. Purple. June. N. Amer.

1821.
,, halica 'cabus (kettle-calyxed). $. Pale yellow. May.

Armenia. 1806.
„ hamo'sus (hook-podded). i. Pale vellow. July.

Spain. 1683. Trailer.
„ ,, macroca'rpus (large-fruited). $. Pale yellow.

June. South of Europe. 1820. Trailer.
,, hymenoca'rpus (membranous-podded). See A. CHAR-

TACEUS.

„ hypoglo'ttis (tongue-under-tongue). See A. DANICUS.
„ „ a'lbus (white-flowered) . See A. DANICUS ALBUS.
„ inca'nus (hoary). £. Purple. July. Montpelier.

1759-
,, infla'lus (swollen). i. Purple. July. Mendoza.

1827.

„ lactiflo'rus (milk-flowered). See A. TESTICULATUS.
„ lani'gerus (wool-bearing). £. Yellow. June. Egypt.

1791.

,, Laxma'nni (Laxmann's). See A. ADSURGENS.
„ leonti'nus (lion-tail). J. Blue. July. Austria. 1815.

Trailer.
,. leptophy'llus (fine-leaved). £. White. July. Barbary.

1811.
„ leucophce'us (dusky). J. Whitish-yellow. July.

Sicily. 1776. Trailer.

,, linearifo'lius (linear-leaved). See A. ONOBRYCHIS.
,, longiflo'rus (long-flowered). £. Yellow. July.

Tartary. 1806.
„ lusita'nicus (Portuguese). \. Pale purple. May.

S. Europe. 1640.
,, macroce'phalus (large-headed). 4. Yellow. June.

Caucasus. 1831. Trailer.
„ ma'ximus (greatest- fox-tail). 3. Yellow. June.

Armenia.
,, nulilotoi'des (melilot-like). 3. Purple. June.

Siberia. 1785.
,, Menzie'sii (Menzies'). i. Red. July. California.

1822.
„ micra'nthus (small-flowered), i. Pale yellow. July.

1800.
,, microphy'llus (small-leaved). i. Yellow. June.

Siberia. 1773.
„ monspessula'nus (Montpelier). i. Purple. July.

France. 1710. Evergreen trailer.
„ „ a'lbus (white), i. White. July. South of Europe.

Evergreen trailer.
,, narbone'nsis (Narbonne). 3. Pale yellow. July.

South of Europe. 1789.

„ negle'ctus (neglected). £. July. Siberia. 1826.
,, odora'tus (sweet-scented). 2. Pale yellow. July.

South of Europe. 1820.

„ onobrychioi'des (sainfoin-like). See A. CEPHALOTES.
., Onobry'chis (purple-spiked). ij. Purple. July.

Austria. 1640. Trailer.
„ oroboi'des (Orob'is-like). r. Purple. July. Norway

1820.
„ oto'pterus (ear-winged), i. Pale blue. July. Altai.

1817.

„ Po//a'su(Pallas's). $. Purple. July. Caspian. 1818.
yellow. June. Siberia.

pallefscens (palish), i. Pale

A. panno'sus (woolly). Rose-coloured. July. Cilicia.
„ pentaglo'ttis (five-tongued). J. Purple. July. Medi-
terranean Region. 1818.
,, physo'des (inflated). J. Purple. July. Caspian.

1759-

,, pi'ctus (painted). Lilac. June. N. Amer. 1827.
„ platyphy'llus (broad-leaved), i. Pale yellow. July.

Siberia. 1824. Trailer.

,, po'nticus (Pontic). 2. Pale yellow. Tauria. 1820.
,, Pote'rium (poterium). £. White. July. Spain.

1640. Evergreen.
„ procu'mbens (lying-down), ij. Yellowish-blue. May.

Chili. 1832. Half-hardy.
,, purpu'reus (purple). J. Purple. July. South of

France. 1820. Trailer.
,, re'ptans (creeping). £. White. July. Mexico. 1818.

Greenhouse evergreen creeper.

„ scAawgtm'a'ntts(Schang's). i. White. Siberia. 1832.
„ secu'ndus (one-sided), i. Yellow. July. Altai. 1828.
„ semibilocula'ris (half-two-celled), ij. Pale yellow.

July. Siberia. 1804.
„ Ste'lla (star-podded). £. Blue. July. South of

Europe. 1658. Trailer.
„ stipula'tus (large-stipuled). i. Yellow. June.

Nepaul. 1822.
,, subula'tus (awl-shaped). }. Purple. July. Siberia.

1820.

„ succule'ntus (succulent). See A. CARYOCARPUS.
„ sulca'tus (furrowed). 4. Light blue. July. Siberia.

1785-

„ sylvi'colus (wood). See OXYTROPIS SYLVATICA.
,, tau 'ricus (Taurian) . £. Purple. July. Tauria. 1826.
„ testicula'tus (egg-shaped). J. Fleshy-white. July.

Tauria. 1818.
,, tomento'sus (woolly-leaved). 3. Pale yellow. July.

Egypt. 1800. Half-hardy.
„ Tragaca'ntha (great-goat's- thorn). Pale yellow. July.

South of Europe. 1640. Evergreen.
,, tr iangula' 'ris (triangular), i. Blue. July. Siberia.

1824.
„ tu'midus (swelling). $. Pale yellow. July. Egypt.

1816. Evergreen.
„ uligino'sus (marsh). 2. Pale yellow. July. Siberia.

1752.
,, unca'tus (hooked). J. White. July. Asia Minor.

1760.
,, u'triger (bladder- bearing). J. Yellow. July. Russia.

1818.

,, vagina' tus. i. Rosy-purple. Siberia.
„ vesica'rius (bladder-ca/y.T^). i. Whitish-yellow.

July. Europe. 1737. Trailer.
,, vimi'neus (rod-like). See A. FRUTICOSUS.
„ vire'scens. See A. FALCATUS.

„ virga'tus (twiggy). 3. Violet. July. Siberia. 1806.
,, vulpi'nus (fox). 2. Light yellow. July. Caucasus.

1815.

ASTRA'NTHUS. (From astron, a star, and anthos, a
flower ; in reference to the star-like divisions of the
flower. Nat. ord. Samydaceas. Linn. 8-Octandrta, i-
Monogynia.) Now referred to Homalium, which see.

Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings in sandy soil,
under a glass ; rich, light loam. Temp., 50° in summer ;
winter, 40° to 45°.

A. co' 'chin-chine' 'nsis (Cochin-Chinese). See HOMALIUM

FAGIFOLIUM.

ASTRA'NTIA. Masterwort. (From astron, a star,
and anti, comparison ; referring to the disposition of the
flower-umbels. Nat. ord. Umbellifers [Umbellifers].
Linn. $-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

Allied to Sanicula. Hardy herbaceous perennials ;
dividing the plant in March, April, or October ; sandy
loam.

A. Bieberstei'nii (Bieberstein's). 2. May. Caucasus.

1835-
„ carmo7«:fl(Carniolian). i. Striped. June. Carniola.

1812.

,, cauca'sica (Caucasian). See A. MAJOR.
„ helleborifo'lia. 2. Pink. Caucasus. 1804. Syn. A.

maxima.
,, ma'jor (greater). 2. Striped. June. Alps, Europe.

1596.

„ ma'xima (greatest). See A. HELLEBORIFOLIA.
„ mi'nor (smaller), j. Pink. June. Switzerland. 1686.

ASTRAP^A

87

ATHANASIA

A. pauciflo'ra (few-flowered).
1820.

White. July. Sicily.

ASTRAP^A. (From astrape, lightning ; in reference
to the brightness of the flowers in India. Nat. ord.
Sterculiace*. )

Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of young wood in
April, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 65° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 65°. All are
now referred to Dombeya.

A. tHieefo'lia (lime-tree-leaved). See DOMBEYA ACUT-

ANGULA.

„ visco'sa (clammy). See DOMBEYA CANNABINA.
„ W alii' chit (WalUch's). See DOMBEYA WALLICHII.

ASTROCA'RYTJIL (From astron, a star, and karuon,
a nut ; referring to the disposition of the fruit. Xat.
• ord. Palms [Palmaceas]. Linn. zi-Moncecia, 6-Hexattdria.)

Allied to Cocos. Stove palms ; seed in hotbed, in
spring ; rich loam. Summer temp., 65° to 75° ; winter,
55° to 60°.

A. acau'le (stemless). 10. Brazil. 1820.
„ aculca'tum (prickly). 40. Guiana. 1824.
„ arge'nteum (silvery). See A. MALYBO.
„ campe'stre (field). 10. Brazil. 1826.
„ deco'rum (Bull. Cat., 1879, 3). Colombia.
„ fila're (thready). Colombia. 1875.
„ granate'nse. Colombia. 1875.
,, Ma'lybo. Colombia. 1875.
„ mexica'num. Mexico. 1864.
., Murumu'ru (Murumuru). 40. Brazil. 1825.
„ rostra' turn (beak-sheathed). 10. White. Bahia.
,. mtlga're (common). 30. Brazil. 1825.

ASTROLO'BIUM. United to Ornithopus.

ASTROLOMA. (From astron, a star, and loma, a
fringe ; in reference to the bearded fringe on the flowers.
Nat. ord. Epacrids [Epacridaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Young cuttings, firm
at their base, in sand and peat in close frame ; sandy
loam and turfy peat. Winter temp., 40* to 48°.

A. denticula'tum (finely-toothed). See A. HUMIFUSUM.
,, divarica'tum (divaricate). 2. Pink. Australia.
„ humifu'sum (trailing), i. Scarlet. July. New

South Wales. 1807.

„ longifto'rum (long-flowered). Red. April. Australia.
„ pimfo'lium (pine-leaved). 6. Scarlet. June.

Australia. 1811.

ASTROPHYTUM MYR10STI GMA. See ECHINOCAC-

TVS MYRIOSTIGMA.

ASTYDAMIA. (Derivation uncertain. Nat. ord.
UmbelliferaB.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Seeds ; cuttings. Fibrous
loam, leaf -mould, and sand.

A. canarie'nsis (Canary), ij. Yellow. July. Canaries.

1780.
,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See A. CANARIENSIS.

ASTY'RIA. See ASTIRIA.

ASYSTA SIA. (From a, without, and stachys, a spike ;
the inflorescence, not in spikes, as is often the case in
Acanthads. Nat. ord. Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn.
H-Didynamia, z-Angiospermia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of young shoots in
April, in sandy soil, in close frame ; leaf-mould and loam,
with a little sand, and, when vigour is required, a little
dried cowdung. Liquid manure may also be given.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

A. be'lla. 4 to 6. White striped or netted red. Natal.

1869. Syn. Mackaya bdla.

„ chelonoi'des (Chelone-like). 3 to 4. India. 1871.
., coromandelia'na (Coromandel). Purple. September.

India. 1845.

„ macrophy'tta. 8 to 20. June. Fernando Po. 1867.
„ tca'ndens. 6. Sierra Leone. 1845. Syn. Henfreya

scandens.

„ va'ria (G. C., 1892, xii. 760). Zululand.
„ vicla'cea. i to 2. India- 1870.

ATACCIA. SeeTACCA.
A. a'spera. See TACCA INTEGRIFOLIA.
,, crista'ta. See TACCA CRIST ATA.

ATALANTA. See CLEOME.

ATALA'NTIA. (A classical name, after Atalanta.
daughter of Schcenus, King of Scyrus. " She being
wearied with the importunities of her suitors, consented
to have the man that could outrun her. Hippo'menes
did so by the help of Venus's golden apples. He cast
three before her, and she lost ground in gathering them."
The fruit is golden-coloured. Nat. ord. Citronworts
[Rutaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrub ; cuttings in close propagating
pit with bottom-heat ; sandy loam and peat.
A. monophy'lla (one-leaved). 4. White. July. E. Ind.

1777.
„ buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2-3. White. May. China.

ATAMASCO-LILY. Zephyr a' nthes Atama'sco.

ATELA'NDRA. (From atalos, soft, and aner, an
anther. Nat. ord. Labiates or Lipworts [Labiate].
Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia. Allied to Wes-
tringia.) Now included with Hemige'nia, which see.

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened wood in sand and loam in dose frame, with a
little bottom-heat ; loam and peat. Winter temp.,
40° to 45°.

A. inca'na (hoary). Slate. Swan River.

ATHALIA SPINARUM. The Turnip Saw-fly. " The
grub of this insect — known as the Black Caterpillar,
Black Canker, Black Palmer, Negro, and Nigger, or Black
Grub — sometimes destroys thousands of acres of our
turnips. Its body is cylindrical, as thick as a crow-quill,
about hah* an inch long, greenish-black, with a darker line
down the back ; then a line of dull, yellowish-grey, and
a third of dark slate. Underneath, the body is paler ;
it is wrinkled, and the head is black. When alarmed,
this grub curls itself together in a somewhat spiral form.
They feed on the leaf of the turnip, leaving nothing but
its largest ribs, from the middle of August until about the
same period of October. They never attack the Swedish
turnip. When full grown, the grubs bury themselves
just below the surface of the earth, each forming a small,
oval cocoon of earth, formed into a paste with a gummy
moisture from its mouth. It remains in the chrysalis
state until July, when the perfect insect, or Turnip Saw-
fly, comes forth. Our drawing represents it magnified,
the natural size being shown by the cross lines. It is
the Alhalia centi folia of some, and A. spinarum of other
naturalists. Its colour is bright orange, head black,
upper lip pale yellow, antennas black, thorax has two
large dark spots, and other dark marks are about the
body and wings. On small plots of turnips the black
grub may be easily removed by hand-picking, and from
larger breadths by turning upon them some broods of
ducks." — (Cottage Gardener, iii. 149.)

ATHAMA'NTA. (From Mount Athamas, in Sicily.
Nat. ord. Umbelliferaj.)

Remarkable for its pretty foliage ; hardy herbaceous
plant ; grows freely in any ordinary garden soil ; may be
propagated from seeds or divisions.
A. Matthi'oli. i to 2. White. Summer. Alps of
Carinthia.

ATHANA SIA. (From a, not. and thanatos, death ;
in reference to the flowers being what is called " ever
lasting." Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, i-&qualis.)

Greenhouse evergreens; all natives of the Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripe wood in spring, in
sand, peat, and loam, in close frame ; pot in loam, peat,
and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40° to 45° ; summer,
60* and upwards.

A cane'scens (hoary). 3. Yellow. July. 1820.
capita'ta (headed), if Yellow. March. 1774.
crena'ta (scolloped). z. Yellow. July. 1816.
crithmifo'lia (samphire-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

1723.

cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. -816.
denta'ta (toothed), ij. Yellow. July. 1759.
filifo'rmis (thread-shaped). 2. Yellow. August. 1787.

ATHEROPOGON

88

AUBRIETIA

A. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 1800.
,, parvifto'r a (small-flowered). 2. Yellow. April. 1731.
„ pectina'ta (comb-leaved). i£. Yellow. July. 1774.
,, pinna'ta (pinnate), i£. Yellow. July. 1818.
,, pube'scens (downy). 6. Yellow. July. 1768.
„ puncta'ta (dotted). 3. Yellow. June. 1822.
,, tomento'sa (\voofty-leaved). 2. Yellow. May. 1774.
„ tricu'spis (three- pointed). See A. TRIFURCATA.
., trifurca'ta (three-forked-fcawrf)- 3. Yellow. July.

1710.
,, virga'ta (twiggy), i. Yellow. July. 1815.

ATHEROPO'GON. (From ather, an awn, and pogon,
a beard ; in reference to its bearded awns. Nat. ord.
Grasses [Gramineae]. Linn. 2^-Polygamia, i-Moncecia,
Allied to Chloris.) Now included under Boutelo'ua.

A hardy perennial grass ; seeds and division ; common
soil.

A. apludoi'des (apluda-like). f. Apetal. August. S.
Europe. 1768. Correct name Bouteloua racemosa.

ATHEROSPE'RMA. (From ather, an awn, and sperma,
seed ; seeds awned. Nat. ord. Monimiaceae. Linn.
2i-Moncecia, 8-Icosandria.)

This beautiful New-Holland tree attains the great
height of 150 feet, and has the aspect of a stately conifer,
with a girth of 6 to 7 feet. The colonists make a pleasant
tea-beverage from the bark, either dried or in a green
state. " Its effects are, however, slightly aperient." —
Backhouse. Greenhouse evergreen tree ; cuttings ; loam
and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 50°.

A. moscha'ta (musk or plume nutmeg). White. June.
N. Holland. 1824.

ATHEROSPE'RMEJE. See MONIMIACE^E.

ATHERU'RUS. See PINELLIA.

ATHRIXIA. (From a, not, and thrix, a hair ; the
receptacle being destitute of hairs. Nat. ord. Composites
[Compositae], Linn. rg-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua. Allied to
Leyssera.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of rather young
wood, under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ; lumpy loam and
peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

A. cape'nsis (Cape). 3. Red. April. Cape of Good
Hope. 1821.

ATHROTA'XIS. (From athros, crowded together,
and taxis, arrangement ; alluding to the arrangement of
the scales of the cones. Nat. ord. Coniferae.)

Small evergreen shrubs from Tasmania ; require green-
house in winter, but may live out of doors in sheltered
positions ; propagated from cuttings on moderate bottom-
heat.

A. ciipressoi'des. 30. Deep, glossy green.
,, donia'na. See A. LAXIFOLIA.
,, imbrica'ta. Garden synonym of A. selaginoides.
„ laxifo'lia. 20 to 25. Lateral growths somewhat

pendulous. Syn. A. doniana.
,, selaginoi'des. Glossy green. Syns. A. imbricata and

gunniana of gardens.

ATHY'RIUM. See ASPLENIUM. The name Athyrium
is still retained by most nurserymen and gardeners.

ATEME'TA. (From atimetos, despised. Nat. ord.
Araceas.) Now referred to Rhodospatha.
Treatment same as for other tropical Aroids.

A. filamento'sa. Spathe yellowish. Brazil. 1860.
ATMOSPHERE. See AIR.

ATRA'GENE. (From athros, pressed, and genos, birth ;
in reference to the manner in which the branches clasp
their supports. First applied by Theophrastus to our
Traveller's Joy — Cle'matis Vita'lba. Nat. ord. Crowfoots
[Ranunculaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, 6-Polygynia.)
Now referred to Clematis.

Hardy deciduous climbers ; seeds when procurable ;
sown in a cold pit, and pricked off into other pots as soon
as up ; layers in summer and autumn ; cuttings in
spring and summer, under a hand-light ; common soil.

A. alpi'na. Syns. A. austriaca and A. sibirica. See

C. ALPINA.

„ america'na (American). 15. Purple. June. N.
Amer. 1797. See C. VERTICILLARIS.

A. america'naobli' qua (unequal-sided). 15. Purple. June.

N. Amer. 1797. See C. VERTICILLARIS.
„ austri'aca (Austrian). 8. Brown, yellow. July.

Austria. 1792. See C. ALPINA.
„ macrope'tala (large- petaled). Russia. 1831. See

C. MACROPETALA.

,, occidenta'lis (western). 10. July. 1618. See C.

OCCIDENTALS.

„ ochote'nsis (Ochotsk). 12. White. June. Siberia.

1818. See C. OCHOTENSIS.
,, sibi'rica (Siberian). 12. Whitish-yellow. July.

Siberia. 1753. See C. ALPINA.

ATRAPHA'XIS. (From atraphaxis, a culinary vege-
table or garden orach ; suggested from the similarity to
some species of orach or Atriplex. Nat. ord. Poly-
gonaceas. Allied to Polygonum.)

Hardy, twiggy, much-branched, often spiny shrubs.
Cuttings of side-shoots in a cold frame or pit during
summer. Ordinary soil.

A. buxifo'lia (box-leaved) . 2-3. White. July, August.

Caucasus. 1800.
„ lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). 2-3. White ; anthers red.

July, August. Temperate Asia.

,, La#wa'nm(Laxmann's). Russia ; Central Asia. 1891.
,, micro,' ntha (small-flowered). 2. Pink. July. Siberia.

1778.
,, Muschketo'wi (Muschke tow's). 2. White ; anthers

red. Central Asia.

,, spino'sa (spiny). 2-3. White. August. Orient.
,, Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). 2-3. White. August.

Syria.

A'TRIPLEX. Orach, or Arach. (From ater, black,
and plexus, woven together, on account of the dark
colour and habit of some of the species. Nat.
ord. Chenopods [Chenopodiaceae]. Linn. 2$-Polygamia,
i-Moncecia.)

A. Ha'limus is a hardy evergreen shrub, rather orna-
mental, and A. portulacoi' des is a hardy under-shrub ;
but the species most deserving notice is A. horte'nsis,
Garden Orach. See ORACH. There are many other
species quite undeserving the notice of the gardener.
A. Brewe'ri (S. C. A. A. Cat., 1900, 50). California.
,, halimoi'des monumenta'lis (B. T. O.. 1890, 42, f. 3).

Seedling form of tall habit.
,, nummula'ria (Damm. Cat., 1890, 91, 87).

A'TROPA. Nightshade. (Named after Atropos, one
of the three Fates, in reference to its poisonous qualities.)

We introduce this native weed (A'tropa Bellado'nna)
for the purpose of warning country people from eating
its berries, fatal accidents frequently occurring in conse-
quence. The berries are at first green, but become black
and juicy.

A. Bellado'nna. Known as the Deadly Nightshade.
An indigenous plant, the berries of which, when ripe, are
black and juicy, but are of a deadly poison, and many
fatalities have occurred through eating them.

ATTTALE'A. (From attains, magnificent ; in reference
to the beauty of these palms. Nat. ord. Palms [Pal-
maceas]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, g-Polyandria. Allied to
Cocos.)

Stove palms. Seeds ; rich, loamy soil. Summer
temp., 65° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

A. amygdali'na. New Grenada. Syn. A. nucifera.
„ Cohu'ne. 50. Honduras.
„ co'mpta (decked). 22. Brazil. 1820.
,, exce'lsa (tall). 70. Brazil. 1826.
„ funi'fera (rope). 40. Brazil. 1824.
,, hu'milis (humble). 10. Brazil. 1820.
,, nuci'fera. See A. AMYGDALINA.
,, Ro'ssii (Ross's). 20. Brazil. 1825.
,, specio'sa (showy). 70. Brazil. 1826.
„ specta'bilis (remarkable). 70. Brazil. 1824.

AUBRDE'TIA. (Named after M. Aubriet, a French
botanical draughtsman. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae].
Linn. i$-Tetradynamia. Allied to Arabis.)

Hardy evergreen trailers. Dividing in spring or
autumn ; cuttings under a hand-glass, in sandy soil ;
any dry soil.

A. deltoi'dea, (three-angled). J. Purple. April. Levant.
1710.

AUCUBA

89

AURICULA

A. delloi'dea Bougainmllea. Light violet-purple. Dwarf

habit.

,, .. Campbe'lli. Deep violet-blue.
„ ., Ey'rei. Rich violet-purple.
„ ,, gra'ca. Light purple. Greece. 1872.
,. „ Henderso'ni. Dark purple.
.. ., hesperidifto'ra. (B. C., t. 1706). Purple. March.

S. Europe. 1823.

., „ Leichtlfnii (W. G., 1888, 325). Deep red.
„ .. Moerhefmi (Lem. Cat., 1005, 7). Rosy-pink.
„ ,, Perki'nsii (Gard., 1905, Ixvii. 344). Deep purple,

white centred flowers.

„ ,, purpu'rea. Purple. April. Greece. 1820.
,, ., ro'sea. Rose.

„ .. supe'rba. See A. DELTOIDEA GR^CA.
.. .. tau'rica. Violet-purple.
„ .. tauri'cola (Gard., 1902, Ixi. 266). Apparently the

same as A . ddtoidea taurica.
„ „ variega'ta. Variegated with creamy-yellow.
„ „ viola'cea. Deep violet-purple.

AU CUBA. (The name of the shrub in Japan. Nat.
ord. Corntls [Cornaceae]. Linn. 2i-Dicecia, 4-Tetrandria.)
Cuttings in spring and autumn, and layers in any light
soil, without covering ; common soil, if drained ; stands
the smoke of towns well. It is sometimes called the
Variegated Laurei.

A. himala'ica. Leaves lanceolate or lanceolate acumi-
nate. Berries spherical. Himalaya.
„ japo'nica (Japan-Wofc/J-kawd). 6. Apetal. June.
Japan. 1783.

AUDIBFRTLL (Named after M. Audibert, a noted
nurseryman of Tarascon. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiata?].
Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Monarda.)

Hardy evergreen. Seeds, in March or April ; common
soil.
A. inca'na (hoary), ij. Pale blue. August. Columbia.

1827.
,, polysta'chya. 2. White. October. California. 1849.

AUDOUTNIA. (Named after Audouin, a celebrated
entomologist. Nat. ord. Bruniads [Bruniaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen under-shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened wood, in sand, in close frame with a slight bottom-
heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 45°.
A. capita' ta (headed), ij. Purple. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1790.

AULACOSPFRMTJM. See PLEUROSPERMUM.
AU'LAX. (From aulax, a furrow ; in reference to
the furrowed under side of the leaves. Nat. ord. Proteads
[Proteaceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, 4-Tetrandria.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings, in sandy
soil, in close frame with bottom-heat ; loam and peat.
Winter temp. 45° to 50°.
A. cneorifo'lia. 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope.

1774-
„ pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 2. Yellow. August. Cape

of Good Hope. 1780.
,, umbella'ta (umbelled). See A. CNEORIFOLIA.

AURI'CULA. (Pri'mula Auricula.) The Bear's Ear.
or Mountain Cowslip.

The varieties of this flower are very numerous, and their
numbers are annually increased. They are divided into
five classes— (i) Green-edged; (2) Grey-edged; (3) White-
edged; (4) Selfs, or one coloured; and (5) Alpines, which
have the outer edge of the petals shaded by a mixture of
two colours, not separated into distinct bands of colour,
as in the edged varieties ; and there is no paste round
the tube as it is in the edged and selfs.

"As florists have several terms relative to the Auricula,
which may not be understood by every amateur, we may
as well explain that the thrum is a collective name for
the stamens in the very centre or tube of each flower.
Paste, in the edged and self varieties, is the white colour
next round the edge of the tube, or eye, of the flower :
this part is yellow in the Alpines, without paste. Ground-
colour is the next colour to this on the petal, being the
distinctive colour of the variety. Edge is the outer
colour of all, forming the border of the flower. A Pip
is the single flower, and a Truss is several pips, with their
several footstalks springing from one stem common to
them all.

" The properties of the Auricula may be divided into
two series, namely, those of the single pip, and those of
the single plant.

" The Pip.— i. Should be circular, large, with petals
equal, firm, fleshy, smooth at the edges, without notch
or serrature, and perfectly flat.

" 2. The centre, or tube, should not exceed one-fourth
of the diameter of the pip ; it should be of a fine yellow
or lemon colour, perfectly round, well filled with the
anthers, or thrum, and the edge rising a trifle above the
paste, or eye.

"3. The paste, or eye, should be perfectly circular,
smooth, and of a dense, pure white, without crack or
blemish, forming a band not less than half the width of
the tube, and encircling it.

' ' 4. The ground-colour should be dense, whole, and form
a perfect circle next the eye. The brighter, darker, or
richer the colour, the better the flower; but if it be
paler at the edges (where they are parted into five), or
have two colours or shades, it is a fatal defect.

"5. The margin, or outer edge, should be a clear, un-
changeable green, grey, or white, and be about the same
width as the ground-colour, which must in no part go
through to the edge. From the edge of the paste to the
outer edge of the flower should be as wide as from the
centre of the tube to the outer edge of the paste. In
other words, the proportions of the flowers may be de-
scribed by drawing four circles round a given point, at
equal distances ; the first circle forming the tube, the
second the white eye, the third the ground-colour, and
the fourth the outer edge of the flower ; and the nearer
they approximate to this (except that the ground-colour,
which may be a little broader than the other bands, and
the green or grey edge, may run into each other in
feathery points), the better the flower. The colours
should not be liable to fly, as is the defect of Stretch's
Alexander, the colours of which fade in three or four days.

" Of the Plant. — i. The stem should be strong, round,
upright, elastic, bearing the truss upright without sup-
port, and from four to seven inches high, so as to carry
the truss well, but not too high above the leaves.

" 2. The length and strength of the foot-stalks of the
pips should be so proportioned to the number and size
of these, that all the pips may have room to show them-
selves, and to form a compact, semi-globular truss of
flowers, not less than five, though we prefer seven in
number, without lapping over each other. The pips
should be all alike in colour, size, and form, so as not to
be easily distinguished from one another ; for, otherwise,
the unity and harmony of the truss will be destroyed,
and, although ever so beautifully formed, would appear
as if taken from different sorts of Auricula. An Auricula
ought to flower freely, and expand all its pips at the
same time ; for, by this means, the colours in them all
will appear equally fresh and lively ; whereas, in those
trusses that do not open some of the pips till others have
passed their prime, the whole appearance of the truss is
impaired.

"3. The truss is improved if one or more leaves grow,
and stand up well behind the bloom ; for it assists the
truss, and adds much to the beauty of the bloom, by
forming a green background.

"4. The foliage, or grass, should be healthy, well-grown,
and almost cover the pot.

" We are of opinion that all these criteria are founded
upon the dictates of correct taste ; but, as these excel-
lencies are never combined in one variety, and as some,
being equals in many qualities, are mutually superior in
others, the question constantly arises, at Auricula ex-
hibitions, as to which variety has the preponderance of
merit. Now, we are clearly of opinion that form, in-
cluding in this the relative proportions of the colours on
the pips, the half-globular form of the truss, the number
of pips, &c., is by far the most striking excellence in an
Auricula. Next to this we should place the harmony,
or, as we should prefer, the agreeable contrast, or com-
plemental association of the colours."

Propagation is effected by taking slips from, and
dividing roots of, approved varieties, after the seed has
ripened, in July and August, and by the seed itself.

Raising Varieties. — The parent plants should be
vigorous ; and, before the pips of the mother-plant are
quite open, cut off the anthers of all of them with a
pair of sharp-pointed scissors, cover with a hand-glass,
dust the pistil with pollen from the father-plant, and

AURICULA

90

AZALEA

keep the hand-glass over as before, until the flower,
beginning to fade, shows that there is no danger of any
other pollen being intruded to frustrate your object.
Gather the seed-vessels as they become brown, in June
and July ; place them in the sun, on a sheet of white
paper, until they burst. Rub out the seeds, and sow
them early in September, or keep them in the seed-vessels,
in a dry place, until March, which is better. Sow them
in a warm border of light soil, or in boxes, under glass ;
cover them with light sandy soil. See PROPAGATING.
Keep the seedlings free from weeds, and, when they have
four or five leaves, transplant them from the boxes, or
from the border, into a similar border, in rows eight
inches apart each way, there to remain until they flower,
which will be next spring. Those that you mark as
good must be potted as soon as the bloom is over, and
treated as we shall direct for established old plants.

Culture of Established Plants. — The choice sorts grown
in pots should have attention as soon as they have done
flowering. All that are not required for seeding should
have the flower-stems removed, and a little later the
plants may be re- potted. It is better to leave them
until a good many of the old leaves at the base can be
removed, which allows the plants to be potted down to
cover the stem, for it is from the stem made during the
previous season that new roots are made. The most
suitable compost consists of good yellow loam, with the
addition of some leaf-mould and cow-dung, which should
be thoroughly dried and some soot added, also some sand,
and good drainage should be given. When re-potting
some of the old roots may be cut away and much of the
old soil shaken out. It is necessary to be careful to
work the soil well among the roots. Some authorities
recommend the use of oyster-shells for drainage ; a few
small pieces in each pot may be beneficial, but they should
not be used too liberally ; pot fairly firm, and do not
fill the pots too full, for in the spring the plants will be
benefited by a top-dressing. When this is done all
decayed leaves should be removed, also the surface soil
as far down as can be done without disturbing the roots,
and the soil in the pots must be moderately moist when
this is done. Much depends upon the condition of soil
and handling the plants when potting ; the roots should
not be exposed or allowed to get dry. After potting a
slight surface watering may be given, and the plants
placed in a pit or frame ; previous to doing this, the
ground may have a good watering with weed-killer, and
a surfacing of coal ashes. For the first few days the
lights may be kept on, giving a little air and shading
from bright sunshine. As soon as re-established they
should be well exposed, but are better where they do not
get full exposure to the sun. For ordinary culture the
side growths (or suckers) may remain, but for exhibition
only one crown should be grown. The side shoots, if
taken off carefully, will give further stock. The Alpine
varieties may be raised from seed, but it takes two years
to make effective plants ; though seed sown in May will
produce plants that will flower the following spring, but
they will only be fit for selection for the following year.
From seed we get such a large number of plants that
they may be grown closely together the first season,
and when they flower the weedy ones may be pulled out,
and any of special value labelled.

To get good results much depends upon winter treat-
ment. Although quite hardy when grown in the ground
the pot-plants should have some protection, but only
in very severe weather should they be kept under close
frames ; in all favourable weather the lights should be
taken off. Many plants are spoiled through being kept
too close in mild weather during the winter, and the
Auriculas are among the plants that must have plenty
of light and air.

The spring treatment of those grown in pots will
depend to some extent upon the time they are required
to come into flower. They cannot be forced, but placed
on a shelf in a cool greenhouse where they are fully
exposed to the sun they come on early. When they
begin to start into growth after clearing off any bad
leaves they may be surfaced, as recommended above.
Watering is an important factor ; careful attention,
and liquid manure made from cow-dung will greatly
assist growth. See MANURES. When in flower, those
with the farina, or paste on the flowers, must be pro-
tected from wet ; they will also last longer if shaded from
the sun.

Diseases. — The Auricula is not subject to so many
diseases as most plants ; canker or ulceration of the roots
being the chief trouble. This may be averted by careful
potting and the occasional use of lime water. Like most
other root diseases, it is brought about by inattention to
watering. If the plants get too dry the roots suffer and
cannot take up the water, and this causes canker and
decay.

AVE'NA. A genus of the Nat. ord. Grasses, of which
it is only necessary to observe here that one of its
species, Ave'na sati'va, is the Oat.

A'VENS. Ge'um.

AVENUE. Trees planted in a straight line on either
side of a roadway ; the Chestnut Avenue at Hampton
Court is a good example It is rarely that modern land-
scape gardeners follow this formal way of planting.

AVERRHO'A. (Named after Averrhoes, a Spanish
physician. Nat. ord. Oxalids [Geraniaceae]. Linn. 10-
Decandria, ^-Pentagynia.)

The leaves of A. Cara'mbola exhibit that kind of
irritability we call " sensitive." The fruit of both species
is eaten in India ; but its acidity is intolerable to Euro-
peans. Stove evergreen shrubs ; half-ripened cuttings
in April, in sand, loam, and peat in close frame with
bottom-heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

A. Bili'mbi (bilimbi-/mO. 8. Reddish-yellow. August.

E. Ind. 1791.
i, Carambo'la. 14 to 20. 1793.

AVERRUNCATOR (from the Latin avenunco, to
prune). A small pair of powerful shears, on a long
handle, for severing boughs on lofty trees.

AVIARY. This building, devoted to the preservation
of live birds, distinguished for the beauty either of their
notes or plumage, is rarely admitted within a garden ;
and still more rarely is it sufficiently ornamental, or
sufficiently free from disagreeables, to be a source of
pleasure.

AVOCA'DO. See PERSE'A GRATI'SSIMA.

AXIL. This term, meaning, literally, the arm-pit, is
used by botanists to indicate the point of the angle be-
tween a leaf and a branch, or between a branch and the
stem.

AYE'NIA. (Named after the Duke d'Ayen. Nat. ord.
Sterculiads [Sterculiacese]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Stove plants ; cuttings in sand ; rich soil ; ordinary
stove treatment.

A. Iceviga'ta (smooth). 2. Scarlet. Jamaica. Ever-
green under-shrub.

„ Pusi'lla (small). i. Purple. August. Jamaica.
1756. Biennial.

AZA'LEA. (From azaleos, dry ; in reference to the
habitation of the plant. Nat. ord. Heathworts [Ericaceae].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-M0nogynia.)

It was said that the Pontic honey which stupefied the
Greek soldiers was collected from Rhodode 'ndron po'nti-
cum ; but Pallas believes it to have been gathered from
Azalea po'ntica. Some authorities include the Azaleas
with Rhododendrons. I find this is done in the pub-
lished awards made by the Royal Horticultural Society.
This brings in a difficulty, for Azalea pontica is quite a
different plant to Rhododendron ponticum. This may
have caused the confusion referred to in the old edition,
and which has been repeated without alteration in a
later edition. Azalea pontica is Rhododendron ftavum, if
placed in that genus. Where the specific name is
changed under Rhododendron, the name is given under
Azalea as a synonym. All the greenhouse species are
evergreen, except A. squama' ta ; and all the hardy
species are deciduous. The hardy species, by layers,
made in summer and autumn, and doing best in sandy
peat, though many will thrive well in peat and loam ;
the Indian species and varieties are propagated by seed,
and cuttings of stiff, but not overhard, shoots, inserted
in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat. Summer temp. ,
60° to 75°, if required to bloom early ; winter, 45° to 55.
A lower temperature will suit, if late bloom is wanted.

AZALEA

AZALEA

HARDY.

A. arbore'scens (tree-like). 10. Red. June. N. Amer.

1818.
„ bf color (two-coloured). 4. Scarlet. June. N. Amer.

1734. Syn. Rhododendron nudiftorum.
„ cane'scens (hoary). 3. Red. June. N. Amer. 1812.

Syn. Rhododendron nudiftorum.
,, calendula' eta (marigold-like). 4. Orange. June.

N. Amer. 1806.
,. „ chrysole'cta (fine-golden). 4. Yellow. June. N.

Amer.
„ „ cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 4. Saffron. June. N.

Amer.
, „ cu'prea (copper-coloured). 4. Copper. June. N.

Amer.
., „ fta'mmea (flame-coloured). 4. Red. June. N.

Amer. 1812.
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Orange. June.

N. Amer.
„ ,, ignc'scens (fire-coloured), i. Red. June. N.

Amer.
„ „ sple'ndens (shining). 4. Orange. June. N.

Amer.
,. ,, triu'mphans (triumphant). 4. Orange. June.

N. Amer.
,. glau'ca (d«w/-glaucous). 2. White. June. N.

Amer. 1734. Syn, Rhododendron viscosum

glaucum.
., hi'spida (bristly). 5. White. June. N. Amer. 1734.

Syn. Rhododendron viscosum.
„ hybrid* Davtesii (Gfl., 1893, 65, t. 1387). White.

Garden hybrid.
„ ledifo'lia (ledum-leaved). 2. White. ApriL China.

1824.
., ni'tida, (shining-leaved). 4. White. ApriL N. Amer.

1812. Syn. Rhododendron viscosum nitidum.
„ nudiflo'ra (naked-flowered). 3. Deep pink. June.

N. Amer. 1734.

., „ alba (early-white). 4. White. June. N. Amer.
„ „ a'lba-ple'na (double-white). 4. White. June.

N. Amer.

„ „ bla'nda (soft). 4. Blush. June. N. Amer.
„ ,, ca'rnea (flesh). 4. Pale red. June. N. Amer.

1734-
„ „ carolinia'na (Carolina). 4. Scarlet. June. N.

Amer.

„ ., Cofru'rg*«(Coburg's). Scarlet. June. N. Amer.
„ ,, cocci'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. June. N. Amer.
„ „ corymbo'sa (corymbose). 4. Scarlet. June. N.

Amer.

„ ., cri'spa (curled). 4. Pink. June. N. Amer.
„ ., cumula'ta (bundled). 4. Scarlet, pink. June.

N. Amer.
„ ,. discolor (two-coloured). 4. White, scarlet. June.

X. Amer.
„ ,. fastigia'ta (pyramidal). 4. Pink. June. N.

Amer.
„ ,, flo'rida (many-flowered). 4. Pink. June. N.

Amer.

„ „ globo'sa (globe-like). 4. Pink. June. N. Amer.
„ „ glomera'ta (round-headed). 4. Pink. June. N.

Amer.

. „ inca'na (hoary). 4. Pink. June. N. Amer.
„ „ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 4. Flesh. June. N.

Amer.
„ ,, mira'bilis (wonderful). 4. Scarlet. June. N.

Amer.
„ „ magni'fica (magnificent). 4. Scarlet. June.

N. Amer.
., ,, monta'na (mountain). 4. Scarlet. June. N.

Amer.
„ „ pa'Uida (pale- flowered). 4. Pale red. June. N.

Amer.

„ „ poludo'sa (marsh). 4. Pale red. June. N. Amer.
,. ,, papHiona'cea (butterfly). 4. Striped. June. N.

Amer.
„ „ parti 'ta (five-parted). 4. White and red. June.

N. Amer.

,, ,, parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 4. June. N. Amer.
„ ,, proli'fera (proliferous). 4. June. N. Amer.

pu'mila (dwarf). 4. White. June. N. Amer.
,, r purpura'scens (purplish). 4. Purple. June. N.

Amer.
„ ,, purpu'rea (purple). 4. Purple. June. N. Amer.

A. nudiflo'ra pur pu'reo-pk' no (double-purple). 4. Purple.

June. N. Amer.

,, „ ro' sea (rosy). 4. Red. June. N. Amer.
., „ rube'rrima (reddest). 4. Dark red. June. N.

Amer.

,, „ rube'scens (reddish). 4. Red. June. N. Amer.
„ „ rubicu'nda (ruddy). 4. Red. June. N. Amer.
., „ ru'bra (red). 4. Red. June. N. Amer.
,, ,, ru'tilans (shining-red). 4. Dark red. June. N.

Amer.
„ „ semidu'plex (semi-double). 4. White. June.

N. Amer.
„ „ stami'nea. (long-stamened). 4. Red. June. N.

Amer.

„ „ stella'ta (starry). 4- Red. June. N. Amer.
„ ,, tri'color (three-coloured). 4. Scarlet, white.

June. N. Amer.

„ „ varia'bilis (variable). 4. Red. June. N. Amer.
,, ,, variega' ta (variegated). 4. Red and white. June.

N. Amer.
„ ,, versf color (party-coloured). 4. Red and white.

June. N. Amer.
„ „ viola'cea (violet-coloured). 4. Violet. June.

N. Amer.
„ po'ntica (Pontic). 6. Yellow. June. Turkey. 1793.

Syn. Rhododendron flavum.
„ „ albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 6. White. May.

Turkey.

„ ,, a'rdens. Glowing red.
„ „ corona'rium (garland). 7. Yellow. June.

Holland. 1832.
,, „ cu'prea (copper-coloured). 6. Copper. June.

Turkey.
„ „ glau'ca (aaJky-gceen-leaved). 6. Yellow. June.

Turkey.

„ „ pa'Uida (pale). 6. Pale yellow. April. Turkey.
„ ,, tri'color (three-coloured). 6. Pale red. April.

Turkey.
,. rubifto'ra flo're ple'no (Fl. and P., 1882, 89). Lilac

pink, spotted with carmine-purple. Double.

Japan.
,, ru'stica flo're ple'no (R. H., 1893, 195). Garden race,

stated to be derived from A. mollis and A. occi-

dentalis.

,, specio'sa (showy). 4. Scarlet. June. N. Amer.
„ „ acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 4. June. N. Amer.
„ „ aura'ntia (orange). 4. Orange. June. N. Amer.
„ „ cilia' ta (fringed). 4. June. N. Amer.
,, „ cri'spa (curled). 4. Scarlet. June. N. Amer.
„ „ cuculla'ta (hooded). 4. June. N. Amer.
„ „ ma'jor (larger-scarW). 4. Scarlet. June. N.

Amer.

,, „ obli'qua (unequal-sided). 4. June. N. Amer.
„ „ prunifo'lia (plum-leaved). 4. June. N. Amer.
,, ,, revolu'ta (rolled-back-kav«f). 4. June. N. Amer.
,, ,, tortulifo'lia (twisted-leaved). 4. June. N. Amer.
,, „ undula'ta (waved-leaved). 4. June. N. Amer.
„ visco'sa (clammy). 2. White. July. N. Amer.
„ „ cri'spa (curled). 4. White. July. N. Amer.
„ „ dealba'ta (whitened). 4. White. July. N. Amer.
., „ fi'ssa (cleft). 4. White. July. N. Amer.
,, .. glau'ca. 2. White. June. N. Amer.
„ „ ni'tida (shining). 2 to 4. White, tinged red. N.

Amer. 1812.

„ ,, odora'ta (seen ted). 4. White. July. N. Amer.
„ „ penicilla'ta (pencilled). 4. White. July. N.

Amer.

,, ,, pube'scens (downy). 4. White. July. N. Amer.
., „ rube'scens (reddish). 4. White. July. N. Amer.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). 4. White. July. N.

Amer.
„ ., vitta'ta (banded). 4. White. July. N. Amer.

GREENHOUSE.
A. amoe'na (bright- flowered). i. Crimson, purple.

April. Shanghai.

„ balsaminaflo'ra. Salmon-red. Japan. 1848.
,, crispiflo'ra (crisped-flowered). Rose. April. China.
„ danielsia'na (Daniel's). 3. Carmine. June. China.

1830.
., dianthiflo'ra. Rose or violet, dotted brown. Japan.

1889-

„ i'ndica (Indian). 4. Scarlet. June. China.
,, „ auranti'aca (orange). 4. Orange. Aprfl. China.

1822.

AZALEAS

92

BABIANA

A. i'ndica igne'scens (fire-coloured). 2. Brown. April.

China.
„ „ lateri'tia (brick-Ted-coloured). 2. Red. May.

China. 1833.
„ „ phoeni'cea (purple). 3. Purple. April. China.

1824.
„ „ purpu'reo-ple'na (double-purple). 4. Purple.

May. China. 1819.
., ,, variega'ta (variegated). 4. Striped. June.

China. 1824.

,, linearifo'lia. Rose. February. Japan. 1869.
„ mo'llis. Yellow, rose, orange, white. Japan. 1867.

See A. SINENSIS.

„ „ gla'brior. Orange. Japan. 1868.
„ obtu'sa (blunt-leaved), i|. Red. March. China.

1844.

„ „ a'lba (Veitch Cat., 1887, 9). Japan.
,, occidentalis. White, yellow. California.
,, Oldha'mi. See RHODODENDRON OLDHAMI.
,, ova'ta (egg-shape-leaved) . 8. Pink. China. 1844.
„ „ a'lba (white-flowered). 8. White. May. N.

China. 1844.

,, ramenta'cea. White. March. Hong-Kong. 1846.
„ roscefto'ra. Lake-red (double). Japan. 1848. See

A. BALSA MIN^EFLORA.

„ serpyllifo'lia. White. Japan. 1882.

,, sine'nsis (Chinese). 3. Yellow. May. China. 1823.

Syn. A. mollis.
„ squama' fa (scaly). 2. Rose, crimson. March.

China. 1844. Syi.. R. Farrerce.
,, stenope'fala. Rosy. Japan. 1864.

AZALEAS (AMERICAN). These include what are called
Ghent Azaleas, which are seedling varieties of A. calen-
dula''cea, A. nudiflo'ra, A. specio'sa, and A. visco'sa.
The varieties were first raised in the neighbourhood of
Ghent.

Propagation. — By layers in the month of March : the
layers require notching or twisting. If the part buried
in the ground is covered with moss they will root more
freely. They should not be taken off the parent till
after the second year's growth. Many of these are now
raised from seeds.

Soil. — Sandy peat, in a dry situation, at least eighteen
inches deep ; but, in a damp one, a foot deep will be
sufficient.

Culture. — In spring, protect the young shoots and
flowers by hoops in low situations, as the late frosts often
destroy the young, early shoots. In winter, and in
summer, if the soil is very dry, cover the bed with green
moss.

Diseases. — Sometimes the plants die off just at the
surface of the soil, owing to too much moisture. The
remedy, if the situation is low and damp, is either to
drain it thoroughly, or to raise the bed completely above
the general level of the ground.

Varieties may be raised by crossing the kinds in such
a way as is likely to effect a pleasing change. Choose
the best forms and brightest colours ; let the plants
with flowers of the best form be the seed-bearing mother,
and rely for the colour upon the pollen of the male.
Sow the seed in April, in pans, placed under a cold
frame ; prick the seedlings out the year following in
beds, four inches apart, to remain till they flower.

AZALEAS (INDIAN or CHINESE).

Raising Varieties. — The best and most certain way to
obtain new varieties is by impregnating the best-shaped
flowers with the pollen of some fine, high-coloured variety.
Remove the anthers before they burst from the one
intended to seed ; cover with fine gauze the flower im-
pregnated, to prevent impregnation by insects. When
the seed is ripe, gather it, and sow it the February
following in shallow pans, in a gentle heat. As soon as
the seedlings have two or three leaves, transplant them
into fresh, sandy peat, in deeper pans. They may re-
main in these pans till the spring following ; then pot
them singly into 2j-inch pots, and grow them on, repot-
ting them as they require it, till they flower.

Propagation by Cuttings. — Take the young tops, three
inches long ; dress them by cutting off the bottom
leaves. Fill a pot, to within an inch of the top, with
sandy peat ; fill up the rest with silver sand ; put in the
cuttings thickly ; water gently. Place in a close frame
where there is a slight bottom-heat and a cool surface,
and when rooted gradually expose them. They should

thus remain till rooted ; then place them in a greenhouse
for a week or two. They may then be potted off singly
into small pots, and placed in a close frame till fresh
roots are made ; then gradually inure them to bear the
full sun and air ; re-pot, and grow on to any size required.

Propagation by Grafting.— See GRAFTING. The best
mode is that called side- grafting. The grafts must be
very small, — not more than i to ij-inch long ; tie them
with worsted, or thick cotton thread, to the stock. The
best time is early spring. Place the grafted plants in a
close frame, in gentle heat. The stock most suitable is
the common form of Aza'lea i'ndica or A. phceni'cea,
both easy to strike.

Soil. — Sandy peat three-fourths, light loam one-
fourth.

Summer Culture.- — Azaleas require the same treatment
as Camellias. After the bloom is over give them a
moderate degree of artificial heat, 55° to 60°. Syringe
them freely during that period. As soon as they have
made their growth, give plenty of air for a fortnight, and
then set them behind a low, north wall till autumn.

Winter Culture. — As soon as there is any fear of frost,
remove them into an airy greenhouse, and keep them
just from frost, and give very moderate supplies of water.
When they begin to show flower, give more heat, and a
more liberal supply of water.

Insects.— The Thrips is the great pest of Azaleas ;
but the Green-fly is also apt to trouble them when
growing. Both insects may be destroyed by tobacco-
smoke frequently applied.

Diseases. — These plants are often attacked by a disease
which causes them to die off just at the crown of the
roots. The small-leaved varieties, such as A. i'ndica,
var. Gledstane'sii, lateri'tia, and variega'ta, are especially
subject to die off thus prematurely. This is caused by a
fungoid disease, which may be checked by the use of
lime and sulphur.

AZALEA'STRUM ALBIFLO'RUM. See RHODODEN-
DRON ALBIFLORUM.

AZA'RA. (Named after /. N. Azara, a Spanish
patron of botany. Nat. ord. Btxads [Bixaceae]. Linn.
3-Polyandria i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings in sand, peat, and
loam, in close frame, with bottom-heat. Sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

A. denta'ta (toothed-leaved). 10. Yellow. Chili. 1830.
,, Gillie'sii (B. M., t. 5178). 15. Yellow. Spring.

Chili. 1859.

.. integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 18. Conception. 1832.
,, microphy'lla. 12. Greenish. Autumn. Chili. 1873.
,, serra'ta (saw-edged). 12. Chili. 1832.

AZI'MA. (From azimena, the Malagasy name of a
shrub. Nat. ord. Salvadoracese.)

A, tetraca'ntha (four-spined). 3. White. July. India.
1758.

AZO'LLA. (From azo, to dry, and olio, to kill. Nat.
ord. Marsileaceae.)

A half-hardy aquatic that has escaped into ditches
and streams in some parts of England. It is usually
grown in greenhouses and stoves, and floats on the
surface of the water, in water-lily and other tanks.

A. carolinia'na. J. Leaves minute, green, or red out-
doors.
,, pinna' ta, of gardens. See A. CAROLINIANA.

BABIA'NA. (From babianer, the Dutch for baboon ;
in reference to the bulbs being eaten by the baboons.
Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn. 3-Triandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

All greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope.
Offsets ; sandy peat and loam ; water freely when grow-
ing. Keep dry when it rest. Those potted in autumn
must be kept in a cold pit or greenhouse during winter.
Those planted in spring, in a warm border, should be
taken up before winter, and kept secure from frost.

B. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See B. STRICTA.
„ bi' color (two-coloured). Blue, white. June. 1843.

BABINGTONIA

93

B^CKEA

B. di'sticha (two-ranked). J. Blue. June. 1774.
., flabellifo'lia (I. S. H. T..i6i,t. 200). S.Africa. 1906.
.. mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). J. Purple. June. 1825.
,, na'na (dwarf). \. Blue. April. 1807.
,, obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). See B. STRICTA.
„ plica'ta (folded), i- Purple. May. 1774.
„ ,, multiplex (full- flowered). ± Purple. June.

1834.

„ purpu'rea (purple). |. See B. STRICTA.
,, ri'ngens (gaping- flowered). J. Purple. May. 1752.
,, rubrocya'nea (red and blue). See B. STRICTA.
,, sambu'cina (elder-scented) . J. Blue. April. 1799.
., socotra'na (B. M., t. 6585). Violet-blue. Socotra.
,, spatha'cea (sheathy). J. LigM blue. June. 1801.
,, stri'cta (upright), i. Blue, white. May. 1757.
„ „ angustifo'lia. i. Bright blue. May and June.

1757-

„ ., obtusifo'lia. f. Blue. May. 1825.
„ „ purpu'rea. J. Purple. 1806.
„ ,, ru'bro-cya'nea. Blue and crimson. May, June.

1756.
„ ., sulphu'rea (B. M.. t. 1053). Cream-coloured or

pale yellow. April. May. 1795. Syns. Gladiolus

sulphureus, G. plicatus.
„ ,, villo'sa (B. M., t. 583). Brilliant crimson, with

violet-blue anthers. August. 1778.
„ sulphu'rea (sulphur- flowered). See B. STRICTA.
„ tenuiflo'ra (slender-flowered). \. Purple. May.

1825.
,, Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). i. White and red. April.

1774-
,, tuba'ta (long- tubed), f. Yellow and red. June.

1774. Syns. Gladiolus tubatus and G. longiftorus.
„ tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). J. Dark red. May.

1774. Syn. Gladiolus tubiflorus.
„ villo'sa (hairy). See B. STRICTA.

BABINGTO'NIA. (Named in compliment to Charles
Babingion, Esq., of Cambridge, a distinguished botanist.
Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms [Myrtacea?]. Linn. i2-/cosan-
dria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Leptospermum and now
referred to Baeckea.)

A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened wood in sand and peat in close frame ; pot in
loam, leaf-mould, well dried cow-manure and sand added ;
good drainage. Winter temp., 45° to 50°.

B. Camphoro' smce (camphor-smelling). 7. Pinkish.
July. Swan River. 1841.

BACA'SIA. See BARNADE'SIA.

BA'CCHARIS. Ploughman's Spikenard. (From Bac-
chus, wine ; referring to the spicy odour of the roots.
The ancients sometimes boiled down their wines, and
mixed them with such spices. Nat. ord. Composites
[Composita?]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua.)

Cuttings under glass, with or without heat, according
as the species are stove, greenhouse, or hardy ; loam and
peat.

GREENHOUSE.

B. ala'ta (winged-stemmed). See B. GENISTELLOIDES.
,, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. White. July. N.

Amer. 1812.
,. genistelloi'des. 5. Pale yellow. December. Peru.

1829.
„ ivcefo'lia (iva-leaved). See CONYZA IV/EFOLIA.

STOVE.
B. adna'ta (adhering-stamened). See PLUCHEA SUBDE-

CURRENS.

,, confe'rta (crowded). 3. White. July. Mexico.

1826.
„ glutino'sa (clammy). 3. White. August. Peru.

1824.

„ i'ndica. See PLUCHEA INDICA.
„ margina'lis. 3. White. July. Peru. 1820.
,, scopa'ria. 3. Cream-coloured. July. Jamaica.

1820.
,. tripline'rvis. Purple. November. Brazil. 1825.

HARDY.

B. Diosco'ridis. See PLUCHEA DIOSCORIDIS.
„ glomeruliflo'ra. 3. White. August. N. Amer. 1817.

B. halimifo'lia. 6 to 12. White. July. N. Amer.
" Groundsel Tree."

,, lycopodioi'des. See ERIOTHRIX JUNIPERIFOLIA.

,, neriifo'lia. See BRACHYL^NA NEREIFOLIA.

,, patago'nica. Strait of Magellan.

,, sali'cina (Spath Cat., 1894, 5). 6. Gray-green
leaves. Western N. Amer.

,, tri'tnera (R. H., 1896, 152, ff. 50-52). See B. GENIS-
TELLOIDES.

BACKHO'USIA. (Complimentary to the late Mr.
James Backhouse, of York, a noted botanical traveller.
Nat. ord. Myrtaceae.)

A greenhouse evergreen shrub, propagated from half-
ripened growths in spring, in sandy soil, close frame. Pot
in loam, leaf-mould, and sand, but if loam is heavy add
some peat.

B. myrtifo'lia (B. M., t. 4133). 16. White. May.
New South Wales. 1844.

BACO'NIA. A synonym of Pavetta.

BA'CTRIS. (From baktron, a cane ; the young stems
being used for walking-sticks. Nat. ord. Palms [Pal-
maceae]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, 6-Hexandria. Allied to
Cocos.)

Palm walking-sticks are much used in England, under
the name of Penang lawyers. All stove palms. Seeds ;
sandy loam. Summer temp., 65° to 85° ; winter, 60°.

B. baculi'fera. Leaves pinnate. 2 ft. to 6 ft. long.

Mexico.

,, caryotcefo'lia (caryota-leaved). 10. Brazil. 1825.
„ cuspida'ta (tapering-leaved). 20. Brazil. 1826.
,, ftavispi'na. See B. PALLIDISPINA.
„ globo'sa mi'nor. See ACROCOMIA MINOR.
,. guiane'nsis (Guiana). 16. Guiana. 1820.
,, macraca'ntha (long-spined) . 20. Brazil. 1823.
,, ma'jor (greater). 25. Carthagena. 1800.
„ Mara'ja (Maraja Palm). 30 to 50. Yellow. Bahia.

1868.

,, mi'nor (less). 12. S. Amer. 1691.
,, pallidispi 'na (pale-spined). Guiana.
,, pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 15. Brazil. 1825.
,, simpli'cifrons (leaves undivided). Brazil.
,, trichospa' tha (hairy spathed). Brazil.

BACULA'RIA. (From baculum, a walking-stick.
Nat. ord. Palmaceas.)

This genus contains two species ; the species monosta'-
chya, is known as the Walking-stick Palm, by reason of
its providing slender sticks useful for the purpose. Raised
from seeds, and ordinary treatment as for temperate
Palms.

B. mi'nor. Leaves 3^ ft. Queensland.
„ monosta'chya (B. M., t. 6644). 10. New South
Wales. 1824. Syn. Areca monostachya.

BADGER'S BANE. Aconi'tum melo'ctonum.

BJE'A. (Named in compliment to the Rev. Dr.
Beau, of Toulon, brother-in-law to Commerson, the
discoverer of the genus. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae. The
name is more correctly written Bcea.)

Interesting herbaceous perennials, raised from seeds
in good rich loam, greenhouse treatment.

B. hygrome'trica (B. M., t. 6468). Pale blue, yellow
throat. Summer. N. China. 1868.

BJE'CKEA. (Named after Dr. Back, a Swedish
physician. Nat. ord. Myrtle-blooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn.
9,-Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. All white-flowered.
Cuttings in spring, under a glass ; sandy peat, and
lumpy, fibrous loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

B. astarteoi'des. 3. White, shaded pink. June.
Australia. 1881.

,, camphor a' ta (camphor-scented). 3. July. N.Holland.
1818.

., Camphoro smce (B. R., 1842, t. 10, 7). Pinkish.
July. Swan River. 1841. Syn. Babingtonia
Camphorosmce.

„ densifo'lia (thickly-leaved). 3. September. New
South Wales.

,, diosmifo'lia (diosma-leaved). 3. August. N. Hol-
land. 1824.

„ frute'scens (shrubby). 3. November. China. 1806.

B^EOBOTRYS

94

BALSAM

B. gra'cilis (slender). 2. N. Holland. 1826.
., linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 3. August. N. Holland. 1818.
,, pa'rvula (Gfl., t. 886, f. 2). See B. VIRGATA.
,, ramosi'ssima (branchiest). 3. N. Holland. 1824.
„ saxi'cola (rock-dwelling). 2. July. N. Holland.

1824.
, virga'ta (twiggy). 3. September. New Caledonia.

1806.

BffiOBO'TRYS I'NDICA (B. M., t. 2052). See M^SA

INDICA.

B. pube'scens. See M^SSA PUBESCENS.

BJEOMETRA. (From baios, small, and metron, a
measure, or height ; literally, of small stature. Nat. ord.
Liliaceaa.)

Half-hardy or greenhouse bulb. Offsets. Loam, peat,
and sand.

B. columella'ris (small-column). J. White, yellow. June.
S. Africa. 1787.

B^E'RIA. (Named after Professor Beer, of the Uni-
versity of Dorpat. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superftua.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds, in March and April ; common
soil.
B. chryso'stoma (golden-mouthed), i. Yellow. May.

California. 1835.

„ gra'cilis (B. M., t. 3758). Yellow. California. Syn.
Burrielia gracilis.

BAHTA. (Apparently from Port of Bahia or San
Salvador, S. Amer. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Useful hardy herbaceous perennials of branching habit
and silvery grey appearance, propagated from seed or
divisions.

B. confertifto'ra (Gfl., 1888, 329, t. 1275, f. i). Yellow
radiate flower heads. California.) See ERIOPHYL-
LUM CONFERTIFLORUM.

„ lana'ta (B. R., t. 1167). Yellow. May. N. Amer.

See ERIOPHYLLUM CJESPITOSUM.
,, oppositifo'lia. i. Yellow. N. W. Amer. Syn.

ERIOPHYLLUM OPPOSITIFOLIUM.

BAIKI2E A. (Probably commemorative. Nat. ord.
Leguminosa?.)

Evergreen stove tree. Cuttings in sand in a close case,
with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
B. insi'gnis (remarkable). 30-40. Lemon-yellow, snow-
white, 10 in. across. W. Trop. Africa. 1909.

BAKED is a term descriptive of the hard, impervious
state of clayey soils, long exposed to drought. It can
be prevented only by altering the staple of the soil, by
the admixture of sand, chalk, coal-ashes, and other
matters less cohesive than clay.

BAKE'RIA OF ANDRE'. (Named after Mr. J. G.
Baker, F.R.S., of Kew. Nat. ord. Bromeliaceae.)

Treatment as for Tillandsias, which require stove
temperature.

B. tillandsioi' des (R. H., 1889, t. 84). Rosy-purple.
Brazil.

BAKE'RIA OF SEEMANN. (Nat. ord. Araliaceaa.)
A synonym of Plerandra. This is quite a different plant
to the above, being a small tree with digitate leaves,
raised from seeds.
B. vitie'nsis (Gfl., 1887, 71). Fiji. See PLERANDRA

VITIENSIS.

BALA'KA. (The native name. Nat. ord. Pal-
maceae.)

Stove palms. Seeds. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
B. perbre'vis (very short). Fiji.
„ Seema'nni (Seeman's). Fiji.

BALANI'NUS NU'CUM. The Nutweevil. See CO'RY-

LUS.

BALA'NTIUM. (From balantion, a purse ; referring
to the shape of the seed-pouch, or indusium, on the back
of the leaf. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Crypto-
gamia, i-Filices.)

StoveTierbaceous Ferns. Divisions ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 50° to 60°. Now
referred to Dicksonia.
B. Cu'lcita (cushion). 3. Brown. August. Madeira.

BALBI'SIA. (Named after Giovanni Battista Balbis,
a Turin Professor of Botany. Nat. ord. Geraniaceas.)

A pretty, half-hardy, evergreen shrub, may be grown
in the open in summer and in the greenhouse in winter ;
seeds or cuttings ; light loamy soil.

B. verticilla' ta (B. M., t. 6170). 3 to 6. Yellow. Chili.
1846. Syn. LEDOCARPON VERTICILLATUM.

BALCONY. A word probably derived from the
Persian, signifying an ornamentally-barred window, and
by us applied to a frame, usually of iron, and encom-
passed with a balustrade, placed in front of one window,
or of several windows. It is an excellent place for giving
air to room-plants, and for the cultivation of some
flowers.

BALDINGE'RA. A synonym of Premna.
BALLO'TA. (The Greek name. Nat. ord. Labiatae.)

B. cine'rea. See ROYLEA ELEGANS.
,, P sen' do-dicta' mnus (false-Dictamnus). Crete. " False

Dittany of Crete."
,, suave' olens (W. G., 1889, 81). See HYPTIS SUAVEO-

LENS.

BALM. (Meli'ssa offlcina'lis). This hardy herbaceous
plant has a citron scent and aromatic flavour. It is
cultivated now only for making a grateful drink for the
sick.

The Soil best suited to its growth is any poor and
friable, but rather inclining to clayey than sandy.
Manure is never required. An eastern aspect is best
for it.

Planting. — It is propagated by root division (of which
the smallest piece will grow), and by slips of the young
shoots. The first mode any time during the spring and
autumn, but by slips only during May or June. If
divisions of an old plant are employed, they may be
planted at once where they are to remain, at twelve
inches apart ; but if by slips, they must be inserted in a
shady border, to be thence removed, in September or
October, to where they are to remain. At every removal
water must be given, if dry weather, and until they are
established. During the summer they require only to
be kept clear of weeds. In October the old beds (which
may stand for many years) require to be dressed, their
decayed leaves and stalks cleared away, and the soil
loosened by the hoe or slight digging.

Old beds may be gathered from in July for drying, but
their green leaves, from March to September ; and those
planted in spring will even afford a gathering in the
autumn of the same year. For drying, the stalks are
cut, with their full clothing of leaves, to the very bottom,
and the drying completed gradually in the shade.

BALM OF GELEAD. Dracoce'phalum canarie'nse and
Cedrone'lla triphy'lla.

BALSAM AND BALSAMI'NA. See IMPA'TIENS.
BALSAM APPLE. Momo'rdica Balsami'na.

BALSAMTTA. (From balsamon, greasy, referring to
the viscid glands on the plant. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Hardy, herbaceous plant that may be grown in any
good garden soil. Propagation by division of the plant
in spring.

B. vulga'ris (common). See CHRYSANTHEMUM BALSA-

MITA.

BALSAMODE'NDRON. (From balsamon, balm, or
balsam, and dendron, a tree. Nat. ord. Burserads
[Burseracea?]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Moiwgynia.)

According to Capt. Harris, Myrrh is obtained, on the
Abyssinian coast, from a species of this genus ; and the
Balesson of Bruce, or Balm of Mecca, is the produce of
another species of this Balsam-tree. It is a stove tree.
Sandy loam, and a little rotten dung ; cuttings of ripe
young wood in April, under a glass, and in heat. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

B. madagascarie'nse. White. August. Madagascar.
,, My'rrha. " Myrrh." Arabia.
,, zeyla'nicum (Ceylon). See CANARIUM ZEYLANICUM,

BALSAM OF COPAIBA.

BALSAMS

95

BANISTER I A

BALSAMS. By this name are usually known the
varieties of the common annual, Impa'titns Balsami'na,
by some needlessly separated, with a few others, into a
separate genus, and called Balsami'na korte'nsis.

Culture.— The chief object in cultivating these is their
fine, large, double flowers ; and, to secure this object,
seed should be saved only from the finest plants ; and,
if the seed is several years old, the plants will be less
luxuriant, and the blooms will be more double.

To have them very fine, the seed should be sown in a
sweet hotbed, in the middle of March ; the plants pricked
out into small pots when three inches in height, using
light, rich soil, shifting them again, and successively,
never allowing them to be pot-bound, and plunging the
pots into a medium temperature of 75°, until some time
after their last shifting into eight, twelve, or sixteen-
inch pots, according as you aim at moderate-sized or
very large specimens. Allow, all the time, a current of
air, less or more, according to the weather, to keep the
plants bushy, and using richer materials every time of
potting, until the last soil used may consist of nearly as
much very rotten, but sweet dung (cow-dung is best),
as turfv, sandy loam.

Successions may be sown in April and May, and treated
in a similar manner, either for pots, or to be turned into
beds, where they frequently do well until the middle of
October.

When you cannot accommodate any but the best
flowers in the greenhouse, adopt the following method : —
After pricking out into three or four-inch pots, and
plunging them in the bed, allow the pots to get full of
roots, keep them drier and cooler, and give plenty of
air, which will soon cause flowers to appear ; then select
plants with best flowers, rub every flower-bud off them,
fresh pot, disentangling the roots a little as you proceed,
and grow them on as advised above ; and what you lose
in time you will make up in selectness.

BALSAM-TREE. Clu'sia.

BALTLMORA. (Nat. ord. Composite.) A stout
plant of little value for cultivation, raised from seeds
and grown in good loam.

B. re' eta. i. Yellow. July. Mexico. Syn. Fouge-
rouxia recta.

BAMBU'SA, Bamboo Cane. (From bambos, its
Indian name. Nat. ord. Grasses [Graminea3]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

The very young shoots of the Bamboo are eaten in
India as asparagus. All hardy shrubs except where
described as stove. Suckers, in spring or autumn ; rich
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 65°.

Since the publication of the earlier editions of this work
much more attention has been paid to the culture of the
Bamboos, and they are much appreciated as pot plants ;
the best varieties for this purpose being Arundinaria
falcata (also known as Bambusa), Phyllostachys aurea
(also known as Bambusa), Bambusa vulgaris, B. v. striata,
and Arundinaria Simoni, of which there is a pretty
variegated variety. It is remarkable that after once
flowering and prdducing seed the old plants die away.
It is many years ago when a fine specimen of Arundinaria
flowered at Syon House, and then died off. A large
batch of seedlings were raised at the R.H.S. gardens,
Chiswick, from the seed of that unique specimen. Many
other instances have occurred since.

All the Bamboos may be increased by divisions and
should be grown in good loamy soil, requiring but little
manure, but plenty of water. Bamboo gardens are now
a great feature in many large gardens. It was at Kew
where a large collection was planted, that first created
the idea of Bamboo gardens. They may be grown in
almost any sheltered position, but succeed best on the
banks of a running stream, or near a pond or lake, sur-
rounded by trees to protect them from gales of wind in
winter, when the foliage will keep green till the young
leaves develop in May and June.

B. angustifo'lia (Card., 1894, xlvi. 547). Syn. B. Vil-

morini. Japan.

„ ansta'ta (awned). See ARUNDINARIA ARISTATA.
,, arundina'cta (reed like). 40. Apetal. E. Ind. 1730.

Stove.

„ ,, spino'sa (spiny). 1820.
„ au'rea. See PHYLLOSTACHYS ADREA.

B. Castillo'ni (Rev. Hort, 1886, p. 513, f. 122). See

PHYLLOSTACHYS QUILIOI CASTILLONIS.
,. chrysa'ntha (G. C., 1894, xv. 368). See ARUNDINARIA

CHRYSANTHA.

„ di'sticha (Gard., 1894. xlvi. 547)-

,, Fortu'nei (Fl. Ser., t. 1535). See ARUNDINARIA
FORTUNEI.

,, glau'ca (milky-green). See B. NANA OF ROXBURGH.

,, gra'cilis. See ARUNDINARIA FALCATA.

„ Heno'nis (G. C., 1894, xv. 368). See PHYLLOSTACHYS
HENONIS.

,, heterocy'da. See PHYLLOSTACHYS MITIS HETEROCYCLA.

,, japo'nica. See ARUNDINARIA JAPONICA.

,. Laydekc'ri (G. C., 1894, xv. 368). See ARUNDINARIA
LAYDEKERI.

,, marmo'rea (Gard., 1894, xlvi. 547). See ARUNDI-
NARIA KOKANTSIK.

„ Maximowi'czii. See ARUNDINARIA SIMONI.

„ „ vitta'ta. See ARUNDINARIA SIMONI VARIEGATA.

,, Meta'ke. See ARUNDINARIA JAPONICA.

„ mftis. See PHYLLOSTACHYS MITIS.

„ Naga'shima (Gard., 1894, xlvi. 547). Dwarf bamboo.

Japan.

,, na'na of gardens. See BAMBUSA DISTICHA.
,, na'na of Roxburgh. Japan. Stove.
„ ni'gra (black). See PHYLLOSTACHYS NIGRA.
,, pube'scens (downy). See DENDROCALAMUS STRICTUS.
,, pu'mila (G. C., 1894, xv. 368). See ARUNDINARIA

PUMILA.
„ pygmce'a (G. C., 1894, xv. 368). See ARUNDINARIA

PYGMjEA.

,, Quilio'i. See PHYLLOSTACHYS QUILIOI.

,, Ragamo'skii. See B. TESSELLATA.

.. senane'nsis (G., 1894, xlvi. 546). Apparently iden-
tical with Arundinaria Veitchii. Japan.

,, Simo'nii. See ARUNDINARIA SIMONI.

,, spino'sa (spiny). 20. ApetaL E. Ind. 1820.
Stove. See B. ARUNDINACEA SPINOSA.

„ stria'ta (B. M., t. 6079). See B. VULGARIS.

„ stri'cia (upright). See DENDROCALAMUS STRICTUS.

,, sulphu'rea. See PHYLLOSTACHYS SULPHUREA.

„ tessdla'ta. Syn. B. Ragamowski. China and Japan.

„ varifga'ta. See ARUNDINARIA FORTUNEI.

., Vei'tchii (R. H., 1888, 90). See ARUNDINARIA
VEITCHII.

,, verticilla'ta(wboTl- flowered). See GIGANTOCHLOA VER-

TICILLATA.

„ viola'scens. See PHYLLOSTACHYS VIOLASCENS.

„ vfridi-glauce'sctns. See PHYLLOSTACHYS VIRIDI-

GLAUCESCENS.

„ vi'ridi-stria'ta. See ARUNDINARIA SIMONI.

„ vulga'ris (common). Stove. India.

,, „ constrictino' da (narrow- join ted). Stove.

„ „ stria'ta (B. M., t. 6079). Stove.

„ Weisene'ri. Japan. 1887.

BANANA, or PLANTAIN. Mu'sa.

When the earlier editions of this work were published,
Bananas were hardly known as edible fruit, now they
are seen in the streets every day. It is from foreign im-
ports that our supplies are chiefly derived. Those from
Jamaica are the largest, and most showy. The variety-
is known as grosse Michael. The flavour is not so good
as the smaller fruit which we get from the Canary
Islands. Good varieties are also received from the
West Indian Islands ; these include the " Claret," which
has a dark skin and is one of the best flavoured. The
Fig-Banana is also a good flavoured variety, but not
large enough for general commercial purposes. Of
varieties grown in England M. Cavendishi is the best,
being dwarf and fruiting freely, and, when ripened before
being gathered, the flavour is superior to those imported.
For culture, see MUSA.

BANDEIR2E A. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Leguminosae. Allied to Bauhinia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand under
a bell-glass. Sandy peat and fibrous loam.

B. simplicifp'lia (simple-leaved). Purple or red. June.
S. Africa. 1816.

BANE-BERRY. Actafa. »

BANISTERIA. (Named after the Rev. J. Banister,
a zealous botanist. Nat. ord. Malpighiads [Malpighia-
ceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria,

BANKS

96

BAPTISIA

Stove plants. Sandy loam and peat ; cuttings of half-
ripened wood in heat, under glass. Summer temp., 60°
to 90° ; winter, 60° to 65°.

TWINERS.

B. argyrophy'lla (silvery-leaved). Brazil.
„ auricul'ata. See STIGMAPHYLLON AURICULATUM.
„ chrysoph'ylla (golden-leaved). See HETEROPTERIS

CHRYSOPHYLLA.

„ cilia'ta (fringed). See STIGMAPHYLLON CILIATUM.
,, dicho'toma (fork-branched). See STIGMAPHYLLON

CONVOLVULIFOLIUM.

,, emargina'ta (notched). See STIGMAPHYLLON EMAR-

GINATUM.

,, ni'tens (shining). See B. ARGYROPHYLLA.

,, seri'cea (silky). See HETEROPTERIS SERICEA.

,, sinemarie'nsis (Guiana). See STIGMAPHYLLON PUBE-

RUM.

„ te'nuis (slender). See HETEROPTERIS UMBELLATA.
„ tilicefo'lia (lime-leaved). Purple. August. Java.

1820.
,, tomento'sa. (felted). See STIGMAPHYLLON EMARGI-

NATUM.

,, zanziba'rica (Zanzibar). See ACRIDOCARPUS ZANZI-
BARICUS.

SHRUBS.

B. ferrugi'nea (rusty). 10. Yellow. Brazil. 1820.
„ fv'lgens (shining- fruited). 6. Yellow. Guadaloupe

Island.
„ humboldtia'na (Humboldt's). See STIGMAPHYLLON

HUMBOLDTIANUM.

„ laurifo'lia (bay-leaved). See HETEROPTERIS LAURI-
FOLIA.

,, ova'ta (egg-shaped). See BRACHYPTERYS BOREALIS.

,, periploccefo'lia (Periploca-leaved). See STIGMAPHYL-
LON PERIPLOC^EFOLIUM.

,, sple'ndens (shining). See STIGMAPHYLLON FULGENS.

BANKS (SLOPING) are very desirable in a kitchen-
garden, not only because they aid in forwarding the crops
on their south front, and retarding those on their north
front, but because they much increase the cultivatable
surface. Supposing the banks to run east and west,
the south side, especially as respects all low-growing
things, such as French beans, potatoes, &c., will produce
eight days earlier than when cultivated on a level ; while
the north side will retain lettuces, &c., during summer,
much longer fit for the table. The surface of the ground
is also increased, notwithstanding learned assertions to
the contrary. In making them, at first, in shallow soils,
they should not be wider than six feet at the base ; but,
as the soil becomes improved, they may be from ten to
twelve feet in width. In deep soils, the banks may be
formed by trenching in the usual manner, only throwing
them into shape by a line and stakes. In thin soils, care
should be taken to have plenty of room in the first open-
ing to stir the sub-soil, and then replace again the surface-
soil on the surface. The accompanying sketch will give
some idea as to how they are formed, each ridge being
twelve feet wide at the base. A B is the ground level,
c the apex of the ridge, and d d paths between. Of
course they could not be raised so high, at first, without
impoverishing the other ground. If drained beneath
the paths, all the better ; for, in heavy land, without
drainage and deep stirring, the moisture will be long
retained. If at c there is a board fixed, or even a row of
dwarf, hardy peas, the south side will be rendered still
warmer, and the north side more cool and late. Such
banks, therefore, may not only be used for vegetables,
but also for accelerating and retarding fruits, such as the
strawberry. Owing to the depth of soil thus obtained, if
the surface is kept stirred, you will never need much of
the water-pot, even hi the driest weather. The right
hand, or south side, should be the longest ; and, in a
succession of ridges, the northernmost one should be
the highest.

BA'NKSIA. (Named after Sir Joseph Banks, a dis-
tinguished patron of natural history. Nat. ord. Proteads
[Proteaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

All interesting greenhouse plants, from New Holland.
Seeds, when obtainable, should be sown in spring or
summer, in sandy peat and loam, and placed in the
greenhouse ; seedlings potted off as soon as they can be

handled, otherwise they will damp off. Some kinds are
most easily propagated by layers, and a few rare ones
by grafting ; but most are obtained by cuttings of the
ripened shoots, with most of the leaves attached, inserted
by the sides of a pot, placed under a hand-light, kept
close, and shaded from sunshine during the day, and air
given, and the glass removed for a tune during the night.
Sandy peat, with a little loam to the more strong-growing.
Summer temp., 50° to 65° ; winter, 35° to 45°.

B. cn'mula (B. ML, t. 2671). 20. 1824. Syn. B. elatior.
„ attenua'ta (tapering). 6. Yellow. 1794.
„ austra'lis (southern). See B. MARGINATA.
, Baue'ri (Bauer's). Red.
, Baxte'ri (Baxter's). 8. White.
, Bro'wnii (Miss Brown's). 1830.
, Cale'yi (Caley's). 1830.

, cocci'nea (scsxlet- flowered). 6. Scarlet. 1803.
, colli'na (hill). 6. Yellow. 1800.
, co'mpar (well-matched). See B. INTEGRIFOLIA.
,, Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). See B. COLLINA.
„ cylindrosta'chya (cylindric-spiked) . See B. ATTENU-

ATA.

„ denta'ta (toothed). 4. Yellow. 1822.
,, dryandroi'des (Dryandra-like). 6. Yellow. 1822.
,, ela'tior (taller). See B. JEMULA.
„ ericxfo'lia (heath-leaved). 6. Yellow. 1788.
„ Goo'dii (Good's). 1830.
,, gra'ndis (great- flowered). 2. Yellow. 1794.
,, hookeria'no. (Hooker's). 6. Purple. 1853.
„ Huege'lii(Huegel's). Yellow. 1837.
,, ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). Scarlet. 1837.
„ insula'ris (island). See B. MARGINATA.
,, integrifp'lia (whole-leaved). 12. Yellow. 1788.
,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 30. Green. July. 1802.
„ littora'lis (seashore). (B. R., t. 1363.) See B.

COLLINA.

„ marce'scens (permanent-leaved). 6. Yellow. 1794.
„ margina'ta (bordered). 6. Yellow. July. 1804.
„ me'dia (mediate). 6. Yellow. 1824.
„ Menzie'sii (Menzies's). Yellow. 1837.
, nu'tans (n.odiA.m.g- flowered). 4. Yellow. June. 1803.
, oblongifo'lia (oblong- leaved). See B. MARGINATA.
, occidenta'lis (western). 8. Red. King George's

Sound.

, paludo'sa (marshy). See B. INTEGRIFOLIA.
, prostra'ta (prostrate). 2. Yellow. 1824.

pulche'lla (neat- flowered). 6. Yellow. 1805.

quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). 5. Yellow. 1805.

re' pens (creeping). 3.

serra'ta (B. R., t. 1316). 20. Red.

Sola'ndri (Solander's). 6. 1830.

specie' so, (showy). 6. Yellow. July. 1805.

sphceroca'rpa (round- fruited). 6. Yellow. 1803.

spinulo'sa (small-spined). 6. Yellow. August.

1788.

„ verticilla'ta (whorled). 12. Yellow. August. 1794.
,, Victo'rice (B. M., t. 4906). 12. Yellow. Swan River.
1842.

BA'OBAB-TREE. Adanso'nia.

BA'PHIA. (From baphe, a dye ; the Camwood or
Barwood, from which a brilliant red colour is obtained,
is from B. ni'tida. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legu-
minosa?]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
the Carob-tree.)

Stove tree. Cuttings ; sandy peat. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

B. ni'tida (shining). 30. White. August. Sierra Leone.
1793-

BAPTTSIA. (From bapto, to dye ; some of the species
possessing dyeing properties. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosas]. Linn. ic-Decandria, i-Monogynia. •
Allied to Podalyria.)

Hardy herbaceous plants, except where otherwise
specified. Division ; common border-soil.

B. a'lba (white-flowered). 2. White. June. N. Amer.

1724.

,, auricula'ta (eared). Blue. June. N. Amer. 1812.
„ austra'lis (southern). 2j. Blue. June. N. Amer.

1758.
„ ,, mi' nor (smaller), ij. Blue. June. N. Amer.

1829.
,, confu'sa (confused). Blue. June. N. Amer. 1812.

BARBACENIA

97

BARLERIA

B. exalta'ta (exalted). 3. White. June. N. Amer.

1724.
,. lanceola'ta (lanceolate), i. Yellow. July. N.

Amer. 1818.

„ leuca'ntha (white flowered). 2. White. N. Amer.
„ leucophce'a(B. M., t. 5900). White. July. N. Amer.

1870.

„ mi' nor (smaller). See B. AUSTRALIS MINOR.
, mo'llis (soft). See THERMOPSIS MOLLIS.
, perfolia'ta (perfoh'ate). 3. Yellow. August. Caro-
lina. 1732.
, Sere'niz. N. Amer.
, sphceroca'rpa (globose-fruited). Texas.
, tincto'ria (dyer's), ij. Yellow. July. N. Amer.

1750. " Wild Indigo."
„ versi' color (various-coloured). 4. Light purple. July.

N. Amer. 1824.

„ villo'sa (long-haired). 2. Yellow. June. N. Amer.
1811.

BARBACENIA. (Named after M. Barbacena, a
governor of Minas Geraes. Nat. ord. Bloodroots [Amaryl-
lidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Vellozia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Divisions ; sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
B. gra'cilis (slender). See DASYLIRIO.V ACROTRICHUM.
„ purpu'rea (purple- flowered) . Purple. July. Brazil.

1825.

„ Rogie'rii (Rogers's). Purplish-violet. 1850.
„ „ hy'bridce (Fl. Ser., t. 1152).
„ sangui'nea (blood-coloured). Deep crimson. 1847.
„ squama' ta (scaly-stalked) . $. Yellow, crimson. March.
Brazil. 1841.

BARBADOES CEDAR. Juni'perus barbadtfnsis.
BARBADOES CHERRY. Malpi'ghia.
BARBADOES GOOSEBERRY. Pere'skia.
BARBADOES LILY. Hippea' strum eque'stre.
BARBADOES PRIOR Adenanihe'ra pavoni'na.

BARBARE A. Winter Cress. (From being formerly

called the herb of Sta. Barbara. Nat. ord. Crucifers

[Crucifera?]. Linn. is-Tetradynamia. Allied to Arabis.)

All hardy herbaceous biennials. Seeds ; common soil.

B. arcua'ta (bowed). 2. Yellow. July. Germany. 1833.

„ ortho'ceras (straight-podded), ij. Yellow. June.

Siberia.
„ pra'cox (American-cress). i. Yellow. October.

England.
„ stri'cta (upright). Yellow. Britain. Hardy biennial.

Raised from seed.

„ vulga'ris (common), ij. Yellow. July. Britain.
„ „ flo're pie' no. A useful border plant with double

flowers.

,, ,, variega'ta. An attractive form.
BARBE RIA. See BARLERIOLA.

BARBERRY. (Be'rberis vulga'ris.) There are five
varieties of the Common Barberry : the red, without and
with stones ; the black sweet, which is tender, and requires
a sheltered border ; the purple ; and the white. The
seedless (B. vulga'ris aspe'rma) is mostly preferred for
preserving purposes. The fruit is acid, and the bark is
very astringent.

Propagation. — Suckers, cuttings, and layers may be
employed, either in the spring or autumn. The seed is
very rarely used.

Soil. — A sandy or calcareous soil, with a dry sub-soil,
suits it best.

Culture. — It requires no other pruning than such as is
necessary to keep it within bounds. As the fruit is very
tedious to gather, it is well to keep the middle of the tree
open by pruning, somewhat like gooseberry-pruning.
Their spines are so formidable, that we have known the
common kinds used with good effect to stop gaps in
hedges liable to much trespass.

Fruit.— This is fully ripe in October, and is gathered
in entire bunches for preserving, pickling, and candying.

Diseases.— It is liable to be infected with a parasitical
fungus, the cluster cups of the Barberry (&cidium
berberidis), which is an early or spring stage of Puccinia
graminis. This first gives rise to the Uredo or rust stage

on wheat, and afterwards to the black or brand stage,
and which is the true Puccinia. This latter rests through
the winter, producing spores in spring that again attack
the Barberry, thus repeating its life history.

BARBHTRIA. (Named after /. B. G. Barbier, M.D..
a French naturalist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, \-Decandria. Allied
to Ca janus.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
wood in sand, under a glass ; sandy peat and loam.
Summer temp., 68° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

B. polyphy'lla (many-leaved). Reddish- purple. Porto
Rico. 1818.

BARK. The exterior part of the trunks, or stems of
plants and trees. And if this covering is damaged in any
way it may cause canker, and in the case of its being
broken off the entire circumference of the stem it may
cause the upper portion to die off. Th,e bark of the
oak is extensively used by tanners in the preparation of
leather. For this purpose it is stripped from the trunks
of trees cut down early in the year ; the best bark is that
from trees cut down about the time the sap begins to rise.

After the bark has been used by the tanners it comes
in useful for garden purposes, formerly it was used ex-
tensively for heating purposes, but since we have had
so much better facilities for heating by hot water it has
gone out of use to a great extent. As a manure it is also
used, but for this purpose it must be laid up for a con-
siderable period. The only objection to its use is that
various fungi are often a trouble where it is used, other-
wise it is good manure. Perhaps the best way is to burn
it and use the ashes.

BARE BOUND. This is a term applied to cases where
the bark, instead of expanding with the growth of stems,
splits. This may be remedied by washing with a solution
of soft soap and keeping the stems moist with soft
water (rain-water).

BARE-STOVE. This is now an obsolete term, for no
stoves are heated by fermenting material, as in years
gone by. In gardens the bark from the tan-yards is
known simply as tan.

BAREFRIA. (After the late Mr. Barker, of Birming-
ham, an ardent cultivator of orchids. Nat. ord. Orchids
[Orchidaces]. Linn. -zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied
to Laelia.) Now included in Epidendrum.

Stove orchids, divisions ; fibrous peat and sphagnum,
in shallow baskets. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
55° to 60°.

B. Barkeri'ola. Rose and white lip. 1884.
„ cyclote'lla (G. C., 1880, xiii. 72, f. 15).
„ e'legans (elegant), ij. Light rose. Mexico. 1836.
„ „ nobi'lior (G. C., 1886, xxv. 234). Large flowered.
„ Lawrence' a (Mrs. Lawrence's), i. Pink. Guate-
mala. 1847.
„ lindleya'na (Dr. Lindley's). i. Purple and white.

November. Costa Rica. 1842.
„ „ Cente'rce. Rosy-lilac. Costa Rica. 1873.
„ melanocau'lon (dark-stemmed), i. Lilac. June.

Costa Rica. 1848.

,, Skinne'ri (Mr. Skinner's), ij. Pink. Guatemala.
,, „ supe'rbum(W.S.tO.,38). Dark rose. Guatemala.
,, specta'bUis (showy), i. Lilac and purple. July.

Guatemala. 1843.
„ vanneria'na (G. C., 1885, xxiv. 678).

BAREING IRONS, or BARE SCALERS, are for scrap-
ing off the hardy outer bark, or dry scales from the stems
and branches of trees.

BA'RELYA. (Named in honour of Sir H. Barkly,
formerly Governor of S. Australia. Ord. Leguminosag.)

A large tree requiring greenhouse treatment, and may

be grown in the open during the summer ; propagated

from seeds or cuttings of half-ripened wood, in close frame.

B. syringifo'lia. 30. Golden-yellow. Moreton Bay.

1858.

BARLFRIA. (After the Rev. J. Barrelier, of Paris.
Xat. ord. Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia,
2-Angiospermia.)

Stove evergreens, except B. longifo'lia. This may be
propagated by seed, the others by cuttings of the young

G

BARLERIOLA

98

BARRINGTONIA

wood, in heat, under a close frame. Pot in loam, leaf-
mould, and manure. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter,
50° to 60°.

B. a'Jba (white). See B. CRIST ATA.
,. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. White. July. E. Ind.

1768.

,, caru'lea (blue). See B. STRIGOSA.
„ crista'ta (crested). 2. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1796.
„ „ dicho'toma. Purple. E. Ind. 1823.
,, dicho'toma (twin-branched). See B. CRISTATA.
,, fla'va (yettow-flowered). 3. Yellow. July. Arabia.

1816. Syn. B. mitis.

„ Gibso'ni(B. M., t. 5628). Purple. India. 1867.
„ involucra'ta ela'ta. 6. Dark blue. Singapore. 1890.
„ lichtensteinia'na (G. C., 1870, p. 73).
,, longifto'ra (long-flowered). 3. July. E. Ind. 1816.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. White. August. E.

Ind. 1781. See HYGROPHILA SPINOSA.
,, lupuli'na (hop-headed). 2. Yellow. August.

Mauritius'. 1824.
„ Macke'nii (B. M., t. 5866). Purple. Spring. Natal.

1870.

„ mi'tis. See B. FLAVA.
„ monta'na. 9. Purple. September. E. Ind. 1818.

Syn. B. purpurea.
„ noctiflo'ra (night-flowering). 3. Red. April. E.

Ind. 1818.
„ Prioni'tis (pnonitis-like) . 3. Orange. July. E. Ind.

1759-

,, purpu'rea (purple). See B. MONTANA.
„ re'pens (B. M., t. 6954). Rose. Trop. Africa. 1887.
,, solanifo'lia (nightshade-leaved). See BARLERIOLA

SOLANIFOLIA.

„ strigo'sa (bristly). 2. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1820.

Syn. B. ccerulea.
„ tomcnto'sa (felted). S. India.

BARLERI'OLA. (Prom Barleria. Nat. ord. Acan-
thaceae.)

B. solanifo'lia. 2. Blue. W. Ind. Syn. Barleria
solam folia.

BARLEY. (Ho'rdeum vulga're.) A valuable cereal,
extensively used in the manufacture of beer and also
spirits.

BARNADE'SIA. (After Barnaday, a Spanish botanist.
Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
i-jEqualis. Allied to Mutisia.)

B. ro'sea, a very pretty deciduous shrub, requiring to
be kept nearly dry, in a greenhouse, in winter. Seeds
in hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half-ripened wood in
April, in sand, in close frame. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.

B. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Pale rose. S. Amer.

1844. An evergreen, requiring a cool stove. A

species of Chuquiraga.
„ ro'sea (rose-coloured), i. Pink. May. S. Amer.

1840.
„ spino'sa (spiny). See CHUQUIRAGA SPINOSA.

BARNA'RDIA. (Named after E. Barnard, F.L.S.
Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to the Squills, and now united with
Scilla.)

Half-hardy, bulbous-rooted plant. Offsets ; peat and
loam ; only wants a little protection in winter.
B. scilloi'des (squill-like). See SCILLA CHINENSIS.

BARO'METER, or WEATHER GLASS, so called from
two Greek words, signifying a measurer of weight, be-
cause it indicates the weight or pressure of the air. We
only admit a notice of this because, as a guide to approach-
ing changes of weather, it is useful to the gardener.

The Barometer is now so well understood by all
gardeners that it does not require any explanation,
except to say that after a few months' study it is not
difficult to follow the reading, and judge what the weather
may be.

BARO'SMA. (From barys, heavy, and osme, odour ;
referring to the powerful scent of the leaves. Nat. ord.
Rueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Diosma.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, all natives of the Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened wood in June, in

close, cool frame ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp.,
60° ; winter, 35° to 40°.

B betuli'na (birch-leaved). 2. White. June. 1790.
crena'ta (notched).

crenula'ta (finely notched). 3. Bluish. April.
dioi'ca (dioecious). 2. White. June. 1816.
fcetidi'ssima (most foetid). 2. June. 1824.
lanceola'ta (lance-shaped).
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). White. July. 1789.
ova'ta (egg-shaped-leaved). 2. White. May. 1790.
pulche'lla(neat). Purple. June. 1787.
scopa'ria (broom). i|. June. 1812.
serratifo'lia (B. M., t. 456). i to 3. White. March
to June. " Buchu."

BARRED. That part of a plant is said to be barred
which is striped with a lighter or darker colour than
the prevailing colour of that part.

BARREN PLANTS. In the older editions, under this
heading, the male flowers of Cucumbers, Melons, and
other monoecious flowers are termed barren, but the term
should be applied to such flowering plants as fail to pro-
duce perfect reproductive organs. In many distinct
hybrid plants this occurs ; we have an instance of this
in Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, and also in other hybrids ;
in the Begonia it is only after a long extended raceme of
flowers has been made that a terminal female flower
appears, and then there is no fertile pollen on the male
flowers. All the double stocks and other flowers which
produce petals in place of stamens prove barren. In
Ferns, where we get a multiplicity of growths, or what
are termed plumose varieties, they generally fail to
produce fertile spores. The ray, or enlarged outer
florets, of some composites are devoid of sexual organs,
and are further examples of barren flowers. It was over
sixty years after female plants of Aucuba japonica were
introduced before we had the male or pollen- bearing
plants, and up to somewhere about 1860 no berries were
ever seen on Aucubas, and they were supposed to be
barren, yet it is remarkable that the pollen is conveyed
from plants a long way off, and the female flowers
fertilised. Plants which produce perfectly fertile organs
are often prevented from maturing their seeds or fruits
through injudicious treatment. Too much moisture
and a close atmosphere causes barrenness. It may also
be caused by growing the plants too luxuriantly.

In fruits we have some in which the pulpy or edible
part is developed abnormally and no seeds are produced.
Taking Cucumbers, very fine examples may be grown
which will fail to produce perfect seeds even if carefully
fertilised. It may be worth adding that the inexperi-
enced often select the most perfect in appearance for
seed, with the result that no good seeds are found ; those
which produce the best seeds are considerably enlarged
in girth towards the terminal portion of their growth.
And it does not follow that plants are naturally barren
because they fail to produce seeds which will germinate ;
it may be necessary to artificially fertilise. It is so with
many of the improved garden varieties of plants.

BARREN SOIL. No soil is absolutely incapable of
production ; and when it is spoken of as being barren,
no more is meant than that, in its present state, it will
not repay the cultivator. The unproductiveness arises
from a deficiency of some of the necessary mineral
matters ; from an excess or deficiency of animal and
vegetable matters ; or from an excess of stagnant water.
No soil can be productive where nineteen parts out of
twenty are of any one earth or other substance. If either
chalk, or sand, or clay, be in excess, the remedy is found
in adding one or both of the other two. An excess of
organic matter only occurs in peat soils ; and these are
reclaimed by draining, paring, and burning, and the
addition of earthy matter. Drainage is also the cure
for an excess of water.

BARRENWORT. Epime'dium.

BARRINGTO NIA. (Named after the Hon. Daines
Barrington. Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn.
i6-Monadelphia, 8-Polyandria.)

Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. B. echina'ta and
platyphy'lla are separated into a genus, Commersonia.
Cuttings of ripe shoots under a glass, in a strong heat ,
lumpy loam and peat. Summer temp., 70° to 90° ;
winter, 60° to 65*.

BARROTIA

99

BASKETS

B. afuta'ngula. 20. Purple. Moluccas. 1822. Syns.

Stravadium acutangulum and rubrum.
„ Buto'ntca. 30. Scarlet. Indian Archipelago. 1786.
,. echina'ta (hedgehog-/™*/**). See COMMERSONIA

PLATYPHYLLA.

,, tnsi gnu (remarkable). Malaya.
.. plafyphyila (broad-leaved). See COMMERSONIA PLA-
TYPHYLLA.

,, r. :emo'sa (raceme-/Iot*T«f). 30. Red. Moluccas.

1820.
., specw'sa (showy). See B. BUTONICA.

BAREO TIA PANCHE RL See PAXDASUS.

BARTHOLI NA. (Named after Bartholin. a Danish
physiologist. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn.
zo^Gynnndna, i-Monosynia. Allied to Serapias.)

One of those terrestrial orchids from the Cape which
British gardeners have not yet succeeded in cultivating
easily. Greenhouse orchid ; division of the root ; sandy
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 45°.

B. pectina'ta (comb-leaved), x. Lilac. November.
Cape of Good Hope. 1787.

BARTO NIA. (Named after Dr. Barton, an American
botanist. Nat. ord. Loasads [Loasaceae]. Linn, iz-Ico-
tandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Mentzelia,
which see.)

Half-hardy plants ; seeds ; the biennials should be
sown in summer, and protected in a cold pit during the
winter ; the annuals may be sown in the open air, in
April, or in a slight hotbed, and transplanted ; most of
them delight in a sandy soil and a little peat. B. au'rea
does best where the soil is peaty and moist.

ANNUALS.

B. albc'scens (white-stalked). 2. White. Chili. 1831.
„ aura (golden-flowered). California. 1834. See
MENTZELIA LINDLEYI.

BIENNIALS.

B. nu'da (naked-seeded). See MENTZELIA NUDA.
„ orna'ta (ornamented). Syu. B. decapetala. See
MENTZELIA ORXATA.

BARTSIA. (Named after /. Bartch, M.D. Nat. ord.
Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn. n-Didynamia, 2-
i Angiospermia. Allied to Euphrasia.)

These require the treatment of choice alpines ; hardy
annual^ except alpina, which is perennial ; seeds in
April, on rock-work.

B. alpina (alpine). |. Purple. August. Britain.
„ cocci' nea. See CASTILLEJA COCCINEA.
,, lahfo'lia (broad-leaved). i. Purple. August.

South of Europe.
„ Iv't&i (yellow), ij. Purple. August. S. Europe.

1816.

„ Odonti'tes (odontites). f. Pink. August. Britain.
„ purpu'rea (purple), f. Purple. August. Europe.

1=26.
„ visco'sa (clammy). J. Yellow. July. Britain.

BARWOOD. Ba'phia ni'tida.
BARYO SMA, See BARO'SHA.

BASANACATfTHA. (Frcm basanos, a trial, or ordeal,
and acantha, a spine ; probably an ordeal plant of the
natives. Nat. ord. Rubiace*. Allied to Posoqueria.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand in bottom-
heat. Loam, peat, and sand.

B. arma'ta (armed). 7. White. May. Trop. Amer.
1818.

BASE LLA. Malabar Nightshade. Its Malabar name.
(Nat. ord. BaseUads [Chenopodiaceae]. Linn. $-Pfn-
ttmdna, i-Trigynia.)

B. alba and ru'bra are used as spinach in the East
Indies ; and B. ru'bra yields a rich purple dye ; not
easily fixed, however. Stove biennials, except where
otherwise specified, and mostly climbers. If sown in
good heat in February, and treated as a border annual,
they will flower freely the same season ; rich, lumpy soil.

B. alba (white). See B. RUBRA.
„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). See B. RUBRA.
„ lu 'cida (shining). See B. RUBRA.

B. margina'ta (bordered). See BOUSSINGAULTIA BASEL-

LOIDES.

„ ni'gra (black). See B. RUBRA.
„ ramo'sa (branchy). See B. RUBRA.
„ ru'bra (red). 8. Pink. August. E. Ind. 1731.
„ a'&a. 8. White. August. E. Ind. 1688.
„ cordifo'lia. 6. Pale purple. August. E. Ind.
1802.

„ lu'tida. 6. White. August. E. Ind. 1802.
„ ni'gra. 3. White. August. China. 1822.
„ ramo'sa. 6. August.
„ tubero'sa (tuberous). See ULLUCUS TUBEROSUS.

BASIL. (CTcim-urn.) There are two kinds, the Sweet-
scented (O. Basi'licum) and the Dwarf-bush (O. mi'ni-
mum). The young leaf -tops are the parts made use of
in soups and salads, their flavour resembling that of
cloves.

The supply is never-failing during summer, as they
shoot out rapidly for successional supplies.

Sow on a very gentle hotbed, under glass, about the
end of March or first of April, to raise plants for the
principal or main crop. The frame should be filled up
with earth to within three or four inches of the glass, or
very shallow frames may be used for purposes as these.
When the plants are up, give a little air by tilting the
lights ; and, as they advance, and the weather is warmer,
give them more air, until the lights may be taken off
altogether during the day, and put on at night. By the
above management, good, hardened plants will be fit
for planting out towards the end of May, or beginning of
June, into warm borders, or beds of light, rich earth. If
the weather be dry at the time of planting out, let the
beds be well watered previously to planting, and plant in
the evening. Lift the young plants from the seed-bed
with a tTinall fork or trowel, and plant them out with
care, eight or ten inches from plant to plant each way,
and water them, to settle the earth to the roots. Attend
to earth-stirring, and water when required, until the
plants are well established. If green tops are required
for earlier use, sow in pots, pans, or boxes, and place in
any heated structure.

To obtain Seed. — Some of the earliest-raised plants must
be left ungathered from. These flower from July to
September, and, accordingly, ripen their seed in early
or late autumn.

BASINING-UP. Banking-up is the term now usually
applied. By this term is meant raising a small bank
of earth entirely round a plant, so as to retain water
immediately about the roots.

BASKETS, employed by the London gardeners, being
made of osier or deal shavings, vary triflingly in size
more than measures made of less flexible materials.
They are as follows :—

Sea-kale punnets — eight inches diameter at the top,
and seven inches and a half at the bottom, and two
inches deep.

Mushroom punnets — seven inches by one inch.

Salading punnets — five inches by two inches.

Half sieve — contains three imperial gallons and a half.
It averages twelve inches and a half diameter, and six
inches in depth.

Sieve — contains seven imperial gallons. Diameter,
fifteen inches ; depth, eight inches. These baskets are
still in use.

Bushel basket — ought, when heaped, to contain an
imperial bushel. Diameter at bottom, ten inches ; at
top, fourteen inches and a half ; depth, seventeen inches.
The Sussex Bushel basket holds eight imperial gallons
when filled up to just below the rim of the basket.
Walnuts, nuts, apples, and potatoes are sold by this
measure. A bushel of the last named, cleaned, weighs
fifty-six pounds ; but four pounds additional are allowed
if they are not washed. Potatoes are now nearly always
sold by weight. After many tests we find seven pounds
is equal to a gallon, and there is little variation.

Strawberry baskets, cross-handle baskets holding from
four to five pounds, are extensively used by the growers in
the south-west of England ; they are also used for currants
and gooseberries, but do not yet appear to have come into
general use among the Kent growers. They are, how-
ever, very convenient.

BASKETS (RUSTIC). These are often suitable orna-
ments for the reception of flowering-plants upon lawns,

BASS

100

BATEMANNIA

and other parts of the pleasure-grounds. These baskets
are easily made. Having fixed on the sizes you wish for,
procure some inch boards, either of sound oak, which is
the best, or of well-seasoned elm or deal. Cut them into
the proper lengths, and nail them together the right
width ; they will then form a square. Mark then the
desired form (round or octagon) on this square, and cut it
into the desired figure. When this is done, you have the
groundwork of your basket ; make the basket eight or
ten inches deep ; and if your garden is moderately ex-
tensive, you may have them the largest size to be manage-
able, that is, from three to five feet in diameter. If a
small garden, this size would be inconvenient, and take
up too much room. Yet there is no reason why you
should not have two or three of these ornaments. For
such a garden, the most proper dimensions would be two
feet ; and for that size, six inches deep would be propor-
tionate. Then proceed to nail to the circular or octagon
bottom the sides. If the shape is round, let the pieces
of wood to form the sides be narrow, bevel inwards the
sides, and shape them so as to form the circle ; but if of
an octagon form, the pieces will be, of course, of the width
of each of the eight sides, and planed to fit at each corner.
Fasten them firmly together with nails, and the main
foundation and walls of your baskets are complete. On
the top of the side put some split hazel rods, of sufficient
thickness to cover it, and hang over the outside edge
about half an inch. Place some of the same kind close
to the bottom ; then, between the two, cover the plain
boards with some rough oak or elm bark, so closely fitted
as to give the idea that the basket has been cut out of a
solid tree ; or, which is more expensive and troublesome,
but certainly more ornamental, cover the sides with (split
or whole, as you may fancy) split oak from rods, from
one and a half to two inches in diameter, formed into
tasteful forms. These should fit so close as to hide com-
pletely the material of which the sides are formed. The
bark-plan will not require anything more done to it after
it is neatly fitted and securely nailed to the sides ; but
the rods should have a coating of boiled linseed-oil applied.

BASS (or BAST) MATS. These mats, which are so
serviceable in gardens, are made from the inner bark of the
Russian Lime-trees (Tilias). The best are those known
as Archangel mats, and measure about 9X4^ feet;
formerly the fibre of which these mats were made was
extensively used in gardens as a tying material, but since
the introduction of Raffia, it has not been so much in
demand for that purpose. There are also the St. Peters-
burg mats, which are not so large, being only about
7X4 feet. These are useful for covering frames, and also
for packing purposes. The Dunnage mats are of the
same material but smaller. They are first used for
lining ships which carry wheat and other grain, and then
sold cheaply for garden purposes.

The Cuba Bast is the fibrous inner bark of Hibiscus
elatus, better known as Paritium datum. This was ex-
tensively used as a substitute for the Russian Bast some
years ago when the mats were very dear ; it may be split
up into very fine threads and is much stronger than the
Russian Bast.

BA'SSIA. (Named after M. Bassi, curator of the
Botanic Garden at Boulogne. Nat. ord. Sapotads [Sapo-
taceae]. Linn. ii-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia.)

The Bassias are trees of some importance in India.
B. butyra'cea yields a thick, oil-like butter from its fruit,
or mahwa. B. latifo'lia furnishes a kind of arrack, called
moura, by distilling the flowers. The fruit of the Illupi-
tree (B. longifo'lia) yields oil for lamps, soap-making,
and also for food ; and Mungo Park's Butter-tree was
Butyrospe'rmum Pa'rkii. Stove trees. Cuttings of ripened
young shoots in April, in heat, in a close frame ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 55°
to 60°.

B. butyra'cea (buttery). 40. E. Ind. 1823.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 40. Yellow. E. Ind.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 40. E. Ind. i8ir.

BASTARD ACACIA. Robi'nia Pseu'd-aca'cia.
BASTARD ATOCION. Sile'ne Pseu'do-ato'cion.
BASTARD BALM. Meli'ttis.
BASTARD BOX. Poly'gala Chamcebu'xus.
BASTARD CABBAGE-TREE. Geoffro'ya.

BASTARD CEDAR. Guazu'ma and Cedre'la.
BASTARD CHERRY. Ce'rasus Pseu'do-ce'rasus.

BASTARD CINNAMON or CASSIA LIGNEA. Cinna-
mo'mum Ca'ssia.

BASTARD CORK-TREE. Que'rcus Pseu'do-su'ber.
BASTARD CRACCA. Vi'cia Pseu'do-cra'cca.
BASTARD DICTAMNUS. Ballo'ta Pseu' do-dicta' mnus.

BASTARD GROUND-PINE. Teu'crium Pseu'do-cha-
mce'pitys.

BASTARD HARE'S-EAR. Phy'llis.
BASTARD HYSSOP. Teu'crium Po'lium.
BASTARD INDIGO. Amo'rpha.
BASTARD JASMINE. Andro'sace Chamczja' sme.
BASTARD LUPINE. Trifo'lium Lupina'ster.
BASTARD MANCHINEEL. Camera'ria.

BASTARD MOUSE-EAR. Hiera'ciwn Pseu' do-pilo-
se'lla.

BASTARD OLBIA. Lava'tera O'lbia.
BASTARD QUINCE. Py'rns Chamccme'spilus.
BASTARD TOAD-FLAX. The'sium.
BASTARD VERVAIN. Stachytarphe' ta.
BASTARD VETCH. Pha'ca.
BASTARD WIND-FLOWER. Gentia'na linea'ris.

BASTARD WOOD-SAGE. Teu'crium Pseu'do-scoro-
do'nia.

BATA'TAS. (Aboriginal name. Nat. ord. Bindweeds
[Convolvulaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Pharbitis and Ipomcea, and now united with the
latter, which see.)

All stove deciduous climbers. Cuttings of stumpy
side-shoots, or young shoots slipped from the tubers,
just as they begin to grow ; in sandy soil, in bottom-heat,
and under a hand-glass ; rich, sandy loam and fibrous
peat, with manure-water when growing. Temp. , summer,
60° to 85°, with moisture ; winter, 48° to 55°. Very
little water while dormant.

B. beta'cea (beet-like). 6. Pale violet. Demerara.

1839.
,, bignonioi'des (Bignonia-like). Dark purple. July.

Cayenne. 1824. See I. BIGNONIOIDES.
,, bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). 10. Purple. See I.

FICIFOLIA.
,, Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles'). White, red. August.

1815. See I. CAVANILLESII.
,, edu'lis (eatable-/n«fed). White, purple. E. Ind.

1797. See I. BATATAS.
,, glaucifo'lia (milky-green-leaved). Purplish. June.

Mexico. 1732. See I. GLAUCIFOLIA.
„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Pale purple. Sep-
tember. Cuba. 1817. See I. HETEROPHYLLA.
,, Jala' pa (jalap). Rose. August. Mexico. 1845.

See I. JALAPA.
,, panicula'ta (panicled). Purple. July. E. Ind.

1799. See I. DIGITATA.
„ pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). White. August. E. Ind.

1739. See I. PENTAPHYLLA.

,, senegale'nsis (Senegal). White. July. Guinea.

1823. See I. PALMATA.

„ terna'ta (three-leafleted). White. July. Brazil.

1824. See I. TERN ATA.

,, veno'sa (veiny). Purple. July. Mauritius. 1820.

See I. VENOSA.
„ Walde'ckii (Waldeck's). White and purple. S. Amer.

1847.
„ Willdeno'vii (Willdenow's). Purple. July. 1818.

See I. HETEROPHYLLA.

BATEMA'NNIA. (Called after Mr. Bateman. a keen
collector and ardent cultivator of orchids, and author of
a splendid work on the Orchids of Mexico and Guatemala.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacea;]. Linn. 2o-Gynandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Maxillaria.)

Stove orchids ; divisions and offsets ; peat, broken
crocks, and sphagnum ; plant raised considerably above

BATSCHIA

lot

the surface of pot, or suspended in shallow baskets.
Summer temp., 70° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 65°.

B. armilla'ta (braceleted). Green, white. 1875.

„ Bu'rtii (B. M., t. 6003). See ZYGOPETALUM BURTII.

„ Co'lleyi (Colley's). i- Purple, green. August.
Demerara. 1834.

,, fimbria'ta. See ZYGOPETALUM FIMBRIATUM.

„ grandifio'ra (B. M., t. 5567). Sepals and petals olive-
green, striped with reddish-brown. New Grenada.
1866. Also referred to Zygopetalum grandi-
ftorum.

„ le'pida. Brownish-red, white. Brazil.

., Mclta'gris. White at base, tessellated with purplish-
brown on a yellow ground. June. Brazil. 1838.
Syn. Huntieya Mdeagris.

„ peruvia'na (K. B., 1895, 193). Brown, and lip white
with purple dots. Peru. 1895.

„ Walli'sii. Sepals light greenish-yellow outside, olive-
green to chestnut-brown inside, with some yellow
at base. Colombia. 1876.

BATSCHLA. (Named after /. G. Batch, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Borageworts [Boraginaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. This is now united to
Lithospermum.)

All hardy herbaceous perennials ; seeds, or divisions ;
common soil.

B. cane'scens (hoary). See LITHOSPERMUM CANESCENS.

,, Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's) . See L. HIRTUM.

,, longiflo'ra (long-flowered). See L. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

,, seri'cea (silky). See L. CANESCENS.

BAUERA. (Named after Francis and Ferdinand
Bauer, German botanical draughtsmen. Nat. ord.
Hydrangeads [Saxifragaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, 2-
Digynia.)

Bau'era is a botanical anomaly which has puzzled the
learned as to its proper order. Dr. Lindley has placed it
with Hydrangea. Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs ;
cuttings in sandy soil, under a glass ; sandy loam and
peat. Summer temp., moderate ; winter, 38° to 45°.

B. hu'milis (dwarf). See B. RUBIOIDES.
,, rubiczfo'lia (madder-leaved). See B. RUBIOIDES.
,, rubioi'des. ij. Pink. September. Australia. 1793.
,, ,, hu'milis. i. Red. September. 1804.
„ „ microphy'lla. Port Jackson. Syn. B. galioides,
Reichb.

BAUHTNIA. Mountain Ebony. (Named after the
brothers John and Caspar Bauhin, botanists in the
sixteenth century. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legu-
minosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

One of the tribes of Caesalpinia. All stove evergreen
shrubs, except where otherwise specified. Half-ripe
cuttings in summer, in sand, placed under a glass, and in
moist bottom-heat ; light, sandy loam, and a little peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

B. aculca'ta (prickly-stalked). 6. White. S. Amer.

1737. Syn. B. pubescens.
„ acumina'ta (taper-poiated-leaved) . 8. White. July.

E. Ind. 1808.
,, angui'na (snaky). 30. White. Yellow. E. Ind.

1790. Climber. Syn. B. scandens.
„ arma'ta (armed). 6. White. Brazil. 1824.

Climber.

„ auri'ta (long-eared). 6. White. Jamaica. 1756.
,, chine'nsis (Chinese). See B. VARIEGATA.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbed). 6. White. China. 1818.

Climber.
„ cumane'nsis (Cumana). 20. White. July. Cumana.

1826. Climber.

„ divarica'ta. See B. LAMARCKIANA.
., ferrugi'nea (rv&ty-leaved). 10. V\Tiite. E. Ind.

1820. Climber.

„ forfica'ta (pincer-leaved) . 6. White. Brazil. 1823.
., gla'bra (smooth). 15. White. Carthage. 1810.

Climber.
„ glauce'scens (milky-green). 6. White. Cumana.

1817-
., graiidiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. White. Peru.

1820.

.. i'ndica (Indian). 6. White. E. Ind. 1820.
,, ine'rmis (unarmed). 6. Yellow, red. Acapulco.

1810.

B. latnarckia'na (Lamarck's). 6. White. S. Amer.

1818. Syns. B. divaricata and B. retusa of Poir.
,. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. White. Mexico. 1818.
., Lficha'rdtii (Leichardt's). Australia.
„ leptope'tala (slender-petaled). 5. Yellow, green.

Mexico. 1818.
,, luna'ria (half -moon-leaved) . 6. White. Acapulco.

1820.
,, madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 4. Madagascar.

1826.
„ malaba'rica (Malabar). 15. White. E. Ind. 1810.

Climber.
,. microphy'lla (small-leaved). 6. White. S. Amer.

1817.
„ multine'rvia (many-nerved). 5. White. Caraccas.

1808.
„ natale'nsis (B. M., t. 6086). White. Greenhouse.

S. Africa. 1870.

„ Paule'tia (Pauletia). 4. White. Panama. 1737.
„ petiola'ta (B. M., t. 6277)- White. Autumn. Colom-
bia. 1862. Syn. Caspar ea speciosa.
., porre'cta (B. M., t. 708). White or rosy. October.

W. Ind. Syn. Casparia porrecta.
,, pube'scens (downy). See B. ACULEATA.
,, purpu'rea (purple). 6. Purple. E. Ind. 1778.
„ „ triandra. 15. White. 1823.
,, racemo'sa (racemed). 20. White. E. Ind. 1790.

Stove climber.

„ retu'sa (abruptly-blunt). 7. White. E. Ind. 1820.
„ rotundifo'lia. See B. SUBROTUNDIFOLIA.
,, sca'ndens (small-ltaved-clwnbmg). See B. ANGUINA.
,, specio'sa (showy). See B. TOMENTOSA.
,, subrotundifo'lia (roundish-leaved). 6. White, Aca-
pulco. 1820. Syn. B. rotundifolia.
,, tomento'sa (thickly-haired). 6. Yellow, white. E.

Ind. 1808.

,, ,, gla'bra. Yellow, purple. 1866.
,, tria'ndra (three-stamened). See B. PURPCREA.
„ variega'ta (variegated). 6. Striped. June. E. Ind.

1700.

„ „ ca'ndida. White.
,, ,, chine'nsis. Lilac, with purple spot. China.

1800. Greenhouse.

BAWD-MONEY. Me'um.
BAY-TREE. Lau'rus no'bilis.
BEAD-TREE. Me'lia.
BEAM-TREE. Py'rus A'ria.

BEAN. (Fa'ba vulga'ris.) There are many varieties
of this vegetable ; but we shall only name those which
are clearly distinct and valuable.

Mazagan. — This has whitish seeds, rather larger than a
horse-bean, two to four feet high. Sown in spring, about
ten weeks occur before beans are fit for use.

BEAN. A name given to various plants belonging to
the natural order Leguminosae, but most generally
applied to the edible beans of general commerce. The
Broad Bean (Vicia Faba) is too well known to need any
description, except to say that there are two distinct
types, the " long pods " and the " Windsor," and
garden varieties are numerous. It is therefore difficult
to define them. In referring to various catalogues, it
will be found that each firm have their special varieties.
Yet we find that such types as the Early Mazagan,
Johnson's Wonderful, Green Windsor, and other standard
sorts are still quoted, but are supplemented by many im-
proved varieties. Taking the Windsors as an example,
we get some with much longer pods than the original type.
It would be unwise to give names of varieties, for, as
stated above, each of the large seed firms have special
names of their own. For instance, we have Sutton's
Giant Windsor, Webb's Improved Windsor; then in
American catalogues the Broad Windsor and other
varieties are quoted. In the long-podded sorts varieties
are even more numerous. All that can be said is that a
selection should be made from the best and most reliable
seed-growers.

CULTURE. For early crops seeds may be sown in
November or December, as weather permits. The Early
Mazagan is the best type for first crop. When sowing,
some extra seeds should be put in at the ends of the rows ;
these can be transplanted to fill up any vacancies in the
rows which may be caused by failure of seeds germinating,

BEAU CAPER

102

BEDDING-OUT

or being eaten off by slugs, &c. The early crops will do
best in a rather dry, warm situation, but for later sowings
any ordinary garden soil will suit them. Where soil is
not suitable or circumstances prevent sowing in the open
ground, seeds should be sown in frames or boxes under
cover in J anuary, and planted out as soon as weather
permits after the plants are large enough to handle. For
successional crops seeds may be sown according to con-
venience. When sown where they are to remain they
should be done in double rows, about four inches apart,
and three feet between each double row. For spring
sowing, the seed may be soaked in water for one day and
will germinate much quicker. The ground should be
regularly hoed to keep down weeds, and when a fair
crop is set, they may be topped.

For Seed. — The different sorts should be grown as far
from each other as possible, and to improve varieties a
selection of the best types should be made early, and
marked in some way. The first thing is to select those
that flower earliest, and no pods should be gathered.
Later, some may have to be discarded through imperfect
development of the pods, but careful selection from year
to year will much improve the stock ; while taking seed
indiscriminately will cause deterioration.

The storing of seed is another important matter ;
after being properly ripened they may be kept in the
pods in a dry but not too warm position. Under good
conditions seeds will keep for a good many years, but
they are not reliable after the second year.

The French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) requires but
few remarks, except to say there are many hybrid
varieties ; they appear to have been crossed with the
Scarlet Runners (Phaseolus multiflorus). " Lima Bean "
is an American name for Phaseolus lunatus.

All the above are very tender, and should not be sown
or planted until all danger of frost is over. It is hardly
necessary to give cultural instructions, except to say that
they do best in ground that has been manured and well
worked the previous autumn. The dwarf French beans
are extensively grown in pots under glass. They require
good loamy soil, and the chief thing is to give plenty of
light and air. Also to be careful in watering.

Insects. — See APHIS RUMICIS.

BEAN CAPER. The common name for Zygophyllum.

BEAN TREE. Swedish. Py'rus interme'dia. And of
Australia. Castanospe'rmum austra'le.

BEAN TREFOIL. The common name for Anagyris,
and anciently given to Cytisus Laburnum.

BEAR BANE. Aconi'tum Lyco'ctonum. Bearbind.
The common name for Calystegia.

BEASTS' BANE. Aconi'tum Lyco'ctonum.

BEATO'NIA. (Named by Dr. Herbert after D. Beaton,
a Scotch gardener ; one of the contributors to the Cottage
Gardener and to this Dictionary. Nat. ord. Irids [Irida-
ceae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, i-Triandria. Now re-
ferred to Tigridia.)

Greenhouse perennial bulbs. Offsets and seeds ; the
latter to be sown in a slight hotbed, in March ; light,
rich soil. To be taken up before frost, or covered up
where they have grown, so as to preserve them both
from frost and wet.

B. atra'ta (dark- flowered). See TIGRIDIA ATRATA.
,, curva'ta(cmved-stalked). See T. CURVATA.
„ purpu'rea (purple- flowered) . See T. VIOLACEA.

BEAUFO'RTIA. (Named after Mary, Duchess of

Beaufort. Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms [Myrtacea?]. Linn.
1 8-Polyadelphia, z-Polyandria. )

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, under a glass, in sandy loam, without

heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp., moderate ;
winter, 38° to 48°.

B. carina'ta (keel-leaved). 3. Scarlet. N. Holland.
1823.

,, Dampie'ri (Dampier's). 2. Pink. May. Hartog's
Island.

,, decussa'ta (decussated). 3. Scarlet. May. N.
Holland. 1803.

,. »Ham)sfe'won(long-stamened). Purple. July. Aus-
tralia. 1843.

B. purpu'rea (purple- flowered) . Purple. July. Aus-
tralia. 1841.

„ spa'rsa (scattered-leaved). 3. Red. N. Holland.
1803. Syn. B. splendens.

„ sple'ndens (shining). See B. SPARSA.

BEAUMO'NTIA. (Named after Mrs. Beaumont, of
Bretton Hall. Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceas]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

One of our best stove twiners, with large, white
trumpet-shaped flowers, produced in clusters at the
end of the shoots. They succeed best planted out in the
borders of a house, intermediate between a stove and
a greenhouse. Cuttings of half-ripened wood ; rich,
lumpy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ;
winter, 50° to 60°.

B. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 20. White. June.

E. Ind. 1818.
,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). See B. GRANDIFLORA.

BE'CIUM. (United to Ocimum.)

BED is a comprehensive word, applicable to the de-
tached space on which any cultivated plants are grown.
It is most correctly confined to small divisions, purposely
restricted in breadth for the convenience of hand-weed-
ing, or other requisite culture, and, in the flower-garden,
for the promotion of beauty. This involves the question
of form, one of the most difficult that is submitted to the
gardener, because few tastes agree as to their estimate
of the beautiful. Under the head FLOWER-GARDEN we
shall give a few general observations upon this subject ;
and here will merely observe that, in making flower-beds,
they should always be proportioned to the size of the
plants which are to be their tenants ; and that though,
for large masses of shrubs and trees, we have seen rectan-
gular forms so planted as to look solid and grand, yet that
we believe no arrangement of dwarf-flowers would ever
make a separate square or parallelogram bed of them
otherwise than decidedly ugly.

BEDDING-IN. This may be applied to the sowing of
seeds, but its more general application is to plants pro-
pagated from cuttings or layers, and bedded-in thickly
until space allows of them being planted in their quarters
where they will flower. The term may have a wide mean-
ing, but in modern practice it is not applied to the sowing
of seeds, except by quite the old school of gardeners ;
the term sowing beds being more applicable.

BEDDING-OUT refers to the planting of various sub-
jects grown in pots during the winter and planted in the
open for summer flowering, or the plants may have been
grown in boxes or in frames until the time comes for
putting them in the beds. There are so many modern
weekly Horticultural publications published which refer
to garden work week by week, that it is not necessary
to give a list of plants suitable, except to say that
recently the best Begonias of the tuberous section may
be added, also the finest varieties of Fuchsias, which
formerly it was considered necessary to grow under
glass with shading over them in sunny weather, are now
found to do well in the open. Many other plants which
were kept shut up in the stove under shade have since
been found to do well in the open during the summer.
Even Pandanus Veitchi, Cocos weddelliana, and in
flowering plants Begonias, Fuchsias, &c., that were nursed
up under shade and heat are found to do better in the
open during the summer. Experiments were carried
on at the Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens years
ago, and it was proved that many plants from the
tropical regions would do well in the open during the
summer. Crotons, or rather Codiasums, may be men-
tioned ; they are not so extensively used for bedding in
England, but in America they are great favourites for the
summer garden and do well, and in England some enter-
prising florists have tried them, and they have done
well. Yet it would not do to take them direct from the
stove ; they must be gradually hardened off. The Salvias
of the splendens type are another example. They were
formerly nursed up under glass, but are now grown in
the open ; and with favourable treatment make a very
bright show during the summer and up to quite late in
the autumn. Plumbago capensis flowers well in the open,
also Streplosolen Jamesoni. It is not necessary to
enumerate ordinary bedding plants, as they are found in
almost every nurseryman's catalogue.

BEDEGUAR

103

BEGONIA

BEDEGUAR. See CYNIPS ROS.C.

BEDFO'RDIA. (Named in honour of the Duke of
Bedford. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, i-Mqualis. Allied to Cacalia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings a little dried
before inserting them, in rough, sandy soil ; sand, peat,
loam, and brick-rubbish, in equal proportions. Summer
temp., 55° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45° ; and almost _dry.
B. sali'cina (willow-like). Yellow. April. Australia.
1820.

BEE, (Apis.) All the species of this insect are friendly
to the gardener ; for they all aid in impregnating his
flowers, many of which, without their aid, would fall
unproductive of either fruit or seed. At the same time
they are as often injurious, by causing cross impregna-
tions, and actually injuring flowers in their efforts to
get at the honey. The honey-bee (A. mellifica) is the
most active in this operation ; but the humble-bee
(Bombus hortorum), and others of the robust species, visit
flowers in rough weather, when the honey-bee will not
venture from its hive.

BEECH. Fa'gus.

BEET. There are two sections of this vegetable culti-
vated by gardeners.

1. For the leaves to boil like spinach, and the stalks
of the leaves like sea-kale. Brazilian Beet (Be'ta
brasilie'nsis), with very large green leaves. Thick-leaved
Beet (B. ci'cla), of which there are these varieties : —
i. Green-leaved, small-rooted. 2. White-veined, or
silver. 3. Golden- veined. 4. Red-veined. The silver is
the finest, and, when blanched as the chard, nearly
equals asparagus. The leaves of all are boiled like
spinach, and the foot-stalks peeled and used as sea-kale.

2. Red Beet (B. vulga'ris). — Nine varieties occur of
this ; but the yellow and white-rooted, not meriting
cultivation, are here omitted. The others are : — i. Large-
rooted. 2. Long-rooted. 3. Dwarf- topped. 4. Turnip-
rooted. 5. Small. 6. Castelnaudary. 7. Green-topped.
Of these, No. 4 is best for an early crop, and No. 6 for
the main crop, if obtained genuine. There are many
sub-varieties, but scarcely distinguishable from each
other. For table use, the object is to obtain moderate-
sized and dark crimson roots. There arc numerous
varieties, but the old types are still recognised.

Use. — The Red Beet, after being cooked, is used sliced
in salads, or alone with an acid dressing. It is much
better baked than boiled.

Soil and Situation. — Beet requires a rich, deep, open
soil. Its richness should rather rise from previous
application, than the addition of manure at the time of
sowing ; and, to effect this, the compartment intended
for the growth of these vegetables is advantageously
prepared as directed for Celery. On the soil depend the
sweetness and tenderness for which they are estimated ;
and it may be remarked, that on poor, light soils, or
heavy ones, the best sorts will taste earthy. The situa-
tion should be open. We have always found it bene-
ficial to dig the ground two spades deep for these
deep-rooting vegetables, and to turn in the whole of the
manure intended to be applied with the bottom-spit, so
as to bury it ten or twelve inches within the ground.
Salt is a beneficial application to this crop ; one reason
for which undoubtedly is, the Beet being a native of
the sea-shore.

Time and Mode of Sowing. — Sow from the close of
February until the beginning of April, it being borne in
mind that the seed must not be inserted until the severe
frosts are over, which inevitably destroy the seedlings
when young. The best time for inserting the main crop
of red Beet-root for winter supply is early in April. The
Brazilian and Thick-leaved Beets may be sown at the
same time for supply in summer ; and, at the beginning
of July or August, a successional crop of these may be
sown for supply in the winter and following spring.

The seed is best sown in drills, a foot asunder, and
an inch deep ; or by dibble, at the same distance each
way, and at a similar depth, two or three seeds being
put in each hole. With good seed each carpel contains
three seeds ; but they do not always germinate if sown
too thickly; they should be thinned out as early as
possible. The Brazil Beet requires eighteen inches space.

During the early stages of growth, the beds, which,
for the convenience of cultivation, should not be more

than four feet wide, must be looked over occasionally,
and the largest of the weeds cleared by hand. In the
course of May, according to the advanced state of growth,
the plants must be cleared thoroughly of weeds, both by
hand and small hoeing ; the Red Beet thinned to ten
or twelve inches apart, and the White to eight or ten.
The plants of this last variety which are removed may
be transplanted into rows at a similar distance. Moist
weather is to be preferred for performing this, otherwise
the plants must be watered occasionally until they have
taken root. They must be frequently hoed, and kept
clear of weeds throughout the summer.

It is a great improvement to earth up the stalks of
the White Beet, in the same manner as Celery, when
they are intended to be peeled, and eaten as asparagus.
No vegetable is more benefited by the application of
liquid-manure than the White and Brazil Beets.

Taking up the Red Beet.— In October the Beet-root
may be taken up for use as wanted, but not entirely, for
preservation during the winter, until November, or the
beginning of December, if the weather continues open ;
then to be buried in sand, in alternate layers, under
shelter. Before storing, the leaves and fibrous roots
must be trimmed off, but the main root not wounded,
and a dry day selected tor performing it. Beet-root may
be kept exceedingly well if stacked up neatly, sloping to
a point, against a north wall, or other cool place,
upon a dry bottom, and buried with sifted coal-ashes.
The thickness of this covering must depend upon the
weather.

Gathering from the Green and White Beet. — In gathering
from these, the largest outside leaves should be first
taken, and the inner left to increase in size, when the
same selection must be continued ; but, at the same
time, it must be remembered that they are to be used
whilst perfectly green and vigorous, otherwise they are
tough and worthless.

To obtain Seed. — Some roots must be left where grown,
giving them the protection of some litter in very
severe weather, if unaccompanied with snow ; or,
if this is neglected, some of the finest roots that have
been stored in sand, and have not had the leaves cut
away close, may be planted in February or March. Each
species and variety must be kept as far away from others
as possible, and the plants set at least two feet from
each other. They flower in August, and ripen their seed
at the close of September. Seed of the previous year is
always to be preferred for sowing ; but it will succeed,
if carefully preserved when two years old. There are
many of the highly coloured foliage varieties used for
bedding.

BEFARIA. (Named by Mutis after M. Bejar, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord. Heathworts [Ericaceae].
Syn. Bejaria.)

All are greenhouse or stove evergreen shrubs. Propa-
gated by cuttings of the young wood getting firm at the
base, and placed under a bell-glass in the greenhouse,
or in a close case where stove heat is required. Use
very sandy loam and peat. Pot in loam and peat with
less sand.

B ce'stuans (glowing). 12. Rose. Peru. 1846.

cinnamo'mea (cinnamon-coloured). 4. Peru. 1847.

coarcta'ta (close-headed). 5. Purple. Peru. 1847.
glau'ca (sea-green). 3 to 6. Purple. June. New
Grenada. 1826. Stove.

ledifo'lia (Ledum-leaved). 3 to 5. May. 1847.
lindenia'na (Linden's). Pink. Venezuela. 1847.

Stove.

,, Matiheu/sii (Matthews'). Yellow. March. Peru.
,, racem'osa (raceme-flowered). 3 to 4. Purple. June.

Florida. 1810.

., tri' color (three-coloured). Crimson and yellow. New
Grenada. 1850.

BEGO'NIA. (After M. Began, a French patron of
botany. Nat. ord. Begoniads [Begoniaceae]. Linn.
2i-.\ioncecia, g-Polyandria.)

This is an extensive genus, and of great variation ;
formerly they were nursed up as stove plants, but
during the past few years they have been used as bedding
plants. It is the tuberous varieties which came from
South America, somewhere about 1860, that have proved
so prolific with the hybridists ; the varieties seen are
remarkable for the wonderful development of size, form,

BEGONIA

104

BEGONIA

and colours. I, the writer, handled them when bolivi-
ensis was quite new, and followed on with others. I
made various crosses, and while at the R.H.S. Gardens,
Chiswick, the Floral Committee gave, on one occasion,
over twelve first-class certificates for varieties raised
while I was growing them, but they would bear no
comparison with the more modern varieties.

Taking the tuberous varieties it is useless to give
names for they come so good from seed, and only colours
should be defined. In regard to culture, a great change
has taken place. The first frost cuts them off, but during
the summer and autumn they make a fine show as bedding
plants. After the first frost they should be taken up
and laid out for the tubers to dry ; they may then be
stored in any position where there is not too much
warmth, but where it is fairly dry and frost does not
penetrate. For bedding purposes they should be started
as early in the year as possible, and grown on in a cool
house without shading.

The semperflorens varieties are also extensively used
for bedding, and seed sown the first week in February
will make good plants for the purpose ; they must be
started in heat, and later gradually hardened off. And
it will not be safe to plant out until all risk of frost is
over, yet I know that some plant early and have a
reserve in case of frost destroying these first planted.

Other varieties are also used for bedding, including
B. fuchsioides, B. knowsleyana, and other hybrids.
The Gloire de Lorraine varieties for winter flowering
are another important type. These may be propagated
from leaves or from the young shoots in the spring ; for
the latter purpose the early propagated plants should be
reserved, as they make better cuttings from the base of
the plants. Cuttings from flowering shoots may eventu-
ally start, but they are usually very slow to make good
plants. The old original pink variety is most appreciated,
and Turnford Hall variety the best white ; but as we
have so many other good white flowers, it is not so much
appreciated as the pink.

The Rex varieties are another popular section, of which
we have many distinct varieties ; these are all readily
propagated from leaves. If cut through the main ribs,
well matured leaves will give a number of young plants.

All the semperflorens type, of which there are many
distinct varieties, come true from seed if carefully selected.

The numerous other fibrous-rooted varieties may be
readily increased from cutting the short side shoots that
have not flowered, and make the best plants.

All the Begonias like a rough, light soil with a liberal
addition of stable manure, which should be laid up
some time before using it, and the straw taken away.

B. acerifo'lia (maple-leaved). 3. Whitish. Brazil. 1829.
„ acerifo'lia of gardens. Hybrid between B. Burkei and

B. decora. 1896.

„ a'cida (acid), i. White. Brazil. 1847.
„ acumina'ta (long-pomted-leaved) . i. White. July.

Jamaica. 1798.
„ acutifo'lia (sharp-pointed-leaved), i. White. August.

W. Ind. 1816.

,, acuti'loba (sharp-lobed). White. Mexico.
„ a'nea (bronzy). Leaves purplish-copper. Assam.

1871.
,, a'lbo-cocci'nea (white and scarlet- flowered) . i. White

and scarlet. E. Ind. 1844. Stove herbaceous

perennial.

,, a'lbo-pi'cta (white-spotted). Leaves spotted silvery-
white. Brazil. 1885.

„ alchemilloi' des (Alchemilla-like). Rose. Brazil.
,, Alle'ryi (Allery's). Said to be a hybrid between B.

metallica and B. gigantea.

„ ama'bilis (lovely). Rose or white. Assam. 1859.
„ Ame'lice (Amelia's). Rose. Hybrid from B. Bruantii

and B. Rcezlii. 1885.
,, amce'na (pleasing). Light rose. N. Ind. 1878. Syn.

B. erosa.
„ a'mpla (ample-leaved), i to 2. Rose. Trop.

Africa.

,, angula'ris (angle-leaved). Brazil.
„ a'ptera (wingless). 3. White. July. Celebes. Stove

herbaceous perennial.

,, arbore'scens (becoming a tree). 8. White. Brazil.
,, arge'ntea (silvery). See B. MAC UL ATA.
,, arge'ntea gutta'ta (silver-spotted). Hybrid between

B. albft-picta and B. olbia.

B. argyrosti' gma (silver-spotted). See B. MACULATA.
,, arnottia'na (Arnott's). See B. CORDIFOLIA.
„ ascote'nsis (Ascot). Rose and red. Garden hybrid.

1874.
,, asplenifo'lia (Asplenium-leaved). Small, white.

Guinea.

„ assa'mica (Assamese). Assam.
, aucubcefo'lia (Aucuba-leaved). See B. INCARNATA.
,, A ugu'stinei (Augustine's). Rose-pink. China. 1900.
,, auranti'aca (orange-coloured). See B. CINNABARINA.
,, auriculcefo'rmis (ear-shaped). White. Guatemala.

1850.

,, aurifo'rmis (ear-formed). See B. INCANA.
„ bacca'ta (berried). White. Isle of St. Thomas. 1866.
,, barba'ta (bearded). See B. RUBRO-VENIA.
,, Barke'ri (Barker's). 4. White. January. Mexico.

1837. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.
,, Bauma'nni (Baumann's). Carmine-rose. Bolivia.

1890.
„ Ber'tini (Berlin's). Scarlet. Hybrid of the same

group as Gloire de Lorraine. 1902.
,, ,, na'na. Large red flowers.
,, Beddo'mei (Beddome's). Pink. December. Assam.

1883.

,, bi' color (two-coloured). See B. GRACILIS.
„ bipe'tala (two-petaled). 2. Pink. July. India.

1828.
,, biserra'ta (saw-tooth-teat^). 2. Pale pink. June.

Guatemala. 1847.

,, Bisma'rckii (Bismarck's). Of garden origin. 1888.
,, bolivie'nsis (Bolivian). 2. Scarlet. Bolivia. 1857.
,, bowringia'na (Bowring's). See B. LACINIATA.
,, Bruan'tii (Bruant's). White or rose. Hybrid be-
tween B. Schmidtii and B. semperflorens. 1883.
„ bulbilli'fera (bulb-bearing) . i. Whitish-pink. July.

Peru. 1827. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.
„ Bu'rkei (Burke's). Burma.
„ ca'ffra (Caffran). See B. DREGEI.
,, c«/a'&n'ca(Calabrian). Red, yellow, golden. Calabar.

1906.
,, carmin'ata (carmine). Garden hybrid between

B. cocci'nea and B. Dregei. 1896.
., carolinicefo'lia (Carolinea-leaved). 2. Rose. Winter.

Mexico. 1852.

., Carrie'ri (Carriere's). Garden hybrid. 1884.
,, castaneczfo' lia ( chestnut-leaved). 2. Pink. February.

Brazil. 1838.

„ „ a'lba. Very robust. White.
,, cathaya'na (Chinese). 2-3. Vermilion. China. 1908.
„ Cathca'rti (Cathcart's). White or pink. Summer.

Himalayas.
,, Cayeu'xi. Hybrid between B. semperflorens and B.

lucida. 1906.

„ Ce'lbia. White. August. Brazil. 1883.
„ Chelso'ni (Chelsean). Orange-red. Hybrid between

B. Sedeni and B. boliviensis.
„ cinnabari'na (vermilion-coloured). Orange, scarlet.

Bolivia. 1848. Stove herbaceous perennial.
„ ,, albovitfata. Red, striped white.
,, circumloba'ta (lobed round about). China.
„ Cla'rkei (Clark's). Rose. Bolivian Andes. 1867.
,, dementi' n& (Clementine's).
,, cocci'nea (scarlet- flowered) . 3. Scarlet. April.

Brazil. 1842.

„ cocci'nea (scarlet). (R.H., 1889, 131.) Garden hybrid.
,, co'mpfa (ornamented). Leaves satiny, with silvery

midrib. Brazil. 1886.

,, conchcefo'lia (shell-leaved). Pinkish. Mexico. 1851.
,, conspic'ua (conspicuous). Hybrid between B. decora

and Rex. 1899.

,, coralli'na (coral-red). Red. Brazil. 1875.
,, cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). £. Winter. India. Syn.

B. arnottia'na.

„ coria'cea (leathery), i. Rose. Bolivia.
,, corona' ta (crowned). Hybrid between B. caroliniczfo'lia

and B. pplyantlia.
,, crassicaulis (thick-stalked). 3. Whitish-pink.

February. Guatemala. 1842.
,, Credne'ri (Credner's). Hybrid between B. scharffiana

and B. metallica. 1890.

,, crini'ta (stiffly-hairy), r. Rose. July. Peru. 1866.
,, cri'spa (crisped). Petals 6 to 8, crisped. 1904.
,, cuculla'ta (hooded). 3. White. Brazil. 1819.
,, cyclophy'lla (circular-leaved). Leaf solitary. Rose-
pink. S. China.

BEGONIA

105

BEGONIA

daveaua'na. See PELLIONIA DAVEAUASA.

dada'lta (adorned). Pink. Leaves netted brown.

Mexico. 1860.
Dari'sii (Davis'). J. Crimson-scarlet. July. Peru.

1876.

„ supe'rba. Crimson, double. 1881.
deco'ra (adorned). Dark green leaves spotted with

grey. Brazil. 1886. This is probably B. albo-

picfa.
deco'ra (adorned). Pink. Leaves coppery-red with

yellow veins. Parak. 1892.
Dia.lt' ma (jewelled). Leaves blotched white on

green. Borneo. 1882.

dicho'toma (forked). 2. Caraccas. Winter. 1860.
dichro'a. Salmon-orange. Fruits whitish-rose.

Brazil. 1907.
digita'ta (forger-leaved). 3. White. June. Brazil.

Stove herbaceous perennial.
digswcllia'na (Digswellian). Pink. Winter. Garden

hybrid.

dipe'tala (two-petaled). See B. MALABARICA.
di'ptera (two- winged), i. White. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1822.

di'scolor (two-coloured). See B. EVAXSIANA.
diver sifo'lia (various-leaved). See B. GRACILIS.
Dre'gei (Drege's). 2. Whjte. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1838. Syns. B. caffra and B. paryifolia.
du'bia (doubtful), i. White. July. Brazil. 1818.

Stove herbaceous perennial.
Ducha'rtrei (Duchartre's). Hybrid between B.

echinosepala and B. scharffiana. 1892.
echinose pala (spiny-sepaled). 2. \\Tiite. June.

Brazil. 1872.

egre'gia (distinguished). White. Brazil. 1887.
ela'tior (taller). Hybrid between B. socotrana and one

of the tuberous section. 1906.
ettfptica (elliptic). See B. SCANDENS.
engleria'na (Englerian). 4-5. Leaves one foot long,

red-ribbed. E. Trop. Africa. 1904.
ere'cta multiflo'ra (erect, many-flowered). Reddish-
pink. Winter. Garden variety.
ero'sa (bitten). See B. AMCSNA.
erythrophy'lla (red -leaved). (Rev. Hort, 1847.

166.)
evansia'na (Evansian). ij. Pink. Summer. China.

1812. Syns. B. discolor and B. grandis. Green-
house or window.
exce'lsior (higher). Hybrid between B. Baumanni and

B. Veitchii.
exi'mia (excellent). Leaves bronzy-purple, tinted

red. Hybrid between B. rubro-venia and B.

Thwaitesii.
fagifo'lia (beech-leaved). 3. White. April. Brazil.

1838.
fagopyroi'des (buck - wheat - leaved). 3. White.

Venezuela.
falcifo'lia (sickle-leaved). 2. Rose. Winter. Peru.

1867.
faurea'na meta'llica. Leaves darker than in the type.

1895.
Fe'asti (Feast's). Hybrid between B. hydrocoMi folia

and B. manicata. 1900.
ferrugi'nea (rusty). Red. Summer. New Granada.

Syn. B. magnifica.

Fische'ri (Fischer's). 2. June. S. Amer. 1835.
ftoribu'nda (free-flowering). Pink, white. 1875.
folio'sa (leafy). White. Colombia. 1868.
/orge/ia'na(Forgetian). 2. Pink and white. Brazil.

fri'gida (cold). (Bot. Mag., t. 5160.) *. White.
Frabe'lii (Froebel's). Scarlet. Winter. Ecuador.
1874-

„ incompara'bilis (incomparable). Larger and
flowers more freely.

,, na'na (dwarf). Dark scarlet. 1904.
,, verna'lis. Winter and spring. 1879.
fuchsioi'des (Fuchsia-like). 5. Scarlet. December.
Mexico. 1844.

,, minia'ta. Flowers cinnabar red.
fu'lgens (glowing). Red, fragrant. Allied to Davisii.

Bolivia.
gemma' 'to. (gemmed). Hybrid between B. decora and

B. Rex. 1899.

ger,:n-.i'para (bud-bearing), i. White, striped rose.
Summer. Himalayas.

B. geraniifo'lia (Geranium-leaved). 2. Whitish-red.
September. Lima. 1833. Stove tuberous-rooted.

.. geranioi'des (Geranium-like). White. Natal. 1866.

„ giganle'a (gigantic). White. Himalaya. 1905.

„ glanduli'fera (gland-bearing), $. White. February.
W. Ind. 1867.

„ glandule' sa (glandular), i. Greenish- white. Central
Amer. 1854.

„ glaucophy'lla (sea-green-leaved). Brazil.

,, globo'sa (Gfl.. 1888, 645, f. 143). Garden hybrid.

,, goegoe'nsis. Pink, white. Sumatra. 1881.

„ gra'cilis (graceful). Pink. Mexico. 1829. B. g.
annula'ta, B. g. diver sifo'lia, B. g. lumino'sa, and
B. g. martia'na, B. g. martiana pulcherrima and
B. g. martiana racemiflo'ra are varieties.

., grahamia'na (Grahamian). See B. ALBO-COCCINEA.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See B. OCTOPETALA.

„ gra'ndis (grand). See B. REX, EVANSIANA. and vm-

FOLIA.

„ Griffi'thii (Griffith's). |. White. Himalayas. 1856.
„ gunner cefo'lia (Gunnera-leaved). \Vhite. New

Grenada. 1875.
,, gutta'ta (spotted). Malaya.
,, noag«a'fia(Haagean). VVhite and red. Brazil. 1886.

Syn. B. Scharffiana of B. M., t. 7028.
,, Hasska'rlii (Hasskarl's). Java.
„ He'ddei (Hedde's). Near B. Lehmbachii. German

E. Africa. 1900.

„ hemsleya'na(Hems\eyan.). Rosy-pink. Yunnan. 1899.
„ herocleico' tyle. Hybrid between B. heradeifolia and

B. hydrocotylifolia.
„ Atfrac/«/o'/ta(Heracleum-leaved). 2. Mexico. 1831.

Stove tuberous-rooted.
„ „ longi'pila (long-haired). Leaves bronze, with

grey centre.
„ „ ni'gricans (blackish). White. Leaves with black

border.
,, „ puncta'ta. Rose, spotted red outside.

„ radio,' ta (rayed). 2. Pale pink. Mexico.
herba'cea (herbaceous), £. White. March. BraziL
hernandiczfo'lia (Hernandia-leaved). See B. PELTATA.
hirsu'ta (shaggy-leaved). See B. HUMILIS.
hirte'lla (slightly hairy). 2. White. BrazU.
,. hirte'Ua (small-haired). i. White. September.

Brazil. 1824. Stove herbaceous perennial.
,, hcegea'na. White, half the size of B. nitida. Climbing.

Mexico. 1886.

„ homo'nyma (ambiguous). See B. DREGEI.
„ Hooke'ri (Sir W. Hooker's). See B. NITIDA.
„ /k>ofcma'fk»(Hookerian). 5. White. Spring. Brazil.

1850.
„ hu'milis (humble), f. White. September. W. Ind.

1788. Stove biennial. Syn. B. hirsuta.
„ hy'brida ftoribu'nda (hybrid, free-flowering). Rose.

Summer. Hybrid between B. fuchsioides and B.

multiflora.

„ „ multiflo'ra. Pink. Winter. 1882.
„ hydrocotylifo'lia (hydrocotyle-leaved). J. Pink.

June. Mexico. 1843. Stove herbaceous perennial.
„ „ asarifo'lia (Asarum-leaved). White. Mexico.
„ ., hy'brida (hybrid). i£. Pink. March.
„ Ulustra'ta (illustrated). Gardens.
„ impcria'lis (imperial). \. White. Leaves olive with

brighter veins. Mexico. 1861.

,, „ smaragdi'na. Leaves bright green. Mexico. 1861.
,, inca'na (hoary). White. April. Mexico. 1838.

Stove herbaceous perennial.
,, incarna'ty, (flesh-coloured). 2. Pink. Winter.

Mexico. 1822.

aucubtefo'lia. Leaves spotted.
maculo'sa. Leaves with white spots.
meta'llica. Leaves bronzy-purple.
papillo'sa. Leaves edged rose.
purpu'rea. Leaves dark bronzy-purple.
,, incompara'bilis (incomparable). Hybrid between B.

socotrana and a tuberous variety.
,, In'grami (Ingram's). Scarlet. Hybrid between

B. fuchsioides and B. nitida. 1849.
., insi'gnis (remarkable). See B. IXCARVATA.
,, involucra'ta (involucred). 3. White. Winter. Central

Amer.
,. jatrophafo'lia (Jatropha-leaved). See B. HERACLKI-

FOLIA.

,, Jaure'si (Jaurez's). Semi-double garden variety.
1890.

BEGONIA

106

BEGONIA

B. Johnsto'ni (Johnston's) i. Rose. E. Trop. Africa.

1887.

,, Jose' phi (Joseph's), i. Rose. Summer. Himalayas.
„ kalli'sta (most beautiful). (Fl. and Pom., 1877, 211.)

Hybrid between B. Sedeni and B. Stella. 1876.
,, kewe'nsis (Kew). White. Garden origin. 1908.
,, knowsleya'na (Knowsley). Garden hybrid. Winter.

1882.
„ Kumme'ricz (Frau Rummer's). German E. Africa.

1904.

„ &Mn#ta'na(Kunthian). White. Trop. Amer. 1862.
,, lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). 2. White. Himalayas.

China. Syn. B. bowringiana.

„ Lansbe'rgece(Lansberge's). (111. H., 1893, 41, t. 174.)
,, Lapeyrou'sei (Lapeyrouse's). Garden origin.
,, lauri'na (laurel-leaved). See B. OTTONIS.
,, Lehmba'chii (Lehmbach's). Cameroons. 1900.
„ Lemahou'tii (Lemahout's). (Jard., 1889, 258.)
„ Leopo'ldii (Leopold's). Hybrid between B. Griffilhii

and B. splendida.
„ lepro'sa (scaly). China.

„ Lesou'dsii (Lesoud's). Garden hybrid. 1888.
„ lindleya'na (Lindleyan). 2j. White. Winter.

Guatemala.
„ linea'ta (lined). Pale pink. Tuberous-rooted species .

Java. 1882.

„ lobula'ta (small-lobed). Mexico.
„ longicy'ma (long-cymed). Hybrid between B. schmid-

tiana and B. semperflorens.
„ lo'ngipes (long-stalked). 3. White. March. Mexico.

1828.
„ longi'pila (long-haired). See B. HERACLEIFOLIA

LONGIPILA.

„ Lubbe'rsii (Lubber's). White. Brazil. 1883.

,, lu'cida (shining). See B. SCANDENS.

„ luxu'rians (luxuriating). Bluish-white. Brazil.

„ lynchia'na (Lynchian). Bright carmine. Colombia.

Syn. B. Rcezlii.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 3. White. July.

Jamaica. 1793.
„ macro'ptera (large- winged), i. White. June. Brazil,

1818. Syns. B. patula and B. pauciflora.
„ macula' ta (blotched). White or red. Summer. Brazil.

1821. Syn. B. argyrostigma.
„ ,, coralli'na. Coral-red.
,, ,, eleganti' ssima.
„ „ Wi'ghtii.
„ magni'fica (magnificent). Carmine. New Grenada.

1855-
,, malaba'rica (Malabar). 3. Pink. July. S. Ind.

1827.
„ manica'ta (collared). 3. Pale pink. April. Mexico.

1842. Stove herbaceous perennial.
,. ,, macula' ta. Leaves blotched.
„ Ma'nnii (Mann's). Rose. Trop. Africa. 1862.
„ margarita'cea( pearly). Appears related to B. incarnata .

Hybrid. 1895.
„ Mar ga' rita (Margaret's). Hybrid between B. echinose-

pala and B. incarnata. 1884.
„ margina'ta illustra'ta (Sander. Cat. 1897, 6). Leaves

with green and chocolate veins.
„ marmora'ta (marbled). A variety of B. Xanthina.
„ martia'na (Martius's). See B. GRA'CILIS.
„ ma'xima (largest). 6. White. Summer. Mexico.

1853-

„ megaphy'lla (large-leaved). White. Winter. Brazil.
.. meta'llica (metallic), i to 2. Pink. Mexico. 1875.
„ „ VanGee'rti (Van Geert's). A small-leaved variety.

1904.

„ „ variega'ta. Variegated.
„ Meye'ri (Meyer's). 3. White. February. Mexico.

1838.
„ meysselia'na (Meysselian). Leaves bright green,

spotted with silver. Sumatra. 1883.
„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). See B. FOLIOSA.
,, micro'ptera (small-winged). i£. White, pink.

December. Borneo. 1856.
„ minia'ta (vermilion). See B. FUCHSIOIDES.
,, mo'dica (modest). J. Yellow. W. Trop. Africa

1908.
,, mono'plera (one-winged). 2j. \Vhite. July. Mexico.

1826.

„ moritzia'na (Moritzian). See B. SCANDENS.
„ multibulbillo'sa (many-bubilled). 2. White. Brazil.

1830. Stove.

B. multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Colombia.
,, multine'rvia (many- veined) . White and rose. Brazil.

1869.
„ murica'ta (warted). 3. White. September. Brazil.

Stove.
„ natale'nsis (Natal). White and rose. November.

Natal. 1855.
„ n^Mwt&t;'/o7ifl(Nelumbium-leaved). White. Winter.

Mexico. Syn. B. hernandicefolia.
„ nemo'phila (shade-loving). See B. CATHCARTII.
,, ni'gro-ve'nia (black- veined) . See B. GLANDULOSA.
,, ni'tida (shining-leaved) . ij. Pink. August. Jamaica.

1777. Syn. B. pulchra.
,, obli'qua (oblique). See B. NITIDA.
„ Octa'vie. Garden hybrid. 1889.
„ octope'tala(Qight-pet3iled). 2. Greenish-white. Octo-
ber. Peru. 1835. Stove tuberous-rooted.
,, ,, Lemoi'nei (Lemoine's). Hybrid between B. octo-

petala and a tuberous Begonia. 1889.
,, odora'ta (fragrant). See B. SUAVEOLENS.
,, odorati' ssima (sweetest-scented). See B. BAUMANNI.
., ohlendorffia'na (Ohlendorffian). i. Pink. Brazil.

1879. Syn. B. platanifolia ohlendorffiana.
„ o'lbia. White. Leaves bronzy-green, spotted white.

Brazil. 1884.
,, opulifto'ra (Guelder-rose-flowered), i. White. Spring.

New Grenada. 1854.
,, Otionia'na (Ottoman). Hybrid between B. conchcefolia

and B. coriacea. 1859.
„ Otto'nis (Otto's). New Granada.
,, ovatifo'lia (ovate-leaved). Himalayas.
,, palma'ris (hand-shaped). Mexico.
,, palma'ta (hand-shaped). i. White. August.

Nepaul. 1819.

,, papilla' sa (pimpled). See B. INCARNATA PAPILLOSA.
,, parviflo'ra (small-flowered). White. 1881.
,, parvifo'lia (small-leaved). See B. DREGEI.
„ parvipelta'ta (small peltate-leaved). 3. White.

Brazil. 1816.

„ pa' tula (spreading). See B. MACROPTERA.
,, pa' tula (spreading). (RegelDescr., 13.) Pink. Brazil.

1889.
,, Pea'rcei (Pearce's). i. Yellow. Summer. Bolivia.

1865.

,, Pea'rcei X Bauma'nni. Garden hybrid.
„ pelta'ta (peltate-leaved), -£. White. Brazil. 1815.

Syns. B. coriacea of Hasskarl, and B. hernandiafolia

of B. M., t. 4676.

„ peltifo'lia (shield-leaved). See B. PARVIPELTATA.
,, pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). See B. MURICATA.
,, periste'gia (involucred). Brazil.
„ petalo'des (full-petaled). Pink, white. April. Peru.

1833.
,, phyllomani'aca (leaf-mad). Pale rose. Stem clothed

with many small and a few large leaves. Winter.

Guatemala. 1861.
,, pi' eta (painted). }. Pink. August. Nepaul. 1818.

Stove tuberous-rooted.
,, pictavie'nsis. Garden hybrid between B. scharffiana

and B. metallica.

,, platanifo'lia (plane-tree-leaved). 10. Pink. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1829.
,, ,, deco'ra (decorated). Silvery markings on the

leaves predominate in this variety.
„ „ illu'stris (striking).
,, „ pulvina' ta (cushioned).
,, Po'ggei (Pogge's). White. Congo. 1906.
,, polya'ntha (many-flowered). Mexico.
,, polype'tala (many-petaled). Red. Winter. Peru.

1878.

,, prestonie'nsis(Pre3toman). Orange-red. Hybrid be-
tween B. cinnabarina and B. nitida.
., prismatoca'rpa (prism-fruited). J. Yellow. Summer.

Trop. Africa. 1861.

„ pruina'ta (frosty-leaved). White. Costa Rica. 1870.
,, pulche'lla (neat). £. White. July. Brazil. 1823. ]

Stove annual.

,, pu'lchra (beautiful). See B. NITIDA.
,, puncta'ta (spotted). See B. HERACLEIFOLIA.
,, punctati' ssima (much spotted). Hybrid between

B. decora and B. Rex. 1899.
,, ^Mte^sta'na(Putzeys'). White. Winter. Venezuela.

1871.

,, radia'ta (rayed). See B. HERACLEIFOLIA.
., radi'cans (rooting). Brazil. A climber.

BEGONIA

107

BELL GLASSES

Ra'jah. Pink. Leaves rich metallic green and

coppery-red. Malaya. 1894.
r amenta' cea (scaly-stemmed). i. Whitish-blush.

June. Brazil. 1830. Stove herbaceous perennial.
Reichenhei'mi (Reichenheim's). Hybrid between B.

rubella and heracltifolia. 1903.
renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped). See B. DREGEI and

B. VITIFOLIA.

Re'x (king). Pink. Himalayas. 1858. There are

many fine varieties of this in cultivation, all noted

for handsome foliage.
Re'xxdeco'ra (Jard., 1886. 267, f. 123). Many

hybrids have been raised.
Re'x x socotra'na. Garden hybrid. 1894.
Rhee'dii (Rheed's).
rhizocarpoi'des (Rhizocarp-like). Epiphytic on trees.

S. Brazil. 1902.
rkizocau'lis (roo ting-stemmed). Pink. August.

Central Amer. 1856.

ricAardsta'na(Richardsian). i. White. Natal. 1871.

ricinifo'lia (castor-oil-leaved). Garden hybrid. 1882.

„ gigante'a odora'ta. Hybrid between B. ricinifolia

and fulgensxscharffiana. 1905.
Rce'zlii (Rcezl's). See B. LYNCHIANA.
rosa'cea (rose-like). $. White. September. New

Grenada. 1857.
sy-flc
Andes of Peru. 1866.

ros&flo'ra (rosy-flowered), i. Bright rose. July.

ro'seo-multifto'ra (many-flowered, rosy). Variety of

B. semperflorens.
rube'lla (little-red). Leaves bronzy-green with paler

nerves. Nepaul. 1883.

rubricau'lis (red-stemmed), ij. Blush. Peru.
ru'bro-ve'nia (red-veined). J. White, red. Bootan.

1852.
rupe'sfris (rock). 2. Pink. April. Brazil. Stove

herbaceous perennial.

ru'tUans (brilliant). 4. White, rose. October. 1855.
sagitta'ta (arrow-shaped). Garden hybrid. Pink.

1868.
sangui'nea (blood-Ted-leaved). 3. White. June.

Brazil. 1829.

Saunde'rsii (Saunders'). Garden hybrid.
sca'brida (scabrid). White. Venezuela. 1857.
sca'ndens (climbing). White. S. Amer. 1874. Syns.

B. elliptica, B. lucida, and B. moritziana.
Sce'ptrum (sceptre). Leaves pahnate, blotched with

silver-grey. Brazil. 1883.
scharffia'na (Scharffian). Brazil.
scharffia'na X meia'llica. Garden hybrid. 1890.
scharffia'na (Scharffian) of B. M., t. 7028. See B.

HAAGEAXA.

schmidtia'na (Schmidtian) . White, tinted red on back.

,, ro'sea (rosy). Deep rose-red.
scutdla'ta (little-shield). See B. CONCH^FOLIA.
Sede'ni (Seden's). Hybrid between B. boliviensis and

B. Veitchii. 1870.
Sello'wii (Sellow's). White. September. Stove

herbaceous perennial.
semper flo'rens (ever-blooming). Pink. Brazil. 1829.

Early raised varieties are B. carminea, grandiflora,

gigantea, purpurea, atropurpurea, rosea, and Sturzii.
sine'nsis (Chinese). 2. Pink. China and j apan. 1899.
sinua'ta (vandyked). 2. White. June. Brazil.

1836.
socotra'na (Socotra). Rose-pink. Winter. Socotra.

1880.

sparsi'pila (scattered hairs). Central Amer.
spathula'ta (spathulate). See B. CUCULLATA.
stigmo'sa (spotted-/«imf}. i$. White. Stove

herbaceous perennial.
strigillo'sa (finely strigose). Pink. Summer. Central

Amer. 1851.
suave'olens (sweet-scented). i. White. August.

W. Ind. 1816. Syn. B. pdorata.
sulca'ta (furrowed). 3. White. Colombia.
Sutherla'ndii( Sutherland's). I to 2. Orange. June.

NataL 1862.
TeusctSri (Teuscber's). Leaves deep green, spotted

and blotched white. Dutch Ind. 1879.
Theulie'ri ro'sea. Hybrid derived from B. semper-

florens. 1901.
TTiautte'su(Thwaites'). 6. White and pink. Ceylon.

1852.
tomento'sa (felted). 3. White. BraziL

B. tuber o'sa (tuberous). \. White. August. Amboyna.
1810. Stove tuberous-rooted.

„ vlmifo'lia (Elm-leaved). 3. White. Winter. Vene-
zuela. 1854.

„ umbraculi'fera (umbrella-bearing). White. Brazil.
(B. M., t. 7457.)

„ undula'ta (waved). 2. White. July. Brazil. 1826.

,, urophy'lla (tail-leaved). White. March. Mexico.

„ VSitchii (Veitch's). Scarlet. Summer. High Peru-
vian Andes. 1867.

„ vendictia'na (Vendictian). September. 1880.

„ veno'sa (veiny). 4. Brazil. 1899. (B. M., t. 7657.)

,, vernico'sa (varnished). See B. MULTINERVIA.

„ Verschaffe'lti (Verschaffelt's). Rose. Hybrid be-
tween B. caroliniafolia and B. manicata. 1881.

„ Ftatt'dt(Viaud's). Hybrid between B. Duchartrei and
B. piciaviensis. 1897.

,, villo'sa (villous). See B. HIRTELLA.

,, vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). 3. White. Winter. Brazil.
1833. Syns. B. grandis and B. reniformis.

„ wageneria'na (Wagenerian). 3. White. Winter.
Brazil. 1856.

., Wallenstei'nii (Wallenstein's). Leaves dark green
and chocolate. 1884.

,, tpallichia'na (Wallichian). 3. White or rose. India.

,, Warsccwi'czii (Warscewicz's). See B. CONCH/EFOLIA.

., weltonie'nsis (Walton), i. Pink. Useful greenhouse
or window plant. Hybrid. 1875.

„ Wettstei'ni (Wettstein's). Garden origin.

., Wi'lliamsii (Williams'). White. Garden origin.

1882.

, xanthi'na (golden), i. Golden-yellow. Summer.
Himalayas. 1850.

„ „ La'zuli (Lapis-lazuli). Leaves metallic purple.

„ ,, pictifp'lia (painted-leaved). Pale yellow. Leaves
with silvery spots.

,, zebri'na (striped like a zebra). See B. ANGULARIS.

BE HNIA. (A commemorative name. Nat ord.
Liliaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen climber. Seeds ; divisions.
Loam, peat, and sand.

B. reticula'ta (netted). 6-8. Greenish-yellow, or white.
S. Africa. 1867.

BETLSCHMIE'DIA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Lauracese.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand, in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
B. pe'ndula (drooping). 40. Yellow. Mexico. 1800.

BEJA RIA. See BEFARIA.

BELAMCA NBA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Liliaceae.)

Hardy, perennial herb. Seeds ; divisions in spring.
Rich, light soil in a sheltered situation.

B. chine'nsis (Chinese). See B. PUNCTATA.
„ puncta'ta (spotted). 2. Orange, spotted with crimson.
June. China. 1759.

BELLADO NNA. See ATROPA.
BELLADONNA LILY. Amary'llis Bellado'nna.

BELLEISLE CRESS. Barbare'a prce'cox. See AMERI-
CAN CRESS.

BELLEVA'LIA. (Named after P. R. BeUeval, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hex-
andria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Hyacinthus.)

Hardy bulbs ; offsets ; common garden-soil.

B. AuchSri (Aucher's). See HYACINTHUS AUCHERI.
,, opercula'ta (lid-covered), i. White. May. Italy.

1596. See H. ROMANUS.
,, syri'aca (Syrian). Orange, blue. May. Syria.

1844. See H. TRIFOLIATUS.

BELL-FLOWER. Campanula.

BELL GLASSES. Formerly these which are bell-
shaped, with a nob at the top, were much in use for
covering cuttings, and even now amateurs who have no
ordinary propagating pit may make good use of them
for covering cuttings. In the older editions of the
Dictionary they are recommended for use in the propa-
gation of many plants for which no modern grower
would think of using them. The ordinary propagating pit

BELLIDIASTRUM

108

BERBERIS

or frame being now more in use, even for Erica cuttings
the Bell glasses are now dispensed with. Yet there is a
revival of the French method of protecting early spring
crops with " cloches " (or large bell glasses). It is,
however, doubtful if they can come into general use,
the expense from breakage, &c., being too great.

BELLIDIA'STRUM. (From bellis, a daisy, and
astrum, a star ; being star-like. Nat. ord. Composites
[Composite?]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, z-Superflua. Now
referred to Aster.)
B. Miche'lii (Micheli's). See ASTER BELLIDIASTRUM.

BE LLIS. The Daisy. (From bellus, pretty ; referring
to the flowers. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite] .
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua.)

All the cultivated kinds are hardy herbaceous peren-
nials. Seeds, but chiefly division of the roots ; common
soil.

B. hy'brida (hybrid). See B. PERENNIS.
„ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). |. White, pink. July.

Texas. 1801.
„ pcre'nnis (perennial). J. White. June. Britain.

This is the common Daisy.
„ ,, aucubafo'lia (Aucuba-leaved). J. Red. Leaves

creamy-yellow veined.
„ „ cons-pi 'cua (conspicuous). Red.
,, ,, fistulo'sa (piped, double-quilled). See B. P. TUBU-

LOSA.

,, ,, horte'nsis (garden, large-double}. J. Red. June.
„ ,, proli'fera (proliferous). J. Striped. June. Com-
monly called The Hen and Chickens.
„ „ tubulo'sa (tubular). J. Double-quilled. Red.
,, rotundifo'lia (round leaved). £. White. Algeria.

1873-

„ ,, ccerule' scens (round-leaved blue). J. Pale lilac-
blue. Algeria. 1873. The Blue Daisy.
„ sylve'stris (wood), f. White. June. Portugal.

1797-

It is curious that the daisy is not more cultivated and
crossed by florists and amateurs. It is quite as capable
of improvement as the chrysanthemum. The continental
florists have not treated it with similar neglect ; and
M. Van Houtte, of Ghent, has more than twenty distinct
varieties in his catalogue — white, pink, and variegated ;
quilled, red-disked, and double. In recent years English
growers have given more attention to these attractive
flowers, and we have some very fine varieties.

BE'LLIUM. (From bellis, a daisy ; the flowers being
like the daisy. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, z-Superflua.)

Seeds and divisions ; sandy soil, and a little peat.
B. bellidioi'des (daisy-like). J. White. July. Italy.

1796. Hardy annual.
„ crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). J. Whitish- yellow.

June. Sardinia. 1831. Half-hardy perennial.
., interme'dium (intermediate). •£. White. August.

Hardy herbaceous perennial.

,, minu'tum (minute), i. White. August. Levant.
1772. Hardy herbaceous perennial.

BELLOWS. The bellows formerly used for the fumi-
gating with Tobacco have quite gone out of use, but we
have various designs of a smaller size which are used for
distributing the different powder insecticides. There
are also various other distributors of powder insecticides.
See notes on FUMIGANTS and INSECT PESTS.

BELL PEPPER. Cap'sicwn gros'sum.

BELLI!' CIA. (A handsome, evergreen, stove shrub
or tree, belonging to the nat. ord. of Melastomads
[Melastomaceas]. It is propagated by firm cuttings in
sand in a close case. Loam, peat, and sand.)

B. Auble'tii (Aublet's). Flesh-coloured and white.
Guiana. 1820.

BELOPE'RONE. (From belos, an arrow, and perone.
a band, or strap ; in reference to the arrow-shaped
connectivum. Nat. ord. Acanthads [Acanthacea?]. Linn.
z-Diandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Justicia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings ; light loam. Pot

in loam and leaf-mould with sand and a little manure

added. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 45° to 55°.

B. angustifto'ra (narrow-flowered). Purple- violet. Trop.

Amer. 1908.

B. atropurpu'rea (dark purple). 2. Dark purple.
Brazil.

„ auranti'aca (orange). S. Amer.

„ caracasa'na (Caraccas). 5. Violet. May. Caraccas.
1822. Trailer.

„ cilia' to, (ciliated). See DIANTHERA.

,, nemoro'sa (grove). 2. Purple. May. W. Ind. 1795.

,, oblonga'ta (oblong-leaved). 3. Rosy-purple. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1832.

„ plumbaginifo'lia (Leadwort-leaved). 3. Brazil.

,. viola'cea (violet). 3. Violet. Mexico. 1859.

BELOSPE'RMA ATROPURPU'KEA. See SIMONSIA

CHRYSOPHYLLA.

BENDING- DOWN. This term is chiefly applied to
the bending of the annual or other shoots of fruit-trees,
for the purpose of making them fruitful, or to make
them assume some desired form. Balls of clay have
been fastened to the extremities of the shoots, to weigh
them down into the position required ; but the most
desirable mode is by fastening them by a string to pegs
driven into the ground.

BENGAL QUINCE. M'gle Marme'los.

BENJAMIN-TREE. Fi'cus Benjami'na and Linde'ra
Benzo'in.

BENTHAMIA. (Named after Mr. Bentham, a dis-
tinguished English botanist. Nat. ord. Cornels [Corna-
ceas]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred
to Cornus.)

Hardy evergreen shrubs. Layers ; seeds where pro-
curable ; loam ; does in a sheltered place.

B. flo'rida (flowery). See CORNUS.
„ fragi'fera (strawberry- fruited). See C. CAPITATA.
,, japo'nica (Japanese). See C. KOUSA.

It is doubtful whether B. fragi'fera will endure pur
winters unprotected, except in our southern counties.
It ripens its fruit against a wall in Devonshire. It is like
a raspberry, and ornamental, but not eatable.

BENTTNCKIA. (A genus of Palms. Nat. ord.
Palmaceae.)

Handsome feather-leaved Palms, with finely cut
segments. Seeds. Sandy loam and a little peat. Temp.,
55° to 60° in winter ; 70° to 80° in summer.

B. Condapa'nna (Condapanna). India.
„ nicoba'rica (Nicobar). 2 to 70. Leaves 6 to 8 feet long ;
leaflets 2 feet. Nicobar Islands. (Sand. Cat.,
1895, 46.)

BERA'RDIA. (Named after M. Berard, a encrust
of Montpelier. Nat. ord. Bruniads [Bruniaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Raspalia.)

B. globo'sa (globose). 2. White. July. 1816.
,, microphy'lla (small-leaved). See RASPALIA MICRO-

PHYLLA.

,, palea'cea (chaffy). See NEBELIA PALEACEA.
„ phylicoi'des (Phylica-like). See RASPALIA PASSERI-
NOIDES.

BERA'RDIA. (Named after M. Berard. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. This is the true Berardia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds. Well drained,
good garden soil, on a rockery.

B. subacau'lis (nearly stemless). J. Whitish, solitary,
large. Mountains of France.

BERBERIDO PSIS. (From Berberis, the Barberry, and
opsis, like ; the shrub being somewhat like a Barberry.
Nat. ord. Berberidacea?.)

Handsome, evergreen shrub, hardy in the south and
west, but requiring the protection of a wall in the mid-
lands and north. Seeds or cuttings with a heel in spring
in cold frame. Layers in August to October. Ordinary
soil, well drained.

B. coralii'na. 6 to 10. Crimson-red. Chili. 1862.

BERBERIS. The Barberry. (From berbery s. its
Arabian name. Nat. ord. Berberids [Berberidacea?].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

We have reunited with this genus all the species
separated from it, and called Mahonias. Seeds, sown in
spring ; cuttings root freely if planted early in autumn ;
and suckers are abundantly produced. Grafting is

BERBERIS

109

BERBERIS

resorted to with rare species. Deep, sandy soil. All
are hardy, except where otherwise specified. See BAR-
BERRY.

EVERGREENS.

B. aclinaca'ntha(ray-spined). 3. Yellow. June. Strait

of Magellan.
.. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). Bronzy-yellow. S.W.

China. (Veitch I. N., 1906, 2 f.).

„ anarea'na (Andrean). 6. Yellow. Uruguay. 1899.
„ angulo'sa (angular). Yellow. Northern Ind. 1844.
„ Aquifo'lium (holly-leaved). 6. Yellow. April. N.

Amer. 1823.

„ ,, fascicula'ris (fascicled). 4 to 6. Yellow.
., „ lati folia, (broad-leaved).
„ „ macrophy'lla (large-leaved).
., „ murraya'na (Murrayan).
„ ,, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved).
„ ,, undula'ta na'na (wavy-leaved dwarf).
„ argu'ta (acute-leaved). Lemon yellow. Panicle 12-

16 in. Country unknown. 1908. Syn. Mahonia

arguta.
„ arista'ta (awned) of B. M., t. 2549. See B. UMBEL-

LATA.

„ asia'tica (Asiatic). 4. Yellow. Nepaul. 1823.
„ aurahuace'nsis (Aurahua). Golden-yellow. New

Grenada. 1847.

„ aurahuace'nsis of gardens. See B. LYCIUM.
„ Bea'lei planifo'lia (Mr. Beale's Chinese, flat-leaved).

See B. JAPONICA.
., buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 3. Yellow. Strait of

Magellan. 1827.

„ conci'nna (neat). 2. Yellow. Sikkim Himalaya.
„ congestiflo'ra hakeoi'des (crowded-flowered, Hakea-

like). 3 to 4. Bright yellow. Chili. (B. M., t.

6770.)
„ Darwi'nii (Darwin's). 2. Orange. May. S. Chili.

1849.
„ dealba'ta (whitened-teai/ftf). 5- Yellow. May.

Mexico. 1833.
„ dia'phana (thin-leaved). 6 to 8. Yellow. N.W.

China.

„ du'lcis (sweet- fruited). See B. BOXIFOLIA.
„ Ehrenbe'rgii (Ehrenberg's). Yellow, white. Mexico.
„ e'legan* (elegant). See B. LYCIUM.
„ emargina'ta (notcn-petalled) . See B. VTJLGARIS.
„ empetrifo'lia (Empetrum-leaved) . 2. Yellow. May.

Strait of Magellan. 1827. Half-hardy.
„ fascicula'ris (bundle-flowered) . See B. AQUIFOLIUM

FASCICULARIS.

„ floribu'nda (free-flowering). See B. ARISTATA.

„ Fortu'nei (Fortune's). Yellow. July. China. 1846.

„ Fremo'nti (Fremonts'). Yellow. Texas and Arizona.

1888.
„ Gagnepai'nii (Gagnepain's). 3-6. Delicate yellow.

Western China. 1907.

„ glau'ca (sea-green). Yellow. Colombia. Greenhouse.
,, gluma'cea (chaffy). See B. NERVOSA.
„ Guimpe'lii (Guimpel's). Yellow. Origin unknown.
., heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 4. Yellow. May.

Strait of Magellan. 1805.
,, Hooke'ri (Hooker's). See B. WALLICHIANA.
,, hy'brida autumna'lis (hybrid, autumn-flowering). 4.

Orange. 1884.

„ hypoleu'ca (white beneath). See B. ASIATICA.
„ ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 4. Yellow. July. Terra

del Fuego. 1791.
„ ine'rmis (unarmed). 2. Yellow. Strait of Magellan.

1827. Half-hardy.

„ Janteso'nii (Jameson's). Yellow. Ecuador. 1850.
., japo'nica( Japanese). 3104. Yellow. Japan. 1850.

Syns. B. Bealei and B. Bealei planifolia.
,, „ flo're lu'teo. Chrome-yellow. 1902.
„ leschenaultia'na (Leschenaultian). See B. NEPALENSIS.
„ loxe'nsis (Loxanese). 3 to 4. Yellow. Peru. Not

quite hardy.

„ lu'tea (yellow). 18. Yellow. Ecuador.
„ Ly'cium (ophthalmic). Y'ellow. June. Himalayas.

Syns. B. aurahuacensis of gardens, and B. elegans

of gardens.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See B. WALLICHIANA

LATIFOLIA.

„ mi'tis (gentle-<Aorn/«s). See B. VULGARIS.

„ monta'na (mountain). Yellow. Chili.

„ nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 4. Yellow. Himalayas.

B. nervo'sa (large-nerved). Yellow. June. N. Amer.

1804.
., Neube'rti (Neubert's). Hybrid between B. Aquifolium

and B. vulgaris. 1891.
„ pa'llida (pale). Yellow. April. Mexico. 1844.

Greenhouse.

,, pangharange'nsis (Pangharang). 1848. Half-hardy.
„ parvifio'ra (small-flowered). 3. Yellow. May. S.

Amer. 1846. Greenhouse.
„ pruino'sa (frosted). 3. Sulphur-yellow. Yunnan.

China. 1896.
,, re'pens (creeping), i to 2. Yellow. N. Amer. 1822.

Syn. Mahonia repens.
„ ruscifo'lia (Butcher's-broom-leaved). 5. Yellow.

May. Argentina. 1823.
,, sangui'nea (blood-red). Sepals red, yellow inside.

Western China. 1903.
,, sttnophy'Ua (narrow-leaved). Golden-yellow. Hybrid

between B. empetrifolia and B. Darwinii.
„ ttnuifo'lia (thin-leaved). Vera Cruz. 1836.
„ tincto'ria (dyers'). Neilgberries.
., trifoliola'ta (three-leafleted). Yellow. May. Texas.

1839. Greenhouse.
„ tri/u'rca (three-forked). 6. YeUow. Spring. China.

1850.

„ undula'ta (wavy-leaved). 6. Yellow. Peru.
,, virga'ta (twiggy), of Jour. Hort. Soc. See B. PARVI-

FLORA ; of Hort. Koch. See B. ACTINACANTHA.
,, wallichia'na (Wallich's). 4. Yellow. May. Nepaul.

1820. Half-hardy.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Himalayas. Syn. B.

macrophylla.

„ „ microca'rpa (small-fruited). Khasia Hills.
„ „ pa'llida (pale). Bhotan. 1904.

DECIDUOUS.

B. approxima'ta (approximate). 5. Pale yellow, small.

China. 1909.
„ arista'ta (bearded). 6. Yellow. Northern Ind. 1825.

Syns. B. Chitria, B. coriaria.
„ „ floribu'nda (free-flowering). 10. Yellow. June.

Nepaul. B. umbellata of B. R., 1844, t. 44.
„ „ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). Nearly spineless.

1888.
„ Bretschnei'dtri (Bretschneider's). 6 to 10. Pale

yellow. N. China. 1907.
„ canade'nsis (Canadian). 5. Yellow. May. Canada.

1759-

,, carolinia'na (Carolina). See B. CANADENSIS.
,, coria'ria (tanner's). See B. ARISTATA.
„ crata'gina (Crataegus-like). 6. Yellow. May. Asia

Minor. 1829. A form of B. vulgaris.
„ cre'tica (Cretan). 3. Yellow. April. Candia. 1759.
„ „ serratifo'lia (saw-edged-leaved). Yellow. May.

Candia. 1759.

„ daw'rica(Daurian). 8. Yellow. May. Dauria. 1818.
., dictyophy'Ua (netted-leaved). 6. Pale yellow.

Yunnan, China. 1901.
„ F«k#£'f*(Fendler's). 6. Yellow. Rocky Mountains.

1888.
,, floribu'nda (many-flowered). See B. ARISTATA FLORI-

BUNDA.

,, hetero'poda (various-stalked). Yellow. Central Asia.
,, ibe'rica (Iberian). A form of B. vulgaris.
„ intege'rrima (very entire). Yellow. Central Asia.
.. ,, Pyraca'ntha (Fiery-Thorn-leaved).
„ parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 2. Pale yellow. W. China.

1910.

,, provincia'lis (Provence). A form of B. vulgaris.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). Light yellow. Chili.

1881.

,, sero'tina (late). Origin unknown.
„ sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1790.
„ St«6o'Wn (Siebold's). Pale yellow. Japan. 1890.
., sine'nsis (Chinese). 4. Yellow. May. China. 1815.
„ Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). Red, straw. April.

Japan. 1882.

,, ., mi' nor (smaller). A dwarf variety. 1900.
„ umbella'ta (umbeUzte- flowered) . 6. Yellow. Nepaul.

1842. Syn. B. aristata of B. M., t. 2549.
., vire'scens (greenish). Syn. B. belstaniana.
„ vulga'ris (common). 10. Yellow. April. England.
„ „ a'lba (white- fruited). See B. v. FRUCTU ALBO.
,, „ aspe'rma (seedless). 6. Yellow. April. Europe.

BERCHEMIA

no

BERZELIA

B. vulga'ris du'lcis (sweet-red- fruited). Yellow. May.

Austria. Evergreen.

„ „ fo'liis purpu'reis (purple-leaved). 10. Yellow.
May. 1841.

fo'liis variega'tis (Leaves variegated).
fru'ctu a'lbo (white fruited).
fru'ctu ni'gro (black fruited).
glau'ca (milky-green-leaved). 10. Yellow. May.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 10. Yellow. May.
lu'tea (ye\iow- fruited). 10. Yellow. May.
Europe.

macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 1905.
mi'tis (gentlQ-thornless) . 10. Yellow. May.
ni'gra (black- fruited). See B. v. FRUCTU NIGRO.

purpu'rea (purple-fruited).
viola' cea (violet- fruited).

„ Wilso'ncz (Mrs. Wilson's). Golden. Fruit coral red.

Western China. 1907.
„ yunnane'nsis (Yunnan). 3-6. Pale yellow. Western

China. 1908.

BERCHE'MIA. (Named after M. Berchem, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Rhamnads [Rhamnaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Seeds, cuttings, and divisions ; sandy loam and peat.
All twiners. Greenhouse treatment for the two species
first named. B. volu'bilis and racemosa are hardy.

B. floribu'nda (many-flowered). White. Nepaul. 1827.
„ linea'ta (lined). 8. Green. June. China. 1804.
„ racemo'sa (racemed). 10. Green. Japan and China.

1888.

„ ,, variega'ta (variegated).
,, volu'bilis (twining). 15. Green. June. Carolina.

1714. "Supple-Jack."

BERGAMOT MINT. See MENTHA AQUATICA CITRATA.

BERGE'RA. (Named after M. Berger, a botanist at
Kiel. Nat. ord. Citronworts [Rutaceae]. Linn. lo-Decan-
dria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Layers and cuttings ; sandy
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

B. intege'rrima (entire-leaved). Now referred to Micro-

melum pubescens.

„ Koeni'gii (Koenig's). Now referred to Murray a
Koenigii.

BFRGIA. (Named after P. J. Bergius, M.D. Nat.
ord. Water-peppers [Elatinaceae]. Linn. lO-Decandria,
4-Pentagynia.)

Hardy annual. Seeds ; sandy soil.

B. cape'nsis (Cape of Good Hope), i. White and red.

June. S. Africa. 1820.
,, verticilla' ta (whorled). See B. CAPENSIS.

BERKHE'YA. (Named after M. J. L. de Berkhey, a
Dutch botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 3-Frustranea. Allied to Gorteria.)

All from S. Africa, and greenhouse evergreens,
except where otherwise specified. Biennial species by
seed, as a tender annual ; herbaceous ones by seed, but
chiefly divisions, in spring ; evergreens by cuttings
under a glass, in sandy soil ; pot in sandy loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 50°.

B. Adla'mi (Adlam's). 6. Yellow. S. Africa,
„ carduifo'rmis (Carduus-formed). 2|. Yel

Autumn. 1864.

,, carlinoi'des (Carlina-like). Yellow. July. 1823.
„ ce'rnua (drooping- flowered). See DIDELTA CERNUA.
„ cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. 1812.
., cynaroi'des (artichoke-like), i. Yellow. June. 1789.

Greenhouse herbaceous.

„ frutico'sa (shrubby). 2. Yellow. July. 1793.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered) . 2. Yellow. July. 1812.
„ inca'na (hoary). See B. FRUTICOSA.
,, obova'ta (reversed-egg-lcaved). 2. Yellow. July.

1794.

„ palma'ta (band-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. 1800.
„ pectina'ta (comb-leaved). See CULLUMIA PECTINATA.

„ pinna'ta (pinnate), i. Yellow. July. 1813.
„ purpu'rea (purple). 3. Pale
1872. Syn. Stobcea purpurea.

Juy.
urple.

S. Africa.

„ spinosi' ssima (most spiny) . 2. Yellow. July. 1821.

Greenhouse herbaceous.
„ uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 3. Yellow. July. 1815.

BERMUDA CEDAR. Juni'perus bermudia'na.

BERNA'RDIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Euphorbiaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand in bottom-
heat. Loam, peat, and sand.

B. dicho'toma (forked). 6. Green. July. W. Ind. 1768.

BERRY. A succulent or juicy fruit, formed from an
inferior, one-celled ovary, with, at least, two rows of
seeds attached to the inner walls and nestling in pulp,
as in the Gooseberry and Currant. The term is, how-
ever, loosely applied to all sorts of succulent, juicy, or
baccate fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries, grapes,
rowan, mulberry, &c., the botanical structure of which
is entirely different.

BERSAMA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Sapindaceae.)

Evergreen stove tree. Cuttings in bottom-heat.
Loam, peat, and sand.

B. usambar e'nsis (Usambar). See B. USAMBARICA.
,, usamba'rica (Usambar). 50. White, silky. 1904.

BERTERO'A. (Named after C. J. Bertero, a friend of
Decandolle's. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn.
i5-Tetradynamia. Now united with Alyssum.)

Biennial and perennial from seed and cuttings ; the
shrubby and rather more tender species from cuttings
under a hand-glass, in summer ; loamy soil.

B. inca'na (hoary). 2. White. July. Europe. 1640.

Hardy biennial.
„ muta'bilis (changeable). 2. White, pink. July.

Levant. 1802. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
,, obli'qua (\mequal-sided-leaved) . See B. MUTABILIS.

BERTHOLLETTIA. Brazil Nut. (Named after L. C.
Berthollet, a distinguished chemist. Nat. ord. Myrtle-
blooms [Myrtaceas]. Linn. i$-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

The Brazilian nuts of the shops are the produce of
this ornamental stove evergreen tree. Cuttings, ripened
wood, in sand, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

B. exce'lsa (tall). 100. Para.

BERTOLO NLA. (Named after A. Bertoloni, an Italian
botanist. Nat. ord. Melastomads [Melastomaceae]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

A remarkable genus of dwarf-spreading stove foliage
plants, requiring a moist, moderate stove temperature ;
should be potted in loose soil consisting of peat, leaf-
mould, and a small portion of fibrous loam with sand
added and good drainage. They require careful atten-
tion, and when well grown are very attractive ; propa-
gated by divisions in close frame.

B (z'nea (coppery). £. Purple. Garden hybrid. 1882.
, gutta'ta (spotted). See GRAVESIA GUTTATA.
, hirsu'ta (hairy). See TRIOL^JNA HIRSUTA.
, houttea'na (Van Houttean). Country unknown.
, macula' ta (blotched). J. Pink, purple. Brazil. 1850.

(B. M., t. 4551.)

, mar gar ita' cea (pearly). See SALPINGA.
, marmora'ta (marbled). $. Purple. Brazil. 1858.
, primulaflo'ra (primrose-flowered). See MONOLENA.
, pube'scens (softly hairy). Leaves light and dark

green. Ecuador.
,, superbi' ssima (most superb). See GRAVESIA GUTTATA

SUPERBA.

„ vitta'ta (striped). Pale rose. Garden hybrid. 1879.

BERTONFRLLA. (Compounded from Bertolonia and
Sonerila and applied to a garden race of hybrids. Nat.
ord. Melastomads [Melastomaceae].)

Stove herbaceous plants requiring similar treatment to
Bertolonia. (Lind. Cat., 1896, 7, ff.)

BERZELIA. (Named after Berzelius, the celebrated
chemist. Nat. ord. Bruniads [Bruniaceae]. Linn. $-Pen-
tandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened wood in sand, under a
glass ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

B. abrotanoi' des (southernwood-like), ij. White. June.

1787.

,, lanigino'sa (woolly). 3. White. July. 1774.

„ squarro'sa (spreading). 2. White. July. 1804.

BESCHORNERIA

in

BETULA

BESCHORNE RIA. (Named after H. Beschorner, a
German botanist. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae].
Related to Agave.)

Warm greenhouse succulents of an evergreen charac-
ter. They require similar treatment to the American
Aloe (Agave americana).

B. bractea'ta(bT3iCteated). 2. Reddish. March. Mexico.

(B. M.. t. 6641.)

„ cohnia'na (Cohnian). See B. TUBIFLORA.
„ decosteria" na (Decosterian). 7. Green and tinted

red. Mexico. 1880. (B. M., t. 6768.)
„ du'bia (doubtful). 3. Green. Mexico. 1877. (R. H.,

1877, 153-156.)
„ pube'scens (pubescent). Scape, 4 to 5. Green, fading

to yellow. Mexico. 1906.
„ supe'rba (superb). Mexico.
„ tonelia'na (Tonelian). 4. Red, green. Mexico. 1872.

(B. M., t. 6091.)
„ tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 5. Green, red. Mexico.

1845. Syns. B. cohniana and Furcrcea tubiflora.
„ Wri'ghtii( Wright's). 8. Green. Mexico (?). 1901.
,, yuccoi'des (Yucca-like). 4. Green. Mexico. 1860.

BESLE RIA. (Named after Besler, an apothecary at
Nuremberg. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneraceae]. Linn.
H-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Gesnera.)

Stove evergreen under-shrubs, except where other-
wise specified. Cuttings, slightly dried, and placed in
sweet soil ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 50° to 60°.

B. cocci'nea (scarlet-berried). See ALLOPLECTUS cocci-

NEUS.

„ crista'ta (crested). See ALLOPLECTUS CRISTATUS.

„ di'chrus( two-coloured). See ALLOPLECTUS DICHROUS.

„ grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 3. Yellow. August.
Brazil. 1823.

„ Imra'yi (Imray's). Yellow. W. Ind. 1862. Her-
baceous.

„ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured-6«ri«f). 3. Yellow.
Guiana. 1820. Stove herbaceous perennial.

„ leuco'stoma (white mouth). i. Orange. New
Grenada.

„ lu'tea (yeUovr- flowered). 3. Yellow. July. W. Ind.
1739.

„ mo'llis (soft). 3. Yellow. S. Amer. 1823.

„ pulche'lla (neat). See TUSSACIA PULCHELLA.

., serrula'ta (finely saw-edged). See DRYMONIA SERRU-

LATA.

„ tigri'na (tiger-spotted). 4. White, crimson. De-
cember. Caraccas. 1853.

„ viola 'cea (purple-berried) . 6. Yellow. Guiana. 1824.
Stove evergreen climber.

BESOM, or BROOM, received its second name from
being often made of the broom-plant ; but the best,
both for flexibility and durability, are made of the ling,
or heath. Birch-brooms are the most common, and are
those to which the name besom applies, and the most
useful for all garden purposes ; beso, in the Armorican
language, being the birch. But whatever the material,
they will endure much longer if soaked in water for
some time before using. If kept constantly in water,
they would be still less brittle. Where walks are liable
to become mossy, a broom made of wire is frequently
employed for sweeping them. If the wire be iron, it
ought to be well dried and dipped hi oil before and after
being used, or it is soon destroyed by the rust. Small
Rakes now take the place of these.

BESSE RA. (Named after Dr. Besser, professor of
botany at Brody. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Elegant little Mexican bulbs,
allied to the Brodiaeas.)

Offsets ; sandy peat ; kept dry and cool, but secure
from frost when not growing ; kept moist when grow-
ing and flowering. They require a cold pit or green-
house.

B. e'legans (elegant). 2. Scarlet. September. Mexico.

„ ,, fistulo'sa (hollow-stalked). i. Purple. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1831.

„ „ Herbe'rli (Dr. Herbert's). Purple and white.
September. Mexico. 1846.

„ „ minia'ta (vermilion). Scarlet, white. Mexico.
1850.

BE TA. Beet Root. (From belt, the Celtic word for
red ; in reference to the red colour of the beet. Nat.
ord. Chenopods [Chenopodiaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria.
2-Digynia.)

Hardy biennials, except where otherwise described.
Seeds in March or April ; deep soil. See BEET.

B. Ci'cla (Sicilian white-beet). 6. Green. August.

Portugal. 1670.
,, cri'spa (curled). 6. Green. August. South of

Europe. 1800.

„ korte'nsis meta'llica (metallic garden). Leaves blood-
red.
„ macrorhi'za (long-rooted). 6. Green. August.

Caucasus. 1820.

„ mari'tima (sea), i. Green. August. Britain.
„ pa'tula (spreading). Green. Madeira.
„ tri'gyna (three-styled). 3. White. July. Hungary.

1796. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
„ vulga'ris (common red-beet). 4. Green. August.

Europe. 1548.
„ „ lu'tea (yellow-rooted). 4. Green. August. South

of Europe.

„ ,, macroca'rpa (large- fruited).
„ ,, ru'bra (red-rooted). 4. Green. August. South

of Europe.
„ „ vi'ridis (green). 4. Green. August. South of

Europe.

BETCKEA. (Named after M. Betcke, a botanist.
Nat. ord. Valerian worts [Valerianaceae]. Linn. 3-Trta»-
dria. i-Monogynia. Now referred to Plectritis.)

For all practical purposes, they may be taken as a
common Valerian. Hardy annuals. Seeds in warm
situations, in middle of May ; or, better, in a slight
hotbed, in the middle of March, and transplanted into
common garden-beds.

B. ma'jor (larger). See P. SAMOLIFOLIA.
,, samolifo'lia (Samolus-leaved). See P. SAMOLIFOLIA.

BETLE NUT. Pi' per Be- tie.

BETO NICA. Betony. (This genus, named after the
Celtic title, Bentonic, is now united to Stachys.)

B. spica'ta robu'sta (spiked, robust). See STACHYS

GRANDIFLORA ROBUSTA.

BE"rONY. Sta'chys and Teu'crium beto'nicum.

BE'TULA. Birch. (From its Celtic name, betu. Nat.
ord. Birchworts [Cupuliferae]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, 4-
Tetrandria.)

Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs, except where other-
wise specified. Seeds sown as soon as ripe, or kept
dry, and sown in the April following, in fine soil, and
scarcely more than covered ; deep, dry soil suits them
best. Shrubs and particular species by suckers and
grafting. The flowers of all are inconspicuous, having
no petals. There are many which are very ornamental
when grown as standards, grafted on the common sorts.

B. a'lba (common white). 40. April. Britain.
,, ,, daleca'rlica (Dalecarlian). 40. May. Europe.
„ „ fastigia'ta (upright).

„ „ fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). May.
„ „ macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 40. June. Europe.
„ „ pe'ndula (pendulous). April. Britain.
„ „ pe'ndula You'ngi (Young's Weeping Birch).
,. ., purpu'rea (purple-leaved).
„ pyramida'lis (pyramidal).

a'lba, subspecies pube'scens, varieties as follows : —
,, fo'liis au'reis (golden-leaved).
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved).
,, po'ntica (Pontic). 70. May. Turkey.
,, pube'scens (pubescent). 30. May. Britain.
,, undula'ta (wavy-leaved). 30. May.
,, urticifo'lia (nettle-leaved). 40. May.
alnoi'des pyrifo'lia (alder-like, pear-leaved). Central

China.

alpe'stris (alpine). N. Europe.
Bhojpa'ttra (Bhojpattra). See B. UTILIS.

„ glanduli' fera (gland-bearing). See B. UTILIS.
carpinifo'lia (horn-beam-leaved). See B. LENTA.
corylifo'lia (hazel-leaved). Japan.
davu'rica (Daurian). 30. July. Siberia. 1785.

,, parvifo'lia (small-leaved). July. Siberia.
Erma'ni (Ennan's). Japan. 1894.

BIANCEA

112

BIENNIAL

B. exce'lsa (tall). See B. PAPYRIFEKA.
,, fnitico'sa (shrubby). 6. June. Siberia. 1818.
,, glandulp'sa (glanded). May. N. Amer. 1816.
,, globispi'ca (globular- fruited). Japan. 1907.
„ gra'ndis (great). See B. ALBA.
,, gro'ssa (large-tooth-leaved). Japan.
„ hu'milis (low). Northern Hemisphere.
„ hum'ilis X pube'scens. 1905.
„ interme'dia (intermediate). Alpine and Arctic

Europe.

,, lanulo'sa (woolly). See B. NIGRA.
,, le'nta (pliant). 50. July. N. Amer. 1759.
„ lu'tea (yellow). 20. May. N. Amer.
,, Maximowi'czii (Maximowicz's). Japan. 1894.
„ Medwedie'wi (Medwediew's). Transcaucasia. 1887.
„ mo' His (soft). E. Ind. 1840.

,, na'na (swoo/A-dwarf), 4. May. Northern Hemi-
sphere.

„ „ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. May. Switzer-
land. 1819.
., „ stri'cta (upright). May.

, ni'gra (black). 60. July.' N. Amer. 1736.

, ova'ta (egg-leaved). See B. ALBA.

, palle'scens (palish). 6.

, papyra'cea (paper). See B. PAPYRIFERA.

. papyri' f era (paper-bearing). 50. June. N. Amer.

1750.
„ „ fu'sca (blackish-brown). May. Carolina.

,, occidental Us (western). Leaves large, shining.
N.W. Amer. 1888.

„ ,, platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 50. June. Carolina.
,, „ tricho' clada (hairy- twigged). June. Carolina.
,, papyri'fera X pu'mila. Garden origin.
,, populifo'lia (poplar-leaved). 30. July. N. Amer.

1750. Hardy evergreen.
,, ,, lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). 30. July.
,, „ pe'ndula (pendulous). July.
,, pu'mila (hairy-dwarf). 6. May. N. Amer. 1762.

, ,, fostigia'ta (upright).

, ,, Gra'yi (Gray's dwarf). 1890.

, pu'mila X le'nta. Garden hybrid. 1895.

, raddea'na (Raddean). Caucasus. 1887.

, ru'bra (red). See B. NIGRA.

, Scopo'lii (Scopoli's). 6.
,, tri'stis (sad). 10. May. Kamtschatka.
,, ulmifo'lia (elm-leaved). Japan. 1894.
,, u'tilis (useful). 50. May. Himalayas. 1840.
„ ,, glanduli' fera (gland-bearing). Near B. Ermani and
B. ulmifolia. 1905.

BIANCEA SCANDENS. See CESALPINIA SEPIARIA.

BIA'RUM. (The ancient name of a plant. Nat. ord.
AraceaB. Allied to Sauromatum.)

Hardy tubers that may be grown in any well-drained,
good garden soil, but if heavy, use plenty of leaf-mould
and sand. Propagated by offsets when the leaves die
down.

B. angusta'tum (narrow). £. Spathe and spadix
blackish-purple. Syria. 1861. Syn. Ischarum
angustatum.
., cri'spulum (crisped). $. Blackish-purple. Asia

Minor. 1860.

,, Christma'nni (Christmann's). Cilicia.
„ exi'mium (tall). £. Blackish-purple. Asia Minor.

1854.
„ Ko'tschyi (Kotschy's). |. Blackish-purple. Syria.

1860.
„ Pyra'mi (Pyramus). \. Spathe and spadix blackish -

purple. Palestine. 1862.
., Spru'neri (Spruner's). Closely related to B. tenui-

folium. Greece. 1894.

,. tenuifo'lium (thin-leaved). J. Dark brown-purple.
June. S. Europe. Syns. B. gramineum, B. con-
stri'ctum, and Arum tenuifolium.

BIBIO MARCI. St. Mark's Fly. Mr. Curtis says :
" The larva;, or grubs, of this insect generally live, in
large groups of a hundred or more, in strawberry-beds,
vine-borders, flower-pots, and similar undisturbed spots,
feeding upon the roots, and sometimes destroying the
entire plant. Bouch6 says they completely demolished
bis bed of Ranunculuses for several successive years, by
eating up the tubers. The larva is dark brown, some-
what cylindrical, the belly flattened, moderately broad,
and nearly linear; the head is comparatively small,

deep brown, and very shining. It changes to a chrysalis,
generally, towards the end of March. This is of a pale
ochreous colour, the head being brightest. The female
lays her eggs in the earth, and in the dung of horses
and cows, in May. They do not hatch until August."

BI'DENS. (From bis, twice, and dens, a tooth ; in
reference to the seed. Nat. ord., Composites. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, i-/Equalis. Allied to Coreopsis.)

Hardy ones may be grown in the common border.
The others are scarcely worth cultivating ; but we have
named the best. The annuals and biennials from seed,
and the perennials by divisions and suckers. All hardy,
except when otherwise specified.

B. argu'ta (arguta). See B. HETEROPHYLLA.
„ atrosangui'nea (dark blood-red). 3. Black-crimson.

Mexico. Root tuberous.

,, berteria'na (Berter's). See COSMOS CAUDATUS.
,, bipinna'ta (twice-leafleted). See COSMOS BIPINNATUS.
,, chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). 2. Yellow. August

W. Ind. 1752. Stove.

,, corona' ta (crowned). See COREOPSIS CORONATA.
„ dahlioi'des (Dahlia-like). 2. Pink, purple, rose, white.

Mexico. 1910. Root tuberous,
,, ferulcefp'lia (Ferula-leaved). 2. Yellow. Autumn.

Mexico. 1799.
,, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. June.

S. Amer. 1800. Annual.
., heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. Yellow. August.

Mexico. 1803. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.
„ hu'milis (dwarf). Yellow. Peru. Half-hardy

perennial. 1861.
, leuca'ntha (white-flowered), ij. White. July. W.

Ind. Annual.

,, macrospe'rma (large-seeded). See B. PARVIFLORA.
,, odora'ta (sweet-scented). 3. White. June. Mexico.

1825. Annual.
,, parvifto'ra (small-flowered). i. Yellow. June.

Siberia. 1829.
„ pilo'sa (pilose). 6. White. June. W. Ind. 1699.

Stove.
,, pro'cera (tall). 6. Yellow. November. Mexico.

1822. Herbaceous perennial.
,, re'pens (creeping). See B. TRIPARTITA.
,, rubifo'lia (Rubus-leaved). 6. Yellow. August.

W. Ind. 1792. Stove.

,, serrula'ta (fine- toothed). See B. GRANDIFLORA,
„ stria'ta (striated). 3. White. Yellow. Autumn.

Mexico. (B. M., t. 3155.)
,, triparti'ta (triparted-leaved). i to 2, Yellow.

Autumn. Britain.

BIDWI'LLIA. (Named after Mr. Bidwell, of Sydney,
an ardent cultivator of bulbs. Nat. ord. Lilyworts
[Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Anthericum.)

Hardy bulb. Divisions and offsets ; light, rich soil.
Grown in cool greenhouse.

B. glauce'scens (milky-green). White. May. Australia.
1843.

BIEBERSTEI'NIA. (Named after M. Von Bieberstein,
who wrote a Russian Flora. Nat. ord. Crane's-bills
[Geraniaceae]. Linn. lo-Monadelphia, 4.-Decandria.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Cuttings in close
frame in the beginning of summer ; seeds, in a slight
hotbed, under a glass, in March or April. Requires the
protection of a cold pit during winter, or a very dry,
sheltered place.

B. odo'ra (sweet), i. Yellow. May. Altaia. 1837.

BIENNIAL, from biennis, the Latin for of two years'
continuance, is a plant which, being produced from seed
in one year, perfects its seed and dies during the year
following. Biennials may often be made to endure
longer if prevented ripening their seeds ; and many
exotics, biennials in their native climes, are perennials in
our stoves.

Hardy Biennials. — Some of these ripen their seeds as
early as August, in which case they may be sown as
soon as harvested. Others, ripening their seeds later,
must have these reserved from sowing until May. The
double varieties of wallflowers, &c., are propagated by
cuttings.

Frame Biennials. — These require the shelter of a frame

BIFRENARIA

BIGNONIA

during the early stages of their growth ; to be removed
thence, in May, to the borders, where they bloom in
July and August.

BIFRENA'RIA. (From bis, twice, and frtznum, a
strap ; in reference to a double strap, or band, by means
of which the pollen masses are connected with their
gland. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceaa]. Linn. zo-Gynan-
dria, i-Monandria. Allied to Maxillaria.)

Stove orchids. Offsets and divisions. Peat, sphagnum,
charcoal, and broken pots ; raised above the surface of
pots, or in baskets. Summer temp., 65° to 85° ; winter,
60° to 65°, and rather dry.
B. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). Dark purple. Rio

Janeiro. 1828.
„ auranti'aca (orange-coloured), f. Orange-spotted.

September. Demerara.
„ au'reo-fu'lva (orange- tawny). Orange. Rio Janeiro.

1840.
„ bicorna'ria (two-horned). Orange, spotted purple.

Brazil. 1910.
„ Charleswo'rthii (Charlesworth's). Yellow, and lip

spotted. Brazil. 1894.

„ Dallema'gnei (Dallemagne's). See B. TYRIANTHINA.
„ fra' grans (fragrant). Brazil.
„ Hadwe'nii (Mr. Hadwen's). See SCUTICARIA.
„ Harriso'na (Mrs. Harrison's). White and yellow

tips. September. Brazil. 1836.
„ ,, a'lba (white). White, tipped red. Lip yellow,

white, purple.
„ „ buckania'na (Buchanian). Violet purple, green,

yellow. 1879.
„ inodo'ra (scentless). Green and purple. Brazil.

1843.

., „ xanthi'na (yellow). Yellow. Bahia. 1866.
„ leucorrho'da (white, red). White. Lip veined rose.

1859.

„ longico'rnis (long-horned). Orange, brown. Deme-
rara. 1843.
„ meli'color (honey-coloured). Honey-yellow, red.

Brazil. 1877.
„ pa'rvula (small). Tawny-yellow. Lip purplish.

Brazil. 1827.
„ racemo'sa (racemose). Straw-colour. Lip white,

spotted. Brazil. 1843.

„ telrago'na (four-angled). See LYCASTE TETRAGONA.
„ tyrianthi'na (purple). Violet-purple. Brazil. 1836.

Syn. Lycaste tyrianthina,

„ i, Goodso'nce (Mrs. Goodson's). Light purple. 1904.
„ vitelli'na (yolk-coloured). Yellow. Rio Janeiro.
1838.

BIGELO'WIA. (Shrubby Composites, with all its
florets tubular. Nat. ord. Compositas.)

May be cultivated in any good garden soil, and do
well against a wall.

B. grave' olens (strong smelling). 6 to 8. Yellow. N.

Amer. 1907.

„ nuda'ta (naked). 2. Yellow. September. Carolina.
1818.

BIGLANDULA'RIA. See SINNINGIA.

BIGNO'NIA. Trumpet Flower. (Named after Abb/
Bignon, librarian to Louis XIV. Nat. ord. Bignoniads
[Bignoniaceae]. Linn. n~Didynamia, z-Angiospermia.)

This order furnishes the most gorgeous climbers in
the world; natives of the tropical forests in either
hemisphere. Stove evergreen climbers, except where
otherwise specified. Propagated easily by young, stiff
side-shoots, taken off in summer, inserted in sand and
peat in close frame, and placed in bottom-heat; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
These mostly produce their flowers on short shoots, pro-
ceeding from well-ripened buds of the previous year's
wood. Few do well as pot-plants ; they like to ramble
over the roof in a moderate stove temperature. If the
wood is well hardened in summer, many of them do
well on the rafters of a common greenhouse, and flower
more freely than they would do in a stove ; but you
must have patience until they fairly mount the rafters.
Jasminoi'des may be taken as a type of these. The only
hardy species is capreola'ta, which is an ornamental wall-
climber in a sheltered situation ; propagated easily by
cuttings of its roots, or shoots, under a hand-glass, in
spring or autumn. The ra'dicans and its near neigh-

bour, but prettier grandiflo'ra, the only other hardy
species of the order, have been transferred to TE'COMA,
which see ; the difference in th« genera consisting chiefly
in the partition of the fruit, being parallel in Bigno'nia
and contrary in Te'coma.

B. adenophy'lla (gland-leaved). See HETEROPHRAGMA

ADENOPHYLLUM.

„ aquinoctia'lis (equinoctial). 40. Yellow. June.

Guiana. 1768.
,, cesculiflo'ra (horse-chestnut-flowered). See TABEBUIA

jeSCULIFOLIA.

,, a'lba (white). See SPATHODEA BRACTEOSA.

„ albo-lu'tea (white, yellow). Garden origin.

,, allia'cea (garlic-scented). 10. Yellow. Guiana. 1790.

,, amce'na (pleasing). See STEREOSPERMUM HYPOS-

TICTUM.

„ apure'nsis (Apu*>s). 10. Yellow. Orinoco. 1824.
i> argy'reo-viola'scens (silvery-violet). Young leaves

violet, later with silvery veins. S. Amer. 1865.
,, articula'ta Sointed). See PHYLLARTHRON NORON-

HIANUM.

,, auranti'aca (orange). Orange. S. Amer. 1874.

„ bi'juga (twin-leaved). 6. Madagascar. 1822.

,, buccinato'ria (trumpeter). 10. Red, orange. Mexico.
1824. (B. M., t. 7516.)

„ caru'lea (blue). See JACARANDA C^RULEA.

„ ca'ndicans (white). See ARRABID^EA CANDICANS.

„ cape'nsis (Cape). See TECOMA CAPENSIS.

„ capreola'ta (tendrilled). 15. Scarlet. June. N.
Amer. 1710.

„ ,, a'tro-sangui'nta (dark blood-red). Dark red-
purple. S. U. States. 1879.

„ Caroli'ncK (Lady Caroline's). See PITHECOCTENIUM
CAROLINA.

„ Chamberlay'nii (Chamber layne's). See ANEMOP^EGMA

RACEMOSUM.

„ chelonoi'des (Chelone-like). See STEREOSPERMUM

CHELONOIDES.

„ Chere're (Cherere). See B. BUCCINATORIA.

„ Chi'ca (Chica). 10. Orinoco. 1819.

„ chine'nsis (Chinese). See TECOMA GRANDIFLORA.

„ chrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered). See TECOMA CHRYS-

ANTHA.
,, chrysoleu'ca (yellowish-white). 10. Yellowish-white.

July. S. Amer. 1824.

,, Cle'matis (Clematis). 15. Caraccas. 1820.
„ Co'lei (Cole's). See COLEA MAURITIANA.
„ como'sa (ending with hairs). See ADENOCALYMNA

COMOSUM.

„ crena'ta (scolloped). 10. E. Ind. 1823.

„ cruci'gera (cross-stemmed). See B. CAPREOLATA.

„ deci'piens (deceiving). 10. S. Amer. 1823.

,, diversifo' 'lia (various-leaved). 10. Mexico. 1825.

„ donia'na (Donian). 12. White. Brazil. 1816.

,, echina'ta (bristly-/rm'ted). See PITHECOCTENIUM

AUBLETII.

,, elonga'ta (elongated). 8. Purple. S. Amer. 1820.
,, ftoribu'nda (many-flowered). See B. DQNIANA.
„ fraxinifo'lia (Ash-leaved). See SPATHODEA FRAXINI-

FOLIA.

„ gra'cilis (slender). See B. UNGUIS-CATI.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See TECOMA GRANDI-
FLORA.
,, grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 60. Purple, red. June.

Caraccas. 1816.

„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). See B. BUCCINATORIA.
„ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 4. White, orange.

Guiana. 1820.

,, i'ndica (Indian). See OROXYLON INDICUM.
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). Garden name.
,, jasminifo'lia (jasmine-leaved). 10. White. Orinoco.

1826.

„ jasminoi'des (jasmine-like). See TECOMA JASMINOIDES.
,, Kcre"re (Cherere). See B. BUCCINATORIA.
„ lactiflo'ra (milk-flowered). See DISTICTIS LACTIFLORA.
,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See CALLICHLAMYS RIPARIA.
,, laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 20. Guiana. 1804.
„ leuco'xylon (white-wooded). See TECOMA LEUCOXYLOH.
,, Li'ndleyi (Lindley's). 12. Variegated. Argentina.

1823.

„ linea'ris (linear). See CHILOPSIS SALIGNA.
„ littora'lis (shore). Pink, red. Mexico. 1824.
„ longi'ssima (longest). See CATALPA LONGISSIMA.
„ lu'cida (shining). 10. S. Amer. 1823.

H

BILBERRY

114

BILLBERGIA

B. magni'fica (magnificent) . Mauve to purplish-crimson .

Colombia, 1879.
„ tnsona'ntha (smaller-flowered). See TECOMA AUS-

TRALIS.
„ micropky'lla (small-leaved). 15. White. Island of

Domingo. 1820.

„ mo'llis (soft). 10. Guiana. 1818.
„ molli'ssima (very soft). 10. Caraccas. 1820.
„ multi'fida (many-cleft). 10. E. Ind. 1823.
„ pa'llida (pale- flowered). 15. White. July. W. Ind.

1823.

„ Pando'rea (Pandora). See TECOMA AUSTRALIS.
„ panicula'ia (panicled). See AMPHILOPHIUM PANICU-

LATUM.

„ pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). See TABEBUIA PENTA-

PHYLLA.

,, perfora'ta (perforated). August. Brazil. 1881.
„ pi' eta (painted). See B. LINDLEYI.
„ pube'scens (downy). 15. Yellow. June. Campeachy.

1759.

„ purpu'rea (purple). 6. Purple. S. Amer. 1822.
„ quadrangula'ris (four-angled). 10. Trinidad. 1823.
,, quadrilocula'ris (four-celled). See HETEROPHRAGMV

ROXBURGHII.

„ radi'cans (rooting). See TECOMA RADICANS.
„ rfga'lis (royal). Bright yellow and red. Guiana.

1885.

,, reticula'ta (netted). Colombia. 1873.
,, rodigasia'na (Rodigasian). Leaves variegated with

white. 1893.

„ Rce'zlii (Reed's). Colombia. 1870.
,, rugo'sa (wrinkled). White with yellow tube.

Venezuela. (B. M., t. 7124.)
,, salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 10. Yellow. Trinidad.

1824.

., sambucifo'lia (Elder-leaved). See TECOMA STANS.
„ Saunde'rsii (Saunders1). Gardens.
„ serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). See TECOMA SERRATIFOLIA.
,, Ser ra' tula (fine-toothed). See SPATHODEA SERRATULA.
„ spatha'cea (spathed). See DOLICHANDRONE RHEEDII.
,, specio'sa (handsome). 20. Pink. May. Uruguay.

1838.

,, specta'bilis (showy). 10. Purple. W. Ind. 1820.
„ spica'ta (spiked- flowered) . Trinidad. 1822.
„ stami'nea (Jong-stamened). 10. Yellow. Hispaniola.

1825.

,, sta'ns (standing). See TECOMA STANS.
„ subero'sa (cork-barked). See MILLINGTONIA HOR-

TENSIS.

„ Thwai'tsii (Thwaits's). Origin unknown.
., tomento'sa (woolly). See PAULOWNIA IMPERIALIS.
,, tripky'lla (three-leaved). See TABEBUIA TRIPHYLLA.
,, tweedia'na (Mr. Tweedie's). 20. Yellow. June.

Buenos Ayres. 1838.
„ unca'ta (hooked), of Andr. Bot. Rep., t. 530. See

MACFADYENA UNCINATA.
,, unca'ta (hooked), of B. M., t. 1511. See SPATHODEA

UNCATA.

„ U'nguis-Ca'ti (cat's -claw). Yellow. April. Trop.

Amer. 1810. Syn. B. gracilis.
„ varia'bilis (variable). 10. Yellow, white. W. Ind.

1819.
„ venu'sta (lovely). 4. Orange. September. S.

Amer. 1816.

BILBERRY. Vacci'nium Myrti'llus.
BELIMBI-TREE. Averrho'a Bili'mbi.

BILL, a sharp-edged tool, employed in cutting hedges,
sharpening stakes, &c. It should never be used in
pruning ; but, where the branch is too strong to be cut
with the knife, the saw ought always to be applied.
There are now many improved implements in the way of
saws and Bills, which see.

BILLARDIE'RA. Apple Berry. (Named after Labil-
lardiere, a French botanist. Nat. ord. Pittosporads
[Pittosporaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen climbers. Seeds sown in a little
heat, in April, from cuttings in May or June, in sand,
under a bell-glass ; loam and peat. Summer temp.,
50° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 48°.

B. angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). See B. SCANDENS.
,, cymo'sa (cymose). Violet. S. Australia. 1868.
,. daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). Yellow, purple. May.
N. S. Wales. 1840.

B. fusifo'rmis (spindle-shaped). See SOLLYA HETERO-

PHYLLA.

,, longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 20. Crimson. July.

Van Diemen's Land. 1810. Syn. B. oval is.
., muta'bilis (changeable). 8. Crimson. August. N.S.

Wales. 1795.

„ ova' Us (oval-leaved). See B. LONGIFLORA.
„ parvifto'ra (small-flowered) . See MARIANTHUS TENUIS.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). 12. Purple. August. N. S.

Wales. 1790. Syn. B. angustifolia. (B. M., t. 1313.)

BILLBE'RGIA. (Named after Billberg, a Swedish
botanist. Nat. ord. Bromelworts [Bromeliaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove plants, formerly belonging to Bromelia. Suckers
and divisions ; sandy loam, peat, and a little rotten
cow-dung. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 55°
to 60°.

B. ama'bilis (lovely). See B. VITTATA.
,, amce'na (pleasing). See B. SPECIOSA.
,, andegave'nsis. Red, edged indigo. Garden hybrid.

1886.

,, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved) Red. S. Amer. 1866.
„ Bake'ri (Baker's). Green; bracts rose. Brazil. 1878.

Syn. B. pallescens.

,, baraquinia'na (Baraquinian). See B. DECORA.
,, bi'color (two- coloured). See B. PYRAMIDALIS.
,, bi'frons (two-leaved). Red, yellow. Brazil. 1852.
,, Btno'/t(Binot's). Bracts and stem red. Brazil. 1896.
,, bivitta'ta (two-striped). See CRYPTANTHUS BIVIT-

TATUS.

,, 6WmVna(Blireian). Hybrid between B. nutans and

B. iridifolia. 1889.

„ breautea'na (Breautean). See B. VITTATO-BAKERI.
„ jBrwfl'nft'(Bruant's). Garden hybrid between 5. decora

and B. speciosa.

,, Ca'ppei (Cappe's). See B. VITTATO-BAKERI.
,, Cha'ntini (Chantin's). Red, yellow. Summer.

Brazil. 1877.

„ chlorosti' eta (green-spotted). See B. SAUNDERSII.
,, dava'ta (club-shaped). See ^ECHMEA BROMELI.'EFOLIA.
,, croyia'na (Croyan). See B. PYRAMIDALIS.
„ crue'nta (bloody), i. Blue, red. August. Rio

Janeiro. 1824.

,, deco'ra (adorned). Peru. (B. M., t. 6937.)
,, deco'ra-nu'tans. Garden hybrid.
„ di'scolor (two- coloured). See B. SPECIOSA.
,, e'legans (elegant). See B. SPECIOSA.
,, Ende'ri (Ender's). Blue ; bracts coral-red. Brazil.
„ Euphe'micz (Euphemia's). Dark purple, green. S.

Brazil. 1872. (B. M., t. 6632.)
,, farino'sa (mealy). See B. ZEBRINA.
,, fascia'ta (fasciated). See ^ECHMEA FASCIATA.
„ fastuo'sa (calendared). See B. THYRSOIDEA.
,, gireoudia'na (Girepudian). Garden hybrid. 1887.
,, glaziovia'na (Glaziovian). See QUESNELIA STROBILI-

SPICA.

„ glymia'na (Glymian). See B. MORELI.
,, ho'rrida (very spiny). Brazil. 1856.
,, ,, supe'rba (superb).
„ interme'dia (intermediate). Garden hybrid between

B. nutans and B. vittata.
„ iridifo'lia (Iris-leaved). Scarlet, yellow. March.

Brazil. 1825.

„ krameria'na (Kramerian). Garden hybrid. 1888.
„ leodie'nsis. Garden hybrid between B. vittata and

B. nutans.

„ libonia'na (Libonian). Blue. August. Brazil. 1858.
„ Lie'tzei (Lietz's).' Brazil. 1881.
,, macroca'lyx (large-calyx). Blue, green. Brazil. 1858.
,, marmora'ta (marbled). Brazil. (111. Hort., t. 48.)
,, melanaca'ntha (black-spined). See^EcHME'ASUAVEO-

LENS.

„ morelia'na (Morelian). See B. VITTATA.
„ More'li (Morel's). Brazil. (B. M., t. 4835.)
„ morrenia'na (Morrenian). Brazil.
,, nudica'ulis (naked-stemmed). See ^CHME'A NODI-

CAULIS.
,, nu' tans (nodding). Green, blue ; bracts rosy. Winter.

Brazil. 1868.

,, o'lens (smelling). See KARATAS CAROLINES.
„ palle'scens (becoming pale), of Baker. See B.

BAKERI.
,, palle'scens (becoming pale), of Koch. See B.

SPECIOSA.

BILLOTIA

BIRDS

B. pa'llida (pale). See B. BAKERI.
„ pallidiftora (pale-flowered). Nicara'gua.
„ perringia,' na (Perringian). Garden hybrid between

B. nutans and B. libpniana. 1890.
„ polysta'chya (many-spiked). See .£CHMEA DISTICH-

ANTHA.

„ portea'na (Portean). Brazil. (B. M., t. 6670.)

„ purpu'rea (purple). Rose, purple. October. Brazil.

„ purpu'rea-ro'sea (purple and rosy). See ^CHME'A

SUAVEOLENS.

„ pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 2. Crimson. February.

Rio Janeiro. 1817.
„ ,, bi'color (two-coloured).
„ ,, croyia'na (Croyan).
„ ,, farino'sa (mealy).

„ quesndia'na (Quesnelian). See QUESNELIA RUFA.
„ quintusia'na (Quintusian). Blue ; bracts carmine-
red. Brazil. 1890.
., J?ancoM'fn«(Rancougnean). Hybrid, liboniana being

one of the parents. 1884.

„ rhodocya'nea (red-blue). See /ECHMEA FASCIATA.
,, rhodocya'nea, of gardens. See B. THYRSOIDEA.
„ rhodocya'nea purpu'rea. See ^ECHMEA FASCIATA PUR-

PUREA.

„ ro'sea (rosy). Rose. Brazil.
„ ro'seo-margina'ta (rosy-margined). See QUESNELIA

RUFA.

„ ru'fa (red). See QUESNELIA RUFA.
„ sanderia'na (Sanderian). Green, tipped blue ; bracts

rosy. Brazil. 1884.
„ Saunde'rsii (Saunders'). Blue ; bracts crimson.

Brazil. 1868.

„ Skinne'ri (Skinner's). See QUESNELIA RUFA.
., specie' sa (showy), i}. Carmine, violet ; bracts

carmine-rose. Brazil. 1877.
,. ., palle'scens (pale).

,, sphacela'ta (scorched). See GREIGIA SPHACELATA.
„ sple'ndida (splendid). See B. THYRSOIDEA.
„ thyrsoi'dea (dense-flowered). Scarlet. November.

Brazil. 1850.

„ „ longifo'lia (long-leaved).
,, ,, sple'ndida (splendid).
,, tariega'ta (variegated). Brazil. 1881.
„ vexiila'ria (standard). Hybrid between B. thyrsoidea

and B. moreliana.
„ vitta'ta (striped). Indigo-blue, crimson. Leaves

banded. Brazil. 1843.

„ ,, ama'bilis (lovely). Blue; bracts crimson. Brazil.
„ „ formo'sa (showy). Bracts orange. 1879.
„ „ macraca'ntha (large-spined).
„ ,, Roha'nii (Rohan's).

„ vitta'to-Bake'ri (striped-Baker's). Garden hybrid.
„ vitta' to-nu' tans (striped-nodding). Garden hybrid.

1885.

„ Wethere'Ui (VVetherell's). See B. MORELI.
,, Wi'ndii (Wind's). See B. VITTATO-NUTANS, and

B. DECORA-NUTANS.

., Wio'ti (Wiot's). See B. BAKERI.

„ wittmackia'na (Wittmackian). Hybrid between

B. amcena and B. vittata.

„ worlea'na (worlean). See B. VITTATO-NUTANS.
„ zebri'na (zebra-streaked). i|. June. S. Amer. 1826.
„ zona'ta (zoned-leaved). See B. VITTATA.

BILLO'TIA FLEXUOSA is Agonis flexuosa from
Australia.

BINDING. A term applied to adhesive soils, to de-
scribe the closeness and hardness of their texture in hot,
dry seasons. (See BAKING.) This term applies, also, to
some gardening processes. Thus, fastening a graft or
bud in its place, by means of bast or other material, is
termed binding in some counties.

BINDWEED. Convo'lvulus.

BIOPHY'TUM. (From bios, life, and phuton, a plant.
Nat. ord. Geraniaceae, tribe Oxalideae.)

Interesting stove perennials allied to Oxalis. Propa-
gated by seeds on a hotbed in spring. Soil, loam, peat,
and sand.

B. proli'ferum (proliferous). Yellow. Ceylon.
„ sensitivum (sensitive). Yellow. July. Tropics.
1823. Syn. Oxalis sensitiva.

BIOTA. See THUYA.

BIO TLA. See ASTER CORYMBOSUS.

BIRCH. BeMa.

BIRD-CHERRY. See PRUNUS PADUS.

BIRDLIME. Made from Mistletoe-berries and Holly
bark, and used for catching birds.
BIRD-PEPPER. See CAPSICUM BACCATUM.

BIRDS are benefactors, as well as injurers, of the
gardener. They destroy millions of grubs, caterpillars,
and aphides, which would have ravaged his crops ; but,
at the same time, some commit havoc upon his fruit
and seeds. The wisest course, consequently, is to scare
them from the garden at such times, or from the portions
of it in which they can be prejudicial, but to leave
them to visit it unmolested whenever and wherever they
cannot be mischievous. Thus, in early spring, a boy or
two will drive them away during such tunes as the buds
of the gooseberry, currant, and plum are open to their
attacks ; and again during the time that the cherries
are ripe. To keep them from the fruit of late goose-
berries and currants, it is sufficient to interlace thickly
the bushes with black thread. To keep them from
attacking peas and other vegetables just emerging from
the soil, a similar display of brown thread, fastened to
pegs about six inches from the surface, is also suffi-
ciently deterring. Nets, where available, are also effectual
guardians. By these aids, but especially by the watch-
ing during certain seasons, the gardener may protect
himself from injury at a very trifling expense, without
depriving himself of the services of the most sharp-
sighted, most unwearying, and most successful of all
insect-killers.

INSECT-EATING BIRDS. WHICH DO NOT
EAT FRUITS OR SEEDS.

One of the most exclusively insect-eating birds is the
golden-crested wren (Regulus cristatus, Ray), the smallest
of the birds of Europe. The species which come nearest
to the gold-crest, in appearance and habits, are the
wood- wren (Sylvia sibilatrix), and the willow- wren, or
hay-bird (S. fitis). The chiff-chaff (S. loquax) also ranks
with these as an insect-eating bird, but is least common.
The nightingale (Sylvia luscinia) does considerable ser-
vice to the cultivator, by devouring numbers of cater-
pillars and grubs, as well as the moths, butterflies, and
beetles from which they are produced. The whinchat
(Saxicola rubetra), the stonechat (S. rubicola), and the
wheatear (S. cenanthe), may be ranked as insectivorous
birds ; the stonechat particularly. The whinchat fre-
quents cabbage-gardens and turnip-fields after the breed-
ing season, and ought to be protected, because it not
only eats insects, but small shell-snails, while it never
touches fruits or seeds. The wheatear is equally bene-
ficial in clearing crops from insects, without levying any
contribution for its services.

The wagtails, particularly the yellow one (Motacilla
ftava), feed wholly on insects, particularly gnats, midges,
and other flies that tease cattle. They will also follow
the spade, to feed upon the worms and grubs turned up ;
and, in this way, no doubt, thousands of wireworms and
other destructive vermin are effectually destroyed. The
tree-pipet, or tit-lark (Anthus arboreus), and the meadow-
pipet (A. Pratensis), are common hedgebirds, which
search busily after the autumnal hatches of caterpillars
and grubs, or the smaller flies and beetles, which they
find among the herbage. The cuckoo, the common fly-
catcher, and the flusher, or lesser butcher-bird, may be
classed among the insectivorous-feeding birds. To these
many other hedge-birds might be added, such as the
nightjar, the sedge-bird, the wryneck, the creeper, and
the bottle-tit, none of which are in the least destructive ;
while, from their feeding exclusively, or nearly so, on
insects, they are of much service in diminishing the
number of such as are injurious to field and garden
crops.

INSECT-EATING BIRDS WHICH EAT FRUIT OR SEEDS.

These are the common wren, the hedge-sparrow, or
dunnock, the redbreast, the redstart, the torn-tit the
cole-tit, the marsh-tit, and the greater-tit. The weeds
and insects which these birds destroy will, however, cer-
tainly more than compensate for the few heads of grain,
the flower-seeds, or small fruit which they may occa-
sionally pilfer.

BIRD'S BILL

116

BLACK FLEA

FRUIT-EATING BIRDS, WHICH ALSO FEED ON INSECTS.

In this list are the black-cap, babillard (Curruca
garrula), the garden warbler, the whitethroat, the missel-
thrush, the song-thrush, the blackbird, and the starling.

DECIDEDLY DESTRUCTIVE BIRDS.
The greater portion of those to be enumerated are
exclusively grain-eaters, and make no return for their
depredations by destroying insects, though they no doubt
contribute to keep down the diffusion of weeds by the
quantity of seeds which they devour. The goldfinch, the
yellow-hammer, the cirl-bunting, the reed-bunting, the
corn-bunting, the skylark, the woodlark, the linnet, the
chaffinch, the mountain-finch, the bullfinch, the house-
sparrow, and the tree-sparrow.

BIRD'S BILL. Trigone'lla ornithopodioi'des.
BIRD'S EYE. Pri'mula farino'sa.

BIRD'S FOOT. Orni'thopus and Eupho'rbia Orni'tho-
pus.

BIRD'S-FOOT FERN. Pella'a Orni'thopus.
BIRD'S-FOOT TREFOIL. Lo'tus.
BIRD'S NEST. Asple'nium Ni'dus.
BIRD'S TONGUE. Ornithoglo'ssum.
BIRTHWORT. Aristolo' chia.

BISCUTE'LLA. Buckler Mustard. (From bis, double,
or twice, and scutella, a saucer ; in reference to the
shape of the seed-vessel when bursting. Nat. ord.
Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. i^-Tetr adynamia. Allied
to Thlaspi, or Candytuft.)

All hardy. The annuals, by seed in March ; the
perennials, by division, or as early as weather permits
in spring. Common soil.

PERENNIALS.
B. ambi'gua (doubtful). See B. L^JVIGATA.

,, coronopifo'lia (buckthorn-leaved). See B. L^JVIGATA.

„ di'dyma (didymous). i£. Yellow. July. Mediter-
ranean Region. 1822.

„ Iczviga'ta (smooth-podded), i. Yellow. June. Italy
1777-

,, ,, alpe'stris (alpine), i. Yellow. June. Hungary.
1816.

„ „ longifo'lia (long-leaved). Switzerland. 1832.

,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). See B. L^EVIGATA LONGIFOLIA.

„ monta'na (mountain). See B. L^EVIGATA.

,, raphanifdlia (radish-leaved). See B. DIDYMA.

,, saxa'tilis (rock). See B. L^VIGATA.

,, sempervi'rens (evergreen), i. Yellow. June. Spain.
1784.

„ stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). See B. LJEVIGATA.

ANNUALS.

B. cilia'ta (hair-fringed), i. Yellow. June. South of

France. 1820.

, Colu'mncz (Columna's). See B. DIDYMA.
, depre'ssa (depressed). See B. DIDYMA.
, lyra'ta (lyre-leaved). See B. DIDYMA.
, mari'tima (sea). See B. DIDYMA.
, obova'ta (reversed-egg-shaped). i. Yellow. June.

Europe. 1817.

BISE'RRULA. Hatchet Vetch. (From bis twice,
and serrula, a saw ; in reference to the seed-pods being
armed with teeth. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legu-
mmosae]. Linn. i^-Diadelphia, ±-Decandria. Allied to
Astragalus.)

Hardy annual. Seeds in April or September. Sandy
soil.

B. Pele'cinus (bast&rd-corn-weed). i. Purple. July.
S. Europe. 1640.

BISMA'RCKIA. (Named after Prince Bismarck.
Nat. ord. Palms [Palmae]. Allied to Borassus Aabellifer.
For cultivation, see PALMS.)
B. no'bilis. Madagascar.

BITTER ALMOND. Pru'nus Amy'gdalus ama'ra.

BITTER APPLE. Cu'cumis Colocy'nthis.

BITTER OAK. Que'rcus Ce'rris.

BITTER-SWEET. Sola'num Dulcama'ra.
BITTER VETCH. O'robus.
BITTER WOOD. Xylo'pia.

BIVON^E'A. (After A, Bivona Bernardi, a professor
of botany in Sicily. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Crucifers].
Linn. i^-Tetradynamia. Allied to Lepidium.)

Hardy annual. Seeds ; common soil.

B. lu'tea (yellow), £. Yellow. June. Italy. 1824.

BI'XA. Arnotta. (Its native name in S. America.
Nat. ord Bixads [Bixineae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria,
i-Monogynia.)

The reddish pulp which surrounds the seeds of B.
Orella'na is the Arnotta or Arnatto of commerce, used
in the preparation of chocolate, and by farmers for
colouring cheese, and also by dyers for a reddish colour.
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand, in close heated propagating pit ; lumpy peat
and loam. Summer temp., 65° to 85° ; winter, 50°
to 60°.

B. Orella'na (Orellana). 20. Pink. June. W. Ind.

1690.
,, purpu'rea (purple). 20. Purple. July. E. Ind.

1817.
,, urucura'na (Urucu). See B. ORELLANA.

BIZARRE. See CARNATION.

BLACK ADIANTUM. A sple'nium A dia'ntum-ni'grum.

BLACK ARCH-MOTH. See PSILU'RA MONA'CHA.

BLACK BRYONY. Ta'mus commu'nis. Poisonous
weeds, which need not be further noticed.

BLACK BULLACE. Pru'nus insiti'tia.

BLACKBU'RNIA. (Named after Mr. Blackburn.
Nat. ord. Zanthoxyls [Rutaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria,
I'Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; also by
layers, in autumn ; peat and loam, both fibrous and
sandy. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 45°.

B. pinna' ta (leafleted). See ZANTHO'XYLUM BLACK-
BU'RNIA.

BLACK CATERPILLAR. See ATHA'LIA SPINA'RUM.

BLACK FLEA. (Ha'ltica memo'rum.) No insect is
more insidious or more sweeping in the destruction it
brings upon some of the farmers' or gardeners' crops
than the turnip-flea (Haltica nemorum). Turnips of all
kinds, beetroot, mangold-wurzel, radishes, and flax, are
all liable to be destroyed by this insect. It is a singular
misapplication of terms, that this insect is known among
cultivators of the soil as the black and the turnip flea
or fly, none of them ever calling it a beetle, which it
really is ; and the most descriptive name is the turnip-
flea beetle, for this describes not only its real nature,
but its favourite food, and its extraordinary power of
skipping or leaping like the common flea. This insect
is represented in our drawing of its natural size and
magnified. The body, one-eighth of an inch long, is
rather flattened, and of a brassy-black colour, thickly
dotted ; the wing cases are greenish-black, with a pale-
yellow, broad line on each ; the base of the feelers
(antenna?) and the legs are pale clay-coloured. The eggs
are laid on the under side of the rough leaf of the turnip
from April to September. They hatch in two days.
Their maggots live between the two skins or cuticles of
the rough leaf, and arrive at maturity in sixteen days.
The chrysalis is buried just beneath the surface of the
earth, where it remains about a fortnight. The beetles
are torpid through the winter, and revive in the spring,
when they destroy the two first or seed leaves of the
young turnip. There are five or six broods in a season.
These insects are most to be feared in fine seasons.
Heavy rains, cold springs, and long droughts destroy
them. Their scent is very perfect : the beetles fly against
the wind, and are attracted from a distance. The rapid
growth of a plant is the best security against them ; to
secure which, sow plenty of seed, all of the same age.
Burning the surface of the land is beneficial, by destroy-
ing the chrysalides. Deep digging is an excellent prac-
tice when the chrysalides are in the soil. Drilling is a

BLACK GRUB

117

BLECHNUM

far superior practice to sowing the seed broadcast.
Destroy charlock : it affords support to the beetles
before the turnips come up. The most effectual banish-
ment of the turnip-fly, we think, is secured by sowing
the surface of the soil with gas lime two or three morn-
ings after the turnip-seed has been sown. This is so
offensive to the insect as to drive it away just at the
time the young plants are appearing above ground. The
above is taken from the Cottage Gardener, but there are
now many other remedies which will be found in all
modern catalogues.

BLACK GRUB. Atha'lia spina'rum.

BLACK JACK OAK. Que'rcns ni'gra.

BLACK PINE. Pi'nus austri'aca.

BLACK SALTWORT. Glau'x mari'tima.

BLACK THORN. Pru'nus spino'sa.

BLACK VARNISH-TREE. Melanorrka'a.

BLACK WATTLE. Callico'ma sarratifo'lia.

BLADDER BLIGHT. See PEACH— Blistering of Leaf.

BLADDER CATCHFLY. Sile'ne latifo'lia.

BLADDER KETMIA. Hibi'scus Trio'num.

BLADDER NUT. Staphyle'a.

BLADDER SENNA. Colu'tea.

BLADDER WORT. Utricula'ria.

BLEBERRY, or BILBERRY. Vacci'nium Myrti'llus.

BL&RIA. (Named after Dr. Blair, a physician.
Nat. ord. Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings of young wood in sand, under a bell-
glass ; sandy peat. Summer temp., 50° to 65° ; winter,
35° to 45°, with plenty of air.
B. articitla'ta (jointed). 2. Pink. May. 1795.

„ bractea'ta (bracteated). See SYMPIEZA CAPITELLATA.

,, cilia'ris (hair-fringed). See GRISEBA'CHIA CILIA'RIS.

,, dumo'sa (bushy). See B. PURPUREA.

,, ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Purple. September. 1774.

., fascicula'ta (bundled). See SIMOCHEI'LUS GLABE'LLUS.

,, purpu'rea (purple-flowered). 2. Purple. May. 1791.

BLA KEA. (Named after Martin Blake, an active
promoter of useful knowledge. Nat. ord. Melastomads
[Melastomaceae], Linn. n-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Miconia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings from shoots, rather
firm ; plant in sandy peat, in bottom-heat, under a
glass ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.

B. gra'cilis (graceful). White and pink, fragrant. Trop.

Amer. 1905.
„ quinquene'rvia (five-nerved). See BELLU'CIA AUBLE'-

TH.
,, trine'rvia (three-nerved). 8. White. June. Jamaica.

1789.

BLANCHING, or ETIOLATION, is effected by making
plants grow in the dark ; and the more completely the
light is excluded, the more entire is the absence of colour
from the leaves and stems of the plants. The colouring
matter of these is entirely dependent upon their power
to decompose water and carbonic acid gas — a power
they do not possess when light is absent. The effect of
blanching is to render the parts more delicately flavoured,
more pleasing to the eye, and more crisp — properties
very desirable in sea-kale, celery, endive, lettuces, &c.
Wherever it can be accomplished, blanching-pots should
be employed, in preference to covering the plants with
earth or other materials. The flavour is better, and
decay is less liable to be induced. Lettuces and cabbages
are usually whitened by tying the leaves over the heart,
or centre-bud. With flowering plants, except with Lily
of the Valley and a few other bulbs, blanching is de-
structive to flowering.

BLANDFO RDIA. (Named after George, Marquis of
Blandford. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hex-
andria. i-Monogytiia. Allied to Hemerocallis.)

Beautiful greenhouse bulbs, requiring the same treat-

ment as Ixias. Seeds and offsets. Winter temp., 35° to

45°. Loam and peat.

B. au'rea (golden). 2. Golden- yellow. Summer.

Australia. 1870.

,, Backhpu'sii (Backhouse's). See B. GRANDIFLORA.
„ Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). Red, yellow. N.

Holland.

,, fta'mmea (flame-flowered). Flame. Australia. 1836.
„ „ e'legans (elegant). Crimson, tipped yellow.
„ „ hy'brida (hybrid). Red, edged yellow.
„ „ pri'nceps (chief). Scarlet, yellow. Summer.

Australia. 1873.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Crimson. July.

N. S. Wales. 1812.
„ intermedia (intermediate). Yellow. September. N.

Holland. 1844.
,, margina'ta (rough-edged-leaved). 2. Copper. July.

Australia. 1842.
„ no'bilis (noble). 2. Orange. July. N. S. Wales.

1803.

,, pri'nceps (chief). See B. FLAMMEA PRINCEPS.
BLAST, or BLIGHT, is the popular name for any
withering of plants of which neither the scientific title
nor the causes are known to the observer. The mildew
of corn ; the honey-dew on fruit- trees ; the withering
occasioned by violent cold winds in early spring ; and
the ravages of the hawthorn caterpillar, are all spoken
of by the uninformed under the above titles.

BLASTEMA NTHUS. (From blastema, a bud, and
anthos, a flower; literally bud-flowered. Nat. ord.
Ochuaceae.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened shoots in
sand, in a close frame with strong bottom-heat. Loam,
peat and sand.

B. gemmifto'rus (bud-flowered). 8. Yellow. Brazil.
1820.

BLE CHNUM. (From blechnon, a Greek name for a
Fern. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24~Cryptogamia,
i-Filices.)

Spores and divisions of the root ; peat and loam. The
Cape of Good Hope and New Holland species will thrive
in the greenhouse ; the South American and Indian
require the stove, though none of them will find fault
with its heat. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55°
to 60°, and may be well exposed to the sun. B. bra-
silie'nse is nearly hardy.
B. asplenioi'des (Asplenium-like). J to f. Brown.

Trop. Amer. 1829.
„ austra'le (southern). J. Brown. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1691.
„ borea'le (northern) and varieties. See LOMARIA

SPICANT.
,, brasilie'nse (Brazilian). J. Brown. June. Brazil.

1820. Syn. B. corcovadense.
„ cartilagi'neum (cartilaginous), i. Brown. July.

N. Holland. 1820.

,, corcoyade'nse (Corcovado). See B. BRASILIENSE.
„ denticula'tum (toothed). Brown. June. Teneriffe.

1826.

„ fmlaysonia'num (Finlayson's). Brown. Malacca.
„ fontanesia' num (Desfontaine's). Brown. July.

Brazil.
„ glandulo'sum (glanded). J. Brown. April. Brazil.

1823.
„ gra'cile (slender), f. Brown. November. Brazil.

1830.
„ hasta'tum (halbert-shaped). i. Brown. July. Chili.

1841.
,, intermedium (intermediate). i. Brown. July.

Brazil. 1841.
„ Lancefola (lance-leaved). 3. Brown. September.

Brazil. 1829.
„ ,, trifolia'tum (three-leaved), i to 2 pairs of pinnae

at the base of the top one.
„ Iceviga'tum (smooth), i. Brown. July. N. Holland.

1821.
„ longifo'lium (long-leaved). i. Brown. July.

Caraccas. 1820.
,. „ fraxi'neum (ash-leaved). Denser than the type.

Syn. B. fraxiniifo'lium.

,, ni'tidum (shining). Brown. Isle of Luzon.
,, „ contra'ctum (contracted). Narrower fronds.
Philippines. 1863.

BLECHUM

118

BLOOM

B. occidenta'le (western), i. Brown. August. Brazil.

1823.

., „ mulii'fidum (much-cut). Crested and tasselled.
,, orienta'le (eastern). Brown. July. E. Ind.
,, pectina'tum (comb-leaved), i Brown. August. S.

Amer. 1827.
,, polypodioi'des (Polypodium-like). See B. UNILATE-

RA'LE.

,. rugo'swn (wrinkled). (G. Chron., 1884. xxi. 408.)
„ serrula' turn (saw-edged). f. Brown. July. Florida.

1819.

„ Spi'cant (spiked) and varieties. See LOMARIA SPICANT.
„ stria'tum (furrowed). See B. SERRULATUM.
„ triangula're (three- angled). Brown. July. Mexico.

1841. Comes near B. unilaterale.
,, trijolia'tum (three-leaved). See B. LANCEOLA.
„ unilatera'le (one-sided). i. September. Brazil.

1829. Syn. B. polypodioides.
„ volu'bile (twining). Yellow, brown. July. Trop.

Amer. 1842.

BLE CHUM. (From a Greek name for an unknown
plant, supposed to be Marjoram. Nat. ord. Acanthads
[Acanthaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.
Allied to Dicliptera.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Cuttings of young,
firm shoots in spring or summer ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.

B. angusHfo'lium (narrow-leaved). i. Blue. June.

Jamaica. 1824.
„ brasilie'nse (Brazilian), i. Blue. June. Brazil.

1824.

,, Bro'wnei (Brown's). 2. June. W. Ind. 1780.
„ laxiflo'rum (loose-flowered). 2. White. Jamaica.

1818.

BLEEDING. See EXTRAVASATED SAP.
BLE PHARIS. (From blepharis, the eyelash ; in re-
ference to the fringed bracts. Nat. ord. Acanthads
[Acanthaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.
Allied to Acanthus.)

The annuals and biennials by seed in hotbed, as
tender annuals ; the trailers and under-shrubs by the
same means, and by cuttings in heat, close frame.
B. boerhaviczfo'lia (Boerhavia-leaved). i. Blue. July.

E. Ind. 1829. Stove annual.
„ cape'nsis (Cape), i. Blue. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1816. Greenhouse biennial.
,, carduifo'lia (Carduus-leaved). i. Blue. August.

S. Africa. 1816. Greenhouse herb.
„ furca'ta (iork-spined) . 2. July. Cape of Good Hope .

1816. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
,, linaricefo'lia (Linaria-leaved). 2. Blue. July.

Guinea. 1823. Stove annual.

,, procu'mbens (procumbent), i. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1825. Greenhouse evergreen trailer. Syn.
Acanthodium procumbens.

BLEPHAROCA'LYX. (From blepharis, the eyelash,
and calyx, in allusion to the ciliated calyx. Nat. ord.
Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

A greenhouse fine foliaged plant, with exceedingly
numerous, narrow leaves. Propagation by cuttings,
getting firm, in pots of sand, or in close frame. Soil,
loam, and leaf-mould, or peat and sand.
B. spirczoi'des (Spiraea-like), i to 9. Small, pale yellow.
Brazil. 1907. It had been many years in gardens
under the name of Eugenia myriophylla before it
flowered. (B. M., t. 8123.)

BLEPHI LIA. (From blepharis, the eyelash ; in re-
ference to the fringed bracts. Nat. ord. Labiates
[Labiatae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Monarda.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, and dividing the
roots in April and September. Common soil.
B. cilia' ta (hair- fringed). 3. Red. July. N. Amer.
,, hirsu'ta (hairy). Purple. August. N. Amer. 1798.

BLESSED THISTLE. Carbe'nia benedi'cia.

BLE'TIA. (Named after a Spanish botanist of the
name of Blet. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn.
2o-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove terrestrial orchids, except where otherwise

specified. Division of the roots, when done flowering
or starting into growth ; peat, loam, and a little sand,
enriched with top dressings of cow-dung or manure,
watering when growing. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ;
winter, 48° to 58°.

B. acumina'ta (long- pointed). See L/ELIA RUBESCENS.
,, acutipe'tala (acute-petaled). 5. Purple. September.

Central Amer. Greenhouse.

,, campanula' ta (bell-flowered). Purple and white. Mexico.
,, capita' ta (headed). See ELLEANTHUS CAPITATUS.
,, catcnula' ta (linked). i£. Purple. Peru. 1844.
,, flo'rida (florid). 2. Rose. February. Trinidad.

1786.

„ Gebi'na (Japanese). See B. HYACINTHINA.
,, godseffla'na (Godseff's). See B. ACUTIPETALA.
,, gra'cilis (slender-scaped). i£. Yellow. July.

Mexico. 1830.
,, guinee'nsis (Guinea). 2. Purple. Sierra Leone.

1822.
,, havane'nsis (Havannah). 2j. Purple. April.

Havannah. 1835.
,, hyaci'nthina (hyacinth-like), i. Rose and crimson.

April. China. 1802. Hardy. Syn. B. Gebina.
„ macula'tus (spotted). See PHAIUS.
,, pa'llida (pale). See B. FLORIDA.
,, Parhinso'nii (Parkinson's). i. Rose. January.

Mexico. 1838.

,, pa'tula (spreading- flowered). 2. Purple. Hayti.
,, refle'xa (bent-back-sepaled). 2. Purple, green. Peru.
,, secu'nda (one-sided). Green, crimson. Mexico. 1840.
,, Shephe'rdii (Shepherd's). 2. Purple and yellow.

January. Jamaica. 1825.
„ sherrattia'na (Sherrattian). Purple, white, yellow.

New Grenada. 1867.
,, Tankervi'llcz (Mrs. Tankerville's). See PHAIUS GRANDI-

FOLIUS.
,, verecu'nda (modest). 3. Purple. March. W. Ind.

1733-
,, Woodfo'rdii (Woodford's). See PHAIUS MACULATUS.

BLI GHIA SA'PIDA. The Akee-tree, the berry of
which is so much esteemed in the West Indies. It was
named after Captain Bligh, the introducer of the Bread-
fruit from the Society Islands. Nat. ord. Soapworts
[Sapindaceae].

BLIND PLANTS frequently occur in the cabbage and
others of the Brassica tribe. They are plants which
have failed to produce central buds ; and, as these are
produced from the central vessels, if the top of their
stems be cut away they usually emit lateral or side-
buds from the edge of the wound. It is chiefly the
best sorts which fail, and it is only by cutting away the
central crown and allowing the side branches to grow
up that seed can be obtained. See BARREN PLANTS.

BLISTERED LEAVES. See PEACH.
BLIGHT. See BLAST.

BLI'TUM. The Strawberry Elite, or Spinach, is
scarcely worth growing. B. capita'tum and B. mari'-
timum are sometimes cultivated. Now united with
Chenopodium.

BLOOD. See ANIMAL MATTERS.
BLOOD-FLOWER. H&ma'nthus.

BLOODWORT. Sanguina'ria canade'nsis.

BLOOM, or BLOSSOM, is the popular name for the
flowers of fruit-bearing plants.

The organs of fruitfulness are absolutely necessary
for the production of seeds, and are always producible
by garden-plants properly cultivated, except where the
stamens are developed into petals, forming what are
known as double flowers, as in the double stocks and
other staminate flowers. They may be deficient in
leaves, or stems, or roots, because other organs may
supply their places ; but plants are never incapable of
bearing flowers and seeds, for, without these, they can
never fully attain the object of their creation — the in-
crease of their species. Of course, we exclude the
mushroom, and others which do not produce seeds.

Most flowers are composed of the following parts,
viz. : — The calyx, which is usually green, and enveloping
the flower whilst in the bud ; the corolla, or petals,
leaves so beautifully coloured, and so delicate in most

BLOOM

119

BOG-EARTH

flowers; the stamens, or male portion of the flower,
secreting the pollen, or impregnating powder ; the
pistils, or female portion, impregnatable by the pollen,
and rendering fertile the seeds ; and, lastly, the peri-
carp, or seed-vessel.

The stamens can be removed without preventing the
formation of fertile seed ; but their loss must be sup-
plied by the application to the pistils of pollen from
some kindred flower.

The calyx is not useless so soon as it ceases to
envelope and protect the flower ; for the flower-stalk
continues increasing in size until the seed is perfected,
but ceases to do so in those plants whose calyces remain
long green, if these be removed. On the other hand, in
the poppy and other flowers, from which the calyx falls
early, the flower-stalk does not subsequently enlarge.

The corolla, or petals, with all their varied tints and
perfumes, have more important offices to perform than
thus to delight the senses of mankind. Those bright
colours and their perfumed honey serve to attract
insects, which are the chief and often essential assistants
of impregnation ; and those petals, as observed by
Linnaeus, serve as wings, giving a motion assisting to
effect the same important process. But they have
occasionally a still more essential office ; for, although
they are sometimes absent, yet, if removed from some
of those possessing them, the subsequent processes are
not duly performed.

The corolla is not always short-lived, as in the cistus ;
for some continue until the fruit is perfected. The
duration of the petals, however, is in some way con-
nected with the impregnation of the seed, for in most
flowers they fade soon after this is completed ; and
double flowers, in which it occurs not at all, are always
longer enduring than single flowers of the same species.
Then, again, in some flowers they become green, and
perform the function of leaves, after impregnation has
been effected. A familiar example occurs in the Christ-
mas rose (Helle'borus ni'ger), the petals of which are
white, but which become green so soon as the seeds
have somewhat increased in size, and the stamens and
other organs connected with fertility have fallen off.

BLOOM. This term is also applied to the fine exuda-
tion on the surface of some fruit — purple on the Black
Hamburgh Grape, and on some plums, and green on
the cucumber.

BLOGME RIA. (Name commemorative. Nat. ord.
Lily worts [Liliaceae].

Hardy, summer-flowering bulbs allied to Brodia?a, and
require similar cultural treatment. They should be
planted on the rockery to succeed the spring bulbs.
Well drained garden soil.

B. au'rea (golden), i. Lemon-yellow. California. 1869.
,, Clevela'ndi (Cleveland's). Yellow. California. 1896.

BLUE- BELTS. Campanula rotundifo'lia (Scotch Blue-
bell) ; Sci'lla fesla'lis (English Bluebell).

BLUE-BOTTLE. Centau'rea Cya'nus.
BLUE GUM TREE. Eucaly'ptus Glo'bulus.

BLUETS. French name for Centau'rea Cya'nus. In
America the Bluets are Housto'nia c&ru'lea and Vacci'-
nium angustifo' Hum.

BLUMENBA'CHIA. (Named after /. F. Blumenbach,
of Gottingen. Nat. ord. Loasads [Loasaceaej. Linn.
i8-Polyadelphia, 2-Polyandria.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds in April ; rich mould.

B. chuquiU'nsis (Chuquitan). Red, yellow within.

September. Peru. 1863. Climbing perennial.
,, conto'rta (contorted). See B. GRANDIFLORA.
„ corona' to (crowned). Pure white. June. Chili. 1872.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Orange-red, green

within. July. Peru. 1874.
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). J. White. July. Monte

Video. 1826. Trailer. Syns. Loasa pdlmata and

L. muralis.

„ lateri'tia (brick-red). See LOASA.
„ multi'fida (many-clef t-leaved). i. Greenish-red.

July. Buenos Ayres. 1826.

BOATUP. Scaphyglo'ttis.

BOBA RTIA. (Named in honour of Jacob Bobart,
professor of botany at Oxford in the seventeenth century.
Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn. $-Triandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

The species in this genus are allied to Sisyrinchium.
Seeds in April ; divisions in autumn or spring. Sandy
loam ; protection of a cool greenhouse or pit in winter.
B. aphy'lla (leafless), i. White, purple. S. Africa.
„ auranti'aca (orange). See HOMERIA AURANTIACA.
,, filifo'rmis (thread-leaved), i. Purple. S. Africa.
„ gladia'ta (sword-shaped). 2. Yellow. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1816.

„ i'ndica( Indian). |. Yellow. June. S.Africa. 1798.
., spatha'cea (sheathed). See B. INDICA.

BOCCaNIA, (Named after P. Boccone, M.D., a
Sicilian. Nat. ord. Poppyworts [Papaveraceae]. Linn.
ii-Dodtcandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. The first and last named are
hardy herbaceous plants. Cuttings in sand and heat ;
fibrous, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter,
55° to 60°.
B. corda'ta (heart-shaped)* Cream. Summer. China

and Japan. 1866. Foliage handsome.
,, frute'scens (shrubby celandine). 10. White, yellow.

February. W- Ind. 1739.
,, integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 4. White. February.

Mexico. 1820.

,. japo'nica (Japanese). See B. CORDATA.
„ microca'rpa (small-fruited). Brown and cream. N.
China. 1896.

BCE'A. (A genus of stove and greenhouse plants.
Nat. ord. Gesneraceae. Seeds. Soil, loam, leaf-mould,
and sand. A little peat may be used.)
B. clarkea'na (Clarkean). Yunnan.

,, ferrugi'nea (rusty). Malaya.

,, viola' cea (violet). See CALCEOLARIA VIOLACEA.

BCE'BERA. (Named after Boeder, a Russian botanist.
Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. iq-Syngenesia,
2-Superflua.)

A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young,
firmish shoots under a glass ; requires a pit or a cool
greenhouse in winter.

B. inca'na (hoary-herbaged). See DVSSODIA PUBESCENS.
There are other species, but not deserving cultiva-
tion.

BCEHMETRIA. (Named after George Rudolph Bcehmer,
a German botanist. Nat. ord. Nettleworts [Urticaceae]. )
B. nivea is the only species worth cultivating for th«
sake of its foliage. Cuttings of shoots getting firm,
placed in sand under a bell-glass in the greenhouse, or
by divisions. Light soil in the open ground.

B. ni'vea (snowy-leaved). 4. Green. September.
Trop. Asia. " China Grass."

BCENNINGHAUSE'NIA. (A plant closely allied to
Ruta, but differing by having flat, undivided petals.
Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutaceae].) It is a hardy border
plant, thriving in any good garden soil. Seeds and
divisions.

B. albiflo'ra (white-flowered), ij. White. August.
Japan. Syn. B. japonica.

BOG-BEAN. Menya'nthes trifolia'ta.

BOG-EARTH, HEATH-MOULD, or PEAT. By gar-
deners this is understood as not meaning that mass of
moss, or sphagnum, dug out of wet, fenny places for
fuel, but a sharp, sandy soil, mixed with the dead,
fibrous roots of heath, and usually of a dark-grey colour,
such as is found upon the surface beneath the heath on
Wimbledon, Bagshot, and many other dry commons.
Peat of the best description is thus constituted. Of
400 parts : —

Fine silicious sand . .
Unaltered vegetable fibre .
Decomposing vegetable matter
Silica (flint) .
Alumina (clay) .
Oxide of iron

Soluble, vegetable, and saline
Muriate of lime . .
Loss : i

156
2

no
102
16
4
4
4

BOG-EARTH

120

BOMAREA

BOG-EARTH PLANTS. See AMERICAN PLANTS.

BOG-MOSS. Spha'gnum.

BOILER. The vessel employed to supply the pipes
or tanks with hot-water or steam, when either of these
is used for heating purposes. Many are the ingenious
and intricate boilers from time to time offered to the
gardener ; but, after much experience with boilers of all
descriptions, we can confidently say the most simple is
the best. The smaller the boiler and the fireplace,
compatible with efficiency, the greater is the economy.
We can tell the gardener, also, most decidedly, that the
total size of the boiler has nothing to do with that
efficiency ; the only point to be secured is, that a sufficient
surface of the boiler be exposed to the fire. The following
table shows the amount of boiler-surface which must
be exposed to the fire to heat given lengths of pipe,
respectively 4 inches, 3 inches, and 2 inches in diameter : —

4-inch

pipe.
«, -^ ^^. ft

Si square feet will heat

8*

-i<JU <.

300

fL ifrVV V

, 400

, 600

400

, 533

, 800

500

, 666

, IOOO

700

, 933

, 1400

IOOO

, 1333

, 2OOO

12

17

To prevent the scale, or limy crust, which is often so
troublesome, dissolve in the water at the rate of one
ounce of sal ammoniac (muriate of ammonia) to every
sixty gallons. Do this twice in the year ; as, in October
and April.

The above given years ago still holds good, but we
have had many modern improvements in all heating
appliances. And in construction we find a great altera-
tion ; instead of burying the pipes under the ground, they
are put above. Every one knows that growth is assisted
by ths warmth radiated from the sun, and it is the
same in greenhouse heating. We must first have bottom*
heat to induce root growth, and later it is the heat from
above that develops plant growth.

In fixing Boilers it is now often arranged that a large
rise is given, and the pipes have a fall from close to the
Boiler ; a sharp rise and a good fall to the return pipe
without any possibility of air being in contact with the
water is the main point in the circulation of water, and
a clean Boiler of any make will give double the heat of
one allowed to get covered with soot.

BOIS-PERDIX (Partridge-wood). Heists' ria.
BOLBOPHY'LLUM. See BULBOPHY'LLUM.

BOLDO' A. (From Boldu, the Chilian name of a species
formerly included under this genus. Nat. ord. Nycta-
ginaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand in a warm
case. Fibrous loam, peat and sand.
B. lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). 3. Purple. June. Mexico.
1824.

BO'LEUM. (From bolos, a ball ; in reference to the
shape of the seed-pods. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae]
Linn. i$-Tetradynamia. Allied to Vella.)

Half-hardy evergreen under-shrub. Seed in a pot, in
spring, set in a frame, or sown in the open border during
summer. It requires a little protection in a cold pit
during winter, but is hardly worth it.
B. a'sperum (rough), i. Cream. June. Spain. 1818.

BOLIVA'RIA. (Named after Bolivar, the late Re-
publican chief in South America. Nat. ord. Jasmine-
worts [Oleacea?]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia. Now
referred to Menodora.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a hand-light. Summer temp.,
55° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 48°.
a- tfi'fida (three-cleft). See MENODORA TRIFIDA.

BO'LLEA. See ZYGOPE'TALUM.

BO LLEO-CHONDRORHY'NCHATRCEBELIA NA. A

supposed natural hybrid between Bollea caelestis and
Chondrorhnycha Chestertoni. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchida-
ceae]. New Grenada. 1902. For cultivation, see
ZYGOPETALUM.

BOLTO'NIA. (Named after /. B. Bolton, an English
professor of botany. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. TiS-Syngenesia, 2-Superftua. Allied to Stenactis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the roots
in March or October ; common garden-soil.

B. asteroi'des (starwort-like). 3. Flesh. September.

N. Amer. 1758.

, „ decu'rrens (running down the stem).
, glastifo'lia (woad-leaved). See B. ASTEROIDES.
, inci'sa (cut-leaved). Lilac-purple. Siberia.
, i'ndica (Indian). White. Japan.
, latisqua' ma (broad-scaled). Blue-violet. Autumn.

N. Amer. 1879.
„ „ occidenta'lis.

BOLUS A NTHUS. (Commemorative of Dr. Bolus, the
S. African botanist, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord.
Leguminosae.)

A greenhouse tree. Seeds ; cuttings in sand under a
bell-glass. Loam, peat and sand.

B. specio'sus (showy). 20-25. Bright blue. September.
S. Africa. 1908. " Rhodesian Wistaria."

BOMA'REA. (Name not explained ; probably it is
commemorative. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidacea?].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Alstroemeria.)

Two features which cannot be misunderstood divide
Boma'rea from Alstrceme'ria — a twining stem and a
triangular seed-pod. The tubers of the B. edu'lis are
eaten, in St. Domingo, like those of Jerusalem artichoke.
It is a stove plant. The others prefer a deep, rich, light
border in the open air, with a slight protection from
frost. B. acutifo'lia, planted in a good, cold greenhouse,
inside border, will twine up ten or twelve feet, and
flower better than in any other way. For culture, see
ALSTRCEMERIA.

B. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 9. Red, yellow. Sep-
tember. Mexico.

„ „ ehrenbergia' no, (Ehrenbergian). Red, yellow,
brown. Mexico. Spring. 1878.

„ „ puncta'ta (dotted- fliwered). 6. Spotted. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1829.

,, bogote'nsis (Bogotan). Crimson, black, green. Co-
lombia. 1872.

,, bredemeyera'na(BTedemeyeri&n). See B. MULTIFLORA.

„ caldasia'na (Caldasian). Orange- yellow, spotted
crimson. Peruvian Andes. 1863.

„ Carde'ri (Carder's). Rose, purple, brown. Colombia.
1876.

„ chontale'nsis (Chontalese). See B. EDULIS.

„ confe'rta (crowded). See B. PATACOCENSIS.

„ edu'lis (eatable-tubered). 6. Red. July. Trinidad.
1820.

„ ,, chontale'nsis (Chontalese). Rose, yellow, brown,
Nicaragua. 1871.

„ „ Elwe'sii (Elwes'). Outer segments pink, inner
pencilled red. 1905.

„ fro'ndea (leafy). Bright yellow, dotted brown on
inner segments. Colombia. 1881.

,, hirte'lla (small-haired). See B. EDULIS.

„ Kalbreye'ri (Kalbreyet's). Orange. Colombia. 1882.

,, Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). Colombia. 1883.

„ multifto'ra (many-flowered). New Granada and Vene-
zuela.

„ ocula'ta (eyed). See B. SALSILLA.

,, oliga'ntha (few-flowered). Reddish, yellow, claret.
Peru. 1877.

,, ova'ta (egg-shzpc-leaved). Red and green. Chili.
1824.

,, patacoce'nsis (Patacochan). Carmine-rose, green.
Ecuador and Colombia. 1882.

„ pudibu'nda (modest). Pink. New Granada. 1855.

„ Salsi'lla (Salsilla). 5. Green, crimson. June. S.
Amer. 1806. Hardy.

„ Shuttlewo'rthii (Shuttleworth's). See B. CARDERI.

„ soro'ria (sisterly). Rosy, spotted carmine, green,
brown. S. Amer. 1892.

,, tomento'sa (felted). Peru.

vitelli'na ( yolk-of -egg - coloured) . Orange - yellow.
Colombia. 1882.

,, We'rckl&i (Werckle's). Vermilion-orange and orange-
yellow. Costa Rica. 1909.

„ WiUia'msicn (Mrs. Williams'). Rose, dotted purpla.
Colombia. 1882.

BOMBAX

121

BORAGE

BO MBAX. Silk Cotton-tree. (From bombax, cotton ;
in reference to the woolly hairs which envelop the
seed, like those of the cotton-plant. Nat. ord. Mallow-
worts [Malvaceae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, &-Polyandria.)
Trees more remarkable for their prodigious size that
for their use or beauty. Stove trees. Cuttings of rather
young shoots, but firm at the base, placed in sandy peat,
under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
B. Cei'ba (Ceiba). 100. White. S. Amer. 1692.

" Silk Cotton- tree."

„ Co'ngo (Congo). See COCHLOSPERMUM GOSSYPIUM.
„ eria'nthus (woolly-flowered). See ERIODENDRON

LEIANTHERUM.

„ zlobo'sum (globe-form). 60. Guiana. 1824.

„ Gjssy'pium (Cotton-plant). See COCHLOSPERMUM

GOSSVPIUM.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). See COCHLOSPERMUM

GOSSYPIUM.

„ htptaphy'llum (seven-leaved). See B. MALABARICUM.
., Jenma'ni (Jenman's). 'British Guiana.
„ malaba'ricum (Malabar). 60. Scarlet. Malabar.

" Cotton-tree."
,, penta'ndrum (five-anthered). See EROIDENDRON

ASFRACTUOSUM.

„ quina'tum (five-leaved). See BOMBAX CEIBA.

„ septena'tum (seven-leaved). 50. White. Carthagena.

1699.
,, vittfo'lium (vine-leaved). See COCHLOSPERMUM vm-

FOLIUM.
BOMBYX NEUSTRIA. See LACKEY MOTH.

BONAPA RTEA. (Named after Napoleon Bonaparte.
Nat. ord. Browelworts [Bromeliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hex-
andria, i-Monogynia. Most of the species are now referred
to Agave.)

Remarkable for the gracefulness of their long, rush-like
leaves. They are well adapted for growing in vases,
out of doors, in summer. Stove plants. Seeds in a
hotbed ; cuttings in sand, under a glass, in heat ; well
drained. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

B. gra'cilis (slender). See DASYLIRION ACROTRICHUM.
., ju'ncea (rush-leaved). See AGAVE GEMINIFLORA.

BONA'TEA. (Named after M . Bonat, a distinguished
Italian botanist. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn.
2O-Gynandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Habenaria.)

Stove orchids. Division of the roots, or semi-bulbous
tubers ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
B. anUnni'fera (antennae-bearing). Green and white.

Rhodesia. 1905.
„ specio'sa (showy). 2. Green, white. May. Cape of

Good Hope. 1820.
„ Uga'ndea (Uganda). Light green, white. Uganda.

1906.

BONES are beneficial as a manure, because their chief
constituent (phosphate of lime) is also a constituent of
all plants ; and the gelatine which is also in bones is of
itself a source of food to them. The bones of the ox,
sheep, horse, and pig, being those usually employed,
their analyses are here given : —

Phosphate of lime . .
Carbonate of lime . .
Animal matter . . .

Ox. Sheep. Horse. Pig.
55 7o 68 52

33

25

31

47

The bones must be applied to the crops in very small
pieces or powder ; and ten pounds, at the time of insert-
ing the seed, are enough for thirty square yards, if sown
broadcast ; and a much smaller quantity is sufficient
if sprinkled along the drills in which the seed is sown.
There is no doubt that bone-dust may be employed
with advantage in all gardens and to all garden-crops ;
but it has been experimented on most extensively
with the turnip and potato, and with unfailing bene-
fit. Mixed with sulphur, and drilled in with the
turnip-seed, it has been found to preserve the young
plants from the fly. Mr. Knight found it beneficial
when applied largely to stone-fruit at the time of plant-
ing ; and it is quite as good for the vine. To lawns, the
dust has been applied with great advantage when the
grass was becoming thin. As a manure for the shrubbery,

parterre, and greenhouse, it is also most valuable ; and,
crushed as well as ground, is employed generally to mix
with the soil of potted plants. Mr. Maund finds it pro-
motes the luxuriance and beauty of his flowers. One
pound of bone-dust, mixed with twelve ounces of sul-
phuric acid (oil of vitriol), and twelve ounces of water,
if left to act upon each other for a day, form super-
phosphate of lime, a wineglassful of which has been
found beneficial to pelargoniums. Applied as a top-
dressing, mixed with half its weight of charcoal-dust, it
is a good manure for onions, and may be applied at the
rate of nine pounds to the square rod. There is little
doubt of this superphosphate being good for all our
kitchen-garden crops, being more prompt in its effects
upon a crop than simple bone-dust, because it is soluble
in water, and therefore more readily presented to the
roots in a state for them to imbibe. Bones broken into
small pieces are generally used as drainage for pelar-
goniums and other potted plants.

BONGA'RDIA. (Named in compliment to Heinrich
Gustav Bongard, a German botanist. Nat. ord. Barberry-
worts [Berberidaceae].)

A hardy, tuberous perennial for the rockery, but as it is
liable to perish from damp in winter a hand-light should
be placed over the site of the tubers from October to ApriL
Sandy soil should be used. Offsets from the tubers.

B. Rauwo'lfii (Rauwolfs). J. Yellow. Spring. Syria.
Persia. 1740. Syn. Leontice chrysogonum.

BONNA'YA. (Named after the German botanist
Bonnay. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn.
2-Diandria. i-Monogynia. Related to Torenia.)

Stove plants. Seeds for annuals ; divisions, and
cuttings of creepers and trailers ; rich, sandy loam.

B. brachyca'rpa (short-seed-podded). See ILYSANTHES

CAPENSIS.

„ re'ptans (creeping). $. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1820.

Perennial trailer.
„ veroniccefo'lia (speed well-leaved). \. Pink. August.

E. Ind. 1798. Biennial trailer.

BONNE-TIA. (Named after C. Bonnet, a distinguished
naturalist. Nat. ord. Theads [Ternstrdmiaceae]. Linn.
i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove tree. Cuttings of firm young shoots in sand,
under a glass, in heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

B. meridiona'lis (meridional). Red. Trop. Amer. 1819.
„ palu'stris (marsh). See B. MERIDIONALIS.

BONPLANDIA. (Commemorative of the botanist
Bonpland. Nat. ord. Polemoniaceae.)

Greenhouse perennial. Seeds. Peat, loam and sand.
B. geminifto'ra (twin-flowered). 2. Violet. July.
Mexico. 1813.

BO'NTIA. (Named after /. Bont, a Dutch physician.
Nat. ord. Myoporads [Myoporaceae]. Linn. i^-Didy
namia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Stove evergreen shrub, requiring similar treatment to
Bonnetia.

B. daphnofdes (Daphne-like). 6. Yellow, purple. June.
W. Ind. 1690.

BORAGE. (Bora'go officina'lis). Its young leaves,
smelling somewhat like cucumber, are sometimes used
in salads, or boiled as spinach. Being aromatic, its
spikes of flowers are put into negus and cool tankards.

Soil and Situation. — For the spring and summer
sowing, any light soil and open situation may be allotted,
provided the first is not particularly rich ; for those
which have to withstand the winter, a light, dry soil, and
the shelter of a south fence, are most suitable. A very
fertile soil renders it luxuriant, and injures the flavour.

Times and Mode of Sowing. — Sow in March or April,
and at the close of July, for production in summer and
autumn, and again in August or September, for the
supply of winter and succeeding spring, in shallow drills,
twelve inches asunder. When of about six weeks'
growth, the plants are to be thinned to twelve inches
apart, and the plants thus removed of the spring and
autumn sowing may be transplanted at a similar dis-
tance ; but those of the summer sowing seldom will
endure the removal, and at all times those left unmoved
prosper most. At the time of transplanting, if at all

BORAGO

122

BORECOLE

dry weather, they must be watered until established ;
water must also be frequently applied to the seed-bed
of the summer sowing.

To obtain Seed. — Some of those plants which have
survived the winter must be left ungathered from. They
will begin to flower about June ; and when their seed
is perfectly ripe the stalks must be gathered, and dried
completely before it is rubbed out.

BORA'GO. Borage. (Altered from cor, heart, and
ago, to affect ; referring to the cordial qualities of the
herbs. Nat. ord. Borageworts [Bor agin ace®]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy plants. Biennials and annuals from seed ;
perennials by divisions ; common soil.
B. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). See CACCINIA GLAUCA.
„ cre'tica (Cretan), i. Blue. May. Crete. 1823.

Herbaceous perennial.
„ laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered), i. Blue. June. Corsica.

1813. Trailing biennial.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved), i. Blue. July. N. Africa.

1825. Annual.
„ officina'lis (common). 3. Blue. August. England.

Annual.
„ „ albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 2. White. August.

England. Annual.

,, orienta'lis (oriental). See TRACHYSTEMON ORIENTALS.
,, zeyla'nicum (Cingalese) . See TRICHODESMA ZEYLANI-
CUM.

BORA'SSUS. (One of the names applied to the spathe
of the date-palm. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceas]. Linn.
22-Dicecia, 6-Hexandria.)

Palm-wine, or toddy, a grateful beverage, is the juice
which flows from the wounded spathe of this and some
other palms. Stove tree. Seeds ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 90° : winter, 60°.

B. ftabe'llifer (fan-bearing). 30. White, green. India

and Africa. 1771.

„ ftabellifo'rmis (fan-leaved). See B. FLABELLIFER.
„ pinna' tifrons (pinnate-leaved). See CHAM^EDOREA

GRACILIS.

BORBONIA. (Named after one of the Bourbon
family. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae] .
Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. Related to Scottia.)
This genus and its allies — Hovea, Lalage, Templetonia,
and others of that group — have always been great
favourites with gardeners. All greenhouse evergreen
shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings in sand,
in April, under a bell-glass, and in a close place, without
artificial heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 50° to
70° ; winter, 40° to 45°.

B. barba'ta (bearded). 4. Yellow. July. 1823.
,, cilia'ta (hair- fringed). 3. Yellow. July. 1816.
„ corda'ta (heaxt-leaved) . 2. Yellow. August. 1759.
„ crena'ta (scolloped-Z<m'ed). 6. Yellow. July. 1774.
„ ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). See AMPHITHALEA ERICJE-

FOLIA.

„ lanceola'ta (lance-leaved). 5. Yellow. July. 1752.
„ parvifto'ra (small-flowered) . 9. Yellow. July. 1790.
„ perfolia'ta (per foliate-leaved). See RAFNIA PER-

FOLIATA.

„ perfora'ta (perforated). 3. Yellow. July. 1816.

„ ruscifo'lia (Ruscus-leaved). See B. PARVIFLORA.

„ trine'rvia (three-nerved). 6. Yellow. July. 1759.

,, undula'ta (wave-leaved). 4. Yellow. July. 1812.

BORDER is a name applied to that narrow division
of the garden which usually accompanies each side of
a walk in the kitchen-garden, and to the narrow bed
which is near to the garden- wall on one side, and abuts
on a walk on the other. In fact, any bed which acts as
a boundary to a walk, or grass-plot, or the main quarters
of a garden, may be properly described as a border.

i. Fruit- Borders. — Next to the wall should be a path,
eighteen inches wide, for the convenience of pruning
and gathering. Next to this path should be the border,
eight or nine feet wide; and then the broad walk,
which should always encompass the main compartments
of the kitchen-garden. The whole of the breadth from
the wall to the edge of this main walk should be ex-
cavated to the depth of four feet ; the bottom of the
excavation rammed hard ; brickbats and large stones
then put in, to the depth of one foot and a half ; and
the remaining two feet and a half filled up with suitable

soil. From the under-drainage of brickbats, &c., drain-
ing-pipes should be laid with an outfall into some neigh-
bouring ditch. No fruit-tree will be healthy if it roots
deep, or if its roots are surrounded by superfluous water ;
that is, more water than the soil will retain by its own
chemical and capillary attractions. Shallow-rooting crops
do no harm to the trees grown on fruit-borders sufficient
to require their total banishment. See FRUIT-TREES and
STATIONS.

The above is good advice, but modern horticulturists
do not take so much trouble, yet deep digging and
drainage are important factors in securing good crops.

2. Flower-Borders. — These, like the preceding, and,
indeed, like every other part of the garden not devoted
to aquatic and marsh plants, should be well drained.
In plotting them, it must also be remembered that, if
narrow, no art will impart to them an aspect of boldness
and grandeur. Indeed, narrowness of surface is in-
separably connected with an impression that the grounds
are of limited extent ; and no disposal of the plants
will remove the littleness thus suggested. If the pleasure-
grounds are small, narrow borders are permissible ; but,
even then, the broader they are the less is the appear-
ance of meanness. All flower-borders should be made
in proportion to the size of the garden and other sur-
roundings. Neatness must be the presiding deity over
flower-borders ; and no application of the hoe and rake,
no removal of decayed leaves, no tying up of straggling
members, can be too unremitting. See FLOWERS.

Forking-Borders. — No border, whether tenanted by
the roots of fruit-trees or flowering-shrubs, should be
ever dug with the spade. The surface turned up roughly
with the fork, to benefit by the winter frosts, and manure
as necessary, turned in with the same implement, are
sufficient.

BORECOLE. Bra'ssica olera'cea ace'phala.
Varieties. — Of the following, i, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
ii, and 15 are the best.

1. Brussels Borecole, or Sprouts.

2. Green Borecole, German or curled Kale, or Curlies,
Scotch or Siberian Kale, Bra'ssica olera'cea seleni'sia.

3. Purple Borecole, B. olera'cea lacinia'ta.

4. Variegated Borecole.

5. Chou de Milan.

6. Egyptian or Rabi Kale.

7. Ragged Jack.

8. Jerusalem Kale.

9. Buda, Russian, or Manchester Kale. This is greatly
improved by blanching under a pot, like Sea- Kale.

10. Anjou Kale.

n. One- thousand-headed Cabbage, B. olera'cea, acd-
phala.

12. Palm Borecole.

13. Portugal, or Large-ribbed.

14. Woburn perennial. This, and, indeed, the whole
race, may be propagated by cuttings, six inches long,
planted where to remain, in March or April.

15. Barnes's Feathered Savoy.

The above are all good types, but we have since had
many additions and improvements, also hybrids, which
are described in most seed catalogues.

Sowing. — The first crop sow about the end of March,
or early in April, the seedlings of which are fit for prick-
ing out towards the end of April, and for final planting
at the close of May, for production late in autumn and
commencement of winter. Sow again about the middle
of May; for final planting, during July; and, lastly,
in August, for use during winter and early spring.

Prick out the seedlings when their leaves are about
two inches hi breadth ; set them about six inches apart
each way ; and water frequently until established. In
four or five weeks they will be of sufficient growth for
final planting.

Planting.— Put them in rows two feet and a half
apart each way : the last plantation may be six inches
closer. They must be watered and weeded ; and some
of them being of large-spreading growth, the earth can
only be drawn about their stems during their early
growth. If, during stormy weather, any of those which
acquire a tall growth are blown down, they should be
supported by stakes, when they will soon firmly re-
establish themselves.

To raise Seed. — Select such plants of each variety as
are of the finest growth, and either leave them where

BORONIA

123

BOSTRICHUS

grown or remove them during open weather in November,
or before the close of February (the earlier the better),
into rows three feet apart each way, and planted deeply.
Keep each variety as far away from each other as pos-
sible to prevent cross fertilisation. The seed ripens
about the beginning of August.

BORO'NIA. (Named after Boroni, an Italian servant
of Dr. Sibthorp's. Nat. ord. Ruewor ts [Rutaceas]. Linn.
6-Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings, neither hard
nor soft, inserted in sand, under a glass, where there is
the mildest heat ; pot in leaf-mould. Peat and a little
fibrous loam may be added, also sharp sand. Though
greenhouse plants, most of them like a little extra heat
in spring. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 45° to 50° .
B. ala'ta (winged). 3. Red. May. N. Holland. 1825.
„ anemonifo'lia (anemone-leaved). 2. Red. May.

N. Holland. 1824.

„ „ anethifolia (dill-leaved). N. Holland. 1841.
„ ,, varia'bilis (variable). Tasmania.
„ crenula'ta (scolloped-teawftf). 2. Red. July. King

George's Sound.
„ cymo'sa (cymose). Pink. Swan River. Syn. B.

ttrttifdia.
„ denticula'ta (fine- toothed). 2. Red. N. Holland.

1823.

„ dicho'toma (fork-branched). See B. SPATHULATA.
„ Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). See B. PULCHELLA.
„ rfa'/wr (taller). 3$. Red. May. W.Australia. 1874.
„ falcifo'lia (sickle-kav^. Moreton Bay. 1841.
„ floribu'nda (free-flowering). See B. PINNATA.
., Frase!ri (Eraser's). Red. May. N. Holland. 1821.
„ hettrophy'tta (various-leaved). 2$. Red. Australia.
„ ., bre'vipes (short-stalked), ij. Bright red. S. W.

Australia.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Red. April. N. Holland.

1824.
„ ledifo'lia (Ledum-leaved). 2. Red. May. N. S.

Wales. 1814.

„ megasti'gma (large stigma). Brown-yellow. Aus-
tralia. 1873.

„ „ a u'rea( golden). Creamy-yellow sport. 1903.
„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Pink. N. Holland.

1846.

„ mo'llis (soft). N. Holland. 1841.
„ ova' to. (egg-shzpe-leaved). Crimson. May. Swan

River. 1841.
„ pinna' ta ileafleted). 2. Purple. August. N. S.

Wales. 1794.
„ polygalczfo'lia (Polygala-leaved). 2. Red. May. N.

Holland. 1824.

„ pukhe'lla (beautiful). 2. Pink. May. W. Australia.
„ ramo'sa (branched). Blue. Australia.
„ sca'bra (rough). Pink. Swan River.
„ serrula'ia (saw-edged-kat;«f). 3. Scarlet. June.

N. S. Wales. 1816.
„ spaihula'ta (spathulate-kavftf). Pink. Swan River.

1845.

„ tennis (slender). Blue. Australia.
„ teretifo'lia (round-leaved). See B. CYMOSA.
„ tetra'ndra (four-stamened). See B. PULCHELLA.
„ triphy'lla (three-leaved). See B. LEDIFOLIA.
„ vimi'nea (twiggy). Pink. Swan River.

BORRE RIA. (Named after /. W. Borrer, a British
cryptogamist and excellent botanist. Nat. ord. Cin-
ckonads [Cinchonaceae]. Linn. 4-Tetrandria, i-Mono-
gynia. See SPERMACOCE.)

Stove plants. The biennials from seeds, treated like
a tender annual ; and the perennials from cuttings in
sand, in heat, under a glass ; light soil.
B. commute' ta (changed). See SPERMACOCE VERTICIL-

LATA.

,, stri'cta (upright). See S. VERTICILLATA.

„ verticilla'ta (whorled- flowered). See S. VERTICILLATA.

BORRI'CHIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Compositae.)

Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings in sand, in gentle
heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
B. arbore'scens (tree-like). 3. Yellow. June. Trop.

Amer. 1699.
„ arge'ntea (silvery). 2. Yellow. June. Trop. Amer.

1824.
„ frute'scens (shrubby). 2. July. N. Amer. 1696.

BORZICA'CTUS. (From Born, a commemorative
name, and Cactus. Nat. ord. Cactaceae.)

Greenhouse succulent. Seeds, cuttings. Loam, broken
bricks, a little leaf-mould and sand.

B. Ventimi'glice (Ventimiglia). Red-violet. Ecuador.
1910.

EOSCHE'RIA MINAHA'SS2£ is a garden name for
what appears to be an Artocarpad (1872).

BO'SCIA. (Named after L. Bosc, a French professor
of agriculture. Nat. ord. Capparids [Capparidaceae].
Linn. n-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia.)

Cuttings of firm wood in heat, :n sand, under a glass ;
lumpy, fibrous loam and peat. Summer temp., 60* to
80° ; winter, 00°.

B. senegale" 'nsis (Senegal). 3. White. Senegal. 1824.

BOSSI3TA. (Named after Bossier Lamartinere, a
French botanist, who accompanied La Perouse on his
fatal voyage. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. Allied to
Hovea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs and trailers ; cuttings of
half-ripe shoots in sand, in close frame with bottom-heat,
in April ; peat and loam, both fibrous, with a portion of
silver-sand, and some pieces of charcoal, to keep the
soil open ; also seeds sown in a slight hotbed, in March.
Summer temp., moderate ; winter, 40° to 50°.

B. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 4. Yellow. May. N.

Holland. 1824.
,, cine'rea (grey). 3. Yellow. June. Van Diemen's

Land. 1802.

„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). See B. CINEREA.
,, denta'ta (toothed). Australia. L. B. C., 1458.
„ di'sticha (two-rowed). 2. Yellow. May. N.Holland.

1840.

,, tnsa'ta (sword-ftr anched) . See B. RIPARIA.
„ erioca'rpa (woolly- podded), i. Yellow. May. King

George's Sound. 1837.

„ folio'sa (leafy). 4. Yellow. May. N.Holland. 1824.
., Henderso'nii (Henderson's). Yellow and bronze.

N. S. Wales. 1844.

., heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 3. Yellow. Sep-
tember. N. S. Wales. 1792.
., lanceola'ta (lanceolate). See B. HETEROPHYLLA.
,, lenticula'ris (lentil-leaved). See B. RHOMBIFOLIA.
„ linnaoi'des (Linnaea-like). See B. PROSTRATA.
,, linophy'lla (flax-leaved). 3. Orange. August. N.

Holland. 1803.
„ microphyUa (small-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. N. S.

,, orna'ta (adorned). 2. Yellow, or purple. March,

April. Australia. 1830.

,, ova'ta (egg-shape-leaved). See B. HETEROPHYLLA.
,. paucifo'lia (few-leaved). See B. RUFA VIRGATA.
„ prostra'ta (prostrate). $. Yellow. August. N. S.

Wales. 1803.
,, rhombifo'lia (diamond-leaved), r. Yellow. May.

N. Holland. 1820.
,, ripa'ria (river-bank). Australia.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). See B. RHOMBIFOLIA.
„ ru'fa (reddish- yt&ovi- flowered) . 6. Orange. August.

N. Holland. 1803.
„ „ folio'sa (leafy). Yellow. Australia. 1843. Syn.

B. spinescens.
„ „ virga'ta (twiggy). 2. Yellow, red. June. Swan

River. 1842. Syns. B. paucifolia and B. virgaia.
„ scolope'ndria (hart's- tongue-teat*^). 10. Yellow.

June. N. S. Wales. 1792.
,, spinescens (spined). See B. RUFA FOLIOSA.
„ tenuicau'lis (slender-stemmed). See B. CINEREA.
,, virga'ta (twiggy). See B. RUFA VIRGATA.

BOSTRICHUS, a class of beetles, many of which are
very injurious to the crops of the garden.

B. dispar, Apple-bark beetle. The female of this insect
bores into the wood of the apple-tree, and there deposits
her eggs, generally in the month of May ; and its per-
forations are so numerous and extensive, as frequently,
on the Continent, to destroy the tree. In England it
rarely occurs. The perforations are confined to the
alburnum, or young wood.

B. typographus. Typographer-bark beetle. This
attacks the pine-tribe, especially the silver-fir. A draw-

BOSWELLIA

124

BOUCHEA

ing of this insect is given at page 329, vol. iii. of The
Cottage Gardener.

B. Pinastri, Pinaster, or Red-bark beetle, confines its
attacks to the pines, leaving the firs untouched, as the
B. larius lives exclusively on the larch, and the B.
ortltographus on the spruce-fir.

BOSWE'LLIA. Olibanum-tree. (Named after Dr.
Boswell, of Edinburgh. Nat. ord. Amyrids [Burseracea?].
Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

The brittle resin of Boswellia, boiled with oil to render
it soft, is used in the East as pitch for the bottoms
of ships, and, in the dry state, as frankincense. Stove
trees ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand and peat ;
peat and loam. Summer temp.. 60° to 80° ; winter,
50° to 60°.

B. gla'bra (smooth). See B. SERRATA.
„ serra'talsavr-edged-leaved). 20. Pale yellow. E. Ind.
1820.

BOTHPJOSPE'RMUM. (From bothrion, a smal pit,
and spertna, a seed ; the seeds are pitted. Nat. ord.
Boraginaceee.)

Hardy annual. Seeds. Garden soil.

B. tendllum (very-slender). White. July. N. China.
1820.

BOTHY. The lodgings assigned to young gardeners
in the northern part of the kingdom, and the same name
is now applied to the lodgings of gardeners in many parts
of England ; and miserable hovels they often were, but
they have been greatly improved within recent years.

BOTRY'CERAS. (From botrus, a bunch, and kerns, a
horn ; in reference to the bunches of horn-like racemes.
Nat. ord. Anacards [Anacardiaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of ripened
shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in a frame, and the
hand-light tilted up at night ; sandy peat and loam.
Summer temp., 55° to 65° ; winter, 38° to 45°.

B. lauri'num (laurel-like). 4. S. Africa. 1823.

BOTRY'CHIUM. Moon wort. (From botrus, a bunch ;
in reference to the bunch-like formation of the seed-
apparatus on the special branch of the leaf. Nat. ord.
Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptpgamia, i-Filices.)

Perennial Ferns, hardy, with but one exception ;
chiefly divisions ; peat and loam. B. austra'le should
be protected in winter.

B. austra'le (southern). See B. TERNATUM AUSTRALE.
„ daucifo'lium (carrot-leaved), i. Himalayas. Cey-
lon, &c. 1862.

„ disse'ctum (cut-leaved) . See B. TERNATUM DISSECTUM.
,, fumarioi'des (fumitory-like). J. Brown. July.

Carolina. 1806. A garden name for B. terna-

turn.
„ Luna'ria (common moonwort). J. Brown. May.

Britain.

„ obli'quum (twisted). See B. TERNATUM OBLIQUUM.
„ subcarno' sum (somewhat fleshy). See B. DAUCI-

FOLIUM.
„ terna' turn (divided into three). Hudson's Bay

Territory to New Granada.
„ ,, austra'le (southern). }. June. Australia and

New Zealand. 1823. Not quite hardy.
„ „ disse'ctum (cut-leaved). \. July. Segments

sharply incise-serrate. N. Amer. 1806.
„ „ lunarioi'des (moon-like). A smaller form. N.

Amer.
„ „ obli'quum (oblique). $. August. Larger and

more divided. N. Amer. 1821.
„ virgi'nicum (Virginian), i. Brown. August. N.

Amer. 1790.

BOTRYODE'NDRUM. See MERYTA.

BOTTIONE'A. (A small-flowered Lilywort allied to
Anthericum. Nat. ord Liliaceas.)

A fibrous-rooted Lilywort for a warm, sheltered border.
Seeds and divisions in spring.

B. thysanthoi'des (Thysanthe-like). i. White. March.
Chili. 1828. Syn. Anthericum plumosum.

BOTTLE GOURD. See LAGENARIA.
BOTTLE TREE. See STERCULIA RUPESTRIS.

BOTTOM-HEAT. Naturally the temperature of the
soil always bears a due relative proportion to that of the
air. When the temperature of the air decreases, that
of the soil also decreases, but very slowly ; and, when
the atmospheric heat increases, that of the soil also
gradually rises. Bottom-heat, or heat applied to the
roots of plants, is the artificial mode of imitating this
proceeding of nature in our hothouses and other struc-
tures of that kind. If the temperature of the soil be too
cold in proportion to the temperature of the atmosphere,
the roots are not stimulated sufficiently to imbibe food
as fast as it is required by the branches and foliage ;
and, as a consequence, the leaves or fruit will fall or
wither. On the other hand, if the temperature of the
soil be too great in proportion to that of the atmosphere,
the roots absorb food faster than it can be elaborated
by the leaves ; and, as a consequence, over-luxuriant
shoots and an extra development of leaves are caused,
instead of blossoms and a healthy progress in all the
parts.

Every plant obviously will have a particular bottom-
heat most congenial to it. Plants growing in open
plains will require a higher bottom-heat than those
growing in the shade of the South American forests,
though the temperature of the air out of the shade may
be the same in each country. That gardener will suc-
ceed in exotic plant-culture best, who, among his other
knowledge, has ascertained the relative temperature of
the air and soil in which any given plant grows naturally.
At present, such information from actual observation is
not obtainable ; but it is not so difficult to ascertain
the maximum and minimum temperature of the air of a
country ; and, these being obtained, the gardener may
adopt this as a safe rule : — Let the bottom-heat for
plants of that country be always 5° higher than the
average temperature of each month ; that is, if the
lowest temperature of the month is 40°, and the highest
70°, the average is 55° ; and, if we add 5° to that, we
shall have 60° as the bottom-heat for that month. If
the average maximum temperature of the air only be
known, let the bottom-heat be less by 10° than the
maximum temperature of the air. In relation to the
propagation of plants bottom-heat is of the greatest
advantage, for with a cool surface the sap is drawn
downwards, and induces root growths and when top
growth is wanted the surface temperature should be the
highest. Taking ordinary subjects, we find root-growth
is made during the autumn after the ground has been
warmed by the summer sun and moistened by rain, and
top-growth commences with spring sunshine.

BOTTOMING. A term usually applied to the drainage
of pots, although equally applicable to any kind of
horticultural drainage. (See DRAINING.) It is also ap-
plied to mowing grass on lawns, and signifies that the
mower should take extra pains in mowing, cutting down
almost to the surface of the turf, in order to facilitate
future mowings by the production of an entirely fresh
herbage, free from moss and the residue of former
mowings.

BOUCERO'SIA. (From boukeros, furnished with
buffalo-horns ; in reference to the horns of the corona.
Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceas.) Succulent perennials allied to
Stapelia and requiring similar cultural treatment.

B. crenula'ta (notched). £. Pale yellow. India. 1829.
,, europ&'a (European). £. Purple-brown, yellow.

Summer. S. Europe. 1832.
,, gussoma'na (Gussonian). J. Red-striped. October.

Algeria. 1833.

,, incarna'ta (flesh), i. Flesh. June. S. Africa. 1793.
,, mammilla' ris (teated). i. Brown or dark purple.

Summer. S. Africa. 1774.
„ marocca'na (Morocco). $. Red-purple and yellow

lines. Summer. Morocco. 1875.
,, munbya'na (Munbyan). Algeria.
„ ;, hispa'nica (Spanish variety). Corolla lobes narrow.

Spain. 1898.

„ tesseWa'ta(tasselled). See ECHIDNOPSIS CEREIFORMIS.
„ umbella'ta (umbelled). Pink. India. 1804.
BOU'CHEA. (Named after two German naturalists,

C. and P. Boucke. Nat. ord. VERBENACE^E.)

Stove or greenhouse, evergreen herbs or sub-shrubs.
Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood in sand,
under a hand-glass or close frame, with a gentle bottom-
heat, in spring. Loam, peat, and sand.

BOUEA

BOYKINIA

B. cuneifo'lia (wedge-shaped-leaved). 4. White. April.

S. Africa. 1821. Greenhouse shrub.
„ Ehrenbe'rgii (Ehrenberg's). 2. Blue. May. San

Domingo. 1699.
„ pseudogervao (false gerva6). 3 to 5. Purple, white.

September. Brazil. 1874. Stove perennial.

BOUEA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Anacardiaceae.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half mature Wood
in sand in a close frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, peat and sand.
B. burma'nica (Burman). Yellow. June. Burma ;

Malaya. 1823.

BOUGABfVTLLEA. (Named after de Bougainville, a
French navigator. Nat. ord. Nyctaginaceae.)

Very showy, greenhouse climbers, especially those
which flower freely every year under ordinary treat-
ment. They flower best when planted out in a border
and trained up the rafters or pillars. After the end of
October they should be kept dry at the roots to thoroughly
ripen the wood, and then cut hard back to the main
stems early in the year. Propagated by cuttings of
half-ripened shoots in sand in a close frame with bottom-
heat. Plants to be flowered in pots should be started
in a stove and afterwards placed in the greenhouse.
Liquid manure may be given with advantage when in
full growth. The soil for borders may consist of three
parts turfy loam to one of leaf-mould and sufficient sand
to make it porous. Give plenty of ventilation when in
full growth.

B. brasilic'nsis (Brazilian). See B. SPECTABILIS.
„ gla'bra (smooth). 20 to 30. Yellow. Bracts large,

rose. Brazil. 1861.
„ „ sanderia'na. A free - flowering variety even in

pots. 1895.
„ formo'sa( beautiful). Bracts purplish-mauve. Brazil.

1905.
„ refu'lgens (refulgent). Bracts bright purple-mauve.

Brazil. 1887.

specio'sa (showy). See B. SPECTABILIS.
specta'bUis (showy). Yellow. Bracts rosy. Brazil.
1829.

„ lateri'tia (brick-red). Bracts brick-red.
„ variega'ia (variegated). Foliage variegated. 1890.
sple'ndtns (splendid). S. Amer. 1848.
vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). S. Amer. 1848.
BOURBON PALM. See LIVISTONA CHINENSIS.
BOURGEON or BURGEON. See BUD.
BOURRE RIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Boraginaceae.)

Stove shrub or small tree. Cuttings in sand in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
B. divarica'ta (spreading). 15. White. Cuba. 1820.

BOUSSINGAUXTIA. (Named after the celebrated
chemist, Boussingault. Nat. ord. BaseUads [Chenopodia-
ceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Half-hardy tuberous-rooted plant. Seeds ; division of
its tuberous roots ; peat and rich loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 70° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
B. baselhi'dfs (Basella-like). White. July. S. Amer.

1835. "Madeira Vine."
„ corda'ta (heart-shaped). Closely allied to B.baselloides.

Peru. 1895.
„ Lachau'mei (Lachaume's). Rose. Cuba. 1872.

BOUTELOU'A. (From bovUs, a cow-herd, and louo,
to wash. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Hardy perennial grass. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary
soil.
B. racemo'sa (racemed). J. August. Mexico. 1768.

BpUVA'RDIA. (Named after Dr. Bouvard, curator
of the Botanic Garden at Paris. Nat. ord. Rubiacea?.
Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs, except where
otherwise specified. Cuttings of young shoots in heat,
early in the year, in close frame with bottom-heat. May
be grown in the open during summer, but to flower well
In winter require light and heat. Also by roots, cut
into pieces, and inserted in sandy soil, and placed in a
brisk heat, in spring. Light, fibrous soil. Summer
temp., 50° to 70° ; winter 35° to 45°.

B. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Red. September.

Mexico. 1838.
„ Cavanillf'sii (Cavanilles's). ij. Scarlet. May.

Mexico. 1846.

„ Daviso'ni (Davison's). i. White. Autumn. 1872.
„ fla'va (yellow), ij. Yellow. September. Mexico.

1844.

„ hirtt!lla (hairy). Scarlet. Mexico.
„ Humbo'ldtii corymbifio'ra (Humboldt's corymb-
flowered). White. Fragrant. Autumn and winter.

1873.

„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered).
„ Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). See B. TRIPHVLLA.
„ iasminiflo'ra (Jasmine-flowered). White. S. Amer.

1869.
„ leia'ntha (smooth-flowered). Scarlet. July to

November. Mexico. 1850.
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). See HOUSTONIA LONGI-

FLORA.

„ lute'ola ple'na (double yellow). A garden variety.

1888.

„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See B. CAVANILLESII.
„ Rce'dii (Rcezl's). See RONDELETIA STRIGOSA.
,, sea bra (rough-leaved). Bright pink. Mexico. 1884.
,, splSndens (shining). See B. TRIPHYLLA SPLENDEKS.
„ strigillo'sa (smaU- bristled). See RONDELETIA

STRIGOSA.
„ triphy'Ua (three-leaved). 2. Scarlet. July. Mexico.

1794.
„ „ gla'bra (smooth). 2. Scarlet. July. Mexico.

1794.
„ „ pube'scens (downy). 2. Scarlet. July. Mexico.

1794-
„ „ splc'ndens (shining). 2. Scarlet. April. Mexico.

1838.
„ versi'color (various-coloured). 2. Red. August. S.

Amer. 1814.
„ Vriela'ndii (Vrieland's). White. Gardens.

BOWFNIA. (Named in compliment to Sir G. Bowen,
Governor of Queensland. Nat. ord. Cycadaceae.)

A very striking Cycad, having much divided leaves,
with the leaflets running down the petioles, instead of
being pinnate. Cultivation similar to Zamia.
B. specta'bilis (showy). Queensland. 1863.
„ „ serrula' ta (saw-leaved). Rockingham Bay. 1863.

BOWER. See ARBOUR.

BOWIE' A. (Named in honour of /. Bowie, a collector
for Kew. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

A curious and interesting greenhouse or half-hardy
bulb, with annual, twining stems. Seeds or offsets.
B. volu'bilis (twining). 4 to 6. Green. S. Africa. 1866.

BOWKFRIA. (Nat. ord. Scrophulariaceae.)
Greenhouse shrubs, propagated by cuttings of half-
ripe wood in sand in a gentle heat, and under a bell-
glass or case. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
B. gerrardia'na (Gerrardian). 8 to 10. White, dotted

red. S. Africa. 1904.
„ triphy'Ua (three-leaved). S. Africa.

BOX (Bu'xus sempervi'rens) is noticed by the gardener
chiefly as a plant suitable for edgings. For this purpose
it is neat ; but it is an exhauster of the soil more than
any other that can be so employed, and is a favourite
lurking-place for the snail. For plants that may be
substituted, see EDGING. The best months for planting
Box are September and February. Small-rooted slips
are employed, and are planted against the perpendicular
side of a small trench, along the edge of the border or
bed they are desired to bound. The best month for
clipping Box is June, and it should be done in showery
weather. With great attention to not injuring the roots,
and to washing earth in among these in their new posi-
tion, large Box-trees or bushes have been moved in May,
June, and July.

BOX ELDER. See ACER NEGUNDO.
BOX THORN. SeeLYCiuM.

BOYKTNIA. (Nat. ord. Rockfoils, Saxifragaceae).

Hardy herbaceous perennials with the habit of Heu-
chera, and suitable for planting on the rockery. Propa-
gated by division in spring. Ordinary garden soil of a
light character.

BRABEJUM

126

BRACKEN

B. aconitifo'lia (aconite-leaved). White. N. Amer.
„ ma' jar (greater). i. White. The best species.

California.
„ roiundifo'lia (round-leaved), i. White. California.

BRABEJUM. African Almond. (From brabeion, a
sceptre ; in reference to the flower-racemes. Nat. ord.
Proteads [Proteaceae]. Linn. 2^-Polygamia, i-Monaecia.
Allied to Persoonia.)

Greenhouse evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots
under a bell-glass, in sand. Sandy loam. Summer temp.
50° to 65° ; winter, 35° to 45°.
B. stellatifo'lium (starry-leaved). 15. White. August.

S. Africa. 1731.
„ stdla'tum (starred). See B. STELLATIFOLIUM.

BRACHTSTUS. (From brachustos, superlative of
brachus, short ; the corolla lobes are very short. Nat.
Ord. Solanaceae. Allied to Capsicum.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand in a
close frame with moderate heat. Loam, peat and sand.

B. stramonifo'lius (Stramonium- leaved). 3. Yellow.
June. Mexico. 1823.

BRACHYGHTLUM. (From brachus, short, and cheilos,
a lip, in reference to the shortness of the lower petal.
Nat. ord. Scitaminaces.)

A stove perennial requiring similar treatment to
Costus and Hedychium. Propagation by division of the
roots when commencing to grow. Compost sandy loam
and a little peat. The name should be spelt Brachy-
cheilum.
B. Horsfie'ldii (Horsfield's). 2. Yellow. Java. 1894.

BRACHYCHTTON. (From brachus, short, and chiton,
a tunic. Nat. ord. Sterculiaceae. Now referred to
Sterculia.)

Greenhouse shrubs of easy culture in turfy loam.
Propagated by young cuttings in sand, in a close case,
with bottom-heat.

B. acerifo'lium (Maple-leaved). See STERCULIA ACERI-

FOLIA.

„ Bidwi'lli (Bidwill's). See S. BIDWILLI.

„ Ddabe'chei (Delabeche's). See STERCULIA RUPESTRIS.

,, diversifo'lium (various-leaved). See S. CAUDATA.

BRACHY'COME. (From brachus, short, and home,
hair. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syn-
genesia, 2-Superftua. Allied to the Daisy.)

Annuals. Sown in a gentle hotbed in March, and
transplanted as a half-hardy annual. B. diversifo'lia
by cuttings of half-ripe shoots, in close frame ; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.

B. cardioca'rpa (heart-shaped- fruited). Australia. Green-
house.
„ diversifo'lia (various-leaved). £. White. May.

Australia. 1823 Greenhouse evergreen.
,, iberidifo'lia (I bens-leaved). £. Purple. May. Swan

River. 1840. Half-hardy annual.
„ „ albiflo'ra (white-flowered). J. White. Swan

River.
„ Sincla'irii (Sinclair's). New Zealand.

BRACBTGLO TTIS. (From brachus, short, and _
a tongue ; the ray florets are short. Nat. ord. Com-
posite. Allied to Cineraria.)

A greenhouse tree. Cuttings under a bell-glass. Loam,
peat and sand.

B. repa'nda (scalloped). Yellow. New Zealand. 1895.

BRACHYLTE'NA. (From brachus, short, and Icena, a
cloak, or covering ; referring to the shortness of the
involucre. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua. Allied to Tarchonanthus.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots, same as Br achy' come diversifo'lia.

B. denta'ta (toothed). Yellow. S. Africa.
„ elli'ptica (elliptic). 8. Purple. S. Africa. 1816.
,, nereifo'lia (oleander-leaved). 4. White. September.
Cape of Good Hope. 1752.

BRACHYLO'MA. (From brachus, short, and loma, a
fringe; the corolla has a short fringe of scales. Nat.
ord. Epacridacea?.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the points

of shoots in spring, under a bell-glass. Fibrous peat, a
little loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

B. cilia' turn (eyelashed). 3. White. June. Australia.

1825.

,, daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). 3. White. April to June.
Australia. 1818.

BRACHYO'TUM. (From brachus, short, and oios, the
ear, in reference to the ear-like structure at the base of
the anthers. Nat. ord. Melastomaceae.)

A greenhouse shrub, with showy flowers and allied to
Pleroma. The culture required is similar to that and
Tibouchina, which see.

B. confe'rtum (crowded-flowered). Purple. Andes oi
Peru. 1873.

BRACHY'PTERYS. (From brachus, short, and ptcron,
a whig. Nat. ord. Malpighiaceae.)

Stove climber. Cuttings of partly ripened shoots in
sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Compost,
fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

B. borea'lis (northern). 6. Yellow. July. Central
Amer. 1820.

BRACHYSE'MA. (From brachus, short, and sema,
standard ; the flowers having the standard petal short.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen climbers. Seeds in March, in
heat ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots in summer, in
sand, under a bell-glass, or in close frame, in a mild
bottom-heat ; loam and peat, with a little sand. Summer
temp., 50° to 65° ; winter, 45° to 55°.

B. acumina'tum (long-pointed). Scarlet. Australia.

1866.
„ aphy'llum (leafless). Brownish-crimson. N. Holland.

1849.
,, bracteolo' sum (bracted). 3. Crimson. April. Swan

River. 1843.

„ hy'bridum (hybrid). Crimson, cream. March.
,, lanceola'tum (lance-leaved). Scarlet. February. Swan

River. 1848.
,, latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. Crimson. May. N.

Holland. 1803.

,, melanope' 'talum (black- petaled). See B. UNDULATUM.
„ platy'ptera (broad- \vinged-stamened). Crimson. May.

Swan River. 1844.
„ prcemo'rsum (bitten-short). Red. N. S. Wales.

1848.

„ subcorda'tum (somewhat heart-shaped). Australia.
„ undula'tum (wave-leaved). 3. Green. March. N. S.

Wales. 1828.
„ villo'sum (long-haired). 3. Crimson. March. Swan

River.

BRACHYSPA'TBLA. (From brachus, short, and spatha,
a spathe. Nat. ord. Araceas.)

Stove perennial, with tuberous roots, and requiring
similar treatment to Amorphophallus, to which it is now
referred.

B. yaria'bilis (variable). 2. Greenish-purple. Java.
1876.

BRACHYSTE'LMA. (From brachus, short, and sttlma,
a crown ; referring to the coronal processes of the
flowers. Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, z-Digynia.)

Greenhouse tuberous perennials, from the Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings in sandy soil, in heat ; division
of the roots ; fibrous loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ;
winter, 48° to 55°.

B. Arno'ttii (Arnott's). Brown, green. S.Africa. 1868.

„ Barbe'ria (Mrs. Barber's). Purple, speckled yellow.
August. S. Africa. 1866.

„ ca'ffrum (Caffer). \. Yellow. S. Africa. 1894.

,, cri'spum (curled-leaved). $. Brown, yellow. Sep-
tember. 1829.

,, ova'tum (ovate-leaved), i. Yellow-green. S. Africa.
1872.

,, spathula'tum (spathulate-fcawd). i. Green. June.
1826.

,, tubero'sum (tuberous). i£. Purple. June. 1821.

BRACKEN or BRAKE FERN. See PTERIS AQUILINA.

BRACT

127

BRASSIA

BRACT. The small, modified leaf placed at the base
of flowers or their stalks, and not inaptly called the
floral leaf. The most familiar example is the pale green ,
oblong one attached to the flower-stalk of the Lime-tree
(Ti'lia vulgaris).

BRACTEATE. Having bracts.

BRA'HEA. (Named after Tycho Braht, a celebrated
astronomer. Nat. ord. Palmaceac.)

Warm greenhouse Palms of dwarf habit, with fan-
shaped leaves. Propagated by seeds. Compost fibrous
loam, about one-third peat, and plenty of sand. Water
freely in summer.

B. calcara'ta (spurred). Mexico. 1871.
„ du'lcis (sweet). Peru. 1865.
„ edu'lis (edible). See ERYTHEA EDULIS.
„ fUamento'sa (thready). See WASHINGTONIA FILIFERA.
„ glau'ca (sea-green). See ERYTHEA ARMATA.
„ ni'tida (shining). Mexico. 1887.
„ Rcf'xlii (Roezl's). See ERYTHEA ARMATA.
„ serrula'ta (finely-sawed). 10. Green, white. Georgia.
1809.

BRATNEA. (In memory of C. J. Braine, of Hong-
Kong. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices].)

A handsome greenhouse tree fern, easily grown in a
compost of turfy loam and peat in equal proportions,
with plenty of sharp sand.

B. insi'gnis (remarkable) . Fronds, 2 to 3 ft. Hong- Kong.
1856.

BRAMBLE. Ru'bus.

BRANCHING ANNUAL STOCK. Malco'mia mari'-
tima.

BRASE'NIA. (Probably commemorative. Nat. ord.
Nymphaeaceas.)

A hardy water plant for the muddy margins of a pond
or tank, to be protected in winter. Divisions.

B. Schrebe'ri (Schreber's). Red. July. N. Amer.,
Japan, &c. 1798.

BRASSAIO PSIS. (From Brassaia, and opsis, re-
semblance ; the species resemble Brassaia. Nat. ord.
AraliaceaB.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand under
a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat and sand.
B. acuUa'ta (prickly). White. Himalaya. 1816.
„ specio'sa (showy). 7. Yellow. April. Himalaya.
1847.

BRASSA'VOLA. (Named after A. M. Brassavola, a
Venetian botanist. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae].
Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove orchids. Divisions ; best grown on blocks of
wood, but will do in peat, crocks, and sphagnum. Summer
temp., 70° to 90°, and moist ; winter, 55° to 65°, and
dry.
B. acau'Jts(stemless). J. Creamy-white. June. Central

Amer. 1852.

„ amazo'nica (Amazonian). Brazil. 1839.
„ angusta'ta (narrowed). Yellowish-green. June.

Demerara.
„ corda'ta (heart-lipped), i. White, green. May.

Brazil.
„ cuculla'ta (hooded). 1. Purple and white. June.

W. Ind. 1790.
„ cuspida'ta (spear-/t'/>/>«f). \. White. March.

Trinidad. 1839.

„ digbya'na (Mr. Digby's). See L^ELIA DIGBYANA.
„ e'legans (elegant). See TETRAMICRA RIGIDA.
„ filifo'lia (thread-leaved). Colombia.
„ fra' grans (fragrant). Brazil.
„ gibbsia'na (Gibbsian). See B. TUBERCULATA.
„ glau'ca (milky-green). See L^LIA GLAUCA.
„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). White. March. Hon-
duras. 1838.

„ linea'ta (line-leaved). Light yellow. S. Amer. 1850
„ martia'na (Dr. Martius's). i. White. March.

Berbice. 1838.
„ nodo'sa (knotty), i. Yellowish-green. October.

W. Indies. 1838.

„ odorati' 'ssima (sweetest-scented). See B. CUCULLATA.
„ Perri'nii (Perrin's). i. Green. September. Rio
Janeiro. 1831.

B. retu'sa (end-notched). White, green. March. Mara-
caybo.

,, rhopalorrha'chis (clubbed-rachis). Guatemala. 1852.

„ tubercula'ta (knobbed). $. White. July. Bruil.
1827.

„ veno'sa (veiny-lipped), i. White. March. Hon-
duras. 1839.

BRASSIA. (Named after Mr. Brass, a botanical
traveller for Sir Joseph Banks. Nat. ord. Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i~Monogynia.)

Stove orchids. Divisions ; rough turf, in pots, well
drained. Those from Guatemala require less heat than
those from the West Indies ; water freely when grow-
ing, but give little when at rest. Temp, same as for
Brassa'vola.
B. angu'sta (nano-w-fl&wered). See B. LAWRENCEANA

ANGUSTA.
„ anthero'tes (brilliant). Yellow, black. Trop. Amer.

1879.

„ arcui'gera (bow-bearing). Peru. 1869.
„ arista' ta (awned). See B. VERRUCOSA.
,, bi' color (two-coloured). Yellow, purple. Peru.
„ bi'dens (two- toothed). Brown, yellow. May. Brazil.

1842.
,, brachia'ta (opposite-branched). 2. Yellowish-green

and brown. September. Guatemala. 1843.
„ brachy'pus (short-stalked). Ecuador.
„ cauda'ta (long- tailed), i. Yellow and brown. Feb-
ruary. W. Ind. 1823.
„ „ hierogly'phica (hieroglyphical). Sepals and petals

with brown bars. W. Ind. 1881.
„ chlo'rops (green-eye). Green, black. Costa Rica.

1873.

,, cinnamo'mea (cinnamon-coloured). See B. KEILIANA.
„ Clowe* sii (Clowes's). Brown, yellow. August.

Brazil. 1844.
„ cochlea'ta (spoon-lipped). See B. LAWRENCEANA

COCHLEATA.

„ cryptophtha'lma (hidden-eyed). Yellow. Blackish-
violet. Winter. Peru. 1876.
„ elega'ntula (elegant). Green and brown bars. Mexico.

1885.
„ euo'des (good-looking). Brown-red, yellow. May.

Colombia. 1880.
„ farini'fera (meal-bearing). Red-brown. Ecuador.

1870.
„ forgetia'na (Forgetian). Whitish, chocolate-purple.

Peru. 1910.
„ gireoudia'na (Gireoudian). Yellow, spotted red.

Brazil.
„ gluma'cea (chaffy). Green- yellow, and brown rings.

Venezuela. 1868.

„ guttula'ta (finely spotted). See B. MACULATA.
„ gutta'ta (blotched). See B. MACULATA GUTTATA.
„ havane'nsis (Havana).

„ keilia'na(Keilian). Orange. Venezuela. 1862.
„ ,, tri'stis (sad). Amber-brown, lemon. Caraccas ;

Colombia.
„ lancea'na (Lancean). f. Yellow-brown, spotted.

January. Surinam. 1843.
„ „ macrosta'chya (large-spiked). Green, brown.

Demerara.

„ „ pu'mila (dwarf). Yellow, purple. 1844.
„ „ viridifto'ra (green-flowered). Green. March.

Demerara. 1833.
„ lawrencea'na (Lawrencean). i. Yellow, brown.

April. Brazil. 1839.
„ „ angu'sta (narrow-petaled). Yellow. October.

Brazil. 1839.
„ „ cochlea'ta (shell- formed), i. Green, brown. April.

Demerara. 1834.

„ „ longi' ssima (longest). Orange- yellow, purple-
brown. Costa Rica. 1868.
„ Lewi' sii (Lewis'). Greenish- yellow, spotted brown.

Lip pale yellow.
„ macrosta'chya (large-spiked). See B. LANCEAN A

MACROSTACHYA.

„ macula'ta (spotted). Yellow, red-spotted. April.

Jamaica. 1806.
,, „ gutta'ta (blotched). Green, yellow. August.

Guatemala. 1843.
„ ocane'nsis (Ocanian). Colombia.
„ peruvia'na (Peruvian), i. Yellow, green. April.

1844.

BRASSICA

128

BREMONTIERA

B. pu'mila (dwarf). See B. LANCEANA PUMILA.
„ signa'fa (remarkable). Green, changing to yellow.

Lip white, purple. 1881.
„ *ftyrso'<fcs(thyrse-like). Yellow, spotted green. Peru.

„ iwrMco'sfl(warted-lipped). Green and brown. March.

Guatemala.

„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Larger and paler.
„ Wa'generi ( Wagener's) . Colombia.
„ Wra'ycB (Mrs. Wray's). See B. MACULATA.

BBA'SSICA. Cabbage. (From bresic, the Celtic name
for Cabbage. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn.
iS-Tetradynamia.)

Seeds, chiefly spring and autumn ; but at all inter-
mediate periods during summer, according as the pro-
duce is wanted young ; deep, rich, loamy soil. We shall
only mention the specific names of the most useful, the
cultivation of each of which will be found under its
common name.

B. a'lba (white). White Mustard. Britain.

„ arve'nsis (field). Field Mustard. Charlock. Britain.

„ frute'scens (shrubby). i£. July. Madeira. 1777.

„ insula'ris (island). White and red veins. Sardinia.
1908.

„ Na'pus. Rape. England.

„ ni'gra (black). Black Mustard. Britain.

„ olera'cea (herb-like). Wild Cabbage. England and
Ireland.

„ „ ace'phala (headless). Borecole or Kale. Gardens.

„ „ botry'tis (bunched). Broccoli. Gardens.

„ „ „ cauliflo'ra (stem-flower). The Cauliflower.
Gardens.

„ „ bullafta (bullate or wrinkled). The Savoy. Gar-
dens.

„ „ » gemmi'fera (bud-bearing). Brussels Sprouts.
Gardens.

„ „ capita' ta (headed). The Cabbage or Hearting
Cabbage. Gardens.

„ „ cau'lo-ra'pa (stem-turnip). Kohl-Rabi. Gardens.

„ oxynhi'na (sharp-beaked), i. June. Spain. 1818.

„ Ra'pa. The Turnip. England and Ireland.

„ Rutaba'ga. The Swede. England and Ireland.

BRASSOCATL^'LIA. (Garden hybrid between
Brassavola, Cattleya, and Lcelia. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)
For culture, see BRASSAVOLA, CATTLEYA, and L^ELIA.

B. balaruce'nsis. Hybrid. Lcelio-cattleya schillerianaX

Brassavola digbyana. 1906.

„ Macka'yi. Hybrid. Lceilo-cattleyaelegansXBrassavola
digbyana. 1903.

BRA'SSO-CA'TTLEYA. (A series of hybrids between
Brassavola and Cattleya. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]).

They may be grown in baskets or pots, three-parts
filled with crocks, using a compost of fibrous peat,
sphagnum, and sand. See BRASSAVOLA and CATTLEYA.

B.-c. Alexande'ri. Hybrid between Cattleya citrina and

Brassavola digbyana. 1907.
„ chamberlai'nice. Hybrid. Brassavola digbyanaX

Cattleya quadricolor. 1902.
„ Clifto'ni. Hybrid. B.-c. digbyana-MossiceXCattleya

Triance. 1908.
„ conspi'cua. Hybrid. Cattleya Leopoldii X Brassavola

glauca or B. digbyana. 1902.
„ digbya'no-Forbe'sii. Hybrid. Brassavola digbyanax

Cattleya Forbesii. 1906.
„ heatone'nsis. Hybrid. Brassavola digbyanaxCattleya

hardyana. 1902.
„ Hy'ea. Hybrid. Cattleya Loddigesii harrisonceX

Brassavola digbyana. 1907.
„ laurentia'no-glau'ca. Hybrid.
„ Leema'nnice. Hybrid. Cattleya doiviana aureax

Brassavola digbyana. 1903.
„ lindleya'no-e'legans. Hybrid. Brassia lindleyanaX

Lcelio-cattleya elegans. 1898.
,, Ma' rice. Hybrid. Cattleya WarnerixBrassavola

digbyana. 1902.
,, niva'lis. Hybrid. Brassavola fragransxCattleya

intermedia. 1900.
„ Pee'tersice. Hybrid. Cattleya WarscewicziixB.-c.

Mme. Ch. Maron. 1908.
„ Pee'tersii. Hybrid. Brassavola glaucaXCattleya

lawrenceana. 1905.

Lcelia ancepsX Brassavola

B. Sandf'ri. Hybrid. Cattleya Schroderccx Brassavola

glauca. 1905. *

,, stria' ta. Hybrid. Brassavola fragransXCaitleya

Mossice. 1903.
„ Thornto'nii. Hybrid. Brassavola digbyanaxCattleya

gaskelliana. 1907.

BRA'SSO-LJE LIA. (Garden hybrids between Brassa-
vola and Lcelia. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae].)

For cultural treatment, see BRASSAVOLA and L^LIA.
B.-l. ftado'sa. Hybrid. Brassavola nodosa grandiflora X

Lcelia fiava. 1906.
„ Jessp'pii. Hybrid. Lcelia xanthinaX Brassavola

digbyana. 1907.
„ Lellieu'xii. Hybrid.

digbyana. 1906.
„ Ro'lfei. Hybrid. Lcelia crispaxBrassavola digbyana.

1903.
„ Thwai'tesii. Hybrid. Lcelia grandiftoraXBrassavola

digbyana. 1907.

„ westfieldie'nsis. Hybrid. Brassavola glaucaX Lcflia
flava. 1907.

BRAVO' A. (Named after Bravo, a Mexican botanist.
Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexan-
dria, i-Monogynia.)

Pretty Mexican small bulbs, requiring slight protection
in winter, or the greenhouse-culture of Ixias. Offsets ;
light, rich loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter,
45° to 55°.

B. bullia'na (Bullian). 2 to 3. White, tinted greenish-
purple, and yellow inside. Mexico. 1884.
„ geminiflo'ra (twin-flowered). Red. July. Mexico.

1841.

„ keive'nsis (Kew). Garden hybrid between B. gemini-
fiora and B. bulliana. 1899.

BRA'YA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord. Cruci-
fers)

Hardy perennial herb. Seeds ; divisions in spring.
Sandy soil, mixed with leaf mould or peat, in a shady
position, and protected from wet in winter.
B. alpi'na (alpine). J. White. Alps of Europe, &c.
,, „ purpura' 'scens (purplish). J. Purplish. May.
Melville Island. 1827.

BRAZILIAN TEA. See ILEX PARAGUAYENSIS and
STACHYTARPHETA JAMAICENSIS.

BRAZIL-NUT. Bertholle'tia.
BRAZIL-WOOD. Ccesalpi'nia brasilie'nsis.

BRAZO'RIA. (Derivation not clear. Nat. ord. La-
biatae.)

Hardy herb intermediate between Physostegia and
Scutellaria. Seeds ; divisions in spring. Ordinary soil.

B. scutellarioi'des (Scutellaria-like). 4. Pale pink.
Texas. 1834.

BREAD-FRUIT. Artoca'rpus.
BREAD-NUT. Bro'simum.
BREAD-ROOT. Psora'lea escule'nta.

BREAKING. A tulip's flower is broken when it has
attained its permanent colours. A bulbous root is said
to break when its foliage begins to be thrust forth ; and
a bud breaks when it bursts, to allow the expansion of
the leaves or flowers.

BREAST- WOOD. The shoots which grow out directly
from the front of branches trained as espaliers, or against
walls.

BRE'DIA. (Named in compliment to Professor J.G.S.
van Bred. Nat. ord. Melastomaceae.)

A showy greenhouse shrub, propagated by cuttings of
fairly firm shoots in sand, in a close case ; also by seeds.
Compost, turfy loam, peat, and leaf-mould, with some
sharp sand.
B. hirsu'ta (hairy). Rose. Autumn. Japan. 1870.

BREMONTIE'RA. (Named after M. Bremontier. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosaa]. Linn. ij-Dia-
delphia, ^-Decandria. Allied to Hedysarum.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, under a

tlass, in heat ; fibrous loam and peat, with a little sand,
ummer temp., 60° to 75° : winter, 50° to 55°.

BREVOORTIA

129

BROCCOLI

B. Ammo'xylon (sand-wood). 4. Purple. Mauritius.
1826.

BREVO'ORTIA. (Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

A curious and handsome bulbous plant, requiring to
be planted in light, warm soil in a sheltered position,
such as the foot of a wall. Allied to Brodiaea, and re-
quiring similar treatment. Propagated by offsets and
seeds.

B. cocci' nea (scarlet). See B. IDA-MAIA.
„ I'da-Ma'ia, (Ida May). Crimson-red, yellow, green.
California. 1870. Syn. Brodiaa coccinea.

BREW ERIA. (Nat. ord. Convolvulaceae.)
A stove plant related to Convolvulus, and may be
grown in a compost of fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

B. corda'ta (heart-shaped calyx). India and Malaya.

Syn. B. Roxburghii.

„ humistra'ta (ground-cover). White. June. N. Amer.
1812.

BREX'IA. (From brexis, rain ; in reference to the
protection from rain given by the large leaves of some
of the species. Nat. ord. Brexiads [Saxifragaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen trees. Half-ripened shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, in close frame, in bottom-heat ; sandy
peat, and a third loam. Summer temp., moderate ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
B. chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). See B. MADAGASCARI-

ENSIS.

„ madagascariefnsis (Madagascar). 30. Green. June.
Madagascar. 1812.

„ „ inlegrifo'lia (entire-leaved).

„ ,, spino'sa (thorny). 30. Green. June. Mada-
gascar. 1812.

BRICKE'LLIA. (Nat. ord. Composita?.)

Stove herbs and undershrubs, propagated by cuttings

in pots of sandy soil, in a close case, with bottom-heat.

Compost, loam, peat, and sand.

B. Cavandlc'sii (Cavanilles'). ij. Purple. August.

Mexico. 1827. Shrubby.
„ pe'ndula (drooping). Yellow. August. Mexico.

1832.
„ veronicafo'lia (Veronica-leaved), ij. Blue. August.

Mexico. 1825.

BRICKS. As the gardener often may want to know
how many bricks will be needed for an intended structure,
it will be a guide to know that all bricks sold in Eng-
land were required by statute (17 Geo. III. c. 42) to be
eight and a half inches long, four inches wide, and two
and a half inches thick. Pantiles, by the same authority,
were required to be thirteen and a half inches long,
nine and a half inches wide, and half an inch thick.
But as the duty is now taken off these articles, we hope
to see them made larger, and of various forms, so as
to reduce the amount of bricklayers' labour, which is
one of the most costly items in the construction of
garden-buildings.

They are now made nine inches long, four inches wide,
and two and a half inches thick, and the clamp bricks are
most in use for horticultural purposes. Walls are usually
termed four inch, nine inch (this allows of some being
used crosswise and others lengthwise, with space for
mortar). The " clamp " has a hollow on one surface,
which holds the mortar, and binds the bricks together.
Fire bricks, and what are termed Kiln bricks, are made
with level surfaces, the latter being used for paving or
other purposes where a good facing is necessary ; they
are red, and have a smooth surface, and are rather
larger than the ordinary clamp bricks.

BRIDGES. During recent years there has been con-
siderable improvement in the construction of Bridges.
In the J apanese gardens they are constructed of bamboo
canes, and as in these gardens artificial streams and
lakes are formed, the rustic bridges are effective, besides
being a necessity. And in any garden where there is
water to cross a bridge may be made an ornament. The
plain plank and rail should be avoided. A good firm
plank bottom is necessary, but in place of the straight
rails above, an irregular arrangement of a rustic char-
acter is more effective. The crooked stems of oak are
most effective. The construction of bridges is quite as

much an art as painting a picture ; for when properly
constructed, they add much to the picturesque appear-
ance of the landscape. One great point in building a
bridge is to give it a good rise in the centre ; this with
a good foundation at each end, and strong girders be-
neath the woodwork, will be perfectly safe. In some
instances it may be necessary to have a level bridge
for crossing water but, as stated above, the bridge when
properly constructed is an ornament to the garden, and
when fairly well elevated in the centre a fine view may
be obtained of other parts of the garden. The rustic
woodwork bridges are appropriate in most parts of the
garden, but in the rock-garden bridges constructed of
stone are more in keeping with surroundings; and if
built of rough burs some plants may be grown on the
walls and supports. Opinions differ, some like strict
neatness; yet in the garden horizontal lines and bare-
ness do not appeal to the tastes of many, while a rustic,
well-constructed bridge is an ornament to any garden.
There are, of course, some cases where it is necessary
to have a bridge as nearly level as possible for means
of traffic, but even then it may be made attractive by
the side structures being carried up irregularly and
elevated in the centre.

BRIDGFSIA SPICA'TA. See ERCILLA VOLUBILIS.

BRILLANTATSIA. (In honour of M. BriUaint. Nat.
ord. Acanthads [Acanthaceas]. Linn. 2'Diandria, i-Afono-
gynia.)

Stove evergreen. For culture, see BARLE'RIA.

B. owarie'nsis (Owarian). 3. Purple. March. Western

Africa. 1853.
„ vogelia'na (Vogelian). Trop. Africa.

BRINING. See STEEPING.

BRIZA. (From brizo, to nod. Nat. ord. Grasses
[Gramineae]. Linn. $-Triandria, 2-Digynia.)

This genus includes our Quaking-grass, or Lady's
tresses, B. ma'xima and mi'nor. These, with the others
we here enumerate, are the only ones having any pre«
tensions to being ornamental. Seed in early spring ;
common soil.
B. Clu'sii (Clusius's). See B. MEDIA.

„ da'tior (taller). See B. MEDIA.

„ geniciila'ta (kneed). S. Africa.

„ gra'cilis (graceful). See B. MINOR.

„ ma'xima (greatest), ij. Apetal. June. S. Europe.
1633.

„ mefdia (medium), i. June. Britain. Perennial.
Common Quaking Grass.

„ mi'nima (smallest). See B. MINOR.

„ mi'nor (smaller). ^. Apetal. July. England.

„ rotunda 'ta (rounded). Mexico. 1887.

„ ru'bra (red). See B. MAXIMA.

„ spica'ta (spiked). J. Greece and Asia Minor. 1882.

BROADCAST. Applies to seed sowing where the
seeds are spread equally over the surface instead of
being sown in drills, or rows. In most instances the
rows are preferable. Grasses and other serials are sown
broadcast, and also annuals, in small seed-beds. Turnips
are among the few vegetables that are sown broadcast
on the ground where they are to remain until ready for
use, but the cabbage and others of the Brassica tribe
are usually sown in beds broadcast and transplanted later,
yet with all subjects rows are preferable, as the hoe
can be used more effectively ; even for seedlings which
are to be transplanted there is an advantage in having
them in rows if they are not sown too thickly.

BROCCHI'NIA. (Nat. ord. Bromeliaceaa.)

B. cordylinoi'des (Cordy line-like). 15. Yellow. Guiana.
1888. Stove tree.

BROCCOLL (Bra'ssica olera'cea Broty'tis.) In the
older editions of this work a long list of types and
varieties are given, which it will not be necessary
to enumerate here, for catalogues from all seedsmen
give them in their proper order. The question fre-
quently arises as to the distinction between the Broccoli
and Cauliflower, and since we have so many hybrids it
is difficult to divide them. In the first place, the Broccoli
is a winter or spring vegetable, while the Cauliflower
comes in during the summer and autumn, and although
there is this distinction, all of those with the round,

I

BROCCOLI

130

BRODI^EA

white heads are usually called Cauliflowers, and it is only
those with the sprouting heads that are known in our
markets as Broccoli, yet in many catalogues we find the
old name is sustained; but if you went to a market
salesman and asked for Broccoli, he would offer you the
sprouting sorts. The true difference is that the varieties
of Cauliflower come into flower while on a soft, tender
stem, while the Broccoli are strictly biennials, hardier,
and do not form a head until they have made a strong
hard stem, yet after all, they belong to the same species
of Brassica. We get the ordinary type all the year
through, and it makes a distinction to keep them under
the one name " Cauliflower," to define them from the
winter branching sorts. In private gardens the word,
Broccoli, is made to camprise every variety capable of
standing in the open ground during all, except
unusually severe, winters. It is only during the winter
and, early spring that we have the sprouting Broccoli ;
the original type.

Time and Mode of Sowing. — The time for sowing the
varieties are specified under each ; but we will add
that, for a small family, we have found the following
sowings and varieties are sufficient to keep up a supply
from the beginning of October to the end of May : —

Sow Early Cauliflower Broccoli the second week in
April, and the first week in June. The produce will be
fit for table during October, and until the middle of
December. Sow Green Close-headed the first week in
April. The heads will be ready in November, and until
January ends. Sow Dwarf Brown the second week in
April. It will be in production from February to end
of April. Sow Sulphur-coloured and Spring White the
second week of April. Their heads will be ready during
the April and May following.

Each variety should be sown separately, and the
sowing performed thin ; the beds not more than three
or four feet wide, for the convenience of weeding, which
must be performed as often as weeds appear, as they
are very inimical to the growth of this vegetable. The
seeds must not be buried more than sufficiently deep to
keep them moist. After the ground has been well pre-
pared, it may be sown on the surface and simply raked
in, and the beds be netted over, to keep away the birds,
which, especially in showery weather, are very de-
structive.

Pricking out. — The plants are fit for pricking out when
they are two or three inches high. Do it during warm,
showery weather, and set them six inches apart each
way, and water every night until they have taken root.
They must have four or five weeks' growth before they
are again moved, or not until they have leaves nearly
three inches in breadth.

Planting. — When planted out, they must be set, on an
average, two feet asunder each way ; in summer a little
wider, in autumn rather closer. Water to be given at
the time of planting, and occasionally afterwards until
they are established. During the droughts of summer
it may be given plentifully, with the greatest advantage.
They must be hoed between frequently, and the mould
drawn up about their stems.

Protection in Winter. — To those crops which have to
withstand the winter in the open air, salt is beneficially
applied, as it preserves them from being frosted in the
neck. This application preserves their roots from being
worm-eaten ; and so does pouring soapsuds between the
rows, which application is also very beneficial to the
plants. The salt should be sown over the bed, in a dry
day, in autumn, at the rate of ten bushels to the acre.

To preserve the winter-standing crops from destruc-
tion by severe weather, a small trench is made, in the
first week of November, at the north end of each row,
in which the adjoining plant is laid so low, with its head
towards the north, that the centre of its stem at the
top is just level with the surface of the ground, the root
being scarcely disturbed ; it is then immediately watered,
and its roots covered with more mould. Thus every
plant is in succession reclined ; and, in a few days, it is
scarcely perceptible that they have been thus treated,
though it certainly checks their growth. Before the
arrival of snow, a small hillock must be raised round
each plant, to support its leaves, and prevent their
being broken. If snow accompanies severe frost, ad-
vantage should be taken of it, and the plants be heaped
over with it, which will afford them an effectual pro-
tection.

To obtain Seed. — Such plants of each variety must be
selected, in March or April, as most perfectly agree
with their peculiar characteristics, and are not particu-
larly forward in advancing for seed. As the stems run
up, some gardeners recommend the leaves to be taken
away ; but this must be injurious. Some growers are
careful to avoid foliage overgrowing the heads, but this
is not always necessary ; the main point is to take the
earliest possible, so that the seed will ripen before we
get bad weather in the autumn. The Sulphur-coloured
is always difficult to obtain seed from. As the branches
spread, four or six stakes should be placed at equal
distances round each plant, and hooped round with
string, to support them, and prevent their breaking.
When the pods begin to form, water should be given
repeatedly, and occasionally some thrown over the whole
plant, which tends to prevent mildew. Before the pods
begin to change colour, those from the extremity of
every shoot must be taken away, as these yield seeds
which produce plants very apt to run to seed without
heading ; and, by an early removal, the others are
benefited. The branches ought to be gathered as soon
as the pods upon them ripen. Different kinds must
never be planted near each other, or they will reciprocally
be crossed. The seed ripens in August or September, and
it is often recommended to preserve it in the pod until
wanted ; but the general practice is to beat it out, and
store it as soon as perfectly dry, which is the safest and
best method.

BRODI/E A. (Named after /. /. Brodie, a Scotch
cryptogamist. Nat. ord. Lilyworis [Liliaceae]. Linn.
3-Triandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Allium.)

Frame or half-hardy small bulbs, requiring the same
treatment as Ixias. Offsets ; sandy peat. Summer
temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 40°.
B. Bridge'sii (Bridges'). Blue. California. 1888.

„ calif o'rnica (Calif ornian). Pale brown. July. Cali-
fornia. 1848.

„ capita'ta (headed), i. Violet. May. California.
1871.

„ a'lba (white).

cocci' 'nea (scarlet). See BREVOORTIA IDA-MAIA.
conge'sta (crowded), i. Blue. July. Georgia. 1806.
„ a'lba. White.

cro'cea (Crocus-flowered). Yellow. Northern Cali-
fornia. 1901.

„ Dougla'sii (Douglas'). White. July. British
Columbia. 1826. Syn. Triteleia grandiflora.

„ filifo'lia (thread-leaved). California. 1882.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). ij. Blue. N.W.
Amer. 1806.

„ „ Wa'rei (Ware's). Lilac-rose. California. 1886.

„ Render so' ni (Henderson's). Yellow with violet-
purple midribs. Western N. Amer. 1890.

„ Howe'llii (Howell's). White or pale lilac. Western
United States. 1888.

„ „ lilaci'na (lilac). Delicate lilac.

„ hyaci'nthina (Hyacinth-like). White, with green ribs.
California. 1833.

„ „ la'ctea (milky). White, suffused lilac.

,, ixioi'des (Ixia-like). Bright yellow, green ribs on the
back. California.

„ ,, ere'cta (erect). Bright yellow. 1896.

„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). Bright yellow, in large
heads.

„ la'xa (loose), i to 2.
1832.

„ Leichtli'nii (Leichtlin's).
Chilian Andes. 1874.

„ tnultiflo'ra (many-flowered). Blue-purple. California.
1872.

„ Orcu'ttii (Orcutt's). Bright lilac. California. 1896.

„ Palme' ri (Palmer's). Bright purple. Lower Cali-
fornia. 1889.

„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). See B. MULTIFLORA.

„ peduncula'ris (stalked). Porcelain- white. California.
1896.

„ porrifo'lia (leek-leaved). i. Blue, white.
1868.

„ pulche'lla (beautiful). California.

„ Pu'rdyi (Purdy's). Rose-purple. California.

„ ro'sea (rosy). J. Rose. California. 1896.

„ stella'ris (starry). $. Deep blue. California.

„ terre'stris (terrestrial). California.

Purple-blue. California.
White, green. Winter.

Chili.

1896.

BROMELIA

BROWALLIA

B. unifto'ra (one-flowered). J. Porcelain white. March.

Buenos Ayres. 1832.

„ „ cfmilea (sky-blue). Light sky-blue.
„ „ conspi'cua (conspicuous). Segments broader.

1869.
„ volu'bilis (twining). See STROPHOLIRION CALIFORXI-

CUM.

BROMEXIA. (Named after Bromel, a Swedish
botanist. Nat. ord. Bromeliads [Bromeliacea?]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Related to the Pine Apple.)
Stove herbaceous perennials. Suckers ; rich, lumpy
soil, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to 85°, with
moisture ; winter, 50° to 60°, dryish.
B. agavoi'des (Agave-like). White, violet; bracts

scarlet. 1881.

„ Ananas (Nanas). See ANANAS SATIVUS.
„ antiaca'ntha (opposite-spined). See B. FASTUOSA.
„ argenti'na (Argentine). Brazil.
„ bi' color (two-coloured). See RHODOSTACHYS BICOLOR.
„ Bino'ti (Binot's). See B. PISGUIX.
„ bractea'ta (r/4-bracted). See J£CHMEA BRACTEATA.
„ chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). 2. Blue. Caraccas.

1819.

„ clandesti'na (hidden). See GREIGIA SPHACELATA.
„ commelynia'na (Cornmelyne's). See B. FASTUOSA.
„ crue'nta (bloody). See BILLBERGIA CRUEXTA.
„ discolor (two-coloured). Pink. April. S. Amer.
„ exsu'dans (exuding). See ^ECHMEA EXSUDAXS.
„ fastuo'sa (proud). 4. Purple. August. S. Amer.

1815.
„ Fema'ndcf (Mrs. Fernanda's). Yellowish; bracts

orange-red. Para. 1872.
„ ku'milis (low). See KARATAS HUMILIS.
„ Kara'tas (Karatas). See KARATAS PLUMIERI.
„ lingula'ta (tongue-leaved). See /ECHMEA LINGULATA.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Pink. August. Guiana.

1852.

„ longifo'lia, of Lindley. See RHODOSTACHYS AXDINA.
„ Pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). White, blue ; bracts

white. Trop. Amer. 1866.

„ P»"ngut» (Pinguin). 3. Red. March. W. Ind. 1690.
„ scar lati'na( scarlet). SeeDisriACAXTHUSSCARLATiNUS.
„ Sce'ptrum (sceptre-like). See B. FASTUOSA.
„ sylve'stris (wood). 3. Crimson. July. S. Amer.

1820.

„ tri'color (three-coloured). Leaves edged creamy-
yellow, but rose-red when young. S. Brazil. 1908.

BROMHEA'DIA. (Named after Sir E. F. Bromhead,
Bart. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynan-
dria, i-Monandria. Allied to Ansellia.)

Stove orchids. Offsets ; broken pots, moss, and sandy,
fibrous peat ; set the pot in a pan, and keep this filled
with water. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55°
to 60°.

B. finlaysonia'na (Finlaysonian). See B. PALUSTRIS.
„ palu'stris (marsh). 3-8. White, yellow, and purple.
June. Sumatra. 1840.

BRO'MUS. (From bromos, a wild oat. Nat. ord.
Grasses [Gramineae].)

Few of the Brome grasses are cultivated in gardens,
Bromus briiceformis being an exception. It is a highly
ornamental grass for cutting. Being a biennial, seeds
should be sown in the open border any time between
April and July. Thin out the seedlings to eight inches
apart, keep the ground clean, and they will bloom during
the following summer.

B. brizafo'nnis (Briza-formed). 2. Spikelets oblong,
many-flowered. Caucasus.

BRONGNIA RTIA. (Named after Drongniart, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. i7-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria.)

In relation with such plants as Colutea and Clianthus.
Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs. Cuttings in sand,
in close frame, of young shoots, but firm at the base ;
sandy loam and fibrous peat. Summer temp., moderate ;
winter, 40° to 45°.
B. podalyrioi'des(Podalyriz-li\ie). i. Flesh. September.

Mexico. 1827.

„ robinioi'des (Robinia-like). Chili.
„ seri'cea (silky). Purple. Mexico. 1843.

BROOM. See BESOM.

BROOM. Cy'tisus scopa'rius.

BROOM (Spanish). Geni'sta hispa'nica and Spar Hum
ju'nceum.

BROOM-CYPRESS Ko'chia scofa'ria.

BROOM- RAPE. Oroba'nche.

BROOM (White or Portugal). Cy'tisus a'lbus.

BRO'SIMUM. Bread-nut. (From brosimos, edible, or
good to eat ; the fruit being edible. Nat. ord. Arto-
carpads [Artocarpaceae, a tribe of Urticaceaej. Linn.
23-Polygamia, 2-Dicecia.)

The far-famed Cow-tree of South America (Galactode'n-
dron), whose milky juice is as rich and wholesome as
the milk of the cow, is Bro'simum Galactode'ndron. An-
other species, B. Alica' strum, produces nuts, which are
roasted and eaten as bread ; and a third species produces
the beautifully-marked wood, called snake-wood. Its
gummy juice is also made into india-rubber. Stove
evergreen shrubs and tree. Cuttings of ripe wood, in a
hotbed ; rich, fibrous loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75 ;
winter, 50° to 55°.

B. Alica'stmm (Alicastrum). 6. Apetal. Jamaica.

1776. Bread Nut.
„ Galactode'ndron (Milk-tree). 50. Guiana. 1829.

" Cow-tree."
„ spu'riwn (spurious-milkwood) . 6. Apetal. Jamaica.

1789.
„ u'tile (useful). See B. GALACTODENDRON.

BROTE'RA OVA'TA. See MELHAXIA ABYSSISICA.

BROUGHTO'NIA. (Named after Mr. Broughton, aq
English botanist. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn.
zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids ; division. These may be grown in
crocks and fibrous peat, the plant raised above the pot,
but best on blocks without moss, being near a roof ;
high, moist temperature in summer ; cooler and drier
in winter. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 65°.

B. au'rea (golden). See EPIDEXDRUM AURANTIACUM.
„ lilaci'na (lilac). Lilac. San Domingo.
„ ni'tida (glossy), ij. Red. June. E. Ind. 1824.
„ sangui'nea (blood-co/owr&/). ij. Crimson. August.
Jamaica. 1793.

BROUSSONE"TIA. (Named after Broussonet, a French
naturalist. Nat. ord. Morons, or Mulberries [Moreae, a
tribe of Urticaceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, 4-Tetrandria.)

In general aspect there is nothing to distinguish it
from a mulberry-tree ; but it is less hardy. Hardy trees ;
suckers and cuttings of ripened wood, inserted in autumn,
and seeds sown when ripe, or kept over to the following
April ; good, common soil.

B. papyri'fera (paper- bearing). 12. June. Japan.

1751. " Paper-tree."
„ „ cucitlla'ta (cowl-leaved). 12. February. French

variety. 1824.

„ „ disse'cta (cut-leaved). 1847.
„ „ fru'ctu-albo (white- fruited). 12. August.
„ ,, macrophy'lla (large-leaved).
„ ,, varicga'ta (variegated-leaved). 1846.
„ Plume'rii and tincto'ria. See CHLOROPHORA TINC-

TORIA.
„ spathula'ta (spathulate-teav&i). See B. PAPYRIFERA

CUCULLATA.

BROWA'LLIA. (Named after /. Browallius, Bishop
of Abo. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solanaceae]. T.inn.
i4-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Greenhouse annuals ; seeds sown in a mild heat, in
March ; potted and re-potted, and kept in the green-
house during summer ; light, rich soil.

B. abbrevia'ta (shortened). Pale red. Peru. 1852.
„ america'na (American). See B. DEMISSA.
„ corda'ta (heart-shaped). Peru. Syn. B. grandiflora,

of Lindley.

„ demi'ssa (low). J. Blue. August. S. Amer. 1735.
„ eip'ta (tall). See B. DEMISSA.
„ donga 'ta (elongated). See B. DEMISSA.
„ grandifio'm (large-flowered). 2. Light yellow. June.

Peru. 1829.
„ Jameso'nii (Jameson's). See STREPTOSOLEN JAMK-

SONII.

BROWNEA

132

BRUNFELSIA

B. Rae'zlii (Rcezl's). 2. Azure blue or white. All

summer. Rocky Mountains.
„ specio'sa (showy-flowered). 2. Purple. September.

Quindiu. 1846.

„ „ ma'jor (greater). Flowers larger.
„ visco'sa (clammy). 2. Blue. S. Amer.

BRO'WNEA. (Named after Dr. Brown. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia,
6-Decandria. Allied to Caesalpinia and Amherstia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe wood in
sand, under a glass, and placed in a strong bottom-
heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.

B. aniioque' nsis (Antioquian). See B. MACROPHYLLA.
„ Ari'za (Ariza). Red. Bogota. 1843.
„ Birsche'llii (Birschell's). 10. Rose. Venezuela.

1872.

„ capite'lla (headed). Venezuela.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet). 6. Scarlet. July. Venezuela.

1793.
„ Crawfo'rdii (Crawford's). Garden hybrid (grandiceps

Xtnacrophylla).

„ ere' eta (erect). See TALISIA PRINCEPS.
„ gra'ndiceps (large-headed). 6. Red. Caraccas. 1829.
„ hy'brida (hybrid). Garden hybrid (Ariza X grandi-
ceps).
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. Scarlet. Venezuela.

1824.

„ Leopo'ldii (Leopold's).
„ macrophy'Ua (large-leaved). Orange-scarlet. New

Grenada. 1879.

„ pri'nceps (chief). See TALISIA PRINCEPS.
„ racemo'sa (clustered). 6. Rose. Caraccas. 1826.
„ Ro'sa-de-Mo'nte. 8. Crimson. July. S. Amer. 1820.
„ ro'sea (rosy). See B. ROSA-DE-MONTE.

BROWNLOW'IA. (Named after Lady Brownlow.
Nat. ord. Lindenblooms [Tiliaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Grewia.)

Stove tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in heat ; rich,
loamy soil. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 48°
to 556-
B. ela'ta (tall). 60. Yellow. E. Ind. 1820.

BROWN-TAILED MOTH. Porthesia chrysorrhaea.

BRU'CEA. (Named after Bruce, the African traveller.
Nat. ord. Quassiads [Simarubeae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia,
4-Tetrandria.)

This genus possesses that intense bitter, for which
Quassia, the head of this small order, has long been
celebrated. Stove evergreen shrubs. Ripened cuttings
in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat. Summer temp.,
60° to 75° ; winter, 55°.

B. antidysente'rica(a.ntidysenteTic). See B. FERRUGINEA.
„ ferrugi'nea (tusty-ash-leaved). 6. Green. April.

Abyssinia. 1775.

„ gra'cilis (slender). See B. SUMATRANA.
„ sumatra'na (Sumatra). 6. Green. May. E. Ind.

1820.

BRUCHUS. A genus of small beetles, which confine
their depredations chiefly to the seeds of leguminous
plants.

Bruchus granarius. The Grain Beetle. Every one
who is acquainted with the seeds of the pea and the
bean must have noticed that in many of them were
small, round holes ; and these occasionally are so
numerous as to spoil the sample, and, indeed, render
the seeds totally valueless for sowing ; for not one of
those thus pierced but would produce either a weak, un-
healthy plant, or not vegetate at all. Those holes in the
" worm-eaten " peas and beans are made by a small
beetle (Bruchus granarius), produced from a grub, or
caterpillar, which has eaten away the vital parts of the
seed ; and, when it has passed through the chrysalis
state, and given birth to this beetle, the latter makes
the hole in order to escape into the open air. there to
perpetrate more mischief upon the growing crops. The
body of the beetle is a dull brown ; but the elytra, or
wing-covers, are black, dotted with white, but scarcely
perceptibly so, unless magnified, as in our drawing.
Naturally it is the size of the smaller figure ; that is,
scarcely two lines long. The antennae, or feelers, are
eleven-jointed, black, and thinnest near the head, where

they are also tinged with red. The head droops, the
eyes are prominent, the fore-legs are rusty-coloured.
This little beetle may be found upon various flowers
during seven months of the year. In February it may
be found on the furze-blossom, in June upon the white-
thorn, and in July and August upon the spiraea and
rhubarb flowers. The female pierces through the pod
of the pea and bean whilst very young, and often de-
posits an egg in each seed. Probably the best mode of
destroying this insect would be to subject the seed, as
soon as harvested, for some hours, until thoroughly
heated, to a temperature of 150°. This, we think, would
kill the grubs without injuring the seed.

Bruchus ater. The Furze Beetle. This little insect
is closely related to the previous one, also found on
furze. It is black, with its elytra (wing-cases)
marked with lines and lighter-coloured dots ; antenna?
(feelers) divided into eleven joints. The females, in
February, deposit their eggs in the germs, or young
seed-vessels, of the winter-blooming furze ; and the
same insects may be found again, in June, similarly
employed upon the summer-blooming furze. The grub
hatched from her eggs lives upon the seeds ; and every
one who has noticed this plant must be aware that its
ripe seed-vessels often contain nothing but a little rough
powder — a powder which is the refuse of the seeds
destroyed by the grub of this insect. Another member
of this family of beetles, Bruchus pisi, is greatly de-
structive to the pea crops. It is a small, brownish
beetle, usually found at the time the plants are in flower,
and depositing eggs in the tender seeds of leguminous
plants, and sometimes in different kinds of corn. In
these the larva— a small, white, fleshy grub — finds both
a suitable habitation and an abundance of food. It
undergoes all its transformations in the seed ; and the
perfect insect remains in it till the spring, though in
fine autumns the perfect insects appear at that season
also. The larvae possess the singular instinct of never
attacking the vital part of the seed till the last. We
have often observed the seed-pods of Chorizema, and
other delicate and scarce leguminous plants in green-
houses, pierced by the Bruchus pisi. The more effectual
remedy is to pull up and burn the haulm and pods alto-
gether, and not attempt to get a crop at all. — Cottage
Gardener, i. and iii.

BRUGMA'NSIA. (This genus is united to Datura,
which see.)

BRUISE. See CANKER.

BRUNFE'LSIA. (Named in honour of Otto Brunfels
of Mentz, a German physician. Nat. ord. Nightshades
[Solanaceae]. Syn. Franciscea.)

Very showy, free-flowering, evergreen stove shrubs.
The large, blue, white, or yellow flowers are mostly
deliciously scented. Propagated by cuttings of fairly
firm wood, in pots of sand and placed in a close, pro-
pagating case, with a genial bottom-heat. Compost of
loam, leaf-soil, peat, and sand. Repot after they have
finished flowering and place them in a house kept at
60° to 65° to make fresh growth. Maintain a moist
atmosphere at this stage, and give plenty of water when
growing. After growth is finished keep them drier at the
roots and overhead, placing them in a temperature of
48° to 50°.

B. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). See B. RAMOSISSIMA.
„ america'na (American). 4. Pale yellow. June.
Trop. Amer. 1735.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Pale yellow. July.
,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Pale yellow. June.
augu'sta (august). See B. CALYCINA.
calyci'na (large-calyxed). 2. Pale purple. June.

Brazil. 1850.

confertiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). See B. CALYCINA.
exi'mia (choice). See B. CALYCINA.
gra'cilis (graceful). 2. Pale cream. June. 1847.
grandiflo'r a (large-flowered). 3. Green. June. Peru.
hopea'na (Hopean). i. Blue-purple, yellow. Brazil.

1826.
„ hydrangeafo'rmis (Hydrangea-formed). 4. Purple.

April. Brazil. 1840.
,, jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 5. Yellow. June. W. Ind.

1844.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. Purple. April. Rio
Janeiro. 1840.

BRUNIA

133

BUCCO

B. lindenia'na (Lindenian). See B. CALTCINA.
„ Lockha'rtii (Lockhart's). Purple. April. Trinidad.

1840.

„ macra'ntha (large-flowered). See B. CALYCINA.
„ monta'na (mountain). 4. White. July. W. Ind.

1820.

ni'tida (shining). Trop. Amer.
pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). See B. CALYCINA.
pohlia'na (Pohli's). Blue, white. April. Brazil.

1840.

Sie'beri (Sieber's). Country unknown.
undula'ta (nave-flowered). 4. White. June.

Jamaica. 1820.

uniflo'ra (one-flowered). See B. HOPE ANA.
viola'cea (violet-coloured). See B. CALYCINA.
BRU'NIA. (Named after C. Brun, a traveller in the
Levant. Nat. ord. Bruniads [Bruniaceae]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs and under-shrubs, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots in
sand, under a hand-light, in summer ; sandy peat.
Summer temp., moderate ; winter, 38° to 45°.
B. abrotanofdes (southernwood-like). See BERZELIA

ABROTANOIDES.

cilia.' ta (ciliated). i\. June. S. Africa. 1812.
como'sa (tufted). See BERZELIA LANUGINOSA.
e'legans (elegant). 2. White. July. 1817.
ericoides (heath-like). See BERZELIA SQUARROSA.
formo'sa (handsome). 2. White. 1817.
globo'sa (globe-Uke). See NEBELIA GLOBOSA.
glutino'sa (clammy). See STAAVIA GLUTINOSA.
te'vis (smooth). 2. White. July. 1822.
macrop hy 'Ua (large-leaved), i. White. July. 1815.
microphVUa (small-leaved). See RASPALIA MICRO-

PHYLLA.

nodiflo'ra (knot-flowered). 6. White. July. 1786.
palea'cea (scaly). See NEBELIA PALEACEA.
phylicoi'dfs (Phylica-like). See RASPALIA DREGEANA.
pinifo'lta (pine-leaved), a. White. July. 1789.
plumo'sa (feathery). See BERZELIA SQUARROSA.
racemo so. (racemed). x. White. October. 1801.
radia'ta (rayed). See STAAVIA RADIATA.
squarro'sa (broad-spreading). See BERZELIA SQUAR-

ROSA.

supe'rba (superb). See BERZELIA LANUGINOSA.
verlicitta'ta (whorled). 3. White. July. 1794.
virga'ta (twiggy). 3. White. July. S.Africa. 1794.

BRUNNI CHIA. (Named after Brunnich, a Danish
botanist. Nat. ord. Buckwheats [Polygonaceae]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, 2-Trigynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen climber. Cuttings root freely ;
fibrous loam, with a little sand. Summer temp., 60° to
70" ; winter, 38° to 45°.

B. cirrho'sa (tendrilled). 6. Pink. July. Carolina.
1787-

BRUNO'NIA, (Named after Dr. Brown, the celebrated
English botanist. Nat. ord. Goodenoviaceae. Linnaean
class and order uncertain.)

Dr. Brown himself, and other great authorities, have
been, and still are, in doubts as to the true position and
affinity of this species. Herbaceous perennial. Seeds
and divisions ; sandy loam and fibrous peat. It re-
quires the protection of a frame or greenhouse in winter ;
it is neat and fragrant.
B. austra'lis (southern), i. Blue. N.Holland. 1834.

BRUNSVTGIA. (Named after the noble house of
Brunswick. Nat. ord. XmaryWuisfAinaryllidaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

This genus bears the same relation to Amaryllis which
Azalea does to Rhododendron. It is a well-marked
section of Amaryllis itself, when divested of " the mass
of discordant plants accumulated under that name." —
Herbert. Half-hardy bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope.
Offsets ; loam and fibrous peat or good sandy loam
and leaf-mould ; either in greenhouse or in a warm
situation out of doors, where the bulbs, being planted
deep, are secure from frost and from wet by coverings,
such as glazed sashes or tarpauling ; or the bulbs may
be taken up at the approach of winter, and stored.
B. cilia'ris (hair-fringed). See BUPHANE CILIARIS.
„ Coop* n (Cooper's), ij. Yellow, red. S. Africa.

B. cora'nica (Coranic poison-bulb). See AMMOCHARIS

FALCATA.

„ „ pa'Uida (pale-flowered). See AMMOCHARIS FAL-
CATA PALLIDA.

„ di'sticha (two-rowed). See BUPHANE DISTICHA.

„ falca'ta (sickle-/«M>#f). See AMMOCHARIS FALCATA.

M gigmtSa (giant), i. Red. July. S. Africa. 1700.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). i. Pink. August.
1827.

„ hu'milis (dwarf). See B. MINOR.

„ Josephi'na (Josephine's), ij. Scarlet. July. 1814.

„ „ mi'nor (smaller), i. Scarlet. July. 1814.

„ „ stria'ta (streaked), ij. Scarlet. July. 1823.

„ Josephs nee •x.Amary' His Bellado'nna. See AMARYLLIS
PARKERI.

„ lu'cida (shining). See NERINB LUCIDA.

„ margina'ta ( remargined). See NERINE MARGINATA.

,, massaia'na (Massaian). See CRINUM MASSAIANUM.

„ mi'nor (smaller). J. Pink. July. 1822.

„ multifto'ra (many-flowered). See B. GIGANTEA.

,, Ra'dula (rasp-leaved). ±. Red. June. 1790.

„ slateria'na (Slaterian). Rose-red. S. Africa. 1848.

„ stria'ta (channeled). J. Pink. July. 1823.

„ toxica'ria (poison-bulb). See BUPHANE DISTICHA.

BRUSSELS SPROUTS. See BORECOLE.

BRY'A. (From bryo, to germinate ; the seeds, at
times, sprouting in the pod. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [LeguminosaB]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-De-
candria. Allied to Hedysarum.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds and cuttings in hot-
bed ; rich, fibrous loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
B. E'benus (Jamaica ebony). 12. Yellow, green. July.

Jamaica. 1713.

„ leone'nsis (Sierra Leone). 12. Yellow, green. Sierra
Leone. 1824.

BRYA'NTHUS. (From bryon, a moss, and anthos, a
flower. Nat. ord. Heathworts [Ericaceae].)

A small genus of pretty and interesting, trailing or
upright shrubs. They do best in a cool, peaty soil,
such as that in which Heaths and Daboecia are grown. A
cool part of the rockery is a good place for them.
B. Brewe'ri (Brewer's). J. Purple-red. California.

1896.
„ empetrifo'rmis (Crowberry-like). J. Reddish-purple.

N.W. Amer. 1829.

„ ere'ctus (erect). i. Red. Hybrid between B.
empetriformis and Rhodothamnus Chamacistus.
1850.
„ Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). J. Red. Kamtschatka and

Behring's Island.

,, taxifcflius (yew-leaved). 2. Red. Cold Northern
Regions. Britain.

BRY'ONIA. (From bryo, to sprout, in reference to the
stems sprouting afresh from the tuber every spring.
Nat. ord. Cucurbitaceae.)

Tuberous-rooted, hardy, or tender herbaceous peren-
nials of climbing habit Propagated by seeds and
division of the tubers. Good garden soil.
B. dioi'ca (dioecious). Yellow-green. Berries red.

Summer. England. Hardy.

„ lacinio'sa (cut-leaved). Pale yellow. Berries scarlet
Trop. Asia., &c. 1865.

BRYONOTSB. See BRYONIA.

BRYOPBTYIIiUM. (From bryo, to sprout, and phyllon,
a leaf ; in allusion to the young plants produced on the
leaves. Nat. ord. Crassulaceas.)

Warm greenhouse plants of a succulent character, A
leaf laid down on a damp surface will throw out young
plants all round its margin. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 50° to 60°.
B. calyci'num (large-calyxed). 2 to 3. Yellow-red.

April. Mexico. 1806.
„ crena'tum (crenate). Yellowish. Calyx vinous-red.

Madagascar. 1900.
„ proli'ferum (proliferous). Yellowish. S. Africa.

BUBRO'MA GUAZU'MA. See GUAZUMA ULMIFOLIA.

BU'CCO CRENA'TA. See BAROSMA CRENATA.

BU CCO PROLTFERA. See AGATHOSMA PROLIFERA.

BUCHNERA

134

BUDDING

BUCHNE'RA VISCO'SA. See SPHENANDRA VISCOSA.

BU'CIDA. Olive Bark- tree. (From bous, an ox ; in
reference to the fruit being like an ox's horn. Nat.
ord. Myrobolans [Combretaceffi]. Linn. lo-Decandria, 2-
Digynia. Now referred to Terminalia.)

B. Bu'ceras (ox's-horn). See TERMINALIA BUCERAS.
BUCK-BEAN. Menya'nthes.

BUCKLA'NDIA. (Named in compliment to Dr.
Buckland, Dean of Westminster. Nat. ord. Witch Hazels
[Hamamelidacea?].)

Tall, evergreen, greenhouse shrub, with fine foliage in
the young state. Cuttings of mature shoots in sand, in-
serted in pots and placed in a close case, with gentle
heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

#. popu'lnea (poplar-like). 100. Leaves large, heart-
shaped, purple when young. Stipules large, red.
Himalayas. 1875.

BUCKLER MUSTARD. Biscutt'lla.

BUCKLE'YA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Santalaceae.)

A hardy shrub of slender and graceful habit, with
spreading branches, furnished with light-green foliage.
A plant for the shrubbery in well-drained, good garden soil.

B, distichophy'lla (two-row-leaved). 10 to 12. Flowers
and fruit inconspicuous. N. Amer.

BUCKTHORN. Rha'mnus.

BUCKWHEAT. See Fagopy'rum escule'ntum.

BUCKWHEAT-TREE. Myloca'ryum.

BUD. The buds are organised parts of a plant, of
an oval, round, or conical form, and containing the
rudiments of future branches, leaves, and flowers, which
remain without breaking, on producing them, until cir-
cumstances favour their development. The same buds,
accordingly, as circumstances vary, produce either
flowers or leaves. Buds spring from the alburnum, to
which they are always connected by central vessels.
Buds are formed, at first, only in the axils of leaves,
that is, in the angle between the leaf and the branch ;
but, if these buds are destroyed, what are termed adven-
titious or latent buds are formed, yet chiefly in the neigh-
bourhood of the regular buds, or from latent buds that
were at one time truly axillary.

BUDDING is the art of making a bud unite to the
stem or branch (then called the stock) of another tree
or shrub, independently of its parent. The object thus
attained is a rapid multiplication of that parent, and, in
the case of seedlings, an earlier production of fruit than
if the buds were left upon the parent. Delicate kinds are
strengthened by being worked, as it is technically termed,
upon more robust stocks, as when a tender vine is
budded on the Syrian, and the Double Yellow Rose
upon the common China. Variegated roses often lose
their distinctive marks if grown upon their own roots.
Some roses, budded upon the common briar, afford finer
flowers than upon their own stems. Buds from seedling
peaches and pears are earlier productive, and produce
finer fruit, if budded upon a robust stock ; but buds of
the pear, inserted earlier than the close of August,
produce branches, and not blossoms. Where the bud
comes in contact with the wood of the stock, a confused
line is visible, between which line and the bark of the
bud new wood is produced, having solely all the char-
acteristics of the parent of the bud. Buds of almost
every species succeed with most certainty if inserted in
shoots of the same year's growth ; but the small walnut-
buds succeed best which are taken from the base of
the annual shoots, where these join the year-old wood
of that from which the bud is taken. Buds are usually
two years later than grafts in producing fruit ; but then
every bud will produce a new plant ; while each graft
has at least three upon it. Buds succeed more readily
than grafts ; and, if a graft inserted in the spring has
failed, a bud may succeed in the summer of the same
year. Buds are ready for removal when their shield,
or bark attached to them, separates readily from the
wood. This is usually in July or August, and is inti-
mated by the buds being well-developed in the axils of
the present year's leaves. Scallop-budding may be done

almost at any season. Buds should be taken from the
middle of the shoot ; those from its point are said to
make wood too freely, and those from the base to be
more unexcitable, and, consequently, less prompt to
vegetate.

Stocks for budding may be much smaller than for
grafting, even on the same year's shoot. Several buds
may be inserted on older branches, and thus a good head
be obtained sooner. On stocks of long-standing, scallop-
budding is to be adopted. Just after rain, and when
there is no violent wind, is a time to be preferred for
budding. Whatever mode of budding is adopted, quick-
ness in the operation is indispensable ; for, if the wound
in the stock or that of the bud becomes dry, the budding
will fail. The bark of the stock should be cut and
raised first, and, if possible, on its north side. A piece
of moist bast may be twisted over the wound whilst the
bud is preparing ; and the moment this is done it should
be inserted, and the ligature put on forthwith.

The following practical details of budding fruit-trees
and roses — details applicable to all other trees and
flowering-shrubs capable of being thus propagated — we
have copied from the pages of The Cottage Gardener : —

If the bark does not rise well, that is, does not part
freely from the wood, the buds will not succeed.

A good budding-knife is the first thing to be pro-
vided : any respectable nurseryman will furnish this.
Next, some really good matting : we prefer the new
Cuba bast ; but the finest of the ordinary Russian mats
will answer equally well, perhaps better, provided the
material is very fine and very tough — cotton is often used.

The bast must be cut into lengths, and adapted to the
size of the stocks, be they what they may. A mere
novice may soon determine the length necessary, by
twisting a piece round any twig of similar size, as in
the act of budding.

Before describing the process itself, it will be well to
speak of the condition of the stocks, or subjects to be
operated on. Budding, as before observed, is performed
at various seasons ; and in very early budding, it is
considered, in the majority of cases, prudential, if not
absolutely necessary, to insert the whole of the shield,
or bud, with its own system of wood attached. When
the summer is far advanced, however, and the buds are
become individually perfect, or nearly so, in their
organisation, the case alters ; and the less of intervening
matter there exists between the bud and its immediate
appurtenances of petiole and bark, the better.

Budding, then, in spring or early summer, is generally
accompanied, it may be presumed, by a copious current
of sap. Not so, however, late summer-budding on all
occasions ; for the season may have been unusually
warm and dry ; the stock, or subject, may be short of
sap, or, in other words, be beset with a paralysed root-
action : all these are impediments. A copious water-
ing, the evening previous to the process, will, however,
promote the free rising of the bark, on which so much
depends. In addition to this, a cloudy day is preferable
to a sunny one.

In former days the chief criterion of the eligibility of a
tree for the budding- process was the cessation of growth,
or rather, of extension in point of length, in the stock.
Such generally happens in fruit-trees — such as the peach,
apricot, cherry, plum, &c. — about the first or second
week in August ; the period, of course, being liable to
be modified by several circumstances, as heat, drought, &c.
Instead, however, of thus waiting until the eleventh
hour, it is better to make an earlier commencement ;
and there is little occasion to delay after the middle of
July has passed, unless the stocks, or scions, are subjects
of late growth and excessive luxuriance.

The exact position of the bud being determined, the
incision is made across the stock transversely, in length
sufficient to create an opening for the bud. This slit
forms the head of the incision, which, when the next
slit is made, will form the letter T- In making this
slit, or incision, a somewhat bold cut must be made ;
in fact, the point of the knife must be made to reach
the surface of the wood of the stock.

The perpendicular slit is made from the bottom up-
wards ; and an experienced budder gives a peculiar
flirt, or jerk, to the knife when he approaches the head
of the T. This jerk at once rifts up the bark better
than any slower process could do it ; and the haft of
the budding-knife is in a moment turned round, and

BUDDING

135

BUDDLEIA

the point introduced ; and, by pressing it close to the
wood, right and left, the bark is, as it were, ploughed
up, or liberated from the wood.

All is now ready for the reception of the bud, which
is, indeed, by most good budders, prepared first, as
follows : — The cutting, or shoot, of the kind to be in-
serted, being wood of the current year's growth, is
generally kept in a waterpot, first cutting off all the
leaves : care must, however, be taken to leave most of
the petiole (leaf-stalk) to handle the bud by. This, also,
doubtless assists in forming a speedy union.

The bud, with its bark and a little of the wood of the
tree, is then cut off in the form of a shield ; and the
point of the knife and thumb-nail of the right hand,
by a little nice handling, are made to remove the portion
of woody matter from the centre. The bud is instantly
introduced beneath the bark in the T incision of the
stock, where, as before observed, it is found in the same
relation to the stock, or stem, of its new parent as
existed between it and the shoot whence it sprang. This
done, it is carefully and closely, but not tightly, bound
with the bast. The operator generally beginning to
bind at the lower end, gives an extra tug with the mat
when he comes tolerably close to the lower end of the
petiole. This is an old practice, and not particularly
intelligible ; the meaning, we suppose— if meaning it
have — being, that the tightness of the ligature in that
precise position impedes slightly the returning sap,
thereby concentrating it about the bud.

Some persons employ a grafting wax to cover the parts
where air may enter. The following mixture will make
a very useful kind : — Sealing-wax, one part ; mutton
fat, one part ; white wax, one part ; honey, one-eighth
part. The white wax and fat are first melted, and then
the sealing-wax is to be added, gradually, in small
pieces, the mixture being kept constantly stirred ; lastly,
the honey must be put in, just before taking it off the
fire. It should be poured into paper or tin moulds, and
kept slightly agitated till it begins to congeal.

We before observed, that when the season is late,
and the bark rises somewhat badly, it may be excited to
rise. A liberal watering with liquid-manure, of the tem-
perature of 90°, the day before the operation, will, in
general, facilitate the proceeding. When the bud, or
shield, after the wood is removed, appears hollow at
the bud part, it is commonly rejected. Such are not
always barren ; but they are apt to lie dormant for a
year or two.

When a choice of position offers itself, we prefer the
shady side of the stock. It is of more importance, how-
ever, to select a clear portion of the stem, free from
knots, although some fancy the bud takes better if
placed in a position from whence a natural bud has been
removed. It should be taken as a maxim, that only
those buds should be selected, the leaves of which have
become fully developed ; the leaf, also, should, if pos-
sible, be unblemished.

Cloudy weather is, in all cases, to be preferred to
sunny periods.

For budding Roses, and, indeed, for all budding, the
best time of the day is either early in the morning, at
least as early as seven o'clock A.M., or after three o'clock
in the afternoon ; cloudy, moist days are most suitable.

Cut off the head of the stocks, if not done previously
at the time of planting, and all side branches except
three, that is, for standards ; unless growing very
vigorously it is best to leave these side branches full
length, if the season has advanced to August or Sep-
tember, to prevent the buds inserted from starting into
growth at so late a period. In spring, if the buds are
still alive, shorten the branches to three or four inches,
and this will encourage the inserted buds to start into
growth. Go over them again in ten days' time and
remove any buds of the stock which may be growing.
This will throw all the energy of the stock into the shoots
of the rose budded upon it. Until these get quite strong
they may be tied to the snags of the stock to guard
against breakage by the wind.

In the case of dwarf roses, remove the soil from the
base of the stocks so that the buds may be inserted
about two inches below the ground level. Leave them
uncovered till the buds inserted have made some inches
of growth. In the case of tender roses the buds may
be protected in winter by some dry bracken. If the
buds are inserted in July they will commence growing

and may even bloom in September, in which case the
soil at the base may be returned. The buds should
remain dormant all winter, if inserted in August or Sep-
tember. There is no necessity for cutting back the
stocks till growth recommences in spring ; indeed, the
leafy branches upon them serve to keep the inserted
buds dormant till spring, and injury to unripened wood
in winter is thus avoided.

The process of budding is the same as for fruit-trees,
but in the case of standard Roses, select a position for
the cut as close to the main stem as possible, but on the
base of the three young branches. In the case of dwarfs
select a clean part of the bark of the main stem of the
stock, as above advised. The incision should be about
an inch long, lengthwise on the branch. Cut a cross
just at the top of this incision, and a little wider
than the bark of the bud to be inserted. Then
take off the bud, previously cutting off the leaf,
leaving part of the leaf-stalk. Cut away with the bud
a portion of the bark from the parent stem, which is
technically called the shield of the bud, and a portion of
wood with it. This bud, and the bark and wood with
it, should be, altogether, rather more than three-quarters
of an inch long. Turn the bud over between your finger
and thumb, and dexterously take out the greater part
of the wood ; but be careful to leave the wood full in
the eye of the bud. Then raise one side of the bark of
the incision, in the shape of a T made in the stock, and
with the ivory handle of the budding-knife slip in one
side of the bark attached to the bud, then turn your
knife, and lift up the other side of the incision, and the
bud will drop into its place. Press the bark of the bud
to the farther end of the incision ; and if any projects
beyond the cross incision on the stock cut it off. Then
tie with worsted neatly, and the operation is complete.
The covering of the buds with leaves is not now prac-
tised, except in very rare cases. We feel it almost im-
possible to give instruction to be understood, in words
only, for such a complex operation. We have, there-
fore, given the details minutely, to enable the reader
to follow out this interesting process.

BUDDLETA. (Named after A. Buddie, an English
botanist. Nat. ord. Loganiads [Loganiaceae]. Linn.
\-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Warm greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except where
otherwise specified. B. globo'sa, the best hardy species,
requires a dry, sheltered situation in the north of the
island. Seeds are sometimes procured in the south of
England, and should be sown in the spring following.
Plants are also easily procured from well-ripened cuttings,
placed under handlights, in September, and slightly pro-
tected during winter frosts. The greenhouse and stove
species may all be propagated freely from cuttings ;
and, for general management, the latter merely require
a higher temperature than the former.

B. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). Lilac, with yellow eye<

Central China. 1902. Hardy.
„ america'na (American). 10. Yellow. August. S.

Amer. 1826.
„ asia'tica (Asian). White, fragrant. E. Ind. 1874.

Greenhouse.
„ auricula' ta (eared). Cream, in globular heads. S.

Africa. 1881. Greenhouse.

„ brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 10. Orange. Brazil. 1822.
„ ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). See B. CURVIFLORA CARNEA.
„ Colu'mbia (Columba's). White. Temperate S.

Amer. (?). 1901.
„ Colvi'llei (Colville's). Rose-coloured. Himalayas.

First flowered. 1891. Greenhouse.
„ conna'ta (base-joined-fcawd). 5. Orange. May.

Peru. 1826.

,, cri'spa (crisp-leaved). See B. PANICULATA.
„ curviflo'ra (curved-flower spiked). Rosy-violet. China.

1870. Hardy.

„ ,, ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). Pale lilac. 1879. Hardy.
„ diversifo'lia (various-leaved). See NICODEMIA DIVER-
SI FOLIA.
„ globo'sa (globe- flowered). 15. Orange. May. Chili.

1774. Hardy shrub.
„ heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). See B. MADAGASCARI-

ENSIS.

„ insi'gnis (remarkable). See B. JAPONICA INSIONIS.
„ interme'dia (intermediate). Garden hybrid (curvi-
ftora X lindleyana). 1873.

BUETTNERIA

136

BULBOCODIUM

B. japo'nica (Japanese). Japan.

„ „ insi'gnis (remarkable). Purple. Garden variety.
1878.

„ „ refie'xa (reflexed). Branches reflexed to the
ground. 1879.

„ lindleya'na (Lindley's). 6. Violet. September.
China. 1844. Greenhouse evergreen.

„ „ hemsleya'na (Hemsleyan). Reddish-lilac, no
orange throat. Central China. 1903.

„ madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10. Orange. Mada-
gascar. 1824.

„ Nee'mda (Neemda). See B. ASIATICA.

„ ni'vea (snowy). Lilac or purple. China. 1905.

„ occidenta'lis (western). White. Peru. 1730. Green-
house evergreen.

„ officina'lis (officinal). 1-8. Mauve to purple. Winter.
Central China. 1911. Greenhouse.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). 14. White. August. Nepaul.
1823.

„ pulche'lla (beautiful). Natal.

„ sali'gna (willow-like). 6. See CHILIANTHUS OLEACEUS.

„ salvifo'lia (sage-leaved). 3. Crimson. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1760. Greenhouse evergreen.

„ thyrsoi'des(ihyrse- flowered). Yellow. S. Amer. 1823.

„ varia'bilis (variable). Lilac with yellow eye. Wes-
tern China. Nearly hardy.

»> >» gigante'a (giant). Panicle very large. 1910.

„ „ magni'fica (magnificent). A later, robust variety
with reddish-lilac flowers. 1905.

„ „ supe'rba (superb). Panicles larger ; flowers darker
than any other variety. 1908.

„ „ veitchia'na (Veitchian). Purple. Panicles larger
and denser. 1902.

„ „ Wilso'nii (Wilson's). Rich, dark, and distinct
shade of colour.

BUETTNE'RIA. (Named in honour of Buettner, a
German professor. Nat. ord. Sterculiads [Sterculiaceae].
Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Cuttings ; the first two species require the greenhouse,
the others the routine of the plant-stove.

B. dasyphy'lla (thick-leaved). See RULINGIA PANNOSA.
„ hermannicefo'lia (Hermannia-leaved). See RULINGIA

HERMANNI^EFOLIA.

„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). 5. White, purple. W.

Ind. 1816.

„ sca'bra (rough-leaved). 6. Purple. July. S. Amer.
1793-

BUFF-TIP MOTH. Pygce'ra buce'phala.

BUFFALO CLOVER. Trifo'lium me'dium.

BUGAIN VILLAS' A. See BOUGAINVI'LLEA.

BUGLE. A'juga.

BUGLOSS. Anchu'sa.

BUGWORT. Cimici'fuga.

BUISSON is a fruit-tree on a very low stem, and with
a head closely pruned.

BULB. A bulb is really an underground bud. Its
fibrous or real roots die annually ; but the bulb remains
stored with reserve food, and retaining the vital powers
of the plant, ready for reproduction at the appropriate
season. Besides root bulbs (as are the onion, lily, &c.),
there are stem, or caulinary bulbs, equally efficient for
propagation.

The stem-bulb consists of a number of small scales
closely compacted together in an ovate or conical form,
enclosing the rudiments of a future plant, and originating,
sometimes in the axil of the leaves, as in Denta'ria
bulbi'fera and several Lilyworts, and sometimes at the
base of the umbel of flowers, as in A'llium carina'tum
and others, in both which cases it is nourished by the
parent plant till it has reached maturity, at which period
the bond of connection is dissolved, and the bulb falls
to the ground, endowed with the power of striking root
in the soil by sending out fibres from the base, and so
converting itself into a new individual.

Every bulbous-rooted plant has its management given
in its proper place ; but there are a few rules of general
applicability. They should be moved, where necessary,
whilst in a state of rest. This occurs to the summer-
flowering bulbs in autumn, and to the autumn-flowering
in spring. Many require to be taken up annually, or,

at furthest, every second or third year, to remove the
accumulated offsets. No bulb should be kept long out
of the ground ; and, even during the time it is necessarily
so kept, it should be prevented from drying by burying
it in sand. It is difficult to define the difference in
bulbs, conns, and tubers. Yet the Gloxinias and Begonias,
though the latter are termed " Tuberous," may be given
as examples of conns and the Dahlias as tuberous ; and
those with the scales should be classed, such as Hyacinths,
Liliums, Onions, &c., bulbs.

BULBINE. (From bolbos, a bulb. Nat. ord. Lily-
worts [Liliacea?]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

The name Bulbine is a misnomer ; for many more
have the herbaceous habit of Anthericum than that of
true bulbs. Bulb species by offsets; herbaceous plants,
suckers, and divisions ; the shrubby species, by cuttings
under a hand-glass. Sand, loam. For greenhouse species,
summer temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
B. alooi'des (aloe-like), i. Yellow. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1732.
„ a'nnua (annual). J. Yellow. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1731.
„ asphodeloi'des (asphodel-like). 2. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1759.
„ auslra'lis (southern). See B. BULBOSA.
„ bisulca'ta (two- furrowed), i. Yellow. November.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
„ bulbo'sa (bulbous), i. Yellow. June. Australia.

1820.
„ caule'scens (stemmed). 2. Yellow. June. S. Africa.

1702.

„ cilia'ta (hair-fringed). See ANTHERICUM CILIATUM.
„ floribu'nda (many-flowered). See B. SEMIBARBATA.
„ frute'scens (shrubby). See B. CAULESCENS.
„ glau'ca (milky-green). 2. White. Chili. 1828.
„ grami'nea (grass-leaved). See B. ASPHODELOIDES.
„ hi'spida (bristly). See ANTHERICUM HISPIDUM.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. White. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1812.
„ longisca'pa (long-flower-stemmed), i. Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1759.

„ Macke'nii (Macken's). See ERIOSPERMUM MACKENII.
„ mesembryanthemoi' des (Mesembryanthemum-like). J.

Yellow. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1822.
„ narcissifo'lia (Narcissus-leaved), if. Yellow. S.

Africa.
„ nu'tans (nodding), i. Yellow. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1820.
„ prcemo'rsa (bitten-off). i. Yellow. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1818.
„ pugionifo'rmis (dagger-formed), i. Yellow. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1793.
„ rostra' ta (beaked). 2. Yellow. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1812.

„ sca'bra (rough). See ANTHERICUM SCABRUM.
„ semibarba' ta (half-bearded), i. Yellow. July. Aus-
tralia. 1820.

„ sua'vis (sweet). See B. BULBOSA.
„ trique'tra (three-sided). See BULBINELLA TRIQUETRA.

BULBINE'LLA. (From bolbos, a bulb, and ella, signi-
fying diminutive. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. The
species have been separated from Anthericum and
Bulbine.)

Hardy and greenhouse herbs with a very short rhizome
or tuber and fleshy, fibrous roots, and yellow or white
flowers. The best one is B. Hookeri, which thrives in
sandy soil or peat in the more favoured parts of the
British Isles. The base of the rockery is the best place
for it.
B. Hooke'ri( Hooker's). 2. Bright yellow. June. New

Zealand. Syn. Chrysobactron Hookeri.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Yellow.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). i. White. April. S.

Africa. 1774.

„ Ro'ssii (Ross's). New Zealand.
„ trique'tra (three-grooved), i. White. April. S.

Africa. 1774.

BULBOCO'DIUM. (From bolbos, a bulb, and kodion,
wool ; referring to the woolly covering of the bulbs.
Nat. ord. Melanths [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-
Monogynia.)

Small hardy bulbs, having the aspect of Crocus. Off-
sets ; sandy loam, well drained.

BULBOPHYLLUM

137

BULBOPHYLLUM

B. Aitchiso'ni (Aitchison's). See MERENDERA PERSICA.
„ autumna'le (autumnal). See MERENDERA BULBO-

CODIOM.

„ Eichle'ri (Eichler's). See MERENDERA EICHLERI.
„ ruthe'nicum (Russian). See B. VERNUM.
•» tri'gynum (three-styled). See MERENDERA CAUCA-

SICA.
„ ve'rnum (spring). J. Purple. February. Spain.

1629.
„ „ versi 'color (party-coloured). \. Purple. March.

Crimea. 1820.

BDLBOPHTLLUM. ( From bolbos, a bulb, and pkyllon,
a leaf ; referring to the leaves issuing from the apex
of the bastard bulbs. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae].
Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove orchids. Division of the plant, when fresh
potting ; sandy, lumpy peat, potsherds, charcoal, and
hard chips, raised above the pot, well drained, and the
plant fixed there, or on blocks. Summer temp., 60° to
90°, and moist ; winter, 55° to 65°, and dry.

B. adenope'talum (gland-petaled). Yellow, fragrant.

Singapore.

„ alopecu'rum (fox-tailed). Dark purple. Burma. 1880.
„ amp/«&rocfea'<u»n(amply-bracted). Buitenzorg. 1866.
„ a'nceps (two-edged). Yellow, dotted purple. Borneo.
„ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). Java. 1866.
„ apo'dum (stalkless). Malaya.
„ attenua'tum (lengthened). Purple. Borneo. 1896.
„ auranti'acum (orange-coloured). Orange. N.E.

Australia. 1870.

„ auri'comum (golden-haired). Burma. 1866.
„ bala'nicfps (whale-headed). See NAPELLI.
„ barbi'gerum (bearded). $. Greenish-brown. June.

Sierra Leone. 1835.
„ Becca'rii (Beccar*s). Brown, violet. Borneo. 1875.

A gigantic species.

„ Bereni'cis (Berenici's). A minute epiphyte. 1880.
„ biflo'rum (two-flowered). Java. 1866.
„ Binngndij' kit (Binnendijk's). Purple-spotted. Java.

1907.

„ birme'nse (Burmese). Orange-yellow. Burma. 1910.
„ bisStum (two-bristled). Khasia Hills.
„ bittneria'num (Bittnerian). Golden-yellow. Siam.

1910.

„ Blephari'stes. See CIRRHOPETALUM BLEPHARISTES.
„ bowringia'num (Bowringian). White, green, streaked

purple. Assam. 1881.
„ bracteola'tum (small-bracted). i. Yellow, purple.

July. Demerara. 1836.

„ ccespito' sum (tufted). Island of Bourbon. 1858.
„ cala'bricum (Calabrian). Yellow green ; lip red-
purple. Old Calabar. 1906.
„ Calama'rium (reed-like). Yellow and dull purple.

W. Trop. Africa. 1844.
„ campanula turn (bell-shaped). Whitish-yellow, pink,

reddish-purple. Sumatra. 1909.
„ capi'llipes (hair-stalked). Burma. 1872.
„ capita' turn (headed). Malaya. 1866.
„ capittdiflo'rum (headed flowers). Whitish green ; lip

lurid purple. W. Trop. Africa. 1904.
„ careya'num (Careyan). Brown, purple. October.

Himalayas. 1832.
„ carina'tum (keeled). Nearly related to B. reticulatum.

Borneo. 1895.

„ cc'rnuum (nodding). Purple. Java. 1866.
„ Chei'ri (hand). Olive-green, brown. Manilla. 1844.
„ chloroglo'ssum (green-lipped). White or rose ; lip

green. Brazil. 1871.
„ cilia' turn (ciliated). Java. 1866.
„ clandesti'num (clandestine). Malaya. 1841.
„ claptontnse (Clapton). See B. LOBBII CLAPTONENSE.
„ cocoi'num (cocoa-nut), i. Flesh. October. Sierra

Leone. 1835.

„ como'sum (hairy). White. Burma. 1892.
„ comprg'ssum (compressed). Sumatra. 1866.
„ conchi'ferum (shell-bearing). Sikkim.
„ crenula'tum (crenulate). Purplish. Madagascar. 1905.
„ cro'ceum (Crocus-flowered). Java. 1866.
„ cu'preum (copper- flowered). Copper-coloured. Burma.

1837-

„ ,, fla'vum (yellow).
„ cylindra' 'ceum (cylindrical). Himalayas.
„ daya'num (Dayan). Green, yellow, purple. Burma.

1865.

B. Dea'rei (Deare's). Borneo and Philippines. 1883.
Syn. Sarcopodium Dearei.

„ ,, godseffia'num (Godseffian). Philippines. 1890.

„ delite'scens (lying hid). See CIRRHOPETALUM DELI'
TESCENS.

„ densiflo'rum (dense-flowered). India.

„ de'nsum (dense) . Madagascar.

„ denticula'tum (finely- toothed). A smaU plant ; habit
of B. flavidum. Sierra Leone. 1891.

„ dichro'mum (two-coloured). Yellow; lip dark purple.
Annam. 1907.

„ disciflo'rum (disc-flowered). See TRIAS DISCIFLORA.

„ Dixo'ni (Dixon's). Greenish- yellow, spotted brown.
Siam. 1908.

„ Dra'Uei (Dralle's). Trop. Africa. 1885.

„ e'legans (elegant). Rosy-purple. Ceylon. 1892.

„ ere'ctum (upright). Madagascar. 1834.

„ Ericsso'ni (Ericsson's). Yellowish-white, brown spots.
Madagascar. 1893.

„ exalta'tum (lofty). Light green, brown ; lip blackish-
purple. Guiana, Brazil. 1910.

„ fa'llax (deceiving). Dark purple. Assam. 1889.

„ fascina'tor (fascinating). Pale green, crimson mark-
ings. Annam. 1908.

„ flave'scens (yellowish). Java. 1866.

„ fla'vidum( yellowish). Yellow. March. Sierra Leone.
1840.

„ fuscopurpu'reum (fuscous-purple). Dull reddish-
brown. S. India. 1907.

„ fu'scum (blown-flowered) . Chocolate. April. Sierra
Leone. 1837.

„ galbi'num (greenish- yellow). Yellow, with reddish
lines and crimson dots. Perak. 1907.

„ Genti'lii (Gen til's). Straw-coloured, purple. Congo
Free State. 1904.

„ gibbo'sum (gibbous). Java. 1866.

„ glutino'sum (clammy). Green, white ; lip red. Brazil.
1910.

„ gra'cilf (slender). Green, brown. July. Burma.
1874.

„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Lateral sepals pale
green, 4 in. long. New Guinea. 1866.

„ grandiflo'rum (L. iii., t. 108). See B. LONGISEPALUM.

„ Hameli'ni (Hamelin's). Madagascar. 1893.

„ herminiosta'chys (bed- foot-spiked). Trop. Africa.

„ hi'rtum (hairy). Whitish. Himalayas. 1846.

„ hookeria'num (Hookerian). Small, yellow. Trop. W.
Africa. 1894.

,, imbrica'tum (imbricated). Purple. March. Sierra
Leone. 1841.

„ incequa'le (unequal). Orange ; lip dark purple. Java.

„ tn^rs (inert). SmaU, white flowers. Assam. 1880.
„ infla'tum (inflated). Greenish-yellow. Allied to B.

coma turn. Sierra Leone. 1891.
„ ino'ps (worthless). Greenish and purple lip. Similar

to B. recurvum. 1880.

„ interte'xtum (interwoven). W. Trop. Africa. 1862.
„ inu'nctum (anointed). Dotted purple on light ground.

Boreno. 1907.

„ java'nicum (Javanese). Java. 1866.
„ Joha'nnis (John's). White. Madagascar. 1894.
„ Ke'rrii (Kerr's). Dull yellow. Siam. 1906.
„ khasya'num (Khasyan). Ochre, chocolate - brown,

purple. Khasia Hills. 1878.
„ kindtia'num (Kindtian). Purple hairs of lip not

clubbed. Congo Free State. 1904.
„ lasia'nthum (woolly-flowered). Purple. Sumatra.

1855-
„ lemniscatoi'des (ribbon-Uke). Differs from B. lemnis-

catum in habit. Java. 1890.
„ lemnisca' turn (ribboned). Purple, green. Moulmein.

1872.
„ leopardi'num (leopard-spotted). Yellowish-green.

Himalayas. 1837.
„ leysia'num (Leysian). Yellow, pink, and purple.

India. 1894.
,, Lichena' strum (lichen-star), ^j. Yellow, white, lined

purple. Queensland. 1905.

„ lilaci'num (lilac) . Lilac, spotted purple. Siam. 1908.
„ limba'tum (bordered), i. Purple. February. Singa-
pore. 1840.
„ Lo'bbii (Lobb's). x. Yellow, brown. March. Java.

1845.
„ „ claptone'nse (Clapton).

BULBOPHYLLUM

138

BUNCHOSIA

B. Lo'bbii Hensha'lli (Henshall's).
„ „ siame'nse (Siamese). Yellowish, purple. Siam.

1867.

„ longisca'pum (long-scaped). Light green and red-
purple. Fiji. 1896.
„ longise palum (long-sepaled). Netted brown on a

paler ground. New Guinea. 1895.
„ macro,' nthum (large-flowered). £. Lemon. March.

Burma. 1844.
„ macula' turn (spotted). Purple, spotted. Philippine

Islands.
„ mandibula're (mandibled) . Brown, light green, purple .

N.W. Borneo. 1882.

„ Medu'sa (Medusa's). Malaya. (B. M., t. 4977.)
„ membrana' ceum (membranous). Java. 1866.
„ micra'nthum (small-flowered). Penang. (Ic. PL,

t. 2046.)
„ micrope' talum (small- petaled). Transparent-green,

purple. Brazil. 1904.
„ minia'tum (vermilion) . Like B. barbigerum, but with

white clubbed hairs. Congo Free State. 1904.
,, minuti' ssimum (very minute). N. E. Australia.
„ mi' rum (wonderful). Whitish or buff, spotted red-
brown. Malaya. 1908. Syn. B. vibrans.
„ morphologo'rum (form of words). Greenish-yellow,

spotted purple. Siam. 1908.

,, mucrona'tum (mucronate). Pale yellow. Java. 1866.
„ Nape'lli (NapeU's). Brazil. 1842.
„ nasu'tum (nosed). Sulphur, purple, orange. Burma.

1871.
„ n«7gAwe'ns0(Neilgherrian). Green, brown. January.

Neilgherries. 1849.

„ nigre'scens (blackish). Blackish-purple. Siam. 1910.
„ nigripe' talum (black-petaled). Yellowish and purple-
black. W. Trop. Africa. 1891.
,, nudisca'pum (naked-scaped). Green, purple. Sierra

Leone ; Congo. 1909.
„ obrienia'num (O'Brienian). Yellow and red-purple

spots. Himalaya. 1892.
„ occu'ltum (hidden-flowered). Sierra Leone.
„ ocula'tum (eyed). Java. 1866.
„ odor ati' ssimum (sweetest-scented). Himalayas.
„ odora'tum (scented). Java. 1866.
„ oligoglo' ssum (few- lipped) . Yellowish, white. Burma.

1865.
„ orthoglo'ssum (straight-lipped). Yellow-green, brown,

purple. Sarangui Island. 1896.
„ oxy'odon (sharp-toothed). See MEGACLINIUM OXYO-

DON.

„ pachyrha'chis (thick-scaped). W. Ind.
„ Pahu'di (Pahud's). Brownish-red and red. Java.

1877.

„ palea'ceum (scaly). Yellowish-green, purple-brown.
„ papilla' sum (papillose). Dark purple. French Congo.

1903.

„ pa'rvulum (small). Orange. Java. 1866.
„ pavimenta'tum (pavemented). Dark red. Trop.

Africa. 1862.

„ Pe'chei (Peche's). Moulmein. (B. M., t. 7286.)
,, pe'ndulum (pendulous). Mascarene Islands.
ft Perpusi'llum (very small). A very slender species ;

stems like thread. Madagascar. 1894.
„ pilea'tum (pilose). Ochre-yellow. Malaya.
„ Pi'pio (Pipio). Trop. Africa. 1877.
,, polyble' 'pharon (many-eye-lashed). J. Dark purple.

New Guinea. 1910.
„ propi'nquum (related). Green, netted purple. Siam.

1908.
„ Psittacoglo' ssum (parrot-tongued). Yellow, purple.

Burma. 1863.

„ Psycho' on (Psychoon). Flowers green, nearly trans-
parent. Assam. 1878.

„ pteri' philum ( fern-loving). White. Tenasserim. 1894.
„ ptiloglo' ssum (beardless-tongued). Green and purple.

Madagascar. 1897.
„ purpu'reum (purple). Ceylon.
„ quadri'fidum (four-fid). Flowers inconspicuous.

Madagascar. 1905.
„ racemo'sum (racemose). Yellow and purple. Borneo.

1893.
„ radio,' turn (rayed). Brownish-yellow. March. India.

1836.
„ recu'rvum (bent-back). Green, white. September.

Sierra Leone. 1822.
„ reticula'tum (netted). Cream, purple. Borneo. 1866.

B. retusiu' sculum (bluntish). See CIRRHOPETALUM RE-

TUSIUSCULUM.

„ Rhizo'phora (of the Mangrove). Purplish. Trop.

Africa. 1861.

„ ri'gens (stiff). Burma. 1865.
„ rufi'num (reddish). Burma. 1881.
„ saltato'rium (dancing). £. Greenish-brown. Decem-
ber. Sierra Leone. 1835.
„ sanderia'num (Sanderian). Green, spotted brown.

Pernambuco, Brazil. 1893.
,, sauroce'phalum (saurus-headed). Ochre, brown, white.

Philippine Islands. 1886.

„ schiller ia'num (Schillerian). See B. SHEPHERDI.
„ seti'gerum (bristle-bearing). Purple. Demerara.
„ Shephe'rdi (Shepherd's). Australia.
„ siame'nse (Siamese). See B. LOBBII SIAMENSE.
„ sillemia'num (Sillemian). Orange, mauve, white.

Burma. 1884.

„ so'rdidum (dirty). See B. BRACTEOLATUM.
„ spatha'ceum (spathaceous). Light straw- yellow.

Burma. 1893.
„ specta'bile (showy). Pale green, spotted brown.

Assam. 1898.

„ stria' turn (striated). Khasia Hills.
„ suavi' ssimum (sweetest). Pale yellow, small. Upper

Burma. 1889.

„ sulca'tum (furrowed). Java. 1866.
„ tene'llum (slender). Pale orange, lip purple. Java.

1866.

„ tenuifo'lium (thin-leaved). Java. 1866.
„ tetrago'num (four-sided). Sierra Leone.
„ tre'mulum (tremulous). White and red-purple lines.

Nilghiri Hills. 1896.
„ tridenta'tum (three- toothed). DuU yellow-green,

brown. British New Guinea. 1907.
„ trifa'rium (three-rowed). Lurid-purple. Madagascar.

1910.
„ tri'ste (dull-coloured). Greenish, purple. Burma.

1864.

„ tubercula'tum (tubercled). New Zealand. 1884.
„ umbella'tum (umbelled). See CIRRHOPETALUM GUTTU-

LATUM.

„ vagina' turn (sheathed). See CIRRHOPETALUM VAGINA-

TUM.

„ variega'tum (variegated). Mascarene Islands.

„ vi'brans (vibrating). See B. MIRUM.

„ vire'scens (greenish). Green, purple, yellow. Malaya.

1904.
„ vi'ride (green). Green, with two purple spots on the

lip. W. Trop. Africa. 1893.

„ vitie'nse (Fijian). Whitish and pink. Fiji. 1893.
„ vitta'tum (striped). Java. 1862.
,, watsonia'num (Watsonian). Hong- Kong.
„ Wedde'lii (Weddel's). Green, white, purple. Brazil.

1904.

BULBO'STYLIS. (From bolbos, a bulb, and stylos, the
style. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, i-jEqualis. Now referred to Brickellia.)

Stove plants. Cuttings in sand, with bottom-heat,
under a bell-glass or close frame ; loam and peat.

B. Cavanille'sii(Ca.vaml\e's). See BRICKELLIA CAVANIL-

LESII.

„ pe'ndula (hanging-down) . See BRICKELLIA PENDULA.
,, veronicczfo'lia (speedwell-leaved). See BRICKELLIA

VERONIC^EFOLIA.

BULI'MUS GOODA'LLII. This name has been given
to a small snail that was accidentally introduced to
stoves and other warm houses from the West Indies.
It is about half an inch long, with a narrowly conical
and spiral shell. It feeds by night on various plants,
sometimes doing considerable damage, and should be
looked for at night with a lantern, in the same way as is
done with the garlic snail among Orchids. Where it gets
a footing and is difficult to exterminate, the soil in such
houses should be removed from the garden and replaced
by fresh material. This will be effective in removing
the pest, with any eggs that may be in the soil.

BULLACE-TREE. Pru'nus insiti'tia.
BULL GRAPES. Vi'tis rotundifo'lia.

BUNCHO'SIA. (From bunchos, coffee; the seeds
resembling coffee-berries. Nat. ord. Malpighiads [Mal-
pighiacea?]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

BUPHANE

139

BURCHELLIA

Stove shrubs and tree ; cuttings of ripe shoots under
a glass, in moi^ bottom-heat ; sandy loam and peat.
Summer temp., 70° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
B. arge'ntea (silvery). 10. Yellow. July. Caraccas.

1810.
„ cane'scens (hoary). 20. Yellow. July. W. Ind.

1742.
„ glanduli' fera (gland-bearing). 10. Yellow. April.

Venezuela. 1806.
„ ni'tidn (shining). 10. Red. July. St. Domingo.

1800.
„ odora'ta (scented). 10. Yellow. July. Carthagena.

1806.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). See TRIOPTERIS OVATA.

BUPHA'NE. (From bous an ox, and phone, slaughter ;
cattle are said to be poisoned when they eat the bulbs.
Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Allied to Bruns-
vigia.)

Greenhouse bulbs from South Africa. Offsets in sandy
loam and fibrous peat. They are nearly hardy, but
succeed best under glass. As the bulbs get too large
for the pots, give a larger sire in spring before they
commence growing, and pot firmly.

B. cilia'ris (ciliated). Dull purple. S. Africa. 1795.

Syn. Brunsvigia ciliaris.
„ „ guttafta (spotted). Leaves narrower.
„ di'sticha (two-ranked leaved), i to ij. Red. S.
Africa. Syns. Brunsvigia disticha and B. toxicaria.
BUPHTHA'LMUM. (From bous, an ox, and ophthal-
mos, eye ; the large disc resembling the eye of an ox,
hence the common name, Ox-eye. Nat. ord. Composites
[Compositae]. Allied to Inula.)

Perennial herbs of a showy character and mostly
hardy. Division in spring, and seeds. Ordinary garden
soil will suit the hardy species.

HARDY.
B. aqua'ticum (aquatic). See ODONTOSPERMUM AQOATI-

CUM.

cordifo'lium (heart-shaped-leaved). See B. SPECIOSUM.
grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). See B. SALICIFOLIUM.
salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). ij. Yellow. Sep-
tember. S. Europe. 1759.

speciosi ssimum (showiest). Yellow. Europe. 1826.
specio'sum (showy). 4. Yellow. July. Europe. 1739.
spino'sum (spiny). See PALLENIS SPINOSA.

GREENHOUSE.

B. Itzviga'ium (smooth). See JASONIA L-CVIGATA.
„ mari'timum (maritime). See ODONTOSPERMUM MARI-

TIMUM.

„ seri'ceum (silky). See ODONTOSPERMUM SERICEUM.
„ stenophy'ttum (narrow-leaved). See ODONTOSPERMUM

STENOPHYLLUM.

BUPLEU RUM. Hare's-Ear. (From bous, an ox, and
pleuron, a side ; the leaves, if eaten, are supposed to
swell cattle. Nat. ord. Umbeilifers [Umbelliferae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

Hardy annuals and herbaceous perennials, except
where otherwise specified. Seed of the annuals in
common soil, in March and April ; divisions of herbaceous
plants in autumn or spring ; cuttings, or divisions of
greenhouse species, in March and April ; and kept
moderately dry, sandy loam.

HARDY ANNUALS.

B. gliu'cum (milky-green). J. Green, yellow. July.

S. Europe. 1819.
„ gra'cile( slender). J. Green, yellow. July. Caucasus.

1820.
„ ju'ncfum (rush-leaved), i. Green, yellow. July.

S. Europe. 1772.

„ Ifincifo'lium (lance-leaved). See B. PROTRACTUM.
„ Odonti'tes (Odontites). Yellow. July to October.

Austria.
„ oppositifo'lium (opposite-leaved), i. Green, yellow.

July. Pyrenees. 1819.

„ Polli'chii (Pollich's). See B. TENUISSIMUM.
„ protra'ctum (protracted). f. Yellowish. July.

Mediterranean Region. 1820. Twiner.

B. rotundifo'lium (round-leaved). 2. Green, yellow.

June. Spain.
„ semicompo' situm (semi-compound). J. Green, yellow.

July. Spain. 1778.

„ subova'tum (rather oval-leaved). See B. PROTRACTUM.
„ tenui' ssimum (slenderest). $. Green, yellow. July.

England.
„ tri'fidum (three-cleft). See B. JUNCEUM.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

B. arista'tum (awned). Blush. June. Britain.
„ au'reum (golden), i. Yellow. May. Eastern Europe.

1820.

,, coria'ceum (leathery). See B. GIBRALTARICUM.
„ cro'ceum (Crocus- yellow). Brigh t yellow. Asia Minor.

1901.
„ falca'tum (sickle-leaved). J. Green, yellow. August.

Germany. 1739.

„ frute'scens (small-shrubby). See B. FRUTICOSUM.
„ graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). J. Green, yellow.

June. Switzerland. 1768.
„ longifp'lium (long-leaved). 3. Green, yellow. June.

Switzerland. 1713.

,, longiradia turn (long-rayed). Siberia.
„ marschallia num (Marschallian). See B. GRACILE.
,, mucrona'tum (mucronate). Eastern India.
,, multine'rve (many-nerved). 3. Yellowish. Altai.
„ panicula'tum (panicled). ij. Yellow. July. Spain.

1824.

„ petra'um(roc\i). ij. Green, yellow. June. Switzer-
land. 1768.
„ polyphy'Uum (many-leaved), i. Green, yellow. May.

Caucasus. 1823.
„ ranunculoi'des (Ranunculus-like). Yellow. Europe,

&c.

„ ri'gidum (rigid). France.
,, sachaline'nse (Sachalin). Amurland.
„ scorzoner&fo'lium (scorzonera-leaved). See B. FAL-

CATUM-
„ spino'sum (spined). Yellow. July. Spain. 1753.

Evergreen shrub.
„ stdla turn (starry). S. Europe.

GREENHOUSE.

B. cane'scens (hoary). 5. Yellow. August. Barbary.
1809. Evergreen shrub.

„ frvtice'scens (shrubby). 3. Yellow. Western Medi-
terranean region.

„ frutico'sum (shrubby). 3. Yellow. July. S.Europe.
1596. Evergreen, hardy on a wall.

„ gibralta'ricum (Gibraltar) . Yellow. June. Gibraltar.
1784. Evergreen half-hardy.

„ plantagi'neum (plantain-kaved). 3. Yellow. July.
Mount Atlas. 1810. Evergreen half-hardy.

BURBI'DGEA. (Named in compliment to F. W.
Burbidge, a traveller in N.W. Borneo, and author of
" Gardens of the Sun," &c. Nat. ord. Gingerworts
[Scitaminaceae]. Allied to Hedychium.)

Stove, herbaceous perennials. Divisions of the root-
stock in spring. Sandy loam, leaf-mould, and a little
fibrous peat, well drained. A moist atmosphere is
essential, and light shade. They are of easy cultivation.
B. ni'tida (shiny). 2 to 4. Bright orange-scarlet, large.

Summer. N.W. Borneo. 1872.

„ schizochei'la (cut-b'pped). 2. Orange-yellow.
Malaya. 1904.

BURCHA'RDIA. (Named after H. Burchard, M.D.
Nat. ord. Melanths [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria,
5-Trigynia. Allied to Veratrum.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennial ; offsets and divi-
sions; sandy peat and loam. Winter temp., 38° to 40°.
B. umbella'ta (umbellate). 2. White, green. August.
N. Holland. 1820.

BURCHELLIA. (Named after Burchell, an African
traveller. Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, from Cape of Good Hope.
Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm at the base, in
April and May ; fibrous loam and sandy peat. Summer
temp., moderate ; winter, 50° to 55°.
B. bubali'na (buffalo). See B. CAPENSIS.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). 3. Scarlet. March. (B. M., t. 2339.)

BURLINGTONIA

140

BUXUS

BURLINGTO'NIA. (Named after the Countess of
Burlington. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monogynia. Now united with Rodri-
guezia.)

Stove orchids. Divisions fastened to blocks of wood,
with a little moss attached. High temperature and
moist atmosphere when growing ; cool and dry when in
a state of rest. Summer temp., 70° to 90° ; winter, 55°.
B. ca'ndida (snow-white). See RODRIGUEZIA CANDIDA.
„ deco'ra (neat). See RODRIGUEZIA DECORA.
„ macula' to, (spotted). See LEOCHILUS ONCIDIOIDES.
„ perpusi'lla (very small). See RODRIGUEZIA PER-

PUSILLA.

„ ri'gida (stiff-stemmed). See RODRIGUEZIA RIGIDA.
„ venu'sta (beautiful). See RODRIGUEZIA VENUSTA.

BUR MARIGOLD. See BIDENS.

BUR REED. See SPARGANIUM.

BURN ONION. See POTATO ONION.

BURNET. (Pote'rium Sanguiso'rba.) Small, or Up-
land Burnet. Used in cool tankards, soups, and salads.

Soil and Situation. — It delights in a dry, unshaded,
poor soil, abounding in calcareous matter, with a dress-
ing of bricklayers' rubbish, or fragments of chalk. A
small bed will be sufficient for the supply of a family.

Propagation is either by seed or by cuttings and part-
ings of the roots. The seed sown March until May, as
weather permits. But the best time is in autumn, as
soon as it is ripe ; for, if kept until the spring, it will
often fail entirely, or lie in the ground until the same
season of the following year, without vegetating. Sow
in drills, six inches apart, thin, and not buried more
than half an inch. Keep clear of weeds. When two or
three inches high, thin to six inches apart, and those
removed place in rows at the same distance, in a poor,
shady border, water being given occasionally until they
have taken root, after which they will require no further
attention until the autumn, when they must be removed
to their final station, in rows a foot apart. When estab-
lished, the only attention requisite is to cut down their
stems occasionally in summer, to promote the produc-
tion of young shoots, and, in autumn, to have the
decayed stems and shoots cleared away.

If propagated by partings of the roots, the best time
is in September and October. They are planted at once
where they are to remain, and only require occasional
watering until established.

To obtain Seed some of the plants must be left un-
gathered from, and allowed to shoot up early in the
summer. They flower in July, and ripen abundance of
seed in the autumn.

BURNING BUSH. Euo'nymus america'nus, and E.
atropurpu'reus.

BURRIE'LIA GRA'CILIS. See B^RIA GRACILIS.

BURSA'RIA. (Named from bursa, a pouch. Nat.
ord. Pittosporads [Pittosporaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass or close frame ; sandy
peat and fibrous loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
B. spino'sa (thorny). 10. White. October. N. S.
Wales. 1793.

BU'RSERA. (Named after Burser, an Italian botanist.
Nat. ord. Burserads [Burseraceae]. Linn. 2^-Polygamia,
2-Dioecia.)

Stove trees ; cuttings under a glass, with bottom-heat ;
loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
50° to 55°.

B. australa'sica (Australasian). Australia.
,, gummi'fera (gum-bearing). 20. White, green. W.

Ind. 1690.

„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). Mexico.
„ serra'ta (saw-edged-leaved). See PROTIUM SERRATUM

BURTO'NIA. (Named after D. Burton, a collector for
the Kew Gardens. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legu-
minosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Pultenaea.)

Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs ; seeds in March
and April, in sandy pat ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand and loam, in close frame ; fibrous peat, sandy
loam, and pieces of charcoal, mixed with soil and drainage.
Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 45° to 50°.

B. brunioi'des (Brunia-like). ij. Yellow. June. N.
Holland. 1844.

„ confe'rta (clustered-flowered). 2. Violet. July. N.
Holland. 1830.

„ Henderso'ni (Henderson's). Yellow. August Aus-
tralia. 1840.

„ mi' nor (smaller). See GOMPHOLOBIUM MINUS.

„ polyzy'ga (many-pair-leaved). Australia.

„ pulche'lla (beautiful). See B. SCABRA.

„ sca'bra (rough-leaved). i. Yellow. June. N.
Holland. 1803.

„ sessilifo'lia (stalkless-leaved). See B. SCABRA.

„ villo'sa (long-haired). 2. Purple. May. Swan River.
1844.

BUSHEL. See BASKET.

BUTCHER'S BROOM. Ru'scus aculea'tus.

BU'TEA. (Named after John, Earl of Bute. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Dia-
delphia, i-Pentandria. Allied to the Coral-tree.)

Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of shoots, young, but
firm, in sand, in a moist bottom-heat, under a glass,
removed, or air given, during the night ; loam and
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

B. frondo'sa (leafy). 30. Scarlet. E. Ind. 1796.
„ parvifio'ra (small-flowered). See SPATHOLOBUS Rox-

BURGHII.
„ supe'rba (superb). 30. Scarlet. E. Ind. 1798.

BUTOMO'PSIS. (From Butomus and opsis, like. Nat.
ord. Alismaceae. Allied to Butomus.)

B. lanceola'ta (lanceolate), i. White. June. Australia.
1823.

BU'TOMUS. Flowering Rush. (From bous, an ox,
and temno, to cut ; in reference to its acrid juice, causing
the mouth to bleed. Nat. ord. Butomads [Butomaceaa].
Linn. g-Enneandria, 3-Hexagynia.)

Hardy perennial aquatics ; divisions ; rich loam, in
water.

J5. latifo'lius (broad-leaved). See BUTOMOPSIS LANCEO-

LATA.

„ umbella'tus (umbelled). 2. Pink. June. Britain.

BUTTER AND EGGS. Narci'ssus incompara'bilis
aura'ntius.

BUTTER AND TALLOW TREE. Pentade'sma.
BUTTER-BUR. See PETASITES OFFICINALIS.
BUTTERCUP. See RANUNCULUS.
BUTTERFLY ORCHIS. See HABENARIA BIFOLIA and

H. VIRESCENS.

BUTTERFLY PLANT. See ONCIDIUM PAPILIO.
BUTTER NUT. Ca'ryocar and Ju'glans cine'rea.
BUTTER-TREE. Ba'ssia.
BUTTERWORT. Pingui'cula.
BUTTON FLOWER. Go'mphia.
BUTTON-TREE. Conoca'rpus.
BUTTON WEED. Spermaco'ce.
BUTTON WOOD. Cephala'nthus.

BU'XUS. Box-tree. (From puknos, dense ; re-
ferring to the hardness of the wood. Nat. ord. Spurge-
worts [Euphorbiaceae]. Linn. zi-Moncecia, ^-Tetrandria.)

Hardy and greenhouse shrubs and trees ; seed sown
in light, well-drained soil, as soon as ripe ; cuttings, from
four to six inches in length, of the young shoots, inserted
in a shady place in August and September ; layers of
either old or young wood ; division of the variety suffruti-
co'sa, generally used as edgings to walks ; cuttings of
balea'rica will require protection in winter. Chinese and
New Holland species require a cold pit or greenhouse in
winter.

B. austra'lis (southern). 6. N. Holland. 1820.
„ balea'rica (Balearic). 8. Yellow, green. July.

Balearic Islands. 1780.
„ chine'nsis (Chinese). 3. Yellow, green. October.

China. 1802.
„ Fortu'nei (Fortune's). Spring. China. 1871.

BYBLIS

141

CABBAGE

B. Harla'ndi (Harland's). China.
„ Htldtbra'ndtii (HUdebrandt's). Somaliland and

Socotra. Stove.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). Japan.
„ „ au'rea (golden variegated).
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). Spring. Syria. 1871.
„ sempervi'rens (common evergreen). 8. Yellow, green.

April. England.
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 8. Yellow, green.

„ „ arbore'scens (tree-like). 30. Yellow, green. May.

Britain.
„ „ arge'ntea (silver-variegated). 30. Yellow, green.

May. Britain.
„ ,, au'rea macula'ta ( golden-war iegated). 30. Yellow,

green. May. Britain.
„ „ au'reo-margina'ta (yellow-edged). 30. Yellow.

green. April. Britain.
„ ,, decussa'ta (decussate). Leaves narrowed at the

base. 1878.

„ „ eleganti'ssima (very elegant).
„ „ himalaye'nsis (Himalayan). Leaves like those of

Myrtle. Himalaya. 1907.
„ „ iatifo'lia (broad-leaved).
„ „ Iatifo'lia bulla'ta (wrinkled broad-leaved).
„ „ Iatifo'lia macrophy'Ua (large-leaved).
„ „ Iatifo'lia macula'ta (blotched broad-leaved).
„ „ longifo'lia (long-leaved).
„ „ myosotifo'lia (Myosotis-leaved).
„ „ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 8. Yellow, green.

April. Britain.
,, „ pe'ndula (pendulous).
„ „ Po'nteyi (Pon toy's).
„ „ prostra'ta (prostrate).
„ „ pyramida'lis (pyramidal).
„ „ rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary -leaved).
„ „ salicifo'lia ela'ta (tall willow-leaved).
„ „ suffrutico'sa (sub-shrubby). Dwarf or Edging

Box.

„ „ undulifo'lia (wavy-leaved).
„ wallichia'na (Wallichian). Himalaya.

BY BLIS. (A classical name, after Byblis, daughter
of Miletus. Nat. ord. Sundews [Droseracese]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, s-Pentagynia.)

Greenhouse aquatic ; seeds ; fibrous, black peat
immersed in water. Summer temp., 50° to 70° ; winter,
45° to 55°-

B. gigante'a (giant). Western Australia. 1899.
„ liniflo'ra (flax-flowered). J. Blue. May. N.Holland.
1800.

BYRSO NIMA. (From byrsa, a hide ; in reference to
the tanning properties of the genus. Nat. prd. Mal-
pighiads [Malpigbiaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, 3-Trt-
gynia.)

In Brazil the bark of these trees is in common use by
the tanners, under the name of murice. The fruit of
some of them is eaten in the West Indies. Stove ever-
greens ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sandy peat,
under a bell-glass or in close frame, and in a moist
bottom-heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 70° to
80° ; winter, 55° to 60".

B. alti'ssima (tallest). 60. White. July. Guiana.

1820.
„ chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 10. Yellow. August.

Orinoco. 1823.

„ coria'cea (leathery-kav#i). See B. SPICATA.
„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 20. Yellow. July.

Guiana. 1793.
„ laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 10. Yellow. July.

Cumana. 1824.
„ lu'cida (shining-leaved). 6. Pink. July. W. Ind.

1759-

Mourei'la (Moureila). See B. CRASSIFOLIA.
nervo'sa (/utf -nerved). 8. Yellow. July. Brazil.

1820.

pa'llida (pale). 4. Pale. Cayenne. 1820.
reticula'ta (netted). See HETEROPTERIS PLATYPTERA.
spica'ta (spiked). 6. Yellow. August. Antilles.

1810.
„ v«r6asci/o'Ka(Verbascum-leaved). 6. Pale red. July.

Guiana. 1810.
„ volu'bilis (twining). See HIR^BA SIMSIANA.

BYSTROPO'QON. (From byo, to close, and pogon, a
beard ; in reference to the throat of the flower being
closed up with hairs. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiatae].
Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia. Allied to Thyme.)
Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs ; cuttings of stubby
side-shoots in sandy soil, under a glass ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 48°.
B. canarie'nsis (Canary), ij. Pale purple. July.

Canaries. 1714.
„ origanifo'lius (Origanum-leaved), ij. Pale purple.

July. Canaries. 1815.
„ plumo'sus(ie3ithery-flowered). ij. Pale purple. June.

Canaries. 1779.

„ puncta'tus (dotted). ij. Pale purple. June.
Madeira. 1775.

BYTTNE RIA. See BUETTNE'RIA.

CABARET. See A'SAROM.

CABBAGE. Bras'sica olera'cea.

The ordinary cabbage of commerce is too well known
to need any description, and varieties are now too
varied to enumerate. Most of the leading seedsmen
have their own special names, but we may say that the
old type of the variety " Enfield Market " is still grown ;
yet there may be some improvement in what we see
now compared with the original type. In referring to
catalogues we find the Americans appear to favour the
round-headed sorts, yet we prefer those of a more
conical shape, that is, the smooth-leaved sorts for
ordinary culinary purposes, but with some of the growers
the round-headed find favour. Then we have the drum-
head varieties, which are largely grown for feeding
cattle. The Savoy cabbages are another different type,
and in commerce are simply known as " savoys." All
are classed as varieties of Brassica oleracea, but at one
time there was a wide difference between an ordinary
cabbage and a brussels sprout; yet we get autumn
varieties with shorter stems, and some sprouts beneath
a good cabbage head. And the Savoys also produce the
same kind of growth. When one tries to divide them
it becomes difficult. Messrs. Sutton & Sons on one
occasion exhibited about fifty varieties of the cabbage
tribe (or varieties of Brassica oleracea), and it would
have puzzled the best authorities to say where the
divisions should be made. The Red Cabbage, which is
grown chiefly for pickling, is a very distinct type, of
which we have some improved varieties.

In the older editions of this work long cultural direc-
tions are given, but it is not necessary here ; for almost
every cottager now has his weekly paper, which tells
him what to do. The only point to add is that early
in August is a good time to sow for the early spring
crops. A great thing is to prepare the ground properly
and be careful not to sow the seed too thickly. For
summer and autumn use, seed sown on a half-spent
hotbed under glass will make good plants ; and will
not be so liable to run to seed as the late autumn sown.
They also grow freely, without being so liable to club-
root and other troubles. Yet there can be no definite
time given for sowing, for some make periodical sowings
all the year through ; the one thing is to avoid going
on the ground when it is too wet. And when planting
out, manure may be used liberally, but no strong manure
should be used for the seed-beds.

Cutting Cabbages. — If young sprouts are required, the
side-leaves should be left on for about five days after
the principal head is cut. The side-sprouts will be
found to put forth very much the stronger and quicker
for the leaves being thus left.

Planting.— Plant in rows, from one and a half to two
and a half feet asunder each way, the smaller, early
kinds being planted the closest. The Red Cabbage, the
principal plantation of which should be made in March,
for pickling in September, is benefited by having the
distances enlarged to three feet. They must be well
watered at the time of removal, and until fully estab-
lished.

To obtain Seed.— In October, which is the preferable
season, and from thence until the close of February,
select some of the finest and best cabbage-plants. Have

CABBAGE

142

CACTUS

the large, outer leaves removed, and then insert them
up to their heads hi rows, three feet asunder each way.
Each variety must be planted as far from any other as
possible, as, indeed, from every other species of cabbage-
wort ; and this precaution applies equally to the whole
tribe.

Frame Seedlings. — The heat must never exceed 60°,
nor sink more than two or three degrees beneath 50°,
which is the most favourable minimum. Air should be
admitted freely in the day, and the glasses covered, as
necessity requires, at night with matting.

Coleworts or Collets merely signify cabbages eaten
young, or previous to their hearts becoming firm, the
genuine Colewort, or Dorsetshire Kale, being nearly
extinct.

The cabbage is liable to the MILDEW and AMBURY,
which see, and to many insects, as the Aphis, Mamestra,
and those next enumerated.

CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. See PIERIS.

CABBAGE FLY. See ANTHOMYIA.

CABBAGE-GARDEN PEBBLE-MOTH. PyraMs.

CABBAGE MOTH. Mamestra.

CABO MBA. (Derivation not explained. Nat. ord.
Water shields [Nymphasacere]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, 2-
Digynia.)

Small water-plants, with floating shield-like leaves,
and small yellow flowers, which look, at a distance, like
so many Crowfoot-flowers. Interesting species, propa-
gated by root division, requiring only greenhouse culture
in summer, and to rest in a cool part of the stove in
winter. A shallow pan of water, with three inches deep
of rich loam in the bottom, will suit them well.
C. aqua'tica (aquatic). Yellow. May. Mexico. 1823.
„ carolinia'na (Carolinian). Yellow. N. Amer.

C AC A LI A. (From kakos, pernicious, and lian, ex-
ceedingly ; supposed to be hurtful to the soil. Nat. ord.
Composites [Compositas]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-JEqualis.
Allied to Senecio.)

Hardy species are propagated by dividing the plant,
and dividing the root when tuberous. C. coccinea may
be sown in the borders, in April ; other annuals require
a hotbed ; Cape and East Indian species require the
greenhouse and stove respectively. Cuttings should have
their juicy ends dried before inserting them in sandy
soil ; sandy loam, fibrous peat, equal parts ; lime-
rubbish and very rotten cow-dung, half a part of each.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

C. alpi'na (alpine). See ADENOSTYLES VIRIDIS.
„ a/n'/>/tct'/o7t'a(Atriplex-leaved). See SENECIO ATRIPLI-

CIFOLIUS.

„ cocci' 'nea (scarlet-flowered). See EMILIA FLAMMEA.
„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). See MIKANIA CORDIFOLIA.
„ hasta'ta (halbert-leaved) . See SENECIO SAGITTATUS.
„ renifo'rmis (kidney- formed). See SENECIO MUEHLEN-

BERGII.

„ suave' olens (sweet-scented). See SENECIO SUAVEO-

LENS.

„ tubero'sa (tuberous), i. August. N. Amer. 1812.
Tuberous-rooted.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

C. articula'ta (jointed). See KLEINIA ARTICULATA.
„ carno'sa (fleshy-leaved) . See SENECIO ELEGANS.
„ cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). See OTHONNA CYLINDRICA.
„ Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). See KLEINIA HAWORTHII.
„ Klei'nia (Klein's). See KLEINIA NERIIFOLIA.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See KLEINIA PUGIONI-

FORMIS.
„ papilla 'ris (pimpled-stalked). See KLEINIA PAPIL-

LARIS.
„ pugionifo'rmis (dagger- formed). See KLEINIA

PUGIONIFORMIS.

„ radi'cans (rooting). See KLEINIA RADICANS.

„ reticula'ta (netted). 2. Yellow. Bourbon. 1823.

„ sca'ndens (climbing). See SENECIO VOLUBILIS.

STOVE.

C. bi'color (two-coloured). See GYNURA BICOLOR.
„ ova'lis (oval-leaved). See GYNURA PSEUDO-CHINA.

CA'CHRYS. (A native name. Nat. ord. Umbelli-
fera.)

Hardy perennial herb. Seeds; divisions. Ordinary
soil.

C. odonta'lgica (tooth-pain), i. Yellow. July. Siberia.
1820.

CACOU'CIA. (The Indian name. Nat. ord. Myro-
bolans [Combretaceae]. Linn. n-Dodecandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Combretum.)

A fine stove climber, requiring the same treatment as
Combre'tum purpu'reum. Cuttings of stiff side-shoots in
sand, close frame, with bottom-heat. Peat and loam,
both sandy and fibrous. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 60°.

C. cocci' nea (scarlet). Scarlet. May. Guiana.

CACTUS DAHLIA. See DAHLIA JUAREZII.

CA'CTUS. Melon Thistle. (A name applied by Theo-
phrastus to some spiny plant. Nat. ord. Indian Figs
[Cactacea?]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, i-Monogynia.)

This extensive genus of Indian Fig, Meloacactus, &c.,
has been very properly divided into several and well-
marked genera : here we gather them under one general
title.

ANHALO'NIOM.

C Engeltna'nni (Englemann's). Mexico.
„ prisma'ticum (prismatic). Mexico.
„ Willia'msii (Williams's). White. June. Mexico.

1845.
„ „ Lewi'nii (Lewin's).

CE'REUS (Torch Thistle).

C. abno'rmis (abnormal). See C. PERUVIANUS.
„ acuta'ngulus (sharp-angled). Yellow. September.

Mexico. 1835.

„ erina'ceus (rough). July. W. Ind. 1818.
„ Eyrie' sii (Eyries's). White, yellow. September.

Argentina. 1829.
„ „ crista'tus (crested).
„ „ ro'seus (rosy).
„ „ ru'ber (red).

„ flagellifo'rmis (whip-formed). Rat's-tail Cactus.
„ glau'cus (sea-green). Brazil.
„ Le'cchii (Lecche's). Yellow. July. 1833.
„ leea'nus (Lee's). Mexico.
„ oxygo'nus (sharp-angled). Pale rose. May. Brazil.

1831.

„ Pentla'ndi (Pentland's). Rose. July.
„ peruvia'nus (Peruvian). White. July. S. Amer.

1818.

„ polyaca'nthus (many-spined). Texas.
„ pulche'llus (beautiful). White. August. Mexico.

1831.
„ rhodaca'ntha (red-spined). Scarlet. September.

Argentina. 1835.

„ se'nilis (old). 20. S. Amer. 1823.
„ speciosi' ssimus (showiest). Crimson. July. Mexico.

1836.

ECHINOCACTUS (Hedgehog Thistle).

C. acua'tus (arched). Yellow. September. Monte

Video. 1836.

„ agglomera' tus (heaped). See C. SPIRALIS.
„ arcua'tus (arch-ribbed). See C. ACUATUS.
„ centete'rius (many-spined). Yellow. July. Mexico.

1840.
„ chlorophtha'lmus (green-eyed). Purple. June. Rio

del Monte.
„ conci'nnus (neat). Yellow. March. Monte Video.

1828.
„ corni'gerus (horn-bearing). White. July. Mexico.

1830.

,, corruga'tus (ribbed). Chili. 1824.
„ coryno'des (club-shaped). Yellow. October. S. Amer.

1837.

„ crispa'tus (curled). Purple. Mexico. 1826.
„ cyli'ndricus (cylindrical). Mexico. 1836.
,, de'nsus (dense). Mexico. 1829.
„ De'ppei (Deppe's). Mexico. 1829.
„ depresses (depressed). S. Amer. 1798.
„ echina'tus (hedgehog-like). April. Mexico. 1830.
„ edu'lis (eatable). Yellow. Mexico.

CACTUS

143

CACTUS

C. exscu'lptus (carved). White. July. Chili. 1830.
„ folio'sus (leafy). Chili. 1824.
„ gibbo'sus (swollen). White. July. Jamaica. 1808.
„ „ no'bilis.

„ Gillie'sii (Gillie's). See C. FORMOSOS.
„ gladia' tus (sword- spined). July. Mexico. 1826.
„ hamatoca'nthus (tongue-spined). Yellow. July.

Mexico. 1851.

„ hexadro'phorus (six-sided). White. June. Tampico.
„ infta'tus (inflated). Chili. 1828.
„ i'ngens (huge). Mexico. 1838.
„ in to' r tus (tvristed-spined). Purple. June. Antigua.

1768.

„ intrica'tus (intricate). April. Monte Video. 1828.
„ leea'nus (Lee's). Pale sulphur. May. Buenos Ayres.

1840.

„ Li'nkii (Link's). Yellow. July. Mexico. 1828.
„ longihama' tus (long-hooked). See C. HAMATOCANTHUS.
„ mackiea'nus (Mackie's). Yellow. Chili. 1836.
„ mammiliarioi' des (Mammillaria-like). See C. PFEIFFERI.
„ meonaca'nthus (oblong-spined). Jamaica. 1835.
„ monUvide'nsis (Monte Video). Yellow. Monte Video.

1835.

„ multiflo'rus (many-flowered). White. June.
„ myriosti gma (many-spotted). Pale-striped. July.

Mexico. 1843.

„ no'bilis (noble). See C. GIBBOSUS NOBILIS.
„ obvalla'tus (fenced-round). Purple. Mexico.
„ pectini' ferus (comb-like). Pale green, rose. April.

Mexico. 1844.

„ Pfeiffe'ri (Pfeiffer's). Yellow. Mexico. 1836.
„ pilo'sus (thinly hairy). Mexico.
„ „ Steine'sii (Steines's). Pink. Mexico. 1844.
„ redu'ctus (restored). 2. Mexico. 1796.
„ rhodophtha'lmus (red-eyed). J. Crimson. August.

Potosi. 1850.

„ Sco'pa (broom). Yellow. April. Brazil. 1838.
„ „ spi'nis-a'lbis (white-spined). Yellow. June.

Brazil. 1836.

„ spira'lis (spiral). June. Mexico. 1838.
„ Steine'sii (Steines's). See C. PILOSDS STEINESII.
„ streptocau'lon (spiral-stemmed), ij. Yellow. August.

Bolivia. 1845.

„ tubgibbo'sus (slightly-swollen). See C. EXSCULPTUS.
„ tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). White. Mexico. 1836.
„ Visna'ga (tooth-pick-spined). See C. INGENS.

EPIPHY'LLUM (Leaf-flowering).

Pink. June.

Brazil

C. trunca'tum (abrupt-ended).

1818.

„ „ cocci' neum (scarlet). Scarlet. June. 1818.
„ „ russellia'num (Duke of Bedford's). Pink. May.

Brazil. 1839.
„ „ vida'ceum (violet-colovt-flowered). Violet, May.

MAMMILLA'RIA (Nipple-bearers).

C. bi' color (two-coloured). Red. Mexico. 1823.
„ chrysaca'nfka (golden-spined). Yellow. S. Amer.

1827.
„ cocci' nea (scarlet-flowered). Scarlet. June. Chili.

1827.

„ columna'ris (column-like). See C. POLYTHELE.
„ co'nica (cone-headed). July. S. Amer. 1808.
„ corona'ria (garland). Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1817.
„ de'nsa (dense). See C. ECHINATA.
„ depre'ssa (depressed). See C. DISCOLOR.
„ di'scolor( two-coloured). Red, green. July. S. Amer.

1800.

„ echina'ria (hedgehog). See C. ECHINATA.
„ echina'ta (spiny). Pale pink. Mexico. 1830.
„ flave'scens (yellow-spined). Yellow. 1811.
„ fioribu'nda (many-flowered). Pink. Chili.
,, fulvispi'na (brown-spined). Red. Brazil. 1829.
„ geminispi'na (twin-spined). See C. BICOLOR.
„ glomera'ta (tufted). Red. St. Domingo. 1825.
„ Heli'cteres (twisted). Rose. June. Mexico. 1827.
„ lani'fera (wool-bearing). Red. Mexico. 1823.
„ Lehma'nnii (Lehmann's). Yellow. Mexico. 1836.
„ missourie'nsis (Missouri). White. July. Missouri.

1818.

„ polythe'le (many-ribbed). Mexico. 1838.
„ proli'fera (proliferous). Whitish. July. S. Amer.

1800.

C. pu'lchra (pretty). Yellow. June. Mexico. 1826.
„ pusi'lla (small)'. Pale red. S. Amer. 1820.
„ pyramida'lis (pyramidal). See C. RHODANTHA.
„ quadra 'ta (four-sided). Chili. 1827.
„ quadrispi'na (four-spined). Mexico. 1838.

, rhodz'ntha (red-flowered). Mexico. 1835.

, specio'sa (showy). Red. Chili. 1827.

, stella'ta (starry). Pink. May. S. Amer. 1815.

, strami'nea (straw-coloured). See C. FLAVESCENS.

, te'nuis (slender). Pale yellow. May. Mexico. 1830.

, ietr aca'ntha (four-spined) . Rose. July. Mexico.

, turbina'ta (top-shaped). Striped. July. Mexico.
1838.

, vtftula (oldish). Light scarlet. 1835.

, vivi'para (viviparous). Red. Louisiana. 1811.

MELOCA'CTUS (Turk's-Cap-Cactus).

C. amce'nus (lovely). Light scarlet. 1835.

„ commu'nis (common). Red. July. W. Ind. 1788.
„ „ vi'ridis (green). 1836.

„ depre'ssus (depressed). Scarlet. Pernambuco.

„ macroca'nthus (large-spined). White, red. S. Amer.

1820.

„ placentifo'rmis (placenta-shaped). Red. Brazil.

„ pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Red. Curacoa. 1824.
„ „ spi' nis-ru bris (red-spined).

PHYLLOCA'CTUS (Leaf-flowering Cactus).

C. v4c&w»a'nm'{Ackermann's). Scarlet. June. Mexico.

1829.

„ „ ma'jor (laxgtT-flawered). Scarlet. June.
„ crena'tus (scolloped). Pale cream. May. Honduras.

1839.
„ HookSri (Sir Wm. Hooker's). White. June. S.

Amer.
„ la' tifrons (broad-stemmed). White. August. Mexico.

1820.
„ Phylla'nthus (leaf-flowering). White. June. S.

Amer. 1810.

RHI'PSALIS (Willow-branch Cactus).

C. Cassy'tha (Cassytha). 2. Yellow. September. S.

Amer.

„ „ ro'sea (rosy).
„ mesembryanthoi'des (Mesembryanthemum - like).

White. S. Amer. 1817.
„ pachy'pttra (thick-winged). White. June. W. Ind.

1810.
„ rho'mbei (diamond-leaved). Pale yellow. June.

Brazil. 1835.

There are many more species in all the above sub-
divisions of Cactus mentioned in botanical works ; but
they are recorded under their respective names in the
body of the dictionary.

Culture. — It is possible that under the different names
of Epiphy'llum, Mamilla'ria, and Meloca'ctus we may
see occasion to detail a few extra points of culture ;
but we may observe here, that there are features of
cultivation common to them all, namely, a high tem-
perature and a somewhat moist atmosphere when grow-
ing in summer ; a dry atmosphere when ripening their
growth ; under natural conditions they have a very dry
period, and when the rainy season commences they
flower and make growth. Though a temperature of
from 80° to 95° will not be too high in the one case,
one not below 40° will suffice in the other.

Echinocactus culture. — This group is propagated, at
times, by seed, which should be sown as soon as ripe in
shallow pans, and plunged in a hotbed ; by offsets,
which should be well dried at the base before planting,
and then plunged into bottom-heat. This method of
propagating should only be resorted to hi spring or
summer ; all changing of the soil, or re-potting, should
also be done at that time, as, if done in winter, stagna-
tion and decay are apt to ensue. Good drainage con-
stitutes an essential feature. Soil, equal portions of
sandy loam and peat, and half parts of clear river or
silver-sand, leaf-mould, or dried, old cow-dung, and
brick-rubbish, consisting, however, more of the brick
broken than the lime. In addition to this compost,
when potting offsets without roots, a little silver-sand
may be advantageously placed round them, and firm-
ness be secured by placing some slight pins of wood

CADALVENA

144

CALADENIA

round their base. In re-potting, it is well to use a
thick, soft glove, to save alike hands and spines ; and
then it is advisable to remove most of the soil, as well
as drainage, and any faulty roots, holding the plant
well up, and shaking the compost with the other hand
carefully among the roots. Water at all times must be
given with care ; but, when growing in fine weather hi
summer, they will require a considerable supply both at
the roots and as vapour in the atmosphere, with a
high temperature. As soon as the spines change colour,
moisture must be gradually withheld, the temperature
lowered, and more air given. Summer temp., 60° to
90° ; winter, 40° to 50*.

Insects.— The Red Spider seizes them at times ; and
he must be started immediately, either by covering the
surface of the pot, and then placing your hand over it,
turning it topsy-turvy, and drawing the plant rapidly
several times through water at 120° ; or by dusting the
plants with flowers of sulphur ; or, as alike prevention
and cure, fuming the house by placing sulphur on the
hot- water pipes, or on a hot- water plate kept on purpose.
The most remarkable are the E. pilosus Steinesii and
ingens, the monsters for size lately introduced to Kew
Gardens.

CADA'LVENA. (Nat. ord. Scitaminaceae.)

A stove, herbaceous plant resembling a Maranta. For

cultivation, see MARANTA.

C. specta'bUis (showy). Large golden- yellow. Trop.
Africa. 1905.

CA'DIA. (Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

A dwarf shrub, notable for its regular flowers. It
requires stove treatment. Cuttings of shoots, getting
firm, in pots of sandy soil, placed in a close case with
bottom-heat.

C. ettisia'na (Ellisian). Rosy-red. December. Mada-
gascar. 1870.

C2ELESTTNA. (From ccdestis, celestial ; in reference
to their sky-blue colour. Nat. ord. Composites [Com-
positae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia , i-^Equalis. Now referred
to Ageratum.)

Propagate from seed and cuttings which germinate or
root freely. Greenhouse and cold pit in whiter, and
the flower-border hi summer. They grow most com-
pactly in loamy soil.
C. ageratoi'des (agera turn-like). See AGERATUM CORYM-

BOSUM.

,, ceertt'lea (sky-blue). See AGERATUM CORYMBOSUM.
„ micra'ntha (small-flowered). See AGERATUM CORYM-
BOSUM.

C2ENOTTERIS. (From kainos, new, and pteris, a
fern. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia,
i-Filices.)

Divisions, like most Ferns ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 38° to 50°.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

C. appendicula'ta (appendaged). |. Brown. July. N.

Holland. 1822.

„ Odonti'tes (Odontites). f. Brown. July. N. Holland.
1822.

STOVE HERBACEOUS.
C. myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved). See ASPLENIUM RHIZO-

PHYLLUM MYRIOPHYLLUM.

„ rhizophy'llum(Too ting-leaved). See ASPLENIUM RHIZO-

PHYLLUM.

„ ihalictroi' des (Thalictrum-like). i. Brown. Sep-
tember. Jamaica.

C2ESALPFNIA. Brasiletto. (Named after Casal-
pinus, physician to Pope Clement VIII. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosas]. Linn. lo-Decandria,
I'Monogynia. In alliance with Poinciana.)

" As hard as Brazils " refers to the Brazil-wood — that
of Casalpi'nia brasilie'nsis. Stove evergreens, except
where otherwise mentioned. Seeds and cuttings in sand
and in bottom-heat. Peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

C. alternifo'lia (alternate-leaved). Orange. Trop. Amer.

1868.
„ bahame'nsis (Bahama). See C. CRISTA.

C. bi' color (two-coloured). 20. Red-purple. S. Amer.

1896.

,, bi'juga (two-paired). 20. W. Ind.
„ Bo'nduc (Bonduc). Tropics.
„ Bonduceflla (Small Bonduc). Tropics.
„ brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 20. Orange. Jamaica.

1739. Brazil-wood.

„ cassioi'des (Cassia-like). 6. Yellow. S. Amer. 1821.
„ chine'nsis (China). See C. NUGA.
„ coria'ria (leathery). S. Amer. " Divi-Divi."
„ Cri'sta (Crista). 15. White. W. Ind. 1820.
„ di'gyna (two-fruited). 15. Yellow. E. Ind. 1820.
„ fe'rrea (rusty). Brazil.
„ Gillie'sii (Gillies's). Red, yellow. Mendoza. 1829.

Deciduous.

„ ho'rrida (very spiny). 12. Orange. New Grenada. 1824.
,, insi'gnis (noble). 15. Copper. Amazon region. 1823.
,, japo'nica( Japanese). Bright yellow. Japan. Hardy.

First flowered outside in 1887. Syns. C. crista,

Thunb., and C. sepiaria, of MiqucL
„ mexica'na (Mexican). 12. Yellow. Mexico. 1820.
„ Mi'nax (Minax). White, purple. April. China.
„ „ burma'nica (Burmese).

„ Nu'ga (Nuga). 10. Yellow. Trop. Asia. 1820.
„ oleospe'rma (oil-seeded). See C. DIGYNA.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). See C. NUGA.
„ pauciju'ga (few-pair-leaved). W. Ind.
„ pectina'ta (combed). See C. TINCTORIA.
„ pro'cera (tall). 30. Yellow. Cuba. 1824.
„ pulche'rrima (most beautiful). 12. Red and yellow

tip. Tropics. 1691.

„ puncta'ta (dotted). 6. Yellow. Brazil. 1820.
„ Sa'ppan (Sappan). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1773.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1800.

Climber.

„ sepia'ria (hedge). 60. Yellow. April. India. 1857.
„ tincto'ria (dyer's). 12. Orange. New Grenada. 1822.
„ verna'lis (spring). Lemon-yellow, with scarlet blotch.

China. 1907.
„ vesica'ria (bladdered). 12. Yellow. Brazil. 1820.

CMSIA. (Named after F. Ccesia. Nat. ord. Lily-
worts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Anthericum.)

Greenhouse tuberous-rooted perennial. Seeds in
March, in heat ; division of the roots ; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
C. vitta'ta (riband), i. Pale blue. July. N. S. Wales.
1816.

CAIO PHORA. See BLUMENBACHIA and LOASA.

CAJA'NUS. Pigeon Pea. (From its Malabar name,
Catjang. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, i-Pentandria. Allied to Phaseolus.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in spring ; sandy loam
and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

C. i'ndicus (Indian). 6 to 10. Yellow or purple-spotted.

India.

„ „ bi' color (two-coloured). India. 1800.
„ „ fia'vus (yellow). India. 1687.

CA'JEPUT OIL and CAJEPUT-TREE. See MELA-
LEU'CA LEUCADE'NDRON.

CAKTLE. (The Arabic name. Sea Rocket. Nat.
ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae].)

A pretty annual found on our sandy seashores, and
might be sown hi sandy borders or on the rockery. Seeds
in April.

C. mari'tima (maritime). i. Lilac. Summer and
autumn. Britain.

CALABASH NUTMEG. Monodo'ra Myri'stica.
CALABASH, SWEET. Passiflo'ra malifo'rmis.
CALABASH-TREE. Cresce'ntia Cuje'te.

CALABA-TREE.

Oil."

Calophy'llunt Cala'ba. " Calaba

CALADE'NIA. (From kalos, beautiful, and aden, a
gland. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Limodorum.)

New Holland, half-hardy, terrestrial orchids. Division
of the roots ; loam, peat, sand, and broken pots in
equal portions. A cool greenhouse in winter.

CALADIUM

145

CALADIUM

C. ala'ta (winged). See C. CARNEA ALATA.

„ a'lba (white). See C. CARNEA ALBA.

„ cceru'lea (sky-blue). Blue. N. Holland. 1804.

„ ca'mea (fresh-coloured). Flesh. July. N. Holland.
1826.

„ „ ala'ta (winged). 1823.

„ ,, a'lba (white). 1810.

„ clavi'gera (club-lipped). June. N. S. Wales.

„ defo'rmis (deformed). Yellow. August. Swan River.

„ denticula'ta (toothed). See C. FILAMENTO'SA.

„ dilata'ta (broad-lipped). See C. PATERSONII DILATATA.

„ tlonga'ta (elongated). See C. LATIFOLIA.

„ filamento'sa (thready). Yellow. Swan River.

„ fimbria'ia (fringed). Yellow. May. Australia.

„ gemma' to (budded). Purple. May. Swan River.

„ gta'cilis (slender). See C. TESTACEA.

„ ki'rta (hairy). Yellow. May. Swan River.

,, itioi'des (Ixia-like). Yellow. May. Swan River.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Yellow. May. Swan River.

„ longicau'da (long-spurred). See C. PATERSONI: DILA-
TATA.

„ margina'ta (bordered). See C. LATIFOLIA.

,, Menzie'sii (Menzies). Yellow. May. Australia.

„ mo'Uis (soft). See C. LATIFOLIA.

„ Paterso'nii (Paterson's). N. S. Wales.

„ „ dilata'ta (dilated). Yellow. Lip broad. Swan
River.

„ pili'fera (hairy). Purple. September. Swan River.

„ re'ptans (creeping). Purple. August. Swan River.

„ testa' cea (light-brown). July. N. Holland. 1824.

„ unguicula'ta (clawed). See C. DEFORMIS.

CALA'DIUM. (A word of uncertain derivation, perhaps
from kaladion, a cup. Nat. ord. Arads [Araceae]. Linn.
ii-Mon&cia, g-Polyandria. Alh'ed to Colocasia.)

The ginger-like roots of C. bi'color, &c., are used as
common food in tropical countries, under the name
cocoa-roots ; but the roots of others are very acrid.
Stove plants, with the exception of C. virgi'nicum. Inte-
resting chiefly on account of their stems and leaves.
Herbaceous kinds by division of the plants, and suckers ;
sub-shrubs, cuttings, and dividing the roots ; rich, lumpy
soil, and abundance of water. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

We may add that in recent years there has been con-
siderable improvement in the highly coloured hybrid
varieties, and they are much appreciated for decorations
both as plants and cut leaves. We find that growers
who do them for decorative purposes start them in heat
early in the season, but gradually harden them off and
expose them to the sun and light before using them. It
requires some care to keep the tubers through the winter.
They should be gradually ripened off in the autumn by
withholding water. When properly ripened off, they
may be stored in any dry place where the temperature
does not fall below 50°. If convenient they may be
left in the pots, but if txirned out and put into dry sand
they will keep well. They must not be placed where
the heat will dry the tubers too much. When starting
the tubers in the spring, the offsets should be taken off,
started in small pots in light, sandy soil ; and later on
they may be potted several together in each pot, using
rough, fibrous loam, peat, and some well-rotted stable
manure, with some sand added, and when well estab-
lished liquid manure may be given freely.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

C. aculea'tum (pricked). See MONTRICHARDIA ACULEATA.
„ arbore'scens (tree-like). See MONTRICHARDIA ACU-
LEATA.

„ arbo'rewn (tree). 9. White. Cumana. 1820.
„ auri'tum (ear-leaved). See SYNGONIUM AURITUM.
„ cuculla'tum (hood-leaved). See ALOCASIA CUCULLATA.
„ fragranti' ssimum (most fragrant). See PHILODEN-

DRON FRAGRANTISSIMUM.

„ helleborifo'lium (hellebore-leaved). See XANTHOSOMA

HELLEBORIFOLIUM.

„ la'cerum (torn). See PHILODENDRON LACERUM.

„ macula' turn (spotted). See DIEFFENBACHIA SEGUINE.

„ Segui'num (Seguin Dumb-cane). See DIEFFENBACHIA

SEGUINE.
„ trif>arti'tum(thiee-parted-leaved). See PHILODENDRON

TRIPARTITUM.

„ xanthorrhi' 'zum (yellow-rooted). See XANTHOSOMA

SAGITT^BFOLIUM.

STOVB DECIDUOUS.

C. adama'ntinum (adamantine). Leaves green with
white veins. Peru. 1891.

„ argyri'tes (silver-leaved). See C. HUMBOLDTII.

„ argyroneu'rum (silver-nerved). 2. S. Amer.

„ Belleye'nei. See C. PICTURATUM BELLEYE'NEI.

„ bi'color (two-coloured), i. White. June. S. Amer.
1773. Many varieties and mere forms of C. bicolor
have been described and figured as species, including
the following : Albo-maculatum, albo-punctatissi-
mum, amcenum, argyrospilum, Baraquinii, Brong-
niartii, Cannartii, Chantinii, Connaertii, Curwadlii,
devosianum, discolor, Duchartrei, Eckhartii, en-
keanum, firmulum, Gaerdtii, griseo-argenteum,
haageanum, haematostigma, Hardii, Hendersonii,
houbyanum, Houlletii, Ketteleri, Kochii, krameri-
anum, laucheanum, Leopoldi, Lindeni, macrophyl-
lum, marginatum, martersteigianum, mirabile,
mooreanum, Neumanni, Ottonis, pallidinervium,
pellucidum, Perrieri, pictum, poecile, punctatissi-
mum, purdieanum, pusillum, regale, reichen-
bachianum, rubellum, rubricaule, rubrovenium,
sagittaefolium, of Sieber, Sieboldii, splendens,
splendidissimum, splendidum, spruceanum, stange-
anum, surinamense, Thelemanni, transparens,
vellozianum, Verschaffeltii, Wagneri, Wallisi. and
Wightii.

„ cardina'le (scarlet). 1882.

„ cu'preum (copper). See ALOCASIA CUPREA.

„ edu'le (edible). See XANTHOSOMA EDULE.

„ erythr&'a (red), i. S. Amer.

„ escule'ntum (esculent). See COLOCASIA ANTIQUORUM.

„ hasta'tum (hastate). See C. PICTURATUM HASTATUM.

„ Humbo'ldtii (Humboldt's). Leaves silvery. Para.
1858. Syn. C. argyrites.

,, „ myriosti'gma (myriad-spotted).

„ Jenni'ngsii (Jennings's). See COLOCASIA AFFINIS.

„ lemairea'num (Lamairean). See C. PICTURATUM

LEMAIREANUM.

„ lilliputia'num (lilliputian). Apparently a variety of

C. argyrites. Venezuela. 1895.
„ li'vidum (livid). See STAUROSTIGMA CONCINNUM.
„ Lo'wii (Low's). See ALOCASIA LOWII.
„ lu'ridum (lurid). See STAUROSTIGMA CONCINNUM.
„ marmora'tum (marbled). Yellow. Guayaquil.
„ medioradia' turn (middle-rayed). Leaves with the

central veins silvery. Colombia. 1891.
„ myriosti'gma (myriad-spotted). See C. HUMBO'LDTII

MYRIOSTIGMA.

„ nymphaafo'lium (Nymphaea-leaved). See COLOCASIA

ANTIQUORUM NYMPHvE^EFOLIUM.

„ odora'tum (fragrant). See ALOCASIA MACRORRHIZA.

„ ova' turn (egg-shaped). See LAGENANDRA TOXICARIA.

„ peda'tum (pedate). See PHILODENDRON LACINIA-
TUM.

„ petiola'tum (stalked). See ANCHOMANES DIFFORMIS.

„ pictura'tum (ornamented). Greenish. S. Amer.

„ „ hasta'tum (hastate). 1858.

„ „ lemairea'num (Lemairean). Leaves with whitish
venation. S. Amer. 1861.

„ „ Troubetzko'yi (Troubetzkoy's).

„ pinnati'fidum (deeply-cut-leaved). See PHILODEN-
DRON PINNATIFIDUM.

„ pu'milum (dwarf). See GONATANTHUS SARMENTOSUS.
„ Rougie'ri (Rougier's). Leaves spotted white and

central veins red. Brazil. 1864.
„ rube'scens (reddish). Leaves red and green, small.

Brazil. 1893.
„ sagittefo'lium (arrow-leaved). See XANTHOSOMA

SAGITT^FOLIUM.

„ sagitta'tum (arrow-shaped). Leaves feathered red in

the centre. Brazil. 1891.
„ sanguineole1 'ntum (blood-coloured). Leaves white in

centre, blotched red. Amazons. 1872.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). See CULCASIA SCANDENS.
„ Schombu'rgkii (Schomburgk's). Leaves with white

veins. Guiana. 1861.
„ „ Schmi'toii (Schmitz's). Centre of leaf white, with

red veins. Brazil. 1861.
„ „ subrotu'ndum (roundish). Leaves roundish, spotted

red and white. Brazil. 1858.
„ Si'msii (Sims's). See PHILODENDRON SIMSII.
„ smaragdi'num (emerald green). White. Trop. Amer.

1853-

K

CALAIS

146

CALANDRA

C. specta'bile (showy). Leaves blotched pink and white.

Brazil. 1861.

„ stria'tipes (lined-stalked). Brazil.
„ subrotu'ndum (roundish). See C. SCHOMBURGKII SUB-

ROTUNDUM.
„ Troubetzko'yi (Troubetzkoy's). See C. PICTURATUM

TRODBETZKOYI.
„ veno'sum (veiny). Leaves with yellow veins and red

margin. Brazil. 1893.

„ virgi'nicum (Virginian). See PELTANDRA VIRGINICA.
„ vivi'parum (viviparous). See REMUSATIA VIVIPARA.
„ zamicefo'lium (Zamia-leaved). See ZAMIOCULCAS

LODDIGESII.

CA'LAIS LINDLEYI. See MICROSERIS LINDLETI.

CALAMAGRO'STIS. (From calamos, a reed, and
agrostis, a grass. Nat. ord. Gramineas.)

Beautiful plumy grasses that may be used for mixing
with cut flowers. Being perennial and perfectly hardy,
seeds may be sown in the open in September, and the
seedlings thinned out in spring. Any good garden soil.

C. epige'ios (terrestrial). 3. Purple. Britain. Common

Wood Reed.
„ lanceolate (lance-shaped). 3. Purple. Britain.

CALAMINT. See CALAMINTHA.

CALAMI NTH A. Calamint. ( From kalos, beautiful, and
mintha, mint. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiatae]. Linn.
1 4-Didynamia, i-Angiospermia. Allied to Melissa.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise
mentioned. Suckers and divisions ; common soil.
C. A'cinps (Acinos). £. Purple and white. July.

Britain. " Basil Thyme." Annual.
„ a'lba (white). See MICROMERIA RUPESTRIS.
„ alpi'na (alpine). |. Purplish. July to September.

S. Europe. 1731.
„ arve'nsis (field). See C. ACINOS.
„ carolinia'na (Carolina), i. Flame. June. Carolina.

1804.

„ chine' nsis (Chinese). China.
„ Clinopo'dium (Clinopodium). i. Rose. July to

September. Britain.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. June to September.

S. United States. 1834.

„ co'rsica (Corsican). £. Purple. June. Corsica. 1829.
„ cre'tica (Cretan). £. Purple. June. S. Europe.

1596. Half-hardy evergreen.

„ croa'tica (Croatian). See MICROMERIA CROATICA.
„ fructico'sa (shrubby). See MICROMERIA MARIFOLIA.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), i. Red. July. Italy.

1596.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated-leaved), i. Red. July.

Gardens.
„ grave'olens (strong-smelling), i. Purple. June. S.

Europe. 1820.

„ menthafo'lia (Mint-leaved). See C. OFFICINALIS.
„ marifo'lia (marum-leaved). See MICROMERIA MARI-
FOLIA.
„ mimuloi'des (Mimulus-like). i. Yellow. September.

California. 1849.

„ offlcina'lis (medicinal), i. Purple. July to Sep-
tember. Britain. Medicinal " Calamint."
„ patavi'na (Paduan). J to f. Purple-red. June. S.

Europe. 1776. s

„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). J. Purple. June,

Spain. 1829.
„ suave'olens (sweet-smelling), i. Red, purple. Greece.

1817.

„ sylva'tica (wood). See C. GRANDIFLORA.
CALA'MPELIS. See ECCREMOCARPUS SCABER.

CA'LAMUS. (From kalom, the Arabic word for a reed.
Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

The dark-coloured resin called Dragon's-blood is the
natural secretion of the fruit of C. Dra'co. Stove palms.
Seed ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter
50° to 55°.
C. acanthospa'thus(sp'my-sp3ithed). Himalayan Regions.

„ acce'dens (approaching). See D^MONOROPS DRACO.

„ adspe'rsus (scattered). See D^MONOROPS ADSPERSUS.

„ a'lbus (white). 50. E. Ind. 1812.

„ aspe'rrimus (roughest). Java. 1877. A climber.

„ austra'lis (Australian). Australia. 1861.

C. calica'rpus (beautiful-fruited). See D^BMONOROPS

CALICARPUS.

,, calole'pis (beautiful-scaled). See C. MELANOLOMA.

„ Caro'li (Charles's). A twining Palm. 1898.

„ caryotoi'des (Caryota-like). Australia.

„ cilia'ris (ciliated). Malaya. 1869.

„ cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). 1870.

„ dclica'tulus (somewhat delicate). Ceylon.

„ Dra'co (dragon). See D.EMONOROPS DRACO.

„ ere'ctus (erect). Himalaya.

„ farino'sus (mealy). Sumatra. 1872.

„ fi'ssus (split). See D^EMONOROPS FISSUS.

„ Flag'ellum (whip). Himalaya.

,, floribu'ndus (free-flowering). Himalayan Regions.

„ graci'llimus (most graceful). Leaflets wide apart.

1893.

„ gra'ndis (great). See D^EMONOROPS GRANDIS.
„ guinee'nsis (Guinean). Sikkim. Bull. Cat., 1884.
,, heteroi'deus (like various plants). See C. REIN WARDTII.
,, huegelia'nus (Huegelian). Malabar.
„ Hy'strix (hedgehog). See D^EMONOROPS HYSTRIX.
„ jenkensia'nus (Jenkensian). See D^EMONOROPS JEN-

KENSIANUS.

,, kentiafo'rmis (Kentia-formed). 1884.
,, Ice'vis (smooth). See ANCISTROPHYLLUM L>EVE.
„ latifo'lius (broad-leaved). Burma.
„ leptospa'dix (slender-spiked). Himalayan Regions.
„ lewisia'nus (Lewisian). See D.SMONOROPS LEWISIANUS.
„ Linde'ni (Linden's). Malaya. 1883.
,, margina'tus (margined). Borneo.
„ melanochcB' 'tes (black-spathed). See D^EMONOROPS

MELANOCHjETES.

„ melanolo'ma (black- fringed). Java.

„ micro! nthus (small flowered). Malaya.

„ monta'nus (mountain). See C. ACANTHOSPATHUS.

„ Muelle'ri (Mueller's). Trop. Australia.

, Nicola'i (Nicola's). Kerch. Palm, p. 237.

, ni'ger (black). See D^MONOROPS NIGER.

, oblo'ngus (oblong). Java. 1857.

, orna'tus (adorned). Malaya. 1875.

, ovoi'deus (egg-shaped). Ceylon. 1885.

, oxleya'nus (Oxleyan). Malaya.

, pachyste'monus (thick-stamened). Ceylon.
„ palemba' nicus (Palembanian). See D^EMONOROPS PAL-

EMBANICUS.

„ periaca'nthus (spine-surrounded). See DAEMON DROPS

PERIACANTHUS.

„ pisica'rpus (pea-fruited). 20. Cochin-China. 1812.

„ pri'nceps (chief). Java. 1872.

,, Pseu'do-Ro'tang (false Rotang). See C. VIMINALIS.

„ Re'gis (King's). New Guinea. 1886.

„ Reinwa'rdtii (Reinwardt's). Malaya.

„ robu'stus (robust). Borneo. 1893.

„ Ro'tang (Rotang Cane). India.

„ Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). See C. ROTANG.

„ roylea'nus (Roylean). See C. TENUIS.

„ rude'ntum (cable). 200. Green. E. Ind. 1812.

„ schizospa' thus (split-spathed). See C. ERECTUS.

„ specta'bilis (showy). Sumatra. 1886.

„ siibangula'tus (somewhat angled). E. Ind. 1882.

„ te'nuis (slender). India and Cochin-China.

„ trichro'us (hairy). See D^JMONOROPS TRICHROUS.

„ trine'rvis (three-nerved). E. Ind. 1883.

„ Verschaffe'ltii (Verschaffelt's). See ACANTHOPHCENIX

CRINITA.

„ verticilla'ris (whorled). See D^SMONOROPS VERTI-

CILLARIS.

„ ve'rus (true). See C. PISICARPUS.
,, vimina'lis (twiggy). India and Malaya.
,, volontea'nus (Volontean). Hort. Linden.
„ Wi'ghtii (Wight's). See C. HUEGELIANUS.
„ Zala'cca (Zalacca). See ZALACCA WALLICHIANA.

CALA'NDRA GRANA'RIA. Granary Weevil. Seeds
of many kinds when stored away are liable to be destroyed
by this small and beautiful but destructive weevil, which
is about two lines long and black-brown, spotted on the
shoulders, and spotted and striped on the wing-cases.
It has a long, slender beak like some other destructive
weevils. The female lays one egg in each seed, and the
grub feeds in the interior. Here it undergoes all its
changes from the egg to the weevil stage in the course of
six or seven weeks, when it is ready to go through the
whole process again, and thus gives rise to several genera-
tions during the year. The destruction they cause in a

CALANDRINIA

CALANTHE

short time is great if not checked. Every weevil seen
should be destroyed, and traps set where it abounds.
The perfect weevil may be trapped by soaking bread in
milk and placing pieces on slates, tiles, or saucers. A
little milk alone in the saucers will act as a bait, and the
weevils should be destroyed.

CALANDRI'NIA. (Named after Calandrini, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Purslanes [Portulaceae]. I. inn.
ii-Dodfcandria, i-Monogynia.)

When grown from seeds, the hardy, as well as the
greenhouse and stove kinds, like a little protection, such
as may be given by a slight hotbed, in April, and a hand-
light over it. Cuttings, also, strike freely ; light, sandy
soil, well drained, suits them well.

HARDY.
C. arena' ria (sand-inhabiting). J. Orange, red. July.

Valparaiso. 1831. Herbaceous perennial.
„ caule'scens (stemmed). Rose. August. Peru. 1827.

Annual.
„ chroma'ntha (chrome-yellow-fruited). x. Rose.

Fruits orange-yellow. Argentina. 1908.
„ compre'ssa (flattened). J. Rose. August. Chili.

1826. Annual.

„ corymbo'sa (corymbose). Chili.

„ lea'na (Leaian). California.

, longisca'pa (long-stalked). Chili.

„ Menxie'sii (Menzies'). i. Purple. June. N.W.

Amer. 1831. Perennial.
„ mma'ndra (one-stamened). See MONOCOSMIA CORRI-

GIOLOIDES.
„ oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). Pearly white.

Summer. California and Oregon. 1888.
„ pilosiu'scula (thinly hairy). Chili.
„ procu'mbens (lying-down). $. Rose. August. Peru.

1827. Annual.

„ specio'sa (showy). See C. MENZIESII.
„ Twee'dyi (Tweedy's). See LEWISIA TWEEDYI.
„ umbella'ta (umbel- flowered). J. Rose. July. Chili.
1826. Annual.

GREENHOUSE.

C. Andre'wsii (Andrews'). Rose. August. W. Ind.

1800. Deciduous shrub.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured-leaved). ij. Rose. July.

Chili. 1834. Herbaceous perennial.
„ glau'ca (milky-green). Rose. August. Chili. 1827.

Annual.

„ lindleya'na (Lindleyan). See C. DISCOLOR.
„ Lockha'rti (Lockhart's). Rose. June. Trinidad.

1825. Deciduous shrub.
„ ni'tida (shining). \. Red. August. Chili. 1837,

Annual.
„ phacospe'rma (lentil-seeded). Red. August. Chili.

1837. Biennial.
„ polya'ndra (many-stamened). Purple. August.

Australia. 1853.

STOVE.

C. asce'ndens (ascending). J. Purple. Brazil. Her-
baceous perennial.

„ cilia' ta (hair- fringed). J. Purple. August. Peru.
1823. Annual.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). i. Purple. July.
Chili. 1826. Herbaceous perennial.

„ lla'vea (La Llave's). See CUPHEA LLAVEA.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). ij. Purple. July. S. Amer.
1816. Herbaceous perennial.

CALANTHE. (From kalos, beautiful, and anthos, a
flower. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae], Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monogynia.)

Terrestrial orchids, all evergreens except C. vesti'ia.
Divisions and suckers ; loam and peat, lightened with
sand and charcoal, and enriched by top-dressings of old
cow-dung ; extra well-drained, constantly moist, and
the plants well exposed to light. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

GREENHOUSE.

C. bi color (two-coloured). See C. STRIATA.
„ di'scolor (discoloured). White. Japan. 1837.
„ ,, specio'sa (showy), i. Green, brown ; lip pink.
Japan. 1904.

C. furca'ta (forked). White. Luzon Isles. 1836.
„ „ japo'nica (Japanese). Japan.
„ stria' to, (striated), ij. Yellow. Japan. 1837.

STOVE.

C. alba ta (whitish). Hybrid between (.'. veratrifolia and

C. Cooksonii. 1896.
„ anchori'fera (anchor-bearing). Pale ochre. December.

Polynesia. 1882.
„ atroru'bens (dark red). Hybrid between C. bella and

C. burfordiense.

„ austra'lis (southern). See SPIRANTHES AUSTRALIS.
„ barberia'na (Barberian). White, yellow. Hybrid

between C. vestita and C. v. Turneri. 1881.
„ be'lla (pretty). Lilac, lip carmine. Hybrid between

C. Veitchii and C. vestita Turneri. 1881.
„ bi'loba (two-lobed). Purplish ; lip purple. Himalayan

Regions.

„ bractto'sa (bracteated). White. Samoa. 1882.
„ brevico'rnu (short-horned). Rose. White. August.

Nepaul. 1838.
„ burfordie'nse (Burfordian). Supposed hybrid between

C. Veitchii and C. vestita rubro-oculata.
„ burma'nica (Burmese). Mauve-purple, yellow crest.

Burma. 1907.
„ Ceci'lice (Cecilia's). Light ochre, tinted purple.

Malaya. 1883.

„ Chapma'nii (Chapman's). Hybrid between C. bur-
fordiense and C. Oakwood Ruby. 1905.
„ colo'rans (colouring). G. Chr. 1885, ii. 360. White;

lip at length ochre.

„ Coo&so'm't(Cookson's). White. Garden hybrid. 1896.
„ curculigoi'des (Curculigo-like). 2. Orange. October.

Malacca. 1844.
„ Curti'sii (Curtis's). Rose outside, white within ; lip

yellow. Sunda Islands. 1884.
„ darblaya'na (Darblayan). Hybrid between C. Reg-

nieri and C. vestita gigantea. 1889.
,, densifio'ra (dense-flowered). Yellowish. September.

India. 1837.
„ Di'pteryx (two-winged). Purple. Sunda Islands.

1884.
„ Domi'nii (Dominy's). Lilac-purple; lip red. Hybrid

between C. Masuca and C. furcata. The first

hybrid Orchid raised. Seed obtained, 1854 ; flowered,

1855.

„ emargina'ta (notched). Violet-orange. Java. 1866.
„ Eyerma'nii (Eyerman's). Hybrid between C. vestita

and C. Veitchii. 1891.
„ fla'vicans (yellowish- flowered). White, blue. April.

E. Ind. 1838.
„ Faersterma'nni (Foerstennann's). Yellow. Burma.

1883.

„ furca'ta (forked). White. Islands of Luzon. 1836.
„ gi'gas (giant). Hybrid between C. sanderiana gigantea

and C. vestita gigantea. 1893.
„ gra'cilis (slender). Greenish-yellow. September.

Khasya. 1851.

„ Ha'lli (Hall's). Garden hybrid. 1888.
,, Henni'sii (Hennis'). White, tinted sulphur. Philip-
pines. 1909.
„ labro'sa (large-lipped). Yellow-brown, purple.

Burma. 1879.
,, labro'sior (larger-lipped). White and blush lip. 1898.

Garden hybrid.
,, La'nsei (Lange's). Deep yellow. New Caledonia.

1885.

„ lauchea'na (Lauchean). Hybrid between C. sanderi-
ana and C. veratrifolia.
„ lentigino'sa (finely spotted). White ; lip spotted

purple. Hybrid between C. labrosa and C.

Veitchii.
„ lilaci'na (lilac). i}-2. Sepals and petals lilac ; lip

white changing to orange. Luzon. 1910.
„ madagascarie 'nsis (Madagascar). Rosy mauve,

magenta, white. Madagascar. 1900.
„ Masu'ca (Masuca). 2. Violet, purple. June. E. Ind.

1838.
„ masu'co-tncarina'ta (3-keeled-Masuca). A hybrid b&-

tween the parents named. 1895.
„ Myle'sii (Myles's). Pure white. Hybrid between

C. vestita nivalis and C. Veitchii. 1890.
„ natale'nsis (Natalese). Pale lilac ; lip salmon. Natal,

1885.

CALATHEA

148

CALATHEA

c.

Pale yellow. April.

Polynesia. 1880.
Lilac. February.

porpl
Ga

ochra'cea (ochre-coloured).

Japan. 1836.

Pe'tri (Peter's). White, yellow.
plantagi' 'nea (plantain-leaved).

Nepaul. 1839.
pleiochro'ma (full-coloured). White, purple, ochre,

orange. Japan. 1871.

'hy'rea (purple). Purple, and yellow base to lip.
arden hybrid between C. labrosa and C. vestita

rubro-oculata. 1884.
„ probosci'dea (proboscis). White and vermilion Calli.

Sunda Islands. 1884.

„ Regnie'ri (Regnier's). See C. VESTITA REGNIERI.
„ „ fau'sta, purple. See C. VESTITA FAUSTA.
„ ro'sea (rosy). Pale rose, white. Burma. 1851. Syn.

Limatodes rosea.
„ „ a'lba (white).

„ ru'bens (reddening). Rose. Malay Peninsula. 1890.
„ sanderia'na (Sanderian). See C. VESTITA SANDERIANA.

William's Cat., 1887, 21.
„ sanderia'na (Sanderian). Larger than C. natalensis,

with darker lip. E. Trop. Africa. 1892.
„ sandhurstia'na (Sandhurstian). A variety or hybrid

of C. Veitchii, with an eye-spot on the lip. 1881.
„ sanguina'ria (blood-coloured). Blood-red, purple.

Garden hybrid. 1886.
„ Sede'ni (Seden's). Garden hybrid between C. vestita

rubro-oculata and C. Veitchii. 1878.
„ Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). See C. STRIATA.
„ stevensia'na (Stevensian). White, with rosy-purple

spot on the lip. Cochin-China. 1883.
„ stria 'ta (striated). Yellow-brown. Japan. 1837.
„ sylva'tica (wood). White, changing to yellow. Mada-
gascar. 1823.
„ Texto'ri (Textor's). Cream, white, violet, red. Japan.

1879-
„ triu'mphans (triumphant). Hybrid, and C. vestita

rubro-oculata is one supposed parent.
„ Turne'ri (Turner's). See C. VESTITA TURNERI.
„ Vei'tchii (Veitch's). White, with rose-coloured eye.

Garden hybrid between C. vestita and C. rosea.
„ „ a'lba (white). Pure white. 1890.
„ „ la'ctea (milky). Milk white.
„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). Dark rose.
„ ,, supe'rba (superb). Carmine-rose.
„ veratrifo'lia (Veratrum-leaved). 2. White. April.

Java. 1819.

„ „ macro'loba (large-lobed). Pacific Islands.
„ versi'color (various-coloured). See C. MASUCA.
„ vesti'ta (clothed). 2}. White and pink. November.

Burma, Malaya. This has bulbs. No water given

between December and March, its time of rest.
„ „ fau'sta (purple).
„ „ Fournie'ri (Fournier's). Flowers smaller than the

type. Borneo. 1892.
» » i' gneo-ocula' ta (ftre-eyed). Fire-coloured blotch

on column and lip. Borneo. 1876.
„ „ niva'lis (snowy). Pure white. Java. 1868.
„ „ ocula'ta gigante'a (giant-eyed). White, with fiery-
red eye, large. Borneo.
„ „ owenia'na (Owenian). Hybrid between C. vestita

and C. Veitchii.

„ „ Regnie'ri (Regnier's). White ; lip ochre. Cochin-
China. 1887.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). Rose.
„ „ ru'bro-ocula'ta (red-eyed). White, with crimson

eye. October to February.
„ „ sanderia'na (Sanderian). Deep rose, and bright

crimson lip. Cochin-China. 1887.
„ „ Turne'ri (Turner's). Large, pure white, with

rose eye. Java.
„ „ WUlia'msii (Williams's). Sepals and petals white,

striped and edged crimson ; lip magenta-crimson.

1884.
„ Victo'ria-regi'na (Queen Victoria). Supposed to be a

hybrid between C. Veitchii and C. rosea.
„ vi' ridi-fu' sea (greenish-brown). See TAINIA LATI-

FOLIA.

„ Warpu'ri (Warpur's). White ; lip dull purple.
Madagascar. 1900.

CALATHEA. (From kalathos, a basket ; in reference
to the leaves being worked into baskets in South America.
Nat. ord. Maranihs [Marantaces]. Linn. i-Monandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials; may be increased by
divisions. During the summer many of them will do
well in the greenhouse, but the winter temperature
should not fall below 55° to 60°. Potted in rough, lumpy
loam, peat, and well-rotted manure, they make good
growth. When established, liquid manure made from
cow-dung may be used freely. They succeed best in a
moist, warm atmosphere and require plenty of pot room.
If kept free from insect pests, most of them make very
handsome foliage. There has been some confusion in
the naming of this genus. Several of the Marantas have
been included. We give the correct names.

C. affi'nis (related). 1879.
„ Allou'ya (Allouya). Guiana.
„ ama'bilis (lovely). See MARANTA AMABILIS.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Trop. Amer. 1879.
„ applica'ta (inclined). White. Brazil. 1875.
„ argyrce'a (silvery), i. Brazil. 1859.
„ arre'cta (erect). Ecuador. 1872.
,, bachemia'na (Bachemian). Leaves silvery, with green

lines and blotches. Brazil. 1875.
„ baraquinia'na(Baiaquiman). Leaves with two silvery

bands. Amazons. 1868.
„ be'lla (beautiful). Leaves grey-green, with the edges

and central patches deep green. Brazil. 1875.
„ be'llula (pretty). Leaves deep green, with rosy- white

arches. Amazons. 1872.
„ Bino'ti (Binot's). See C. ZEBRINA BINOTI.
„ chimborace'nsis (Chimboran). Ecuador. 1870.
„ cine'rea (grey). Amazons. 1872.
,, colora'ta (coloured). 2. Orange. May. Brazil.

1828.

„ como'sa (long-haired). 3. July. W. Ind. 1828.
„ croca'ta (saffron-coloured). Orange. Brazil. 1875.
„ cyclo'phora (ring-bearing). White. Leaves green.

British Guiana. 1895.
„ de'nsa (dense). Brazil. 1865.
„ exi'mia (choice). Trop. Amer. 1857.
„ fascia'ta (banded), i. Brazil. 1859.
„ ftave'scens (pale yellow), ij. Yellow. August.

Brazil. 1822.
„ gi'gas (giant). 8. Leaves violet-purple when young.

Trop. Amer. 1903.
„ Goule'tii (Goulet's). White. Leaves with white-green

centre, purple beneath. 1906.
„ grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Rio

Janeiro. 1826.
,, hierogly' phica (hieroglyphical). Leaves with two

white lines between every two veins. New Grenada.

1873.
„ illu'stris (bright). Leaves creamy-zoned, red beneath.

Ecuador. 1866.
„ inscri'p ta (written upon). Leaves with curved, silvery

lines. Brazil. 1875.
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). Leaves with dark velvety

blotches above, purple beneath. Brazil (?). 1908.
„ Kegelja'ni (Kegeljan's). Trop. Amer.
„ kerasi'na (horned). Trop. Amer.
„ kerchovea'na (Kerchovean). See MARANTA BICOLOR

KERCHOVEANA.

„ kcernickia'na (Kcernickian). White. Brazil. 1874.
„ kummeria'na (Kummerian). See MYROSMA KUM-

MERIANA,

„ legrellia'na (Legrellian). Ecuador. 1867.

„ leopardi'na (leopard-spotted). 2. Yellow. Brazil.

1875.
„ leuconeu'ra (white-nerved). See MARANTA LEU- ,

CONEURA.
„ leucosta' chys (white-spiked), i. White. October.

Costa Rica. 1874.
„ Lie'tzei (Lietze's). Leaves deep green with short

3'ellow-green bands. Brazil. 1875.
„ lindenia'na (Lindenian). Leaves banded with pale

and dark green. Peru. 1866.
„ longibractea'ta (long-bracted). i. Purple. July, i

Brazil. 1826.
„ Loui'sce (Louisa's). 3. Leaves with whitish-green

blotches. Country unknown. 1908.
„ Lucia' ni (Lucian's). Midrib of leaves festooned with

silvery white. Trop. Amer. 1872.
„ makoya'na (Makoyan). See MARANTA BICOLOR

MAKOYANA.

„ massange' ana (Massangean). See MARANTA BICOLOR

MASSANGEANA.

CALATHIAN

149

CALCEOLARIA

C. mt'dio-pi'cta (median-spotted). Purple. Leaves with

feathered white midrib. Brazil. 1878.
„ meta'llica (metallic). Violet. New Grenada. 1855.
,, mi'cans (glittering). White. Peru. 1854.
„ „ ama'bilis (lovely). See MARANTA AMABILIS.
„ ni'gricans (blackening). 5 to 7. Purple and white.

Leaves purple beneath. Trop. Amer. 1903.
„ ni'gro-costa'ta (black-ribbed). New Grenada. 1873.
„ ni'ttns (shining). Brazil. 1880.
„ oppenheimia'na (Oppenheimian). Leaves deep green,

with white bands. Brazil 1875.
„ orbicula'ta (round-kawd). 2. Yellow. August. W.

Ind. 1830.

„ orna'ta (ornamented), i. Colombia. 1849.
„ „ a'lbo-linca'ta (white-lined). Colombia. 1848.
„ „ maje'stica (majestic). Rio Purus. 1866.
,, „ rega'lis (royal). Peru. 1856.
„ ,, ro seo-linea' 'to, (rose-lined), i. 1848.
„ paci'ftca (pacific). Leaves emerald green, purple

beneath. Peru. 1871.
„ pardi'na (pard-spotted). See C. VILLOSA.
„ pavoni'na (peacock-like). Brazil. 1865.
„ pictura'ta (painted). Brazil. 1863.
„ poly'tricha (many-haired). Flowers in a rosette hidden

by the green leaves. Trinidad. 1894.
„ porphyrocau'lis (purple-stemmed). Colombia, 1875.
„ prastna (leek-green). See C. MEDIO-PICTA.
„ pri'nceps (prince). Leaves metallic green, with two

yellow bands, purple beneath. Brazil. 1869.
„ propi'nqua (related). Peru. 1862.
„ pruina'ta (hoary). Nicaragua. 1872.
„ pulchc'lla (pretty). Leaves with two series of deep

green blotches. Brazil. 1858.
,, ricdelia'na (Riedelian). See C. KCERNICKIANA.
„ ro'seo-pi'cta (rose-spotted). Leaves rose-banded, red

beneath. Trop. Amer. 1866.
„ „ WagnSri (Wagner's).
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 1857.
„ rufiha'rba (red-bearded). Brazil. 1879.
„ sanderia'na (Sanderian). Brazil.
„ Seema'nni (Seemann's). See MARANTA SEEMANNI.
„ smaragdi'na (emerald-green). See ISCHNOSIPHON

SMARAGDINUS.

„ sple'ndida (splendid). Leaves green banded, purple

beneath. Brazil. 1864.

„ tanio'sa (banded-leaved). White. Brazil. 1876.
„ trifascia'ta (three-banded). Guiana. 1858.
„ tubispa'tha (tube-spathed). Yellow. Leaves brown-
blotched. Bolivia. 1865.
„ undula'ta (waved). Leaves bright green, with central

silvery stripe. Ecuador. 1871.
„ Va'ndenhe'ckri (Van den Hecke's). Leaves deep

green, marked with gray. Brazil. 1865.
„ varia'ns (varying). Trop. Amer. 1855.
„ variega'la (variegated), i*. Trop. Amer. 1857.
„ veitchia'na (Veitchian). White; leaves with crescent-
shaped blotches on either side of the midrib, purple
beneath. W. Trop. Amer. 1865.
„ vesti'ia (clothed), ij. Whitish. Brazil. 1872.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). 3. April. Brazil. 1825.
„ viola' cea (violet-coloured), ij. Purple. July. Brazil.

1815.

„ virgina'lis (virginal). Brazil. 1868.
„ „ ma'jor (greater). Peru. 1869.
„ vitta'ta (striped). Brazil. 1857.
„ Walli'sii (Wallis's). Amazons. 1867.
M „ discolor (discoloured). Leaves velvety green,

with grey rib and edges. 1871.
„ Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). i. White. February.

Trop. Amer. 1879.

„ wiotia'na (Wiotian). Leaves with two series of olive-
green blotches. Brazil. 1875. Syn. Maranta
Wioti.

„ zcbri'na (zebra-p/an/). 2. Red, yellow. Brazil. 1815.
„ „ Bi.no 'ti (Binot's).

CALATHIAN VIOLET. See GENTIA'NA PNEUMON-
A'NTHE.

CALCAREOUS SOIL is a soil in which chalk (carbonate
of lime) predominates. The colour approaches to white,
in proportion. No soil is productive which does not
contain some chalk, or in which it exceeds nineteen parts
out of twenty. From one to five per cent, is the usual
proportion in fertile soils. Calcareous soils are rarely
productive ; they are so feebly retentive of moisture, that

the crops upon them are burnt up in summer ; and they
reflect the sun's rays so fully, that they remain unheated,
and vegetation is 'late upon them in spring. The best
addition to such soils, to improve their staple, is clay.

CALCEA'RIA PI'CTA. See CORYSA'NTHES PI'CTA.

CALCEOLA'RIA. Slipperwort. (From calceolus, a
slipper ; in reference to the shape of the flower. Nat.
ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae], Linn. z-Diandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Herbaceous kinds, to bloom early, sow seeds early in
July, or not later than the first week in August. Shrubby
kinds, for flower-garden decoration, by cuttings of firm
young shoots, under glass, in September ; and again, in
heat, in March. Soil for pots, light and rich compost, well
drained ; for beds, a good loam should preponderate.
Summer temp., 50° to 60° ; winter, 35° to 45°.

ANNUALS.

C. chelidonioi'des (Celandine-like). I. Yellow. June.

Peru. 1852.
„ pinna' to. (leafleted). 2. Yellow. July. Peru. 1773.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

C. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping), ij. Yellow. June.

Peru. 1845.
„ atachnoi'dea (cobweb-like), i. Purple. June. Chili.

1827.

„ „ a'lba (white-flowered), i. White. June.
„ arachnoi deo-crcnatiflo'ra. Garden hybrid. 1888.
„ bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved), $. Yellow, red. Chili.

1861.
„ Burbi'dgei (Burbidge's). 2 to 4. Yellow. Autumn.

1882. Hybrid between C. amplexicaulis and C.

Pavonii.

„ Clibra'ni (Clibrans). 3. Yellow. Hybrid. 1909.
„ conna'ta (base-joined-leaved). See C. PETIOLA'RIS.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbose), i. Yellow. May. Chili.

1822.
„ crenatiflo'ra (scolloped-lipped). i}. Yellow-spotted.

June. Chili. 1831.

„ cuneifo'lia (wedge-shaped-leaved). See C. CUNEI-
FORM is.
„ cuneifo'rmis (wedge-shaped). ij. Pale lemon.

Bolivia. 1846.

„ fUxuo'sa( zigzag). 3. Yellow. Peru Mountains. 1847.
„ F other gi'tti (Fothergill's). J. Orange. April. Falk-
land Isles. 1777.

„ herbertia'na (Herbert's). See C. RACEMOSA.
„ Ka'yii (Kay's). Tail Yellow. 1882.
„ kewSnsis (Kew). Hybrid between Jefferies' hybrid

and a herbaceous variety.
„ loba'ta (\obed). f. Yellow, spotted purple-red. Peru;

Bolivia. 1877. Half -hardy.
„ mimuloi'des (Mimulus-like). Chili. 1908.
„ Pavo'nii (Pavon's). 2. Yellow. July. Peru.
„ petiola'ris (stalked). 3. Yellow. Chili. 1824.

Biennial.
„ plantagi'nea (plantain-leaved), i. Yellow. August.

Chili. 1827.
„ polifo'lia (poly-leaved), i. Yellow. July. Chili.

1827.
„ polyrrhi'za (many-rooted). \. Yellow. Patagonia.

1901.

„ profu'sa (profuse). See C. CLIBRANI.
„ purpu'rea (purple-flowered), i. Purple. July. Peru.

1827.
„ „ e'legans (elegant), i. Pale purple. June. Chili.

1832.
„ „ pi'cta (painted), i. White, purple. June. Chili.

1832.

„ racemo'sa (racemed). J. Yellow. June. Chili. 1820.
„ stia' vis (sweet-scented), i. Purple. Chili.
„ Une'lla (slender). $. Yellow. Chili. 1873. Hardy.
„ virga'ta (twiggy). i-ij. White. Summer and

autumn. Andes of Peru and Bolivia. 1910.

SHRUBBY EVERGREENS.

C. adsce'ndens (ascending), i. Yellow. July. Cor-
dilleras. 1826.
„ a'lba (white- flowered), ij. White. June. Chili.

1844.
„ andi'na (.\ndesian). Yellow. Chilian Andes. 1893.

CALCEOLARIAS

150

CALDCLUVIA

C. angustiflo'ra (narrow-flowered). Bot. Mag., t. 3094.

See C. VERTICILLATA.

„ bi color (two-coloured). 2. Yellow. August. Peru.

1829. '

„ chiloe'nsis (Chilian). See C. DENTATA.
„ crena'ta (crenate). See C. ADSCENDENS.
„ defle'xa (deflexed). See C. FUCHSI^EFOLIA.
„ denta'ta, (toothed). 2. Yellow. August. Chiloe.

1830.

„ diffu'sa (diffuse). See C. BICOLOR.
„ ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Yellow. Chili. 1853.
„ ftoribunda (many-flowered). Bot. Mag., t. 4154. See

C. CRENATA.

„ floribu'nda (many-flowered). Bot. Reg., t. 1214. See

C. PETIOLARIS.

„ fuchsiafo'lia (Fuchsia-leaved). Yellow. Peru. 1878.
„ Henri'ci (Anderson-Henry's). 2. Yellow. Ecuador.

1865.
„ herbertia'na parvifto'ra (Herbert's small-flowered). 2.

Yellow. April. Valparaiso. 1836.
„ hyssopifo'lia (hyssop-leaved). 2. Yellow, white.

Summer. Ecuador. 1852.
„ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 2. Yellow. August.

Chili. 1822.
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow. August.

Chili. 1822.
„ „ viscosi' ssima (clammiest). 3. Yellow. August.

Chili. 1832.
„ kellya'na (Kellyan). Orange, spotted red-brown.

1883.

„ mexica'na (Mexican). Yellow. Mexico.
„ pe'ndula (hanging). See C. CRENATIFLORA.
„ pisacome'nsis (Pisacoman). Orange-red. Peru.

1868.

„ puncta' fa (spotted). 3. Purple, yellow. Peru. 1863.
„ rugo'sa (wrinkled). See C. INTEGRIFOLIA.
„ scabios&fo'lia (scabious-leaved). 2. Yellow. May.

Chili. 1822. Trailer.
„ se'ssilis (stainless-leaved), i£. Yellow. September.

Valparaiso. 1832.

„ Sinclai'rii (Sinclair's), i to 2. Lilac, spotted red-
purple. New Zealand.
„ stri'cta (upright). 3. Yellow. September. New

Grenada. 1852.

„ tetras,o'na (four- angled). Yellow. July. Peru. 1852.
„ thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). ij. Yellow. June.

Chili. 1827.'
„ verticilla'ta (whorled). i£. Yellow. June. Peru.

1830.
„ viola'cea (violet). 2 to 3. Mauve-purple. June.

Chili. 1853.

CALCEOLARIAS AS DECORATIVE PLANTS. Few

tiue species are grown for decorative purposes. Those
known as herbaceous Calceolarias are the most showy
for the greenhouse or conservatory ; formerly they ranked
high among florists' flowers, and named varieties were
grown. These were propagated from cuttings. Con-
siderable improvement has been made in the selection
for seeding, and we get the very finest types from care-
fully selected varieties for seed, and the named varieties
have ceased to exist, except that there is a yellow
variety which comes true from seed and is known as
" Cloth of Gold," under which name it gained a first-
class certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society.
Seedlings may vary a little, yet with careful selection of
plants to seed from, it may be improved rather than
otherwise, and it is the same with the ordinary type as
grown for market. Here it is that market-growers have
an advantage, for they have large quantities to select
from, and only seed from the very best, while those who
grow for seed discard the inferior types only.

Saving Seed. — Fertilisation should be done by the aid
of a camel's-hair pencil, selecting the best habited plants
with well-formed flowers, and taking the pollen from
bright or distinct colours. The males have most influence
on colour, and the females, or seed-bearing, on habit and
form of flowers.

Sowing Seed. — For early spring flowering the seed
should be sown early in July, clean, sandy loam should be
used ; for the surface some should be sifted through a fine
sieve, and the seed spread evenly over the surface. No
surface covering should be given, but the seeds may be
lightly pressed down, and a very light sprinkling given
with 'a fcn« rosed watT-can. The seed pots mav be

placed in a shady position, but over-shading is liable
to cause damping. As soon as large enough to handle,
the seedlings should be pricked off. During the autumn
they will do well in a cold frame. And through the
winter they require only sufficient heat to keep out
frost, in fact, they will stand a few degrees of frost. In
the south it is only for spring flowering that the herba-
ceous types are grown, but in the north they are sown
early in the spring for autumn flowering.

In 1907 Messrs. Veitch & Sons of Exeter introduced
some fine hybrids, These were of tall growth, with
medium-sized flowers in several distinct colours ; they
make fine plants for the conservatory and may be treated
similarly to the herbaceous varieties, except that being
more of a shrubby habit they may be propagated from
cuttings which should be taken in the autumn after the
plants have done flowering and before the lateral shoots
have attained more than about three inches in length.
Short cuttings always make the best plants.

Culture. — As soon as properly established they should
be potted into three-inch pots and potted on into larger
sires as they require it, using good fibrous loam with some
manure and leaf-mould added ; pot only moderately firm.
Be careful riot to over-water, but they must not be let to
get very dry, and they like a moist, humid atmosphere.

The ordinary bedding varieties of which ftoribunda (a
variety of C. crenata) is one of the best types, need but
little skill to succeed well with them. Cuttings taken
during the autumn may be put in a cold frame in a
shady position. After they are rooted plenty of air
should be given, except when it is freezing. The early
struck cuttings may be stopped, and will make nice
bushy plants for window-boxes, &c., and the tops may
be used for cuttings for a later batch. If kept well ex-
posed they will stand some frost, but when they have
soft, tender growth they will suffer from a few degrees
of frost, and if frost should penetrate the frames, they
should be kept covered with mats or other material
until the frost is out. (See FROST.)

C. Burbidgei may be referred to as one of the finest
yellow greenhouse plants we have for winter flowering.
It may be grown as a bush or trained against a wall,
and will flower all through the winter. C. amplexicaulis
is a distinct species of rather tall growth with soft
yellow flowers ; for flower-beds associated with Lobelia
cardinalis it is very effective. It is not quite so hardy
as some, and though it has been neglected for some
years it is worth attention, now that the taller plants
are more appreciated.

Diseases. — The herbaceous varieties are subject to a
disease very like that which has attacked the potato of
late years. They appear quite healthy, until dark-brown
spots appear on the leaves and stems ; and in a week's
time the disease spreads, and the plants are dead. No
cure is known. As soon as it appears on any plant,
remove it at once and throw it away, because the
disease is contagious, and soon spreads to the healthy
plants. Too much wet at the root, or damp in the house,
will accelerate the disease.

Insects. — The most destructive is the green-fly (Aphis).
Whenever it appears, fill the house with tobacco-smoke.
Red spider (Acarus) will sometimes appear, if the house
be kept hot and dry. Dust the leaves with sulphur
where it is observed.

CALDA SIA. (Named after G. Caldas, a naturalist
at Bogota. Nat. ord. Phloxworts [Polemoniaceae].)

Stove annual ; seeds in hotbed, in spring ; sandy
peat. Temp., 50° to 60°.
C, heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). See BONPLANDIA

GEMINIFLORA.

CALDCLU VIA. (Named after A. Calddeugh, <F.R.S.,
who collected botanical specimens in Chili. Nat. ord.
Rockfoils [Saxifragaceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria, 2-Digynia.
Allied to Cunonia.)

The principal character of this and other Cunoniads is
the leaves growing opposite, with stipules between the
leaf-stalks. The panicles of little white flowers have a
pretty appearance. Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cut-
tings of half-ripened wood in sand, under glass, and a
little bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 40"
to 45°.

C, panicula'ta (panicled- flowered). White. June. ChiM.
1831.

CALEA

15*

CALLIANDRA

CA LEA. (From kalos, beautiful ; referring to the
flowers. Nat. ord. Composites [Composites]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, i-/Equalis. Allied to Galinsoga.)

Stove evergreen shrubs ; seed in March ; side-shoots
strike freely at any tune, in sand, and placed in bottom-
heat, under a glass. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter,
55° to 60°.

C. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). See C. JAJIAICENSIS.
„ jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 3. Purple. June. W. Ind.

1739.

„ loba'ta (lobed). See NEUROL^NA LOBATA.
„ pinnati'fida (leafleted). Yellow. June. Brazil. 1816.
„ scopa'ria (broom). See BACCHARIS SCOPARIA.
„ solidagi'nea (solidago-like). 4. Caraccas. 1817.
„ urticafo'lia (nettle-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Vera
Cruz. 1740.

CALEA CTE. See CALEA.

CALEA'NA. (Named in compliment to G. Caley,
superintendent of the Botanical Garden, St. Vincent.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae].)

Terrestrial Orchids that may be grown in the green-
house. Divisions. Compost, fibrous loam, peat, and
sand, with good drainage.

C. major (larger). Green, brown. N. S. Wales. 1810.
„ mi'nor (smaller). Green, brown. Australia. 1822.
„ ni'grita (blackish). Dark in colour. Australia.

CALECTA SLA. (From kalos, beautiful, and stachus, a
spike. Calectasias are branched herbs, with dry, per-
manent, starry flowers, of a bright violet. Nat. ord.
Rushes [Juncaceae], Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Baxteria.)

Unless we had it on authority, we should not take
this for a rush, but a lilywort. Greenhouse herbaceous
perennial ; divisions ; peat and loam, or common soil.
Winter temp., 35° to 45°.

C. cya'nea (blue-flowered). Blue. June. Australia.
1840.

CALENDULA. Marigold. (From calenda, the first
day of the month ; its flowers produced almost all the
year round. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, 4-Necessana.)

Hardy annuals may be sown in the border, in April ;
tenderer ones in a slight hotbed, and transplanted in May.
Greenhouse varieties by cuttings ; sandy loam, and loam
and peat for the greenhouse ones. See MARIGOLD.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

C. arbore'scens (tree-like). See TRIPTERIS ARBORESCENS.
„ chrysanthemifo'lia (chrysanthemum-leaved). See

DIMORPHOTHECA CHRYSANTHEMIFOLIA.

„ denta'ta (toothed). See C. DENTICULATA.

„ denticula' 'ta (small-toothed). i$. Yellow. December.

Barbary. 1821.

„ fla'ccida (feeble). See DIMORPHOTHECA AURANTIACA.
„ frutico'sa (shrubby). See DIMORPHOTHECA FRUTICOSA.
„ murica'ta (prickled). See TRIPTERIS ARBORESCENS.
„ oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). See DIMORPHOTHECA

OPPOSITIFOLIA.
„ suffrutico'sa (sub-shrubby), i. Yellow. December.

West Mediterranean Regions. 1823.
„ Tra'gus (goat-rush). See DIMORPHOTHECA TRAGUS.
„ visco'sa (clammy). See DIMORPHOTHECA CUNEATA.

HARDY ANNUALS.

C. sgypti'aca (Egyptian). Yellow. Eastern Mediter-
ranean Regions.

„ arre'nis (corn-field). 2. Yellow. June. Europe.
1597.

„ Aste'rias (star). See C. STELLATA.

„ Dalge'sirum (Dalgesirum). See C. SUFFRUTICOSA.

„ gra'cilis (slender). See C. PERSIC A.

„ graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). See DIMORPHOTHECA

NUDICAULIS GRAMINIFOLIA.

„ hispa'nica (Spanish). See C. SUFFRUTICOSA.

„ hy'brida, (hybrid). See DIMORPHOTHECA PLUVIALIS.

„ inca'na (hoary). See C. SUFFRUTICOSA.

„ madere'nsis (Madeirese). 2. Orange. Madeira. 1795.

„ margina'ta (margined). See C. SUFFRUTICOSA.

„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). Yellow. Spain.

„ noea'na (Noean). See C. SUFFRUTICOSA.

C. nudicau'lis (naked-stalked). See DIMORPHOTHECA
NUDICAULIS.

„ offlcina'lis (officinal. Common marigold). 3. Orange.
June. South of Europe. 1573.

„ „ flo're-plf'no (double- flowered). 3. Orange. June.

„ „ ochroleu'ca (yellow-white). Heads yellowish-
white. 1882.

„ „ proli'fera (proliferous). Hen-and-Chicken Mari-
gold.

„ pe'rsica (Persian). Yellow. June. Persia. 1830.

„ pluvia'lis (rainy. Small Cape marigold). See DIMOR-
PHOTHECA PLUVIALIS.

„ sa'ncta (holy). 2. Yellow. June. Levant. 1731.

„ si'cula (Sicih'an). See C. ^GYPTIACA.

„ Stella' ta (starred). 2. Yellow. July. Barbary. 1796.

CALETA, See CALEA'NA.
CALICO BUSH. See KALMIA LATIFOLIA.
CAIIFORNIAN MAYBUSH. Photi'nia arbutifo'lia.
CALIFORNIAN PEPPER-TREE. Schi'nus Mo'lle.
CALIFORNIAN POPPY. Platyste'mon calif o'rnicum.
CAUME'RIS. See ASTER.

CALIPHRU' RIA. ( From kalos, beautiful, and phroura,
enclosure ; referring to the spathe enclosing the flowers.
Nat. ord. Amaryllidaceae.)

Beautiful greenhouse bulb, related to Eucharis. Fibrous
loam, a little peat, or leaf- soil and sand. Offsets. Repot
firmly when starting into fresh growth.

C. hartwegia'na (Hartwegian). Greenish-white. New

Grenada. 1843.
„ subedenta'ta (scarcely toothed). See EUCHARIS

SUBEDENTATA.

CALISAYA-BARK. Cincho'na Calisa'ya.

CA'LLA. (From kalos, beautiful. Nat. ord. Arads
[Araceae], Linn. j-Heptandria, i-Monogynia.)

All greenhouse plants ; division of the plants and
roots ; rich loam and peat ; the marshy one does well as
an aquatic, and frequently stands out of doors ; yet it
is safer to give all the protection of the greenhouse in
winter.

C. cethio'pica (Ethiopian). See RICHARDIA AFRICANA.
„ „ Nicola'i (Nicola's). See RICHARDIA AFRICANA

NICOLAI.

„ aroma'tica (aromatic). See HOMALOMENA AROMATICA.
„ elliottia'na x albomacula'ta. See RICHARDIA ELLIOT-

TIANA X ALBOMACULATA.

„ leucoxa'ntha (white- yellow). See RICHARDIA LEUCOX-

ANTHA.

„ occu'lta (hidden-spiked). See HOMALOMENA AROMA-
TICA.

„ palu'stris (marsh). \. White. July. Europe,
Northern Asia, and N. Amer. 1768. Perennial
aquatic.

„ pertu'sa (perforated). See MONSTERA PERTUSA.

CALLIANDRA. (From kalos, beautiful, and aner, a
man ; referring to the stamens, or male organ ; literally,
beautiful-stamened. The long, silky, purple or white
stamens of this genus are very beautiful. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosje], Linn. i€>-Monadelphia,
8-Polyandria. Allied to Inga.)

Stove evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of rather firm young
wood in sand, under a glass, in heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

C. bi color (two-coloured). Brazil.
„ bre'vipes (short-stalked). 5. Pink. October. Brazil.
„ caracasa'na (Caracasan). Trop. Amer.
„ como'sa (tufted). 30. Pink. Trop. Amer. 1818.
„ diadema'ta (diademed). See C. BICOLOR.
„ formo'sa (beautiful). 10. White. Trop. Arner. 1825.
„ fu'lgens (shining). Bright crimson. Mexico. 1898.
„ gra'cilis (graceful). Yellowish-white. Trop. Amer.

1870.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 10. Red. June. Trop.

Amer. 1729.
„ hcematoce'phala (blood-red-headed). 30. Crimson.

February. Mauritius.
„ htzmato'mma, (blood-cut). 30. White. Trop. Amer.

1800.
„ Harri'sii (Mr. Harris's). 20. Rose. Mexico. 1845.

CALLIANTHEMUM

152

CALLISIA

C. Housto'ni (Houston's). 10. Purple. July. Mexico.

1729.
„ hymen&oi'des (Hymenaea-like). 20. Pink. Trop.

Amer. 1823.
„ lambertia'na (Lambertian). Purple. May. Mexico.

1818.
„ portorice'nsis (Portorican). 6. White. July. N.

Amer. and W. Ind. 1824.
„ pulche'rrima (fairest). 20. Mexico. 1822.
„ purpu'rea (purple). 6. Purple. April. Trop. Amer.

1733. " Soldier Wood."

,, quadrangula'ris (four-angled). See C. TETRAGONA.
„ terge'mina (triple). White ; filaments tipped with

red. Trop. Amer. 1820.
„ tetrago'na (square-stemmed). 4. White. August.

Trop. Amer. 1825.
„ Twee'diei (Tweedie's). 6. Scarlet, crimson. Brazil.

1845.

CALLIA'NTHEMUM. (From hallos, beauty, and
anthemon, a flower. Nat. ord. Ranunculaceae).

Hardy alpine herbs. Seeds, divisions. Ordinary soil,
or loam, leaf mould, and sand in pots.
C. anemonoi'des (Anemone-like) of Endlicher. See C.

RUT^FOLIUM.

„ anemonoi'des (Anemone-like) of Prantl. J-J. White,
tinted pink and pale rose. Styria. 1882.

„ rut/zfo'lium (rue-leaved). £. White. June. Europe ;
Siberia. 1818.

„ „ anemonoi'des (Anemone-like). See C. ANEMON-
OIDES.

„ rutafo'lium (rue-leaved) of Reichenbach. See C.

ANEMONOIDES.

CALLICA'RPA. (From kalos, beautiful, and carpos,
fruit ; referring to the beautiful berries. Nat. ord.
Verbenas [Verbenaceael. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Petrasa.)

The leaves of C. lana'ta are eaten by the Cingalese as
a substitute for betel-leaves. Stove evergreens, except
where otherwise specified ; cuttings in sandy soil, in
bottom-heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to
75° ; winter, 50° to 55°. The best known is C. purpurea,
which is grown for its berries, which are of a rich, deep
purple and produced freely on long, drooping branches.
C. america'na (American). 6. Red. June. N. Amer.

1724. Greenhouse deciduous shrub.
„ arbo'rea (tree). 12. Purple. August. E. Ind. 1820.
„ ca'na (hoary). 3. Purple. E. Ind. 1799.
„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). 2. Blue. June. Jamaica. 1794.
„ inca'na (very hoary). See C. MACROPHYLLA.
„ intege'rrima (quite entire). China.
„ integrifo'lia (entire leaved). See ^EGIPHILA ARBORE-

SCENS.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). 3. Pink. August. Japan.

1861.

„ lana'ta (woolly). 4. Purple. June. E. Ind. 1788.
„ lanceola'ria (spear-leaved). See C. LONGIFOLIA.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. White. April. China.

1825.
„ „ subglabra'ta (nearly smooth). White, edged pink.

March.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Pink. India. 1808.
„ mo' His (soft). Japan.

„ purpu'rea (purple). 3. Purple. China. 1822.
„ reticula'ta (netted). 4. Red. July. Jamaica. 1820.
„ rube'lla (reddish). 2. Red. May. China. 1822.
,, wallichia'na (Wallichian). See C. LAN ATA.

CALLICHLA'MYS. (From kalos, beautiful, and
chlamiis, a covering ; in allusion to the large, tubular-
bell-shaped, coloured calyx. Nat. ord. Bignoniads
[Bignoniaceae]. Allied to Bignonia.)

Beautiful stove climbers requiring to be planted out
in borders and trained up the pillars or rafters. Soil,
turfy loam with a little peat and sand. Water liberally
in summer. Temp., 60° in winter ; 70° to 80° with sun-
heat in summer.

C. ripa'ria (river-bank). 10 to 20. Golden yellow. Trop.
Amer. 1823.

CALLTCHROA. (From kalos, beautiful, and chroa,
colour ; referring to the bright yellow colour of the
flowers. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, z-Superflua. Now referred to Layia,
which see.)

Hardy annual ; seed sown in March on a slight hot-
bed, under a hand-light, and transplanted in patches, in
the open border, at the end of April, or beginning of
May ; or it may be sown in the front of the border in
the end of April, and it will flower later.
C. platyglo'ssa (broad-rayed). See LAYIA PLATYGLOSSA.

CALLI'COMA. (From kalos, beautiful, and come, hair ;
in reference to the tufted heads of its yellow flowers.
Nat. ord. Cunoniads [Saxifragaceae], Linn. n-Dode-
candria, 2-Digynia. Allied to Weinmannia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of half-ripened
wood, in close frame, in sandy peat. Summer temp.,
50° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45°.

C. serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 4. Yellow. June. N. S.
Wales. 1793.

CALLI'GONUM. (From kalos, beautiful, and gonu,
a joint ; in reference to its leafless joints. Nat. ord.
Buckwheats [Polygonacea?]. Linn. ii-Dodecandria, 4-
Tetragynia. Allied to Polygonum.)

This is a curious, leafless shrub, a native of Siberia,
where the Calmucks, in times of scarcity, pound and boil
the roots, from which they obtain a nutritious gum re-
sembling tragacanth, to allay their hunger ; while, by
chewing the acrid branches and fruit, they quench their
thirst. Hardy evergreen shrub ; cuttings under a hand-
glass, in spring and autumn ; sandy loam.
C. Palla'sia (Pallas's). 4. Green, white. August.
Caspian Sea. 1780.

CALLIO'FSIS. Synonym of Coreo'psis, which see.
CALLIPHRU'RIA. See CALIPHRURIA.
CALLIO'PSIS BI'COLOR. See COREOPSIS TINCTORIA.
CALLIPRO'RA LUTEA. See BRODI^EA IXIOIDES.

CALLIPSY'CHE. (From kalos, beautiful, and psyche,
a butterfly ; in allusion to the beautiful flowers. Nat.
ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae], Allied to Eucrosia.)

Showy greenhouse bulbs, requiring a compost of good
fibrous loam, a little leaf-mould, and sufficient sand to
make it porous, and good drainage. Give plenty of
water when making growth, and gradually withhold it
as the leaves begin to turn yellow. They should not get
dust dry when at rest, but just kept moist to prevent the
bulbs from shrivelling. Propagated by offsets and by
seeds. Shade when in bloom.
C. auranti'aca (orange). 2. Rich golden yellow. Andes

of Ecuador. 1868.
„ eucrosioi' des (Eucrosia-like). 2. Scarlet and green.

Mexico. 1843.
„ mira'bilis (wonderful). 3. Greenish yellow. Peru.

1868.
CALLTPTERIS. See ASPLENIUM.

CALLIRHO E. (Callirhoe, a mythical divinity, daughter
of the river-god Achelous. Nat. ord. Malvaceae. Allied
to Malva.)

Annual or perennial herbs of considerable beauty,
easily cultivated in light, rich, sandy soil. Propagated
by seeds and the perennial species by cuttings in very
sandy soil in pots in a cold frame or under a hand-light
in summer.

C. alcceoi'des (Alcea-like). Rosy purple. N. Amer.
„ digita'ta (fingered). 2 to 3. Reddish-purple. Summer.

N.W. Amer. 1824. Perennial.
„ involucra'ta (involucrate). 6. Crimson. N.W. Amer.

1 86 1. Perennial.

„ linearilo'ba (linear-lobed). N. Amer. 1883.
„ macrorrhi'za (large-rooted). See C. ALC^EOIDES.
„ Papa'ver (Poppy-like). 3. Violet-red. N.W. Amer.

1833. Perennial.
„ peda'ta (pedate-leaved). 2 to 3. Cerise. August.

N.W. Amer. 1824. Annual.
„ ,, compa'cta (compact). A dwarf variety.
„ spica'ta (spicate). See SIDALCEA SPICATA.
,, triangula'ta (triangulate). Pale purple. August. N.

Amer. 1836. Perennial.

CALL! SLA. ( From kalos, beautiful. A pretty species.
Nat. ord. Spiderworts [Commelinacea?]. Linn. j,-Trian-
dria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Tradescantia.)

Stove evergreen trailers ; division of their creeping
shoots ; sandy loam and a little peat. Summer temp.
60° to 70° ; winter, 45° to 55°.

CALLISTA

153

CALLITRIS

C. martensia'na (Martensian). i. White. Mexico.

Violet-scented. Mexico.
„ re'pens (creeping). J. Blue. June. S. Amer. 1776.

CALLI STA AMA BILIS. See DENDROBIUM VEXANS.

CALLISTA'CHYS. (From kalos, beautiful, and stachus,
a flower-spike. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosje]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i~M<mogynia. Now re-
ferred to Oxylobium.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except where otherwise
specified. Cuttings of half-ripened side-shoots in April,
in sand, in close frame, sandy peat, fibrous loam, and a
little charcoal. Summer temp., 55° to 70° ; winter,
40° to 45°.

C. cunta'ta (wedge-leaved). See ISOTROPIS STRICTA.
„ lancfola'ta (spear-kamf). See OXYLOBIUM CALLI-

STACHYS.
„ linariafo'lia (toad-flax-leaved). See OXYLOBIUM

LINEARE.

„ linea'ris (narrow-ka»«f). See OXYLOBIUM LINEARE.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See OXYLOBIUM CALLI-

STACHYS.
„ ova'ta (egg-shaped-feat>Ai). See OXYLOBIUM CALLI-

STACHYS.

„ retu'sa (jagged-ended-kav^i). See OXYLOBIUM CAL-

LISTACHYS.

CALLISTEMMA. See CALLI'STEPHUS HORTENSIS.
China-Aster.

CALIISTE'MON. (From kalisios, most beautiful, and
stemon, a stamen ; referring to the graceful, long, scarlet
stamens. Bottle-brush Tree. Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms
[Myrtaceae]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Leptospennum.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Holland, with
pea-like blossoms. Seeds sown in a hotbed, in March ;
cuttings of firm, but not solid, wood, in sandy loam,
under a bell-glass or close frame, in April or May ; turfy
peat, sandy and fibrous loam, and a few pieces of char-
coal. Summer temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45°.

C. brachya'ndrus (short-stamened). 3. Yellow. October

Australia. 1848.

„ cocci' neus (scarlet). Scarlet. Australia.
„ Cunningham'ii (Cunningham's). Australia.
,, formo'sus (beautiful). 5. 1824.
„ fu'lzens (shining). See C. SALIGNUS.
„ t'ndicus (Indian). See BOLTONIA INDICA.
„ l&'vis (smooth). Australia.
„ lanceola'tus (lanceolate). 10. Crimson. June.

Australia. 1788.

„ lanugino'sus (woolly). See C. SALIGNUS.
„ leptosta' chyus (slender-spiked). See C. SALIGNUS.
„ linearifo'lius (linear-leaved). See C. RIGIDUS LINEARI-

FOLIUS.

„ linea'ris (linear). 6. Scarlet. June. 1728.
„ longifo'lius (long-leaved). See C. SALIGNUS.
„ lopha'nthus (crest-flowered). See C. SALIGNUS.
„ macrosta'chyus (small-spiked). See KUNZEA BAXTERI.
„ margina'tus (margined). See C. LANCEOLATUS.
„ microphy'llus (small-leaved). 5. 1824.
„ pa'llidus (pale). See C. SALIGNUS.
„ pe'ndulus (pendulous). Australia. 1859.
„ phceni'ceus (purple). 3. Purplish. March. Australia.

1843.

„ pinifo'lius (Pine-leaved). 6. Green. June. Australia.
„ pithyofdes (Pine-like). Australia.
„ pu'ngens (prickly). 6. May. Australia. 1827.
„ ri'gidus (rigid). 5. Cream. April. Australia. 1800.
„ „ linearifo'lius (linear-leaved). 10. Red. May.

Australia. 1820.
„ „ rugulo'sus (finely wrinkled). 6. Pink. May.

Australia. 1821.

„ ro'seus (rosy). See C. SALIGNUS.
„ rugulo'sus (wrinkled). See C. RIGIDUS RUGDLOSUS.
„ soli' gnus (Willow-leaved). 6. June. Australia. 1788.
,, „ a'lbits (white).
„ ,, hi'rtus (hairy).
„ „ viridiflo'rus (green-flowered). 5. Green. July.

Australia. 1818.

„ sea' her (rough). See C. LANCEOLATUS.
„ semper flo'rens (ever-flowering). See C. LANCEOLATUS.
„ Sie'beri (Sieber's). See C. SALIGNUS.
„ specio'sus (showy). 10. Crimson. April. Australia.

1822.

C. vimina'lis (twiggy). See C. RIGIDUS.

„ vipla'ceus (violet). See C. SALIGNUS.

„ viridiflo'rus (green-flowered). See C. SALIGNUS VIRIDI-

FLORUS.

CALLI'STEPHUS. (From kallistos, most -beautiful,
and Stephanos or stephos, a crown. Nat. ord. Composites
[Composite]. Syn. Callistemma.)

The China-Aster. Hardy annual. Seeds sown in a
gentle hotbed in March, hardened off, and transplanted
in May. If pricked out in a similar way to celery, they
will well repay the labour. Seeds may also be sown from
early in March to the end of April, where the plants are
to bloom ; an open situation and a rich, loamy soil will
answer best.
C. chine'nsis. See C. HORTENSIS.

„ horte'nsis (garden), rj. Blue. July. China. 1731.

„ „ a'lbus (white), ij. White. July. China. 1731.

„ „ brachya'nihus (short-flowered), ij. Blue. July.
China. 1731.

„ „ multiplex (double), ij. Variegated. July. China.
1731.

„ „ ru'ber (red), ij. Red. July. China. 1731.

„ „ variega'tus (variegated), ij. Variegated. July.
China. 1731.

„ i'ndicus (Indian). See BOLTONIA INDICA.

Culture. — Propagation. — Being annuals, they must be
increased by seed every year. It should be saved from
the best-formed and most double flowers. Those with
quilled flowers are most esteemed. The colours should
also be taken into consideration in saving seed. The
self-colours should be clear, distinct, and bright ; such
as have striped blooms ought to have the colours well
defined, not run into each other, but distinctly separated.
There are a large number of garden varieties of C.
hortensis. They are almost invariably known as Asters,
and most seedsmen catalogue them as Asters, yet it is
as well to use the proper name " Callistephus " to pre-
vent confusion with the true Asters (Michaelmas Daisies),
which have become very popular during recent years.

The term Chinese Asters might be retained perhaps.
The name Callistephus seems to have been revived when
the single mauve or pale blue form was reintroduced to
culture. We depend chiefly on Germany for seed, the
seasons here in England being too changeable. It is not
necessary to enumerate varieties, except to say that the
Ostrich plume and Comet varieties are among the best
of recent introductions.

Soil.— The soil should be light and moderately rich ;
and the situation where they are to bloom should be
fully exposed to the sun. They make beautiful beds in
the parterre, but are not so lasting as some other flowers.
Culture. — Sow the seeds in March, on a gentle hotbed,
either in pots or on a bed of earth laid upon the heating
material at least six inches thick ; transplant the seed-
lings as soon as the frosts are over, either in beds of
separate colours, in mixtures, or in patches, in the general
flower-border. Whichever way is determined upon, the
soil should be prepared by the addition of a portion of
fresh loam and very much decayed dung, well mixed
with the original soil.

Diseases. — China- Asters are subject to die off suddenly.
There is no remedy, when this occurs, but to pull up the
sickly plants, and remove the soil ; put in some fresh,
and replant from the reserve stock — a stock that ought
always to be kept ready for such occasions.

Insects. — The green fly sometimes during a dry season
attacks these plants. Either sprinkle with tobacco-
water or Scotch snuff, to destroy them. Do this in the
evening of a fine day, and wash it off in the morning with
the syringe.

CALLJTHAU'MA. (From kalos, beauty, and thauma,
a wonder ; in reference to the wonderful green colour,
of the flowers. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae].
Now referred to Stenomesson, which see.)
C. angusiifo'lium (narrow- leaved). See STENOMESSON

VIRIDIFLORUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

„ viridiflo' rum (green-flowered). See STENOME££ON

VIRIDIFLORUM.

,, „ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved).
„ „ Elwe'sii (Elwes' variety).

CALLTTRIS. (From kalos, beautiful ; referring to
the whole plant. Nat. ord. Conifers [Coniferaej. Linn.
2i-Monaecia, i$~Polyandria. Allied to Thuja.)

CALLIXENE

CALOCHORTUS

The wood of C. quadriva'lvis is in great demand by the
Turks, who use it for the ceilings and floors of their
mosques, as they believe it to be indestructible. Green-
house, evergreen, cypress-like trees. Seeds and cuttings,
under a hand-light, in autumn, and protected by a cold
pit ; sandy loam, generally protected under a glass in
winter, though there seems reason to believe they would
flourish out of doors, in the warmer parts of England,
nearly as well as several of the Cypresses. In sheltered
positions on light, sandy soil, it is quite safe to plant
most species out. Soil has a great effect ; in cold, heavy
soil they rarely survive the winter.
C. arbo'rea (tree-like). 6. April. S. Africa. 1836.

" Cypress Broom."
„ austra'lis (sou them). Australia.
calcara'ta (spurred). Australia.
cupressifo'rmis (Cypress-formed). See C. RHOM-

BOIDEA.

cupressoides (Cypress-like). 10. S. Africa. 1799.
Parlato'rei (Parlatore's). Australia.
quadriva'lvis (four-valved). 20. September. N.

Africa. 1815.

rhomboi'dea (rhomboid). 20. Australia. 1826.
robu'sta (robust). Australia.

„ verruca' sa (warted). Australia.
trique'tra (triquetrous). April. S. Africa. 1820.
flATJJ'yrorrc POLYPHYTLLA. See LUZURIAGA ERECTA.

CALLO'PSIS. (From Calla, the Marsh Calla, and opsis,
resemblance, the spathe being somewhat similar. Nat.
ord. Araceas.)

A stove perennial of semi-epiphytic habit, and requiring
treatment similar to that given to Philodendron and
Anthurium ; shade in summer and water liberally when
growing. A compost of fibrous loam, peat, sphagnum,
sand, and some nodules of charcoal will suit. Propaga-
tion by division or cuttings.

C. Volke'nsii (Volkens'). Snow-white. Spadix yellow.
German East Africa. 1904.

CALLU'NA. (From kalluno, to adorn ; in reference
both to the beauty of the Heather, and to its use
as a scrubbing-brush or broom. Nat. ord. Heathworts
[Ericaceae]. Linn. S-Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

Callu'na vulga'ris, the common Heather, and all its
varieties, are the best bee-flowers of our native Flora.
The C. vulga'ris is a native of many parts of the British
Islands, and its flowers are purple, opening in August ;
but there are the double-blossomed, the white, the
scarlet, the red, the decumbent, the spiked, the downy,
and variegated varieties. See ERI'CA.
C. vulga'ris (common), i to 2. Purple. August and
September. Britain.

a'lba (white).

a'lba Se'rlei (Serle's white).

a'lba tene'lla (slender-stemmed white).

Alpo'rti (Alport's). Red.

arge'ntea (silvery). Silver variegation.

au'rea (golden-leaved).

cu'prea ( copper-coloured-leaved) .

flor'e ple'no (double-flowered). Pale purple.

Hammo'ndi (Hammond's). White.

CALLUS is the matter exuded from the edges of the
wound of a plant in the process of healing. It is exuded
from the horizontally communicating cells of the plant ;
and, in cuttings, it is from and through this exuded
matter that the roots and the perpendicular vessels
connected with them proceed.

CALOCE'PHALUS. (From kalos, beautiful, and kephale,
a head ; in allusion to the beautiful clusters of flower-
heads. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

The only species in cultivation is a small, much-
branched greenhouse shrub, wholly covered with white
hairs, and much used in carpet and other bedding in
summer. Cuttings in sand in a gentle heat. Loam,
peat, and plenty of sand.
C. Brow'nii (Brown's). 1-2. White. August. Australia.

CALOCHTLUS. (From kalos, beautiful, and cheilos, a
lip ; referring to the beauty of the labellum, or lip. Nat.
ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae], Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Listera and Neottia.)

Orchids are only apparently monandrous. There are,
In fact, three filaments, firmly grown together in the

column, the centre one bearing the pollen, and the other
two are barren. Greenhouse terrestrial orchids. Divisions
of the plant ; sandy loam and turfy peat, enriched with
a little lumpy, old cow-dung. Encouraged to grow,
when done flowering, by heat and moisture ; kept cool
and dry after they are pretty well matured, and heat
given again when to be started into bloom. Summer
temp., 50° to 75° ; winter, 45° to 50°.
C. campe'stris (field). J. Green, brown. Australia. 1824.
„ paludo'sus (marsh), £. Brown. Australia. 1823.

CALOCHO'RTUS. Mariposa Lily, Star Tulip. (From
kalos, beautiful, and chortus, grass ; referring to the leaves.
Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliacea?]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to the Tulip and Fritillaria.)

The gayest of our hardy or half-hardy bulbs, intro-
duced by the unfortunate and intrepid Douglas from
N.W. America. Half-hardy bulbs. Offsets ; sandy loam
and peat, in equal proportions. If planted out, the bulbs
should be taken up and dried before winter ; if in pots,
keep in a cold pit, and re-pot in new soil when the bulbs
begin to grow.

C. a'lbus (white), i. White. August. California. 1832.
„ ama'bilis (lovely). Small, golden-yellow. California.

1875.

„ amce'nus (pleasing). Rosy pink. N.W. Amer. 1892.
„ barba'tus (bearded). See C. FLAVUS.
„ Bentha'mi(Bentham's). J. Yellow, red-brown. June.

California. 1877.
„ cceru'leus (blue). Petals bearded with long, bluish

hairs. California. 1879.
„ Catali'nce (Cataline's). White, tinted lilac or purple.

California. 1895.

,, citri'nus (lemon). See C. WEEDII.
„ clava'tus (clubbed). Golden-yellow. California. 1897.
„ e'legans (elegant), i. White, purple. N.W. Amer.

1826.
„ fla'vus (yellow). Yellow, bearded with purple hairs.

Mexico. 1827.

„ Go'ldyi (Goldy's). Old gold. Supposed hybrid be-
tween C. Benthami and C. amabilis. 1904.
„ Gunniso'ni (Gunnison's). Lilac, yellowish. N.W.

Amer.
„ „ Krela'geiCKrelage's). Yellow, white, green, black.

California. 1873.
„ Howe'llii (Howell's). White, and violet black blotch.

Oregon. 1890.
„ Kenne'dyi (Kennedy's). Bright scarlet, and black

blotch. California. 1892.
„ Leichtli'nii (Leichtlin's). See C. NUTTALLII LEICHT-

LINII.
„ lilaci'nus (lilac). Lilac to pale purple. California.

1868.
,, longebarba'tus (long-bearded). Pale mauve with

purple zone. N.W. Amer. 1890.
„ lu'teus (yellow). Deep orange, with brown spots.

California. 1831.

„ „ co'ncolor (one-coloured). Buttercup yellow. 1895.
,, „ ocula'tus (eyed). Bright yellow, with an eye-spot

to each petal.

„ Lyo'ni (Lyon's). See C. CATALIN^.
„ macroca'rpus (large-fruited). 2. Purple. August.

California. 1826.

,, madre'nsis. Orange-yellow. Northern Mexico. 1890.
,, mawea'nus (Mawean). i. White, purple. California.

1875.

„ monophy'llus (one- leaved). £. Bright yellow. Cali-
fornia. 1848.
„ ni'tidus (shining). Mauve, indigo blotch. California.

1896.
„ Nutta'llii (Nuttall's). i to 2. White, purple. N.W.

Amer. 1869.
„ „ Leichtli'nii (Leichtlin's). Smoky white, with dark

spot at the base, dwarf.
„ obispoe'nsis (Obispoan). Lemon-yellow, orange base.

California. 1889.
„ pa'llidus (pale). See C. FLAVUS.
„ Palme' ri (Palmer's). White to pale purple. Cali-
fornia. 1902.
„ Plummet 'r<z (Plummer's). Delicate shade of lilac.

California. 1894.
„ „ au'rea (golden). Golden- yellow, with a scarlet

blotch across the petal California. 1897.
„ pulche'llus (beautiful), i to ij. Yellow. California.

1832.

CALODENDRON

155

CALOTROPIS

C. pulche'llus parvifto'rus (small-flowered). See C.

AMABILIS.

„ Pu'rdyi (Purdy's). f. Silvery white, purple base.

California. 1898.
„ purpu'reus (purple). 3. Purple. August. Mexico.

1827. Partly C. bonplandianus.
„ sple'ndens (splendid). White, deep lilac or purple.

California. 1832.

„ uniflo'rus (one-flowered). See C. LILACINUS.
„ venu'stus (handsome). i|. Whitish or pale lilac.

California. 1836.
„ „ brachyse'palus (short-sepalled). White, yellow,

red. California. 1876.

„ „ lilaci'nus (lilac). Lilac, reddish, yellow. Cali-
fornia. 1877.
„ „ pfctus (spotted). Pure white, with central red

blotch. California. 1895.
„ „ purpu'rens (purple). Rich purple-lilac. Cali-

fornia. 1877.
„ „ ro'seus (rosy). Purple-rose, white inside, with

red blotch. 1886.
„ „ V Ssius White, tinted lilac, with red blotch on

the petals.
„ Wee'dii (Weed's). Rich yellow, covered with brown

hairs. California. 1875.

CALODENDRON. (From kalos, beautiful, and den-
dron, a tree. Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Dipsma.)

One of those beautiful Diosma-looking genera which
abound in our Cape Colony, remarkable alike for their
pretty flowers and for their powerful and generally offen-
sive odour. The settlers call them Bucku-plants. Green-
house tree. Cuttings of half-ripened wood in sand, under
a bell-glass, or in close frame, and with a little bottom-
heat ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 50° to 75° ; winter,
40° to 50°.

C. cape'nsis (Cape). 40. Pink. Cape of Good Hope.
1789.

CALO DRAGON. (From kalos, beautiful, and dracon,
a dragon ; the allusion being to Draccena Draco, the
Dragon-tree. Nat. ord. Liliaceae. It is now referred to
Cordyline.)

Greenhouse, shrubby plant of easy culture and requiring
similar treatment to Dracaena or Cordyline australis.
C. no'bilis (noble). Japan. 1852.

CALONYCTIONPSEUDOMUBICATUM. SeeIponcuA

GRANDIFLORA.

CALOPE'TALON RI'NGENS. See MARIANTHUS RIXGENS.

CALO PHACA. (From kalos, beautiful, and phakc, a
lentil ; in reference to the lentil-like flowers. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia,
4-Decandria. Allied to Cytisus.)

Loudon says of it, " Grafted standard high on the
common Laburnum, it forms an object at once singular,
picturesque, and beautiful." Hardy deciduous shrubs.
Seeds sown in March ; or cuttings, under a hand-light ;
common, light loam.

C. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Bright yellow. Turke-
stan. 1886.
„ u'o/ga'rtca(Wolga). 2. Yellow. May. S.Russia. 1786.

CALO PHANES. (From kalos, beautiful, and phaino,
to appear. Nat. ord. Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn.
14-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Ruellia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Dividing the roots in
March ; light, sandy loam.

C. oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved), i. Blue. August.
Carolina. 1832.

CALOPHYXLUM. (From kalos, beautiful, and phyllon,
a leaf. Nat. ord. Guttifers [Guttiferae]. Linn. i$-tetra-
dynamia.)

Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots

in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and

loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

C. Cala'ba (calaba-/r«). 30. White. Trop. Amer. 1780.

„ Inophy'Uum (fibrous-leaved). 90. White. E. Ind.

1793.

„ specta'bile (showy). Trop. Asia.
„ spu'rium (spurious). See C. INOPHTLLUM.
„ Tacamaha'ca (Tacamahaca). 30. White. Bourbon.
1822.

CALOPO GON. (From kalos, beautiful, and pogon, a
beard ; in reference to the fringe on the lip, or labellum.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2o-Gynandria,
i-Monandria. Allied to Pogonia.)

Greenhouse orchids. Division of its tuberous roots ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter,
45' to 50*.
C. multiflo'rus (many-flowered). Purple, with golden

plates on the lip. N. Amer. 1884.
„ pulche'Uus (pretty), ij. Purple. July. N. Amer.

I77L

C ALORHA B DOS. ( From kalos, beautiful, and rhabdos,
a rod or wand ; in allusion to the long, terminal raceme
of flowers. Nat. ord. Scrophulariaceas.)

A slender, upright herb with the habit of a Veronica,
and requiring greenhouse treatment. Propagated by
seeds and cuttings in sandy soil under glass. Fibrous
loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

C. caulo'ptera (winged-stemmed). Red-purple in long
racemes. China. 1901.

CALOSA'NTHES I'NDICA. See OROXYLUM INDICUM.

CALOSCO RDUM. (From kalos, beautiful, and
scordon, garlic. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn.
b-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Nothos-
cordum.)

Half-hardy little bulb. Offsets ; common soil. Though
a native of Chusan, it is likely to require but little pro-
tection in winter.
C. nerinefio'rum (nerine- flowered). See NOTHOSCORDUM

NERINIFLORUM.

CALOSTE MMA. ( From kalos, beautiful, and stemma,
a crown. Nat. ord. AmaryUids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogy-nia. Allied to Coburgia.)

Greenhouse bulbs. Offsets ; sandy loam and a little
leaf-mould ; a cold pit, or the greenhouse in winter.

C. a'lbum (white), i. White. May. N. Holland. 1824.
„ ca'rneum (flesh-coloured- flowered). See C. PURPUREUM

CARNEUM.

„ Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). May. Moreton Bay.
„ lu'teum (yeUow). i. Yellow. November. N. Hol-
land. 1819.
„ purpu'reum (purple), i. Purple. November. N.

Holland. 1819.
„ „ ca'rneum (flesh-coloured). I. Flesh. Australia.

1837.

CALOTHA'MNUS. (From kalos, beautiful, and
thamnos, a shrub. Nat. ord. Myrtlcblooms [Myrtaceae].
Linn. i8-Polyadelphia, 2-Polyandria. Allied to Mela-
leuca.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, natives of Australia.
Cuttings of young wood, firm at the base, hi sand, under
glass ; sandy peat and fibrous loam. Summer temp.,
55° to 75° ; winter, 38° to 45°.
C. Baxte'ri (Baxter's). See KUNZEA BAXTERI.
„ clava'tus (club-shaped). See C. QUADRIFIDUS.
„ gra'cilis (slender). 3. Scarlet. July. 1803.
„ Kni'gMii (Knight's). See C. ROBUSTUS.
,, latera'lis (lateral). Red. June. Australia.
„ Prei'ssii (Preiss's). Australia.
„ quadri'fidus (four-cleft). 3. Scarlet. July. 1803.
„ robu'stus (robust). Blooms all the year.
„ rupe'stris (rock). Filaments crimson ; anthers yellow.

W. Australia. 1903.
,, sangui'neus (blood-coloured). Red. May. Australia.

CALO 'TIS. (From kalos, beautiful, and ous, an ear ;
in reference to the chaffy scales of the pappus, or seed-
head. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, 2-Superflua. Allied to Bellium.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Divisions ; sandy
loam. Summer temp., 55° to 70° ; winter, 35° to 45*.
C. cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved), i. Blue. June. N.
Holland. 1819,

CALO'TROPIS. (From kalos, beautiful, and tropis, a
keel ; referring to the flower. Nat. ord. Asclcpiads
[Asclepiadacea?]. Linn. $-Pentandria, 2-Digynia. Allied
to Schubertia.)

C. giga'ntea is the Akund-yercum, or Mudar-plant of
India, whose thick, milky juice is a powerful purgative.
Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in

CALPICARPUM

156

CALYPSO

March ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under
a glass, in April ; good, common, fibrous loam and a
little sand. Summer temp., 50° to 80° ; winter, 40°
to 50°.
C. gigante'a (gigantic). 6. White. August. E. Ind.

1690.
„ pro'cera (tall). 10. White. April. Persia. 1714.

CALPICA'RPUM. (From kalpis, an urn, and karpos,
a fruit. Nat. ord. Asclepidaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Propagated by cuttings of
the young shoots getting firm, in a close, propagating
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
C. albiflo'rum (white-flowered). White, crimson. Malaya.

1864.
„ orna'tum (adorned). Ceram.

CALPI'DIA. SeePisoNiA.

CALPU'RNIA. (Named in honour of T. ful. C.
Calpurnius. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

A greenhouse tree with the habit and general aspect
of a Laburnum, and may be treated like a Cytisus.

C. au'rea (golden). Yellow. S. Africa. 1777. Natal

Laburnum.

„ lasio'gyne (woolly ovary). See C. AUREA.
„ robinioi'des (Robinia-like). 8. Yellow. August.

S. Africa. 1818.
„ sylva'tica (wood). 4. Yellow. August. S. Africa.

1816.

CA'LTHA. Marsh Marigold. (A contraction of
kalathos, a goblet ; referring to the form of the flower.
Nat. ord. Crowfoots [Ranunculaceas], Linn. i^-Poly-
andria, 6-Polygynia. Allied to Hellebore.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, or divisions, in
March or April ; common soil of the border. A moist
place, near a running stream, is where they flourish most.

C. a'rctica (arctic). See C. PALUSTRIS.
„ asarifo'lia (asarum-leaved). See C. PALUSTRIS.
„ biflo'ra (two-flowered). J. White. June. N. Amer.

1827.
„ ela'ta (tall). i£-2£. Golden-yellow, with black

anthers. Himalaya. 1904.
„ ftabellifo'lia (fan-leaved). See C. PALUSTRIS.
„ govania'na (Gowan's). See C. PALUSTRIS.
„ intege'rrima (entire-leaved). Yellow. May. See C.

PALUSTRIS.

„ leptose'pala (small-sepalled). i. White. May. N.

Amer. 1827.

„ no! tans (floating). Yellow. May. Siberia. 1816.
„ palu'stris (marsh), i. Golden-yellow. April and

May. Britain.
„ „ a'lba (white).
„ „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered.).
„ „ Guerange'rii (Gueranger's). Flowers starry, with

narrow sepals.

„ „ mi'nor (smaller). Stem one-flowered.
„ „ monstro'sa ple'na (monstrous double). Flowers

large, double.

„ „ pa'llida ple'na (pale, double). Pale yellow, double.
„ ,, parnassifo'lia (Parnassus-leaved). Yellow. April.

N. Amer. 1815.

» M purpura' 'scens (purplish). Shoots purplish.
„ ,, Tyerma'ni (Tyerman's). £. Golden-yellow. 1909.
„ polype'tala (many-petaled). Yellow. May. Asia

Minor.

„ radi'cans (rooting). £. Yellow. April. Scotland.
„ sagitta ta (arrow-leaved). \. Green, yellow. Novem-
ber. Magellan. 1840.

CALTROPS. Tri'bulus.
CALTROPS, WATER. Tra'pa na'tans.
CALUMBA, FALSE. Cosci'nium fenestra' turn.
CALUMBA ROOT. Jateorrhi'za Calu'mba.
CALUMBA WOOD. Cosci'nium fenestra' turn.

CALVO'A. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Melastomaceae.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Equal parts loam and peat,
both fibrous, and sand.

C. orienta'lis (eastern). 3$. Red, afterwards violet. E.
Trop. Africa. 1904.

CALYCA'NTHUS. Allspice. (From kalyx, a calyx,
and anthos, a flower ; in reference to the coloured calyx.
Nat. ord. Calycanths [Calycanthaceae], Linn. i2-Icosan-
dria, 3-Polygynia.)

The bark of C. flo'ridus, from its aromatic fragrance,
is used as a substitute for cinnamon in the United States
of North America. Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers,
as fruit, is seldom produced ; rich, sandy loam, in a
shady situation. It is said, that by pulling out the
terminal bud of a shoot two flower-buds are produced ;
and thus the flowering season is prolonged.

C. fe'rtilis (fertile). See C. GLAUCUS.
„ fto'ridus (flowery). 6. Brown. June. Carolina.
1726.

asplenifo'lius (asplenium-leaved). Brown. July.
fe'rax (iertile-flowered). See C. GLAUCUS.
inodo'rus (ngarJy-scentless). See C. GLAUCUS.
longifo'lius (long-leaved). See C. GLAUCUS.
ova'tus (egg-shape-leaved). See C. GLAUCUS.
variega'tus (variegated-leaved). 6. ^-rown. July.
,, glau'cus (railky-green-leaved) . 6. Brown. May.

Carolina. 1726.

„ „ oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved). Leaves ovate-
lanceolate.

„ IcEviga'tus (smooth-leaved). See C. GLAUCUS.
„ macrophy'llus (large-leaved). See C. OCCIDENTALS.
„ oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved). See C. GLAUCUS

OBLONGIFOLIUS.

„ occidenta'lis (western). 7f. Scarlet. September.

California. 1831.
„ pennsylva'nicus (Pennsylvanian). 4. Brown. May.

Pennsylvania. 1820.

CALYCIFORM. In a form resembling a calyx.

CALYCOCA'RPUM. (From kalux, kalukos, the calyx,
and carpos, a fruit ; the sepals of the calyx are long.
Nat. ord. Menispermaceae.)

A hardy deciduous twiner. Division of the root-stock ;
cuttings in spring under a hand-light. Ordinary garden
soil.

C. Lyo'nii (Lyon's). 10. Purple. June. N. Amer.
1823.

CALYCOPHY'LLUM. (From kalux, calyx, and phullon,
a leaf ; referring to a division of the calyx expanding
into the form of a leaf. Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiacea?].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Bouvardia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots
in sand, under glass, in heat ; loam, peat, and a little
sand and charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
50° to 55°.

C. candidi' ssimum (whitest). 20. White. Cuba. 1830.
CA'LYCOTHRIX. See CALYTHRIX.

CALYCO'TOME. (From kalux, a calyx, and tome, a
cut portion ; the tips of the calyx fall away. Nat. ord.
Leguminosas.)

A hardy, spiny shrub with leafy clusters of yellow
flowers, that may be grown in any good garden soil.

C. spino'sa (spiny). 5. Yellow. June, July. Portugal.
Corsica. 1846.

CALY'CULATE, having bractes so placed as to re-
semble an outer or additional calyx.

CALYDO'REA. (From kalos, beautiful, and doru, a
spear. Nat. ord. Iridaceae.)

Greenhouse bulb, the bulbs being edible. Seeds ;
offsets. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

C. specio'sa (showy). J. Blue, with yellow base. June.
Chili. 1836. " Tahay."

CALYME'NIA ANGUSTIFO'LIA. See OXYBAPHDS

ANGUSTIFOLIUS.

CALY'PSO. (From kalypto, to conceal; in reference
to its place of growth. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceaa].
Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Liparis.)

Half-hardy terrestrial orchid. Offsets from the bulbs ;
sandy loam and peat. Cold pit and frame, or close to
the side of a wall.

C. borea'lis (northern). J. Rose, brown. January.
N. Amer. 1820.

CALYPTRANTHES

157

CAMBESSEDESIA

CALYPTRA NTHES. (From kaluptra, a veil, and
anthos, a flower ; referring to the way the flower-bud is
hid by the cohesion of the tips of the calyx, which falls
off like a cap when the flower expands. Nat. ord.
Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, i-Afono-
gynia. Allied to Pimento.)

The dried flower-buds of C. aroma' ticus are a good
substitute for cloves. Stove evergreen trees. Layers
and cuttings in heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. caryophyllifo'lia. See EUGENIA JAMBOLANA.
„ Chytracu'lia (Chytraculia). 20. White. April.

Jamaica. 1778.

„ Jambola'na. See EUGENIA JAMBOLANA.
„ Syzy'gium (Syzygium). 20. White. June. W. Ind.

1778.
CALYPTBA'RIA H.EMANTHA. See CBNTRONIA

H/EMANTHA.

CALY PTRION. See CORYNOSTYLIS.

CALYPTRO' CALYX. (From kaluptra, a covering, and
kalux, a cup. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceae]. Allied to
Areca.)

For cultivation, see PALMS.

C. spica'tus (spicate). 12. Amboyna.

CALYPTRO'GYNE. (From kaluptra, a covering, and
gyne, the ovary. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceas]. Allied
to Areca.)

Stove Palms of an ornamental character. Propaga-
tion by seeds. For cultivation, see PALMS.
C. ghiesbreghtia'na (Ghiesbreghtian). 2 to 5. Mexico.
„ sarapigue'nsis (Sarapiguan). 6. Leaves 6 ft. long,

pinnate. Costa Rica. 1901.
„ spici'gera (spike-bearing). 5. Guatemala.
„ Swa'rtzii (Swartz's). See GEONOMA SWARTZII.
„ te'res (terete). British Guiana. 1882.

CALYPTRONO'MA. See CALYPTROGYNE.
CALYSTE'GIA. Bearbind. ( From kalux, a calyx, and
siege, a covering ; in reference to the calyx being hid
by two bractes, as is the case with a section of Bind-
weeds. Nat. ord. Bindweeds [Convolvulaceae]. Linn.
S-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Convolvulus.)

C. pube'scens, received from China as a double flower,
has become single with Mr. Beaton. — Cottage Gardener, iv.
302. Hardy deciduous plants, except where otherwise
mentioned. Both the creeping and twining species may
be propagated by divisions of the plant and roots.
Common soil.
C. affi'nis (related). A geographical form of C. sepium.

Norfolk Island. 1898.
„ catesbia'na (Mr. Catesby's). Rose. July. Carolina.

1816. Twiner.
„ dahu'rica (Dahurian). Pink. July. Dahuria. 1823.

Twiner.
„ kedera'cea (ivy-like). Rose. June. Nepaul. 1826.

Half-hardy 'twiner. Double.
„ margina'ta (bordered). 3. Pink. July. N. Holland.

1824. Twiner.

„ pube'scens (downy). See C. HEDERACEA.
„ renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped). See C. SOLDANELLA.
„ se'pium (great-hedge. Common Bindweed). 6.

White. July. Britain.
„ ,, dahu'rica (Dahurian). Siberia.
„ „ incama'ta (red-flowered). 6. Red. July.

England.
„ silva'tica (wood). 18. White. July. Hungary.

1815. Twiner.
„ Soldane'Ua (Spldanellz-leaved. Sea Bindweed). Flame.

June. Britain. Evergreen trailer.
„ spithama'a (span). See CONVOLVULUS SPITHAM^US.
„ sylve'stris (wood). See C. SILVATICA.
„ tomento'sa (woolly). See CONVOLVULUS SPITHAM.EUS.

CA LYTHRIX. (From kalux, a calyx, and thri.r, hair ;
in reference to the divisions of the calyx ending in long,
bristly hairs. Nat. ord. Fringe-myrtles [Myrtaceae].
Linn. i2-Icosandria, i-Monogynia.)

The calyx, in this small order, ends in awn-like hairs,
or bristles, or is broken up into fringes : hence the name
of Fringe-myrtles. They are beautiful little bushes,
often not unlike Heaths, with the fragrance of Myrtle-

blooms. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
points of shoots, in April or May, in sand, under glass.
Summer temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 35° to 45°.

C. angula'ta (sharp-cornered). Yellow. May. Swan

River. 1842.

„ au'rea (golden- flowered). Bright yellow. Swan River.
„ brevise'ta (short-bristled). Pale lilac. May. Swan

River. 1843.

„ ericoi'des (heath-like). See C. TETRAGONA.
„ floribu'nda (many-flowered). 4. White. N. Holland.

1820.

„ gla'bra (smooth). See C. TETRAGONA.
„ glutino'sa (clammy). Yellow, purple. May. Swan

River.

„ pube'scens (downy). See C. TETRAGONA.
„ sapphiri'na (sapphire-coloured). 2. Blue. May.

Swan River. 1843.

„ sca'bra (rough-leaved and bracted). See C. TETRA-
GONA.

„ Sulliva'nti (Sullivant's). Australia. 1899.
„ tetrago'na (four-angled). 4. White. Australia. 1810.
„ varia'bilis (changeable). Lilac. May. Swan River.

1842.
„ virga'ta (twiggy-branched) See C. TETRAGONA.

CAMARI'DIUM. (From camara, an arched roof ; in
reference to the arched tip of the stigma. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Monandria.
Allied to Maxillaria.)

Stove orchid ; division ; shallow basket, or raised
above the surface of the pots, with sphagnum, moss,
and broken pots. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter,
55° to 65°.

C. aflbum (white), See C. OCHROLEUCUM.
„ lawrencea'num (Lawrencean). Yellow-white, purple.

1894.

„ ochroleu'cum (yellowish-white), i. White. July.
Trop. Amer. 1823.

CAMAROTIS. (From camara, an arched roof; in
reference to the form of the lip, or labellum. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceae], Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Monan-
dria. Allied to Sarcanthus.)

Stove orchid ; divisions ; block of wood, or shallow
pot, with plant raised above it, and the lower part
fastened with moss, peat, &c. Summer temp., 66° to 90°,
with moisture ; winter, 55° to 65°.

C. cochinchine'nsis (Cochin-China). Yellow, brown.

Cochin-China. 1877.

„ obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). See SARCOCHILUS OBTUSXJS.
„ purpu'rea (purple- flowered). See SARCOCHILUS PUR-
PUREUS.

CAMA'SSIA. (From Quamash, so called by the North
American Indians, who eat the bulbs. Nat. ord. Lily-
worts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Scilla, or Squill.)

Beautiful hardy bulbs ; offsets and seeds, which may
be sown when ripe ; sandy loam and peat, in a shady
situation.

C. Bro'wnii (Brown's). Blue. Origin unknown.

„ Cusi'ckii (Cusick's). 2. Light purple. May. Cali-
fornia. 1888.

„ Engelma'nni (Engelmann's). i. Bright blue. Rocky
Mountains. 1889.

„ escule'nta (eatable). 2. Purple. July. N.W. Amer.
1827. " Quamash."

„ „ flo'rea'lbo (white-flowered), ij. White. N.W.
Amer. 1826.

„ Frase'ri (Eraser's), ij. Pale blue. May. N. Amer.
Wild Hyacinth.

„ Leichtli'nii (Leichtlin's). 2. Creamy-white. May
and June. British Columbia. 1853.

„ „ a'lba (white). Pure white.

„ „ atroviola' 'cea (dark violet). Deep purple. 1906.

CAMBESSEDE SIA. (Named in compliment to fames
Cambessedes, a botanist. Nat. ord. Melastomads [Melas-
tomaceae].)

A beautiful stove shrub of herbaceous habit. Fibrous
peat, loam, and sand. Cuttings of shoots getting firm
at the base in a close case with heat.

C. Paraguay e'nsis (Paraguayan), ij. Rose-red. July.
Paraguay. 1874. First flowered in i88j.

CAMBIUM

158

CAMELLIA

CA'MBIUM. A thin layer of cells just inside the
bark, which, by the division .'of its cells, produces new
bark on its outside and new wood on its inside, by
which Dicotyledons and Conifers increase in thickness
every year. In winter it is quiescent, and is the only
layer of cells capable of further growth when plants
and trees recommence growing after their season of rest.

CAMETLLIA. (Named after Camellus, a Moravian
Jesuit. Nat. ord. Theads, or Teaworts [Ternstromiaceae],
Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 8-Polyandria.)

A good table-oil is extracted from the seeds of C.
olei'fera. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Inarching and
grafting, the latter mode entailing least trouble, using a
slight, sweet hotbed, and shading from bright sun until
the scions have taken : March and April is the best
time. Cuttings of ripened shoots ; every joint, if neces-
sary, will form one, inserted firmly in the sand ; set in a
close, shady situation, and, after a time, placed in mild
bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with a little cow-dung,
dried, and charcoal. Summer temp., 50° to 70°, with
shade ; winter, 35° to 45°. By bringing forward in a
vinery they may be induced to flower at almost all
seasons. It is by giving heat and a moist atmosphere,
after they have done flowering, to induce early growth,
and ripening them off later, that induces early flowering.
See GENERAL CULTURE.

C. axilla'ris (axillary). See GORDONIA ANOMALA.
„ Bohe'a (Bohea). See C. THEIFERA.
„ Donckelaa'ri (Donckelaar's). Crimson, marbled white.
„ drupi'fera (drupe-bearing). 10. White. May.

Himalaya, China, &c. 1818.
„ euryoi'des (Eurya-like). 4. White. May. China.

1824.
„ Guiseppi' na-M ercate' Hi (Josephina Mercatelli's).

White, with a few red stripes. 1881.
„ hongkonge'nsis (Hongkongese). China. 1859.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). 10. Red. May. China. 1739.
„ „ a'lbasemidu'plex (white semi-double). 10. White.

March. China. 1822.
„ „ Albe'rti (Prince Albert's). Red. White. May.

China. 1839.

„ „ ela'ta (tall). Bright crimson. May.
„ „ imbrica'ta (imbricated). 10. Crimson. March.

China. 1824.
„ „ pcsonicefto'ra a'lba (pa?ony-flowered-white). 10.

White. February. China. 1820.
„ „ Pa'rksii (Park's). 10. Bright rose. February.

China.
„ „ reevesia'na (Reeves's). 10. Crimson. September.

China. 1829.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy- flowered). 10. Rose. February.

China. 1821.
„ „ sabinia'na (Sabine's). 10. White. February.

China. 1824.
„ „ specio'sa (showy). 10. Deep red. March. China.

1824.

„ Kis'si (Kiss'). See C. DRUPIFERA.
„ maliflo'ra (apple-flowered). See C. ROS^EFLORA.
„ muta' bilis (changeable). See C. JAPONICA.
„ olei'fera (oil-yielding). See C. SASANQUA.
„ reticula'ta (netted). 6. Red. April. China. 1824.
„ „ flo're pie' no (double-flowered). China. 1820.
„ rosceflo'ra (rose-flowered). 3. Pink. China.
„ Sasa'nqua (Lady Bank's-Sasan). 4. White. Febru-
ary. China. 1811.
„ „ anemonceflo'ra( Anemone-flowered). Yellow, white

China.
„ „ ple'na-a'lba (double-white). 4. White. February.

China. 1824.
„ „ ple'na-ru'bra (double-red). Red, February

China. 1818.
„ „ se 'mi-pie' 'na (semi-double). 4. Red. February

China. 1811.

„ specta' bilis (showy). See C. RETICULATA.
„ T^'a(Tea). See C. THEIFERA.
„ thei'fera (tea-bearing). 3 to 10. White. China.

1768. " China Tea."
„ „ assa'mica (Assamese). 3 to 15. White. Assam.

1846. " Assam Tea."

CAMELLIA CULTURE.— Propagation.— The old single
red (C. japonica) and many of the double varieties may
be propagated from cuttings, but it is a general practice
to graft the best double varieties on established plants

of the C. japonica, which is of very free growth. The
ordinary double white will do well from cuttings. The
best time to take cuttings is as soon as the new spring
growth is fairly well matured, and before it gets too hard.
Cuttings should be about four inches long, cut off quite
close below a leaf, and two or three of the lower leaves
removed. The cutting pots should have good drainage
and filled firmly with a compost consisting of equal parts
of loam, peat, and sand, with a little extra sand on the
surface ; plunged in a close frame where there is a moderate
bottom-heat and a cool surface, they will soon callus,
and a little later on make roots. Some water will be
necessary, but avoid over-watering. A slight sprinkling
overhead will be all that is necessary for the first few
days. Pot off singly as soon as they are well rooted,
using fibrous loam with some leaf-mould and sand added ;
if the loam is heavy, some peat may be used. When
first potted water moderately, and syringe lightly once a
day. They may be kept close and given a little heat to
start them, and later on gradually exposed, when they
will soon be ready to be placed under the ordinary treat-
ment of the older plants.

By Grafting.— This may be done any time during the
dormant season, that is, usually from September until
February. It is, perhaps, preferable that the grafting
should be done in J anuary, or just before new growth
commences ; and if placed in warmth for a short time
before using them it will be an advantage. It has been
recommended that one-year-old stocks are suitable, yet
those two years old or even older are much more satis-
factory. The scions (or grafts) should be taken from
well-ripened shoots of moderate size. Of the various
methods of grafting, what is known as side-grafting is
most generally in practice. Tongue-grafting is also
favoured by some growers (see GRAFTING). In perform-
ing the operation, the first thing is to have a thin, sharp
knife, which should be kept quite clean, also wipe the
stems of the stock plants to remove any grit or dirt.
Make the incision in the stock first, then cut the scion to
fit as near as possible. If the stock is larger than the
scion, the latter must be so placed that the bark of each
meet on one side, but a neater joint is made where the
stock and scion are of equal size. After grafting, they
should be placed in a close frame, or under hand-glasses
in the greenhouse. If a little bottom-heat has been
given to the stock plants to induce root action before
the grafting, a warmer surface may be given to draw the
sap upwards after the grafting is done. Where the tops
of the stocks are left on when grafting, they should be
cut off close to where the scion is united, as the callus
is formed, and this requires some care. Pitch is some-
times used to cover the cuts. It is by careful attention
to small details that success is attained.

General Culture. — In the old editions of this work it
is stated that by bringing forward in a vinery they may
be induced to flower at any season. We have seen them
in flower early in September, and up to quite late in the
spring. It would be fatal to put plants in heat to in-
duce them to flower early ; when given too much warmth
to induce early flowering the buds almost invariably
fall off. We have seen the same effect in a conservatory.
With changeable weather there may be a few days of
frost, and heat is given ; then a sudden change comes and
the house gets warm, and a little later the temperature
falls ; then when a rise of temperature occurs again the
buds fall — this is caused through the sap becoming con-
gested at the base of the buds, and when circulation
should start again the sap cannot flow. It may take a
few years to get Camellias to flower early. If desired
to have them in flower before their natural period (which
may be given as from January to April), as soon as
the plants have done flowering they should be given
heat and moisture to hasten on growth. When they
have made good growth, they should be gradually
hardened off and will set their buds early. This treat-
ment year by year will cause them to flower earlier each
successive season. During the summer well-established
plants may be placed out in the open, and remain until
late in the autumn. When taken under glass again care
is necessary to keep them well supplied with water, and
avoid a rise in temperature.

Potting. — This should be done as soon as possible after
the buds are set. The compost for potting should con-
sist of good fibrous loam, leaf-mould, with sand and a
little bone rneal added. Give good drainage, pot firmly,

CAMERARIA

CAMPANULA

and be careful not to bruise the roots, or to leave them
in tangled masses. During the growing season liquid
manure may be used for plants that are well rooted.

Camellias are not so popular for cut flowers as formerly,
but they make splendid plants for the cool greenhouse,
and on dry, sandy soil are found to be hardy. At the
Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens, Wisley, they have
many of the choice sorts planted out, and when we saw
them they had been out two winters and were looking
well. The original C. japonica was grown in the old
gardens at Chiswick and remained unharmed by frost
for many years, flowering profusely every spring.

Insects. — Scale gives the greatest trouble. Cold water
is a good remedy. During the autumn the large specimens
may have an occasional cleansing by giving them a
thorough drenching with quite cold water. Smaller
plants in pots may be cleansed by sponging with warm
water, adding soft soap at the proportion of 4 oz. to
the gallon of water. The soap first being thoroughly
dissolved in boiling water. There are also many special
preparations which may be used effectively. Green-fly,
also black-fly, may make their appearance during the
growing season, but are easily eradicated by fumigation.
Few diseases affect Camellias; sometimes the roots suffer
from a kind of canker, the tips turning a reddish-brown.
This is caused chiefly by stagnation, and may cause the
plants to die off. The " Camellia Blotch " (Pestalozzia
Guepinii) may make its appearance. All affected leaves
should be removed and burnt, and a good dusting of
lime and sulphur well distributed over the plants.

Varieties. — The doubles are not so popular as in
former years, but the singles and semi-doubles are great
favourites. Numerous unproved varieties have been
added. They flower freely, and are certainly more effec-
tive than the formal double varieties. Messrs. W. Paul
and Sons have given special attention to these plants,
and have introduced some fine varieties. The large
groups shown at the R.H.S. meetings has brought them
back into favour again.

CAMERA'RIA. (Named in compliment to Joachim
Camerarius, a botanical author of the sixteenth century.
Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae].)
C. du'bia (doubtful). See WRIGHTIA DOBIA.
„ lu'tea (yellow). See MALOUETIA TAMAQUARINA.

CAMOE'NSIA. (So named in commemoration of Luis
Camoens, a Portuguese bard of considerable note. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].)

A striking and showy stove shrub, but unfortunately
it is difficult to flower, and has only bloomed once or
twice in this country. May be raised from imported
seeds when obtainable. Cuttings of half-ripe wood in
sand and placed in a close case with bottom-heat. Good
fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
C. ma'xima (largest-flowered). Cream and yellow Trop
Africa. 1878.

CAMOMILE, or CHAMOMJLE. A'nthemis no'bUis.

Varieties. — There are two kinds, the common single
species and the double-flowering.

Soil and Situation. — They require a poor, dry soil,
otherwise they are less powerful in their medicinal
qualities. They will grow in almost any situation, but
the more open the better.

Time and Mode of Propagation. — Generally by parting
the roots, and by offsets, planted from the close of
February until the end of May ; the earlier, however, the
better, though they may be planted in the autumn. Seed-
sowing may be in any of the early spring months ; but,
as parting the roots gives much less trouble, it is generally
pursued. Still, after a lapse of several years, raise fresh
plants, the old ones often then declining, and we recom-
mend the raising of some seedlings every year.

Cultivation.— They should not be planted nearer to
each other than eighteen inches. Water must be given
moderately at the time of planting, if dry weather. If
raised from seed, the seedlings require no further cultiva-
tion than to be kept free from weeds in the seed-bed, and
when three or four inches high to be thinned out, and may
remain thus until the following spring, when they should
be transplanted, giving the same space as for the divi-
sions. A very small bed will supply the largest family

Gathering.— In. July the flowers are generally in per-
fection for gathering. The period for performing it,
however, must be governed by the flowers themselves,

as the best time is when they are just opened. Particular
care must be taken to dry them thoroughly before they
are stored, otherwise they will become mouldy. If seed
be required, the only attention necessary is to leave
some of the first-opening flowers ungathered : the seed
will ripen early in September, when it may be dried and
rubbed out.

CAMPA'NEA. (Named from campana, a bell; in
allusion to the form of the corolla. Nat. ord. Gesnerads,
or Gesneraceaa.)
C. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White and crimson.

New Grenada. 1851.
„ Humbo'ldtii (Humboldt's). 3. Green, purple. Costa

Rica. 1853.

„ Oerste'dii (Oersted's). 2. Green, purple. Costa Rica.
1852.

CAMPANULA. Bell-Flower. (The diminutive of
campana, a bell; literally, a little bell. Nat. ord.
Bellworts [Campanulaceas]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

The annuals are chiefly pretty, low-growing plants, the
seed of which may be sown in the common border, at
the end of March. The biennials may be sown in April
or May ; many of them will bloom the same year. By
cuttings, a perennial habit will be given to many of them.
Perennials, chiefly by division of the plant and roots.
Those from the South of Europe require the protection
of a greenhouse, or cold pit, hi winter. Even the well-
known beautiful window-plant, C. pyramidaflis, makes
a poor show hi the open air in most places. Common
soil for most of them ; a little peat and dung for those
in pots.

Campanulas may be divided into three sections — those
suitable for the herbaceous border, for the rock-garden,
and those for the greenhouse. For the latter purpose
C. isophylla and the white variety (alba) have become
general favourites; there are also several improved
varieties nearly allied, hispida (or Mayii) being among
the best. Grown in suspended pots or baskets they are
very effective in the conservatory, and also succeed well
as window-plants. They are easily propagated from
cuttings ; but to make an effective show the first season,
three or four should be grown together in each pot and
more for larger baskets ; pot in good loam with a liberal
addition of manure, grow on in a cold frame, and transfer
to the greenhouse early in the autumn They are
equally effective as erect pot plants ; for this purpose
they should be tied up early, or before the shoots begin
to fall over.

C. pyramidalis makes a grand plant for the conserva-
tory ; two-year-old plants will grow from 3 to 5 feet,
making grand pyramids of bloom. The white and the
blue varieties are equally effective, and flower early in
the autumn.

Campanula Medium is a biennial of which there
are several distinct varieties in various shades of
colours, from white, pink, to deep purple ; there are
single and double varieties, also those known as C. M.
calycanthema, or cup-and-saucer. This section is better
known in gardens as " Canterbury Bells " ; sown in the
spring they make fine plants for flowering the following
season. It is the dwarf varieties which should be
selected for pots, and with the protection of a frame
during the winter they come into flower early. They
are quite hardy, and are among the most showy plants
for the flower garden. Other varieties may also be
grown as pot plants, the improved varieties of C. persici-
folia being specially adapted for the purpose. They
must, however, be grown under cool treatment, but may
be taken in the greenhouse for flowering. The herbaceous
species are numerous and varied in habit. The dwarf
spreading sorts are suitable for the rock-garden, and the
taller sorts are among our most showy border-plants.
All succeed well in ordinary garden soil ; if enriched
with manure they make more vigorous growth. All the
herbaceous sorts may be propagated from cuttings or
divisions, or many may be raised from seeds, which if
sown early in the spring will make good plants for
flowering the following year.

HARDY ANNUALS.
C. broussonetia'na (Broussonet's). See C. L<BFLINGII.
dicho'toma (iorked-branched). i. Blue. July. Sicily.
1820.

CAMPANULA

160

CAMPANULA

C. drabcefo'lia (Draba-leaved). i. Pale blue. June.

Athens. 1823.
„ „ alba (white).
„ „ a'ttica (Attic).
„ erinoi'des (Erinus-like). i. Pale blue. July. Africa.

1823.
„ Eri'nus (Erinus). i. Pale blue. July. South of

Europe. 1768.
„ Hermi'nii (Hermini's). i. Blue. July. Portugal.

1823.
„ hispi'dula (rather bristly). See MICROCODON DEPRES-

SUM.
„ Lcefti'ngii (Loefling's). i. Blue. July. South of

Europe. 1818.

„ Lo'reyi (Lorey's). 2. Purple. June. Italy. 1824.
„ macro' styla (long-styled). i. Pale violet, lined

purple. August. Mount Taurus. 1877.
„ pnry'gia (Phrygian), i to $. Blue-violet. July.

Mount Olympus. 1820.
„ ramosi'ssima (branchiest). r. Blue. July. Greece.

1820.

„ Spe'culum (Speculum). See SPECULARIA SPECULUM.
„ sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured) . Pale yellow. Palestine.

1900.
„ sylva'tica (wood-inhabiting). ij. Blue. June.

Nepaul. 1840.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

C. Ada' mi (Adam's). See C. BELLIDIFOLIA.
„ affi'nis (allied). 2. Blue. July. South of Europe.

1824.

„ america'na (American), r. Blue. July. Pennsyl-
vania. 1763.
„ arme'na (Armenian). See SYMPHYANDRA ARMENA

1826.
„ bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved), i. Blue. July. Caucasus.

1823.
„ betonicafo'lia (betony-leaved). i. Blue. May.

Greece. 1820.
„ Cervica'ria (throatwort). 3. Light blue. July.

Germany. 1808.

„ corymbo'sa (corymbose). See C. VERSICOLOR.
„ dive'rgens (spreading). See C. SIBIRICA.
„ lacinia' ta (jagged-leaved). 2 to 3. Pale blue. Grecian

Archipelago. 1906.

„ lanugino'sa (-woolly-leaved). 2. Blue. May. 1814.
„ lyra'ta (lyre-formed). 2. Violet. July. Asia Minor,

&c. 1823.

„ macrosta'chya (large-spiked). See C. MULTIFLORA.
,, Me'dium (middle-sized). 4. Blue. July. Germany.

1597.

„ „ a'lbum (white-flowered). 3. White. July.
» ,, flo're-a'lbo-ple'no (double- white-flowered). 3.

White. July. Germany.
M „ flo're-purpu'rea-ple'na (double-purple-flowered). 3.

Purple. July. Germany.

„ „ imperial Us (imperial). Very free-flowering.
» »> purpu'rea (purple). Purple. July. Germany.
„ „ Wiega'ndi (Wiegand's). Leaves golden- yellow.

1903.

„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 2. Blue. June. Hun-
gary. 1814.

„ obli'qua (twisted). See C. AMERICANA.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). See C. ERINUS.
„ Pentago'nia (Pentagonia). See SPECULARIA PENTA-

GONIA.

„ peregri'na (diffuse). 2. Blue. June. Asia Minor.

I794-
„ pctrce'a (rock). \ to i. Pale yellow. Northern Italy.

1907.

„ sibi'rica (Siberian), i. Blue. July. Siberia. 1783.
„ „ dive'rgens (diverging). Hungary. 1814.
„ „ exi'mia (choice). Pale blue or violet. N. Europe

1881.

„ spathula'ia (spathulate-leaved) . See C. SPRUNERIANA.
„ spica'ia (spiked), i. Blue. July. Switzerland.

1786.
„ spruneria'na (Sprunerian). i. Blue. July. Greece.

1817.

„ stri'cta (upright). 2. Blue. June. Syria. 1819.
„ thyrsoi'dea (thyrse-flowered) . 2. Blue. June

Switzerland. 1785.
„ tomento'sa (felted), i to 2. White or blue. June.

Greece. 1790.

C. versi'color (variable coloured). 2. Blue. May. Italy

and Greece. 1788.

„ violczfo'lia (violet- leaved), i. Blue. July. Siberia.
1817.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

C. abieti'na (fa-wood), i. Dark purple. July. Europe.

1900.

„ acumina'ta (long-pointed). See C. AMERICANA.
„ aggrega'ta (crowded-flowered). See C. GLOMERATA.
„ alliaritzfo'lia (Alliaria-leaved). i. Blue. July.

Caucasus. 1803.
„ Allio'nii (Allioni's). i. Blue. July. South of

France. 1820.

„ alpi'na (alpine). 2. Blue. July. Switzerland. 1799.
„ Alpi'ni (Alpinus's). See ADENOPHORA CO.MMU'NIS.
„ ama'bilis (lovely). See C. PHYCTIDOCALYX.
,, angustifo' lia (narrow- leaved). See C. LINIFOLIA.
„ azu'rea (blue). See C. RHOMBOIDEA.
„ balchinia'na(Ba.lchini3Ln). Leaves edged creamy-white.

Hybrid between C. fragilis and C. isophyila, or a

sport of C. fragilis. 1896.
„ barba'ta (bearded). 2. Light blue. June. Italy.

1752.

„ „ cya'nea (dark blue), i. Blue. July. 1836.
„ Barrilie'ri (Barrilier's). See C. FRAGILIS.
„ Barrilie'ri (Barrilier's) of Marnock. J. Blue. July.

Italy. 1836.

„ beauverdia'na (Beauverdian). 2. Blue. Trans-
caucasia ; N. Persia. 1910.
„ Bella'rdi (Bellard's). See C. C^SPITOSA.
„ betulcefo'lia (Birch-leaved). Creamy white. Armenia.

1898.
„ biebersteinia'na (Biebersteinian). i. Blue. June.

Caucasus. 1820.
„ bononie'nsis (Bononian). 2. Blue. August. Italy.

1773.

„ „ a'lba (white).

„ ccespito'sa (tufted). I. Blue. July. Austria. 1819.
„ „ a'lba (white).

„ calyci'na (large-calyxed) . See C. RAPUNCULUS.
„ capilla'ris (hair-like). See WAHLENBERGIA CAPIL-

LARIS.

„ capita'ta (headed). See C. LINGULATA.
„ ca'rnica (Carniolan). Transsylvania.
„ carolinia'na (Carolinian). Blue. August.
„ carpa'tica (Carpathian), i. Blue. July. Carpathian

Alps. 1774.
„ „ al'ba (white).

„ „ ccelesti'na (sky-blue). Sky-blue. 1904.
„ ,, pelvifo'rmis (pelvis-formed). Lilac. July, August.

Gardens.
„ „ turbina'ta (top-shaped). J. Dark purple-blue.

Gardens.
„ cauca'sica (Caucasian) . i. Purple. July. Caucasus.

1804.

„ ceni'sia (Mount Cenis). i. Blue. June. Switzer-
land. 1775.

„ Cephalo'tes (headed). See C. GLOMERATA.
„ cephala'ntha (headed). See C. GLOMERATA.
„ cervicarioi'des (Cervicaria-like). See C. GLOMERATA.
,, cichora'cea (Chicory-like). See C. LINGULATA.
„ colli'na (hill), i. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1803.
„ colora'ta (coloured). 2. Purple. September. India,

Afghanistan. 1849.

„ conge'sta (crowded). See C. GLOMERATA.
„ corona' ta (crowned). See ADENOPHORA MARSUPII-

FLORA.
„ coronopifo'lia (Buck-horn- leaved). See ADENOPHORA

CORONOPIFOLIA.

„ crena'ta (round- toothed). See C. RAPUNCULOIDES.
„ Ela' tines (Elatines). i. Pale blue. July. South of

Europe. 1823. Trailer.
,, elatinoi'des (Elatines-like). Italy.
,, e'legans (elegant), i. Pale blue. July. Siberia.

1811.

,, elli'ptica (elliptic). See C. GLOMERATA.
,, elonga'ta (elongated). See WAHLENBERGIA CAPENSIS.
„ erioca'rpa (woolly- fruited). See C. LATIFOLIA ERIO-

CARPA.

,, escule'nta (esculent). Abyssinia.
„ exci'sa (cut), i. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1820.
„ expa'nsa (expanded). Thessaly and Macedonia.
„ Ferguso'ni (Ferguson's). Hybrid between C. pyra-

midalis alba and C. carpatica. 1904.

CAMPANULA

161

CAMPANULA

C. Fische'ri (Fischeri). See ADENOPHORA COMMU'NIS.
„ ftexuo'sa (flexuous). See C. WALDSTEINIAXA.
„ folio'sa (leafy), i. Blue. July. Italy. 1826.
„ fra'gilis (fragile). Blue. July. Italy. 1826.
„ frutico'sa (shrubby). See LIGHTFOOTIA SUBULATA.
„ garga'nica (Garganic). J. Blue. July. Italy. 1830.
, „ a'lba (white).

„ „ hirsu'ta (hairy), i. Blue. August. Italy. 1833.
„ glomera'ta (clustered). 2. Violet. May. Britain.
„ „ acau'lis (stemless). 3 to 5 inches high. 1904.
„ „ a'lba (white).

„ „ daku'rica (Dahurian). Dwarf. Dark purple.
„ „ flo're ple'no (double).
„ „ flo' re-pie" no-a'lbo (double white).
„ graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). See WAHLENBERGIA

GRAMINIFOLIA.

„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See PLATYCODON

GRANDIFLORUM.

„ gra'ndis (large). See C. LATILOBA.

,, „ pa'Uida (pale).

„ Grosse'kii (Grossek's). 2$. Violet. August.

Eastern Europe. 1886.

„ gummi'fera (gum-bearing). See C. SARMATICA.
„ haylodge'nsts (Hay Lodge). Garden origin. Hybrid

from C. pusilla and C. puUa,
„ hedera'cea (Ivy-leaved). See WAHLENBERGIA HEDE-

RACEA.

„ Henderso'ni (Henderson's). i$. Blue. July. Hybrid

between C. aUiaricefolia and C. carpatica,
„ heterodo'xa (heterodox). See C. LINIFOLIA.
„ hybrida (hybrid). See SPECULARIA HYBRIDA.
„ imereti'na. i. Violet-blue. Caucasus. 1906.
„ incu'rva (incurved). See C. LEUTWEIXII.
„ infundi'bulum (funnel-shaped). See C. SILENIFOLIA.
„ infundibulifo'rmis (funnel- formed). See C. RAPUN-

CULOIDES.

„ intermedia (intermediate). See ADENOPHORA COM-
MU'MS.

„ isophy'lla (equal-leaved). Pale blue. July. August.
Apennines. 1868.

„ „ a'lba (white).

„ kitaibelia'na (Kitaibelian). i. Blue. June. Hun-
gary. 1820.

„ holenatia'na (Kolenatian). |. Bluish-violet. Cau-
casus. 1907.

„ lactifto'ra (milk-flowered). 4 to 6. Whitish. August.
Caucasus. 1816.

„ „ cceru'Ua (blue). Sky-blue.

„ Lama'rckii (Lamarck's). See ADENOPHORA LAMARCKII.

„ lamiifo'lia (Lamium-leaved). See C. ALLIARLSFOLIA.

„ lanccola'ta (lanceolate), i. Blue. July. Pyrenees.
1819.

„ langsdorffia 'na (Langsdorffian). See C. LINIFOLIA,

„ latifo'lva (broad- leaved). 4. Blue. July. Britain.

„ „ Burgha'lti (Burghalt's). Pale purple.

„ „ erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited).

„ „ flo're a'lbo (white flowered).

„ „ macra'ntha (large flowered). Purple. August.
Russia. 1822.

w „ Van Hou'ttei (Van Houtte's). 2 to 3. Dark blue.

,, „ iwsi'cotor (changing-coloured). Purple and white.

„ latilo'ba ( broad- lobed). 3. Purple. August. Bithy-
nia. 1842.

„ „ a'lba (white).

„ „ pa'Uida (pale). Heliotrope-coloured. 1902.

., Leutirei'nii (Leutwein's). Greece.

„ liliifo'lia (Lily- leaved). See ADENOPHORA COMMU'NIS.

„ lingula'ta (tongue-leaved), i. Violet. July. Hun-
gary. 1804.

„ limfo'lia (flax-leaved), i. Blue. July. Switzerland.
1819.

„ lobelioi'des (Lobelia-like). See WAHLENBERGIA LOBE-
LIOIDES.

„ longifo'lia (long- leaved). See C. SPECIOSA.

„ long? sty la (long-styled). 2 to z\. Blue-purple.

Caucasus. 1906.
macra'ntha (large-flowered). See C. LATIFOLIA MAC-

RANTHA.

macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See C. ALLIARI^FOLIA.

macrorrhi'za (large-rooted). France.

Ma'yi (May's). A green-leaved sport from C. bal-

chiniana. Grey-blue. 1899.
michauxioi' des (Michauxia-like). 5. Bluish-white.

Asia Minor. 1901.
microphy'Ua (small-leaved). See C. KITAIBELIANA.

C. mira'bilis (wonderful), i. Light blue. Caucasus.

1895.

„ moorcroftia'na (Moorcroftian). See C. COLORATA.
„ moreUia'na (Morettian). Tyrol, Dalmatia.
.. mura'lis (wall). See C. PORTENSCHLAGIANA.
„ negle'cta (neglected). See C. RAPUNCULOIDM.
,, nicae'nsis (Nice). See C. GLOMERATA.
„ ni'tida (shining). See C. PLANIFLORA.
„ no'bilis (noble). See C. PUNCTATA.
„ Nutta'Uii (Nuttall's). i. Blue. July. N. Amer.

1829.

„ obliquifo'lia (twisted-leaved). See C. BONONIENSIS.
„ pa'tula (spreading), i. Violet. July. Britain.
„ pSndula (drooping). See SYMPHYANDRA PENDULA.
„ pertskiafo'lia (Pereskia-leaved). See ADENOPHORA

LATIFOLIA.

„ perfolia'ta (perfoliate-leaved). See SPECULARIA PER-

FOLIATA.

„ periplocifo'lia (Periploca-leaved). See ADENOPHORA

PERIPLOC^FO'LIA.
„ persicifo'lia( Peach-leaved). 3. Blue. July. Europe.

1596.

„ „ a'lba (white). Europe. 1596.
„ „ a'lba corona' ta( white crowned). Semi-double white.
„ „ a'lba grandifto'ra (large-flowered white).
„ „ a'lba pWna (double white). 1596.
„ „ cceru'lea corona' la (crowned). Semi-double blue.
., „ cceru'lea ple'na. Semi-double blue.
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Blue.
„ „ gra'ndis (large). Blue. 1596.
„ „ ma'xima (largest). Blue. 1596.
„ „ Moerhei'mi (Moerheim's). Large, semi-double

white. 1900.
„ phyctidoca'lyx (open-calyxed). zj. Dark blue. July,

August. Armenia. 1905.
„ planiflo'ra (flat-flowered). 2. Blue. August, N.

Amer. 1817.
„ „ a'lba (white).
„ „ a'lba ple'na (double white).
„ „ ple'na (double). Blue, double.
„ poro'sa (porous). See SAMOLUS VALERANDI.
„ portenschlagia'na (Portenschlagian). $. Blue. June

to August. S. Europe. 1835.

„ prenanthoi'des (Prenanthes-like). }. Blue. Cali-
fornia. 1873.
„ primul&fo'lia (Primula-leaved). 2. Blue-purple.

July. Portugal. 1855.
„ psilosta'chya (bare-spiked). Cilicia.
„ pube'scens (downy). See C. C^SPITOSA.
„ pulche'rrima (prettiest). Native country unloiown.
„ pu'lla (russet). \. Purple. June. Europe. 1779.
„ pulloi'des (pulla-like). Garden origin. (C. pulla X

C. carpatica turbinata). 1904.
„ pv'mila (dwarf). See C. C-ESPITOSA.
„ Pumi'lio (Pumilio). See WAHLENBERGIA PUMILIO.
„ puncta' ta (dotted). White, dotted red. May. Siberia,

Japan. 1813.

„ pusi'Ua (dwarf). J. Blue. June. Europe. 1821.
„ „ a'lba (white). 1882.
„ „ pa'Uida (pale).
„ pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Blue. July. Europe.

1594.

„ „ a'lba (white).

„ ,, compa'cta (compact). 2-3. Blue or white. 1900.
„ (fuadri'fida (four-cleft). See WAHLENBERGIA GRACILIS.
„ raddea'na (Raddean). i. Purple. Caucasus. 1906.
„ Raine'ri (Rainer's). i. Blue. July. Italy. 1826.
„ Rapu'nculus (rampion). 3. Blue. July. Britain.
„ rapunculoi'des (rampion- like). 3. Blue. June.

England.

„ „ purpu'rea ple'na (double purple).
„ Rfgina (queen). See C. MIRABILIS.
„ reutcria'na (Reuterian). Asia Minor.
„ rhomboi'dalis (diamond-shaped), i. Blue. July.

Europe. 1775.
„ „ ru'bra (red-fhwered). i. Reddish-lilac. July,

Switzerland.

„ rigc'scens (stiff). See C. SILENIFOLIA.
„ Rce'zlii (Roezl's). See C. PRENANTHOIDES.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 3. Blue. June. Britain.
,, „ alaska'na (Alaskan). Large, pale blue flowers.
„ „ a'lbo (white-flowered), i. White. June. Britain.
„ „ Baumga'rtenii (Baumgarten's).
„ „ Ho'stii (Hosfs). Blue. July, August.
„ „ „ a'lba (white).

L

CAMPANUMCEA

162

CANARINA

C. rotundifo'lia soldanellaflo'ra ple'na (double Soldanella-
flowered).

„ rupe'stns (rock). See C. BIEBERSTEINIANA.

,, ruthe'nic.1 (Russian). See C. BONONIENSIS.

„ sarma'tica (Sannatiaa). 2. Blue. June. Caucasus.
1803.

„ saxa'iilis (rock), i. Blue. May. Candia. 1768.

„ Saxi'fraga (Saxifraga). Caucasus.

„ Scheuchze'ri (Scheuchzer's). i. Blue. July. Pyre-
nees. 1813.

„ Scoule'ri (Scouler's). i. Pale blue. July, August.
N.W. Amer. 1876.

„ silenifo'lia (Siiene-leaved). 2. Purple. July. Siberia.
1825.

„ si'mplex (simple). See C. BONONIENSIS.

„ soldanellaflo'ra ple'na (double Soldanella-flowered).

See C. ROTUNDIFOLIA SOLDANELL..EFLORA PLENA.

„ specio'sa (showy), i to 2. Purple. May. Pyrenees.

1880.

„ spre'ta (despised). See ADENOPHORA COMMU'NIS.
,, Stansfie'ldi (Stansfield's). Hybrid, probably C. car-

patica and C. waldsteiniana.
„ Steve' ni (Steven's). Caucasus.
„ strigo'sa (stiffly hairy). Cilicia, Syria.
„ Teno'rii (Tenore's). See C. VERSICOLOR.
„ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). See WAHLENBERGIA

TENUIFOLIA.

„ ihyrsoi'des (thyrse-like). Whitish. Europe.

„ tommasinia'na (Tommasinian). Lilac. August. Istria.

1856.

„ Trache'lium (throatwort). 4. Blue. June. Britain.
„ „ a'lba (white- flowered) . 3. White. July. Britain.
„ „ a'lba-ple'na (double-white-/Zot£>eraZ). 3- White.

July. Britain.
„ „ ple'na (double-blue- flowered). 3. Blue. July.

Britain.

„ trachelioi'des(throatwort-like). SeeC.RAPUNCULOiDES.
„ „ flo're-purpu'rea-ple'na (double-purple-flowered).
,. trichocalyci'na (hairy-calyxed). See PHYTEUMA AM-

PLEXICAULE.

„ tridenta'ta (three-toothed). Blue. Asia Minor.
„ „ Saxi'fraga (Saxifraga). See C. SAXIFRAGA.
„ turbina'ta (top-shaped). See C. CARPATICA TURBI-

NATA.

„ urticifo'lia (nettle-leaved). See C. TRACHELIUM.
„ Vande'si (De Vande's). i. Cream. June.
„ Van Hou'ttei (Van Houtte's). See C. LATIFOLIA VAN

HOUTTEI.

„ veluti'na (velvety). See C. MOLLIS.
„ ve'sula (small- fruited). Piedmont.
„ virga'ta (twiggy), i. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1823.
„ waldsteiniana (Waldstein's). i. Blue. June.

Hungary. 1824.

„ „ Freye'ri (Preyer's). See C. TOMMASINIANA.
„ Wanne'ri (Wanner's). See SVMPHYANDRA WANNERI.
„ Warle'yi (Warley Place), i. Semi-double blue.
„ Zo'ysii (Zoys's). i. Dark blue. June. Carniola.

1813.

GREENHOUSE.

C. au'rea (golden-flowered). See MUSSCHIA AUREA.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). See WAHLENBERGIA CAPENSIS.
„ ce'rnua (nodding- flowered) . See WAHLENBERGIA

CERNUA.

„ dehi'scens (gaping). See WAHLENBERGIA GRACILIS.
„ gra'cilis (slender). See WAHLENBERGIA GRACILIS.
„ Jacoba'a (Jacobaea). Greenish-yellow to deep blue.

Cape Verd Islands. 1883.

„ littora'lis (shore). See WAHLENBERGIA GRACILIS.
„ mo'llis (soft), i. Purple. June. Sicily. 1788.

Herbaceous perennial.

„ oitonia'na (Otto's). See LIGHTFOOTIA OXYCOCCOIDES.
„ Vida'lii (Vidal's). 2. White. August. Azores

1853-

CAMPANUMCE'A. (A variation upon the word Cam-
panula. Nat. ord. Campanulaceae.)

Herbaceous perennials requiring greenhouse protec-
tion. Propagated by seeds, divisions, or small pieces
of the tuberous root, with a bud to it. Loam, peat,
and a free use of sand.
C. java'nica (Javanese). Yellow, veined red. Java.

1863. Climber.
„ lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). See CODONOPSIS LANCEO-

CAMPE'LIA. (From kampe, bending, and helios, the
sun ; in reference to the flowers bending round to the
sun. Nat. ord. Spiderworts [Commelinaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Tradescantia.)

Stove herbaceous perennial ; seeds in spring ; rich
loam ; common stove treatment.
C. Zano'nia (Zanoniz-leaved). 2. Blue. July. W. Ind.

1759-
„ „ glabra'ta (smooth-leaved). Costa Rica.

CA'MPHORA. Camphor-tree. (From camphor, com-
mercial name of its chief product. Nat. ord. Laurels
[Lauraceae]. Linn. g-Enneandria, i-Monogynia.)
C. officina'lis (officinal). See CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA.
,, officina'rum (officinal). See CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA.

CAMPOMANE SIA. (Named after Campomanes, a
Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord. Myrtteblooms [Myrtaceae].
Linn. i2-Icosandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Psidium.)

Its yellow, sweet-scented fruit, called palillo, is eaten
by the natives. Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings
of rather ripe shoots in sand, in close frame. Summer
temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
C. lineatifo'lia (lined- leaved). White. April. Peru.
1824.

CAMPSI'DIUM. See TECOMA.

CAMPTE RIA. (Stove Ferns, now united to Pteris.
Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-
Filices.)

Divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
75° ; winter, 45° to 55°.

C. biauri'ta (two-eared). See PTERIS BIAURITA.
,, nemora'lis (grove). See PTERIS BIAURITA.

CA'MPTOPUS. (From the Greek kamptos, curved,
and pous, a foot ; referring to the curvature of the
flower-stalk. Nat. ord. Rubiaceas.)
C. Ma'nnii (Mann's). See CEPHAELIS MANNII.

CAMPTOSE'MA. (From the Greek kamptos, curved,
and sema, standard ; in allusion to the two curved
appendages at the base of the standard. Nat. ord.
Leguminosaa.)

Showy greenhouse climbers requiring similar treat-
ment to Kennedya. Seeds and cuttings in sand under
a hand-light. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
C. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Brazil.
„ pinna' turn (pinnate). Brazil. Bot. Mag., t. 7582.
„ rubicu'ndum (red). Red. Argentine. Bot. Mag., t.

4608.
„ sple'ndens (splendid). Scarlet. S. Amer.

CAMPYLANTHE'RA E'LEGANS. See MARIANTHUS

C-fiRULEO-PUNCTATUS.

CAMPYLA'NTHUS. (From campylos, a curve, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae],
Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Gerardia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings in sand, of
half-ripened shoots, under glass ; sandy peat and fibrous
loam. Summer temp., 65° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 50°.
C. re'pens (creeping). Trop. Amer. 1810.
,, salsoloi'des (salsola-like). i. Purple. March.
Teneriffe. 1825.

CAMPY'LIA. A section of the genus Pelargonium.
CAMPYLO'BOTRYS. See HOFFMANNIA.
CAMPYLONEU'RON. See POLYPODIUM.

CANADA BALSAM. A resin extracted from Abies
balsamea.

CANADA RICE. Ziza'nia aqua'tica.

CANA'NGA. (Probably a native name. Nat. ord.
Anonaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
C. odora'ta (sweet-scented). 4-6. Brown. Burma ;
Malaya. 1804.

CANARI'NA. (So named from being a native of the
Canary Islands. Nat. ord. Bellworts [CampanulaceaaJ.
Linn. 6-Hxandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Lightfootia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennial ; cuttings of small
side-shoots in sandy loam, under a hand-light, but

CANARIUM

163

CANKER

rather difficult to manage ; division of the roots in
spring, just as they begin to grow ; and at that time,
for a month or two, they like the assistance of a hot-
bed ; at other times the common treatment of the
greenhouse will suit them ; fibrous loam, turfy peat,
and a good portion of sand ; pots, well drained.

C. Campanula and C. laevigci'ta. See C. CAMPANULATA.
„ campanula' 'ta (bell-shaped). 3. Orange. January.

1696.

CANA RIUM. (From the native name Canari. Nat.
ord. Burseraceap.)

Trees requiring stove heat. Cuttings of half-mature
wood in pots of sand plunged in cocoanut fibre in close
frame with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.

C. commu'ne (common). White. Moluccas.
„ mclucca'num (Moluccan). Moluccas.
„ stri'ctum (erect). India. " Black Dammar."
„ vitie'nse (Fijian). Yellowish white. Fiji. 1887.
„ uyla'nicum (Cingalese). 30. Ceylon.

CANARY CREEPER. See TROP/EOLUM ADUNCUM.
CANARY GRASS. Pha'laris.

CANAVAXIA. (From Canavali, its native name in
Malabar. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. Allied to Dioclea.)
Stove perennial twiners, except where otherwise
specified ; seeds and cuttings in sandy soil, and in heat,
in close propagating pit, sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayrean). 10. Purple. July.

Buenos Ayres.
„ ensifo'rmis (sword-shaped). 6. White, red. June.

All Tropical countries. 1790.
„ gladia'ta (sword-podded). See C. ENSIFORMIS.
„ Lunare'ti (Lunaret's). 3. Pale rose. Japan. 1881.

Japanese Haricot Bean.
„ dbtusifo'lia (twisted-leaved). 6. Purple. July.

E. Ind. 1820.
„ ,, emargina'ta (end-notched-leaved). 6. Purple.

July. E. Ind. 1800.

„ parane'nsis (Paraian). See C. BONARIENSIS.
„ rd sea (rose-coloured). See C. OBTUSIFOLIA.
„ ru'tilans (shining). See C. OBTUSIFOLIA.

CA NBIA. (Named after W. M. Candy, of Delaware.
Nat. ord. Papaveraceae.)

Herbaceous perennial for the greenhouse. Seeds.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

C. ca'ndida (white). White, very dwarf. Petals do not
fall off. California. 1876.

CANDELABRUM or CHANDELIER TREE. Panda nus

Candela, brum.

CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE. My'rica cerifera.
CANDLEBERRY TREE. Aleuri'tes tri'loba.
CANDLE TREE. Parmentie'ra ceri'fera.

CANDOLLEA. (Named after the great botanist,
Decandolle. Nat. ord. Dilleniads [Dilleniaceae]. Linn.
iS-Polyadelphia, 2-Polyandria.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia ; cuttings
in sandy peat, under a glass ; sandy peat and fibrous
loam. Summer temp., 55° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45°.

C. Bruno'nis (Brown's). See STYLIDIUM BRUNONIANUM.
„ cuneifo'rmis (wedge-shaped). 7. Yellow. July.

1824.

„ Cunningha'mii. See HIBBERTIA CUNNINGHAMII.
„ Huege'lii (Hue?el's). 6. Yellow. May. 1837.
„ tetra'ndra (four-stamened). 7. Yellow. June. 1842.

CANDY CARROT. Athama'nta Mattki'oli.
CANDY-TUFT. Ibe'ris.

CANEL'LA. (From canna, a reed ; the form of the
inner bark when peeled off. Nat. ord. Canellads [Canel-
laceae]. Linn. ii-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia.)

This is the wild cinnamon of the West Indies, so called
on account of its aromatic fragrance. Canella, or white
wood bark, yields, by distillation, a warm, aromatic oil,
which is often mixed with the oil of cloves in the West
Indies. Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-heat, in April or

: sandy loam and fibrous peat. Summer temp,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

C. a'lba (white-u>ood-bark). 40. White. W. Ind. 1735.
„ laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). See C. ALBA.

CANKER. This disease is accompanied by different
symptoms, according to the species of the tree which it
infects. In some of those whose true sap contains a
considerable quantity of free acid, as in the genus Pyrus,
it is rarely accompanied by any discharge. To this dry
form of the disease it would be well to confine the term
canker. In other trees, with sap abounding in astringent
or gummy constituents, it is usually attended by a dis-
charge. In such instances it might strictly be designated
ulcer. This disease has a considerable resemblance to
the tendency to ossification, which appears in most aged
animals, arising from their marked tendency to secrete
the calcareous saline compounds that chiefly constitute
their skeletons. The consequence is, an enlargement of
the joints and ossification of the circulatory vessels and
other parts— phenomena very analogous to those attend-
ing the cankering of trees. As in animals, this tendency
is general throughout their system ; but, as is observed
by Mr. Knight, " like the mortification in the limbs of
elderly people," it may be determined, as to its point of
attack, by the irritability of that part of the system.

This disease commences with an enlargement of the
vessels of the bark of a branch or of the stem. This
swelling invariably attends the disease when it attacks
the apple-tree. In the pear the enlargement is less, yet
is always present. In the elm and the oak sometimes no
swelling occurs ; and in the peach we do not recollect to
have seen any. The swelling is soon communicated to
the wood, which, if laid open to view on its first appear-
ance by the removal of the bark, exhibits no marks of
disease beyond the mere unnatural enlargement. In the
course of a few years, less in number in proportion to the
advanced age of the tree, and the unfavourable circum-
stances under which it is vegetating, the swelling is
greatly increased in size, and the alburnum has become
extensively dead ; the bark above it cracks, rises in
discoloured scales, and decays even more rapidly than
the wood beneath. If the canker is upon a moderately
sized branch, the decay soon completely encircles it,
extending through the whole alburnum and bark. The
circulation of the sap being thus entirely prevented, all
the parts above the disease perish.

Trees injudiciously pruned, or growing upon an un-
genial soil, are more frequently attacked than those
which are advancing under contrary circumstances. The
oldest trees are always the first attacked of those similarly
cultivated. The Golden Pippin, the oldest existing
variety of the apple, is more frequently and more seriously
attacked than any other. The Ribston Pippin is another
which in recent years has been more subject to canker
than any other apple we have grown. The soil has a
very considerable influence in inducing the disease. If
the sub-soil be an irony gravel, or if it is not well-drained,
the canker is almost certain to make its appearance
amongst the trees they sustain, however young and
vigorous they were when first planted.

Bruises and wounds of all kinds usually are followed
by canker in the wounded part, if the tree is in any way
liable to the disease.

One of the chief causes of canker may be attributed to
bad pruning. Having eriven careful attention to the
matter, we find that with almost all subjects if a clean
cut is made close above a wood bud, a callus will be
formed, and in many instances there will hardly be any
trace of where the cut has been made ; while if a portion
of the stem is left above the wood bud, that portion will
gradually die down. After recently examining some
trees we find evidence of canker from bad pruning which
had been done years ago. With apples there would be far
less trouble if more care was taken to cut quite close to
the main stem when removing a branch ; and when
pruning young trees cut quite close above a wood
bud.

The same remarks apply even more forcibly to Plums
and Cherries, also Peaches ; bad pruning is even worse
than bruises. We have seen Camellias badly cankered
through bad pruning. We recently noted some strong
growing Zonal Pelargoniums, which had been stopped,
and a portion of the stem left, above a leaf. And with
some that had previously been stopped the canker was

CANISTRUM

164

CANNA

penetrating into the main stems. Clean pruning pre-
vents many evils.

Another cause of canker may be traced to trees be-
coming stunted and bark-bound, and then started into
growth again by more liberal treatment. The use of
wire instead qf the soft woollen shreds for fixing trees
against walls is another cause; for as growth advances
the ties tighten, or the wind may cause the shoots to rub
against the wires. It has been attributed to over-
luxuriant growth. Soft wood i* more easily bruised ; other-
wise luxuriant growth, if it is sustained, should be a
preventative rather than a cause for canker, except in
cases of bad pruning, as referred to above. Trees or
plants which exude sap will heal up better if some warm,
dry sand is applied as soon as the cut is made. This, of
course, would not apply to fruit-trees and others with
hard, firm wood.

Soil may also have much to do with causing canker.
A cold, wet sub-soil will induce late.'unripened growth,
and frost frequently injures or kills it.

When it is apparent that canker arises from stunted
growth a good washing with soapy water, to which a
little paraffin is added, will soften the bark. In cases where
it is evident that it is caused through the wood dyeing
black, the branches should be cut back to where there is
no stain, or sign of decay in the stem. For bruises the
damaged portion may be cut away and some pitch put
over the wounds, or cow-dung and clay may be used.

Root canker is caused by various worms and parasites
damaging the roots, and fungoid diseases soon spread
and cause further trouble. The liberal use of lime is one
of the best preventatives.

The term canker is sometimes applied to the trouble
caused by Eelworms on the base of the stems of Cucumbers
and Melons, also to succulent plants when they show
signs of disease through being bruised or eaten by in-
sects. The older authorities adopted a wider application
of the word than is done by modern writers. Good soil
that has been well cleansed and laid up in ridges for
frost to penetrate is one great preventative both for
root and stem canker.

CANI'STRUM. See ^CHMEA.

CA'NNA. (The Celtic name for a cane or reed. Nat.
ord. Scitaminaceae.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Divisions of the root;
seed sown in hotbed ; rich, open, loamy soil. Summer
temp., 60° to 8p° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

Indian Shot is a common name for the ordinary Canna
indica, on account of the round, hard seeds having been
used in place of the ordinary leaden shot. When well
ripened the seeds are almost as hard as iron.

In the older dictionaries the Cannas are described as
stove herbaceous perennials, and were formerly grown
under glass ; but for some years past they have been
found to be among the most showy plants we have for
the flower garden. And in regard to hardiness it will be
fair to compare them with Dahlias ; for though frost will
have its effect on the foliage, the underground stems
may live through the winter with the protection of some
bracken, or other light material over them. It is, how-
ever, safer to take up the tubers and store them in a
similar way as Dahlias are treated.

They are a great feature in many of the public parks
and gardens, both in this country and in America, and
they are also useful for greenhouse culture. Varieties
are numerous, and very greatly improved varieties have
been raised in recent years. The Royal Horticultural
Society have long given them special attention. In the
old Chiswick days they were well looked after, being
well grown in pots under glass, and also planted out ;
and more recently at Wisley, where in 1906 and 1907
upwards of 200 varieties were tested, and something
over fifty sorts have been selected for awards of merit,
or have been highly commended ; but this list would not
represent all that deserve the distinction, for some of
the best may not have been in flower at the time of
the inspection by the committee. Of sorts which were
selected as among the most free-flowering, those with
dark foliage included Dr. Marcus (orange-red) and Wm.
Saunders (deep red). Of those with light foliage Eliza-
beth Hoss (yellow spotted with red), Fiirst Wied (fiery
red), L. E. Bally (yellow spotted red), and Meteore (rich
orange). To these may be added Konigin Charlotte,
William Bofiuger, Paul Lorenz, Pillar of Fire, Hesperide,

Juanita, Jean Tissot, General Merkel, Grossherzog, Ernst
Ludwig, Comte de Bouchard, Buttercup (the finest
yellow), Brandywine, Duke of York, Aurore, and Blanch
Wintzer. Of taller growing sorts — Oscar Darmecker,
Mrs. Kate Gray, S. F. Wright, Karl Kirsten, and Hof-
garten-Director Wendland. The above all belong to
what are now termed the Gladiolus-flowered section,
but they chiefly originated from what were first known
as " Crozy Cannas" (Mme. Crozy being one of the first
of the large-flowered hybrids), but considerable improve-
ments have been made since. The varieties originated
by intercrossing C. iridiflora, C. Warszewiczii, and C.
glauca. It is stated in the R.H.S. report, January 1908,
that the first of these hybrids was raised fifty years ago,
yet it was considerably later that Madame Crozy, which
may be taken as the foundation of the showy flowered
varieties, was generally known. The first of the large-
flowered varieties that came under our notice was C.
iridiflora Ehemanni ; this gained a certificate in June
1880, but had been in cultivation for some time previous.
Then in 1893 we had what were known as the Orchid-
flowered varieties. These came from C. Madame Crozy
crossed with C. flaccida, and Austria and Italia were the
first and most distinct varieties ; these were of tall
growth. In later years there has been so much inter-
crossing that it is difficult to divide the varieties into
sections. In the R.H.S. list we find some included in
the Orchid-flowered section which might equally belong
to the Gladiolus, or Crozy section.

Culture. — The most ready means of increasing stock
of the named varieties is by divisions of the rhizomes, or
underground stems. If planted out in rich ground
during the summer they make strong growth. Taken up
and stored in the same manner as Dahlias, they may be
divided and potted up early in the year. It is the early
starting of strong crowns that ensures success ; good
loam with leaf-mould, and stable manure added, will en-
sure strong growth. Weak rhizomes are of no use for
flowering the same season, yet may be useful for growing
on to flower the next year.

From Seed. — We have experimented in various ways
with seed and find the best practice is to sow it as soon
as collected. And seed that does not appear to be fully
ripe will germinate quicker than the very hard, fully
ripe seeds. With the latter they should be soaked until
they swell, and a slight cut made to allow of the hard
shell to open. Seedlings must be kept in warmth and in
a growing condition through the winter. They may be
partially dried off after a good crown is formed.

When grown under glass red-spider may be trouble-
some, also green-fly, but with the syringe and fumigating
there is little difficulty in keeping these troubles off.

C. Achi'ras (Achiras). 5. Dark red. August. Isle of

Mendoza. 1829.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Scarlet. April.

S. Amer. 1824.

„ auranti'aca (orange). See C. LUTEA.
„ ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 4. Flesh. December.

Brazil. 1822.

„ chine'nsis (Chinese). See C. ORIENTALIS.
„ cocci 'nea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. December. S. Amer.

i73i-
„ compa'cta (compact). 2. Red. April. E. Ind.

1820.

,, cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 2. Red. May. 1823.
„ curviflo'ra (curved-flowered). 4. Pale red. Central

Amer.

„ denuda'ta (naked). 2. Scarlet. June. Brazil. 1818.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Red. May. Brazil.

1818.

„ di'scolor (two-coloured-leaved) . 10. Scarlet. Novem-
ber. Trinidad. 1827.

„ edu'lis (eatable). 3. Red. September. Peru. i#2o.
„ Ehema'nni (Ehemann's). See C. IRIDIFLORA EHE-

MANNI.

„ escule'nta (esculent). See C. EDULIS.

,, exce'lsa (lofty). 16. Scarlet. January. Brazil. 1820.

„ Fintelma'nni (Fintelmann's). Trop. Amer.

,, fla'ccida (weak). 5. Red. July. S. Carolina.

1788.
„ gigante'a (gigantic). 5. Red, yellow. December.

S. Amer. 1809.
,, glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Yellow. January. W.

Ind., Mexico. 1730.

CANNABIS

165

CAPPARIS

C. glau'ca ru'bro-lu'tea (yellow and red). 4$. Yellowish-
red. August. Jamaica. 1834.

„ „ ru'fa (reddish-brown). 2. Brown. July. Mexico.
„ heliconiafo'lia (Heliconia-leaved). 8. Red, yellow.

Mexico.
„ i'ndica (Indian). 3. Scarlet. December. Tropics.

1570.
„ iridiflo'ra (Iris-flowered). 6. Red. December.

Peru. 1816.

„ „ Ehema'nni (Ehemann's). 6. Scarlet. 1880.
„ ju'ncea (rush-like), i. Red. May. China. 1820.
„ lagune'nsis (Laguna). See C. LUTEA.
„ Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 4. Scarlet. May. Trinidad.

1819.
„ lanceola'ta (speai-Uaved) . 3. Red. December.

Brazil. 1825.
„ lanugino'sa (woolly). 6. Scarlet. April. Trop.

Amer. 1823.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See C. GIGANTEA.
„ liliiflo'ra (Lily-flowered). 8 to 9. Yellow, rose.

Panama. 1884.
„ limba'ta (bordered). 3. Red. December. Brazil.

1818.
„ lu'tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. October. Trop. Amer.

1820.
„ macula'ta (spotted). 2. Reddish- yellow. December.

Trop. Amer.

„ maxima (largest). See C. LAMBERTI.
,, mexica'na (Mexican). See C. GLAUCA RUFA.
„ occidenta'lis (western). 3. Reddish- yellow. June.

W. Ind. 1822.

,, orienta'lis (eastern). 4. Red. June. E. Ind. 1820.
„ „ fla'va (yellow). 4. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1820.
„ ,, macula'ta (spotted). Scarlet, yellow. August.

E. Ind. 1570.

„ pa'llida (pale- flowering) . See C. LUTEA.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See C. LUTEA.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). Peru.
„ pa'tens (spreading). 2. Reddish-yellow. May. Rio

Janeiro. 1778.
„ peduncula'ta (/o«g-flower-stalked). 6. Orange.

October. 1820.
„ polymo'rpha (many- formed). 3. Red. December.

S. Amer. 1825.

„ Ree'vesii (Reeve's). 5. Yellow. May. China. 1835.
„ rosco*a'na(Roscoean). 4. Yellow, spotted red. Trop.

Amer.

,, r:ib>cu'nda (red). Red. Trop. Amer.
„ ru'bra (red). See C. COCCINEA.
„ rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). See C. EDULIS.
„ sangui'nea (bloody). See C. SPECIOSA.
„ spedo'sa (showy). 3. Red. August. S. Amer. 1820.
,, sulphu'rea (sulphur). See C. LUTEA.
„ sylve'stris (wild). 5. Scarlet. December. S. Amer.

1820.

„ varia'bilis (variable). See C. CARNEA.
„ Warstfuri'czii (Warszewicz's). 3$. Scarlet. Costa

Rica. 1849.
„ xalape'nsis (Xalapian). See C. PATENS.

CA'NNABIS. Hemp. (An old name used by Dios-
corides for some plant or other. Nat. ord. Urticaceae.)

A hardy annual valued for its ornamental foliage in
sub- tropical gardening and bedding generally. Seeds hi
heat in March, and the seedlings to be planted out at
the end of May.

C. sati'va (cultivated). 4 to 8. Green. Central Asia
and N.W. Himalayas.

CANNON-BALL TREE. Couroupi'ta guiane'nsis.

CANSCO'RA. (Derived from the Malabar Kansjan-
Cora, the name for C. perfoliata. Nat. ord. Gentianacea?.)

A greenhouse annual requiring treatment similar to
that given garden Balsams. Seeds ; loam, leaf- mould,
sand and lime rubble in small pieces.
C. decussa'ta (decussate). \. White. E. Ind.; Trop.
Africa.

,, Parishii (Parish's). 2. White. Moulmein. 1864.

CANTERBURY rar.T.g Campanula Medium.

CA'NTHIUM. ( From Cantix, its Malabar name. Nat.
ord. Rubiaoeas. Linn. s-Pcntandria, i-Monogynia. Most
species are now referred to the genus Plectronia.)

Besides its beautv, C. dubium is one of those remedial
agents for which Cinchonads are so much celebrated.

A stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sandy soil, under a glass ; rich, fibrous, sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45°.

C. chine'nse (Chinese). See RANDIA DUMETORUM.
„ corona' turn (crowned). See RANDIA DUMETORUM.
„ du'bium (doubtful). See DIPLOSPORA VIRIDIFLORA.

CA'NTUA. (Cantu is the Peruvian name. Nat. ord.
Phloxworts [Polemoniaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, under
glass ; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

C. aggrega'ta (crowded). See GILIA AGGREGATA.
„ W color (two-coloured). 4. Reddish-yellow. May.

Peru. 1846.
„ buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 4. Rosy. April. Peruvian

Andes. 1849.

„ dependent (drooping). See C. BUXIFOLIA.
„ ligustrifo'lia (privet-leaved). See VESTIA LYCIOIDKS.
,, ova'ta (ovate). Peru.

„ parvifto'ra (small-flowered). See GILIA PARVIFLORA.
»i pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved). 3. Cream. March. Peru.

1846.

CAPE GOOSEBERRY. Physa'lis peruvia'na.

CAPE JASMINE. Garde' nia fto'rida.

CAPE PHTJLLYR^EA. Elaode'ndron cape'nse.

CAPERO'NIA. (From capero, to be wrinkled ; the
leaves are wrinkled beneath. Nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae.)

Stove perennial herb. Cuttings or divisions. Loam,
leaf-mould, sand.

C. castanafo'lia (chestnut-leaved). Java.
CAPER-TREE. Ca'pparis.

CAPNO'DIUM AUSTRAXE, A fungus that occasion-
ally attacks Conifers. The hyphae consist of fine black
threads.

CAPPARIS. Caper-tree. (From kabar, the Arabic
name for capers. Nat. ord. Capparids [Capparidaceae],
Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

The flower-buds of C, spino'sa, when preserved, form
what is known as " Capers," and used as Caper Sauce to
be eaten with boiled mutton. Stove evergreen shrubs,
except where otherwise specified. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a glass, in moist heat ; sandy loam and
fibrous peat. All require protection, and most of them
the usual treatment of the plant-stove.

C. acumina'ta (long-pointed-leaved) . See C. ACUTIFOLIA.
„ acutifo'lia (acute- leaved). 4. White. July. China.

1822.

» agypti'aca (Egyptian). See C. SPIKOSA.
„ amygdali'na (almond-like). See C. BREYNIA.
„ angustifo'Jia (narrow-leaved). Mexico.
„ aphy'Ua (leafless). 4. White. E. Ind. 1822.
„ arbore'scens (becoming a tree). See C. PULCHERRIMA.
„ auricula'ta (eared). 6. White.
„ Bra'ssii (Brass's). 4. White. Gold Coast. 1793.
„ Bre'ynia (Breynius's). u. White. W. Ind. 1752.
„ chine'nsis (Chinese). See C. ACUTIFOLIA.
„ cynophaUo'phora (dog-phallus-bearing. Bay-leaved).

8. Green, white. W. Ind. 1752.
„ eustachia'na (St. Eustach's). 6. Striped. St. Eus-

tach. 1822.

„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). 4. White. Jamaica.
„ ftexuo'sa (flexuous). Java.

„ Fonton^stt(Fontanes'). 3. White. July. Mauritius.
„ frondo'sa (leafy). 7. Green. Carthagena. 1806.
„ herba'cea (herbaceous). See C. SPINOSA.
„ jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 4. White. Jamaica. 1752.
„ linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 15. White. W. Ind. 1793.
„ LoddigSsii (Loddiges'). 6. White.
„ maria'na (Marianne Island). See C. SPINOSA.
„ MitcMttii (Mitchell's). Australia.
„ no'bilis (noble). Australia.
„ odoratfssima (sweetest-scented). 6. White. Carac-

cas. 1814.

,, ova'ta (egg-shape-kai'fti) . See C. FONTANESII.
„ pelta'ta (^acid-leaved). 6. White. Trinidad. 1827.
„ pulche'rrima (fairest). 10. White. Carthagena.

1700.

,, Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). India.
„ salf gna (willow-leaved). See C. CTNOPHALLO'PHORA.

CAPRIFOLIUM

166

CARAGANA

C. sepia'ria (hedge). 4. White. E. Ind. 1823.
„ spino'sa (common-spiny). 3. White. June. South

•of Europe. 1596. Half-hardy, deciduous.
„ tenuisi'liqua (slender-podded). 6. White. Caraccas.

1823.

,, torulo'sa (twisted-podded). See C. JAMAICENSIS.
,, triflo'ra (three-flowered). See C. FRONDOSA.
„ trifolia'ta (three-leafleted). See CRAT.EVA TAPIOIDES.
„ undnla'ta (waved). See C. LODDIGESII.
,, uncina'ta (hooked). See C. JAMAICENSIS.
„ verruco'sa (warty-podded). 8. White. Carthagena.

1820.
„ zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 6. White. Ceylon. 1819.

CAPRIFO'LIUM. Honeysuckle. (From caper, a goat,
and folium, a leaf ; poetically, goat-leaf, for its climbing
habit. Nat. ord. Caprifoils [Caprifoliaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. All now united to Lonicera.)

All deciduous and twiners, except where otherwise
specified. Cuttings of ripened shoots taken off in autumn,
and inserted in a shady border ; tender and scarcer kinds
should have the assistance of a hand-light, as the wood
is generally pithy. The most successful mode of pro-
pagating out of doors is by layers in autumn, after the
leaves have commenced falling. Common soil.

HARDY.

C. dioi'cum (dioacious). See L. DIOICA.
,, Dougla'sii (Douglas's). See L. HIRSUTA.
,, etru'scum (Etruscan). See L. ETRUSCA.
,, fta'vum (yellow). See L. FLAVA.
,, gra'tum (pleasant). See L. GRATA.
,, hirsu'tum (hairy-leaved). See L. HIRSUTA.
,, hispi'dulum (rather bristly). See L. HISPIDULA.
„ horte'nse (garden). See L. CAPRIFOLIUM.
„ ita'licum (Italian). See L. CAPRIFOLIUM.
,, „ ru'brum (red). See L. CAPRIFOLIUM RUBRA.
„ longifto'rum (long-flowered). See L. LONGIFLORA.
„ occidenta'le (western). See L. CILIOSA.
,, parviflo'rum (small-flowered). See L. DIOICA.
„ Pericly'menum (woodbine). See L. PERICLYMENUM

and its varieties, belgica, quercifolia, serotina, and

variegata.

„ pube'scens (downy). See L. HIRSUTA.
„ sempervi'rens (evergreen). See L. SEMPERVIRENS and

its varieties, Brownii, major, and minor.
„ tubulo'sum (cylindrical). Mexico. 1846.

HALF-HARDY.

C. chine'nse (China). See L. JAPONICA.

„ cilio'sum (hair-fringed). See L. CILIOSA.

,, imple'xum (interwoven). See L. IMPLEXA.
„ ,, balea'ricum (Balearic). See L. IMPLEXA BALEARICA.

,, japo'nicum (Japanese). See L. MACRANTHA.

,, nepale'nse (Nepaul). See L. MACRANTHA.

,, sple'ndidum (splendid). See L. SPLENDIDA.

CA'PSICUM. Chili Pepper. (From kapto, to bite ;
referring to its pungency. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solan-
aceae]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Cayenne pepper is the ground fruits of Capsicum.
Seeds sown in a hotbed, in March, and, after being picked
off finally, potted, to be grown in a house, such as a
vinery, or transplanted against a wall, or any sheltered
place out of doors.

ANNUALS.

C. angulo' sum (angular- fruited), i. White. June. India.
„ a'nnuum (annual), i. White. June. India. 1548

" Red Pepper." " Chilies."
„ cerasifto' rum (Cherry-flowered). 2. White. June.

1823.
„ cerasifo'rme (Cherry-formed), i. Red, yellow June

W. Ind. 1739.

„ co'nicum (conical). 2. White. June. Guiana. 1820.
„ cordifo'rme (heart-shaped), i. White. June. India.
„ lo'ngum (long-fruited), i. White. June. India

1548.

,, tetrago'num (four-angled), i. White. June. India.
,, ustula'tum (scorched). -2. White. June. Chili.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

C. bacca'tum (berried). 2. White. June. 1731.
„ bi 'color (two-coloured). See C. MINIMUM.

C. carule' scens (bluish). Purple. June. S. Amer. 1827.

„ cere'olum (waxy). See C. MINIMUM.

,, chine'nse (Chinese). 2. White. July. China. 1807.

,, conoi'des (cone-like). See C. MINIMUM.

,, du'lce (sweet), ij. Whitish. July. Biennial.

,, frute'scens (shrubby). See C. MINIMUM.

„ „ tortulo'swn (rather- twisted). See C. MINIMUM

TORTULOSUM.

„ globi'ferum (globe-bearing). 2. White. June.

Guiana. 1824.
„ gro'ssum (large), i. White. July. India. 1752.

Biennial.

„ „ bi'fidum( two-cleft). White. May. E. Ind. 1758.
„ „ globo'sum (globe-fruited), i. White. July. E.

Ind.
„ havane'nse (Havanah). White. May. Havanah.

1826.
,, lu'teum (yellow-fruited), i. White. July. E. Ind.

1820.
„ micra'nthum (small-flowered). 3. White. May.

Brazil. 1820.

,, microca'rpum (small-fruited). 2. White. May.
„ Mille'rii (Miller's), i. White. June. W. Ind. 1824.

Annual.
„ minimum (smallest). White. May. E. Ind. 1728.

" Cayenne Pepper." " Bird Pepper."
„ „ tortulo'swn (slightly twisted). 2. White. E. Ind.

1820.

„ ova'tum (egg-fruited). 3. White. July. 1824.
,, pe'ndulum (pendulous). 2. White. May. 1750.
,, pyramida'le (pyramidal). 2. White. May. Egypt.

1750.

,, sine'nse (Chinese). See C. CHINENSE.
„ sphce'ricum (globular- fruited). 2. White. May. 1807.
„ tomatifo'rme (tomato-shaped). See C. DULCE.

CAPSICUM. For pickling purposes the following are
the species and varieties usually employed : —

Ca'psicum annuum (red pepper), the long-podded,
short-podded, and oval short- podded. C. cerasifo'rme
(cherry pepper), cherry-shaped red and yellow-podded.
C. gro'ssum (bell pepper).

Soil and Situation.— They do best in a light, rich loam,
and against a fence or wall. Hence they are often
grown within an enclosure devoted to hotbed-forcing.

Time and . Mode of Sowing. — Sow towards the end of
March or beginning of April. Sow in pots or pans, and
place in a hotbed, with the shelter of a frame ; give only
a slight covering, and one good watering will be all that
is required until the seeds germinate. Prick off as soon
as the seedlings are large enough to handle, and pot
singly as soon as well established, later they may be grown
in the open, but are more satisfactory under glass.

To obtain Seed. — A plant bearing some of the forwardest
and finest fruits of each variety must be preserved, that
it may be ripe before the frost commences, the first of
which generally kills the plants. When completely ripe,
cut the pods, and hang up in the sun, or in a warm room,
until completely dry, when the seeds may be cleaned
out of the pods, care being taken not to get any of the
pulp or pods on the hand, or a great irritation will be set
up. The seed should be kept in a tin box until required
for sowing.

CARAGA'NA. Siberian Pea-tree. (From Caragan,
the name of C. arbore'scens among the Mogul Tartars.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn.
ij-Diadelpliia, \-Decandria. Allied to Colutea.)

These handsome shrubs inhabit the whole of north-
eastern Asia, from Pekin in China, westward, to the banks
of the Volga. They are increased principally in the
nurseries, by grafting on C. arbore'scens, which is a
deciduous tree ; but all the others are deciduous shrubs.
The larger-growing species are best propagated by seeds
sown in spring, or by cuttings of the roots. Shrubby,
low plants by seed and layers ; and the rarer, Chinese,
Siberian, and drooping kinds by grafting in spring ;
sandy loam.
C. Altaga'na (Altagana). See C. MICROPHYLLA.

,, arbore'scens (tree-like). 15. Yellow. May. Siberia.
1752.

„ „ ine'rmis (unarmed). 10. Yellow. May. Siberia.
1820.

,, ,, Lorbe'rgi (Lorberg's). Flowers smaller. 1906.

„ „ na'na (dwarf).

CARAGUATA

167

CARBENIA

C. abort" scens pe'ndula (pendulous). A weeping variety.

„ „ pra'cox (early). 3. Yellow. April.

„ „ pvlverulefnta (dusty).

„ „ Redow'skii (Redowski's).

„ arena'ria (sand). See C. CUNEIFOLIA.

„ arge'ntea (silvery). See HALIMODENDRON ARGEN-
TEUM.

„ auranti'aca (orange). Orange. Central Asia.

„ „ ere'cta (erect). Upright in habit.

„ Boi'si (Bois1). 2-5. Yellow. May. W. China.
1904.

„ brcvispfna (short-spined). Greenish-yellow. Hima-
laya. 1847.

„ Chamla'gu (Chamlagu). 4. Yellow. May. China.

„ cuneifo'lia( wedge-shaped-leaved), i. Yellow. June.

Siberia. 1802. B.M., t. 1886.
„ deco'rticans (bark-casting). 6 to 8. Bright yellow.

Afghanistan. 1903.
„ fe'rox (fierce). See C. SPINOSA.
„ fruie'scens (shrubby). 2. Yellow. April. Siberia.

1752.
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leafleted) 6. Yellow. April.

Odessa.

„ „ grandifl'ora (large-flowered).
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leafleted). 6. Yellow. April.
„ „ mo:llis (soft).

„ „ pe'ndula (pendulous). A weeping variety.
,, ., sylva'tica (wood).
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). i. Yellow. June.

Iberia. 1823.

,, cerardia'na (Gerard's). Himalayas. 1839.
„ juba'ta (maned). 2. Pink. April. Siberia. 1796.
„ macraca' ntha (large- thorned). 2. Yellow. June.

Siberia.
„ microphy'lla (smaU-leaved). 2. Yellow. May.

Russia. 1819.

„ „ cra'sse acuUa'ta (thick-spined). See C. BOISI.
„ mo'llis (soft). See C. FRUTESCEXS MOLLIS.
„ mongo'lica (Mongolian). Yellow. April. Tartary.

1826.

., Pygma'a (pigmy), i. Yellow. May. Siberia. 1751.
„ „ arena'ria (sand), i. Yellow. April.
„ Redo'wski (Redowski's). See C. ARBORESCENS RE-

DOWSKI.

„ ,, prce'cox (early). See C. ARBORESCENS PR^COX.
„ spino'sa (thorny). 6. Yellow. May. Siberia. 1775.
„ tragacanthoi' des (goat's- thorn-like). 4. Yellow. May.

Siberia. 1816.
„ trifldra (three-flowered). See C. BREVISPINA.

CARAGUA'TA. (A South American name for several
of this order and adopted by Lindley. Nat. ord.
Bromeliads [Bromeliaceae].)

Epiphytic plants requiring stove treatment ; with a
moist atmosphere, and not too much moisture at the
roots. Similar treatment to that recommended for
Billbergias will suit them.
C. andrea'na (Andrean). 2. Yellow. Bracts carmine.

Colombia. 1881.
„ angustifo'lia, (narrow-leaved). Pale yellow, scarlet.

Colombia. 1882.

„ belea'na (Belean). 2. White. 1891.
„ cardina'lis (scarlet). i$. White. Bracts brilliant

scarlet-red. Colombia. 1880.
„ coni'fera (cone-bearing). Yellow. Bright scarlet

bracts. Ecuador.

„ devansaya'na (Devansayan). Ecuador. 1882.
„ fuerstcnbergia'na (Fuerstenbergian). July. Ecuador.

1883.
„ Linde'ni (Linden's). Leaves with purple-brown

bands. Peru. 1878.
„ lingula'ta (tongued). White. Bracts scarlet. Trop.

Amer. 1856.
„ lingula'ta cardina'lis (tongued scarlet). See C. CAR-

DISALIS.

„ Melino'nis (Melinon's). French Guiana.
„ morrenia'na (Morrenian). i\. Yellow. Bracts red.

Colombia. 1887.

„ musa'ica (mosaic). Orange, white. Bracts orange-
red. Colombia. 1873.
„ osya'na(Osyan). Yellow. Bracts "bright red. Ecuador.

1875.

„ Peaco'cki (Peacock's). White. Bracts bright purple.
Leaves rose-purple. S. Amer. 1885.

C. sangui'nea (blood-red). Pale yellow. Leaves rose.

Colombia. 1883.
„ Schlumberge'rii (Schlumberger's). 3. Yellow. S.

Amer. 1882.

„ serra'ta (serrate). See TILLANDSIA SERRATA.
„ sple'ndens (splendid). See C. LINGULATA.
„ Van Volxe'mii (Van Volxem's). 3. Yellow. Bracts

bright rose. Colombia. 1878.
„ vitta'ta (striped). S. Amer.
„ Za'hnii (Zahn's). ij. Yellow. Bracts scarlet.

Leaves striped red. Chiriqui. 1870.

CARALLIA. (From Car Mi, its name in India. Nat.
ord. Mangroves [Rhizophoraceae]. Linn. ii'Dodecandria,
l•^fonogynia.)

This, like the rest of the Mangroves, grows only along
the tropical shores, where they form impenetrable
thickets, and send down roots from the branches, like
the Banyan-tree. In time such roots raise the main
trunks high above their original level ; hence the usual
name of the order — Rhizophoracea?, or root-bearers.
Cuttings and treatment as for Canthium.

C. lancafo'lia (lance- leaved). 20. Yellow. India. 1820.
„ lu'cida (shining). See C. LANC^EFOLIA.

CARALLU MA, (Its Indian name. Nat. ord. Ascle-
piads [Asclepiadacea;]. Linn. $-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.
Allied to Stapelia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, natives of East Indies.
Cuttings well dried, and laid, rather than fastened,
among gravelly and limy, rubbishy soil, until they strike ;
sandy loam, broken pots, and lime-rubbish ; little water
given, unless when growing freely. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 55°, and dry.

C. affi'nis (allied). Red-purple, striped yellow. W.

Mediterranean Region. 1904.
„ ascSndens (ascending). 2. Pink. July. 1804.
„ campanula' to (bell-shaped). India. B.M., t. 7274.
„ commuta'ta (changed). $. Brown. S. Arabia (?).

1910.

„ crenula'ta (scolloped). See BOUCEROSIA CRENULATA.
„ ftmbria'ia (fringed), i. Pale yellow. Burma. 1829.
„ inve'rsa (inverted). White and dark purple- brown.

S. Africa. 1903.
„ Luga'rdii (Lugard's). Yellow, brown, velvety.

German S.W. Africa. 1904.
„ Lu'ntii (Lunt's). S. Arabia.
„ Marlo'thii (Marloth's). Green, dotted violet-brown.

S. Africa. 1903.
„ Nebrow'nii (N. E. Brown's). Purple clubbed hairs

on margin of flowers. German S.W. Africa.

1907.
„ Simo'nis (Simon's). Closely allied to C. europaa.

Syn. Boucerosia, Simonis.
,, Sprenge'ri (Sprenger's). Gold-bronze, with white

eye. Abyssinia. 1893.
„ to'rta (twisted). Brown-purple. S. Arabia or Socotra.

umbelh

'Ja'ta (umbelled). See BOUCEROSIA UMBELLATA.
CARAMBO'LA-TREE. Averrho'a Carambo'la.
CARA'NDAS. Cari'ssa Cara'ndas.

CARAT A. (From Caraipe, its name in South America.
Nat. ord. Meliads [Meliaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria,
i-Monogynia.)

The flowers are small, but numerous ; and, like the
rest of the Meliads, this genus possesses bitter astringent
and tonic qualities. Stove trees. Cuttings of ripened
shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-heat ; loam
and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. guiane'nsis (Guiana). 20. Yellow. Guiana. 1824.

„ guineSnsis (Guinea). See C. PROCERA.

„ molucce'nsis (Moluccas). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1820.

„ pro'cera (tall). 40. Yellow. Asia and Trop. Africa.

CA'RAWAY. Ca'rum Ca'rvi.

CARBENIA. (Probably commemorative. Nat ord.
Composite. Allied to Centaurea.)

A hardy, spiny annual Seeds in the open ground in
April. Ordinary soil.

C. benedtcta (praised). 2. Yellow. July to October.
Mediterranean Region. 1548. " Blessed Thistle."

CARDAMINE

168

CARDUUS

CARDAMI'NE. Lady's Smock. (From kardamon,
watercress ; referring to the acrid flavour. Nat. ord.
Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. t^-Tetr adynamia. Allied
to Arabis.)

Like the rest of the Crucifers, Cardami'ne is antiscor-
butic and stimulant. All that we describe are hardy
herbaceous perennials, except C. thaiictroi' des and C.
grceca, which are annuals ; seeds in any common soil,
provided it be moist ; the herbaceous and marshy plants
by division ; marshy, peaty soil.

C. alpi'na (Alpine), i. White. April. Europe. 1658.
„ ama'ra (bitter), i. White. April. Britain. Aquatic.
„ asarifo'lia(Asaxum- leaved), i. White. June. Italy.

1710.
„ belUdifo'lia (daisy-leaved). i. White. April.

Northern and Arctic regions.
„ ,, alpi'na (alpine). See C. ALPINA.
,, bulbi'fera (bulb- bearing), i to 2. Purple. Britain.

" Coral Root."

„ carno'sa (fleshy), i. White. June. Thessaly. 1824.
,, Chelido'nia (celandine-leaved), i. White. June.

Italy. 1739.

„ dasy'loba (thick-lobed). See C. MACROPHYLLA.
„ digita'ta (fingered). 2. Dark purple. S. Europe.

1656.
„ diphy'lla (two- leaved), i. White, purple. May.

N. Amer. " Tooth Cress."
„ enneaphy'lla (nine-leaved). i. Yellow. May.

Europe. 1656.
„ glandulo'sa (glandular), i. Pale purple. May.

Hungary. 1815.
„ glau'ca (milky-green), i. White. June. Calabria.

1827.

„ grce'ca (Greek). \. White. June. Eastern Mediter-
ranean Regions. 1710. Hardy annual.
„ Killia'sii (Killias'). A hybrid between D. digitata

and D. polyphylla. Switzerland. 1889.
„ lacinia'ta (jagged- leaved), i. White. May. N.

Amer. 1822.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Purple. June. Spain.

1710. Marsh-plants.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). i. Purple. May.

Siberia. 1824.
„ ma'xima (largest). 2. Light purple. May. N.

Amer. 1823.
„ pentaphy'lla (five-leaved), i. Pale rose. Early

summer. Chili.
„ pinna' to, (pinnate), ij. Light purple. May. Europe.

1683.
„ pinna to-digita' ta (pinnate-fingered). Natural hybrid.

Switzerland. 1889.

» Polyphy'lla (many-leaved), i. Purple. May. Hun-
gary. 1818.
„ prate'nsis (meadow-cuckoo-flower), i. Purple. April.

Britain. Marsh-plant.
„ „ pie' no, (double-flowered). i. Purple. April.

Marsh-plant.
„ ,, ple'na-a'lba (double-white- flowered), i. White.

April. Marsh-plant.
„ quinquefo'lia (five-leaved), i. Purple. May. S.

Russia. 1820.
„ rhomboi'dea (diamond-shaped). White/ Spring. N.

Amer.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). White. March. N.

Amer. 1884.
„ thaiictroi' des (Thalictrum-like) . i. White. June.

Piedmont. 1818. Annual.
„ tene'lla (slender), i. Pale purple. May. N. Amer.

1826.

„ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). See C. TENELLA.
„ trifaflia (three-leaved). J. White. May. Switzer-
land. 1629.
„ uligino'sa (bog), i. White. April. Tauria. 1819.

Marsh-plant.
CARDAMOM. Eletta'ria Cardamo'mum.

CARDIA NDRA. (From kardios, the heart, and aner,
an anther ; in reference to the heart-shaped anther. Nat.
ord. SaxifragaceEe.)

Shrub* requiring treatment like Hydrangea hortensis,
and protection in severe weather.
C. altemifo'lia (alternate-leaved). White and lilac.

Japan. 1866.

„ sine'nsis (Chinese). Flowers like those of Hydrangea.
Herbaceous. Central China. 1903.

CARDINAL FLOWER. Lobe'Ha cardina'lis.

CARDOON. (Cy'nara Cardu'nculus.) The stalks of
the inner leaves, when rendered tender by blanching,
are used in stews, soups, and salads.

Soil and Situation. — A light, rich, unshaded soil, dug
deep, and well pulverised, suits it best.

Time and Mode of Sowing. — Sow at the close of April,
those plants raised from earlier sowing being apt to run ;
for a late crop, a sowing may be performed in June.
Best practice is to sow in patches of three or four, six
inches apart, in rows four feet apart, to be thinned finally
to one in each place, the weakest being removed. If,
however, they are raised in a seed-bed, they will be ready
for transplanting in about eight or ten weeks from the
time of sowing, and must be set at similar distances.

The seed must be covered about half an inch. When
about a month old, thin the seedlings to four inches
apart, and those removed may be pricked out at a
similar distance. When of the age sufficient for their
removal, they must be taken up carefully, and the long,
straggling leaves removed. The bed for their reception
must be dug well, and laid out in trenches, as for celery,
or a hollow sunk for each plant ; but, as they are liable
to suffer from excessive wet, the best mode is to plant
on the surface, and form the necessary earthing in the
shape of a ridge. Water abundantly at the time of
planting, as well as subsequently, until the plants are
established ; and also in August, if dry weather occurs,
regularly every other night, as this is found to prevent
their running to seed. When advanced to about eighteen
inches in height, which, according to the time of sowing,
will be in August, and thence to October, the leaves
must be closed together. Hay bands were formerly
used, but any old woollen material is better, and then
earthed up like celery. It must be done on a dry day.
As the plants grow, use more binding and more earthing,
until blanched about two feet high. The blanching is
completed in about eight or ten weeks. If litter is
thrown over the tops during severe weather, the plants
will continue good through the winter.

To obtain Seed. — Being a native of Candia, seed in
this country seldom comes to maturity ; but, in dry
seasons, a few plants may be set in a sheltered situation
of the April sowing, not earthed up, but allowed the
shelter of mats or litter in frosty weather. The flowers
make their appearance about the beginning of July,
and the seed should ripen in September.

CARDOPA'TIUM. (Nat. ord. Compositae.)

A nearly hardy, perennial Thistle for the back line of

borders. It should have some dry leaves placed round

or over the crown in winter to protect it from severe

frost.

C. corymbo'sum (corymbose). Blue. East Mediter-
ranean Regions. 1871.

CARDUNCE'LLUS. (The diminutive of Cardunculus,
the Cardoon. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite], Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, i-jEqualis. Allied to Carthamus.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, natives of France.
Division of the roots ; common soil.
C. caru'leus (blue), f. Blue. Mediterranean Regions.
„ miti'ssimus (most gentle), £. Blue. June. 1776.
„ monspelie'nsium(Montpe\ier). }. Blue. May. 1734.
„ vulga'ris (common). See C. MONSPELIENSIUM.

CA'RDUUS. Thistle. (Derivation obscure. Nat. ord.
Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-
Mqualis.)

Notwithstanding the proverbial weediness of Thistles,
there are some handsome garden-species among them.
All hardy. Seeds or divisions ; common soil. There
are many which may be grown in what is termed the
" wild garden," and they make a most effective display.

ANNUALS.

C. a'lbidus (whitish). 2. Purpla. July. Tauria. 1816.
„ ara'bious( Arabian). £. Purple. July. Arabia. 1789.
„ argenta'tus (silvered), i. Purple. July. Egypt.

1789.

„ vmifreus (grey). 3. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1818.
„ clavula'tus (club-shaped). 2. Purple. July. Canaries.

1827.
„ leuca'nthus (white-flowered). See SERRATULA FLAVK-

SCENS.

CAREX

169

CARISSA

C. leuco'graphus (white-painted). See TYRIMNUS LEUCO-

GRAPHUS.

,, peregri'nus (diffuse). 2. Purple. July. 1816.
„ volgfnsis (Volga). See COOSINIA WOLOBNSIS.

BIENNIALS.

C. aia'tus (winged). See JURINEA ALATA.
„ ca'ndicans (hoary). See C. COLLINUS.
„ carliruefo'lius (Carline-leaved). 2. Purple. July.

Pyrenees. 1804.

,, carlinoi'dcs (Carline-like). i. Purple. July. Pyre-
nees. 1784.

„ colli'nus (hill). 3. Purple. July. Hungary. 1805.
,, corymbo'sus (corymbose). 4. Purple. July. Naples.

1824.

„ cri'spus (curled). 2. Purple. July. Europe. 1804.
„ hamulo'sus (hooked-spined). 5. Purple. June.

Hungary. 1802.
„ Kerne'ri (Kerner's). 2 to 3. Rose-purple. Bulgaria.

1906.
„ lanugino'sus (woolly). 3. Purple. July. Armenia.

1820.
„ monio'sus (mountain). 3. Purple. July. South of

Europe. 1820.
„ myriaca'nthus (myriad-spined). Purple. July. N.

Africa. 1836.
„ nigre'scens (blackish). 4. Purple. July. South of

France. 1819.
„ Persona'ta (burdock). 4. Purple. July. Austria.

1776.
„ seminu'dus (half-naked). 3. Purple. Caucasus.

1819.
„ uncina'tus (hooked). 6. Purple. July. Tauria.

1817.
„ Ve'rdii (Verd's). 2. Red. Spain. 1871.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

C. affi'nis (allied). Pink. July. Naples. 1830.
„ alpe'stris (alpine), ij. Purple. July. Croatia. 1805.
„ arctioi'des (burdock-like). 2. Purple. July. Car-

niola. 1804.
„ Argentine (Argemone-leaved). \\. Purple. July.

Pyrenees. 1810.
„ atriplicifo'lius (atriplex- leaved). See SERRATULA

ATRIPLICIFOLIA.

„ auro'sicus (eared). 3. Purple. July. France. 1819.

„ crassifo'lius (thick-leaved). 2. Purple. July. 1805.

„ deftora'tus (unflowered). 6. Red. August. Austria.
1570.

„ du'btus (doubtful). 2. Purple. July. 1816.

„ macroce'phalus (large-headed). 2. July. Numidia.
1827.

„ mefdius (intermediate). 2. Purple. June. Pied-
mont. 1819.

„ onopordioi' des (Onopordum-like). i£. Purple. July.

„ orienta'lis (eastern). See COUSINIA CARDUIFORMIS.
„ parvifldrus (small-flowered). See CNICUS PARVI-

FLORUS.

„ podaca' nthus (foot-spined). See C. AUROSICUS.
„ pycnoce'phalus (dense-headed- Italian). See C. TENUI-

FLORUS.
„ lenuiflo'rus (slender-flowered). 4. Purple. July.

Britain.

CAREX. Sedges. (From keiro, I cut ; in reference
to the sharp, hard edges of the leaves, which cut the
hands when pulling them. Nat. ord. Cyperaceae.)

All are hardy, except where otherwise mentioned.
They are grass-like herbs with narrow leaves, and include
a large number of species, but only the more ornamental
or useful are mentioned here. The hardy ones are of
easy cultivation in ordinary garden soil, but C. pendula
is most useful for the edges of ponds. The greenhouse
ones are grown chiefly for their ornamental foliage. The
variety known in nurseries as Carex japonica varie-
gata is extensively grown for market, and makes a
neat little plant for the small fancy pots. The ordinary
green form is also appreciated, although the proper name
is C. bninnea. It is always known in nurseries as C.
japonica.
C. ba'ccans (berried). Fruit coral red to purple. Trop.

Asia. Greenhouse.

„ &ru'nn«z(Brownian). Foliage graceful. India, Japan.
1892. Greenhouse.

C. bru'nnea variega'ta (variegated). Foliage plant.

Greenhouse.

„ Gra'yi (Gray's), i. Brown. July. N. Amer.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). See C. BRUNNEA.
„ Morro'wii (Morrow's), i. Brown. Japan.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Foliage plant.
„ paludo'sa (marshy). 3. Brown. June. Britain.

Aquatic.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated).
„ pe'ndula (drooping). 3. Brown. July. Britain.

Aquatic.
,, ripa'ria (river-bank). 3105. Brown. June. Britain.

Aquatic.
,, fczpo'sa (scaped). Brownish-red fruits. S. China.

1887. Greenhouse.
,, trista'chya( three-spiked) i. Brown or green. Japan.

Greenhouse.

,, Vilmori'ni (Vilmorin's). Leaves long, narrow, grace-
ful. New Zealand. 1897. Greenhouse.

C A' KEY A. (Named after Dr. Carey, a celebrated
divine and Indian linguist, who devoted his leisure hours
to gardening and botany. Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms

cuttings, and dividing the roots ; sandy loam one part,
to two parts fibrous peat, with pieces of charcoal, and
plenty of drainage, and careful watering. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. arbo'rea (tree). 8. Red and yellow. 1823.
,, herba'cea (herbaceous), i. Red and white. July.

1808. Herbaceous perennial.

„ sphce'rica (round-fruiiid), 3. Red. 1803. Ever-
green shrub.

CA RICA. Papaw-tree. (Named from an erroneous
idea that it was a native of Caria. Nat. ord. Papayads
[Passifloraceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, g-Decandria.)

One of the tropical fruits grown in our stoves, more
for curiosity than for use. The Papaw fruit (C. Papa' y a)
is eaten, when cooked, in some parts of South America,
but not much esteemed by Europeans. Stove trees ;
cuttings of ripe shoots in sandy soil, in close case, with
bottom-heat, and in sweet, rich, loamy soil. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
C. auranti'aca (orange). Colombia. 1873.
,, candamarce'nsis (Candamarcan). 6. Green. Fruit

yellow. Ecuador. 1874.
,, cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 20. Green. Caraccas.

1806.
„ citrifo'rmis (orange- formed). 20. Yellowish. Lima,

1820.
„ cundinamarce'nsis (Cundinamarcan). See C. CANDA-

MARCENSIS.

„ erythroca'rpa (red- fruited). 4. White. Ecuador. 1871.
„ grdcilis (graceful). 6. Colombia. 1879.
,, hastafo'lia (halbert-leaved). See C. QUERCIFOLIA.
„ microcdrpa monoi'ca (small-fruited-moncecious). 20.

Whitish-green. 1818.
,, Papa'ya (common papaw). 20. Green. July. Trop.

Amer. 1690.

,, Poso'pora (Posopora). 20. Pinkish. Peru. 1823.
„ pyrifo'rmis (pear-shaped). See C. POSOPORA.
,, quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). S. Amer.
„ senega' mbica (Senegambic).

,, spino'sa (prickly). 20. Whitish-green. Guiana.
1821.

CARICATURE PLANT. Grahtophy'llum horte'nse.

CARISSA. (The derivation is not ascertained; but
krishna-pakphula is the Sanscrit name of C. Cara'ndas.
Nat. ord. a section of Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

The milky juice of this and others in this order of
Dogbanes is manufactured into india-rubber. The fruit
of C. Cara'ndas furnishes a substitute for red-currant
jelly. That of C. grandiftora is used for making jam,
tarts, &c., in South Africa. Stove trees and shrubs ;
cuttings of ripe wood in sand, under a glass, in bottom-
heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50* to 55°.
C. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). White. S. Africa.

„ Ardui'na (Arduina). 2. White. June. S. Africa.
1760.

CARLINA

170

CARNATIONS

C. Cara'ndas (Carandas). 15. White. July. E. Ind.
1790.

„ edu'lis (edible). White. Egypt.

„ fe'rox (spiny, literally fierce). White. S. Africa.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. Natal. 1862.
" Amatungula."

„ lanceola'ta (spear-teawd). 6. White. July. N. Hol-
land. 1822.

„ ova' fa (egg-leaved). 15. White. August. N.Holland.
1819.

„ spina'rum (spiny). 20. White. July. E. Ind.
1819.

„ Xylopi'cron (bitter- wooded). 12. White. July.
Mauritius. 1820.

CARLI'NA. (Named after Charlemagne. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-
jEqualis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise
specified. Seeds of annuals in April ; seeds and divisions
of perennials. The Cape species requires protection.
Common soil.
C. acanthifo'lia (acanthus-leaved). 2. White. June.

Carniola. 1818.

„ acau'lis (stemless). f. White. June. Italy. 1640.
„ „ caule'scens (short-stemmed), i. White. June.

Switzerland. 1819.

„ aggrega'ta (clustered). See C. ACAULIS.
,, biebersteinia'na (Bieberstein's). 2. Purple. August.

Caucasus. 1816.
,, corymbo'sa (corymbose). 3. Yellow. July. South

of Europe. 1640.
„ lana'ta (woolly). 3. Purple. June. South of

Europe. 1683. Hardy annual.
„ lyra'ta (\yre-shaped-leaved). i. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1816. Greenhouse biennial.
„ racemo'sa (rzcemed-flowered) . 3. Yellow. July.

Spain. 1658. Hardy biennial.
„ si'cula (Sicilian), i. July. Sicily. 1827. Hardy

biennial.

„ si'mplex (unbranched). See C. ACAULIS.
„ vulga'ris (common), i. Yellow. August. Britain.

CARLUDO'VICA. (Named after Charles IV., of
Spain, and Louisa, his queen. Nat. ord. Cyclanthaceae.
Linn. 2i-Moncecia, g-Polyandria.)

The leaves of all the Screw-Pines are set spirally round
the stem, which gives it a cork-screw appearance ; hence
the name of this order. Stove perennials ; suckers ;
sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.

C. acau'lis (stemless). See CAPUT-MEDUS/E.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See CYCLANTHUS

PLUMIERII.

„ atrovi'rens (dark green). Colombia.
„ Ca'put-Medu'sa (Medusa's head). White, thready.

Leaves 5 to 7 ft. long. 1887.

„ Dru'dei (Drude's). 4. Cream. Colombia. 1877.
„ eflegans (elegant). Leaves fan-shaped, 3 ft. across.

1889.
„ ensifo'rmis (sword-shaped). 2. White. Costa Rica.

1875.
„ funi'fera (rope-bearing). 4. White. Guiana. 1824.

Evergreen climber.
„ Gardne'ri (Gardner's). Brazil.
„ Gcebe'lii (Gcebel's). Similar to but much taller than

C. latifolia. 1903.
„ hu'milis (dwarf). Peru. 1869.
„ jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 4. White. Jamaica. 1825.

Evergreen climber.
„ lanccefo'lia (lance-leaved). Pale yellow. Guiana.

1862.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Green. July. Peru.

1818.

„ lauchea'na (Lauchean). Antioquia, Colombia. 1893.
„ microce'phala (small-headed), i£. Pale yellow, with

long, white threads. Costa Rica.
„ moritzia'na (Moritzian). Colombia.
„ pahna'ta (palmate). 3. White. July. S. Amer.

1818.

„ palmifo'lia (Palm-leaved). See C. PLUMERII.
„ plica'ta (plaited). Colombia.
„ PlumSrii (Plumer's). W. Ind. 1889.
„ purpura'ta (purple). 2 to 4. Leaf-stalks reddish-
purple. Trop. Amer.

C. rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). Similar to C. palmata,

but larger. Costa Rica.
„ Walli'sii (Wallis's). i£. Cream. Colombia. 1879.

CARMICHAE'LIA. (Named after Capt. H. Car-
michael, author of the Flora of Tristan da Acunha. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminpsaa], Linn. iJ-Dia-
delphia, 4-Decandria. Allied to Indigofera.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of side-shoots
under glass, in sand, in April or May ; sandy peat, and
a very little fibrous loam. Summer temp., 55° to 65° ;
winter, 40° to 45°.

C. austra'lis (southern). 2. Light blue. June. New

Zealand. 1800.

„ Eny'sii (Enys's). jw. New Zealand. 1884.
„ flagellifo'rmis (whip- formed). New Zealand.
,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). New Zealand.
„ Ki'rki (Kirk's). New Zealand.
„ muelleria'na (Muellerian). White, lined purple. New

Zealand. 1887.

„ odora'ta (sweet-scented) . White. New Zealand. 1902.
,, uniflo'ra (one-flowered), -fa. New Zealand. 1884.

CARNATIONS. (Dianthus Caryophyllus.) The Car-
nations may be divided into several groups, but with so
much cross fertilisation it becomes a little difficult to
draw distinctions, yet we may take some of the most
distinct as examples. In the older editions of the
Gardeners' Dictionary most attention is given to what
are known as Border varieties, but we now have American
varieties, our English Tree varieties, Malmaisons,
Marguerite varieties, and other sub-divisions, such as
Picotees, &c.

Taking the various types we may first refer to the Eng-
lish border sorts, of which the old English clove is a good
type, but there are many others of various colours. The
chief characteristic of the type is that they flower from
the previous year's growth, and it is rarely that the
side-shoots throw up flower spikes until the following
year. Dealing with these separately, the best method
of propagating is by layering. This should be done any
time from the middle of July to the end of August, or
when the side-shoots are long enough to handle properly.
All the lower leaves should be cleared off, and a cut
made from the underside of the shoot, being careful to
make the incision through a joint. Some old potting
soil, or light, sandy loam should be put round the plants,
the layers pegged down into it. The cut should be
opened, so that the soil gets into the wound. If the
weather is dry, surface watering may be necessary, but
it should not be given too liberally. In years gone by a
good many were grown and layered in pots, and for Show
purposes they were distinguished as Selfs, Shows, Flakes,
Bazarres, and Picotees, the last are the most distinct,
and are often catalogued as Picotees, without adding
Carnations. We have often been asked to give the dis-
tinction. The true Picotees have a narrow regular edge
to the petals. The ground colour may be white or
yellow, and the edging pink, red, purple, or other shades,
but the colour must not run down in stripes. Those
with irregular markings are termed Fancies ; those with
broad stripes are termed Flaked varieties, and the Ba-
zarres are those with two broad distinct colours running
down the petals. All of the above are of similar habit of
growth, and should be propagated by layering, yet in a
few instances, where the growths are numerous, cuttings
may be taken, which will root in a cold, closed frame in
the autumn. All layers or cuttings should be potted
singly as soon as rooted, and kept in a closed frame
during the winter, the lights being taken off in mild
weather, and those intended for planting out may be
put into the ground as soon as the weather permits
after the middle of February. See that the ground is
free from wire- worms ; give a good dressing of well-
rotted manure with which may be incorporated some
soot, and press the soil fairly firm, but do not plant
while the ground is very wet. Much depends upon the
condition of the soil when planting, and care should be
taken that the plants should not dry in the pots at the
time of putting them in. The same instructions should
be observed for those grown in pots, care being taken
that the soil is not cold when potting in the winter time.

Malmaisons. — These are a distinct race, of which the
original Souvenir de la Malmaison was the first type.
This was introduced somewhere about fifty years ago ;

CARNATIONS

171

CARPOCAPSA

and. is distinguished by having short and sturdy
growth ; the flowers are large, with a very short calyx,
and in the true type they are remarkable for producing
a secondary lot of petals, from where the ovary should
be. The original variety is still grown, the colour being
of a soft flesh pink. Later we had several sports of a
deeper shade of colour, and a good many seedlings have
been raised. Some that are classed with the Malmaisons
can hardly be recognised as belonging to the true form.
Those of Hybrid origin may be propagated from cuttings,
and we have had good results from cuttings of the true
old variety, but layers are more reliable, and make
better plants. All of this section should be grown under
glass, and flower from May until July. Plenty of pot
room with good drainage should be given, and if the loam
is heavy, some peat may be added.

Perpetual flowering Carnations. — Originally this type
came from the Continent, and after growing them for
some time we had English varieties added. These were
of dwarfer habit, but not such consistent flowerers, yet
we had some good dwarf sorts, which flowered well
through the winter, of which Miss Joliffe and Winter
Cheer are good examples. There were also other good
sorts, while the tall-growing continental varieties were
neglected, and it was not until the Americans, who had
worked on the old stock, and sent over some improved
varieties, that we went back to those with the fringed
edged petals. All who know the value of Carnations
now recognise the merits of this type. Mrs. T. W.
Lawson was the first of the American varieties to gain
favour ; since then we have had many others added.
We must leave the above as the forerunner of the most
useful class we have, yet Enchantress, White Perfection,
Robert Craig, President Roosevelt, and Harlowarden
may be given as examples of the best of the early types,
and to these we may now add English varieties, Britannia
being one of the finest scarlets, Carola the finest crimson ;
there are also a good many others, but as we get so
many new varieties added from year to year, it will be
better to only refer to distinct types.

In the culture of all the winter-flowering sorts, strong,
short- join ted cuttings are of the first consideration.
These may be had any time from October until March.
There are various methods of treating cuttings. Some
growers root them in sand only, but it takes longer to
re-establish the plants afterwards ; we prefer loam and
sand, or if loam is not fibrous, some peat may be added.
Cuttings succeed best where there is a good bottom-
heat, and a cool surface. We hear of damp causing
trouble, and so it does, if cuttings are allowed to get
withered and then kept moist, but with ventilation
given early in the mornings, and the cuttings kept con-
stantly moist, they will do well. It is a stagnant
atmosphere that causes harm. And one more point is
that they should be removed from the close frame as
soon as rooted.

Marguerite Carnations. — This is another distinct type ;
they are useful for summer or autumn bedding, and are
also grown for flowering in pots late in the autumn.
They are Hybrids, and are probably connected with the
Indian Pink ; they should certainly be treated as
Annuals. One of the greatest faults is that they seed
freely, and as soon as fertilisation takes place the petals
wither. We have found this to be the case when fer-
tilising other Carnations.

Seeding. — Careful cross-fertilisation will usually pro-
duce satisfactory results. Take a plant of good habit,
and fertilise with the pollen from another of a better
colour, of a similar but brighter shade, and good results
will follow. Indiscriminate crossing of colours will be
sure to result in failure. Seed from the first flowers
that open where possible, and cut all others off as soon
as they appear. Sow seed early in January, and place
the seed pots where they get plenty of light, but not
the direct blaze of the sun. Prick off as soon as large
enough to handle, and pot singly before the roots get
much matted together.

Insect Pests and Diseases. — Green-fly (or aphis) give
some trouble, but the frequent syringing with clear, soot
water while the plants are outside, and a thorough
fumigating as soon as they are taken under glass, will
go a great way towards keeping them clean through
the winter. Red Spider is sometimes troublesome in
spring, but by using the syringe freely at night, and
ventilating early in the morning, it may be kept down ;

this also will do much towards keeping other troubles
off. It is the dry nights and hot mornings that cause
much mischief. These conditions also encourage the
development of rust, spot, mildew, &c. Regular atten-
tion to watering, ventilating, and good soil are the chief
essentials towards success in Carnation culture.

CAROLTNEA. Pachira. (Named after Sophia Caro-
line, Margravine of Baden. Nat. ord. Stercuiiads [Ster-
culiaceae]. Linn. i6~Monadelphia, 8-Polyandriaf Allied
to Adansonia.)

Stove trees. Cuttings of ripened wood in sand, under
glass, in heat ; rich, loamy soil. Summer temp., 60" to
85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

C. a'lba (white). See PACHIRA ALBA.
„ insi'gnis (showy). See PACHIRA INSIGNIS.
„ mi' nor (less). See PACHIRA MINOR.
„ Pri'nceps (princely). See PACHIRA AQUATICA.

CARPENTE'RIA. (Named in compliment to Pro-
fessor Carpenter of Louisiana, a botanist of that state.
Nat. ord. Saxifragaceae.)

A handsome, evergreen shrub, hardy in the more
favoured parts of the south and west of the British
Isles, and against a wall inland and farther north. It is
also suitable for the greenhouse or conservatory, either
in pots or planted out. Seeds and cuttings in a gentle
heat. Ordinary soil.

C. calif o'rnica (Calif ornian). 2 to 3. White. Summer.
California. 1880.

CARPHEPHORUS. (From karphos, dried shavings,
and phoreo, to bear ; the bracts surrounding the head.
Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds ; divisions. Good
garden soil.
C. bellidifo'lius (daisy-leaved). 2. Pink. August. N.

Amer.

„ corymbo'sus (corymbose). 3. Purple. September.
Carolina. 1825.

CARPI'NUS. Hornbeam. (From car, the Celtic for
wood, and pix, a head ; in reference to the wood being
used to make the yokes of oxen. Nat. ord. Mastworts
[Cupuliferae]. Linn. zi-Monoecia, s-Pent-Polyandria.)

C. Be'tulus is the only one of the Hornbeams that is of
much use or ornament ; it is one of the best nurse-plants
in young plantations, and for making fast-growing
hedges. Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds sown when ripe,
or kept in dry sand, until the following spring ; suckers
and layers for the varieties ; layers for the common
plants ; but they are inferior to plants raised from seed.
Common soil.

C. america'na (American). See C. CAROLINIANA.
„ Be'tulus (common). 30. April. Britain.

asplenifo'lia (Asplenium- leaved).
, au'reo-variega'ta (golden-variegated-teai/tfd). 20.
March. 1845.
Carpinfzza (Carpinizza).
columna'ris (columnar). Upright.
inci'sa (cut-leaved). 15. March.
marmora'ta (marbled).
pe'ndula (pendulous). Weeping.
purpu'rea (purple-leaved).
pyramida'lis (pyramidal).
quercifo'lia (oak- leaved). 30. May. Europe.
ru'bra (red-leaved).

variega'ta (variegated). 20. March. Britain.
„ carolinia'na (Carolinian). 20. N. Amer. 1812.

" American Hornbeam."
„ corda'ta (heart-shaped). 20 to 40. Fruits in clusters

5 to 6 in. long. Japan. 1904.
„ „ chine'nsis (Chinese). Central China.
„ duine'nsis (Duinian). See C. ORIENTALIS.
,, japo'nica (Japanese). A low tree. Japan. 1889.
,, laxifto'ra (lax-flowered). Japan.
,, „ macrosta'chya (large-catkined). Central China.
„ orienta'lis (oriental). 12. S. Europe, Orient. 1739.
„ O'strya (Ostrya). See OSTRYA CARPINIFOLIA.
,, Turczanino'vii (Turczaninow's). China.
„ yedoe'nsis (Yedoese). A quick-growing tree. Japan,
Central China. 1907.

CARPOCA'PSA POMONEXLA. The Codlin Moth.
Every grower of the apple knows how liable bis fruit

CARPODETES

172

CARROT

is to be " worm-eaten." He finds basketfuls of " wind-
falls " even in the calmest weather, and that the cause
of the loss is a small grub, which has fed upon the pulp
of the fruit ; but how, when, or where these grubs got
there he has not the slightest notion. As it is one of
the most injurious of insects to one of our most useful
of fruits, we shall give more full particulars than usual,
borrowing them chiefly from Mr. Westwood's essay in
the Gardeners' Magazine, iv. 235, N.S. The grub in
question is the larva of the Codlin Moth, Carpocapsa
pomonella. of some entomologists, but Tinea pomonella,
Pyralis pomona, and Tortrix pomoniana of others. It is
upon the pulpy parts of the apple that the grub chiefly
feeds. When, however, it has nearly attained its full
size, it feeds on the pips of the apple, which, thus attacked
in its most vital part, soon falls to the ground. No
sooner is the apple fallen than the grub quits the fruit
by the passage which it had previously gnawed. A
hundred apples may be opened, and not more than two
or three larvae observed within them ; the orifice by
which they have escaped being open, and not concealed
by a little mass of brown grains, which is the case with
those apples from which the larva has not made its
escape. These little grains are the excrement of the
larvae, which are also to be seen in the burrows formed
by them within the apple. The grub is of a dirty- white
colour, with a brown head, varied with darkish-brown
marks. The body is slightly hairy ; the first segment
after the head is whitish, with minute brown spots ; the
other segments are of a pale colour, with about eight
small tubercles on each ; each of the three anterior
segments is furnished with a pair of legs ; and there are
a pair of feet at the extremity of the body. In its early
state it is of a dirty-reddish or flesh colour. The cater-
pillar wanders about on the ground till it finds the stem
of a tree, up which it climbs, and hides itself in some
little crack of the bark. The fall of the apple, the exit
of the grub, and its wandering to this place of safety
usually take place in the night-time. It gnaws away the
bark a little, and, having made a smooth chamber, spins
a little milk-white silken case, in which, after a few weeks,
it becomes a chrysalis ; and in this state it remains
through the winter, and until the following June, when
the moth comes forth, and is to be seen hovering round
the young apples on a midsummer evening. The moth
itself, of which we give a cut, of the natural size and
magnified, is a very beautiful insect, about three-quarters
of an inch in expanse : fore wings ashy-brown, with
very numerous, rather obscure, darker, transverse streaks,
united into a broadish band towards the base, giving
them a damasked appearance. On the hind border of
the fore wings is a large reddish-brown patch, spotted,
and surrounded with a golden mark. The hind wings
reddish-brown, tinged with yellow. The moth lays its
eggs in the eyes of the young apples, one only in each,
by inserting its long ovipositor (egg- tube) between the
divisions of the calyx. As soon as the egg is hatched,
the little grub gnaws a hole in the crown of the apple,
and soon buries itself in its substance ; and it is worthy
of remark, that the rind of the apple, as if selected for
the purpose, is thinner here than in any other part,
and, consequently, more easily pierced. The apple
most commonly attacked is the codlin. It will be evident,
from the preceding details of the habits of this moth,
that there are considerable difficulties in the way of its
extermination. It is impossible, for instance, to be
aware of the presence of the enemy within the fruit until
the mischief is actually completed ; and, in like manner,
the destruction of the moth, from its small size, and its
habit of secreting itself in crevices of the bark, &c., is
equally impracticable. The gathering up of the worm-
eaten apples immediately after their fall, and before the
enclosed caterpillar has had time to escape, cannot but
be attended with good effect : care, however, must be
taken to destroy the larvae, which would otherwise very
speedily make their escape. The cocoons, also, may be
destroyed in the chinks of the bark during the autumn
and winter.

CARPODETTES RECURVA'TA. See STENOMESSON

RECURVATUM.

CARPODrNUS. Sweet Pishamin. (Derived from carpos,
a fruit, and dineo, I turn round ; the fruit is curved.
Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Allied to Carissa.)

A climbing evergreen for the stove. Cuttings of half-

ripened wood in sand in a close case with bottom-heat.
Soil, loam, peat, and sand.

C. du'lcis (sweet). 8. Green. June. Trop. Africa. 1822.
CARPODO'NTOS LU CIDA. See EUCHRYPHIA BIL-

LARDIERI.

CARPOLY'ZA. (From karpos, a fruit, and lussa, rage ;
in reference to the three-celled fruit, or seed-pod, opening
like the mouth of an enraged animal. Nat. ord. Amaryl-
lids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Gethyllis and Lapiedra.)

A very neat little bulb, with spiral leaves, and starry,
pinkish flowers, having green tops, requiring the same
treatment as Ixia.
C. spira'lis (pink). Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

CARRI'CHTERA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Cruciferas. Allied to Vella.)

A hardy annual. Seeds. Light, rich soil.

C. V^llce (Vellae). i-ij. Yellow-white, with purple
veins. S. Europe, N. Africa, &c.

CARRIE RIA. (Named after M. Carriere, an able
writer and botanist. Nat. ord. Bixaceas.)

A hardy tree with the aspect of Idesia polycarpa, but
having a woody capsular fruit. Ordinary soil. Seeds
and cuttings.
C. calyci'na (large-calyxed). 50. China. 1896.

CARROT. Dau'cus Caro'ta.

Varieties. — Those with a long tapering root are named
Long Carrots ; and those having one that is nearly
regularly cylindrical, abruptly terminating, are denomi-
nated Horn Carrots. The first are employed for the
main crops ; the second, on account of their superior
delicate flavour, are advantageously grown for early use,
and for shallow soils.

Horn Carrots. — Early Red. Common Early. Dutch,
for forcing. Long. This last is the best for the summer
crop.

Long Carrots. — White Belgium, Yellow, Long Yellow,
Purple, Long Red, Chertsey, and Surrey. Superb Green-
topped, or Altringham. The last two are the best for
main crops.

Soil and Situation. — Carrots require a warm, light,
rich soil, dug full two spades deep. With the bottom-
spit it is a good practice to turn in a little well-decayed
manure ; but no general application of it to the surface
should be allowed in the year they are sown ; but a
spot should be allotted them which has been made rich
for the growth of crops hi the previous year, or else
purposely prepared by manuring and trenching in the
preceding autumn. The fresh application of manure is
liable to cause their growing forked, and to expend
themselves in fibres, as well as to be worm-eaten. If the
soil is at all binding, it should be well pulverised by
digging very small spits at a time. Pigeons' dung is a
good manure for the carrot.

Time and Mode of Sowing. — The first sowing for the
production of plants to draw whilst young should take

Elace in a moderate hotbed (this was the old practice,
ut modern cultivators grow them under light con-
structed glass-houses), during January, and in a warm
border at the conclusion of February, or early in March.
At the close of the last month, or, preferably, in the
first half of April, the main crop must be inserted ;
though, to avoid the maggot, it is even recommended
not to do so until its close. In May until July the sowing
may be repeated for production in autumn, and lastly
in August, to stand through the winter, and produce in
early spring. For sowing, a calm day should be selected ;
and the seeds should be separated by rubbing them be-
tween the hands, with the admixture of a little sand or
dry coal-ashes, otherwise they cannot be sown regularly.
Sow thinly, in drills eight inches apart for the horn, and
ten or twelve inches for the long ; and the beds not
more than four feet wide, for the convenience of after-
cultivation. The larger weeds must be continually re-
moved by hand ; and when the plants are seven or
eight weeks old, or when they have got four leaves two
or three inches long, they should be thinned, those in-
tended for drawing young, to four or five inches apart,
and those to attain their full growth to ten. At the same
time, the ground must be regularly hoed to keep down
all weeds, and also to ventilate the soil. It is after

CARROT

173

CARYOPTERIS

heavy rains, and as soon as the surface is sufficiently
dry that hoeing is most beneficial. Never tread on the
ground while it is very wet. The crop to stand through
the winter should, in frosty weather, be sheltered with
a covering of litter, as, if it occurs with much severity,
it often destroys them. The hotbed for the first sowing
of the year must be moderate, and earthed about sixteen
inches deep : two or three linings of hot dung, as the
heat decreases, will be sufficient to bring them to £ state
fit for use. These are the first in production, but are
closely followed by those that have withstood the winter.
The temperature must never exceed 73°, nor fall lower
than 55°. They need not be thinned to more than three
inches apart. At the close of October, or early in
November, as soon as the leaves change colour, the
main crop may be dug up, and laid in alternate layers
with sand, in a dry outhouse, previously to doing which
the tops and any adhering earth must be removed. A
dry day should always be chosen for taking them up.

To obtain Seed. — Leave some where raised ; but, if
this is impracticable, some of the finest roots should be
selected, and their tops not cut so close as those for
storing. These, likewise, must be placed in sand until
February or March, then to be planted out two feet
asunder in a stiff, loamy soil. Those left where grown,
or those planted at the close of autumn, must, during
frosts, have the protection of litter — to be removed,
however, during mild weather. As the seed ripens in
August, which is known by its turning brown, each
umbel should be cut, otherwise much of the seed is often
lost during stormy weather. It must be thoroughly
dried, by exposure to the sun and air, before it is rubbed
out for storing. For sowing, the seed should always be
of the previous year's growth ; if it is more than two
years old it will rarely vegetate, unless it has been kept
in a close box and in a cool position.

Insects. — The carrot is liable to the attacks of the wire-
worm (see ELATER), as well as of those next mentioned.

CARROT MAGGOT. (PsUa ros«.) The parent fly is
dark, with a metallic-green lustre, and rather hairy ;
head, reddish-yellow ; legs, yellow ; wings, very trans-
parent. Very much resembles the Anthomyia. The
grub, or maggot, is cylindrical and yellow ; it eats holes
in the main root of the carrot. This' underground enemy
of the carrot is said to be banished by mixing spirits of
tar with sand until saturated, and applying it to the
soil previously to digging, at the rate of about one gallon
to sixty square yards ; but we find trenching and
manuring, as we have directed, a sufficient protective.

CARROT MOTH. See DEPRESSARIA.

CA'RTHAMUS. (From quartern, to paint, in the
Arabic ; referring to the flowers yielding a fine colour.
Nat. ord. Composites [Composite], Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
i-£qualis.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds sown in April where they are
to grow, or in a slight hotbed, in March, and then planted
out ; common soil.

C. arbore'scens (tree-like). 6. Yellow. August. Spain.

1831.

„ arbo'reus (tree). See C. ARBORESCENS.
„ cceru'leus (blue). See CARDUNCELLUS C.SRULEUS.
„ Cardunce'llus (little Cardoon). See CARDUNCELLUS

MONSPELIENSIUM.

„ cre'ticus (Cretan). See C. LANATUS.

„ cynaroi'des(Cyn3xa-like). See COUSINIA CYNAROIDES.

„ flave'scens (yellowish). Asia Minor.

„ glau'cus (sea-green), ij. Purple. July. Caucasus,

Asia Minor. 1817.

„ l&'vis (smooth). See STOKESIA CYANEA.
„ lana'tus (woolly). 2. Yellow. July. Europe. 1596.
„ leucocau'los (white-stemmed). i. White. June.

Greece. 1800.
„ miti'ssimus (mildest). See CARDUNCELLUS MITISSI-

MUS.
„ Oxyaca'ntha (sharp-spined). 2. Yellow. July.

Caucasus. 1813.

„ tau'ricus (Taurian). See C. LANATUS.
„ tincto'rius (dyer's), 3. Orange. June. Egypt.

1551. " Safflower."

CARTONE'MA. (From kartos, shorn, and nema, a
filament ; referring to the formation of the filaments,
or threads, which support the pollen-bags. Nat. ord.

Spiderworts [Commelinaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, r-
Monogynia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Seeds sown in
slight hotbed ; light loam and sandy peat ; requires the
protection of a greenhouse, or a warm situation.

C. spica'tum (spiked).
1822.

Blue. July. N. Holland.

CA RUM. Caraway. (From Caria, in Asia Minor,
where it was first discovered. Nat. ord. VmbelUfers
[Umbelliferae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, 2-Digynia. Allied
to the weed Ammi.)

The seed of C. Ca'rvi is our Caraway, esteemed for
its aromatic qualities. Hardy biennials. Seeds ; open
ground, in March or April. Common soil.

C. Ca'rvi (common). 2. White. May. Britain.
,, Petroseli'num (rock Selinum). i to 2. Yellow. June.

Europe. " Parsley."
,, verticilla'tum (whorl-leaved). i. White. July.

Britain. This species is removed here from Si' son,

a genus of weeds.

CARU'MBIUM. See HOMALANTHOS.

C A' RYA. Hickory. (The Greek name for the Walnut,
so named on account of Carya, daughter of Dion, King
of Laconia, said to have been changed by Bacchus into
a Walnut-tree. Nat. ord. Juglans [Juglandaceje], Linn.
2i-Moncecia, g-Polyandria.)

This is the Hickory so celebrated in North America for
the purposes of the cabinet-maker. Their best chairs
they call their Hickories. Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds ;
the nut should be sown where the tree is intended to
stand ; may also be propagated from layers or by
grafting on the ordinary walnut. Good, common soil.

C. a'lba (white). 30. April. 1629. " Shell-bark Hickory."
„ ama'ra (bitter-nut). 30. May. 1800.
„ aqua'tica (aquatic). South United States. " Water

Hickory." " Bitter Pecan."
„ compre'ssa (compressed- fruited). See C. ALBA.
„ lacinio'sa (jagged). See C. SULCATA.
„ microca'rpa (small-fruited). 30. April.
„ myristicafo'rmis (Nutmeg-formed). Southern United

States. " Nutmeg Hickory."
„ obcorda'ta (reversed-heart-shaped). See C. PORCINA

OBCORDATA.

„ oliv&fo'rmis (olive-shaped). 30. April. " Pecan."

„ porci'na (hog-nut). 30. May. 1799.

» »» gla-'bra (smooth). May.

„ „ obcorda'ta (obcordate). 30. May. 1812.

„ sulca'ta (furrowed). 30. April. 1804.

„ tomento'sa (woolly). 30. April.

„ „ ma'xima (greatest fruited). 60. May.

CA RYOCAR. Butter Nut. (From karyon, a nut;
in reference to its fruit. Nat. ord. Rhizobols [Ternstrce-
miaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, ^-Tetragynia.)

Two genera of immensely large trees, bearing large
flowers and edible nuts, constitute the whole of this
small group. The Suwarrow (Sauari) nuts of the shops
are the produce of the C. nuci'ferum. Oil not inferior
to olive-oil is extracted from the kernels. Cuttings in
sand, in heat, under glass. Loam and peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

C. gla'brutn (smooth). 100. Green. Guiana. 1820.
„ nuci'ferum (nut-bearing). 100. Red, yellow. Guiana.

1820.
„ tomento'sum (woolly). 100. White. Guiana. 1820.

CARYOPHY'LLUS AROMA'TICUS. See EUGENIA

CARYOPHYLLATA.

CARYO PTERIS. (Derived from karyon, a nut, and
pteron, a wing ; because the fruits are winged. Nat.
ord. Verbenaceae.)

Nearly hardy sub-shrubs, and should be planted in
sheltered situations. Seeds, suckers, divisions, layers,
or cuttings. Ordinary soil well drained.

C. Mastaca'nthus (Mastacanthus). i to 4. Dark blue.

Autumn. China, Japan. 1844.
„ „ ca'ndicans (grayish). Gray foliage.
„ mongho'lica (Mongolian). 2. Violet-blue. N. China

1872.
„ wallichia'na (Wallichian). 4. Red. Himalayas,

1823.

CARYOTA

174

CASSIA

CARYO'TA. (From karyon, a nut. The Greeks first
applied this name to their cultivated Date. Nat. ord.
Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, g-Polyandria.)

A noble member of a noble family of plants, most
valuable to the natives of the countries they inhabit,
C. u'rens furnishing a highly nutritious sago, besides
abundance of palm-wine, or toddy. Stove trees. Seeds ;
rich, sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
C. Albe'rti (Albert's). See C. RUMPHIANA.

„ Blanco' i (Blancoi). Philippines.

„ Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). 25. Philippines. 1841.

„ e'legans (elegant).

,, furfura'cea (scurfy). See C. MITIS.

„ „ limba'ta (large-leaved). Java.

„ ho'rrida (horrid). See BACTRIS CARYOT/EFOLIA.

„ majefstica (majestic). Philippines.

„ ma'xima (largest). Java. 1849.

„ mi'tis (mild). White. Cochin-China. 1820.

„ obtu'sa (blunt). Himalayas.

,, ochla'ndra. China.

„ plumo'sa (feathery).

„ propi'nqua (related). See C. MITIS.

„ purpura'cea (purplish). See C. FURFURACEA.

„ rumphia'na (Rumphian). Malaya and Australia.

„ soboli'fera (sucker-bearing). See C. MITIS.

„ specio'sa (showy). Philippines. 1881.

„ u'rens (stinging). 20. White. E. Ind. 1788.

CASCADE, or WATERFALL, is agreeable only when
properly associated with the scenery around. That
association is a bold, broken ground, and a dense planta-
tion of trees. Nothing is more misplaced or tasteless
than a sheet of water falling into another uniform col-
lection of water, in an open, unwooded plain. The roar
of a cascade belongs only to larger streams ; but it may
be introduced by a rivulet to a considerable degree, and
attempts to do more have generally been unsuccessful :
a vain ambition to imitate nature in her great extrava-
gances betrays the weakness of art. Though a noble
river throwing itself headlong down a precipice be an
object truly magnificent, it must be confessed that in a
single sheet of water there is a formality which its vast-
ness alone can cure ; but the height, not the breadth, is
the wonder. When it falls no more than a few feet the
regularity prevails ; and its effect only serves to expose
the vanity of affecting the style of a cataract in an
artificial cascade. It is less exceptionable if divided into
several parts, for then each separate part may be wide
enough for its depth ; and, in the whole, variety, and
not greatness, will be the predominant character. But
a structure of rough, large, detached stones cannot
easily be contrived of strength sufficient to support a
great weight of water. It is sometimes, from necessity,
almost smooth and uniform ; and then it loses much of
its effect. Several little falls in succession are preferable
to one greater cascade, which, in figure or in motion,
approaches to regularity.

When greatness is thus reduced to number, and length
becomes of more importance than breadth, a rivulet vies
with a river ; and it more frequently runs in a continued
declivity, which is very favourable to such a succession
of falls. Half the expense and labour which are some-
times bestowed on a river to give it, at the best, a forced
precipitancy in any one spot only, would animate a
rivulet through the whole of its course ; and, after all,
the most interesting circumstance in falling waters is
their animation. A great cascade fills us with surprise ;
but all surprise must cease ; and the motion, the agita-
tion, the rage, the froth, and the variety of the water
are finally the objects which engage the attention. For
these a rivulet is sufficient ; and they may there be
produced without that appearance of effort which raises
a suspicion of art. To obviate such a suspicion, it may
sometimes be expedient to begin the descent out of
sight ; for the beginning is the difficulty. If that be
concealed, the subsequent falls seem but a consequence
of the agitation which characterises the water at its
first appearance ; and the imagination is, at the same
time, let loose to give ideal extent to the cascades.
CASCARI'LLA BARK. Cro'ton Elutefria.
CASEA'RIA. (Named after /. Casearius, the co-
adjutor of Rheede in producing the Hortus Malabaricus.
Nat. ord. Samyds [Samydaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria,
I'Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen trees, chiefly valued for their astringent
and medicinal qualities. Cuttings in sand, under a glass,
in heat. Light, sandy, fibrous loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50"° to 60°.

C. hirsu'ta (hairy). 8. Yellow, green. Jamaica. 1825.
,, parviflo'ra (small-flowered). See C. SYLVESTRIS.
,, parvifo'lia (small- leaved). 6. Yellowish-green.

Martinique. 1827.
,, ramiflo'ra (branch-flowered). 4. Yellowish-green.

Guiana. 1824.
,, serrula'ta (fine-saw-edged). 6. Whitish-green.

Jamaica. 1818.
„ sylve'stris (wood). 8. Whitish-green. Jamaica.

1818.
C A' SHEW NUT. Anaca'rdium occidenia'le.

CASIMIRO'A. Mexican Apple. (Named after Car-
dinal Casimiro Gomez. Nat. ord. Rutaceae.)

An evergreen stove shrub with an edible fruit. Seeds
and cuttings of half-ripe wood in sand, plunged in cocoa-
nut fibre in a close case with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.

C. edu'lis (edible). Flowers small, green. Fruit like an
Apple. Mexico. 1866.

CASPA'REA SPECIO'SA. See BAUHINIA PETIOLATA.

CASSA'NDRA. (A mythological name. Nat. ord.
Erica ceae.)

Hardy shrubs for the American garden, and much
benefited by a liberal use of peat in the soil.

C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See C. CALYCULATA.
,, calycula'ta (small-calyxed). i to 2. Pure white.
April. N. Amer. 1748.

CASSA'VA. Ma'nihot utili'ssima and M. Ai'pi.

CASSEBEE'RA. (Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn.
24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices. Allied to Pellasa.)

Divisions ; peat and loam ; hardy greenhouse and
stove treatment, according to their native locality.

C. arge'ntea (silvery). J. Brown. July Siberia. 1816.

Hardy.

„ auricula'ta (eared). Brown. July. Stove.
„ cunea'ta (wedge-shaped-leaved). Brown. July. 1831.

Stove.
,, farino'sa (mealy), ij. Brown. May. Isle of Luzon.

1840. Stove.
,, hasta'ta (halbeit-leaved) . 2. Brown. August. Cape

of Good Hope. 1823. Greenhouse.
„ intramargina'lis (bordered-beneath). Brown. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1828. Greenhouse.
,, peda'ta (twice-lobed). £. Brown. Virginia. 1820.

Hardy.

,, pinna'ta (leafleted). Brown. June. Stove.
,, pteroi'des (fern-like). Brown. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1775. Greenhouse.

„ trip hy 'tta( three-leaved). Brown. July. 1824. Stove.
„ Vespertilio'nis (bat-winged). 3. Brown. August.

N. Holland. 1823. Greenhouse.

CA'SSIA. (From the Greek name of a plant, kasian
of the Bible. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae] .
Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

C. lanceola'ta produces the true Alexandrian senna-
leaves ; and C. angustifolia yields the Arabian senna.
The plant is a native of Tropical Africa, and from it is
obtained the senna of Mecca. C. obova'ta furnishes the
Aleppo senna ; and in America they use the leaves of
C. marila'ndica as a purgative. Allied to Cassalpinia.
Annuals and biennials by seed, sown in March or April,
in heat ; the biennials by cuttings, in April, of half-
ripened shoots, in heat. A few will thrive in the green-
house ; but most of them require stove treatment in
winter ; that is, a temperature of from 50° to 60° ; and
where there is much room they deserve it.

ANNUALS.

C. A'bsus (Absus). Yellow. June. Tropics. 1824.

Stove.
,, acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 3. Yellow. June. Egypt.

Stove. " Nubian Senna."

„ (zschyno'mene (asschynome). See C. MIMOSOIDES.
„ angusti'ssima (narrowest-leaved). See C. MIMOSOIDES.
„ a'spera (rough). See C. NICTITANS.

CASSIA

175

CASSIA

C. Burma'nni (Burmann's). i. Yellow. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1810. Half-hardy.
„ Fi'stula (Fistula). Yellow. India. " Purging Cassia."
„ flexuo'sa (zigzag-stemmed). i. Yellow. July.

Brazil. 1810. Stove.
„ floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 4. Yellow. June.

New Spain. 1818. Stove.
„ flo'rida. (large-flowered). See C. SIAMEA.
„ glandido'sa (glanded). 5. Yellow. September.

W. Ind. 1822. Stove.
„ ki'spida (bristly). See C. HISPIDOLA.
„ hispi'dula. Yellow. June. Cayenne. 1826. Stove.
„ hu' milts (humble). See C. TAGERA.
„ ita'lica (Italian senna). See C. ACUTIFOLIA.
„ mimosoi'dfs (Mimosa-like). 2. Yellow. July.

Ceylon. 1806. Stove.
„ nictttatis (twinkling). 2. Yellow. July. N. Amer.

1800. Hardy.
„ obova'ta (reversed-egg). 2. Yellow. July. Egypt.

1640. Stove. " Aleppo Senna."
„ obtusifo'lia (twisted- leaved). See C. TORA.
„ procu'mbens (lying-down). Yellow. June. N. Amer.

1806. Hardy.
„ pu'mila (dwarf), i. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1814.

Stove trailer.

„ Se'nna (Senna). See C. ACUTIFOLIA.
„ sia'mea (Siamese). 6. Yellow. June. India. 1820.

Stove.
„ Ta'gera (Tagera). Yellow. July. Trop. Amer. 1803.

Stove biennial.

„ Thonni'ngii (Thonning's). See C. ABSUS.
„ To'ra (Tora). Yellow. July. Tropics. 1732.
„ triflo'ra (three-flowered), i. Yellow. June. W. Ind.

1816. Stove.
„ wallichia'na (Wallich's). See C. MIMOSOIDES.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. tegyptfaca (Egpytian). See C. SOPHERA.
„ artemisioi'des (wormwood- like). 2. Yellow. June.

X. Holland. 1820.

„ austraflis (Australian). Yellow. Australia.
„ barclaya'na (Barclay's). See C. SOPHERA.
„ Berte'ri (Berter's). See C. BICAPSULARIS.
„ bicapsula'ris (two-capsuled). 4. Yellow. May. W.

Ind. 1739.
„ biflo'ra (two-flowered). 6. Yellow. August. W.

Ind. 1766.

„ bractea'ta (bracteated). See C. ALATA.
„ bractetfsa (bracteated). See C. DIDYMOBOTRYA.
„ brevifo'lia (short-leaved). Yellow. June. Mada-
gascar. 1824.

„ callia'ntha (beautiful-flowered). See C. MULTIJUGA.
„ cape'nsis (Cape), i. Yellow. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1816.

„ chinfnsis (Chinese). See C. SOPHERA.
„ didymoba'tryaitwo-iobed-bwnch). Orange. Abyssinia.

1866.
„ Flinde-rsii (Flinder's). Yellow. June. N.S. Wales.

1818.

„ frondo'sa (leafy). See C. BIFLORA.
„ glutino'sa (clammy). 3. Yellow. June. N. Holland.

1818.

„ linea'ris (narrow-podded). See C. OCCIDENTALIS.
„ marila'ndica (Maryland). 3. Yellow. September.

N. Amer. 1823. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
„ ni'gricans (blackish), i. Yellow. June. Egypt.

1817.

„ Rein-i-a'rdtii (Reinwardt's). Java.
„ ruscifo'lia (ruscus- leaved). See C. SOPHERA.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

C. acapukSnsis (Acapulco). See C. BIFLORA.

„ ala'ta (winged-leaved). 12. Yellow. W. Ind. 1731.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Yellow. Trop. Africa.

" Arabian Senna."
„ Apoucoui'ta (Apoucouita). 8. Yellow. Surinam.

1820.

„ arbore'scens (tree-like). See C. EMARGINATA.
„ atoma'ria (dotted). 4. Yellow. June. S. Amer.

1810.

,, auricula'ta (small-eared). 4. Yellow. E. Ind. 1777.
„ bacUla'ris (rod). 3. Yellow. E. Ind. 1782.
„ Ckamacri'sta (ground-senna). i. Yellow. July.

America. 1699.

C. chryso'tricha( golden-haired). Yellow. June. Guiana.

1828.
„ cUia'ris (hair-trmged-stipuled) . i. Yellow. June.

E. Ind. 1817. Herbaceous perennial.
,, cilia'ta (hzir-tringed-leafleted) . See C. OCCIDENTALIS.
„ coquimbe'nsis (Coquimban). Yellow. Chili. 1888.
„ coromandelia'na (Coromandel). See C. SOPHERA.
„ corymbo'sa, (corymbose). 3. Yellow. July. Buenos

Ayres. 1796.
,, cuspida'ta (spine-pointed-/^av«f). See C. PISTACI.E-

FOLIA.

„ diphy'lla (two-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. W. Ind.

1781.

,, di'spar (unequal). 3. Yellow. S. Amer. 1824.
,, elli'ptica (aval-leaved). See C. EMARGINATA.
,, emargina'ta (notch-leaved). 15. Yellow. May.

Jamaica. 1759.

„ fastigia'ta (peaked). See C. GLAUCA.
,, gigante'a (gigantic). Yellow. June. Jamaica. 1825.
,, glau'ca (milky-green). 4. Yellow. June. E. Ind.

1818.

„ gorate'nsis (Goratian). Abyssinia.
,, gra'cilis (slender). 2. Yellow. June. Orinoco. 1817.
,, gra'ndis (grand). Panama.
,, herbertia'na (Herbert's). See C. L^EVIGATA.
,, hirsu' ta (coarse-haired). 4. Yellow. July. America.

1778.

,, hi'rta (hairy). 3. Yellow. August. N. Amer. 1820.
„ houstonia'na (Houston's). Yellow. July. Jamaica.

1817.

„ leeviga'ta (smooth). 3. Yellow. July. Tropics.
„ lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). See C. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
„ linea'ta (tined-lcaved) . i. Yellow. June. Jamaica.

1818.

„ longisi'liqua (long-podded). See C. OCCIDENTALIS.
„ lotoi'des (lotus- like). See C. HISPIDULA.
,, macranihe'ra (large-anthered). 3. Yellow. June.

Brazil. 1824.
,, margina'ta (bordered). 3. Yellow. June. Surinam.

1823.
„ mexica'na (Mexican). 5. Yellow. June. Mexico.

1824.

,, melanoca'rpa (black-podded). See C. VIMINEA.
„ molli'ssima (softest-leaved). See C. ATOMARIA.
„ multi'juga (many-pair-leaved). Yellow. Guiana.

1828.

„ monta'na. (mountain). Yellow. May. E. Ind. 1822.
„ nuftans (nodding). S. Amer.
„ occidenta'lis (western). 3. Yellow. June. W. Ind.

1759. " Negro Coffee."
„ parkeria'na (Parker's). See C. RIPARIA.
,, pa'tula (spreading). See C. SOPHERA.
,, pe'ndula (pendulous). See C. BICAPSULARIS.
,, pentago'nia (five-angled), i. Yellow. June. Peru.

1700. Herbaceous perennial.
,, pilo'sa (soft-haired), i. Yellow. June. Jamaica.

1818. Herbaceous perennial.
„ pistacitffo'lia (Pistacia-leaved). 4. Yellow. July.

S. Amer. 1820.
„ planisi'liqua (flat-podded). 4. Yellow. June. W.

Ind. 1822.
„ polyphy'lla (many-leafleted). 4. Yellow. June. W.

Ind. 1816.

„ pube'scens (downy). 2. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1812.
„ pulche'lla (prettv). 3. Yellow. July. Mauritius. 1825.
„ purpu'rea (purple-stemmed). See C. SOPHERA.
„ quinqvangula'ta (five-angled-6rancA^i). See C. L^VI-

GATA.

„ reticula'ta (netted). 10. Yellow. August. S. Amer.

1821.

,, richardia'na (Richard's). See C. MDLTIJUGA.
„ ripa'ria (river-bank). 2. Yellow. August. Guiana

1817.

„ robinioi'des (Robinia-like). See C. SOPHERA.
,, sennoi'des (senna-like). See C. BICAPSULARIS.
,, seri'cea (silky). Yellow. May. S. Amer. 1731.
„ Sophe'ra (Sophera). 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1658.
„ specio'sa (showy). 5. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1816.
„ specta'bilis (showy). 4. Yellow. June. Caraccas.

1820.

„ stipula'cea (/af?«-stipuled). 3. Yellow. Chili. 1781.
„ sulca'ta (hirrovfed-branched). 3. Yellow. June. S.

Amer. 1820.

„ sumatra'na (Sumatra). See C. SIAMEA.
;, Tara'ntan (Tar an tan). See C. RETICULATA.

CASSIDA

176

CHESTNUT

C. teneflla (weak). 2. Yellow. July. Orinoco. 1820.

„ tomento'sa (thick-downed). 15. Yellow. July. S.
Amer. 1822.

„ uniflo'ra (one- flowered) . Red. June. Brazil. 1824.

„ venu'stula (rather pretty). See C. BIFLORA.

„ versi'color (changing colour). Peru.

„ vimi'nea (twiggy). 3. Yellow. W. Ind. 1786.

,, virga'ta (rod-branched), i. Yellow. June. W. Ind.

1810.

GASSIDA VIRIDIS. Artichoke Tortoise-beetle. The
common artichoke's leaves suffer during the summer,
sometimes, though rarely, from the attacks of the larva
of a very curious small beetle, which may be called the
Artichoke Tortoise-beetle, Cassida viridis. The beetle,
which is found in May and June, is not more than one-
sixteenth of an inch long ; the antennae are black ; the
dotted wing-cases and other outer coverings green ; but
the body beneath them black ; and the legs pale, with
black thighs. It is found upon the water-mints, as well
as upon thistles and artichokes. The larva has a very
flat body, with spines upon its edges ; and it has the
singular habit of covering itself with its own excrement,
which it attaches together in a mass, and carries on a
kind of fork attached to its tail. The pupa is also very
flat, having thin toothed appendages at the sides of the
body, with a broad thorax, prolonged forward into a
rounded expansion, which covers the head.

CASSI'NE. (A name given by the North American
Indians to a plant now referred to the Holly — I'lex
Cassine. Nat. ord. Spindle-trees [Celastraceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, $-Trigynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass ; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; whiter, 40° to 45°.
C. cethio'pica (Ethiopian). 5. White. July. Cape of
Good Hope.

„ ba'rbara (barbarous). 6. White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1818.

„ cape'nsis (Cape Phillyrea). 6. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1629.

„ Colpo'on (Colpoon-tree). See C. CAPENSIS.

„ exce'lsa (tall). See ILEX EXCELSA.

„ laviga'ta (smooth) . See PTEROCELASTRUS ROSTRATUS.

„ Mauroce'nia (Maurocenia. Hottentot cherry). 5.
White. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1690.

„ oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 5. White.

„ sca'ndens (climbing). 6. White. S. Africa. 1810.

„ xyloca'rpa (woody-fruited). See EL^ODENDRON XYLO-

CARPUM.

CASSINIA. Named after Cassini, a French botanist.
Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
5-Segregata. Allied to Amobium.)

The annual by seed, hi March ; the others by dividing
at the roots, and cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand,
in April ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 55° to 70° ;
winter, 45° to 50°.
C. aculea'ta (prickly). 2. May. Australia. 1820.

Greenhouse evergreen.
„ affi'nis (allied). See C. ACULEATA.
„ au'rea (golden), i. Yellow. July. N. Holland.

1803. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.
,, denticula'ta (small- toothed). Pale yellow. Australia.

1826. Greenhouse evergreen.
„ fu'lvida (tawny). White. New Zealand. 1879.

Syn. Diplopappus chrysophyllus of gardens.
„ leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 2. White. August.

New Zealand. 1821. Greenhouse evergreen.
„ longifo'lia (long- leaved). 2. May. N. Holland.

1822. Greenhouse evergreen.

„ specio'sa (showy). N.S. Wales. Greenhouse herba-
ceous perennial.

„ specta'bilis (showy). 6. Yellow. July. N. Holland.
1818. Hardy annual.

CASSI'OPE. (Named after Cassiope, a queen of
Ethiopia. Nat. ord. Ericaceae.)

Dwarf, evergreen, hardy shrubs requiring similar soil
as for Hardy Heaths.

C. fastigia'ta (erect), i. White. Himalayas. 1855.
„ hypnoi'des (Moss-like), i. White. June. Northern

Regions. 1798.
„ tetrago'na (four-angled), i. White. April. Northern

Regions. 1810.

CASTA'LIA. See NYMPH^A.

CASTA'LIS FLA'OCIDA. See DIMORPHOTHECA AURAN-

TIACA.

CASTA'NEA. Chestnut. (From1 a town of that name
in Thessaly. Nat. ord. Mastworts [Cupuliferae]. Linn.
21-Monoecia, g-Polyandria.)

Hardy deciduous trees, except C. i'ndica ; seeds
gathered hi autumn, preserved in dry sand, and sown in
March ; deep, sandy loam ; varieties by grafting.

C. america'na (American). See C. DENTATA.
„ chine' nsis (China). See C. CRENATA.
„ chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). See CASTANOPSIS CHRY-

SOPHYLLA.

„ crena'ta (round- toothed). 50. Green. May. Japan.

" Japanese Chestnut."
,, denta'ta (toothed). 50. Green. May. N. Amer.

" American Chestnut."

„ i'ndica (Indian). See CASTANOPSIS INDICA.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). See C. CRENATA.
„ pu'mila (dwarf). 12. Green, yellow. July. N. Amer.

1699. " Chinquapin."
„ sati'va (cultivated). 50. Green. June. England.

" Sweet Chestnut."

„ „ a'lbo-margina'ta (white-edged). Leaves white-
edged. 1886.
„ „ asplenifo'lia (Asplenium-leaved). 50. Green.

May. Europe.

„ „ au'reo-margina'ta (golden-edged). Leaves golden-
edged. 1886.

„ „ cochlea' ta (spiral). Green. May.
„ ,, coralli'na-variega'ta (coral- variegated). Green.

May. 1846.
„ „ cri'spa (crisped-leaved).

cuculla'ta (hooded). Green. May. 1846.

downtonia'na (Downtonian).

filipe'ndula (Dropwort-leaved).

fo'liis-au'reis (golden- leaved). 50. Green. June.

globe 'rrima (smoothest).

gla'bra (smooth-leaved). Green. May.

glau'ca (milky-green). Green. June.

heterophy'lla (various-leaved).

heterophy'lla disse'cta (cut-various-leaved).

lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved).

lu'cida (shining-leaved). Green. May. 1846.

macula' ta (spotted).

me'dia (intermediate). 50. Green. June. Europe.

monstro'sa (monstrous).

Moo'rei (Moore's).

Pri'ncei (Prince's). Green. May. 1846.

proli'fera (proliferous).

pu'mila (dwarf). Green. May. 1846.

pyramida'lis (pyramidal).
„ „ variega'ta (variegated-leaved). Green. May.
„ ve'sca (sweet). See C. SATIVA.
„ vulga'ris (common). See C. SATIVA.

CHESTNUT (SPANISH, or SWEET). This, the Cas-
ta'nea sati'va of the above genus, in the southern parts of
England is cultivated for its fruit, as well as for the
value of its timber, which is in good esteem. There are
several varieties in cultivation in this country, and, of
course, many in France and Italy. About twenty foreign
varieties may be found in the catalogue of the Horti-
cultural Society ; but the Downton, and the Prolific, or
Devonshire, are at present most esteemed, probably
as being somewhat hardier, and therefore well adapted
to our climate, which is not capable of producing the
fruit in that high degree of perfection of which it is
susceptible in the warm and bright climates of Spain,
Portugal, and France. The Chataigne Exalade has been
suggested as particularly eligible for the dwarfing-system
in a small garden.

Propagation. — The better sorts are propagated by
grafting on the ordinary chestnut of our nurseries, which
is raised from seed.

Soil and Culture. — Any free upland soil is adapted to
its culture, provided it is dry beneath, and not too
adhesive. For the dwarfing-system we recommend the
platform mode, allowing only half a yard in depth of
soil. Little if any pruning is necessary, the fruit being
all produced in clusters on the extremities of the shoots.

CASTANOPSIS

177

CATALPA

No other culture is necessary ; but a warm situation a
of much importance.

Fruit-seeds, ho& to Keep. — It is almost needless to
observe that chestnuts are generally eaten roasted,
mostly with a little salt. They are also stewed in cream,
and eaten with salt fish. In keeping them dryness is
necessary ; but it must be accompanied with as low a
temperature as possible. They should be taken out of
their exterior or rough coating as soon as ripe ; and it
is well to subject them to an artificial heat of about
sixty to seventy degrees in a warm room for a couple
of days afterwards. They may then be packed away in
dry sand, or dust, and placed in a very cold but dry
room or cellar, where they will keep for months. They
are very excitable as to sprouting ; a very little moisture,
with warmth, will bring on germination.

CASTANOPSIS. (From Castanea, a chestnut, and
opsis, resemblance. Nat. ord. Cupuliferae.)

C. chrysophylla is a dwarf evergreen bush, hardy in
the south, propagated by seed or cuttings in ordinary
soil. C. indica may be increased by cuttings in a close
case or by imported seeds.

C. chrysophy'Ua (golden-leaved). 3. N.W. Amer. 1848.
„ i'ndica (Indian). 40. Himalayas. 1837. Stove
evergreen.

CASTANOSPETRMUM. Moreton Bay Chestnut. (From
Costarica, the chestnut, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae], Linn. lo-Decandria,
I'Monogynia. Allied to Sophora.)

Greenhouse evergreen ; seeds when procurable ; layers
and cuttings ; deep, loamy soil ; greenhouse or conserva-
tory wall.

C. austra'le (southern). 40. Saffron. N.Holland. 1828.

CASTE'LA. (After an author named Castel. Nat.
ord. Simarubaceae. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Elvasia.)

The Goatbust, C. Nicholso'ni, is as bitter as Quassia.
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of rather firm shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.
C. ere'cta (upright). 4. W. Ind. 1821.

f Ntcholso'ni (Nicholson's). 4. Copper. Antigua.
1830.

CASTTLLE'JA. (Named after a Spanish botanist of
that name. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae],
Linn. i^-Didynamia, z-Angiospermia. Allied to Eu-
phrasia.)

The stove species by cuttings of half-ripe shoots in
sand, in bottom-heat, under a glass ; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°. Hardy
species, seeds and divisions of the roots ; peaty, sandy
soil.

C. cocci'nea (scarlet), i. Scarlet. July. N.Amer. 1826.
„ indivi'sa (undivided), x. Greenish-yellow. Texas.

1878.
„ inte'gra (undivided). Bracts orange-scarlet. New

Mexico. 1901.
„ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved), x. Trop. Amer. 1825.

Stove evergreen.
„ lithospermoi'des (gromwell-like). Scarlet. August.

Mexico. 1848. Greenhouse.
„ minia'ta (vermilion). x. Yellow, scarlet. N.W.

Amer. 1874.
„ morane'nsis (Moran). Mexico. 1825. Prostrate stove

evergreen.
„ pa'llida (pale), i. Light purple. July. Siberia.

1782. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
„ seplentriona'lis (northern). 2. White, green. August.

Labrador. 1824. Hardy annual.
„ serra'ta (saw-edged), i. Blue. June. 1829. Stove

evergreen.
„ sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). *. Pale green.

N.W. Amer.

CASUABI'NA. Beefwood. (Supposed to be derived
from the resemblance of the long, weeping, leafless
branches to the drooping feathers of the Cassowary.
Nat. ord. Beefwoods [Casuarinaceae]. Linn. ai-Monacia,
l-Monandria.)

This is the " Native Oak, or Beefwood " of the

Australian colonists, and probably the most singularly
picturesque tree of the Australian flora. Large trees,
with weeping branches, the individual branches being
jointed like a bamboo, and streaked between the joints,
having no leaves. The timber is as good as our Oak, and
of the colour of raw beef, whence the colonial name.
Cattle are extremely fond of the young branches of the
She Oak (C. quadriva'lvis), and the colonists chew them
to allay their thirst. From what we know in this country
of C. equisetifo'lia we would rank the Beefwoods as the
most remarkable in a winter conservatory. Greenhouse
evergreen trees. Seeds, and cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, in April, in sand, under glass ; loam and peat,
with a portion of sand, and lumps of charcoal. Summer
temp., 55° to 70°, winter 40° to 45°. They should be
tried in sheltered places out of doors, especially in the
south of England.

C. cunningkamia'na (Cunninghamian). Australia.
„ di'styla (two-styled). 15. N. Holland. 1812.
„ equisetifo'lia (equisetum- leaved). 15. September.

South Sea Islands. 1776.
„ fraseria'na (Fraserian). Australia.
„ glau'ca (milky-green). 15. N. Holland. 1824.
,, murica'ta (point-covered). See C. EQUISETIFOLIA.
„ nodiflo'ra (knot-flowered). 15. New Caledonia.

1823.

„ quadriva'lvis (four-valved). See C. STRICTA.
„ stri'cta (upright). 15. May. N.S. Wales. 1775.
„ subero'sa. (corky). Australia.
„ sumatra'na (Sumatra). 4 to 5. Sumatra. 1882.
„ tenui'ssima (slenderest). See C. TORULOSA.
„ torulo'sa (twisted). 15. N. S. Wales. 1772.

CATAKIDOZA MIA. See MACROZAMIA.
CATALPA. (The Indian name. Nat. ord. Bignoniadi
[Bignoniaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia.)

The North American species by seeds sown in spring,
root-cuttings, layers in autumn, and cuttings of the
ripened shoots in autumn ; deep, rich loam. The West
Indian species by cuttings of the ripe shoots hi heat, and
under a glass ; usual stove-treatment.
C. bignonioi' des (Bignonia-like). 25 to 30. White,
spotted red. N. Amer. 1798. Varieties of this
are Au'rea (golden-leaved), fo'liis arge'nteis varie-
ga'tis (silver variegated), grandiflo'ra (large-
flowered), K&hnei (leaves yellow edged), na'na
(dwarf), and purpu'rea (purple-leaved).

„ Bu'ngei (Bunge's). Green, yellow, red. China.

„ „ heterophy'lla (variable- leaved). See C. HETERO-
PHYLLA.

„ cassinoi'des (Cassine-like). Leaves intermediate be-
tween C. cordfolia and C. Bungei. Brazil. 1890.

„ cordifo'lia (heart-shaped-leaved). Western Kentucky
and Tennessee. 1881.

„ „ a'lbo-variega'ta (white-variegated). Leaves with
white blotches. 1910.

„ „ pulverule'nta (powdered). Leaves speckled with
white. 1910.

„ cordifo'liax.Kampfe'ri. Garden hybrid.

„ Duclou'xii (Ducloux's). Rose. 1907.

„ Farge'si (Farges's). China.

„ gallea'na (Gallean). Hybrid between C. Kcempferi
and possibly C. cordifolia. 1907.

„ He'nryi (Henry's). Flowers numerous, small. China,
and Japan. 1907.

„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Flowers 3 to 5. N.
China. 1907.

„ hy'brida (hybrid). Hybrid between C. Kampferi and
C. bignonioides.

„ japo'nica( Japanese). Flowers white, fragrant. Japan.
1907.

„ Kampfe'ri (Kaempfer's). Flowers and leaves smaller
than C. bignonioides. Japan.

„ „ flave'scens (yellowish).

„ „ purpu'rea (purple-leaved).

„ longi'ssima (longest-podded). 20. White. W. Ind.
1777.

„ microphy'tta (small-leaved). 15. White. Hispaniola.
1820.

„ Po'ttsii (Potts's). 6. Pink. Mexico. 1851.

„ pu'mila (dwarf). Wien Gart. Zeit., 1890, 317.

„ specio'sa (showy). See C. CORDIFOLIA.

„ sutchuene'nsis (Sutchuen). White. W.China. 1907.

„ syringafo'lia (Syringa-leaved). See C. BIGNOMIOIDES.

CATANANCHE

178

CATASETUM

C syringafo'lia teasia'na (Teasian). Hybrid between C.

Kctmpferi and probably C. cordifolia. 1907.
„ Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's) . Wien Gart. Zeit., 1890,

318.
„ umbraculi'jera (umbrella-headed). 9 to 12. China.

1888.

„ wallichia'na, (Wallichian). Considered a dwarf form
of C. Ktempferi. China. Syn. C. Kampferi nana.
CATANA'NCHE. (From katanangke, a strong in-
centive ; in reference to an ancient custom among the
Greek women of using it in love-potions. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composita?]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-
jEqualis.)

Division of the roots in March, and seed sown in April ;
common soil.
C. caru'lea (sky-blue). 3. Blue. August. S. Europe.

1596. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
„ „ bi'color (two-coloured). 3. White, blue. August.

Gardens. 1827.
„ lu'tea (yellow), i. Yellow. June. Candia. 1640.

Hardy annual.

CATASE'TUM. (From kata, downward, and seta, a
bristle ; referring to the position of the two horns of the
column. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids. Divisions ; peat, moss, broken pots,
and charcoal, elevated above a pot, or in shallow, open
baskets ; cool and dry in winter ; a high temperature
and moist atmosphere when making their growth.
Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. abru'ptum (blunt-lipped), i. Greenish-yellow. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1841.
„ a'lbo-purpu'reum (white-purple). Allied to C. Bun-

gerothii.
„ ape'rtum (open). Apple-green, spotted brown.

Allied to C. macroglossum. 1895.
„ atra'tum (dark-flowered), i. Dark. July. Brazil.
„ baraquinia'num (Baraquinian). Olive, brown, white.

Brazil. 1862.
„ barb a' turn (bearded). |. Green, purple. May.

Demerara. 1836.

„ „ immacula'tum (spotless). J. Green, pink. Sep-
tember. Demerara. 1835.
„ „ labe'llo-a'lbum (white-lipped), f. Greenish- white.

September. Demerara. 1835.
„ „ probosci' deum (long-snouted). Brownish-green.

May. Sertao. 1839.
„ Bungero'thii (Bungeroth's). Creamy white. Trop.

Amer.
„ „ a'lbum (white). White, with rose spot on lip.

1888.

„ „ au 'reum (golden). Pale yellow. Venezuela. 1887.
„ „ pottsia'num (Pottsian). Petals and lip spotted

purple. 1887.

„ ,, Ra'ndii (Rand's). Yellow with apricot spot.
„ callo'sum (hardened), i. Brownish-yellow. June.

La Guayra. 1840.
„ „ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered), i. Green, brown,

purple. December. Colombia. 1845.
„ cf'rnuum (drooping), ij. Pale green. Rio Janeiro.

1832.
„ chlora'nthum (green-flowered). Pale green, rosy

blotches. 1894.
„ Christy a' num (Christyan). Reddish-brown, green.

1882.
„ ,, chlo'rops (green-eyed). Green, with darker green

lip. 1882.

„ „ obscu'rum (obscure). Blackish-purple. 1884.
„ citri'num (citron-coloured). Pale yellow. August.
„ clfssia'num (Claesian). Greenish- yellow ; lip fringed.

Brazil. 1892.
„ Claveri'ngi (Covering's). See C. MACROCARPUM

CLAVERINGI.
„ colla're (collared). Bright green, white. Venezuela.

1895.

„ cornu'tum (horned). Greenish-purple. March. Deme-
rara. 1840.

„ costa'tum (ribbed). Yellowish. 1887.
„ crista'tum (crested). 2. Green. August. Brazil.

1823.
„ „ stenose'palum (narrow-sepaled). Purple, brown,

green.
„ darwinia'num (Darwinian). British Guiana. 1888.

C. deci'piens (deceiving). Reddish-brown, yellow out-
side. Venezuela. 1888.
,, deltoideum (delta-like), ij. Green, brown. March.

Demerara. 1842.

„ di'scolor (two- coloured), i. Green. Brazil. 1844.
„ „ ebu'rneum (ivory). Ivory-white ; sac of lip deep

yellow. Colombia. 1906.
„ „ vino'sum (wine-coloured). Vinous red. Brazil.

1894.
„ fe'rox (fierce). Dirty green outside, pea-green inside.

1895.
„ fimbria'tum (fringed). Pink. August. Paraguay.

1837.
„ „ au'reum (golden). Apple-green, golden-yellow.

1910.

„ „ Cogniau'xi (Cogniaux's). White and rose-purple.
„ fi'ssum (split). Green, purple-brown bars. 1881.
„ Haynde'ri (Haynder's).
„ „ Legre'lli (Legrell's).
„ „ platy'pterum (broad-winged). Pale green, spotted

purple-brown. 1889.
„ „ viri'dulum (greenish). Green, spotted red-purple.

1887.
„ finetia'num (Finetian). Whitish, spotted purple.

Colombia. 1894.

„ fioribu'ndum (free-flowering). See C. MACROCARPUM.
„ fuligino'sum (sooty). Green, purple. August. Mexico.

1839.
,, galeri'tum (hooded). Green, spotted brown, yellow.

Colombia. 1886.
„ „ pachyglo' ssum (thick- tongued). Lip square, thick.

1889.
„ garnettia'num (Garnettian). Green, spotted chocolate,

white. Brazil. 1888.

„ glaucoglo'ssum (glaucous- tongued). Brown, lip glau-
cous. Mexico. 1885.
„ globiflo'rum (globular-flowered), i. Olive-brown.

June. Mexico. 1840.
„ Gno'mus (Gnomus). Brazil. 1877.
„ Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 2. Green, brown. October.

Brazil. 1818.
„ hymeno'phorum (membrane-bearing). Allied to C.

chloranthum. S. Amer. 1895.

„ incu'rvum (incurved). Green, purple. Peru. 1855.
„ imperia'le (imperial). See C. SPLENDENS.
„ imschootia'num (Imschootian). Yellow, tinged green.

Brazil. 1893.

„ intege'rrimum (entire-lipped). See C. MACULATUM.
„ labia'tum (lipped). Green. Male subglobose. Female,

with spreading segments. Brazil. 1908.
„ lamina' turn (plaited). Brown, purple. April. Mexico.

1844.
„ „ ebu'rneum (ivory-lipped). White, green. April.

Mexico. 1839.
„ lanci'ferum (lance-bearing). Pure green. March.

Brazil. 1839.
„ Landsbe'rgii (Landsberg's). Green, purple. June.

Venezuela. 1851.

„ Lehma'nni (Lehman's). Green, orange-yellow. Col-
ombia.
„ Lemo'sii (Lemos's). Brownish- yellow, green. Brazil.

1894.
„ Liechtenstei' nii (Liechtenstein's). Green and brown.

1892.
„ longifo'lium (long-leaved). 2. Orange, violet.

August. Demerara. 1837.
„ lu'ridum (lurid). Brazil.
„ macroca'rpum (large-fruited). Brown and purple.

Guiana.

„ „ atropurpu' reum (dark purple). Demerara.
„ „ au'reum (golden).

„ „ be'llum (pretty). Brown, spotted purple. 1886.
„ „ Claveri'ngi (Capt. Clavering's). Yellow, brown.

Brazil. 1822.
„ „ ftoribu'ndum (free-flowering). Yellow, brown.

Trinidad. 1824.
„ „ lu' teo-ro' seum (yellow-rose). Pale green, rose,

orange.

„ „ ru'brum (red). Red. 1905.
„ „ viridifto'rum (green-flowered). Green. May. Deme-
rara.
„ macroglo' ssum (large- tongued). Ochre, green, yellow,

purple. Ecuador. 1878.

„ macula' turn (spotted). Green, spotted purple. Mexico.
„ ,, intege'rrimum (entire-lipped). Guatemala. 1839.

CATASETUM

179

CATESB^A

macula' turn inter me' dium (intermediate).
, „ lu'teo-purpu'reum (yellow- purple).
, me' dium (intermediate). Greenish- yellow, red. 1885.
, mento'sum (chinned). Brazil.

, Mille'ri (Dr. Miller's). 2. Purple-spotted. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1837.
mira'bile (wonderful). Natural hybrid resembling

C. splendens Luciani.
, mo'nodon (one- toothed). Greenish ; lip with long

fringes. Brazil. 1904.
Na'so (nose-like-/ ipped). White, purple. August.

Mexico. 1843.

ochra'ceum (reddish- yellow). Yellow. Brazil. 1844.
Oerste'dii (Oersted's). Nicaragua.
pa'llidum (pale). Near C. finetianum, with more

fleshy lip. Brazil. 1894.
Pha'sma (Phasma). Dark green, purple-brown spots,

white. Brazil. 1877.

pilea'tum( capped). Red and white. Venezuela. 1882.
„ au'reum (golden). Creamy-white, shaded greenish-
yellow. 1904.
pla'niceps (flat-headed), i. Green and yellow.

Spanish Main. 1840.
probosci' deum (long-snouted). Brightish-green. Deme-

rara. 1839.
pu'lckrum (beautiful). Green, with chocolate bars,

yellow. Brazil. 1888.
puncta'tum (spotted). Yellow-green, with brown

spots, yellow. Brazil. 1894.
pu'rum (spotless), i. Green. October. Brazil.
qua'dridens (four- toothed). Light green, blotched

brown. 1901.

Quo'rnus. Misprint for Gnomus.
Ra'ndii (Rand's). Lip with brush-like appendage.

Brazil. 1894.
revolu'tum (revolute). Lip with a smaller pouch than

C. splendens. 1894.

„ Rhampha'stos (Rhamphastos). Pale green. Andes
of Colombia. 1907.

rodigasia' num (Rocligasian). Green, spotted brown,
yellow. Brazil.

,, tenebro'sum (dark). Flowers much darker. Brazil.
ro'sco-a'lbum (rose-and-white-/Zottw«i). See C. DIS-
COLOR.

ro'seum (rosy). J. White, pink. Brazil.
russellia'num (Duke of Bedford's). 3. Green. July.

Guatemala. 1838.
sacca'tum (pouched). Yellow, purple. March.

Demerara. 1840.
sangui'neum (blood-red).

„ integra'le (entire). Lip entire. 1887.
Scu'rra (Scurra). White, green, orange. Guiana.

1872.

semiape'rtum (half-open). See C. PU'RUM.
semiro'seum (half-rose). See C. SPLENDENS.
serra'tum (szvr-edged-lipped) . See C. VI'RIDI FLA'VUM.
spino'sum (spiny-lipped), i. Green, brown. Brazil.

1840.

sple'ndens (splendid). Supposed natural hybrid be-
tween C. Bungerothii and C. macrocarpum. Vene-
zuela. 1894.

„ acutipe1 'talum (acute-petalled).
„ a'lbum (white). Pure white, tinted with green.
„ Ali'cia (Alicia's). Bright rose, lined purple, lip
white.

„ a'tro-purpu'reum (dark-purple). Dark purple and
some yellow on lip.

„ auranti'acum (orange). Deep yellow, spotted
purple. 1894.

„ au'reo-macula'tum (golden-blotched). Yellow, spot-
ted red-brown. 1896.
„ au'reum (golden). Yellow. 1894.
,, flave'scens (yellowish). Yellow. 1894.
„ Grigna'ni (Grignan's). Lip white, tinted orange.
1897.

„ imperia'U (imperial). White, spotted crimson-
purple ; lip crimson-purple. 1895.
„ lansbergea'num (Lansbergean). Lip deep yellow
inside. 1897.

„ Linde'ni (Linden's). Sepals and petals of C.
macrocarpum. 1894.
„ Lucia'ni (Lucian's). Lip of C. Bungerothii.

1894.

„ macula turn (spotted). Sepals and petals densely
spotted red-purple. 1894.

C. sple'ndens obrienia'num (Obrienian). Sepals and petals
of C. macrocarpum ; lip white. 1894.

,, „ rega'le (regal). Petals purple at base ; lip
marbled purple. 1894.

„ „ rubigino'sum (rusty). Brownish-red ; lip yellow.
1897.

„ „ ru'brum (red).

„ „ semiro'seum (half-rose). Sepals and petals whitish
or bright red. 1896.

„ „ vi'ride (green). Flushed pale green.

„ „ worthingtonia'num (Worthingtonian). White,
purple ; lip crimson-purple.

„ stupe' ndum (stupendous). See C. INCURVUM.

„ tabula're (table-formed-/t>/>ft2). Pale green. Guate-
mala. 1843.

„ „ brachyglo' ssum (short-lipped). 1880.

„ „ Itt've (smooth). 1881.

„ „ rhino phorum (snout-bearing). Greenish-brown,
white. Colombia. 1880.

„ „ serrula'tum (sawed). Colombia.

„ „ yi'rens (green). Greenish, purple-brown. 1880.

„ tapi'riceps (tapir-headed). Green, brown, orange.
Brazil. 1888.

„ tenebro'sum (dark). Purple-brown, nearly black.
Peru. 1910.

„ tigri'num (tiger-striped). White, with many trans-
verse cinnamon bars. 1881.

,, tracya'num (Tracyan). Whitish-green. Peru. 1910.

„ tridenta' turn ( three- toothed). See C. MACROCARPUM.

„ tri'fidum (three-cleft-/»'£/>«f). 2. Green. June.
Trinidad.

„ trimerochi' lum (three-parted-lip). See MORMODES

LINEATUM.

„ tri'odon (three-toothed). Flowers large, yellowish-
green. Brazil. 1878.

„ Tru'lla (tiovre\-li(>ped). Green, brown. September.
S. Amer. 1840.

„ „ fta'vo-vi'ride (yellow-green). Yellow-green dotted
with brown. 1909.

„ „ maculati ssimum (much -spotted). Petals and lip
spotted brown.

„ „ subimbe'rbe (beardless). Lip not fringed.

„ unca' turn (hooked). Flowers numerous, green. Brazil.
1895.

,, vi'ridi-fla'vum (greenish-yellow), i. Yellow, green.
June. S. Amer. 1841.

„ Waile'sii (Wailes's). See C. MACULATUM.

„ TFarsctfo/i'cm (Warscewicz's). Green. Panama. 1851.

CATCHFLY. Sile'ne.
CA'TECHU. Aca'cia Ca'techu.
CATERPILLAR. Scorpiu'rus vermicula'ta.

CATERPILLAR. This is the young of either the
butterfly or the moth, in its first state after emerging
from the egg. There are many kinds ; and the best
mode of preventing their invasions is to destroy every
butterfly, moth, chrysalis, and egg that can be found.
Hand-picking, dusting with lime or soot, and other
modes of destroying the caterpillar are mentioned when
noticing the plants they attack ; but we may here ob-
serve that the powder of White Hellebore is by far the
most effectual for dusting over this marauder. Sparrows
and other small birds, in early spring, should not be
scared from the garden, for they destroy myriads of
caterpillars : at that season they can do no harm if the
gardener properly guards his seed-beds. Collecting the
eggs or small caterpillars early in the season will save a
lot of trouble later on.

CATESB^A, Lily Thorn. (Named after M. Catesby,
author of a Natural History of Carolina. Nat. ord.
Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Gardenia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sand, under a glass,
in heat, in April. Sandy loam and fibrous peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

C. lattfo'lia (broad-leaved). 5. Yellow. June. W. Ind.

1823.

,, lindenia'na (Linden's). 2. July.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. White. June.

Jamaica. 1810.
„ spino'sa (thorned). ia. Yellow. June. Isle of

Providence. 1726.

CATHA

180

CATTLEYA

CA THA. (Nat. ord. Celastracea?.)

A greenhouse, evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand in
a close frame with gentle bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, a
little peat and sand.

C. edu'lis (edible). Green or yellowish. Trop. Africa.
" Arabian Tea."

CATHARA'NTHUS. See VI'NCA.

CATHCA'RTIA. (In honour of /. F. Cathcart, Esq.,
B.C.S., Judge of Tirhoots. Nat. ord. Poppyworts [Papa-
veraceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

A hardy herbaceous plant delighting in a cool, shady
position on the rockery, the shade being most beneficial
in summer. Seeds and division of the root-stock. Sandy
loam and peat.

C. villo'sa (shaggy). i. Yellow. June. Sikkim-
Himalaya. 1850.

CAT-MINT. Ne'peta.

CATOBLA'STUS. (From kata, near, and blastos, a
sapling. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove palm, with aerial roots supporting the stem.
Seeds. Loam, peat, and sand.
C. prcemo'rsus (bitten-leaved). 6-8. Venezuela. 1850.

CATO'PSIS. (Derivation not clear. Nat. ord. Brome-
liaceaa.)

Moist stove perennial herbs. Seeds ; offsets. Fibrous
loam, lumpy peat, charcoal, and sand.
C. aloi'des (Aloe-like). Mexico.

„ ni'tida (shining). 2. Blue. October. W. Ind. 1823.
„ nu'tans (nodding). 2. Blue. August. W. Ind. 1793.
„ pe'ndula (drooping). Mexico.

„ penduliflo'ra (drooping-flowered). White. Peru.
1910.

CAT-THYME. Teu'crium Ma'rum.
CA'TTERIDGE-TREE. Euo'nymus europce'us.

CA'TTLEYA. (Named after Mr. Cattley, a distin-
guished patron of botany. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceas],
Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids. Divisions. Moss, peat, and broken
pots, either in shallow baskets, or raised above the sur-
face of the pot. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 60° .
The Cattley as are not given so much heat as formerly.
And it is found that a period of rest after new growths
are developed is beneficial. It would be difficult to
give times of resting, except to say that when growths
are fully developed is the proper time to keep them
rather dry and cool for a time.

C. abelia'na (Abelian). Creamy-yellow, speckled with
purple. Peru. 1910.

„ Acla'ndice (Lady Acland's). £. Purple, brown. July.
Brazil. 1839.

„ „ ma'xima (largest). Larger and darker in colour.

„ „ nigre'scens (blackish). Sepals and petals black-
brown. 1900.

„ ,, salmo'nea (salmon). Ground colour salmon-red.

„ Alexa'ndrce (Princess Alexandra's). 1892. See C.

ELONGATA.

„ „ e'legans (elegant).

„ „ tenebro'sa (dark).

„ Ali'cice (Alicia's). White ; lip deep rose. Possibly
a natural hybrid.

„ Ame'sice (Amesia's). Garden hybrid. 1892.

„ amethysti'na (amethyst). See C. INTERMEDIA.

„ amethystoglo'ssa (amethyst-lipped). See C. GUTTATA
PRINZII.

„ amce'na (lovely). Garden hybrid between C. Lod-
digesii and Lcelia Perinii. 1891.

„ Arembe'rgii (Count Aremberg's). See C. LODDIGESII.

,, armainvilliere'nsis ( Armainvillier) . Garden hybrid
between C. labiata Mendelii and C. I. Warscewiczii.
1895.

„ arthuria'na (Arthurian). Garden hybrid between
C. dormaniana and C. luteola. 1894.

„ ashtonia'na (Ashtonian). Garden hybrid between
C. Loddigesii Harrisonce and C. labiata Warscewiczii.

„ au'rea (golden). See C. LABIATA AUREA.

„ auranti'aca (orange). Orange. Mexico and Guate-
mala. 1835.

„ ballantinia'na (Ballantinian). Hybrid between C.
labiata Triance and C. /. Warscewiczii.

C. Batali'nii (Batalin's). Purplish-rose. Brazil. 1892.
„ bi'color (two-coloured). Olive-green ; lip pale purple.

September. Brazil. 1837.
„ „ c&ru'lea (sky-blue). Lip blue.
„ „ Lewi'sii (Lewis's). Lip white stained purple.

1896.
„ „ measuresia 'na (Measuresian). Lip with white

edge. Brazil.

„ „ wrigleya'na (Wrigleyan). Lip dark purple. 1884.
„ blese'nsis. Hybrid between Lcelia pumila and C.

Loddigesii.

„ bogote'nsis (Bogotan). See C. LABIATA TRIAN^.
„ Boissie'ri (Boissier's). Lilac, yellow. Colombia.

1873.
,, bowringia'na (Bowringian). Purple, maroon, white.

British Honduras. 1886.

„ „ Ashwo'rthii ( Ashworth's) . Light rose-purple.
„ „ viola' cea (Violet).

„ „ triu'mphans (triumphant). Rich purple. 1902.
,, Brow'nia (Mrs. Brown's). Hybrid between C.

bowringiana and C. Loddi'gesii Harrisonce.
„ Brow'nii (Brown's). Rose purple. 1893.
„ brymeria'na (Brymerian). Rose, Ulac, orange. Sup-
posed natural hybrid. Brazil. 1883.
„ bulbo'sa (bulbed). See C. WALKERIANA.
„ Bullie'ri (Bullier's). See C. LABIATA TRIAN.E BUL-

LIERI.

,, burberry a' na (Burberryan). Hybrid between C. in-

tricata and C. superba.
„ calwnna'ta (tricky). Hybrid between C. intermedia

and C. Aclandice. 1883.

„ ca'ndida (white-flowered) . See C. LODDIGESII.
,, Cassa'ndra (Cassandra). Garden hybrid. 1888.
„ cnamberlainia'na (Chamberlainian). Garden hybrid

between C. guttata Leopoldii and C. labiata dowiana.
„ chocoH'nsis (Chocoan). See C. labiata Triancs chocoen-

sis.

„ chrysoto'xa (golden). See C. LABIATA CHRYSOTOXA.
„ citri'na (citron- flowered). Citron. April. Mexico.

1838.
„ „ auranti'aca (orange). Lip larger, deeper yellow.

1894.

„ „ citri' 'no-inter me'dia. Garden hybrid. 1888.
» » gigante'a (giant). Flowers large, intensely coloured.

1904.

„ cocci' nea (scarlet). See SOPHRONITIS GRANDIFLORA.
„ cri'spa (curled-flowered). See L^LIA CRISPA.
„ „ viola' cea (violet-coloured). See LCELIA CRISPA

VIOLACEA.
„ croca'ta (saffron). White, orange. See C. LABIATA

ELDORADO CROCATA.
„ Dawso'nii (Dawson's). See C. LABIATA LUEDDE-

MANNIANA DAWSONI.

„ dolo'sa (deceitful). See C. WALKERIANA DOLOSA.
„ dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). See BROUGHTONIA

LILACINA.

,, dorwtam'a'na(Dormanian). Brownish-purple. Riode

Janeiro. 1882.

„ dowia'na (Dowian). See C. LABIATA DOWIANA.
„ „ au'rea (golden). See C. LABIATA AUREA.
„ dukea'na (Dukean). Mauve-purple ; lip white, and

mauve purple. 1887.
„ ela'tior (taller). See C. GUTTATA.
„ Eldora'do (Eldorado). See C. LABIATA ELDORADO.
,, e'legans (elegant). See L^LIA ELEGANS.
,, elonga'ta (elongated). Dull brown ; lip rosy purple.

Brazil. 1892.

„ „ e'legans (elegant). Rose purple.
„ „ tenebro'sa (dark). Dusky brown and rose purple.
„ exonie'nsis (Exeter). Garden hybrid. 1874.
,, fe'lix (happy). Garden hybrid between Lcelia crispa

and Cattleya schilleriana. 1876.
,, flave'ola (yellowish). Garden hybrid. 1888.
,, floribu'nda (free-flowering). See C. MAXIMA FLORI-

BUNDA.
„ Forbe'sii (Forbes's). i. White, yellow. June.

Brazil. 1823.

„ forgetia'na (Forgetian). Rose-purple ; lip purple-
crimson. Brazil. 1906.
„ Fowle'ri (Fowler's). Garden hybrid between C.

hardyana and C. guttata Leopoldi.
„ gaskellia'na (Gaskellian). See C. LABIATA GASKEL-

LIANA.
„ Gibe'zia (Mrs. Gibezia's). See C. INTERMEDIA

GlBKZI*.

CATTLEYA

181

CATTLEYA

C. gi'gas (giant). See C. LABIATA WARSCEWICZII.
„ „ san<krta'«a(Sanderian). See C. LABIATA WARSCE-
WICZII.
„ granulo'sa (granular-lipped). Pale greenish, spotted

purple. Brazil. 1841.
„ „ aspera'ta (rough). Brown, yellow, spotted purple.

1886.
„ „ Banne'ri( Banner's). SufEused bright lurid purple.

1896.

„ „ buyssonia'na (Buyssonian). Ivory white. 1890.
„ „ Pri'nceps (chief). A dull-coloured variety.
,. „ nissellia'na (Russellian). Green, white, orange.

1839.
„ „ schofteldia'na (Schofieldian). Greenish ; lip white

and amethyst. 1879.
„ guatfmale'nsis (Guatemalan). Dull purple and

crimson. Guatemala. 1861.

<':hhusenia'na (Wischhusenian). Rose purple,

brown. Panama. 1888.
„ Gro'ssii (Gross'). Origin uncertain. 1897.
„ „ pa'llida (pale). Nearly white ; lip pale rose.
„ gutta' ta (spotted). Green, red. April. Brazil. 1827.
„ „ ela'tior (taller). April. Brazil. 1827.
„ „ immacula'ta (spotless). Sepals and petals mauve

brown, spotless. 1886.

„ „ KeUlefrii (Keteleer's). Blush- white and violet-
rose. 1875.
„ , , leopardi'na (leopard-spotted) . Spotted dark brown ;

lip white, purple-red.
„ „ Leopo'ldi (Leopold's). Yellow, crimson. Brazil.

1852.
„ „ lilaci'na (lilac). Pale lilac ; lip whitish and

purple. 1881.
„ „ mu'nda (world). Greenish changing to yellow,

spotless. 1888.
„ ,, odorati'ssima (sweetest scented). Yellow ; lip

purple. Heliotrope scented. 1888.
„ „ pernambucernsis(Pera.ambucan). Greenish- yellow;

lip red, edged white. 1893.
„ „ ph&nico'ptera (purple-winged). Rich, dark purple ;

lip whitish. 1883.
„ „ Pri'nsii (Prinz's). White, spotted purple; lip

amethyst. Brazil. 1866.
„ „ punctula'ta (finely spotted). Sulphur and purple.

1880.
„ ,, russeUiafna (Lord C. Russell's). Green, red.

August. Brazil. 1838.

„ „ williamsia'na (\Vtiliamsiaa.). Purple, white. 1884.
„ hardya'na (Hardyan). Rosy mauve ; lip crimson,

with two yellow eye spots. Colombia. 1885.
„ „ gardenia' na (Gardenian). Rose ; lip yellow and

magenta.
„ „ laversine'nsis (Laversin). Marbled purple ; lip

very dark.
„ „ Linde'ni (Linden's). Lilac ; lip carmine and

golden eye spots. 1895.
„ „ Lucia'ni (Lucian's). As large as C. Idbiata

Warscewiczii.

„ „ Rcgi'na (Queen's). Sepals and petals straw-
yellow. 1897.

„ ,, Rex (King's). One of the darkest forms. 1906.
„ Harri'sii (Harris's). Garden hybrid. 1887.
„ Harriso'nice (Mrs. Harrison's). See C. LODDIGESII

HARRISONS.
„ harrisonia'na (Harrisonian). See C. LODDIGESII

HARRISOX.*.

„ Holfo'rdi (Holford's). See C. LUTEOLA.
„ hy'brida (hybrid). Garden hybrid.
„ impcria'lis (imperial). See C. LABIATA WARSCE-
WICZII.
„ interim! dia (intermediate-sj'ztti). i. Rose, white.

April. Brazil. 1824.
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), i. Light purple.

September. Brazil. 1836.
„ ,, Aqui'nii (Aquin's). A peloric variety.
„ „ ca'ndida sple'ndida (white, splendid). White ; lip

carmine. Rio Janeiro. 1890.
„ „ Gibe'sia (Gibezia's). White, orange. 1883.
„ „ pa'llida (pale-red- flowered) . i. Light red. June.

Brazil. 1833.

„ ,. Parthe'nia (virgin). \VTiite. 1888.
„ „ pictura' ta ( pain ted). Splashed rose, striped purple.
„ ,, punctiti'ssima (most spotted). Pale rose, dotted

purple. S. Brazil. 1891.
„ „ purpu'rea (purple-blotched).

C. interme'dia variega'ta (variegated-/i££«d). i. White,

red. May. Brazil. 1843.
„ intermedia- fla'va. Garden hybrid. 1896.
,, interme'dio-Loddige'sii. Garden hybrid. 1896.
„ intricate, (intricate). Pale rose and purple. 1884.
„ „ macula ta (spotted). Rose with purple spots.

Brazil. 1890.
,, iri'color (Iris-coloured). Sulphur, orange, violet.

1874.

,, irrora'ta (bedewed). See L.CLIA.
„ Jenma'nii (Jenman's). Rosy-mauve, crimson. British

Guiana. 1906.
„ johnstonia'na (Johnstonian). Of the same origin as

C. ashtoniana. 1893.

„ kienastia'na (Kienastian). Garden hybrid. 1894.
,, kimbattia'na (Kimballian). Rosy white; lip rich

purple. Venezuela. 1887.
,, krameria'na (Kramerian). Hybrid between C. inter-

media and C. Forbesii. 1888.
,, labia'ta (lipped). Bright rose-purple ; lip dark purple.

Brazil. 1818.
„ „ a'lba (white).
„ „ atropurpu'rea (dark purple). Lilac, purple. La

Guayra. 1839.

„ „ a'trosangui'nea (dark blood-red). S. Amer.
„ „ caru'lea (blue). Flower tinted blue all over.
„ „ carule" scens (bluish). Lip marbled bright purple.

1902.

„ „ delica'ta (delicate-coloured). Blush-lilac.
„ „ Erne'sti (Ernest's). Pink and apex of petals

blotched purple.

,, ,, exi'mia (choice). Fine dark variety. 1910.
„ „ foleya'na (Foleyan). White, with orange and

crimson blotches on the lip. 1894.
„ „ glau'ca (glaucous). Lavender- blue. 1902.
„ „ la'cera (torn). White, purple. Central Amer.

1869.
„ „ lemonia'na (Sir Charles Lemon's). Rose, yellow ;

lip with very narrow tube and small blade. Brazil.

1842.
„ „ leucopha'a (white and dark). Rose ; lip lilac,

striped yellow. 1888.
„ „ magni'fica (magnificent). Rosy purple, dark

purple. 1888.
„ „ massangea'na (Massangean). Mauve and white ;

lip with purple lines. 1883.

,, „ nalderia'na (Nalderian). Grey rose-purple. 1885.
„ „ oakwoodie'nsis (Oakwood). Lip claret-crimson

throughout. 1902.

„ „ orna'ta (adorned). Purple and darker tips.
„ „ Ptettlrsii (Peeters's). Dark rose-purple, and

lighter variegation. 1894.
„ „ pi'c.ta (painted).
„ „ PiUhe'ri (Pilcher's). Lip pale, with dark blotch.

t866.

„ ,, reedleye'nsis (Reedley). White ; lip pale rose.
„ „ rochelle'nsis (Rochelle). White and faint purple

on blade of lip. 1888.
„ „ Rcs'zlii (Reed's). Purple, yellow. Colombia.

1874.

„ „ Rucke'ri (Rucker's). Rose ; lip dark rose.
„ „ salmonea'na (salmon). Salmon-rose.
„ „ Sand^ra (Mrs. Sander's). Lip deep crimson, edged

white. 1892.
„ „ sanderia'na (Sanderian). Large, richly coloured.

1882.
„ „ schroderia'na (Schroderian). White ; lip striped

mauve and orange. 1886.

„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). Deep rose-purple. 1870.
„ „ supe'rba (superb). Lip large, deep red purple.
„ „ virgina'lis (virginal). White. 1876.
,, „ virgi'nea (virginal). White ; lip mauve in front.

1910.
,, „ warocquea'na (Warocquean). Rosy mauve ; lip

crimson-purple. 1890.
„ ,, wilsonia'na (Wilsonian). Amethyst ; lip marked

and spotted dark purple. 1887.
„ labia'ta au'rea (golden). Nankin yellow ; lip yellow,

and crimson front lobe. Colombia. 1881.
„ „ au'rea, marmora'ta (marbled). Sepals and petals

marbled dark rose. 1888.
„ „ au'rea statteria'na (Statterian). Crimson on lip

much reduced.
„ „ au'rea supe'rba (superb). Richly coloured and of

fine shape.

CATTLEYA

182

CATTLEYA

C. labia'ta chrysoto'xa (golden). Sepals and petals

bright yellow ; lip golden veined crimson.

Colombia.
„ labia'ta dowia'na (Captain Dow's). Straw ; lip

crimson-purple. Costa Rica. 1866.
„ „ dowia'na imschootia'na (Imschootian). Sepals and

petals nearly white. 1898.
„ ,, dowia'na jensenia'na (Jensenian). Petals with

purple marbling at apex. 1900.
„ „ dowia'na Rosi'ta (Rosita). Petals rose-purple.

1901.
„ labia'ta Eldora'do (Eldorada). White ; lip purple,

with orange blotch. Brazil. 1869.
„ „ Eldora'do croca'ta (saffron). White, with large

orange blotch on the lip. 1886.
„ „ Eldora'do Linde'ni (Linden's). Rosy- purple and

richly coloured lip.
„ „ Eldora'do orna'ta (adorned). Petals with dark

purple tips. 1883.
„ „ Eldora'do Owe'ni (Owen's). White, with band of

rose-crimson on the lip.
„ „ Eldora'do sple'ndens (splendid). Rose, white,

violet, and orange blotch. Rio Negro. 1870.
„ „ Eldora'do Trey era' nee (Mrs. Treyeran's). Lilac,

with orange-yellow blotch.
„ „ Eldora'do virgina'lis (virginal). White, with

yellow blotch. Amazons. 1877. Syns. C. vir-

ginalis and C. Wallisii.
„ labia'ta gaskellia'na (Gaskellian). Rosy-purple; petals

darker at the tip. Venezuela.
„ „ gaskellia'na a'lba (white). White, with yellow

throat. Venezuela. 1888.
„ „ gaskellia'na a'lbens (whitish). White, delicately

tinted lilac. 1888.
„ „ gaskellia'na cceru'lea (blue). White ; lip with

bluish spot at base.
„ „ gaskellia'na delica'ta (delicate). White, delicately

tinted lilac ; lip purple. 1895.
„ ,, gaskellia'na formo'sa (beautiful). Lip cowslip

yellow ; tinted rose.
„ „ gaskellia'na pi'cta (painted). Sepals and petals

variegated. 1890.
„ „ gaskellia'na specio'sa (showy). White, with rich

rose-purple blotch on lip. 1891.

„ labia'ta lueddemannia'na (Lueddemannian). Deli-
cate purplish-rose ; lip amethyst-purple. Venezuela.

1883.

„ „ lueddemannia'na a'lba (white).
„ ,, lueddemannia'na brillianti' ssima (most brilliant).

Petals with amethyst-purple feathered blotch near

apex ; lip maroon purple. 1885.
„ „ lueddemannia'na buchanania'na (Buchananian).

Delicate lilac ; lip magenta. 1887.
„ ,, lueddemannia'na Dawso'nii (Dawson's). Yellow,

crimson. Brazil. 1863.
„ „ lueddemannia'na Erne'stii (Ernest's). Larger and

richer in colour than the type. 1896.
„ „ lueddemannia'na maloua'na (Malouan). Rose-
purple ; lip with darker veins.
„ „ lueddemannia'na Maro'ni (Maron's). Lip carmine,

edged yellow.
„ „ lueddemannia'na Regi'na (Queen). Rosy-purple ;

lip deep purple. 1884.
„ „ lueddemannia'na sanderia'na (Sanderian). One of

the purest white Cattleyas.
„ „ lueddemannia'na Stanle'yi (Stanley's). White ;

lip lined purple.
„ labia'ta Mende'lii (Mendel's). White, tinted rosy

mauve; lip crisped, crimson-purple. Colombia. 1870.
„ ,, Mende'lii ballia'na (Ballian). Large and richly

coloured.
„ „ Mendelii be'lla (pretty). Lilac and mauve-lilac

lip. 1882.
„ „ Mende'lii Dixo'ncz (Mrs. Dixon's). Blush-pink.

1910.
., „ Mende'lii gran'dis (grand). White, with rose

markings on the lip. 1895.
„ „ Mende'lii jamesia'na (Jamesian). Sepals and

petals with purple tips. 1882.
„ „ Mende'lii Kegelja'ni (Kegeljan's). White ; lip

striped sulphur yellow. 1897.
„ „ Mende'lii lambeaua'na (Lambeauan). White ; lip

lilac in front. 1910.
„ „ Mende'lii maje'stica (majestic). White tinted

lavender. 1908.

C. labia'ta Mende'lii Morga'nice (Mrs. Morgan's). White,

with purple blotch on front of lip.
„ ,, Mende'lii pulche'rrima (most beautiful). White

tinted peach and lemon. 1881.
„ „ Mende'lii rosefieldie' nsis (Rosefield). Petals tipped

bright mauve. 1900.
„ „ Mende'lii Sande'rce (Mrs. Sander's). A highly

coloured form. 1895.
„ labia'ta Mo'ssice (Mrs. Moss's). Rosy lilac; lip

crisped, mottled and veined lilac. Venezuela.

1836.
„ „ Mo'ssice a'lba (white). White, with blush tint to

lip. 1904.
„ ,, Mo'ssics a'lba ccele'stis (white, blue). White ; lip

marked lavender. 1902.
„ „ Mo'ssics Alexa'ndrce (Queen Alexandra's). Pure

white ; front of lip pale rose. 1903.
,, ,, Mo' ssice amce'na (pleasing). A delicately coloured

variety.
„ „ Mo'ssice ampli' ssima (most ample). Lip red with

darker netting.
„ „ Mo'ssice a' r dens (glowing). Lip orange, edged

white.
,> ,, Mo'ssice arnoldia'na (Arnoldian). Rose, with

narrow lip. 1884.
„ „ Mo'ssice a' urea grandifto'ra (large-flowered-golden).

Lip with much yellow. 1887.
„ ,, Mo'ssice Auro' ra (Aurora). Lip with red patch in

front.

„ „ Mo' ssice bousiesia'na(Bousiesia.Ti). Marbled rosy-
purple.
„ „ Mo'ssics ca'ndida (white). White ; lip with small

purple blotch.
„ „ Mo'ssice ccele'stis (sky-blue). Lavender tinted.

1902.
„ ,, Mo'ssice deco'ra (adorned). Lip yellow, veined

magenta-purple .
„ „ Mo'ssice exi'mia (choice). Lip with orange blotch

and red patch in front.
„ „ Mo'ssice hardya'na (Hardyan). Sepals and petals

irregularly blotched magenta.
,, ,, Mo'ssice Impe'rator (Imperator). Lip red, edged

white.

„ ,, Mo'ssice Lawre'ncice (Lady Lawrence's).
„ „ Mo'ssice mage'nta (magenta). Lip with large red

blotch in front.

„ „ Mo'ssice Mende'lii (Mendel's). Intermediate be-
tween the varieties Mossice and Mendelii.
„ „ Mo'ssice reineckia' na (Reineckian) . White; front

of lip striated deep purple.
„ Mo'ssice reineckia'na superbi'ss

ssima (most superb).

Lip with violet lines and dots.
„ „ Mo'ssice reticula'ta (netted). \Vhite ; lip veined

crimson.

„ „ Mo' ssice rouselea'na(Ro\isele). Lip richly coloured.
„ „ Mo'ssice Treyera'nce (Mrs. Treyeran's). Lip very

highly coloured.
„ „ Mo'ssice varia'bilis (variable). Flowers changing

from blue to mauve and rose. 1888.
„ „ Mo'ssice Wagene'ri (Wagener's). White, with

small yellow blotch.
„ „ Mo'ssice wambekea'na (Wambekean). Very large,

richly coloured.
„ ,, Mo'ssics warocquea'na (Warocquean). Lip rich

orange, streaked magenta in front.
„ labia'ta percivalia'na (Percivalian). Rosy lilac; lip

crimson-purple, shaded maroon. Venezuela. 1882.
,, ,, percivalia'na magni'fica (magnificent). Bright

and large flowered form. 1895.
„ „ percivalia'na Reichenba'chi (Reichenbach's). Rich

mauve ; lip deep purple, red veined.
„ labia'ta Schroede'rce (Baroness Schroeder's) . Mauve,

with large tawny orange blotch in the throat.

1887.
„ ,, Schroede'rce ama'bilis (lovely). Peach, and deep

orange blotch on lip. 1898.
,, „ Schroede'rce highburis'nsis (Highbury). Lip light

purple in front. 1903.
,, ,, Schroede'rce leodine' nsis . Lip with large crimson

blotch in front. 1903.
„ labia'ta Tria'nce (Dr. Triana's). Delicate rose to

purple ; lip purple-crimson, narrower than Mossice.

Colombia. 1860.

„ „ Tria'nce a'lba (white). White, with pale rosy-
lilac lip.

CATTLEYA

183

CATTLEYA

C. labia'ta Tria'nee ampli'ssima (amplest). Lip white,

with red patch in front.
„ „ Tria'nee A'nnce (Ann's). Rosy-purple ; lip dark

purple.

„ „ Tria'nee a'rdens (glowing). Lip crimson-purple.
„ „ Tria'nee arklea'na (Arklean). Lip large, purple-
crimson. 1895.
„ „ Tria'nee Ashto'ni (Ashton's). Lip very broad

and open. 1895.
„ „ Tria'nee atra'ta (dark). Lip rounded, deeply

coloured. 1896.
„ „ Tria'nee backhousia' na (Backhousian). Petals

with amethyst-purple blotch at apex.
„ „ Trio! not broomea'na (Broomean). Lip with glow-
ing crimson blotch. 1893.
„ „ Tria'nee Bullieri ( Bullier's).
„ „ Tria'nee chocotnsis (Chocoan). White ; lip pale

amethyst purple. Fragrant. 1873.
„ „ Tria'nee dinkaberrya'na (Clinkaberryan). Large

flowered variety. 1895.
„ „ Tria'nee Colema'ni (Coleman's). Rosy-crimson.

1875.

„ „ Tria'neccourtauldia'na(Courtauidian). Lip violet-
crimson. 1895.
„ „ Tria'ncsdelica'ta (delicate). Flushed with delicate

amethyst-purple. 1861.
„ „ Tria'nee delicio'sa (delicious). Lip purple-red.

1897.
„ „ Tria'nee Dodgso'ni (Dodgson's). Pink, crimson

lip. 1882.
„ „ Tria'nee du'lcis (sweet). Yellow blotch of lip

surrounded by a pink ring.
„ „ Tria'nee Emi'lice (Emilia's or Mrs. Lee's). Lip

crimson-plum. 1884.

„ „ Tria'nee e'minens (eminent). Lip carmine-purple.
„ „ Tria'nee Fascina'tor (Fascinator). Pale violet.

1906.
„ „ Tria'nee festi'va (gay). Lip deep red, the rest

pink.
„ „ Tria'nee formo'sa (beautiful). Lip rich magenta,

with streaks of yellow. 1880.
„ „ Tria'nee fu'lgens (glowing). Lip rich crimson.

1890.
„ „ Jria'nee Grave'sice (Mrs. Graves' s). Lip with a

red blotch. 1893.
„ „ Tria'nee hardya'na (Hardyan). Nearly white ;

lip warm purple. 1879.
„ „ fria'nee Holme'sii (Holmes'). Lip rich rose-purple.

1909
„ „ Tria'nee hoolea'na (Hoole Hall). Lip wholly rich

magenta.
„ „ Tria'nee leea'na (Leean). Rose, with pure white

throat. 1884.
„ „ Tria'nee maje'slica (majestic). Lip red in front

and at edge.
„ „ Tria'nee margina' ta (margined). Lip rich crimson,

edged white. 1890.
„ „ Tria'nee Mari'ee (Maria's). Silvery-white ; lip

magenta-crimson. 1902.
„ „ Tria'nee massangea'na (Massangean). Warner's

Orchid Album, t. 242
„ „ Tria'nee Memo'ria Linde'ni (in memory of Linden).

Tips of sepals and petals purple-red. 1900.
„ „ Tria'nee moorea'na (Moorean). Petals claret-
coloured at the tip.
„ „ Tria'nee Osma'nii (Osman's). Mauve ; lip purple

with pale edges. 1879.

„ „ Tria'nee pa'llida (pale). Wholly pale rose. 1890.
„ „ Tria'nee Popa'yan (Popayan). Lilac. 1884.
„ ,, Tria'nee purpura'ta (purple). Lip rich magenta.

1890.

„ „ Tria'nee rega'lis (regal). Lip wholly deep red.
„ „ Tria'neerceblingia'na(Radb\\ngian). G.Chr., 1895,

xvii., 167.

„ Tria'nee ro'sea (rosy). Rose. 1883.

,, Tria'nee russellia'na (Provost Russell's).

Lip

large, deep magenta. 1886.
„ Tria'nee schroederia'na ( Baron Schroeder's) . Large;

lip amethyst-purple. 1886.
,, Tria'nee schroederia'na leyswoodie'nsis. Nearly

pure white and orange blotch. 1892.
„ Tria'nee sple'ndens (splendid). White ; lip deep

red.
„ Tria'nee splendidi' ssima (most splendid). White ;

lip dark purple-magenta. 1884.

C. labia'ta Tria'nee stria' ta (striped). Rosy-purple, with

carmine central stripe to sepals and petals. 1890.
„ „ Tria'nee vanneria'na (Vannerian). Lateral sepals

with broad orange stripe. 1886.
„ „ Tria'nee Ve'sta (Vesta). Nearly white. 1880.
„ „ Tria'nee virgina'lis (virginal). Pure white, with

small pale yellow blotch on lip. 1895.
„ „ Tria'nee Wellesle'yee. A pretty white form. 1906.
„ labia'ta Warne'ri (Warner's). Delicate rose; lip

richly veined purple. Bahia. 1860.
„ „ Warne'ri a'lba (white). Pure white.
„ „ Warne'ri formo'sa (beautiful). Flowers large,

more richly coloured. 1893.
„ „ Warne'ri marmora' ta (marbled). Flowers mottled.

1892.
„ labia'ta Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). Flowers 7 to

9 in. across, rosy mauve ; lip rich crimson-purple.

Colombia. 1867.

„ „ Warscewi'czii a'lba. (white). Pure white. 1910.
„ „ Warscewi'czii a'lbo-stria' ta (white-lined). Pink,

with central white bar. 1882.
„ „ Warscewi'czii ampli'ssima (amplest). Large and

highly coloured.
„ „ Warscewi'czii burfordie" nsis (Burford Lodge).

Front of lip intense amethyst. 1882.
„ „ Warscewi czii franconvtUe'nsis (Franconville).

White ; lip with purple-crimson blotch. 1893.
„ „ Warscewi'czii grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Front

of lip white, edged magenta. 1882.
„ „ Warscewi'czii purpu'rea (purple). Deep purple.

1893.
„ „ Warscewi'czii Sander ce (Mrs. Sander's). Warm

crimson ; lip velvety. 1893.
„ „ Warscewi'czii variega'ta (variegated). Variegated

with rosy-purple. 1895.
„ lawemo'ssiee. Garden hybrid between C. lawrenciana

and C. labiata Mossia.
„ lawrencia'na (Lawrencian). Purple- lilac ; lip curved,

purple, shaded maroon. British Guiana. 1885.
„ „ atroru'bens (dark red). Wholly brilliant dark

purple. 1895.
„ „ co'ncolor (whole-coloured). Of a uniform light

purple. 1886.
„ „ ocula'ta (eyed). Centre of lip buff- yellow, without

a purple band.
„ „ ro'sea-supc'rba (superb rose). Delicate purple,

striated with white.
„ „ Vi'nckei (Vincke's). Lavender; lip slaty-blue.

„ lemonia'na (Sir C. Lemon's). See C. LABIATA LEMO-

NIANA.

„ Leopo'ldii (Leopold's). See C. GUTTATA LEOPOLDII.
„ leucoglo'ssa (white-lipped). Hybrid between C.

fausta and C. Loddigesii.
„ Linde'ni (Linden's). Probably a variety of C. labiata

Warscewiczii.

„ lindleya'na (Lindleyan). See L^LIA LINDLEYANA.
„ loba'ta (lobed). See L-BLIA BOOTHIANA.
„ Loddige'sii (Loddiges's). Delicate rosy-lilac ; lip

pale amethyst-purple. Brazil. 1815.
„ „ a'lba (white). Pure white. 1899.
„ „ ca'ndida (white). White, with yellow blotch on

the lip.

„ ,, delica'ta (delicate). Blush-white. 1902.
„ „ Harriso'nce (Mrs. Harrison's). Lip with orange-
yellow blotch, corrugated in front. 1836.
„ „ macula'ta (spotted). Flowers speckled with

purple.

„ „ viola' cea (violet). Flowers violet-purple.
,, lowrya'na (Lowryan). Supposed hybrid between C.

intermedia and C. Forbesii. 1891.
„ lucienia'na (Lucienian). Brown, washed purple ; lip

purple. Supposed hybrid. 1885.
„ lueddemannia'na. See C. LABIATA LUEDDEMANNIANA.
„ lute'ola (little-yellow). Light yellow. November.

Brazil. 1853. The Smallest Cattleya.
„ „ Rce'zlii (Roezl's). Brighter than the type. Peru.

1881.
„ Mangle'sii (Mangles's). Hybrid between C. labiata

speciosissima and C. Loddigesii. 1880.
„ Manti'nii (Man tin's). Hybrid between C. bow-

ringiana and C. labiata aurea.
„ Marde'llii (MardelTs). Garden hybrid. 1879.
„ margina' ta (margined). See L*LIA POMILA PR.ESTANS.
„ mari'tima (maritime). See C. INTERMEDIA.

CATTLEYA

184

CAULIFLOWER

C. Marsterso'nia (Mrs. Marsterson's). A hybrid of C.

labiata.
„ tnassaia'na (Massaian). Mauve and magenta lip.

Colombia.

„ massangea'na. See C. LABIATA TRIAN^E MASSANGEANA.
„ Matho'nits (Mrs. Mathon's). Supposed natural

hybrid.
„ maxima (largest). Satiny rose; lip pale rose with

citron band. Peru and Ecuador. 1844.
„ „ a'lba (white). White, with purple markings on

the Up.
„ „ aphle'bia (lip-un veined). Lip without coloured

veins. 1884.

„ „ docto'ris (doctor's). A pale rose variety. 1883.
„ „ floribu'nda (free-flowering). Bright rose ; lip

crimson-purple, edged white.
„ „ gigante'a (gigantic). A large, light-coloured

variety. 1895.
„ „ hrubya'na (Hrubyan). Lip handsomely veined

with red.

„ „ tnaloua'na (Malouan). Flowers dark. Pseudo-
bulbs short. 1889.
„ „ marchetia'na (Marchetian). Dark purple, veined

magenta-purple. Ecuador and Peru. 1889.
„ „ peruyia'na (Peruvian).
,, » virgina'lis (virginal). White ; lip striped red purple.

1897.

„ Measure'sii (Measures's). Garden hybrid. 1886.
„ Mende'lii (Mendel's). See C. LABIATA MENDELII.
„ Mo'ssice (Mrs. Moss's). See C. LABIATA MOSSLE.
„ Nilso'ni (Nilson's). Apparently a natural hybrid.

Brazil. 1889.

„ nobi'lior (nobler). See C. WALKERIANA NOBILIOR.
„ o&r«rtta'na(Obrienian). Rosy-tinted. Brazil. 1890.
„ odorati'ssima (sweetest). Purple. Demerara. 1836.
„ owenia'na (Owenian). Creamy-white ; lip crimson

and gold. Seems a variety of C. hardyana. 1892.
„ pa'llida (pale). White, pink, yellow. Brazil. 1850.

A variety of C. labiata.

„ papeiansia'na (Papeiansian). See C. LODDIGESII.
„ Parthe'nia (Parthenia). Garden hybrid.
„ Patroci'nii (Patrocin's). Supposed natural hybrid,

C. Loddigesii and C. guttata leopardina. Brazil.
„ percivalia'na (Percivalian). See C. LABIATA FERCIVA-

LIANA.

„ Perri'nii (Perin's). SeeL^LiA PERINII.

„ pictura'ta (painted). Garden hybrid. 1878.

„ pinellia'na and C. Pinellii. See L^LIA PUMILA

PRyESTANS.

„ porphyroglo'ssum (purple-lipped). Lip purple. Brazil.
„ „ punctula'ta (finely spotted). Sepals and petals

with crimson spots. 1887.
„ porphyrophle'bia (purple- veined). Hybrid between

C. intermedia and C. superba. 1885.
„ Pri'nceps (chief). A dull-coloured variety of C.

granulosa schofieldiana. 1892.
„ pu'mila (dwarf). See L^LIA PUMILA.
„ quadri' color (four-coloured). See C. LABIATA
„ Regne'llii (Regnell's). See C. SCHILLERIANA
„ reineckia'na (Reineckian). See C. LABIATA MOSSLB

REINECKIANA.

„ resple'ndens (resplendent). Supposed natural hybrid,
C. schilleriana and C. granulosa. 1885.

„ R' ex (King). Creamy-white; lip purple, veined gold.
1890.

„ Rce'zlii (Rcezl's). See C. LABIATA RCEZLII.

„ Rucke'ri (Racket's). White, yeUow. Colombia. 1865.

„ sanderia'na (Sanderian). See C. LABIATA WARSCE-

WICZII.

„ schMeria'na (Schillerian). Red-brown, purple, white.

Bahia. 1857.
„ „ amalia'na (Amalian). Lip densely veined bright

purple. Brazil. 1887.
„ „ aulcote'nsis (Aulcote). Rose ; lip crimson-purple.

1895.
„ „ Lo wit (Low's). Lavender-blue; lip with darker

lavender veins. 1892.
„ „ superba (superb). Lip red- purple, edged white.

1809.
„ schofieldia'na (Schofieldian). See C. GRANULOSA

«CHOFIELDIANA.

„ 3chroede'rce (Baroness Schroeder's). See C. LABIATA

SCHROEDERJE.

„ schroederia'na (Schroederian). Purple mauve; lip
with small side lobes and a long claw. 1883.

C. Sci'ta (Scita). Pale ochre, purple blotches ; lip
purple. Perhaps a natural hybrid. 1885.

„ Skinnefri (Skinner's). Rosy-purple. September. Gua-
temala, Mexico. 1836.

„ „ a'lba (white). White. Costa Rica. 1877.

„ „ a'tro-ro'sea (dark rose). Dark rose. Guatemala.
1836.

„ „ ocula'ta (eyed). Lip with maroon-purple disc.

„ „ soro'ria (sisterhood). Green, yellow, purple,
white. Brazil. 1887.

,, speciosi' ssima (showiest). See C. LABIATA LUEDDE-

MANNIANA.

,, spheno'phora (freckle-bearing). See C. GUTTATA.

„ statteria'na (Statterian). See C. LABIATA AUREA

STATTERIANA.

„ sua'vior (sweeter). Rose ; lip lilac and purple.

Garden hybrid.
,, supe'rba (superb). Purple. May. Brazil and

Guiana. 1838.

„ „ a'lba (white). Brazil. 1890.
„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). Rose, violet, white. Ric

Negro. 1870.
,, supe'r-Forbe'sii. Garden hybrid, C. superba and C.

Forbesii. 1896.

„ Tria'nce (Dr. Triana's). See C. LABIATA TRIAN^E.
„ triophtha'lma (three-eyed). Garden hybrid between

C. exoniensis and C. superba. 1883.
„ Veda'sti (Vedast's). Garden hybrid between C.

Loddigesii and Lczlia pumila prczstans.
„ veluti'na (velvety). Green, purple, rose. Brazil.

1870.
., „ Lie'tzei (Lietz's). Dusky orange, spotted purple.

Brazil. 1888.
„ „ puncta'ta (spotted). Larger, thickly dotted purple.

Brazil. 1888.

„ veno'sa (veiny). Supposed natural hybrid, C. Loddi-
gesii Harrison® and C. Forbesii.
„ Victo'ria-regi'na (Queen Victoria). Reddish ; lip

white, lined and blotched crimson. Brazil.

1892.
„ virgina'lis (virginal). See C. LABIATA ELDORADO

VIRGINALIS.

„ Wagene'ri (Wagener's). See C. LABIATA MOSSLB

WAGENERI.
„ walheria'na (walkerian). Lilac, crimson. May. Brazil.

1844.
„ „ dolo'sa (deceitful). Side lobes of lip overlap half

their length.
„ „ nobi'lior (nobler). Side lobes of lip overlap their

whole length.
„ „ schroederia'na (Schroederian). Rose-purple, with

darker markings.
„ Walli'sii (Wallis's). See C. LABIATA ELDORADO

VIRGINALIS.

„ Warne'ri (Warner's). See C. LABIATA WARNERI.
„ warocquea'na (Warocquean). See C. LABIATA WAROC-

QUEANA.

,, Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). See C. LABIATA WAR-

SCEW1CZII.

,, wellsia'na (wellsian). Hybrid between C. superba and
Lcelia elegans (?). 1893.

„ Wendla'ndii (Wendland's). Hybrid, C. bowringiana
and C. labiata Warscewiczii. 1894.

„ Whi'tei (White's). Dull purple ; lip fringed, magenta-
purple. Brazil. 1882.

,, wilsonia'na (Wilsonian). Deep purple ; lip violet,
white base. S. Amer. 1877.

„ Zeno'bia, (Zenobia). Garden hybrid. 1887.

CATTLEYO'PSIS. (From Caltleya, and opsis, resem-
blance ; it resembles a Cattleya. Nat. ord. Orchidacea?.)
Stove Orchid. For culture, see CATTLEYA.

C delica'tula (very pale). Pale rose. June. Cuba.

CAULIFLOWER. Bra'ssica olera'cea cauliflo'ra.

Varieties. — There are many to be found in local
catalogues ; but they are only different names for the
following : — Early London, Veitch's Autumn Giant, Large
Asiatic, and Walcheren. The last named is included
also among the Broccolis ; for it unites these to the
Cauliflowers, partaking of the character of each.

Sowing. — There are three seasons for sowing this
vegetable.

First Sowing. — For the first main crop, a sowing

CAULIFLOWER

CEANOTHUS

should be made in the third week, or about the 24th of
August, to raise plants for winter protection, to form
the first principal and main crops of the following year.
Should the weather be very dry at the time of sowing,
the soil should be thoroughly well watered before the
seed is sown, and so continued to encourage the growth
of the seedlings. As soon as these are up and large enough
to handle, beds should be formed in an open situation,
well broken up, made rich, lined out neatly, and, it the
weather is dry, well watered before planting, as well as
afterwards. The best time for pricking out young
plants of any kind, in dry weather, is late in the after-
noon or in the evening. By this attention, strong,
healthy plants will be ready for either finally planting
out under hand-glasses, about the middle of October, or
for protection in frames, or at the foot of walls. These
protected plants are to form a second crop to those which
were planted out under the hand-glasses, and may be
finally planted out towards the end of February, if the
weather is favourable, two feet and a half asunder each
way ; and should severe weather set in again, flower-
pots just large enough to cover the plant may be turned
over each, but taken off in all favourable weather. Care
should always be taken to lift up the plants out of the
nursery-beds, so as to insure uninjured roots.

Should the weather be very severe in the winter, the
hand-glass crop must have a little protection more than
that of the hand-light itself. But particular attention
should be paid to airing at all times when the weather
will permit, by either taking the lights entirely off, or
tilting them.

If, through some mismanagement or misfortune, the
winter stock should become short, a sowing towards the
end of January becomes of importance. A very little
seed must then be sown in a pan or box, placed in some
moderate-heated structure, or in a gentle hotbed made
up for the purpose ; and when the seedlings are up,
and large enough to handle, they should be pricked out
on other very gentle hotbeds, care being taken to keep
the plants up close to the glass, and inured to the open
air. Plants raised in this way will be nearly as forward
as those sown in August, and protected in cold frames
through the winter.

The second Sowing should be at the end of February
or beginning of March, and then either in a cold frame,
or warm, open border ; or, if the weather be very un-
favourable, a sowing may be made on a very gentle
hotbed even at this time, attention to pricking-out, &c.,
given as before directed. From this sowing a third
planting is made.

The third Sowing should be made about the last week
in April, or first week in May, and the seedlings attended
to as before, as to pricking-out, &c. From this sowing
a fourth planting is made.

Fitness for Use. — When a cauliflower has arrived at
its full size, which is shown by the border opening as if
it was about to run, pull up the plant, as it never pro-
duces any useful sprouts ; and if hung up thus entire,
in a cool place, it may be preserved for several days.
The best time to cut a cauliflower is early of a morning,
before the dew is evaporated : if it is done during the
meridian or afternoon of a hot day, it loses much of its
firmness, and boils tough.

To Preserve from Frost.— As frost destroys the cauli-
flower, it is a practice in November, before it sets in, to
pull up the late-standing plants, and the leaves being
tied over the head, to hang each up in a coal-shed or
cellar, by which means they remain good for some time.
But a better mode is to bury them in sand, laying them
in alternate layers with the earth, in a dry situation.
By this means they may be preserved to the close of
J anuary ; or they may be put in a trench dug near a
wall, eighteen inches wide and deep, the plants being
laid with their roots uppermost, in an inclining position,
so that the roots of the second covered the top of the
one preceding. The earth to be laid over them thick, a
considerable slope given to it, and beaten smooth with
the spade, to throw off rain.

Saving Seed.— Some should be from the first planted
out of the hand-glass crop. The best with well-formed
heads should be selected for this purpose, and marked
for seed by placing a strong stake to each for the purpose
of tying up the flower-stems as they grow. Gather each
branch of seed as it ripens.

Diseases and Insects. — See CABBAGE and BROCCOLI.

CAULOPHY LLUM. (From kaulos, a stem, and
phullon, a leaf ; in reference to the stems ending as if
it were in a leaf-stalk. Nat. ord. Berberids [Berberi-
daceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy tuberous perennial ; division of the roots ; light,
sandy peat.

C. thalictroi'des (Thalictrum-like). i. Yellow, green.
N. Amer. 1755.

CAUTLE A. (Named after Mr. Cautley, an Indian
botanist. Nat. ord. Scitaminaceae. Sometimes spelt
Cautleya, but amended by Royle to Cautlea.)

Herbaceous perennials requiring the moist atmosphere
of a stove, and otherwise to be treated like Alpinia or
Hedychium.

C. lu'tea (yellow). Yellow. July. Himalaya. 1820.
„ spica'ta (spiked). Yellow. Himalaya. 1820.

CAVENDI'SHIA. (Named in compliment to Henry
Cavendish, a noted chemist. Nat. ord. Vacciniacea?.)

Evergreen shrubs of climbing habit, requiring stove
treatment. Cuttings of nearly ripe wood in sand, in
close case, with mild bottom-heat. Peat and sand.
C. acumina'ta (pointed). Scarlet, tipped yellow-green.

Andes of Ecuador.
„ cordifo'lia (heart-shaped-leaved). Red, white. Colombia.

1866.
„ specia'bilis (showy). White, pinkish. Colombia. 1889.

CEANO'THUS. (From keanothus, a name applied by
Theophrastus to a plant now not known. Nat. ord.
Rhamnads [Rhamnaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Cuttings in sand, under a glass, of firm side-shoots
answer best, either in April or August. The greenhouse
varieties do well against a south wall, but may require a
little protection in severe weather. Those from tropical
regions require the usual treatment of the stove, or a
warm conservatory. They are not particular as to soil ;
a little peat mixed with loam will be an advantage.

Many pretty varieties have been added to this genus,
and they are very desirable for gardens in sheltered
positions.

HARDY.

C. america'nus (American). 2. White. July. N.

Amer. 1713.

„ ,, herba'ceus (herbaceous). White. August. Caro-
lina. 1822.

„ „ intertne'dius (intermediate). See C. AMERICANUS.
„ „ na'nus (dwarf).
„ „ opa'cus (opaque).
„ „ tardifto'rus (late-flowering). 3. White. September.

1820.
,, ,, variega'tus (variegated). Leaves edged yellow.

1889.

„ Arno'ldi (Arnold's). Garden hybrid. 1882.
,, axilla'ris (axillary). Pale lilac-rose. 1875.
,, azu'reus (azure). Deep blue. Mexico.
„ „ ftefre a'lbo (white-flowered). 10. White. April.
„ colli'nus (hill), i. Light. July. N. Amer. 1827.

Evergreen.

,, cuneatus (wedge-shaped). 4. California. 1848.
„ delilia'nus (Delilian). Origin uncertain.
„ denia'tus (toothed). 3. Blue. California. 1848.
,, divarica'tus (straggling). 4. Blue. June. California.

1848.

„ e'legans (elegant). See C. THYRSIFLORA.
„ Fendle'ri (Fendler's). i to 2. Snow-white. N.W.

America. 1893.

„ fioribu'ndus (copious-flowering). Blue. June. Cali-
fornia.

,, hirsu'tus (hairy). Coast Range of Central California.
„ intege'rrimus (quite entire). California. B. M., t.

7640.

,, intertne'dius (intermediate). See C. AMERICANOS.
„ lobbia'nus (Mr. Lobb's). See C. DENTATUS.
,, macroca'rpus (large-fruited). California. 1824.
„ microphy'llus (small-leaved). 2. White. June. N.

Amer. 1806.

,, nepale'nsis (Nepaul). See RHAMNUS NEPALEXSIS.
„ orcga'nus (Oregon). See C. SANOUINEUS.
„ ova'lis (oval). See C. OVATUS.
„ ova'tus (egg-shaped-/<ratfcd). 3. White. July. N.

Amer. 1818.

CECIDOMYIA

186

CELASTRUS

C. pa'llidus (pale). 10. Pale blue. July. N. Amer.
„ papillo'sus (pimpled). 8. Blue. California. 1848.
„ parvifo'lius (small-leaved). California to Oregon.
„ pere'nnis (perennial). SeeC.AMERiCANUs HERBACEUS
„ prostra'tus (prostrate). Flowers blue, axillary

Oregon and California. 1889.
„ ri'gidus (stiff). 4. Blue. California. 1848.
„ scmgui'neus (crimson-stalked) . 2. White. June. Mis<

souri. 1812.
„ soredia'tus (powdered). Coast Range of Southern

California.

„ spino'sus (spiny). Middle Coast Range, California.
„ iardiflo'rus (late-flowering). See C. AMERICANOS

TARDIFLORUS.

„ thyrsi flo' rus (thyrse-novrered) . Pale lilac. California.
" California Lilac."

„ veitchia'nus (Veitchian). Blue. California. Ever-
green.

„ veluti'nus (felted). 10. White. November. British
America to California.

„ verruca' 'sus (warted). See C. CUNEATUS.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

C. africa'nus (African). See NOLTEA AFRICANA.
„ buxifo'lius (box-leaved). White. April. Mexico.

1824.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). See SCUTIA COMMERSONH.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

C. cube'nsis (Cuban). 5. Crimson. W. Ind. 1820.
„ infe'stus (troublesome). See ADOLPHIA INFESTA.
„ Itzviga'tus (smooth-leaved). 4. Green, yellow. W.

Ind. 1818.

„ latifo'lius (broad- leaved). N. Amer. 1881.
„ mocinia'nus (Mocino's). 5. Mexico. 1824.
„ Mystaci'nus (bearded). See HELINUS MYSTACINUS.
„ reclina'tus (bent-down). 5. Green. August. W. Ind.

1758.
,, sphceroca'rpus (round-fruited). See RHAMNUS SPH.S-

ROSPERMUS.
„ zeyla'nicus (Cingalese). See SCUTIA COMMERSONH.

CECIDOMY'IA PYRI'VORA. Pear Gnat Midge. See
DIPLO'SIS PYRI'VORA.

CECRO PIA. Snake-wood. (A classical name, after
Cecrops, first king of Athens, who built that city, and
called it Cecropia. Nat. ord. Artocarpads [Urticaceas].
Linn. 22-Dicecia, 2-Diandria.)

All the Artocarpads abound in milky juice, by which
they are easily distinguished from the Nettleworts, with
which they are allied. From many of the genera, and
from C. pdta'ta, caoutchouc, or india-rubber, is ob-
tained. Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of ripened
shoots, placed in sandy peat, under glass, and hi a moist
bottom-heat, in April ; peat and loam hi a rough state,
with a little sand. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
48° to 55°.

C. co'ncolor (one-coloured). 20. Brazil. 1822.
„ deaJbofta (whitened). Colombia.
„ mexica'na (Mexican). Mexico.
„ palma'ta (hand-leaved). 20. Brazil. 1820.
„ pelta'ta (shield-leaved). 30. Jamaica. 1778.

CEDRE'LA. (Derived from Kedros, the Cedar-tree ; in
allusion to the odoriferous wood recalling that of the
Cedar. Nat. ord. Meliaceae.)

Most of them are small, stove or greenhouse trees, but
C. sinensis is hardy in the latitude of London at least.
" Toon " of India (C. Toona) has a durable and beauti-
fully marked wood, used in the manufacture of all kinds
of furniture and ornamental work. C. sinensis may be
grown in well-drained garden soil. Cuttings of ripened
shoots of the tender species in sand, in a close case, with
bottom-heat. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

C. Duge'sii (Duges's). Mexico.
„ fi'ssilis (cleft). Brazil.

„ odora'ta (scented). 50. Whitish. S. Amer. 1739.
„ serrula'ta (finely sawed). Java.
„ sine'nsis (Chinese). China and Japan. 1875

Hardy.

„ Too'na (Toon). 60. White to pink. India. 1823.
„ veluti'na (felted). See CHICKRASSIA TABULARIS.

CEDRONE LLA. (A diminutive of kedros, the cedar ;
referring to the fragrant, resinous scent. Nat. ord.
Labiates or Lipworts [Labiatae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-
Gymiiospermia. Allied to Dracocephalum.)

It is worthy of remark that the Lipworts are all destitute
of any deleterious qualities, and that most of them are
fragrant and aromatic — as the lavender, salvia, rosemary,
mint, balm, and hyssop, &c. Hardy plants. Divisions
of the roots of the herbaceous species ; cuttings of the
evergreen, under a hand-light in summer ; sandy loam
and a little peat.

C. ca'na (hoary-leaved). 3. Crimson. July. New

Mexico. 1851.

„ canarie'nsis (Canary). Canaries. Greenhouse.
,, corda'ta (heart-shaped-teat;^), i. Purple. July.

N. Amer. 1824.

,, mexica'na (Mexican). 2. Purple. Mexico.
„ pa'llida (pale-flowered), ij. Rose. September. N.W.

Amer. 1844.
„ tryphy'lla( three-leaved). Pale purple. July. Canaries.

1697. " Balm of Gilead."

CE'DRUS. The Cedar. (From the Arabic kedron, or
kedree, power ; in reference to its majestic appearance ;
but some have supposed from Kedron, a brook in Judea.
Nat. ord. Conifers [Coniferae]. Linn. 2i-Monoecia, 10-
Monadelphia.)

Hardy evergreen trees. Seeds, saved in the cones,
extracted by steeping the cones in water, and boring a
hole down their centre so as to split them, and sowing in
sandy soil, in March ; also by cuttings, under a hand-
light ; and the Deoda'ra by inarching and grafting on
the common Cedar, and by seeds, which are best ; deep,
sandy soil.

C. afric' ana (African). See C. ATLANTICA.
„ atla'ntica (Atlantic). May. Mount Atlas. 1843.

" Mount Atlas Cedar."
„ ,, au'rea (golden).
„ ,, fastigia'ta (upright).
,, ,, glau'ca (glaucous).

,, ,, pe'ndula (pendulous). " Weeping Atlas Cedar."
,, Deoda'ra (Deodar). 120. Himalaya. 1822. " The

Deodar Cedar."
,, ,, a'lbo-spi'ca (white-spiked). Tips of young shoots

white.

,, „ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved).
, ,, ere' eta (erect).

, „ pe'ndula (pendulous). " Weeping Deodar."
, „ robu'sta (robust).
, ,, variega'ta (variegated).
, „ verticilla' ta (whorled).
, ,, vi'ridis (green).
, ,, You'ngi (Young's).
, Li'bani (Lebanon). Asia Minor. Syria. 1683.

" Cedar of Lebanon."
,, „ brevifo'lia (short- leaved). Cyprus.
„ „ fo'liis arge'nteis (silvery-leaved).
,, ,, na'na (dwarf).
„ „ pe'ndula (pendulous). " Weeping Cedar of

Lebanon."

„ ,, pyramida'lis (pyramidal).
>» » » arge'nteis (silvery pyramidal).

CELANDINE. (Chelido'niumma'jus.) Shrubby Celan-
dine Bocco'nia frute'scens.

CELA'STRUS. Staff-tree. (From kelas, the latter
season ; referring to the fruit hanging on the trees all
whiter. Nat. ord. Spindle-trees [Celastraceas], Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in sand, under a
glass ; peat, and very sandy, fibrous loam. The stove
and greenhouse species require the treatment common
to each department. The hardy species may be pro-
pagated by layers in autumn, and sca'ndens by seeds ;
bulla'tus seldom ripens its seeds. Deep, loamy soil for
those hardy climbers.

HARDY DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS.

C. angula'tus (angled). 23. Flowers small. China. 1909.

Shrub.

,, articula'tus (jointed). China and Japan. 1890.
,, bulla'tus (blistered). See C. SCANDENS.
,, flagella'ris (whip-like). Amur region ; Corea. 1909.
„ hypoglau'cus (glaucous beneath). Central China.

CELERIAC

187

CELERY

C. lattfo'lius (broad-leaved). Greenish-white. Central

China. 1910. Shrub.
„ Orixa (Orixa). Japan.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). 15. Yellow. May. N.Amer. 1736.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

C. cri'spulus (finely-crisped). China.
„ lutf'olus (small yellow). Tropical Africa.
,, mexica'nus (Mexican). 7. Mexico. 1824.
,, multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 4. White. May.

South Europe. 1816.
„ myrlifo'lius (myrtle- leaved). 20. White. May.

Jamaica. 1810.

„ nu'tans (nodding). See C. PANICULATUS.
„ pcnicula'tus (panicled). 3. Greenish. May. E.

Ind. 1810.
,, quadrangula' tus (square-stalked). 10. White. Brazil.

1820.
„ tri'gynus (three-styled). See GYMNOSPORIA TRIGYNA.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

C. angula'ris (angular). S. Africa.
„ austra'lis (Southern). Australia.
„ buxifo'lius (box-leaved). 4. White. May. Cape of

Good Hope. 1752.
„ cassinoi'des (cassine-like). See GYMKOSPORIA CASSI-

NOIDES.
„ ce'rnuus (drooping). 5. White. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1817.

„ cymo'sus (cymose). See C. BUXIFOLIUS.
,, dispe'rmus (two-seeded). Australia.
„ emargina' tus (notch-leaved). See GYMNOSPORIA EMAR-

GINATA.

„ fiexiio'sus (zigzag). 6 White. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1826.

„ glomera'tus (clustered). See C. HITEROPHYLLUS.
„ keterophy'llus (various-leaved). S. Africa.
„ ilici'nus (hoUy-leaved). 3 White. Cape of Good

Hope. 1817.
„ lauri'nus (laurel-like). 3. White. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1818.
„ linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 4. White. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1818.
„ lu'cidus (shining). 2. White. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1722.
„ lycioi'des (box- thorn-like). White. August. Canaries.

1821.

„ macroca'rpus (large-fruited). White. Peru. 1826.
„ oleoi'des (olive- Uke). 3. White. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1824.
„ pteroca'rpus (wing- fruited). See PTEROCELASTRUS

TRICUSPIDATUS.

„ puncta'tus (dotted-branched) . See C. ARTICULATUS.
„ pyraca'nthus (nre-spined). 3. White. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1742.

,, rctu'sus (blunt). 6. Yellow. Peru. 1824.
„ ri'gidus (stiff). 3. Yellow. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1818.

., rostra tus (beaked). See PTEROCELASTRUS ROSTRATUS.
„ serra'tus (serrated). Abyssinia.
,, tetrago'nus (four-angled). See CASSINE SCANDENS.
„ tncuspida' tus (three-pointed). See PTEROCELASTRUS

TRICUSPIDATUS.

„ unda'lus (waved). 4. White. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1826.
„ zeyla'nicus (Cingalese). See SCDTIA COMMERSONII.

CELETRIAC, or TURNIP- ROOTED CELERY. (A'pium
grave'olens rapa'ceum.) Of this variety of celery there is
said to be a hardier kind cultivated by the Germans, called
by them Knolt-celery .

Sowing. — It may be sown in March, April, and May,
to afford successional plantations in June, July, and
August. Sow in drills six inches apart, and keep re-
gularly watered every evening in dry weather. The bed
must be kept free from weeds, and when about three
inches high, the plants may be pricked out into another
border in rows three inches apart each way, giving water
abundantly and frequently. By adopting the precau-
tions mentioned in the cultivation of celery, the same
seed-bed will afford two or three distinct prickings. In
the neighbourhood of Dresden, where this vegetable is
grown in great perfection, they sow in February or

March, in a hotbed, under glass ; and the plants are
removed in April, when two or three inches high, to another
hotbed, and set an inch and a half apart. Success depends
much upon regular supplies of water and manure.

When five or six inches high, they are fit for final
planting in rows two feet asunder, and the plants eight
inches apart on the level ground, or in drills drawn with
the hoe three inches deep, as they only require earthing
up a few inches with the hoe. In dry weather they
should be watered plentifully, at least every other even-
ing. Keep them free from weeds. They require a light,
fertile soil.

Sowing Seed. — The directions given for saving the
seed of celery are in every respect applicable to this
vegetable.

CELERY. A'pium grave'olens.

Varieties.—*, better idea of the best sorts can be
gained from any seedsman's catalogue than we can give
here. There are types such as Red, White, and the
Striped, but names are numerous.

Sowing. — The first sowing may be made about the
middle or toward the end of February, sowing a very
little seed in a pan or box placed in any heated structure,
and having a gentle hotbed made up ready to receive
the young plants as soon as they are fit to prick out.
The soil cannot be too rich for them ; and, if pricked out
in gentle hotbeds under glass, which is best, the young
crop should be kept up within two or three inches of the
glass, and attention paid to frequent watering, earth-
stirring, and airing, in favourable weather.

The sowing for a main crop should be made about the
first week in March ; and although it may be sown in a
rich, warm border, yet it is better to make a gentle
hotbed for this sowing, even if it is only of four boards
nailed together, to keep up the earth round the sides of
the bed, and no glass to cover it ; but, if an old light can
be spared until the plants are up, all the better. Several
prickings-out may be made from this sowing in any
rich earth, in open situations, having the beds made up
neatly ready for pricking out, either in warm, showery
weather, or during evenings in dry weather. The plants
should be inserted six inches apart in the nursery-beds,
well supplied with water, until the plants are established,
and the earth among them frequently stirred.

A third sowing may be made about the second week,
or middle of April, in the open, warm border, to be
attended to as before mentioned, as to pricking-out,
watering, &c., only that cool situations will be found
best, such as north borders for summer pricking-out,
for a supply to plant out for winter and spring use.

Final Planting; the Single-trench System.— The trenches,
where the soil will allow of it, may be eight or ten inches
deep, to receive the plants for the first summer plantings ;
but, as the season advances, not so deep by two inches
at each successive planting ; and, lastly, on the level
surface, for late winter and spring use. When planted
in deep trenches for the first crop, the rows may be much
nearer together. Another method of planting out the
principal and late crops is, to dig out a trench, four and
a half feet wide, and one foot deep, placing the earth half
on one side, and half on the other side ; this done, give
a thorough good manuring, as the soil cannot be made too
good for this vegetable ; let it be neatly dug in, and the
surface made smooth as the work goes on ; then lift the
plants with a trowel from the nursery-beds, to insure their
having good roots ; let them be planted precisely one
foot from row to row, and six or seven inches from
plant to plant, the row crossways of the trench.
Thoroughly well water; and, in the course of a week
after planting, the earth should be carefully stirred over
the whole bed.

The leaves may be shortened, which gives more strength
to the base of the plants, and a better heart is formed.

Earthing up. — The first earthing up should be done with
a small trowel, holding the leaves of the plant together in
one hand, and stirring and drawing up a little earth to
the plant with the other. The next earthing is done by
the help of two light boards, six to eight inches broad,
of the same length as the trench is wide ; these to be
placed between two of the rows of plants by two persons ;
then place between these boards well-broken earth, as
much as required ; draw up the boards steadily ; do the
same hi the next space, and so on until the work is com-
pleted. By the last-mentioned method of final planting,
more than double the quantity can be grown on a given

CELERY

188

CELOSIA

space of ground, and the heads are quite as fine as in
the single-trench system. It is also handy for protec-
tion in winter, either with hoops and mats or litter.

The trench being dug out four and a half feet wide,
allows room for six plants across it, at six inches apart
from plant to plant, leaving three inches' space from the
outside of the trench.

Frost. — At the appearance of very severe weather
setting in at any time during the winter months, three or
four dozen heads of the celery may be taken up without
cutting away any part of them, and laid in dry earth,
sand, or sifted coal-ashes, so as to be handy for imme-
diate use.

Manuring. — In the seed-bed, when pricked out, and
in the bed for final growth, too much of the richest
manure cannot be applied. Upon this, and upon the
roots being uninjured at each removal, depend the fine-
ness and excellence of the celery ; any check to its growth
is never recovered, but renders it dwarf and stringy.
Liquid-manure should be given to it frequently.

To save Seed.— Some plants must be left where grown ;
or, in February or March, some may be carefully taken
up, and, after the outside leaves are cut off, and all
laterals removed, planted in a moist soil a foot apart.
Those which are most solid, and of a middling size, are
to be selected. When they branch for seed, they must
be tied early to a stake, to preserve them from the
violence of winds. The flower appears in June, and the
seed is swelling in July. If dry weather occurs, they
should be watered every other night. In August the
seed will be ripe, and, when perfectly dry, may be rubbed
out and stored.

Diseases. — In heavy, wet soil it is liable to have its
stalks split and canker. The soil for earthing up cannot
be too light and dry. We have seen coal-ashes employed
for the purpose most successfully.

CELERY FLY. (Tephritis onopordinis.) In the autumn
it is very common to observe part of the leaves of Celery-
plants blistered and turned yellow ; and this occurs
occasionally to such an extent, that their growth is
checked and their size diminished. If the withered parts
are examined, and the skin of the blisters is raised,
there will be found beneath it some small green grubs,
that have eaten away all the green pulp (parenchyma)
of the parts so withered. These grubs are the larva? of
the Celery Fly. The grubs may be found in the leaves
of the Celery in June, July, September, October, and
November ; for there are two or more broods of them
in the course of the year. The grubs, though less fre-
quently, are found doing similar damage to the leaves
of Alexanders and Parsnips. When full grown, the grubs
descend into the earth, and remain in the chrysalis state
until the spring following, when they give birth to the
fly. The Celery Fly may usually be found upon the
leaves of the laurel, hovering over flowers and resting
upon palings in the sunshine, from the middle of May to
the end of July. It is one of the most beautiful of the
English two-winged flies, and has been thus described
by Mr. Westwood : — The general colour of the body,
which is five-jointed, varies from rusty-brown to shining
black ; head buff, with black hairs ; legs yellow ; thorax
sprinkled with long black hairs ; wings black, with various
pale spots ; eyes green. The whole length of the insect
is not more than one-sixth of an inch, and its wings,
when outspread, barely half an inch across. A mark,
like the letter W, on each fore-wing, may serve to
identify it. The motions of this fly are very peculiar :
seated upon a leaf in the sunshine, the wings are
partially extended, yet partially elevated, and it has
a sideling kind of motion. The withered leaves of the
celery should be picked off, and the grubs within them
crushed as soon as seen. Mr. Westwood suggests that a
string, smeared with bird-lime, and stretched over the
celery-plants, might catch many of the parents. — The
Cottage Gardener, i. p. 73.

CELMTSIA. (Named after Celmisius, the mythical
son of a nymph. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Evergreen perennials of showy appearance, safest in
a greenhouse, but hardy in the more favoured parts of
the south and west of Britain and in Ireland. The
rockery is the best place for them. Seeds when obtain-
able. Soil light and well drained.

C. angusti' ssima (narrowest-leaved). Ray white ; disc
yellow. New Zealand. 1909.

C. coria'cea (leathery), i. Ray white; disc yellow.

New Zealand. 1902.
,, holoseri'cea (wholly silky). Ray white; disc yellow.

New Zealand. 1909.
,, Lindsa'yi (Lindsay's). |. Ray white ; disc yellow.

New Zealand. 1890.
,, Mackau'i (Mackau's). Ray white ; disc yellow. New

Zealand. 1909.
,, Munro'i (Munro's). £. Ray white ; disc golden

yellow. New Zealand. 1896.
,, specta'bilis (showy), i. Ray white ; disc yellow.

New Zealand. 1882.

CELO'SIA. Cockscomb. (From kelos, burnt ; in re-
ference to the burnt-like appearance of the flowers of
some of the species. Nat. ord. Amarants [Amarantaceae].
Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

The flowers of the Cockscomb, Celo'sia crista'ta, are
astringent, and much used by Asiatic physicians. Seeds
in a hotbed in March ; potted off repeatedly, and trans-
ferred to the hothouse or greenhouse ; light, rich soil,
well drained.

SHRUBS.

C. echina'ta (hedgehog). See ALTERNANTHERA ACHY-

RANTHA.

„ glau'ca (milky-green), i. White. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1818. Greenhouse evergreen.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.

C. crista'ta (crested). 2. Dark red. July. Asia. 1570.
„ , au'rea (golden). Bright yellow.
„ , cocci'nea (scarlet). Magenta. India. 1597.
„ , compa'cta (compact). 2. Dark red. July. Asia.

i57o.
, ela'

'ta (tall). 2. Dark red. July. Asia. 1570.
, flave'scens (pale yellow). 2. Yellow. July. Asia.
1570.

ii t> pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Colours various. July.
India. 1820.

STOVE ANNUALS.

C. arge'ntea (silvery-spiked), i. Light flesh. July.
China. 1740.

„ „ linea'ris (narrow-feawd). i. Flesh. June. E.
Ind. 1714.

„ „ margariia'cea (pearly) . 2. Yellow. W. Ind. 1817.

„ castre'nsis (camp). See C. CRISTATA.

,, ce'rnua (drooping). 3. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1809.

„ cocci'nea (scarlet). See C. CRISTATA COCCINEA.

„ como'sa (tufted). See C. CRISTATA.

,, dicho'toma (fork-branched). See ALLMANIA NODI-
FLORA.

„ Hutto'ni (Mutton's). Leaves crimson. Java. 1872.

,, lana'ta (woolly). See AERVA TOMENTOSA.

,, margarita'cea (pearly). See C. ARGENTEA MARGARI-
TACEA.

,, Monso'nia (Monson's). See AERVA MONSONIA.

,, ni'tida (shining). See C. PANICULATA.

,, nodiflo'ra (knotted-flowered). See ALLMANIA NODI-
FLORA.

„ panicula' ta (panicled) . i. Purple. August. Malabar.
1706.

,, pyramida'lis (pyramidal). See C. CRISTATA PYRA-
MIDALIS.

„ tri'gyna (three-styled). Trop. Africa.

,, virga'ta (twiggy). Greenish. Colombia.

CELO'SIA CRISTA'TA. The Cockscomb of florists.—
All the varieties of this are well worth cultivating. The
deep crimson-coloured varieties are generally the most
esteemed ; and of these there are tall and dwarf kinds,
the latter being generally preferred, the comb at its
extremities altogether, or nearly, touching the sides of
the pot. Seeds should be sown in a sweet hotbed in
spring ; and, unlike the balsam, where splendid specimens
are required, they should never be turned out of the hot-
bed until the combs are nearly full-grown, when they may
be set in the greenhouse. Two systems of culture may
be adopted. First, as soon as the plants are one inch
in height, prick out, and shift successively into larger
pots, never allowing the plants to be pot-bound. By
this method the plants are strong before the combs
appear, and you have a chance of having many very
fine, but with the risk that many others, from their
shape, will be fit only for the rubbish-heap. By the

CELOSIA

189

CENTAUREA

second method, the best for those with limited space,
the young plants are pricked out a few inches apart
into shallow pans, in light, rich earth, encouraged to
grow freely, and then checked suddenly by kevping them
cooler and withholding water, which will cause them
to show their combs in a few days. Though small, you
can easily observe those which are close and well shaped
from those which will be upright and straggling. Select
the best, pot them, and continue repotting, and encourage
with heat and manure-water ; and the strength of your
culture going chiefly into the combs, these will be large,
while your plants will be small. Where extremely dwarf
plants are wanted, cut off young plants a little below
the comb ; insert the part with the comb into a small
pot, in sandy soil, in strong heat, and a hand-glass over.
Soil, sandy loam and very rotten dung, but sweet.
Temperature when growing, 60° to 85° by day ; 60° at
night.

CELO'SIA PYRAMIpA'LIS. There are many unproved
varieties of pyramidalis. It is the clear yellow and the
crimson that are most appreciated, the orange-red is
also very pretty. By careful selection for seeding from
they may be kept true, and though usually treated as warm
greenhouse plants, they are found to be very effective
for the flower gardens ; for this purpose the seeds must
be sown early in the year in heat and the plants well
advanced, then hardened off before putting them into
the beds. They succeed best in a rich, light, sandy
loam, to which may be added leaf-mould. For the
greenhouse they are very effective, and last for a con-
siderable time. It should be noted that those which
seed freely usually deteriorate ; the best forms produce
comparatively little seed.

CE'LSIA. (Named after Professor Celsius, of Upsal.
Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn. \\-Didy-
namia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Chiefly from seeds, or raised in a slight hotbed, in
March or April, and flowered in the greenhouse during
the summer, or in favourable positions out of doors.
The biennials require the protection of the cold pit
during winter ; light, sandy, open soil.
C. acau'lis (stemless). J. Yellow. Peloponnesus. 1899.
„ Arctu'rus (Arcturus). 4. Yellow. August. Candia.

1780. Half -hardy perennial.
„ „ linnaa'na (Linnean). 2. Yellpw. 1818.
„ betoniccefo'lia (be tony-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

N. Africa. Half-hardy biennial.
„ bugulifo'lia (bugle-leaved). Yellow-brown. Asia Minor.

1877.
„ coromandelia'na (Coromandel). 4. Yellow. July.

E. Ind. 1783. Stove annual

„ cre'tica (Cretan). 6. Yellow. July. Crete. 1752.

Half-hardy biennial.
„ Dtznzc'ri (Daenzer's). Greece.
„ glandulo'sa (glandular). Asia Minor.
„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Yellow. July. 1829.

Half-hardy biennial.

„ lana'ta (woolly). See C. ARCTURUS LINN^EANA.
„ lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. Levant.

1816. Half-hardy biennial.
„ linea'ris (linear). See ALONSOA LINEARIS.
„ orienta'lis (eastern). 2. Brown, yellow. July.

Levant. 1713. Hardy annual.
„ sublana'ta (rather- woolly). See C. ARCTURUS

LINNjEANA.

„ urticifo'lia (nettle-leaved). See ALONSOA INCISIFOLIA.
„ visco'sa (clammy). See VERBASCUM VIRGATUM.

CEXTB. Nettle-tree. (The name of a tree men-
tioned by Puny. Nat. ord. Nettleworts [Urticaceae].
Linn. 2$-Polygamia, i-Mon&cia.)

Seeds, sown as soon as ripe ; layers, also, and cuttings
of ripe shoots, in autumn ; common, good soil. The
East and West India species require protection ; but
there seems little to recommend in them over the Euro-
pean and North American species, which are hardy. The
wood of austra'lis is extremely pliant.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.
C. austra'lis (southern). 10. Green. Mediterranean

Region. 1796.

„ cane'scens (hoary). See TREMA MICRANTHA.
„ cauca'sica (Caucasian). Caucasus.
„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). See C. OCCIDENTALS.

C. davidia'na (Davidian). 20. Green. China. 1868.
,, glabra'ta (glabrous). 20. Green. Orient.
„ lieviga'ta (polished). See C. MISSISSIPPIENSIS.
,, -.nississippie'nsis (Mississippi). 20. Green. S. United

States.
„ occidenta'lis (western). 20. Green. April. N. Amer.

1656.
„ „ corda'ia (heart-leaved). 20. Green. April. N.

Amer.

„ „ grandidenta'ta (large-toothed).
„ „ pu'mila (dwarf). 6. Green. May. N. Amer.

1812.
„ „ relicula'ta (netted). Leaves netted beneath.

Texas. 1890.
„ „ scabriu'scuia (roughish). 20. Green. April. N.

Amer.

„ sine'nsis (Chinese). 12. Green. Asia. 1820.
„ Tournefo'rti (Tournefort's). 8. Green. Levant.

1739-

STOVE EVERGREENS.

C. aculea'ta (prickly). 10. Green. Jamaica. 1791.
„ Li' ma (file-leaved). See TREMA LIMA.
„ micra'nlha (small-flowered). See TREMA MICRANTHA.
„ orienta'lis (eastern). See TREMA ORIENTALIS.

CENARRHE'NES. (Derived from kenos, empty, and
arren, a male ; in reference to the glands, which look like
barren stamens. Nat. ord. Proteaceae.)

Greenhouse tree, requiring treatment given to Banksia.
Cuttings in sand in close case. Loam, peat, and sand.
C. ni'tida (shining). 15. Greenish. Australia.

CE NIA. (Derived from kenos, empty ; in allusion to
the fruits of the disc often being empty. Nat. ord.
Composite.)

Hardy annual of neat habit but no great beauty.
Ordinary garden soil.
C. pruino'sa (frosty). See C. TURBINATA.
„ turbina'ta (top-shaped). }. Yellow. July. S.
Africa. 1713.

CENTAU'REA. Centaury. (The classical name of a
plant, fabled by Ovid to have cured a wound in the foot
of Chiron — Chiron being one of the centaurs, or war-
horse breakers of Thessaly. Nat. ord. Composites
[Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 3-Frustranea.)

The Centaurys are so numerous that more than seventy
generic names have been applied to the species. C.
Cyanus and depre'ssa, or corn-flowers, are much used in
bouquets. Seeds of most of them in the open border,
in the end of March. The tenderer ones may be raised
on a hotbed, transplanted to another ; a few might be
preserved in a cold pit, if it was deemed deskable.
Common soil. The improved white varieties, pure white,
and soft mauve are later additions and are very beautiful.

HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
C. Ada' mi (Adams's). See C. SOLSTITIALIS.
„ america'na (American). 2. Red. July. N. Amer.

1824.

„ A'pula (Apulian). See C. MELITENSIS.
„ arachnoi'dea (cobweb-like). 3. Yellow. July. Italy.

1820. Biennial.
„ Be1 hen (Behen). 2. Yellow. August. Asia Minor.

1797.

„ benedi'cta (blessed-thistle). See CARBENIA BENEDICTA.
„ Calci'trapa (Calcitrapa). i. Yellow. July. England.
„ cancetta'ta (latticed), i. Yellow. July. N. Amer.

1824.

„ chile'nsis (Chilian), ij. Lilac. June. Chili. 1836.
„ coarcta'ta (compressed). See C. GLOMERATA.
„ Crocody'lium (Crocodylium). 3. Purple. July.

Levant. 1777.

„ Crupi'na (Crupina). See CRUPINA VULGARIS.
„ crupinoi'des (Crupina- like). See VOLUTARELLA BI-

COLOR.

„ Cya'nus (blue-bottle). 3. Blue. July. Britain.
„ erio'phora (wool-bearing), i. Sulphur-yellow. Portu-
gal. 1900.

„ fusca'ta (brownish). See C. NIC>EE'NSIS.
„ glau'ca (milky-green). See C. MOSCHATA.
„ glomera'ta (clustered), i. Yellow. July. Egypt

1801.
„ ibe'rica (Iberian). 2. Purple. July. Iberia. 1818

Biennial.

CENTAUREA

190

CENTAUREA

C. imperia'lis (imperial). Hybrid, C. moschata and C.

Margarita. 1899.

„ Li'ppii (Lippi's). See VOLUTARELLA LIPPII.
„ M 'arga 'rittz . See C. MOSCHATA ALBA.
„ Mari'cK (Maria's). A hybrid between C. moschaia

pur p urea and C. moschata.
„ mclite'nsis (Maltese), i. Yellow. July. Malta.

1710.
,, moscha'ta (musky. Sweet Sultan). 2. Purple.

August. Persia. 1629.
„ „ a'lba (white).
„ „ fta'va (yellow).
» » purpu'rea (purple).
„ napifolia (turnip-leaved). 3. Purple. July. Candia.

1691.

„ odora'ta (sweet-scented). Caucasus. 1893.
„ ,, a'lba (white). White, sweet scented, dwarf . 1893.
„ palle'scens (pale). 2. Yellow. July. Egypt. 1816.
„ pulche'lla (neat). 2. Purple. June. Persia. 1836.
„ pu'lchra (beautiful), i. Bright crimson. June.

Cashmere. 1838.
„ salma'ntica (Salamanca). 3. Purple. July. S.

Europe. 1596. Biennial.

„ si'cula (Sicilian). 2. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1710.
„ solstitia'lis (solstitial), i. Yellow. July. England.

" Barnaby's Thistle."
„ Steve' nii (Steven's). 2. Yellow. July. Caucasus.

1820. Biennial.

„ strami'nea (straw-coloured). See C. GLOMERATA.
„ suave'olens (sweet-scented). See C. MOSCHATA.
„ sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured), i. Yellow. July.

Sicily. 1815.

„ torrea'na (Torre's). See C. CALCITRAPA.
„ Veru'tum (dwarf). 2. Yellow. July. Levant. 1780.

HALF-HARDY.

C. (Egypti'aca (Egyptian), i. White. July.

1790. Herbaceous perennial.
„ arge'ntea (silver-leaved). 2. Pale yellow.

Candia. 1739. Evergreen shrub.
„ argu'ta (sharp-no tched). August. Canaries.

Evergreen shrub.
„ Cinera'ria (grey-leaved). 3. Purple. July.

1710. Herbaceous perennial.
„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Malta.
„ gymtioca'rpa (naked-fruited). 2. Pale purple.

of Capraja. 1858.
„ hyssopifo'lia (hyssop-leaved), i. Purple.

Spain. 1812. Half-hardy evergreen.
„ ragusi'na (Ragusan). 2. Yellow. July.

1710. Evergreen shrub.
„ sempervi'rens (evergreen). 2. Red, yellow.

Portugal. 1683. Herbaceous perennial.
„ spino'sa (prickly-branched). 2. Purple.

Candia. 1640. Herbaceous perennial.

Egypt.
July.
1839-
Italy.

Island

July.

Candia.
July.
July.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

C.

acantho'des (Acanthus-like). 2. Purple. July. 1827.

acau'lis (stemless). N. Africa. 1799.

ala'ta (winged-stalked). See C. BEHEN.

a'lba (vfhite- flowered). 2. White. July. Spain.

1597.
„ deu'sta (burnt). 5. Dark red. August. Naples.

1818.

alpi'na (alpine). 3. Yellow. July. Italy. 1640.
ama'ra (bitter). 2. Purple. July. Italy.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Purple. July.

Switzerland. 1819.
,, pinnatifida. (leafleted). 2. Purple. July.

Switzerland. 1819.
arena'ria (sand). 2. Purple. August. S. Europe.

1778.
a'spera (rough). 2. Purple. August. S. Europe.

1772.

astraca'nica (Astracan). See C. STEREOPHYLLA.
atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). 3. Purple. July.

Hungary. 1802.
au'rea (great-golden). 2. Yellow. August. S.

Europe. 1758.

austra'lis (southern), i. August. Australia. 1821.
austri'aca (Austrian). 2. Purple. August. Austria.

1815.
axilla'ris (axillary), i. Purple. July. Austria.

1823.

C. babylo'nica (Babylonian). 7. Yellow. July. Levant.

1710.
„ Balsa'mita (Balsamita). 2. Yellow. July. Syria

1820.
„ Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 2. Purple. July. Hungary.

1820.
,, bractea'ta (bracteated). 2. Purple. July. S.Europe.

1817.
„ calcitrapoi' des (Calcitrapa-like) . i. Purple. June.

Levant. 1683.
„ caloce'phala (beautiful-headed). 3. Yellow. July.

Levant. 1816.
„ calophy'lla (beautiful- leaved). 5. Yellow. July.

S. Europe. 1816.

„ capilla'ta (hairy), i. Purple. July. Siberia. 1810.
„ carthamoi'des (Carthamus-like). 2. August. Siberia.

1816.
,, centauroi'des (Centaurea-like). 3. Yellow. June.

S. Europe. 1739.
„ Centau'rium (great centaury). 4. Yellow. July.

Italy. 1596.
,, cheiranthifo'lia (wallflower-leaved). 2. Pale yellow.

July. Caucasus. 1820.

„ cichora'cea (endive-like). See SERRATULA CICHORACEA.
,, cicuUefo'lia. (Cicuta-leaved) . See C. COLLINA.
„ cine'rea (grey). 2. Purple. June. Italy. 1710.
„ Cleme'ntei (Clement's). 2. Yellow. Spain. 1871.
„ colli'na (hill). 3. Yellow. June. S. Europe. 1596.
„ conci'nna (neat). 4. Yellow. August. Caucasus.

1818.

„ coria'cea (leathery-leaved). See C. SCABIOSA.
„ coronopi/o'lia (buckhorn-leaved). 3. Yellow. June.

Levant. 1739.

„ corymbo'sa (corymbose), i. Purple. July. Switzer-
land. 1819.

„ crue'nta (crimson-leaved), i. Purple. July. 1816.
,, cynaroi'des (Cynara-like). Purple. Canary Islands.
„ dealba'ta (whitened). 2. Purple. July. Caucasus.

1804. " Mealy Centaury."

„ deci'piens (deceiving). See C. NIGRA DECIPIENS.
„ declina'ta (curved-down). 2. Purple. July. Cau-
casus. 1821.
,, decu'mbens (lying-down). 2. Purple. August.

France. 1815.
„ depre'ssa. (depressed), i. Blue. July. Caucasus.

1818.

„ deu'sta (burned). See C. ALBA DEUSTA.
„ dilu'ta (washed). 2. Pale purple. July. S. Europe.

1781.
„ disse'cta (deeply-cut-leaved). a. Purple. July.

Naples. 1823.

„ ela'ta (tall). 4. Yellow. August. Mauritania. 1820.
„ elonga' ta (lengthened). 2. Purple. August. Barbary.

1823.

„ eriophy'lla (woolly-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. 1827.
„ Fe'nzlii(Fenzl's). 4. Yellow. Temperate Asia. 1868.
„ fe'rox (fierce). 2. Yellow. August. Barbary. 1790.
,, Fische'rii (Fischer's). 2. Blue. July. Russia. 1820.
„ flosculo'sa. (many-Sore ted), i. Purple. August.

Italy. 1818.

„ Fontane'sii (Fontanes's). Algeria.
„ glastifo'lia (woad- leaved). 4. Yellow. July.

Siberia. 1731.

„ hy'brida (hybrid). See C. CORYMBOSA.
„ inca'na (hoary). 2. Purple. August. Naples. 1822.
„ intyba'cea (succory-leaved). 2. Purple. August.

S. Europe. 1778.

„ Isna'rdi (Isnard's). See C. ASPERA.
„ Ja'cea (Jacea). 2. Purple. July to September.

Europe. " Brown Knapweed."
„ jacobaczfo'lia (Jacobasa-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.

1818.
„ kartschia'na (Kartschi's). 2. Purple. June Car-

niola. 1836.
„ leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 2. White. August.

S. France. 1816.
„ leucophy'lla (white-leaved). 2. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1823.

„ limba' ta (fringed). 3. Purple. July. Portugal. 1818.
„ lingula'ta (tongue-leaved). 2. Blue. July. Spain.

1824.
„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved), i. Purple. July. Spain.

1827.
„ macroce'phala (large-headed). 3. Yellow. July.

Caucasus. 1805. "Great Knapweed."

CENTAUREA

191

CENTRANTHUS

C. macrolo'pha (large-crested). Orient.
„ macula'ta (spotted-leaved). See C. MACULOSA.
„ maculo'sa (spotttd-calyxed). i. Purple. July. S.

Europe. 1816.
„ marshallia'na (M u'ihaH's). 2. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1820.
„ mo' His (soft). See C. MONTANA.
„ mona'ntha (one-flowered). July. Siberia. 1796.
„ mon ta'na (mountain. Perennial blue-bottle) . 2. Blue.

July. Austria. 1596.
„ „ alba (white). White-flowered variety.
„ ,, lugdune'nsis (Lugdunum).
„ „ ru'bra (red). Red-flowered variety.
„ murica'ta (point-covered). See VOLUTARELLA MURI-

CATA.

„ myaca'ntha (mouse-thorn), i. Purple. August.

France. 1820.

„ negle'cta (neglected). See C. CENTAUROIDES.
„ nervo'sa (nerved). 2. Purple. July. S. Europe.

1815.

„ nicae'nsis (Nice). 2. Yellow. July. Nice. 1819.
„ ni'gra (black). 2. Purple. July to September.

Britain. "Black Knapweed."
„ nigre'scens (blackish). Purple. Europe.
„ ,, vochine'nsis(Vochm). 2. Purple. July. Austria.

1817.

„ ni'tens (sparkling). Purple. Caucasus. 1823.
„ ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). 2. Pale yellow. July.

Caucasus. 1801.

„ orienta'lis (eastern). 2. Yellow. Siberia. 1759.
„ orna'ta (ornamental). 2. Yellow. July. Spain.

1818.
„ ovi'na (sheep's), i. Purple. August. Caucasus.

1802.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). 2. Purple. July. Europe.

1640.
„ parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 2. Violet. June.

Barbary. 1823.
„ pectina' ta (comb-edged) . i. Purple. August. France.

1727.
„ peregri'na (diffuse). 2. Yellow. July. S. Europe.

„ phry'gia (Swiss). 2. Purple. August. Switzerland.

„ „ ambi'gua (ambiguous). 2. Purple. August.

Switzerland. 1819.
„ poly oca' ntha (many-spined). x. Purple. July.

Portugal. 1804.
„ polymo'rpha (many-formed). 2. Purple. July.

Spain. 1819.
„ Pouzi'ni (Pouzin's). 2. Purple. July. S. France.

1824.

„ praa'lta (tall). 2-3. Purple. Cilicia.
„ prat^nsis (meadow). 2. Purple. July. Hungary.

1817.
„ procu'mbens (procumbent), i. Purple. June. S.

Europe. 1821. Trailer.

„ pube'scens (downy), i. Yellow. July. 1804.
„ pulche'rrima (very beautiful). 5. Yellow. July.

Armenia. 1816.
„ pulla'ta (sad- looking). 2. Purple. July. S. Europe.

1789.

„ radia'ta (rayed). See SERRATULA XERANTHEMOIDES.
„ refWxa (bent-back-spined) . 3. Yellow. July. Iberia.

1801.

„ re'pens (creeping), i. Yellow. July. Levant. 1739.
„ Rhapo'nticum (Rhaponticum). Purple. Europe.

1640. " Swiss Knapweed."
„ ri'gida (stiff), i. Purple. July. 1823.
„ rivula'ris (rivulet). 2. Brown. July. Portugal.

1812.

„ roma'na (Roman). 3. Red. July. Rome. 1739.
„ rupe'stris (rock). 2. Yellow. July. Italy. 1806.
„ ruthe'nica (Russian). 3. Pale yellow. August.

Russia. 1806.

„ rutifo'lia (Rue-leaved). Byzantium.
„ ,, lavra'na (Lavran).

„ sabulo'sa (sand), i. White. July. Siberia. 1820
„ salicifo'lia (willow- leaved). 2. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1823.

„ sali'ni (salt), i. June. Siberia. 1817.
„ salonita'na (Salonitan). Eastern Europe.
„ sangui'nea (bloody). 2. Purple. July. 1827.
„ Scabicfsa, (Scabios'a). 2. Purple. June to September.

Britain.

C. Scabio'sa oliveria'na (Oliverian).
„ Se'ridis (eadive-leav(d) . i. Purple. July. Spain.

1686.

„ sessa'na (Sessane). i. Blue. July. S.Europe. 1816.
„ stbi'rica (Siberian), i. Purple. July. Siberia. 1780.
„ sonchifplia (sow-thistle-leaved), i. Purple. August.

Mediterranean. 1780.

„ so'rdida (sordid), i. Purple. July. Austria. 1818.
„ spathula'ta(spathu\3ite-leaved). 2. Blue. July. Naples.

1825.
„ sphcerocefphala (globe-headed). 2. Purple. July.

Middle Europe. 1683.

„ spinulo'sa (small-spined). 2. Purple. July. Hun-
gary. 1826.

„ sple'ndens (shining). 3. Purple. July. Spain. 1597.
,, squarro'sa (wide-spreading). ij. Purple. July.

Persia. 1836.
„ stereophy'lla (stiff- leaved). 2. Purple. July.

Podolia. 1820.
„ Stce'be (Stoebe). i. Red, yellow. June. Austria.

1759.

„ stri'cta (erect), i. Blue. July. Hungary. 1816.
„ tata'rica (Tartarian). See C. ORIENTALIS.
„ tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. Purple. July. Spain.

1820.

„ transalpi'na (transalpine). See C. NIGRESCENS.
„ trichoce'phala (hairy-headed), x. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1805.
„ trirufruia (three-nerved). 2. Purple. July. Podolia.

1816.
„ uligino'sa (marshy). 3. Yellow. July. Portugal.

1816.
„ uniflo'ra (one-flowered). i. Purple. July. S.

Europe. 1819.

„ vallesi'aca (Vallesian). Switzerland.
„ vochinefnsis (Vochin). See C. NIGRESCENS VOCHI-

NENSIS.

„ weidmannia'na (Weidmann's). 2. Rose. July.

Anatolia. 1836.

„ xanthi'na (yellow). 2. Yellow.
CENTAURI'DITJM DRUMMO'NDH. See XANTHISMA

TEXANUM.

CENTE'MA. (From kentema. a sharp point ; the
leaves and bracts are pointed. Nat. ord. Amarantaceae.)
Greenhouse annual or perennial herb. Seeds ; cuttings
in sand under a bell-glass. Loam, leaf-mould, and
sand.
C. biflo'ra (two-flowered). 2-3. Dull magenta. Trop.

Africa. 1909.

CENTRADE NIA. (From kentron, a spur, and aden,
a gland ; referring to a spur-like gland on the anthers.
Nat. ord. Melastomads [Melastomacese]. Linn. S-Octan-
dria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Lavoisiera.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of side-shoots, in March
or April ; sandy loam one part, and rough peat two
parts ; a cool stove, or a warm greenhouse. Summer
temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
C. divarica' ta (spreading). White. Central Amer. 1851.
„ floribu'nda (free-flowering). Lilac. Mexico.
„ grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 2. Pink. November.

Mexico.
„ inaquilatera'lis (unequal-sided), ij. Rosy-white.

April. Mexico. 1843.

„ ova'ta (ovate). Pink. Central Amer. 1861.
,, ro'sea (rose-coloured). See C. IN^QUILATERALIS.

CENTRANTHE'RUM. (From kentron, a spur, and
antheros, anthera, an anther. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds. Garden soil.
C. intermedium (intermediate), ij. Purple. August

Brazil. 1821.
„ mu'ticum (snipped), i. Purple. July. S. Amer.

1803.

,, puncta'tum (dotted), i. Purple. July. Venezuela.
1824.

CENTRA'NTHUS. (From kentron, a spur, and anthos,
a flower ; referring to a spur-like process at the base
of the flower. Nat. ord. valcrianworts [Valerianaceae].
Linn. ^-Triandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, except C. Calci'trapa
and C. macrosi phon. Seeds and divisions ; common soil.
C. angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 2. Crimson. June.
S. Europe. 1759.

CENTROCARPHA

192

CEPHALARIA

C. Calci'trapa (caltiop-leaved). i. Purple. June.

Portugal. 1683. Hardy annual.
„ ju'ttceus (rush-like). Greece.
,, longifto'rus (long-flowered). Armenia.
„ macrosi'p hon (long-spurred). i£. Red. July. Spain.
„ „ a'lbus (white). White variety.
„ ru'ber (red). 2. Crimson. June. Britain.
„ „ flo're-a'lbo (white-flowering). 2. White. June.

Britain.
„ Sibtho'rpii (Sibthorp's). Red. Greece.

CENTROCA'RPHA. See RUDBE'CKIA.

CENTROCLI'NIUM. (From kentron, a spur, and kline,
a bed. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

C. appre'ssum (close-pressed). See ONOSERIS ADPRESSA.
„ rtfle'xum (reflexed). See ONOSERIS REFLEXA.

CENTRO'NIA. (From kentron, a spur ; in allusion to
the horns on the anthers. Nat. ord. Melastomaceae.)

An ornamental stove evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in sand hi a close case with bottom-heat. Loam,
peat, and sand.

C. TKema'ntha (blood-coloured). 4. Crimson. Colombia.
1856.

CENTROPETALUM. (Derived from kentron, a spur,
and petalon, a petal ; in reference to the spur of the lip.
Nat. ord. Orchidacese.)

Intermediate orchid house.

C. puncta'tum (spotted). Vermilion, yellow.
Peru. 1867. Syn. Nasonia punctata.

April.

CENTROPO'GON. (From kentron, a spur, and Pogon,
a beard ; in reference to the fringe which envelopes the
stigma. Nat. ord. Lobeliads [Lobeliaceae], Linn. $-Pen-
tandria, i-Monogynia.)

Notwithstanding the acid poisonous qualities assigned
to Lobeliads, it is asserted that the soft fruit of the Centro-
po'gon suriname'nsis is eatable. Herbaceous perennials.
Divisions of roots ; sandy peat, and rich, fibrous loam ;
moisture and heat when growing, and comparative dry-
ness and a low temperature when at rest. The Surinam
species will require a few degrees higher temperature in
winter than the others.

C. cocci'neus (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. July. Brazil.

„ cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). Rose. June. Mexico.
1839. Stove.

„ fastuo'sus (proud). 2. Rose. November. Mexico.
Greenhouse.

„ „ leuco'stomus (white-mouthed). 2. White. 1850.

„ lo'ngipes (long-stalked). 2. Rose. Central Amer.
1854.

„ lucya'nus (Lucienian). Rosy-carmine, white. Whiter.
Garden hybrid. 1856.

,, suriname'nsis (Surinam). 2. Rose. November.
Surinam. 1786. Stove.

„ tovare'nsis (Tovarese). 3. Rose. Autumn. Vene-
zuela.

CENTROSE'MA. (Derived from kentron, a spur, and
sema, standard ; in allusion to the short spur of the
standard. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Evergreen stove plants of twining habit. Seeds and
layers. Loam, peat, and sand.

C. brasilia'num (Brazilian). 5. Pink. July. Brazil. 1759.
„ du'bium (doubtful). See C. HASTATUM.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Brazil.
,, hasta'tum (halbert-shaped). 6. Scarlet. Brazil

1815.
„ Plwnie'ri (Plunder's). 6. White, red. October.

S. Amer.
„ virginia'num (Virginian). 8. Trop. Amer. 1732.

CENTROSOLE'NIA. (From kentron, a spur, and solen,
a tube. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae.) All now referred to
Episcia.

C. butta'ta (blistered). See EPISCIA TESSELLATA.

CENTROSPE'RMUM CHRYSA'NTHEMUM. See

CHRYSANTHEMUM VISCOSUM.

CENTROSTE MMA. See HOYA.
C. refle'xum. See HOYA CORIACEA.

CEPHAE LIS. (From kephale, a head ; in reference
to the arrangement of the flowers in heads, or corymbs.
Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Psychotria.)

The Ipecacuanha of the shops is the root of C. Ipe-
cacua'nha, a half-herbaceous plant, with creeping roots
growing hi the damp, shady forests of Brazil. Stov*
plants. Cuttings of firm young shoots hi sand, under a
glass, and in moist bottom-heat. Sandy, fibrous peat,
and lumpy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter,
50° to 55°.

C. a'lba (white). Pale pink. April. Guiana. 1824.
„ axilla 'ris (axillary). 4. White. April. W. Ind.

1816.
,, Bea'rii (Bear's). Small umbels of flowers. Mexico.

1888.

„ ela'ta (tall). 15. Purple. Jamaica. 1793.
„ gla'bra (smooth). Blue. April. Trinidad. 1820.
„ involucra' ta (involucrated). 5. White. July.

Guiana. 1826.
„ Ipecacua'nha (Ipecacuanha). £. White. January.

Brazil. 1839.

„ Ma'nnii (Mann's), i. White. Fernando Po.
,, musco'sa (mossy). White. May. W. Ind. 1824.
,, peduncula'ris (/owg-flower-stalked). 2. White. Feb-
ruary. Sierra Leone.

„ puni'cea (scarlet-involucred) . See C. ELATA.
,, purpu'rea (purple-fruited), i. White, purple. May.

Trinidad. i82r.

„ Swa'rtzii (Swartz's). 4. Bluish. W. Ind. 1824.
„ tomento'sa (downy). 4. Brownish. August. Guiana.

1825.
„ viola'cea (violet-berried), i. White. June. W. Ind.

1818.

CEPHALANDRA. (From kephale, a head, and aner,
an anther ; in reference to the anthers being united in a
round head. Nat. ord. Cucurbitaceae.)

Slender climbers with a tuberous rootstock and re-
quiring to be grown in a moist stove. Seeds or division
of the tubers. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

C. cordifo'lia (heart-shaped leaved). Fruits cylindrical.

Tropics.
,, i'ndica (Indian). Fruits cylindrical or oblong. Tropics.

CEPHALANTHE'RA. (From kephale, a head, and
anther a, an anther. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae].
Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Limodorum.)

Hardy terrestrial orchids. Divisions ; peat and loam.

C. ensifo'lia (sword- leaved). 2. White. June. Britain.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See C. FALLENS.
„ pa'llens (pale), i. White. June. Britain.
,, ru'bra (red). 2. Purple. June. Britain.

CEPHALA'NTHUS. Button-wood. (From kephale, a
head, and anthos, a flower ; flowers disposed in heads
being a general characteristic of this order. Nat. ord.
Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Spermacoce.)

The Button-wood grows in marshy places, from Canada
to Florida, and prefers a damp, peat bed in this country.
Hardy deciduous shrub. Cuttings in sandy soil, under
a hand-glass, in the beginning of autumn ; layers also.
Sandy loam, with vegetable mould or peat.

C. natale'nsis (Natal). Pink and green. S. Africa.
„ occidenta'lis (western). 7. White. August. N.

Amer. 1735.
„ „ angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). Leaves narrower

and longer. 1889.
„ „ brachypo'dus (short-stalked). White. August.

N. Amer.

CEPHALA'RIA. (From kephale, a head, in allusion to
the dense head of flowers. Nat. ord. Dipsaceae. Allied
to Scabiosa.)

Hardy herbaceous plants. Seeds and divisions.
Ordinary garden soil.

C. alpi'na (alpine). Yellow. Europe.
,, leuca'ntha (white-flowered). Creamy-white. Europe.
,, radia'ta (rayed). Yellow. Transylvania.
,, syri'aca (Syrian). Mediterranean region.
,, tata'rica (Tartarian). 6. Yellow. Siberia. 1759.

Perennial.
„ transylva'nica (Transylvanian). Yellow. S. Europe.

CEPHALOCEREUS

193

CERASUS

CEPHALOCE RETJS DE Lffi'TIL See ECHINOCEREUS

DE L.iTIl.

CEPHALOSTA'CHYUM. (From kephale, a head, and
slachus, a spike ; the flowers are in spike-like heads. Nat.
ord. Gramine£8.)

A greenhouse bamboo, with leaves 14 in. long. Seeds ;
suckers. Loam, a little leaf-mould and sand.
C. pergra'cile (very elegant). 40. Stems, 2-3 in. thick.
Burma. 1908.

CEPHALOTA'XUS. (From kephale, a head, and taxus,
the yew ; referring to the general appearance of these
trees. Nat. ord. Taxads [Coniferae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia,
i^-Polyandria. Allied to Phyllocladus.)

These are the Japanese Yews lately set apart from the
old yews by Dr. Siebold, the Japan traveller, and Zuc-
carini, in their work called Flora Japonica. Hardy
evergreens.

C. drupa'cea (berry-bearing). 12 to 20 feet. Japan.

1844.
„ Fortu'ni (Fortune's). 40 to 60 feet. Northern China.

1848.

„ „ brevifo'lia (short-leaved).
„ „ longifo'lia (long-leaved).
„ „ robu'sta (robust).
„ Olh-e'ri (Oliver's). China. 1903.
„ />ft*unci</a'/!a (stalked-fruited. Lord Harrington's Yew).

Japan. 1837.
„ „ fastigia'ta (erect). Leaves darker green. Stems

erect. 1863.

„ „ sphcera'lis (spherical). Fruit spherical. 1884.
„ umbraculi'fera (umbrella-bearing). See TAXUS BREVI-

FOLIA.

CEPHALO'TUS. (From kephaloUs, headed ; in refer-
ence to the glandular head of stamens. Nat. ord. Saxi-
fragaceae.)

This is the Australian Pitcher-plant, found growing in
the marshes of King George's Sound. Greenhouse her-
baceous perennial. Offsets. Chopped sphagnum, peat,
earth, and broken pots, well drained, and carefully
watered ; a bell-glass kept over it, and frequently
cleaned. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 48° to
55°.
C. foUicula'ris (follicled). x. White. Australia. 1822.

CERA DIA FURCA'TA. See OTHONNA FURCATA.

CERANTHE'RA. See ALSODEIA.

CERATTERYX GRA'MINIS. The Antler Moth. See

CHAR.tAS GRAMINIS.

CERA STIUM. Mouse-ear Chickweed. (From heras,
a horn ; from the form of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord.
Cloveworts [Caryophyllaceae], Linn. lo-Decandria, 4-
Pentagynia.)

There are many annuals of this genus, all unworthy
of cultivation ; but the following hardy trailing perennials
are ornamental. They are easily propagated by divisions
in the spring ; will grow in any light, moderately rich
soil, and are all white-flowered.

C. alpi'num (alpine). $. July, August. Europe.
„ „ lana'tum (woolly). Leaves woolly and hoary.
„ arve'nse (field). J. June, July. Britain.
» ., suffrutico'sum (sub-shrubby).
„ BubersUi'nii (Bieberstein's). I. June. Caucasus.

1820.
„ Boissie'ri (Boissier's). x. White. July, August.

Spain.

„ carinthi'acum (Carinthian). See C. OVATUM.
„ deca Ivans (becoming bald). White. Servia. 1892.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). White. E. Europe.

Caucasus.

„ laiifo'lium (broad-leaved). \. White. July. Europe.
„ Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's). See C. PILO'SUM.
„ macra'nthum (large-flowered). White. Asia Minor.
„ ova turn (ovate). I. White. Summer. Eastern

Europe.

„ pilo'sum (thinly-hairy). White. June. Siberia.
„ purpura'scens (purplish). $. July. Asia Minor.

1831.

„ Scara'ni (Scarani's). See C. ARVE'NSE.
„ tomtnto'sum (felted). f . White. June. Europe, Asia

Minor. 1648. " Snow in Summer."

CE'RASUS. Cherry. (From Cerasus, a town in
Pontus, in Asia, whence the cherry was brought to Rome
by Lucullus. Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. 12-
Icosandria, i-Monogynia. See also PRUNUS.)

Besides the cultivated cherry, the genus Cerasus in-
cludes species which contain virulent poisons, chiefly in
their leaves and fruit-kernels. Hardy deciduous frees
and shrubs, except where otherwise specified. Seeds
sown when the fruit is ripe, or mixed up with three or
four parts their bulk of dry sand, and frequently turned,
to prevent sprouting, and sown in the March following ;
also by layers and cuttings from the roots, and from
suckers ; particular varieties by budding and grafting ;
deep soil, rather sandy. The double varieties are very
showy, and for early forcing are much appreciated ; those
of the Pseudocerasus type being the most showy, and
force well.

C. a'cida (acid). 20. White. April. Europe.
„ „ dumo'sa (bushy). 4 to 6. White. April. A low,

bushy tree.

„ „ flo're-ple'no fo'liis varifga'tis (double, leaves varie-
gated).

„ „ hu'milis (dwarf).
„ „ Mara'sca (Marasca). White. April. Europe.

1827.
„ „ monlmorencia'na (Montmoreneyan). 20. White.

April.

f» » pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Branches erect. 1886.
„ „ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved).
„ ,, semper fto'r ens (ever-flowering). " All Saints

Cherry." 1822.

„ „ umbraculi'fera (umbrella-bearing).
„ affi'nis (related). White. May. Europe. 1837.
„ A'vium (birds'). 50. White. April. Britain. Gean

or Wild Cherry.

„ „ cordi'gera (heart-bearing). 20. White. April.
„ „ dura'cina (hard). 20. White. April. S. Europe.
it »i flo'reple" no (double-flowered). 20. White. April.
„ „ GobbStta (Gobbetta). 20. White. April. White

flesh.

„ „ Grio'tta (Griotte). 20. White. April.
„ „ heaumea'na (helmeted). 15. White. April.
„ „ julia'na (St. Julian's). 20. White. April. S.

Europe.
,, „ macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 50. White. April.

Switzerland.

„ „ mammilla'ris (nippled). 20. White. April.
„ „ multiplex (double). See C. AVIUM FLORE PLENO.
„ „ obtusa'ta (blunted). 20. White. April.
„ „ palle'scens(pa.le). 20. White. April. " Cer amble."
„ „ pa'llida (pale). 20. White. April. Red fruited.
„ „ pe'ndula (pendulous). 10. White. April. S.

Europe. 1821.

„ „ poly'gyna (many-pistilled) . 20. White. April.
„ „ sylve'stris (wood). See C. AVIUM.
„ Besse'yi (Besse/s). White. N. W. United States.

" Sand Cherry."

„ borea'lis (northern). See C. PENNSYLVANICA.
,, canade'nsis (Canadian). See C. CHAM^CERASUS.
„ capronia'na (hautbois). See C. ACIDA.
„ „ multiplex (double). See C. VULGARIS RHEXII

FLORE PLENO.

„ carolinia'na (Carolinian). 38. White. May. Caro-
lina. 1759. " Evergreen Bird Cherry."

„ Chamezce'rasus (Ground Cherry). 8. White. May.
Austria. 1597.

„ „ pe'ndula (pendulous). " Weeping Ground Cherry."

„ Chica'sa (Chicasaw Plum). 8. White. April. N.
Amer. 1806. Chicasaw Plum.

„ cornu'ta (horned). 10. White. Himalaya. 1842.

„ depre'ssa (depressed). See C. PUMILA.

„ dura'cina (hard). See C. AVIUM DIJRACINA.

„ fenzlia'na (Fenzlian). Caucasus.

„ hu'milis (dwarf). China.

„ hyema'lis (winter). See PRUNUS AMERICANA.

„ ilicifo'lia (Holly-leaved). White. March to May.
California.

„ japo'nica (Japan). 2. Pink. April. Japan. 1810.

„ „ flo're-a'lbo-ple'no (white-double-flowered). 2.
White. March. North of China. 1846.

,, ,, flo're-ro'seo-ple'no (double-rose-flowered). Japan.
1810.

„ „ multiplex (double). See C. JAPONICA PLORE-

ROSEO-PLENO.

N

CERASUS

194

CERASUS

C. Julia' na (St. Julian's) and varieties. See C. AVIUM

and varieties.
„ Lauroce'rasus (cotwwon-laurel-cherry). 12. White.

April. Levant. 1629. Evergreen.
,, „ angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). 8. White. April.

Evergreen.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 12. White. April.

Evergreen.
„ lusita'nica (Portugal-Lawre/). 20. White. May.

Portugal. 1648. Evergreen.

„ Maha'leb (Mahaleb). 20. White. April. Austria. 1714.
» ,t fru'ctu-fta'vo (yellow-fruited). 20. White. May

South of Europe.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20. White. June.

South of Europe.

„ „ pe'ndula (pendulous). "Weeping Mahaleb Cherry."
„ „ variega'ta (variegated).

„ Mara'sca(Marasca). White. SeeC. ACIDA MARASCA.
„ Maximowi'czii (Maximowicz's). Japan. 1893.
„ microca'rpa (small-fruited). Persia.
„ miquelia'na (Miquelian). Japan. 1888.
,, nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 20. White. May. Nepaul.

1820. Half-hardy.
„ occidenta'lis (West-Indian). 20. White. Jamaica.

1629. Stove evergreen.
„ Pa'dus (bird-cherry). 50. White. April. Britain.

" Bird Cherry.'"
„ „ arge'ntea (silver-blotched). 20. White. April.

1846.
„ „ aucubcBfo'lia (aucuba-leaved). 20. White. April.

1845.
„ „ bracteo'sa (long-br acted). 30. White. April.

Europe.
„ „ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 20. White. April.

1845.

„ „ leucoca'rpa (white- fruited).
„ „ parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 30. White. April.

North of Europe.

„ „ pe'ndula (pendulous). " Weeping Bird Cherry."
„ „ ru'bra (red. Cornish bird). 30. White. April.

Britain.

„ pe'ndula (pendulous). Japan. " Rose-bud Cherry."
„ pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). 30. White. May.

N. Amer. 1773.

„ persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). See C. PENNSYLVANIA.
,, prostra'ta (prostrate), i. Pink. April. Crete. 1802.
„ Pseu'do-ce'rasus (bastard-cherry). 6. White. April.

China. 1821.

„ pube'scens (downy). See PRUNUS MARITIMA.
„ Pu'ddum (Puddum). Himalaya.
„ pu'mila (dwarf). 2. White. May. N. Amer. 1756.

" Sand Cherry."

„ pygma'a (pigmy). See PRUNUS MARITIMA.
„ sali'cina (willow-leaved). 4. White. April. China.

1822.
„ semperfto'rens (ever-flowering). See C. ACIDA SEMPER-

FLORENS.

„ „ sessilifto'ra (stalkless-flowered). 20. White." April.
„ sero'tina (late. American bird). 30. White. June.

N. Amer. 1629.
„ „ cartilagi'nea (cartilaginous). Leaves long and

leathery. 1889.
„ „ pe'ndula (pendulous). " Weeping Wild Black

Cherry."

„ „ retu'sa (blunt-leaved). 30. May. S. Amer.
„ „ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). " Capollin."
„ serrula'ta (saw-edge-leaved). 4. White. April. China.

1822.

„ ,, fio're-lu'teo-ple'no (double yellow flowered).
„ spharoca'rpa (round-fruited). 10. White. June.

Jamaica. 1820. Stove evergreen.
„ subhirte'lla (slightly hairy). Japan.
„ Susqueha'nna (Susquehanna). See C. PUMILA.
„ tortuo'sa (tortuous). Asia Minor.
„ Virginia' na (Virginian). 30. White. May. United

States. 1724. " Choke Cherry."
„ vulga'ris (common). 10 to 20. White. April.

Europe. " Wild or Dwarf Cherry, Morello Cherry."

(The correct name is Prunus Cerasus.)
„ „ persicifio'ra (Peach-flowered).
„ „ Rhe'xii flo' re-pie no (double).

CHERRY CULTURE. — All our cultivated cherries appear
to be derived, by the aid of various crosses, from Ce'rasus
dura'cina, julia'na, and capronia'na.

The best dessert cherries are : Belle d'Orleans, Bigar-
reau de Schreken, Bigarreau Napoleon, Black Eagle,
Black Tartarian, Early Red Bigarreau, Early Rivers,
Elton, Frogmore Early Bigarreau, Governor Wood, May
Duke, Noble.

For cooking or preserving Morello takes first place.
Kentish and May Duke are also good.

Propagation. — Both budding and grafting are resorted
to ; the former is the safest plan to avoid gum. The
stocks used are those of the wild cherry for ordinary
standards, or wall-trees ; but, for a dwarfing-system, it
has become customary, of late, to use the Ce'rasus
Maha'leb, or Perfumed Cherry — so called on account of
the agreeable perfume emitted by the wood whilst
burning. In France this is called Bois de St. Lucia, and
this has long been used as stocks. In addition to its
promoting a dwarf habit, it is said to be adapted to
very ordinary soils, totally unfit for the common cherry-
stock. It is the usual practice to obtain the Mahaleb
from layers ; but no doubt cuttings will answer equally
well. The ordinary cherry-stocks are raised from seed,
generally obtained from trees of the same kind. They
are preserved in sand through the winter, and sown in
February. Care must be taken to preserve them from
the mice. They may be transplanted, in the following
October, hi rows two feet apart in the row. For dwarfs
they may be budded the following season ; but, if
standards are required, they must stand until they
acquire the desired height.

Soil. — A deep and mellow loam, rather sandy, is best
adapted to the cherry. It will, however, succeed hi any
ordinary garden-soil, if somewhat fertile in character,
and one which parts freely with superfluous moisture.

Wall Culture in Growing Period. — The first operation
commences in the disbudding, stopping, and laying in of
the young shoots : this will be in the early part of June.
Gross fore-right shoots may at once be displaced, unless
required to fill gaps ; but if any doubt exists as to their
becoming permanent stock, it will suffice to pinch off
their points when four or five inches long.

The kinds differ so much in size of foliage that a differ-
ence becomes necessary in the distance at which the
young wood is trained. This must be ruled by the size
of the leaves. Such as the Bigarreau must be kept at
least five inches apart ; the Morello section may be
placed from two to four inches apart. One of the main
points is to destroy the aphides in time ; they are almost
sure to infest the trees before midsummer.

Culture in Rest Period. — The cherry, in general, requires
less culture than most of our hardy fruits ; and this
because it produces so little breast-wood. If the summer
management has been duly attended to, there will be
little to perform during the rest period.

The remaining portion of the snags, or bases of the
young shoots, which were pinched back in June, must
now be pruned back to within two inches of the branch,
unless required to furnish a blank space. Any late-
made, immature-looking wood may be shortened to
where solid ; but no other shortening is required with
bearing trees. All the shortening requisite, in order to
multiply shoots to furnish the wall, should be done
within three years after their transplanting. There will,
however, be mostly a few shoots to be entirely removed
in the winter's pruning ; and, in doing this, regard must
be paid to the distance previously given.

Uses, how to keep, 6-c. — We need scarcely point to the
dessert section. The Morellos are famous as " brandy-
cherries." The Kentish has the peculiar property of
slipping from the stone, and, when dried, making a de-
lightful confection ; and, indeed, most of them are of
great use for confectionery purposes. The pulp of some
makes a very good wine ; and in Germany a liqueur is
made from the kernel and pulp, bruised and fermented,
known by the name of Kirschwasser.

Disease. — We are not aware of any positive disease in
the cherry, excepting the gum. This is an exudation of
gummy matter, which generally follows a wound or
bruise, and not unfrequently breaks out spontaneously.
The best way to avoid this is to plant in soil of moderate
quality. In general, a light, maiden loam is good enough,
without adding a particle of manure or vegetable matter.
See EXTRAVASATED SAP.

Insects.— The Black Aphis (see APHIS) is the greatest
enemy, and next the Red Spider. (See ACARUS.) The
wall and wood of the trees should be washed annually,

CERATIOLA

195

CERCESTIS

in the rest season, with soft-soap water, six ounces to a
gallon, adding plenty of lime, soot, and sulphur. When
the aphides attack the young shoots in summer, there is
no better plan than to dip each in a bowl of tobacco-
water just before they are trained.

Winter Pruning of Standards. — Very little is requisite
with standards. Like all other fruit-trees, they are apt
to produce an inconvenient amount of young spray, in
the interior of the tree especially. All shoots of this
character should be dressed away during the rest season,
and all that are obviously not placed in a position to
receive the influence of light and air. Most of these
must be spurred back, leaving a couple of inches of the
base, which generally becomes a nucleus of spurs ; and,
although not well placed to produce fruit of the highest
amount of flavour, yet they are sometimes of importance
in inclement seasons ; for we not unfrequently find a
sprinkling of fruit in such situations, when all round
the outside is barren. Orchard cherry-trees, which have
to receive nets occasionally, will, as strength increases,
require the removal of some of the coarsest and most
unyielding shoots ; for, were they permitted to extend
themselves without control, the amount of netting re-
quired to cover them would become a rather serious
item, and a drawback on their culture. Such unruly
shoots, therefore, should be timely removed ; for ampu-
tations of the large limbs should always be avoided in
the cherry, and, indeed, in all trees liable to extravasa-
tion of sap. By a timely removal of such shoots, and
by the occasional use of rope-yarn, or other fastenings,
the tree may be kept in a somewhat compact form.

CERATIOLA. (From a diminutive of keras, a horn ;
in reference to the stigma radiating into four divisions
like little horns, as in the Carnation. Nat. ord. Crowberries
[Empetraceae]. Linn. 2i-Monoecia, i-Monandria.)

The Crowberries are a small group of little bushes,
with heath-like leaves, which are evergreen. The most
of them inhabit the bleak and inhospitable regions both
in Europe and in North America. Half-hardy under-
shrub. Cuttings in sandy soil, under a glass, in a mild
bottom-heat. Sandy peat, and a little very fibrous
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

C. ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Brown. June. N. Amer.
1826.

CERATOCHTLUS OF LINDLEY. See STANHOPEA.
CERATODA CTYLIS OSMUNDIOI'DES. See LLAVEA

CORDIFOLIA.

CERATO LOBUS. (From keras, a horn, and lobos, a
pod ; in allusion to the spathe which is horned and re-
sembles a pod. Nat. ord. Palmaceae. For culture, see
PALMS.)
C. co'ncolor (one-coloured). Leaves green beneath.

Sumatra. 1905.
„ findlaya'nus (Findlayan).
„ glauce'scens (sea-green). Leaves i to a. ft. long.

J ava. Good table plant.

„ micholitzia'nus (Micholitzian). Stem and leaves
spiny. 1898.

CERATO NLA. Carob-tree. (From keras, a horn ; in
reference to the shape of the seed-pods. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. 2^-Polygamia,
2-Dicecia. Allied to Gleditschia.)

This is believed to be the Locust-tree of Scripture.
" The dry pulp in which the seeds are buried is very
nutritious, and is supposed to have been the food of
St. John in the wilderness ; wherefore it is called the
Locust-tree, and St. John's Bread." — Lindley. The North
American Locust-tree, and the Locust-tree of the West
Indies, are different from each other, and from the
Locust-tree of Scripture. Greenhouse tree hardly worth
culture. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a hand-
glass. Sandy loam.

C. Si'liqua (podded). 13. Red, yellow. September.
Levant. 1570.

CERATOPE TALUM. Red Gum-tree. (From keras,
a horn, and petalon, a petal ; the petals being jagged,
or like a stag's horn. Nat. ord. Saxifragaceae. Linn.
lO-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse trees. Cuttings under a bell-glass, in sand ;
rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter,
35° to 45°.

C. ape'talum (without petals). 50 to 60. Greenish-
yellow. Australia.

„ gummi'ferum (gum-bearing). 50. Yellow. N. Hol-
land. 1820.

CERATO'PTERIS. (Derived from keras, a horn, and
pteris, a fern. Nat. ord. Ferns or Filices.)

This is a stove aquatic, and sometimes called the
Water Fern or Floating Stag's-horn Fern. It is biennial
and requires to be grown in a pot plunged in the warm
water of a Water Lily tank. Spores are freely produced
and young plants readily spring up, if the pots are plunged
in warm water, nearly to the rim, in February.

C. thalictroi'dts (Thalictrum-like). 2. Tropics.
„ ,, pteroi'des (fern-like). Capsule without a ring.

CERATOSTE MA. (From keras, a horn, and sterna, a
stamen. Nat. ord. Cranberries [Vacciniaceae]. Linn.
io-Decandria, i-Afonogynta. Allied to Thibaudia and
Cavcndishia.)

Stove plants. Divisions ; layers. Peaty soil.

C. corona'rium (garland). See THEMISTOCLESIA CORO-

NILLA.

„ longifto'rum (long-flowered). Crimson. Peru. 1846.
„ specio'sum (showy). Orange-red. Ecuador. 1870.

CERATOSTTGMA. (From keras, a horn, and stigma;
in allusion to the horn-like branches of the style, that
is the stigmas. Nat. ord. Plumbaginaceae.)

Hardy, herbaceous plants of dwarf habit, most suit-
able for the rockery. Divisions, and cuttings under a
hand-light or in a cold frame during July and August.
Well-drained garden soil.

C. plumbaginoi'des (Plumbago-like). Indigo-blue. Sep-
tember. China. 1845.

„ Polhi'lli (Polhill's). Pale sky-blue. Western China.
1901.

CERATOTHE'CA. (Derived from keras, a horn, and
theke, seed vessel. Nat. ord. Pedalinaceae.)

A half-hardy annual. Seeds. Well-drained, light
garden soil.

C. tri'loba (three-lobed). Mauve and purple. S. Africa.
1887.

CERATOZA'MIA. (Derived from keras, a horn, and
Zamia. Nat. ord. Cycadaceae.)

Stove plants requiring treatment similar to Zamia.
They are distinguished from the latter by two horns on
the scales of the cones. Seeds and sometimes by suckers.
Loam and peat or leaf-mould and sand.
C. fu'sco-vi'ridis (brown-green). See C. MEXICAN A.
„ kuesteria'na (Kuesterian). Mexico.
„ mexica'na (Mexican). Mexico.

„ miquelia'na (Miquelian). Pinnae 6 in. to 12 in. long.
Mexico.

CTTRBERA. (Named after the fabled dog, Cerberus.
Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Plumiera.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young, rather ripe
shoots, in April, in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-
heat. Rich, fibrous loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 48° to 55°.
C. Ahou'ai (Ahouai). See THEVETIA AHOUAI.

„ borbo'nica (Bourbon). See OCHROSIA BORBONICA.

„ dicho'toma (forked). See TABERN^MONTANA DICHO

TOMA.

„ frutico'sa (shrubby). See KOPSIA FRUTICOSA.

„ lacta'ria (milky). See C. ODOLLAM.

„ laurifo'lia (laurel- leaved). See C. ODOLLAM.

„ macula'ta (spotted). See OCHROSIA BORBONICA.

„ Manghas (Manghas). See C. ODOLLAM.

„ Odo'llam (Odollam). 20. White. August. India.

1756.

„ ova'ta (egg-leaved). See THEVETIA OVATA.
„ Ta'nghin (Tanghin). 30. Pink. May. Madagascar.

1826. " Tanghin Poison."

„ Theve'tia (Thevetia). See THEVETIA NEREIFOLIA.
„ thevetioi'des (Thevetia-like). See THEVETIA YCCOTLI.
,, veneni'fera (poison-bearing). See C. TANGHIN.

CERCE'STIS. (From keras, a horn, and kestos, stitched.
Nat. ord. Araceae.)

Evergreen stove climber, rooting at the joints. Cut-

CERCIDOPHYLLUM

196

CEREUS

tings in sand in a close frame, with bottom-heat. Loam,

lumpy peat and sand.

C. conge'nsis (Congo). Fruits red. Congo. 1909.

CERCIDOPHY'LLUM. (From Cercis, the Judas-tree,
and phullon, a leaf ; the leaves having a general simi-
larity. Nat. ord. Trochodendraceae.)

A small tree or shrub, hardy in the more favoured
parts of Britain and Ireland, or on a wall in the latitude
of London. Seeds, layers. Ordinary, well-drained soil.

C. japo'nicum (Japanese). 8. Apetalous. Japan. 1889.

CE'RCIS. Judas-tree. (From kerkis, a shuttlecock ;
the name given by Theophrastus. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria. i-Mono-
gynia.)

The wood of C. Siliqua' strum is beautifully veined, and
takes a good polish. Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds,
sown in a gentle hotbed, in spring ; hardened off, and
pricked out into a sheltered situation ; the varieties by
grafting. In the south of the island they do well in
sheltered places, on a lawn ; in the north, they require
a wall.

C. canade'nsis (Canadian). 18. Pale red. May. N.

Amer. 1730.
„ „ a'lba (white). 1907.
„ „ fio 're-pie' 'no (double).

„ ,, pube'scens (downy). 18. Pale red. May.
„ chine' nsis (Chinese). 10. Rose. China.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). See C. CHINE'NSIS.
„ occidental Us (western). 15. Texas.
„ renifo'rmis (reniform). Texas.
„ Siliqua' strum (Siliquastrum). 20. Red. May. S.

Europe. 1596. Common Judas-tree.
„ „ a'lba (white). White. S. Europe. Syn. C.

Siliquastrum flo're a'lbo.
„ „ ca'rnea (flesh-coloured).
„ „ parviftp'ra (small-flowered). 20. Purple. May.

Bucharia. 1827.

CERCOCA'RPUS. (From kerkos, a shuttlecock, and
carpos, a fruit. Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn.
12-Icosandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Geum and
Purshia.)

There is no unwholesome plant in this order ; and the
strawberry, raspberry, and the blackberry or the bramble,
are the nearest plants in affinity to the rose itself. Then
come the Potentilla, Geum, and Agrimonia, among which
stands Cercocarpus, followed by the Spiraeas and Quil-
laiads. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of green
shoots in sand, under a glass, in a little heat. Peat and
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

C. betulczfo'lius (Birch-leaved). See C. PARVIFOLIUS.
„ f other giHoi'des(Fothfxgi\\a.-\i\x). 12. Purple. May.

Mexico. 1828.

„ parviflo'rus (small-flowered). See C. PARVIFOLIUS.
„ parvifo'lius (small-leaved). 3 to 10. California. 1881.
„ Tra'skia (Traskia's). 10. White. Santa Catalina

Island. 1901.

CE'REUS. Torch Thistle. (From cereus, waxy ; re-
ferring to the fact that some of the spines are as pliant
as soft wax, while others are as brittle as wax tapers.
Nat. ord. Indian Figs [Cactaceae]. Linn. 12-Icosandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Cuttings, at any time, of either old or young shoots ;
the latter are the best, if the base of the cutting is well
dried. Instead of inserting them firmly in sand, they
do best when laid among rough material, such as peat
charcoal, leaf-mould, and brick and lime-rubbish. They
are generally described as stove plants ; but, unless when
they are just making their wood, they will endure a
very low temperature, if kept dry. Unless for the winter-
flowering varieties, and those desired to bloom at that
season, no water will be requisite from October to March,
if kept cool. Sandy loam, turfy peat, half-parts of lime-
rubbish and dried cow-dung. Water freely when grow-
ing, and when in bloom. Summer temp., 55° to 85° ;
winter, 35° to 50°.

C. a'cifer (needle-bearing). Mexico.
„ Ackerma'nni (Ackermann's). See PHYLLOCACTUS

ACKERMANNI.

„ acuta'ngulus (acute-angled). Mexico.
„ &'thiops (black-spined). Brazil. 1829.

C. affi'nis (related). White.
„ aggrega' tus (aggregated). S. United States.
„ alacriporta'nus (cheerful- looking). Brazil.
„ albiseto'sus (white-bristled. Trailing). 2. St

Domingo. 1816.

„ albispi'nus (white-spined). 2. S. Amer. 1816.
,, ambi'guus (doubtful). 2. Purple, white. July. 1827.
„ amblygo'nus (blunt-angled). Buenos Ayres. 1836.
„ amecae'nsis (Amecan). White, 5 in. across. Mexico.

1904.

„ amce'nus (pleasing). Mexico.
„ angui'nus (snake). Orange-yellow, 3 in. long.

Paraguay. 1907.
„ ^nm'tew(Anisits's). Purplish and white. Paraguay.

1908.

„ apicula'tus (small-pointed). Gardens.
„ arcua'tus (arched). White. 1835.
„ areola'tus (pitted). S. Amer.
„ au'reus (golden-spined) . S. Amer. 1825.
,, aurivi'llus (yellow-haired). Stem clothed with
golden- yellow spines. Andes ? 1903.

, azu'reus (azure-blue). Brazil.

, Bauma'nnii (Baumann's). Peru.

, baxanie'nsis (Baxanian). July. Mexico. 1838.

, baxtfrius (clog-shaped). June. Mexico. 1838.

, Berlandie'ri (Berlandier's). Texas.

, Berti'ni (Bertin's). Chili.

, bifo'rmis( two- formed). See PHYLLOCACTUS BIFORMIS.

, Bla'nckii (Blanck's). Mexico.

, Bonplan'dii (Bonpland's). Brazil.

, Brandege'ei (Brandegee's). California.

, Bridge1 sii (Bridge's). Bolivia.

, Bruenno'wii (Bruennow's). Bolivia. 1888.
„ ccerule' scens (bluish). 3. Blue. July. Brazil. 1829.
„ cce'sius (gray).
„ caspito'sus (tufted). Rose-purple. New Mexico,

Texas. 1880.

„ ca'ndicans (whitish). Chili.

„ caripe'nsis (Caripan). White. Mexico. 1809. Trailer.
,, (Piloce'reus) celsia'nus (Celsian). Andes.
„ chalibce'us (Chalibasan).
„ chile' nsis (Chilian). Chili.
„ ,, brevispi'nulus (short-spined).
„ chiloe'nsis (Chiloe).

„ chlora'nthus (green-flowered). Texas and Mexico.
„ chrysoma'llus (yellow-haired). 2. Mexico.
„ cinera' scens (grayish). Mexico.
„ ,, Smi'thii (Smith's). Gardens.
„ cinnabari'nus (cinnabar). Yellow-vermilion ; anthers

scarlet. Guatemala. 1910.
,, cirrhi'ferus (tendril-bearing). Mexico.
,, cocci'neus (scarlet) of Engelmann. See C. AGGREGATUS.
,, cocci'neus (scarlet) of Salm-Dyck. Scarlet. September.

Brazil.

„ Co'chal (Cochal). California.
„ colubri'nus (serpent-like).

,, Colu'mna-Traja'ni (Trajan' s-Column). Mexico. 1890.
,, (Piloce'reus) Come'tes (Cometes). Mexico. 1840.
„ coniflo'rus (cone-flowered). Red. Hayti. 1904.

Blooms at night.

„ (Piloce'reus) Conso'lei (Console's).
„ crena'tus (round- toothed). See PHYLLOCACTUS

CRENATUS.

„ crenula'tus (round-toothed). S. Amer.

„ Crimso'nii (Crimson's). See C. CINERASCENS SMITHII.

,, crispa'tus (curly). See RHIPSALIS CRISPATA.

„ (Piloce'reus) Cur ti' sii (Curtis's). Red, white. June.

Colombia. 1830.

„ cyli'ndricus (cylindric). See OPUNTIA CYLINDRICA.
,, (Piloce'reus) Dantwi'tzii (Dantwitz's). Peru. 1873.
,, dasyaca'nthus (close-set-spined). S. United States.
,, decaisnea' nus (Decaisnean). Gardens.
,, deft'ciens (deficient). Venezuela.

, De'ppei (Deppe's). i. Peru. 1799.

, Donkelaa'rii (Donkelaar's). Brazil.

, Duva'li (Duval's). Gardens.

, Dybow'skii (Dybowski's). White, 10 in. long. Fruit
red. Brazil. 1908.

, Dy'ckii (Dyck's). Mexico.

, ebu'rneus (ivory). 3. Gray. S. Amer. 1809.

, Ehrenbe'rgii (Ehrenberg's). Mexico.

, Emo'ryi (Emory's). California.

, Engelma'nni (Engelmann's). Rose-carmine. Cali-
fornia.

, „ variega'tus (variegated).

CEREUS

197

CEREUS

C. enneaca'nthus (nine-spined). Texas.
„ Enrique" sit (Enriques*). Mexico.
„ ensa tus (s worded). Gardens.
„ erio'phorus (woolly). Red. 1835.
„ Eru'ca (Eruca). California.
„ euchlo'rus (bright-green). S. Amer.
„ fuphorbioi'des (Euphorbia-like). 3. S. Amer.
„ exU'nsus (long-stemmed). 6. Pale rose. August.

Trinidad.
„ (Echino'psis) Eyrersii(Eyres's). White, green. 1829.

cristatus, roseus, and ruber are varieties of <his

species.
„ Fendle'ri (Fendler's). Rose. June. New Mexico.

1880.

„ fe'rox (fierce), i. Brazil. 1827.
„ fimbria'tus (fringed). 20. Pink. St. Domingo. 1836.
„ flagellifo'rmis (rod-shaped. Creeping Cereus). Pink.

Peru. 1690.

„ flavispi'nus (yellow-spined). 3. W. Ind.
„ ftumine'nsis (river). Brazil. 1862.
„ Forbe'sii (Forbes's).

„ formo'sus (handsome). White. Buenos Ayres. 1834.
„ foveola'tus (pitted). See C. CELSIANUS.
„ fu'lgidus (glittering). B. M., t. 5856.
„ fulvispino'sus (tawny-spined). See C. ROYENI.
„ Fu'nkii (Funk's). Garden hybrid.
„ gemma' tus (bud-bearing). July. Mexico. 1834.
„ geome' trizans (land-measuring). Mexico.
„ gigante'us (giant). 10. California. 1862.
„ (Piloce reus) glauce'scens (becoming-sea-green). Ar-
gentina.

„ glau'cus (sea-green). Brazil.
„ gonaca'nthui (jointed-spined). Mexico.
„ gra'cilis (slender long-spined). S. Amer.
„ grandiflo'rus (great-flowering. Night-blooming Cereus).

White, yellow. Jamaica. 1700.
„ gra'ndis (great-spin**). 3. Brazil.
„ GrSggii (Gregg's). Texas and Mexico.
„ gri'seus (grey). See C. EBURNEUS.
„ Gueli'chii (Guelich's). Green, white. Fruit red-violet.

Paraguay ; Argentina. 1909.
„ Gui'sei (Guise's). Gardens.
„ hankea'nus (Hankean). S. Amer.
„ (Piloce'reus) Hawo'rlhri (Haworth's). 3. Caribbees.

1811.
„ heptago'nus (seven-angled). 3. White. July. S.

Amer. 1728.

„ (Pilocereus) hermentia'nus (Hermentean).
„ hexago'nus (six-angled). 36. White. August.

Surinam. 1690.
„ hondure'nsis (Honduran). YeUow, white, 8 in. long.

Honduras. 1904. Night blooming.
„ (Piloce'reus) Hoppenste'dti (Hoppenstedt's). Mexico.

1888.

„ hu'milis (humble). S. Amer. 1827.
„ (Echincfpns) Huo'ttii (Huott's). Chili.
t. hypoga'us (underground). Purple, edged with yellow.

Chili. 1882.

„ Hy'strix (porcupine). W. Ind. 1808.
„ ine'rmis (unarmed). Venezuela.
„ insula'ris (insular). Fernando Noronha.
„ Jamaca'ru (Jamacaru). White. Brazil. 1835.
„ Jusbe'rtii (Jusbert's). Green, white. Argentina or

Paraguay. 1901.

„ labour etia'nus (Labouretian). See C. FORBESII.
„ (Echino'psis) Lagerma'nni (Lagermann's).
„ lamprochlo'rus (shining green).

„ lancea'nus (Lance's). Scarlet. May. Guiana. 1834.
„ lanugino'sus (woolly), i. White. August. W. Ind.

1690.
„ la'tifrons (broad-stemmed). See PHYLLOCACTUS

LATIFRONS.

„ leea'nus (Mr. Lee's), i. Bright red. Mexico.

„ Lemai'rii (Lemaire's). Yellow and white. June.
1854.

„ lepida'nthus (slender-flowered). Yellow-green, fire-
red. Guatemala. 1909.

„ le'piophis (slender). White, purple. Mexico. 1835.

„ leuca'nthus (white-flowered). i. White, pink.
Mendoza. 1830.

„ f.inkii (Link's). See C. AURIVILLUS.

„ h'vtdus (livid). 9. White. June. Brazil. 1868.

„ lute'scens (yellowish).

„ MacDona'tdice (Mrs. MacDonald's great ni^hl-flowering
Cereus). Yellow and white. July. Honduras. 1851.

C. macrogo'nus (large-angled).
„ ma'gnus (great). 3. White. June. St. Domingo.

1829.

„ Malliso'ni (Mallison's). Garden hybrid.
„ margina'tus (margined). Mexico.
„ martia'nus (Martius's). 2. Pink. April. Mexico.

1838.

„ mexica'nus (Mexican). Mexico.
„ Mirbe'lii (Mirbel's). See C. MARGINATUS.
„ Mcennigho'ffi. (Moennighoff's). Garden hybrid. 1905.
„ mojave'nsis (Mojavan). Reddish-scarlet. California,

1900.

„ monoclo'nos (single-branched). See C. PERUVIANUS.
„ monstro'sus (monstrous). See C. PERUVIANUS MON-

STROSUS.

„ moritzia'nus (Moritzian). Brazil.
„ Muelle'ri (Mueller's). Gardens.
„ multangula'ris (many-angled). S. Amer.
„ multiplex (multiplied). Scarlet. Brazil. 1829.
„ myosu'rus (mouse-tail). See RHIPSALIS MYOSURUS.
„ myriophy'llus (thousand-leaved). See C. STRIGOSUS.
„ Napoleo'nis (Napoleon's). 6. Green, white. W. Ind.

1834.

„ Nicke'lsii (Nickels's). Gardens.
„ ni'ger (black). 3. S. Amer. 1820.
„ nigripi'lis (black-haired). Chili.
„ no'bilis (noble). See C. HAWORTHH.
„ nycti'calus (night-blooming). Mexico.
,, obtu'sus (blunt). See C. VARIABILIS.
„ Ocampo'nis (Ocampon's). Mexico and Colombia.
„ ochroleu'cus (cream-coloured). Striped. S. Amer.

1835-

„ ociogo'nus (eight-jointed). See C. ALBISPINUS.
„ ophi'tes (snake-like). See C. GRANDIFLORUS.
„ ova' tus (egg-shaped). Chili. 1827.
„ oxygo'nus (sharp-angled). Pink. Brazil. 1829.
„ oxype'talus (sharp-petaled). See PHYLLOCACTUS

LATIFRONS.

„ paci'ficus (pacific). California.

„ panicula'tus (panicled). White, red. St. Domingo.

1827.

„ panopleea' tus (fully-armed). See C. PYCNACANTHUS.
„ paucispi'nus (few-spined). Dark red. Texas.
„ paxtonia'nus (Paxtonian). Brazil? B. M., t. 7648.
„ Pe'cten-abori'ginum (Aborigines' -comb). 20 to 30.

Purple and white. Sonora, Mexico. 1894.
„ pectina'tus (comb-like). Purple-red. Mexico. 1875.
,, „ robu'stus (robust). Rose, white. Mexico. 1890.
„ pentago'nus (five-angled). 3. White. July. S.

Amer. 1769.

„ pentalo'phus (five-crested). Rose, white. Mexico.
„ (Echino'psis) Pentla'ndii (Pentland's). Peru.
„ „ ochroeu'cus (Yellow-white.) Yellowish- white.

1897.

„ pepinia'nus (Pepinian). Bolivia.
„ perlu'cens (pellucid). Stems oil-green in colour.

Amazons. 1900.
„ peruvia'nus (Peruvian). 3. Red. August. Peru.

1728.
„ „ monstro'sus (monstrous). Red, white. S. Amer.

1816.

„ phczaca'nthus (dusky-spined). Mexico.
„ Phili'ppii (Philipp's). Yellow, red. Chili.
,, phoeni'ceus (purple). See C. AGGREGATUS.
„ Pitajay'a (Pitajaya). See C. VARIABILIS.
„ (Piloce'reus) plancheiia'nus (Planchetian). Gardens.
„ pleiogo'nus (many-angled). See ECHINOCEREUS LEE-
ANUS.

„ polyaca' nthus (many-spined). Texas.
„ polygo'nus (many-angled). 10. White. Island of

St. Domingo. 1827.
„ polylo'phus (many-crested). Mexico.
„ Posdge'ri (Poselger's). Texas.
„ Po'ttsii (Potts's). See C. GREGGII.
„ Pri'nglei (Pringle's). 26. White, tinted purple.

California and Mexico. 1889.
„ procu'mbens (procumbent). Mexico.
„ propi'nquus (related). See C. PENTALOPHUS.
„ pruino'sus (frosted). See ECHINOCACTUS PRUINOSUS.
,, pseudosonore'nsis (false-Sonoran). 8-12. Scarlet.

Mexico. (?) 1910.

„ pterogo'nus (winged-angled). Colombia. 1863.
„ (Echino'psis) Puda'ntii (Pudant's).
„ pulche'llus (pretty). White. Mexico. 1831.
„ Purpu'sii (Purpus'). Purplish, white. Mexico. 1909.

CEREUS

198

CEROPEGIA

pycnaca'nthus (dense-spined). Bolivia.

quadrangula'ris (four-angled). See C. CARIPENSIS.

Qui'sco (Quisco). Chili.

ramo'sus (branched). See C. BAXANIENSIS.

redu'ctus (reduced). See ECHINOCACTUS GIBBOSUS.

rega'lis (royal). 10. White. S. Amer.

Rege'lii (Regel's). Whitish, crimson-tipped, white.

Country unknown. 1910.

repa'ndus (waved-leaved) . 20. August. W. Ind. 1728.
, resupina'tus (lying on its back).
rigidi' ssimus (very rigid). Gardens.
ri'gidus (rigid). See C. HUMILIS.
Rceme'ri (Rcemer's). S. United States.
Rcetie'ri (Rcetter's). Texas and Arizona.
rosa'ceus (rosy). See C. NYCTICALUS.
rostra' tus (beaked). Antigua.
Roye'ni (Royen's). 2. White. S. Amer. 1728.
ru'ber (red). Flowers orange-yellow, then scarlet.

Brazil. 1905.

nisselia'nus (Russelian). Venezuela.
sargentia'nus (Sargentian). Small, pink. Lower Cali-
fornia. 1891.
saxi'colus (rock-loving). Greenish, white. Argentina.

1909.

Schee'rii (Scheer's). Mexico.
Schelha'sii (Schelhas's).
Scho'Uii (Schott's). S. United States.
(Piloce'reus) seni'lis (old-man). 20. Red. Mexico.

1823.

se'pium (of the hedges). Ecuador.
serpenti'nus (serpentine). 4. White, purple. Mexico.
seto'sus (stiff-haired). 3. Pink. August. Rio de

Janeiro. 1829.
Side'llii (Sidell's).

sonore'nsis (Sonoran). Flowers short, narrow, cinna-
bar red. Sonora, Mexico. 1901.
spachia'nus (Spachian). Mexico.
speciosi' ssimus (showiest). Crimson. July. Mexico.

1836.

specio'sus (showy). Rose. June. S. Amer. 1801.
sple'ndens (splendid).
sple'ndidus (splendid). Scarlet. September. Mexico.

1831.

stri'ctus (erect). 3. S. Amer. 1823.
strigo'sus (stiff -haired). Brown. Chili. 1815.
subrepa'ndus (sub-waved-leaved). 3. W. Ind. 1817.
Swa'rtzii (Swartz'sl. W. Ind.
te'nuis (slender). Pink. Brazil. Creeper
tephraca'nthus (grey-spined). S. Amer.
tetraca'ntha (four-spined). Rose. July. Bolivia.
tetrago'nus (four-angled). 3. White. July. S. Amer.

1810.

thlassi'nus (flattened). Venezuela.
Thurbe'ri (Thurber's). New Mexico.
(Piloce'reus) Hlo'phorus (wool-bearing). Mexico.
Ti'nei (Tine's). Brazil.
iortuo'sus (tortuous). Argentina.
triangula'ris (triangular-s/eww^). i. White. August.

W. Ind. 1590.

(Echino'psis) tri' color (three-coloured). Mexico.
tricosta'tus (three-ribbed). White. Fruit red, with

scarlet flesh. Mexico. 1907.

trigo'nus (three-angled), i. White. W. Ind. 1809.
„ costarice' 'nsis (Costarican). White, 12 in. long.

Costa Rica. 1902. " Pitahaya."
trique'ier (three-sided). 3. S. Amer. 1794.
triu'mphans (triumphant). Gardens.
trunca'tus (snipped). See EPIPHYLLUM ALTENSTEINII.
tubero'sus (tuberous). See C. POSELGERI.
(Echin'opsis) tubifto 'rus (tube-flowered). White. 1830.
tunica' tus (tunicated). See OPUNTIA TUNICATA.
Tuni'lla (Tunilla). Rose, 2$ in. long. Costa Rica.

1902.

(Echino'psis) turbina'tus (turbinate).
Twee'diei (Tweedie's). 4 to 6. Orange-scarlet.

September. Argentina. 1849.
unda'tus (waved). China. 1829.
urbania'nus (urbanian). Red-brown, tipped red,

Vanilla scented. Hayti. 1905.
va'lidus (strong). S. Amer.

varia'bilis (variable). Green, red. August. S. Amer.
(Piloce'reus) vi'rens (green). Mexico.
viridiflo'rus (green-flowered). Texas.
weingartia' nus (Weingartian). Stems bright green,

then grey. Hayti. 1904.

C. (Echino'psis) Wilke'nsii (Wilkens's). Garden hybrid.
„ Wi'ttii (Witt's). Branches flattened, leaf-like. 1900.
„ xanthoca' rpus (yellow-fruited). White-green, white.

Paraguay. 1907.
„ (Echino'psis) Zuccari'nii (Zuccarini's). B.M., t. 3627.

CERI'NTHE. Honeywort. (From keros, wax, and
anthos, a flower ; referring to its being a favourite flower
with bees. Nat. ord. Borageworts [Boraginaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Anchusa.)

Hardy annuals, except C. macula' to, . All by seeds, in
common soil. Macula' ta requires a dry soil, or its fleshy
roots decay.
C. alpi'na (alpine). Pale yellow. June. Carpathian

Mountains. 1827.
„ a'spera (rough). 2. Yellow, purple. July. S.

France. 1633.
„ gla'bra (smooth). Yellow, violet. European Alps.

1827.

„ gymna'ndra (naked anthered). See C. MAJOR.
„ macula'ta (spotted). 2. Yellow, red. July. S.

France. 1804. Perennial.

,, ma'jor (greater). 3. Yellow. July. S.France. 1596.
„ mi'nor (smaller). 2. Yellow, purple. July. Austria.

i57o.

„ reto'rla (twisted). 3. Yellow, green. July. Levant.
1825.

CEROPE'GIA. (From keros, wax, and pege, a foun-
tain ; referring to the form and waxy appearance of the
flower. Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae], Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Hoya.)

Cuttings of small side-shoots in April, in sand, under
a glass, and a little heat ; sandy loam, fibrous peat,
and a little leaf-mould and charcoal. Summer temp.,
55° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55° ; giving the East Indian
species the most heat. More curious than beautiful.

GREENHOUSE.

C. africa'na (African). 6. Yellow. July. S. Africa.

1823.

„ aphy'lla (leafless). See C. DICHOTOMA.
„ austra'lis (southern). 3. N. Holland. 1820. Ever-
green twiner.
„ Ba'rklyi (Barkly's). Green, purple-brown. May. S.

Africa. 1877.

„ Bot£>fo'rt'(Bowker's). Yellow, green. S.Africa. 1863.
„ dicho'toma (forked). 2. White. July. Canaries.

1804.

„ fu' sea (brown). Reddish-brown. Grand Canary. 1906.
„ Meye'ri (Meyer's). Pale purple, green. S. Africa.

1867.
„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Purple-green. S. Africa.

1868.

„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved).
,, radi'cans (rooting). S. Africa.
„ Renda'llii (Rendall's). Transvaal.
„ sagitta'ta (arrow-shaped). See MICROLOMA SAGITTA-

TUM.
„ Sander so' ni (Sanderson's). Light and dark green

blotched. S. Africa. 1868.

„ sinua'ta (vra.vy-edged) . See MICROLOMA LINEARE.
„ Soro'ria (Sororia). Green, purple. S. Africa. 1866.
„ staphelicefo'rmis (Staphelia-formed). 4. Purple.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1826. Evergreen

trailer.
„ torulo'sa (uneven). Yellow. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1820. Evergreen twiner.
„ Woo'dii (Wood's). Leaves netted with silvery veins.

Natal. 1897.

STOVE.

C. acumina'ta (taper- pointed). 2. Purple. July. Coro-

mandel. 1820. -Tuber.

„ barbertone'nsis(Bs.rberton). Green. Transvaal. 1909.
,, Brow'nii (Brown's). Green, white, purple. Uganda.

1909.
„ bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2. Red, green. May. E. Ind.

1821. Trailer.
,, cumingia'na (Cumingian). Brown. August. Java.

1847.

„ de'bilis (weak). Pale purple. Nyasaland. 1895.
„ decaisnea'na (Decaisnean). India.
„ discre'ta. (divided). Whitish, purple. Madras. 1909.

CEROXYLON

199

CETONIA

Green, brown. Transvaal.

C. e'legans (elegant). 20. Purple. August. E. Ind.

1828. Deciduous twiner.
„ Gardne'ri (Gardner's). White, chocolate. Ceylon.

1862.
„ gemmifera (bud-bearing). Green, brown, black,

yellow. W. Trop. Africa. 1903.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy). 20. Purple. September. Bombay.

1837.
., hy'brida (hybrid). Natural hybrid between C, similis

and C. Sandersonii.

„ ju'ncen (rushy), i. Yellow. E. Ind. 1822. Ever-
green.

„ Lu'shii (Dr. Lush's). See C. BULBOSA.
„ Monteiro'a (Mrs. Monteiro's). White and green,

spotted purple-brown. Delagoa Bay.
„ ocula'ia (round-spotted). 6. Green. Red-spotted.

September. Bombay. 1842. Deciduous twiner.
„ per fora' fa (perforated). New Guinea.
„ Renda'Uii (Kendall's).

1909.

„ si'milis (similar). White or pale green. 1906.
„ Thwai'tesii (Mr. Thwaites's). 2$. Red, yellow, green.

September. Ceylon. 1851.
„ tubero'sa ^tuberous). 8. Red, green. May. E. Ind.

1821. Tuberous perennial.
„ vincafo'lia (vinca-leaved). See C. HIRSUTA.
„ Wi'ghtii (Dr. Wight's). 20. Green, purple. August.

E. Ind. 1832. Deciduous climber.

CERO XYLON. (Derived from keros, wax, and xulon,
wood ; wax exudes from the stem. Nat. ord. Pal-
maceae.)

Stove Palms. — Seeds are occasionally imported. Should
be started in heat, and given loam and sand. When well
advanced a little manure may be added to the soil.
Seeds must be sown as soon as received, and plants grown
on in a moderate stove temperature.
C. andi'cola (Andean-native), so. Colombia. 1845.

" Wax Palm."

„ ferrugi'neum (rusty). Colombia. 1879.
„ ni'veum (snowy). See DIPLOTHEMIUM CAUDESCENS.

CESPEDFSIA. (In honour of Juan Maria Cespedes,
of Santa Fe de Bogota. Nat. ord. Ochnacea?.)

Stove trees, requiring similar treatment to Gomphia
and Ochna.
C. Bonpla'ndii (Bonpland's). Orange-yellow. Colombia.

1878.

„ dfscolor (two- coloured). Yellow. Leaves highly
coloured when young. S. Amer. 1903.

CE'STRUM. (An ancient Greek name for another
plant. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solanaceae]. Linn. $-Pen-
tandria, i-Monogynia. Includes Habrothamnus.)

Cuttings in sand, in heat, in April ; peat and loam.
Of easy culture. With the exception of tincto'rium, which
is used for dyeing, and the few others we have selected,
none are worth cultivating, being chiefly poisonous
plants of no beauty. There are several other species.
Those we have described are stove evergreen shrubs,
except where otherwise indicated. The most useful species
of this genus are C. aurantiacum, which makes a good pot
plant when strong cuttings are rooted early in the spring
and grown under cool greenhouse treatment, and C.
elegans, which may be treated as a wall plant, and keeps
up a succession of bloom almost all the year through,
and in the south of England it will live through the
winter in the open. It is better known in gardens as
Habrothamnus elegans, and there is a variety with deeper
coloured flowers known as " Newelli," which is a greater
favourite than elegans, and is supposed to be a hybrid,
but is simply an improved variety raised from seed.
C. alaternoi'dfs (alaternus-like). 6. Yellowish. March.
Trinidad. 1824.

„ anguslifo'lium (narrow-leaved). Yellow. W. Ind.
1800.

„ auranti'acum (orange-colouied-flowered). 3. Orange
Guatemala. 1842. Greenhouse.

„ Bentha'mi (Bentham's). Purple. August. Mexico.
1844.

„ bractea'tum (bracteated). Green. Brazil. 1852.

„ calyci'num (large calyxed) of Willdenow. See C.

VIRIDIFLOROM.

„ cauliflo'rum (stem-flowering). See ACNISTUS ARBORE-

SCENS.

C. corymbo'sum (corymbose) of Endlicher. See C. END-

LICHERI.

„ cya'neum (blue). See IOCHROMA TUBULOSA.
„ diu'rnum (day-flowering). White. W. Ind.
„ e'legans (elegant). 8 to 10. Rose. Summer. Mexico.

1844. Greenhouse.
„ EndlicMri (Endlicher's). 6. Rose. March. Peru.

1844. Greenhouse.
„ fascicula'tum (fascicled). 8 to 12. Red. March.

Mexico. 1843. Greenhouse.

„ fastigia'tum (erect). White. November. W. Ind.
„ fcetidi'ssimum (very foetid). See C. NOCTURNUM.
„ Hartwe'gi (Hartweg's). 8. Crimson. Mexico.

Greenhouse.
„ „ pube'scens (downy). Crimson. Very downy.

1883. Greenhouse.
„ Huge'lii (Hugel's). See C. ELEGANS.
„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 6. White. June. Trini-
dad. 1818.
„ laurifo'lium (Laurel-leaved). Yellow. Autumn and

Winter. S. Amer.
„ nervo'sum (nerved). See TABERN^MONTANA AMYGDA-

L^EFOLIA.
„ Newe'llii (Newell's). 8 to 10. Bright crimson.

Greenhouse.

„ noctu'rnum (night-flowering). S. Amer.
„ odontospe'rmum( toothed-seeded). White. September.

S. Amer.
„ Pa'rqui (Parque's). Yellowish. June. Trop. Amer.

1787.

„ penduli'num (pendulous). White. December. Col-
ombia.
„ ro'seum (rose-coloured). 3. Rose. July. Mexico.

1839.

„ salicif o'lium( willow-leaved). Pale yellow. Venezuela.
„ Scho'ttii (Schott's). Brazil.
„ Smi'thii (Smith's). Silvery pink. Garden hybrid.

1901.

„ subero'sum (cork-barked). 5. Sulphur. June. 1815.
„ tincto'rium (dyeing). 4. White. May. Caraccas.

1823.
„ vesper ti'num (evening-flowering). White. Winter.

W. Ind.
„ viridiflo'rum (green-flowered). Yellow-green. Brazil.

1836.
„ Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). Orange and yellow.

November. S. Amer. 1852.

CE'TERACH OFFICINA'RUM. See ASPLENIUM CETK-
RACH.

CEIO'NIA AURA'TA. Golden Rose-Beetle. This in-
sect is the Scarabceus auratus of some naturalists. The
grub is of a dirty-white colour, and the tail-end thicker
and more highly glazed than the remainder of its body.
It is usually found in decayed wood ; but, being occa-
sionally discovered in the nest of the ant, underground,
where it seems to feed upon the bits of wood of which
the nest is composed, it thence has the popular name of
" King of the Ants." After remaining about three years
in the larva state, it makes a sort of cocoon of chips of
wood, glued together by an excretion of its own. In
this it passes the winter, and in June following emerges
in the perfect form. The Rose Beetle flies well, with a
considerable humming noise, during the hottest part of
the day, passing from flower to flower, preferring, but
not exclusively, our roses. It robs them of their honey ;
but not content with this, devours, occasionally, their
nectaries, and the lowermost, juicy portion of the petals.
The perfect insect is, therefore, the harmful stage of
this enemy. The beetle is of a shining green-
colour above, and the wing-sheaths dotted with white.
Beneath, the body and head are coppery-red. — The
Cottage Gardener, iii. 341.

This beetle is most severely felt by the gardener when
it attacks the blossoms of his strawberries, which it
does in May or J une ; but it also attacks the whitethorn,
candytuft, elder, mountain-ash, and paeony, the flowers
of which it feeds upon. The female rose-chafers often
lay their eggs in the ground ; and the larvae they produce
are no doubt often confounded with those of the cock-
chafer (Melolontha vulgaris), being as large, and very
similar.

The beetle is of large size and easily caught in the
early morning while resting upon various bushes. Later
on, especially on bright days, it is more active and less

CHABR^EA

200

CHAM^EDOREA

easily caught, as it flies very swiftly. The larva, being
of large size and conspicuous, may be gathered by hand
while digging, or fowls may be turned on the ground
while being dug.

CHABRJE'A RUNCINA'TA. See LEUCERIA RUN-

CINATA.

CHACO or CHOCO. See SECHIUM EDULE.

CH3£NA'CTIS. (Derived from chaino, to gape, and
aktin, a ray. Nat. ord. Composite.)

A small genus of herbs of varying durability, the
annuals being of easy cultivation in the open air in
ordinary garden soil. Seeds for the annuals.
C. tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved), i. Yellow. California.

CRffiNA'NTHE BARKE'RI. See DIADENIUM BARKERI.
CRffiNE'STHES LANCEOLA'TA. See IOCHROMA LAN-

CEOLATA.

CH.3SNOME LES. See CYDONIA JAPONICA.

CHZENO'STOMA. (From chaino, to gape, and stoma,
a mouth ; in reference to the wide opening of the
tube, or bottom part of the flower. Nat. ord. Fig-
worts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angio-
spermia.)

All natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds sown in
March, in a hot-bed, and transplanted to the flower-
garden hi May ; and cuttings taken off in August and
September, and potted in a greenhouse or cold pit, to be
transplanted the following season.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.

C. fce'tidum (foetid). i£. White. June. 1794.
„ villo'sum (long-haired). See POLYCARENA CAPENSIS.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

C. corda'tum (heart-shaped-leaved), ij. White. June.
1816.

„ fastigia'tum (erect). White. July.

„ hi'spidum (bristly), i. White. July. 1816.

„ linifo'lium (flax-leaved), i. White, yellow. Novem-
ber.

„ polya'nthum (many-flowered). J. Lilac, yellow.
June. 1844.

CHffiTANTHE'RA. (From chaite, a bristle, and anther a,
an anther, or pollen-bag ; the anthers being furnished
with tufts of bristly hairs. Nat. ord. Composites [Com-
posite?]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superfiua. Allied to
Mutisia.)

All natives of Chili, and half-hardy herbaceous peren-
nials, except two species. Division of the roots, in March
or April. C. linea'ris by seed. Peat and loam. Pro-
tection of greenhouse or cold pit in winter.
C. chile'nsis (Chilian), i. Yellow. July. 1827. Annual.

„ cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. July. 1822.

„ linea'ris (narrow-leaved). Yellow. July. 1837.
Annual.

„ serra'ta (saw-leaved). See C. CHILENSIS.

„ tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). Yellow. July. 1827.

CH^TO CALYX. (From chaite, a bristle, and kalux,
a flower-envelope ; in reference to the calyx being fur-
nished with bristles. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosae]. Linn. i7-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria. Allied
to Hedysarum.)

Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of ripe shoots in
heat. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 45° to 55°.

C. vincenti'na (St. Vincent's). 6. Yellow. June. St.
Vincent. 1823.

CH-BSTOGA'STRA. (From chaite, a bristle, and
gastron, a cavity ; referring to the cavities between the
apex of the ovary and the bottom of the calyx being
furnished with hairy scales. Nat. ord. Melastomads
[Melastomaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Now
referred to Tibouchina.)

C. gra'cilis (slender). See TIBOUCHINA GRACILIS.
„ lanceola'ta (spear-head-leaved). See TIBOUCHINA

LONGIFOLIA.

„ lindenia'na (Lindenian). See TIBOUCHINA GROSSA.
„ strtgo'sa (short- bristled). See TIBOUCHINA ORNATA.

CHAFF-FLOWER. Alternanthe'ra achyra'ntha.

CHALK. Carbonate of lime contains, when pure,
carbonic acid, 45 ; lime, 55 ; but, as it usually occurs,
it contains about 24 per cent, of water, and 5 per cent,
of silica (flint), alumina (clay), and oxide (rust) of iron.
After these deductions, it will be apparent, that if fifty
tons of lime be applied to land, it will be equal to more
than one hundred of chalk — a subject worthy of con-
sideration, when it has to be conveyed from afar. Chalk
is usually employed in large quantities, to improve the
staple of a soil. It makes heavy soils less retentive of
moisture, and light, sandy soils more retentive. On
wet, sour lands it neutralises the acids which render
them unproductive. Some chalks contain phosphate of
lime ; and this being a constituent of all plants, such
chalk is to be preferred. Some contain a large propor-
tion of carbonate of magnesia, which is less beneficial.
Chalk has also been shown, by Mr. Beaton, to be of great
value in forming the best of walks. See CONCRETE WALKS.

, CHAMJEBATIA. (Derived from chamai, dwarf, and
batos, a bramble ; in allusion to its dwarf habit, and the
white bramble-like flowers. Nat. ord. Rosaceaa.)

A half-hardy, evergreen shrub, that may be grown in
a cold pit, frame, or greenhouse. Cuttings in sand under
a bell-glass hi a greenhouse. Sandy loam and peat.
C. foliolo'sa(lea&eted). 2 to 3. White. California. 1859.

CHAM/ECI STUS. See RHODODENDRON CHAM^CISTUS.

CHAKflECLA'DON. (Derived from chamai, dwarf, and
klados, a branch. Nat. ord. Araceae.)

Stove evergreens requiring similar treatment to
Anthurium.
C. meta'llicum (metallic). Leaves bronzy green, but red

beneath. Borneo. 1884.

„ ru'bens (red). Leaves olive green above, purple be-
neath. Borneo. 1881.

CHAOLECY'PARIS. White Cedars. See CUPRESSUS.

CHAM-ZEDO'REA. (From chamai, dwarf, and dorea,
a gift ; referring to the nuts of this palm being easily
reached. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn. 22-
Dicecia, 6-Hexandria. Allied to Areca.)

Stove Palms. Seeds, when obtainable ; freely, by
suckers from the roots. Rich, sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
C. amazo'nica (Amazon). Brazil.

„ arenbergia'na (Arenbergian). 5. Straw-colour. Gua-
temala. 1879.

„ bambusoi'des (Bambusa-like). Honduras. 1908.

„ co'ncolor (one-coloured). Mexico.

„ coralli'na (coral). Venezuela.

„ desmoncoi' des (Desmonca-like). Mexico.

„ ebu'rnea (ivory-white). Leaves green with ivory-
white midribs. Colombia. 1877.

„ ela'tior (taller). 12. Mexico. 1843.

„ e'legans (elegant). 3^. Scarlet. February. Mexico.

„ eleganti' ssima (most elegant). Mexico.

„ Erne'sti- A ugu'sti (Ernest Augustus's). Orange. New
Grenada.

„ formo'sa (beautiful). Leaves pinnate. Colombia.
1876.

„ fra'grans (sweet-scented). 8. White. Trinidad.
1820.

„ geonomafo' rmis (Geonoma-formed). Guatemala.

„ glaucifo'lia (glaucus- leaved). 12. Colombia. 1881.

„ gra'cilis (slender). 10. White, green. Caraccas.
1803.

„ graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). Costa Rica.

„ grati' 'ssima (most pleasing). Leaves like C. Verschaf-
felti. 1896.

„ Hartwe'gii (Hartweg'sj. See C. SARTORII.

„ karwinskia'na (Karwinskian). See C. ELATIOR.

„ la'tifrons (broad- leaved). See C. ARENBERGIANA.

„ lindenia'na (Lindenian). 10. Colombia. 1846.

,, martia'na (Martian). Mexico.

,, mexica'na (Mexican). See C. SARTORII.

„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). Panama.

„ oblonga'ta (oblong). Brazil.

,, poli'ta (polished). Leaves of five leaflets. Mexico.
1884.

,, Pri'nglei (Pringle's). Mexico.

„ pulche'lla (pretty). Leaflets numerous, linear. 1885.

„ pygmce'a (dwarf). Colombia.

CHAMBFISTULA

\

201

CHAR^EAS

C. Rui'zii (Ruiz's). Peru.
„ Sarto'rii (Sartor's). Mexico.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). Mexico. 1846.
„ schiedea'na (Schiedean). Mexico. 1834.
„ stoloni'fera (stolon-bearing). 3. Yellow. S. Mexico.
„ tene'lla (slender). Mexico.

„ Tepejilo'U (Tepejilote). 10. Yellow. Mexico. 1873.
„ Wendla'ndii (Wendland's). Mexico.
„ wobstia'na (Wobstian). 4. Yellow. 1885.

CEAJSJEFI STULA. Same as CA'SSIA.

CHAMELAU CIUM. (From chamaileuke, a dwarf,
white poplar ; because its heathy stems are miniatures
of that tree. Nat. ord. Fringe-myrtles [Myrtaceae].
Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

This is the head of a small order of beautiful little
greenhouse bushes, natives of New Holland, generally
with the aspect of Heaths, having their flowers gathered
into heads, and the flower-envelopes ending in awns,
fringes, or bristles, which give them the appearance of
Composites. A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings
of the points of shoots, or side-shoots, when getting firm,
in sand, under glass ; one part fibrous peat, and two of
sandy, lumpy loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter,
35° to 45°.

C. cilia'tum (hair-fringed), s. White. May. N. Hol-
land. 1825.
„ plumo'sum (feathery). See VERTICORDIA FONTANESII.

CHAMSXE-DON PROCU'MBENS. See LOISELEURIA

PROCUMBENS.

CHAMSU'RIUM. (From chamai, dwarf, and lirion,
a lily. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

A small, and very pretty herb, suitable for peaty soil
in the rock-garden. Seeds and divisions.
C. carolinia'num (Carolinian;. £ to i. White. N. Amer.

CHA5LELUM. See CHAME'LUM.

CHAMJENE'RIUM. See EPILOBIUM.

CHAM-EPEU'CE. See CNICUS.

CHAMJERA'NTHEMUM. (From chamai, dwarf, and
anthemon, a flower. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Dwarf, evergreen stove plants with fine foliage.
Cuttings in sand in a close case with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
C, arge'nteum (silvery). Leaves with silvery veins. New

Britain.
„ Beyri'chii (Beyrich's). White. Leaves striped with

white. Brazil. 1866.

„ Gandichau'dii (Gaudichaud's). Brazil. 1869.
„ i'gneum (fiery). Yellow. Leaves red-veined. Peru.

1868.

„ ni'tidum (shining). See EBERMAIERA NITIDA.
„ pi'ctum (painted). Leaves edged orange, with silvery
blotch in the centre. Brazil. 1878.

CHAMflSRHO'DOS. (From chamai, dwarf, and rodon,
a rose ; in reference to the appearance of the plants.
Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria,
S-Pentagynia. Allied to Rubus.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials ; chiefly by seeds ; sandy
loam, and a dry, elevated position.
C. ere' eta (erect), i. Pink. July. Siberia. 1806.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. June. Dahuria.

1828.

„ poly'gyna (many-pistiled). Yellow. June. Siberia.
1824.

CHAM2TROPS. (From chamai, dwarf, and rhops, a
twig. A comparative name, making the Fan-palm of
the south of Europe a low twig in comparison to the
huge, gigantic Palms of the tropics. Nat. ord. Palms
[Palmaceae]. Linn. 2j,-Polygamia, z-Dicecia.)

Seeds, imported ; suckers, which are freely produced,
with the exception of C. gra'cilis and guianefnsis. The
others will flourish in a greenhouse ; and their leaves
render them striking objects. In Edinburgh the hu'milis
stood out several winters, with but a slight protection ;
rich, loamy soil. Summer temp., 50° to 80° • winter,
35° to 45*.
C. acau'lis (stemless). See SABAL ADANSONII.

„ bilamina'ta (two-bladed). See C. HUMILIS BILAMINATA.

„ Biroo' (Biroo). See LIVISTONA ROTUNOIFOLIA.

C. exce'lsa (tall). See TRACHYCARPUS EXCELSUS.

„ Fortu'nei (Fortune's). See TRACHYCARPUS EXCELSUS.

„ gra'cilis (slender). 10. Green, white. S. Amer. 1822.
Stove.

„ Griffi' thii (Griffith's). See TRACHYCARPUS KHASYANUS.

„ guiane'nsis (Guiana). 20. Green, white. Guiana.
1824. Stove.

„ hu'milis (low). 10. Green, white. March. South of
Europe. 1731.

„ „ bilamina'ta (two-bladed).

„ „ dactyloca'rpa (finger-fruited). Fronds longer.
1889.

„ „ macroca'rpa (large-fruited).

„ „ tomento'sa (felted).

„ Hy'strix (porcupine). See RHAPIDOPHYLLUM HYS-
TRIX.

„ khasya'na (Khasyan). See TRACHYCARPUS KHASY-
ANUS.

„ martia'na (Martian). See TRACHYCARPUS MARTIANUS.

„ Palme'tto (Palmetto). See SABAL PALMETTO.

„ ritchiea'na(Ritchiesin). See NANNORHOPS RITCHIEANA.

„ serrula'ta (saw-leaved). See BRAHEA SERRULATA.

„ stauraca'ntha (cross-spined). See ACANTHORHIZA

ACULEATA.

CHAMXSCI'LLA. (From chamai, dwarf, and Scilla,
a Squill ; in reference to the appearance of the plant.
Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

A hardy, herbaceous plant suitable for the rockery.
Ordinary garden soil. Divisions and seeds.
C. corymbo'sa (corymbose). Blue. Australia.

CHAME'LUM. (Derived from chamai, dwarf, and
melon, an apple. Nat. ord. Iridaceas.)

Half-hardy, perennial herb. Divisions and seed.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
C. lu'teum (yellow). Yellow. Andes of Chili. 1883.

CHAMISSO'A. (Named after M . Camisso, a botanist.
Nat. ord. Amarants [Amarantaceae]. Linn. $-Pentan-
dria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of ripe shoots in
heat, under a bell-glass ; fibrous, sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. alti'ssima( tallest). 5. Yellow. July. S.Amer. 1816.
„ dicho'toma (forked). See ALLMANIA NODIFLORA.
„ nodifto'ra (knotted flowered). See ALLMANIA NODI-
FLORA.
» Pyramida'lis (pyramidal). See ALLMANIA ALBIDA.

CHAMO RCHIS ALPI'NA. See HERMINIUM ALPINUM.

CHAPTALIA. (Named after M. Chaptal, a French
chemist. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, 4-Necessaria. Allied to Cussonia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial ; division of the roots ;
light, sandy soil.

C. tomento'sa (woolly). J. White. May. N. Amer.
1806.

CHARtfl'AS GRA'MDTCS. The Antler Moth. We have
seen enough to render us quite ready to assent to Mr.
Kirby's observation, that it is " the greatest enemy of
our pastures." Fortunately, it is of rare occurrence in
this country. It is the Char&as and Bombyx graminis of
some entomologists. This moth, measuring about i J in.
across the fore-wings, is generally altogether of a
grey-brown colour, with a slender, whitish line running
from the base of the fore-wing along its centre vein, and
following along its branches. Another whitish line runs
along near each edge of the fore-wing ; near the point
of the wing is a row of triangular, dark spots. There are
also two dark, kidney-shaped spots near the front edge.
The hind-wings are yellowish-brown, with a dark circular
spot in the centre of each, and various dusky bars. The
caterpillar is green, with brown spots, and smooth. In
the few instances it has been found in this country it
appeared in June. Mr. Kirby says : " It is said not to
touch the foxtail grass. In the years 1740-41-42-48-49,
they multiplied so prodigiously, and committed such
ravages, in many provinces of Sweden, that the meadows
became white and dry, as if a fire had passed over them.
In 1759, and again in 1802, the high sheep-farms in
Tweeddale were dreadfully infested with a caterpillar,
which was probably the larva of this moth. Spots a mile
square were totally covered with them, and the grass
devoured to the root." — The Cottage Gardener, v. i.

CHARCOAL

202

CHEIMATOBIA

In 1894, several of the southern counties of Scotland
got ravaged by the caterpillars of this moth. Cold and
heavy showers of rain are the most effective means of
destroying the caterpillars, and when they come into the
garden or pleasure-ground destroying the grass, repeated
soakings of cold water would serve to destroy them, as
the wetting of their food causes violent purging. Rooks
and starlings should be encouraged, and fowls might be
allowed to forage for a time on the grass, as they would
devour large numbers of the caterpillars and thereby
reduce the pest.

CHARCOAL. Soot, a chief constituent of which is
charcoal, has long been known as a very effective fer-
tiliser ; and burning has still longer been known as a
mode of reducing stubborn soils to prompt productive-
ness. But both these sources of fertility might owe
their efficiency to other causes than their affording
carbon to plants ; and, comparatively, it is only lately
that anything like a general knowledge has been diffused
that mere charcoal is a good manure. Charcoal is a
most efficient manure to all cultivated plants, especially
to those under glass. Heaths, rhododendrons, cucumbers,
onions, roses, orchidaceous plants, hydrangeas, camellias,
melons, and pineapples, have been the subjects of ex-
tensive and most successful experiments. We think no
cultivated plant would be unbenefited by having charcoal
applied to the soil in which it is rooted. It should be
broken into small pieces, about the size of a nut, and,
for potted plants, may be mixed in the proportions of
one part charcoal to twenty parts earth. If applied to
the open ground, one-fourth of a bushel may be sown
over a square rod or perch, and dug in just before insert-
ing the crop. The reason of charcoal being so useful as
a manure is very apparent. MM. Sennebier, Ruckert,
Saussure, and others, have demonstrated that plants are
rendered much more luxuriant and productive by having
carbonic acid applied to their roots, than other plants
to whose roots no such application was made. Now,
charcoal kept moist, as when buried in the soil, slowly
combines with oyxgen, and emits carbonic acid ; in fact,
it slowly dissolves. We do not agree with Liebig, who
broadly asserts that " carbon never combines, at common
temperatures, with oxygen, so as to form carbonic acid."
This was long since shown to be otherwise by Count
Rumford, and may easily be demonstrated to be in-
correct, by confining a few ounces of fresh and moistened
charcoal-powder, mixed with earth, in a glass receiver
full of oxygen, over lime-water : carbonate of lims will
form, showing the gradual evolution of carbonic acid.
For draining, pieces of charcoal, about the size of filberts
and walnuts, are among the best that can be employed.

CHARD. See ARTICHOKE.

CHARDINIA. (Named after Jean Chardin, a
traveller in Persia. Nat. ord. Composite.)

A hardy annual that may be sown in the open garden
in April.

C. xeranthemoi'des (Xeranthemum-like). i. White.
July. Asia Minor.

CHARDOON. See CARDOON.

CHA'RIEIS. (From charieis, elegant. Nat. ord.
Compositae.)

Hardy annual. Seeds may be sown in the open
garden in April or in a gentle heat in March and planted
out after being hardened off.

C. heterophy'lla (various-leaved), i. Blue. June. S.

Africa. 1819.
„ „ atrocaru'lea (dark blue). Rich dark blue.

CHARLES'S SCEPTRE. Pedicula'ris Scc'ptrum-Caro-
li'num.

CHARLOCK. Bra'ssica Sinapi' strum. A troublesome
weed.

CHARLWOO'DIA. New Holland Dragon-tree. Now
referred to Cordyline.

CHA SCANUM CUNEIFO'LIUM. See BOUCHEA CUNEI-

FOLIA.

CHEESE-RENNET. Ga'lium ve'rum.

CHEILA'NTHES. (From cheilos, a lip, and anthos, a
flower ; in reference to the form of the seed-organs.
Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-
Filices. Allied to Adiantum.)

Division of the roots, just when commencing to grow,
or from spores (see FERNS). Peat and loam. Summer
temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.

HARDY.

C. fr a' grans (fragrant). Brown. June. S.Europe. 1819.
„ gra'cilis (slender). See C. LANUGINOSA.
„ lanugino'sa (woolly). Brown. August. N. Amer.

1812.

„ odo'ra (sweet-smelling). See C. FRAGRANS.
„ vesti'ta (clothed). See C. LANUGINOSA.

GREENHOUSE.

C. arge'ntea (silvery). Siberia.
„ calif o'rnica (Californian). Fronds four times divided.

California. 1882.
„ cauda'ta (tailed), j. Brown. June. N. Holland.

1824.
„ hi'rta (hairy). J. Brown. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1806.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved), i. Brown. August.

W. Ind.

„ mysure'nsis (Mysore). Japan. 1862.
„ pteroi'des (pteris-like). J. Brown. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1775.

„ suave' olens (sweet-scented). See C. FRAGRANS.
„ tomento'sa (felted), ij. N. Carolina to Mexico. 1841.

STOVE.

C. alabame'nsis (Alabaman). £. United States.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), i. Brown. Mexico.

1831.

„ br achy' pus (short-stalked). J. Mexico.
„ chlorophy'lla (green- leaved). Fronds thrice divided.

Brazil. 1884.

„ crenula'ta (scolloped), i. Brown. 1824.
„ cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). See C. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
„ dicksonioi' des (Dicksonia-like). 4. Brown. August.
,, farino'sa (mealy). Brown, yellow. Isle of Luzon,
„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). \. Brown. June. 1816.
„ fra'gilis (fragile). Moulmein.
„ fri'gida (frigid). i£. Trop. Amer.
„ glau'ca (sea-green). Chili.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). Fronds scaly beneath. Chili. 1871.
„ lendi'gera (maggot-bearing) . \. Brown. June. New

Spain.
„ micro'mera (parted-small). See C. MICROPHYLLA

MICROMERA.

„ microphy'lla (small-leaved) . Trop. Amer. and W. Ind.

„ ,, micro'mera (parted-small). Mexico.

„ micro 'pteris (small- winged). £. Brown. September.

1838.

„ multi'fida (multifid). S. Africa.

„ myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved), i. Trop. Amer. 1841.
„ „ e'legans (elegant). i£. Trop. Amer.
„ preissia'na (Preissian). See C. SIEBERI.

, profu'sa (dangling), i. Brown. September.

, pulvera'cea (dusty). See NOTHOCHL^ENA SULPHUREA.

, re'pens (creeping), i. Brown. July. W. Ind. 1824.

, ru'fa (reddish-brown). J. Reddish-brown. Mexico.

, rufe'scens (brownish-red). 4. Brown. September.

1838.

„ Siebe'ri (Sieber's). i. Australia.
„ sinuo'sa( wavy-edged), i. Brown. August. W. Ind.
„ specta'bilis (showy). ij. Brown. September.

Brazil. 1829.
,, tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). Brown. September.

Ceylon.
„ visco'sa (clammy). Brown. Mexico. 1841.

CHEIMATOBIA BRUMATA. Winter Moth. This is
the cause of more destruction to our fruit and other trees
than almost any other insect ; for no weather is suffi-
ciently severe to injure either them or their eggs ; and
the caterpillars, in the early spring, will feed upon the
opening buds and leaves of almost every kind of tree.
The females, being without wings, may be prevented
ascending our standard fruit-trees by grease-banding ; but
this must be renewed, as it dries, every two or three days.
The male moths begin to fly about just after sunset

CHEIRANTHERA

203

CHELONE

during November, and until the end of January. Their
upper wings, when opened, measure across about one
inch and a quarter ; but, during the day, they look
much smaller, for they fold them so as to form a tri-
angle, and have their feelers or horns (antenna?) turned
back over them. Those wings are pale grey, marked
with various darker-waved lines. The under-wings are
greyish-white, often having a notched line crossing their
centre. The body, delicate and tapering, is yellowish-
grey. The female crawls to the top of a tree, and de-
posits her very small, oval eggs upon the blossom and
leaf-buds, as well as upon the shoots. She will lay
from 200 to 300 eggs. The caterpillars and the buds
come to life together. At first they are grey, and
scarcely thicker than a horsehair ; but they cast their
skins, a"nd finally become the green-looper, of a yellowish-
green colour, shining, and with a blue line down the
back. On their sides are two yellowish-white lines.
The apple-buds are their favourite food ; but they de-
stroy, without difficulty, the leaves of the hawthorn,
lime, hazel, rose, elm, willow, and hornbean. — (The
Cottage Gardener, i. 53.) The caterpillar descends into
the earth, and becomes a chrysalis about the end of May.

CHEIR ANTHE'RA. (From cheir, the hand, and
antheros, flowery. Nat. ord. Pittosporaceae.)

Greenhouse shrubs requiring similar treatment to
Pittosporum.

C. linea'ris (linear). Blue. November. Australia. 1822.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Purple. W. Australia.
Twiner.

CHEIRA'NTHUS. Wallflower. (From cheir, the
hand, and anthos, a flower ; in reference to the custom
of carrying the wallflower in the hand for a nosegay.
Nat. ord. Crucifers [Crucifera?]. Linn. i$-Tetr adynamia.)
Half-hardy evergreen under-shrubs, except where
otherwise specified. Seeds and cuttings under a hand-
light, in May or June, of particular varieties, and double-
flowering especially. Most of the finer kinds will like
the protection of a pit in winter, and may be employed
for early blooming in the greenhouse. When left out of
doors, a protection of a few evergreen boughs should be
given them ; herbaceous kinds by division. A light,
rich, sandy soil suits them best ; but even the tenderer
species survive the winter on rock-work.
C. Allio'nii (Allioni's). I. Orange. Gardens.
„ alpi'nus (alpine). J. Yellow. May. Scandinavia.

1810.

„ arbo'reus (tree). 3. Yellow. May. Egypt. 1827.
„ a'sper (rough). Yellow. June. N.W. Amer. 1826.

Hardy herbaceous perennial.
„ capita 'tus (round-headed). See C. ASPER.
„ Chei'ri (Cheiri. Common Wallflower). 2. Pale

yellow. May. S. Europe. 1573.
„ „ ferrugi'neus (rusty-flowered). 2. Brown. May.

S. Europe. 1573.
„ „ flave'scens (yellowish). 2. Yellow. May. S.

Europe. 1573.

»t » flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. Yellow. May.
„ „ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. May.
S. Europe. 1573.

B,, hezma'nthus (douW^-bloody-flowered). 2. Crim-
son. May. S. Europe. 1573.
„ hama'nthus-variega'tus (variegated-bloody). 2.
Crimson. June. S. Europe.
„ „ ma'ximus (largest). 2. Yellow. May. S. Europe.

1573.

„ pa'tulus (double-spreading). 2. Yellow. May.
S. Europe. 1573.

„ purpu'reus (purple- flowered). 2. Purple. June.
S. Europe.

„ purpu' reus-variega' tus (variegated-purple). 2.
Purple. June. S. Europe.

„ sangui'neus (bloody). 2. Dark brown. May.
„ serra'tus (saw-edged- flowered) . 2. Yellow. May.
S. Europe. 1573.
,, thyrsofdes (tbyrse-flowered). a.
S. Europe. 1573.

„ vo'rius (various-coloured). 2. Variegated.
S. Europe. 1573.

fi'rmus (firm). See ERYSIMUM VIRGATUM.
„ fruticulo'sus (small-shrubby). See C. CHEIRI.
„ kewe'nsis (Kew). Yellow, buff, purple. Secondary
hybrid between C. Cheiri and C. mutobtiis. 1904.

Blood. May.
May.

C. linifo'lius (flax-leaved). See ERYSIMUM LINIFOLIOM.
„ Marsha' llii (Marshall's), ij. Orange. June. Sup-
posed garden hybrid. 1850.
„ Menzie'sii (Menzie's). N.W. Amer.
„ muta'bilis (changeable). 3. Yellow, purple. April.

Madeira. 1777.
„ „ longifo'lius (long-leaved). 3. White, purple.

September. Madeira. 1815.

„ ochroleu'cus (pale yellow). }. Pale yellow. April.

Switzerland. 1822. Hardy herbaceous perennial.

„ scopa'rius (broom). 3. White, purple. June. Tene-

riffe. 1812.
„ ,, tentgino'sus (rusty). 3. Rusty. June. Teneriffe.

1812.
„ „ Chamee'leo (Chamaeleon). 3. Yellow, purple.

June. Teneriffe. 1812.
„ semperflo'rens (ever-blooming). 2. White. Barbary.

1815.
,, „ frute'scens (shrubby). 2. White. May. Teneriffe.

1815.
„ tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.

Madeira. 1777.

CHEIROSTETMON. Hand-plant. (From cheir, the
hand, and stemon, a stamen ; in reference to the forma-
tion of the stamens and style. They issue in a central
column, bearing five curved anthers and a curved style
in the middle, having much resemblance to a hand with
long claws. Nat. ord. Sterculiads [Sterculiaceas]. Linn.
i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria.)

Stove tree. Cuttings of rather firm shoots in sandy
peat, under a glass, and in bottom-heat. Sandy loam
and fibrous peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; whiter,
48° to 55°.
C. platanoi'des (plane-tree-like). 30. Mexico. 1820.

CHEIRO'STYLIS. (Derived from cheir, the hand, and
stu'los, a style. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)
Warm stove Orchids for pot culture.
C. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Pink, white. New

Guinea. 1861.

„ marmora'ta (marbled). See DOSSINIA MARMORATA.
„ monta'na (mountain). Java. 1861.
„ parvifo'lia (small-leaved). White. September.

Ceylon. 1839.

CHELIDO'NIUM. Celandine. (From chelidon, a
swallow ; alluding to the flowers opening on the arrival
of that bird, and to the plant drying up on its departure.
Nat. ord. Poppyworts [Papaveraceae]. Linn. i$-Poly-
andria, i-Monogynia.)

The yellow juice of the common Celandine (C. ma' jus)
is said to be a violent acrid poison, and a popular remedy
for warts. Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division.
Common garden-soil.

C. franchetia'num (Franchetian). i. Yellow. China.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). See C. MAJUS GRANDI-

FLORUM.
„ lacinia'tum (jagged-leaved). See C. MAJUS LACINIA-

TUM.

„ lepto'podum (slender-stalked). Yellow. China. 1898.
„ ma'jus (greater). 2. Yellow. May. Europe.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (large-double-flowered). 2. Yellow.

September. Gardens.
„ „ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered).
„ „ lacinia'tum( jagged-leaved). Leaves much divided.

CHELO'NE. ( From chehne, a tortoise ; the back of
the helmet of the flower being fancifully compared to a
tortoise. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn.
n-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Pentstemon.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise
specified. Division of the roots, and cuttings of the
young shoots under a hand-glass, in April or May ; also
by seeds. Sandy loam, and if a little leaf-mould is
added, all the better.
C. atropurpu'rea (dark purple). See PENTSTEMON CAM-

PANULATUS.

,, barba'ta (bearded). See PENTSTEMON BARBATUS.
„ campanuloi'des (Campanula-like). See PENTSTEMON

CAMPANULATUS.

„ centranthifo'lia (centranthus-leaved). See PENTSTE-
MON CENTRANTHIFOLIUS.

„ cheilanthifo'lia (Cheilanthus-leaved). See PENTSTE-
MON CENTRANTHIFOLIUS.

„ Digita'lis (Digitalis). See PENTSTEMON I^EVIGATUS.

CHELONOPSIS

204

CHILODIA

C. gentianoi' des (Gentian- like). See PENTSTEMON GEN-

TIANOIDES.

„ gla'bra (smooth). 4. White. August. N. Amer.

1730.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). See PEMTSTEMON PUBESCENS.
„ Lyo'ni (Lyon's). 4. Purple. August. N. Amer.

1812.

„ mexica'na (Mexican). Scarlet. Mexico. 1842.
„ nemoro'sa (grove). 2. Purple. July and August.

N. Amer. 1827.
s, obli'qua (oblique). 2. Purple. August. N. Amer.

1752.
„ Pentste'mon (Pentstemon). See PENTSTEMON L.SVI-

GATUS.

„ purpu'rea (purple). See C. OBLIQUA.

„ ro'sea (rosy). See PENTSTEMON CAMPANULATUS.

„ ruellioi'des(Rue\lia-like). See PENTSTEMON BARBATUS.

„ specio'sa (showy). 3. Red. August. N. Amer.

CHELONOPSIS. (From Chelone, and opsis, resem-
blance ; the plant resembles a Chelone. Nat. ord.
Labiatae.)

A hardy perennial herb. Seeds and divisions. Ordi-
nary soil.

C. moscha'ta (musky). Pale yellow and rose purple.
China and Japan. 1901.

CHENOLE'A. (From chen, a goose, and leia, prey ;
in reference to the plant being eaten by those birds.
Nat. ord. Chenopods [Chenopodiaceae]. Linn. 5-Penlan-
dria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots
under a glass, in sandy loam. Summer temp., 55° to
80° ; winter, 35° to 45°.

C. diffu'sa (spreading), i. Green. August. Cape of
Good Hope. 1758.

CHENOPO'DIUM. (Derived from chen, a goose, and
pous, a foot ; in reference to the shape of the leaves.
Nat. ord. Chenopodiaceae.)

Hardy annuals or perennials that will grow in any
ordinary soil. Seeds, and the perennial by division.
C. Bo'nus-Henri'cus, or Good King Henry, is more or less
eaten in the same way as Spinach.

C. amara'nticolor (Amarantus-coloured). 8. Young

leaves with amaranth-red powder. S. France (?)

1908.
„ Bo'nus-Henri'cus (Good-Henry), ij. Green. Britain.

Perennial.
„ nitraria! ceum (Nitraria-like). 2 to 4. Green. N. and

W. Australia. 1904. Shrubby.
„ purpura' scens (purplish). 3. Purple-red. Stem and

bracts purple. China.

CHERIMOYER. See ANONA CHERIMOLIA.
CHE'RMES. See INSECT PESTS.
CHERRY. See CE'RASUS.
CHERRY PEPPER. Ca'psicum cerasifo'rme.

CHERRY LAUREL. The common Laurel, Ce'rasus
Lau'ro-ce'rasus.

CHERRY PLUM. See PRUNUS CERASIFERA.

CHERVIL. Parsley-leaved. Anthri'scus Cerefo'lium.
Fern-leaved Chervil, or Sweet Cicely, Cheer ophy' Hum
aroma' ticum, for soups, salads, &c. They are not often
found in the kitchen-garden. Bulbous-rooted Chervil
is Chcerophy'llum bulbo'sum, a native of S. Europe and
Asia Minor. It is a biennial with a root about the size
of an Early Horn Carrot, and the flavour of the Parsley-
leaved Chervil.

Soil and Situation. — The soil for these plants must be
unshaded, light, with a large portion of calcareous
matter, and well drained.

Sowing. — A principal sowing should be made in
August ; and from this sowing, seed should be saved
the following season. To continue the supply during
the summer months a spring sowing should be made at
the end of February, and at the end of every three or
four weeks to the middle of July. Sow in drills, eight
inches apart, covering the seeds lightly with fine soil,
and thin the seedlings out to six inches apart in the rows.

CHESTNUT, HORSE. See /ESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM.

CHESTNUT, MORETON BAY. See CASTANOSPERMOM

AUSTRALE.

CHESTNUT, SWEET or SPANISH. See CASTANEA

SATIVA.

CHEVAUE RIA. See ^CHMEA.
CfflCASAW PLUM. See CERASUS CHICASA.
CHICKEN GRAPE. See VITIS CORDIFOLIA.
CHICKLING VETCH. See LATHYRUS SATIVUS.
CHICK PEA. Ci'cer cerieti'num.
CHICKWEED. Siella'ria me'dia.

CHICKRA SSIA. (A native name or its imitation, also
spelled Chukrasia. Nat. ord. Meliaceas.)

A stove tree. Cuttings in sand in a close case, with
bottom-heat. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
C. tabula'ris (table-like). 50. White. India. 1793.

CHICORY. Succory, or wild Endive (Cicho'rium
I'ntybus). Cultivated for use in salads, and for its
roots, to roast for use like coffee.

Soil and Situation. — Like Endive, for the main crops
it requires a rich, light soil, and for the earlier sowings
a moister one, in every instance having an open situa-
tion allotted to it.

Sowing must be annually ; foe, although it is a peren-
nial, yet, after being cut from two or three times, the
leaves become bitter and worthless. Sow from the be-
ginning of March, and at intervals, to the end of June,
or early in July. Sow moderately thick, in the same
manner as Endive, the directions for cultivating which
are equally applicable in every other particular.

Cultivation. — When the plants begin to cover the
ground, thin to nine inches apart ; and those removed
plant out at similar distances. If the leaves grow very
luxuriant, and shade the roots much, they must be cut
off within an inch of the ground. Those grown from
sowings antecedent to June, when of nearly full growth
(which they arrive at in about four months from the
insertion of the seed), must have all their leaves trimmed
away, so as not to injure their hearts, and then covered
over thick with sand, ashes, or long litter. By this
treatment, those fresh leaves which are produced are
blanched and crisp, losing their bitterness. Those from
the sowings of June and July must, at the end of Sep-
tember, or early in October, be raised, and planted very
close, by the dibble, in pots or boxes, having their
leaves trimmed as before directed, and their roots
shortened, previous to planting. Water must be given
moderately in dry weather, until they are established ;
and shelter, if frosts occur, by a light covering of litter.
When well rooted, they may be removed into the cellar,
or other place, where the light can be completely ex-
cluded from them, to blanch for use as wanted, which
change will be effected in six or seven days. Succory
will bear a temperature of 60°, but thrives better in a
rather lower one.

If the roots are vigorous, they will bear cutting two
or three times, after which they are unproductive.

To obtain Seed, a few plants must be left in the open
ground of the June sowing. They bear the severity of
winter without protection, and shoot up in the spring,
running to seed about May.

CHTLDSIA WE'RCKLEI. See HIDALGOA WERCKLEI.
CHILI PEPPER. Ca'psicum.
CHILIAN NUT. Guevi'na Avella'na.

CHILIA'NTHUS. (Derived from chilioi, a thousand,
and anthos, a flower ; in reference to the large number
of flowers. Nat. ord. Loganiaceas.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripe wood in
sand with gentle bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
C. arbo'reus (tree). See C. OLEACEUS.
„ olea'ceus (olive-like). 6. White. August. S. Africa.
1816.

CHILD DIA. (From cheilos, a lip, and odous, a tooth ;
the lip of the flower being toothed. Nat. ord. Labiates
[Labiatae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia. Now
referred to Prostanthera.)

CHILOPSIS

205

CHIRITA

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of young

shoots set firm in sand, under glass ; peat and loam.

Summer temp., 53° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 45°.

C. austra'lis (southern). 3. Violet. July. N. Holland.

„ sculellarioi'des (Scutellaria-like). See PROSTANTHERA

EMPETRIFOLIA.

CHTLOTSIS. (From cheilos, a lip, and opsis, like;
referring to the irregular lobes of the corolla. Nat.x>rd.
Bignoniads [Bignoniaceae], Linn. \\-D\dynamia, 2-Angio-
spermia. Allied to Catalpa.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; peat
and fibrous loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter,
48° to 55°.

C. linea'ris (narrow-leaved). See C. SALIGNA.
„ sali'gna (willow-like). Rose. May. Mexico. 1825.

CHIMA'PHILA, (From cheima, winter, and phileo, to
love ; these little plants being green all winter. Nat.
ord. Wintergreens [Ericaceae]. Linn. lO-Decandria, i-
Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials ; divisions and suckers ;
sandy soil.

C. corymbo'sa (corymbose-flowered). See C. UMBELLATA.
„ macula ta (spotted-/«av«f). J. Pink. June. N.

Amer. 1752.

„ umbella'ta (umbelled). J. White. June. N. Amer.
1752.

CHIMONA NTHUS. (From ckeima, winter, and anthos,
a flower ; referring to the time of flowering. Nat. ord.
Calycanths [Calycanthaceae], Linn. iz-Icosandria, 3-
Trigynia.) .

Half-hardy deciduous shrub ; layers made in the be-
ginning of autumn ; seeds sown in March, in a gentle
hotbed ; deep, rich, sandy loam ; requires a wall in
most places, but, from its scent, should be admitted,
during winter, to the greenhouse.
C. fra'grans (fragrant). 6. Yellow, red. December.

Japan. 1766.

„ „ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 8. Yellow. De-
cember. China.

„ „ parviflo'rus (small-flowered). 8. Pale yellow.
December. Japan. 1818.

CHINA-ASTER. See CALLI'STEPHUS HORTE'NSIS.
CHINESE ROSE. Hibi'scus Ro'sa-sine'nsis.

CHIOCO CCA. Snowberry. (From chion, snow, and
kokkos, a berry. Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceae].
Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Psychotria.)
The roots of C. angui'fuga and densifo'lia are said to
be a certain cure for serpent-bites in Brazil. Stove
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, under a glass, in
hotbed. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 48° to 55°.

C. angui'fuga (snake-defeating). See C. BRACHIATA.
„ brachia'ta (opposite). 3. White. July. Trop. Amer.

1824.
„ „ acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). Brazil. 1903.

densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered). 3. White. Brazil.
„ racemo'sa (racemed). 6. White. February. Jamaica.
1729.

CHIO GENES. (From chion, snow, and gigno, to pro-
duce. Nat. ord. Vacciniaceae.)

A small evergreen for a peaty bed on the rockery.
C. serpyllifo'lia (Thyme-leaved). J. White. N. Amer.
1815.

CHIONA'NTHUS. Fringe-tree. (From chion, snow,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. Oliveworts [Oleaceae].
Linn. z-Diandria, i-Monogynia.)

Fine hardy shrubs for peat-bogs, in a sheltered situa-
tion. Seeds imported, sown in spring ; layers made in
I summer ; and grafting on the common ash. Deep, moist,
sandy loam. The East Indian species requires the heat
of a stove.

|C. axilla'ris (axil- flowering) . 7. White. June. Queens-
land. 1810.

„ mari'tima (sea-side). See C. VIRGINICA PUBESCENS.
retu'sa (blunt). 5. White. May. China and Japan.
1852.

C. virgi'nica (Virginian). 30. White. June. N. Amer.

1736.
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 30. White. June.

N. Amer.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 30. White. June.

Carolina.
„ „ pube'scens (downy). 10. White. June. N. Amer.

1736.

CHIONODO'XA. (From chion, snow, and doxa, glory ;
the plants flower at the melting of the snow in Asia
Minor. Nat. ord. Liliaceae. Allied to Scilla.)

Hardy bulbs flowering in February and March. They
increase rapidly by offsets. Seeds may also be sown.
Light, rich soil.

C. ama'bUis Leichtli'nii (Leichtlin's lovely). Creamy

white, shaded rose-purple. Early. 1904.
„ crc'tica (Cretan). ^. Pale blue and white, small.

Spring. Crete.

„ Forbe'sii (Forbes's). See C. LUCILI^.
„ Luci'lice (Mrs. Lucilia's). j. Blue with large white

eye.

„ „ a'lba (white). White variety. 1882.
„ „ Alle'ni (Allen's). See C. Lucius GIGANTEA.

March. Asia Minor. 1877.

t. » gigantSa (giant). Flowers fewer, but much larger.
„ „ sarde'nsis (Sardis). Bright blue, with small white

eye. February. 1885.
„ „ Tmo'li (Mount Tmolus). Seg. narrow. Late

flowering. (Syn. C. L. Tmolusi.)
„ na'na (dwarf). J. White, flushed pale blue. Crete.

1880.

CHIONOGRA'PHIS. (Derived from chion, snow, and
graphis, a painter's pencil ; in allusion to the snow-white
spike of flowers. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

A hardy, herbaceous perennial allied to the Bog
Asphodel, but requires the protection of a frame in winter.
Seeds and divisions. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.

C. japo'nica( Japanese). Jtoi. White. Spring. Japan.
1880.

CHION OPETLA. (Derived from chion, snow, and
phileo, to love ; the plant in its native habitats frequents
lofty and snowy habitats. Nat. ord. Scrophulariaceas.)

A dwarf and hardy perennial for the rock-garden.
C. Jame'sii (James's). \. Creamy-white. Colorado.
1888.

CHIONOSCI LLA. (Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)
C. Alle'ni (Allen's). Hybrid between Scilla bifolia and
Chionodoxa Lucilias. 1897.

CHIRI'TA. (From cheryta, the Hindostanee for the
Gentian-plant. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneraceae]
Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Stove evergreens, except C. sine'nsis. Seeds sown in
a hotbed, in spring, and cuttings in March and April, in
sandy peat, under glass. Peat and loam. Summer
temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 40° to 45°.

C. barba'ta (bearded). 2. Bluish-lilac, yellow. India.

1896.
„ Blu'mei (Blume's). ij. White-purple. September.

Java. 1845.
„ depre'ssa (depressed). $. Purple and Gloxinia-like.

China.
„ hamo'sa (hooked). Recorded by mistake. See C.

BARBATA.

„ Horsfie'ldii (Horsfield's). i$. White, purple. Sep-
tember. Java. 1845.
„ lilaci'na (lilac), i. Pale blue, white, yellow. India.

1870.
„ Moo'nii (Mr. Moon's). 2. Pale purple. July.

Ceylon. 1847.

„ primula' 'cea (Primula-like). Sikkim.
,, pu'mila (dwarf). Himalaya.
,, rupe'stris (rock). 1-2. Bright blue, yellow. Malay

Peninsula. 1910. Annual.
,, sine'nsis (Chinese). $. Lilac. July. China. 1843.

Greenhouse evergreen.
,, Walke'ri (General Walker's), i*. Pale yellow.

Ceylon. 1845.
„ xeyla'nica (Ceylon), if. Purple. June. Ceylon,

1845.

CHIRONIA

206

CHLOROPHORA

CHIRO'NIA. (A classical name, after Chiron, one of
the centaurs, fabled to be the father of medicine. Nat.
ord. Gentianworts [Gentianaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope.
Cuttings in sandy peat, under glass. Peat, three parts ;
loam, one part ; all fibrous, with a little sand and charcoal,
and good drainage. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See C. FRUTESCENS.
„ bacci'fera (berry-bearing). 2. Yellow. June. 1759.
„ decussa'ta (cross-leaved). See C. FRUTESCENS.
„ floribu'nda (abundant-flowering), i. Rose. May.

1842.

„ frute'scens (shrubby), ij. Red. July. 1756.
„ „ albiflo'ra (white-flowered), ij. White. July.

1756.

„ glutino'sa (clammy). 3. Red, lilac. 1844.
„ gra'cilis (graceful). See SABBATIA GRACILIS.
„ ixi'fera (Ixia-bearing). See C. LINOIDES.
„ jasminoi'des (jasmine-like). 2. Purple. May. 1812.
„ linoi'des (flax-like). 2. Red. August. ~ 1787.
„ lychnoi'des (Lychnis-like). 2. Purple. May. 1816.
„ nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). i. Purple. July.

1816.

„ palu'stris (marsh). S. Africa.
„ peduncula? ris (long-flower-stalked). 3$. Purple.

July. 1830.
„ serpyllifo'lia (wild- thyme-leaved). i. Yellow.

August. 1829.

„ tetrago'na (four-angled), i. Yellow. July. 1824.
„ trine' rvia (three-nerved). See EXACUM ZEYLANICUM.
„ trine'rvis (three-nerved). See C. PEDUNCULARIS.

CHITO'NIA. (From chiton, a coat of mail ; the seeds,
when dry, bearing a rough or scabrous exterior. Nat.
ord. Melastomads [Melastomacea?].)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sand, in heat, in April.
Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter,
45° to 55°.

C. a'lbicans (-white-leaved). See TETRAZYGIA ALBICANS.
„ Fothergi'lla (Fothergill's), See MICONIA FOTHER-

GILLA.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See MICONIA MACRO-

PHYLLA.

„ pyramida'lis (pyramidal). See MICONIA UEVIGATA.
„ Tamo'nia (Tamonia.) See MICONIA FOTHERGILLA.

CHIVE or GIVE (A' Ilium Schcenopra'sum) is used as a
very superior substitute for young onions in spring
salading. A single row, a few yards long, will supply a
family.

A light, rich soil is most suitable.

Plant together eight or ten of the offsets of the bulbs,
in March or April, in rows ten inches apart, and as many
from patch to patch. By autumn they multiply into
large-sized bunches, and, if required, may be taken up
as soon as the leaves decay, and be stored as a substitute
for the onion. The leaves, which are fit for use as long
as they remain green, must, when required, be cut down
close to the ground, when they will speedily be succeeded
by others.

CHLIDA'NTHUS. (From chlideios, delicate, and anthos,
a flower. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Clinanthus.)

A half-hardy bulb, with sweet-scented flowers. It re-
quires fertile loam in a warm border, and to be taken
up on the approach of frost, and kept dry, in a pot of
sand, till April, when its numerous offsets should be
removed, to enable the bulb to flower well. Offsets ;
sandy peat and fibrous loam.
C. Ehrenbe'rgii (Ehrenberg's). Bright yellow, nearly

horizontal. Mexico. 1901.

„ fra' grans (fragrant), i. Yellow. June. Buenos
Ayres. 1820.

CHLOA'NTHES. (From chloa, greenish- yellow, and
anthos, a flower ; in reference to its greenish flowers.
Nat. ord. Verbenas [Verbenaceas]. Linn. i^-Didynamia,
3-Angiospermia. Allied to Lantana.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. Cuttings

of young shoots in sandy soil, under a glass ; fibrous

loam, and turfy, sandy peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

C. glandulo'sa (glandulous). 2. Green, yellow. July.

1824.

C. rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 2. Green, yellow.

July. 1823.
„ Stce'chadis (Stoechas-like). 2. Green, yellow. July.

1822.

CHLO'RA. Yellowwort. (From chloros, greenish-
yellow. The flowers of C. perfolia'ta, a British plant,
are yellow, and turn green when dried. Nat. ord.
Gentianworts [Gentianaceas]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

The leaves of these plants are a good substitute for
Gentian. Hardy annuals. Seed sown in April, in the
open border.

C. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See C. PERFOLIATA.
„ imperfolia'ta (leaf- uns tern- pierced). Yellow. June.

Italy. 1823.

„ „ sessilifo'lia(sta\k\ess-lea.ved). i. Yellow. Novem-
ber. S. Europe. 1832.
„ perfolia'ta, (leaf-stem-pierced). Yellow. June.

Britain.

,, quadrifo'lia (four-leaved). Yellow. S. Europe.
„ sero'tina (late- flowering) . i. Yellow. November. South
of Europe. 1832.

CHLORJE'A. (From chloros, greenish-yellow. Nat.
ord. OrchidaceaB.)

Terrestrial Orchids to be grown hi pots in the cool
house. See ORCHIDS.
C. cri'spa (crisped). Pure white, dotted green. Chili.

1903.
„ inci'sa (incised). 2 to 3. White, marked green. Chili.

1904.
„ longebractea' ta (long-br acted), i to i|. White, green,

orange. Chili. 1903.
„ tnultiflo'ra (many-flowered). i. Creamy- white,

dotted green. Chili. 1903.

„ vire'scens (greenish), i to i£. Yellow veined green.
Chili. 1827.

CHLORIDE OF LIME, or BLEACHING POWDER, is

composed of chlorine, 36.23, lime, 36.77. Exposed to
the air, it is converted into chalk and muriate of lime,
a salt which absorbs moisture from the air very power-
fully. By this conversion it becomes a useful addition
to soils ; and, as it also gives out some chlorine gas, so
offensive and destructive to insects, it has been suggested
as a useful application to the land at the time of turnip-
sowing. It is also useful as a disinfectant, and for sprink-
ling about stable-floors, to fix the ammoniacal fumes.

CHLO'RIS. " Green Grass." (From chloros, greenish-
yellow. Nat. ord. Graminea?.)

Greenhouse or hardy annual grasses, grown for orna-
ment.

C. acicula'ris (needle-like). Australia.
„ barba'ta (bearded), i. Summer. India. 1777.
„ dlegans (elegant), i. Mexico.
„ radia'ta (rayed), i. Trop. Amer. 1739.
„ verticilla'ta (whorled). N. Amer.

CHLOROCO'DON. (From chloros, green, and kodon, a
bell ; in reference to the colour and shape of the flowers.
Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceae.)

A stove climber. Amongst the Caffres of South Africa
it is known as Mundi or Mindi Root, and is used by them
as a tonic. Division of the root-stock or cuttings taken
from the crown of the root-stock, with a small portion
of the root in sand, in a close case with bottom-heat.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 65°.
C. Whi'tei (White's). Green, purple. S. Africa. 1869.

CHLORO'GALUM. (From chloros, green, and gala,
milk ; in allusion to the colour of the juice. Nat. ord.
Liliacea?.)

A hardy border bulb, allied to the Quamash (Camassia).
Seeds and offsets in light, rich soil.
C. divarica'tum (spreading-branched). See C. POMERI-

DIANUM.

„ Leichtli'nii (Leichtlin's). See CAMASSIA LEICHTLINII.
„ pomeridia' num (afternoon). 3. White. June. Cali-
fornia. 1819. " Californian Soap Plant."

CHLORO'PHORA. (From chloros, green, and phoreo,
to bear ; in allusion to the colour of the juice. Nat.
ord. Urticacea?.)

CHLOROPHYTUM

207

CHORTZEMA

Evergreen stove plants. Cuttings of ripe wood in a
close case with bottom-heat. Loam, a little peat and
sand.

C. tincto'ria (Dyer's). 20. Mexico. 1739.
„ „ Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 20. Mexico. 1804.

CHLOROPHY TUM. (From chloros, green, and pkuton,

a plant. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Leafy evergreen herbs of easy culture in a stove,
greenhouse, or window; C. datum and its varieties being
popular window plants. Seeds, suckers, offsets from the
flower stem and divisions of the plant in spring.

C. amanie'nse (Amanian). i. Greenish-white. German

E. Africa. 1904.

„ arundina' ceum (reed-like). White. Himalayas. 1876.
„ Bowke'ri (Bowker's). i. White. S. Africa.
„ brachysta'chyum (short-spiked). White. Nyasaland.

1893.
„ como'sum (long-haired). 3. White. Central Africa ;

S. Africa. 1910.

„ da' turn (tall), i. White. S. Africa.
„ „ arge'nteo-linea're (silvery-lined).
„ „ me' 'dio-pi ctum (middle-painted). Broad, creamy-
white band down the middle.
„ „ varifga'tum (variegated). Creamy- white band on

the edges of the leaves.
„ falca'tum (sickle-shaped). See C. LAXUM.
„ glau'cum (sea-green). India.

„ Huy'ghei (Huyghe's). Greenish-white. Congo. 1909.
„ inorna'tum (unadorned). Trop. Africa.
„ Ki'rkii (Kirk's). 2. White, and green outside.

Trop. Africa. 1882.

„ la'xum (loose). *. Whitish. Trop. Africa. 1873.
„ longifo'lium (long-leaved). Abyssinia.
„ macrophy'Uum (large-leaved). Trop. Africa.
„ ntpale'nse (Nepaulese). India.
„ orchida' strum (false Orchid). Trop. Africa.
„ polyrhi'zon( many-rooted). White. Trop. Africa. 1878.
„ rkizomato'sum(\6ng-rhizomed). i. White, with green

lines outside. Zanzibar. 1884

CHLOROSPA'THA. (From chloros, green, and spathe,
a spathe ; the spathe is green. Nat. ord. Araceae.)

Tuberous stove perennial. Seeds, offsets, and division
of the tuber. Equal parts loam and peat, with sand.
Give abundant water while growing, keeping the atmos-
phere moist. Keep it drier in whiter. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

C. Ko'lbii (Kolb's). Green. Colombia. 1878.

CHLOROSPLE'NIUM ffiRUGINO SUM. A fungus
attacking the wood of Magnolias, turning it of a verdigris
green hue.

CHLORO'XYLON. (From chloros, greenish-yellow,
and xylon, wood. Nat. ord. Meliads [Meliaceae]. Linn.
lO-Decandria, i-Monogynia. The Satin-wood is from
the trunk, and the wood-oil of India is from the leaves
of C. SwieU'nia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand,
under a glass, and in heat ; loam and peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

C. SwieU'nia (Van Swie ten's). 50. White. E. Ind.
1820.

CHOCHO. See SECHIDM EDULE.
CHOCOLATE NUT. Theobro'ma.
CHCENE STES LANCEOLA'TA. See IOCHROMA LANCEO-

LATA.

CHOI'SYA, (Named after M. Choisy, a botanist of
Geneva. Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutaceae], Linn. lo-De-
candria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen, but hardy in the south of
England, Ireland, and the west coasts of Britain, either
as a bush or on a wall.

C. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See C. TERNATA.
„ terna'ta (three-leafleted). 6. White. July. Mexico.
" Mock Orange." One of our most useful flowering
plants, only requiring very slight protection in the
coldest districts.

CHOME'LIA. (Named after Dr. Chomel, physician to
Louis XV. Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn.
4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Ixora.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, cultivated like Chloroxylon.
C. fascicula'ta (bundle-flowered). 5. White. W. Ind.

1825.
„ spino'sa (spiny). 12. White. W. Ind. 1793.

CHONDRORHY'NCHA. (Derived from chondros,
cartilage, and rkynchos, a snout ; referring to the snout-
like rostellum. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Cool stove epiphytes, requiring treatment similar to
that for Lycaste Skinneri.
C. a'lbicans (whitish). White, tinged green. Costa Rica.

1898.

„ Chesterto'ni (Chesterton's). Yellow. Colombia. 1879.
,, ftmbria'ta (fringed). See STENIA FIMBRIATA.
„ lendya'na (Lendyan). Pale yellow, the lip darker.

1886.
„ ro'sea (rosy). Rose. Venezuela.

CHONEMO' RPHA, ( From chone, a funnel, and morpha,
form; the flowers being funnel-form. Nat. ord. Dog-
banes [Apocynaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Rhyncospermum.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of rather firm
young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in heat ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. Griffi'thi (Griffith's). White. Himalayas.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). White. India and Malaya.

„ pubg'scens (downy). See HOLARRHENA ANTIDYSEN-

TERICA.

CHORE'TIS. See HYMENOCALLIS.

CHORI'SIA. (From choris, separate. Nat. ord.
Malvaceae.)

Stove tree. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots hi a close case.
Fibrous loam and peat, with sand.

C. specio'sa (showy). Yellowish, with dark brown rays
at the base. Brazil. 1888.

CHORISPORA. (From choris, separate, and spora, a
seed ; the seeds being divided from each other in the
pods. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. i$-Tetra-
dynamia. Allied to Cakile.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds, sown at the end of March ;
common soil.

„ Grei'gi (Greig's). ij. Purple. Turkestan. 1879.
„ tendlla (slender). $. Purple. June. Siberia. 1780.
„ „ arena' ta (bowed). $. Purple. June. Siberia.

CHORIZE MA. (From choros, a dance, and zema, a
drink. The party who discovered the first of these
beautiful flowers, in New Holland, danced for joy at
finding fresh water in its neighbourhood. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Seeds sown
in a slight hotbed, in March, give the best plants ; cuttings
of firm, short side-shoots may be taken off any tune
before midsummer, and inserted in sand, under glass ;
peat, three parts ; fibrous loam, one part ; sand and
charcoal, one-half part each. Summer temp., 55° to 70° ;
winter, 45° to 50°.
C. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). Yellow, red. March.

1830.

„ Chandle'ri (Chandler's). See C. VASIUM.
„ corda'tum (heart-shaped-tear;**). 2. Red. April.
„ Dickso'ni (Mr. Dickson's). 3. Scarlet, yellow. July.

1836.
„ diver sifo' Hum (diverse-leaved). 3. Orange, red.

March. 1840.

„ fta'vum (yellow). See C. CORDATUJI.
„ Henchma'nni (Henchmann's). 2. Scarlet. May.

1824.

„ Huge" Hi (Hugel's). 2. Blue. May.
„ tiicifo'lium (holly-leaved). 2. Yellow, red. August.

1803.

„ lawre'ncice (Mrs. Lawrence's). See C. VARIUM.
,, Lo'wii (Low's). See C. CORDATUM.
„ macrophy'Uum (large-leaved). Red. April.
„ mucrona'tum (sharp-pointed). 3. Deep orange.
Spring. 1845.

CHRISTMAS

208

CHRYSANTHEMUM

C. na'num (dwarf). See C. ILICIFOLIUM.

„ nervo'sum (nerved). Australia. 1852.

„ ova'tum (egg-shaped). See C. RHOMBEUM.

„ platylobioi'des (Platylobium-like). See MIRBELIA

GRANDIFLORA.

„ rho'mbeum (diamond-shaped). 2. Yellow. May.

1803.

„ rotundifo' Hum (round- leaved). 1881.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). See OXYLOBIUM SCANDENS.
„ spartioi'des (Spartium-like). See ISOTROPIS STRIATA.
„ specta'bile (showy). See C. DIVERSIFOLIUM.
„ triangula're (three-angled). See C. ILICIFOLIUM.
„ va'rium (variable). 4. Orange, red. March. 1830.
„ „ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. Orange.

Spring. 1844.

CHRISTMAS ROSE. Helle'borus ni'ger.
CHRIST'S THORN. Paliu'rus.

CHRYSALIDOCA'RPUS. (From chrusallis, chrusallidos,
golden, and harpos, a fruit ; fruits yellow. Nat. ord.
Pahnacea?.)

Stove palm. Seeds. Loam, peat, and sand.
C. lute'scens (yellow). 20. White. Madagascar. 1824.

CHRYSA'NTHEMUM. (From chrusos, gold, and anthos,
a flower. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua.)

Hardy plants. Annuals by seed sown in the border,
in April, or in a slight hotbed, at the end of March, and
transplanted ; perennial herbaceous species by seed and
division of roots, in autumn or spring ; the garden-
varieties of sine'nse by divisions and cuttings, in March
and April, giving them light, rich soil ; and to do these
full justice, planting them against a wall, or blooming
them under glass, giving plenty of manure-water after
the bloom-buds appear. The shrubby kinds are in-
creased by cuttings and divisions, and require a little
aid in winter, in a frame, cold pit, or cool greenhouse.
C. dbsinthiifo'lium (wormwood-leaved). See C. SINUA-

TUM.
„ AcU'llecR (miltoil-leaved). i. White. July. Italy.

„ achilleafo'lium (Achillea-leaved). 2. Yellow. August.

Caucasus ; Siberia. 1739.

„ alpi'num (alpine), £. White. July. Europe. 1759.
„ „ pube'scens (downy). ^. July. 1819.
„ anethifo'lium (dill-leaved). 2. White. Shrubby.

Canaries.
„ ano'malum (anomalous), i. White. June. Spain.

1811.

„ anserincefo'lium (silver-leaf-leaved). Orient.
„ a'rcticum (arctic). £. White. July. Kamtschatka.

1801.
„ arge'nteum (silver-leaved), i. White. July. Levant.

1731.
„ atra'tum (blzckened-leaved) . i. White. July.

Austria. 1731.
„ „ loba'tum (lobed). |. White. July. Switzerland.

1819.
„ Balsami'ta (Balsamita). 2. Yellow. August. Western

Asia. 1568. " Costmary."
„ Upinna'tum (twice-cut), f. Yellow. June. Arctic

regions. 1796.

„ Bocco'ni (Bocconi's). i. Yellow. July. Spain. 1823.
„ Bornmulle'ri (Bornmuller's). Armenia.
„ Broussone'tii (Broussonet's). 3. Yellow. May. Canary

Islands. .1817.
„ carina'tum (keeled). 2. White, purple. August.

Barbary. 1796. Annual.

„ ca'rneum (flesh-coloured). Flesh-colour. Caucasus.
„ Catana'nche (Catananche). Pale yellow, deep red.

April. Morocco. 1874.
„ cauca'sicum (Caucasian). J. White. July. Caucasus.

1804.
„ ceratophylloi' des (Buck's-horn-leaved). Europe.

" Buck's-horn."

„ Ce'res (Ceres). Flesh-coloured. Garden hybrid. 1884.
„ cinerariafo'lium (Cineraria-leaved), i. White. Dal-

matia. 1826. " Dalmatia Insect Powder."
„ cocci 'neum (scarlet). 2. Red. Caucasus.
„ corona'rium (garland). 4. Yellow. August. Sicily.

1629. Annual.
,, coronopifo'lium (Buck's-horn-leaved). i. White. June.

S. Europe. 1819.

C. corymbo'sum (flat-topped). i. White. July.

Caucasus. 1596.

,, daucifo'lium (carrot-leaved), i. White. July. 1820.
„ decaisnea'num (Decaisnean). i to ij. Pale yellow.

Japan. 1888.

„ denticula' turn (toothleted). See C. FLOSCULOSUM.
„ discoi'deum (disc-like). 3. Yellow, green. July.

Italy. 1791.
„ flosculo'sum (small-flowered'). 4. Yellow. August.

Mediterranean Regions. 1605.

„ faenicula' ceum (Fennel-like). See C. ANETHIFOLIUM.
,, frute'scens (shrubby). 3 to 4. White. Canaries. 1699.
„ „ chrysa'ster (false- yellow). 2 to 3. Pale yellow.

Gardens. Syn. Etoile d'Or.
„ graminifo'lium (grass- leaved), i. White. June.

Montpelier. 1739.
„ gra'nde (large). 2 to 3. Golden yellow. N. Africa.

1903. Syn. Plagius grandiflorus.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2 to 3. White.

Canaries. 1815.
„ hcema'tomma (blood-red). Rays white or rosy ; disc

dark purple. Madeira. 1888.
„ He'be (Hebe). Rosy-lilac. July. 1884.
„ heterophy'llum (various-leaved), i. White. July.

Switzerland. 1806.

„ i'ndicum (Indian). 2. Yellow. September. China. 1810.
,, inodo'rum (scentless). See MATRICARIA INODORA.
„ ita'licum (Italian). 2. Pale yellow. June. Italy.

1796.
„ lacu'stre (lake). 3. White. S.W. Europe. " Marsh

Ox-eye Daisy."
„ lanceola'tum (spear-head-leaved). \. White. June.

Hungary. 1817.
„ Leuca' 'nthemum (white-flowered). 2. White. June.

Britain.
„ leucopiloi'des (white-haired), i to i. Yellow. Asia

Minor. 1901.
„ macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 3. White. July. E.

Europe. Caucasus. 1803.

„ margina' turn (margined). Dark yellow. Japan. 1888.
„ Maw'ii (Maw's). White. Morocco. 1872.
„ ma'ximum (largest). 2. White. Pyrenees. 1818.
„ „ Robinso'ni (Robinson's). Ray florets laciniated.

1904.
„ mexica'num (Mexican), i. White. August. Mexico.

1825.
„ mille folia' turn (milfoil-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

Caucasus. 1731.

„ monspelie'nse (Montpelier). i. White. July. Mont-
pelier. 1739.
„ monta'num (mountain). 2. White. June. France.

1759.
„ multicau'le (many-stemmed), i. Bright yellow.

Algeria. Annual.

„ Myco'nis (Mycon's). i. Yellow. July. Italy. 1775.
,, nippo'nicum (Nipponic). i. White. Japan. 1895.

" Shrubby Ox-eye Daisy."

,, orna'tum (adorned). 3 to 4. White. Japan. 1904.
„ pa' Hens (pale). Europe.
,, paludo'sum (marsh), ij. White. June. Barbary.

1810.
,, palu'stre (marsh). 2. White. June. Armenia.

1820.
„ parthenifo'lium (Parthenium-leaved). See C. PR/E-

ALTUM.
„ Parthe'nium (Parthenium). i. White. Europe.

" Feverfew."

„ „ au'reum (golden). Leaves golden-yellow.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered).
„ perpusi'llum (very small). See NANANTHEA PERPU-

SILLA.

„ pinnati'fidum(lea&eted). 3. White. July. Madeira.

1777.
„ prcea'ltum (rather tall), ij. White. July. Caucasus.

1804.

„ ptarmicaflo'rum(Ptarmica-fiowered). \Vhite. Canaries.
„ pu'milum (dwarf). J. White. August. 1806.
„ radi'cans (rooting-branched) . i. White. July. Spain.

1818.

„ ro'seum (rosy). See C. COCCINEUM.
„ rotundifo' Hum (round-leaved), ij. White. June.

Hungary. 1817.
„ rutheni'acum (Russian). J. Pink. June. Russia.

1827.
„ se'getum (corn), i£. Yellow. July. Britain.

CHRYSANTHEMUM

209

CHRYSOCOMA

C. se'getum grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Garden
variety. 1888.

,, setabf'nse (Setaban). Spain and Portugal.

„ Sfbtho'rpii (Sibthorp's). See C. VISCOSUM.

„ sine'nse (Chinese). 3. Variegated. October. China.
1764.

„ sinua'tum (indented), i. White. Siberia. 1824.

„ specio'sum (showy). See C. CORONARIUM.

,, starckia'num (Starckian). i. White. June. Cau-
casus. 1897.

„ sylvc'stre (wood). See C. LEUCANTHEMUM.

„ tanacetifo'lium (tansy-leaved). i. .White. Asia
Minor. 1818.

„ Tanacftum (Tanacetum). See TANACETUM VULGARE.

„ Tchihatchtw'ii (Tchihatcheffs). See MATRICARIA

TCHIHATCHEWII.

„ tomento'sum (felted). |. White. Corsica. 1910.

„ transilie'nse (beyond Troy). Turkestan.

„ tri' color (three-coloured). See C. CARINATUM.

„ triparti'tum (three-lobed-leaved) . See C. INDICUM.

„ uligino'sum (marsh). 4 to 5. White. September.

E. Europe. 1816.

„ visco'sum (clammy), ij. Yellow. S. Europe.
„ Zawa'dskii (Zawadsky's). i. White.. Eastern

Europe.

CHRYSANTHEMUM as a Florisfs Flower.— This is the
C. sine'nse and its varieties.

Propagation by Cuttings. — The best time is the first
week in February. Take off the young shoots three
inches long, and, with a sharp knife, cut off the lower
leaves ; insert the cuttings round the edge of a five-inch
pot, numbering each kind as they are put in, to prevent
mistakes. Use a light, sandy loam, with a thin layer of
pure sand on the surface. Give a gentle watering, to
settle the earth closely to the cuttings. Place them upon
a heated surface of either coal- ashes or river-sand.
Cover them with a hand-glass, and they will soon emit
roots. When rooted, pot them immediately into small
pots, and replace them under the hand-glasses. As soon
as the roots reach the sides of the pots, re-pot them
immediately. Cramping the roots in small pots is very
injurious. Then place them either on a shelf near the
glass of a good greenhouse, or, which is better, place
them in a cold frame, well protected from frost and damp.
For dwarf pot plants cuttings may be taken about the
time the buds begin to form, and with a little bottom-
heat, with shade, they will root in a few days, and should
be removed to an exposed position as soon as they are
started. Most of the early sorts may be grown as dwarf
plants by stopping them, and some of the later sorts
may be treated in the same manner.

By Seeds. — The seed must be saved as soon as it is
ripe, and only from such as are of a fine shape, and
bright, clear colour. Sow the seeds early in the year,
very slightly covered with soil, finely sifted, in shallow,
wide pots. Place them in a gentle heat, giving very
gentle waterings, when dry, with a fine-rosed watering-
pot. As soon as the seedlings have two or three leaves
each, transplant them singly into small pots, keeping
them in a temperature of 55° to 60° ; re- pot when
required. Some of them may flower, if well grown, the
same season. Treat them exactly like the old varieties,
and they will all flower the second year.

Soil.— As these plants are gross feeders, they require
a very rich compost. Half light loam, half decayed
dung, with a fourth of peat added, will grow them strong,
and flower them well.

Summer Culture commences in April. Such as are
intended to bloom in pots should now have large shifts
out of their small pots into three sizes larger. For
cuttings struck the same season, the blooming-pots
should be at least nine inches' diameter, but for plants
a year older, they should be twelve inches. At every
potting stop all the shoots, to cause them to branch
early, and form dwarf, compact bushes. Give up
stopping at the last shift, which should not be done
later than the middle of June. Tie the branches out, so
as to give as much room and air to each as possible,
consistent with forming a handsome plant. Thin the
buds of such as are intended for exhibition, to cause
large flowers. During the whole season of growth give
abundance of water. Every week give them one water-
ing with liquid-manure. Never allow them to flag from
ike first re-potting up to the finishing bloom. Water them

over head, in hot weather, at least twice a day. The
proper situation to place them at this season (from May
till they bloom) is on a bed of ashes or gravel, in an
open situation. As soon as the buds begin to open,
remove them into the greenhouse, giving them as much
space as possible, or the lower leaves will drop off.
Continue an abundant supply of water till the blooming
season is over.

Winter Culture. — When the flowers are all decayed,
cut down the blooming shoots, and place the pots in a
cool pit, giving only just water enough to keep the
plants alive during the winter ; and, as they are nearly
hardy, they do not require much protection : a mat or
two thrown over the glass in very severe frost will be
quite sufficient.

These old plants are the best to plant out in the open
border. In the southern counties Chrysanthemums
bloom very finely, either in the open borders or against
a wall or low paling, and, during the months of October
and November, make a fine display.

Insects. — The green fly is the most troublesome, and,
where it is allowed to prevail greatly, will quite destroy
the bloom. It is easily destroyed, in the open air, by
dipping the ends of the shoots in tobacco-water, and,
in the greenhouse, by filling it completely with the
smoke of tobacco, or the more modern fumigants.

Diseases. — These are such robust, hardy plants that
they are seldom troubled with any diseases. The only
one that is dangerous is mildew on the leaves, produced
by a damp, cold atmosphere before they are brought
into the greenhouse. The only remedy is dusting the
parts where it appears with flowers of sulphur. The
leaf miner has proved troublesome in recent years. The
best remedy for this is a mild solution of paraffin; the
leaves being of a woolly nature it must be used with care.
A slight syringing periodically will keep the small black
flies, which deposit their eggs hi large quantities, off the
plants and kill any that may be about.

Much more might be written about the Chrysanthe-
mums, but as all catalogues and other books on the
subject are published, it is not necessary.

CHRYSE'IS. See ESCHSCHOLTZIA.
CHRYSI'PHIALA. See STENOMESSON.
CHRYSITHIALA LATIFO LIA. See URCEOLINA LATI-

FOLIA.

CHRYSOBA'CTRON. See BULBINELLA.

CHRYSOBA'LANUS. Cocoa Plum. (From chrusos,
gold, and balanos, an acorn ; in reference to the colour
of the drupes, or berries. Nat. ord. Chrysobalans [Rosa-
cea?]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, i-Monogynia.)

Layers ; also cuttings of half-ripened shoots hi sand,
under glass. Loam and peat. Common greenhouse and
cool stove treatment.
C. Ica'co (Icaco). 15. White. W. Ind. 1752. Stove

evergreen.

„ oblongifo'lius (oblong- leaved). 3. White. May.
Georgia. 1812. Greenhouse evergreen.

CHRYSO'COMA. Goldy-locks. (From chrusos, gold,
and kome, hah* ; in reference to the yellow florets. Nat.
ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
i-jEqualis. Allied to Solidago.)

Hardy herbaceous species by divisions, hi March.
Common soil. Greenhouse species by cuttings of half-
ripe shoots hi April, under a glass, hi sand. Loam and
a little peat. Whiter temp., 35° to 45°.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

C. bifto'ra (two-flowered). See ASTER ACRIS.
„ dracunculoi' des (tarragon-like). See ASTER ACRIS.
„ Lino'syris (flax-leaved). See ASTER LINOSYRIS.
„ nuda,'ta (naked). See BIGELOVIA NUDATA.
„ villo'sa (\oug-ha.iKd-leaved) . See ASTER VILLOSUS.
„ virga'ta (twiggy). See BIGELOVIA NUDATA.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

C. ce'rnua (dropping). See C. COMA-AUREA CERNUA.
„ cilia'ta (hair-fringed-kav«0. 4. White. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1759.

„ Co'ma-au'rea (golden-hair). ij. Yellow. July
Cape of Good Hope. 1731.

CHRYSOGONUM

2IO

CIBOTIUM

C. Co'ma-au'rea ce'rnua (nodding), ij. White. July.

S. Africa. 1712.
„ denticula'ta (tooth-leaved). See CHRYSANTHEMUM

FLOSCULOSUM.

,t ni'vea (sno\v-white) . 3. Yellow. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1816.

„ pa' tula (spreading). See C. COMA-AUREA.
„ sca'bra (rugged). See FELICIA REFLEXA.
„ squama' ta (scaly-stalked) . See LEPTORHYNCHUS SQUA-

MATUS.

CHRYSO'GONUM. (From chrusos, gold, and gonu, a
joint ; the golden flowers being borne on the joints.
Nat. ord. Composites [Composite], Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
i-jEqualis. Allied to Milleria.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Dividing the roots in
spring ; loam, with a little leaf-mould and manure.

C. virginia'num (Virginian), i. Yellow. May. N.
Amer. " Golden Knee."

CHRYSO'PA PE'RLA. The Lace-wing Fly or Golden-
eye is so named, in the first case, on account of its large,
lace-like wings, and in the second case, on account of
its bright golden eyes. The larvae feed voraciously on
aphides and other harmful insects, so that it is a valuable
assistant and friend of the gardener, and should not be
injured nor molested in any way. The perfect insect
is about an inch long, the wings being about twice the
length of the bright green body. The female lays her
eggs in small groups or lines, but singly, each at the end
of a long stalk, formed of gummy matter, exuded by the
insect while in the act of laying, and which soon hardens.
Any observant gardener may see these eggs, attached
to the stems and leaves of various plants during summer.
As soon as the larva? are hatched out they commence
feeding on the aphides with which they come in contact.
In this respect they resemble the larvae of the lady-
birds, equally good friends of the gardener, and, like
them, are very ugly creatures in this stage of existence,
being furnished with stalked tufts of hairs on their
prolegs or protuberances from most of the segments of
their long bodies. After feeding upon the aphides for
about fourteen days they spin a silken cocoon, in which
they pupate, and emerge in the perfect state about
three weeks later on.

CHRYSOPHY'LLUM. Star Apple. (From chrusos,
gold, and phullon, a leaf ; referring to the colour of the
under side of the leaves. Nat. ord. Sapotads [Sapotaceas] .
Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monpgynia.)

The fruit of C. Caini'to is the Star Apple, an esteemed
Indian dessert-fruit. Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings
in sand, under a glass, and in heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. africa'num (African). White. Trop. Africa. 1824.
„ a'lbidum (whitish). S. Africa.
„ angustifolium (narrow-leaved). 20. White. W. Ind.

1819.
„ argefnteum (silvery-leaved). 20. White. Martinique.

1758.

„ Caini'to (Cainito). 50. White. May. W. Ind. 1737.
,, „ caru'leum (blue-fruited). 40. White. May. S.

Amer. 1737.
„ „ jamaice'nse (Jamaica). 40. White. May.

Jamaica. 1737.
„ ,, microphy'llum (small-leaved). 30. White. May.

S. Amer. 1800.

„ gla'brum (smooth). 15. White. Martinique. 1823.
„ imperia'le (imperial). White. Brazil. 1875. Syn.

Theophrasta imperialis.
„ macrophy'llum (large-leaved) of G. Don. 100. White.

Sierra Leone.
„ macrophy'llum (large-leaved) of Sabine. See C. AFRI-

CANUM.

„ maga'lis-monta'na (mountain-huts). S. Africa.
„ monopyre'num (one-stoned). 30. Brown. W. Ind.

1812.

„ natale'nse (Natal). S. Africa.
„ olivifo'rme (olive-shaped). See C. CAINITO.
„ Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). Trop. Asia.

CHRYSOPSIS. (From chrusos, gold, and opsis, a
face. Nat. ord. Composites [Composita?]. Linn. ig-Syn-
genesia, i-&qualis.)

Strong, coarse, hardy herbaceous perennials for a

shrubbery, and will grow in any common soil ; divisions
in March.

C. Maria'na (Mary's), i. July. N. Amer. 1742.
„ trichophy'lla (hairy-leaved). Yellow. June. N.

Amer. 1827.
„ villa' sus (hairy), ij. Yellow. August. N. Amer.

1 8l i. " Golden Aster."
„ „ Rutte'ri (Rutter's).

CHRYSORRHO'E. See VERTICORDIA.

CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM. Golden Saxifrage. (From chrusos,
gold, and splen, spleen ; in reference to the colour of
the flowers, and the supposed medicinal qualities of
the plant as a slight tonic. Nat. ord. Saxifrages [Saxi-
fragaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, 2-Digynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Dividing the roots ;
moist situation ; common soil.
C. alternifo'lium (alternate-leaved), i. Yellow. April.

Britain.

„ glacia'le (glacial). See C. OPPOSITIFOLIUM ALPINUM.
,, nepale'nse (Nepaul). i. Yellow. April. Nepaul.

1820.
„ oppositifo'lium (opposite-leaved). Yellow. April.

Britain.
,, ,, alpi'num (alpine).

OHRYSOSTE'MMA. See COREOPSIS.

CHUQUIRA'GA. (A native name. Nat. ord. Com-
positae.)

A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings under a bell-
glass. Loam, peat, sand.
C. spino'sa (spiny). 4. Yellow. Peru. 1825.

CHUSQUE'A. (The native name. Nat. ord. Grami-
neae.)

A graceful, climbing Bamboo, with wiry stems and
small, linear-lanceolate leaves. Seeds and suckers.
Stove treatment.
C. abietifo'lia (Abies-leaved). Green, purple. Jamaica.

CHYMOCA'RPUS PENTAPHY'LLUS. See TROP^-

OLUM PENTAPHYLLUM.

CHY'SIS. (From chusis, melting ; in reference to the
fused appearance of the pollen masses. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceaa]. Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Monan-
dria.)

Stove orchids. Offsets ; baskets filled with fibrous
peat and potsherds, and kept in a cool, moist stove.
C. au'rea (golden-flowered), i. Yellow and crimson.

May. Colombia. 1834.
„ ,, macula' ta (spotted). Yellow, with darker tips,

spotted purple. 1850.
„ bracte'scens (bracteated). i. White, yellow. May.

Guatemala. 1840.

„ bruennowia'naCBruennovfian). Pinkish. Peru. 1857.
„ chelso'ni (Chelsea). Garden hybrid. 1878.
„ les'vis (smooth). Cream, yellow. Guatemala.
„ Limmi'nghei (Limminghe's). Mexico. 1860.
„ owenia'na (Owenian). See C. BRUENNOWIANA.
„ Sede'ni (Seden's). Garden hybrid. 1880.

CHYTROGLO'SSA. (Derived from chutros, a well, and
glossa, a tongue ; referring to the hollow at the base of
the lip. Nat. ord. Orchidaceaa.)

Stove epiphytes to be grown in baskets or on rafts.
C. aura' ta (golden). Green, yellow, purple. Brazil. 1865.
„ Marileo'nia (Mrs. Marileon's). Yellow, blood-red.
Brazil. 1865.

CIBO'TIUM. (From kibition, a small box ; referring
to the form of the seed-vessels. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices].
Linn. z^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.) All are species of
Dicksonia, most of them belonging to the section
Cibotium.

Division of the roots, or from spores (see FERNS) ; peat
and loam ; a warm greenhouse, or cool stove.
C. assa'micum (Assamese). See C. BAROMETZ.
„ Ba'rometz (Barometz). 6. Brown, yellow. May.

China. 1824. Stove.

„ Billardie'ri(B\ll&rdier's). See DICKSONIA ANTARCTICA.
,, Chamisso'i (Chamisso's). Sandwich Islands. 1879.
„ glau'cum (sea-green). Sandwich Islands. 1879.

CIBOUL

211

CINERARIA

C. Menzie'sii (Menzies'). Sandwich Islands. 1878.
„ pn'nceps (chief). See CYATHEA INSIGNIS.
„ pruina'tum (frosted). Sandwich Islands. 1878.
„ regale (regal). Mexico. 1864.
„ Schie'dei (Schiede's). 6. Brown. Mexico. 1846.

Stove.
„ specta'bile (showy). Mexico. 1868.

CIBOUL, or WELSH ONION. (A' Ilium fistula' sum.) A
perennial, never forming any bulb, but sown annually, to
be drawn young for salads, &c. Its strong taste renders
it greatly inferior to the common onion for this purpose ;
but, from its extreme hardiness, it is good as a winter-
standing crop for spring use.

Varieties. — Two varieties are in cultivation, the white
and the red.

Cultivation. — It may be sown at all times with the
onion, and is similarly cultivated, except that it may be
sown thicker, and only thinned as wanted. (See ONION.)
The blade usually dies away completely in winter ; but
fresh ones are thrown out again in February or March.

To obtain Seed. — Plant some of the roots in March,
six or eight inches asunder. The first autumn they will
produce but little seed ; in the second and third, however,
it will be produced abundantly. If care is taken to
part and transplant the roots every t%vo or three years,
they may be multiplied, and will remain productive for
many years, and afford much better seed than that
from one-year-old roots.

Scallions. — There is good reason for concluding that
by a confusion of names, arising from similarity of ap-
pearance, this vegetable is the true scallion, whilst the
hollow leek of Wales is the true Welsh onion. At present,
all onions that have refused to bulb, but form lengthened
necks and strong blades, in spring and summer, are
called scallions.

CTCCA DI'STICHA. See PHYLLANTHUS DISTICHUS.
CICELY. See CH^ROPHY'LLUM AROMA'TICUM.
CICE'NDIA PULCHELLA. See ERYTHR.E'A RAMOSIS-

SIMA.

CI'CER. (From Latin Cicer, the Chick Pea. Nat.
ord. Leguminosae.)

The Chick Pea is cultivated in the South of Europe,
India, &c., and has been so grown from very early times.
Under the name of gram, the Indians use it in cakes and
curries. Seeds in ordinary garden soil in April.
C. arieti'num (ram's-head). i. Violet. July. Europe,

Orient, India.
„ Le'ns (Lens). See LENS ESCULENTA.

CICHO RIUM. Chicory, or Succory. (An ancient
Egyptian name. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. iq-Syngenesia, i-jEqualis.)

Hardy salad-plants, of easy culture ; seed at different
times. See CHICORY and ENDIVE.
C. Endi'via (endive). 2. Blue. July. Europe. Orient.

1548. Annual.
„ I'ntybus (Intybus. Chicory). 2. Blue. July.

Britain. Perennial.
,, pu'milum (dwarf). Mediterranean Region.

CEENKOWSKIA. (In commemoration of Professor
Cienkowsky, a Russian botanist. Nat. ord. Scitaminaceae.
Now referred to Kaempferia.)

A stove perennial herb of considerable beauty. Division
of the roots. Fibrous loam, peat, leaf-mould, and sand.
Moist atmosphere.
C. Ki'rkii (Kirk's), i. Mauve. Trop. Africa. 1872.

CDHCI'FUGA. Bugwort. (From cimex, a bug, and
fugo, to drive away ; from its supposed quality. Nat.
ord. Crowfoots [Ranunculaceae], Linn. i^-Polyandria,
5-Pentagynia. Allied to Actaea.)

Good old hardy herbaceous plants for borders ; ™eds,
and division of the roots in spring or autumn ; common
soil.
C. america'na (American). 2. White, yellow. July.

Carolina. 1824.
„ cordifolia (heart-leaved). 3. White, yellow. June.

N. Amer. 1812.

„ <fatn/'rtca(Dahourian). 3. White, pale yellow. China.
„ data (tall). 5. Cream. N. Amer.

C. fce'tida (foetid). 4. Light yellow. June. Siberia.

1777.

„ ,, intermedia (intermediate).

„ japo'nica( Japanese). 2. White. September. Japan.
„ palma'ta, (palmate). See TRAUTVETTERIA PALMATA.
„ racemo'sa (racemose). 3 to 4. Creamy-white. July.

N. Amer.
„ simplex (simple). 2$. Creamy-white. October.

Japan. The best species.

CINCHO'NA. Peruvian Bark. (Named after the
Countess of Cinchon, who was cured by this Peruvian
Bark. Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. $-Pen-
tandria, i-Monogynia.)

The Peruvian bark stands foremost as a febrifuge
tonic. Stove evergreens ; cuttings of ripe wood in sand,
under a glass, in heat ; loam and fibrous peat, with a
little sand and charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 55° to 60°. This is a very important family of
plants, and some are extensively cultivated for their
medicinal properties.

C. Calisa'ya (Calisaya). 20. Pink. September. Bolivia.

1848. " Yellow Bark."

„ Condami'nea (Condaminea). See C. OFFICINALIS.
„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). Pink. Colombia.
„ josephia'na (Josephian). White. Bolivia. 1873.
„ lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). See C. OFFICINALIS.
„ ledgeria'na (Ledgerian). Pink. Bolivia.
„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). Pink. Peru.
,, ni'tida (shining). Peru.
„ officina'lis (shop). 18. Red. July. Peru. 1810.

" Crown Bark."

„ pahudia'na (Pahudian). Trop. Amer.
„ peruvia'na (Peruvian). Peru. " Grey Bark."
„ pombia'na (Pombian). Gardens.
„ sca'bra (rugged). 6. Red. 1820.
„ succirubra (red-juiced). 20 to 40. Pink. July.

Peru. " Red Bark."

CINCINA'LIS FLA'VENS, C.NIVEA,.and C.TE/NERA.

See NOTHOCHLiENA.

CINERA'RIA. (From cineres, ashes ; in reference
to the grey down covering the surfaces of the leaves.
Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
z-Superflua.)

Hardy herbaceous species by seed, but chiefly by
division of the roots ; good, loamy soil, manure, and
leaf-mould. The shrubs and under-shrubs, which mostly
require a greenhouse or cold pit in winter, by cuttings
in sandy soil, under a hand-light. The garden florist
varieties see further on.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

C. aitonia'na (Alton's). See C. CANESCENS.
„ amcnca'na (American). See SENECIO DENTICULATUS.
„ di'scolor (tvio-coloured-leaved) . See SENECIO DIS-
COLOR.

„ glabra'ta (smooth). See SENECIO SWARTZII.
„ lu'cida (shining). See SENECIO LUCIDUS.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

C. a'lba (white), i. White. February. Cape of Good

Hope. 1825.

„ a'lbicans (whitish). Clear yellow. Natal. 1895.
, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See SENECIO SALIGNUS.
, auri'ta (eared). See SENECIO MADERENSIS.
, bi' color (two-coloured). See SENECIO BICOLOR.
, cacalioi'des (cacalia-like). See OTHONNA CARNOSA.
, cane'scens (hoary). 2. Yellow. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1790.

„ cauca'sica (Caucasian). See SENECIO CAUCASICUS.
,, crue'nta (blood-coloured). See SENECIO CRUENTUS.
„ ela'tior (taller). See SENECIO MULTIFLORUS.
„ geifo'lia (geum-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1710.

,, gibbo'sa (swollen). See SENECIO GIBBOSUS.
,, humifu'sa (trailing), i. Yellow. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1754. Herbaceous.
„ hy'brida (hybrid). See SENECIO CRUENTUS.
„ inca'na (hoary). See GYNOXYS INCANA.
„ la'ctea (milk- coloured). See SENECIO APPENDICULATUS.
„ lana'ta (woolly). See SENECIO HERITIERI.

CINERARIA

212

CINNAMOMUM

C. loba'ta (lobed). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1774-
„ malvafo'lia (mallow-leaved). See SENECIO MALVJE-

FOLIUS.

„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See SENECIO MULTI-

FLORUS.
„ othonnoi'des (Othonna-like). i. Yellow. July. S.

Africa. 1823.
,, penta'ctina (five-rayed). Golden yellow. S. Africa ?

1901.

„ Petasi'tis (butterbw-leaved) . See SENECIO PETASITIS.
„ populifo'lia (poplar-leaved). See SENECIO POPULI-

FOLIUS.

„ prce'cox (early). See SENECIO PR^ECOX.
„ pulche'lla (neat). 2. Purple. February. Canaries.

1818.

,, purpura'ta (purple). Purple. June. S. Africa. 1816.
„ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). See SENECIO SALIGNUS.
,, scapiflo'ra (scape-flowered). See SENECIO POLY-

MORPHUS.
„ tussilaginoi' 'des (coltsfoot-like). See SENECIO Tussi-

LAGINIS.

„ vesti'ta (clothed). See OTHONNA VESTITA.
„ visco'sa (clammy). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1774. Biennial.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

C. alpe'stris (alpine). See SENECIO ALPESTRIS.
„ alpi'na (alpine). See SENECIO ALPINUS.
„ auranti'aca (orange). See SENECIO PALUSTRIS AURAN-

TIACUS.

„ au'rea (golden). See SENECIO AURATUS.
„ auricula' ta (small-eared). See SENECIO RACEMOSUS.
„ campe'stris (wild). See SENECIO CAMPESTRIS.
„ canade'nsis (Canadian). See SENECIO CINERARIA.
„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved), i. Yellow. July. Carin-

thia. 1827.

„ cri'spa (curled). See SENECIO CRISPATUS.
„ fla'mmea (flame-coloured). See SENECIO FLAMMEUS.
,, gigante'a (gigantic). See SENECIO SMITHII.
„ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). See SENECIO CAMPESTRIS.
„ Iceviga'ta (smooth-leaved), i. Yellow. July. Siberia.

1819.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See SENECIO BRACHY-

CH^TUS.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See SENECIO LEDE-

BOURII.

„ mari'tima (sea. Ragwort). See SENECIO CINERARIA.
„ palu'stris (marsh). See SENECIO PALUSTRIS.
„ pappo'sa (downy-crowned). See SENECIO PAPPOSUS.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). See C. CANESCENS.
„ racemo'sa (racemed). See SENECIO KACEMOSUS.
„ renifo'lia (kidney-leaved). See SENECIO RENIFOLIUS.
„ rivula'ris (rivulet). See SENECIO CRISPATUS.
,, Saxi'fraga. S. Africa.

„ sibi'rica (Siberian). See SENECIO LIGULARIA.
„ spathulcefo'lia (spathulate-leaved). See SENECIO SPA-

THUL.EFOLIUS.

„ specio'sa (showy). See SENECIO LIGULARIA.

„ sude"tica (Swiss). See SENECIO CRISPATUS.

„ thyrsoi'dea (thyrse-formed). See SENECIO SIBIRICUS.

CINERA'RIA as a Florisfs Flower. — The immense
varieties of this flower seem to be the offspring, by
various crosses, of Sene'cio crue'ntus, malvcefo'lius,
lana'tus, populifo'lius, and probably some others.

Propagation by Offsets. — When a Cineraria has done
blooming, remove it from the greenhouse, cut down the
old flower-stems (excepting such as are intended to save
seed from), place the pots out of doors, upon a bed of
coal- ashes, in an open situation. Give water moderately
in dry weather ; and, as soon as the offsets appear,
and have attained a leaf or two, take them off with a
sharp knife, with the roots uninjured ; plant them in
small pots, and place them in a cold frame, shading
them from the light for a fortnight, and from bright
sunshine for another week. They will then be well
rooted, and will require a pot a size larger. Very few
are now grown from offsets, except it may be a few
special varieties selected for seeding from.

By Seed. — Sow the seed as soon as it is ripe in shallow,
wide pots, in light, fine soil, and slightly covered. As
soon as the seedlings have formed two or three leaves,
prick them out into the same kind of pots, in a some-
what richer soil. They may remain in these pots till

they have made some more leaves and fresh roots ; then
pot them off singly into small pots, shading for a few
days. Afterwards, and at the proper time, re-pot them
in the same manner as the offsets.

Soil. — The offsets and seedlings having attained the
proper size for potting into larger pots, prepare for that
operation by mixing and bringing, in a moderately dry
state, to the potting-bench, the following compost :—
Turfy loam, from an upland pasture, two parts ; decayed
leaves, two years old, one part ; very rotten cowdung,
half a part ; and a small addition of river-sand. Pre-
pare, also, a sufficient quantity of broken potsherds, of
two sizes ; one as large as walnuts, and the other about
the size of peas. Have, also, a sufficient number of either
new or clean-washed pots, two sizes larger than the
plants are in. You are then ready for the operation
of potting.

Winter Culture.— By the time the plants, whether off-
sets or seedlings, are ready for re-potting out of their
first-size pots, cold nights will have begun to take place,
which brings the time of culture under this head. Bring
the plants on to the potting-bench ; prepare a pot by
placing a large piece of potsherd over the hole at the
bottom of the pot, then a layer of the larger size, and a
second layer of the smallest size ; place a thin layer of
the rougher parts of the compost upon them, and as
much soil as will be required to keep the plant just level
with the rim of the pot ; set the plant in the pot, and fill
round it with the compost, pressing it gently down. Be
careful not to break the leaves, as they are very brittle
and tender. When the pot is quite full, give it a gentle
knock upon the bench, to finally settle the soil. When
all are finished, give a gentle watering, and place them
in a cold frame ; shade them if they flag from the sun,
and water when necessary. The Cineraria is a very
fast-rooting plant, and they will soon require another
shift. To know when they require it, turn a plant care-
fully out of its pot, and if the roots have reached the
sides of the pots, and through the drainage, re-pot
again immediately ; for, if the roots once become closely
matted, the plants will be crippled in their growth. The
grand object is to keep them growing freely till they
make large, broad-leaved plants, in eight-inch pots,
before they begin to show their flower-stems. For
market good plants are grown in five-inch pots. Keep
them in the cool greenhouse where sufficient heat can be
given to keep out frost. They may be kept in pits
through the winter, but it entails much trouble, as they
are easily killed by a few degrees of frost. Pick off all
decaying leaves, should any appear ; and only water
when absolutely necessary. They grow, and keep
healthy, much better in such a situation than in a green-
house.

Summer Culture.— As soon as the warm, mild days
of spring arrive, give the plants their last shift, and, if
desirable, remove them into the greenhouse at once,
placing them as near the glass as possible. The flower-
stems will now be advancing rapidly.

Insects. — The great pest of the Cineraria is the green
fly ; but it may be easily got rid of by smoking with
tobacco. Yet it must be carefully applied, as there is
no plant so susceptible of injury from a too strong dose
of this smoke. Sometimes the red spider makes its
appearance ; and when it does, it will be necessary to
dust the leaves with sulphur, which, though it will not
kill him, prevents his feeding, and thus starves him to
death.

Diseases.— These plants, like all other highly culti-
vated ones with soft wood, are subject to go off just on
the surface of the soil. The only preventive is plenty
of fresh, sweet air, and a judicious application of water,
especially during the early part of the year.

CINNAMODE'NDRON. (Derived from Cinnamomum,
and dendron, a tree ; as it resembles a cinnamon-tree.
Nat. ord. Canellacea?.)

Stove tree, requiring similar treatment to Canella
alba. Its bark is used as an aromatic stimulant. Fibrous
loam, a little peat and sand.
C. cortico'sum (corky). 50. Red. W. Ind. 1860.

CINNAMO'MUM. Cinnamon. (From the Arabic
name, kinamon. Nat. ord. Laurels [Lauraceae]. Linn.
g-Enneandria, i-Monogynia.)

Cassia Bark is obtained from nearly all the species of

CINQUEFOIL

213

CIRRHOPETALUM

Cinnamon-trees. Other countries have their Cinnamon-

trees, but differing from the true Asiatic Cinnamon,

Stove trees. Cuttings of fine shoots in April, in sand,

under a glass, and a moist bottom-heat. Peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

C. Bejolgho'ta (Bejolgota). See C. OBTUSIFOLIUM.

„ brevifo'lium (short-leaved). Japan.

„ Burma'nni (Burmann's). 40. White, yellow. Java.
1820.

„ Ca'mphora (Camphora). 30. Greenish-white. June.
China and Japan. 1727. "Camphor." Although
camphor is secreted by many plants in this order,
and more particularly by some species of cinnamon,
the true camphor of commerce is obtained from
C. Camphora, and is a product of the oil procured
from the wood, branches, and leaves, by means of
dry distillation. Camphor is chiefly manufactured
in the Island of Formosa, and from thence sent to
Canton for exportation. The hard camphor of
Sumatra and the camphor-oil of Borneo are the
natural secretions of Dryoba'lanops aroma'tica.

„ Ca'ssia (Cassia). 50. Yellow, green. June. Java.
1763. " Cassia U'gnea."

„ Culila'wan (Culilawan). 20. Yellow, green. E. Ind.
1823.

„ du Ice (sweet.) See C. BURMANNI.

„ giau'cum (milky-green). See LITSEA GLAUCA.

„ gra'ctle (slender). See C. CAMPHORA.

„ i'ners (inert). 20. Yellow, green. Burma. Malaya.
1805.

„ Lourei'rii (Loureir's). Yellow, green. Cochin-China.

„ Mai aba' thrum (Malabar-/^/). See C. I'NERS.

,, monta'num (mountain). See PHOEBE MONTANA.

„ ni'tidum (shining). 20. White. E. Ind. 1823.

„ obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 40. Yellow, green.
Burma. 1818.

,, officina'rum (officinal). See C. CASSIA.

„ ovalifo'lium (oval-leaved). Ceylon.

„ Reinwa'rdtii (Reinwardt's). See C. TAMALA.

„ seri'ceum (silky). Japan. 1875.

„ Tama'la (Tamala). Pale green. Himalayas.

„ vf'rum (true). See C. ZEYLANICUM.

„ zeyla'nicum (Cingalese). Greenish. May. India and
Malaya. " Cinnamon."

CINQUEFOIL. See POTENTILLA.
CION is the same as SCION.

CIPU'RA. (Nat. ord. Iridaceae. Allied to Marica.)
A greenhouse plant with a cormous root-stock. Seeds
and offsets. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
C. martinice'nsis (Martinique). See TRIMEZIA LURIDA.
„ paludo'sa (marshy), i. White. July. Trop. Amer.
1792-

Enchanters' Nightshade. (A classical
name, after Circe, a celebrated enchantress, skilled in
poisonous herbs. Nat. ord. Onagrads [Onagraceae] .
Linn. z-Diandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Lopezia.)

Hardy perennials. Offsets and divisions. Common
garden-soil.

C. alpi'na (alpine), i. Red. July. Britain.
„ cprda'ta (heart-shaped). White. Himalayas.
„ intermedia (intermediate), i. Red. July. Europe.

1821.
„ luUtia'na (Parisian. Common). i. Red. July.

Britain.
„ mo'llis (soft). White. Japan.

CIRCUMPOSmON differs from layering, only that in
this the shoot to be rooted is bent down to the soil,
whilst, in circumposition, the soil is placed in a vessel,
and raised to the shoot. There are pots called layering-
Pots, made for this practice, and differing from the common
garden-pot only by having a section, about an inch
broad, cut through one side, and to the centre of the
bottom, for the admission of the shoot or branch.
Moisture necessary for favouring the emission of roots
is supplied by means of a bottle, from which the bottom
is struck off, and the neck furnished with a cork, per-
forated so as to admit a small pigeon's feather, or bit "
of wool, to form a syphon, by means of which the moss
is kept in a proper state of moisture. Hard-wooded
plants are propagated in this way from the middle of

May till the end of J une ; and the branches are suffi-
ciently rooted to be taken off by the end of September.
It is, however, necessary in all cases to ascertain whether
the branches are sufficiently rooted previously to their
being separated. After being separated, the rooted
branch is treated like one layered. See LAYERING.

Another method is to split a pot in two, and after
putting it round the stem and binding it together, to
fill it with suitable soil for the plant to root into. Some
propagators, after splitting a stem through a joint, bind
sphagnum, peat, and sand round ; and this is one of the
best methods for Crotons, Dracaenas, and similar plants.

CIRRHJD'A. (From cirrhus, a tendril ; the rostellum
being extended like a small tendril. Nat. ord. Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids. Divisions and offsets. Sphagnum,
peat, broken pots, and charcoal, in shallow, open baskets ;
a high, moist temperature when growing ; cooler and
dry when at rest. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter,
55* to 60°.
C. a' lbo-vi'ridis(vfhite-3iad-green' flowered). White, green.

May. Brazil. 1838.
„ a'lro-purpu'rea (d&rk-purple- flowered). Dark purple.

April. Mexico. 1838.

„ bracte'scens (bracted). White, yellow. July. Brazil.
„ fuscolu'tea (dusky- yellow). Of B. M., t. 3726. See
C. SACCATA. C. fuscolutta of Lindley is not in
cultivation.

„ la' vis (smooth). Yellow, brown. July. Brazil.
„ Loddige'sii (Loddiges's). Yellow, red. May. Brazil

1827.
„ obtusa'ta (blunt-petaled). f. Yellow, red. September.

Rio Janeiro. 1835.
„ pa'Uida (pzle- flowered). Yellowish. August. Brazil.

1837.

„ pi' eta (painted). Purple. May. Brazil. 1830.
„ ru'bra purpu'rea (red-and-purple-/Zott>£r«d). Red,

purple. May. Brazil. 1838.
„ russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). Green, red. May.

Brazil. 1837.
,, sacca'ta (pouched). Dusky yellow-green. June.

Brazil. 1839.

,, squa'lens (squalid). May. Brazil. 1836.
„ tri'stis (dull-coloured-flowered), f. Dull purple, red.

June. Mexico. 1834.
„ vi'ridi-pitrpu'rea (green and purple), i. Purple,

green. June. Brazil.

i. it frya'na (Fryan). J. Green, purple-spotted. July.
„ warred' no, (Warrean). See C. VIRIDI-PURPUREA.

CIRRHOPE TALUM. (From cirrhus, a tendril, and
petalon, a flower-leaf ; in reference to the strap-shaped
petals. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids. On blocks of wood. Growing temp.,
75° to 85°, and very moist air ; rest temp., 60°.
C. abbrevia'tum (shortened). White, purple. 1881.
„ amesia'num (Amesian). Yellow-white, shaded rosy

purple. E. Ind.
„ Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Whitish, with fine rose

dots. Sikkim. 1908.

„ antenni' ferum (antennae-bearing). Brown. Philip-
pines. 1843.
„ appendicula'tum (small-appendaged). Speckled

reddish-purple. Sikkim. 1901.
„ „ Fascina'tor (fascinator). Sepals and petals with

deeper purple fringe. 1907.
„ aura'tum (gold-edged). J. Yellow, crimson. March.

Manilla. 1840.
„ biflo'rum (two-flowered). Greenish, with three purple

stripes. Java. 1907.

„ Blephari' stes (Blepharistes). Yellow. Burma. 1872.
„ Blu'mei (Blume's). August. Java. 1843.
„ bre'vipes (short-stalked). Himalaya.
„ brevisca'pum (short-scaped). Purple, yellow ; lip

rosy purple. Malaya. 1905.
„ brienia'num (O'Brienian). Yellow and maroon.

Borneo. 1893.
„ ccespito'sum (tufted). Pale yellow. April. Khasia.

1837.
„ candela'br um (chandelier). Straw, pink, purple. July.

Manilla. 1840.

„ capita' turn (hea.d- flowering). Java. 1843.
„ chine'nse (Chinese). J. Purple, yellow. China. 1840

CIRRHOPETALUM

214

CISSUS

C. chry'seum (golden). Golden, purple-lined. Philip-
pines. 1910.
„ Colle'ttii (Collett's). Dark purple and yellow. Upper

Burma. 1891.
„ compa'ctum (compact). Pale yellow. Tenasserim.

1895.

„ comprc'ssum (fiattened-stemmed) . Java. 1843.
,, conci'nnum (neat). Singapore.
„ cornu'tum (horned-sepals), f. Purple. August.

Khasia. 1837.
„ Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). Ruby. May. Philippines.

1839.
„ C«r&'stt'(Curtis's). White, pink, and yellow. Malacca.

1897.

„ ddite'scens (lying-hid). Marbled lurid purple. Hong-
Kong. 1882.
„ elega'nlulum (small, elegant). Striped maroon-purple.

Madras. 1891.

„ elonga'tum (elongated). May. Himalayas. 1843.
„ Fascina'tor (fascinator). See BULBOPHVLLUM FASCI-
NATOR.
„ fimbria'tunt (fringed). \. Green, purple. April.

Bombay. 1838.
„ Ga'mblei (Gamble's). India.
„ gamose'palum (united-sepaled). India.
„ graci'llimum (most graceful). Reddish-purple, small.

Burma. 1895.

„ grandifto'rum (large-flowered). Ceylon.
„ grave'olens (strong-smelling). See C. ROBUSTUM.
„ gutlula'tum (finely spotted). £. Yellow. Himalaya.

1837.

„ ,, Bergma'nni (Bergmann's).
„ Hooke'ri (Hooker's). Yellow and red-purple streaks.

Western Himalaya. 1902.
„ lendya'nutn (Lendyan). Whitish, greenish-yellow.

1887.
„ longi'ssimum (very long). Cream, white, purple.

Siam. 1909
„ Macrtz'i (M'Rae's). Brown, yellow. April. Ceylon.

1839.
„ macula'tum (spotted). Pale green. May. India.

1841.
„ maculo'sum (spotted- flowered). Green, purple. E.

Ind. 1841.
„ makoya'num (Makoyan). Light yellow, brown spots

and lines. Brazil. 1879.

,, master sia'num (Mastersian). Deep yellow and brown-
ish-purple. E. Ind.

„ maxilla're (Maxillaria-like) . Philippines. 1843.
„ Medu'sce (Medusa's head). See BULBOPHYLLUM

MEDUSAE.

„ mu'ndulum (neat). Upper Burma.
„ mysore'nse (Mysore). White; lip purple. Mysore.

1895.
„ nodo'sum (knotted). Reddish, speckled brown.

Nilghiri Hills. 1895.
„ nu'tans (nodding- flowered). J. Pale straw. May.

Manilla. 1838.
„ ornati' ssimum (most ornate). Straw-coloured, purple

lines. E. Ind. 1882.

„ Pahu'dii (Pahud's). Reddish-brown. Java. 1866.
„ papilla' sum (papillose). Lined dark purple on pale

ground. Siam. 1908.
„ pictura'tum (pictured). Purple, red. March. E. Ind.

1838.

„ proli'ferum (proliferous).
„ pu'lchrum (beautiful). Purple, yellow, dotted purple.

Moluccas. 1886.
„ „ Clifto'nii (Clifton's). Cream-white, spotted deep

rose. 1909.

„ refra'ctwn (broken-back). See C. WALLICHII.
„ retusiu' sculum (bluntish). Purple, yellow. Burma.

1869.
„ robu'stum (robust). Greenish- yellow ; lip red purple.

New Guinea. 1895.
„ rothschildia'num (Rothschildian). Crimson-purple,

blotched yellow. India. 1895.
„ Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). Yellow. May. E. Ind.

1843.
„ seti'ferum (bristle- bearing). Sepals and petals seti-

ferous. Himalaya. 1895.
„ strangula'rium (strangled). Purple, yellow, brown.

1887.
„ Thoua'rsii (Thouar's). r. Yellow. July. Society

Islands.

C. Thwaite'sii (Thwaites's). Ceylon.
„ trigp'nopus (three- angle-stalked). Lilac and mauve

lip. 1 88 1.
„ tripu'dians (dancing). Brown, white, spotted purple.

Burma. 1876.

j, umbella'tum (umbel-flowered). See C. GUTTULATUM.
„ vagina' tum (sheathed). Pale yellow. Singapore.

1843.
„ Walli'chii (Wallich's). Brown. March. Nepaul.

1837.
„ wendlandia'num (\Vendlandian). Wine-purple. Burma.

1891.
„ whitea'num (Whitean). Flowers small, yellow.

Moluccas (?). 1895.
„ Wi'ghtii (Wight's). Ceylon.

CI RSIUM. See CNI'CUS.

C. cichora'ceum. See SERRATULA CICHORACEA.
„ heteromallum. See SAUSSUREA CANDICANS.
„ orienta'le. See GALACTITES TOMENTOSA.
„ pinnati'ftdum. See SERRATULA PINNATIFIDA.

CISSA MPELOS. Pareira Brava Root. (From kissos,
ivy, and ampelos, a vine ; creeps like ivy, and flowers
like the vine, on long, hairy racemes. Nat. ord. Meni-
spermads [Menispermacea?]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, i^-Poly-
andria.)

Stove twiners. The species from South Africa will do
in a warm greenhouse ; cuttings of small side-shoots,
rather firm, in sand, under glass, and in bottom-heat ;
loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter,
45° to 55°.

C. Caape'ba (Caapeba). See C. PAREIRA.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). 6. Green. Cape of Good Hope.

1775.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). See C. PAREIRA.
„ maurifia'na (Mauritian). See C. PAREIRA.
„ microca'rpa (small-fruited). See C. PAREIRA.
„ Parei'r a (Pareira). 6. Green. July. S. Amer. 1733.

" Pareira Brava."

CI'SSUS. (From kissos, ivy ; in reference to their
scrambling habit. Nat. ord. Vineworts [Ampelidacea?].
Linn. ^.-Tetrandria, i-Motiogynia.)

A genus of stove and greenhouse climbers, with the
exception of the handsome foliage of C. discolor, having
no particular pretensions to beauty. We introduce it in
order to remark, that with the exception of the grape-
vine and Ampelopsis, the plants of this order are singu-
larly deficient in use or beauty. The species require
the same treatment as Cissampelos.

C. a'cida (acid). Yellow-green. W. Ind.
„ adeno'podus (gland-stalked). Green, yellow. Young

leaves and shoots covered with red hairs. Uganda.

1905.
„ baudinia'na (Baudinian). Green. Australia. 1790.

Syn. Vitis antarctica.

„ davidia'na (Davidian). See VITIS HETEROPHYLLA.
,, di'scolor (two-coloured). Greenish-white. September.

Java.
,, hauptia'na (Hauptian). Green. Leaves heart-shaped

elongate. Cameroons. 1899.
„ inci'sa (incised). Texas.
„ Linde'ni (Linden's). Leaves blotched with white.

Colombia. 1869.
„ mexica'na (Mexican). Leaves similar to those of the

Grape-vine. Mexico. 1888.
„ orienta'lis (oriental). Orient. Should be placed with

Ampelopsis.

„ Pau'li-Guilie'lmi (Paul- William's). Trop. Africa.
„ porphyrophy'llus (purple-leaved). See PIPER POR-

PHYROPHYLLUM.

,, quinquefo'lia (five-leaved). See AMPELOPSIS HEDER-
ACEA, and PARTHENOCISSUS QUINQUEFOLIA.

„ rochea'na (Rochean). Trop. Africa. 1884.

„ ro'sea (rosy). Rose. Himalayas.

,, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). Arabia. 1884.

,, tubercula'ta (tubercled). Scarlet. S. Amer.

„ Vei'ichi (Veitch's). See AMPELOPSIS VEITCHII, PAR-
THENOCISSUS TRICUSPIDATA, and VITIS INCONSTANS.

„ veluti'na (velvety). Red. Malaya (?).

„ viticifo'lia pinnati'fida (pinnatifid-vine-leaved). See

VlTIS SERIAN/EFOLIA.

CISTERNS

215

CITRUS

CISTERNS for the accumulation of rain-water should
be formed in connection with the gutters of the various
buildings in the gardens, for no water is equal to it
for the artificial supply of moisture to plants.

CI'STUS. Rock Rose. (From kiste, a box ; in refer-
ence to the form of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord. Rock Roses
[Cistaceae]. Linn. iz-Icosandria, t-Monogynia.)

C. ladani'ferus and C. Le'don produce gum ladanum.
Seeds sown in April ; if under glass, so much the-better ;
layers after the plants have flowered ; and cuttings in
May, under a hand-glass ; dry soil ; all smaller kinds
suitable for rock-work ; and although hardy in sheltered,
dry places, it is safest to propagate a few evety season,
and give the protection of a cold pit in winter.

C. acutifo'lius (pointed-leaved).
South of Europe.

White. August.

„ a'lbidus (\vhite-leaved). 2. Pale purple. June.

Spain. 1640.

„ asperifo'lius (rough-leaved). See C. LONGIFOLIUS.
„ candidi ssimus (whitest). See C. VAGINA'TUS.
„ cane'sccns (hoary-leaved). See C. VILLOSUS.
„ Clu'sii (Clusius's). 3. White. June. Spain. 1810.
„ complica'tus (complicated). See C. PARVIFLORUS.
„ corbarie nsis (Corbor). 2. White. June. Spain.

1656.

„ cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). 4. White. June. 1800.
„ cre'ticus (Cretan). See C. VILLOSUS CRETICUS.
„ „ tau'ricus (Taurian). See C. TAURICUS.
„ cri'spus (curled-leaved). 2. Purple. June. Portugal.

1656.

,, cupania'nus (Cupani's). See C. CORBARIENSIS.
„ cymo'sus (cyme-flowered). See C. PARVIFLORUS.
„ cy'prius (Cyprus). 4. June. White. Greece. 1800.
„ Deli lei (Delile's). S.W. Europe.
„ dunalia'nus (Dunal's). See C. VILLOSUS.
„ ftorenti'nus (Florentine). 3. White. June. Italy.

1825.
„ glau'cus (sea-green), i. White. June. France.

1730.
„ heterophy'llus (various-leaved). 2. Purple. June.

Algiers.

,, hirsu'tus (hairy). 2. White. June. Portugal. 1656.
„ inca'nus (hoary). See C. VILLOSUS.
„ ladani'fero-monspelie'nsis. S.W. Europe.
„ ladani'ferus (ladan urn-bearing). Bog-cistus). 4.

White. June. Spain. 1629.
„ „ albifio'rus (white-flowered. Gum-cistus). 4. White.

June. Spain.
„ „ macula'tus (spotted). 4. White. June. Spain.

1700.

„ latifo'lius (broad-leaved). See C. POPULIFOLIUS.
„ laurifo'lius (laurel-leaved). 4. White. June. Spain.

1731-

„ la'xus (loose-flowered). See C. HIRSUTUS.
„ Le'don (Ledon). See C. GLAUCUS.
„ longifo'lius (long-leaved). 4. White. June. South of

Europe. 1800.

„ lusita'nicus (Portuguese). 3. Yellow. July. Por-
tugal. 1830.
„ monspelie'nsis (Montpelier). 2. White. June. South

of Europe. 1656.

„ oblongifo lius (oblong-leaved). See C. LONGIFOLIUS.
„ obtus'ifo'lius (blunt-leaved). See C. LONGIFOLIUS.
„ parviflo'rus (small-flowered). 3. Pale red. June.

Crete. 1800.

„ platyse'palus (broad-sepaled). 4. Red. June. Crete.
„ populifo'lius (poplar-leaved). 3. White. May.

Spain. 1656.

„ psilose'palus (smooth-sepaled). See C. HIRSUTUS.
„ purpu'reus (purple). 2. Purple. June. Levant.
„ reco'gnitus (recognised). S. Europe.
„ rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). See C. VILLOSUS ROTUNDI-

FOLIUS.
„ salvifo'lius (sage-leaved). 2. White. June. South of

Europe. 1548.

„ „ erectiu' sculus (rather erect). 2. White. June.
„ „ ochroleu'cus( yellowish-white). 2. Yellowish. June.
„ seri'ceus (silky). 2. Red. June. Spain. 1826.
„ tau'ricus (Taurian). 2. Purple. June. Crimea.

1817.

„ undula'tus (waved). See C. VILLOSUS UNDULATUS.
„ vagina'tus (sheathed). 2. Pale purple. April.

Teneriffe. 1779.
„ ta'rius (variable). See C. ALBIDUS.

C. villo'sus (long-haired). 3. Purple. June. S. of

Europe. 1640.
„ „ co'rsicus (Corsican).
„ „ cre'ticus (Cretan). 2. Purple. July. Levant.

1731. " Gum Cistus."
„ „ rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). 2. Purple. June.

S. Europe. 1640.
„ „ undula' tus (waved). 4. White. June. S.Europe.

1803.
„ vulga'ris (common). See C. VILLOSUS.

CTTHARE XYLUM. Fiddle-wood. (From kithara, a
lyre, and xulon, wood ; in reference to the wood being
fit for musical instruments. Nat. ord. Verbenas [Ver-
benaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, z-Angiospermia.)

Stove trees ; cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a
glass, and in bottom-heat ; loam and peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
C. cauda'tum (tailed). 20. White. Jamaica. 1763.
„ cyanoca'rpum (blue- fruited). See RHAPHITHAMNUS

CYANOCARPUS.

„ denta'tum (toothed). 15. E. Ind. 1824.

„ ilicifo'lium (holly- leaved). Ecuador.

„ mo' lie (soft). Soft yellow. S. Amer.

„ penta'ndrum (five-anthered) . Porto Rico.

„ quadrangula're (square-stemmed). 20. White. W.

Ind. " Fiddle Wood."
„ seri'ceum (silky). 15. E. Ind. 1824.
„ subserra'tum (slightly-toothed). 15. White. W. Ind.

1820.
„ villo'sum (long-haired). .10. St. Domingo. 1784.

CITRIC BAT US. (From citros, a citron, and batos, a
thorn ; called the Orange Thorn by the colonists in
Australia, the plant bearing small, orange-coloured fruit.
Nat. ord. Pittosporads [Pittosporaceae]. Linn. $-Pen-
tandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from Austrah'a ; cuttings hi
sand, under glass ; sandy, turfy peat, and a little loam
and charcoal. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 45°
to 50°.

C. multifio'rus (many-flowered). 3. November. 1818.
„ paucifto'rus (few-flowered). 1822.

CITRON. Ci'trus Mddica.

CITRULLUS. (From kitron, the citron, the fruits
resembling an orange or other species of Citrus. Nat.
ord. Cucurbitaceae.)

Stove climbers of a herbaceous character, requiring
treatment similar to that given the Cucumber.

C. Colocy'nthis (Colocynthis) . Yellow. Fruit green,

blotched cream. Trop. Africa. " Colocynth."
„ vulga'ris (common). Yellow. Fruits green, blotched
cream. Trop. Africa. " Water Melon."

CITRUS. Orange- tree. (From the Greek word
kitron. Nat. ord. Citronworts [Rutaceae], Linn. 18-
Polyadelphia, 2-Polyandria.)

Greenhouse evergreen trees.

C. a'cida (acid). See C. MEDICA ACIDA.
„ angula'ta (angular-/rwitei). \Vhite. E. Ind.
„ Aura' ntium (sweet-orange). 15. White. Asia. 1595.
„ „ japo'nica (Japanese). 6. White. June. Japan.
„ „ myrtifo'lia (Myrtle-leaved). White. Asia.
„ ,, variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated.
„ australa' sica (Australasian). Australia.
,, austra'lis (southern). Australia.
„ buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 3. White. June. China.
„ decuma'na (huge). 15. White. June. India. 1724.

" Shaddock."

,, deliclo'sa (delicious). See C. AURANTIUM.
„ Hy'strix (porcupine). 15. White. June. E. Ind.
„ japo'nica (]a.pa.n-small-fruited). See C. AURANTIUM

JAPONICA.

„ Lime'tta (lime-bergamot). See C. MEDICA LIMETTA.
„ Limo'num (lemon). See C. MEDICA LIMONUM.
„ madure'nsis (Madura). See C. AURANTIUM JAPONICA.
,, Margari'ta (pearl). See C. AURANTIUM JAPONICA.
„ Me'dica (Median). 8. White. June. Asia. " Citron."
„ „ a'cida (acid).

„ „ Lime'tta (Limetta). " Sweet Lime."
„ „ Limo'num (Limonum). " Lemon."
„ „ odorati' ssima (sweetest scented).

CITRUS

216

CLARKIA

C. Me'dica Rive'rsii (Rivers's). White. St. Michael's,

Azores. " Rivers's Bijou Lemon."
„ no'bilis (noble. Mandarin). 15. White. June.

China. 1805.
„ ,, Daidai (Daidai). Japan.

ma'jor (larger). " Mandarin Orange.

^^^^^M
1805.

„ mi'nor (smaller). 15. White. June. China.

,, ,, Tangeri'na (Tangerine). "Tangerine Orange."
,, spinosi' ssima (spiniest). 15. White. June. Cayenne.

See C. MEDICA.
„ trifolia'ta (three-leafleted). The proper name is

M'gle sepia 'ria.

„ vulga'ris (common. Seville). See C. AURANTIUM.
„ „ myrtifo'lia (myrtle- leaved). See C. AURANTIUM

MYRTIFOLIA.

Common Orange (C. Aura'ntium). — The following are
esteemed varieties : the China, Blood-red, Sweet-skinned,
the Ribbed, Pear-shaped, Tiny-fruited, Fingered, St.
Michael's, and Mandarin. The Mandarin and St.
Michael's are far superior to the rest for cultivation.
The Mandarin is cultivated extensively at Malta, although
originally from China : it has a thin rind, and is of very
superior flavour. The St. Michael's is also a small
orange ; but the skin is of a pale yellow ; the rind, also,
very thin, and the pulp remarkably sweet. The fruit
is generally without seed, and the tree is a great bearer.

The Lime (C. Lime'tta) approaches the Lemon ; but
the juice is flat, and somewhat bitter.

The Shaddock (C. decuma'na) has a large and round
fruit ; skin yellow, with a white, spongy rind ; the pulp
sweet and juicy. This has been successfully cultivated,
in Devonshire, on the open walls, with protection in
winter, but no artificial heat.

The Lemon (C. Limo'num). — The Continental growers
are content to raise these from seed ; hence the great
difference in quality of the imported fruit.

The Citron (C. Me'dica) has a rind thick, spongy, and
very fragrant ; pulp, sub-acid.

Propagation. — All the kinds will propagate freely by
cuttings, either of the young shoots, or of those riper in
character. They are prepared in the usual way, and
inserted in pots of sand. A close frame, with a bottom-
heat of 75°, is necessary ; and they must be plunged.
They may be made at any period, excepting whilst the
plants are growing. Some cultivators put out long,
straight pieces of the Citron (which is easiest to propa-
gate), of two or three years' growth ; and, as soon as
they are rooted, they graft them.

Layers root with facility, but do not make such fine
plants.

Grafting. — There are various ways of performing this
operation, dependent much on the size and character of
the stock. Some graft the young seedlings which were
sown in early spring : these, by bottom-heat and high
culture, are rendered fit for this operation in about four
or five months. No clay is used in this delicate opera-
tion, but a little fine moss. Some cut off the head of the
stock and crown-graft ; others attach the graft to the
growing shoot, as in ordinary whip-grafting. Budding
is also practised by some cultivators.

Inarching has sometimes been practised by inarching
several plants on one large stock, in order to form a
head speedily.

Stocks. — The Citron has been mostly preferred ; the
Shaddock, however, makes a robust stock. M'Intosh
seems to recommend sowing any ordinary seeds — from
such fruit, indeed, as have rotted in the warehouses,
from which he has had complete success.

Seeds. — The mode of rearing them thus is simple
enough. A light, rich soil and a lively bottom-heat,
with a somewhat close atmosphere, will produce plants
eighteen inches high in a few months.

Soil and Culture. — All the family love a generous soil.
One half a free, yet rich loam, and the other half composed
of leaf-mould, old cow-manure, and sandy heath-soil,
will grow them in high perfection, adding a little sand
and some charred materials. Care must be taken to
use the turfy loam in lumps, and to drain well ; indeed,
all the materials should be somewhat coarse. They
require liberal watering ; and it must, when given,
penetrate the whole mass of soil. They enjoy liquid-
manure occasionally. They are not only grown in pots
or tubs, but planted out as trees, and against walls and
trellises ; and they are equally adapted for all these

modes of culture. Span-roofed houses would be highly
eligible for them as standards ; and the sides and ends,
being portable, might be removed in summer. The
Citron family are impatient of intense sunshine, being,
for the most part, natives of woods. A slight amount
of shading, therefore, becomes occasionally necessary.
The temperature during winter — especially in houses
with opaque roofs — must be very moderate : 48° to 50°,
by means of fire heat, is quite sufficient. As light in-
creases with a returning spring, the thermometer may be
permitted to advance a little. In light houses, a ther-
mometer of 50° to 55° will do no injury. Here, however,
shading will, at times, be requisite.

Fruit, uses, &c. — Besides forming, in its natural state,
one of the adjuncts of the modern dessert, these fruits
are used in a variety of forms, both in confectionery,
sweetmeats, and liqueurs. Thus, the Seville, Bizarade,
or Bitter Orange, having a very bitter rind, is used for
marmalade, bitter tinctures, candied peel, and for
flavouring curacoa. The Bizarades are the kinds used
principally for the production of cut blossoms by the
French gardeners. The Bergamot has a pear-like
fragrance : from this the perfumer obtains his bergamot
essences. The Lime is used in flavouring punch and
confectionery. The Shaddock has a cooling and refresh-
ing juice ; and the fruit is a splendid addition, in appear-
ance, to the dessert. The Lemon is too well known to
need comment. The Citron is used for sweetmeats,
lemonade, and to flavour negus and punch.

Diseases. — We are not aware of anything which may
be strictly termed a disease of this genus. A black
fungus is frequently found on the leaf, having the appear-
ance of soot, and perhaps arguing a corrupt atmosphere,
through a too close confinement. This must be cleaned
away, by a sponge, with warm water.

Insects. — The aphis and the scale (coccus) are amongst
its principal enemies. The former may at all times be
readily destroyed by fumigation ; the latter may be
rubbed off by means of sponge bound on a stick, fre-
quently dipping the sponge in a liquor consisting of two
ounces of soft soap beat up in a gallon of water.

CLADA'NTHUS. (From klados, a branch, and anthos,
a flower ; flowering at the end of the branches. Nat.
ord. Composites [Compositas] . Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
2-Superftua. Allied to Anthemis.)

The annual from seeds, in April ; the evergreen from
cuttings, under a glass ; common soil.
C. ara'bicus (Arabian). 2. Yellow. July. Bombay.

1759. Hardy annual.
„ cane'scens (whitish), i. Yellow. June. Canaries.

1829. Greenhouse evergreen.

„ proli'ferus (proliferous). 2. Yellow. July. N.Africa.
1759. Hardy Annual.

CLADRA'STIS. (Derivation not clear. Nat. ord.
Leguminosa?.)

Hardy, ornamental, deciduous trees, with racemes of
white flowers. Imported seeds, cuttings of the roots,
budding, grafting, or layering. Ordinary soil.
„ amure'nsis (Amurland). 6. White. Amur. 1880.
„ tincto'ria (dyer's). 15. White. July. N. Amer.

1812. " Yellow Wood."

„ „ au'reo-variega'ta (golden variegated). Leaves
variegated with yellow. 1907.

CLANDESTI'NA PENDULIFLO RA. See LATHR^A
CLANDESTINA.
„ rectifto'ra. See LATHR^JA SQUAMARIA.

CLA'REIA. (Named after Captain Clarke. Nat. ord.
Onagrads [Onagraceae]. Linn. S-Octandria, i-Monogynia.)
Hardy annuals. Seeds in common border, in March ;
or, in September, in reserve-garden, protected with a
few branches in frosty weather, and transplanted, in
spring, in patches, when they will bloom early, or sow
early in spring, where they are to be grown.
C. e'legans (elegant). 2. Rose, purple. July. Cali-
fornia. 1832.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered), if. Pale rose.

September. Gardens. 1827.
,, ,, rhomboi'dea (diamond-petaled). See C. RHOM-

BOIDEA.

„ gauroi'des (gaura-like). See C. RHOMBOIDEA.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). 2. June. N. Amer. 1826.

CLARY

217

CLEISOSTOMA

C. pulche'lla bi'color (two-coloured).
„ „ flo're-albo (white-flowered). 2. White. June.

N. Amer. 1826.

„ „ fto're-ple'no (double rose). 1864.
„ „ margina'ta (edged). Rose, edged white. 1858.
„ rhomboi dea (diamond-shaped). Pink. June to Sep-

tember. N.W. Amer. 1823.

CLARY. (Sa'lvia Scla'rea.) Its leaves are sometimes
used in soups and medicated wines. A very small
number of plants is sufficient for a family. Sow early
in April, or a month earlier, in any light-soiled border.
Thin the plants to two feet apart. The sowing must be
annual. Seed may be saved by allowing some plants
to run up the next spring. They ripen their seed in
September.

CLAUSE'NA. (Derivation not explained. Nat. ord.
Citronworts [Rutaceae], Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Mono-

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand,
under a glass, in heat. Loam and peat. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
C. anisa'ta (smelling of anise). Trop. Africa.
„ corymbifto'ra (corymb-flowered). White. Loyalty

Islands. 1878. Fruit edible.
,, pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 20. White. July.

Himalayas. 1800.

„ Wa'mpi (Wampi). 15. White. China. 1795.
" Wampee."

CLA'VICEPS PURPU'REA. The Ergot of rye, a
fungus attacking Rye.

CLAVTJA. (Named after Clavija, a Spanish naturalist.
Nat. ord. Ardisiads [Myrsinaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Theophrasta.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots
in sandy loam, with sand above, under glass, and in
bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). Antioquia.

„ E'rnstii (Ernst's). Apricot-yellow. Caraccas.

,, fu'lgens (shining). Orange-red. Peru. 1867.

„ Hooke'ri (Hooker's). Peru.

„ lalifo'lia (broad-leaved). W. Ind.

„ macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 20. White. Peru. 1816.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Brazil.

„ orna'ta (adorned). 12. Orange. Caraccas. 1828.

„ rieddia'na (Riedelian). Orange. Brazil.

„ rodekia'na (Rodekian). Orange. Colombia. 1874.

„ spathula'ta (spathulate). See C. HOOKERI.

„ umbro'sa (shady). Brazil. 1868.

„ undula'ta (waved). Trop. Amer. 1831.

CLAY is a constituent of all fertile soils, though in
these it rarely exceeds one-sixteenth part, and generally
bears a much smaller relative proportion to the other
constituents. In its pure state it is known as alumina. It
is the best of all additions to light, unretentive soils ;
for it retains moisture much more powerfully than any
other earth. M. Schubler found, that when silicious
sand lost eighty-eight parts of moisture, and chalky sand
seventy-six, stiff clay, in the same time, lost only thirty-
five parts.

Clay soils are the worst that can be for gardens ; for
there is scarcely one of the crops there cultivated that
is not injured by stagnant water, which can scarcely
be prevented in clay soils at some seasons ; and, in wet
weather, clayey soils cannot be worked, whereas the
gardener must be inserting or attending to his crops
every day.

For the improvement of clay lands, by rendering their
staple less retentive, burning' some of their own soil is
an efficient application. One hundred tons per acre,
for this purpose, are not too many ; for a dressing as a
manure, thirty tons are a good quantity. See PARING.

CLAYING is adding clay to a soil, to render it more
retentive.

CLAYTO'NIA. (Named after John Clayton, who col-
lected plants in America. Nat. ord. Purslanes [Portu-
lacea;]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

C. perfolia'ta, a gay little annual, is used as a substitute
for purslane in North America. Annuals, in border

of sandy loam, or sandy peat, in March and April ;
tuberous species, by offsets in spring or autumn, and
seeds in spring ; herbaceous species, by division of the
roots ; vegetable mould and peaty soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.

C. alsinoi'des (Alsine-like). See C. SIBIRICA ALBA.
, a'rctica (arctic), i. White. June. Siberia. 1818.
, cubefnsis (Cuba). See C. PERFOLIATA.
, qypsophiloi'des (gypsophila-like). See C. PERFOHATA.
, joannea'na (Joannes's). See C. ARCTICA.
, parvifto'ra (small-flowered). See C. PERFOLIATA

PARVIFLORA.

„ perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced), i. White. June. N.

Amer. 1794.

,, ,, parvifto'ra (small-flowered).

„ sibi'rica (Siberian), i. Red. June. Siberia. 1768.
„ „ a'lba (white). White, with red anthers. Nootka

Sound.
„ unalaschke'nsis (Unalaschka). See C. SIBIRICA.

HARDY TUBEROUS-ROOTED.

C. acutifto'ra (pointed-petaled). See C. VIRGINICA.
„ acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 2. August. Siberia.

1827.
„ calif o'rnica (Californian) . California. Herbaceous

perennial.
„ carolinia' no, (Carolina), i. Pink. April. N. Amer

1789-

„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See C. VIRGINICA.
„ lanceola'ta (spear-head-teaved) . See C. CAROLINIANA.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved), i. White. April. N.Amer.

1827.
„ polyphy'lla (many-leaved), i. Pink. April. N.

Amer. 1827.
„ sarmento'sa (trailing), i. Rose. Asia and Arctic

Amer. 1827.

„ s£atftuJo:/o7t'a(spathulate-leaved). See C. CAROLINIANA.
„ umbella'ta (umbelled). N.W. Amer.
„ vestia'na (Vest's), i. Rose. Altai. 1827.
„ virgi'nica (Virginian. Notch-petaled). i. White.

N. Amer. 1740.

CLEISO STOMA. (From kleio, to close, and stoma, a
mouth. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Sarcpchilus.)

Stove orchids, except C. tridenta'ta ; divisions ; blocks
of wood, with a little sphagnum moss. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

C. bi'color (two-coloured). Pink, purple. July. Manilla.

1848.

„ bre'vipes (short-stalked). E. Himalayas.
„ crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). Green, purple. E. Ind.

1852.
„ dawsonia'num (Dawsonian). See TRICHOGLOTTIS

DAWSONIANA.

„ dealba'tum (whitened). Yellow. September

Manilla. 1843.

„ deci'piens (deceiving). Ochre. May. Ceylon. 1843.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). Yellow. March. India.

1844.

,, fu'ceum (brown). See C. LATIFOLIUM.
„ Guibe'rti (Guibert's). Yellow, with cinnamon rings

1862.
„ iono'smum (violet-scented). 2. Yellow. March.

Manilla. 1843.

„ lana'tum (woolly). See SACCOLABIUM LANATUM.
„ latifp'lium (broad-leaved). Yellow, red. March.

Singapore. 1840.
„ maculo'sum (spotted- flowered). Yellow, pink. March.

Ceylon. 1839.
„ ri'ngens (gaping). Yellow; lip purple, orange.

Philippines. 1888.
„ ro'seum (rose-coloured-/fcw<rra*). Straw-coloured.

September. Manilla. 1837.
„ secu'ndum (one-sided). Rose-pink, rose-purple.

Burma. 1907.
„ spica'tum (spiked). Red, yellow. May. Borneo.

1846.

„ „ pa'llidum (pale). Malaya. 1837.
„ stria' turn (striated). Yellow, red. Darjeeling. 1879.
„ tridenta'tum (three-toothed). Reddish-white. Aus-
tralia. 1838. Greenhouse.

CLEISTANTHUS

218

CLEMATIS

C. wendlando'rum (Wendlandian). Himalayas and

Burma.

„ zollingeria'num (Zollingerian). White and red-brown
spots.

CLEISTA NTHUS. (From kleistos, locked up or closed,
and anthos, a flower ; the flowers are closed. Nat. ord.
Euphorbiacese.)

Evergreen stove shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in bottom
heat. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
C. colli'nus (hill). 2. White. E. Ind. 1807.
„ pa'tulus (spreading). 3. White. E. Ind. 1812.

CLE'MATIS. Virgin's Bower. (From klema, a vine-
branch ; in reference to their climbing like a vine. Nat.
ord. Crowfoots [RanunculaceaB]. Linn. i^-Polyandria,
6-Polygynia.)

Cuttings of firm side-shoots under a hand-light, in
summer ; layers in September ; division of herbaceous
kinds as they commence to grow, hi spring ; light loam, or
loam and a little peat. A dry situation suits most of them.

The numerous hybrid Clematis are divided into several
sections.

Those of the Jackmani type all flower from the terminal
growths of long shoots, and in the ordinary way do not
flower until July. Yet when grown in pots under glass
they come in much earlier.

The Patens section are the earliest, and these flower
from the short side-shoots of the previous year's growth.
Mrs. Quilter and Albert Victor are good examples of
this type, but there are many others, and they are ex-
tensively grown for early flowering in pots.

The Florida section are chiefly double varieties, of
which Belle of Woking and Lucy Lemoine are good types.

The Lanuginosa section include all the large-flowered
sorts, and do not flower so early as those of the patens
type. The original C. lanuginosa was one of the finest.
Alba magna, Beauty of Worcester, Fairy Queen, and
purpurea elegans are good examples.

Montana section. — There are a few pretty varieties of
this species, including one which is of a decided red shade.

Cor.cinea section. — The original species is very distinct,
with red, almost campanulate, flowers ; but many hybrids
have been raised, the flowers of which expand more, and
are very pretty as pot plants. Viorna is the name
applied by some growers. Flammula is another species
from which we have some good varieties.

Vilicella is another type ; in this we have some of a
decided red shade. All of the above may be propagated
by grafting them on the young seedlings of C. Vitalba
(our common Travellers' Joy). Started in moderate
warmth early in the spring the stock plants will soon
make growth, and one shoot will give several scions ;
they should be cut off quite close above a pair of leaves,
and only sufficient length left below to cut a wedge-
shaped portion to insert into the stock, which should be
cut off just below the seed leaves and split deep enough
to insert the scion. After being bound with cotton or
raffia, they should be potted singly in small pots, and
placed in a close frame where there is a moderate bottom-
heat. And they should be removed to where they are
more exposed as soon as they are well started. Some
growers propagate from cuttings of riper wood during
the summer ; and in days gone by layering was the usual
practice, but now it is only a few distinct species that are
increased in that manner. Some are raised from seeds,
but the seeds having a very hard covering they should
be kept hi moist sand for some time before sowing.
With C. Vitalba it was our practice to put the seed in
moist sand soon after collected, and sow it as early as
weather permitted in March. The seedlings then made
useful stocks for the following spring.

STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.

C. america'na (American). See C. DIOICA.
„ brasilia'na (Brazilian). 12. White. Brazil. 1823.
„ caripe'nsis (Caripe). 12. White. Mexico. 1820.
„ dioi'ca (dioecious). 14. Green. Yellow, May. W.

Ind. 1733.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 12. Yellow, green.

Sierra Leone. 1823.
„ hedysarifo'lia (Hedysarum-leaved). White. E. Ind.

1819.
„ smilacifo'lia (Smilax-leaved). 20. Purple. E. Ind.

1824.

GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS.

C. afolia'fa (leafless). New Zealand.

„ arista'ta (avmed-anthered) . 12. Green, yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1812. Deciduous.

„ „ coria'cea (leathery). 12. White. Australia. 1821.

,, balea'rica (Balearic) of Rich. See C. CALYCINA.

„ balea'rica (Balearic) of Pers. See C: CIRRHOSA.

„ barbella'ta (finely bearded). Chocolate and cream-
coloured. May. Himalayas.

„ benthamia'na (Benthamian). China.

„ brachia'ta (armed). 2. Yellow, green. October.
Cape of Good Hope. Evergreen.

„ buchania'na (Buchanian). Greenish- yellow. Hima-
laya and China. 1900.

„ chine'nsis (Chinese). 12. White. China. 1820.
Half-hardy evergreen.

„ cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. Texas. 1868.

„ „ lute'ola (yellow). Yellow inside. 1888.

„ ,, parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Smaller, reddish in-
side. 1888.

„ Cole'nsoi (Colenso's). Yellow. New Zealand. 1889.

„ coria'cea (leather-leaved). See C. ARISTATA CORIACEA.

,, Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). N. Amer.

,, glycinoi'des (glycine-like). 10. White. Australia.
1826. Evergreen.

„ grave' olens (strong-smelling) . See C. ORIENTALIS.

„ grave'olens of Lindley. Pale yellow. Himalayas.
1846.

,, grewiaflo'ra (Grewia- flowered). Tawny - yellow.
Himalayas. 1868.

„ hexase'pala (six-sepaled). 3. Pale green. April.
New Zealand. 1844.

„ Hila'rii (Hilarii). Bluish-white, fragrant. Brazil,
Argentina. 1904.

„ indivi'sa (undivided-leaved). 20. White, cream.
April. New Zealand.

„ „ loba'ta (Idbed-leaved) . 20. White, cream. April.
New Zealand. 1847.

„ linearilo'ba (narrow- lobed). See C. CRISPA.

„ meyenia'na (Meyenian). China.

„ „ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Leaflets i to 5.
Flowers larger. China. 1904.

„ nepale'nsis (Nepalese). White. Nepal. 1874.

„ odora'ta (fragrant). June. E. Ind. 1831.

,, Owe'nia (Miss Owen's). Flowers small. Port Natal.

„ Sande'ri (Sander's). White, fragrant. Australia.
1907. Evergreen.

„ Stanle'yi (Stanley's). Purple. S. Africa. Sub-erect
shrub.

,, Zanzibar e'nsis (Zanzibar). 10. Zanzibar. 1820.

HARDY CLIMBERS AND HERBACEOUS.
C. Addiso'nii (Addison's). Violet-purple. Alleghany

Mountains. 1896.
„ cethuscefo'lia (^Ethusa-leaved). White. Amurland

and N. China.
„ ,, latise'cta (broad-cut-leaved). White. Segments

of leaves broader. Amurland. 1869.
„ alpi'na (alpine). Varying from blue to white. May.

Mountains of Europe. 1753.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-en^Ve-leaved) . 2. White. June.

Austria. 1787.

„ apiifo'lia (Celery- leaved). China and Japan.
„ Arma'ndi (Armand's). White, -z\ in. across. West

and Central China. 1904.
„ aroma'tica (aromatic). Light blue, fragrant. Garden

hybrid.

„ Bergero'ni (Bergeron's). Origin unknown.
„ brevicauda'ta (short-tailed). White. Mongolia and

Manchuria. 1888.

„ caru'lea (sky-blue- flowered). See C. PATENS.
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See C. PATENS

GRANDIFLORA.

„ califo'rnica (Calif ornian). California. 1840.

„ calyci'na (large-calyxed). Balearic Islands. 1878.

„ campaniflo'ra (bell-flowered). 6. Purple. July.

Portugal. 1810.
„ cirrho'sa (tendrilled). 12. White, green. April.

Mediterranean region. 1596.
,, conna'ta (connate). White. Himalaya. 1891.
„ cri'spa (crisped). 4. White. July. N. Amer. 1823.

Herbaceous Perennial.
„ cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). See C. CRISPA.
„ „ Henderso'ni (Henderson's). See C. HENDERSONI.

CLEMATIS

219

CLEOME

C. dau'rica (Daurian). 12. Yellow, green. September.

Temperate Asia. 1820.
„ daveya'na (Daveyan). See C. HERACLE^FOLIA DAVI-

DIANA.
„ davidia'na (Davidian). See C. HERACLE^EFOLIA DAVI-

DIANA.

„ diversifo'lia (diverse-leaved). 4. White. April.

Herbaceous perennial.
„ Dougla'sii : (Douglas's). Blue, bell-shaped. N. Amer.

1889.

„ ere' eta (erect). See C. RECTA.
„ „ «randiflo'r a (large-flowered). See C. RECTA GRANDI-

FLORA.

„ ,. hispa'nica (Spanish). See C. RECTA.
„ Fla'mmula (Flammula). 20. White. August.

Europe. 1596.

„ „ ceespito'sa (tufted). 20. White. September.
„ „ mari'tima (maritime). 20. White. May. S.

Europe.

„ „ robu'sta (robust). 20. White. Japan. 1875.
„ „ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 20. White. August.

France. 1596.

„ „ rube'lla (reddish). 20. Reddish. September.
„ „ ru'bro-margina'ta (red-edged).
„ flo'rida (florid). 10. White. June. Japan. 1776.

„ bi 'color (two-coloured). White, purple.

„ flo' re-pie' no (double-flowered). 10. White. J

„ Sifbo'ldii (Sieboldt's). 10. Purple, green. J

une.
une.

Japan. 1836.
„ Fortu'nei (Fortune's). See C. WILLIAMSII.
„ Fr«mo'nrt(Freemont's). Kansas and Missouri. 1890.
„ fu'sca (brown). N.E. Asia. 1864.
„ glau'ca (milky-green). See C. ORIENTALIS.
„ Graka'mi (Graham's). 15. Pale green. July.

Mexico. 1846.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered).
„ grata (grateful). Pink. Himalaya.
„ Henderso'nii (Henderson's). Garden hybrid.
„ heracle&fo'lia (Heracleuin- leaved). Lilac. China.
„ „ davidia'na (Davidian). 2. Light blue. Erect

shrub. China.

„ „ Lava'llei (Lavalle's). Blue.
„ „ sta'ns (standing). Pale blue. Japan. 1870.
„ Hooke'ri (Hooker's). See C. HERACLE^EFO'LIA.
„ inUgrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 2. Blue. July. Hun-
gary. 1596.

„ „ elonga'ta (elongated). 2. Blue. June. Europe.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad- leaved). Purple. July.
., integrifo'lia Freemo'nti (Freemont's entire-leaved).

See C. FREEMONTI.

,, intrica'ta (intricate). Mongolia. 1889.
„ Jackma'ni (Jackman's). Purple. (lanuginosax

Viticella). 1862.

„ „ a'lba (white). White. 1884.
„ lanugino'sa (woolly). Blue. June. China. 1851.
„ „ tiola'cea (violet). Violet-purple, 7 in. across.
„ lathyrifo'lia (lathynis-leaved). See C. RECTA.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See C. INTEGRIFOLIA LATI-

FOLIA.

„ leioca'rpa (smooth-fruited). China.
„ ligusticifo'lia (Ligusticum-leaved). W. United States.
,, macrope' tola (large-petaled). Siberia. 1831.
„ massonia'na (Masson's). See C. BRACHIATA.
,, monzo'lica (Mongolian). Yellow. 1888.
,, monstro'sa (monstrous). See C. PATENS.
„ monta'na (mountain). 20. White. May. Nepaul.

1831. Deciduous.

„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. May.
„ „ ru'bens (reddish). Deep rose. Central China.

1904.
„ „ Wiho'nii (Wilson's). Late summer flowering.

1909.

„ nepale'nsis (Nepaul). See C. BARBELLATA.
„ nu'tans (nodding). Primrose-yellow, fragrant. W.

China. 1910.

„ occidenta'lis (western). 10. July. 1818.
„ ochote'nsis (Ochotsk). 12. White. June. Siberia.

1818.
„ ochroleu'ca( yellowish-white). 2. Light yellow. June.

N. Amer. 1767. Deciduous.
„ orienta'lis (eastern). 8. Yellow, white. August.

Levant. 1731. Deciduous.

„ „ tangu'tifa (Tangutian). Golden yellow. 1900.
„ ova'ta (ovate). See C. INTEGRIFOLIA.
„ pamcula'ta (panicled). 20. White. August. Japan.

C. pa'tens (spreading). White. June. Japan.
,, ,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Light blue, large.
,, ,, Sopki'a (Sophia). Purple, green midrib. Japan.

i853.

,, pedicella'ta (tonij-flower-stalked). See C. CIRRHOSA.
,, Piero'ti (Pierot's). See C. BREVICAUDATA.
„ Pitche'ri (Pitcher's). Dull purple. N.W. Amer. 1880.
„ „ lasio'stylis (woolly-styled).
„ „ Sarge'nti (Sargent's). Flowers smaller. N. Amer.

1888.

„ Pseu'do-fla'mmula (false Flammula). Caucasus.
„ quinquefolia'ta (five-leaved). Milky-white. Central

China. 1907.
„ re'cta (upright). 4. White. July. Austria. 1597.

Herbaceous perennial.
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Garden hybrid

(recta X angusti folia). 1 903 .
„ „ mandschu'rica (Manchurian).
„ „ pauciflo'ra (few-flowered).
„ re'pens (creeping). Pure white, 2 to 3 in. across.

August. China. 1908.
„ reticiila'ta (netted,). 8. Purple. July. N. Amer.

1812. Deciduous.

„ rhodochlo'ra (red-green). Garden variety. 1887.
„ Sco'ttii (Scott's). N.W. Amer.
„ semitri'loba (half- three- lobed) . See C. CIRRHOSA.
„ s<wro*t/o'ft'a (serrate-leaved). Yellow, fragrant. Corea.

1910.

„ Si'msii (Sim's). See C. CRISPA.
,, songa'rica (Songarian). N.E. Asia.
„ Suksdo'rfii (Suksdorf's). Resembles C. ligtislicifolia.

N.W. United States. 1896.
„ triterna'ta (thrice-three-leafleted). 12. White. 1800.

Deciduous.

„ tubulo'sa (tubular-flowered). See C. HERACLE^FOLIA.
„ ,, Hooke'ri (Hooker's). See C. HERACLE/EFO'LIA.
„ verna'lis (spring). Garden hybrid (ochroleucaxScottii).

1901.
„ verticilla'ris (whorled). Bluish- purple. N. Amer.

1797.

„ „ obli'qua (oblique). 15. Purple. 1797.
„ Vio'rna (American Traveller's joy). 12. Purple.

August. N. Amer. 1730. Deciduous. " Leather

Flower."
„ viornoi'des (Viorna-like). 8. Lilac. August. N.

Amer. 1828. Deciduous.
„ virginia'na (Virginian). 15. Green. July. N. Amer.

1767. Deciduous.
„ ,, bractea'ta (bracted). 15. Greenish-white. June.

N. Amer. 1767.
„ Vita'lba (white-vine. Traveller's Joy). 20. White.

August. England. Deciduous.
„ „ integra'ta (entire-leaved). 20. White. August.

England.
,, Vitice'Ua (vine-bower). 20. Purple. August. Spain.

1569. Deciduous.
„ „ ceeru'lea (blue-flowered). 20. Blue. July. Spain.

1659.

„ „ flo' re-pie' no (double-purple). 20. Purple. August.
„ ,, magni'fica, (magnificent). Purple, 4^ in. across.

1875.
.» » purpu'rea (purple- flowered). 20. Purple. July.

Spain.

„ „ tent«/o7ja(slender-leafleted). 20. Crimson. June.
„ WiUia'tnsii (Williams's). White. Japan. 1863.

CLEO'ME. (From kleio, to shut ; in reference to the
parts of the flower. Nat. ord. Capparids [Capparidac**] .
Linn. i$-Tetradynamia.)

Those of a shrubby character by cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in sand, under glass ; perennial herbaceous species,
by division of the plant, and seeds ; Indian annual
species, by seed sown in a hotbed, and bloomed in the
greenhouse, as tender annuals. The European and
several Mexican annuals, by seed in a gentle hotbed, to
be transferred to the flower-borders in May ; rich, ligb*
soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.

C. ara'bica( Arabian). 2. Yellow. June. Arabia. 1794
,, dillenia'na (Dillenius's). See C. ORNITHOPODIOIDES.
„ fla'va (yellow). See C. GRAVEOLENS.
„ grave1 olens (strong-smelling). Yellow. June. N

Amer. 1825.
„ ibe'rica (Iberian). See C. ORNITHOPODIOIDES.

CLERODENDRON

220

CLERODENDRON

C lu'tea (yellow), i. Yellow. N. Amer. 1840. Her-
baceous perennial.

„ ornithopodioi'des (bird's-foot-like). i. White. June.
Asia Minor. 1732.

„ pube'scens (downy). 2. White. July. Panama.
1815.

„ speciosi' ssima (most showy). Purple. July. Mexico.
1827.

„ trine'rvia (three-nerved). Yellow. Arabia. 1837.

„ viola'cea (violet-coloured), i. Purple. June. Por-
tugal. 1776.

„ virga'ta (twiggy). See C. ORNITHOPODIOIDES.

STOVE SHRUBS AND HERBACEOUS.

C. arbo'rea (tree). 8. White. June. Caraccas. 1817.

Evergreen.

„ dendroi'dea (tree-like). 5. Purple. Brazil. 1828.
„ droserifo'lia (Drosera-leaved). Yellow, violet. May.

Egypt. 1837. Greenhouse shrub.
„ gigante'a (gigantic). 6. White. June. S. Amer.

I774-
„ „ hy'brida (hybrid). Pure white to lilac or purple.

1909.
„ micra'ntha (small-flowered). White. June. Guiana.

1824.
„ procu'mbens (lying-down). Yellow. June. W. Ind.

1798.

STOVE ANNUALS.

C.aculea' ta (prickly). 2. White. June. S. Amer. 1817.
„ Burma'nni (Burman's). i£. White. E. Ind. 1795.
„ cardina'lis (cardinal-flower-/iAe). 2. Red. July.

Mexico. 1823.
,, Chelido'nii (Chelidonium-like). i£. Rose. E. Ind.

1792.
„ diffu'sa (spreading), i. Green. June. Brazil.

1823.
„ heptaphy'lla (seven-leaved). i. White. June.

Jamaica. 1817.
„ Housto'ni (Houston's), i. White. June. W. Ind.

1730.
„ monophy'lla (one-leaved), i. Yellow. June. Trop.

Asia. 1759.
„ „ zeyla'nica (Ceylon), i. Yellow. June. E. Ind.

1759.

>» Poly'gama (various-flowered). See C. SERRATA.
» pu'ngens (stinging). See C. SPINOSA.
„ ro'sea (rosy). 2. Red. June. Brazil. 1825.
„ serra'ta (saw-edged). 2. White. June. W. Ind.

1824.
„ spino'sa (prickly). 2. White. June. W. Ind. 1731.

Biennial.
„ uniglandulo' sa (one-glanded). i. White, red. June.

Mexico. 1823.

„ visco'sa (clammy). 2. Yellow. Java. 1730.
„ „ icosa'ndra (twenty-stamened). ij. Yellow.

Ceylon. 1730.

CLERODENDRON. (From kleros, chance, and den-
dron, a tree ; said to be owing to the uncertainty of the
medicinal qualities. Nat. prd. Verbenas [Verbenaceae].
Linn. n-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Seeds sown when ripe, or in the following March, in a
hotbed. Cuttings of the firm, short side-shoots, when
growth is commencing, in March or April, in sandy peat,
under a glass, and in bottom-heat. Loam and peat,
with a little charcoal and dried cowdung, assisted with
heat, until they show flower ; kept cool and dry in
winter, and pruned back in spring, that vigorous shoots
may be formed. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
45° to 50°.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

C. attenua'tum (attenuated). See C. FLORIBUNDUM.
„ costa'tum (ribbed). 6. N. Holland. 1823.
„ Farge'sii (Farges's). White. Fruit blue. China.

1907. Hardy.

„ flortbu'ndum (free-flowering). 6. Australia. 1824.
„ fce'tidum (stinking). 5. White. China. 1820.

Half-hardy.
„ fortuna' turn (fortunate). 3. White. November.

China. 1824.
„ fra'grans (fragrant). 6. White, red. October.

China. 1790.
„ „ fio' re-pie' no (double-flowered). 6. White, red.

October. China. 1790.

C. gla'brum (smooth). S. Africa.
,, japo'nicum (Japan). White. July. Japan. 1823.
,, li'vidum (livid). See C. FORTUNATUM.
„ sero'tinum (late). See C. TRICHOTOMUM.
„ tomento' sum (thickly-downy). 5. White. April.

N. S. Wales. 1794.

„ triclio' tomum (three-forked). 6. Japan. 1800. Hardy.
„ ugande'nse (Uganda). Violet-blue. Brit. E. Africa.

1909.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

C. aculea'tum (prickly). 4. White. September. W. Ind.
J739.

„ angustifo'lium (narrow- leaved). See C. FORTUNATUM.

„ Balfou'rii (Balfour's). See C. THOMSON/E.

,, bethunia'num (Capt. Bethune's). 10. Scarlet.
Borneo. 1847.

„ Bucha'nani (Buchanan's). India.

„ buxifo'lium (box-leaved). 4. White. 1820.

„ calamito' sum (calamitous). 4. August. E. Ind.
1823.

„ capita' turn (head-flowered). 5. Cream. August.
Sierra Leone. 1846.

„ cephala'nthum (headed-flowered). Calyx purplish.
Corolla creamy-white. Zanzibar. 1888.

„ ce'rnuum (drooping). 4. E. Ind. 1823.

„ cocci' neum (scarlet). See C. SQUAMATUM.

,, corda'tum (heart-leaved). See C. INFORTUNATUM.

„ coromandelia' num (Coromandel). 6. Mauritius.
1823.

„ Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). Australia.

„ dele'ctum (select). Magenta-rose. Calyx white. Seed-
ling from C. Thomsons. 1885.

„ denta'tum (tooth-leaved). See C. SQUAMATUM.

„ disparifo'lium (unequal-leaved). Malaya.

„ e'legans (elegant). Country unknown.

„ emirne'nse (Emirne), 3. White. February. Mada-
gascar. 1822.

„ fa'llax (deceptive). Scarlet. September.

„ „ a'lbum (white).

„ ftoribu'ndum (bundle-flowered) of gardens. See C.

EMIRNENSE.

„ glandulo'sum (glanded). Scarlet. September.

„ glau'cum (milky-green). 4. E. Ind. 1825.

„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. Novem-
ber. Havannah. 1843.

„ hasta' turn (halberd-leaved). 6. White. June. E. Ind.
1825.

,, helianthemifo'lium (sunflower- leaved). See CARY-

OPTERIS WALLICHIANA.

,, heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 3. White. August.

Madagascar. 1805.
„ Huge'lii (Hugel's). 5. Crimson. Sierra Leone,

1842.

„ illu'stre (illustrious). Bright scarlet. Celebes. 1884.
„ ine'rme (unarmed). 4. White. July. E. Ind.

1692.

,, inf or tuna' turn (unfortunate). 6. E. Ind.
„ Kcempfe'ri (Kasmpfer's). See C. SQUAMATUM.
„ laurifo'lium (laurel-leaved). Scarlet. E. Ind.
„ leucosce 'ptrum (white-sceptred). See LEUCOSCEPTRUM

CANUM.
„ ligustri'num (privet-leaved). 3. White. September.

Mexico. 1789.

„ macrophy'llum (large-leaved). See C. SERRATUM.
„ macro' siphon (long-tubed). Corolla pure white.

Stamens purple. Zanzibar. 1883.
„ Minaha'sscB (Mrs. Minahassa's). Yellowish-white.

Calyx red. Celebes. 1886.
„ myricoi'des (Myrica-like). White, blue. Spring.

Trop. Africa.

„ myrmeco'philum (ant-loving). Singapore.
„ neriifo'lium (oleander-leaved). White. May. E. Ind.

1824.
„ nu'tans (nodding). 6. White. November. E. Ind.

1825.

„ odora'tum (scented). See CARYOPTERIS WALLICHIANA.
„ panicula'tum(panicled). 6. Scarlet. August. Java.

1809.
„ phlomoi'des (phlomis-like). 4. White. August.

E. Ind. 1820.

„ pube'scens (downy). White. July. E. Ind. 1824.
„ pyramida'le (pyramidal). See C. PANICULATUM.
„ rumphia'num (Rumphian). Flesh, then red and

crimson. Java. 1887.

CLETHRA

221

CLIMATE

C. salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). 4. E. Ind. 1824.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). See C. UMBELLATUM.
,, serra'tum (saw-edged). 6. Nepaul. 1822.
„ sinua'tum (wzvy-edge-leaved) . 3. White. February.

Sierra Leone. 1846.
„ Siphona'ntkus (siphon-flowered). 6. White. E. Ind.

1796.
„ spccwsi'ssimum (most-showy). See C. GLANDUI.OSUM

and C. SQUAMATUM.
,, specio'sum (showy). Garden hybrid (splendent*.

Thomson**).
„ sple'ndens (shining). 10. Scarlet. June. Sierra

Leone. 1840. Climber.
,, squama'tum (scaled). 10. Scarlet. August. China.

1790.

„ ternifo'lium (three-leaved). See C. SERRATUM.
„ Thomso'na (Mrs. Thomson's). Calyx white. Corolla

scarlet. Old Calabar. 1862.
„ wnbella'tum (umbelled). S. Africa.
„ wticttfo'lium (nettle-leaved). See C. SQUAMATUM.
„ verticiUa'tum (whorled-leaved). See C. SIPHONAN-

THUS.

„ riola'ceum (violet-coloured). 4. Violet. 1822.
„ visco'sunt (clammy). See C. INFORTUNATUM.
„ volu'bile (twining). 6. White. Guinea. 1823.
C Umber.

CLE'THRA. (From klethra, the Greek name of the
Alder ; alluding to a supposed resemblance between
their leaves. Nat. ord. Heathworls [Ericaceae]. Linn.
lo-Dtcandria, i-Monpgynia. Allied to Andromeda.)

Cuttings of half-ripe shoots, of the tenderer species,
in April, under glass, and in sandy soil. The North
American species are hardy enough for our shrubberies ;
are propagated by layers in autumn, or by firm cuttings
in sand, under a handlight, in summer ; for all, peat is
necessary.

HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.

C. acumina'ta (long-pointed-leaved). 10. White. Sep-
tember. Carolina. 1806.

„ alnifo'lia (alder-leaved). 4. White. September.
N. Amer. 1731.

„ ,, ro'sea (rosy). Rose and white base. Massa-
chusetts. 1907.

„ cane'scens (grey). White. China and Japan.

„ mexica'na (Mexican). 10. . White. Mexico. 1840.
Evergreen.

„ na'na (dwarf). 2. White. August. 1820.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). See C. ALNIFOLIA.

„ sea bra (rough-leaved). See C. ALNIFOLIA.

„ tomento'sa (downy-leaved). See C. ALNIFOLIA.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. arbo'rea (tree). 8. White. September. Madeira.

1784.
„ „ mi'nor (smaller). 2. White. September.

Madeira.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). 3. White. August.

Madeira.

„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). 4. White. Peru. 1800.
., quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). 10. White. June.

Mexico. 1840.
„ secundiflo'ra (one-sided-flowered). White. Madeira.

1879.
„ tinifo'lia (Tinus-leaved). 20. White. Jamaica.

1825. Stove.

CLEYE'RA. (Named after Dr. Cleyer, a Dutch
botanist. Nat. ord. Theads [Ternstromiaceae]. Linn.
i$-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in sand, under glass ; sandy, fibrous peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 45° to 50°.

C. Portu'nei (Fortune's). Japan ? B. M., t. 7434.

„ japo'nica (Japan). 5. Yellowish-white. Japan and
China. 1820.

„ „ tricolor (three-coloured). Edges of leaves creamy-
white, tinged rose. Japan. 1882.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves edged pale
yellow, fading white.

„ tkeoi'des (tea- tree-like). 4. Creamy-white. Jamaica.
1818.

CLIANTHUS. (From kleios, glory, and anthos, a
flower. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [LeguminosaB].
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria. Allied to Suther-
iandia.)

The Parrot-Beak plant and the Glory Pea of New
Zealand. Half-hardy evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in
sandy soil, under a glass, root freely. C. Dimpieri is
the most showy, and may be raised from seeds ; sown
early in the year the plants will flower the same season,
but are liable to die off just as they should be coming
into flower ; peat and loam, with a little sand or charcoal.
Youns? plants are best grown rapidly, old plants are so
subject to red spider ; do well in pots, planted out in a
conservatory, or against a wall, where a little protection
can be given in winter.
C. ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). See STREBLORRHIZA SPE-

CIOSA.
„ Dampif'n (Dampier's). 2. Red. Australia. 1852.

" Glory Pea of Australia."

„ „ germa'nica (German). Garden variety. 1889.
„ „ margin' ata (margined). White, edged red and

black blotch. 1866.
„ „ tricolor (three-coloured). Standard white at base ;

outside, black, scarlet. 1903.
„ puni'ceus (crimson corolla). 3. Crimson. May. New

Zealand. 1832.

„ „ a'lbus (white). Flowers white. 1902.
„ „ magni'ficus (magnificent). Reddish. Navigator's
Island. 1853.

CUBA'DIUM. (Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Stove herb, with small heads of yellow or whitish
flowers in corymbs. Cuttings in sandy soil in summer,
in a case. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
C. suriname'nse (Surinamese). Yellow. S. Amer.

CLICK BEETLES. The winged forms of species of
Elater, the grubs of which are known as Wireworms,
which see.

CLIDA'NTHUS FRA'GRANS. See CHLIDANTHUS FRA-

GRANS.

GLIDE MIA. (Commemorative of Clidemi, an ancient
Greek botanist. Nat. ord. Melastomaceae.)

Stove shrubs, allied to Miconia and requiring similar
treatment.
C. hi'rta (hairy). White. September. Jamaica. 1294 ?

The first Melastomad to bloom in Britain.
„ vitta'ta (striped). Rose. Peru. 1875.

CLLFFO'RTIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Rosaceac.)

Greenhouse shrub with densely leafy branches. Cut-
tings in sand under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, leaf-
mould, sand.
C. ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). S. Africa.

CLJFTO'NIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Cyrillaceae.)

Greenhouse shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots in
sand under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and
sand.

C. ni'tida (shining). 8. Pink and white. May. N.Amer.
" Buckwheat Tree." Syn. C. ligustri'na.

CLIMATE controls the growth of plants most impera-
tively ; and, in the cultivation of his fruits, flowers, and
culinary vegetables, it forms the first object of the
gardener's inquiry. He must first know the climate of
which any given plant is native ; and, secondly, the soil
which it affects, before he can cultivate it successfully.
How all-influential is climate appears from the fact, that
different countries, though in the same degrees of lati-
tude, have often a totally different Flora on soils similar
in constitution.

Now the reason for these differences is, that the
countries thus contrasted differ in climate ; that is, they
differ in the intensity and duration of the light and heat
they enjoy ; they differ in the contrast of their day and
night temperatures ; they differ in the relative length of
the day and night ; they differ in the length of their
summer and winter, or, which is synonymous, in the
relative lengths of their periods of vegetable activity and
rest ; they differ, also, in the amount of rain which falls,
not only annually, but at particular seasons ; they differ

CLIMBERS

222

CLUMPS

in having much atmospheric moisture deposited, in the
form of rain, or dew, or snow, at the different periods
of vegetable activity or rest. Now, whatever these
differences are, whatever the peculiarities of a climate
from which a plant comes, the gardener cannot cultivate
it successfully unless he secures to that plant those
climatal differences and peculiarities. We often see
long tables of the average monthly temperature of places ;
but these are useless. They are no guides to the
gardener unless they show the average highest and lowest
temperatures of each month, as well as the highest and
lowest degrees the thermometer is known to reach during
the same period.

CLIMBERS are plants which attach themselves to sup-
porters by their natural appendages, as by their tendrils,
by their hooks, or by other modes of attachment.

CLINA NTHUS. See STENOMESSON.

CLINOGYNE. (From klinon, a bed, and gyne, the
ovary. Nat. ord. Scitaminaceae.)

Stove herbs requiring the same treatment as Alpinia.
C. gra'ndis (large). Burma, Malaya.
„ si'milis (similar), 2j. White. Trop. Africa ? 1903.

CLINTO'NIA. (Named, by the unfortunate Douglas,
after his friend, De Wilt Clinton, Governor of the State
of New York. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Hardy perennials of dwarf habit, allied to Trillium and
like it having a short creeping rhizome. Suitable for
peaty beds at the base of the rockery, or where leaf-
mould is used and a little shade given. Seeds and off-
sets.

C. alpi'na (alpine). Himalaya.
„ andrewsia'na (Andrewsian). i to ij. Claret-purple.

California. 1888.
„ borea'lis (northern), i. Yellow-green. May. N.

Amer. 1778.

„ e'legans (elegant). See DOWN IN GI A ELEGANS.
„ pulche'lla (beautiful). See DOWNINGIA PULCHELLA.
„ umbella'ta (umbelled). J. White. May. N. Amer.

1778.

„ uniflo'ra (one-flowered), $. White. July. Cali-
fornia.

CLIOCO'CCA TENUIF'OLIA. See LINUM SELAGINOIDES.

CLIPPING hedges should be confined to those of the
commonest and hardiest varieties of shrubs, as those of
hawthorn and privet ; for the bruising and mangling
of the branches which accompany this operation are very
injurious to evergreens, as the laurels and holly. Those
are always much better kept in order, and within bounds,
by the knife. In clipping, many of the leaves of those
are cut in half ; and their decayed edges are very un-
sightly. Clipping of deciduous hedges is most advan-
tageously performed in the spring and early summer. A
multitude of shoots are then induced, which secure
that chief desideratum in hedges — thickness and close-
ness of texture.

CLISIOCAMPA NEUSTRIA. See LACKEY MOTH.
CLITA'NTHES HU MILIS. See STENOMESSON HUMILE.

CLITA'NTHES LU'TEA. See STENOMESSON RECUR-
VATUM.

CLITA'NTHES MACLEA'NICA. See STENOMESSON

RECURVATUM.

CLTFO'RIA. (From kleio, to shut up ; in reference
to its seeding within the flower long before the flower
drops off. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria. Allied to Phaseolus.)
Stove evergreen twiners, except where otherwise
mentioned. Cuttings of stubby side-shoots in heat, in
sandy soil, in close frame with bottom-heat ; and seeds,
when procurable ; sandy peat and fibrous loam, with
sand and charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 65° ; winter,
50° to 55°.
C. arbore'scens (tree-like). 8. Pink. August. Trinidad.

1804. Shrub.

„ berteria'na (Bertera's). See PERIANDRA BERTERIANA.
„ brasilia'na (Brazilian). See CENTROSEMA BRASI-

LIANUM.

„ Broussone'tii (Broussonet's). See COLOGANIA BROUS-
SONETH.

C. cajanifo'lia (Cajana-leaved). Tropics.
,, cocci'nea (scarlet). See PERIANDRA COCCINEA.
,, ere'cta (upright). S. Amer. 1822.
,, formo'sa (beautiful). See CENTROSEMA BRASILIANUM.
,, fu'lgens (br\ght-floivered). See GALACTIA SCARLATINA.
„ gra'cilis (slender). 2. Blue. July. S. Amer. 1824.
„ heterophy 'lla (various-leaved), i. Blue. July. E.

Ind. 1812.

„ lasci'via (wanton). 4. July. Madagascar. 1826.
„ maria'na (Maryland). 3. Blue. August. N. Amer.

1759. Deciduous, half-hardy.
,, mexica'na (Mexican). See C. MARIANA.
,, multifto'ra (many-flowered). See VILMORINIA MULTI-

FLORA.

„ Plumie'ri (Plumier's) See CENTROSEMA PLUMIERI.
„ polyphy'lla (many-leaved). See BARBIERIA POLY-

PHYLLA.
„ Terna'tea (Ternatea). 4. Blue. July. Tropics.

,1a'»a

( white). White. May. E. Ind.
„ „ caru'lea (sky-blue). Blue. May. E. Ind. »
„ „ ma'jor (larger-flowered). 4. Bright brown.

August. Sydney. 1845. Greenhouse.
„ virginia'na (Virginian). See CENTROSEMA VIRGINI-

ANUM.

CLTVIA. (Named after the Duchess of Northumber-
land, a member of the Clive family. Nat. ord. Amaryllids
[Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Both of the names, Clivia nobilis and Imantophyllum
Aitoni, were published on October i, 1828, and refer to
the same plant. Most writers, botanists, and gardeners
now adhere to the name Clivia for the genus, and C.
miniata having long since been determined to belong
to the same genus, it is convenient to include all of them
under one name. Greenhouse plants with fleshy roots.
Divisions and seeds ; a high temperature, and plenty of
moisture, when growing ; cooler and drier when at rest ;
rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter,
48° to 55°.
C. cyrtanthiflo'ra (curved-flowered). Garden hybrid

(miniata x nobilis).
„ Garde'ni (Garden's). Red, yellow, green. December.

S. Africa. 1854.
„ minia'ta (vermilion). 2. Orange-scarlet, yellow.

Natal. 1854.

„ „ au'rea (golden). Soft yellow. 1904.
„ „ citri'na (lemon-yellow). Cream, tinged orange.

Zululand. 1899.

„ „ Coope'ri (Cooper's). S. Africa. 1872.
„ „ stri'ata (striped). Leaves freely variegated. 1903.
„ ,, sulphu'rea (sulphur). Yellow. 1888.
„ no'bilis (noble). 2. Red, yellow. July. S. Africa.
1823.

CLOMENO'COMA MONTA'NA. See DYSODIA GRANDI-

FLORA.

CLOUDBERRY. Ru'bus Chamcemo'rus.
CLOVE. Dia'nthus Caryophy'llus.
CLOVE-TREE. Euge'nia caryophylla'ta.

CLOWE'SIA. (Named after the late Rev. /. Clowes, a
great orchid-grower near Manchester. Nat. ord. Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2O-Gynandria, T.-Monandria. Allied
to Cycnoches.)

Stove orchid. Division ; peat and loam, with char-
coal. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
C. ro'sea (rosy). J. White, pink. Brazil. Now re-
ferred to Catasetum roseum.

CLUB-MOSS. Lycopo'dium.
CLUB ROOT. See AMBURY.

CLUMPS, most generally applied to plants grown in
patches of several of a sort together. It was only
recently that we noted in one large estate that various
choice Conifers were planted in clumps, and this allows
of some being cut away as the trees advance in growth,
besides which they shelter each other when young.

The occasions on which independent clumps may be
applied are many. They are often desirable as beautiful
objects in themselves ; they are sometimes necessary
to break an extent of lawn, or a continued line, whether

CLUSIA

223

CNICUS

of ground, or of plantation ; but, on all occasions, a
jealousy of art constantly attends them, which irre-
gularity in their figure will not always alone remove.
Though elevations show them to advantage, yet a hillock
evidently thrown up on purpose to be crowned with a
clump is artificial to a degree of disgust. Some of the
trees should, therefore, be planted on the sides, to take
off that appearance. The same expedient may be
applied to clumps placed on the brow of a hill, to inter-
rupt its sameness : they will have less ostentation of
design if they are, in part, carried down either declivity.

A line ot clumps, if the intervals be closed by others
beyond them, has the appearance of a wood, or of a
grove ; and, in one respect, the semblance has an ad-
vantage over the reality in different points of view. The
relations between the clumps are changed ; and a
variety of forms is produced, which no continued wood
or grove, however broken, can furnish. These forms
cannot all be equally agreeable, and too anxious a
solicitude to make them everywhere pleasing may,
perhaps, prevent their being ever beautiful.

The effect must often be left to chance ; but it should
be studiously consulted from a few principal points of
view ; and it is easy to make any recess, any prominence,
any figure in the outline, by clumps thus advancing
before, or retiring behind one another.

CLU SIA. Balsam-tree. (Named after C. de I'Eduse,
a French botanist. Nat. ord. Guttifers [Guttiferae].
Linn. 2^-Polyyamia, i-Monacia.)

Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of half-ripe shoots
in sand, under a glass, and with good bottom-heat ; rich,
sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.

C. a'lba (white-flow ered). 30. White. S. Amer. 1752.
„ brogniartia' na (Brogniartian). White. W. Ind.

1862. Shrub.
„ fla'va (yellow -flowered) . 30. Yellow. Jamaica.

1759-

„ Jenma'ni (Jenman's). Guiana.
„ Melino'ni (Melinon's). Trop. Amer. 1869.
„ odora'ta (scented). Rosy-pink. August. Central

Amer. 1869.
„ ro'sea (rose-coloured). 30. Red. July. W. Ind.

1692.

„ tetra'ndra (four-stamened). White. S. Amer. 1820.
„ veno'sa (veiny-leaved). White. S. Amer. 1733.

CLUY'TIA. (Named after Cluyt, a professor of botany
at Leyden. Nat. ord. Euphorbiads [Euphorbiaceas].
Linn. 22-Diacia, ^-Triandria.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except where otherwise
specified. Cuttings of small side-shoots ; but, if not
to be got, points of shoots before they become hard, in
sand, over a layer of sandy peat, and covered with glass ;
sandy loam and fibrous peat. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ;
winter, 40° to 48°. The East Indian species require
more heat in winter.
C. alaternoi' des (alaternus-like). 2. White. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1692.

., colli'na (hill). See CLEISTA'NTHUS COLLI'NUS.
„ daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). 3. White. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1731.
„ ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. White. April. Cape of

Good Hope. 1790.
„ kcterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 3. White. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

„ pa' tula (spreading). See CLEISTANTHUS PATULUS.
„ polifo'lia (poly-leaved). 2. White. May. Cape of

Good Hope. 1790.
„ polygonoi'des (polygonum-like). 2. White. April.

Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
„ ptibe'scens (downy). 3. White. April. Cape of

Good Hope. 1800.
„ pulche'lla (neat). 2. White. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1739-
„ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 3. White. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1817.

„ tomento'sa (thickly-downy). 3. White. April.
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

CNEO RUM, Widow's-wail. (An adopted name from
Theophrastus, the derivation not explained. Nat. ord.
Simarubaceas. Linn. ^-Triandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand,

under a glass, in April ; peat and fibrous loam, with a
little silver-sand. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

C. pulverulSntum (powdery). 6. Yellow. June.

Madeira. 1822.

„ trico'ccon (three-grained). 6. Yellow. June. S.
Europe. 1793.

CNE'STIS. (From kneo, to scratch ; referring to the
prickly capsules. Nat. ord. Connarads [Connaracea?].
Linn. lo-Decandria, 4-Pentagynia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe young shoots in
sand, under glass, in sweet bottom-heat. Loam and
peat ; both fibrous, with sand. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 50° to 60°.

C. cornicula'ta (small-horned). 10. Purple. Guinea.

1793-
„ gla'bra (smooth). 10. White, green. Mauritius.

1823.
i, polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 6. Purple. Mauritius.

1823.

CNI'CUS. (From chnizein, to injure ; in reference to
the prickly character of the plants. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Biennials from seeds ; perennials by seeds and division.
Any garden soil.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

C. Aca'rna (Acarna). 2. Purple. August. Spain. 1683.
,, a'fer (African). 2. Purple. June. Greece. 1800.
„ candidi'ssimus (whitest). 10. Rose. Cappadocia.

1898.
„ Casabo'nte (Casabonas). 2. Purple. July. Italy

and N. Africa. " Fishbone Thistle."
„ cilia'tus (ciliated). 2. Purple. June. Europe.

1803.
„ conspi'cuus (conspicuous). 4 to 6. Red, orange.

September. Mexico. 1825.
„ dtalba'tus (whitened). 3. Purple. July. Caucasus.

1820.
„ Diaca'ntha (cross-spined). 2. Purple. July. Asia

Minor. 1800.
„ erio'phorus (wool-bearing). 4. Purple. July.

Britain.

„ fe'rox (fierce). 3. White. July. S. Europe. 1683.
„ inca'nus (hoary). See C. ARVENSIS.
,, lanceola'ius (lance-shaped). 2. Purple. August.

Britain. " Burr Thistle."
„ lappa'ceus (Burdock-like). 4. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1821.

„ niva'lis (snowy). 4. Purple. July. Mexico. 1827.
„ palu'stris (marsh). 3105. Purple. August. Britain.
„ pazcuare'nsis (Pazcuara). 3. Purple. July. Mexico.

1827.
„ pu'ngens (pungent). 3. Purple. July. S. Europe.

1820.
,, squarro'sus (spreading). 3. Purple. July. Siberia.

1818.

„ Stella' tus (starred). 2. Purple. June. Italy. 1665.
„ strigo'sus (coarsely hairy). 2. Purple. August.

Caucasus. 1825.
„ Veleno'skyi(Velenosky's). 4J. Red. Servia. 1896.

HALF-HARDY BIENNIALS.

C. Gra'hami (Graham's). 4 to 5. Crimson. Arizona.

1871.

„ mexica'nus (Mexican). 4. White. September.
Mexico. 1837.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. acau'lis (stemless). J. Purple. July. Britain.
„ alti'ssimus (tallest). 6. Purple. August. N. Amer.

1726.

„ ambi'guus (ambiguous). See CN. HETEROPHYLLUS.
„ angula'tus (angled). 2. Purple. July. Switzerland.

1819.
„ arachnoi' deus (cobweb-like). 2. Purple. July.

Caucasus.

„ arma'tus (armed). Bulgaria.
„ arve'nsis (field). 2 to 4. Purple. July. Britain.

" Field Thistle."

„ ba'ticus (Baetian). 3. Yellow. July. Spain. 1824.
„ benedi'clus (blessed). See CARBENIA BENEDICTA.

CNICUS

224

COCCOLOBA

;. Beriolo'nii (Bertoloni's). 3. Yellow. July. Italy.

1820.

„ oandela'brus (candelabra). Greece.
„ ca'nus (grey). Europe.

„ carnio'licus (Carniolian). See CN. RIVULARIS.
„ Carolo'rum (The Kings Charles). Scotland.
„ Chamcepeu'ce (Chamaspeuce). 2 to 3. Yellow. Greece;

Asia Minor. 1640.
„ cynaroi'des (Artichoke-like). 2. Purple. July.

Crete. 1827.
,, deserto'rum (desert). 3. Purple. July. Siberia.

1824.
„ echina'tus (hedgehog-like). i. Purple. August.

N. Africa. 1817.
„ echinoce' phalus (hedgehog-headed). 2. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1826.

„ ela'tius (taller). See CN. POLYANTHEMUS.
„ Falcone 'ri (Falconer's). Himalaya.
„ fimbria'tus (fringed). 4. Purple. July. Caucasus.

1816.
„ Forste'ri (Forster's). Natural hybrid (palustris X

pratensis).

„ glutino'sus (clammy). See CN. OCHROLEUCUS.
„ Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). See CN. ACAULIS.
„ gnaphalo'des (Gnaphalium-like). Italy.
„ Halle'ri (Haller's). 4. Purple. July. S. Europe.

1816.
„ helenioi'des (Helenium-like). 6. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1804.
„ heterophy'llus (various-leaved). 2. Purple. July.

Britain. " Melancholy Thistle."
„ ho'rridus (very prickly). Caucasus.
„ hypoleu'cus (white beneath). Asia Minor.
,, laniflo'rus (woolly-flowered). 2. Purple. July.

Tauria. 1819.
„ monspessula'nus (Montpelier). 2. Purple. June.

Montpeh'er. 1596.
„ muni'tus (armed). 3. Purple. July. Caucasus.

1816.
„ mu'ticus (snipped). 2. Purple. July. N. Amer.

1820.
„ nudiflo'rus (naked-flowered). 2. Purple. August.

Switzerland. 1818.
„ occidenta'lis (western). N. Amer.
„ ochroleu'cus (yellow- white). 2. Pale yellow. July.

Switzerland. 1801.
„ olera'ceus (pot-herb). 3. Pale yellow. July. Europe.

1570.

„ orgya'lis (six-foot). 6. Purple. July. 1823.
„ paludo'sus (marshy). 3. Purple. July. Switzer-
land. 1819.
„ panno'nicus (Pannonian). 3. Purple. August.

Europe. 1752.

„ parviflo'rus (small-flowered). See CN. OLERACEUS.
„ polya'nthemus (many-flowered). 2. Pink. June.

Italy. 1739.

„ prate'nsis (meadow), i. Purple. July. Britain.
„ Provo'stii (Provost's). Purple. N. China. 1899.
„ pyrena'icus (Pyrenean). Europe.
,, rhizoce' phalus (head close to roots). J. Yellowish.

Caucasus. 1836.
„ ri'gens (stiff). 2. Yellow. July. Switzerland.

1775.
„ rivula'ris (brook). 3. White. July. Hungary.

1804.
„ rufe'scens (somewhat rusty). 3. White. July.

Pyrenees. 1816.
„ salisburge'nsis (Salisburyan). 3. Purple. July.

Europe. 1816.
„ serratuloi' des (Serratula-like). 3. Purple. August.

Siberia. 1752.
„ serrula'tus (finely-sawed). 4. Purple. July. Tauria.

1819.

„ spathula'tus (spathulate). Italy.
„ spinosi' ssimus (most spiny). 3. Pale yellow. July.

Switzerland. 1759.
„ stri'ctus (upright). 2. Purple. August. Naples.

1819.
„ syri'acus (Syrian). 2. Purple. July. Levant.

1771.

,, tarla'ricus (Tartarian). Temperate Asia.
„ tubero'sus (tuberous). 3. Purple. July. England.
,, uligino'sus (marshy). 3. Purple. June. Caucasus.

1820.
„ Watti'chii (Wallich's). Himalaya.

COAL. See FUEL.
COAL-ASHES. See ASHES.

COB-ZE'A. (Named after M. Cobo, a Spanish botanist.
Nat. ord. Phloxworts [Polemoniaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentan-
dria, i-Monogynia.)

Half-hardy evergreen climbers. Cuttings of firm side-
shoots, in summer ; but best from seeds sown in a hot-
bed, in March. Poor, sandy soil, otherwise they will
grow too freely to bloom profusely. Greenhouse, or
poles, or wall, during summer, in open air.
C. lu'tea (yellow). See C. MACROSTEMMA.
„ macroste'mma (long-crowned). 20. Green, yellow.

October. Guatemala. 1839.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). 20. Purple. August. Mexico.

1792.

„ „ a'lba (white). White.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with

creamy white.
„ stipula'ris f/arge-stipuled) . 20. Yellow. October.

Mexico. 1839.

COBU'RGIA. Now referred to Stenomesson, which see.
C. acu'ta. See STENOMESSON INCARNATUM ACUTUM.
,, cocci'nea. See S. COCCINEUM.
,, fu'lva. See S. INCARNATUM.
., hu'milis. See S. HUMILE.
,, incarna'ta. See S. INCARNATUM.
,, minia'ta (vermilion). 3. Vermilion. April. Peru.

1842.
,, stylo' sa (long-styled). Orange-red. March. Quito.

1847.

,, trichro'ma. See S. INCARNATUM.
,, versi'color. See S. INCARNATUM.

CpCdNE'LLZB. Lady-Birds. There are about thirty
species of this useful and beautiful insect. Let no one
destroy a coccinella, for it is one of the greatest destroyers
of the plant-louse, or aphis. This is much better appreci-
ated on the Continent than in England ; for there the
gardeners collect lady-birds, and place them upon rose-
trees, &c., infected with aphides. They are most effective
in destroying aphis on Chrysanthemums.

COCCOCY PSELUM. (Derived from kokkos, a berry,
and kupsele, a little hollow vessel ; in reference to the
form of the fruits. Nat. ord. Rubiacese.)
C. buxifo'lium (box-leaved). See FERNELIA FUXIFOLIA.
„ campanuliflo'rum (bell-flowered). J. Blue. July.

Brazil. 1825.

„ cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). White, lilac. Brazil.
,, discolor (two-coloured). See C. HIRSUTUM.
„ hirsu'tum (hairy). Fruits blue. 1882.
,, meta'llicum (metallic). White. Leaves metallic in

hue. Guiana. 1865.

„ ripens (creeping). Purple. W. Ind. 1860.
,, Tonia'nea (Tontanea) . White. Fruits blue. S. Amer.
,, umbella' 'turn (umbelled). Peru.

COCCO'LOBA. Sea-side Grape. (From kokkos, a
berry, and lobos, a pod ; in reference to the fruit. Nat.
ord. Buckwheats [Polygonaces;]. Linn. 8-Oclandria,
3-Trigynia.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young, firm shoots,
in spring or summer, in sand, under a glass, and in
bottom-heat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.
C. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). 20. White, green. New

Grenada. 1820.

., caracasa'na (Caracasan). Venezuela.
,, corona'ta (crowned). 15. White. W. Ind. 1733.
,, excoria'ta (barked). 80. White, green. W. Ind. 1733.
» fagifo'lia (beech-leaved). 5. Pale green. S. Amer.
,, fiave'scens (pale yellow). 15. White. St. Domingo.

1820.
,, grandifo'lia (large-leaved). White, green. Trop.

Amer. 1690.

,, guatemale'nsis (Guatemalan).
„ laurifo'lia( laurel-leaved). 20. White, green. August.

Caraccas. 1822.
,, longifo'lia (long- leaved). 30. White, green. W. Ind

1810.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See C. RUGOSA.
„ microsta'chya (small-spiked). 16. White, green

W. Ind. 1822.
„ ni'vea (white-leaved). See C. EXCORIATA,

COCCULUS

225

COCHLEARIA

C. nympkaifo'lia (Nymphaea-leaved). See C. PELTATA.
., obova'ta (reversed-egg-teau-i/). 50. White, green.

S. Amer. 1824.

,, obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). S-« C. MICROSTACHVA.
,, orbicula'ris (round-/««;«rf). See MUEHLINBFCKIA

ORBICULARIS.

„ pelta'ia (peltate). Brazil. 1858.

„ platy'clada (flat-branched). See MUEHLENBECKIA

PLATYCLADA.

„ pubSscens (downy). See C. GRANDIFOLIA.

,, puncta'ta (dotted). See C. CORONATA.

., retu'sa (blunt). 30. White, green. W. Ind. 1820.

„ rugo'sa (wrinkled). 30. Scarlet. W. Ind.

„ tenuifo'lia (narrow- leaved). See C. RETUSA.

„ uvi'fera (grape-bearing). 60. White, green. W. Ind.

1690.
,. vi'rens (green). See C. CORONATA.

CO'CCULUS. (From coccus, cochineal-colour ; in re-
ference to the scarlet colour of the fruit. Nat. ord.
Menispermads [Menispennaceas]. Linn. 22-Diacia, 6-
Hexundria.)

Stove evergreen climbers, from the East Indies. The
Co'cculus i'ndicus of the druggists' shops is the berry of
Anami'rta Co'cculus. Cuttings of half-ripened, small
side-shoots, in sandy soil, under a glass ; peat and loam,
both fibrous and sandy. Summer temp., 60° to 68° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
C. caroli'nus (Carolinian). 9. White. Berries scarlet.

N. Amer. 1759.
„ cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). See TINOSPORA CORDI-

FOLIA.

„ cri'spus (curled). See TINOSPORA CRISPA.
„ diversifo'lius (diverse-leaved). Mexico.
„ heterophy'llus (various-leaved). White. W. China.

1910.

,, inca'nus (hoary). See PERICAMPYLUS INCANUS.
„ laurifo'lius (laurel-leaved). 10. White, green. 1816.
„ orbicula,' tus (round-leaved) . See CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA.
„ palma'tus (hand-leaved). See JATEORHIZA MIERSIJ.
„ Plukene'tii (Plukenet's). See PACHYGONE OVATA.
„ populifo'lius (poplar-leaved). See ANAMIRTA COCCU-
LUS.
„ rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). 20. White, green.

1820.

„ subero'sus (cork-barked). See ANAMIRTA COCCULUS.
„ tomento'sus (woolly). See TINOSPORA TOMENTOSA.
„ villo'sus (long-haired). 6. Green, yellow. India and
Africa. 1800.

COCCUS. Scale Insect. The species of this family
are most usually, but not exclusively, found upon the
tenants of our greenhouses and hothouses. The males
are active, but the females usually fixed to a part of the
plant. The former have wings, and are so small as to
require a magnifier to distinguish them clearly: they
then appear somewhat like a gnat in form. The females
are much larger, and in shape not unlike a bed-bug, but
with a scaly skin. When hatching they envelop them-
selves in a woolly case. The eggs are oval, but no larger
than dots. Brushing the stems and branches of trees
and shrubs with a hard scrubbing-brush will destroy
many of these vermin ; and, if spirit of turpentine, with
a painter's brush, is applied, so as to visit every cranny
of the bark, the application is perfectly effectual. Smaller
and more delicate plants in pots may be placed under a
sea-kale or other cover, with a little of the spirit in a
saucer, and then submitted to a gentle heat : the vapour
of the turpentine will destroy the insect in an hour or
two. If the first application fails, the second will not
fail.

C. adonidum. Mealy Bug. If this insect is attacked
the moment the first is seen the pest may be usually
avoided. Vines attacked by it should 'have every
branch and stem brushed over sedulously with a hard
brush, and then with a painter's brush as thoroughly
painted over with this mixture :— Soft soap, 2 Ibs.';
flowers of sulphur. 2 Ibs. ; tobacco, i Ib. ; and a wine-
glass of spirit of turpentine. Mix the sulphur, turpen-
tine, and soap into a paste with warm water ; boil the
tobacco for an hour in a covered saucepan in some more
water, strain it, mix it with the soapy mixture, and
then add enough water to make five gallons. More
tender plants can only have their stems and leaves sponged
with water at a temperature of 115°, frequently, and so

long as a single insect can be detected. The Mealy Bug
on pine-apples may be destroyed by shutting these up
in a frame, over a bed of hot, fermenting horse-dung.
The female is somewhat like a woodlouse in form,
but reddish, and covered with a white, mealy powder.
The male is slender, gnat-like, with two broad wings,
and two brush-like filaments behind. — The Cottage
Gardttter, v. 157.

C. vitis. Vine Scale. It preys upon the stems and
branches of the grape-vine both in the open air and undei
glass. It seems to be the same species which also attacks,
occasionally, the peach, nectarine, and plum. It is, says
Mr. Curtis, a longish-brown insect, which, in old age,
assumes a blackish-brown colour, and becomes hemi-
spherical and wrinkled. The females are shield-like,
being convex above, and flat, or concave, below. They
are furnished with six small legs, which, when the insect
is old, become part of the substance of the body. On the
under side of the insect is a sucker, with which it pierces
the cuticle of the plants, and extracts their juices. Soon
after impregnation the female dies, and her body becomes
a protection for the eggs, which are covered with long,
white wool, and some times completely envelop the shoots
of the vines, or of plants growing underneath them.
Their powers of propagation are immense ; and, where
they once become very numerous, they are exceedingly
difficult to eradicate. This species belongs to the true
genus Coccus, characterised by the female having a scale
inseparable from her body. While young, both sexes
are alike ; but the male larva? produce two-winged in-
sects, with two tail threads. The females have no
wings ; and their dead bodies, beneath which the young
are sheltered, remain upon the plants.

Whilst the leaves are on the vine, if any species of
scale appears on its stem and branches, the least offensive
remedy is to paint over the whole with a strong solution
of gum arabic or starch ; allow it to remain on for a
week, and then wash it off. But the most effectual
remedy is to brush them over thoroughly twice, after an
interval of a day, with spirit of turpentine. To prevent
the recurrence of the plague, a very effective mode, in
autumn, is to scrape away and burn all the rough bark,
and then, with a rough brush, to paint over the stem
and branches with a creamy mixture, composed of i Ib.
of soft soap, i Ib. of sulphur, and J oz. of black pepper,
to four gallons of water ; boil together for twenty
minutes, and make it thick enough to adhere to the wood
like paint. If it does not, thicken it with lime, adding
sufficient soot to take off the glaring white colour of the
lime. There are many special preparations for the
eradication of all these pests.

C. bromelia, Pine- Apple Scale, infests that fruit, the
hibi'scus, justi'tia, &rc.

C. hesperidum is found in greenhouses, especially on
orange-trees. It infests leaves as well as stems.

C. ttstudo. Turtle Scale. This is found chiefly on
stove plants requiring a high temperature. The scale is
oval, very convex, and dark brown. They may be all
destroyed by the applications recommended against the
preceding species.

A genus of bisects closely allied to the Coccus, and
usually confounded with it, is Aspidiotus ; and, as all
remedial observations applicable to the one are equally
applicable to the other, the prevailing kinds of it are
here enumerated.

A. nerii, Oleander Scale, is found in our stoves and
greenhouses, chiefly on the Oleanders, Palmae, Aloes,
and Acacias.

A. ostreaformis, Pear-tree Oyster Scale, is found upon
the pear-tree.

A. rosce, Rose Scale ; A. echinocacti, Cactus Scale ;
A. lauri, Sweet-Bay Scale; infest chiefly the plants by
the names of which they are distinguished.

COCHLEA'RIA. Scurvy-grass. (From kochliarion, a
spoon ; in reference to the concave leaves. Nat. ord.
Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. i$-Tetr adynamia.)

Seeds, divisions, and cuttings, the first in the open
border. They are of liti.e ornamental interest. Ar-
mora'cia is well known as horse-radish.
C. acau'lis (stemless). Lilac. April. Portugal. N.

Africa. 1845.

„ alpfna (alpine). J. Flesh. May. Scotland.
., Armora'cia (horse-radish). 3. White. May. England.
„ groenla'ndica (Greenland). See C. ALPINA.

COCHLIODA

226

CQDIJEUM

C. integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). See EUTREMA ALPESTRE.
„ officina'lis (shop. Scurvy-grass). |. White. May.

Britain.

„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). See C. OFFICINALIS.
See HORSE-RADISH and SCURVY-GRASS.

COCHLIO'DA. (From koMiodes, resembling a snail ;
the shape of the flowers in some species. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical orchids. For culture see ODONTO-
GLOSSUM.
C. brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). £-|. Greenish. Brazil.

1904.

„ densifto'ra (dense-flowered). Andes. 1872.
„ n&tzlia'na (Ncetzlian). i. Scarlet. Spring. Peru.

1891.

„ „ auranti' aca (orange), i. Orange-scarlet. 1895.
„ ro'sea (rosy). £. Rosy-carmine. Winter. Peru.

1851.
„ sangui 'nea (blood-red). £. Bright rose. June to

October. Ecuador. 1867.

„ vulca'nica (volcanic), i. Rosy-carmine. Peru. 1872.
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Flowers much larger.

COCHLIOSTE MA. (Derived from kochlion, spiral, and
sterna, a stamen ; in allusion to the twisted stamens.
Nat. ord. Commelinaceas.) Two very closely allied
stove perennials of handsome appearance. Seeds are
freely produced if the flowers are hand-fertilised, and
should be sown when ripe. A compost of fibrous loam,
peat, and leaf-mould in equal proportions, with some
sharp sand, will suit them admirably. Moist stove
treatment.
C. jacobia'num (Jacobian). ij. Blue ; bracts and

scape rose. May. Ecuador. 1867.
„ odorati' ssimum (sweetest-scented). i£. Blue ;

bracts and scape rose. Ecuador. 1859".

COCHLOSPE'RMUM. (From cochlo, to twist, and
sperma, seeds. Nat. ord. Bi\ads [Bixaceae]. Linn.
i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in
April, in sand, in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. Gossy'pium (cottony). 60. Yellow. May. E. Ind.

1824.
„ hibiscoi'des (Hibiscus-like). 60. Yellow. Mexico.

1820.
„ serratifo'lium (saw-edged-leaved). See C. HIBIS-

COIDES.

„ tincto'rium (dyer's). Trop. Africa.
„ vitifo'lium (Vine-leaved). Mexico.

COCKCHAFER. See MELOLONTHA.

COCKSCOMB. See CELO'SIA. Rhina'nthus Cri'sta-
ga'lli and Erythri'na Cri'sta-ga'lli are also so-called.

COCKSPUR THORN. Cratce'gus Crus-ga'lli.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE. This material consists of the
outer covering of Cocos nucifera. The actual fibre is not
much used in gardens except for brushes, &c. ; it is the
refuse that is much appreciated, being used for the pro-
pagating frames (which see). It is also valuable as a
covering for all bulbs and other plants that want such
until they are well started into growth. And also for cover-
ing flower-beds to prevent evaporation of moisture.
Formerly it could be purchased at a very low price, but
in more recent vears it became much more expensive,
owing to other uses having been found for it.

COCOA-NUT TREE. Co'cns nuci'fera,
COCOA PLUM. Chrysoba'lanus.
COCOA ROOTS. Cala'dium.

CO'COS. Cocoa-nut tree. (From the Portuguese
word coco, a monkey ; in reference to the end of the nut
being like a monkey's head. Nat. ord. Palms [Pal-
maceae]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, 6-Hexandria.)

Seeds in hotbed, in spring ; rich, loamy soil, somewhat
shaded.

C. acule'ata (prickly). See ACROCOMIA SCLEROCARPA.
„ am'ara (bitter). 50. W. Ind. 1850.
„ arechavaleta'na (Arechavaletan). Uruguay. 1908.

C. austra'lis (southern). 50. Paraguay. 1849.

„ Bonne'ti (Bonnet's).

,, botryo'phora (bunch-bearing). 40. Yellow. Brazil.

,, butyra'cea (buttery). S. Amer. 1850.

,, campe'stris (field). 10-15. S. Brazil. 1908.

„ capita' ta {headed). 10. Brazil.

,, como'sa (long-haired). 10. Brazil.

,, corona ta (crowned). 50. Brazil. 1836.

„ Da'til (Datil). 30. Argentine. 1889.

,, erio'spatha (woolly-spathed). Brazil.

„ flexuo'sa (zigzag). 50. Brazil. 1825.

„ fusifo'rmis (spindle-shaped). See ACROCOMIA SCLERO-
CARPA.

,, graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). Brazil.

,, insi'gnis (remarkable). Brazil.

,, lapi'dea (stony). Brazil. 1847.

„ leio'spatha (smooth-spathed). Brazil.

,, waWi'vtca(Maldivian). See LODOICEA SECHELLARUM.

,, Ma'rie-Ro'sf (Marie-Rose). See C. PROCOPIANA.

„ mikania'na (Mikanian). Brazil. 1853.

„ nuci'fera (common nut-bearing). 50. Pale green.
E. Ind. 1690. "Cocoanut."

„ „ au'rea (golden). Sheaths, petioles, and midribs
orange. 1908.

„ odora'ta (scented). Dwarf, like C. campestris. 1893.

„ olera'cea (pot-herb). 80. Brazil. 1846.

,, pernambuca'na (Pernambucan ) . Brazil.

„ petra'a (rocky). 3 to 4. Andes of Bolivia. 1889.

,, plumo'sa (feathery). 50. Pale green. Brazil. 1825.

„ procopia'na (Procopian). Brazil.

,, pulpo'sa (pulpy). Fruit pulp delicious. S. Brazil.
1908.

„ romanzoffia'na (Romanzof&an). Brazil.

„ schizophy'lla (cut-leaved). 8. Brazil. 1846.

„ Sya'grus (Syagrus). 20. Brazil. 1824.

„ sylve'stris (wood).

„ Walli'sii (Wallis's). Brazil. 1870.

„ weddellia'na (Weddellian). i to 3. Brazil.

,, „ Pyn&'rtii ' (Pynaert's). Pinnae very narrow. 1891.

„ Ya'tay (Yatay). Argentine.

„ Yurumagu'as (Yurumaguas). Peru.

CODL3E'UM. (Derived from Code bo, the native name
for C. variegatum, amongst the Malays. Nat. ord.
Euphorbiaceae.)

Beautiful stove evergreens with variegated foliage,
requiring a moist atmosphere, and to be well exposed to
the light. Cuttings from the young tops in sand, loam,
and peat, and placed in a close frame with bottom-heat.
When potting, after they are rooted, some well-dried
stable dung may be added. Croton is the name that they
have been most generally known under in nurseries and
in gardens, but the above is now being adopted by many.
C. appendicula' turn (appendaged). Polynesia. 1875.
„ au'reo-linea'tum (golden-lined). Margins and midrib

yellow. Fiji. 1878.
„ au'reo-macula'tum (golden-spotted). Spotted yellow ;

neat. 1878.

„ au'reo-marmora'tum (golden-marbled). Marbled yel-
low. 1882.
,, austinia'num (Austinian). Marbled creamy-white.

1883.

„ Barrone James de Rothschild. Broad, crimson.
,, Bergma'nni (Bergman's). Central band ivorv- white.

1880.
„ Bisma'rcki (Bismarck's). Fiddle-shaped, variegated

yellow. S. Sea Islands. 1876.
,, Broomfie'ldii (Broomfield's). Blotched and lined

yellow. 1881.
,, Carrie'ri (Carriere's). Variegated golden yellow.

1880.
„ cauda'to-to'rtile (tailed, twisted). Twisted yellow

and crimson. 1883.
„ Chelso'ni (Chelsea). Orange-pink, shaded crimson.

New Guinea. 1879.
„ chrysophy'llum (golden-leaved). Leaves mostly

yellow. Polynesia. 1875.
„ conci'nnum (neat). Midrib with broad yellow band.

1876.
„ Coope'ri (Cooper's). Yellow blotches turning red.

Polynesia. 1874.
„ Disrce'lii (Disraeli's). Three-lobed ; yellow veins.

Polynesia. 1875.

„ Dodgso'nce (Mrs. Dodgson's). Margins and rib
golden. 1882.

CODLIN

227

CCELOGYNE

C. ebu'rneum (ivory). White central band. 1881.
„ eleganti'ssimum (most elegant). Rib bright yellow.

1881.
., evansia'num (Evansian). Green, yellow, bronzy

crimson. S. Sea Islands. 1879.
,, Eyre'i (Eyre's). Twisted, freely variegated yellow.

1882.
„ fascia'tum (fasciated). Yellow veins and spots. S.

Sea Islands. 1877.

„ Fo'rdii (Ford's). Trilobed, yellow, crimson. Poly-
nesia. 1880.
„ glorio'sum (glorious). Marbled creamy-yellow. New

Hebrides. 1878.
„ Goedenou'ghtii (Goedenought's). Variegated golden

yellow. Santa Cruz Islands. 1876.
,, Hawke'ri (Hawker's). Creamy-yellow. Polynesia.

1879.
„ illu'stre (illustrious). Leaves 3- to 4-lobed, blotched

yellow. 1882.
„ imperia'le (imperial). Twisted, yellow, crimson.

New Hebrides. 1875.
„ insi'gne (remarkable). Yellow and rosy crimson.

1882.

„ Joha'nnis (John's). Veins and edges yellow. Poly-
nesia. 1871.
„ linea're (linear). Marbled yellow, suffused pink.

1882.
„ Maca'rthuri (Macarthur's). Twisted, crisped, yellow

rib. 1877.
„ majCsticum (majestic). Midrib yellow, crimson.

Polynesia. 1876.

„ massangea' num (Massangean). Creamy-white, car-
mine-rose. 1879.
„ multi'color (many-coloured). Variously coloured.

Polynesia. 1871.
„ mullifo'rme (many-formed). Spiral or interrupted,

yellow, crimson. 1881.
„ musa'icum (mosaic). Cream, changing to crimson

markings. 1882.
„ NevfUite (Mrs. Neville's). Yellow bars, changing to

crimson. Polynesia. 1880.
,, no'bile (noble). Crimson and yellow markings. S.

Sea Islands. 1877.
„ picturaftum (painted). Blotched yellow and red.

New Hebrides. 1876.
„ pri'nceps (chief). Yellow, bronze, and crimson. New

Hebrides. 1878.
„ Regi'na (queen's). Yellow, crimson, orange. Pacific

Islands. 1878.
„ Rex (king's). Bronzy green, crimson. S. Sea Islands.

1877.
„ spira'le (spiral). Spirally twisted, bronze, yellow, red.

Polynesia. 1873.
„ supe'rbiens (superb). Yellow, coppery red, crimson.

New Guinea. 1878.
„ torqua'tum (twisted). Leaves narrow in chain-like

segments. S. Sea Islands. 1878.
„ tor' tile (twisted). Spirally twisted, yellow, crimson.

S. Sea Islands. 1877.

„ tri' color (three-coloured). Blotched yellow, rosy-
crimson. 1882.
„ Van-Oosterze'ei (Van-Oosterzee's). Leaves linear,

spotted yellow. 1883.
„ variega'tum (variegated). The parent of many forms.

Malaya.
„ Warre'ni (Warren's). Leaves pendent, 2 to 2 J ft. long,

orange yellow and carmine. Polynesia. 1880.
„ Willia'msii (Williams's). Midrib and veins yellow,

then crimson. 1879.
„ You'ngii (Young's). Variegation creamy and rosy.

Polynesia. 1873.

CODLIN MOTH. See CARPOCA'PSA POMONE'LLA.
CODUNS AND CREAM. Epilo'bium hirsu'tum.

CODONA'NTHE. (From kodon, a bell, anthos, a
flower ; the flowers being bell-shaped. Nat. ord.
Gesneraceae.)

Stove herbs. Cuttings in sand, in a close case, with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, leaf-mould in equal
parts, and sharp sand.

C. flo'rida (flowery). White, fading brown-yellow.

Brazil. 1908.
„ gra'cilis (graceful). White. Brazil. 1850.

CODONOPSIS. (From kodon, a bell, and apsis, re-
semblance ; the flowers being bell-shaped. Nat. ord.
Campanulaceae .)

Hardy or nearly hardy herbs, some of them twining.
Positions on the rockery, in well-drained soil should be
selected for them, using a little peat or leaf-mould.
Seeds in a little warmth in spring.
C. clemati'dea (Clematis-like). See C. OVATA.
„ convolvttla'cea (Con volvulus- like). Bright blue. Upper

Burma. 1900.

„ corda' ta (heart-shaped). See CAMPANUM<BA JAVANICA.
,, lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). Greenish-white, with

purple veins. Temperate Asia. 1900.
„ lur'ida. (lurid). See C. ROTUNDIFOLIA.
,, ova' ta (ovate). 2103. White, tinted blue. Western

Himalaya.
,, rotundifo'lia (round- leaved) . Yellow-green, purple.

Western Himalaya. Annual.
„ „ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). Markings more

numerous and darker.

„ ussurie'nsis (Ussurian). N. Temperate Asia.
„ vinciflo'ra (Vinca-flowered). Lilac. W.China. 1910.
„ viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). Eastern Asia.

(Derived from Calebs, not married,
and gune, the ovary. Nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae. Now
referred to Alchornea ilicifolia.) Greenhouse shrub.
Cuttings in sand under a bell-glass ; also seeds. Fibrous
loam, leaf-mould, and sand. It has produced seeds at
Kew, where only the female plant was grown.
C. Uicifo'lia (Holly-leaved). See ALCHORNEA ILICIFOLIA.

CCELESTI'NA. See AGERATUM.

COS LJA. (From koilos, hollow ; the dorsal sepal being
concave. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Ornithidium and
Maxillaria.)

Stove orchids. Divisions ; sphagnum, peat, and
a little charcoal, in a shallow basket. Growing temp.,
60° to 90° ; rest, 55° to 60°.

C. baueria'na (Bauer's). White. June. Mexico. 1790.
„ be'lla (pretty). White, purple, yellow. Guatemala.
„ macrosta'chya (large-spiked). Red. February.
Mexico. 1840.

CGELIO'PSIS. (From Calia, and opsis, like ; the
flowers resembling those of Ccelia. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)
For cultivation see ORCHIDS.

C. hyacintko'sma (hyacinth-scented). White,
Panama. 1871.

COZLO'GYNE. (From koilos, hollow, and gune,
female ; in reference to the female organ, or pistil.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceael. Linn. zo-Gynandria,
i-Monandria.)

To cultivate this genus successfully, divide it into two
sections : — The first, C. barba'ta, crista'ta, Cumi'ngii.
ela'ta, fuligino'sa, ocella'ta, specio'sa, and some other
new species from Borneo not yet bloomed in this country.
The second section, C. gardneria'na, ntacula'ta, prafcox,
and wallichia'na.

The compost for the first section should be chopped
sphagnum, turfy peat, using only the fibrous part, and
small potsherds. The season for potting is when they
begin to grow, about February. Some of the species
have long rhizomes (creeping stems), and would soon
run over the edges of the pot. To keep them at home,
place an upright block of wood in the centre of the pot ;
clothe it with moss, and, as the plant advances in growth,
train to it, and fasten it with fine copper wire. When
growing, they require a liberal amount of water ; but
the water must not lodge in the hearts of the young
leaves. In very hot weather syringe the plants in the
morning, and give air, to dry up the extra moisture.
Shade from bright sunshine, removing it off by four or
five o'clock. The annual growths should be finished
early in the autumn, and then the heat and moisture
should be reduced ; and, when winter approaches,
cease watering altogether.

For the second section the soil should be a compost
of sandy peat, fibrous loam, and half-decayed leaves,
with a small portion of river-sand. Drain moderately
well, and place four or five bulbs in a 6-inch pot, excepting
C. gardneria'na, which is a strong grower, and require*

OELOGYNE

228

COSLOGYNE

a larger pot, and fewer pseudo-bulbs in it. Pot as soon
as the bloom is over, because, as soon as the flowers
decay, the young leaves begin immediately to push
forth from the same sheath, and will soon begin to put
out new roots. Before that takes place the plants should
be potted. THIS RULE APPLIES TO ALL ORCHIDS.

Place this section of Ccelo'gyne on a shelf near the
glass, in a cool stove. Whilst growing, freely water —
moderately, till the leaves are considerably grown, and
then abundantly. In potting, place the bulbs just on
the surface of the soil.

Resting-period Treatment. — As soon as the pseudo-
bulbs are fully formed cease watering, and allow the
leaves to turn yellow and die ; remove them, and con-
tinue the plants in the same situation, keeping them
dry and cool. Pay attention to them occasionally, to
see that the bulbs continue plump and fresh. Should
they appear to shrivel, give a little water, which will
cause them to swell again ; but be careful not to overdo
it, or you may induce them to start prematurely.

C. a'lbo-lu'tea (white, yellow). Pure white, deep yellow.

N. India. 1908.
„ arthuria'na (Arthurian). Deep purple, green spots.

Burma. 1881.

„ aspera'ta (rough). Cream. May. Borneo. 1848.
„ balfouria'na (Balfourian). Cinnamon, orange, white.

1896.
' „ barba'ta (bearded). White, yellow. December. N.

India. 1827.

„ bifto'ra (two-flowered). White, brown. Burma. 1866.
„ birma'nica (Burmese). White, brown. Burma. 1882.
„ bornee'nsis (Bornean). White, red-brown markings.

Borneo. 1893.
„ brachy'ptera (short- winged). Green, white, brown.

Burma. 1881.
„ bru'nnea (russet). Greenish-yellow. November. E.

Ind. 1844.
,, carina'ta (keeled). Whitish-green, brown. New

Guinea. 1883.
,, chloro'ptera (green-winged). Green, white, brown.

Philippines. 1883.

,, Cla'rkii (Clark's). Light brown, yellow-brown. 1893.
, confe'rta (crowded). White, yellow. Burma. 1875.
, cornicula'ta (horned). Yellow. Assam. 1865.
, corona 'ria (crowned). See TRICHOSMA SUAVIS.
, corruga' ta (corrugated). White, yellow. India. 1866.
, corymbo'sa (corymbose). White, orange. Himalayas.

1876.

„ crista'ta (crested). White, yellow. Himalayas. 1837.
„ „ a'lba (white). Pure white.
„ „ hololeu'ca (wholly white). 1881.
„ „ Jmoma'rta(Lemonian). White, pale yellow. 1888.
„ ,, ma'xima (largest). Larger flowers.
„ Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). 2. Creamy-white, yellow.

June. Singapore. 1840.
,, cu'prea (copper). Yellow-brown. 1892.
„ daya'na (Dayan). Ochre-yellow, brown. Borneo.

1884.

,, deco'ra (becoming). White. India. 1837.
„ ela'ta (tall). White, yellow. N. India. 1837.
,, e'legans (elegant). See C. HUETTNERIANA.
„ fimbria'ta (fringed), i. White, brown. September.

Nepaul.

,, fta'ccida (drooping), i. White. January. Nepaul.
., fia'vida (yellowish). Yellow. April. India. 1838.
,, flexuo'sa (flexuous). Java.
,, Fa?sfefwa'nnt(Fcestermann's). White, brown. Sunda

Islands. 1886.
„ fuligino'sa (dusky). Cream, brown. June. N. India.

1837.

,, fusee' scens (brownish). Greenish- yellow.
,, gardneria'na (Gardnerian). i. White, yellow.

November. N. India. 1837.
„ glandulo'sa (glandular). Pure white. Neilgherries.

1882.

„ Gowe'ri(Gower's). White, red, yellow. Assam. 1869.
,. graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). White, veined brown.

Burma. 1888.
,, hookeria'na (Hookerian). Bright rose-purple, yellow.

Himalayas. 1878.

„ huettneria' na (Huettnerian). Burma.
,, hu'milis (dwarf). Lilac, yellow. Himalayas.
„ „ alba'ta, (white). 1888.

„ tricolor (three-coloured). Marbled brown. 1880.

C. interme'dia (intermediate). E. Ind. 1840.
,, interru'pta, (interrupted). White. N. India. 1837.
„ java'nica (Javanese). Java.
,, la'ctea (milky). Creamy-white, brown veins. Burma.

1888.
„ lagena'ria (bottle-shaped). White, purple. Khasia.

1856.
„ lamella'ta (having plates). Whitish-green. New

Hebrides. 1895.
„ lauterbachia'na (Lauterbachian). Allied to C. carnea.

New Guinea. 1896.
„ lentigino'sa (freckled). Green, white, yellow. Burma.

1872.
„ longicau'lis (long-stemmed). White, yellow. N.

India. 1837.

„ Lo'wii (Low's). See C. ASPERATA.
,, lu'rida (lurid). Greenish-yellow, tinged purple.
,, macula'ta (spotted). White, crimson. N. India.

1837.

» » virgi'nea (virgin). Light sulphur, unspotted.
„ massangea'na (Massangean). Light ochre, maroon.

Assam. 1891.
„ mayeria'na (Mayerian). Green, black. Trop. Asia.

1877.

„ me'dia (middle). White, yellow. Khasia. 1837.
„ micholitzia'na (Micholitzian). White and brown.

Macassar. 1891.

,, MicJtoli'tzii (Micholitz's). 2. Pure white. 1895.
„ micra'ntha (small-flowered). Brown. Burma. 1855.
„ Mo'ssicB (Mrs. Moss's). Pure white, yellow. Neil-
gherries. 1894.

,, nervo'sa (nerved). Neilgherries.
„ nigre'scens (blackish). Blackish. March. India.

1838.
„ ni'tida (shining-leaved), i. Yellow. Himalayas.

1822.

,, ocella'ta (eyed). White, yellow. E. Ind. 1822.
„ ochra'cea (ochie-spotted) . J. White, yellow. April.

E. Ind. 1844.

,, odorati' ssima (sweetest). White. India. 1864.
,, ova'lis (oval). White, brown. October. Himalayas.
,, pandura'ta (fiddle-shaped). Green, black. Borneo.

1853.

„ Pari'shii (Parish's). Yellow, brown. Burma. 1862.
„ pelta'stes (shield). Yellow, white, brown. Borneo

1880.
„ perake'nsis (Perak). Buff, green, yellow. Perak.

1903.

,, plantagi'nea (plantain-teat;^). Pale yellow. Singa-
pore. 1840.

,, pogonioi' des (Pogonia-like). See C. YUNNANENSIS.
,, pra'cox (early- flowering). J. Rose, white. October.

Nepaul. 1845.

,, „ wallichia'na (Wallichian). Rose, white. Novem-
ber. Khasia. 1837.
„ prolifera (many-offseted). Yellowish. N. India.

1837.

„ psittaci'na (parrot-like). Green, white. Moluccas.
,, pulche'tta (pretty). Pure white, brown blotch. Trop.

Asia. 1898.

,, punctula'ta (dotted). See C. NITIDA.
„ purpura' scens (purplish). Ceylon.
„ reichenbachia'na (Reichenbachian). Rose, white,

purple. Burma. 1868.
,, rhodea'na (Rhodean). White, brown. Moluccas.

1867.

,, ri'gida (stiff). Yellow. Moulmein. 1837.
,, Rochusse'ni (Rochussen's). Java.
„ rossta'wa(Rossian). White, yellowish. Burma. 1884.
,, salmoni' color (salmon-coloured). Salmon-coloured.

Java or Sumatra. 1883.
„ Sande'ra (Mrs. Sander's). White, yellow blotch.

Upper Burma. 1893.
,, sanderia'na (Sanderian). White, yellow. Sunda

Isles. 1887.
„ schilleria'na (Schillerian). Yellow, blood-red. Burma.

1858.

„ spa'rsa (scattered). White, with brown spot. Philip-
pines. 1883.
,, specio'sa (sho\vy-flowered). f. Brown, white.

September. Java. 1845.

,, stella'ris (starry). Green, white. Borneo. 1886.
,, sulphu'rea (sulphur). Yellow, white. Java. 1871.
,, swaniafna (Swariian). White and brown lip. Philip-
pines. 1894.

COFFEA

229

COLCHICUM

C. te'nuis (thin). Light buff. Borneo. 1893.
„ tesia'cea (light brown). Brown. May. Singapore.

1842.

,, Ihunia'na (Thunian). See C. UNIFLORA.
„ tomento'sa (felted). Malaya.
„ tri'fida ( three- lobed). See C. ODORATISSIMA.
„ trine'rvis (three-nerved). White, yellow. .February.

Singapore.

„ trisacca'ta (three- pouched). See C. GARDNERIANA.
„ undula'ta (wzved-leaved) . White. Khasia. 1837.
,, uniflo'ra (one-flowered). Northern India.
„ Vti'tchii i (Veitch's). Pure white. New Guinea. 1895.
„ ventrico'sa (ventricose). Java.
„ venu'sta (lovely). Light buff ; lip white, yellow.

S.W. China. 1904.
,, vire'scens (greenish). Pale green, dark spots. Annam.

1908.

„ virgina'lis (virginal). Pure white, fragrant. 1896.
„ visco'sa (clammy). White, brown. Khasia. 1870.
,, trallichia'na (Wallichian). See C. PR<«COX WALLI-

CHIANA.
,, yunnane'nsis (Yunnan). |. Rosy-purple ; lip lilac,

with purple blotches. Yunnan, China. 1906.

COFFE'A. Coffee-tree. (From Coffee, the name of a
province of Narea, in Africa. Nat. ord. Ci»chonads
[RubiaceaV]. Linn. $*Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shnibs. Cuttings of ripe shoots in
sand, under a glass, in moist heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

C. ara'bica( Arabian). 20. White. September. Yemen.

1696. " Arabian Coffee."

„ bengale'nsis (Bengalese). White. India and Malaya.
„ „ hy'brida (hybrid). " Tampis Coffee."
,, Laure'ntii (Laurent's). Congo Free State. 1900.
„ libe'rica (Liberian). White. Berries red. Trop.

Africa. 1874. " Liberian Coffee."
„ lodccge'nsis (Lodcegean). White.
„ mauntia'na (Mauritian). White. Mascarene Islands.
„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). White. Mauritius.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). 8. White. Guiana. 1822.
„ robu'sta (robust). See C. LAURENTII.
„ stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). White. Sierra Leone.
,, travancore'nsis (Travancoran). White. S. India.

COGWOOD-TREE. Ceano'thus Chloro'xylon.

CO'IX. Job's Tears. (Adopted name from Theo-
phrastus. Nat. ord. Grasses [Graminea?]. Linn. 21-
Monacia, ^-Triandria. Allied to Indian Corn.)

Stove perennial grasses. Seeds ; divisions ; rich, light
soil. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. arundina'cea (reed-like). 2. July. Mexico. 1818.
„ exalta'ta (tall). See C. LACHRYMA-JOBI.
., la'chryma (tear). See C. LACHRYMA-JOBI.
„ La'chryma-Jo'bi (Job's Tears). 2. June. Trop.
Asia. 1596.

COKE. See FDEL.

CO LA. (The native name Kola or Cola. Xat. ord.
Sterculiaceae.)

Stove tree from Tropical Africa, now naturalised in
Jamaica. Kola nuts are the seeds of the tree, used by
the natives to satisfy hunger and enable them to work
without fatigue. They contain more caffeine than the
best coffee, and are about the size of a large gooseberrv.
Ripe cuttings in sand in a close case, with bottom-heat ;
also seeds. Sandy loam, or fibrous loam and one-third
peat. Summer temp., 65° to 80° ; winter, 60° to 65°.

C. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 40. Yellow. Trop.

Africa. 1820.

„ digita'ta (fingered). Trop. Africa.
„ ve'ra (true). This also furnishes the Cola nut. W.
Trop. Africa. 1900.

CO LAX. Now included in Lycaste.

COLBE RTIA. See DILLENIA. C. coromandtlia'na.

Sre DlLL£NIA PENTAGYNA.

COLCHICUM. Meadow Saffron. (Named after Colchis,
its native country, in Asia Minor. Nat. ord. Melanths
LLiliacese]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, 3-Trigynia.)

Dr. Lindley says, " Few orders of plants are more

universally poisonous than this." C. aulumna'lt, a gout
medicine, is a virulent poison. Hardy herbaceous bulbs.
Offsets, planted in common border.

C. agrippi'num (Agrippa). i. Purple. August. S-
Europe. 1600.

„ alpi'num (alpine). J. Purple. July. Apennines.
1820.

,, arena'rium (sand), f. Purple. September. Hun-
gary. 1816.

„ „ umbro'sum (shady). See C. UMBROSUM.

„ Argx'i (Argae's). Flowers small, rosy. Palestine.
1904.

„ autumna'le (autumnal. Common meadow saffron).
i. Purple. September. Britain.

„ „ a'lbum (white- flowered). J. White. September.
Britain.

„ „ a'lbum ple'num (double white).

„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). J. Purple. Sep-
tember. Britain.

„ „ fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved), J. Purple.
September. Britain.

„ Bertolo'nii (Bertoloni's). S. Europe.

„ £t'signa'm(Bisignan's). SeeC.TENOREi.

„ Biwfnct (Mrs. Bivon's). Large, purple. S. Europe.

„ Bornmue'lleri (Bornmueller's). Large rosy lilac, cup-
shaped. Orient. 1892.

„ bulbocodioi' des (Bulbocodium-like) . See C. MONTANUM.

„ bytanti'num (Byzantine). $. Purple. September.
Levant. 1629.

„ „ cili'cicum (Cilician). See C. CILICICUM.

„ ca'ndidum (white). White, flushed pale rose. Asia
Minor. 1897.

„ cauca'sicum (Caucasian). SCCMERENDERACAUCASICA.

„ chione'nse (Chio). See C. VARIEGATUM.

„ cili'cicum (Cilician). Rose, tipped red. Asia Minor.
1897.

„ crociflo'rum (Crocus-flowered) of Regel. J. White,
striped purple. Turkestan. 1883.

„ crociflo'rum (crocus-flowered) of Sims. See C

AUTUMNALE.

,, Cupa'ni (Cupan's). See C. MONTANUM.

„ Z>«ai'sH«(Decaisne's). Delicate flesh colour. Leba-
non. 1892.

„ fascicula're (fascicled). Pink and white. Greece.
1896.

„ gigante'wn (giant). Large, long tubed, rose, with
spreading segments. 1901.

„ hololo'phum (whole-podded). See C. MONTANUM.

„ kydrophy'llum (water-loving). Red-pink, fragrant.
Asia Minor. 1901.

., Kotschy'i (Kotschy's). See C. L.CTUM.

„ la? turn (bright). Purple. Orient.

,, latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Sro C. SIBTHORPII.

„ libano'ticum (Lebanon). White, tinted rose. Febru-
ary. Syria.

„ lingula'tum (tongued). Greece.

„ lusita'nicum (Portuguese). Portugal.

„ lu'teum (yellow). Yellow, purple throat outside.
Kashmir, Afghanistan. 1874.

„ monta'num (mountain). J. Purple. August. S.
Europe. 1819.

„ Parkinso'ni (Parkinson's). White, chequered purple.
Asia Minor. 1874.

„ parviflo'mm (small-flowered). See C. MONTANUM.

„ pa'rvulum (small). See C. ALPINUM.

„ procu'rrens (running). Bright lilac. Smyrna. 1890

„ Ri'tchei (Ritche's). Purple. Spring. Asia Minor.
1897.

„ Sibtho'rpii (Sibthorp's). Large, chequered lilac-
purple. Armenia. 1890.

„ siehea'num (Siehean). Reddish-purple. Asia Minor.

„ specio'sum (showy). J. Rosy-purple, large, cup-
shaped. Caucasus. 1874.

„ „ ma'xirnum (largest). Rosy-mauve, white base.
1902.

„ Steve1 'ni (Steven's). Rosy-lilac. Syria and Arabia.
1905.

,, Szovi'tsii (Szovits's). Caucasus.

,, Teno'rei (Tenore's). Italy.

„ tessella'tiim (chequered). 'See C. ACRIPPIXT-M

„ Troo'dii (Trood's). White. Cypnis. 1887.

„ umbro'sum (shaded). J. Pink. September. Crimea.
1819.

COLDENIA

230

COLLINSIA

C. variega'tum (variegated-flowered), i. Purple. Sep-
tember. Greece. 1629.

veratrifo'lium (Veratrum-leaved). Rosy-red. 1910.
„ verst'color (changing colour). See BULBOCODIUM

VERNUM VERSICOLOR.

COLDENIA. (Named after C. Golden, a North
American botanist. Nat. ord. Chretiads [Boraginaces].
Linn. 4-Tetrandria, ^-Trigynia. Allied to the Helio-
trope) .

Stove trailing annual. Seeds sown in a hotbed, in
March, and flowers in the greenhouse, in summer. Light.,
rich soil.

C. procu'mbens (lying-down). 2. White. July. E. Ind.
1699.

CO'LEA. (Named after General Cole, governor of the
Mauritius. Nat. ord. Crescentiads [Bignoniaceae]. Linn.
H-Didynamia, z-Angiospermia. Allied to the Calabash-
tree.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripe shoots in
sand, under a glass, and in moist bottom-heat ; peat
and loam, both fibrous, and mixed with a little sand and
charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
C. ftoribu'nda (abundant-flowering). 8. Yellow. August

Madagascar. 1839.

„ mauritia'na (Mauritian). Mascarene Islands.
„ undula'ta (waved). Lilac, yellow. Madagascar. 1870.

COLEBROO'KIA. (Named after H. F. Colebrooke, a
botanist. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiatae]. Linn. 14-
Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Mint.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots, in April or May ; sandy peat and fibrous loam.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
C. oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 3. White. Nepaul.

1820.

„ ternifo'lia (three-leafleted-leaved). 3. White. E.
Ind. 1823.

COLENSO'A. SeePRATiA.

COLEONEMA. (From koleos, a sheath, and nema,
filament ; in reference to the way the filaments, or
anther-threads, are combined with the base of the flower.
Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Diosma.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Cape of Good Hope.
Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm at the base, in
sand, under a glass ; peat one part, loam two parts,
with sand, to keep it open. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
C. a'lbum (white). 2. White. June. 1798.

„ pu'lchrum (beautiful). 6. Rose. May.

„ tenuifo'lium (slender- leaved). See C. PULCHRUM.

COLEOSPA'DIX. (From koleos, a spathe.and spadix,
a flower spike ; the spadix is enclosed in a spathe. Nat.
ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove palm. Seeds. Loam, peat, and sand.
C. onine'nsis (Oninan). New Guinea.

COLES AT, COLESEED, or COLZA. Bra'ssica campe'stris

olei'fera. •

CO LEUS. (From koleos, a sheath ; referring to the
way that the bottom of the stamens, or anther-threads,
are combined. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiates] . Linn
H-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia. Allied to Plectranthus.j

The numerous hybrid varieties of this genus are among
the most beautiful foliage plants we have. The original
seed parents appear to have been Blumei and C. Verschaf-
feltii, one of the first with highly coloured foliage (this is
now used extensively for summer bedding), later on a
large number of beautiful varieties were raised at the
Chiswick gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society,
and since then many others have been added. In later
years seed selected from the best has proved an easy
means of getting good varieties. Sown in February good
plants may soon be established by June, and a selection
of the best made for growing. They are also readily
propagated from cuttings. Short tops should be taken
and put in light, sandy compost, the finer varieties are
not so hardy as Verschaffeltii, and are difficult to keep
through the winter unless a temperature of 60° can be
sustained, but they will do well in an ordinary green-

house during summer. Pot in a compost of loam, leaf-
mould, with some manure, and sand.
C. aroma'ticus (aromatic). 2. Violet. May. India.

1826. Stove.
„ barba'tus (bearded). 3. Blue. October. Abyssinia.

1806. Stove.
„ Blu'mei (Blume's). ij. Purple and white. June.

„ „ Verschaffe'ltii (Verschaffelt's). 1861.

,, frutico'sus (shrubby). See PLECTRANTHUS FRUTI-
cosus.

,, Gibso'ni (Gibson's). Leaves blotched crimson-purple.
New Caledonia. 1866.

,, ignia'rius (fiery). Trop. Africa.

„ infla'tus (inflated). Lilac. Ceylon.

„ Macrce'i (Macrae's). See C. MALABARICUS.

„ Maho'ni (Mahon's). Blue-purple. British Central
Africa. 1901.

„ malaba'ricus (Malabar). 2j. Purple and white.
August. Ceylon. 1852.

,, ni'gricans (blackening). Indian Archipelago. 1863.

,, Penzi'gii (Penzig's). Blue. Abyssinia. 1892.

„ pi'ctus (painted). Leaves variegated yellow and
brown. Duke of York's Island. 1877.

„ scutellarioi'des (Scutellaria-like). Blue, white. Malaya.
Australia.

„ shire'nsis (Shirese). 3. Dark blue. British Central
Africa. 1905.

„ s^tca'/MSJRondt«e'//fl(Rondinella-spiked). Blue. Abys-
sinia. 1896.

„ thyrsoi'deus (thyrse-like). 3. Deep blue. Winter.
Trop. Africa. 1898.

,, Tryo'ni (Tryon's). Hybrid. 1872.

,, tubero'sus (tuberous). Trop. Africa.

,, Vei'tchii (Veitch's). South Sea Islands. 1867.

„ Verschaffe'ltii (Verschaffelt's). See C. BLUMEI VER-
SCHAFFELTII.

COLEWORT or COLLET. See CABBAGE.
COLIC-ROOT. Ale' iris farino'sa.

COLLABIUM. (Derived from collum, a neck, and
labium, lip ; the base of the lip encloses the column.
Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Warm stove Orchid.

C. si'mplex (simple). Green, purple, white. Borneo.
1881.

COLLA'NIA. SeeBoMAREA.

COLLETIA. (Named after M. Collet, a French
botanical writer. Nat. ord. Rhamnads [Rhamnaceae].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots in
sand, under a glass, in spring ; sandy loam. Winter
temp., 50° to 55°.
C. crucia'ta (cross-spined) . 4. Pale yellow. Chili.

1824.

„ Ephe'dra (Ephedra). 4. Cream. Peru. 1823.
,, ho'rrida (horrid). See C. CRUCIATA.
,, obcorda'ta (obcordate). 2. Yellow. Peru. 1822.
,, serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). See DISCARIA SERRATI-

FOLIA.

,, spino'sa (spiny). See C. CRUCIATA.

,, uli'cina (furze-like). 2. Pale yellow. May. Chili.

COLLIFLOWER. See CAULIFLOWER.

COLLTNSIA. (Named after Collins, a North American
naturalist. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn.
i^-Didynamia, z-Angiospennia.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds in March, in open borders ;
some in autumn, and slightly protected during winter ;
or some in a slight hotbed, in March, and transplanted
in patches, in April and May ; autumn-sown ones will
bloom earliest.

C. arve'nsis (field). Purple. California.
„ bartsicefo'lia (Bartsia-leaved). i. Purple. June.

California.
„ bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Purple, white. June.

California. 1833.
,, corymbo'sa (corymbose). Blue, white. California.

1868.

„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered), i. Pink. blue. June.
Columbia. 1826.

COLLINSONIA

231

COLUMNEA

C. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). See C. BICOLOR.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). See C. BARTSI.BFOLIA.

„ multicolor (many-coloured). Purple, crimson. Cali-
fornia. 1852.

„ Pa'rrvi (Parry's). California.

„ par-siflo'ra, (small-flowered), i. Purple, blue. June.
Columbia. 1826. Trailer.

„ sparsiflo'ra (scattered-flowered), i. Violet. May.
California. 1836.

„ tincto'ria (dyer's), i. Pale pink. May. California.
1848.

„ Torre'yi (Torrey's). California.

„ re'rna (spring), i. Purple, blue. June. N. Amer.
1826.

„ viola'cta (violet). Violet. N. Amer. 1871.

OOLLDJSO NIA. (Named after P. Coltinson, a great
promoter of botany. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiata?].
Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Cunila and
Hyssop.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division ; common
soil in moist places.
C. anisa'ta (anise-scented). 3. Yellow. October.

Carolina. 1806.

„ canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. Lilac, yellow. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1735.

„ „ corda'ta (heart-leaved). 3. Lilac, yellow. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1734.
„ „ ova' ta (eg%-leaved) . 3. Lilac, yellow. September.

N. Amer. 1734.

,, ova' Us (ova\-leaved) . See C. SCABRIUSCULA.
,, scabriu' scula (roughish). 2. Red, yellow. August.

East Florida. 1776. Greenhouse.
„ tubero'sa (tuberous). 2. Yellow. August. Carolina.
1806.

COLLO'MIA. (From kolla, glue ; referring to the
mucous which surrounds the seeds. Nat. ord. Phlox-
n-orts [Polemoniaceas] . Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Gilia.)

Hardy annuals. The best is C. cocci'nea. Seeds in
open border ; spring or autumn.
C. Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles's). See C. GRANDIFLORA.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. July. Chili. 1832.
„ gilioi'des (Gilia-like). i. Pink. August. California.

i8.33.

„ glutino'sa (glutinous). See C. GILIOIDES.
„ gra'cilis (slender). J. Rose. June. N. Amer. 1827.
„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 2. Pink. July. Co-
lumbia. 1826.
,, heterophy'lla (various-leaved), i. Pink. June.

Columbia. 1826.

„ lateri'tia (brick-red). See C. COCCINEA.
„ linea'ris (nanovr-leaved) . i. Red. June. N. Amer.
1826.

COLOCA'SIA. (From kolokasia, the Greek for the
root of an Egyptian plant. Nat. ord. Arads [Araceae].
Linn. zi-Moruecia, 7-Heptandria. Allied to Caladium.)

The Colocasias are remarkable alike for their milky
juice and for producing eatable tubers, though belonging
to an order which an acrid principle generally pervades.
Divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 50° to 55° ; greenhouse not quite so warm.
C. affi'nis (allied. Himalayas. 1867.
„ antiquo'rum (ancient). 2. Green. June. Levant.

1551. Tuberous-rooted. Greenhouse.
„ „ escule'nta (edible). Whitish. Sandwich Islands.

1739-
„ ,, nymphceifo'lia (Nymphaea-leaved) . White. India.

1800.
„ drvansaya'na (Devansayan). Leaves veined purple.

New Guinea. 1886.
„ escule'nta (eatable-rootei). See C. ANTIQUORUM

ESCULENTA.

„ fa'llax (deceitful). Himalaya.

„ i'ndica (Indian). Now referred to Alocasia indica.

.. Marcha'Ui (Marchall's). Leaves with dark blotches

and silvery band. India. 1811.
„ ne'o-guinee'nsis (New Guinea). Leaves blotched

white. New Guinea. 1880.
„ odora'ta (fragrant). 3. Green, yellow. May. Peru.

1810. Now referred to Alocasia odor a,
., viola'cta (violet).
., Wendla'ndii (Wendland's). See C. FALLAX.

COLOCYNTH. See CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS.

COLOGANIA. (Named after M. Cotogan, who
hospitably entertained naturalists visiting TenerifTe.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. 17-
Diadelphia, 4-Decandria. Allied to Clitoria.)

Stove evergreen twiners, natives of Mexico, &c. ;
cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, in
April ; seeds sown in a hotbed, in March ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Violet. 1827.

N.W. Amer.

,, bi'loba (two-lobed). 20. Purple. Mexico. 1827.
., Broussone' tii (Broussonet's). 3. Violet. 1827.
„ pukhf'lla (pretty). 3. Rose. September. 1837.
N.W. Amer.

COLPOON-TREE. Cassi'ne cape'nsis.
COI/TS-FOOT. Tussila'go Fa'rfara.

COLUBRI NA. (From coluber, a snake ; in re-
ference to the twisted stamens. Nat. ord. Rhymnads
[Rhamnaceael. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Ceanothus.)

Stove evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of young shoots in
sand, under glass ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
6oe to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. asia'tica (Asiatic), 12. Pale yellow. July. Ceylon.

1691.
„ cube'nsis (Cuba). Now referred to Ceanothus

cubensis.
„ ferrugino'sa (rusty). 20. Green. July. Bahama.

1762.
„ reclina' ta (bent-down). 5. Green. August. Jamaica.

1758. Now referred to Ceanothus reclinatus.
„ triflo'ra (three-flowered). Pale yellow. Mexico.
1826.

COLUMBINE. AquUe'gia.

COLUMBO-ROOT or CALUMBA-ROOT. Jateorrhiia.
Calu'mba.

COLUMFLLIA. (Commemorative of L. /. M. Coln-
mella, who lived about A.D. 42. Nat. ord. Columelliaceae.)

A small order of three shrubs, natives of Peru and
Ecuador. They require greenhouse culture and treat-
ment like Thibaudia in peat and loam.
C. oblo'nga (oblong). Yellow. Peru. 1875.

COLUMNEA. (Named after Fabius Columna, an
Italian nobleman. Nat. ord. Gesnerworfs [Gesnerareae].
Linn. n-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Bes-
leria.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sandy soil and in heat,
under a hand-light ; peat and loam, with pieces of char-
coal and rotten wood, well drained. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 55°.

TWINERS.

C. auranti'aca (orange). Orange. June. Andes of

Colombia. 1851.
„ au'reo-ni'tens (bright-golden). i£. Orange, red.

September. Colombia. 1843.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Scarlet. August. W. Ind.

1759.
„ schiedia'na (Schiede's). £. Orange. June. Mexico.

1840.

„ re'pens (creeping). Yellow, red. Costa Rica. 1845.
„ rotundifo' lia (round-leaved). Trinidad.

SHRUBS.

C. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved) i. Rose. October. 1837.
„ erythropha'a (red-brown). Dusky red. November.

Mexico. 1858.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy). z. Pale purple. September.

Jamaica. 1780.
„ hi'spida (bristly). Scarlet. September. Jamaica.

1824.
,, ftalbreyeria'na (Kalbreyerian). Yellow. Colombia

1882.
„ magni fica (magnificent), i. Flame. Central Amer.

1902.
„ oerstedia'na (Oerstedian). Scarlet. Costa Rica.

1910.
„ pi'cta (painted). Colombia.

COLURIA

232

COMESPERMA

C. ru'tilans (red-leaved). 2. Purple. September.

Jamaica. 1823.

„ sple'ndens (shining). See NEMATANTHUS LONGIPES.
„ trifolia'ta (three-leaved). See STEMODIA TRIFOLIATA.
„ zebri'na (zebra-marked). See ALLOPLECTUS DICH-

ROOS.

COLU'RIA. (From kolouros, deprived of a tail ; in
reference to the seeds. Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosaceae].
Linn. iz-Icosandria, 3-Trigynia. Allied to Geum and
Potentilla.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions ; loam and
leaf-mould.
C. potenlilloi'des (Potentilla-like). i. Orange. June.

Siberia. 1780.

COLU'TEA. Bladder-senna. (From koloutea, a name
adopted from Theophrastus. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosje]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria.
Allied to Caragana.)

The leaves of the bladder-senna are used to adulterate
the Senna of the druggists. Cuttings planted in the end
of summer ; seeds sown in spring ; common soil.
C. arbore'scens (common tree-like). 10. Yellow. July.

France. 1548. " Bladder senna."
„ cili'cica (Cilician). Yellow. Asia Minor.
„ crue'nta (bloody). 4. Scarlet. June. Levant.

1710.
„ frute'scens (shrubby). See SUTHERLANDIA FRUTE-

SCE>JS.

„ galegifo'lia (Galega-leaved). See SWAINSONIA CORON-

ILLIFOLIA.

,, hale'pica (Aleppo). See C. ISTRIA.
„ i' stria (Istrian). 6. Yellow. June. Asia Minor.
„ longiala'ta (long-winged). Yellow. Asia Minor.

1892.

„ me'dia (intermediate). 10. Orange. July.
„ melano' calyx (black-calyxed). See C. LONGIALATA.
„ nepale'nsis (Nepaul). See C. ARBORESCENS.
„ pere'nnans (perennial). See LESSERTIA PERENNANS.
,, pe'rsica (Persian). Persia.
„ Poco'kii (Pocock's). See C. ISTRIA.

COLUTEOCA'RPUS. (From Colutea, and karpos, a
fruit ; the fruits are bladdery as in Colutea. Nat. ord.
Cruciferae. Allied to Vesicaria.)

Hardy herb. Seeds ; cuttings under a hand-light in
summer. Well-drained garden soil.
C. reticula'tus (netted), i. Yellow. May. Asia Minor.
1700.

COLVI'LLEA. (Named after Sir Charles Colville,
governor of Mauritius. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosa?]. Linn. ig-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Caesalpinia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand, under glass,
and in bottom-heat ; seeds when procurable ; loam and
leaf-mould. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45°
to 55*.

C. racemo'sa (/arge-racemed). 45. Scarlet. April.
Madagascar.

COLY'SIS MEMBRANA'CEA. See POLYPODIUM MEM-
BRAN ACEUM.

COMACLI'NIUM AURANTI'ACUM. See DYSODIA

GRANDIFLORA.

COMANTHOSPHA'CE. (From home, hair, anthos, a
flower, and sphake, the Greek name for a Salvia ; in
allusion to the long, hair-like stamens. Nat. ord.
Labiatae.)

A hardy undershrub from Japan with terminal spikes
of small, yellow flowers. Cuttings of half-ripe wood in
autumn or summer in sandy soil under a hand-light or
in a cold frame. Ordinary garden soil.
C. japo'nica (Japanese). Yellow. Japan. 1894.

COM ARE LLA MULTIFOLIA'TA (many-leafleted) . See
POTENTILLA DEPAUPERATA.

COMARO PSIS DONIA'NA and C. FRAGARIOI DES.

See WALDSTEINIA FRAGARIOIDES.

COMAROSTA'PHYLIS. (From komaros, the Arbutus,
and staphule, a grape ; referring to the clusters of fruit
Nat. ord. Hgaihworts [Ericaceae]. Linn. S-Octandna,
i-Monogynia. Now referred to Arctostaphylos.)

Pretty bushes from the alpine regions of Guatemala,
bearing succulent fruit, which is eatable. Seeds; cuttings
under a hand-light, in the beginning of autumn ; grafted
on the Arbutus in spring ; loam and peat. If not kept
in a cold greenhouse, will require protection out of doors.
C. arbutoi'des (Arbutus-like). See ARCTOSTAPHYLOS

ARBUTOIDES.

„ formo'sa (beautiful). See PIERIS FORMOSA.

,, ni'tida (shining). See ARCTOSTAPHYLOS ARGU'TA.

„ polifo'lia( Folium-leaved). See ARCTOSTAPHYLOS POLI-

FOLIA.

COMAROU'NA ODORA'TA. See DIPTERIX ODORATA.
COMA'RUM PALU'STRE. See POTENTILLA PALUSTRIS.

COMBRE'TUM. (An ancient name adopted from
Pliny. Nat. ord. Myrobalans [Combretaceae]. Linn.
8-Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen climbers, except two shrubs. Cuttings
of young shoots, or rather, stiffish side-shoots, taken off
with a heel, in sand, under glass, and in bottom-heat ;
sandy peat and loam, with a little charcoal and broken
pots, to keep the soil open. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ;
winter, 50° to 60°. C. purpureum is one of the best-
known species and is a good climber for the stove, having
branching racemes of crimson flowers. The best means
of propagating is to graft half-ripe wood on the roots
taken from the same plant.
C. Afze'lii (Afzel's). See C. GRANDIFLORUM.
„ a'ltum (tall). Red. Trop. Africa.
„ arge'nteum (silvery). Guatemala.
,, barba'tum (bearded). 10. White. Madagascar

1820.

,, bracteo'sum (bracted). S. Africa.
„ cocci 'neum (scarlet). 25. Scarlet. September.

Madagascar. 1818.
„ como'sum (long-haired). 20. Scarlet. Trop. Africa.

1822.
„ deca'ndrum(ten-&nthered). 20. White. April. India.

1826.

„ e'legans (elegant). 15. Scarlet. May. Brazil. 1820.
,, exte'nsum (extended). 10. India. 1845.
„ farino'sum (mealy). 10. Orange, red. May. Mexico.

1825.
. ., formo'sum (handsome). Yellow, red. March. Brazil.

1824.
„ grandifto'rum (large-flowered). 5. Scarlet. May.

Sierra Leone. 1824. Shrub.
,, interme' 'dium (intermediate). See C. COMOSUM.
„ Ixtifo'lium (broad-leaved). Scarlet. May. E. Ind.

1838.

„ la'xum (loose). Yellow. W. Ind.
,, Lcefti'ngii (Lcefling's). Green, orange. Trop. Amer.

1867.

,, micra'nthum (small-flowered). See C. ALTUM.
,, micrope' talum (small- petaled). See C. LOSFLINGII.
,, na'nutn (dwarf). 2. White. Nepaul. 1825. Shrub.
,, panicula'tum (panicled). 50. Scarlet. September.

Guinea. 1824.
„ pincia'num (Pince's). Purple, red. May. Sierra

Leone. 1845.

,, pilo'sum (pilose). India, Burma.
„ purpu'reum (purple). 25. Scarlet. Madagascar.

1818.
,, racemo'sum (racemose). 12. White. May. Benin.

1826.

,, Raimbau'ltii (Raimbault's). Trop. Africa.
„ secu'ndum (side-flowering). 10. Yellow-striped. May.

Trinidad. 1818.

., sundai'cum (Sundaic). Sumatra.
,, wightia'num (Wight's). See C. EXTENSUM.

COMESPE'RMA. (From home, hair, and sperma, a
seed ; in reference to the seeds being enveloped with
hairs. Nat. ord. Milkworts [Polygalaceae]. Linn. 16-
Monadelphia, 5-Octandria. Allied "to Polygala.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cuttings of
young shoots in April, under a glass ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
C. cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). 2. Purple. June. 1822.

,, coridifo'lium (Cons-leaved). See C. ERICINUM.

„ eri'cinum (heath-like). 3. Purple. June. 1822.

„ gra'cile (slender). See C. VOLUBILE.

,, virga'tum (twiggy). Purple. May. 1826.

„ volu'bile (twining). 2. Blue. April. 1834.

COMFREY

233

COMPOST

COMFREY. Sy'mphytum.

COMMELI'NA. (Named after /. and G. Commclin,
Dutch botanists. Nat. ord. Spiderworts [Commelinaceae].
Linn. s-Triandria, i-Monogynia.)

The fleshy roots, or rhizomes, of most of the species
of Commelina are eatable when cooked. Hardy kinds,
by sowing in the open ground, whether annual or
perennial, and by dividing the roots of the latter. Ever-
green trailing kinds, whether greenhouse or stove, chiefly
by cuttings in sandy soil, under a hand-light, in a gentle
hotbed. All the herbaceous species, whether from tropi-
cal regions or New Holland, &c., by seeds, sown in a
hotbed, early in spring, pricked off, and potted and
planted out towards the end of May, will flourish in the
flower-garden, and constitute a pleasing feature until
the end of autumn. Before frost, the tuberous kinds
should be taken up and kept like dahlias, but not over
dry ; started a little in spring, in heat, and then trans-
planted at the end of May, will bloom stronger than the
seedlings. The soil should be light and rich, using either
rotten dung or leaf-mould, with sandy loam. Summer
temp, for stove species, 50° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 45°.

ANNUALS.

C. commu'nis (common). 2. Purple, blue. June.

China. 1732. Hardy.
,, cuciilla'ta (hooded). See C. BENGHALEXSIS.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

C. caripe'nsis (Caripe). See C. VIRGINICA.
,, cale'xiis (sky-blue). Blue. June. Mexico. 1813.
„ „ a'lba (vrhite-flowered) . 3. White. June.
„ defi'cicns (deficient), of Hooker. See C. VIRGINICA.
„ deficient (deficient), of Van Houtte. See C. NUDI-

FLORA.

„ eUi'ptica (elliptic). Blue. Trop. Amer.
„ ere'cta (upright), i. Blue. August. Virginia. 1732.

Hardy.
„ fascicula' ta (fascicled), i. Blue. July. Lima. 1817.

Hardy.

., gla'bra (smooth), of Baker. See C. FASCICULATA.
„ gra'cilis (slender). See C. NUDIFLORA.
,, graminifo 'lia (grass-leaved). Mexico.
„ At>fc'tfa(hairyish). x. Blue. June. N.Amer. 1820.

Hardy.

„ hi'spida (coarsely hairy). Rich blue. Peru. 1845.
„ prostra'ta (prostrate). See C. BENGHALENSIS.
„ sca'bra (rough). Purple. July. Mexico. 1852.
„ sellowia'na (Sellowian). Cobalt-blue. Argentina.

1897. Greenhouse.

„ ,, ro'sea (rosy). Rose variety. 1901.
„ tubero'sa (tuberous), i. Blue. June. Mexico. 1732.

Stove.

HARDY EVERGREEN TRAILERS.

C. carolinia'na (Carolina). See C. NUDIFLORA.
„ virgi'nica (Virginian), i. Blue. June. Virginia.
1779-

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TRAILERS.

C. africa'na (African), i. Blue. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1759.
„ angusli/p'lia (narrow-leaved). x. Blue. June.

Carolina. 1827. Half-hardy.
„ cya'nea (bright blue), i. Blue. July. Australia.

1820.

STOVE EVERGREEN TRAILERS.
C. benghale'nsis (Bengal). 3. Blue. June. Bengal.

1794.

„ cayenne'nsis (Cayenne). See C. NUDIFLORA.
„ defi'ciens (deficient). 6. Blue. August. Brazil.

1823.
„ dianthifo'lia (pink-leaved), i. Blue. July. Mexico.

1816. Twiner.

,, du'bia (doubtful). See C. CCTLESTIS.
„ longicav'lis (long-stalked). See C. NUDIFLORA.
,, mo'lUs (soft). See C. BESGHALESSIS.
,, nudiflo'ra (naked-flowered). 2 to 3. Blue. August.

Tropical Regions.
„ obli'qua (twisted-teat^), i. Blue. June. India.

1820.

C. pa'Uida (pale), i. Blue. June. Mexico. 1820.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). See C. GRAMINIFOLIA.
„ poly'gama (various-flowered). See C. BENGHALENSIS.
,, Zcino'nia (Zanonia). See CAMPELIA ZANONIA.

COMMERSO NIA. (Commemorative of Philibert Com-
merson. Nat. ord. Sterculiaceae.)

Stove shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe wood in sand, in
a close case with bottom-heat ; also imported seeds.
Fibrous loam, a little peat and sand.
C. dasyphy'lla (thick-leaved). See RULINGIA PANNOSA.
„ platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). White. June. Malaya.
1816.

COMOCLA DIA. Maiden Plum. (From home, hair,
and klados, a branch ; in reference to the dense, silky
covering on the young branches. Nat. oid. Anacards or
Terebinths [Anacardiaceae]. Linn. $-Triandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Pistacia.)

Stove evergreen trees. For cultivation, see BARRING-
TO'NIA.
C. denta'ta (tootb-leaved) . 30. Red. July. W. Ind.

1790.
„ ilicifo'lia (hoUy-leaved). 15. Red. Caribbee Isles.

1789.

„ integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). 15. Red. Jamaica.
1778.

COMPARE TTIA. ( Named after Cpmparetii, an I talian
botanist. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae], Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Inopsis and Tricho-
centron.)

Stove orchids. Divisions and offsets ; fibrous peat,
sphagnum, and broken potsherds. Plants raised above
the surface of the pot, or fastened in a very shallow, well-
drained basket. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter,
50° to 55°.

C. cocci'nea (scarlet), x. Scarlet. August. Brazil. 1838.
„ crypto' cera (hidden-spurred). Pink, crimson. 1851.
„ falca' ta (sickle-shaped), $. Rose. May. Peru. 1836.
„ macrople'ctron (large-spurred). White, spotted rose-
red. Colombia. 1879.
„ ro'sea (rosy). See C. FALCATA.

„ specio'sa (showy). Ochre yellow, orange. Ecuador.
1878.

COMPOST is a mixture of manures, or of earths and
manures, in such proportions and of such qualities as
are considered particularly applicable to the- plant or
crops to which the composition is to be applied. If
leaves are required to be largely developed, the compost
can be scarcely too rich ; for the greater the quantity
of food imbibed by the roots, the greater will be the
surface of leaves requisite for its elaboration. But if
flowers and fruit, as well as leaves, are desired, the com-
posts, if excessively rich, will cause these to diminish in
number and size, the flower buds passing into leaf-buds,
for the reason already alleged.

Composts must also duly regulate the amount of
moisture supplied to the roots, totally independent of
drainage, as compost retains to them moisture by its
chemical and capillary powers. The richer in decom-
posing animal and vegetable matter, and the looser its
texture, the better does a compost retain moisture. And
this power is diminished in proportion as siliceous sand,
or calcareous (chalky) matters preponderate.

Gardeners prepare their composts from strong, tena-
cious loam, half-rotten leaf-mould, heath-soil, horse-
manure, cow-manure, charcoal and wood-ashes, bone-
dust, sharp sand, burnt turf, and moss, well-scalded ;
and, from these materials, there is no doubt that a com-
post could be prepared, embracing any desired degree of
fertility. See MANURES and POTTING.

COMPOST-GROUND. This should be an enclosure
concealed from sight, but in the vicinity of the hotbeds,
hothouses, and other similar structures, for the con-
venience of moving the pots to it in the potting season,
conveyance of manures, &c. AH the earths and manures
should be under a shed ; and the dungs, being liable to
lose much of their fertile components in drainage, should
be in water-tight tanks ; and if these are covered, all
the better. All composts are improved by being frosted,
but for potting, great care should be taken that it is at
least as warm as the temperature of the house when
using for potting.

COMPTERIS

234

CONOSTYLIS

CO'MPTERIS. (Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices].)

A distinct fern, with bipinnate barren fronds and

oblong simple ones.

C. brazzia'na (Brazzian). 1901.
COMPTO'NIA ASPLENIFO LIA. See MYRICA ASPLENI-

FOLIA.

CONA'NDBON. (Derived from konos, a cone, and
aner, a man ; in allusion to the union of the apices of
the stamens in a cone. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae.)

A dwarf herb with the habit of Ramondia, but with
numerous flowers in a cyme. Semi-shady places on the
rockery or a cold frame in winter.

C. ramondioi'des (Ramondia like). £. Lilac-purple with
orange centre. Japan. 1879.

CONANTHE'RA. (From konos, a cone, and anther a,
an anther, or pollen-bag ; in reference to the six anthers
forming a cone in the early stage of the flower. Nat.
ord. Haemodoraceae. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Cumingia.)

Pretty little half-hardy bulbs, very scarce, being diffi-
cult to preserve, like others of this Chilian class of plants.
Sandy soil and a dry border in front of a greenhouse
suit them best, and to be protected from wet and frost
in winter. Propagated by offsets.
C. bifo'lia (two-leaved), i. Blue. April. 1823.
„ Si'msii (Sims's). i. Blue. April. 1823.

CONCRETE WALKS. From personal inspection we
can say these are the best we ever saw. A layer of
stones, brick-bats, shells, or clinkers, six inches deep, to
form a dry bottom ; on this a good coaling of cinder
ashes well washed in and rolled down ; then prepare the
surface, which should consist of fine ashes four parts to
one of good cement, and keep the centre well above the
sides— say, a rise of three inches in an ordinary garden
walk.

CONDALIA. (Named after Condal, a Spanish
botanist. Nat. ord. Rhamnads [Rhamnaceas]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Zizyphus, or
Christ's Thorn.)

Half-hardy evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots ;
common soil. Requires a little protection in winter.
C. microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Green. Chili. 1824.

CONDAMTNEA. (Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

Evergreen tree requiring stove treatment. Cuttings
of mature wood in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat.
Loam and leaf-mould or a little peat.
C. tincto'ria (dyer's). 30. Red. September. Venezuela.
1820.

CONDOR VINE. Marsde'nia Cundura'ngo.

CONIFERS, or CONE-BEARERS, are such trees and
shrubs, with their allied genera, as are commonly known
as the Pines, Larches, Firs, Cedars, Junipers, and Arbor
Vitas.

CONIOGRA'MME. See GYMNOGRAMME.

CONI'UM. Hemlock. (From konao, to whirl round ;
in reference to the giddiness caused by eating the leaves
Nat. ord. Umbellifers [Umbelliferas]. Linn. s-Pentandria,
i-Monpgynia. Allied to Arracacha.)

Division of the roots, and sowing the seeds in spring ;
C. moscha'lum by offsets. Common soil.
C. Arraca'cia (Arracacia). See ARRACACIA XANTHORR-

HIZA.

., croa'ticum (Croatian). See C. MACULATUM.

„ macula' turn (spotted. Common Hemlock). 5. White.

June. Britain. Hardy biennial.
„ moscha'lum (musk). See ARRACACIA MOSCHATA.

CO'NNARUS. (From connaros, name of a tree ;
adopted from the Greek of Athenasus. Nat. ord. Con-
narads [Connaraceze]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-De-
candria.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of firm shoots in
April, in sand, in close frame, and in bottom-heat.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. africa'nus (African). 8. Trop. Africa. 1822. "Zebra

Wood."
„ monoca'rpus (one-fruited). 8. India.

C. ni'tidus (shining). 8. White. Silhet. 1824.
„ panicula'tus (panicled). 8. White. Chittagong.

1824.
„ pube'scens (downy). 6. White. Trop. Africa. 1822.

CONOCA'RPUS. Button-tree. (From konos, a cone,
and carpos, fruit ; in reference to the fruit growing so
closely together on the spikes as to resemble cones.
Nat. ord. Myrobalans [Combretaceas] . Linn. $-Pentan-
dria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Terminalia.)

The bark of C. racemp'sus, one of those plants called
Mangroves in Brazil, is in general use for tanning at Rio.
Stove evergreen shrubs. Treatment similar to Connarus.
C. acutifo'lius (pointed-leaved). See C. ERECTUS.
„ ere'ctus (upright). 10. White. Jamaica. 1752.
„ ,, procu'mbens (lying-down), i. Pale yellow. Cuba.

1730.
,, racemo' sus (racemed) . See LAGUNCULARIA RACEMOSA.

CONOCLI'NIUM. See EUPATORIUM.

CONOPHA'LLUS TITA'NUM. See AMORPHOPHALLUS
TITANUM.

CONOSPE'RMUM. (From konos, a cone, and sperma,
a seed ; the fruit, or carpels, growing close together,
and forming a cone. Nat. ord. Proteads fProteaceae],
Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Cut-
tings in sand, under a glass, either in spring or autumn ;
sandy peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ;
winter, 35° to 45°.
C. acero'sum (fine-leaved).

„ acinacifo'lium (scimitar- leaved). 3. White. June.
1824.

cizru'leum (blue). Blue. 1830.

capita' turn (flower-headed). 3. Blue. July. 182^

densifto'rum (thickly-flowered) .

elli'pticum (oval-leaved). 3. White. July. 1822.

ericifo'lium (heath-leaved). White. 1820.

gluma'ceum (chaffy).

Huege'lii (Baron Huegel's).

incu'rvum (incurved-leaved) .

longifo'lium (long-leaved). 4. White. July. 1824.

sclerophy'llum (hard- leaved).

SUe'chadis (Stcechadis).

taxifo'liunt (yew-leaved). 3. White. July. 1824.

tenuifo'lium( thin-leaved). 3. White. July. 1824.

tripline'rvium (three-nerved). 1830.

undula'lum (waved-leaved).

CONOSTE'GIA. (From konos, a cone, and stege, a
covering ; alluding to the lobes of the calyx clasping the
angles of the ovary. Nat. ord. Melastomads [Melas-
tomaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Aplectrum.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of shoots, well
ripened, and the cut ends allowed to get dry ; peat and
sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.

C. balbisia'na (Balbis's). See C. PROCERA.
,, pro'cera (tall). 12. White. June. Jamaica. 1822.
,, semicrena'ta (half-scolloped-edged). See MICONIA

SEMICRENATA.

CONOSTE PHIUM. (From konos, a cone, and stephane,
a crown ; referring to the disposition of the flowers. Nat.
ord. Epacrids [Epacridaceae], Linn. $-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Styphelia.)

This belongs to the berry-bearing section of Epacrids.
The berries, though not much liked by Europeans, are
eatable and wholesome. The " Native Currant " of
Australia and the Tasmanian Cranberry belong to this
section. They are all favourite plants with gardeners
for the beauty of their flowers and the great skill re-
quired to grow them into fine specimens. Greenhouse
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, in
April ; peat and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to
75° ; winter, 40° to 50°.
C. pe'ndulum (hanging-down). Swan River.

CONOSTYLIS. (From konos, a cone, and sfulos, a
style ; the style, or female organ, grows in the shape of
a cone at the bottom. Nat. ord. Bloodroots (Haemo-
doraceas]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Anigozanthos.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from Australia.

CONOTHAMNUS

235

CONVOLVULUS

Divisions ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ;

winter, 40° to 45°.

C. aculea'ta (prickly), r. 1820.

„ america'na (American). See LOPHIOLA AUREA.

„ au'rea (golden-flowered). Yellow.

,, dealba'ta (mealy-stemmed).

,, srrrula'ta (fine-saw-edged). 1824.
.. gera (bristle-bearing). 1825.

,, seto'sa (bristly). Yellow. September. 1843.

CONOTHA MNUS. (From konos, a cone, and thamnos,
a shrub ; from the form of the shrubs. Nat. ord.
Myrllcblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn. i&-Polyadelphia, 2-
Polyandria.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Swan River.
Cuttings of young firm shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass. For culture, see CALOTHA'MNUS.
C. erioca'rpus (woolly-fruited). See CALOTHAMNUS

SANGUINEUS.

., latera'lis (spreading). See CALOTHAMNUS LATERALIS.
,, trine'rvis (three-nerved). Red. June. 1840.

CONRA'DIA. (Named after Conrad Gesner, a
botanist of Zurich. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneracese].
Linn. i.\-Didynamia, -z-Angiospermia. Allied to Glox-
inia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots
under a glass, in bottom-heat ; loam, sand, and peat.
Common temperature of stove.
C. caly'cina (large-calyxed). See PENTARHAPHIA CALY-

CINA.

„ calyco'sa (large-calyxed). See PENTARHAPHIA CALY-

COSA.
„ floribu'nda (many-flowered). See PENTARHAPHIA

LIBANENSIS.

„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). ij. June. Jamaica.

1823.
,, sca'bra (rough). 2. Scarlet. July. Jamaica. 1820.

CONRI'NGIA. (Derivation not clear. Nat. ord.
Cruciferae.)

Hardy annual. Seeds. Ordinary garden soil.
C. orienta'lis (oriental). i. White. May. Europe.
1818.

CONSERVATIVE WALLS. See WALLS.

CONSERVATORY is often used synonymously with
Greenhouse, and then it denotes a suitable structure for
the cultivation of those exotic plants which are just too
tender for our climate, yet do not require the hot tem-
peratures of plant-stoves, orchid-houses, &c., which
are set apart chiefly for plants from the tropical regions.
With the greenhouse should be associated the idea of
plants cultivated in pots or boxes ; but with conser-
vatory we would associate the idea of plants growing
in suitable soil, without at least the apparent interven-
tion of pots and boxes, and the structure connected with
the residence. To keep up the interest of such places,
it is necessary that plants in bloom should be introduced ;
but in every case the pot should be plunged, so that the
plant may appear to be growing in the soil. We would
only make one exception in the case of very small
ornamental plants, or even those not so very small, but
to which particular attention is wished to be directed.
We would elevate them in groups into ornamental vases
or baskets, for which suitable places should be formed,
and which would be quite as much in harmony in such
a place as in ornamenting a regular geometrical flower-
garden. For several reasons, therefore, the planting
out in conservatory fashion should not be attempted,
except with cumbers for the rafters, where the space is
but limited, as a few plants, however beautiful at times,
when seen every day all the year round in the same
position, lose, to a certain extent, the power of pleasing.
The having the plants in large pots or tubs would enable
you at any time to effect fresh combinations. Where
the range of glass is varied and extensive, though the
plants be chiefly turned out in the soil, the same feeling
of sameness is not engendered, as the owner may easily
enter his house at different points ; and in such circum-
stances the very number of objects will constitute
variety.

Unity of expression is, to a certain extent, maintained
by a mixture of the two modes, the centre of the house
being supplied with plants that are really turned out. or

which, brought for a temporary purpose, appear to be
so, while all round the house there is a broad shelf for
the accommodation of plants in pots. In saying " all
round the house," we are, of course, alluding to houses
that have glass on all sides. Where there is an opaque
back wall, the shelf could be only at the front and ends.
However desirable it is to have light on all sides, where
expense for heating in winter is no great object, yet
very pleasing effects are produced, even in lean-to roofs,
where a little attention is paid to unity of idea. This
has been strikingly exemplified in the range of plant-
houses at the Duke of Devonshire's, at Chiswick, most
of which, with the exception of the centre, the old con-
servatory, formerly consisted of lean-to forcing-houses.
The heating medium, to be most effectual, should be
above-ground ; but, to save room, the flues or pipes
may be beneath the pathways, which will also be of
importance for keeping the soil in the beds in a nice
warm condition, and in such a house will render the
flowering of many of the hardier stove climbers a matter
of certainty. The more modern conservatory may
have some climbers, or large plants put into the ground,
but taking it generally, it is what may be termed a show-
house ; plants are taken from various quarters as they
come into flower. The conservatory is usually attached
to the house, and has generally an entrance from the
drawing-room. Plants from the stove and from the
ordinary greenhouse may be introduced, but tender
plants should only remain a short time ; even hardy plants
may be introduced during their flowering season, but
they should be arranged together in the coldest part of
the 'house.

CONTRAJE'RVA ROOT. DorstSnia Contraje'rva.

CONVALLA'RIA. Lily of the Valley. (From the
Latin convallis, a valley, and rica, a mantle ; in re-
ference to the dense covering formed by the leaves.
Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial, native of Britain.
Divisions ; common soil, shady situation. See LILY OF
THE VALLEY and RETARDED PLANTS.
C. maja'lis (May), x. White. May.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered), i. White. May.
„ „ ru'bra (red). I. Flesh. May.
„ ,, proli'ficans (proliferous). Flowers deeply divided

and abnormal.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves striped with
yellow.

CONVO'LVULUS. Bindweed. (From convolve, to
entwine ; in reference to their twining habit. Nat. ord.
Bindweeds [Convolvulaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia.)

The roots of most of the plants in this order abound
in a milky juice, which is acrid, and hi some cases highly
purgative, as the J alap and Scammony plants. Cuttings,
divisions, and seeds of perennials, and seeds of annuals ;
loam, leaf-mould, and manure for the greenhouse and
stove species, and common soil for the hardy. Seeds of
hardy, sown in open border, in March or April, or in
hotbed for those which need protection.

HARDY ANNUALS.

C. elonga'tus (long- flower-stalked), i. White. July.

Canaries. 1815. Twiner.
„ Forska'lei (Forskale's). See C. TENUISSIMUS.
„ pentapetaloi'des (five-petaled). i. Light blue. July.

Majorca. 1789. Trailer.
„ st'culus (Sicilian). 2. Light blue. July. S.

Europe. 1640. Trailer.
,, stri'ctus (straight). See C. UNDULATUS.
,. tene'llus (delicate). See BREWERIA HUMISTRATA.
., tricolor (three-coloured). 3. Striped. July. S.

Europe. 1629.
„ „ albiflo'rus (white-flowered). i. White. July

S. Europe. 1629.
,. vndula'tus (waved-leaved.) White, red. June.

S. Europe, N. Africa. 1816.

TENDER ANNUALS.

C. bi'color (two-coloured). See IPOMCEA PILOSA.
„ erube'scens (blushing). 6. Pink. July. N.S. Wales.
1803. Greenhouse biennial.

CONVOLVULUS

236

COPAIFERA

C. erube'scens genicula'tus (kneed). Red. July. 1826.
„ evolvuloi'des (Evolvulus-like). 15. Red. July.

S. Europe. 1820. Greenhouse.
., genicula'tus (kneed). See C. ERUBESCENS GENICU-

LATUS.
„ hi'rtus (hairy-stalked) . 3. Blue. July. E. Ind.

1804. Stove trailer.
„ macroca'rpus (large-fruited). 10. Purple. July.

W. Ind. 1752. Stove twiner.
„ quinquefo'lius (five-leaved). See IPOMCEA QUINQUE-

FOLIA.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. alceifo'lius (alcea-leaved). Yellow, purple. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823. Herbaceous.
„ bryonicefo'lius (bryony-leaved). See IPOMCEA PES-

TIGRIDIS.
„ canarie'nsis (Canary). 20. Pink. June. Canaries.

1690. Twiner.
„ cane'scens (hoary). i. Blue. Bogota. 1846.

Twiner.
„ Cnto'rum (Cneorum). 3 Pink. June. Levant.

1640. Shrub.

„ crena'tus (crenate). See C. HERMANNS.
., Fa'lkia (Falkia). White, tinted pink. May. S.

Africa.
., farino'sus (mealy-stalked). 6. Pink. May. Madeira.

1777. Twiner.
„ fto'ridus (flowery). 2. Pink. August. Canaries.

1799. Trailer.
„ Herma'nnia (Mrs. Hermann's). 5. White. August.

Peru. 1799. Twiner.
„ lana'tus (woolly). See C. TENUISSIMUS.
„ linen' ris (narrow-leaved). See C. OLE^FOLIUS.
„ maurita'nicus (Moroccan). Blue. N. Africa. Trailer.
„ olecefo'lius (olive- leaved). 2. Pink. June. Greece.

1770. Shrub.
„ pannifo'lius (cloth-leaved). 15. Blue. August.

Canaries. 1805. Twiner.
„ saxa'tilis (rock), i. White. S. Europe. 1796.

Trailer.
„ scopa'rius (broom). 2. White. August. Canaries.

1733. Trailer.
„ suffrutico'sus (sub-shrubby). 3. Pink. July.

Madeira. 1788. Twiner.
„ ienui'ssimus (most-slender). Lilac. July. Levant.

Herbaceous climber.
,, tilia'ceus (lime-tree-like). See IPOMCEA FASTIGIAT A.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

C. albive'nius ( white- veined-leaved). See IPOMCEA ALBI-
VENIA.

„ arbore'scens (tree-like). See IPOMCEA ARBORESCENS.

„ chrysorhi'zus (yellow root). See IPOMCEA BATATAS.

„ cilia' tus (hair-fringed). See JACQUEMONTIA TAM. MI-
FOLIA.

„ gla'ber (smooth). 12. White. May. Cayenne. 1806.
Twiner.

„ glaucifo'lius (sea-green-leaved). See C. INCANUS.

„ guiane'nsis( Guiana). See JACQUEMONTIA GUYANENSIS.

,, inca'nus (hoary). N. and S. Amer.

„ ma'ximus (greatest). See IPOMCEA SEPIARIA.

„ ocella'tus (purple-eyed), ij. White, purple. July.
S. Africa. 1844. Herbaceous climber.

„ ochra'ceus (yellow). See IPOMCEA OCHRACEA.

„ penta'nihus (five-flowered). See JACQUEMONTIA vio-
LACEA.

„ re'ptzns (creeping). See IPOMCEA AQUATICA.

„ Roxbu'rghii (Dr. Roxburgh's). See ARGVREIA Rox-

BURGHII.

„ scrobicula' tus (small-furrowed). See IPOMCEA SCROBI-

CULATA.
„ verticilla' tus (whorled). See JACQUEMONTIA HIRSUTA.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.
C. althceoi'des (Altha-a-like). 2. Pink. June. Levant.

1597. Twiner.
„ arve'nsis (field). Rosy-pink. August. Britain

Trailer.

„ bicuspida'his (two-pointed). See C. ARVENSIS.
,, bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). See C. INCANUS.
„ califo'rnicus (Californian). White, canary - yellow

throat. California. 1888. Half-hardy.
„ canta'brica (Cantabrian). i. Pink. June. S.Europe

1640. Trailer.

C. chine'nsis (Chinese). See C. ARVENSIS.
,, co'rsicus (Corsican). See C. ARVENSIS.
,, ebractea'tus (unbracted). See IPOMCEA EBRACTEATA.
„ emargina' 'tus (end-notched). 2. Purple. July. 1817.

Twiner.

„ Gera'rdi (Gerard's) See C. LINEATUS.
„ hirsu'tus (hairy), i. White. July. Greece, Asia

Minor. 1823. Trailer.
,, holoseri' ecus (all-silky). Pale yellow. June. Tauria.

1824.

,, interme'dius (intermediate). See C. LINEATUS.
., ita'licus (Italian). See C. ALTH^EOIDES.
,, lanugino'sus (rather woolly). 6. White. July.

Levant. 1818. Climber.
., linea'tus (lined), i. Purple. June. S. Europe.

1770. Trailer.

,, macroste' gius (large- bracted). Creamy-white. Cali-
fornia. Climber.

,, Malco'lmii (Malcolm's). See C. ARVENSIS.
„ occidenta'lis (western). N. Amer.
„ pe'rsicus (Persian). White. June. Persia. 1829.
„ platyca'rpus (broad- fruited). See PHACELIA PLATY-

CARPA.

,, salvifo'lius (sage-leaved). See C. SECUNDUS.
,, Scamnw'nia (scammony). White, purple. July.

Levant. 1726. Twiner.

„ secu'ndus (one-sided), i. Pink. July. Syria. 1825.
,, Sibtho'rpii (Sibthorp's). See C. HIRSUTUS.
,, spithamce'us (span), i. White. July. N. Amer.

1796.
,, terre'stris (earthy). See C. CANTABRICA.

CONY'ZA. (Derived from chonos, imperfect. Nat.
ord. Compositae.) Annual or perennial herbs. Seeds ;
division of perennials. Ordinary garden soil.
C. cegypti'aca (Egyptian). Egypt.
„ ambi'gua (ambiguous). See C. CHILENSIS AMBIGUA.
„ chilen'sis (Chilian). 2*. Yellow. September. Chili.

1816.

,, ,, ambi'gua (ambiguous), r. Purple. July.
„ ivcefo'lia (Iva-leaved). 3. White. July. S. Africa.
1696.

COO'KIA PUNCTA'TA. See CLAUSENA WAMPI.

COOPE'RIA. (Named after Mr. Cooper, gardener at
Wentworth House, in Yorkshire, for many years. Nat.
ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Zephyranth.es.)

We would have named this genus " The Evening
Star." It is anomalous amongst its race for first
opening its starry-white flowers in the cool of the even-
ing. They possess the fragrance of the primrose.
Although probably hardy, they are best treated as half-
hardy, in a border of deep, sandy soil, under a west wall,
where they flower all the summer, and produce seeds.
Each stalk produces but one flower ; but a tuft of bulbs
would produce a fine effect. Offsets and seeds, sown in
spring ; sandy loam.
C. chloroso'len (green- tubed). See C. DRUMMONDII

CHLOROSOLEN.

„ Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). i. White, red.

Mexico. 1835.
„ ,, chloroso'len (green- tubed). Tube stouter, tinged

green. 1835.
,, peduncula'ta (/ong-flower-stalked). White, orange.

July. Texas. 1835.

COPAI'FERA. (From copaiba, the Brazilian name for
its balsamic juice, the balsam of Copaiba, and fero, to
bear. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosas] .
Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Cyno-
metra.)

Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of firm shoots in
March, in heat, under a glass ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. gorskia'na (Gorskian). Trop. Africa. " Inhambane

Copal."

,, guiane'nsis (Guiana). 30. White. Guiana. 1826.
,, guibourtia' na (Guibourtian). Trop. Africa. " Sierra

Leone Copal."
,, Lansdo'rfi (Lansdorf's). Brazil. " Balsam of

Copaiba."

,, Mopa'ne (Mopane). Trop. Africa.
„ otficina'lis (shop). 20. White. S. Amer. 1774.
" Balsam of Copaiba."

COPERNICIA

237

COREMA

COPERNI'CIA. (Copernicus, an astronomer. Nat.
ord. Palmaceae.)

Palms requiring stove treatment.
C. Cara'nda (Caranda).

„ <:rrifera (wax-bearing). Brazil. " Wax Palm."
„ miragua'na (Miraguan). See THRINAX MIRAGUANA.
„ na'na (dwarf). Mexico. 1889.
„ Pu'mos (Pumos). Cuba.
„ tecto'rum (roof Palm). Colombia.

COPRO SMA. (Derived from kopros, dung, and osme,
smell ; some of the species give off a bad odour. Nat.
ord. Rubiaceae.)

Greenhouse shrubs valued chiefly for their foliage.
Cuttings of ripe wood in sand in a case. Loam, peat, and
sand.

C. Baue'ri (Bauer's). Norfolk Islands.
„ ,, pictura'ta (painted). Leaves variegated in the

middle. 1876.
„ ,, vanega'ta (variegated). Variegation round the

edges. 1866.

„ Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). New Zealand.
„ grandifo'lia (large-leaved). New Zealand.
„ lu'cida (shining). New Zealand.
,. pe'ndula (pendulous). New Zealand.
„ Petri'ei (Petrie's). ^. Fruit purplish. New Zealand.

1909.
„ robu'sta (robust). New Zealand.

CO PTIS. (From kopto, to cut ; in reference to the
division of the leaves. Nat. ord. Crowfoots [Ranuncu-
laceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, 6-Polygynia. Allied to
Helleborus.)

The roots of this plant are used in the United States
medicinally, under the name of Gold Thread. Hardy
herbaceous perennial ; division of the roots and seeds ;
sandy, peaty soil ; requires the protection of a cold pit
in winter.
C. asplenifo'lia (Asplenium-leaved). White, brown.

Northern Hemisphere. 1782. " Gold Thread."
„ brachype'tala (short-petaled). White. Japan.
„ occidenta'lis (western). N.W. Amer.
„ orienta'lis (oriental). Japan.

„ trifo'lia (three-leaved). *. Brown. May. N. Amer.
1782.

CORALLO BOTRYS. (From koraUion, red coral, and
botrus, a bunch ; the bunches of flowers and their stalks
are coral red. Nat. ord. Vacciniaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen epiphytical shrub. Cuttings in
sand under a bell-glass ; layers. Sandy peat.
C. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 2-3. Coral red. Eastern
Himalaya.

CORBULA RIA. See NARCISSUS BULBOCODIUM and
its varieties.

CO RCHORUS. (Derived from koreo, to purge, and
kore, the pupil ; in reference to the supposed value of
C. olitorius in medicine. Nat. ord. Tiliaceae.)

Annuals requiring stove heat. Seeds. Light soil.
Jute is manufactured from the fibre of C. capsularis.
C. capsula'ris (capsular). 6. Yellow. June. Tropics.

1725. "Jute."

„ japo'nicHs (Japanese). See KERRIA JAPONICA.
„ olito'rius (pot-herb). 6. Yellow. June. Tropics.
1640. " Jews' Mallow."

CO RDIA. (Commemorative of £. Cordius, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Boraginaceae.)

Evergreen shrubs and trees, requiring stove treatment.
Cuttings in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat.
Loam, peat, and sand.
C. a'lba (white). White. W. Ind.
„ f'olloco'cca (Collocorca). White. Jamaica.
„ deca'ndra (ten-stamened). Pure white. Chili. 1875.
„ Gtrasca'nthus (Gerascanthus). 30. White. May.

Mexico. 1789. " Spanish Elm."
„ gla'bra (smooth). White. Autumn. Brazil. 1868.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. August. S.

Amer.
„ Gre'ggii Palme'ri (Palmer's variety). 6 to 10. White.

Mexico. 1889.
„ ipomacefo'lia (Ipomoea-leaved). 20. White. Brazil (?).

C. Ice'vis (smooth). Red. September. Colombia.
,, My'xa (Myxa). 15. Trop. Asia and Australia. 1640.
,, Patago'nula (Patagonula). See PATAGONULA AMERI-
CANA.

„ Sebeste'na (Sebestena). Trop. Amer.
,, specio'sa (showy). See C. SEBESTENA.
„ supc'rba (superb). White. September. Brazil.

CORDYLI'NE. Club Palm. (From kordule, a club.
Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Dracena.)

Stove and greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Suckers ;
peat and loam ; or light, sandy loam and vegetable
mould. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. austra'lis (southern). 10. Blue, white. New Zealand.

1823. Nearly hardy.

„ „ dallierea'na (Dallierean). Striped yellow. 1890.
„ „ Douce'ttii (Doucett's). Edged and striped white.

1880.

„ „ Eeckhau'tei (Eeckhaut's). Leaves green, grace-
fully recurved. 1899.
„ „ lentigino'sa (freckled). Tinted and spotted

brownish-red. New Zealand. 1871.
„ „ linea'ta (lined). Leaves with creamy lines. New

Zealand.
„ „ Pa'rrti (Parre's). Green, with red band beneath.

1901.

„ „ Rigou'tsi (Rigouts1). Variegated seedling. 1896.
„ ,, Russe'llii (Russell's). Leaves dull brown, midrib

yellow. 1897.
„ „ Schneide'ri (Schneider's). Leaves narrow, dark

green. Dwarf. 1899.
„ ,, vanega'ta (variegated). Variegated with yellow.

1881.

„ Ba'nksii (Banks's). White. New Zealand. 1860.
,, Baue'ri (Bauer's). See C. OBTECTA.
„ calo'coma (beautiful hair). See C. AUSTRALIS.
„ cannafo'lia (canna-leaved). See C. TERMINALIS

CANN,BFOLIA.

„ colo'ssea (colossal).

„ conge 'sta (crowded). See C. STRICTA.

„ Douce'ttii (Doucett's). See C. AUSTRALIS DOUCETTII.

„ fry thro' rachis (red-rachis) . See C. BANKSII.

,, floribu'nda (free-flowering). 4. Mauritius. 1825.

„ Forste'ri (Forster's). See C. AUSTRALIS.

„ haagea'na (Haagean). White. Australia. 1871.

„ hemichry'sa (half-golden). 2. Isle of Bourbon. 1823.

„ Hooke'ri (Hooker's). New Zealand.

., indivi'sa (undivided) of Regel. See C. AUSTRALIS.

„ indivi'sa (undivided) of Steud. 10. Blue. New Zealand.

„ lentigino'sa (freckled). See C. AUSTRALIS LENTIGINOSA.

,, mauritia'na (Mauritian). Bourbon.

„ Ma'yi( May's). Young leaves red, old ones edged red.

1901.

„ no'bilis (noble). See C. TERMINALIS NOBILIS.
„ nu'tans (nodding).

„ obte'cta (covered beneath). Norfolk Island.
,, Pumi'lio (Pumilio). New Zealand.
„ ru'bra (red). 10. Leaves pale red. New Zealand

1864.

,, Ru'mphii (Rumph's). See DRACENA ANGUSTIFOLIA.
„ Russe'llii (Russell's). See C. AUSTRALIS RUSSELLII
„ Sifbo'ldii (Siebold's). Green. Java.
„ stri'cta (erect) of Hooker fil. See C. PUMILIO.
„ stri'cta (upright). 10. Blue. March. Australia

1820.

„ Slu'rmii (Sturm's). New Zealand.
,, supe'rbiens (superb). See C. AUSTRALIS.
,, termina'lis (terminal). Trop. Asia.
,, „ canncefo'lia (canna-leaved).
, „ cu'prea (copper). Coppery brown. 1876.
, ,, ex'cellens (excellent). Bronze and rosy-red. 1885.
, ,, fe'rrea (rusty). Metallic red.
, „ no'bilis (noble). Japan. 1852.
, Vei'tchii (Veitch's). See C. AUSTRALIS.

CORE MA. (Korema, a broom ; in allusion to the
appearance of the plant. Two dwarf heath-like plants,
closely allied to the Crowberry, Empetrum nigrum.)

Peaty soil on the rockery or in front of a shrubbery
bed or border. Layers.
C. a'lba (white), i. White. Spring. S.W. Europe and

Azores. 1774.
„ Conra'dii (Conrad's). Purple. April. N. Amer.

COREOPSIS

238

CORN

COREO'PSIS. (From koris, a bug, and opsis, like ;
referring to the appearance of the seeds. Nat. ord.
Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, ^-Frus-
tranea.)

Hardy annuals, seeds in common soil, in March ; hardy
perennials, division of the roots in the autumn or spring ;
West Indian species require a hotbed ; and the perennial
herbaceous and evergreen species are multiplied by
divisions and cuttings. Light, sandy soil.

C. abyssi'nica (Abyssinian). Rich yellow. Abyssinia,

1895.

ala'ta (winged). See VERBESINA OCCIDENTALS.
,, a'lba (white, climbing). See BIDENS PILOSA.
„ alternifo'lia (alternate- leaved). See ACTINOMERIS

SQUARROSA.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

N. Amer. 1778.

„ argu'ta (sharp-notched). See C. AUREA.
„ aristo'sa (bearded). Golden yellow. United States.
,, artemesicefo'lia (Artemisia-leaved). See COSMOS

SULPHUREUS.
„ atkinsonia'na (Atkinsonian). 2. Yellow, brown.

N.W. Amer. 1826.
„ au'rea (golden). 3. Yellow. August. N. Amer.

1785.
„ auricula' ta (tax-leaved). 6. Yellow. July. N. Amer.

1699.
„ be'lla (beautiful). 3. Yellow. British East Africa.

1907.
„ bi'color( two-coloured). 2$. Yellow. June. Arkansas.

1822.
„ chrysa'ntha (golden- flowered). See BIDENS CHRYS-

ANTHA.

„ corona' ta (crowned). 2. Yellow, brown. July.
Mexico. 1835.

„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). See C. LANCEOLATA.

„ delphinifo'lia (Delphinium-leaved). 3. Yellow. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1759.

,, dicho'toma (forked). See C. GLADIATA.

„ diversifo'lia (various-leaved). See C. DRUMMONDII.

„ Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). 2. Yellow, purple.
September. Texas. 1833.

„ fenilcefo'lia (Ferula- leaved). See BIDENS FERULA-
FOLIA.

,, filifo'lia (thread-leaved). See THELESPERMA FILI-
FOLIUM.

„ gladia'ia (sword-like), i. Yellow. September. N.
Amer. 1827.

,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowering). 3. Yellow. August.
N. Amer. 1826.

„ ,, supe'rba (superb). Flowers large. 1904.

„ Gra'ntii (Grant's). 2. Bright yellow. E. Trop.
Africa. 1906.

,, heterophy'lla (various- leaved). See ECHINACEA

HETEROPHYLLA.

„ inci'sa (cut-leaved). See BIDENS RUBIFOLIA.

,, integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.

Carolina.

,, japo'nica (Japanese). Canary-yellow. Japan. 1895.
„ lanceola'ta (speai-head-leaved) . 3. Yellow. August.

Carolina. 1724.
,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Yellow. August. N.

Amer. 1786.

,, lo'ngipes (long-stalked). See C. GRANDIFLORA.
„ ma'jor (larger). See C. SENIFOLIA.
,, mari'tima (maritime). See LEPTOSYNE MARITIMA.
„ nuda'ta (naked). 2 to 4. Purple-rose, yellow

Florida. 1870.
,, palma'ta (hand-leaved). 3. Yellow. June. Louisiana.

1823.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). See COSMOS PARVI-

FLORUS.

„ pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). See C. PALMATA.

,, pra'cox (early). See C. PALMATA.

„ pro'cera (tall). See ACTINOMERIS SQUARROSA.

„ radia'ta (rayed), i. Ray florets rolled up. 1909.

„ re'ptans (creeping). See BIDENS RUBIFOLIA.

,, ro'sea (roseate). 2. Red. July. N. Amer. 1778.

,, senifo'lia (six-leaved). 4. Yellow. September. N.

Amer. 1812.

,. Ste'ppia (Steppia). Trop. Africa.
,, Stillma'nnii (Stillmann's). See LEPTOSYNE STILL-

MANNII.

., tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). .See C. VERTICILLATA.

C. tincto'ria (colouring). Yellow, crimson. N. Amer.
„ „ a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 3. Dark purple.

June.
,, „ a'tro-sangui'nea (dark crimson). Dark crimson.

July. N. Amer. 1823.
„ trichospe'rma (hairy-seeded). 3. Yellow. August.

N. Amer. 1818.
„ Tri'pteris (Tripteris). 6. Yellow. August. N. Amer.

1837. " Golden Crown."
„ verticilla'ta (vfhorl-leaved) . 3. Yellow. August.

N. Amer. 1759.

CORETHRO'GYNE. (Derived from korethron, a broom,
and gune, the ovary ; because the styles resemble a
brush. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Hardy border herb, with woolly stems and leaves.
Division. Ordinary soil.

C. obova'ta (obovate). i. Pink. California. 1873.
„ spathula'ta (spathulate). See C. OBOVATA.

CORETHROSTY'LIS BRACTEA'TA. See LASIO-

PETALUM BRACTEATUM.

CORIA'NDRUM. Coriander. (From koris, a bug ;
referring to the smell of the leaves. Nat. ord. Umbellifers
[Umbelliferas]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, z-Digynia.)

A hardy annual ; seeds sown in March ; common soil.
C. sati'vum (cultivated). 2. White. June. England.

CORIA'RIA. (From corium, a hide ; in reference to
the crustaceous covering of the fruit. Nat. ord. Coria-
riaceae. Dr. Lindley says, " It is very difficult to say
what is the affinity of this plant."

The hardy species by suckers ; the New Zealand one
by cuttings in sand, under glass. Winter temp., 40°
to 45°.
C. himalaye'nsis (Himalayan). Fruiting petals black.

Himalayas. 1904.

„ japo'nica (Japanese). Fruiting petals cherry to coral-
red. Japan.
„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 6. Green. June. S.

Europe. 1629.

„ nepale'nsis (Nepaulese). 10. Brown. May. Nepaul.
„ „ ma'xima (largest). 10 to 13. Fruits black.

Himalaya. 1907.
„ sarmento'sa (twiggy). 3 Green. June. New

Zealand. 1823.
,, si'nica (Chinese). Leaves roundish. Central China.

1907.

,, termina'lis (terminal). Fruiting petals black. Hima-
laya. China. 1897.

„ fhymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). Fruiting petals black.
Peru. 1889.

GO'RIS. (A name adopted from Dioscorides. Nat.
ord. Primeworts [Primulaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria.
i-Monogynia. Allied to Lubinia.)

A greenhouse biennial. Increased by seeds, in March ;
sand and peat and loam. Interesting Httle plant for the
greenhouse shelf.

C. monspelie'nsis (Montpelier). i. Lilac. June. S.
Europe. 1640.

CORK-TREE. Que'rcus Su'ber.

CORK WOOD. Ano'na palu'stris.

CO'RMUS FOLIOLO'SA. See PYRUS FOLIOLOSA.

CORNELIAN CHERRY. Co'rnus Ma's.

CORN FLAG. Gla'diolus.

CORNISH MONEYWORT. Sibtho'rpia europa'a.

CORN SALAD, or LAMB'S LETTUCE (Valeriane'lla
olito'ria), is grown for winter and spring salads. The first
dish, formerly brought to table, was a red herring set in
a corn salad.

Soil and Situation. — Any soil that is not particularly
heavy ; the best is a sandy, moderately fertile loam, in
an open situation.

Time and Mode of Sowing. — Sow in February and the
two following months, and once a month during the
summer, if in request ; but it is not so palatable during
this season. Lastly, during August and early in Sep-
tember, the plants from which will be fit for use in early
spring, or during the winter, if mild. Three sowings are,

CORNUS

239

CORONILLA

in general, quite sufficient for a family, viz. one at the
end of February, a second early in August, and a third
early in September.

Sow in drills, six inches apart. The only cultivation
required is frequent hoeing, the plants being thinned to
four inches asunder. They should always be eaten quite
young. In summer, the whole plant may be cut, as they
soon advance to seed at this season ; but in spring and
winter the outer leaves only should be gathered, -as for
spinach.

To obtain Seed. — Some of the spring-raised plants must
be left ungathered from. They flower in June, and per-
fect their seed during the two following months.

CO'RNUS. Dogwood. (From cornu, a horn ; in
reference to the hardness of the wood. Nat. ord.
Cornels [Cornacea?]. Linn. fTetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy deciduous trees, shrubs, &c., except where
otherwise specified. Propagated by seeds, layers, or
cuttings, and root divisions ; common soil and moist
situation.
C. a'lba (vrhite-berried). 16. White. July. Siberia.

1741.
„ „ Frce'beli (Frcebel's).

Gouchou'lti (Gouchoult's). Leaves variegated.

1888.
„ „ Rosentha'li ( Rosen thal's). Similar to C. a.

Spathii.
„ „ ro'ssica (Russian). 8. White. July. Siberia.

1820.
„ „ sibi'rica (Siberian). 10. White. August.

Siberia. 1824.

„ „ sibi'rica variega'ia (variegated Siberian).
„ „ Spee'thii (Spaeth's). Heavy golden variegation.
,, ,, splefndtns (splendid). Bark scarlet-red. 1909.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Silvery variegation.
„ alternifo'lia (alternate-leaved). 15. White. July.

N. Amer. 1760.
„ Amo'mum (Amomum). White. N. Amer. " Kinni-

kinnik."

„ asperifo'lia (rough-leaved). White. N. Amer.
„ BailSyi (Bailey's). N. Amer. 1890.
„ brachy'poda (short-stalked). See C. MACROPHYLLA.
„ Bretschnei' deri (Bretschneider's). White. China.

1899.
„ canade'nsis (Canadian), i. Yellow. July. Canada.

1774. Herbaceous perennial.
„ candidis'sima (whitest). 6. White. June. N. Amer.

1758.

„ ,, variega'ia (variegated).

„ capita'ta (headed). 10. White. Fruit like a Rasp-
berry. N. India to China. 1825. Half-hardy.
„ circina'ta (round-leaved). 6. White. July. N.

Amer. 1784.
„ controve'rsa (disputed). India ; China ; Japan ;

Corea. 1909.
„ corynostyiis (clubbed-styled). White. Himalayas.

1896.'

„ fto'rida (flowery). 15. White. April. N. Amer. 1731.
„ „ flo're-ru'bro (red-flowered). Tinted bright red.

N. Amer. 1889.
„ „ pen'dula (pendulous).

„ glabra'ta (glabrous). White. Western United States.
„ gra'cilis (graceful). Probably a form of C. candidis-

sima. 1903.

„ gra'ndis (grand). Green. Mexico. 1838. Half-
hardy evergreen.

„ Hesse'i (Hesse's). White. Eastern Asia ? 1899
„ japo'nica (Japanese). See C. KOUSA.
„ Kou'sa (Kousa). 8. Yellow-red. Spring. Japan.

1847. Syn. Benthamia japonica.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). White. July. N.

India to Japan. 1827.
„ ,, variega'ta (variegated).
„ Ma's (male). 15. Yellow. February. Europe.

1596. " Cornelian Cherry, Cornel."
„ „ au'rea elegantis' sima (most elegant golden).

Leaves edged yellow and violet or rose. 1877.
„ „ fru'ctu cc'rce colora'to (fruit wax-coloured). 20.

Yellow. February.
„ „ fru'ctu viola'ceo (fruit violet).
„ ,, Mie'tsschii (Mietzsch's). Leaves marbled and

spotted grey and white. 1894.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). 8. Yellow. June.

Europe. 1596.

C. Ma's xanthoca'rpa (yellow- fruited).
„ Xtitta'Uii (Nuttall's). 50-85. White. Western N.

Amer. 1837.

„ oblo'nga (oblong). 15. Purple. Nepaul. 1818.
,, officina'lis (officinal). White. Japan.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). See C. CANDIDISSIMA.
,, pube'scens (pubescent). White. Western N. Amer.
,, Purpu'si (Purpus's). White. Berries dull blue.

Ohio. 1899.

„ sangui'nea (bloody). 8. White. June. Britain.
,, „ candidi' ssima (whitest).
„ ,, fo'liis au'reo-margina'tis grandifo'lia. (Leaves

large, golden-variegated.) 1889.
„ „ fo'liis variega'tis (variegated- leaved). 10. White.

June. Britain.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). 8. White. June.

Britain.

„ „ viridi'ssima (greenest).
„ seri'cea (silky). See C. AMOMUM.
„ „ asperifo'lia (rough-leaved). See C. AMOMUM.
„ „ oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). See C. AMOMUM.
„ sibi'rica (Siberian). See C. ALBA SIBIRICA.
„ stoloni'fera (sucker-bearing). White. N. Amer.

" Red-Osier Dogwood."
„ „ flavira'mea (yellow-branched). Bark yellow.

N. Amer. 1899.
„ stri'cta (erect). 10. White. June. N. Amer.

1758.

„ „ asperifo'lia (rough-leaved). 10. White.
„ „ sempervi'rens (swi-evergreen) 10. White. June.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). 10. White. June. N.

Amer. 1758.
„ sue'cica (Swedish), i. White. April. Britain.

Herbaceous perennial.
„ tarta'rica (Tartarian). See C. ALBA.
„ Thelica'nis (Thelican). See C. MACROPHYLLA.

CORNUTIA. (Named after Cornutus, a French
physician. Nat. ord. Verbenas [Verbenaceae], Linn.
2-Diandria, r-Monogynia. Allied to Callicarpa.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Loam and peat ; cuttings
in bottom-heat, under glass, in February or March.
C. longifo'lia (long- leaved). 6. Blue. July. Mexico.

1826.

„ puncta'ta (dotted). Blue. Trop. Amer.
„ pyramida'ta (pyramidal). 6. Blue. July. Mexico.
1733.

CORO'KIA. (From the native name, Korokia.
Nat. ord. CornaceaB.)

Evergreen shrubs of an ornamental character, re-
quiring the shelter of a wall in the neighbourhood of
London. Cuttings in sand in a cold frame during
summer ; also layers.

C. buddleoi'des (Buddleia-like). 10. Yellow. New Zea-
land. 1870.

„ Coionea'ster (Cotoneaster-like). 10. Yellow. New
Zealand. 1876.

CORONI'LLA. (From corona, a crown, or garland ;
in reference to the disposition of the flowers. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia,
4-Decandria.)

The juice of C. va'ria is poisonous. Both greenhouse
and hardy species are handsome, free-blooming plants.
Seeds and cuttings ; cuttings root readily during the
summer months under a close frame, even without
bottom-heat.

HARDY HERBACEOUS, &c.

C. cappado'cica (Cappadocian). i. Yellow. July.

Cappadocia. 1800. Prostrate.
„ corona'ta (crowned). 2. Yellow. S. Europe. 1776.

Herbaceous perennial.
,, cre'tica (Cretan). Striped. Europe, Asia Minor.

1731. Annual.

,, e'legans (elegant), i. Yellow. Servia.
„ emeroi'des (Emerus-like). Yellow and red. S.E.

Europe. Shrub.
,, E'merus (scorpion-senna). 3. Red, yellow. April.

France. 1596. Deciduous shrub.
„ globo'sa (globe- form). i. White. September.

Crete. 1800. Deciduous creeper.
„ ibe'rica (Iberian). See C. CAPPADOCICA.

CORREA

240

CORYDALIS

C. ju'ncea (rush). 3. Yellow. June. France. 1656.

Evergreen shrub.
„ minima (smallest), x. Yellow. S. Europe. 1658.

Herbaceous perennial.
„ rtwnta'na (mountain). 2. Yellow. June. Caucasus,

Persia. 1776. Herbaceous perennial.
,, repa'nda (waved), i- Yellow. July. Spain. 1805.
„ scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). £. Yellow. July.

Mediterranean region. 1506.
,, squama' ia (scaly). See HIPPOCREPIS SQUAMATA.
,, vagina' Us (sheathing). Yellow. Europe.
„ va'ria (various), i. Pink. September. Europe.

1597. Deciduous creeper.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &c.

C. arge'ntea (silvery-leaved). 2. Yellow. May. Crete.
1664.

„ glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Yellow. July. France.
1722.

„ „ variega'ta (\&nega.ted-leaved). 4. Yellow. Au-
gust. Gardens.

„ pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.
Algiers. 1700.

„ stipula'ris (stipuled). See C. VALENTINA.

„ valenti'na (Valencia). 2. Yellow. August. S.
Europe. 1596.

„ vimina'lis (twiggy). 3. Yellow. August. Mogador.
1798.

CORREA. (Named after Correa, a Portuguese
botanist. Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutacea?]. Linn. 8-
Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

The settlers in New Holland employ the leaves of
Correas, particularly those of C. alba, for tea. Green-
house evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots hi sand, under glass, in bottom-heat,
in spring. The finer sorts are also grafted on the com-
moner ones, such as C. a'lba. C. specio'sa will scarcely
strike at all ; three parts sandy peat and one of turfy
loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 48°.
C. a'lba (white). 6. White. June. 1793.
„ backhousia'na (Backhousian). See C. SPECIOSA

BACKHOUSIANA.

„ bi color (two-coloured). See C. SPECIOSA BICOLOR.

„ cardina'lis (scarlet). 2$. Scarlet. Australia.

„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). See C. LAWRENCIANA.

„ Harri'sii (Harris's). See C. SPECIOSA HARRI'SII.

,, lawrencia'na (Lawrencian). 3. Green, white. April.

1836.
„ hngiflo'ra (long-flowered). Pale rose. December.

Hybrid. 1839.

„ magni'fica .(magnificent). See C. SPECIOSA MAGNIFICA.
,, pi'cta (painted). See C. SPECIOSA.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). See C. SPECIOSA PULCHELLA.
„ ru'fa (reddish). See C. ALBA.
„ specio'sa (showy). 3. Scarlet. June. Australia.

1800.

„ „ backhousia'na (Backhousian).
„ „ bi'color (two-coloured). Crimson, tipped white.

1840.

„ ,, Harri'sii (Harris's). Crimson, or deep scarlet.
,, ,, magni'fica (magnificent). White, large.
,, „ ma'jor (larger). Scarlet, large.
„ „ pulche'lla (pretty). 3. Scarlet. June. 1824.
„ „ ventrico'sa (inflated). Crimson, tipped green.
„ ventrico'sa (inflated). See C. SPECIOSA VENTRICOSA.
„ vi'rens (green). See C. SPECIOSA.

CORRUGATE. Wrinkled.

CORTADE RIA. (Nat. ord. Grammes?.)
Strong-growing, autumn-flowering, and highly orna-
mental perennial grasses. Seeds and division. Ordinary
garden soil.
C. arge'ntea (silvery). Silvery white. Brazil. 1848.

" Pampas Grass."
„ conspi'cua (conspicuous). Grey. New Zealand.

" Silvery Reed-grass."

„ juba'ta (maned). Andes of Ecuador. 1878.
„ kermesi'na (carmine). Reddish. 1866.

CORTEX. The bark or corky layer.
CORTICAL. Like bark, or belonging to the bark.

CORTU'SA. Bear's-ear Sanicle. (Named after Cor-
tusus, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord. Primeworis [Primu-
laceas]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy perennials, with frame protection in winter ;
do best as pot-plants ; root division ; loam and peat.
C. hirsu'ta (hairy). Country unknown.
„ Matthi'oli (Matthioli's). i. Red. April. Austria

1596.
„ ,, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). Flowers large, deep

red. Central Asia. 1879.

,, pu'bens (downy). Magenta-purple. May. Transyl-
vania. 1878.

,, Semeno'vii (Semenow's). See KAUFMANNIA SEMENOVH.
„ villo'sa (long-haired). Country unknown.

CORYA'NTHES. Helmet-flower. (From korus, a
helmet, and anthos, a flower ; in reference to the shape
of the lip, or labellum. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceas].
Linn. 2O-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids. Division ; in pots well-drained ;
fibrous peat, chopped sphagnum, and small-broken pot-
sherds. Growing temp., 75° to 85° ; rest, 50° to 60°.
See ORCHID CULTURE.
C. Bungero'thii (Bungeroth's). Green, white, orange,

red-spotted. Venezuela. 1890.
,, Co'bbii (Cobb's). See C. MACAULATA COBBII.
,, elega'ntium (more elegant). Rio Negro. 1868.
„ Fifldi'ngi (Colonel Fielding's). Yellow, brown. May.

S. Amer. 1845.

„ lentigino'sa (freckled). Yellow. May. Guiana. 1837.
,, leuco'corys (white helmet). Greenish-yellow; lip

purple with white hood. Peru.
,, macra'ntha (large-flowered), i. Brown, yellow. June.

Caraccas.
,, macro' corys (large helmet). Large, pale yellow

spotted purple. Peru.
,, macrosia'chya (large-spiked). Orange, yellow, brown.

Mexico. 1843.
„ macula' ta (spotted-lipped) . i. Yellow-spotted. June.

Demerara. 1829.
„ „ Alberti'na (Mrs. Albertine's). Yellow, spotted

crimson.
„ „ Co'bbii (Cobb's). Yellow-white, orange, unspotted.

1903.
„ „ Parke'ri (Parker's), i. Yellow, purple. June.

Demerara. 1839.

,, „ puncta'ta (spotted). Yellow, spotted red.
,, ,, vitri'na (glass-green). Light greenish-yellow.

1895.
,, mastersia'na (Mastersian). Yellowish, freckled light

claret-crimson. Colombia. 1901.
,, Sande'ri (Sander's). Yellow, spotted with purple ;

hood apricot. 1910.
„ specio'sa (showy), ij. Yellow, green. May. Brazil.

1826.
„ „ a'lba (white- flowered). ij. White. June.

Demerara. 1840.
,, sumneria'na (Sumnerian). Chocolate-brown. July.

Brazil. 1854.
„ Wo'lfii (Wolf's). Yellow and brownish-red. Ecuador.

1893.

CORY CIUM. (From korus, a helmet ; referring to
the shape of the flower. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae].
Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

One of those terrestrial orchids from the Cape of Good
Hope which rarely succeeds in this country.
C. cri' spurn (curled), i. Yellow. July. 1825.
„ orobanchoi'des (Orobanche-like). i. Yellow. July.
1825.

CORY'DALIS. (From korudahs, a lark, the spur of
the flower resembling that of the lark. Nat. ord.
Fumeworts [Papaveraceaa]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, 2-Hex-
andria.)

Beautiful hardy plants. The perennial kinds are in-
creased by root division at any season ; and the annuals
sown in the open ground, in spring or autumn, in common
soil.

ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS

C. acau'lis (stemless). See C. OCHROLEU'CA.
„ au'rea (golden), i. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1812.
Biennial.

CORYLOPSIS

241

CORYLUS

C. breviflo'ra (short-flowered). 2. Pale yellow. June

Kamtschatka. 1824.
„ capttoi'dcs (capnus-like). 2. White. July. S.

Europe. 1596. Biennial.
„ clavicula'ta (tendrilled). 6. White, yellow. June.

Britain. Climber.
„ glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Yellow, purple. July. N.

Amer. 1683.

,, impa'tiens (impatient). See C. SIBIRICA.
,, ochroleu'ca (yellow, white). I. Pale yellow. July.

Italy. 1825.
„ stn'cta (straight), i. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1827.

Biennials.
„ urale'nsis (Ural), i. Pale yellow. August. Ural

Mountains. 1824. Biennials.

HERBACEOUS.

C. fla'vula (yellowish). J. Yellow. June. N. Amer.

1838.

„ lu'tta (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. England.
,, pctonioffo'lia (peony-leaved). 2. Purple. February.

Siberia. 1820.
„ sibi'rica (Siberian), i. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1810.

TUBEROUS-ROOTED.

C. Alle'ni (Allen's). Yellow-white, tinged purple. Appa-
rently a hybrid. 1908.

,, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), i. Purple. February.
Iberia. 1819.

„ bicalcara'ta (two-spurred). See C. RUT^FO'LIA.

„ bractea'ta (farg«-bracted). i. Pale yellow. February.
Siberia. 1829.

„ bulbo'sa (bulbous), i. Pink. February. Britain.
" Hole wort."

„ „ densifto'ra (dense-flowered).

„ cauca'sica (Caucasian). i. Purple. February.
Caucasus. 1823.

„ ca'va (hollow). See C. TUBEROSA.

„ cheilanthifo'lia (Cheilanthus-leaved). Pale yellow.
Central China. 1902.

„ faba'cea (bean-leaved). 3. Purple. February.
Germany. 1815.

„ GebWri (Gebler's). See C. CAPNOIDES.

„ Gortschako'wi (Gortschakow's). i to ij. Golden-
yellow. Turkestan.

„ kolpakowskya'na (Kolpakowskian). Purple. Turkes-
tan. 1879.

„ ledebouria'na (Ledebourian). Purple, pale purple.
Siberia. 1879.

„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). }. Pale rose. April.
Altai. 1832.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See C. SCOULERI.

„ marshaUia'na (Marshall's), i. Purple. February.
Tauria. 1824.

„ no'bilis (noble-flowered), i. Lilac, yellow. May.
Siberia. 1783.

„ pa'llida (pale). Golden yellow, tipped brown. China
and Japan.

„ pauciflo'ra (few-flowered), i. Purple. February.
Siberia. 1819.

,, racemo'sa (racemed). Japan.

„ rute/o'/ta (rue- leaved), i. Pink. June. Asia Minor.

„ Scoule'ri (Scouler's). N.W. Amer.

„ Semenow'ii (Semenow's). ij. Golden-yellow. April.
Turkestan.

„ Sewerzo'wi (Sewerzow's). Flowers large, yellow. W.
Turkestan. 1883.

,, to'lida (solid). See C. BULBOSA.

„ spfcio'sa (showy). See C. PALLIDA.

„ </w/i<:/n/o7i'a(Thalictnim-leaved). i. Yellow. China.
1901.

„ tomento'sa (felted). J. Light yellow. Central China.
!9<>3-

„ tubero'sa (tuberous-hollow-rooled) . i. Purple. Feb-
ruary. Europe. 1596.

„ „ albiflo'ra (white-flowered), i. White. February.
Europe. 1596.

„ Wilso'ni (E. H. Wilson's). J. Deep yellow. Central
China. 1903.

CORYLOTSIS. (From korulos, a hazel, and opsis,
resemblance ; the foliage resembles that of a hazel.
Nat. ord. Hamamelidaceae.)

Deciduons trees requiring the protection of a wall in

the latitude of London. Cutting* of half-ripe wood
under a hand-light or cold frame. Ordinary soil.
C. Griffi'thii (Griffith's). See C. HIMALAYANA.
„ himalaya'na (Himalayan). Pale yellow. Eastern

Himalayas. 1879.
„ pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). Pale primrose. March

Japan.
„ sine'nsis (Chinese). Yellow; anthers yellow; seeds

white. Central and W. China. 1906.
„ ipica'ta (spiked). Yellow. February. Japan. 1864.

Fragrant.

„ veitchia'na (Veitchian). Yellow ; anthers red-brown.
Central China. 1910.

CO'RYLUS. Nut-tree. (From korus, a hood, or
helmet ; in reference to the calyx covering the nut.
Nat. ord. Mastworts [Cupulifers]. Linn. 2i-Moncccia,
<)-Polyandria.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs, mostly cultivated for their
fruits ; common soil ; readily increased either by seeds
sown in October or November, or by layers or suckers.
C. amcrica'na (American). 10. April. N. Amer. 1798.

„ Avella'na (filbert). 10. February. Britain.

„ „ a'lba (white Filbert). See C. MAXIMA ALBA.

,, ,, barcelone'nsis (Barcelona). See C. MAXIMA

BARCELONENSIS.

„ „ cri'spa (frizzled). 8. February.

,, „ glomera'ta (clustered). 8. February.

„ „ gra'ndis (great Cob). See C. MAXIMA BARCE-
LONENSIS.

„ „ heterophy'Ua (various-leaved). 20. Yellow, red.
February. Danube. 1829.

„ „ Lambe'rti (Lambert's). See C. MAXIMA.

,, „ ova'ta (egg-fruited). 8. February.

it » pu'mila (dwarf). 6. February.

„ „ purpu'rea (purple-leaved). See C. MAXIMA ATRO-
PURPUREA.

„ „ ru'bra (red Filbert). See C. MAXIMA.

„ ,, te'nuis (thin Cosford). See C. MAXIMA TENUIS.

,, „ tubulo'sa (tubulai-calyxed). See C. MAXIMA.

„ ,, tubulo'sa a'lba (white- tubular-Filbert). See C.

MAXIMA ALBA.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). 8. February.

,, Colu'rna (hazel. Constantinople). 10. Apetal.

February. Constantinople. 1665.
„ „ chine'nsis (Chinese). Cupule longer than the nut.

W. China. 1907.
„ fe'rox tibe'tica (Tibetan spiny). Central and Western

China. 1904.

,, heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Japan.
„ „ sutchuene'nsis (Sutchuen). Leaves smooth or

nearly so. Central China. 1910.
,, hu'milis (humble). See C. AMERICANA.
„ mandshu'rica (Manchurian). Amurland, Japan, &c.
„ ma'xima (largest). 10. February. S. Europe, &c

1759.

,, „ a'lba (white Filbert). 10. February. Spain.
„ „ atropurpu'rea (dark purple- leaved). 10. February
,, „ barcelone'nsis (Barcelonan). 8. February. Spain
„ „ te'nuis (thin Cosford). 10. February.
,, rostra'ta (beaked). 5. February. N. Amer. 1745.

FILBERT CULTURE. — The following are the most
esteemed kinds : — White Filbert ; well known. Red ;
similar, but having a red skin. Cob Nut, Kentish Cob,
ReigaU Cob, Cosford Cob, Daviana Prize Exhibition Cob.

Propagation. — Layers, cuttings, grafting, and seed.
Shoots of the previous year's growth root readily if
layered any time during the rest-season. Cuttings
should be made similar to those of the currant, the lower
buds cut out in order to destroy their propensity to
suckering. If they are to form neat little bushes, on a
dwarfing system for small gardens, the cuttings may be
nearly half a yard in length. Grafting is performed as
with the apple or pear, and at the period when the buds
first begin to swell. The common hazel-nut and the
Spanish nut are generally used for stocks ; the latter,
it is affirmed, will not produce suckers.

Seed.— This practice is resorted to for the sake of
raising new varieties, or for producing the ordinary
hazels. In the former case, there is much room for pro-
gress still ; and certainly no plant offers greater facilities
to the hybridiser. Bearing, as it does, male and female
blossoms separately, every opportunity exists for de-
priving any given kind of its catkins betimes. Seedlings

CORYMBS

242

COSMIBUENA

vary very much in regard to productiveness. We have
visited many woods year by year and have found some
bushes always crop while others have none.

Soil. — Any ordinary soil, if pretty good, will answer,
provided it is not stagnant. A free, upland, light loam,
however, is what they prefer, yet they will grow in almost
any soil.

Culture during the Growing Period. — Very little is re-
quisite after the regular winter pruning, unless it be the
extirpation of suckers, and the removal, during summer,
of those loose and ill-placed watery growths which only
serve to confuse and darken the tree. We may here
notice, that some little training may be necessary for
those under a dwarfing-system in small gardens, in order
to bring them into a compact and handsome shape.

Culture during the Rest Period. — Commencing with the
training when young. They are best in single stems of
about two feet in height ; and the head should branch
off equally, to accomplish which, some pruning back is
requisite during the first year or two, whilst the head is
forming, and the latter should be kept thin in the centre.
When the trees are well established an annual pruning
should be resorted to, consisting of still keeping the
centre of the bush somewhat open, and in thinning out
any cross shoots and superfluous spray. It must be
observed, that the fruit is produced on shoots of the
preceding year, and generally on portions which have
been well exposed to the light. Any coarse or robust
shoots should be shortened back nearly half their length ;
these will frequently produce axillary branches of a
fruitful character. Do not prune until the blossoms are
showing ; this will be about the beginning of February.
The female blossom is like a minute brush, of a pinkish
colour ; the male is the well-known catkin. In pruning,
much regard must be paid to these blossoms, especially
the female ; scarcely a twig may be cut away containing
them. This makes it evident that most of the pruning, or
rather, thinning, requisite should have been well carried
out prior to the commencement of fruitfulness.

It often happens that filbert-trees will possess female
blossoms with few or no male catkins. When such is
the case there will be no crop, unless means be taken to
bring the male farina within their reach. Catkins must
be sought about the period when the male dust is just
beginning to burst. Branches containing these may be
tied here and there amongst the bushes most needing
them It matters not what kind of nut they are from ;
probably the wild hazel is best.

Fruit: How to Keep.— When gathered, the fruit must
be kept in jars, in a cool cellar, with husks on. If it is
desired to impart a fine, fresh-looking colour to the
husks, they must be placed in a close vessel, and a small
pan of sulphur gently burned, or rather, smouldered,
beneath them. An old Sussex practice was to burn
the jars after sprinkling a little salt over the nuts.

Insects. — See CURCULIO NUCUM and APHIS CORYLI.

CORYMBS, a spike of flowers, the flower-stalks of
which are longer in proportion as they stand lower down
the main stalk supporting them, so that the flowers are
with a top nearly level. Those of Spirce'a opulifo'lia
and of the Mountain Ash are examples.

CORYNE'LLA. (From korune, a club ; referring to
the shape of the style. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosae]. Linn. ly-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria. Allied
to Clianthus.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand under a
glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam ; summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. polya'ntha (many-flowered). 5. Purple. W. Ind.
1824.

CORY'NEUM BEUERI'NCKI. A fungus responsible
for the frequent gumming in stone-fruit trees, causing
limbs or the whole tree to die away.

CORYNOCA'RPUS. (From korune, a club, and carpos,
a fruit ; referring to the form of the fleshy seed. Nat.
ord. Anacardiaceae. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia
Allied to Theophrasta.)

Greenhouse evergreen tree ; readily increased by
layers in light, rich soil.

C. laviga'ta (smooth). 20. White. New Zealand. 1823.

„ „ au'reo-margina'ta (golden-edged). Leaves with

broad golden margin. New Zealand. 1886.

CORYNOPHA'LLUS LEONE'NSIS. See AMORPHO-

PHALLUS LEONENSIS.

CORYNOSTY'LIS. (Derived from korune, a club,
and stylos, a style ; the style being club-shaped. Nat.
ord. Violaceae.)

Climbing stove perennials. Seeds and cuttings of the
young wood, getting firm, or taken off with a heel of
the older wood, in sand in a close case, with bottom-
heat.
C. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). See C. HYBANTHUS.

„ Auble'tii (Aublet's). White. Guiana. 1823.

„ Hyba'nthus(Uybsnithus). White. Trop. Amer. 1870.

CORY'PHA. Fan Palm. (From koruphe, the sum-
mit ; hi reference to the leaves growing in tufts on the
top of this palm. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmacese]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove palms, except where otherwise mentioned ;
soil, rich, sandy loam ; increased by seeds.
C. austra'lis (southern). See LIVISTONA AUSTRALIS.

,, deco'ra (handsome). See LIVISTONA HUMILIS.

,, du'lcis (sweet). See BRAHEA DULCIS.

,, ela'ta (tall). 150. E. Ind. 1825.

,, Geba'nga (Gebanga). 60. Java. 1847.

„ glauce'scens (milky-green), too. E. Ind. 1820.
Sabal glaucescens (?).

,, glaucophy'lla (glaucous-leaved). Bourbon. 1826.

,, heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Danube. 1829.
Greenhouse.

,, mi' nor (smaller). See SABAL ADANSONII.

„ Palme'tto (Palmetto). See SABAL PALMETTO.

,, Pu'mos (Pumos). See COPERNICIA PUMOS.

,, sylve'stris (wood). 50. Moluccas Islands. 1825.

,, Talie'ra (Taliera). 100. E. Ind. 1823.

,, tecto'rum (roof). See COPERNICIA TECTORUM.

„ umbraculi' fera (umbrella-bearing). 100. E. Ind.
1742.

„ U'tan (Utan). See C. SYLVESTRIS.

„ Woga'nii (Wogan's). See LIVISTONA WOGANII.

CORYSA'NTHES. (From korus, a helmet, and cmtJios,
a flower ; in allusion to the helmet-shaped flowers.
Nat. ord. Orchidacea?.)

Terrestrial Orchids requiring warm treatment. Loam,
leaf-mould, and a liberal quantity of sand.
C. limba'ta (bordered). Purple, white. Java. 1863.
„ pic' ta (painted). Purple and yellow. Java. 1867.

CORYTHO'LOMA. (From korus, a helmet, and
tholos, a dome ; in reference to the shape of the flowers.
Nat. ord. Gesneraceas.)

A stove herb, closely allied to Gesnera, and requiring
treatment similar to G. cardinalis.

C. macro'podum (long-stalked). f . Cinnabar red,
blotched purple. S. Brazil. 1908.

COSBZE'A COCCI'NEA. See SCHIZANDRA HANCEANA.

COSCI'NIUM. (From koskinon, a sieve ; in reference
to the large vessels of the wood. Nat. ord. Menis-
permaceae.)

A stove climber. Cuttings of young wood getting
firm at the base, in a close frame with bottom-heat.
Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.

C. fenestra'tum (windowed). Brown. India and Ceylon.
1852.

COSMA'NTHUS FIMBRIA'TUS. See PHACELIA FIM-

BRIATA.

COSME'LIA. (From hosmeo, to adorn. Nat. ord.
Epacrids [Epacridaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings in summer
months ; sandy peat and sand.
C. ru'bra (red-flowered). Red. Australia. 1826.

COSMIBUE'NA. (In compliment to Cosmo: Bueno, a
Spanish physician, who wrote a natural history of Peru.
Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

Evergreen stove tree, or shrub. Seeds, and cuttings
of mature wood in sand in a close case, with bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
C. obtusifp'lia latifo'lia (broad- leaved, blunt- leaved). 20.
White. Colombia. 1876. Syn. Cascarilla grandi-
folia.

COSMIDICM

243

COTONEASTER

COSMI DIUM FILJFO LIUM. See THELESPERMA HLI-
FOLIUM.

CO'SMOS. (From Cosmos, beautiful ; in reference to
the ornamental flowers. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superfl.ua. Allied to Bidens.)

Cosmea is united to this. Both the annual and perennial
species are all readily increased from seeds, sown early
in spring, and treated as tender annuals ; planted out
in the open borders in the summer months.

PERENNIALS.

C. diversifo'lius (various-leaved). 3. Lilac. September.

Mexico. 1835. Hardy tuber.

„ scabiosoi'dts (scabious-like). 4. Scarlet. Sep-
tember. Mexico. Greenhouse tuber.

ANNUALS.

C. alrosangui'ncus (dark blood-red). 3. Deep purple-
red. Mexico. 1861.

„ bipinna'tus (doubly-leafleted). 3. Purple. July.
Mexico. 1799.

„ „ albiflo'rus (white-flowered). White. 1890.

,, chrysanthemifo'lius (chrysanthemum- leaved). 2.
Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1826.

„ critkmifo'lius (samphire-leaved). 2. Yellow. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1826.

„ hy'bridus (hybrid). White or pale rose. Mexico. 1888.

,, lu'teus( yellow). 2. Yellow. October. Mexico. 1811.

„ parviflo'rus (small-flowered). 2. White. July.
Mexico. 1800. Hardy.

,, sulphu'reus (sulphur). 2. Yellow. July. Mexico.
1799. Hardy.

„ tene'llus (delicate). 2. Yellow. October. Mexico.
1824.

„ ttnuifo'lius (slender-leaved). 2. Purple. September.
Mexico. 1836. Hardy.

COSSINIA. (Named after Cossigny, a French natu-
ralist. Nat. ord. Soapworts [Sapindaceae]. Linn. 6-
Hexandria, 2-Digynia. Allied to Kcelreuteria.)

Admired for its golden-veined leaves. Stove evergreen
shrub. Soil, peat and loam. Cuttings root readily
under glass, in bottom-heat.
C. borbo'nica (Bourbon). See C. PINNATA.
,, pinna'ta (pinnate). 10. Mauritius. 1824.

COSSUS LIGNIPERDA. Goat Moth. The caterpillar
of the Goat Moth is most destructive to the wood of
fruit-trees, though the elm, oak, willow, poplar, and
walnut, also, are liable to its attacks. It is the Cossus
ligniperda of some naturalists, and the Bombyx and
Xyleutes cossus of others. The caterpillar measures more
than four inches in length, is smooth and shining, beset
only here and there with single short hairs. It is dark
red on the back, and the breathing-holes situated at
both sides are of the same colour. The sides and lower
part of the body are flesh-coloured ; the head is black ;
the first segment, also, marked with black above. After
remaining more than two years in the larva state, and
casting its skin eight times, the caterpillar becomes of a
light ochrish- yellow hue shortly before becoming a
chrysalis, which usually takes place in spring, when it
makes a strong cocoon of chips of wood and small pieces
of bark, which it has gnawed off. The chrysalis is yellow,
and the segments are deeply indented and capable of
much extension ; its back is furnished with strong,
pointed spines, sometimes of a reddish-brown colour.
The cocoon is situated immediately within the opening
in the tree, so that the pupa, when arrived at maturity,
can press itself half out of the hole when the shell bursts,
and the moth comes forth usually in the month of June
or July, after having reposed in the pupa state for an
indefinite time. When at rest the wings are folded
together over the back in the form of a roof ; it sits
quietly in the daytime on the stems of trees, and is
difficult to be distinguished on account of its grey colour.
Its wings measure, from one tip to the other, nearly
three inches, and many specimens more than this ; the
female is usually larger than the male. The fore-wings
are ashy-white, clouded with brown, especially across the
middle, and marked with very numerous streaks, like
net-work ; the hind-wings are brown ; thorax ochrish
in front, pale in the middle, with a black bar behind.
The female is provided with a strong egg-depositor, with

| which she introduces her eggs into the bark of the tree
— often 1000 in number ; the young caterpillars living,
at first, in and between the outer and inner bark, and
afterwards, when they are stronger, penetrating into the
wood. When the existence of one of these creatures is
detected in a trunk, by its excrement, relief comes too
late for the tree, even if we are able to kill the caterpillar,
the mischief being already done. Notwithstanding this,
the caterpillar should never be left undisturbed ; and an
attempt should be made to reach it by enlarging the
opening with a garden-knife, or endeavouring to kill it
by thrusting a piece of garden-wire up the hole. It is
called the Goat Moth from the peculiar smell both of
the insect and its larva.— The Cottase Gardener, iii. 137.

COSTMARY. See CHRYSANTHEMUM BALSAMITA.

CO'STUS. (An ancient name, adopted from Pliny.
Nat. ord. Gingerworts [Scitaminaceae]. Linn. i-A/<wum-
dria, i-Monogynia.)

The roots are very bitter, and without the aromatic
pungent odour peculiar to the Costus of the continental
shops, which is the root of a very different plant, a native
of Arabia, and allied to Cardopatum. The Costus of
Cashmere, employed to protect bales of shawls from
moths, is the root of Aukla'ndia co'stus. Stove herba-
ceous perennials of easy growth, and readily increased
by root division ; sandy loam, with a little peat.
C. a'fer (African). 2. White. June. Sierra Leone.

1822.

„ albe'scens (whitish). Central Amer. 1868.
„ ara'bicus (Arabian). See C. SPECIOSUS.
,, cine'reus (grey). Central Amer. 1868.
,, como'sus (tufted). 4. Yellow. S. Amer. 1752.
„ cyli'ndricus (cylindrical). 5. Yellow. Trinidad. .
,, di'scolor (two-coloured-/«av«2). 4. White. June.

Brazil. 1823.

„ e'leg ans (elegant). Yellow, orange. Costa Rica. 1862.
„ engleria'nus (Englerian). White and yellow. W.

Trop. Africa. 1892.
„ Friedrichse'nii (Friedrichsen's). 6. Bright yellow.

Central Amer. (?) 1903.

„ i'gneus (fiery), i. Bright orange. Brazil. 1884.
,, lana'tus (woolly). 3. May. S. Amer. 1820.
„ lucanusia'nus (Lucanusian). Purple, yellow. Came-

roons.

„ lu'cidus (shining). Central Amer. 1868.
,, macula' tus (spotted). 2. White. July. Sierra

Leone. 1822.

,, malortiea'nus (Malortiean). See E. ELEGANS.
,, mevica'nus (Mexican). Mexico.

,, micra'nthus (small-flowered). 5 to 6. Red, orange-
red, yellow. Martinique. 1903.

,, musa'icus (mosaic). Leaves variegated. Congo. 1887.
„ nepale'nsis (Nepaul). See C. SPECIOSUS.
,, pi'ctus (painted-flowered). 2. Yellow, purple. July.

Mexico. 1832.

,, Piso'nis (Pison's). See C. SPIRALIS.
,, specio'sus (showy). 3. White. August. E. Ind.

1752.

,, spica'tus (spiked), i. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1793.
,, spira'lis (spiral). 4. Scarlet. November. Venezuela.

1823.
„ verschaffeltia'nus (Verschaffeltian). 3. Pale yellow.

Brazil.

„ villosi' ssimus (most hairy). 6. Yellow. November.
St. Vincent. 1822.

COTONEA'STER. (From cotonea, Pliny's name for
the quince, and aster, a corruption of ad instar, generally
used to express likeness ; literally, quince-like. Nat.
ord. Appleworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, 2-
Digynia.)

Hardy shrubs, easily increased by layers or seed.
Common soil.
C. acumina' la (pointed-leaved). 4. Pink. April. Nepaul.

1820.
,, acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). Pale rose. Berries red.

China ; Mongolia. 1910.

„ adpre'ssa (adpressed). White. China. 1904.
„ affi'nis (similar). 4. Pink. April. Nepaul. 1820.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6 to 7. White. Yunnan,

China. 1902.

,. applana'ta (flattened). White. Fruit scarlet.
China (?). 1907.

COTTON

244

COTYLEDON

C. arbore'scens (tree-like). White. Himalaya.
. bacilla'ris (rod). Nepaul. 1841.
,, bulla'ta (wrinkled). See C. MOUPINENSIS FLORIBUNDA.
,, buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 3. White. April. Nepaul.

1824.

,, ,, margina'ta (trfczfe-margined). See C. BUXIFOLIA.

conge' sta (crowded). See C. MICROPHYLLA GLACIALIS.

„ denticula'ta(fine-toot'hed-leaved). 6. White. Mexico.

1826.

„ di'sticha (two-ranked). White. Himalaya.
„ emargina'ta (notched). See C. MICROPHYLLA.
, Fontane'sii (Fontanes's). See C. NUMMULARIA.
„ Franche'ii (Franchet's). 3 to 5. White. Fruit,

orange-yellow. Yunnan, China. 1902.
„ fri'gida (cold). 10. White, green. April. Nepaul.

1824.

„ himala'ica (Himalayan). White. Himalaya. 1875.
„ Hooke'ri (Hooker's). See C. MICROPHYLLA GLACIALIS.
„ horizonta'lis (horizontal). 2 to 3. White. Fruit red.

China. 1879.
„ humifu'sa (spread on the ground). White. Fruit

scarlet. Central China. 1907.
„ iniegt'rrima (very entire). 4. Pink. April. Great

Orme's Head, England, also Europe. 1656.
„ ,, eryihroca'rpa (red- fruited). 4. White. Europe.
„ lana'ia (woolly). White. Himalaya.
„ laxifio'ra (loose-flowered). 4. Pink. April. 1826.
, „ uniflo'ra (one-flowered). See C. BUXIFOLIA.
„ Ltn^'yt(Lindley's). 10. White. Himalaya. 1824.
„ microphylla (small-leaved). 4. White. April.

Nepaul. 1825.
„ „ glacia'lis (glacial). A dense bush, i to ij ft.

1868.
„ moupine' nsis (Moupine) White, tinted red. Western

China. 1870.

„ „ floribu'nda (free-flowering). 1902.
„ muliiflo'ra (many-flowered). 4. White. May. Altai.

1837.
„ Nummula'ria (Moneywort-leaved) of Fischer and

Meyer. Europe, Asia.
„ Nummula'ria (Moneywort-leaved) of Lindley. See C.

LINDLEYI.
„ panno'sa (woolly). 4 to 6. White. Fruit red. China.

1905.
„ prostra'ta (prostrate). See C. ROTUNDIFOLIA PROS-

TRATA.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 3. White. April.

Nepaul. 1820.

„ „ prostra' ta (prostrate). White. Himalaya. 1868.
„ Ro'ylei (Dr. Royle's). See C. ACUMINATA.
„ rugo'&a Henry'i (Henry's wrinkled). White. Fruit

crimson-brown. China. 1908.
„ sikkime'nsis (Sikkim). White Fruit coral-red.

Sikkim. 1890.
„ Simo'nsii (Simon's). White or pink. Berries scarlet.

Himalaya. 1868.
„ thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 2. White. April.

Himalaya.

„ tamento'sa( woolly). 4. Pink. April. Europe. 1759.
„ uniflo'ra (one-flowered) of Bunge. Siberia.
,, vulga'ris (common). See C. INTEGERRIMA.
„ „ erythroca'rpa (red-fruited). See C. INTEGERRIMA

ERYTHROCARPA.

COTTON. See GOSSYPIUM.
COTTON GRASS. See ERIOPHORUM.

COTTO'NIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytal orchid, with the habit of a Vanda.
Divisions. Fibre of peat, sphagnum, and plenty of
crocks in baskets.

C. macrosta'chya (long-spiked), i. Greenish : lip purple
July. India; Ceylon. 1840.

COTTON THISTLE. See ONOPORDON ACANTHIUM.
COTTON-TREE. See BOMBAX.
COTTON-WOOD. See POPULUS DELTOIDEA.

CO TULA. (From kotule, a little hollow or cup ; in
allusion to the cup-like heads of some of the species
Nat. ord. Composite.)

Dwarf, creeping herbs, with finely cut leaves, as a

rule. C. dioica, sometimes named Leptinclla dioica, is
used for carpeting the ground in carpet bedding and
alpine gardening. Seeds and divisions. Ordinary soil.

C. dioi'ca (dioecious). ^. Leaves fern-like. Plant

creeping. New Zealand.
„ pyrethrifo'lia (Pyrethrum-leaved). Leaves small,

fern-like. New Zealand. 1898.
,, qui'nqueloba (five-lobed). See LIDBECKIA LOBATA.
,, squa'lida (dirty). Leaves like Asplenium fontanum.

Plant creeping. New Zealand. 1898.

COTYLE'DON. Navelwort. (From kotule, a little
hollow or cup ; in allusion to the hollow in the leaves
of some species, such as C. Umbilicus. Nat. ord. House-
leeks [Crassulaceas], Linn. lo-Decandria, 4-Pentagynia
Allied to Sedum.)

These plants feed as much, if not more, by the myriads
of pores or mouths all over their leaves, than by the
roots, which seem only necessary for holding them
stationary in the driest and most barren situations.
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope,
except where otherwise mentioned ; sandy loam, with a
little old mortar mixed with it, and plenty of drainage ;
cuttings at any season.

C. acutifo'lia (acute-leaved), i. Scarlet, yellow. April.
Mexico. 1841.

„ adu'nca (hooked). 2 to 4. Yellow, pink. Mexico.

,, agavoi'des (Agave-like), i. Orange. Mexico.

,, Aizo'on (Aizoon). Asia Minor.

,, alie'rnans (alternate-tea^). See C. MACULATA.

„ amce'na (pleasing). Mexico.

„ atropurpu'rea (dark purple). Coral- red. Mexico.
1869.

,, Barbe'yi (Barbey's). Abyssinia.

,, bracteola'ia (small-bracted). Red, yellow. Colombia.
1840.

„ bractep'sa (large-bracted). Mexico.

,, cacalioi'des (Cacalia-like). i. Yellow. May. 1818.

„ ccespito'sa (tufted), i. Yellow. July. N.W. Amer.
1796.

,, califo'rnica (Californian). J. Light yellow. Cali-
fornia. 1855.

„ canalicula'ta (small-channelled) of Haworth. See C.

UNGULATA.

,, canalicula'ta (small-channelled) of Baker. Mexico.
„ carni' 'color (flesh-coloured). }. Coral-red. Mexico.

1869.
,, chrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered), j. Yellow. Asia

Minor. " Houseleek Penny-wort."
„ clavifo'lia (club-leaved), i. Purple. September.

1824.
„ „ crista'ta (crested), i. Variegated. September.

1818.

,, cocci'nea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. Mexico. 1816.
„ Coope'ri (Cooper's). J. Pink. S. Africa. 1860.
„ Cordero'yi (Corderoy's). ij. Red, yellow. Mexico.

1874-

„ coru'scans (glittering), i. Orange. June. 1818.
,, crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. 1824.
,, crena'ta (round- toothed). See KALANCHOE CRENATA.
,, cunea'ta (wedge-like), i. May. 1818.
,, cuneifo'rmis (wedge-shaped-leaved), i. 1823.
,, curviflo'ra (curve-flowered). 2. Orange. October.

1818.

„ cymo'sa (cymose). i. Yellow. Mexico. 1869.
,, deci'piens (deceiving), £. White. Peru. 1868.
,, decussa'ta (cross-leaved). 2. Scarlet. August. 1819.
,, desmetia'na (De Smet's). Mexico.
,, dicho'toma (ioik-spined) . i. June. 1818.
„ ecklonia'na (Ecklonian). S. Africa.
„ edu'lis (edible). Pale green. August. California.

1883.

,, ela'ta (ta.\l-powdered) . See C. ORBICULATA.
„ e'legans (elegant). Bright red, yellow inside. Mexico.

1905.

,, ere'cta (erect). See C. LUSITANICA.
,, farino'sa (mealy). California.
,, fascicula'ris (fascicled), i. Red. July. 1759.
,, fu Igens (shining). i. Coral-red, yellow inside.

Mexico.

,, Fu'nkii (Funk's). Country unknown.
,, gibbiflo'ra (bulging-flowered). 2. Yellow, pink.

September. Mexico. 1826.
„ „ deco'ra (adorned). Leaves variegated.

COTYLEDON

245

COUTAREA

C. gibbiflo'ra Fu'lini (Fulin's).
,, „ meta'ttica (metallic-leaved). Leaves metallic in

colour. Mexico.

,, gigante'a (gigantic). 6. Yellow. Mexico. 1910.
„ gla'bra (smooth). Pale yellow, purplish. Turkestan.

1880. Hardy.
„ glau'ca (sea-green). J. Scarlet, tipped yellow.

Mexico.
,, globularicrfo'lia (globular-leaved). White, red. Asia

Minor. 1869.

., zra'cilis (slender), i. July. 1800.
,, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See C. TUBERCULOSA.
,, 'hfmispha'rica (half-globular), i. White, purple.

June. 1731.
„ hispa'nica (Spanish). J. Red. June. Spain,

Morocco. 1706. Hardy biennial.
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). 2. Light red, greenish inside.

British Central Africa. 1905.
,, interje'cta (cast-down). J. July. 1824.
„ jasminiflo'ra (jasmine-flowered), i. White, purple.

July. 1818.

,, lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). California. 1879.
„ lancifo'lia (lance-leaved). See C. LANCEOLATA.
,, Lieve'nii (Lieven's). J. Red. May. Altai. 1832.
„ lingua fo'lia( tongue-leaved), i. Yellowish. Mexico.
., „ pulverule'nta (powdery).

,, lu'nda (lurid). Mexico. 1830. (Bot. Mag., t. 3570.)
,, lusita'nica (Portuguese). J. Yellow. Europe. Hardy.
„ macula'ta (spotted), i. White, purple. June. 1818.

„ mxlacophy'lla (soft-leaved), i. Pale yellow. June.

Davuria. 1815. Hardy.
„ mamilla'ris (nippled). i. White, purple. June.

1818.

,, na'na (dwarf), i to i^ in. S. Africa. 1901.
,, navicula'ris (little-boat-shaped). Country unknown.
., nodulo'sa (knotted). J. Yellow, red. Mexico.
,, nu'da (naked). J. Yellow, red. Mexico.
,, oblo'nga (oblong-leaved). See C. ORBICULATA.
., orbicula'ta (round-fcaDAi). 2. Red. July. 1690.
,, ova'ia (egg-leaved). See C. ORBICULATA.'
,, Pachyphy' turn (Pachyphy turn), i. Red. Mexico.
,, papiila'ris (papillose). 2. Red. June. S. Africa.

1822.
„ Peaco'ckii (Peacock's), i. Orange-red. July. N.

Amer. 1874.

„ peruvia'na (Peruvian), i. Orange-red. Peru.
„ Pestalo'zxa (Mrs. Pestalozz's). Pink. Orient. 1877.
„ platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). \. White. Altai.

1880. Hardy.
„ pubes'cens (downy). Coral-red, yellow inside

Mexico.
„ pulverule'nta (dusty). White, red. September.

Calif oruia. 1840.

,, pulvina'ta (cushioned). Orange-red. Mexico. 1903.
,, pu'mila (dwarf). J. Yellow-red. Mexico.
,, Purpu'sii (Purpus's). Red. Sierra Nevada. 1896.
„ quite nsis (Quitan). J. Scarlet. August. Quitto.

1851.
,, racemo'sa (racemed). 2. Scarlet. October. Mexico.

1836.

,, ramo'sa (branched). See C. ORBICULATA.
„ ramosi'ssima (most-branched), i. May. S. Africa.

1816.
„ reticula'ta (netted). Small, whitish. S. Africa.

1897.

., retu'sa (retuse). ij. Yellow. Mexico. 1846.
,, „ floribu'nda (free-flowering). Orange-red. Mexico.

1874.

„ rkombifo'lia (diamond-leaved), i. June. 1823.
,, ro'sea (rosy). I. Rose, yellow. April. Mexico.

1840.

,, rosea'ta (roseate). Rose. Mexico. 1840.
,, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). See C. ORBICULATA.
,, Saltma'nni (Salzmann's). See C. HISPANICA.
„ Schee'rii (Scheer's). ij. Creamy-yellow. Mexico.

1841.
., sfcu'nda (one-sided), i. Reddish-yellow. Mexico.

1837.
„ „ glau'ca (sea-green). Leaves sea-green. The most

popular variety.

,, Semeno'vii (Semenow's). Siberia.
., Sempervi'vum (houseleek-/rfc«). }. Deep red. Cau-
casus. 1836.
.. serra'ta (saw-edged). Purple. June. Asia Minor.

1732. Hardy.

C. seto'sa (bristly). |-i. Red, yellow at apex Mexico.

1910.
„ spino'sa (spiny). J. White. June. Northern Asia.

1790. Hardy.

,, spu'ria (spurious), i. July. 1731.
„ stoloni'fera (runner-bearing). Scarlet, yellow. Mexico.
„ subalpi'na (subalpine). i. Vermilion-red, yellowish

inside. Mexico. 1910.
„ tcretifo'lia (round-leaved). i±. Yellow. July. S.

Africa. 1862.

„ tricuspidd 'ta (three-spined). Se« C. PAPILLARIS.
„ triflo'ra (three-flowered), i. Pink, white. June. 1821.
„ tuberculo'sa (knotted), i. Orange. July. 1820.
„ turkcsta'nica (Turkestan). |. White, purple.

Turkestan. 1880. Hardy.
„ Umbi'licus (Umbilicus). Yellow. June. Europe

(England). 1828. Hardy.
,, undula'ta (waxed-leaved) . i. June. 1818.
„ ungula'ta (nail-shaped) . 2. May. Purple. 1818.
,, unifto'rum (one-flowered). San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

1905-
„ veluti'na (velvety). 2 to 3. Yellow, red. S. Africa.

1840.

„ ventrico'sa (inflated). S. Africa.
,, vi'ridis (green). 2. 1824.
„ Walli'chii (Wallich's). S. Africa.

COUCH GRASS. (Agropy'rum re' pens). A weed, the
creeping underground stems of which render it very
difficult to be destroyed : constantly and carefully
forking it out of the soil whenever seen, and burning it,
is the most effectual remedy.

COULTE'RIA. See C^SALPINIA.

COUROU'PITA. (The native name. Nat. ord.
Myrtaceae.)

Stove, deciduous tree. Seeds when obtainable, and
cuttings of ripe wood in sand, in a close case with bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand. C. gvianensis,
the Cannon-ball Tree, is the best known.
C. guiane'nsis (Guianan). Flowers from the trunk and
branches. Guiana.

COURSETIA. (Named after Courset, a botanist.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminpsae]. Linn. 17-
Diadelphia, 4-Decandria. Allied to Robinia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of firm young shoots,
in spring or beginning of summer, in sand, under glass,
and in a mild bottom-heat ; loam and peat, well drained.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
C. tomento'sa (downy). Yellow. June. Peru. 1824.
„ virga'ta (twiggy). Yellow. June. Trinidad. 1820.

COUSI NIA. (Named after Cousin, a French botanist.
Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
i~,Equalis. Allied to Carlina.)

Hardy plants. Annuals and biennals, by seeds at
the end of March, in the garden-border ; perennials,
by division in autumn or spring.
C. carduifo'rmis (this tie- form). Purple. July. Iberia.

1804.

,, cynaroi'des (Cynara-like). White. Caucasus. Biennial.
,, Hohena'keri (Hohenaker's). Yellow. July. Caucasus.

1836.

,, Hy'strix (porcupine). Purple. June. Russia. 1838.
„ macroce" phala (large-headed) Pale yellow. Cau-
casus. 1823. Biennial.

„ tene'lla (tender). Purple. America. 1837. Annual.
„ uncina'ta (hooked). Northern Asia.
„ volge'nsis (Wolga). Purple. Wolga. 1804.

COUSSA'POA. (A native name. Nat. ord. Urticaceae.)
A stove evergreen related to Ficus. Cuttings in sand,

in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat,

and sand.

C. dealbata (whitened). Leaves covered with silvery
hairs. Brazil. 1867.

COUTA'REA. (From Coutari, its name in Guiana.
Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria,
i-.Vfono?ynia. Allied to Cinchona.)

The Cinchona bark of French Guiana is the produce
of C. speciosa. Stove evergreens. Sandy peat and
loam ; cuttings in heat, under glass, in spring months.
C. scherffiia'na (Scherffian). White. Colombia. 1878.
,, specio'sa (beautiful). 12. Purple. Guiana. 1803.

COUTOUBEA

246

CRASSULA

COUTOU'BEA. (From Couioubi, its name in Guiana.
Nat ord Oentianworts [Gentianaceae]. Linn. ^-Telran-
dria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Leianthus and Lisianthus.)
It is used in Guiana as a substitute for Gentian.
Stove annual and biennial plants. Sow in a mixture
of loam and peat, early in spring, in hotbed, frame, or
stove.
C. ramo'sa (branchy). 3- White. July. Brazil. 1824.

Ajinual.
„ spica'ia (spiked). 2. White. July. Maran. 1823.

Biennial.
verticilla'ta (whorled-headed) . See ENICOSTEMA

LITTORALE.

COVELLIA. SeeFicus.

COWA'NIA. (Named after Mr. Cowan. Nat. ord.
Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, $-Trigyma.
Allied to Geum.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy peat and
loam ; propagated by cuttings under glass, in heat,
but not easily.

C ericafo'lia (Heath-leaved). White. California.
„ mexica'na (Mexican), i to 6. Yellow. N.W. Amer.
„ plica'ta (piaitad-ZMMAi 2. Red. June. N.W.
Amer. 1835.

COWBERRY. Vacci'nium Vi'tis-idce'a.

COWDDSPINE. Ago.' this austra'lis.

COW-DUNG. See DUNG.

COW-GRASS. Trifo'lium medium.

COW-HERB. Sapona'ria Vacca'ria.

COW-ITCH. Mucu'na.

COW-ITCH CHERRY. Malpi'gkia u'rens.

COW-PARSNIP. Hem'deum.

COW-SLIP. (Pri'mula officina'lis.) There are several
varieties, varying in colour from almost white to a very
deep yellow : some are single ; but others are double,
in the form that florists distinguish as hose-in-hose, the
calyx in these being converted into a corolla. Some
specimens will produce one hundred pips upon a single
truss ; and they have been known to yield even more
than one hundred and fifty. The cultivation is the same
as that of the Auricula.

COW-TREE. Bro'simum Galactode'ndron.

CRAB or WILD APPLE. Py'rus Ma'lus ace'rba.

CRA'CCA. (Meaning not obvious. Nat. ord. Legumi-
nosae.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Seeds. Cuttings of short
side-shoots, under a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand.
C. ochroleu'ca (yellow-white). 3. Cream. Peru. 1789.

CRA'MBE. Sea-kale. (The Greek name for Sea-
kale. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. 15-
Tetradynamia.)

The Tartar bread, or large, fleshy roots of Cra'mbe
Tata'rica, is eaten in Hungary in slices, with oil, salt,
and vinegar. Hardy herbaceous-rooted perennials, of
easy growth in rich garden-soil by root division, or seeds
sown in March.

C. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 6. White. May. Cau-
casus. 1822.

„ hispa'nica '(Spanish). White. S.W. Europe. "Span-
ish Kale."

„ ju'ncea (rush-like). 2. White. May. Iberia. 1828.
„ mari'tima (common sea-jfea/^). i£. White. May.

Britain.

,, orienta'lis (oriental). White. Orient.
„ pinnati' fida (pinnatifid- leaved). \Vhite. Caucasus.
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White.
,, renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped). White. Spain.
,, Tata'ria (Tataria). 3. White. June. Eastern
Europe. 1754.

CRA'MBE MARITIMA or SEA-KALE should be
grown in an open situation. It is readily increased by
division of its roots, or by seeds. Raising from seed is
rarely resorted to by modern growers, the branching
roots from those taken up for early forcing, which are
cut off before the main stems are put in, afford ex-
cellent stock. They should be cut in lengths of about

three inches, the top portion being cut straight across
and the lower part diagonally ; this prevents the sets
being planted the wrong way upwards. The sets may
be prepared as soon as the roots for forcing are dug up,
which will be after foliage has ripened off or been cut
off by frost. Kept in moist sand until a favourable
opportunity occurs for planting, they will, in good
ground, make strong crowns for forcing the following
winter. We remember the time when seedlings were
raised, but compared with the propagation from the
roots it was a very slow process. From rich, well-manured
ground very strong crowns may be grown in one season,
and when forcing we have had a second crop from the
same roots, but this would be much smaller though
equally good to eat. For forcing we have used any
large bulb cases or other boxes, placing them under the
stages of a warm house, covered over with an ordinary
bast mat, which should be kept moist ; it will be only a
short time before the kale is ready to cut. Market-
growers use pits, and cover with heated manure. For
later use the roots may be left in the ground and covered
with pots or, as is done on the south coast, with sea-
weed, and this is the best kale we get. And the sea-
weed is also a good manure for the next year's crop.
Some gardeners cut from the same roots year by year ;
yet most modern growers make new plantings every
season, even if some of the old are left over. We have
seen kale which has done well for some years ; but no
trade growers keep it over a year, except where it may
have to be left in the ground through unavoidable
circumstances. Yet we have seen it in private gardens,
where the same roots have done fairly well for several
seasons. Much depends upon manuring and forking
the ground up. Good ground is the chief essential
for growing, but when once strong stems or crowns are
established, any soil may be used for those dug up for
forcing. The chief thing being to cover, to keep out
daylight. Yet we have found that when grown fully
exposed it has been equally palatable, though for ordinary
purposes it is only the blanched that is appreciated.

When forcing, never give too much heat. A moderate
heat and good covering are most essential. And tc
have it ready to cut at Christmas it should be started
about the middle of November, and for succession some
should be put in every fortnight.

When left in the ground the liberal use of lime and
some salt will be beneficial, and stable manure may be
used liberally.

CRANBERRY. Oxyco'ccus palu'stris.
CRANE'S-BILL. Gera'nium.

CRANIO STOMA. From kranion, a cup, and stoma,
a mouth. Nat. ord. Labiatae.)

Greenhouse evergreen, sub-shrub. Cuttings under a
bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand.

C. versi' 'color (changeable-coloured), i. Blue. August.
Himalaya. 1824.

CRASPE'DIA. (From crassus, thick, and pes, a foot ;
peduncles thickened. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Half-hardy, silky, perennial herbs. Seeds ; divisions.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand, and kept in a frame during
winter.
C. alpi'na (alpine). Flower-heads white. New Zealand.

1909.

,, unifto'ra (one-flowered), i. Deep yellow. New
Zealand. 1909.

CRA'SSULA. (From the diminutive of crassus, thick,
or succulent ; in reference to their leaves, &c. Nat.
ord. Houseleeks [Crassulaceas]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia.)

Greenhouse plants from the Cape of Good Hope,
except where otherwise mentioned.

ANNUALS.

C. calici'na (large-calyxed). White. June. Australia.

1823. Hardy.

,, diftu'sa (diffuse), |. Pink. June. 1774.
,, expa'nsa (expanded), i. White. June. 1774.
,, gla'bra (smooth-c/ws/er). *. White. August. 1774.
,, glomera'ta (round-headed). £. White. September.

1774-
„ Magno'lii (Magnol's). See SEDUM C^ESPITOSUM.

CRASSULA

247

CRASSULA

C. nwscha'ta (musky). See TILL.EA MOSCHATA.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). $. Red. May. 1810.
,, retrofle'xa (bent-back), $. Yellow. June. 1788.
„ ru'bens (red). See SEDUM RUBENS.
,, subula'ta (awl-shaped). J. June. 1800.
„ verticilla'ris(vrhor\-ftowered). See SEDUM C.ESPITOSUM.

BIENNIALS.

C. aloi'des (aloe-like). Pale yellow. July. 1774.
„ capite'Ua (little-headed). White. July. 1774.
„ capitella'ta (small-headed). See C. CAPITELLA.
,, centauroi' des (centaury-like). J. Pink. May. 1774.
„ corym6uA>'sa(sub-corymbed). i. White. November.

1818.

., lineola'ta (small-lined), i. Yellow. July. 1774-
„ linguafo'lia (tongue-leaved). J. White. August.

1803.

„ obova'ta (reversed-egg-/«av«f). White. June. 1818.
„ pertu'sula (dotted-ltaved). i. White. October. 1824.
,, spa'rsa (scattered-leaved). $. White. I774-
„ thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). i. \Vhite. S. Africa.
,, tomento'sa (downy). White. April. 1818.
„ tu'rrita (tower- formed). White. March. 1818.

EVERGREENS AND HERBACEOUS.

C. abyssi'nica (Abyssinian). S. Africa.
„ acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). *. White. July.

Greece. 1795.

„ albiflo'ra (white-flowered). $. White. June. 1800.
„ alpe'stris (alpine). J. White. S. Africa. 1878.
„ arbore'scens (tree-like). 3. Pink. May. 1739.
„ atrosansui'nea (dark blood-red), i to if. Dark red.

Transvaal. 1907.

,, bibractea'ia (two-bracted). \. White. August. 1823.
„ ,, ma'jor (larger). $. White. August. 1823.
„ biconve'xa (double-convex). $. White. August.

1800.
„ biplana'ta (nzt-sided-leaved). i. White. September.

1823.
„ Bolu'sii (Bolus's). |. White. June to September.

S. Africa. 1875.

„ bullula'ta (small-studded), i. Yellow. August. 1800.
„ canc'scens (greyish). \. White. July. 1800.
„ cilia' ta (hair-fringed). \. Yellow. July. 1732.
„ „ me'dia (middle). J. YeUow. July. 1818.
„ „ mi'nor (smaller). J. Yellow. July. 1818.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet). See ROCHEA COCCINEA.
„ coccine'Ua (small-scarlet). $. Scarlet. July. 1823.
„ columna'ris (columnar). J. White. 1789.
,, conci'nna (neat). J. White. July. 1818.
,, conge'sta (crowded). J. White. S. Africa. 1902.
„ conju'ncta (joined). White. S. Africa. 1902.
„ Coope'ri (Cooper's). 2. White. S. Africa. 1862.
„ corda'ta (heait-leaved). $. Pink. July. 1774.
„ Cotyle'donis (cotyledon-leaved), i. White. 1800.

Herbaceous.

„ cultra'ta (coulter-shaped), i. White. July. 1732.
,, cymo'sa (cymose). J. Red. August. 1800.
,, deci'piens (deceiving), ij. White. S. Africa. 1903.
,, dejecta (thrown-down). i. White. July. 1820.
„ ericoi'des (heath-like). J. White. September. 1820.
„ falca'ta (sickle-shaped). Yellow, red. S.Africa. 1785.
,, filicau'lis (thread-stemmed). |. \Vhite. August.

1820.

,, fla'va (yellow). Yellow. June. 1802.
,, fruticulo'sa (under-shrubby). White.
,, globiflo'ra (globe-flowered). See C. SEPTAS GLOBI-

FLORA.

„ gra'cilis (graceful). Red. 1884.

,, hemisphe'rica (hemispherical). S. Africa.

„ Hooke'ri (Hooker's). See C. IMPRESSA.

,, imbrica'ta (imbricated), i. White. June. 1760.

,, impre'ssa (impressed). Rose-pink. S. Africa. 1879.

,, jasmi'nea (Jasmine-like). See ROCHEA JASMINEA.

„ la'ctea (milky). J. White. September. 1774.

,, lycopndioi' des (Lycopodium-like). S. Africa.

„ margina'lis (marginal). 2. Pale yellow. July. 1774.

„ Mari'a (Maria's), i to |. White. Mozambique.

1908.
„ monti'cola (mountain-inhabiting). J. Pinkish. S.

Africa. 1882.

,, multica'va (many-hollowed). S. Africa (?).
„ nemoro'sa (grove). S. Africa.
,, nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). J. White. July. 1732.

C. obli'qua (\inequn\-leaved). See C. FALCATA.
„ obtu'sa (b\\int-leaved) . }. 1812.
„ obvalla'ta (trenched-round). £. \Vhite. July. 1795.
,, odorati 'ssima (sweetest). See ROCHEA ODORATISSIMA.
„ orbicula'ris (round-leaved). J. Pink. August. 1731.

Herbaceous.

„ pa'Uida (pale). 3. \Vhite. S. Africa. 1874.
„ pellu'cida (pellucid), i. Pink. August. 1732.
„ perfila'ta (threaded). See C. PERFOSSA.
„ perfoliata (stem-pierced-leaved). 4. Scarlet. July.

1700.
„ „ albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 4. White. July.

1800.

„ per/ora'ia (perforated). White. S. Africa.
,, perfo'ssa (dug through), i. Pink. September. 1785.
„ portula'cea (Portulaca-like). S. Africa.
„ profu'sa (profuse-flowering). See C. MARGIN ALIS.
„ pvncta'ta (dotted), i. White. June. 1759.
,, Pyramida'lis (pyramidal). S. Africa.
„ quadri'fida (four- times-cut). Pinkish-white. Summer.

S. Africa. 1872.
„ radi'cans (rooting). S. Africa.
„ ramo'sa (branchy). 2. Pink. July. 1774.
„ ramulifto'ra (branchlet-flowered). i. White. June.

1822.

„ recu'rva (recurved), i. Crimson. Zululaiid. 1890.
,, revo'lvens (revolving), i. White. August. 1820.
,, rhotnboi'dea (diamond-shaped). J. Flesh. Trans-
vaal. 1886.
„ rosula'ris (small-rosy). J. White. July. 1819.

Herbaceous.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved), i. White. August.

1820.

„ rubicu'nda, (reddish). Red. S. Africa.
„ rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). S. Africa.
,, sarcocau'lis (fleshy-stemmed). S. Africa.
,, Saxi'fraga (Saxifraga-like) . i. Pinkish. June. S.

Africa. 1873.

„ tca'bra (rough-leaved). ^. Pale yellow. June. 1730.
,, scabrg'Ua (roughish). J. White. 1810.
„ Schmi'dtii (Schmidt's). See C. IMPRESSA.
„ Schweinfu'rthii (Schweinfurth's). J. White. Abys-
sinia. 1892.
„ sedifo'lia (Sedum-leaved). ^toi. White. S.Africa.

1902.
„ Se'ptas (Septas). i. White. August. S. Africa.

1774.

„ ,, globifto'ra (globe-flowered). \Vhite. March. 1809.
„ spathula'ta (spathulated). J. \Vhite. August. 1774.
,, squamulo'sa (scaly). J. White. July. 1817.
„ sulca'ta (furrowed), j. White. August. S. Africa.

1813.

,, telephioi'des (te\ephi urn-like), i. White. July. 1818.
,, Utrago'na (four- angled). 2. White. August. 1711.
,, torqua'ta (collared), i. Pale green. S. Africa.
,, trachysa' ntha (rough-flowered). S. Africa.
„ Umbe'lla (small umbelled). i. Pale pink. S. Africa.

1800.
,, varia'bilis (variable). } to £. White or red. S.

Africa. 1901.
,, versi'color (various-coloured). See ROCHEA VERSI-

COLOR.

Culture. — Of the annual and biennial species the seeds
should be sown in pots, in spring, and, when the seedlings
will bear handling, separated and planted singly in other
pots. The same soil suits them as the perennial succulent
species, which are those most in request. The culture of
these is as follows, whether for bedding-out or growing
constantly under glass : — Make short cuttings, about
the end of August or in September, of the tops of the
young shoots which have not flowered, and, after the
cuttings are rooted, place singly in small pots, and grow
till the end of October, when the pots are filled with roots.
From this time to the end of February keep in a cool green-
house, on a shelf close to the glass, and give two or three
waterings during the winter. As soon as the plants
begin to move in the spring, stop them at about three or
four inches from the pot, and a few of the top leaves
take off, to facilitate the growth of new shoots. As soon
as these are well formed, thin them, so as to leave but
from three to six shoots on each plant, according to its
strength ; and, as soon as the shoots are two inches loner,
shift into pots a size or two larger, in a mixture of yellow
loam and pounded bricks, well drained.

CRAT^EGO

248

CRATJEGUS

After the spring potting, indulge with a little more than
greenhouse-heat, by placing them for two or three
weeks in a peach-house, or vinery, or a close pit,
to have them in full vigour by the middle of May ;
because, the earlier in the summer they complete
their annual growth, the more time and sun they have
to finish their ripening process. About midsummer, or
before the beginning of July, their growth is finished,
and then turn out of doors, and plunge in sand close to
the front wall of a hothouse, where the heat, in the dog
days, will often range from 80° to 100°, and where little
rain can get at them, the spouting which receives the water
from the roof passing over their heads. The sand in
which they are plunged gets very hot also ; and, by
watering it occasionally between the pots, the roots
are kept sufficiently moist without any water being given
on the soil in the pots. This treatment is more uniform
and more natural to them than any mode of pit or
greenhouse culture.

On the first indication of frost remove into shallow,
cold pits, where the lights can be drawn off them every
mild day till the end of November ; then move them
to a dry shelf in the greenhouse ; but they could be
wintered in a dry pit from which the frost could be
kept.

During the following spring keep as cool as possible,
being among the first set of greenhouse plants to be re-
moved into cold pits when plants begin to grow in the
spring, and about the last plants to be bedded out at
the end of May ; and they make the most brilliant bed
for the whole season, flowering for six weeks to two
months, according to the situation of the beds. We

E refer the tall, dark scarlet, or old C. cocci'nea, for beds ;
ut there are three or four distinct sorts that do equally
well in pots.

It often happens that plants with only two shoots
will produce but one head of bloom, and then the second
shoot will be sure to follow the year after, and thus a
plant may be made to flower every year.

If this plant with two shoots offers to flower on both
instead of one, and you wish the plant to flower every
year, you must forego the pleasure of having both shoots
to flower the first season. In that case, as soon as you
can perceive the flower-buds in the spring, you must cut
down one of the two shoots, and let the other one flower.
The lower down the shoot is cut the better. If there is
only an inch or two of it left, it is sure to produce three
times the number of young shoots that will be necessary
to retain. If you select three of the best placed, these
will be enough for a plant so young ; therefore, instead
of two flower-heads, we have only one of them, and three
others coming up to flower next season. As soon as the
single truss of flowers begins to fade, about the middle
of August, this flowering shoot must be cut down close
likewise, and from it succession-shoots will be obtained,
so that, in a large, old specimen, there are many flower-
ing shoots and succession ones growing on at the same
tune ; and, as soon as the plants are done flowering,
the shoots which have borne the flowers are cut back-
to different lengths, according to the size or shape the
plant is intended to be grown. The best cuttings are
those taken from the tops of growths which have failed
to flower the previous season.

CRATffi'GO-ME'SPILUS. (Nat. ord. ROSACES.)
Interesting as being one of the few known graft-
hybrids, the parents being the Medlar and common
Hawthorn. Ordinary soil. It originated in a nursery
at Metz.

CRATJE'GO-MESPILUS DARDA'RI (Dardar's).
White. 1899.

CRAT&'GUS. The Hawthorn. ( From kratos, strength ;
in reference to the strength and hardness of the wood.
Nat. ord. Appleworts [Rosaces]. Linn. iz-Icosandria,
2-Di-pentagynia.)

The family of thorns furnishes a greater number of
handsome small trees for ornamental grounds than any
other woody family whatever. They are all white-
blossomed, except where we have mentioned otherwise ;
but they vary in another beauty — the colour of their
fruit ; and this, as far as we know, we have particularised.
Young plants are obtained from seed sown in spring ;
and any particular varieties can be budded or grafted

upon one of the most useful — the common whitethorn.
Common garden-soil.

C. acuti'loba (sharp- lobed). 12. May. United States

and Canada. 1905.
,, alpi'na (alpine). 20. May. Italy.
,, alta'ica (Altaian). Altai Mountains.
„ ambi'gua (doubtful). Russia.
,, ano'mala (anomalous). N. United States, Canada.

1905.
,, apiifo'lia (parsley-leaved). 15. May. N. Amer.

1812.

,, „ mi'nor (smaller). May.
,, a'prica (open). S.E. United States. 1905.
,, arnoldia'na (Arnoldian). Massachusetts. 1905.
,, Aro'nia (Aronia). 15. May. South Europe. 1810.

Berries yellow.

,, „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 15. May. 1846.
,, Azaro'lus (Azarole). 15. May. South Europe.

1640. Berries red.

,, berberifo'lia (Barberry-leaved). S. United States.
,, Boynto'ni (Boyn ton's). N. Carolina.
,, Brua'nti (Bruant's). See C. OXVACANTHA SEMPER-

FLORENS.

., canade'nsis (Canadian). Canada. 1905.
„ Ca'nbyi (Canby's). S.E. United States. 1905.
,, carpa'tica (Carpathian). 20. May. Carpathian

Mountains.
,, Carrie'rei (Carriere's). Large, white. Fruit scarlet.

Garden origin. 1883.
,, champlaine' 'nsis (Champlainan). N. United States

and Canada.

,, chlorosa' rca (green-fleshed). Mandshuria. 1880.
,, cocci'nea (scarlet-fruited). 20. May. N. Amer. 1683.
„ ,, coralli'na (coralline). 15. May. France.
„ ,, glandulo'sa (glandulose). 20. May. N. Amer.

1759. Berries red.

,, ,, indenta'ta (indented-leaved). See C. ACUTILOBA.
,, ,, macr a' ntha (large-flowered). 20. May. N.Amer.

1819. Berries yellowish-red.
,, ,, ma'xima (largest). 20. May. N. Amer.
,, ,, mi'nor (smaller-fruited). 20. May. N. Amer.
„ „ neapolita'na (Neapolitan). May. Naples.
,, ,, subvillo'sa (slightly-hairy). 1832.
,, „ succnle'nta (succulent-/;wfe^). Germany.
,, colli'na (hill). S. Appalachian foot-hills. 1905.
,, corda' ta (heart-leaved) . 20. May. N.Amer. 1738.

Berries bright red.

,, crenula'ta (scollop-edged). 10. May. Nepaul. 1820.
,, Cru's-ga'lli (cockspur). 20. May. N.Amer. 1691.

Berries dark red.

,, ,, linea'ris (narrow-teat^). 20. May. N. Amer.
,, ,, na'na (dwarf). See C. CRUS-GALLI PYRACANTHI-

FOLIA.
,, ,, ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 20. May. N. Amer.

1810.
,, „ prunifo'lia (plum-leaved). 20. White. May.

N. Amer. 1818.
,, ,, pyracanthifo'lia (pyracantha-leaved). 20. May.

N. Amer.
,, „ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). See C. CRUS-GALLI

PYRACANTHIFOLIA.

,, ,, sple'ndens (shining). 20. May. N. Amer.

,, cune'ata (wedge-shaped). White. Japan.

,. densifto'ra (dense-flowered). N. United States and

Canada.

,, dippelia'na (Dippelian). Origin unknown.
,, Dougla'sii (Douglas's). 15. May. N. Amer. 1830.

Berries purple.

,, dsunga'rica (Songarian). White. Northern Asia.
,, durobrive'nsis (Durobrivan). Western New York.

1905.

,, elli'ptica (oval-leaved). See C. FLAVA ELLIPTICA.
,, fecu'nda (fruitful). Missouri. 1905.
,, fi'ssa (cleit-leaved) . See C. MONOGYNA LACINIATA.
„ flabella'ta (ian-leaved). See C. ORIENTALIS.
,, fla'va (yello-w-pear-berried). 20. May. N. Amer.

1724.

,, ,, elli'ptica (elliptic). 20. May. N. Amer. 1765.
,, „ loba'ta (lobed). 15. June.
,, florenti'na (Florentine). See PYRUS CRAT.SGIFOLIA.
,, glandulo'sa (glandular). 20. White. May. N.

Amer. 1810.
,, grignonie'nsis (Grignonian). Fruit lemon-yellow,

tinted red. 1890.

CRATJEGUS

249

CRAT^VA

C. Heldrei'chii (Heldreich's). Greece.
„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 20. May. Orient.

1816.

„ hiema'lis (winter). Origin uncertain.
„ integri'loba (entire lobed). N. United States and

Canada. 1905.

„ intrica'ta (intricate). N. Amer.
„ Korolko'ni (Korolkow's). Central Asia. 1901.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See C. TOMENTOSA.
., laurentia'na (Laurentian). Canada.
„ La'yi (Mr. Tradescant Lay's). See C. PINNATIFIDA

MAJOR.

„ leucophlce'os (white- barked). See C. TOMENTOSA.
„ lobula'ta (lobulate). Western New England.
,. lu'cida (shining-leaved). See C. CRUS-GALLI.
,, macraca'ntha ( large- thorned). United States.
., maloi'des (Apple-like). Eastern Florida.
., marocca'na (Morocco). See C. SINAICA.
,, melanoca'rpa (black-berried). 15. May. Tauria.

1820.

„ mexica'na (Mexican). 15. May. Mexico. 1823.
„ „ Carrie'rei (Carriere's). See C. CARRIEREI.
„ mo'Uis (soft). White. Berries red.
„ mono'gyna (one-styled). 15. White. May. Britain.
„ „ auranti'aca (orange- berried). May.
„ „ au'rea (golden-berried). 15. May.
„ „ enoca'rpa (woolly-fruited). 15. White. May.

Britain.

„ „ flexuo'sa (zigzag-branched). 15. White. May.
„ fo'liis arge'nteis (white-variegated). 15. White.

May.
„ „ fo'liis au'reis (yellow variegated). 15. White.

May.
„ „ Gireou'di (Gireoud's). Leaves marbled white

and tender rose. 1899.

„ „ Gumpe'ri versi' 'color (Gumper's variable coloured).
„ „ ho'rrida (very spiny). 1898.
„ „ ine'rmis (unarmed). A spineless variety. 1899.
„ ,, lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). 12. White. May.

Britain.
„ „ leucoca'rpa (white-fruited). 15. WTiite. May.

Britain.

„ „ macroca'rpa (large-fruited).
„ „ oliveria'na (Oliverian). See C. PENTAGYNA.
,, „ pc'ndula (pendulous). Weeping variety.
,, „ pe'ndula variega'ta (variegated weeping).
„ „ pro.' cox (early). 15. White. Christmas to April.

" Glastonbury Thorn."

„ „ pleridifo'lia'( fern- leaved). 15. White. May.
„ ,, quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). White. June. Ham-
burgh. 1834.

„ „ ra'mulis au'reis (golden- branched).
„ „ Regi'na (Queen Mary's). 30. White. May.

Scotland.
„ „ semper flo'r ens (ever-blooming). Said to bloom all

summer. 1883.

„ „ sibi'rica (Siberian). 15. White. May. Siberia.
„ „ stri'cta (upright). Branches erect.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated).

,, ni'gra (black- fruited) . 20. May. Hungary. 1819.
„ ni'tida (shining). Illinois.

„ occidenta'lis (western). Northern Rocky Mountains.
,, ordorati' ssima (sweetest-scented). See C. ORIEN-

TALIS.

„ orienta'lis (eastern). 15. May. S. Europe. 1810.

Berries dark red.
„ „ sangui'nea (blood-coloured). 15. May. Crimea.

1810.
„ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). See C. CRUS-GALLI OVALI-

FO'LIA.
„ Oxyaca'ntha (sharp-spined. Common hawthorn). 15.

May. Britain.
„ ,, flo'r e-ple'no-a'lbo (double-white-flowered). 15.

White. May.
„ „ flo're-ple' no-cocci neo (double -scarlet -flowered).

Bright scarlet. May.
„ „ /fo'rs-pk'no-pwmWo (double-scarlet-flowered). 15.

Scarlet. May.
„ „ flo'r e-ple'no^ro'seo (double -rose- flowered). 15.

May.

„ ., flo'r e-ple'no-ru'bro (double-red-flowered). 15. May.
,. ,. flo're-puni'ceo (scarlet-flowered). Single scarlet.

15. May.

„ „ fru'ctu lu'teo (yellow-berried).
„ „ inci'sa (cut). Leaves more deeply cut.

C. oxyacanthoi' des (Oxyacantha-like). See C. Oxv-

ACANTHA.

,, parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 15. May. N'.Amer. 1704.

,, „ fto'rida (flowery). 6. White. May. N. Amer.

» .. grossulariafo'lia (gooseberry-leaved). See C. UNI-
FLORA.

„ pasto'rum (shepherds'). Massachusetts.

„ penta'gyna (five-styled). 15. White. May. Hun-
gary. 1820.

„ pinnati'fida (pinnatifid). 15. White. May. China.
„ ma'ior (larger). 15. White. May. N. China.
1886.

,, poiretia'na (Poiret's). See C. GLANDULOSA.

„ pro! cox (early). N. United States and Canada. 1902.

„ Pri'nglei (Pringle's). N. United States and Canada.
1905.

„ prunellifo'lia (Prunella-leaved). See C. CRUS-GALLI

OVALIFOLIA.

„ prunifo'lia (plum-leaved). See C. CRUS-GALLI PRUNI-

FOLIA.

,. pruino'sa (frosted). N. United States.
„ puncta'ta (dotted- fruited). 15. White. N. Amer.

1746. Berries red.
„ „ au'rea (golden-fruited). 36. White. May. N.

Amer. 1724.
„ „ brevispi'na (short-spined). White. May. N.

Amer.

.. ., ni'gra (black-fruited). White. May. N. Amer.
» » ni'gra stri'cta (black-/rujtef-upright). White.

May. N. Amer.

„ „ ru'bra (red-fruited). 20. White. May. N. Amer.
„ „ ru'bra stri'cta (upright-red). 20. White. May.

N. Amer.

„ purpu'rea (purple-fruited). See C. SANGUINEA.
„ Pyraca'ntha (evergreen-thorn). 10. White. May. S.

Europe. 1629. " Fiery Thorn."
„ „ crenula'ta (small-scolloped). 10. White. May.

Nepaul. 1820.
„ „ fru'ctu-a'lbo (white-fruited). 10. White. May.

1841.
„ „ Lala'ndi (Laland's). Fruits much more freely

than the type.

„ „ pe'ndula (pendulous). Weeping variety.
„ Pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved). See C. TOMENTOSA.
,, sali'gna (willow- leaved). 15. White. Mountains of

Colorado. 1902.
,, sangui'nea (crimson-fruited). 15. May. Siberia.

1810.

,, sina' ica (Sinai). 15. May. Arabia and Persia. 1822.
„ sorbifo'lia (Sorbus-leaved). Origin unknown.
„ spathula'ta (spa.tula.-leaved) . 15. May. N. Amer.

1805.

,, spinosi' ssima (spiniest). See C. SANGUISEA.
,, stipula'ris (stipulate). Pink. May. Quito. 1843.
„ succule'nta (succulent). N. United States and Canada.
,, tanacetifo'lia (tansy-leaved). 15. May. Greece.

1789. Berries yellow.

„ „ gla'bra (smooth). 15. May. Germany. 1816.
,, „ tau'rica (Taurian). 15. May. Taurica. 1800.
„ tiliafo'lia (Lime-tree-leaved). N. Amer.
„ tomento'sa (felted). \Vhite. June. Eastern United

States. 1763.
„ uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 6. White. May. Southern

United States.

„ Vai'lio! (Mrs. Vail's). Virginia and N. Carolina.
„ virgi'nica (Virginian). 5. May. Virginia. 1812.

Berries green.
„ vi'ridis (green- fruited). 15. May. Carolina. 1810.

CRATffi VA. Garlic Pear. (Named after Crattzvus,
a Greek botanist. Nat. ord. Capparids [Capparidaceae].
Linn. n-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to the
Common Caper.)

The bark of the roots of the Garlic Pear (C. gyna'ndra)
blisters like Cantharides. Stove evergreen trees ; rich,
loamy soil ; increased by cuttings in sand, under glass,
in bottom-heat.

C. capparoi'des (Caper-like). See C. FRAGRANS.
,, fra'grans (fragrant). White. Trop. Africa.

>t t'ndra(gynandrous). 12. White. Jamaica. 1789.
„ religio'sa (religious). 15. White. Tropics of the Old

World. 1822.

„ Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). See C. RELIGIOSA.
„ Pa'pia (Tapia). 30. White. S. Amer. 1752.
„ Tapioi'des (Tapia-like). 20. White. S. Amer. 1820.

CRATEROSTIGMA

250

CRINUM

CRATEROSTTGMA. (From krater, a vessel, and
stigma ; the stigma is funnel-shaped. Nat. ord. Scrophu-
lariaceae.)

Dwarf perennial stove herb, allied to Torenia. Seeds.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

C. pu'milum (dwarf). J. Lilac, purple, white. Abys-
sinia. 1871.

CRATO'XYLON. (From kratos, strength, and xulon,
wood ; in allusion to the hardness of the wood. Nat.
ord. Hypericaceae.)

Evergreen greenhouse shrub. Cuttings in sand under
a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand.
C. polya'nthum (many-flowered). 3. Red. July. Malaya.
1821.

CRAWFU'RDIA. (In honour of Sir John Crawford,
governor of Singapore. Nat. ord. Gentianworts [Gentian-
aceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

There is little doubt that these herbaceous twiners are
as hardy as the Gentians, to which they are allied, and
like them may be cultivated.
C. fascicula'ta (fascicle-flowered). 4. Blue. August.

Himalaya. 1855.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). White and green. Himalayas

to Japan.

„ lu'teo-vi'ridis (yellow-green). See C. JAPONICA.
„ specio'sa (showy). Blue. Himalayas. 1879.

CREAM FRUIT. Roupe'llia gra'ia.

CREEPERS or TRAILERS are plants which, by having
numerous stems and branches resting upon and spreading
over the soil's surface, are useful for concealing what
would be unpleasing to the eye. They are also hand-
some objects in pots suspended from the roof of an
appropriate structure, and some, as Gaulthe'ria procu'm-
bens, are ornamental round the margin of ponds or other
water.

CRE PIS. (From crepis, a slipper. Nat. ord. Com-
posita?.)

Many of the Hawksbeards are of a weedy character,
but the perennial C. aurea and the annual C. rubra are
pretty and worth growing. Seeds at the beginning of
April in the open border, and C. aurea by division at the
same time. Ordinary garden soil.

C. alpe'stris (alpine). J. Yellow. July. Europe. 1822.
„ au'rea (golden). £ to i. Orange. Autumn. Alps of

S. Europe.
„ Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). ij. Yellow. June. Siberia.

1798.
„ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured), ij. Pink. June. Car-

niola. 1815.

„ Palla'sii (Pallas'), i. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1818.
„ prcemo'rsa (bitten), i. Yellow. June. Europe. 1818.
„ pygma'a (pigmy). \. Yellow. July. Europe.

1820.

„ ru'bra (red), i to i. Red. Autumn. S. Europe.
„ succiscefo'lia (bitten-leaved). i. Yellow. June.
Europe. 1819.

CRESCE'NTIA. The Calabash-tree. (Named after
Crescenti, an old author. Nat. ord. Bignoniads [Bignoni-
aceae]. Linn. 4-Telrandria, i-Monogynia.)

The flowers of the Calabash-tree (C. Cujtfte) are inter-
mediate between Gesnerworts and Bignoniads, and in all
the species are produced from the old stems or branches.
Stove evergreen trees ; a mixture of loam and peat ;
cuttings of ripened shoots root readily in sand, under
glass, in heat.

C. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). See C. CUJETE.
„ cucurbiti'na (gourd- fruited) . 10. White. W. Ind.

1733.

„ Cuje'te (Cujete). 20. White. Trop. Amer. 1690.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See AMPHITECNA MACRO-

PHVLLA.
„ £fcc/a'n/&a(plaited-flowered). Brazil.

CRESS. Lepi'dium sativum.

Varieties.— There are three varieties : Plain-leaved,
which is the one commonly cultivated for salads ; Curly-
leaved, equally good, and employed, likewise, for garnish-
ing ; Broad-leaved, seldom cultivated. See MUSTARD.

CRE'SSA. (From Kressa, a female Cretan. Nat. ord-
Convolvulaceae.)

A hardy evergreen trailer. Divisions. Well-drained
soil.

C. cre'tica (Cretan). J. Red. July. Tropical and
subtropical regions. 1824.

CRESS ROCKET. Ve'lla.
CRINODE'NDRON. See TRICUSPIDARIA.

CRI'NUM. (From krinon. the Greek name for lily.
Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexan-
dria, i-Monogynia.)

Nearly fifty species of Crinum, with numerous varieties,
and many cross-bred seedlings, have been described,
Many of them are the most beautiful of this order. C.
longifolium is perfectly hardy in England if planted six
or eight inches deep. It will grow in water, but better
on the margins of lakes, ponds, or rivulets. The whole
family delight in strong, rich loam, and an abundance of
water when they are growing. Bulbous plants of great
beauty ; rich loam, peat, and sand ; readily increased
by offsets, and many by seeds.

HARDY.

C. cape'nse (Common Cape). See C. LONGIFOLIUM.
,, grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). See C. POWELLII.
,, Herbe'rti (Herbert's). See C. COMMELYNI.
,, longifo'lium (long-leaved). 2 to 3. White and pink

midrib. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
,, ,, farinia'num (Farinian). White, pink. Kalahari

Desert. 1887.

., longifo'liumxMoo'rei. See C. POWELLII.
„ Powe'llii (Powell's). 3. Reddish. July, August.

Garden hybrid. 1877.
,, „ a'lbum (white). White. 1888.
, ,, intermedium (intermediate). Pink. 1888.

GREENHOUSE.

C. angustifo'lium (narrow- leaved). 2. White. June.
N. Holland. 1822.

, ,, bla'ndum (mild-looking). 2. Blue. May. 1821.

, austra'le (southern). See C. PEDUNCULATUM.

, crassifo'lium (thick- leaved). See C. VARIABILE.

, fta'ccidum (flabby). 2. July. N. Holland. 1816.

, longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 2. Purple. July.
Jamaica. 1816.

,, lorifo'lium (strap-leaved). See C. PRATENSE.

, macroca'rpum (large-fruited). See C. SUMATRANUM.

,, mauritia'num (Mauritian). 4. Pink. March. Mauri-
tius. 1812.

,, molucca'num (Molucca). See C. LATIFOLIUM and C.

ZEYLANICUM.

,, Moo'rei (Moore's), ij. Rose. S. Africa. 1874.

,, „ a'lbum (white). Natal.

„ ,, variega'tum (variegated). Leaves striped yellow.

1895.

,, multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 2. White. 1822.
,, peduncula' turn (Jong-flower-stalked). 3. White. July.

N. S. Wales. 1790.
,, „ paci'ficum (pacific). White. Lord Howe's Island.

1882. " Wedding Lily."
„ plica'tum (plaited). See C. ASIATICUM.
,, ripa'rium (river-bank). See C. LONGIFOLIUM.
,, varia'bile (variable). 2. Flushed red. S. Africa.

1774.

STOVE.

,, abyssi'nicum (Abyssinian). White, fragrant. Abys-
sinia. 1892.

,, algoe'nse (Algoa Bay). Red, white. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1826.

,, ama'bile (lovely). 5. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1810.

,, america'num (American). 2. White. July. S.
Amer. 1752.

,, amce'num (pleasing). 2. White. E. Ind. 1810.

., ,, angustifo'lium (toW-narrow-leaved). 2. White.
E. Ind. 1819.

,, ,, Ice've (smooth-edged). 2. White. E. Ind. 1819.

,, ,, Mea'rsii (Mears's). Smaller than the type, 1907.

,, ano'malum (anomalous). See C. ASIATICUM.

,, aqua'ticum (water). See C. ERUBESCENS.
, arena' rium (sand). See C. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

CRINt M

251

CRINUM

C. arena'rium bla'ndum (mild-looking). See C. ANGUSTI-
FOLIUM BLANDUM.

,, asia'ticum (Asiatic. Poison-bulb). 3. White. July.

China. 1732.
.. augu'stum (August), i. Pink. July. Mauritius.

1818.

.. australa' sicum (Australian). See C. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.
., Baine'sii (Baines's). Trop. Africa.
„ Balfou'rii (Balfour's). i to ij. White. Socotra.

1880.
„ bla'ndum (mild- looking). See C. ANGUSTIFOLIUM

BLANDUM.

,, brachya'ndrum (short-stamened). 5. White. July.

N. Holland. 1819.

., brachyne'ma (short-stamened^ White. E. Ind. 1840.
., bractea'tum (bracted). 2. White. July. Mauritius.

1810.
,. brevili'mbum (short-fringed). 2. July. Pacific

Islands. 1820.

., Broussone'ti (Broussonet's). See C. YUCC^FLORUM.
,, ca'ffrum (Caffre). See C. CAMPANULATCM.
,, campanula' turn (bell-shaped). 3 to 4. Rose red.

S. Africa. 1817.
„ canalicula'tum (channelled-fcai^). See C. PEDUN-

CULATUM.
.. canalifo'lium (channelled-leaved). 2. July. E. Ind.

1820.
,, careya'num (Carey's). 2. White. July. Mauritius.

1821.

.. carib&'um (Caribbean), i. White. Jamaica. 1881.
., caudi'ctum (caudexed). See C. AMCENUM.
., Cole'nsoi (Colenso's). See C. MOOREI.
., Commely'nii (Commelyn's). 2. White. July. S.

Amer. 1798.

., confe'rtum (crowded). See C. ANGOSTIFOLIUM.
., coranty'num (Corantynan). See C. ERUBESCENS

CORANTYNUM.

.. crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). See C. VARIABILE.

,, cra'ssipes (thick-scaped). x. White, red. July.

Trop. Africa (?). 1887.
,, cruc'nlum (bloody-flowered). 4. Red. July. Mexico.

1810.
., ,, loddigesia'num (Loddigesian). White, purple.

August. Mexico.

., declina'tum (curved-down). See C. ASIATICUM.
„ defi'zum (defixed). 2. White. August. E. Ind.

1810.

,, ,, ensifo'lium (sword-leaved). Flowers red outside.
„ di'stichum (two-rowed). 2. White, purple. June.

Guinea. 1774.
„ Do'riai (Doria's). White, striped red. Abyssinia.

1894.

,, e'legans (elegant). See C. PRATENSE.
„ ensifo'lium (sword-leaved). See C. DEFIXUM ENSI-

FOLIUM.
,, erube'scens (blushing). 2. Pale white. July. Trop.

Amer. 1789.
„ „ berbice'nse (Berbice). 2. White. July. Berbice.

1819.
,, ,, coranty'num (Corantyne). Pale red. June. S.

Amer. 1820.
., ,, gla'brum a'lbum (smooth- white). White. June.

S. Amer. 1820.
M .» gla'brum ru'brum (smooth-red). Red, white. June.

Maranham. 1824.
„ ,, ma' jus (larger). 3. Red, white. July. S. Amer.

1789.
., .. mi'nus (smaller), ij. Red, white. July. S.

Amer. 1789.
,. ., octoflo'rum (eight-flowered). White. June.

Spanish Main. 1820.

„ „ rubrili'mbum (red- fringed). Red. June. S. Amer.
,, ,, viridifo' Hum (green-leaved). 3. White. July.

Demerara. 1819.
„ fryihrophy'llum (red-leaved). 2. Red, white. July.

E. Ind. 1825.

., exalta'tum (lofty). See C. PEDUNCOT.ATUM.
,, tdlca'tum (sickle-shaped). See AMMOCHARIS FALCATA.
„ fimbria'lulum (slightly-fringed). Angola.
,, firmifo'lium (firm-leaved), ij. White. Madagascar.

1892.
, fla'ccidum (flaccid). 2. White. July. Australia.

1819.
„ forbesia'num (Forbesian). x. White, red. July.

Delagoa Bay. 1824.

C. formo'sum (beautiful). 2. July. Brazil. 1820.

,, gigantt'um (giant). 3. White. July. Guinea. 1792.

,, zordonia'num (Gordonian). See C. ERUBESCENS.

,, graciliflo'rum (slender-flowered). 2. White. Vene-
zuela. 1844.

,, herbertia'num (Herbertian). See C. ZEYLANICUM.

„ Hildebra'ndtii (Hildebrandfs). 2. White. Sep-
tember. Johanna Island. 1875.

,, hu'mile (low), x. White. October. India. 1822.

., insi'gne (noble). See C. LATIFOLIUM.

,, jeme'nse (Jeman). White. Arabia. 1892.

., Johnsto'nt : (Johnston's). White, tinged pink. British
Central Africa. 1902.

,, Ki'rkii (Kirk's), ij. White, red. Zanzibar. 1879.

,, kunthia'num (Kunthian). i$. White and red band.
Nicaragua. 1890.

„ La'ncei (Lance's). Red, white. July. Surinam.
1825.

., La'stii (Last's). Pink. E. Trop. Africa. 1881.

,. latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. Pink. July. E. Ind.
1806.

,, LaurSnti (Laurent's). White. Congo. 1897.

,, Lesema'nni (Lesemann's). See C. POWELLII.

,, leucophy'llum (white-leaved). i. Pinkish-white.
Damaraland. 1881.

,, lindleya'num (Lindley's). See C. COMMELYNII.

,, linea're (linear). 2. White, pale red. S.Africa. 1779.

,, loddigesia'num (Loddige's). See C. CRUENTUM LODDI-

GESIANUM.

,, longisty'lum (long-styled). See C. LATIFOLIUM.

„ Luga'rdce (Mrs. Lugard's). } to i. White, with pink

stripe. S. Central Africa. 1903.
„ Mackdnii (Macken's). See C. MOOREI.
,, Maco'wani (Macowan's). 2 to 3. Pink. January.

Natal. 1878.

,, makoya'num (Makoyan). See C. MOOREI.
,, massaia'num (Massaian). See C. KIRKII.
,, natale'nse (Natal). See C. MOOREI.
„ na'tans (floating), i. White. Guinea. 1902.
,, no'bile (noble). See C. GIGANTEUM.
„ obli'quum (oblique). See CYRTANTHUS OBLIQUUS.
,, orna'tum (adorned) of Herbert. See C. ZEYLANICUM.
„ „ ru'bro-vitta'tum (red-striped). White, with crimson

midrib. Brazil. 1876.

„ orna'tum (adorned) of Bury. See C. SANDERIANUM.
,, pa'rvum (small). Zambesia.

,, Paxto'ni (Paxton's). Red, white. June. E. Ind.
,, petiola'tum (petiolate). See C. GIGANTEUM.
,, „ specta'bile (showy). See C. GIGANTEUM.
„ podophy'llum (stalked-leaved). i. White. Old

Calabar. 1879.

,, prate'nse (meadow). White. June. E. Ind. 1810.
„ pro'cerum (tall). See C. ASIATICUM.
,, purpura' scens (purplish). Purple. June. Fernando

Po. 1826.

., qi'ite'nse (Quitan). See PH^DRANASSA CHLORACEA.
„ redu'ctum (reduced). See C. ZEYLANICUM.
,, revolu'tum (rolled-back). See C. COMMELYNII.
,, rhoda'nthum (red-flowered). Red. Bechuanaland.

1900.

,, ri'gidum (stiff). See C. SUMATRANUM.
,, roozenia'num (Roozenian). See C. ERUBESCENS

MINUS.

„ Sa'mueli (Samuel's). White, flushed pink. Central

Africa. 1902.
,, sanderia'num (Sanderian). White and red keel.

Sierra Leone. 1884.

,, scabe'rrimum (very rough). See C. SCABRUM.
.. sca'brum (rough). '4. Pink. May. Trop. Africa. 1810.
., Schimpe'ri (Schimper's). White. Abyssinia. 1889.
,, Schmi'dtii (Schmidt's). See C. MOOREI ALBUM.
,, si'nicum (Chinese). See C. ASIATICUM.
,, specio'sum (showy). See C. LATIFOLIUM.
., spira'le (spiral). See CARPOLYZA SPIRALIS.
,, Stra'cheyi (Strachey's). 2. White. Himalaya. 1881.
., stri'ctum (straight), ij. White. September. 1824.
., subme'rsum (submerged), xj. Pink. July. Rio

Janeiro. 1820.
,, Sumatra' num (Sumatra). 3. White. July. Sumatra,

1810.

,, supe'rbum (superb). See C. AMABILE.
,, taite'nse (Taitan). See C. PEDUNCULATUM.
,. tene'llum (slender). See HESSEA FILIFOLIA.
,, undula'tum (waved-leaved), ij. White. November.

Maranham. 1824.

CRIOCERIS

252

CROCUS

C. uniflo'rum (one-flowered). i. White. Australia.

1879.

„ urceola'tum (urn-shaped). See URCEOLINA PENDULA.
., vanillodo'rum (Vanilla-scented). See C. GIGANTEUM.
„ Va'ssei (Vasse's). White, with red median stripe.

Mozambique. 1907.
„ venu'stum (graceful), i. White, red. July. E. Ind.

1821.

., vtrecu'ndum (ruddy). See C. AMOENUM.
„ verschaffeltia'num (Verschaffeltian). Leaves striped

with white. 1877.

., waUichia'num (Wallichian). See C. ZEVLANICUM.
„ Wimbu'shi (Wimbush's). White. Central Africa.

„ Woodro'wi (Woodrow's). 2. White. Bombay.
1897.

„ yeme'nse (Yemen). See C. LATIFOLIUM.

„ yuccecflo'rum (Yucca-flowered). 2. Red, white.
June. Trop. Africa. 1740.

„ yuccafo'lium (Yucca-leaved). ii. White. Abys-
sinia. 1892.

„ yuccaoi'des (Yucca-like). See C. YUCC^FLORUM.

„ teyla'nicum (Ceylon). 3. Purple. July. Ceylon.

„ *redu'ctum (reduced). White and red stripe.
Zanzibar. 1883.

CRIO'CERK ASPA'RAGL The Asparagus Beetle
sometimes proves very destructive by eating the shoots
and twiglets of Asparagus during its growth, from June
to September. There are several broods during this
time, each of which lays eggs on the slender shoots,
when the beetle attains the winged stage. The eggs
are spindle-shaped, dark in colour, and should be de-
stroyed when seen. The grubs are olive or slate-
coloured, fleshy and curved at the tail, by which they
hold on to the plant. They are full fed in fourteen days,
when they pass into the ground, pupate, and in the course
of another two or three weeks reach the perfect state,
ready to repeat their life-cycle and destructiveness.
The beetles are about i in. in length, and blue- black or
greenish. The shoulders are red, with two black spots.
The wing-cases are yellowish, with a line of this colour
where they meet on the back ; they also have a blue-
black band across the middle, and similar patches at
the base and apex. Several remedies have been de-
vised for holding the beetle in check. The grubs are
the most destructive. White sheets may be laid
amongst the plants, and the latter well shaken, to make
the grubs fall. Another plan is to get some water about
as warm as the hands can bear and syringe the Asparagus
with it. The grubs will quickly fall, but if any still
hold on, a smart tap on the stem's will bring them down,
when the cloths may be quickly lifted, carried aw.iv
from the Asparagus ground and the grubs destroyed.
Some growers allow the grubs to fall on the Asparagus
beds, in the above process, and then dust them with
dry soot. The beds should be examined again in ten
days or a fortnight, and the process repeated if need be.
The stems should be burnt in autumn, when cut down,
in order to destroy eggs that may be upon them.

CRISTA RIA COCCI'NEA. See MALVASTRUM cocci-

NEUM.

CRI'THMUM. Samphire. (From krithe, barley ; re-
semblance of the seeds to barley. Nat. ord. Umbeilifcrs
[Umbelliferae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, 2-Digynia. Allied
to Seseli.)

Samphire (C. mari'timum) is excellent in pickles.
C. latifo'lium (broad-leaved). i$. Yellow. July.
Canaries. 1780. Greenhouse evergreen. The cor-
rect name is Astydatnia canarifnsis.
,, mari'timum (sea), i. White. August. Britain.
Hardy herbaceous.

Culture. — Cri'thmum mari'timum, though a native of
the seashore, may be cultivated successfully in the
garden.

Soil. — It requires a sandy, rich soil and the north
side of a wall.

Propagation. — The roots may be planted, or the seed
sown, in April ; the only cultivation required being to
keep the plants free from weeds, and to water them about
twice a week with water containing half an ounce of
guano, and one ounce of salt per gallon.

CROCKING is putting a piece of potsherd over the
hole at the bottom of a flower-pot, previously to adding
the drainage, &c.

CROC OSMA. (From krokos, saffron, and osme, smell ;
in allusion to the strong odour of saffron when dried
flowers are placed in warm water. Nat. ord. Iridaceae.)
Nearly hardy bulbous perennial, often grown in pots
in a greenhouse, but it may be planted out in March
and the corms lifted in November in cold, northern
districts, or in clay soils. Seeds and offsets. Light,
rich soil.
C. au'rea (golden). ij to 2. Bright fulvous yellow. S.

Africa. 1846.
„ ,, irnperia'lis (imperial). V Fi<-ry orange-red.

S. Africa. 1888.

, „ macula (a (spotted). A dark blotch on the three
inner segments. S. Africa. 1888.

CRO'CUS. (A name adapted from Theophrastus. Nat.
ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn. $-Triandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Hardy bulbs. The saffron of the shops is the dried
stigmas of C. sati'vus. The Sicilian saffron is from those
of C. longiflorus.
C. ai'rius (air-like). Pale lilac, throat yellow. Asia

Minor.

,, ,, major (larger). Very fine form. 1908.
,, alata'vicus (AlaTau). White, yellow, purple. Spring.

Ala Tau Mts. 1877.
,, ,, ochroleu'cus (yellow-white). Yellow, and white

edges. 1878.
.. ,i Porphy'reus (purple). Bright claret-purple, white.

1878.
,. ancyre'nsis (Ancyran). Orange, purple. Spring.

Asia Minor.

„ tinnula'tus (ringed). See C. BIKLORUS.
,, astu'ricus (Asturian). Purple. Autumn. Asturia.

1842.
„ au'reus (golden). Orange-yellow. February and

March. Greece, Asia Minor.
„ „ a'lbus (white).

„ ,, fia'vus (yellow). Pale yellow. Greece.
„ ,, has'micus (Hacmus). Light yellow. Mt. Haemus.
„ ,, la'cteus (milky). Cream. Greece. 1629.
,, ,. la'cteus penicilla' tus (pencilled-milky). Pale

cream with purple lines.
„ ,, lute'scens (yellowish). Pale yellow.
„ ,, sulphu'reus (sulphur). Pale yellow. S. Europe.

1629.

,, ,, sulphu'reus pa'llidus (pale sulphur).
,, „ syri'acus (Syrian). Yellow. Syria.
„ ,, irilinea'tus (three- lined). Yellow, with purple

lines.
„ Bala'nsce (Mrs. Balansa's). Orange, feathered

bronze. February. W. Asia Minor.
,, bana'ticus (Banatan). Dark purple. February.

March. Transylvania.
„ btflo'rus (two-flowered). White to lilac, with 3 purple

lines on the back. March. Tuscany. 1629.
,, ,, Ada'mii (Adam's). Pale purple. Caucasus.
„ „ a'lbus (white). White. March. Opschina.
,, ,, Alexa'ndri (Alexander's). White, striped purple

on back of outer segments. Bulgaria. 1900.
,, ,, arge'nteus (silvery). Smaller, more purple than

the type, striped purple. Italy.

,, ,, ctfrule' scens (bluish). Bluish. February. Naples.
„ ,, estria'tus (not striped). Lilac. February.

Florence.

rafcus (Greek or Grecian). February. Greece.
\tli'nii (Leichtlin's). White or pale purple.

fragrant. Asia Minor. 1891.
,, ,, nubi' genus (cloud-begotten). White. March.

Mount Gargarius. 1845.

,, „ Pestalo'zsce (Pestalozza's). White. Constanti-
nople.
,, ,, purpura' scens (purplish). Purple. March. Dal-

inatia.

,. ,, pusi'llus (dwarf). White. February. Pisa.
,, ,, tan'ricus (Taurian). Bluish. February. Odessa.
,, „ Welde'ni (Welden's). White, purple. Dalmatia.
,, Billio'tlii (Billiotfs). Rich purple, with darker

blotch in throat. Asia Minor. 1892.
„ Boissie'ri (Boissier's). Pure white. Mts. of Cilicia.

grce'cu
Leicht

CROCUS

253

CROCUS

C. Bo'ryi (Bory's). White. Autumn. Ionian Islands.

1845-
.. ,. marathon* seus (Marathon). White. Marathon.

nth' nits (Byzantine). See C. IRIDIFLORUS.
.. ( ambessede'sii (Cambessedes's). Lilac, purple.

October and November. Majorca. 1845.
,, cuHCcllatus (cross-barred). White to lilac. October

to December. Asia Minor. 1847.
„ „ cili'cicus (Cilician). Violet, purple. Ci!
,, ,, mazia'ricus (Maziarian). White, yellow. Caria.
,, ca'ndidus (white). White, tinged yellow in throat.

March. The Troad. 1856.
,, ., lu'teus (yellow). Yellow, veined and mottled

purple outside. 1904.
,. carpcta'nus (Carpetan). Pale lilac or white. March to

J une. Spain.
,, ca'spius (Caspian). White. October. Caspian Sea.

1838.

,, ., lilaci'na (lilac). Rosy lilac. 1903.
,. chrysa'nthus (golden-flowered). Orange-yellow. Janu-
ary to March. Asia Minor. 1847.
„ „ a'lbidus (whitish). White. Bythinian Olympus.
„ „ ccerule' scens (bluish). Bluish. Bythinian Olym-
pus.
,, ,, fu'sco-linea'tus (brown-lined). Orange, lined

reddish-brown. Smyrna. 1876.
,, ,, fu'sco-ti'nctus (brown-tinted). Orange, tinted

brown. Smyrna. 1876.
,, ,, supe'rbus (superb).

., cili'cicus (Cilician). See C. CANCELLATUS CILICICUS.
,, Clu'sii (Clusius's). Lilac. October and November.

Portugal. 1845.
,. co'rsicus (Corsican). Lilac, buff, with 3 feathered

lines outside. Corsica. 1882.

,, Cre'wei (Crewe's). White. February. Sogra. 1874.
,, cy'prius (Cyprian). Lilac, purple blotch. April.

Cyprian Olympus.
,, dalma'ticus (Dalmatian). Lilac. February, March.

Dalmatia.

,. ,, ni'veus (snowy). White.
,, ,, viola' ceus (violet). Violet.
„ Danfo'rdice (Mrs. Danford's). Pale sulphur- yellow.

February, March. Taurus. 1879.
,, etru'scus (Tuscan). Lilac, cream. March. Tuscany.

1876.
„ Fleische'ri (Fleischer's). White, three lilac lines.

January and February. Asia Minor. 1875.
„ Gaillardo'tii (Gaillardot's). White, slaty lilac.

Palestine to Damascus. December to January.
„ garga'ricus (Gargarian). Orange- yellow. April.

Western Bithynia.
„ granaU'nsis (Granadan). Lilac. September, October.

New Granada.
„ hadria'ticus (Hadriatic). Pure white. September,

October. Greece. 1847.
,, ,, chrysobelo'nicus (Chrysobelonian). White, yellow.

Santa Maura.
„ hermo'neus (Hermonian). Purple, white. Autumn.

Mount Hermon.
„ hyema'lis (winter). White, purple line. Spring.

Palestine.

,, ,, Fo'xii (Fox's). Anthers nearly black.
„ Impera'ti (Imperato's). Bright lilac, buff, 3 feathered

stripes. January, February. Italy. 1830.
,, .. purpu'reus (purple). Purple. 1888.
,, insula'ris (insular). See C. MINIMUS.
„ ,, major (larger). See C. CORSICUS.
,, iridifto'rus (Iris-flowered). Purple, lilac. January,

February. Italy. 1830.
,, karducho'rum (Kurdistan). Lilac. September.

Kurdistan. 1859.

„ Ki'rkii (Kirk's). See C. CANDIDUS.
,, Korolkowi (Korolkow's). Bright orange-yellow.

Spring. Turkestan. 1880.

,, kotschya'nus (Kotschyan) of Herbert. See C. CAN-
CELLATUS.

,, koischy' 'anus (Kotschyan) of C. Koch. See C. ZONATUS.
,, laviga'tus (smooth). White, 3 to 5 lilac stripes.

October to December. Greece. 1838.
„ lagenaflo'rus (bottle-flowered). See C. AUREUS.
,, laxi'cus (Lazistan). Orange- yellow. August. Mts.

of Lazistan. 1866.
„ longiflo'rus (long-flowered). Lilac, purple. Autumn.

S. Italy. 1 8 10.
„ lu'Uus (yellow). See C. AURBUS.

Ma'lyi (Maly's). White, throat orange. March.

Dalmatia. 1872.
nie'dius (intermediate). Bright lilac. October. N.

Italy. 1843.
mi'nimus (smallest). Violet, buff, and 3 feathered

stripes. Corsica. 1805.
mcesi'acus (Moesian). See C. AUREUS.
monttncgri'nus (Moiiteuegran). Creamy white, throat

orange. Spring. Montenegro. 1881.
Mouradi (Mourad-dagh). Bright orange. Spring.

Smyrna. 1889.
ntvadSnsis (Nevadan). White, lilac. December to

February. S. Spain. 1861.
niva'lis (snowy). See C. SIEBERI.
ni'veus (snowy). See C. BORYI MARATHONISEUS.
nudiflo'rus (naked-flowered). Lilac. September.

October. France, Spain. 1798.
ochroleu'cus (yellowish-white). Creamy-white.

October to December. Lebanon. 1862.
odo'rus (scented). See C. LONGIFLORUS.
Olivie'ri (Olivier's). Orange-yellow. March, April.

Asia Minor. 1831.

Orpha'nidis (Orphanides). See C. TOURNEFORTII.
parvifto'rus (small-flowered). Pale lilac. Spring.

Taurus. 1877.
pulche'llus (pretty). Bright lilac. September to

December. E. Europe, Asia Minor. 1670.
pusi'llus (dwarf). See C. BIFLORUS PUSILLUS.
reticula'tus (netted). White to lilac, 3 feathered

stripes. February to April. E. Europe. 1808.
,, micra'nlhus (small-flowered). Small flowers.

Cilicia.
Salzma'nni (Salzmann's) Lilac. October. Morocco.

1831.
sali'yus (cultivated). Lilac. October. England to

Himalayas. 1753. Cultivated.
,, cartwrightia'nus (Cartwrightian). Lilac, striped.

Athens.

cashmeria'nus (Cashmerian). Purple. Cashmir.
Elwe'sii (Elwes's). Bright purple. Smyrna.
Hausskne'chtii (Haussknecht's). Purple. Kur«

distan.

Orsi'nii (Orsini's). Purple, lilac. Italy.
Palla'sii (Pallas'). Lilac. Crimea, &c.
Scharo'jani (Scharojan's). Bright yellow. July,

August. Caucasus, &c. 1869.
sero'tinus (late). Bright lilac. November. South oi

Spain. 1806.

sibthorpia'nus (Sibthorpian). See C. AERIUS.
Siebe'ri (Sieber's). Purple, lilac or rosy. January to

March. Greece, Crete. 1831.
,, purpu'reus (purple). Deep purple. February.

1904.
,, versi'color (changing-coloured). White, with 3

feathered nerves outside. Crete. 1909.
specio'sus (showy). Bright lilac-blue, with 3 feathered

nerves. September to November. Asia Minor.

1808.
„ Aitchiso'nii (Aitchison's).

,. a'lbus (white). White. 1907.
stella'ris (starry). Orange, feathered with brown out-
side. March. Garden hybrid.
suave'olens (sweet-smelling). Purple, buff outside,

with 3 purple stripes. February. S. Italy. 1833.
susia'nus (Susian). Orange, with 3 brown stripes.

February. Crimea. 1605.
suteria'nus (Suterian). Orange-yellow. March and

April. Asia Minor. 1845.

rau'rt(Taurian). Pale purple. March. Cilicia. 1892.
,, melanthe'rus (black-anthered). Anthers black.

Smyrna. 1893.
totnmasinia'nus (Tommasinian). Pale sapphire

lavender. March. Dalmatia. 1847.
Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). Bright lilac. November

December. Greece. 1831.
valli'cola (valley). Cream. August and September.

Caucasus, &c.

„ lilaci'nus (lilac). Purple. Stauros.
,, suwarrovia'nus (Suwarrow's). Cream, larger.

Caucasus.

variega'tus (variegated). See C. RETICULATUS.
vtluche'nsis(Ve\\ich3m). Dark purple. May. Balkans.

1845.
Ve'neris (Venus's). White, or outer feathered purple.

November. Cyprus, Crete. 1842.

CROCUS

254

CROTALARIA

C. ve'rnus (spring). Purple. February and March.

Europe (England). 1785.

., .. albiflo'rus (white-flowered). White. Trieste.
,. ,. leucorhy' 'nchus (white-beaked). Purple, tipped

white.

.. ., paruifto'rus (small-flowered). White. Splugen.
,, Tcrsi' color (changing colour). Pale or dark purple.

February, March. S. France. 1794.
,, vitelli'nus (yolk-of-egg-coloured). Orange, tinted

brown outside. N. Palestine. 1879.
„ ,, grave'olens (heavy-smelling). Orange, flushed

black outside. Aleppo.
,, ,, syri'acus (Syrian). Darker orange, feathered dark

brown outside.

,, Welde'ni (Welden's). See C. BIFLORUS WELDENI.
,, xona'ius (zoned). Rosy lilac, veined purple, orange

zone in throat. Autumn. Asia Minor. 1855.

CROCUS CULTURE.— Propagation: by Seed.— Sow
the seed in October, in a prepared bed of light, rich earth,
in an open situation, covering it a quarter of an inch.
The seedlings will come up in the spring, and should be
kept well weeded. When the leaves decay, clear them
away, and spread a thin coat of fresh, light earth over
the roots. Allow them to remain another season, and
then, when the leaves decay, take up the bulbs carefully,
sifting the soil so as to find even the smallest. In August
prepare a bed of fresh, rich earth, turning it over two or
three times to mellow and pulverise. About the middle
of September, on a dry day, level the bed, and draw
drills across it four inches apart ; then plant the young
bulbs in the drills three inches asunder, pressing them
down gently into the soil ; and, when all are planted,
level the ridges of the drills with a rake carefully down.
In this bed they should remain two years. The second
year most of them will flower ; and, when in bloom,
the colours should be marked, to enable you to separate
them into their colours when they are taken up. Any
new fine varieties should be especially taken care off.

By Offsets. — When the leaves decay, in the summer,
take up the bulbs, keeping them in their various sorts ;
separate the large-flowering bulbs from the small off-
sets, and plant the latter in a bed by themselves, in the
same way as is described above for seedlings. In two
years take them up, sort the large roots out again, and
replant the small ones.

Soil. — The crocus delights in a dry situation, and a
rich, light, sandy soil. In such a place and soil it flowers
profusely, and produces large roots ; but in a wet, poor
soil it dwindles away.

Culture. — October is the best month for planting,
though it may be prolonged to the middle of December.
Take the roots up every second year, planting the offsets
as described above.

Insects.— Slugs are their chief enemy, which may be
destroyed by watering the beds or clumps with lime-
water.

Diseases. — The bulbs sometimes become like a mass
of starch or meal, and then will not grow. There is no
remedy for bulbs actually diseased, but they ought to
be carefully picked out, and not mixed with the general
stock, for fear of infection. It is caused by an internal
fungus, Bacterium Hyacinthi.

CROPPING (MIXED) Is growing two or more crops
together, one of which may be either drawn young, so
as to be out of the other's way before it gets high enough
to be injured, or one of which benefits the other by shading
it. The object of mixed cropping is to obtain the largest
amount of produce in the shortest time from a given
space. The subject cannot be treated in detail within
these limited pages ; and we must, therefore, refer our
readers to an essay on the subject in The Cottage Gardener,
v. 274. See ROTATION OF CROPS.

CROSSA'NDRA. (From krossos, a fringe, and aner,
an anther ; fringed anthers, or pollen-bags. Nat ord
Acanthads [Acanthacea?]. Linn. i^-Tetradynamia, 2-
Angiospermia. Allied to Justicia.)

Showy stove evergreen shrubs ; peat and loam ;
cuttings root readily in sand, in bottom-heat, at any
season, under glass.
C. fta'va (yellow- flowered). $. Yellow. January. W

Africa. 1852.

,, guinee'nsis (Guinea). Lilac, white, pxirple. W Trop
Africa. 1877.

C. infundibulifo'rmis (funnel-shaped). See C. UNDUL/IE-

FOLIA.

,, undulczfo'lia (wave-leaved). i*. Orange, scarlet.
March. E. Ind. 1800.

CROSSOSO'MA. (From Crosses, a fringe, and soma,
a segment. Nat. ord. Dilleniaceas.)

Greenhouse shrub. Cuttings of nearly ripe wood in
sand in a close frame. Fibrous loam, a little peat and
sand.

C. califo'rnicum (Californian). White. S. California.
1902.

CROSSY'NE CELIA'RIS. See BUPHANE CILIARIS.

CROTALA RIA. (From krotalon, a castal net, or
hand-rattle ; the seeds rattle in the pod if shaken. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosse]. Linn. ib-Mona-
delpkia, 6-Decandria. Allied to the Lupines.)

Notwithstanding the great number of Crotalarias,
with their gay-coloured pea-flowers, they are not much
prized by gardeners, owing to the difficulty of preserving
them from the attacks of the red spider. Seed ; perennial
kinds easily from cuttings in sand, under glass ; loam and
peat.

STOVE ANNUALS, &c.

C. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). i. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1820. Half-hardy.
„ ala'ta (winged), i. Pale yellow. July. Nepaul.

1818. Biennial.
,, angula'ta (angled), i. Yellow. June. Honduras.

1700.

„ angusiifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See LEBECKIA SERICEA.
,, biala'ta (two-winged). See C. SAGITTALIS.
,, bifafria (two-rowed). 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind.

1817.
„ Burma'nni (Burmann's). i. Yellow. July. E. Ind

1800.
,, calyci'na (large- calyxed). i. Blue. June. Trop.

Africa. 1816.

,, cube'nsis (Cuba). See C. INCANA.
,, fu'lva (tawny), i. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1817.
,, glau'ca (milky-green), i. Yellow. July. Guinea.

1824.

,, hirsu'ta (hairy), i. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1818.
„ inca'na (hoary). Yellow. July. Trop. Amer. 1820.
,, ju'ncea (rush-like). Tropics, Old World. " Sunn

Hemp."

,, Langsdo'rfii (Langsdorf's). r. Yellow. June. 1820.
,, microphylla (small-leaved). \. Yellow. July.

Arabia. 1820. Trailer.
,, ova'lis (oval), i. Yellow. July. Carolina. 1810.

Half-hardy.
,, pu'mila (dwarf). £. Yellow. June. Cuba 1823

Trailer.

,, purpura'scens (purplish), i. Purple. July. Mada-
gascar. 1825.

,, purpu'rea (purple). Purple. S. Africa.
„ Pu'rshii (Pursh's). i. Yellow. June. N. Amer.

1800. Half-hardy.
,, sagitta'lis (arrow-like), i. Yellow. June. N. Amer.

1820.
., senegale'nsis (Senegal), i. Yellow. June. Senegal.

1819.

,, seri'cea (silky), ij. Purple. July. India. 1820.
„ specta'bilis (showy). See C. SERICEA.
,, stipula'ris (large-stipuled). i. Yellow. July.

Cayenne. 1823.
,, tria'ntha (three-flowered). 2. Yellow. June.

Mexico. 1824.

,, tubero'sa (tuberous). See ERIOSEMA CHINENSE.
,, verruco'sa (warted). i. Blue. June. W. Ind.

I73i.
,, ,, acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). i Blue Tulv

E. Ind. 1731.
„ villo'sa (soft-haired), i. Yellow. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1824. Half-hardy.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. arbore'scens (tree-like). See C. CAPENSIS.
,, arge'ntea (silvery). See ARGYROLOBIUM PETIOLARE.
,, axilla'ris (axillary). Trop. Africa.
,, cape'nsis (Cape). Yellow. S. Africa.
„ dicho'toma (forked), i. Yellow. July. Mexico.
1824.

CROTON

255

CRUPINA

C. longirostra'ta (long-beaked). 3. Rich yellow. Winter.

Mexico.
.. obscu'ra (obscure). 2. Yellow. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1820.
.. pa'llida (pale). Trop. Africa.
.. pulche'lla (pretty). See LEBECKIA CYTISOIDES.
„ iheba'ica (Theban). a. Yellow. June. Egypt.

1818.

STOVE EVERGREENS.
C. ampltxicau'lis (stem-clasping). See RAFNIA AMPLEXI-

CAULIS.

„ anagyroi'des (Anagyris-like). 6. Yellow. July.

Venezuela. 1823.
,. anthylloi'des (Anthyllis-like). 4. Yellow. August.

E. Ind. 1789.

„ berteria'na (Berter's). See C. FUI.VA.
„ bractea'ta (/arg«-bracted). 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind.

1820.

,, Bro'wnei (Browne's). See C. SALTIANA.
„ cajanifo'lia (cajan-leaved). 6. Yellow. August.

.Mexico. 1824.
„ chine 'nsis (Chinese). 2. Yellow. June. China.

1818.
„ cordifo'lia (heart- leaved). See HYPOCALYPTUS OB-

CORDATOS.

.. Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). Pale yellow, purple.

N.W. Australia. 1869.
„ cytisoi'dts (Cytisus-like). 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind.

1826.

.. fenestra'ta (windowed). See C. JUNCEA.
„ floribu'nda (free-flowering). See WIBORGIA FLORI-

BUNDA.

., folio'sa (leafy). 3. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1818.
,. frutico'sa (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June. Jamaica.

1716.
„ fu'lva (tawny). 2. Yellow. June. Trop. Asia.

1818.

„ heynea'na (Heynean). White, blue. India. 1868.
,, laburnifo'lia (Laburnum-leaved). 5. Yellow. Au-
gust. Trop. Asia.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Jamaica.
„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved), i. Yellow. July. Nepaul.

1820.

„ lotifo'lia (Lotus-leaved). See C. LATIFOLIA.
., medicagi'nea (Medicago-like). i. Yellow, green.

June. E. Ind. 1816.
„ No'va-Holla'ndia (New Holland). 2. Purple. June.

N. Holland. 1823. Herbaceous perennial.
„ obcorda'ia (obversely-heart-shaped). S. Africa.
„ opposi'ia (opposite-leaved). See RAFNIA OPPOSITI-

FOLIA.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Yellow. June. Java. 1820.
,, pelli'ta (furred). See C. RAMOSISSIMA.
,. pe'ndula (hanging-down). See C. LABURNIFOLIA.
„ procu'mbtns (lying-down). i. Yellow. June.

Mexico. 1823. Herbaceous perennial.
,, pu'lchra (beautiful). See C. PULCHERRIMA.
,, pulchc'rrima (very beautiful). Yellow. E. Ind.

1807.
,, ramosi ssima (much-branched), i. Yellow. July.

India. 1820.
,, roxburghia'na (Roxburgh's). See C. CALYCINA.

saltia'na (Saltian). 4. Yellow. July. Tropics of

the Old World. 1816.
semper fto'r ens (ever-flowering). Golden yellow.

Trop. Asia.

stria'ta (streaked-/Iofr«rd). 3. Yellow, red. Mauri-
tius. 1831.

tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). See C. JUNCEA.
tetrago'na (four-angled). Yellow. November.

Trop. Asia.

,, tu'rgida (swollen). 3. Yellow. July. 1820.
„ virga'ta (twiggy). 3. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1816.
„ vitelli'na (yolk-of-egg-coloured). Yellow, violet.

Brazil.
„ u'aUichia'na (Wallichian). See C. SEMPERFLORENS.

CROTON. (From kroion, a tick ; referring to the
appearance of the seeds. Nat. ord. Spurgcworts [Euphor-
biaceae]. Linn. 2i-A/ono?«a, lo-Monadelphia. Allied
to Jatropha.)

The most powerful of purgatives is Croton oil, obtained
from the seeds of C. Ti'glium. Stove evergreen shrubs,
except C. rosmarinito'lia ; loam and peat ; cuttings

root readily in sand, under glass, in heat. For the plants
with highly coloured foliage, sold and grown under the
name of Croton, see CODI.VUM.
C. alabamie'nsis (Alabaman). 8t->io. White. N. Amer.

1889.
.. castanafo'lius (chestnut-leaved). See CAPERONIA CAS-

TAN^EFOLIA.

,, cauda' tus (tailed). India. Java, &c.

,. cilia' to-glanduli' fcrum (ciliate-gland-bearing). Mexico.

,, denticula'tus (finely-toothed). See C. CAUDATUS.

,, di' scalar (two-coloured). Dominica.

., Eleuttfria (Sea-side balsam). 6. White, green. July.

Jamaica. 1748. " Eleuteria Bark."
„ glabe'Uus (smoothish. Laurel-leaved). 6. White.

green. Jamaica. 1778.
., linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 6. White, green. July.

W. Ind. 1773.
,. lu'cidus (shining). W. Ind.
,, ni'veus (snowy). Bahamas.
,, rosmarinifo'lius (rosmary-leaved). See RICINOCARPUS

ROSMARINIFOLIUS.

,, Ti'glium (Tiglium). 10. White, green. E. Ind. 1796.
" Croton Oil."

CROWBERRY. Empe'trum ni'grum.

CRO'WEA. (Named after /. Crowe, a British botanist.
Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Boronia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Cuttings
root readily in sand, under glass ; loam and peat.
C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Pink. Australia.
.. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See C. SALIGNA.
,, sali'gna (\v\ttovf -leaved). 3. Purple. September.

1790.
CROWFOOT. Ranu'nculus.

CRUCIANELLA. Crosswort. (From the diminutive
of crux, a cross ; referring to the way the leaves are
arranged. Nat. ord. Stellates [Rubiaceae]. Linn. 4-
Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Rubia.)

The leaves of all the plants in this tribe are produced
in whorls along the stem. Hence the name of the order.
The greenhouse species thrive well in loam and peat,
and readily increase by cuttings ; the hardy perennial
kinds by seed and division, in garden-soil. There are
several annual species, but not worth cultivating.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. america'na (American), i. Yellow. July. Mexico.

1780.

„ mari'tima (maritime), i. Yellow. July. France.
1640.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

C. xgypti'aca (Egyptian). Egypt.

,, ano'mala (anomalous). See ASPERULA MOLLUGINOIDES.

,, a'spera (rough). See ASPERULA ASPERA.

,, cMorosta'chys (greenish-yellow-spiked). Greenish-
yellow. July. Persia. 1837.

,, gila'nica (Ghilan). See C. GLAUCA.

„ glau'ca (sea-green). Yellow. July. Persia. 1837.

,, glomera'ta (crowded). See ASPERULA GLOMERATA.

„ pube'scens (downy). See ASPERULA INCANA.

„ stylo'sa (/argtf-styled). See PHUOPSIS STYLOSA.

„ suave'olens (sweet-smelling). i. YeUow. July.
Persia. 1838.

CRUCIFERS. Crossworts. Flowers are called cruci-
fers when composed of four petals placed opposite each
other, like those of the cabbage and turnip. They in-
clude all those plants arranged by Linnaeus in the ifth
class of his system Tetradynamia. It may be stated that
all of this order are non-poisonous, and most are very
palatable vegetables. All the various Cabbages, Turnips,
Radishes, &c., are included.

CRUCKSHANKSIA. See BALBISIA.

CRUPINA. (Nat. ord. Composite.) Hardy herb, re-
lated to Centaurea.

C. vulga'ris (common). 3. Flesh. June. Mediter-
ranean region. 1596.

CRYPTADENTA

256

CUCTFERA

CRYPT ADENIA. (From kruptos, hidden, aud aden,
a gland. Nat. ord. Thymeleaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass in April. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.
C. breviflo'ra (short-flowered). i. White. May.

South Africa. 1789.
„ cilia'ta (eye-lashed). 2. White. May. South

Africa. 1818.
„ uniflo'ra (one-flowered). J. White. May. South

Africa. 1759.

CRYPTA'NTHUS. (From kruptos, hidden, and anthos,
a flower ; the flowers being nearly hidden by the rosette
or crown of leaves. Nat. ord. Bromeliacea?.)

Stove epiphytes requiring similar cultural treatment
to ^Echmea.
C acau'lis (stemless). See C. UNDULATUS.

„ purpu'reus (purple). See C. UNDULATUS RUBER.
Beucke'ri (Beucker's). White. Brazil. 1880.
bivitta'tus (two-striped). White. Brazil. 1865.
di'scolor (two-coloured). Leaves silvery. Brazil.
Mce'nsii (Mcens's). See C. BIVITTATUS.
morrenia'nus (Morrenian). See C. BIVITTATUS.
undula'tus (waved). White. August. Brazil. 1826.
„ ru'ber (red). Leaves red-purple.
„ zebri'nus (zebra striped). See C. ZONATUS.
zona'tus (zoned). White. August. Brazil.

CRYPTOCA'RPUS. (From kruptos, hidden, and
karpos, a fruit. Nat. ord. Nyctaginaceae.)

Stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in heat. Loam, peat,
and sand.

C. globo'sus (globular), i to 3. Variegated. June. Cuba.
1830.

CRYPTOCHI'LUS. ( From kruptos, hidden, and cheilos,
a lip ; the lip, or labellum, being partly hid by the
sepals. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Acanthophippium.)
Stove orchid ; root division ; soil, rough fibrous peat
and rotten wood.

C. lu'tea (yellow). Pale yellow. June. Himalayas. 1882.
„ reticula'ta (netted). See ERIA RETICULATA.
,, sangui'nea (blood-coloured). i. Scarlet. June.

Nepaul.
,, Wi'ghtii (Wight's). See ERIA LICHENORA.

CRYPTOCO'RYNE. (From kruptos, hidden, and korune,
a club ; the club-shaped spadix, or spike, in the centre
of the flower, is hidden by the hooded spathe peculiar
to this order. Nat. ord. Arads [Araceae], Linn. 21-
Moncecia, 2-Diandria. Allied to Arum.)

Stove herbaceous perennial ; divisions, and seeds
when obtainable ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60°
to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°, and dry.
C. cilia'ta, (hair-fringed). Green, purple. May. E. Ind.

1824.

„ corda'ta (heart-shaped). Malaya.
„ Griffi'thii (Griffith's). Spathe purple. Malacca. 1900.
„ spira'lis (spiral), i. Brown. May. E. Ind. 1816.

CRYPTOGRA'MME. (From kruptos, hidden, and
gramme, a letter ; in reference to the sori being hidden
by the revolute margin of the pinnae.)

Hardy ferns, except C. crispa brunoniana, which re-
quires a greenhouse.

C. cri'spa (crisped), r. June. Britain.
,, ,, acrostichoi' des (Acrostichum-like). N. Amer.
„ „ brunonia'na (Brownian). Fertile segments oblong.
Himalayas. 10 to 15,000 ft.

CRYPTO'LEPIS. (From kruptos, hidden, and lepis, a
scale ; in allusion to the scales inside the calyx. Nat.
ord. Asclepiadaceae.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of short, side-
shoots in sand, in a close case with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.

C. sanguineole'nta (blood-coloured). 6. Green, yellow.
July. Trop. Africa. 1822.

CRYPTOME'RIA. Japan Cedar. (From kruptos,
hidden, and meris, part ; the structure of all the parts of
the flower being hidden, or not easily understood. Nat.
ord. Conifers [Coniferae]. Linn. zi-Moncecia, lo-Mona-
delphia. Allied to Taxodium.)

Fine evergreen conifers, but not quite hardy enough
to stand a severe winter. From 60 to too feet high,
from the north of China, where it grows in damp situa-
tions. Seeds imported ; some have ripened in Britain ;
cuttings in sandy soil, under a hand-light ; a pure loam
seems to suit them best.
C. japo'nica (Japanese). 100. May. Japan. 1844.

,, ,, araucarioi'dcs (Araucaria-like).

,, ,, dacrydioi'des (Dacrydium-like).

,, ,, e'legans (elegant). Leaves long, slender. Japan
1861.

„ ,, e'legans na'na (dwarf).

„ „ Lo'bbi (Lobb's). Java. 1853.

„ ,, Lo'bbi na'na (Lobb's dwarf). 2. N. China.

,, „ lycopodioi' des (Lycopodium-like). 1876.

,, ,, monslro'sa (monstrous).

„ ,, ni'gricans (becoming black). Japan. 1870.

,, ,, pu'ngens (prickly).

„ ,, rubigino'sa (reddening). Leaves turning reddish
in winter. Japan. 1873.

,, ,, spira'lis (spiral). Leaves twisted. Japan.

CRYPTOPHORA'NTHUS. (From kruptos, hidden,
phoreo, to bear, and anthos, a flower ; the sepals partly
hide the rest of the flower. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Cool Orchids requiring treatment similar to Masdevallia.
C. atropurpu'reus (dark purple). J. Purple. W. Ind.

1838.
,, daya'nus (Dayan). Yellow, orange, purple. July.

Colombia. 1872.

,, gracile'ntus (slender). Costa Rica.
,, Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). Yellow, orange, purple.

Colombia. 1903.

,, macula' tus (spotted). Yellow, crimson. Brazil. 1887.
,, minu'tus (minute). \. Purple. 1895.
,, Moo'rei (Moore's). Red-purple. Trop. Amer. 1903.
,, oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved). Purple and yellow.

S. Amer. 1895.
,, sarcophy'llus (fleshy- leaved). Venezuela.

CRYPTOPHRA'GMIUM. See GYMNOSTACHYUM.

CRYPTOSTE'GIA. (From kruptos, hidden, and siege,
a covering ; the cup, or corolla, is hidden. Nat. ord.
Asdepiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn. *>-Pentandria, 2-
Digynia. Allied to Periploca.)

Climbing stove evergreens. Loam and peat ; cuttings
root readily in sand, under glass, in heat.
C. grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 6. Pink. June. India.

1818.

,, madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10. Pink. July.
Madagascar. 1826.

CRYPTOSTE'MMA. (From kruptos, hidden, and
stemma, a crown ; the crown of the flower hidden. Nat.
ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
%-Frustranea. Allied to Arctotis.)

Tender annuals, from Cape of Good Hope, requiring
to be sown on a gentle hotbed ; when large enough may
be potted two or three plants in a pot, and protected
again in the same way, and planted out in the open
border the beginning of June.
C, calendula' ctum (marigold-flowered), i. Yellow. July.

1752.
,, ,, hypochondri' 'acum (melancholy). i. Yellow.

July. 1731.
,, ,, runcina'tum (saw -leaved). i. Yellow. July.

1794.
,, forbesia'num (Forbesian). Yellow. Summer. S.

Africa.

,, lusita'nicum (Portuguese). See C. CALENDULACEUM.
,, ni'veum (snowy). Yellow. S. Africa. Decumbent.

CRYPTOSTY'LIS. (From kruptos, hidden, and stulos,
a style ; the column is hidden by the lip. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)
C. Arachni'tes (spider-like), i. Green, purple, mottled.

Khasia. 1863.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow-green ; lip
red, spotted brown. Australia. 1885.

CRYSO'PHILA. See COPERNICIA.

CUBA BAST. See HIBISCUS ELATUS.

CUCIFERA THEBA ICA. See HYFH.C.NA Cucn ERA.

CUCKOO

257

CUCUMIS

CUCKOO FLOWER. Cardami'ne prate'nsis and
Ly'chnis Flo's-cu'culi.

CUCKOO-SPIT. See TETTIGONIA SPUMARIA.
CUCU BALUS. (Derived from kakos, bad, and bolus,
snout. Nat. ord. CARYOPHYLLACE.*.)
C. ba'ccifer (berry-bearing). White. Europe. N. Asia.
„ catho'licus (catholic). See SILENE CATHOLICA.^
„ chlorcefo'lius (green-leaved). See SILENE PERFOLIATA.
„ steUa'tus (starry). See SILENE STELLATA.

CUCU LLIA VERBA'SCL Mullein Moth. This is the
parent of a greenish- white or slaty-coloured caterpillar,
found from the end of May until August, feeding on the
various species of mullein (Vfrba'scum) and figwort
(Scrophula'ria). On each segment of this caterpillar
are four large black dots, sometimes separate, and
sometimes running together ; there are smaller black
dots along the sides, and a double row of yellow spots
on the back, with others on the sides. The head is
yellow, spotted with black. This moth appears com-
monly in May. It is about two inches across the ex-
panded forewings, which are of a dark reddish-brown
colour, clouded and lined with black, and with a large
white spot on each resembling the figure 3, as shown in
the annexed drawing. The hind-wings are also reddish-
brown, but paler, and sometimes almost white. The
female lays her eggs upon the mulleins, and their relative
species of plants, which eggs are hatched in a few days
if the weather be warm. The caterpillars, when of full
growth, descend into the ground at the roots of the plants
on which they have been feeding, where they form
cocoons in half-rotted leaves and earth, so firmly bound
together as to resemble small, hard clods. They remain
in the pupa state until the following May, or even for
two years.

CUCUMBER. See CUCUMIS SATIVUS.

CUCUMBER-TREE. Magno'lia acumina'ta and M.
Frase'rii.

CUCUMBER DISEASE. The Cucumber is very
liable to have its roots attacked by microscopic creatures
known as eelworms, from their shape. They penetrate
the roots and cause tubercles to form upon them, vary-
ing in size till as large as nuts. Here the eelworms
live, multiply, and spread from root to root till the
Cucumber plant shows signs of weakness and disease.
There is no remedy for the plants, which should be dug
up and burned. The soil of the bed should be taken
out, conveyed to some distance from the house. The
latter should be thoroughly cleaned inside, as well as
the bed, with paraffin and water. Soil from a fresh
source should be obtained and a fresh bed made up
before again planting Cucumbers.

The Cucumber is also liable to various other maladies
or diseases, including Canker, Mildew, and Sclerotium
Disease.

Cucumber and Melon Mildew is caused by Perono-
spora cubensis, which forms a white mould on the under-
surface of the leaves, and would ultimately destroy the
plants if allowed to spread without check. The under
surface of the leaves should be well sprayed with dilute
Bordeaux mixture, so as to wet them thoroughly, and
embrace the whole of the patches of mildew.

Sclerotium Disease attacks many plants belonging to
different orders, including the Cucumber. The disease
is caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which attacks the
stem, forming a white mould just above the ground-line.
It also penetrates the stem, gradually extending upwards,
till the stems become dry and brittle. The latter are
then found to contain numerous black sclerotia, of varying
size in the pith, surrounded by mycelium or thread-like
portion of the fungus. These stems should be taken
away and burned in the early stages of the disease
before the sclerotia are produced, because the latter lie
in the ground till spring, and after passing through more
than one stage of its life-cycle, again attack the plants,
with which the mycelium comes in contact. In order to
destroy the mycelium growing upon decaying vegetable
matter, the soil should be well sprinkled with soot or
quicklime. This will kill the mycelium of the fungus
before it attacks the young stems of the Cucumber.
Manure on the surface of Cucumber beds greatly favours
the spread of the fungus.

Insects.— See APHIS, INSECT PESTS, and RED SPIDER.

CU'CUMIS. Cucumber. (From cucumis, the Latin
for cucumber. Nat. ord. Cucurbits [Cucurbitaceae].
Linn. 2i-Monacia. io-Monadelphia.)

Half-hardy trailing annuals. The whole of the species
require to be sown in hotbeds, and, when of sufficient
strength, to be planted out either in frames or under
hand-glasses.

C. acuta'ngulus (acute-angled). See LUFFA ACUTANGULA.
„ africa'nus (African). Yellow. S. Africa.
„ angui'nus (serpentine). See TRICHOSANTHES AN-

GUINA.

„ Angu'ria (round-prickly). 2. Yellow. July. Ja-
maica. 1692.
„ cantalupe'nsis (Cantaloupe). See C. MELO CANTA-

LUPO.

„ Chi' to (Onto). A variety of C. MELO.
„ Citru'Uus (Citrul). See CITRULLUS VULGARIS.
» n fa'ce (water-melon). See CITRULLUS VULGARIS.
„ ,, Paste'ca (Pasteque cucumber). See CITRULLUS

VULGARIS.

„ Colocy'nthis (bitter colocynth). See CITRULLUS

COLOCYNTHIS.

.. delicio'sus (delicious). See C. MELO.

„ Hooke'ri (Hooker's). Yellow. Fruit brown-purple,

banded white. Trop. Africa. 1870.
,, jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). See C. MELO.
„ maderaspata'nus (Madras). See C. MELO.
„ Me'lo (melon). 4. Yellow. July. Tropics of Old

World. 1570. " Melon."

„ ,, Cantalu'po (Cantalupe). 4. Yellow. July. 1570.
,, „ Dudaim (Dudaim). " Queen Anne's Melon."
„ „ melite'nsis (Maltese). 4. Yellow. July. 1570.
,, ,, reticula' tus (netted). 4. Yellow. July. 1570.
„ metuli'ferus (horn-bearing). . Yellow. Trop. Africa.

" Horned Cucumber."

„ momo'rdica (Elaterium-like). See C. MELO.
„ moscha'tus (musk). See C. MELO.
„ murica'tus (point-covered). See C. SATIVUS.
„ pi'ctus (painted). See C. MELO.
,, Propheta'rum (prophets'). Trop. Africa.
,, Sacleu'xii (Sacleux's). Fruit used for pickling.

Zanzibar. 1890.
„ sati'vus (cultivated). 4. Yellow. August. E. Ind.

1597. " Cucumber."
,, „ a'lbus (white). 4. Yellow. July.
,, „ fastigia' tus (peaked). 4. Yellow. July.
„ ,, fta'vus (yellow). 4. Yellow. July.
„ „ sikkimc'nsis (Sikkim). Fruit chocolate, netted

yellow. Sikkim.

,, „ variega'tus (variegated). 4. Yellow. July.
„ „ vi'ridis (green). 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind.

1597.

„ trigo'nus (three-angled). Yellow. Old World Tro-
pics.

,, utili'ssimus (most useful). See C. MELO.
„ Vilmori'ni (Vilmorin's). Fruit canary yellow, spiny.

1894.

Garden Varieties.— In recent years varieties have be-
come too numerous to individualise, but there are some
distinct types, of these Rollisson's " Telegraph " has
taken the lead for many years ; there are many improved
selections under different names. Sutton's " Improved "
is one of the best. Sutton's " Delicacy " is a fine variety,
Rochford's " Market " is another good type, and is very
prolific; there are several selections from this. There
are a few of the old-established names retained, but most
modem seedsmen have their own names. Those which
have gained certificates are Sutton's Ar, Matchless,
Every Day, and Peerless.

Since those grown under glass have been so plentiful,
very few try to grow them in the open, except the small
Gherkin varieties for pickling; these are cut when
quite small. The " Ridge " cucumbers are almost a
thing of the past. Yet we remember when they were
extensively grown, and think the flavour compared with
those grown under glass was much better.

In the old editions of this work there were lengthy
instructions on the culture of Cucumbers, but we do not
consider it necessary to repeat them, except to give a
few short details ; and have struck out much of the
matter previously included.

Taking Culture. — Cucumbers are now generally grown
in glass-houses, but in some gardens frames are used.
And on a moderate hot-bed they do very well. The

R

CUCURBITA

258

CUMMINGIA

manure has to be carefully prepared by turning it over
several times, and a good covering of leaf-soil and loam
put on the surface before planting, and this should be done
a few days before putting the plants in. For growing in
glass-houses the old system of water-tanks has been
almost entirely abolished. The hot-water pipes being
arranged so that they can be covered with stable manure,
and on this some good fresh turfy loam is used, and
some lime should be added. Later a surface-dressing may
be given, which may include some of the various artificial
manures, or bone meal.

Propagation. — We have grown from cuttings which for
early fruiting come in sooner than those raised from
seeds. The cuttings from clean, healthy side-shoots
root freely in the close propagating pit if there is a good
bottom-heat ; yet in the ordinary way seedlings are the
most satisfactory ; the seeds should be sown singly in
small pots, using light sandy loam and leaf-mould. Cover
the seeds well, but do not press the surface soil. When
re-potting or planting bring the seed leaves down close
to the surface. It may be necessary to twist the stems
round to do so, except when planting in the beds early,
in which case they can be laid down. Cucumbers root
from all parts of their stems, so it is quite safe to bury
them up to close below the seed leaves. Care should be
taken that the soil used for potting or planting in is
warm and not over moist.

Seeding.— Being male and female flowers on the same
plants in a close position, it is necessary to fertilise by
taking the pollen from the staminate flowers and apply-
ing it to the pistillate flowers. In years gone by this
used to be done in the ordinary culture ; but modern
growers never take the trouble, except where seed is
required, an indication that proper fertilisation is given
by the terminal end of the fruit swelling. The Cucumber
is generally included with vegetables, but is quite as
equally entitled to be termed a fruit as a Melon has.

Standard of Merit. — Length, not less than twelve inches.
Diameter, one-ninth of the length. Colour, dark green.
Spines, black and numerous. Bloom, unremoved. Cir-
cumference, circular and equal throughout. Neck and
Nose, each not more than a diameter long. Flesh, crisp
and juicy. Flower, remaining on the fruit.

Open Ground Crops. — The sowing for these crops must
be performed at the close of May, or early in June. A
rich, south-west border, beneath a reed or other fence, is
peculiarly favourable, as they then enjoy a genial warmth
without suffering from the meridian sun. The border
being dug regularly over, and saucer-like hollows, about
fifteen inches in diameter and one or two deep, formed
five feet apart, the seed may be sown six or eight in each.

Seed may also be sown beneath a hedge of similar
aspect, and the plants either trained to it or to bushy
branches placed perpendicularly. If the weather be dry,
it is requisite to water the patches moderately two or
three days after sowing. In four or five days, if the
season be genial, the plants will make their appearance,
and until they have attained their rough leaves, should
be guarded from the small birds, who will often destroy
the whole crop by devouring the seminal leaves.

If the season be cold and unfavourable, plants may be
raised in pots, under a frame or hand-glasses, as directed
for those crops ; to be thence transplanted, when of
about a month's growth, or when the third rough leaf
appears, into the open ground, shelter being afforded
them during the night. Water must be given every two
or three days, in proportion to the dryness of the season,
applying it during the afternoon or early in the morning.

Only three or four plants may be allowed to grow
together in a patch, and these pressed far apart. The
training must be as carefully attended to as for the
other crops ; but stopping is seldom necessary, as the
plants are rarely super-luxuriant. They will come into
production in August and September.

For Melon-culture, see MELON.

CUCU'RBITA. Gourd. ( From curbita, a gourd. Nat.
ord. Cucurbits [Cucurbitaceae]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, 10-
Monadelphia.)

Half-hardy trailing annuals, requiring the same culture
as the Cucumber.
C. andrea'na (Andrean). Fruit marked with white and

yellow. Uruguay. 1896.

„ aura'ntia (orange-fruited). See C. PEPO AURANTIA.
„ „ orangi'na (false orange). See C. PEPO ORANGINA.

C. ficifo'lia (fig-leaved). Trop. Asia.
,, ma'xima (largest). 4. Yellow. July, Tropics,

cultivated. " Common Gourd."
,, ,, Courge'ro (Cpurgero). 10. Yellow. July.
., „ Poti'ra (Potirpn). 10. Yellow. July.
., ,, sylve'stris (wild). The supposed origin of the

large Gourds. Himalaya. 1893.
„ „ vi'ridis (green). 10. Yellow. July. " Large

Green Gourd."

,, melanospe'rma (black-seeded). See C. FICIFOLIA.
,, melomzfo'rmis (melon-shaped). Japan. 1880.
„ Melope'po (melon-pumpkin. Squash). See C. PEPO

MELOPEPO.
, mexica'na (Mexican). Similar to C. ficifolia, but

leaves different. Mexico. 1889.

,, moscha'ta (musky). 4. Yellow. July. Trop. Asia.
,, ovi'fera (egg-shaped). See C. PEPO and varieties.
,, palma'tus (hand-shaped). Yellow. California.
,, Pe'po (pumpkin). 16. Yellow. July. Levant. 1570.
,, ,, aura'ntia (orange). 3. Yellow. July. 1802.
„ ,, gri'sea (grey). 3. Yellow. July.
,, ,, Melope'po (Melon-pumpkin). 3. Yellow. June.

1597.

,, ,.. oblo'nga (oblong-fruited). 6. Yellow. July. 1570.
,, ,, orangi'na (false-orange). 3. Yellow. July. 1802.

" Orangine."
„ ,, ovi'fera (egg-bearing). 3. Yellow. August.

Astrachan.

» -. pynfo'rmis (pear-shaped). 3. Yellow. July.
., „ subglobo'sa (sub-globular). 3. Yellow. July.
, ,, subrotu'nda (nearly-round-/n«fed). 6. Yellow.

July. Levant. 1750.
,, „ verruco'sa (warted). 12. Yellow. June. 1658.

" Warted Gourd."

„ Rapalli'to(RaLpzllito). See C. MAXIMA.
,, verruco'sa (warty). See C. PEPO VERRUCOSA.

CUDRA'NIA. (From kudros, glorious. Nat. ord.
Urticaceae.)

Hardy or nearly hardy evergreen tree. Cuttings in
sand under a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand.
C. javane'nsis (Javan). Australia. 1830.

CULCA'SIA. (Derivation same as Colocasia. Nat.
ord. Arads [Araceas], Linn. zi-Moncecia, j-Heptandria.
Allied to Caladium.)

Stove climber. For culture, see COLOCA'SIA.
C. sca'ndens (climbing). White. Guinea. 1822.
,, striola'ta (striolated). White. Cameroons. 1899.
Not climbing.

CULEN. Psora' lea glandulo'sa.

CULLUMBINE or COLUMBINE. See AQUILEGIA.

CULLU'MIA. (In compliment to Sir T. C. Cullum,
who wrote about British plants in 1774. Nat. ord.
Composite.)

Greenhouse evergreen of easy culture. Seeds and
cuttings, under a bell-glass in the greenhouse in summer.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

C. pectina'ta (comb-like leaved). 2. Yellow. August.
S. Africa. 1818.

CUMIN or CUMMIN. See CUMINUM CYMINUM.

CUMTNUM CYMTNUM. Common Cumin, an annual,
native of Egypt, bearing white flowers, and belonging
to the Nat. ord. Umbellifers. It is cultivated for its
aromatic seeds. Sow in a warm situation in March, in
a rich, light soil ; the plants flower in June, and ripen
their seeds in the autumn.

CUMMTNGIA. (Named after the late Lady Gordon
Gumming, of Altyre, in Morayshire. Nat. ord. Lilyworts.
[Liliaceaa]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Now re-
ferred to Conanthera.)

Beautiful little half-hardy bulbs from Chili, which
succeed best in a light, rich border in front of a greenhouse,
with Ixias, Brodiaeas, Zephyranthes, Anomathecas, and
the like. Offsets ; loam and leaf-mould and manure.
C. campanula 'ta (bell- flowered). See CONANTHERA

SIMSII.

,, tene'lla (delicate). See CONANTHERA SIMSII.
,, trimacula'ta (three-spotted), f. Blue. December.
1829.

CUNDURANGO

259

CUPRESSUS

CUNDURA NGO. Marsde'nia Cundura'ngo.

C UNI LA. (After a town of that name. Nat. ord.
Labiates [Labiatae]. Linn. 2-Diandna, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Balm and Mint.)

North American hardy herbaceous perennials ; root
divisions ; in loam, leaf-mould, and manure.
C. cocci'nea (scarlet). See CALAMI NTHA COCCINEA.
„ maria'na (Maryland), i. Red. September. N.
Amer. 1759.

CUNNINGHA MIA. Broad-leaved China Fir. (In
honour of two brothers, /. and A. Cunningham, British
botanists in Australia. Nat. ord. Conifers [Comferae].
Linn. 2i-Monaecia, io-Monadtlphia. Allied to the
Spruce Fir.)

Greenhouse evergreen tree, but in some situations
hardy : light soil, well drained ; cuttings can be rooted,
but seldom make handsome plants ; seedlings are best.
C. sine'nsis (Chinese). 40. China. 1804.

, CUNO'NIA. (Named after /. C. Cuno, of Amsterdam.
Nat. ord. Cunoniads [SaxifragaceaeJ. Linn. lo-Decandria.
2-Digynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen tree ; loam and peat, leaf-
mould ; cuttings in sand, under glass, in heat.
C. cape'nsis (Cape). 20. White. August. Cape of
Good Hope. 1816.

CUPA'NIA. (Named after F. F. Cupani, an Italian
monk, who wrote on botany. Nat. ord. Soapworts [Sapin-
daceae]. Linn. &-Oclandna, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Sapindus.)

Stove evergreen trees, all with white flowers ; loam and
peat ; cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under glass,
in heat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. amcrica'na (American). 15. Mexico. 1819.

„ anacardioi'des (Anacardium-like). Australia.

„ cane'scens (hoary). See HEMIGYROSA CANESCENS.

„ Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). See DIPLOGLOTTIS

CUNNINGHAMII.

„ denta'ta (toothed). 12. Mexico. 1824.

,, edu'lis (edible). See BLIGHIA SAPIDA.

„ flegans (elegant). Leaves wavy at the edges. 1893.

„ eleganti' ssima (most elegant).

„ exce'lsa (lofty). See C. GLABRA.

„ gla'bra (smooth). 14. May. Jamaica. 1822.

„ gra'ndidens (large-toothed). Leaflets 9, 3 to 4 in.

long. Zanzibar. 1884.
,, Pindai'ba (Pindaiba). Brazil.
„ Ps««to'r*tts(Pseudorhus). 20. November. Australia.

1830.

„ sa'pida (savoury. Akee-tree). See BLIGHJA SAPIDA.
„ Sapona'ria (Soapwort). See SAPIXDUS SAPONARIA.
,, saponarioi' 'des (saponaria-like). See SAPINDUS SAPO-

XARIA.

„ seti'zera (bristly). See C. PSEUDORHUS.
„ tomento'sa (downy). See C. AMERICANA.
., undula'ta (wavy). Brazil. 1865.

CUP FLOWER. See NIEREMBERGIA.

CU PHEA. (From kuphos, curved ; referring to the
form of the seed-pods. Nat. ord. Loosestrifes [Lythracea],
Linn, i i-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Lythrum.)

Dry, rich soil ; seeds ; and cuttings in the spring
months.

ANNUALS, &c.

C. circceoi'aes (Circaea-like). J. Purple. September.

S. Amer. 1821. Greenhouse.
,, lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). Blackish purple. Mexico.

1796. Hardy.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). }. Pink. November.

Demerara. 1824. Stove.
., procu'mbens (lying-down), i. Pale purple. August.

Mexico. 1816. Stove.
,, silenoi'des (silene-like). ij. Bluish September

1836. Hardy.

„ spica'ta (spiked). Rose. Peru. 1819. Hardy.
„ viscosi'ssima (clammiest), i. Purple. July. America.

1776. Greenhouse.
„ virga: ta (twiggy). i\. Purple. August. Mexico

1824. Greenhouse.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &c.

C. cequipe tola (equal-petaled). 2. Purple. June.

Mexico. 1859.

,, cinnaban'na (cinnabar). See C. PINETORUM.
„ commersonia'na (Commersonian). Argentina. 1884.
„ corda'ta (heart-leaved). i$. Scarlet. June. Peru.

1842.

„ cya'nea (blue). Blue, red. July. Mexico. 1846.
„ deca'ndra (ten-stamened). ij. Purple. July.

Jamaica. 1789.

,, e'mintns (eminent). See C. MICROPETALA.
„ fla'va (yellow). Yellow. Brazil.
,, gra'cilis (slender), i. Purple. July. Orinoco. 1824.
,, hooker ia'na (Hookerian). 2 to 3. Vermilion. Mexico.

i877.
„ i'gnea (fiery), i to 2. Scarlet, white. Summer.

Mexico. 1845. Greenhouse.
„ „ a'lba (white). White. 1848.
., jorulle'nsis (Jorullan). See C. MICROPETALA.
„ Lla'vea (Llave's). i|. Purple. June. Mexico. 1830.

Greenhouse.
„ Melvi'Ua (Melville's). 3. Scarlet. August. Guiana.

1823. Herbaceous perennial.
„ micrope'tala (small-petaled). i. Purple. July.

Mexico. 1824.

,, minia'ta (vermilion-cofour&i flower). See C. LLA'VEA.
,, multiflo'ra (many-flowered), ij. Purple. September.

Trinidad. 1820.

,, ocymoi'des (Ocimum-like). See C. .SQUIPE'TALA.
„ pineto'rum (Pine-woods'). Crimson. July. Mexico.

1849.

„ platyce'ntra (broad-spurred). See C. IGNEA.
,. „ a'lba (white- flower ed). See C. IGNEA ALBA.
„ racemo'sa (raceme- flowered). See C. SPICATA.
„ Roe'zlii (Rcezl's). See C. HOOKERIANA.
,, serpyllifo'lia (thyme-leaved). See C. MULTIFLORA.
„ spica'ta (spiked), i. Purple. June. Trop. Amer.

1820.

„ strigillo'sa (coarse-haired). See C. CYANEA.
„ tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). See C. IGNEA.
„ Zimapa'ni (Zimapan's). See C. LANCEOLATA.

CUTIA. See RANDIA.

CUPRE'SSUS. Cypress. (From kuo, to produce,
and parisos, equal ; in reference to the symmetrical
growth of the Italian cypress, C. sempervi'rens. Nat. ord.
Conifers [Coniferae]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, io-Monadelphia.)
Evergreen trees ; hardy, unless otherwise stated ;
rich, loamy soil ; and readily increased from seeds ; can
be raised from cuttings, and for choice sorts grafting
on common seedlings is resorted to.
C. arizo'nica (Arizonian).

„ aroma'tica (aromatic). See C. BENTHAMI.

„ attenua'ta (attenuated). See C. LAWSONIANA.

., austra'lis (south. Slender-branched). See CALLITRIS

RHOMBOIDEA.

„ baccifo'rmis (berry-shaped). See JUNIPERUS PHOS-

NICEA.
„ Bentha'mi (Bentham's). 60. Mountains of Mexico

and Guatemala.

,. califo'rnica (Californian). See C. GOVENIANA.
,, cashmer ia'na (Cashmir). See C. FUNEBRIS GLAUCA.
„ Coulte'ri (Coulter's). See C. BENTHAMI.
„ e'legans (elegant). See C. BENTHAMI.
„ exce'lsa (lofty). See C. BENTHAMI.
„ formose'nsis (Formosan). 100-195 ; and 50-67 ft.

in girth. Formosa. 1909.
„ fune'bris (funebral). 50. April. China. 1849.

Greenhouse.

„ „ glau'ca (sea-green). Foliage glaucous. Green-
house.

„ glandulo'sa (glandular). See C. MACNABIANA.
„ glau'ca (sea-green). See C. LUSITANICA.
„ govenia'na (Mr. Gowen's). 10. April. California.

1848.
„ „ compa'cta (compact). Dense, pyramidal habit.

1896.

„ Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). See C. MACROCARPA.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). See CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA.
,, kishmiria'na (Kashmir). See C. FUNEBRIS GLAUCA.
„ knightia'na (Knightian). See C. LINDLEYI.
„ lambertia'na (Lambertian). See C. MACROCARPA.
„ lawsonia'na (Lawsonian). 100. N. California,

Oregon. 1853. The Lawson Cypress.

CURATELLA

260

CURCULIO

C. lawsonia'na a'lbo-spi'ca (white spiked). Tips of twigs
silvery. California. 1869.
„ ere' eta vi'ridis (erect, green).

„ „ na'na (dwarf). Dwarf globose bush.

„ „ pulche"rrima (fairest). Leaves glistening white.
1909.

„ ,, schongarie'nsis (Schongarian). Growths steel-
green. 1909.

„ ,, spira'lis (spiral). Stem spirally twisted. 1909.

„ Lindle'yi (Lindley's). 120. Mexico. 1838.

„ lusita'nica (Portuguese. Cedar of Goa). 50. April.
Goa. 1683. Greenhouse.

., macnabia'na (Macnabian). 10. Mountains of Cali-
fornia. 1853.

,, macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 60. California. 1847.
" Monterey Cypress."

„ ,, lu'tea (yellow). Foliage yellow.

,, nepale'nsis (Nepaulese). See C. TORULOSA.

„ niva'lis (snowy). See C. MACNABIANA.

„ nootkate'nsis (Nootka). 100. Oregon. British
Columbia. " Yellow Cypress."

„ „ nidi'fica (nest-making). Branches plumy.

„ obtu'sa (blunt). 80. Japan. 1869. Several of
the so-called Retinosporas of gardens belong here.

„ „ Cri'ppsii (Cripps's). Foliage golden-yellow.

„ ,. lycopodioi' des (Lycopodium-like). Twigs stout.

ii .> pygmce'a (pigmy). £. Dwarf, dense, bush.

„ ,, variega'ta (variegated). Twigs variegated.

„ pe'ndula (hanging-down). See THUYA ORIENTALIS

PENDULA.

„ pisi'fera (pea-bearing). 5 to 10. Island of Niphon,

Japan. Many of the Retinosporas belong here.
„ ,, plumo'sa (plumy). Leaves longer. Branches

plumy.

„ „ plumo'sa au'rea (golden).
,, „ squarro'sa (spreading). Leaves spreading.
,, Pygm'aa (pigmy). California.
„ sempervi'rens (common evergreen). 20. May.

Candia. 1548.
„ „ fastigia'ta (upright). 20. May. Mediterranean

region.

„ „ horizonta'lis (horizontal). See C. SEMPERVIRENS.
„ „ i'ndica (Indian), too. Himalayas. Half-hardy.
„ ,, stri'cta (erect). See C. SEMPERVIRENS FASTIGIATA.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). 20. May. England.

1848.
,, thuri'fera (frankincense-bearing). 100. Mexico.

1836.
„ ihyoi'des (thya-like. White Cedar). 20. May. N.

Amer. 1736.
„ „ fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). April.

Amer. 1736.
„ „ lepto'clada (slender branched). Branches slender,

erect.

„ torulo'sa (twisted. Bhotan). 30. Nepaul. 1824.
„ uhdea'na (Uhde's). See C. BENTHAMI and C. LUSI-

TANICA.

„ whitleya'na (Whitley's). See C. SEMPERVIRENS

INDICA.

CURATE LL A. (From kurenp, to shave ; in reference
to the leaves being covered with asperities so hard as
to render them fit for polishing. Nat. ord. Dilleniads
[Dilleniaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, z-Digynia. Allied
to Delima.)

Stove evergreen shrubs ; sandy loam and peat ;
cuttings in sand, under glass, in heat.
C. ala'ta (winged-leaf-stalked). 8. White. Guiana.
,, america'na (American). 8. White. S. Amer.

CURCU'LIGO. (From curculio, a weevil ; the seeds
have a point like the rostrum, or beak, of the weevil
Nat. ord. Hypoxids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria
i-Monogynia.)

Hypoxids are distinguished from Amaryllids by the
absence of bulbs, and by their harsh and hairy leaves
Stove herbaceous perennials, except one ; sandy loam
and peat or leaf-mould ; offsets.
C. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). See C. ORCHIOIDES.
„ de'nsa (dense). Leaves dark green with a silvery

lustre. India. 1885.
.. latifo'lia (broad-leaved), ii. Yellow. Poolo Pinane

1804.

., orchioi'des (orchis-like). £. Yellow. June E
Ind. 1800.

C. plica' ta (plaited-leaved). ij. Yellow. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1788. Greenhouse.
„ ,, gla'bra (smooth), ij. Yellow. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1788. Greenhouse.
„ recurva'ta (rolled-back-teawd). i. Yellow. Bengal.

1805.
,, ,, variega'ta (variegated). Leaves banded with

yellow. 1872.

,, seychelle'nsis (Seychellan). Mascarene Islands.
,, sumatra'na (Sumatran). See C. LATIFOLIA.
„ veratrifo' Ha (Veratrum-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.

South Africa. 1778.

CURCULIO. This destructive tribe of Beetles are
popularly known as Weevils. The following are some of
the chief species : —

C. alliaricB. (Proper name Rhynchites Alliance.) Stem-
boring Weevil. Steel-green colour. Bores the shoots
and grafts of young fruit-trees. Appears in June and
July.

C. bacchus. (Proper name Rhynchites Bacchus.)
Purple or Apple Weevil. Pierces the fruit of the apple,
depositing within it its eggs. J une and J uly.

C. betuleti. (Proper name Rhynchites Betulce.) Vine
Weevil. Colour steel-blue. Attacks the leaf, rolling
it up as a nest for its eggs. The pear is liable to its
attacks also. Appears in J une and J uly.

C. cupreus. (Proper name Rhynchites cupreus.)
Copper-coloured Weevil. Attacks the leaves and young
shoots of the plum and apricot, as well as their fruit.
June and July.

C. lineatus. (Proper name Siiona lineata.) Striped
Pea Weevil. Every gardener must have observed the
edges of the young leaves of his peas, and sometimes of
his beans, eaten away in scollops, or semicircular pieces.
This is often done by the Siiona tibialis, but still more fre-
quently by another of the short-snouted beetles, Sitona
lineata. In Scotland it is commonly called " the Cuddy,"
or Donkey, from its grey colour. The length of the
weevil varies from 2-2$ lines, being about one-sixth of
an inch. The whole body is grey, and marked with black
lines ; the antennae reddish ; the eyes black. They
survive the winter sheltered beneath moss, &c., and in
bad weather at all seasons retire under stones, only to
reappear with the sunshine.

C. macularius. (Proper name Sitona crinita.) Spotted
Weevil. Grey colour. April. Also destroys the pea.
Soot or lime sprinkled over peas early in the morning
before the dew is off from them, and so thickly as to
cover the soil about them, would probably save them.
To mitigate the attack of the weevils upon trees, the
only mode is to spread a sheet beneath them, to shake
each branch, and to destroy those beetles which fall.
They usually feed at night.

C. nucum. (Proper name Balaninus nucum.) Nut
Weevil, of which the maggot is so frequent in our filberts.
Mr. Curtis thus describes it : " The insect is brown,
with darker bands ; is about a quarter of an inch long,
and has a long horny beak, about the middle of which
are placed antennae. When the nut is in a young state
the female weevil deposits a single egg. The maggot is
hatched in about a fortnight, and continues feeding in
the interior of the nut till it is full grown, when the nut
falls. The maggot has no legs, nor, indeed, has it any
use for them, being hatched in the midst of its food ;
and when the nut remains on the tree, it forces itself
out of the hole it eats in the nut, and falls almost imme-
diately to the ground. The only remedy we are aware
of is, in the course of the summer, to frequently shake the
trees, which will cause all the eaten nuts to fall to the
ground, when they must be collected and burned."

C. oblongus. (Proper name Phyllobius oblongus.)
Oblong Weevil. Reddish-brown colour. Feeds on the
young leaves of the peach, apricot, plum, pear, and apple.
Appears in May.

C. picipes (proper name Otiorhynchus picipes) is a dull
black, and is very injurious in the vinery.

C. pomorum. (Proper name Anthonomus pomorum.)
Apple Weevil. Colour, dark brown. Attacks the
blossom of the apple, and often destroys the whole crop.
More rarely it attacks the pear blossom. Appears in
March and April.

C. pyri. (Proper name Phyllobius Pyri). Pear Weevil.
It attacks the young shoots and leaves.

C. sulcalus. (Proper name Otiorhynchus sulcatus.)

CURCUMA

261

CURRANTS

During the winter months, succulent plants, such as
Sedums, &c., become sickly, and die, apparently without
a cause. They are thus destroyed by a small, footless
grub feeding upon them just below the surface of the
earth. This grub is about half an inch long, colour
dirty white, fleshy, slightly curved, bristly, and without
legs, but furnished at the sides with tubercles, which aid
it in moving. At the latter part of May, these grubs
enter the chrysalis state, becoming white, and having
the appearance of the body of a beetle stripped of its
wings, and in a mummy state. From this state the
perfect insect comes forth, at the end of June, in the form
of a small beetle, five lines to half an inch long. It
is black, slightly glossy, numerously granulated, so as
to resemble shagreen, and a few pale-grey hairs scattered
over it. The best mode of saving succulents from this
pest is to have it very assiduously sought for among
them during the month of June. If the beetles are
allowed to deposit their eggs the mischief is done, and will
soon show itself.

C. tfnebricosus (proper name Otiorhynchus tene-
bricosus) infests the apricot. Mr. Curtis says, that
" every crevice in old garden-walls often swarms with
these weevils ; and nothing would prove a greater check
to their increase than stopping all crevices or holes in
walls with mortar, plaster of Paris, or Roman cement
and the interior of hothouses should be annually washed
with lime ; the old bark of the vines under which they
lurk should be stripped off early hi the spring, and the
roots examined in October, when they exhibit any un-
healthy symptoms from the attacks of the maggots of
0. sulcatus. When the larvae are ascertained to reside
at the base of the wall, salt might be freely sprinkled,
which will kill them as readily as it will the maggots
in nuts. Strong infusions of tobacco- water, aloes, and
quassia are also recommended."

CU RCUMA. Turmeric. (From kurkum, its Arabic
name. Nat. ord. Gingerworts [Scitaminaceae]. Linn.
i-Monandria, i-Monogynia.)

Most of the species possess the same aromatic stimu-
lating properties in the roots or rhizomes, and seeds, as
the common ginger, and are objects of some beauty
from their coloured bracts. Stove herbaceous perennials ;
rich, sandy loam ; root division.
C. cerugino'sa (bronzed). 5. Red, yellow. May. E.

Ind. 1807.
„ albiflo'ra (white-flowered). White, yellow. July

Ceylon. 1852.
„ Ama'da (Amada-gtngcr). 2. Red: yellow. April.

Bengal. 1819.
,, amari'ssima (most bitter). Red. yellow. April. E.

Ind. 1822.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.

E. Ind. 1822.
„ aroma'tica (aromatic). 2. Yellow. June. E. Ind.

1804.
., ausirala'sica (Australasian). Yellow. N.E. Australia.

1867.

bakeria'na (Bakerian). Orange. New Guinea. 1892.
„ cafsia (grey), i. Yellow. May. Bengal. 1819.
„ como'sa (iviiicd.- flowered). 2. Red, yellow. May.

E. Ind. 1819.

., corda'ta (heart-shaped). See C. PETIOLATA.
„ ela'ta (tall). 3. Crimson. May. E. Ind. 1819.
„ ferrugi'nea (rusty), i. Yellow. May. E. Ind. 1819.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 12. Yellow. May. E. Ind.

1820.
„ Leopo'ldii (Leopold's). Leaves striped with cream.

1883.
., leucorhi'za (white-rooted), i. Red, yellow. May.

E. Ind. 1819.

„ lo'nga (long-rooted^. 2. August. E. Ind. 1759.
„ lu teo-vi' ridis (yellow-green). Obliquely variegated

with yellow-green. 1882.
„ monia'na (mountain). 2. Red, white. May. E. Ind.

1824.

„ neilgkerrSntu (Neilgherrian). Nilghiris.
,, parviflo'ra (small-flowered). }. White, violet.

January. Burma. 1828.
„ petiola'ta (/ong-flower-stalked). 2. Blue. August.

Burma. 1822.

„ reclina'ta (leaning). $. Pink. April. E. Ind. 1829.
„ roscoea'na (Mr. Roscoe's). i. Scarlet. September.
Burma. 1837.

C. rube'scens (blushing). 3. Red. July. E. Ind. 1805.
„ rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). See C. RUBESCENS.
., sumatra'na (Sumatran). Yellow ; bracts orange-red.

Sumatra. 1882.
„ viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). 2. Yellow, green. July.

Sumatra. 1822.
,, xanthorhi'ta (yellow-rooted). 4. Red. May. Am-

boyna. 1819.

„ Zedoa'ria (zedoary). 3. Red. July. E. Ind. 1797.
„ Zeru'mbet (Zerumbet). See C. ZEDOA'RIA.

CURME'RIA WALLI SO. See HOMALOMENA WALLISII.

CURRANTS. THE RED, Ri'bes ru'brum ; THE WHITE,
R. ru'brum, var. a'lbum ; and THE BLACK, or R. ni'grum,
are all deciduous shrubs. The culture of the RED and
WHITE differs in some degree from that of the BLACK.

Red Varieties. — The following are the best.

The old types are still recognised, yet there are many
varieties of more recent introduction. Taking the Red,
La versaillaise is a favourite. Cherry is a large variety.

In whites, the White Dutch remains the best type,
but there may be some improved selections.

Of black varieties, Carter's Champion should be added,
as being one of the largest, and of fine flavour.

White Dutch. Very large and juicy berries.

Red Dutch. A good kind ; bunches short, but berries
large and sweet.

White Varieties. — White Dutch, the last being the
largest and best.

Propagation : by Cuttings. — This is the ordinary way.
Young shoots of the most vigorous and straight wood
are to be preferred. Shoots of this description should
be preserved at the early autumn pruning, and all the
immature portion at the point being pruned away, the
best of the remainder must form the cutting, and it
should be at least one foot in length— if fourteen inches,
all the better. Blind all the eyes or buds below the
surface of the ground, to prevent suckers springing up,
for these cuttings will emit roots from the intemodes or
points between the joints. Cuttings placed in a some-
what shaded situation, and fastened tolerably firm in
the soil, will make two or three shoots the first summer.
They may be put in rows eighteen inches apart ; the
cuttings about eight inches apart in the rows. In the
succeeding autumn prune the shoots they have made back
to about four or five eyes or buds on each ; and by the
succeeding autumn they will be fine bushes, possessing
some six or eight shoots each, from which a selection
must be made, for on this depends the future form of
the tree. It is seldom that more than five shoots can
be retained ; indeed, sometimes the shoots are produced
so irregularly, that not more than three can be saved —
standing, of course, nearly in a triangular form. How-
ever, only those should be reserved which are really well
placed, not only with regard to form, but their distance
apart. In forming the bush, let there be no central
shoot left, but let the whole, if possible, form either a
triangle, if three ; a square, if four ; or a bowl-like char-
acter— in fact, about the form of a good tulip, if more
than four. The trees are now ready for their final
destination, if necessary, or they will stand another year
before final removal.

By Layers. — This is seldom resorted to. If. however,
any one should possess a choice seedling of which he is
desirous to make much profit, he might elevate the soil
to the branches, as in the act of layering carnations,
and lay the shoots for propagation flat on the surface,
cutting a notch below each bud, pegging the shoot down,
and soiling it over about an inch : every bud becomes a
shoot with a root.

By Seed.— This is resorted to for the sake of raising
new varieties. Sow the seeds as soon as ripe, and in the
spring place them in a hotbed ; the plants will grow
above a foot high the same season. Many of them fruit
at two years old. and nearly all at three.

Suckers.— They grow readily from suckers. There is
little doubt but that plants thus reared are more liable
to produce suckers than those from cuttings.

Soil. — The Red and White currants love a free, upland
soil ; a clayey soil is too cold, and a very sandy one is
too hungry. Water lodgments they are quite averse to.

Culture in the Growing Period. — In the first place, if
the soil is liable to suffer from drought, let a top-dressing
of half-decayed manure, or littery material, be spread

CURRANTS

262

CURRANT

three inches thick over their roots, at the end of May,
after rain. The next point is " stop," or remove, what
is termed the watery wood. All shoots growing into
the interior of the bush, to the exclusion of light and air,
may be cut back when about nine inches in length, far
enough to render the centre of the bush completely open.
This will be necessary about the middle of June. In
about another fortnight, the watery or wild-looking
breast-spray all round the exterior may be pruned back
to within four inches of their base. This leaves a regular
tuft of foliage all round, absolutely necessary for a partial
shade to the swelling fruit. Some intervening spray
between each two branches must be served likewise ;
and if growing freely, the leading points of the shoots
may be stopped also.

Culture in the Rest Season.— Early pruning is the first
thing to be thought of, as soon as possible after the leaves
are fallen. Every healthy branch in a bearing state
will, during the summer, produce abundance of side-
shoots from amongst the spurs : this is the wood we have
first named as being all the better for stopping in June.
All this must be cut back, at the winter's pruning, to
within one inch or so of the main stem. An exception
must, however, be taken in favour of gaps or blanks,
and a shoot here and there must be reserved to fill such,
taking care that they are well placed, and that they are
low enough down ; the lower the better. Pruning being
thus far carried, it is best to shorten every terminal
point. This induces a liberal production of side-shoots
in the ensuing summer ; and the base of each becomes
a centre, around which a host of fruit-spurs will be en-
gendered. Any decayed or decaying wood must be cut
away ; but, if there is much of this, it is best to destroy
the bush and plant anew ; for it seldom makes a good
bush again. Those who have not top-dressed in the
summer may now do so, and the winter's work will be
complete.

Fruit : uses ; how to keep. — The fruit commences
ripening, under ordinary circumstances, in the end of
June, and continues hanging for a length of time, if un-
molested by the birds or wasps. The White will hang
nearly two months, and the Red we have gathered, un-
covered and unprotected, in the first week of November.
The ordinary way of retarding the currant is by enclosing
the trees in mats when the fruit is rather more than three
parts ripe. These mats should be taken off at least once
a week on dry days, to dispel the damp. All decaying
leaves and berries should, at such times, also be care-
fully removed. Some train against north walls, where
the fruit keeps very late, but is exceedingly acid. A
White Currant or two, planted against a south wall or
fence, will come in very early for the dessert.

Diseases. — We are not aware of any except a pre-
mature decay of the old shoots, after the manner of
apricots, the causes of which are not well understood.

Insects. — The caterpillar sometimes attacks them ; but
their 'greatest enemy is an aphis, which distorts the
leaves in a puckered form, producing red blisters.
Tobacco-water is the best remedy.

CURRANT (THE BLACK).

Varieties. — We are not aware of any more than four in
this section really deserving of notice, which are —

Boskoop Giant and Victoria resist the mite.

The Common Black. A good bearer, but fruit small.

The Black Naples. A short bunch, but noble berries.

The latter kind is now almost universally cultivated.
It both requires and deserves a generous treatment.
The " Black Grape " is recommended by some ; but we
question if it is not synonymous with the Black Naples.

Propagation : by Cuttings, Seeds, and Layers, similarly
to the Red and White.

Soil. — Moisture of a permanent character is the great
desideratum with this shrub ; dry soils can never do
justice to it. A soil somewhat adhesive in character
suits it best, but not a cold clay ; although, with due
culture, we have known them succeed well in a soil of
which clay or marl formed one of the principal compounds.
A soft and darkish-looking soil, such as the scouring
of old ditches, resting on a clayey sub-soil, and especially
if large trees overhang, becomes, by the action of water,
an excellent material for a Black Currant plantation.
The clayey principle is generally incorporated with it ;
and being rich in vegetable matter, it constitutes a fat
and pulpy mass. It must, however, be thrown out some
time to mellow, previously to its being mixed with the

soil. In Cheshire, it is very usual to see them planted
on the sides of ditches, which convey the impure drainage
from the house or farmstead ; and there they luxuriate,
with a very inferior course of culture in other respects.
It may, nevertheless, be observed, that almost any
ordinary garden-soil, if of tolerably sound texture, will
grow them pretty well, with the mulchings we shall have
to recommend.

Culture in the Growing Period. — There are three essential
points of spring and summer culture, viz. — mulching,
watering, and the extermination of the aphides. Mulch-
ing we prefer done in November, as soon as the bushes
are pruned ; we will, therefore, advert to this under
" rest culture." If, however, it has been omitted at
that period, apply it in the early part of May, immediately
after a liberal rain. If dry weather ensue between the
period of the berries attaining the size of small peas
and their final change towards ripening, the water-pot
must be used freely. The want of a permanency of
moisture is the predisposing cause towards a severe
visitation from the aphides ; but these are easily de-
stroyed if the bushes are syringed two evenings in suc-
cession with soap-suds, in which tobacco, after the rate
of six or eight ounces to the gallon, has been well soaked.

Culture in the Rest Period. — Prune and then top-dress.
The pruning should be done as soon as the leaves have
fallen, unless the trees are very gross, when it will,
perhaps, be as well to allow them to waste a little of
their surplus strength for fear of the bud being impelled
too early into action. In pruning, very little of the
shortening, as applied to the Red and White kinds, is
necessary ; in fact, we practise none at all, unless in the
case of overgrown bushes, when we merely remove
altogether, or shorten back, those which are becoming
inconveniently high. The whole of the process of winter
pruning, therefore, resolves itself into " thinning out,"
except in the case of young trees forming their head.
In thinning bearing trees, suffer no two shoots to touch
in any part of the tree. Endeavour to remove all cross
or very oblique shoots, in order to promote easy pruning
in subsequent seasons ; and where a bare part of the
bush occurs, let a strong shoot or two. in a proper situa-
tion, be shortened back about one-third their length,
in order to cause young wood to abound in that part
the following year. As a general rule, let the shoots
average four inches apart all over the tree when pruned.
When trees acquire some age, let the pruner, as his first
act, look carefully over the bush, and see what old shoots
may be completely pruned away. All those which
possess merely a twig or two of young wood at the ex-
tremity may be at once cut out, for they take more from
the tree than they repay. As to forming young trees,
the directions given for the other currants will apply
very well ; only there is no necessity to preserve the
interior of the bush open, as in the Red and White kinds.
A young tree, therefore, at three years old, may contain
ten or twelve shoots, at equal distances. As soon as
such a number can be obtained, shortening may cease.

Fruit : how to keep. — This fruit is soon over ; for,
once ripe enough for the table, it is gone in a few days ;
and it is so liable to drop, that this is one of the very few
fruits that bid defiance to the art of keeping on the bush.
Keeping on the tree, if attempted, must be on the re-
tarding principle ; and canvas or mats must be thrown
over the bushes when the fruit is about one-third ripe.

CURRANT GALL MITE (Eriophyes Ribis). The buds
of the Black Currant are very liable to be infested with a
minute, oblong, four-legged mite. After the leaves of
the bushes fall in autumn, the infested ones are seen to
be gradually enlarging, till towards spring they are
globular and about the size of a pea. If carefully opened,
such buds are seen to be swarming with mites, like white
dust to the naked eye, but with the aid of a lens they can
be distinctly seen, while with a microscope of low power
their whole structure can be made out. Such buds
never open, and the mite simply remains feeding in them
till the young shoots are plumping up their buds early
in summer, when the mites migrate to the new buds,
thus continuing and spreading the infestation. The
cultivator should examine his bushes at intervals soon
after the new year in order to cut off and burn any
infested and unduly swollen buds he may find. This is
usually effective in keeping the mite in check, if taken
in time before the infestation becomes very bad. The

CURRANT

263

CUTTING

best remedy that has yet been found is to well dust the
bushes, when the new growth is being made, by a mixture
of two parts of flowers of sulphur, to one of powdered
lime. This remedy may be applied when the plantation
is extensive and the mite getting troublesome. Should
the bushes be very badly infested and the crop relatively
worthless, the best plan is to grub up the bushes in March
and burn them, root and branch, and make a new planta-
tion on a fresh piece of ground.

CURRANT SPHINX. (Trockilum tipuli/orme.) Every
one acquainted with old gardens must have frequently
noticed that one or more of the branches of the currant-
trees tenanting them have suddenly withered and died
without any apparent cause. In such cases, if the wood
of the branch be split down the centre, the pith will be
found all consumed, the tube where it had been blackened,
and nothing remaining but the excrements of a cater-
pillar, which may also be caught at his work of destruc-
tion if the examination is made so soon as the branch
first shows symptoms of withering. This caterpillar
— fleshy, whitish, with four yellowish-brown spots near
its head— is the larva of the Currant Sphinx. The parent
moth is beautiful, and may be seen at the end of May
and early in June during hot sunshine, either settled
on the leaves of the currant, or flying around the flowers
of the syringa and lilac. It is about three-quarters of an
inch across the wings when these are quite opened ; the
prevailing colour is bluish-black, with various parts
yellow ; the antennae black ; the breast with a yellow
line on each side ; the abdomen, or lower part of the
body, has three yellow rings round it in the females,
and four in the males ; the four wings are barred and
veined with black ; it has a brush of fine scales at the
end of its abdomen, which fan it can expand as it pleases.
The Red, White, and Black Currant, and, we think, the
Gooseberry, are all liable to its attacks. It lays its eggs
at this time in openings of the bark of a young shoot ;
and the caterpillar, immediately it is hatched, penetrates
to its pith, and eats its way down this until it reaches
the pith of the main branch. The only securitive
measures are to kill the moth whenever seen, and to
split open the withered branches, and serve the cater-
pillars similarly. — The Cottage Gardener, ii. 115.

CURTTSIA. Hassagay-tree. (In honour of the
late William Curtis, who originated the Botanical
Magazine. Nat. ord. Cornels [Cornaceae]. Linn. 3-7>t-
andria, i-Monogynia.)

Cornels are entirely distinct from Caprifoils, with
which they have long been associated. The Hottentots
and Caffres make from this tree the shafts of their
javelins. Greenhouse evergreen tree ; sandy loam and
leaf- mould and manure ; cuttings in sand, under glass,
in heat.

C. fagi'nea (beech-leaved). 30. Pale. Cape of Good
Hope. 1775.

CUSCU'TA. Dodder. (From kechout, its Arabic
name. Nat. ord. Dodders [Convolvulacea?]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

One peculiarity in all the Dodders is that their seeds
germinate in the earth ; but, as soon as the roots of the
seedlings are grown sufficiently to take hold of a neigh-
bouring plant, or even of each other, they lose their
attachment to the soil. Curious parasitical plants,
with white flowers ; sow in April. They will live upon
almost any plant they can lay hold of, such as the common
stinging-nettle, clover, hemp, &c., and are often trouble-
some where Ericas are grown, for when they get on the
plants they cripple them very much.

At one time Cuscuta aurea — a variety of one of the
English Dodders — was grown as a decorative plant, but
it was found a troublesome weed, and it is some years
since we have seen it.

STOVE.

C. america'na (American). August. N. Amer. 1816.
,, Hooke'ri (Hooker's). See C. REFLEXA.
,, odora'ta (sweet-scented). January. Lima. 1820.
,, verruca' sa (waited). See C. REFLEXA.

GREENHOUSE.

C. austra'lis (southern). August. N. Holland. 1818.
,, chile nsis (Chilian). August. Chili. 1821.

HARDY.

C. caltfo'rnica ( Calif ornian). July. California. 1847.
,, chine'nsis (Chinese). August. China.
,, Epili'num (flax-frequenter). July. Britain.
„ Epi'thymum (true dodder). July. Britain.
„ europafa (European). July. Britain.

,, lupulifo'rmis 'hop-like). July. Europe. 1824.
,, macroca'rpa (.large-seeded). July.
). July.

Siberia. 1827.
Europe, Orient.

„ mono'gyna (one-styled).

1818.

,, refte'xa (reflexed). August. Himalayas. 1821.
„ Trifo'lii (clover dodder). July. Britain.
„ Upcra'ftii (Upcraft's). Grows successfully on the

Potato. Eastern Tibet. 1906.

CUSPA'RIA. (From cuspis, a point ; in allusion to
the filaments, which have no anthers. Nat. ord.
Rutacea?. Sometimes included in Galipea.)

Stove annual and shrub. Seeds and cuttings of half-
ripened wood in sand in a close case. Loam, a little
peat and sand.
C. heterophy'Ua (various-leaved). 2. Blue. July.

Brazil. 1813. Annual.
„ odorati'ssima (most-scented). 2. White. May.

Brazil.
,, undula'ta (waved). White. Brazil. 1892. Shrub.

CUSSO'NIA. (Named after P. Cusson, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Ivyworts [Araliaceae], Linn. 5-
Pentandria, 2-Digynia. Allied to Panax.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from the Cape of Good
Hope, with green flowers ; cuttings in sand, under a
glass, with bottom-heat ; loam and peat.
C Krau'ssii (Krauss'). 3 to 6. S. Africa.

panicul'ata (panicled). 6. S. Africa. 1795.

spica'ta (spike- flowered). 6. 1789.

thrysiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). See C. PANICULATA.

tri'ptera (three- winged). 4. 1816.

CUSTARD APPLE. Ano'na.

CUTTING is a part of a plant capable of emitting roots,
and of becoming an individual similar to its parent.
The circumstances requisite to effect this are a suitable
temperature and degree of moisture. Bottom-heat is
essential for almost all cuttings, as it draws the sap down-
wards, while a warm surface takes it upwards, and leaves
the base of the cuttings without any power of forming
roots. Some plants only root when cut quite close from
beneath a joint or leaf-bud ; others will root from any part
of the stem. Fuchsias and Verbenas are examples of the
latter, while Carnations must be cut or broken off close
to a joint.

A rooted cutting is not a new plant ; it is only an ex-
tension of the pa_rent, gifted with precisely the same habits,
and delighting in exactly the same degree of heat, light,
and moisture, and in the same food. There are numbers
of plants which strike most readily from the young shoots ;
others from partially ripened wood ; some from a leaf
with a bud at its base ; a fourth set from off-shoots
from the base of the old plants ; and a fifth from leaves
or portions of leaves only ; and in some rare cases, from
the mere scolloped edges of the leaves ; whilst several
can only be propagated by cuttings of the roots, and a
few by cuttings of the flower-stems. Particular cases
will be described under the names of the species requiring
some peculiar mode. In this place only general hints
can be given.

Cuttings of Hardy Flowering Plants. — Most kinds of
quick-growing, soft-wooded plants are best propagated
by the young shoots or tops of the plants. The following
list embraces the principal of them : — Soft-wooded plants.
— Anagallis, Antirrhinums, Calceolarias, Carnations,
Chrysanthemums, Dahlias, Dianthus, Double Wall-
flowers, Double Stocks, Gorterias, Gaillardias, Dwarf
Lobelias, Fuchsias, Pelargonium, Petunias, Pentstemons,
Pinks, Salvias, and Verbenas. These may all be placed
in pots, in sand, in a frame heated either by leaves,
manure, or tan. or in a pit or house built purposely, and
heated by a tank and hot-water pipes. Greenhouse hard
wooded plants or shrubs that strike best from youn?
shoots or tops :— Acacias, Aphelexis, Azalea (Chinese),
Boronia, Bossiaea, Chironia, Chorizema. Crowea, Correa,
Cytisus, Daviesia, Dilwynia, Epacris, Eriostemon buxi-
folius (for stocks to graft the other species on), Erica,

CUTTING

264

CYANOTHAMNUS

Gastrolobium, Gompholobium, Hardenbergia, Leschen-
aultia, Kennedya, Mirbelia, Oxylobium, Platylobium,
Pleroma, Podolobium, Pimelia decussata (for stocks
to graft the rest of the genus upon), Pultenaea, Styphelia,
Tacsonia, Zichya, and all New Holland shrubs of similar
habit. These require to be placed in a gentle tan-bed,
planted in pots, in silver sand, closely covered with bell-
glasses, which should be wiped dry occasionally, and
shaded from clear, bright sunshine. Great numbers of
stove plants of woody'habit require the same mode of
treating their cuttings, for which see the body of the
Dictionary.

Cuttings of Partially-ripened Wood. — Camellia, Cape
Pelargoniums, Coniferae, Erythrina, Echites, Gardenia,
Gordonia, Hakea, Magnolia, Metrosideros. Nerium,
Portlandia, Rosa, especially the China and Tea-scented,
and most kinds of hardy evergreen shrubs.

Cuttings of Leaves with a Bud at the Base.— When
cuttings of any kind of large-leaved plants are scarce,
they may be successfully increased by single leaves
with a bud at the base. We need not particularise any
species, as most of the last section, and several of the
others that have moderate-sized leaves, may be pro-
pagated in this mode of making cuttings.

Cuttings of Leaves only, without Buds. — The following
will increase readily by this mode : Achimenes, Gesnera,
Gloxinia, and all of similar habit, as well as some Begonias.

Cuttings of Offshoots from the Base of the Old Plants. —
Cinerarias, tall Lobelias, Statices, and most kinds of
herbaceous plants, increase readily by this mode.

Cuttings of the Roots. — There are a few plants that will
not readily increase by any of the above modes, par-
ticularly some herbaceous plants : (Enothera macro-
carpa is one, and (Enothera caspitosa is another.
Amongst hardy shrubs the Pyrus japonica and its
varieties will propagate by this mode ; also the Abele
poplar. In the stove, the Ardisias, Clerodendrons,
Dracaenas, Ipomceas (the tuberous-rooted species), and
the Petrea Stapelis.

Cuttings of the Flower-stem. — Double white and yellow
Rockets, the tall Lobelias, Double Lychnis, and a few
others, may be increased by cutting the flower-stem
into lengths, and placing the cuttings under a hand-
glass in a shady border.

In all hollow-stemmed plants the presence of a node,
or joint, to cut through at is essential. This is the reason
why cutting through at a joint is also of importance
in other cases, and also the reason why taking those little
shrubby side-shoots as cuttings is often so successful,
what is technically termed the heel — the point of junc-
tion between the elder branch and the young shoot —
being well-supplied with incipient buds, which readily
produce roots. Whatever may be the mode and the
time in which a cutting is made, and whether it is
necessary, in the peculiar circumstances, to cut clean
through at a joint, it is of importance that the cut be
made with a clean, sharp knife.

Time when Cuttings should be taken. — When any par-
ticular period is mentioned for this operation in this
work, it is merely the period when, under general circum-
stances, the practice would be most suitable. Other
things being equal, spring and summer are the best
times for propagating greenhouse and stove shrubs, as
thus the plants are established before winter.

Leaves of a Cutting. — Unless in particular circumstances,
as many leaves should be removed as would enable the
cutting to be firmly fixed in the cutting-pot, and if the
leaves be large, a portion more may be removed, or
lessened in their dimensions, in order to reduce the
evaporating surface, success consisting in keeping the
cutting healthy, and yet preventing it from parting with
its stored-up juices ; and hence the reason why we
cover them with bell-glasses, and shade them from
bright sunshine. The more leaves left, provided they
can be kept healthy and vigorous, the sooner will roots
be formed by the elaboration of fresh material, and the
more quickly and without flagging will this elaboration
take place, the more light the leaves receive. Shading,
or diffused light, is essential at first ; but the sooner it
can be dispensed with the better. Continued too long,
the shading would make the cuttings weak and spindly.

Soil. — Our practice has been to use good loam, peat,
and sand in equal parts, with a little extra sand on the
surface, and have found the sharp sea-sand preferable
to that from inland sources ; and the nearer the cuttings

are inserted to the side of the pot, the sooner will they
protrude roots. An inverted small pot at the bottom of
the larger one gives good drainage, and also allows the
bottom-heat to rise. For special treatment see instruc-
tions for various plants ; but we may add that a propa-
gating frame or pit should always be opened early in
the morning and closed before the cuttings get withered,
and any bad leaves should be removed, or cuttings that
may show signs of decay.

Cuttings of Hardy Fruit-trees. — Any time between the
fall of the leaf and the first swelling of the bud in the
spring, such cuttings may be put out. As a general rule,
we should say that the end of October is a very good
time, provided the trees in question have cast their
leaves. By early planting, the wounded portions be-
come, as it were, healed by the callosity which will
frequently form at the lower end, even during the winter.
It is of importance to select a good situation : a sunny
and dry spot is a bad one ; and one too shady, especially
if with overhanging trees, is apt to cause the cuttings to
grow weakly. The north side of a wall is very good,
placing the cuttings not nearer than within four feet of
the wall, and not farther than seven feet. Here they
will get shading during the more difficult portion of their
rooting period, which will be during April and May ; and
by Midsummer, or soon after, when all those which will
succeed will be well rooted, they will both receive and
enjoy a liberal amount of sunshine. The cuttings must
be made somewhat firm at their lower end ; and if a
very dry time occurs in March, April, or May, it may
become necessary to lightly sprinkle them occasionally.

CUTTING-IN is shortening the branches.
CYANA'NTHUS. (From kuanos, blue, and anthos, a
flower. Nat. ord. Bellftpwers [Campanulaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Campanula.)

Pretty little hardy herbaceous plants ; requires the
same treatment as alpine plants. Divisions and cuttings
under a hand-light ; sandy soil.
C. Hooke'ri (Hooker's). Blue. China. Annual.
,, ,, hi'spida (roughly-hairy). Blue. China. 1905.

Annual.

,, inca'nus (hoary). Yellow. Himalayas.
„ ,, leio' calyx (smooth-calyxed). Yellow. W. China

and Tibet. 1905.

,, infla'tus (inflated). Blue. Himalayas.
,, linifo'lius (flax-leaved). See C. MICROPHYLLUS.
,, loba'tus (lobed). }. Purple, blue. August. Chinese

Tartary. 1844.

„ microphy'llus (small-leaved). Blue, purple. Hima-
layas. 1905.

CYANA'STRUM. (From kuanos, blue, and aster, a
star ; in reference to the starry, blue flowers. Nat. ord.
Hasmadoracea3.)

A stove herb, with a creeping rootstock. Divisions in
spring. Loam, peat, and sand.

C. cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). Pale violet, starry. W.
Trop. Africa. 1894. Syn. Schcenlandica gabonensis.

CYANE'LLA. (From the diminutive of kuanos, blue.
Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceas], Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Anthericum.)

Pretty little bulbous plants, from the Cape of Good
Hope, which succeed best planted out in a deep border
of light, rich compost in front of a greenhouse, to be pro-
tected from frost like Ixias, and such-like bulbs. All
the small bulbs we recommend to be thus treated may be
grown in pots like Ixias. Increased by offsets.
C. a'lba (white), i. White. July. 1819.

,, cape'nsis (Cape), i. Blue. July. 1768.

,, linea'ta (lined). See C. LUTEA LINEATA.

„ lu'tea (yellow), i. Yellow. July. 1788.

„ ,, linea'ta (lined), i. Striped. July. 1816.

„ ,. odorati' 'ssima (sweetest-scented), i. Red. July.
'1826.

,, ,, ro'sea (rosy), i. Rose. 1872.

„ odorati' ssima (most fragrant). See C. LUTEA ODORA-
TISSIMA.

,, orchidifo' rmis (orchis-like), i. Blue. August. 1826.

,, ro'sea (rosy). See C. LUTEA ROSEA.

CYANOPHY'LLUM. See MICONIA.
C. vitta'tum (striped). See CLIDEMIA VITTATA.
CYANOTHA'MNUS. See BORONIA.

CYANOTIS

265

CYCLAMEN

CYANO'TIS. (From kuanos, blue, and ous, an ear;
referring to the shape of the petals. Nat. ord. Spider-
worts [CommelinaceaeJ. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Tradescantia.)

Rich soil ; C. barba'ta is increased by root division,
the others by seed.

C. axilla'ris (axillary), i. Blue. August. E. Ind.

1822. Greenhouse biennial.
,, barba'ta (bearded), i. Blue. August. Nepaul.

1824. Hardy perennial.

., Beddo'mei (Col. Beddome's). See C. KEWENSIS.
,, crista'ta (crested), i. Blue. August. Ceylon. 1770.

Greenhouse biennial.

,, hirsu'ta (hairy). Rose, blue. Abyssinia. 1901.
,, kewe'nsisiKevr). Rose. Winter and spring. Malabar.

1874. •

,, nodifto'ra (node-flowered). Purple. S. Africa. 1864.
,, somalie'nsis (Somali-land). Somali-land. 1897.
„ tubero'sa (tuberous), ij. Blue. July. E. Indies.

1817.

CYATHFA. (From kuathfion, a little cup ; in re-
ference to the appearance of the spore or seed-cases on
the back of the fronds. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices], Linn.
14-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove evergreen tree-ferns, except otherwise specified ;
loam and peat ; root division or spores.

C. aculea'ta (prickly).
,, angole'nse (Angolan). Not described. Congo Free

State. 1901.

,. arbo'rea (tree). 15. W. Ind. 1793.
„ Bruno'nis (Brown's). Brown, yellow. April. Malaya.
„ Bu'rkei (Burke's). See C. DREGEI BURKEI.
,, canalicula' ta (channelled). Frond bipinnate. Mauri-
tius.

., ,, Co'ngi (Congo). Congo. 1905.
„ Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). 12 to 30. Frond

tripinnate. N. Zealand. 1860.
„ dtalba'ta (whitened). New Zealand. Greenhouse.
„ Dre'gei (Drege's). 4. Frond bipinnate. S.E. Africa.

1873.

„ ,, Bu'rkei (Burke's). Lobes of pinnules broader.
, flegans (elegant). See C. ARBOREA.
, exce'lsa (tall). 20. Mauritius. 1825.
, fune'bris (funebral). New Caledonia. 1873.
, HookSri (Hooker's). Stem i J in. thick. Ceylon. 1868.
, insfgnis (remarkable). Stalks very scaly. Jamaica,

Cuba.

„ inte'gra (entiie-leaved). Isle of Luzon.
, ,, petiola'ta (petiolate). Pinnules petiplate.
„ mastersia'na (Mastersian). 2. Stem thin. 1894.
„ medulla 'ris (pithy). New Zealand. Greenhouse.
., microphy'lla (small-leaved). 3 to 4 ft. Peruvian

Andes. 1884.
„ petiola'ta (long- leaf -stalked). See C. INTEGRA PETIO-

LATA.

., pube'scens (downy). Fronds large. Jamaica. 1879.
i> Pygma'a (pigmy). 2. Fronds dull green. 1894.
,, se'rra (saw-like). Fronds bipinnate. W. Ind. Brazil.
,, sinua'ta (sinuated). 2 to 4. Fronds quite simple.

Ceylon. 1861.

., Smi'thii (Smith's). See HEMITELIA SMITHII.
,, spinulo'sa (finely spiny). Stem prickly, dark purple.

India. 1884.

CYATHO CLINE. (From kuathos, a bowl or cup, and
Mine, a bed or receptacle ; the receptacle of the flower-
head is hollowed out like a bowL Nat. ord. Composite.)

A hardy or half-hardy perennial. Divisions ; cuttings
under a hand-light in summer. Well-drained garden soil.

C. lyra'ta (lyre-shaped), ij. Pale red. June. Hima-
laya. 1811.

CYATHO DES. (From kuathos, a cup, and aides, like ;
referring to the form of the limb, or expanded opening
of the flower. Nat. ord. Epacrids [Epacridaceae]. Linn.
S-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Styphelia.)

Greenhouse evergreens with white flowers, from
Australia. Peat and loam; cuttings in sand, with a
little peat, under glass.

C. acero'sa (chaffy). 8. July. 1822.
„ glau'ca (milky-green). 20. April. 1818.
„ OxycSdrus (prickly-cedar). See C. ACEROSA.

CYCAS. (Greek name for a Palm. Nat. ord.
Cycads [Cycadaceae], Linn. 22-Dicecia, it-Poly andria.)

This order is in close affinity with Conifers. Dr.
Lindley says, " The undoubted remains of Cycads attest
their having once formed a considerable portion of the
vegetation of Great Britain." Stove woody perennials ;
require plenty of pot room ; rich, sandy loam, and moist
heat. Young plants are often obtained from suckers.
C. angula'ta (sharp-cornered). 4. Australia. 1824.
,, Armstro'ngii (Armstrong's). Australia. 1870.
„ Beddo'mei (Col. Beddome's). India. 1883.
„ Bellefo'nti (Bellefont's). 5. Tongking. 1886.
,, circina'lis (round-leaved). 3. E. Ind. 1800.
,, Duivenbo'dei (Duivenbode's). Trunk spiny. Moluc-
cas. 1886.

,, glau'ca (milky-green). See C. RUMPHII.
.. imperia'lis (imperial). S. Africa. 1873.
., ine'rmis (unarmed). Cochin -China. 1848.
„ me'dia (intermediate). 70. Australia. 1874.
,, Mi"cAo/t'/*»i(Micholitz's). Cones yellow. Annam. 1905.
,, normanbya'na (Normanbyan). N. S. Wales. 1875.
„ Plu'ma (Pluma). Leaves plume-like, bright green.

Madras. 1877.
„ plumo'sa (plumose). 1865.
,, revolu'ta (ro!led-back-tear«f). 3. July. Japan.

1737.
„ riumini'ana (Riuminian). Leaves erect, pinnate.

Philippines. 1864.
„ Ru'mphii (Rumph's). Leaves 4 to 6 ft. long. Indian

Archipelago.

„ Seema'nm (Seemann's). 5 to 7. Fiji Islands. 1883.
,, siame'nsis (Siamese). Leaves 30 in. long. Cochin-

China, Siam. 1878.

„ sphafrica (spherical). See C. CIRCINALIS.
„ squarro'sa (spreading). See C. CIRCINALIS.
„ undula'ta (waved). Leaves 3 ft. long. Polynesia.

1881.

„ Wendla'ndii (Wendland's). Leaflets not serrated.
Madagascar. 1895.

CY'CLAMEN. Sowbread. (From kuklicos, circular ;
referring to the shape of the corm, or bulb-like root.
Nat. ord. Primeworts [Primulaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Cyclamens are very acrid, yet are the favourite food
of wild boars of Sicily, whence the English name.
Beautiful bulbous plants!

HARDY.
C. agine'ticum (iEginean). Flowers small. Leaves

round. Greece. 1908.
„ africa'num (African). White, purple. September.

N. Africa.

„ algerie'nse (Algerian). See C. AFRICANUM.
„ alpi'num (alpine). Purple-red with black eye. Prob-
ably an alpine form of C. europceum. Asia Minor.

1892.

,, ,, a'lbum (white). White. 1892.
„ Atkinso'nii (Atkinson's). See C. IBERICUM.
„ balea'ricum (Balearic). Balearic Isles.
,, cili'cicum (Cilician). Rosy white, carmine base.

Autumn. Cilicia. 1849.
„ Clu'sii (Clusius'). See C. EUROPIUM.
„ co'lchicum (Colchican). Petals wider and blunter

than in C. curopcswn. Caucasus. 1897.
„ co'um (Cos). $. Lilac, red. February. South

Europe. 1596.
„ „ a'lbum (white). White.
,, ,, ve'rnum (spring). See C. IBERICUM.
„ cy'prium (Cyprian). Cyprus. 1876.
., europium (European). J. Lilac, red. August.

Switzerland. 1596.
„ grafcum (Grecian). White, bright purple base.

Autumn. Greece. 1834.
„ hedercefo'lium (ivy-leaved). See C. REPANDUM and

C. NEAPOLITANUM.

„ hyema'le (winter). Like C. ibericum, but flowers in

winter. Asia Minor. 1904.

„ ibe"ricum (Georgian). J. Asiatic Georgia. 1831.
„ Jo'vis (Jupiter's). Lobes of calyx and corolla longer

than in C. neapolitanum. Asia Minor. 1908.
„ libano'ticum (Libanotic). Pale rose. Lebanon. 1899.
„ linearifo'lium (narrow-leaved). J. Purple. April.

South Europe. 1824.

CYCLAMEN

266

CYCNOCHES

C. littora'le (shore-inhabiting). 1. Deep rose. Lake of

Como. 1845.

,, ntacrophy'llum (large-leaved). See C. AFRICANUM.
„ mari'timum (maritime). Pale rose, carmine base.

September. S. Asia Minor. 1908.
„ Meliaraki'sii (Meliarakis's). See C. GR^EGUM.
„ neapolita'num (Neapolitan). J-. Red. April. Italy.

1824.
,, pu'nicum (Punic). White and red base. Fragrant.

Tunis. 1907.
„ pseu'do-grcR'cum (false-Grecian). Pale rosy white.

Crete. 1906.
,, pseu'd-ibe'ricum (false-iberian). Violet-red, pure

white, violet. 1901.

,, pseu' do-mari' timum (false maritime). Corolla seg-
ments long, pointed. S. Asia Minor. 1908.
, pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). See C. NEAPOLITANUM.
,, repa'ndum (scolloped). Rose-red, and bright purple

base. Spring. S. Europe. 1816.
, tau'ricum (Taurian). Pure white. Probably an

alpine form of C. europczum. Taurus. 1892.
„ verna'le (vernal). See C. IBERICUM.
„ ve'rnum (spring). See C. IBERICUM.

GREENHOUSE.

C. latifo'lium (broad-leaved). White, with red base.

February. Asia Minor, Cyprus. 1731.
,. „ albiflo'rum (white-flowered). White. Cyprus.

I73i.
„ „ inodo'rum (scentless). Red, white. Cyprus.

1731.

,. „ lacinia'tum (jagged-petaled). Red, white. April.
„ „ odora'tum (scented). Red, white. Cyprus.

I73i.
,. per'sicum (Persian). See C. LATIFOLIUM.

Propagation: by Seed. — This is the only way of pro-
pagating Cyclamens. The roots, being a solid corm, will
not divide successfully. Gather the seed as soon as
ripe, dry it slowly, and sow it in February, in shallow,
wide-mouthed pots, in a compost of peat, loam, and
sand, covering the seeds scarcely a quarter of an inch
deep ; the best covering for seeds is sand and sphagnum
moss, using just sufficient to cover the seeds ; place
them in a cold frame, excepting C. latifolium, which
should be placed in a greenhouse, on a shelf near the
glass ; sow the seeds thinly, so that they may remain
in the seed-pots for one year.

Soil. — Equal parts light, turfy loam, sandy-peat,
and leaf-mould ; or, if this cannot be had, half a part
of very rotten dung may be substituted.

Summer Culture. — Pot in autumn, and when spring
comes in most of the kinds will be in flower. They re-
quire then a good supply of water. Though some of
the species are hardy, yet it is safer to cultivate them
in pots in frames, and bring them into the greenhouse
when in flower. Some of the varieties of C. latifolium
are very fragrant; but there is no certainty that the
seedlings from them will continue fragrant. Seedlings
of a year old should be potted singly into thumb-pots,
and be re-potted in April in sJ-inch pots, and kept in a
gentle heat, to encourage the bulbs to grow larger. As
soon as the flowering season is over, set them out of
doors, giving no water ; and as soon as the seed is
gathered, and all the leaves dead, trim these off, and lay
the pots on one side, to keep them dry till the plants
require potting.

Winter Culture. — When frost begins, shift them into
pots of a size in proportion to that of the bulbs, leaving
the bulbs just out of the soil, excepting C. co'um, which
should be covered about half an inch. The largest
bulbs may require pots six inches in diameter. As soon
as potted, place them in a cold frame, covering up
securely from frost ; give air on all favourable occasions,
and water very moderately till the leaves are full-grown
and the flowers begin to appear, when it may be more
liberally given.

Insects.— Slugs, green fly, and wire-worms prey upon
them.

Diseases.— Their greatest enemy is the small brown
thrips, which cripple the foliage and cause the flower
to be imperfect. Sulphur and lime, with frequent fumiga-
tion with vapour insecticide arc the best remedies.

Culture in the Open Air. — All the species, excepting
C, pe'rsicum and its varieties, will live in a warm border

of the compost out of doors ; but, on account of their
early blooming, the flowers are often injured by late
frosts. The border should be well drained, and a cover-
ing of tanner's bark or coal-ashes should be spread over
the roots in autumn, and allowed to remain on till the
warm weather of spring arrives, when it may be removed
and renewed in the autumn. The bulbs may either be
taken up and replanted in October, or allowed to remain
for two years.

Modern growers of Cyclamen sow the seed about
October and have well-flowered plants the following
season. We have grown them from seed sown in J anuary,
but this does not give time enough to get thoroughly
well-flowered plants.

CYCLANTHE'RA. (From kuklos, a circle, and anthera,
a stamen ; alluding to the circular anthers. Nat. ord.
Cucurbitaceas.)

A climber, which may be treated as a half-hardy
annual and planted outside at the beginning of June.
C. explo'dens (exploding). Colombia.

CYCLA'NTHUS. (From kuklos, a circle, and anthos,
a flower ; in allusion to the circles of stamens. Nat.
ord. Cyclanthaceae.)

Stove perennials. Seeds. Fibrous loam to two parts
of peat with sand.
C. biparti'tus (two-parted). Leaves two-parted. Trop.

Amer.

,, crista'tus (crested). Colombia.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). Young leaves variegated,

with tawny orange. Colombia. 1882.
,, godseffia'nus (Godseffian). 1892.
„ Plumie'ri (Plunder's). 3. Greenish-yellow. Mar-
tinique. 1818.

CYCLOBO'THRA. See CALOCHORTUS.
C. e'legans lu'tea. See CALOCHORTUS BENTHAMI.

CYCLO'DIUM. See ASPIDIUM.

CYCLO'GYNE CANE'SCENS. See SWAINSONIA CANE-
SCENS.

CYCLONE'MA. See CLERODENDRON.
CYCLOPE'LTIS SEMICORD'ATA. See ASPIDIUM

SEMICORDATUM.

CYCLO'PIA. (From kuklos, a circle ; the standard has
a round blotch on it. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripe wood
under a bell-glass. Loam, peat, sand.
C. genistoi'des (Genista-like). S. Africa. 1884.

CYCNO'CHES. Swan-neck. (From kuknos, a swan,
and auchen, the neck ; in reference to the long and grace-
fully-curved column. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacea?].
Linn. -zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Cyrto-
podium.)

Stove orchids. Strong, moist heat whilst growing ;
rough, fibrous peat, and half-decayed leaves, with a
little sand ; root division.

C. au'reum (golden), i. Yellow. Central Amer. 1851.
,, barba'tum (bearded). See POLYCYCNIS BARBATA.
,, chlorochi'lon (greenish-yellow-lipped). 2. Yellowish.

June. Demerara. 1838.
,, Cummi'ngii (Cumming's). White, yellow. June.

Singapore.

„ densiflo'rum (dense-flowered). Yellow, spotted crim-
son. Female green. Colombia. 1908.
,, egertonia' num (Egertonian). 2. Purple, green, pink.

June. Guatemala.
,, Haa'gei (Haage's). Brazil.
,, l.ehma'nni (Lehmann's). Salmon, orange. Ecuador.

1880.
,, Loddige'sii (Loddige's). i. White, purple. May.

Surinam. 1830.
,, ,, leucochi'lum (white-lipped), i. Yellow, white.

June. Guiana.
,, macula'tum (spotted). i. Buff, purple. June.

Mexico. 1839.
,, musci'ferum (fly-bearing). See POLYCYCNIS MUSCI-

FERA.

,, pentad a' clylon (five-fingered), i. Yellow, brown.
March. Brazil. 1841.

CYDONIA

267

CYMBIDIUM

C. peruvianum (Peruvian). Pale green, spotted purple,
white. Peru.

„ Pescato'rei (Pescatore's). See LUDDEMANNIA PESCA-
TOREI.

.. rossia'num (Rossian). Yellow-green, brown spots.
Female flower green, large. 1891.

,, stelli'ferum (starry). See C. WARSCEWICZII.

,, ventrico'sum (inflated-ftp). 2. Green, white. Guate-
mala. 1835.

„ „ egertonia'num (Sir P. Egerton's). See C. WAR-
SCEWICZII.

„ versi'color (changing colour). Green, white, yellowish.
Brazil. 1888.

„ Warsccwi'czii : (Warscewicr's). Green. Female flower
2 in. across. Central Amer. 1840.

CYDONIA. Quince. (Its native place Cydon, in
Candia. Nat, ord. Appleworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. 12-
Icosandria, 2-Di-pentagvnia.)

Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs. C. japo'nica is one
of our handsomest flowering shrubs ; layers in September,
and to remain until that time twelve months before taken
off ; also by seeds. See QUINCE.

C. cathaye"nsis (Chinese). 20. Rosy-pink or nearly

white. China. 1820.

, japo'nica (Japan). 4. Scarlet. Japan. 1815.
„ „ a'lba (vibite-flotvered). 4. White.
,, „ ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). Flesh-coloured. March.
„ „ flo're-se' mi-pie' no (semi-double-flowered). 4. Red.

August.
„ ,, semper flo' tens (ever-flowering). Flowers in spring

and in late summer. 1903.

„ „ Simp' nit (Simon's). Intense crimson-scarlet. 1907.
„ Mau'lei (Maule's). Salmon-orange. April. Japan.

1874.

„ „ a'lba (white). White.

„ Sarge'nti (Sargent's). Brilliant red. Japan. 1899.
„ sine'nsis (Chinese). 15. Pink. May. China. 1818.

" Chinese Quince."

.. ,, pyramida'lis (pyramidal). White. May. 1847.
„ vulga'ris (common Quince). 20. White. May.

Austria. 1573.

„ „ lusita'nica (Spanish). 20. White. May. Spain.
„ ,. malifo'rmis (apple- formed). 20. White. May.

1573.
„ „ marmora'ta (marbled). Leaves marbled with

white and yellow. 1889.
„ „ oblo'nga (oblong- fruited). 20. White. May.

Europe.
» .1 Pyrifo'rmis (pear-shaped). Fniit pear-shaped.

CYLISTA. (From kulistos, twining ; referring to the
habit of the plants. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosje]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria.
Allied to Rhynchosia).

Stove evergreen twiners. Loam and peat ; cuttings
in sand, under glass, in bottom-heat.

C. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). See RHYNCHOSIA CYANO-

SPERMA.

„ scario'sa (membranotis). 4. Yellow. E. Ind. 1806.
„ tomento'sa (woolly). See RHYNCHOSIA CYANOSPERMA.
„ vMo'sa (shaggy). 6. Yellow. April. Cape of Good
Hope. 1776.

CYMBI'DIUM. (From kumbe, a boat ; referring to a
hollow recess in the lip, or labellum. Nat. ord. Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids. Fibrous loam, fibrous peat, and leaf-
mould, well drained ; root division.
C. affi'ne (related). White ; lip dotted purple. India.

1878.

„ albucceflo'rum (Albuca-flowered). See C. MADIDUM.
,, aloifo'lium (Aloe-leaved), i. Purple, black. Sep-
tember. E. Ind. 1789.
„ Anderso'ni (Anderson's). See CYRTOPODIOM ANDER-

SONII.
„ bi' color (two-coloured-/?oow«i). Purple, crimson.

April. Ceylon. 1837.
,. bitubercula'tum (two-tubercled). See LIPARIS BI-

TUBERCULATA.

., canalicula' turn (channelled). Brownish-purple, green.

white. N.E. Australia. 1870.
„ chlora'nthum (greenish-yellow-flowered). Yellow,

crimson. May. Nepaul. 1840.

C. cocci'neum (scarlet). See ORNITHIDIUM COCCINEUM.

,, cochlea're (shell-shaped). See CYPERORCHIS COCHLEA-
RIS.

,, cyperifo'lium (Cyperus-leaved). Himalayas.

,. daya'nwn (Dayan). See C. EBURNEUM.

„ depe'ndens (hanging-down). See CIRRH/EA LODDIGESII.

,, devonia'num (Duke of Devonshire's), i. White,
crimson. March. N. India. 1837.

,, diu'rnum (day-flowering). Bahama.

,, ebu'rneum (ivory-white- flowered). White, yellow-
striped. May. E. Ind. 1846.

„ ,, goodsonia'num (Goodsonian). White, rose-purple.
1908.

„ „ philbrickia'num (Philbrickian). White. 1886.

„ „ williamsia'num (Williamsian). Light purple. 1881.

,, e'legans (elegant). Yellow. See CYPERORCHIS ELE-

GANS.

,, ensifo'lium (sword-leaved). Yellow, spotted brown.
E. Ind., Japan. 1780.

,, „ estria'tum (unstriped). Green, white, purple.
Assam. 1888.

„ ,, stria' turn (striped). Yellowish, striped reddish-
brown. China.

„ erythrosty'lum (red-styled). White, marked purple ;
column crimson. Annam. 1905.

,, finlaysonia'num (Finlayson's). Cochin China. 1840.

,, gammiea'num (Gammiean). Tawny yellow, lip
spotted purple. Himalaya. 1899.

„ Gibso'nii (Gibson's). White, red. January. Sylhet.
1837.

,, gigante'um (gigantic). Brown, purple. Nepaul.

1837.
,. „ dfst

if sector (two-coloured). Green, purple. Himalaya.
1860.

„ „ purpu'reum (purple). Purple.

„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Green, spotted crim-
son on lip. Himalaya. 1866.

,, ,, tracya'num (Tracyan). Flowers larger, and
handsomely marked. 1890.

., hookeria'num (Hookerian). See C. GRANDIFLO'RUM.

„ Humblo'tii (Humblot's). Green and black. Mada-
gascar. 1892.

„ Hutto'ni (Hutton's). Light yellow, dotted dusky
brown. Java. 1867.

,, hyacfnthinum (hyacin thine). See BLETIA HYACIN-

THINA.

,. I'An'soni (I'Anson's). Natural hybrid between

C. lowianum and tracyanum. 1900.
,, insi'gne (remarkable). See C. SANDERI.
,, iridifo'lium (iris-leaved). Dark brown. March.

E. Ind. 1837.

., lancifo'lium (lance-leaved), f. White, red. Sep-
tember. Nepaul. 1822.
,, leachia'num (Leachian). White, pale yellow, brown.

Formosa. 1878.
„ I.oi'se-Chauvie'ri (Loise-Chauvier's). Large, scarlet.

Madagascar.
,, longifo'lium (long-leaved). Olive-green, brown,

white. India. 1873.
„ lowia'num (Lowian). Green, brown, velvety brown.

Spring. Burma.
,, ,, au'reum (golden). Yellow, with orange blotch

on lip. 1893.

„ ,, fla'veolum (yellowish). Light yellow. 1897.
,, „ superbis' simum (most superb). Front of lip

maroon.
„ „ vi'ride (green). Pale greenish-yellow, without

brown on lip. 1892.
,. ma'didum (moist). Olive-green. May. Australia.

1839-
„ margina'tum (red-edged-sepal). See MAXILLARIA

GRACILIS.

„ Maste'rsii (Masters's). See CYPEROCHIS MASTERSII.
„ ochroleu'cum (yellowish-white). See MAXILLARIA

CAMARIDII.
„ Pari'shii (Parish's). Ivory-white ; front lobe of lip

orange. Burma. 1878.
„ „ SandSra (Mrs. Sander's). Ivory-white; lip

yellow with purple blotches. Annam. 1904.
,, pe'ndulum (hanging-down). 3. Yellow, red, white.

June. Nepaul. 1838.
,, „ airopurpu'reum (dark purple). Dark purple.

Himalaya. 1868.
„ „ brevila'bre (short-lipped). 2. Green, red, yellow.

June. Singapore. 1840.

CYNANCHUM

268

CYNOGLOSSUM

C. pube'scens (downy). i. Purple, yellow. April.

Singapore. 1838.
„ pulche'rrimum (most beautiful). Waxy white, striped

crimson. N. India. 1891.
„ pu'milum (dwarf). Reddish-brown ; lip white,

spotted red-brown. China. 1907.
„ rhodochi'lum (red-lipped). Yellow-green; lip rose-
red in front. Madagascar. 1901.
„ Sande'ri (Sander's). White, suffused rose ; lip spotted

rose-purple. Annam. 1905.
„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). White ; lip rose-red,

spotted crimson. 1908.
„ „ supe'rbum (superb). Pink ; lip white, mottled

dark red. 1908.

„ Sanderso'ni (Sanderson's). See ANSELLIA GIGANTEA.
„ Schrcede'ri (Schrceder's). Green, lined red-brown,

yellow. Annam. 1905.
„ simonsia'num (Simonsian). Greyish-white ; lip

white, yellow, blood-red, Sikkim and Assam. 1902.
„ sine'nse (Chinese). ij. Purple brown. China.

1793.
„ Spa'rkesii (Sparkes's). Lip yellow, with a broad

purple margin. 1899.
„ sua've (sweet). Green, brown. May. Australia.

1826.
„ tigri'num (tiger-striped). Green, white, striped

crimson. Burma. 1864.
„ tracya'num (Tracyan). See C. GRANDIFLORUM

TRACYANUM.

„ tri'pterum (three- winged). White. July. Jamaica.

1700.

„ tri'ste (sad). See LUISIA TERETIFOLIA.
„ Wilso'ni (Wilson's). Green; lip cream, with red

marks in front. China. 1904.
„ xiphiifo'lium (Xiphium-leaved). Yellow-green. China.

CYNA'NCHUM. (From kuon, a dog, and agche, to
kill ; referring to its poisonous qualities. Nat. ord.
Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, 2-Digy-
nia. Allied to Asclepias.)

Cuttings root readily ; the hardy kinds in common
garden-soil ; usual stove or greenhouse treatment for
the others.

STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS.

C. bi' color (two-coloured). 6. White. E. Ind. 1806.
„ fimbria'tum (fringed). See METAPLEXIS FIMBRIATUM.
„ formo'sum( beautiful). Greenish-yellow. Peru. 1895.
„ heynia'num (Heynes's). 6. White. E. Ind. 1825.
„ hirsu'tum (hairy). 6. Trinidad. 1825.
,, unda'tum (waved). Green-yellow. E. Ind. 1803.
,, viridiflo'rum (green-flowered). See TYLOPHORA
ASTHMATICA.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TWINERS.

C. cape'nse (Cape). 6. White. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1820.
,, macrorki'zon (large-rooted). Greenish-yellow, white.

Japan. 1877.

„ pilo'sum (soft-haired). 5. White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1726.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. acu'tum (pointed-leaved). 3. White. July. Spain.

1596.

„ cirrho'sum (tendriled). 3. 1825. Deciduous twiner.
„ exce'lsum (tall). 10. White. July. Barbary. 1816.

Deciduous twiner.

„ flave'scens (pale- yellow). Yellow. July. Japan.
„ lu'teum (yeUow- flowered) . See VINCETOXICUM

LUTEUM.

„ me'dium (middle-sized). See VINCETOXICUM NIGRUM.
„ mela'nthos (black-flowered). See VINCETOXICUM

MEDIUM.

„ monspeli' 'acum (Montpelier). See C. ACUTUM.
„ ni'grum (black). See VINCETOXICUM NIGRUM.
„ purpura'scens (purplish). Purple. July. Japan.

1852.
„ ro'seum (rosy). 3. Purple. July. Davuria. 1818.

Deciduous twiner.

„ villo'sum (shaggy). See LACHNOSTOMA BALBISII.
„ Vinceio' xicum (Vincetoxicum). See VINCETOXICUM

OFFICINALE.

CY'NARA. Artichoke. (From kuon, a dog; the
spines on the involucre, or guard-leaves, immediately
below the flower, being likened to dogs' teeth. Nat. ord.
Composites [Compositae]. Linn. lo-Syngenesia, i-
/Equalis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise
stated. Increased by seeds and root division. See
ARTICHOKE and CARDOON.

C. Cardu'nculus (cardoon). 5. Blue. August. Candia.
1658.

,, fe'rox (fierce). 5. Blue. July. Italy. 1820.

, glomera'ta (clustered). See PLAT YCARPHA GLOMERATA.

, ho'rrida (horrid). See C. CARDUNCULUS.

, integrifolia (whole-leaved). 4. Blue. July. Spain.

, pygmcz'a (pigmy), i. Purple. July. Spain. 1820.

, Sco'lymus (Scolymus. Artichoke). 8. Purple.
August. South Europe. 1548.

,, spinosi' ssima (spiniest). See C. CARDUNCULUS.

CYNEPS ROS2E, C. Bedegaris, or Rhodites roses, is one
of the Gall-forming insects. It deposits its^seggs in a
bud of the young shoots of the Dog-Rose and Sweet
Briar. The grubs or larvae hatched from these eggs
produce those galls, or lumps, covered with green and
reddish fibres looking like moss, so frequently found
upon Roses.

CYNO'CTONUM. (From kuon, a dog, and kionum,
slaughter ; literally dog's-bane. Nat. ord. Asclepia-
daceae. Should be included with the species of Vince-
toxicum, but no botanist has transferred it.)

Greenhouse perennial herb. Divisions. Loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.
C. pilo'sum (hairy). White. July. S. Africa. 1726.

CYNOGLO'SSUM. Hound's Tongue. (From kuon,
a dog, and glossa, a tongue ; referring to the shape of
the leaves. Nat. ord. Borageworts [Boraginaceas].
Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Nearly all hardy ; some are very pretty border-
flowers ; common soil ; seeds or root division.

ANNUALS.

C. cane'scens (hoary). See C. MICRANTHUM.
„ diffu'sum (spreading). See BOTHRIOSPERMUM

TENELLUM.

„ hirsu'tum (hairy), i. Blue. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1806.
,, lanceola' turn (spear-head-leaved). White, blue. July.

Africa. 1806.
„ micra'nthum (small-flowered). 2. Blue. July.

Burma. 1819.

BIENNIALS.

C. apenni'num (Apennine). See SOLENANTHUS APEN-

NINUS.

,, bi'color (two-coloured). See C. OFFICINALE.
,, cheirifolium (wallflower-leaved), ij. Blue. June.

W. Mediterranean Region. 1596.
,, clandesti'num (clandestine). 2. Brown. July.

Spain. 1820.
,, ccelesti'num (celestial-6/we). See PARACARYUM COJLE-

STINUM.
,, Colu'mna (Columna's). 2. Blue. July. Apennines.

1825.
,, Diosco'ridis (Dioscorides's). 2. Purple. July.

France. 1820.

,, divarica'tum (straggling). See C. OFFICINALE.
,, elonga'tum (lengthened). See C. DIOSCORIDIS.
,, emargina'tum (notched). See PARACARYUM ANGUSTI-

FOLIUM.

,, furca'tum (forked). Himalayas.
„ glochidia' turn (burred). 2. Blue. June. India.

1837. Greenhouse.

,, glomera'tum (clustered). See KRYNITKIA GLOMERATA.
,, Hcz'nkii (Hasnke's). See C. MONTANUM.
,, holoseri'ceum (velvety). 2. Violet. July. Cau-
casus. 1821.
,, lateriflo'rum (side-flowered). Purple. June. Europe.

1838.
„ linifo'lium (Flax-leaved). See OMPHALODES LINI-

FOLIA.
„ monta'num (mountain). 2 to 3. Purple. June.

Britain.

CYNOMETRA

269

CYPHOMANDRA

C. nebrodSnse (Nebrodan). South Europe.

„ nervo'sum (nerved). Himalayas.

„ nv'tidum (shining). See OMPHALODES AMPLEXI-
CAULIS.

„ officina'U (shop). 2. Purple, red. June. Britain.

„ pi'ctum (painted), 2. Light blue. August. Medi-
terranean Region. 1658.

„ sylva'ticum (wood). See C. MONTANUM.

,, umbella'tum (umbel- flowered). 2. Purple. June.
Hungary. 1817.

PERENNIALS.

C. amplexicau' le (stem-clasping). See C. VTRGINIANUM.

,. anchusoi'des (Anchusa-like). See PARACARYUM HEUO-
CARPOM.

,, austra'le (southern). 2. Pale red. June. N. Hol-
land. 1820. Greenhouse.

,, grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). See LINDELOPIA

SPECTABIL1S.

„ longiflo'rum (long-flowered). See LINDELOFIA SPEC-

TABILIS.
„ mai;ellense (Magellan), i. Purple. June. Naples.

1823.

,, no'biU (noble). See MVOSOTIDEUM NOBILE.
„ Omphalo i'des (Omphalodes). See OMPHALODES VERNA.
,, petiola'tum (petioled). i. Purple. Himalaya. 1840.
,, tomento'sum (dovmy- flowered). Violet. May. Italy.

1823.
„ virginia'num (Virginian). Blue. White. June.

N. Amer. 1812.
„ WaUi'chii (Wallich's). Himalaya.

CYNOMFTRA. (From kuon, a dog, and melra,
matrix ; referring to the seed-pods. Nat. Ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosas]. Linn. lo-Decandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Hardwickia.)

Stove evergreen trees, from the East Indies. Loam
and sandy peat; cuttings in sand, under glass, with
bottom-heat.

C. caulifto'ra (stem-flowering). 30. Red. 1804.
,, polya'ndra (many-stamened). 20. Red. 1822.

CYNO'RCHIS. (From kuon, a dog, and orchis ; lite-
rally dog-orchis. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae. Sometimes
spelt Cynosorchis.)

Terrestrial Orchids, with the habit of Habenaria and
requiring stove treatment.
C. compa'cta (compact). J. White, spotted red. Natal.

1906.

„ e"legans (elegant). White, rose, lined purple. Mada-
gascar. 1888.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Green, spotted purple ;

lip purple. Madagascar. 1893.
,, lowiafna (Lowian). Greenish ; lip lilac, with purple

spot. Madagascar. 1888.

„ Morla'ndii (Morland's). \ to i. Lilac, becoming
greenish-white on the disc. Pemba Island, Mozam-
bique. 1910.
„ purpura'scens (purplish). J to J. Rosy mauve, white.

Madagascar. 1900.
„ villo'sa (hairy). J. Rose purple. Madagascar. 1902.

CYPFLLA. (From kupellon, a goblet or cup ; re-
ferring to the form of the flowers. Nat. ord. Irids
[Iridaceae]. Linn. i6-Monaatlphia, i-Triandria. Allied
to Herbertia.)

Pretty little half-hardy bulbs, requiring the same
treatment as Ixias. Sandy loam and peat or leaf-mould ;
offsets.

C. brachy'pus (short-stalked). See MARICA BRACHYPUS.
„ cceru'lea (blue). See MARICA C.ERULEA.
„ gra'cilis (graceful). See MARICA GRACILIS.
,, Herbe'rti (Herbert's), i. Vermilion. July. Buenos

Ayres. 1823.

., peruvia'na (Peruvian). Bright yellow, spotted red-
brown. Peru. 1874.
., plu'mbea (leaden-coloured). Blue. S. Brazil. 1837

CYPERO'RCHIS. (From cyperus, a sedge, and orchis ;
in reference to the sedge-like leaves. Nat. ord. Orchi-
daceae.)

Intermediate or cool house Orchids requiring treat-
ment similar to Cymbidium, to which they are closely
allied.

C. affi'nis (allied). White and crimson. India. 1878.
„ cochiea'ris (shell-formed). Yellow and brown. Hima-
layas. 1880.

„ Slegans (elegant). Yellow. Himalayas.
„ Maste'rsii '(Masters'). White and yellow. Himalayas.
1841.

CYPKRUS. (The old Greek name. Nat. ord.
Cyperaceae.)

Ornamental sedges, some of which are highly popular
as table plants. Seeds and division. Good fibrous loam,
a little leaf-mould and sand. Give water liberally when
making their growth.

C. alternifo'lius (alternate-leaved), i } to 2. Madagascar.
•t it gra'cilis (graceful). Stems and leaves very

slender. 1893.
„ „ variega'tus (variegated). Stem and leaves striped

creamy white.
„ arista'tus (bearded). J. Green. Mexico. 1893.

Annual.

„ compre'ssus (compressed), i. Green. Tropics every-
where. 1870.
„ di'stans spiralifo'rmis (spiral- formed). Similar to

Juncus spiralis. 1888.

„ e"legans (elegant). 7. July. America. 1820.
„ escuie'ntus (esculent). Tropics. Hardy.
fe'rax (wild). 6. Green. S. Brazil. 1895.
fe'rtilis (fertile). White. Old Calabar. 1898.
fu'scus (brown). Europe (England). Annual. Hardy.
gigantSus (gigantic). 10. July. Jamaica. 1819.
gra'cilis (graceful). See C. ALTERNIFOLIUS GRACILIS.
Lacou'ri (Lacour's). See KYLLINGIA MONOCEPHALA.
laxiflo'rus (loose-flowered). 7. July. Madagascar.

1822.

„ la'xus (loose), i. Green, brown. Mauritius. 1874.
,, „ variega'tus (variegated). Leaves striped green

and white. 1881.
„ lo'ngus (long). 2 to 3. Brown. Europe (England).

Hardy. " Galingale."

„ nataUnsis (Natal). See MARISCUS GRANTII.
,, odora'tus (scented). See C. GIGANTEUS.
., Papyrus (Papyrus). 12. Green, brown. August.

Syria, Trop. N. Africa. 1803.

,, refte'xus (reflexed). Light green. Argentina. 1895.
,, rotu'ndus (round), i. Green. Cosmopolitan. 1887.

" Nut Grass." Hardy.
,, vege'tus (sprightly). Green. Chili. Hardy.

CYTHIA. (From kuphos, curved ; referring to the
shape of the style and stigma. Nat. ord. Bellworts
[Campanulacea?]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Campanula.)

Greenhouse plants, from Cape of Good Hope. The
perennial species root freely from young cuttings ; the
annual kinds by seed ; loam, peat, leaf-mould, and sand.
C. bulbo'sa (bulbous). J. Pale blue. August. 1791.

Annual.

,. Cardami'nes (Cardamine-like). 3. July. 1823. Her-
baceous perennial.
„ inci'sa (cut-leaved). $. Pale red. July. 1819.

Annual.
„ Phyteu'ma (rampion). ij. Pink. February. 1822.

Perennial tuber.

,, to'rtilis (twisted). Lilac. S.Africa. 1894. Twiner.
,, volu'bilis (twining), i. Pale blue. 1795. Annual.

CYPHOKE'NTIA. (From kuphos, an outgrowth, and
Kentia ; a Kentia-like plant with an excrescence on the
fruit. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove Palm of easy culture. Seeds. Fibrous loam
with a little peat and sand.

C. robu'sta (robust). Leaves pinnate. New Caledonia.
1879.

CYPHOMA'NDRA. (From kuphoma, a hump, and
aner, a stamen ; referring to the form of the anthers.
Nat. ord. Solanaceae.)

Cool stove shrubs. Seeds ; cuttings in sand in a close
case with bottom-heat. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
C. arge'ntea (silvery). Leaves silvery. Brazil. 1880.
„ beta'cea (beet-like). 12 to 15. Purple to green.

S. Brazil. 1803. " Tree Tomato."
„ fra'%rans (fragrant). 14. Green. June. Argentina,

1835.
„ Tejo're (Tejore). 2. Blue. Guiana. 1822.

CYPHOPHCENIX

270

CYPRIPEDIUM

CYPHOPHCE'NIX. (From kuphos, an excrescence, and
Phcenix; in allusion to the granular fruits and the
Phoenix-like leaves. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove Palm. Seeds. Loam, peat, and sand.
C. e'legans (elegant). Leaves without spines. New
Caledonia,

CYPHOSPE'RMA. (From kuphos, an excrescence, and
sperma, a seed ; in reference to the form of the seed.

. Fibrous loam, a little peat and

sand.

C. Vieilla'rdii (Vieillard's). New Caledonia.

CYPRESS. See CUPRE'SSUS.

CYPRIPE'DIUM. Ladies' Slipper. (From Kupris,
Venus, and podion, a slipper. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchi-
dacea?] Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Both the stove and hardy species of these orchids
succeed well in turfy peat, mixed with a little loam,
charcoal, and potsherds. The hardy kinds, when grown
in pots, should have frame protection during the winter
months' ; root division.

COOL AND WARM ORCHID HOUSE.
C. affi'ne (allied). White, green, violet. Tonquin. 1906.
,', A'rgus (Argus). White, rose, green, with many
blackish eye-spots. Philippines. 1872.
Mce'nsii (Mcens'). Philippines. 1888.
barba'tum (bearded). J. Purple, white, red. April.
Malacca. 1838.

» ni'grum (black). Blackish-purple.
„ supe'rbum (superb).
„ bella'tulum (pretty). White, red, blotched purple.

Burma. 1888.
„ „ a'lbum (white). Pure white. 1895.

„ egrtfgium (uncommon). Sepals nearly three-
lobed. 1888.
„ „ lu'teo-purpu'reum (yellow-purple). Yellowish,

blotched purple. 1893.
„ Boxa'llii (Boxall's). Green, white, brown. Burma.

i877.

„ „ atra'ium (dark). Green, white, black.
,, Bulle'nii (Bullen's). Green, purple. Borneo.
„ „ anophtha' Imum (eyeless). Petals without eye-

spots. 1884.
„ ,, ocula'tum (eyed). Petals with dark brown eye-

spots. 1 88 1.
„ Burbi'dgei (Burbidge's). Upper sepals with 9 green

nerves. Borneo. 1881.
„ callo'sum (beautiful). White, suffused purple, green.

Cochin China. 1886.
„ „ au'reum (golden). Nearly white, with pale yellow

lip. 1901.
„ „ Sande'ra (Mrs. Sander's). White and pale green.

1894.
„ ,, sublce've (nearly smooth). Petals without spots.

1888.
„ carici'num (sedge-like). See SELENIPEDIUM CARI-

CINUM.
„ chamberlainia'num (Chamber lainian). Rosy purple,

white. Sumatra. 1892.
„ Charleswo'rthii (Charlesworth's). White, rosy-purple.

brown. Upper Burma. 1893.
„ „ a'lbum (white). White. 1900.
„ „ Bromilo'wiet (Mrs. Bromilow's). Pale green, pure

white. 1909.
„ „ uni'color (one-coloured). Whole flower rosy-

purple. 1895.
„ „ virgina'le (virginal). Upper sepal pure white,

green at base, pale purple rib. 1902.
„ ciliola're (ciliated). Green, purple, white. Philip-

pines. 1882.
„ „ miteaua'num (Miteauan). Deep purple. Philip-

pines.
„ co'ncolor (one-coloured). Pale primrose. Burma.

1865.
„ ,, chlorophy Hum (green-leaved). Leaves not mar-

bled. 1886.
„ „ longipe' talum (long-petaled). Petals z\ in. long.

1896.

„ „ stria'tum (striated). Segments narrow, lined
purple. Burma. 1893.

C. co'ncolor tonkine'nse (Tongking). Scape twin-flowered.

Tongking. 1887.
„ Crawsha'wcB (Mrs. Crawshaw's). Pale yellow. Shan

States. 1898.

„ Curti'sii (Curtis's). White, purple, spotted. Su-
matra. 1883.
„ daya'num (Dayan). White, green, pale purple.

Borneo. 1860.
„ dile'ctum (chosen). Pale green, with blackish-purple

spots. 1888.
,, Dru'ryi (Drury's). Greenish yellow, black line on

upper sepal. S. India. 1876.
„ eilersia'num (Eilersian). Yellow-white, golden-yellow.

1901.

„ elliottia'num (Elliottian). See C. ROTHSCHILDIANUM.
„ E'xul (Exul). Yellow, with black spots on the upper

sepal. Siam. 1892.

„ „ auranti'acum (orange). Petals and lip orange-
yellow. 1901.
,, fairiea'num (Fairiean). Green, striped purple.

Eastern Himalaya. 1855 and 1905.
,, glaucophy'llum (glaucous-leaved). Green, red-brown,

white, violet-purple. Java. 1904.
„ Godefro'yce (Mme. Godefroy's). White, spotted

chocolate. Siam. 1884.
„ „ La'ingi (Laing's). Flowers much smaller than

the type. 1890.
„ „ leucochi'lum (white-lipped). Lip without spots.

1894.
„ ,, lu'teum (yellow). Pale yellow, spotted lilac.

1891.

„ „ Mari'cB (Maria's). Flowers very large. 1889.
„ gratrixia'num (Gratrixian). Allied to C. insigne

and C. Exul. 1905.
„ gutta'tum (spotted), f. Yellow. April. Siberia.

1829.
„ haynaldia'num (Haynaldian). Like C. Lowii, but

petals blotched brown. Philippines. 1877.
„ hincksia'num (Hincksian). See SELENIPEDIUM HINCK-

SIANUM.

„ hirsuti' ssimum (hairiest). Green, purple spotted.

Khasia.
„ Hookdra (Lady Hooker's). Purple and green.

Borneo. 1868.

„ „ volontea'num (Volontean). See C. VOLONTEANUM.
„ insi'gne (striking), i. Green, red, orange. June.

Nepaul. 1819.
„ „ a'lbens (whitish). Yellow and white, without

markings. 1893.

„ „ a'lbidum (whitish). White, greenish. 1910.
„ ,, au'reum (golden). Yellow. 1882.
„ „ Chanti'ni (Chantin's). Heavily blotched violet

on the upper sepal. 1878.
„ „ Erne'sti (Ernest's). Yellow, with a few small

specks on the upper sepal. 1893.
» » gigantdum (gigantic). Flowers very large.
„ „ hallea'num (Hallean). Petals dotted chocolate.

1889.

„ ,, Mau'lei (Maule's). Upper sepal with violet spots.
, ,, Sande'rce (Mrs. Sander's). Clear citron yellow,

wax-like. 1888.
„ irapea'num (Irapean). i. Yellow. June. Mexico.

1844.
„ japo'nicum (Japanese). Green, white, rose. Japan.

1874.
„ java'nicum (Javanese). Pale green, white, purple.

Java.
,, klotzschia' num (Klotschian). See SELENIPEDIUM

KLOTSCHIANUM.

,, laviga'tum (smooth). See C. PHILIPPINENSE.

,, lawrencea'num (Lawrencian). White, green, purple.

Borneo. 1878.
„ „ hyea'num (Hyean). White, veined green ; lip

green. Borneo. 1886.
,. ,, vi'ride (green). Green and white.
,, lindleya'num (Lindleyan). See SELENIPEDIUM LIND-

LEYANUM.
,, longifo'lium (long- leaved). See SELENIPEDIUM LONGI-

FOLIUM.

,, Lo'wii (Low's). Light green, purple, light brown.

Borneo. 1847.
,, margarita' ceum (pearly). Deep purple ; lip brown,

covered with tubercles. Yunnan, China. 1888.
„ master -sia 'num (Mastersian). Green, white coppery,

spotted. Sunda Isles. 1879.

CYPRIPEDIUM

271

CYRTANTHUS

C. miteaua'num (Miteauan). See C. CILIOLARE MITEAU-

ANUM.

„ mcrnsia'num (Moensian). See C. ARGUS MCENSII.

„ ni'gritum (blackish). Like C. barbatum, with small

differences. Borneo. 1882.
„ ni'veum (snowy). White, finely spotted crimson.

Malaya. 1869.
,. pardi'num (leopard-spotted). See C. VENUSTUM

PARDINUM.

„ Pari'shii (Parish's). Brownish, green, purple.
Burma. 1869.

„ Pea'rcei (Pearce's). See SELENIPEDIUM CARICINUM.

„ Pe'tri (Peter's). White, brown, sepia brown. Malaya.
1880.

„ Philippine1 nse (Philippine). Yellow, purple. Philip-
pines. 1865.

„ „ cannartia'num (Canartian). Variety with 3 sepals.

„ pitcheria'num (Pitcherian). See C. ARGUS.

„ prce'stans (distinguished). Yellow, red-brown. New
Guinea.

„ „ kimballia'num (Kimballian). Stripes more nume-
rous, broader.

„ purpura'tum (purple). Purple, white. Hongkong.
1836.

„ Reichenba'chii (Reichenbach's). See SELENIPEDIUM

LONGIFOLIUM.

„ reticuia'tum (netted). See SELENIPEDIUM BOISSIERI-

AXUM.
„ Rccbele'nii (Rcebelen's). Whitish, purplish- white,

yellow. Philippines. 1883.
„ Rae'zlii (Roezl's). See SELENIPEDIUM ROBZLII.
„ rothschildia'num (Rothschildian). Yellow-green, with

rich brown lines. Borneo.
„ ,, platytce'nium (broad-banded). Flowers darker

than the type. 1898.
„ Sandf'ra (Mrs. Sander's). Crimson, yellow, green,

red. 1896.
„ sanderia'num (Sanderian). Yellow-green, lined

purple-brown. Borneo. 1886.

„ Schli'mii (Schlim's). See SELENIPEDIUM SCHLIMII.
„ schomburgkia'num (Schomburgkian). See SELENI-
PEDIUM KLOTZSCHIANUM.

„ siame'nse (Siamese). Green, purple. Siam. 1890.
„ spiceria'num (Spicerian). Green, white, purple.

Assam. 1879.
„ Sto'nei (Stone's). Creamy yellow, purple. Borneo.

1852.

„ ,, ca'ndidum (white). Ivory-white, lilac, rose. 1892.
„ ,, plalyttz'nium (broad-banded). Petals broad,

handsomely spotted. Borneo. 1880.
„ supe'rbiens (superb). White, green, spotted purple-
brown. 1865.
., to'nsum (shaven). Dorsal sepal white with 21 green

nerves, brown spots. Sunda Isles. 1883.
„ veitchia'num (Veitchian). See C. SUPERBIENS.
„ venu'stum (handsome). |. Green, red. October.

Nepaul. 1816.
„ „ measuresia'num (Measuresian). White and green.

1893.
„ ,, pardi'num (leopard spotted). White, green,

copper. 1869.

„ „ specta'bile (showy). More highly coloured.
„ villo'sum (hairy). Orange, green, dark purple.

Moulmein. 1890.
„ ,, measuresia'num (Measuresian). With large black

blotches, as in C. Boxallii, 1893.
„ vi'rens (green). Green. Borneo.
,. vitta'tum bre've (striped, short). Mauve and brown.

Brazil. 1881.

„ volontea'num (Volontean). Purple, green, hand-
somely blotched. Borneo.
„ „ gigantSum (gigantic). Flowers twice the size

of the type. 1893.
., WaUi'sii (Wallis's). See SELENIPEDIUM CAUDATUM

WALLISII.
„ wolteria'num (Wolterian). Allied to C. Lowii, with

some small differences. 1895.

HARDY.

C. acau'le (stemless). Rose, purple. May. N. Amer.

1786.

„ a'lbum (white), i*. White. May. N. Amer. 1800.
„ arietinum (ram's-head). \. Green, rose. April.
Canada. 1808.

C. bulbo'sum (bulbous). See CALYPSO BOREALIS.

,, Calce'olus (common slipper). i. Yellow. June.
England.

„ „ helve' ticum (Swiss), i. Yellow. June. Switzer-
land. 1825.

,, Calce'olus x macra'nthon. Supposed natural hybrid.
W. Siberia. 1892.

,, calif o'rnicum (Calif ornian). Yellow, white, spotted
brown. California. B.M. t. 1788.

„ ca'ndidum (white), i. White. June. N. Amer.
1826.

„ de'bile (weak). Green, marked purple. Japan. 1905.

„ fascicula'tum (fascicled). J to i. Green, greenish-
yellow, purple-brown. N.W. Amer. 1888.

., gutta'tum (spotted), i. Yellow, spotted. April.
Siberia. 1829.

„ hu'mile (dwarf). See C. ACAULE.

„ macra'nthon (large-flowered). J. Purple. May.
Siberia. 1828.

,. „ a'lbum (white). White. 1908.

,, „ ventrico'sum (inflated). Purple-red ; lip longer,
more saccate. Siberia. 1829.

„ monta'num (mountain), i. Brownish-purple ; lip
white. Oregon. 1883.

„ occidenta'le (western). See C. MONTANUM.

„ parviflo'rum (small-flowered), i. Yellowish. June.
N. Amer. 1759.

., pubs' scens (downy). i. Yellow, purple. June.
N. Amer. 1790.

„ specta'bile (remarkable), ij. White, purple. June.
N. Amer. 1731.

„ „ a'lbum (white). White. June. N. Amer. 1827.

., „ incarna'tum (flesh-coloured). White, purple.
June. N. Amer.

,, Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). Veined and mottled rose
and white. Japan. 1908.

, tibe'ticum (Tibetan). Greenish-yellow, blackish-
purple. Tibet and China. 1905.

" ventrico'sum (swollen). See C. MACRANTHON VENTRI-
COSUM.

CYRILLA, (After D. Cyrillo, an Italian botanist.
Nat. ord. Cyrillads [Cyrillacea]. Linn. 5-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Heathworts.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy loam and peat ;
cuttings in sand, under glass, with slight bottom-heat.
C. antHla'rum (Antilles). 6. White. July. Antilles.

1824.

,, carolinia'na (Carolina). See C. RACEMI FLORA.
,, cocci'nea (scarlet). See ACHI.MENES COCCINEA.
,, pulche'lla (pretty). See ACHIMENES COCCINEA.
,, racemiflo'ra (racemose-flowered). 6. White. July.
S. United States. 1765. " Leatherwood."

CYRTA'NDRA. (From kurtos, curved, and aner, a
stamen ; in reference to the curved stamens. Nat. ord.
Gesneraceae.)

Stove shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sand in
a close case, with bottom-heat. Lumpy fibrous loam and
peat, with some nodules of charcoal.
C. bi'color (two-coloured). White. Sumatra.
„ pe'ndula (pendulous). White, dotted purple. Java.

1883.

„ Pritcha'rdii (Pritchard's). White. Berries white.
Fiji. 1887.

CYRTANTHE'RA. (From kurtos, curved, and anthera,
an anther. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae. Most of the species
are now referred to Jacobinia.)
C. auranti'aca (orange). See BELOPERONE ADRANTIACA.

„ catalpafo'lia (Catalpa-leaved). See JACOBINIA AUREA.

,, chrysoste'phana (golden-crown). See JACOBINIA

CHRYSOSTEPHANA.

,, ghiesbreghtia'na (Ghiesbreghtian). See JACOBINIA

GHIESBREGHTIANA.

,, libonia'na (Libonian). See JACOBINIA PAUCIFLORA.

CYRTA'NTHUS. (From kurtos, curved, and anthos,
a flower ; the flowers bend down from the summit of
the scape, or stalk. Nat. ord. A maryllids [ Amaryllidaceas].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Vallota.)

Greenhouse bulbs, from Cape of Good Hope. C.
obli'quus and C. ca'rneus have evergreen leaves ; they,
therefore, require to be watered all the year round.
Strong, friable loam suits them best in deep, narrow pots,

CYRTOCERAS

272

CYRTOPODIUM

and the bulbs covered. Greenhouse culture from April
to November, and an airy place in the stove near the
glass in winter. The rest are deciduous, and require to
be kept dry in winter. Offsets.
C. angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved), i. Orange. Autumn.

„ „ stria'tus (streaked). Bright red with yellow ribs.
„ „ ventrico'sus (inflated). Flower tube more dilated.

.. brachy'scy'phus (short-cupped). Pale red. Pondo-

land. 1886.
„ breviflo'rus (short-flowered). See ANOIGANTHUS BREVI-

FLORUS.

„ ca'rneus (flesh-coloured), i. Flesh. August.
„ colli'nus (hill). }. Crimson. June. 1816.
„ Galpi'ni (Galpin's). Bright red. Transvaal. 1892.
„ helfctus (spirally twisted). White, striped reddish-
brown. S. Africa. 1839.

„ Hutto'ni (Hutton's). Pale red. S. Africa. 1864.
,, hy'bridus (hybrid). Garden hybrid. (C. sanguineus

flammeus X Vallota purpurea. ) 1885.
„ inaqua'lis (unequal). Coral-red, erect. S. Africa.

1905.
„ interme'dius (intermediate). Garden hybrid. (C.

Mackenii x angustifolius. ) 1893.

„ Juno'dii (Junod's). Cinnabar, tipped yellow. Trans-
vaal. 1907.

., lute'scens (yellow). Yellow. S. Africa. 1863.
„ „ Coope'ri (Cooper's). Flowers more freely.
„ Macke'nii (Macken's). Pure white. Winter and

spring. Natal. 1868.
„ Maco'wani (Macowan's). Bright scarlet. S. Africa.

1875.
„ O'Brie'ni (O'Brien's). Bright scarlet. S. Africa.

1894.
„ obli'quus (tvristed-leaved). 2. Green, orange. June.

1774.

„ odo'rus (sweet-scented). f. Crimson. June. 1818.
„ pa'llidus (pale), i. Pink. June. 1822.
„ parviflo'rus (small-flowered). Bright scarlet. S.

Africa. 1891.

„ sangui'neus (blood-red). Bright red. S.Africa. 1860.
„ ,, glaucophy'llus (glaucous-leaved). Orange-red.

Leaves glaucus. 1905.
„ smithia'nus (Smithian). White, striped red-brown.

Kaffraria. 1876.

„ spira'lis (spiral-leaved), i. Scarlet. June. 1790.
„ stria'tus (streaked). See C. ANGUSTIFOLIUS STRIATUS.
„ Tu'ckii (Tuck's). Yellow, blood-red. S.Africa. 1884.
,, unifto'rus (one-flowered). White, with red-brown

stripes. Autumn and winter. S. Africa.
,, ventrico'sus (swollen). See C. ANGUSTIFOLIUS VEN-

TRICOSUS.
., vitta'tus (striped). White, striped red-brown. S.

Africa.

CYRTO'CERASFLORIBU NDUM and C. KEFLE'XUM.

See HOYA MULTIFLORA.

CYRTOCHTLUM. (From kurtos, curved, or concave,
and cheilos, a lip ; the form of the labellum, or lip. Nat.
ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Mon-
andria. Mostly now referred to Oncidium.)

Stove orchids. On blocks of wood, with moss and
sphagnum fastened over their roots. Summer, moist
temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60° ; rather dry.
C. bictonie'nse (Bicton). See ODONTOGLOSSUM BIC-

TONIENSE.

„ citri'num (citron). See ONCIDIUM CONCOLOR.

,, fi'lipes (thread-stalked). See ONCIDIUM GRAMINI-

FOLIUM.

„ fiave'scens (straw-coloured- flowered). See MILTONIA

FLAVESCENS.

„ graminifo'lium (grass- leaved). See ONCIDIUM GRAMI-

NIFOLIUM.
„ leucocki'lum (white-lipped). See ONCIDIUM LEUCO-

CHILUM.
„ macula' turn (spotted). See ONCIDIUM MACULATUM and

varieties.
„ micra'nthum (small-flowered). See ONCIDIUM MICRAN-

THUM.
„ mystaci'num (whiskered). See ODONTOGLOSSUM

MYSTACINUM.

,. Stella' turn (starry- flowered). See MILTONIA FLAVESCENS.
CYRTODETRA. See EPISCIA.

CYRTOGO'NIUM. (From kurtos, curved, and gonu, a
knee ; referring to the creeping stems, or rhizomes. Nat.
ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.
These are species of Acrostichum.)

Stove Ferns, with brown spores. Divisions ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 60° to 55°.

costa'tum (ribbed). July. Java.

crispa'tulum (curled). May. E. Ind.

diver si fo' Hum (various-leaved). May. E. Ind.

flagelli'ferum (rod-bearing). E. Ind. 1825.

lacinia'tum (jagged-leaved). May. Isle of Leyte.

punctula'tum (small-dotted). May. Java.

repa'ndum (waved). May. E. Ind.

sca'ndens (climbing). May. E. Ind.

serratifo'lium (saw-leaved). May. E. Ind.

sinuo'sum (crooked). May. Isle of Luzon.

subcrena' turn (slight-scolloped). May. E. Ind.

vi'rens (green). May. Java.

CYRTOMIPHLE'BIUM. (From kurtos, curved, and
phlebs, a vein ; referring to the disposition of the veins
in the leaves. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn.
24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.) Now referred to Polypo-
dium.
C. decu'rrens (leat-bordered-stemmed). See POLYPODIUM

DECURRENS.

., ni'tidum (shining). See POLYPODIUM LUCIDUM.
CYRTO'MIUM. See ASPIDIUM.

CYRTOPE'RA. (From kurtos, curved, and pera, a
small sack ; alluding to the sack-like appendage to the
labellum, or lip. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn.
zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Galeandra.)

Stove orchids. Root division ; peat, rotten wood,
and potsherds.

C. fla'va (yellow). 3. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1831.
,, ftave'scens (yellowish). Pale yellow. June. Mexico.

1830.
,, ftexuo'sa (flexuous). White, with purple spots, and

yellow blotch. E. Trop. Africa.
„ papilla' sa (nippled). Yellow, purple-brown. Natal.

1893.

,, plantagi'nea (plantain-like). Green, white, bluish-
green. Madagascar. 1882.
„ plica'ta (plaited-leaved). India. 1840.
,, Regnie'ri (Regnier's). Flowers large, yellow. Cochin-

China. 1886.

,, sangui'nea (blood-red). Dark red. E. Ind.
,, squa'lida (dirty-coloured). Malaya.
,, Woodfo'rdii (Woodford's). Pink. September. S.
Amer. 1819.

CYRTOPO'DIUM. (From kurtos, curved, and pous.
podos, a foot ; referring to the form of the labellum, or lip.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacea?]. Linn. zo-Gynandria,
i - Monandria. )

Stove orchids. Divisions ; peat, sphagnum, and
broken pots ; plants raised above the pots, or suspended
in shallow baskets. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; whiter,
55° to 60°.
C. Ali'citz (Alicia's). Green, with brown spots ; lip

white, crimson spotted. Brazil.
„ Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 2. Yellow. April. St.

Vincent. 1804.

„ cardiochi'lum (heart-lipped). See C. ANDERSONII.
,, crista'tum (crested). British Guiana.
,, flave'scens (yellow). 3. Yellow. Venezuela.
„ fla'vum (yellow). 2. Yellow. 1831.
,, glutini'ferum (clammy). Yellow. S. Amer.
„ pa'lmifrons (palm-leaved). Lemon, spotted rose-
pink. Brazil. 1901.

„ plantagi'neum (plantain-like). Madagascar.
,, puncta'tum (spotted). 3. Yellow, red. April.

Brazil.
,, saintlegeria'num (Saintlegerian). Yellow, spotted

brown. Paraguay. 1885.
„ sangui'neum (blood-red). Red-brown, rosy. Sikkim.

1875.
„ vire'scens (greenish). 4. Pale yellow, blotched red.

Brazil.

,, Wilmo'rei (Wilmore's). See C. PUNCTATUM.
„ Woodfo'rdii (Woodford's). See CYRTOPERA Wooo-

FORDII,

CYRTOSPERMA

273

CYTISUS

CYRTOSPE RMA. (Derived from kurtos, curved, and
sperma, a seed ; the seeds being curved. Nat. ord.
Araceae.)

Perennial herbs for the stove. Offsets and seeds.
Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
C. congole'nse (Congolese). Seems to be Anchomanes

dubius. Congo Free State. 1900.
,, fe'rox (spiny). Greenish- white. Petioles and scapes

prickly. Borneo. 1892.
„ Johnsto'ni (Johnston's). Leaves with red veins.

Solomon Isles. 1875.

„ matrieffia'num (Matrieffian). Sumatra. 1884.
„ senegale'nse (Senegalese). 5 to 12. Pale green, with
maroon bands. Upper Guinea. 1898.

CYRTO'STACHYS. (From kurtos, curved, and stachus,
a spike ; in reference to the curved inflorescence. Nat.
ord. Palmacea?.)

Stove Palms. For culture, see PALMS.
C. La'kka (Lakka). Malaya.
„ ,, Singapore' nsis (Singapore). Singapore.
„ Re'nda (Renda). Sumatra.

,, „ duvivieria'num (Duvivierian). Stems and leaf-
stalks bright orange-red. Malaya. 1901.

CYSTACA'NTHUS. (From kusios, a bladder, and
Acanthus ; in reference to the inflated flowers. Nat.
ord. Acanthacea?.)

An evergreen stove herb, flowering in winter. Cuttings
in a close case in spring or summer, giving bottom-heat.
Loam, fibrous peat, and sand.

C. tu'rgida (inflated), i. White, veined light rusty
brown. Cochin China. 1869.

CYSTO PTERIS. (From kustos, a bladder, and pteris,
a tern. Nat. ord. Filices.)

Slender growing, hardy ferns for moist, shady positions
on the rockery.

C. alpi'na (alpine). £. Europe (England).
„ „ re'eia (royal). Pinnae more finely divided.
,, bulbi'fera (bulb- bear ing). Fronds 2-3 times divided.

N. Amer. 1638.
,, fra'gilis (fragile). r. Frond 2-3 times divided.

Britain.

„ „ denta'ta (toothed). Pinnules toothed.
„ „ dickiea'na (Dickiean). Pinna? overlapping.
„ „ sempervi'rens (evergreen). Madeira.
„ monta'na (mountain). Frond triangular. Europe

(Scotland).
„ te'nuis (slender), i. N. Amer.

CYSTO'RCHIS. (From kustos, a bladder, and Orchis.
Nat. ord. Orchidacea?.)

Terrestrial, stove herbs, requiring treatment similar
to Neottia, or the stove species of Habenaria.
C. java'nica (Javanese). Malaya. 1862.
,, variega'ta (variegated). Malaya. 1862.

CYTISUS. (From Cythrus, one of the Cyclades,
where one of the species was first found. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa?]. Linn. i6-Mona-
delphia, 6-Decandria.)

Shrubs and trees. Readily increased by seeds ;
choice kinds are grafted or budded upon the Laburnum ;
common garden-soil.

GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREENS.
C. affi'nis (related). Sicily.
, attlea'nus (Attlean). See C. FRAGRANS.
, canarie'nsis (Canary). 4. Yellow. Canaries. 1774.
, ca'ndicans (white). White. South Europe.
, e'legans (elegant). See C. FRAGRANS ELEGANS.
, fi'lipes (thread-stemmed). White. March. Tene-

riffe. 1838.

„ fra'grans (fragrant). 3 to 4. Yellow. Canaries. 1835.
„ ,, e'legans (elegant). 3. Yellow. 1821.
„ glomera'tus (crowded). See ERIOSEMA PARVIFLORUM.
„ la'niger (woolly). 2. Yellow. June. Spain. 1821.

Half-hardy.

„ ,, ri'gidus (stiS-spined). 6. Yellow. June.
„ nubfsenus (cloud-born). See C. FRAGRANS.
„ proli'ferus (proliferous). 2. Yellow. April. Canaries.

I779-

,, ,, a'lbus (white). White. " Tagasaste."
„ racemo'sus (racemed). See C. FRAGRANS.
fc ramosi' ssimus (most branched). See C. CANARIENSIS.

HARDY DECIDUOUS, &c.

C. Ada'mi (Adam's). See LABURNUM ADAMI.
„ ao'licus (/Eolian). 7. Yellow. May. Stromboli.

1836.
,. „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). White. May.

Gardens.
,, ,, fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). Yellow.

May. Gardens.

„ a'lbidus (white). 4. White. June. Canary Islands.
„ a'lbus (white. Portugal Broom). 8. White. May.

Portugal. 1752.
„ „ incarna'tus (flesh-coloured). 8. Flesh. May.

Portugal. 1752.
„ „ incarna'tus ma'jor (larger). Flowers larger, vinous

rose. 1875.
„ „ lu'teus (yellow-flowered). 8. Yellow. May.

Gardens.

„ „ multiflo'rus (many-flowered). Gardens. 1888.
,, alpi'nus (alpine). See LABURNUM ALPINUM.
„ Ardoi'ni (Ardoin's). i. Yellow. Maritime Alps.

1867.
,, arge'ntfus (stiver-leaved). 3. Yellow. August.

France. 1739. This is Argyrolobium linnte'anum.
„ austri'acus (Austrian). 3. Yellow. July. Austria.

1741.
„ Bea'nii (Bean's). Yellow. Garden Hybrid. (Ardoini

Xbiflorus.) 1907.
„ biflo'rus( two-flowered). 3. Yellow. May. Hungary.

1760.
„ calyci'nus (/arg^-calyxed). 2. Yellow. August.

Tauria. 1820. This is Argyrolobium calycinum.
„ capita' tus (round-headed) . 3. Yellow. July. Austria.

1774.
,, cilia' tus (hair-fringed). 3. Yellow. July. Carpathia.

1817.
,, decu'mbens (lying down). 3. Yellow. June. Europe.

1816.
„ divarica'tus (divaricate). See ADENOCARPUS INTER-

MEDIUS.

„ elonga'tus (long-branched). See C. BIFLO'RUS.
,, falca'tus (sickle-shaped). See C. HIRSUTUS.
„ fi'lifer ( thread-bearing). Pale yellow. 1866.
„ foliolo'sus (leafy). See ADENOCARPUS FOLIOLOSUS.
,, glabre'scens (smoothish). Bright yellow. Mountains

of Upper Italy. 1896.
,, grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 4. Yellow. June.

Portugal. 1816.
„ HUlebra'ndtii (Hillebrandt's). Yellow. Canary

Islands. 1905.
„ hirsu'tus (hairy). 5. Yellow. July. South Europe.

1739.

,, „ hirsuti' ssimus (hairiest). Yellow.
„ kewe'nsis (Kew). Primrose yellow. Garden hybrid.

( A rdoini X albus. )
„ Labu'rnum (Laburnum). See LABURNUM VULGARE

and varieties.
,, leuca'nthus (white-flowered). I to 4. Pale yellow.

June. Balkans. 1806.
„ linifo'lius (Flax-leaved). S.W.Europe.
„ microphy'llus (small-leaved). 2. Yellow. May.

Canaries.

„ mo' His (soft). 4. Yellow. June. 1818
„ monspessula'nus (Montpelier). White. Mediterranean

region.
„ multiflo'rus (many-flowered). See C. HIRSUTUS and

C. ALBUS.
„ na'nus (dwarf), ij. Yellow. May. Levant. 1816.

This is Argyrolobium calycinum.
„ ni'gricans (black-rooted). 3. Yellow. June. Austria.

1730.

„ ,, na'nus (dwarf). See C. CAPITATUS.
„ orienta'lis (eastern). 3. Yellow. June. Asia Minor.

1818.
„ pa'/ens (spreading). 4. Yellow. June. Portugal.

1752.
„ poly'trichus (many-haired). ij. Yellow. June.

Tauria. 1818.
„ prafcox (early). Pale yellow. Garden hybrid

(pur gansx. albus).
„ procu'mbens (procumbent). $. June. Europe. 1775.

Trailer.

„ pu'rgans (purging). 2. Yellow. S.W. Europe. 1886.
„ purpu'reus (purple- flou'ered). 2. Purple. Austria.

1792.

CZACKIA

274

DAHLIA

C. purpu'rcus albifio'rus (white-flowered). 2. White.
J une. Austria.

,, pygmce'us (pigmy), i. Yellow. June. Macedonia.

,, rhodophe'na (beautiful). 2. Yellow. May.

„ ruthSnicus (Russian). See C. BIFLORUS.

„ schipkce'nsis (Schipka). See C. LEUCANTHUS.

„ scopa'rius (common broom). 6. Y'ellow. June.
Britain.

„ „ a'lbus (white- flowering}. 6. White. June.
England.

„ „ andrea'nus (Andrean). Yellow and crimson-
brown. Normandy. 1886.

„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 6. Yellow. April.
England.

„ ,, fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 6. Yellow.
April. Gardens.

„ „ pe'ndulus (pendulous). " Weeping Broom."

„ „ sulphu'reus (sulphur). Sulphur-yellow.

„ sessiliflo'rus (stalkless-flowered). See TEPHROSIA

BREVIPES.

„ sessilifo'hus (sessile-leaved). 2. Yellow. South

Europe. 1629.
„ spino'sus (spiny. Broom). 2. Yellow. June.

South Europe. 1596. Evergreen.
„ supi'nus (supine). i. Yellow. June. South

Europe. 1755. Trailer.
., tomento'sus (felted). This is Argyrolobium andrewsi-

anum.
„ triflo'rus (three-flowered). 4. Yellow, June. Spain.

1640.
„ versi'color (variable coloured). Garden hybrid (pur-

pureus x hirsutus).
„ Welde'nii (Baron Welden's). See PETTERIA RAMEN-

TACEA.

CZA'CKIA LILIA'STRUM.

ASTRUM.

See PARADISEA LILI-

D

DABOE CIA. (Derived from the Irish name St.
Dabeoc. Nat. ord. Ericaceae.)

Hardy, evergreen shrubs of dwarf habit and Heath-
like aspect. Cuttings in sandy peat, under a hand-light,
and layers in autumn. Sandy peat is the best medium
in which to grow the plants.
JD. canta'brica calycula'ta (Cambridge). See D. POLIFOLIA

CANTABRICA.

„ polifo'lia (Folium- leaved), i to 2. Purple. August.

Ireland. " St. Dabeoc's Heath."
„ „ a'lba (white). White. Ireland.
„ „ atropurpu'rea (dark-purple), 2. Dark purple.
,, „ bi' color (two-coloured). White and rosy-purple.
„ ,, canta'brica (Cambridge). Calyx coloured, making

the flowers appear double. 1891.
,, ,, flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). See D. POLIFOLIA

ALBA.

„ ,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Purple.
„ ,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). Purple.
„ „ na'na (dwarf). See C. POLIFOLIA PYGM^A.
„ „ pa'llida (pale). Pale purple.
H >• pygm&'a (dwarf). J. Purple. Ireland.
„ „ taxifo'lia (Yew-leaved). See BRYANTHUS TAXI-

FOLIUS.

DACRT'DIUM. (From dakru, a tear; referring to
the resinous drops, glands, or exudations. Nat. ord.
Taxads [Coniferas], Linn. 21-Monoecia, lo-Decandria.
Allied to Podocarpus and Yew.)

D. taxifo'lium is the kakaterro of the natives ; its
young branches, like those of the Norway Spruce, afford
a beverage of the same qualities as spruce beer. Green-
house evergreens. Cuttings of firm young wood in sand,
under a glass ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
75° ; winter, 35° to 45°.
D. araucarioi' des (Araucaria-like). New Caledonia.

„ cupre'ssinum (cypress-like). 16. New Zealand. 1825.

„ ela'tum (lofty). 20. Pulo Peaang. 1830.

„ exce'lsum (tall). See PODOCARPUS DACRYDIOIDES.

„ Fitzgera'ldi (Fitzgerald's). Australia.

„ Frankli'ni (Franklin's. Hnon Pine). 100 Tasmania
1844.

„ Ma'i (Mai). See PRUMXOPITYS SPICATA.

„ ta.vifo'lium (yew-leaved). See PRUMNOPITYS SPICATA.

„ taxoi'des (yew-like). A conical bush. New Caledonia.

DACTYLA'NTHES. See EUPHORBIA.
DACTYLICATNOS THALICTRIFO'LIA. See DICEN-

TRA THALICTRIFOLIA.

DA'CTYLIS. (From daktulis, a finger's-breadth. Nat.
ord. Gramineae.)

A wild or British grass of which several variegated
forms are grown in gardens.
D. glomera'ta (clustered). 2. Green. June. Britain.

Cock's-foot grass.

,, ,, au'rea (golden). Golden-variegated.
,, ,, eleganti' ssima (most elegant). Silver-variegated.
,, ,, variega'ta (variegated). Less variegation than
D. g. elegantissima.

DACTYLOPH'YLLUM. See GILLIA and POTENTILLA.
DADDY LONG LEGS. Ti'pula olera'cea.

DJEDALACA'NTHUS. (Derived from daidaleos, de-
corated, and acanthos, a spine ; in reference to the beauty
of the flowers. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Evergreen, winter-flowering stove plants. Seeds ;
cuttings early in spring, inserted in sandy loam and
leaf-mould, in a close case with bottom-heat, and potted
on when rooted. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
D. macrophy'llus (large-leaved). Pale blue and violet-
blue. Winter. Burma.
,, monta'nus (mountain). 2. Lilac, purple. March.

Ceylon.
., nervo'sus (nerved), i to 2. Bright blue. Winter.

India. 1795.

,, pa'rvus (small). See ERANTHEMUM WATTII.
,, stri'ctus (erect). ito2. Purple. April. India. 1818.
,, suffrutico' sus (subshrubby). Blue. August. E. Ind.

1824.
„ Wa'ttii (Watt's). See ERANTHEMUM WATTII.

D2£'MIA. (Its Arabic name. Nat. ord. Asdepiads
[Asclepiadaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, z-Digynia. Allied
to Eustegia.)

Stove evergreen twiners, with white flowers, blooming
in July. Cuttings of firm side-shoots in sandy soil,
under a glass, and in bottom-heat, in April ; peat and
loam, both fibrous, with a little silver sand. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. bi'color (two-coloured). 6. E. Ind. 1806.

,, corda'ta (heart-leaved). 10. Arabia. 1824.

,, txte'nsa (extended). 3. E. Ind. 1777.

,, sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Gambia. 1824.

D^MO'NOROPS. (Derivation uncertain. Nat. ord.
Palmaceas.)

Stove Palms, with slender stems and spiny leaves.
For cultivation, see PALMS.
D. adspe'rsus (scattered). 20. Java. 1866.

„ calica'rpus (beautiful fruited). Malaya.

,, Dra'co (Draco). 50. Malaya. 1819.

,, fi'ssus (split). Borneo.

,, gra'ndis (grand). Malaya.

„ Hy'strix (Hystrix). Malaya.

,, interme'dius (intermediate). Malaya.

„ jenkinsia'nus (Jenkinsian). India.

,, lewisia'nus (Lewisian). Penang. 1878.

,, lo'ngipes (long-stalked). Malaya.

,, melanochce' tes (black-bristled). 150. Malaya.

,, ni'ger (black). Malaya. 1824.

,, orna'tus (adorned). Java. 1872.

,, palemba'nicus (Palembangian). Sumatra. 1872.

,, periaca'nthus (spine-encircled). Sumatra. 1872.

,, plumo'sus (plumose). India. 1870.

,, trichro'us (three-coloured). Sumatra.

,, verticilla'ris (whorled). Malaya.

DA'FFODIL. Narci'ssus Pseu'do-narci'ssus.

DA'HLIA. (Named after Dahl, a Swedish botanist.
Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
2-Superftua.)

Hardy perennial tubers. Division of the tuberous
roots ; cuttings when they have grown three or four
inches in length, in the spring, and inserted in light,
sandy soil, with a little bottom-heat, and hardened off
by degrees ; seeds for insuring the different species ;
fresh, rich, light soil. The roots, after the stems are

DAHLIA

275

DAHLIA

cut down by frost, must be taken up and plunged in
dry soil.

D. arbo'rea (tree-like). Trop. Amer.
,, Barktfria (Miss Barker's). See D. VARIABILIS.
„ Ceruante'sii (Cervantes'). See D. COCCIXEA.
., cocci' nea (scarlet). Scarlet. August to October.

Mexico.
., „ aura'ntia (orange-coloured). 6. Orange. October.

Mexico. 1802.
„ „ cro'cea (saffron). 6. Yellow. October. Mexico.

1802.
„ „ lu'Ua (yellow). 6. Sulphur. October. Mexico.

1803.

„ croca'ta (rusty). See D. VARIABILIS.
,, exce'lsa (tall). 30. Purple. Mexico. 1834.
,, ,, anemonaflo'ra (anemone-flowered). 30. Light.

September. Mexico. 1830.
,, frustra'nea ( barren-ray ed). See D. COCCINEA,
„ glabra'ta (smooth). See D. MERCKII.
„ gra'cilis (graceful). 4. Scarlet, yellow. October.

Mexico. 1873.

„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1888.
.. „ supe'rba (superb). Crimson-scarlet. 1881.
., imperia'lis (imperial). 8 to 12. Rose or white, yellow.

October. Mexico. 1863.
„ Juare'rii or Yuare'sii (Juarez's). Crimson. August

to October. Mexico. 1879. The Cactus Dahlia.
„ lu'Ua (yellow). See D. VARIABILIS.
,, mavimilia'na (Maximilian). 7. Mauve. Mexico.
„ Me'rckii (Merck's). 2 to 3. Lilac and yellow. August.

to October. Mexico. 1839.
„ ,, decaisnea'na (Decaisnean). Purple, yellow.

Mexico. 1864.

„ pinna'ta (pinnate). See D. VARIABILIS.
,. scapi'gera (tong-flower-stemmed). 2. White. June.

Mexico. 1837.

„ ste'Ua-bia'nca (white star). See D. VARIABILIS.
„ supe'rflua (superfluous). See D. VARIABILIS.
„ variabilis (variable). Many shades of colour. Mexico.

1789.

„ ,, viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). Flower-head con-
sisting of green bracts. 1886.
., Yuare'zii (Yuarez's). See D. JUARESII.

DAHLIA AS A FLORIST'S FLOWER.— The innumer-
able varieties in our gardens are the descendants of
D. variabilis.

Propagation by Cuttings. — The time for striking these
extends from January to April. The young shoots that
spring from the tubers make the best cuttings, and are
the most sure to grow ; but cuttings of the young tops
will strike root if care is taken not to overwater them till
they form a callus preparatory to emitting roots. This
is an advantage in the case of new and scarce varieties
of which it is desired to get up a stock as quickly as
possible. If the shoots are few or only one, two buds
must be left at the base, and they will give rise to other
shoots which may, in turn, be taken off and rooted.
The cuttings, or slips, must be put in pots filled with
light earth, with a layer of pure white sand on the surface,
and placed in a gentle hotbed. If the pot of cuttings
can be plunged in coal-ashes, or other material, the
cuttings will strike the sooner ; water very moderately
and carefully, and shade from bright sun. They will
strike root in a fortnight or three weeks, and should be
immediately potted in sj-inch pots, and kept close for
a few days, till they make a few more roots. They may
then be placed in a cold frame, shaded from the sun,
and protected from frost and wet. Pot them again into
4^-inch pots, before the roots become matted, and then
begin to give air daily, and keep them well watered.

By Division. — The roots may be divided from the
crown downwards, taking care to have a bud or two to
each division. Pot them, if too early to plant out, or
plant the division out at once in their places, but not
earlier than the middle of April. Harden off the plants
in frames, first by giving plenty of air, then by taking
the lights off during the day, and finally by standing
them in a sheltered place out of doors. It is seldom
safe to plant them out before the first or second week
of J une because of late frosts.

By Seed. — Save the seed from such double flowers as
are partially fertile, having bright distinct colours
and good form. Gather it as soon as ripe, and hang
the heads up in a dry place. When the scales of the

head turn brown, separate the seeds, dry them in the
sun in the morning only, and when dry store them in a
dry room. Sow them in March, in shallow pans, ar.d
transplant the seedlings singly into small pots. As soon
as the frosts are passed plant them out a foot apart
every way, and allow them to flower. All bad-shaped
or dull-coloured throw away ; there is no hope of their
improving by culture. Such as have good-formed petals
and bright colours, though not perfectly double, may be
kept another year for a further trial ; and such as are
excellent should be propagated from the young tops,
to preserve the kinds, as the old root might perish.

Soil. — The dahlia requires a rich, deep, friable soil ;
and, as the branches are heavy and brittle, a sheltered
situation should be chosen, neither top low nor top high.
The ground should be trenched, if it will allow it, eighteen
inches or two feet deep, a good coating of well-decomposed
dung spread on the surface after the trenching is com-
pleted, and immediately dug in one spit deep. Lay the
soil so mixed up in slight ridges, to be levelled down
just before planting. This is best done in autumn or
early winter. If the soil is sandy or gravelly, it will
help the Dahlias to make good growth if some well-
rotted cow manure is dug into the bottom of the holes
taken out for planting them.

Summer Culture. — The season for planting is as soon
as there is no fear of any more frost. To grow them
fine, and to obtain high colours, they should have
plenty of room between each plant — five feet apart every
way for the dwarf-growing kinds, and six feet for the
tall ones, will not be too much. It is a good method to
have the places for each marked out, by driving in the
stakes in the exact places first, and then there is no
danger of the stakes injuring the roots. As late frosts
might possibly occur, it is safe to cover the plants at
night with clean empty garden-pots of a sufficient size
to cover them without touching the leaves, until all
fear of frost has subsided. When the plants have ob-
tained a considerable growth, cover the surface round
each plant with some half-rotted, littery stable-dung ;
this will preserve them from drought, and afford nutri-
ment when the plants are watered.

Tying is a very important operation. As soon as the
plants are high enough, they should be tied to the stakes
with some rather broad shreds of soft bass matting ; and
the side-shoots must also be secured by longer pieces of
matting, to prevent the winds and heavy rains from
breaking them off. It may sometimes be necessary to
place three or four additional stakes at a certain distance
from the central one, to tie the side-branches to. The
best kind of stakes are the thinnings of larch plantations ;
but oak, ash, sweet chestnut or hazel stakes will also
serve. Square stakes, planed and painted green are
neatest, and in some districts the only ones obtainable.
They should be stout, and six or seven feet long, at least
in the case of the taller growing varieties. As the
plants grow, if the weather is hot and dry, abundance of
water should be supplied.

Protecting the Flowers. — This will be necessary if in-
tended for exhibition. Caps of oiled canvas stretched
upon a wire frame are very good for the purpose ; even
a common garden-pot turned upside down is no bad
shelter. They may easily be suspended over each
flower by being fastened to a stake, and the flower
gently brought down and tied to the stake under them.
The best shade, however, is a square box with a glass
front, and a slit at the bottom to allow the stem of the
flower to slide into it, and thus bring the flower within
the box. The flower then has the advantage of light
and air, and is still protected from the sun, wind, and
rain.

Winter Treatment. — As soon as the autumn frosts
have destroyed the tops of the plants, cut down the
stems, and take up the roots immediately. If the roots
come up clean out of the ground, they will only require
gently drying, and may be stored at once in some place
where they will be safe from frost. If the soil clings
much to the tubers, these should be washed and dried,
and then stowed away. The place should not only be
free from frost, but from damp also, yet not so dry as to
cause them to shrivel up too much. It is a good plan
to have two or three of each kind struck late and kept
in pots through the winter. If kept in small pots and
plunged in coal cinders, sifted to take out the dust, they
will not require much attention during the summer,

DAIS

276

DAMMARA

and tubers so grown usually keep well. The soil must
be perfectly dry before they are put to rest, and no wet
or frost allowed to reach them. A good place for them
is to lay the pots on one side under the stage of a green-
house. In these winter quarters they must be fre-
quently examined, and all decaying roots or stems re-

Typ'es of Dahlia.— Besides the show Dahlia of the old
florist's type several others have now been raised to
the dignity of exhibition flowers. The show Dahlia
proper is denned by size, symmetry of form, circular
outline, by being perfectly double, high in the centre,
with neat, compact, quilled florets, of uniform colour, or
darker round the edge. Striped and mottled flowers of
this type are classed as fancy Dahlias. The most
popular for exhibition at the present time are the Cactus
Dahlias, descended from Dahlia Juarezii, introduced
from Mexico in 1879, and brought to great perfection
within the last twenty years. These are distinguished
by their long pointed florets rolled back at the edges,
narrow and graceful. The old forms with flat petals are
now classed as decorative Dahlias, and are used for
garden ornamentation for the sake of their bright colours
and free-flowering habit. Pompon Dahlias have the
neat, regular, and closely built flower of the show type,
but are distinguished by their very small size. Single
Dahlias are now exhibition flowers and are characterised
by a single row of outside florets or rays, broad, rounded,
overlapping, and of some bright colour or even two,
besides the yellow centre.

Insects.— In the early stages of growth, the great pest
to the Dahlia is the slug. Watering with clear lime-
water is the best article to destroy them, or a dusting
of quick-lime in dewy mornings will be useful ; a circle
of lime round each plant will be a good preventive,
and also a carefully gathering up, very early in the
morning, of these vermin will greatly reduce their
numbers. When the plants are in flower, the earwig
is almost sure to attack them, and frequently in one
night will disfigure the finest and most perfect bloom,
and render it unfit for exhibition. Traps must be set
to catch them. Small garden-pots with a little hay or
moss put in them, and then turned upside down upon the
stakes, are a good trap for them. They should be
examined every morning, and the insects in them de-
stroyed. Dried bean stalks are also a good trap : place
them among the branches, and the insects will creep
into them as a hiding place. Also, as they feed chiefly
in the night, take a lantern at that time, and examine
every flower.

Preparing for Exhibition. — Cut the flowers the night
before, and if they are to be conveyed a considerable
distance, have a box or boxes made with watertight tin
tubes securely fixed in the bottom, to hold water ; pass
the stem of each flower through a plug of wood with a
hole in the centre, just wide enough to allow the stem to
pass through it. and just thick enough to fit like a cork
into the tin tube. Make the flower quite firm in the
wooden plug, and let the lid of the box be so elevated
as not to touch the flower.

DA IS. (From daio, to heat ; referring to the caus-
ticity of the bark. Nat. ord. Daphnads (Thyme -
leacea?]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Mezereon.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Seeds sown in slight hotbed,
in March ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots, or of the
roots, in April, in sand, under a glass, and with a little
heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ;
winter, 40° to 45°.

D. cotinifo'lia (Cotinus-leaved). 10. White, green.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1776.

DAISY. (Be'llis pere'nnis.) There are many double
varieties of this hardy perennial ; some white, others
crimson, and many variegated. A more curious variety
is the Proliferous or Hen-and-Chicken Daisy. They
all will flourish in any moist soil, and almost in any
situation. They bloom from April to June. Propagated
by divisions ; the smallest fragment of root almost
enables then to grow. To keep them double and fine,
they require moving occasionally. Planted as an edging
round the Ranunculus-bed their roots tempt the wire-
worm from those of the choicer flower.

DALBERGIA. (Named after Dalberg, a Swedish
botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria.)

The wood of D. Si'ssoo is remarkable for its excellence.
East Indian stove evergreen trees, almost all with white
flowers. Cuttings of firm young shoots in March, in
sand, under a glass, and in a little bottom-heat ; fibrous
peat and turfy loam, with a portion of sand. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. arbo'rea (tree). See PONGAMIA GLABRA.
„ Barcla'yi( Barclay's). 15. Blue. Madagascar. 1823.
„ Dipha'ca (Diphaca). See ORMOCARPUM SENNIODES.
,, dominge'nsis (St. Domingan). See LONCHOCARPUS

SERICEUS.

,, frondo'sa (fronded). See D. LANCEOLARIA.
„ lanceola'ria (lance-leaved). 30. India. 1818.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 30. India. " Black Wood."
,, margina'ta (bordered). See DERRIS MARGINATA.
, ougeine'nsis (Ougein). See OUGENIA DALBERGIOIDES.
, panicula'ta (panicled). 30. 1811.
, rimo'sa (chinky). 20. 1823.
, rubigino'sa (rusty). 10. 1811.
, sca'ndens (climbing). See DERRIS SCANDENS.
, Si'ssoo (Sisspo). 30. 1820.
, spino'sa (spiny). India.

,, tamarindifo'lia (tamarind-leaved). 15. 1820.
,, Telfai'rii (Telfair's). See MUNDULEA TELFAIRII.
,, volu'bilis (twining). 20. 1818.

DA'LEA. (Named in compliment to Samuel Dale,
M.D., the writer of the book Materia Medica. Nat. ord.
Leguminosae.)

Greenhouse shrubby plants chiefly. Seeds and cuttings
under a hand-light. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand for
the greenhouse species.
D. alopecuroi'des (Fox- tail), i to 2. Pale blue. N.

Amer. Hardy annual.

„ bi 'color (two-coloured). See D. MUTABILIS.
„ Kuhnisie'ra(Kuhmstera). See PETALOSTEMON CORYM-

BOSUS.
,, muta'bilis (changeable). Purple, white. October.

Mexico, Cuba. 1821.
„ Muii'sii (Mutis'K Purple. July. Mexico. 1828.

DALECHA'MPIA. (Named after Dalechamp, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Euphorbiads [Euphorbiaceae], Linn.
2i-Moncecia, i-Monandria. Allied to Poinsettia.)

Stove evergreen climbers, with yellowish-green flowers.
Cuttings a little dried at their base before insertion into
sandy soil, under a hand-light, in April ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50°.
D. brasilie' nsis (Brazilian). See D. SCANDENS.

,, ficifo'lia (fig-leaved). 6. July. Brazil. 1820.

,, rcezlia'na (Roezlian). Rose and yellow. Mexico.

,, sca'ndens (climbing). 12. June. W. Ind. 1739-

DALIBA'RDA VIOL^OI DES. See RUBUS DALI-
BARDA. D. fragarioides. See WALDSTEINIA FRAGARI-
OIDES. D. repens. See RUBUS DALIBARDA.

DALMATIAN CAP. See TULIPA.
DAMASK ROSE. See RO'SA DAMASCE'NA.
DAMASK VIOLET. See HE'SPERIS MATRONA'LIS.

DAMASO'NIUM. (Derivation obscure. Nat. ord.
Alismacea?.)

A British aquatic which should be grown in the bog
garden, the banks of a pond, or in shallow water.
D. Ali'sma (Alisma). J. White, yellow. Britain. Syn.
D. stellatum.

DAME'S ROCKET or VIOLET. See HESPERIS
MATRONA'LIS.

DA'MMARA. (The Dammar Pine of New Zealand.
The Kauri of the natives. Nat. ord. Conifers [Conifera?].
Linn. zi-Mon&cia, lo-Monadelphia.) All the species are
now referred to Agathis.)

The finest masts are now prepared from the D.
austra'lis for our navy ; it also yields a brittle, resin-like
copal. Cuttings of young, ripe, firm shoots, inserted in
sand, in the spring, in a gentle bottom-heat, under a

DAMNACANTHUS

277

DAPHNE

bell-glass ; loam, with a little sand. Summer temp.,
55° to 80° ; winter, 38° to 45°.

D. austra'lis (southern. Kauri Pine). 200. New Zea-
land. 1821.

„ loranthifo'lia (Loranthus-leaved). 50. Malaya. 1804.

„ Moo'rfi (Moore's). New Caledonia. 1851.

„ obtu'sa (blunt). New Hebrides. 1851.

„ orienta'lis (eastern). See D. LORANTHIFOLIA.

., robu'sta (robust). N.E. Australia. 1860.

„ vitie'nsis (Fijian). Fiji.

DAMNACA'NTHUS. (Derived from damnao, to con-
quer, and acanthos, a spine ; in allusion to the strong,
opposite spines. Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

Shrubs requiring greenhouse treatment. Cuttings in
a close case, with mild, bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
D. fndicus (Indian). White. India and Japan. 1889.
„ „ ma'jor (greater). White. Japan. 1868.
„ „ submi'tis (sub-mild). White. Spines nearly absent.
Japan. 1868.

DAMPIE RA. (Named after the circumnavigator,
Capt. W. Dumpier. Nat. ord. Goodenoviads [Goodeno-
viaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Sc*vola.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, with blue flowers,
from Australia. Division ; and cuttings of young shoots
in sand, under a glass ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
55° to 75° ; winter, 38° to 45°.
D. ala'ta (winged-leaved). May. 1842.

„ Bro'wnii (Brown's). £. July. 1824.

,, corona' ta (crowned- floieered). May.

,, cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). May.

„ fascicula'ta (bundle- flowered). May. 1841.

,, lavandula'cea (lavender-teat/ftf). 1843.

„ linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 1840.

„ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). See D. BROWKII.

„ stri'cta (upright), r. JuJy. 1814.

„ U'res (round-leaved). June.

DAMPING OFF is a name applied by gardeners to the
premature decay of the stems of seedlings, and other
tender plants. It is caused by a fungus, Py'thium
debarya'num, owing to the soil and air in which they are
vegetating being kept too moist or damp. Flower
seedlings are especially liable to be thus affected ; and,
to prevent this, one third of the depth of the pot should
he filled with drainage, and the soil employed, instead of
being sifted, allowed to retain all moderately sized
stones. The seeds should be sown very thinly, pressed
down, and a little white sand be sprinkled over the
surface, because this is not easily disturbed by watering,
and is not a medium that retains moisture to the neck
of the seedlings, where dampness most affects them. A
pot of sand should be kept hot, and whenever symptoms
of the disease appear, a little whilst hot sprinkled on the
soil. The latter should be kept somewhat drier. In
bad cases the seedlings should be pricked off as soon as
they can be handled, into fresh soil.

DA'NAE. (Danae, the Greek name of the Alexandrian
Laurel. Nat. ord. Liliaceae. Allied to Ruscus and
Asparagus.)

A hardy, evergreen shrub, which thrives best in
sheltered situations amongst other shrubs or trees in
ordinary garden soil.

D. Lau'rus (Laurus). 2 to 4. Green. Greece, Asia
Minor, &c. " Alexandrian Laurel."

DA N.82A. (Named after P. M. Dana, who wrote on
the Flora of Piedmont. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn.
24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove, herbaceous ferns. Division. Fibrous peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 48° to 55*.
D. ala'ta (winged). W. Ind. 1823.

„ elli'ptica (elliptic). W. Ind. to S. Brazil.

,, moritsia'na (Moritzian). Colombia to Peru.

„ nodo'sa (jointed). Cuba and Mexico to Brazil.

,, serrula'ta (finely saw-edged). Colombia. 1881.

DA PHNE. (So called after the fabled nymph of that
name. Nat. ord. Daphnads [Thymeleacea?]. Linn. 8-
Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

Extreme causticity is the general property of the

Daphnads — the Spurge Laurel and Mezeremn particu-
larly so. Seed for most of the species, especially of the
D. Laure'ola, or Spurge Laurel ; used as a grafting stock
for most of the rarer and tender kinds. As the seed is
two years in vegetating, it is usual to keep it some time
in sand, in a heap. D. Cneo'rum and other dwarf kinds,
especially if at all trailing, are generally propagated by
layers in summer. A close pit for grafting the finer
kinds, in March or April, is an advantage. Most of
them like a good proportion of sandy peat ; but the de-
ciduous Meze'reum prefers pure loam. The odo'ra and
odo'ra ru'bra are nearly hardy in the climate of London ;
but farther north they require the cold pit or greenhouse.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

D. Fortu'nei (Fortune's). See D. GENKWA.
,, Ge'nkwa (Genkwa). 3. Lilac to blue. February.

China. 1844.

„ Meze'reum (Mezereurn). 4. Pink. March. England.
,, ,, a'lbum (white- flowered). 4. March.
,, „ autumna'le (autumnal). See D. MEZEREUM GRAN DI-

FLORA.

., „ flo're-a'lbo-ple'no (double white).
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Red. August.

Europe.

„ „ ru'brum (red- flowered). 4. Pink. March. Eng-
land.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

D. alpi'na (alpine). 2. White. June. Italy. 1759.
„ alta'ica (Altaic). 3. White. April. Siberia. 1796.
„ austra'lis (southern). See D. SERICEA.
„ blagaya'na (Blagayan). White. March to May.

Carniolia. 1872.

,, cauca'sica (Caucasian). Caucasus. 1871.
„ Cneo'rum (garland-flower), i. Pink. July. Australia.

1752.

„ „ colli'na (hill). See D. SERICEA.
„ ,, fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved), i. Pink.

April.

., , grandiflo'rum (large-flowered), i. Pink. April.
„ „ Verlo'ti (Verlot's). Dauphiny.
„ Dauphi'ni (Dauphin's). Garden hybrid (sericea

•Xodora).
., glomera'ta (clustered). Lilac-purple. Asia Minor,

Caucasus. 1891.

,, Gnt'dtum(Gnidium). 2. White. July. Spain. 1597.
., houttea'na (Houttean). See D. LAUREOLA PURPUREA.
,, jezoe'nsis (Jezoan). Yellow. Japan. 1866. Fragrant.
„ Laure'ola (Spurge-laurel). 6. Green. February.

Britain.

„ „ Phili'ppi (Philipp's).
„ „ purpu'rea (purple). Leaves purple.
„ Maze'lii (Mazel's). White. Japan. 1872.
,, neapolita'na (Neapolitan). See D. SERICEA.
,, oleoi'des (olive-like). 2. White. Crete. 1815.
„ ., eleganti'ssima (most elegant). Leaves edged

white. 1870.

„ petrce'a (rock). Purple or rose. March. Tyrol.
„ po'ntica (Pontic). 4. Green, yellow. April. Pontus.

1759.
,, ,, fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved), i. Pink.

August. Pontus.
„ pube'scens (downy). 3. Yellow. April. Austria.

1810.

„ rupe'stris (rock). See D. PETR^A.
,, salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). See D. CAUCASICA.
., seri'cea (silky). 2. White. April. South Europe.

1752.
„ stria'ta (streaked). 2 Purple. May. Switzerland.

1819.
„ Ta'rton-rai'ra (Tarton-raira). See THYMEL^A TAR-

TOXRAIRA.
„ Thymelce'a (Wild Olive). See THYMEL^A SANA-

MUNDA.

,, tomento'sa (shaggy). See THYMEL^EA TARTOXRAIRA.
„ viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). See WIKSTROBMIA IN-

DICA.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &c.
D. Auckla'ndii i(Lady Auckland's). 2. Himalayas. 1841.

Stove.

„ cannabi'na (Hemp-like). India. " Paper Daphne."
,, chinSnsis (Chinese). See D. ODORA.
,, i'ndica (Indian). See D. ODORA.
„ japo'nica (Japan). See D. ODORA.

DAPHNIPHYLLUM

278

DATURA

D. odo'ra (sweet-seen ted). 3. Pink, white. July. China

and Japan. 1771.

„ „ ru'bra (red). 4. Pink. April. China. 1831.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). 4. White. October.

Japan. 1800.

„ papyra'cea (paper). See D. CANNABINA.
„ tini'fo'lia (Tinus-leaved). See DAPHNOPSIS TINIFOLIA.

DAPHNEPHY'LLUM. (From Daphne, and phullon, a
leaf ; the leaves resembling those of a Daphne. Nat.
ord. Euphorbiacea?.)

Hardy, evergreen shrubs, with the aspect of Rhodo-
dendrons. Seeds ; layers. Ordinary garden soil.
D. macro' podum (large stalked). Green. China and

Japan. " Sioumi." Syn. D. glaucescens.
„ „ co'ncolor (uniformly coloured).
„ ,, jezoe'nsis (Jezoan).
,, ,, variega'ta (variegated).

DAPHNO'PSIS. (From Daphne, and opsis, resem-
blance ; the leaves resembling those of some species of
Daphne. Nat. ord. Thymeleaceae.)

Greenhouse, evergreen shrub. For culture, see
DAPHNE.
D. tinifo'lia (Tinus-leaved). 6. Jamaica. 1773. Stove.

DA'REA. (Named after Dar, a botanist. Nat. ord.
Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices. These
are properly species of Asplenium.)

Stove Ferns, requiring the same treatment as Caenop-
teris.

D. ala'ta (winged). Brown. July. W. Ind.
„ bulbi'fera (bulb- bearing), i. Brown. June. New

Zealand. 1820.
„ ctcwto'rta(Cicuta-like). i. Brown. June. W. Ind.

1820.
„ diver sifo'lia (various- leaved). 2. Brown. March.

New Zealand. 1831.
„ myriophy'lla (thousand-leaved). See D. RHIZOPHYLLA

MYRIOPHYLLA.

„ rhizo'phora (root-bearing). i. Brown. July

Jamaica. 1793.
„ rhizophy'lla (rooting-leaved). f. Brown. June.

N. Amer. 1680.
., „ myriophy'lla (thousand-leaved). Frond broader,

more divided.

,, rutcefo'lia (rue-leaved). Brown. July. W. Ind.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). Brown. July. Isle of Leyte.
„ vivi'para (viviparous), i. Brown. June. Mauritius.

1820.

DARLINGTO NIA. (Named in compliment to Dr.
Darlington, an American botanist. Nat. ord. Sarra-
ceniaceae.)

A nearly hardy Pitcher Plant allied to Sarracenia and
requiring similar cultural treatment. In the milder
parts of the south and west it will live out on a damp
spot in the rockery, especially if covered with a bell-
glass or hand-light. Division. Peaty soil.
D. califo'rnica (Californian). i. Green, yellow, red-
brown, April. California. 1861.

DARNEL. LO'LIUM TEMULE'NTUM.

DARWI'NIA. (Named after Dr. Darwin, author of
The Botanic Garden. Nat. ord. Fringe-myrtles [MyrtaceEe] .
Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Includes Genetyllis.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cuttings of
young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam,
both fibrous, and with sand. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ;
winter, 38° to 45°.

D. citriodo'ra (citron-scented). Purple. May. Australia.
„ fascicula'ris (fascicled). 29. Red. June. 1820.
„ fimbria'ta (fringed). Bracts rosy, large. June.

Australia. 1864.
„ hookeria'na (Hookerian). Bracts crimson. June.

Australia. 1864.
„ macroste'gia (large-bracted). Red and white bracts

very large. June. Australia. 1867.
„ pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). Purple. May. Australia.
„ taxifo'lia (yew-leaved). 29. White. June. 1824.
„ thymoi'des (thyme-like). Purple. May. Australia.

DASYLI RION. (From dasus, thick, and lirion, a
lily. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Warm and dry greenhouse evergreen plants. Seeds

and offsets. Sandy loam, with a little peat and good
drainage. Keep rather dry in winter.
D. acro'trichum (point-haired). 6 to 10. Mexico. 1851.
,, glaucophy'llum (glaucous- leaved). 12. White.

Mexico. 1846.

,, glau'cum (glaucous). See D. GLAUCOPHYLLUM.
,, gra'cile (slender). See D. ACROTRICHUM.
„ graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). 6 to 8. White.

Mexico. 1835.

hartwegia'nwn (Hartwegian). See D. HOOKERI.
Hooke'ri (Hooker's). Pale purple. Mexico. 1846.
longifo'lium (long- leaved). See NOLINA LONGIFOLIA.
Palmefri (Palmer's). See NOLINA PALMERI.
quadrangula' turn (four-angled). 5. Flowers small.

Mexico. 1887.

serratifo'lium (saw-leaved). Mexico.
Wheele'ri (Wheeler's). Mexico.
DASYSTE'MON CALYCI'NUM. See CRASSULA CALY-

CINA.

DASYSTO MA. See GERARDIA.
DATE PALM. Phas'nix dactyli'fera.
DATE PLUM. Diospy'ros Ka'ki.

DATTSCA. (Derivation obscure. Nat. ord. Datis-
cacea?.)

Hardy, herbaceous perennial of no great beauty.
Ordinary soil.

D. cannabi'na (Hemp-like). 4. Green. July. Orient,
Himalayas. 1730.

DATU'RA. Thorn Apple. (From its Arabic name,
Tatorali. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solanacea?]. Linn.
Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Solandra.)

Violent narcotic principles pervade this order, the
seeds being the most powerful. Annuals by seeds in
hotbed, in March, and either potted and bloomed in the
greenhouse, or transferred to a rich, sheltered border in
the garden. Evergreen shrubs, by cuttings any time in
spring or summer, in light soil, in a little heat, with a
hand-light over them ; rich, fibrous loam ; do well in a
sheltered border in summer, and may either be protected
there, or removed to a shed or house where the tempera-
ture will not fall below 35° to 40° in winter.

HARDY ANNUALS.

D. a'lba (white-flowered). See D. FASTUO'SA ALBA.
„ ceratocau'la (horn-stalked). 2. White. August. S.

Amer. 1805.

„ fastuo'sa( proud). 3. Purple. August. Egypt. 1629.
,, ,, a'lba (white).
,, ,, fio're-ple'no (double-flowered).
,, fe'rox (fierce). 3. White. August. China. 1731.
,, frutico'sa (shrubby). See D. METEL.
,, guayaquile'nsis (Guayaquil). See D. METEL.
,, hu'milis (dwarf). See D. FASTUOSA.
,, ine'rmis (unarmed). 2. White. July. Abyssinia.

1710.

„ Ice' vis (smooth- fruited). See D. INERMIS.
„ Me'tel (Metel). 2. White. July. Asia and S. Amer.

1596.

„ murica'ta (muricated). See D. FASTUOSA.
,, quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). Lilac. July. Mexico. 1824.
,, Stramo'nium (Stramonium). 3. White. August.

England.

„ „ fla'va (yellow). Sulphur. August.
,, 7V/«/a(Tatula). 3. Blue. August. N.Amer. 1629.
„ „ gigante'a (giant).

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

D. arbo'rea (tree-like). 8 to 12. White. S. Amer.

„ „ au'rea (golden). Golden yellow. Chili. 1893.

,, bi'color (two-coloured-coro//a). See D. SANGUINEA.

„ ca'ndida (white-stalked). See D. ARBOREA.

,, chlora'ntha (green-flowered). 10. Greenish-yellow.
May.

,, „ fio're-ple'no (double-flowered). Yellow. 1845.

., cocci' nea (scarlet). Scarlet, large and bright. Colom-
bia. 1876.

,, corni'gera (horn-bearing). 10. White. July. Mexico.
1844.

„ „ flo're-ple' no (double-flowered). 10. White. July.
1846.

DAUBENTONIA

279

DAVIDIA

D. Cornuco'pite (horn of plenty). See D. FASTUOSA.
„ floribu'nda (many-flowered). Orange. June. S.

Amer. 1838.

„ Gardne'ri (Gardner's). See D. SUAVEOLENS.
„ Kni'ghtii (Knight's). See D. SUAVEOLENS KNIGHTH.
„ lu'tea (yellow- flowered), 20. Yellow. September.
., meteloi'des (Metel-like). 4. White. July. N.W.

Amer. 1856.
„ sangut'nea (blood-red). 20. Scarlet. August. S.

Amer. 1833.

„ „ fla'va (yellow). Yellow. Quito.
„ suave1 olens' (sweet-scented). 15. White. August.

Peru. 1733.

„ „ Kni'ghtii (Knight's). Double white.
,, IVagma'nni (Wagmann's). See D. FASTUOSA.
„ Wri'ghtii (Wright's). See D. METELOIDES.

DAUBENTO'NIA. (Named after M. Daubenlon, a
naturalist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, \-Decandria. Allied to Sesbania.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripened young
shoots in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat ; loam
and peat, open and fibrous, with a little sand. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. longifo'lia (long-leaved). See SESBANIA CAVANIL-

LESII.

,, puni'cea (red). See SESBANIA PUNICEA.
„ tripetia'na (Mr. Tripet's). See D. TRIPETII.
,, Tripe1 Hi (Tripet's). Scarlet, orange. September.
Argentina. 1840.

DAUBE'NYA. (In honour of Dr. Daubeny, professor
of botany in the University of Oxford. Nat. ord. Lily-
worts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Massonia.)

Pretty yellow-flowering-bulbs, from the Cape of Good
Hope, which will succeed in a warm border in front of a
greenhouse, if protected from frost in winter ; and also
in pots, in rich, sandy loam, either in a greenhouse or
frame, and to be kept quite dry while at rest ; offsets.
D. au'rea {golden- flowered). J. June. 1832.
„ fu'lva (tawny). $. 1836.

DAU'CUS. Carrot. (From daucus, a carrot. Nat.
ord. Umbellifers [UmbelliferaeJ. Linn. $-Pentandria, 2-
Digynia.)

The cultivated species is a white-flowered hardy
biennial ; but there are others, biennials and annuals,
mere weeds. Seeds in March or April ; deep, light, well-
pulverised soil. See CARROT.
D. Caro'ta (common carrot). 3. June. Britain.

,, „ aura'ntia (Jong-orange). 3. June.

„ „ horte'nsis (yelloui-gaiden). 3. May.

,, ,, pr&'cox (early-Aorn). 3. June.

„ Gingi'dium (Gingidium). Europe, N. Africa.

„ grandifto'rus (large-flowered). Europe, &c.

,, gu'mmifer (gum-bearing). Europe.

„ hi'spidus (hispid). S. Europe.

„ mari'timus (maritime). See D. GUMMIFER.

„ monta'nus (mountain), i. White. Venezuela. 1870.

„ murica'tus (warted). Mediterranean Region.

„ pusi'llus (dwarf). N. Amer.

„ setulo'sus (finely bristly). Italy. Greece.

DAVA'LLIA. Hare's-foot Fern. (Named after E.
Davali, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices].
Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

The rhizomes or creeping stems of this Fern, clothed
with a light-brown down, when without leaves look much
like a hare's foot. Greenhouse and stove Ferns. Divi-
sions and severing the roots, and by spores ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 45" to 55°.
D. aculea'ta (prickly). Stem and rachis flexuous, spiny,
climbing. W. Ind.

,. affi'nis (related). India, Polynesia, &c.

„ alpi'na (alpine). Malaya, &c.

,. angusta'ta (narrow). Trop. Asia.

„ assa'mica (Assamese). Bhotan.

„ brachyca'rpa (short-fruited). New Hebrides. 1883.
Evergreen.

„ bulla'ta (blistered), i. Trop. Asia.

„ „ Marie'sii (Maries'). Japan. 1880.

,, calve'scens (becoming bald). See D. MARGINALIS.

,, canarie'nsis (Canary), ij. June. Canaries. 1600

„ charopky'Ua (chervil-leaved). E. Ind.

D. cilia' to, (ciliated). Philippines.
„ concavade'nsis (Concavado). i. Brazil. 1823.
„ conci'nna (neat). Trop. Africa and Amer.
„ disse'cta (dissected). Java. 1855.
,, divarica'ta (divaricate). Malaya.
„ e'legans (elegant), i. June. Australia, Trop. Asia.

1824.

„ „ ela'tn (tall). Strong growing variety.
„ „ fla'ccida (feeble). Slender, finely-cut.
„ „ polyda'ctyla (many-fingered). Fronds crested.

1882.

„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). Madagascar. 1887.
„ fijie'nsis (Fijian), i to 2. Fiji. 1879.
„ „ ma'jor (larger). Fronds finely cut. Fiji. 1879.
„ „ plumo'sa (plumy). 2 to 3. Fronds cut into very

narrow segments. Fiji. 1882.
„ fla'ccida (feeble). See D. ELEGANS FLACCIDA.
,, fcenicula'cea (Fennel-leaved). 2. Fronds finely cut

Fiji. 1889.

,, fumarioi' des (fumaria-like). August. W. Ind. 1828.
,. gibbero'sa (swollen-rooted). 2. June. Polynesia. 1825.
„ griffithia'na (Griffithian). Fronds bluish-green.

Himalaya. 1882.

„ hemi'ptera (half-winged). See D. REPENS.
,, heterophy' lla (various-leaved). Trop. Asia.
,, hirsu'ta (coarsely hairy). Japan.
,, hi'rta (hairy). Tropical and subtropical Asia.
,, „ crista'ta (crested). Pinna? crested.
,, imme'rsa (immersed). Tropical and subtropical Asia.
„ khasya'na (Khasyian). See D. STRIGOSA.
„ kunzea'na (Kunzean). See NEPHROLEPIS DAVAL-

LIOIDES.

„ Lindle'yi (Lindley's). See D. SOLIDA LINDLEYI.
,, lonchiti'dea (Lonchitis-like). See D. PLATYPHYLLA.
„ Lorrai'nei (Lorraine). Malaya.
„ lu'cida (shining). See D. SOLIDA.
„ margina'lis (marginal). Trop. Asia.
„ Marie'sii (Maries'). See D. BULLATA MARIESII.
„ membranulo'sa (membranous). E. Ind.
„ moorea'na (Moorean). See D. PALLIDA.
,, multidenta'ta (many-toothed). Himalaya.
„ No'vce-zeala'ndia (New Zealand). New Zealand.
„ orna'ta (adorned). See D. SOLIDA ORNATA.

, pa'llida (pale). 2. Malaya and Polynesia. 1869.

, pa'rvula (very small), i. Malaya. 1868.

, pectina'ta (comb-like). Trop. Polynesia.

, peda'ta (pedate). Tropical and subtropical Asia.

, pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). April. Singapore.

, pinn'ata (pinnate). E. Ind.

, platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). Malaya.

, polya'ntha (many-spored). See D. DIVARICATA.

, polypodioi'des (Polypody-like). See D. SPELUNO*.

, pulche'lla (pretty). May. Philippines.

, pu'lchra (beautiful). Himalaya.

, pycnoca'rpa (dense-fruited). See D. PENTAPHYLLA.
„ pyxida'ta (box-like). |. June. N. S. Wales. 1808.
,, re'pens (creeping). E. Ind. 1869.
„ retu'sa (abrupt-ended). See LINDSAYA RETUSA.
,, rhomboi'dea (diamond-shaped). Tropical and sub-
tropical Asia.

„ rubigino'sa (rusty). Trop. Amer.
,, sca'bra (rough). See D. MARGINALIS.
„ so'lida (solid). July. Isle of Luzon. 1844.
,, „ Lindle'yi (Lindley's). Segments narrow.
„ „ orna'ta (adorned). Fronds broader.
„ „ V ei'tchii : (Veitch's). China. 1882.
.. Spelu'nuz (Mrs. Spelunca's). Tropics everywhere.
„ stng'osa (stiffly-hairy), i to 3. Tropical and sub-
tropical Asia.
,, „ rhomboi'dea (diamond-shaped). Larger, more

deeply cut.

„ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). July. Isle of Luzon.
„ tricho' sticha (orderly-haired). See D. SPELUNCJB.
„ truffautia'na (Truffautian). Under surface of fronds

like the upper. 1895.

„ Tyerma'nni (Tyermann's). China. 1871.
,, vesti'ta (clothed). Java and Ceylon.
,, villo'sa (woolly-haired). See D. MARGINALIS.

DAVTDIA, (Named after Abbe David, the discoverer.
Nat. ord. Cornaceae.)

Deciduous trees, notable for the large white bracts
(sometimes 7 in. long, and 4 in. wide) under the flowers.
They require shelter, except in the more favoured parts
of Britain and Ireland. Ordinary soil, well drained.

DAVIDSONIA

280

DELIMA

Cuttings of half-ripe wood, in a greenhouse, under a

bell-glass.

D. involucra'ta (involucrated). 30. White. Central

China. 1902.
„ Ice'ta (smooth). Leaves yellowish-green beneath,

almost smooth. Central China. 1902.
„ vilmorinia'na (Vilmorinian). Leaves glaucous be-
neath, smooth. Central China. 1902.

DAVIDSO NIA. (Named in honour of Mr, Davidson,
who discovered the plant. Nat. ord. Saxifragaceae.)

A fine foliage, stove shrub of great beauty, especially
when the leaves are young. Cuttings of the stem in
sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam,
peat, or leaf-mould and sand.

D. pru'riens (stinging). Leaves covered with bright red
hairs when young. Australia. 1877. Syn. D.
pungens.

DAVIE'SIA. (Named after the Rev. H. Dames, a
Welsh botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Viminaria.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cuttings of
young shoots, rather firm (stumpy side-shoots are best),
in sand, under a bell-glass ; seeds sown in a slight hot-
bed in March ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to
80° ; winter, 38° to 45°.
D. acicula'ris (needle-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. 1804.

,, ala'ta (winged). 3. Yellow. June. 1818.

„ angula'ta (sharp-cornered). Yellow. April.

„ cor da' to, (heart-leaved). 3. Yellow. June. 1824.

„ corymbo'sa (corymbose). 2. White, red. July. 1804.

„ genistoi'des (Genista-like). See D. ULICINA.

,, glau'ca (sea-green). See D. CORYMBOSA.

„ incrassa'ta (thick-leaved). 2^. Yellow. June. 1820.

„ ju'ncea (rush-like). z\. Yellow. July. 1823.

„ juniperi'na (juniper-like). 2. Yellow. May. 1825.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Yellow. June. 1805.

,, leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). See D. CORYMBOSA.

„ linea'ris (narrow-leaved). See D. CORYMBOSA.

., longifo'lia (long-leaved). Yellow. May. 1840.

,, mimosoi'des (mimosa-like). See D. CORYMBOSA.

„ peduncula'ia (/ong-flowered-stalked). Yellow. May.

., physo'des (bladdery). See D. INCRASSATA.

„ polyphy'lla (many-leaved). Yellow. May. 1842.

„ pu'ngens (pungent). See D. ACICULARIS.

„ quadrila' 'tera (iour-sided-leaved). Yellow. May. 1840.

,, racemulo'sa (slight! y-racemed). See UMBELLULATA.

„ ramulo'sa (branching). Yellow. May. 1842.

,, reticula'ta (netted). See PULTEN^EA RETICULATA.

,, squarro'sa (spreading). 2j. Yellow. June. 1824.

,, ulici'na (furze-leaved). 3. Yellow. June. 1792

„ umbellula'ta (small-umbelled). 2%. Yellow. May.
1816.

„ virga'ta (twiggy). See D. CORYMBOSA.

DA'VYA. See MERIANIA.

DAY LILY. See HEMEROCALLIS.

DEAD NETTLE. See LAMIUM.

DEADLY NIGHTSHADE. A'tropa Bellado'nna.

DEATH'S HEAD HAWK MOTH. Achero'ntia A'tropos.

DECABE'LONE. (Derived from deka, ten, and belone,
a needle ; in allusion to the slender appendages of the
corona. Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceae.)

Greenhouse perennials of a fleshy character, with bell-
shaped yellow flowers, spotted with red. Cuttings in
sand after the cuts get dry. Loam, sand, peat, finely
broken bricks or potsherds.

D. Ba'rklyi (Barkly's). Yellow, red. S. Africa 1875
., e'legans (elegant). Yellow, red. S. Africa. 1873.

DECAISNEA. (Named after Joseph Decaisne, a
French botanist. Nat. ord. Berberidaceze.)

Greenhouse shrubs with leaves 2 to 3 ft. long and
pinnate. Imported seeds. Cuttings in a greenhouse or
frame, covered with a bell-glass. Good loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.
D. Farge'sii (Farges's). Greenish-yellow. Western

China. 1900.

„ insi'gnis (remarkable). 5 to 10. Green. Eastern
Himalaya. 1884.

DECASCHTSTIA. (From deka, ten, and schizo, to
cut ; in allusion to the ten valves of the seed vessel.
Nat. ord. Malvaceae.)

A stove shrub requiring a compost of good fibrous
loam, a little peat and sand. Seeds ; cuttings.
D. ficifo'lia (fig-leaved). Copperv red, yellow. Burma.
1888.

DECASPE'RMUM. (From deka, ten, and sperma, a
seed ; seeds usually 8 to 10. Nat. ord. Myrtaceag.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass in heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
D. panicula' turn (panicled). White. May. Burma. 1820.

DECIDUOUS. Trees and shrubs that shed their
leaves on the approach of winter, and herbaceous plants
that die down annually are said to be deciduous. The
oak, ash, and beech are examples. Herbaceous Paeonies,
Michaelmas Daisies, and perennial Sunflowers are de-
ciduous herbs. In tropical countries, with a dry and a
wet season, many trees and shrubs lose their leaves soon
after the commencement of the dry period, and recom-
mence growth with the return of the rainy season. These
also are described as deciduous.

DECEE'RIA. See IRIARTEA.
DE'CODON. SeeNEs^EA.

DECUMA'RIA. (From decuma, a tenth ; referring to
the ten valvate divisions of the calyx, and the ten cells of
the capsule, or seed-pod. Nat. ord. Syringas [Saxi-
fragaceae]. Linn. ii-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Philadelphus.)

Hardy deciduous twiner, with small white flowers,
requiring supports, or to be trained against a south wall
in a dry, warm border of light, rich soil. Cuttings under
a hand-light, in a shady place, and in sandy soil, in
summer.
D. ba'rbara (bearded). 4. July. Carolina. 1785.

,, prostra'ta (prostrate). See D. BARBARA.

„ sarmento'sa (twiggy). See D. BARBARA.

DEHERATNIA. (Named in compliment to Pierre
Paul Deherain of the botanic gardens of Paris. Nat. ord.
Myrsinaceas.)

A stove plant, chiefly remarkable for its smaragd green
flowers about the size of a shilling. Seeds in the stove ;
cuttings of half-ripe wood, taken off with a heel, inserted
in sand and placed in a close case with bottom-heat.
Fibrous loam and peat, with sharp sand to make it porous.
D. smaragdi'na (smaragd-green). 2 to 3. Green.
Mexico.

DEINA'NTHE. (From deinos, wonderful, and anthos,
a flower ; in allusion to the large blue flowers. Nat. ord.
Saxifragacea?.)

A tall growing herbaceous plant, allied and similar to a
Hydrangea. Seed in warmth in spring ; and divisions
in sprung. Ordinary soil.

D. bi'fida (bifid). 3 to 4. Blue. Japan ; Central China.
1903.

DELABE'CHIA RUPE'STRIS. See STERCULIA RUPES-
TRIS.

DELA'RBREA. (Named in honour of M. Delarbre, a
naturalist. Nat. ord. Araliaceae.)

An ornamental, evergreen shrub for the stove, and
best known under the names of Aralia spectabilis and
A. concinna. Treatment as for Aralia.
D. specta'bilis (showy). Leaves pinnate or bipinnate
New Caledonia. 1879.

DELIMA. (From delimo, to shave or polish ; re-
ferring to the hard asperities which cover the leaves, and
render them fit for polishing. Nat. ord. Dilleniads
[Dilleniacea?]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Tetracera.)

Handsome stove evergreen twiners, with fine large
leaves and yellow flowers, having much the aspect of
small Magnolia flowers. Cuttings of fine young shoots
in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ;
peat and loam, both turfy and fibrous, with a little silver
sand, pieces of charcoal, and good drainage. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. ni'tida (shining-leaved) . 10. Trinidad. 1830.
,, sarmento'sa (twiggy). See TETRACERA SARMENTOSA.

DELPHINIUM

281

DELPHINIUM

DELPHINIUM. Larkspur. (From delphin, a dolphin ;
supposed resemblance of the spur to a dolphin's head.
Nat. ord. Crowfoots [Ranunculaceae], Linn. i$-Poly-
andria, $-Trigynia.)

Annuals and biennials, bv seeds in common soil, in the
open border, in March and April ; perennials, by division
of the roots in spring and summer, and by seeds in March
or April.

HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

D. Aconi'ti (Aconite-like), i. Purple. June. Levant.

1801.
„ Aja'cis (Ajax). ij. Pink. June. Europe (England).

I573-
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered), i. Variegated.

Jun^. Europe. 1573.

„ ambi'guum (doubtful). Blue. June. Barbary. 1759.
„ armeni'acum (Armenian). See D. AJACIS.
„ cardina'le (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. August. California.

BienniaL

„ cardiope'talum (heart-petaled). See D. HALTERATUM.
„ cocci' neum (scarlet). See D. CARDINALE.
„ conso'lida (uniting. Branched). 2. Blue. April.

Europe.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered), i. Variegated.

J une. Gardens.
„ divarica'tum (straggling). Purple. July. Persia.

1836.
„ Emi'lia (Emily's), if to 2. Dark blue. California.

1894.

„ haltera'tum (one or other), i. Blue. June. Mediter-
ranean regions. 1818.
„ Nutta'Uii (Nuttall's). 2 to 2\. White, with sky-blue

spots. N. Amer. 1894.
„ oliveria'num (Oliver's), ij. Blue. June. Assvria.

1826.

„ peregri'num (diffuse), r. Blue. July. Italy. 1629.
„ pi'ctum (painted). See D. REQUIEM.
„ pube'scens (downy). 2. Blue. August. Mediter-
ranean. 1816.
„ Kequie'nii (Requien's). 4. Blue. July. Majorca.

1824. Biennial.
,, Staphisa'gria (Stavesacre). 2. Light blue. July.

South Europe. 1596. Biennial.
., tenui'ssimum (slenderest-branched), i. Purple.

August. Greece. 1835.

„ virga'tum (twiggy), ij. Blue. June. Syria. 1823.
,, vi'ride( green). Yellow-green, purple. Mexico. 1888.

Annual or biennial.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
D. albifto'rum (white-flowered). See D. HYBRIDUM

OCHROLEUCUM.

„ alpi'num (alpine. Bee). See D. ELATUM ALPINUM.
,, alta'icum (Altaian). 4. Blue. July. Altaia. 1829.
„ alti'ssimum (tallest). 6 to 8. Blue. Himalaya.
„ ama'num (pleasing). 2. Pale blue. July. Siberia.

1818.
., azu'reum (azure). 16. Light blue. July. Carolina.

1805.

„ ,. album (white). White. N. Amer. 1882
„ Barlo'wii (Barlow's). Deep blue. Garden hybrid.

B.R.. t. 1944.
,, brunonia'num (Brownian). Blue, purple June.

Himalaya. 1864.

,. calif o'rnicum (Californian). Blue. California.
., carolinia'num (Carolinian). See D. EXALTATUM.
„ cashmiria'nwn (Cashmir). Deep blue. July. Cash-

mir. 1875.

„ „ album (white). White.

„ „ WalMri (Walker's). Purple, yellow, blue. Cash-
mir.
M cauca'sicum (Caucasian). ij. Violet. Caucasus.

1880.
., „ dasya'nthum (thick-flowered), i J to 2. Dark blue.

Manchuria. 1880.
„ chetla'nthum (h'p-flowered). 2. Dark blue. Siberia.

1819.
.. „ Henderso'ni (Henderson's). Ultramarine blue.

July. 1850.

„ chine'nse (Chinese). See D. GRANDIFLORUM.
„ corymbo'sum (flat-topped), ij. Light and dark

violet. Turkestan.
„ crassicau'le (thick-stemmed). Blue. June. Siberia.

1822.

D. crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). See D. SPECIOSUM.
., cunea'tum (wedge-leaved). See D. ELATUM.
.. dasyca'rpum (thick-fruited). See D. ELATUM.
,, deco'rum (comely), il. Blue. June. California.

1838.
., dtnuda'tum (denuded), ij. Rosy blue. Himalaya.

1870.
„ dictyoca' rpum (netted-fruited). 4. Blue. July.

Siberia. 1817.
., di'scolor (two-coloured). 6. Blue, white. August.

Siberia. 1834.
„ ela'tum (tall. Common Bee). 6. Blue. July.

Europe, Himalaya. 1597.

.. ,. alpi'num (alpine). Blue. July. Hungary. 1816.
,, flegans (elegant), t J. Blue. July. N. Amer.
,, ,, flo're-ple'no (common-double-flowered), ij. Blue.

July. N. Amer. 1741.

„ exalta'tum (lofty). 3. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1758.
„ fi'ssum (cleft). See D. HYBRIDUM.
„ flcxuo'sum (zigzag). See D. ELATUM.
,, formo'sum (beautiful). 3. Brilliant blue, with black

petals. June, July. Armenia.
„ glabe'Uum (smoothish). 3. Blue. June. Siberia.

1817.

., gra'cile (graceful). Red. July. Spain. 1826.
,, grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2. Dark blue. July.

Siberia. 1816.

„ „ album (white- flowered). 2. White. July.
,, „ a'lbum-ple'num (double-white). 2. White. June.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-Wwc-flowered). 2. Dark blue.

June.

., „ pa'Uidum (pale blue). 2. Blue. June.
,, ,, ru'brum (red-flowered). 3. Red, pink. August.
„ hy'bndum (hybrid). 3. Blue. July. Europe,

Orient. 1794.
„ „ ochrdeu'cum (yellow- white). White. July.

Armenia. 1823.
,, interme'dium (intermediate). Blue. August. Silesia.

1710. These are forms of D. datum.
„ „ ccerule" scens (downy-leaved, sky-blue). 7. Light

blue. July. 1836.

„ „ la'xum (loose-spiked). 6. Blue. May.
., „ leptosta'chyum (slender-spiked). 6. Blue. May.

Pyrenees.

., „ pa'Uidum (pale blue). 2. Blue. July.
,, ,. pilosi' ssimum (hairiest). 6. Blue. July. Siberia.
,, ,, ranunculifo'lium (ranunculus-leaved). 6. Blue.

July. Pyrenees.

., „ sapphi'rinum (sapphire-blue- floit'ered) . 7. Blue.
„ latiflo' rum (loose-flowered). 4. Blue. July. Siberia.
,, maackia'num (Maackian). 5. Deep blue. Amurland.
„ Menzie'sii (Menzies'). 2. Blue. July. N. Amer.

1826. Tuberous-rooted.

,, mesoleu'cum (white-middled). 3. Blue. July. 1822.
„ monta'num (mountain). 4. Blue. July. Switzer-
land. 1819.
„ „ bracteo'sum (bracteose). 8. Blue. June. South

Europe. 1816.

„ moscha'tum (musk-scented). See D. BRUNONIANUM.
,, nudicau'le (naked-stemmed). r to ij. Or'ange-

scarlet. July. California. 1869.
„ „ auranti'acum (orange). Orange. 1888.
., occidenta'le (western). N.W. Amer.
„ ochroleu'cum (yellowish-white). See D. HYBRIDUM

OCHROLEUCUM.

,, oliveria'num (Oliverian). ij. Blue. June. Assyria.

1826.

„ olope'tdlum (jar-petaled). Persia.
„ orienta'le (oriental). Europe and Orient.
., pa'Uidum (pale). Pale blue. June. Siberia. 1822.
„ palmati'fidum (hand-like-cleft). 3. Blue. July.

Siberia. 1824.
„ penta'gynum (five-styled). 2. Blue. July. South

Europe. 1819.
., peregri'num (foreign), i. Blue. July. S. Europe.

1629.
,, pseu'do-peregri'num (rather-diffuse). 3. Red. June.

Siberia. 1823.

,, pubifto'rum (downy-flowered). Siberia.
., pu'lchrum (beautiful). Blue. Hybrid. 1867.
,, puni'ceum (scarlet- flowered). See D. HYBRIDUM.
„ Pylzo'wi (Pylzow's). i. Violet, black. China.

1877.

„ revolu'tum (rolled-back). 6. Pale blue. April.
,, sarcophy' Hum (fleshy-leaved). See D. NUDICAULK.

DENDROBIUM

282

DENDROBIUM

D. sine'nse fto're-ple'no (Chinese double-flowered). See

D GRANDIFLORUM FLO'RE-PLE'NO.

„ specio'sum (showy). 4. Blue. July. Caucasus.

1816.

., stu'rium (spurious). See D. SPECIOSUM.
„ sulphu'reum (sulphur). Pale yellow. Syria. 1887.
„ sutchuene'nse (Sutchuen). China.
„ stowitsia'num (Sowitsian). 3. Yellow. Armenia.

, tatsiene'nse (Tatsien). 2. Cobalt blue. China. 1896.
„ tenui'ssimum (most slender), i. Purple. August.

, trico'rne (three-horned). J. Blue. July. N. Amer.

1806.

„ trida'ctylum (three-fingered). See D. EXALTATUM.
„ tri'ste (sad). 2. Blue. July. Dahuria. 1819.

trottiifo'lium (Trollius-leaved). 3 to 4. Bright blue.

N.W. Amer. 1889.
„ ucra'nicum (Ukraine). Blue. June. Siberia. 1818.

urceola'tum (pitcher- like). See D. EXALTATUM.
„ veluti'num (velvety). 4. Blue. July. Italy. 1819.
„ vesti'tum (clothed). Blue. Himalaya.
„ villo'sum (long-haired). See D. ELATUM.
„ vimi'neum (wand-like). See D. AZUREUM.
„ vire'scens (greenish). See D. AZUREUM.
„ virga'tum (twiggy), i£. Blue. June. Syria. 1823.
„ Zalil (Zalil). See D. SULPHUREUM.

DENDRO BIUM. (From dendron, a tree, and bios,
life ; referring to the way these air-plants fasten on trees
for support. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae], Linn.
zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids. Dividing the plant when in a dormant
state but just commencing to push out roots; turfy
peat, a few broken potsherds, and fastening the plant
above the surface of the pot ; cutting pieces of peeled
oak as long as the diameter of the pot inside at the rim ;
fixing the plant to this wood ; and, after placing it in
the pot, banking up around it with the suitable compost
— prevents all danger from damp, owing to the plant
sinking. Temp., 60° to 90° when growing, with moisture
in the air ; and when at rest, 55° to 60°, and drier.
D. acero'sum (pointed-leaved). Yellow, pink. Singapore.

1840.
„ acicula're (needle-leaved). Yellow, pink. Singapore.

1840.

„ acroba' ticum (acrobatic). Yellowish. Burma. 1871.
„ acuminati' ssimum (most pointed). Greenish. Manilla.

1840.
„ acumina 'turn (long-pointed). White, tinted rose-pink.

Philippines. 1909.

„ adu'ncum (hooked). 2. Pink. Himalaya. 1842.
„ a'mulum (rival), £. White, brown. N. Holland.

1823.

„ aggrega'tum (clustered), i. Yellow. April. India.
„ ,, ma'jus (larger). White. April. India. 1835.
„ albi'dulum (whitish). See D. DIODON.
„ a'lbo-sangui'neum (white-blood-red). i. White,

crimson. April. Moulmein.
„ a'lbum (white). See D. AQUEUM.
„ alpe'stre (rock). White. Himalayas. 1840.
„ ima'bile (lovely). See D. VEXANS.
„ Amblyo'rnidis (bower-bird's). New Guinea. 1878.
The Amblyornis bird makes its nest among the
stems.
,, amboine'nse (Amboynan). White, yellow. June.

Amboyna.
, Ame'siee (Mrs. Ames's). White, tinted rose. New

Guinea. 1901.
„ amethystoglo' ssum (amethyst-lipped). White, purple.

Philippines. 1872.
„ am&'num (lovely). White, yellow. June. Nepaul.

1843.
„ a'mplum (ample). Straw-coloured. Himalaya.

1837.

„ a'nceps (two-edged). Greenish-yellow. Himalaya.
„ anname'nse (Annamese). i to if. Buff-yellow.

Annam. 1906.

„ ano'smum (scentless). See D. SUPERBUM ANOSMUM.
„ Antelo'pe (Antelope). Yellow, brown, freckled

mauve. Moluccas. 1883.
„ Aphrodi'te (Aphrodite). Lemon, crimson. Burma.

1862.

„ a'queum (watery), r. Greenish. November. Bom-
bay. 1842.

D. Arachni'tes (Arachnites), i. Orange-scarlet. Burma.

1874.
,, arachnosta' 'chyum (spider-spiked). Light green, violet.

New Guinea. 1877.

„ arcua'tum (arched). White. Java. 1910.
„ Ashwo'rthice (Mis. Ashworth's). Greenish-white. 1901.
„ aspha'le (secure). Whitish. 1874.
„ atropurpu'reum (dark purple). Trop. Asia.
„ atroviola' ceum (dark violet). Greenish-white, spotted

violet. New Guinea. 1890.
„ Augu'sta-Victo'ricz (Augusta Victoria's). See D.

VERATRIFOLIUM.

,, auranti'acum (orange). See BULBOPHYLLUM AURAN-

TIACUM.

,, au'reum (golden- flowered), i. Yellow. Ceylon. 1837.
„ ,, auranti'acum (orange). Orange-yellow.
„ „ Hensha'tti (Henshall's).
„ ,, pa'llidum (pale-golden-flowered), i. Pale yellow.

March. Ceylon. 1836.

„ ,, Philippine' nse (Philippines). Large, pale. 1880.
„ auri'ferum (gold-bearing). Yellow. China. 1843.
„ barba'tuium (bearded). Buff. Bombay. 1838.
„ barba'tum (bearded). White. Burma. 1897.
„ Barringto' nice (Mrs. Barrington's). See LYCASTE

BARRINGTONI^.

„ bella'tulum (small- pretty), $ to $. White ; lip ver-
milion. S.W. China, Annam. 1904.
„ Benso'nia (Mrs. Benson's). Orange, white, crimson.

Burma. 1867.
„ ,, xanthi'num (yellow). White, with yellow disc on

the lip. 1878.
„ bicamera' 'turn (two-chambered). Yellow, purple.

August. Khasia. 1837.

,, bicauda' 'turn (two-tailed). Whitish to greenish-
yellow, streaked purple. Java. 1908.
„ biflo'runt (two-flowered). White. Society Islands.

1844.
„ bigi'bbum( two-sacked), ij. Rosy-purple. November.

N.E. Australia. 1852.

„ „ ca'ndidum (white). White. Australia. 1878.
,, ,, supe'rbum (superb). Deep purple. 1879.
,, binocula're (two-eyed). Copper, yellow, purple. E.

Ind. 1869.
,, bostrycho'des (curled). White, with red warts. Borneo.

1880.

,, Boxa'llii (Boxall's). White, purple, orange. Moul-
mein.
,, bracteo'sum (bracted). Purple ; lip yellow and red.

New Guinea. 1886.
,, Bra'ndtia (Mrs. Brandt's). Mauve-purple. New

Guinea (?). 1906.

,, breviflo'rum (short-flowered). See D. BICAMERATUM.
,, brisbane'nse (Brisbane). See D. GRACILICAULE.
„ Broncka'rtii (Bronckart's). Rosy-tinted, with orange

disc. Indo-China. 1906.
„ brymeria'num (Brymerian). Yellow, orange ; lip

fringed. Burma. 1875.
,, ,, histrio'nicum (actor-like). Lip not always fringed.

Self- fertilising. 1888.
„ bullenia'num (Bullenian). Orange-yellow, with purple

lines. Philippines. 1862.

„ bulleria'num (Bullerian). See D. GRATIOSISSIMUM.
„ Burbi'dgei (Burbidge's). Pale yellow. Sunda Islands.

1878.
,, bursi'gerum (purse-bearing). Lip with a yellow disc.

Philippine Islands. 1882.
,, cczrule' scens (bluish). See D. MOBILE.
,, Calceola'ria (calceolaria). 2. Orange, pink. June.

India. 1820.

,, calce'olum (slipper-like). See D. ROXBURGHII.
„ cambridgea' num (Duke of Cambridge's). See D.

OCHREATUM.

„ canalicula' turn (channelled). Pale yellow ; lip spotted.
N.E. Australia. 1881.

„ ca'ndidum (white- flowered). White. April. Hima-
laya. 1837.

„ capi'llipes (hair-stalked). Yellow. Moulmein. 1867.

,, ,, e'legans (elegant). Yellow, orange. Burma. 1880.

,, capitulifto'rum (cluster-flowered). Greenish-white;
lip bright green. New Guinea. 1901.

,, carinfferum (keel-bearing). White, orange, red.
Burma. 1869.

,, ,, lateri'tium (brick-red). Lip brick-red. 1883.

„ „ Wa'ttii (Watt's). See D. WATTII.

„ carno'sum (fleshy). Java.

DENDROBIUM

283

DENDROBIUM

D. cassytkoi'des (cassytha-like). See GALEOLA CASSY-

THOIDES.

., ca'stum (chaste). See D. MOSILIFORME.

„ ceri'num (waxy). Light yellow, ochre, brown lines.

Malaya. 1879.

„ chlo'rops (green-eyed). Buff. Bombay. 1842.
., chloro'pterum (green- winged). Light green ; lip pale

red. New Guinea. 1884.
„ christy a' num (Christyan). White, cinnabar. Siam.

1882.

„ ckrysa'nthum (golden-flowered), i. Yellow. Febru-
ary. Nepaul. 1828.

„ chry'seum (golden). Golden-yellow. Assam. 1888.
,, chrysoce'phalum (golden-headed). Golden- yellow.

1892.
„ chrysocftpis (golden-slipper). Orange, yellow.

Burma. 1871.

„ chrysola'brwn (golden-lipped). See D. BRACTEOSUM.
., chryso'tis (golden-eared). See D. HOOKERIANUM.
„ ckrysoto'xum (golden-arched), i. Yellow. March.

Burma. 1845.
„ cilia turn (ciliated). Green, yellow; lip fringed.

Burma. 1864.
„ ,, anname'nse (Annamese). White, purple disc.

Annam. 1905.
„ cinnabari'num (cinnabar). Vermilion ; lip ochrt,

purple. Borneo. 1880.
„ clava'tum (clubbed). Yellow. May. N. India.

1851.

„ cobbia'num (Cobbian). White, yellow, cinnabar-
orange. 1 88 1.
„ calSste (celestial). Dark blue ; ovary and spur

purple. Philippines (?). 1897.
„ Ccelo'gyne (Coelogyne). Straw, purple, orange. Moul-

mein. 1871.
,, ,, ma'ximutn (largest). Yellow, streaked purple.

1908.

,, ,. stria'tum (striated). Lip chocolate purple. 1908.
„ compa'ctum (compact). White ; lip light green.

Yunnan. 1904.

., compre'ssum (fiat-stemmed). See D. LAMELLATUM.
„ convolu'tum (folded). Light green ; lip green, dark,

brown. New Guinea. 1906.
„ crassino'de (thick-jointed). White, purple, yellow.

January. Burma. 1868.
„ „ albiflo'rum (white-flowered). White, yellow.

Burma. 1875.
„ ,, barberia'num (Barberian). White, dark purple.

1875.

„ crassino'di-wardia'num. See D. MELANOPHTHALMUM.
„ crepida'tum (slippered). White, pink, orange. India.
„ „ a'lbum (white). White, with yellow blotch on lip.

i9<>3.
„ creta'ceum (chalked), i. Dark, white-coloured veins.

Java. 1846.

„ ,, ro'seum (rosy). Rose.
„ crini'ferum (long-haired). Yellowish. New Guinea.

1843.

„ crispa'tum (curled). White. E. Ind. 1838.
„ crue'rUum (blood-coloured). Cinnabar side lobes of

lip. Malaya. 1884.
,, crumena' 'turn (pouch-stemmed), i. White. April.

Sumatra. 1823.
„ „ violaodo'rum (violet-scented). White. April.

Java. 1838.
.. crystalli'num (crystalline). White, purple, orange.

N. India. 1868.

„ cuculla'tvm (hooded). See D. PIERARDTI CUCULLATUM.
,. cucume'rinum (cucumber-like). J. White, pink. N.

Holland. 1841.
„ cumula'tum (heaped). Lilac. September. N.India.

1855.

„ Cunmngha'mii (Cunningham's). White. New Zea-
land. 1843.

„ cu'preum (copper-coloured). See D. CALCEOLARIA.
„ Curti'sii (Curtis's). Amethyst, white, orange. Borneo.

1881.
„ curviflo'rum (curved-flowered). White, suffused pink.

Himalaya. 1895.

,, cuspida'tum (spine-pointed). See D. NATHANIELIS.
„ cvmbidioi'des (cymbidium-like). Yellow. Java.
„ cymbtfo'rme (boat-shaped). Straw-yellow, striped

purple. Sumatra. 1898.
„ dactyli ferum (date-bearing). Light ochre, brown.

1884.

D. D'Alberti'sii (D'Albertis'). White, green, red. New

Guinea. 1878.
,, dalhousica'num (lady Dalhousie's). See D. PUL-

CHELLUM.
„ dartoisia'num (Dartoisian). 2j. Ivory-yellow ; lip

violet at base. Indo-China. 1906.
,, day a' num (Dayan). See D. MACROPHYLLUM.
„ Dea'rei (Deare's). White, green. Philippines. 1882.
„ densiflo'rum (thickly-flowered), ij. Orange. June.

Nepaul. 1829.
,, ,, a'lbo-lu'teum (white, yellow). White, orange.

Moulmein. 1867.
„ „ Lo'wii (Low's). Creamy-white; lip streaked

yellow. 1896.

„ „ pa'Uidum (pale). Pale yellow. India. 1837.
„ „ Schraede'ri (Schroder's).
,, devonia'num (Duke of Devonshire's), i. White.

yellow, pink. May. N. India. 1837.
„ dicu'phum (twice curved). N.E. Australia.
„ Dio'don (Diodon). Whitish. Ceylon. 1877.
„ discolor (two-coloured). See D. UNDULATUM.
,, dixa'nthum (two-parted). Yellow. Moulmein. 1866.
,, ,, stenopc1 talum (narrow-petaled). 2. Burma.
,, doreya'num (Doreyan). New Guinea. 1888.
,, Draco'nis (dragon's). White. Burma and Siam.

1883.

,, ebu'rneum (ivory). See D. DRACONIS.
,, Egerto'nue (Lady Egerton's). See D. AMCENUM.
., elonga'tum (lengthened). See D. GRACILICAULE.
,, epidendro'psis (Epidendrum-like). Greenish, yellow.

Philippines. 1908.
,, erythropo'gon (red-beard). Ochre, white, crimson.

Sunda Islands. 1885.

„ erythroxa'nthum (red-orange). Orange, purple. Philip-
pines. 1874.

„ eulopho'tum (well-crested). Burma and Malaya.
„ Fairfa'xii (Fairfax's). White, green, purple. New

Hebrides. 1889.
„ Falcone'ri (Falconer's). White, orange, purple. N.

India. 1856.
,, ,, albi'dulum (whitish). White, purple, yellow.

India. 1876.

„ ,. gigante'um (giant). Large blush-white, orange-
yellow. N. India.
,, Farme'rii (Mr. Farmer's), il. Pale straw-yellow.

March. E. Ind. 1847.

,, „ a'lbum (white). White, orange. Burma. 1868.
.. „ au'reum (golden). Golden-yellow. Moulmein.

1864.
„ fimbria'tum (fringed). 2. Yellow. May. Nepaul.

1823.

,, „ ocula'tum (eyed). Orange, brown. Nepaul.
„ findleya'num (Findleyan). White, tipped purple.

Burma. 1877.

,, Fitza'lani (Fitzalan's). E. Australia.
,, flave'scens (yellowish). Yellow. Java. 1844.
,, flexuo'sitm (flexuous). See D. LONGICORNU.
„ Fce'lschii (Foelsch's). N.E. Australia.
,, formo'sum (beautiful). White. May. Himalayas.

1837-

„ „ gigante'um (giant). Moulmein.
„ Freema'ni (Freeman's). See D. LITUIFLORUM FREE-
HANI.
,, friedricksia'num (Friedricksian). Light yellow; lip

with purple blotch. Siam. 1887.
,, fu'gax (flying away). Yellow, purple. India. 1878.

Flowers last only a few minutes.
,, fusca'tum (brown). See D. GIBSONII.
,, fu'scum (brown). 2 to 6. Reddish-brown. Australia.

1879.
„ fusifo'rme (spindle-shaped). White or yellow ; lip

purple lined. Queensland. 1885.
„ fytchia'num (Fytchian). White or pale rose. Burma.

1864.
,, ,, ro'seum (rosy). Rose, crimson-purple. Burma.

1887.

„ gallicea'num (Gallicean). White ; lip clear yellow.
„ Gibso'nii (Mr. Gibson's). Orange. June. N. India.

1837.
,, glomera'tum (clustered). Bright rose ; lip orange.

Moluccas. 1894.

„ g/omm/Zo>um(clustered-flowered). Pale rose. 1895.
,, gluma'ceum (chaffy). See PLATYCLINIS GLUMACEA.
„ Goldi'ei (Goldie's). Purple, purplish-violet. N.

Australia. 1878.

DENDROBIUM

284

DENDROBIUM

D. Goldi'ei karlhausia'num (Karthausian). Rose-purple ;

sepals edged white. 1910.
„ Goldschmi'dtii (Goldschmidt's). i. Rose-purple.

Formosa. 1909.
„ Gou'ldii (Gould's). White, with yellow and purple

veins. Polynesia. 1867.
,, gracilicau'le (slender-stemmed). Yellow, with red

spots. Australia.

„ grandifto'rum (large-flowered). Java.
„ gratiosi' ssimum (most pleasing). White and rose.

Moulmein. 1867.
„ greatrixia'num (Greatrixian). White ; lip with two

purple blotches. New Guinea. 1897.
„ griffithia'num (Griffith's). Yellow. March. Burma.

1838.
„ „ Guibe'rtii (Guibert's). Flowers larger, brighter.

1876.

„ Guibe'rtii (Guibert's). See D. GRIFFITHIANUM GUI-
BERTH.

„ hainane'nse (Hainan). S. China.
„ hama'tum (hooked). Pale yellow, dotted purple.

Cochin China. 1894.
„ harveya'num (Harveyan). Deep yellow ; lip fringed.

Burma. 1883.

„ Hasse'ltii (Hasselt's). Purple. Java. 1844.
„ hedyo'smum (agreeable smelling). See D. SCABRI-

LINGUE.

,. herba'ceum (herbaceous). S. India. 1840.

„ hercoglo'ssum (ward-off-lipped). Mauve ; lip white,

mauve purple. Malacca. 1886.
„ heteroca'rpum (various-seeded). See D. AUREUM.
„ Hexade'smia (six- bonded). Pale green and yellow.

1869.
„ heynea'num (Heyne's). White, green. March.

Bombay. 1838.
„ Hildebra'ndii (Hildebrand's). Pale dull yellow ; lip

orange. Burma. 1894.
„ Hi'llii (Hill's). See D. SPECIOSUM HILLII.
„ hi'rtulum (slightly hairy). Bright yellow, streaked

red. Burma. 1898.

„ Hodgkinso'ni (Hodgkinson's). Greenish-yellow, with-
out spots. New Guinea. 1900.
„ Hollru'ngii (Hollrung's).
„ ,, australiefnse (Australian). Dead white, tipped

green. Queensland. 1899.
„ hookeria'num (Hookerian). Deep yellow, purple.

Himalaya. 1870.
„ Hu'ghii (Hugh's). White, with orange wart on the

lip. Singapore. 1882.
„ Hutto'nii (Hutton's). Crimson, purple, yellow.

Malaya. 1869.
„ hymenophy'llum (membrane-leaved). Greenish. May.

Java. 1844.

„ Impe'ratrix (Empress). New Guinea.
„ inau'ditum (unpublished). Pale yellow, ochre,

spotted. New Guinea. 1886.
„ inequa'le (unequal). White, pale yellow, streaked

purple. New Guinea. 1900.
„ infia'tum (inflated). White ; lip with yellow blotch.

Java. 1895.
„ infundi'bulum (funnel-shaped). White ; lip with

orange disc. Burma. 1863.

„ „ jamesia'num (Jamesian). See D. JAMESIANUM.
„ „ or nati' ssimum (most ornate). White, with brown

stripes and spots. 1883.
„ insi'gne (remarkable). Yellowish-green. Khasia.

1837.
,, to' nopus (violet-stalked). Deep yellow, purple, mauve.

Burma (?). 1882.
„ jamesia'num (Jamesian). White, red. Burma.

1869.

„ japo'nicum (Japanese). See D. MONILIFORME.
„ Jenki'nsii (Capt. Jenkin's). i. Yellow. May.

Assam. 1838.
„ jennya'num (Jennyan). Yellow outside, brown within.

Australia (?). 1896.
„ jerdonia'num (Jerdonian). Red, purple. S. India

1868.
„ Joha'nnis (John's). Dark brown. N.E. Australia

1865.
„ ,, semifu'scum (half -brown). Petals brown, the rest

yellow and brown. 1883.

„ Johnso'ntz (Mrs. Johnson's). New Guinea. 1882.
,. ju'nccum (rush-leaved). Green. Singapore. 1841.
„ karofnse (Karoan). White. New Guinea. 1910.

D. kingia'num (Capt. King's). £. Pink spot. February.

N. Holland. 1843.

„ „ a'lbum (white). White. Australia. 1888.
„ Ku'hlii (Kuhl's). 2. Pale purple. Java. 1844.
„ Kunstle'ri (Kunstler's). Perak.
,, lamella' turn (plated). Yellow. Burma. 1844.
„ lansbergea'num (Lansbergean). New Guinea. 1888.
,, lasioglo' ssum ( woolly- tongued). White, purple.

Burma. 1868.

„ latifo'lium (broad- leaved). Green. Manilla.
,, /eea'nww (Leean). White, mottled rose. New Guinea.

1891.
,, leucochlo'rum (white, green). White, veined red,

green. Burma. 1879.

„ leucolopho' turn (white-crested). White. Malaya. 1882.
,, Lichena' strum (Lichenastrum). See BULBOPHYU.UM

LlCHENASTRUM.

„ lilaci'num (lilac). Lilac. Java. 1865.

,, linawia'num (Linawian). Rosy-lilac, red. China and

Japan. 1824.
,, linea'le (lineal). 2. White, spotted purple. New

Guinea. 1889.
„ linearifo'lium (linear-leaved). White, purple-mauve

lines. Sumatra. 1884.

,, linguafo'rme (tongue-leaved). J. Purple. E. Aus-
tralia. 1810.
,, Lingue'lla (little- tongue). Rose, yellow. Malaya.

1882.
,, lituifto'rum (curved-flowered). Purple, white. Assam

and Burma. 1856.

,, „ ca'ndidum (white). Assam. 1870.
,, ,, Freema'nii (Freeman's). Assam. 1877.
„ Loddige'sii (Loddige's). Yellow. China. 1887.
,, lonchophy'llum (spear-leaved). Perak.
,, longico'lle (long-necked). Straw, purple. Singapore.

1840.
,, longico'rnu (long-spurred), i. White. May. Nepaul.

1828.

,, Lo'wii (Low's). Yellow, red. Borneo. 1862.
,, „ pleio' trichum (many-haired). Lip without red

lines. 1885.

., lubber sia'num (Lubbersian). Yellowish- white, cinna-
bar. Burma. 1882.

„ lu'teolum (pale yellow). Pale yellow. Burma. 1864.
,, ,, chloroce'ntrum (green-spurred). Primrose and green

disc on lip. 1883.
,, Macca'rihice (Mrs. Maccarthy's). Rose. Ceylon.

1884.
,, Macfa'rlanei (Macfarlane's). Pure white, with purple

lines at the base. New Guinea. 1882.
,, Macrce'i (Macrae's). Pink. India. 1839.
,, macra'nthum (large-flowered). See D. SUPERBUM.
„ macrochi'lum (large-lipped). Rose. Manilla. 1838.
,, macrophy'llum (large-leaved) of Lindley. See D.

SUPERBUM.
,, macrophy'llum (large-leaved) of A. Rich. Lilac,

purple, blood-red. New Guinea.
,, macrosta' chyum (large-spiked). Yellow. Ceylon and

S. India.
,, Mado'nna (The Madonna's). White. New Guinea.

1903.
,, male'olens (evil-smelling). Green, with orange-red

beak. Philippines. 1908.
,, margina'tum (margined). White, orange. Java.

1864.
,, ,, xanthophle'btum (yellow-veined). See D. XANTHO-

PHLEBIUM.
,, marmora'tum (marbled). White, purple. Burma.

1875.
,, melanophtha'lmum (black-eyed). White, with two

black spots. 1886.

„ mesochlo'rum (light green). See D. AMCBNUM.
,, metlkea'num (Mettkean). Flowers like those of D.

treacherianum. 1894.
,, microgla'phys (small-holed). Purple, white. Borneo.

1868.
,, minu'tum (small). White. March. N. Holland.

1826.

,, mirbelia'num (Mirbel's). Lilac. New Guinea.
,, mi'serum (poor). White. March. Assam. 1837.
,, mohlia'num (Mohlian). Cinnabar. Fiji. 1877.
,, monilifo'rme (bracelet-formed) of Lindley. See D.

LINAWIANUM.

,, monilifo'rme (necklace-formed) of Swartz. White or
pale purple. Japan and China.

DENDROBIUM

285

DENDROBIUM

D. monophy'llwn (one-leaved). N.E. Australia.
„ moorea'num (Moorean). White. Australia. 1878.
„ Alo'rtii (Mort's). 4. Light yellow, whitish, lilac,

purple. N. S. Wales. 1905.

., moscha'tum (musk-scented). See D. CALCEOLARIA.
„ murica'tum (warted). New Caledonia.
„ „ muni'ficum (bountiful). j. Cream, white, purple.

New Caledonia. 1909.

„ muta'bile (changeable). Rose. April. Java. 1844.
„ Natha'nielis (Nathaniel's). White. Burma. 1844.
„ no'bile (noble). 2. Green, yellow, pink. China.
., „ Artnstro'ngicf (Mrs. Armstrong's). Pure white ;

lip maroon-purple. 1910.
„ „ cooksonia'num (Cooksonian). Petals dark purple

and velvety on the middle. 1885.
„ ,. nobi'liut (nobler). Flowers large dark purple.

1882.
,, ,, s.indena'num (Sanderian). Sepals and petals

bright purple, white at base. 1888.
,, virgina'le (virginal). Pure white, with paie

rose tint on lip. 1897.
(Wa

prim-

,. Walli'chii (Wallich's noble). Purple, cream, white.

March. E. Ind. 1840.
noda'tum (thick noded). See D. APHRODITE.
nu'dum (naked). Pale purple. June. Java. 1844.
nycteridoglo'ssum (bat-tongued). Green, striped dark

red. New Guinea. 1886.
obnenia'num (O'Brienian). Small, yellow-green.

Philippines. 1892.
ochrea'tum (yellowish). Yellow, purple. June.

Khasia and Chittagong. 1836.
„ lu'tfum (yellow). Lemon yellow ; blotch on lip

light purple. 1910.

ocuia'tum (dark-eyed). See D. FIMBRIATUM OCULATUM.
palpS bra (eyeh'd). White, yellow. Moulmein.
pandura'tum (fiddle-shaped). Ceylon.
Papi'lio (Papilio). Pale rose, purple-veined, fragrant.

Philippines (?). 1897.

pa'rcum (spare). Pale yellow. Burma. 1866.
pardali'num (panther-spotted). See D. MACR^EI.
Pari'shii (Parish's). Mauve and purple. Burma.

1863.
Parthc'nium (Parthenium). White ; lip with purple

blotch. Borneo. 1886.

Paxto'ni (Paxton's) of Lindley. See D. CHRYSANTHUM.
Paxto'ni (Paxton's) of Paxton's Magazine. See D.

FIMBRIATUM OCULATUM.

pendulum (pendulous). A form of D. nobile.
perena'nthum (long-lasting-flowered). Pale yellow ;

lip white. Moluccas. 1886.
Pe'tri (Peter's). White. Polynesia. 1877.
Phalano'psis (Phalaenopsis). lilac. New Guinea.
1880.

„ hololeu'cum (wholly-white). Pure white. 1895.
„ statieria'num (Statterian). Flowers smaller, dark
purple. Timor Laut.

pi'ctum (painted). White, crimson. Borneo. 1862.
Piera'rdi (Pierard's). 2. Whitish. April. Himalaya.
1815.

,, cuciilla'tum (hooded). Straw. India. 1835.
, ,, lati/o'lium (broad-leaved). Purple, rose, yellow.
June. Singapore. 1830.

„ lutSscens (yellowish). Yellowish. May. India.
1835.

,. ma'jus (larger). Whitish. April. India. 1830.
pitchfria'num (Pitcherian). Rose, tipped purple,

yellow. 1888.
pleiosta'c\run: (full-spiked). White. New Guinea.

1882.

pltca'Mf (.slightly-plaited). Philippines.
Pogonia'te* (Pogoniates). Yellowish, orange. N.

Borneo. 1886.
polyca'rpum (many-fruited). Yellowish, purple-red.

Sunda Isles. 1884.
polyphle'bium (many- veined). See D. RHODOP-

TERYGIUM.

,, Eme'rici (Emeric's). Lip white, with amethyst

bar. 1887.
Polysta'chyon (Polystachyon). See POLYSTACHYA

LUTEOLA.
praci'nctum (girt in front). Ochre, purplish, orange.

India. 1877.
primuli'num (Primrose-coloured). Primrose- yellow

lip. Himalaya. 1864.
profu'sum (profuse). Yellow-green. Philippines. 1884.

D. pukhSUum (fair) of Lpddiges. See D. LODDIGESII.
,, ,, candt'dulum (whitish). White, tipped green.
„ „ Mosle'yi (Mosley's). Purple.
„ pulcht'Uum (pretty) of Roxburgh. Rose and dark

purple. Burma and Malaya.

„ ,, rossia'num (Rossian). Nankeen. Burma. 1882.
„ „ salmo'neum (salmon). Blotches salmon-pink in-
stead of maroon. 1898.
„ pu'tmlum (dwarf). Burma and Malaya.
,, pum'ceum (purple). Rose-pink, tipped yellow. New

Guinea. 1901.
„ purpu'reum (purple). Purple. March. Moluccas.

i«34-
„ pycnosta'chyum (dense-spiked). White, purple.

Burma. 1866.
„ quadri'lobum (four-lobed). Pale green. New Guinea (?).

1896.
,, quina'rium (quinary). Light yellow, with brown

veins on lip. New Guinea. 1901.
„ ra'dians (radiating). White, Up with orange blotch.

Borneo. 1863.

„ ramosi' ssimum (most branched). See D. HERBACEUM.
,, re'gium (royal). Like D. nobile, with clear yellow

throat. Bengal. 1904.
„ revolu'tum (rolled-back). Straw. April. Singapore.

1842.
,, rhodoce'ntrum (red-spurred). Purple, white. India.

1872.
„ rhodoptery'gium (red-winged). Pale rose and purple.

Burma. 1875.
„ ,, Eme'rici (Emeric's). Lip white, with amethyst

bar. 1887.

„ rho'mbewn (diamond-lipped). See D. AUREUM.
,, Rima'nni (Rimann's). Yellow, striped purple ; lip

white, netted purple. Moluccas. 1882.
,, robu'stum (robust). Yellow-green, with purple lines.

New Guinea. 1895.

.. ro'seo-nerva'tum (rosy-nerved). }. Pale rose. Su-
matra. 1905.

., Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). Yellow. India. 1838.
„ Rucke'ri (Rucker's). ij. Yellow. February.

Himalayas. 1843.
„ rugo'sum (rough), i. Pale yellow. April. Java.

1844.
„ rutri'ferum (spade-bearing). Rose. New Guinea.

1887.

,, salacce'nse (Salaccan). Red, orange. Java. 1862.
„ Sandefrtz (Mrs. Sander's), it to 3. Pure white, with

blackish-purple lines on lip. Philippines. 1909.
„ sanderia'num (Sanderian). \V7hite, purple. Borneo.

1894.

,, sangui'neum (blood-red). Crimson. Borneo. 1895.
., sanguinole'ntum (blood-stained). J. Buff, violet.

March. Ceylon. 1842.
„ „ a'lbum (white). White. 1909.
., sarmenio'sum (trailing). White, yellow blotch,

crimson lines. Burma. 1897.
„ scabrilingue (rough-tongued). White, yellow, red.

Burma. 1862
,, Schi'nzii (Schinz's). Pale green, fugacious. Sumatra.

1906.

,. schoeni'num (fluted). See D. STRIOLATUM.
„ Schrcede'ri (Schroder's). See D. DENSIFLORUM

SCHRCEDERI.

„ scu'lptum (sculptured). White, orange. Borneo.

1863.
,. secu'ndum (side-flowering). Rose, purple. July.

Malacca. 1838.
,, ni'i-eum (snowy). White ; lip tipped orange.

1882.
,, ,, pa'llidum (pale). Pale purple. July. Sumatra.

1840.
„ „ se'nile (old). Golden- yellow, red. Moulmein.

1865.

,, shillonge'nse (Shillong). See D. LASIOGLOSSUM.
,, signa'tum (marked). Whitish, sulphur yellow. Siam.

1884.
„ Smi'llia (Mrs. Smillie's). Whitish, rosy-purple.

N. Australia. 1879.

,, spatha'ceum (large-spathed). White. Sikkim. 1903.
„ speciosi' ssimum (most showy). 5 to 6. White; lip

with orange-red blotch. Borneo. 1895.
,, specio'sum (showy), i. Yellow, white. January.

N. Holland. 1824.
„ „ Hi'llii (Hill's). Flowers white, larger.

DENDROBIUM

286

DENDROSERIS

D. specio'sum ni'tidum (shining). Cream- white. Taller

than D. s. Hillii. 1910.
specta'bile (showy). Yellow and white, veined purple.

New Guinea. 1899.

„ sphegidoslo'ssum (wasp-lipped). See D. STUPOSUM.
„ squa'lens (squalid). See XYLOBIUM SQUALENS.
,, Stratio'tes (Stratiotes). Ivory-white, green, cream.

Sunda Isles. 1886.
„ Streblo'ceras (Strebloceras). White, green, cream.

Sunda Isles. 1886.
„ „ rossta'n«/n(Rossian). White, pale green, yellowish.

New Guinea. 1888.

„ stria'tum (striated). Whitish tinged rose. Philip-
pines. 1905.
„ stricklandia'num (Stricklandian). Pale yellow, purple,

red. Japan. 1877.
„ striola'tum (finely-lined). White. June. Australia.

1845.
„ strongyla'nihum (round-flowered). Yellow-green,

violet- brown. Burma. 1878.
„ stupo'sum (astonishing). Yellow-white, orange-red.

Burma, Siam. 1838.

„ suavi'ssimum (sweetest). See D. CHRYSOTOXUM.
„ subclau'sum (nearly closed). Brilliant orange.

Moluccas.
„ sulca'tum (furrowed), i. Orange. April. Khasia.

1837.

„ Sumne'ri (Sumner's). N.E. Australia.
„ supe'rbiens (superb). Purple ; lip five-ridged. N.E.

Australia. 1876.

„ , ano'smum (scentless). Philippines. 1840.
„ , Bu'rkei (Burke's). White ; lip yellow, rose.
» • gigante'um (giant). Large-flowered.
„ , Richa'rdi (Richard's). Greenish- buff. 1900.
„ , supe'rbum (superb). Pink, flushed rose. Philip-
pines.

„ tattonia'num (Tattonian). See D. CANALICULATUM.
„ tauri'num( bull-headed). 5. White, purple. October.

Philippines. 1837.
„ „ amboine'nse (Amboynan). Yellow, spotted brown.

Amboyna. 1899.

„ „ Colma'nii (Cohnan's). White, rose-pink. Philip-
pines. 1909.
„ teretifo'lium (round-leaved), i. Purple. July. N.E.

Australia. 1823.
„ termina'le (terminal). Burma.
,, tetrachro'mum (four-coloured). White, ochre-yellow,

purple. Borneo. 1880.
„ tetrago'num (four-angled). 2. Yellow, green. May.

Moreton Bay. 1838.
„ thyrsiflo'rum (thyrse-flowered). Burma. Fl. Mag.,

1881, t. 449.
„ tipuli' 'ferum (Crane-fly-bearing). Pale purple. Fiji.

1877.
„ tonkin Jnse (Tonquin). Straw yellow. Tonquin.

1906.
„ to'rtile (twisted). Rose and white. N. India.

1847.

„ „ ro'seum (rosy). Rose.
„ transpa'rens (transparent). Rose. Nepaul.
„ „ a'lbum (white). White. 1889.
„ treackeria'num (Treacherian). Rose-purple. Borneo.
„ triadefniwn (three-gland-lipped). See D. MUTABILE.
„ trigo'nopus (three- angle-stalked). Golden-yellow ; lip

with red lines. Burma. 1887.
„ undula'tum (waved). Yellow, brown. March.

Manilla. 1838.

„ „ fimbrila'bium (fringed-lipped). N.Australia. 1878.
„ vagina' turn (sheathed). Straw, purple. Singapore.
„ vandiflo'rum (Vanda-flowered). White, lip rose. New

Guinea. 1882.

„ veitchia'num (Mr. Veitch's). See D. MACROPHYLLUM.
„ veluti'num (velvety). Yellow ; lip velvety. Burma

1895.
„ veratrifo'lium (Veratrum-leaved). Lilac. October.

New Guinea. 1843.
„ versi'color (chang ing-coloured). Greenish-yellow,

changing to pure yellow. Assam. 1895.
„ vexa'bile (vexing). Light yellow, with orange blotch

India. 1878.
„ ve"xans (vexing). White, changing to pale lilac.

Annam. 1909.
„ Victo'ria Regi'na (Queen Victoria's). Dark blue and

white. Philippines. 1897.
„ villo'sulum (slightly hairy). Orange. Penang.

D. virgi'neum (virginal). Ivory-white, green, red.

Burma. 1884.
,, wardia'num (Wardian). White, tipped rose. Assam

and Burma. 1863.
,, ,, a'lbum (white). White, with orange-yellow throat.

India.
,, „ au'reum (golden). Sepals and petals light yellow

1901.

,, ,, ca'ndidum (white). Entirely white.
„ ,, fowleria'num (Fowlerian). Lateral sepals, with

yellow blotch and purple spots at base. 1902.
,. ,, Lo'wii (Low's). White, tipped purple-rose ; lip

with two purple-brown eyes. 1876.
„ „ xantholeu'cum (yellow- white). Pure white, orange-
yellow disc. 1904.
„ Wa'ttii (Watt's). White, with yellow lines on the

lip. B. M., t. 6715.
,, williamsia'num (YVilliamsian). White, rosy, purple.

New Guinea. 1878.
„ Williamso'ni (Williamson's). White, blood-red.

Himalaya. 1869.
„ Wilso'ni (Wilson's). i£ to 2. Delicate pink, or white.

Western China. 1906.
„ xanthophle'bium (yellow-veined). White, yellow.

Burma. 1857.

DENDROCA LAMUS. (From dendron, a tree, and
calamos, a reed ; in allusion to the tall, tree-like habit of
these Bamboos. Nat. ord. Gramineas.)

Stove, evergreen Bamboos of easy culture. Most of
them may be grown in pots, but all may be planted out,
especially D. giganteus, to enable them to attain some-
thing like their natural dimensions. Seeds ; and suckers
when commencing growth. Good fibrous loam, with
sand for pot culture.
D. gigante'us (giant). India and Malaya.

,, membrana'ceus (membranous). Burma.

,, sikkime'nsis (Sikkim). Himalaya,

,. stri'ctus (upright). India and Java.

DENDROCHI'LUM. (From dendron, a tree.and cheilos,
a lip. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae. See also PLATYCLINIS.)

Stove epiphytal Orchids. Divisions. Sphagnum, fibre
of peat, and crocks.

D. grandifto'rum (large-flowered). Pale yellow. Philip-
pines (?). 1910.
„ krausea'num (Krausean). Pale brownish-yellow.

Sumatra. 1910.

„ pandura'tum (fiddle-shaped). Pale yellowish, small.
Sumatra. 1910.

DENDROME'CON. (From dendron, a tree, and tnecon,
a poppy ; the plant being shrubby. Nat. ord. Papa-
veracea?.)

A shrub requiring a warm wall or a greenhouse. Seed ;
cuttings of ripe wood in sand in gentle warmth. Light
loam and leaf-mould.
D. ri'gidum (rigid). Yellow. June. California.

DENDROPA'NAX- (From dendron, a tree, and panax,
all-heal ; some of the plants being used in medicine by
the Chinese. Nat. ord. Araliaceae.)

Stove shrubs or trees requiring treatment similar to
Aralia,,
D. arbo'reum (tree-like). 12. Pale yellow. Colombia.

1820.
,, arge'nteum (silvery). Leaves silvery above. Brazil.

1878.

„ japo'nicum (Japanese). Greenish-yellow. Japan.
,, pendulum (drooping). Green. Colombia. 1824.

DENDROPHY'LAX. (From dendron, a tree, and
phulax, a guard or defender. Nat. ord. Orchidaceas.)

Stove Orchids. For treatment, see ORCHIDS.
D. Fawce'ttii (Fawcett's). Greenish, white. W. Ind.

1888.
,, funa'lis (corded). Greenish, white. W. Ind.

DENDROSE RIS. (Derived from dendron, a tree, and
seris, an endive-like plant ; in allusion to the persistent
character of the stem. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs of tree-like aspect,
having simple or branched trunks surmounted by a

DENHAMIA

287

DESMODIUM

tuft of leaves, bearing large yellow heads of bloom in

panicles. Seeds. Loam and sand.

D. macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 101013. Bright yellow.

Juan Fernandez. 1877.
., micrantha (small-flowered). 10. Yellow. Juan

Fernandez.

DENHA MIA SCATIDENS. See CULCASIA SCANDENS.
DENNST&: DTIA. See DICKSONIA.

DENTA RIA. (From dtns, a tooth ; in allusion to
the tooth-like scales on the roots. Nat. ord. Cruciferae.)
Most of the species are now referred to Cardamine, which
see.
D. glandulo'sa (glandular), x. Light purple. May.

Hungary. 1815.
„ petersi&'na (Petersian). Near Cardamine pratensis,

but has sessile leaves at the top. 1899.
„ polypky'Ua (many-leaved), i. Pure white. May.

Hungary. 1818.
„ quinquefo'lia (five-leaved), x. Purple. May. Tauria.

1820.

„ trifo'lia (three-leaved), i. White. May. Croatia.
1824.

DEPA RIA. (Derived from depas, a cup ; in allusion
to the shape of the scale covering the spore cases. Nat.
ord. Filices.)

Stove fern. For cultivation, see FERNS.
D. Moo'rei (Moore's), i to ij. New Caledonia.
„ proli'fera (proliferous). Sandwich Islands.

DEPRESSA RIA, A genus of small moths, the cater-
pillars of which feed on the leaves, flowers, or fruits of the
Carrot and Parsnip. They belong to the family Tineina,
and are commonly known as flat-body moths, owing to
the flattened form of the abdomen.

D. depresse'Ua, the Carrot-seed Moth, devours the
flowers and seeds of Carrots, but preferably Parsnips,
grown for the production of seed, during the months of
July and August. When alarmed, the caterpillars let
themselves drop down by means of a thread, and advan-
tage may be taken of this to catch and destroy them.
Freshly tarred boards or trays may be held under the
plants and the latter well shaken, which will cause the
caterpillars to drop and be held fast by the tar.

D. Pastinacella, the Carrot-blossom Moth, lays its
eggs on Carrots or Parsnips, and the caterpillars feed on
the flowers during July and August. They draw the
umbel together with threads and then feed on the flowers
and young seeds. The same remedy adopted for the
Carrot-seed Moth will answer equally well in this case.

DERMATO'BOTRYS. ( From derma, dermatos, leather,
and botrus, a bunch of grapes ; apparently in allusion to
the leathery leaves, and the bunches of flowers. Nat.
ord. Scrophulariaceae.)

A deciduous, warm greenhouse perennial, flowering
in winter. Seeds ; cuttings of half-ripe wood in sand,
in a close case with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.

D. Saunde'rsii (Saunders's). r J. Bright red and yellow.
Zululand. 1893.

DE RRIS. (From derris, skin or leather ; in allusion
to the leathery character of the seed-pod, which does
not open. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Evergreen stove trees. Cuttings of ripe wood in sand,
in a close case with bottom-heat. Loam and peat, both
turfy, with sand.

D. a'lbo-ru'bra (white-red). White, with brown-red

pedicels and calyx. S.E. China. 1904.
„ cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 3. Yellow. May.

Himalaya ; Malaya. 1824. Twiner.
„ dalbergioi' dcs (Dalbergia-like). Burma and Malaya.
„ elli'ptica (elliptic). Burma and Malaya.
„ Fo'rdii (Ford's). See D. ALBORUBRA.
„ mar^ina'ta (margined). 20. White. Himalaya.

1823.

„ sca'ndtns (climbing). White. Australia.
„ uligino'sa (marsh). White. Tropics of Old World.

1824. Twiner.

DESCHA MPSIA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Graminea?.)

Hardy grasses of an ornamental character for mixing
with cut flowers, like the Hair Grasses. Seeds ; division.
Ordinary soil.
D. flexuo'sa (flexuous). i to ij. Brown. Britain.

DESFONTAINIA. (In honour of M. Desfpntain, the
French botanist. Nat. ord. Loganiaceae. Linn. $-Pert-
tandria, i-Monogynia.)

A lovely greenhouse or nearly hardy evergreen shrub.
Its culture is the same as for the more tender kinds of
Fuchsia. The soil should be one-third peat ; it should
be shaded from midday sun, and have plenty of moisture.
D. spino'sa (spiny-holly-leaved). 3. Scarlet, yellow.
August. Peru. 1853.

DESIGN. " Consult the genius of the place " before
you determine upon your design, is sound advice ; for
in gardening, as in all the fine arts, nothing is pleasing
that is inappropriate. Mr. Whateley, our best authority
on such subjects, truly says : A plain simple field, un-
adorned but with the common rural appendages, is an
agreeable opening ; but if it is extremely small, neither
a haystack, nor a cottage, nor a stile, nor a path, nor
much less all of them together, will give it an air of
reality. A harbour on an artificial lake is but a conceit ;
it raises no idea of refuge or security, for the lake does
not suggest an idea of danger : it is detached from the
large body of water, and yet is in itself but a poor, in-
considerable basin, vainly affecting to mimic the majesty
of the sea.

When imitative characters in gardening are egregiously
defective in any material circumstance, the truth of the
others exposes and aggravates the failure. But the art
of gardening aspires to more than imitation ; it can
create original characters, and give expressions to the
several scenes superior to any they can receive from
illusions. Certain properties, and certain dispositions of
the objects of nature, are adapted to excite particular
ideas and sensations ; they require no discernment,
examination, or discussion, but are obvious at a glance,
and instantaneously distinguished by our feelings.
Beauty alone is not so engaging as this species of char-
acter ; the impressions it makes are more transient and
less interesting ; for it aims only at delighting the eye,
but the other affects our sensibility. An assemblage of
the most elegant forms in the happiest situations is to a
degree indiscriminate, if they have not been selected and
arranged with a design to produce certain expressions ;
an air of magnificence or of simplicity, of cheerfulness,
tranquillity, or some other general character, ought to
pervade the whole ; and objects pleasing in themselves,
if they contradict that character, should therefore be
excluded. Those which are only indifferent must some-
times make room for such as are more significant — may
occasionally be recommended by it. Barrenness itself
may be an acceptable circumstance in a spot dedicated
to solitude and melancholy.

DESMA'NTHUS. (From desme, a bundle, and anthos,
a flower ; in allusion to the clusters of flowers. Nat. ord.
Leguminosae.)

Stove herbs or shrubs. Cuttings of mature wood in
sand, in a close case. Fibrous loam peat, and sand.
D. na'tans (floating). See NEPTUNIA OLERACEA.
„ ple'nus (double). See NEPTUNIA PLENA.
„ virga'tus (twiggy). White. N. Amer. ; W. Ind.

DESMO'DIUM. (Derived from desmos, a bond ; in
allusion to the united stamens. Nat. ord. Leguminosa.)
Mostly stove shrubs, with blue, purple, or white
flowers. Cuttings of young shoots, with a heel of old
wood, in sand, in a propagating case. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, or peat and sand.
D. adsce'ndens (ascending). Purple. W. Ind.
,, ,, cceru'leum (blue). Blue. Brazil.
„ ala'tum (winged). See D. TRIQUETRUM.
„ barba'tum (bearded). 2. Yellow. July. Trop.

Amer. 1824.
„ biarticula'tum (two- join ted). 2. Yellow. July.

Trop. Asia. 1808.

„ bracteo'sum (bracted). Purple. N. Amer. " Tick-
trefoil." " Tick-seed." Hardy.

DESMONCUS

288

DIANELLA

D. canadSnse (Canadian). 6. Purple. July. N. Amer.

1640. Hardy.

„ czne'scens (grey). Purple. N. Amer. Hardy.
„ cilia're (eye-lashed). N. Amer. Hardy.
,. cinera'scens (grey). 3. Rosy-lilac to violet. China.

1904.

„ du'bium (doubtful). See D. FLORIBUNDUM.
„ e'legans (elegant), i. July. China. 1819.
„ floribu'ndum (free-flowering). Light rose. July.

Himalaya.
„ gy'rans (gyrating). 2 to 3. Violet. India. 1775.

" Telegraph Plant."
„ japo'nicum (Japanese). See D. PODOCARPUM JAPO-

NICUM.

„ laburnifo'lium (Labunium-leaved). Trop. Asia.
„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Purple. Asia and Trop.

Africa.

„ maryla'ndicum (Maryland). N. Amer.
„ nu'tans (nodding). See D. TILI^FOLIUM.
„ panicula' turn (panicled). N. Amer.
„ penduliflo'rum (pendulous-flowered). See LESPEDEZA

SlEBOLDII.

„ podoca'rpum (stalked-fruited). 2 to 3. Purple. July.

Himalaya.
» „ japo'nicum (Japanese). White. Japan. 1875.

Hardy.
„ pulche'llum (pretty). 3. Purple. July. Trop. Asia ;

Australia. 1798.

„ scuta'tum (shield-shaped). Mexico.
„ Skinne'ri a'lbo-ni'tens (white-shining). Purple.

Leaves hoary. Guatemala.
„ tiliaefo'lium (lime-leaved). Lilac. July, August.

Himalaya. 1823. Hardy.
„ trique'trum (three-grooved). 10. Purple. July.

Trop. Asia. 1817.

„ unibetta' turn (umbelled). Trop. Asia.
„ uncina'tum (hooked). N. and S. Amer.
„ viridiflo'rum (green-flowered). Greenish. United

States. Hardy.

DESMO'NCUS. (From desmos, a bond and ogkos, a
hook ; the ribs of the leaves ending in bands at the
point, like tendrils. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceas], Linn.
si-Moncecia, 6-Hexandria. Allied to Cocos.)

Stove Palms. Seeds in a hotbed ; sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 84° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
D. aculea'tus (prickly). Guatemala. 1852.

„ america'nus (American). 6. St. Vincent. 1824.

„ du'bius (doubtful). 6. Trinidad. 1824.

„ granate'nsis (New Grenadan). Colombia. 1875.

„ la'tifrons (broad-leaved). S. Amer. 1840.

„ ma'jor (greater). Trinidad.

„ mi' nor (lesser). W. Ind.

„ mi'tis (mi)d). Brazil.

„ orthaca'nthos (straight-spined). 6. Brazil. 1822.

„ poly oca! nthos (many-spined). 6. Brazil. 1822.

DESMO'TRICHUM. See DENDROBIUM.

DEU'TZIA. (Named after /. Deutz, a sheriff of
Amsterdam. Nat. ord. Syringas [Saxifragaceas]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, %-Trigynia.)

D. sca'bra, grown as a dwarf standard, and pruned
like the black currant, or cutting out the shoots after
flowering, would form a great ornament for a border of
select shrubs. It is also a good subject for spring flower-
ing for the conservatory. Hardy deciduous shrubs.
Cuttings under a hand-glass, or strong shoots may be
planted in a sheltered place in autumn. They are fine
ornaments to a wall in the early summer months ;
common soil.
D. candidi' ssima (whitest). See D. CRENATA FLO'RE

PLE'NO.

„ corymbo'sa (corymb- flowering). 5. White. Hima-
layas.

„ crena'ta (crenate). 4 to 6. White. Japan.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). White. Japan.

1863.
„ „ flo're ple'no e'xtus purpu'rea (double). Petals pink

on the back.

„ di'scolor (two-coloured). China.
». „ purpvra' scens (purplish). Rose-purple. Yunnan,

China. 1894.

„ globo'sa (globose). Creamy white. Central China.
1906

D. gra'cilis campanula' ta. Hybrid (gracilis X discolor

purpurascens).

„ gracilis (slender). White. April. Japan.
,, ,, fo'liis aur'eis (golden-leaved). Leaves yellow.

1889.

„ ,, variega'ta (variegated).

„ ^ww^/Zc/rafKalmia-flowered). Hybrid (gracilis pur-
purascens X parviftora).
„ Lemoi'nei (Lemoine's). Hybrid (gracilis xparvi flora).

1894.
„ mo'llis (soft). 3 to 8. White, or tinted pink. Central

China. 1906.

„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). White. China. 1888.
„ ,, amure'nsis (Amurland). 3. White. N. China.
„ refle'xa (reflexed). Pure white. Central China. 1906.
„ sangui'nea (red- flowered). Red. April.
,, sca'bra (rough-leaved). 6. May. Japan. 1833.
,, sieboldia'na (Sieboldian). White. Japan.
,, stami'nea (Jroad-stamened). 3. White. April.

Himalayas. 1841.

„ sutchuene'nsis (Sutchuen). White. China. 1897.
„ Vilmo'rince (Madame Vilmorin's). Snow-white.

China. 1904.
„ Wilso'ni (Wilson's). White. Western China. 1906.

DEVIL-IN-THE-BUSH. See NIGE'LLA.

DEVIL'S APPLES. See MANDRA'GORA OFFICINA'RUM.

DEVIL'S-BIT SCABIOUS. See SCABIO'SA SUCCI'SA.

DEVIL'S COACH HORSE. O'cypus o'lens or Rove
Beetle.

DEVIL'S FIG. See ARGEMO'NE MEXICA'NA.
DEVIL'S LEAF. U'rtica urenti' ssima.
DEVONSHIRING. See PARING and BURNING.
DEWBERRY. Ru'bus ca'sius.

DEYEU'XIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Graminea?.)

An ornamental greenhouse grass of easy culture.
D. e'legans variega'ta (variegated). Leaves deep green,
edged yellow. Bolivia. 1884.

DIACA'LPE. (From dis, two, or double, and calpis,
an urn ; referring to the disposition of the spore-cases,
or seed-vessels. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-
Cryptogamia, i-Filices. Allied to Woodsia.)

Stove Fern. Division ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50 to 55°.
D. aspidioi'des (Aspidium-like). Yellow. July. Java.

DIA'CRIUM. (Derived from di, two, and akris, a
point. Nat. ord. Orchidacea?.)

A handsome Orchid, closely allied to Epidendrum,
and requiring similar culture.
D. bicornu'tum (two-horned), i. White. W. Ind.

DIADE'NIUM. (From dis, two, and aden, a gland;
referring to the glands at the base of the column. Nat.
ord. Orchidaceae.)

A warm house Orchid. Offsets in small baskets, with
sphagnum and potsherds. Requires a high temperature
with a moist atmosphere when making its growth, both
greatly reduced in winter.
D. Barke'ri (Barker's). Brazil. 1837.

DIANE'LLA. (A classical diminutive from Diana, the
goddess of bunting ; the first discovered species being
found in a grove. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse or frame bulbs. They would answer in a
mixed border of half-hardy bulbs in front of a stove or
greenhouse, with Anthericums, Albucas, Blandfordias,
Cummingias, and the like ; but they succeed best in a
greenhouse. All from Australia, and with blue flowers,
except where otherwise specified. Seeds sown in a
slight hotbed in spring, and division ; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 48°.
D. a'spera (rough). Tasmania.

,, caru'lea (sky-blue). 2. June 1783.

„ conge'sta (crowded). See D. C^ERULEA.

DIANDROLYRA

289

DIANTHUS

D. divarica'ta (straggling). See D. REVOLUTA.
„ c'Ugans (elegant). See D. L^EVIS.
„ enstfolia (sword-leaved), ij. White. August. E.

Ind. 1731.

,, la'vis (smooth). 2. August. 1822.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See D. L^VIS.
„ nemoro'sa (grove). 2. August. E. Ind. 1731.
„ revolu'ta (rolled-back). 2. August. 1823.
„ strumo'sa (swollen). See D. L^VIS.
„ tasma'nica (Tasmanian). Blue. Tasmania. 1866.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Blue. Leaves striped
with yellow. Tasmania. 1894.

DIANDROLY RA. (Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

A perennial densely tufted greenhouse grass. Loam,

leaf-mould, and sand.

D. bi'color (two-coloured). Leaves dark green above,
violet-purple beneath. 1906.

DIANTHE RA. (From dia, to divide, and anthera, an
anther ; in allusion to the separation of the anthers.
Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Stove or greenhouse, evergreen herbs. Cuttings of
young shoots in spring with a heel, inserted in light
sandy soil and placed in a propagating case. Fibrous
loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
D. america'na (American). Pale violet. N. Amer.

„ bulla'ta (blistered). White. Borneo. 1886.

„ caracasa'na (Caracasan). Violet. Venezuela. 1822.

„ cilia'ta (ciliated). Purple, white. Winter. Costa
Rica. 1870.

„ coma'ta (tufted). 2. Purple. July. Jamaica. 1795.

„ gentcula'ta (kneed). Purple. June. W. Ind.

„ illu'stris (lustrous). See PORPHYROCOMA LANCEOLATA.

„ lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). See PORPHYROCOMA

LANCEOLATA.

„ lu'cida (shining). Scarlet. W. Ind. 1795.

„ nodo'sa (thickened at the joints). Red. August.

E. Ind. 1820.
„ pectora'lis (pectoral). 3. Purple. May. W. Ind.

1787-

„ pohlia'na (Pohlian). Purple. Brazil. 1880.
„ secu'nda (one-sided). 2. Purple. June. W. Ind.

DIANTHOIDES DIANTHIFLO RA. See GILIA DIAN-
THOIDES.

DIA'NTHUS. Pink. (From dios, divine, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. Cloveworts [CaryophyUaceae].
Linn. lo-Decandria, 2-Digynia.)

Seeds, divisions, and cuttings, under a hand-light, in
light soil, any time about midsummer. The tender
kinds should be kept in pots, and protected in a cold pit
during the winter. See CARNATION, PINK, and SWEET
WILLIAM.

HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

D. aggrega'tus (crowded). See D. BARBATUS.
„ Arme'ria (armeria). i. Red. June. England.
„ armertoi'des (armeria-like). i. Red. June. New

Jersey. 1826.
„ chine' nsis (China), i. Red. July. China. 1713.

Biennial.

„ „ a'lbus (white). White. August. 1830.
„ margina'tus (bordered), i. White. July. South

Europe. 1820. Biennial.

„ pro'ltfer (proliferous). See TUNICA PROLIFERA.
„ puhe'scens (downy), i. Red. July. Greece. 1820.
„ veluti'nus (velvety). See TUNICA VELUTINA.

HALF-HARDY PERENNIALS.

D. a'lbens (whitish). }. White. August. Cape of Good
Hope. 1787.

„ arbo'reus (tree), ij. Pink. July. Greece. 1820.
Evergreen.

„ ar&v'scu^httletree). i$. Red. July. China. 1824.
Evergreen.

„ crena'tus (scolloped), i. Flesh. August. Cape of
Good Hope. 1817.

„ glutino'sus (clammy). Pink. July. Grecian Archi-
pelago.

„ japo'nicus (Japanese). See D. BARBATUS.

„ jumpen'nus (juniper-like). Red. July. Greece.
1825.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

D. aipe'stfis (rock). See D. MONSPESSULANUS.
,, alpi'nus (alpine). J. Red. June. Austria. 1759.
„ arena'rius (sand). 2. Purple. August. Europe.
„ a'sper (rough-stalked). See D. CHINENSIS.
„ a'tro-ru'bens (dark red), i. Crimson. August. Italy.

1802.

„ attenua'tus (tapering). J. Red. July. Spain. 1822.
,, Balbi'sii (Balbis's). See D. LIBURNICUS.
„ barba'tus (bearded. Sweet William), ij. Pink. July

Germany. 1573.
„ „ latifo'lius (broad- leaved), ij. Scarlet. July.

1826.

„ bf color (two-coloured). See D. FALLENS.
„ bifto'rus (two-flowered). See D. CINNABARINUS.
,, Bisigna'ni (Bisignani's). See D. RUPICOLUS.
„ brachya'nthus (short-flowered). Pink. June. Spain.

1851.

„ brevicau'lis (short-stemmed). Purple. Cilicia.
„ bre'vis (short). Red. June. Jurassa.
,, bttrchtorme'nsis (Burchtormian). i. Red. July.

Russia. 1826.

„ cce'sius (grey), i. Flesh. July. Britain.
„ callizo'nus (beautiful-zoned). Rosy-pink, with dark

zone. Transylvania. 1890.
„ campe'stris (field), i. White, red. August. Tauria.

1815.
„ capita' tus (headed), ij. Purple. August. Caucasus.

1822.

„ carolinia'nus (Carolina). See D. ARMERIA.
„ carthusiano'rum (Carthusians'), i$. Red. July.

Germany. 1573.

,, caryophylloi'des (clove-like). See D. SYLVESTRIS.
„ Caryop hy'llus (clove). 2. Flesh. June. England.
.» » flo're-ple'no (double. Carnation). 2. Crimson.

August. England.
,, ,, frutico'sus (shrubby. Carnation). 3. Crimson.

July. England.
„ „ imbrica'tus (imbricated. Wheatear). i$. Flesh.

August. England.

„ cauca'sicus (Caucasian). See D. CHINENSIS.
„ Cephalo'ies (headed). See D. CAPITATUS.
„ cilia' tus (hair-fringed), i^. Pink. July. Naples.

1829.

„ cincinna'tus (curled). Crimson. Japan. 1864.
,, cinnabari'nus (cinnabar). Cinnabar. June. Greece.
,, cinnamo'meus (cinnamon). See D. FALLENS.
„ clava'tus (club-shaped), i. Flesh. July.
„ colli'nus (hill). See D. CHINENSIS.
„ co'rsicus (Corsican). See D. CARYOPHYLLUS.
„ corymbo'sus (corymbose). i. Purple. August.

Grecian Archipelago. 1816.
„ crini'tus (coarsely hairy). |. Purple. July. Asia

Minor. 1817.

„ crue'ntus (blood-red). Dark scarlet or red. Greece.
„ Cy'ri (Cyri's). Red. June. Natolia. 1843.
„ deltoi'des (triangle). J. Flesh. June. Britain.
„ „ a'lbus (white).

„ „ glau'cus (sea-green). White. June. Britain.
„ denta'tus (toothed), i. Red. July. Siberia. 1826.
,, diffu'sus (wide-spreading). See D. PUBESCENS.
„ diminu'tus (smaU- flowered). See TUNICA PROHFERA.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See D. CHINENSIS.
„ diuti'nus (long-lasting). See D. POLYMORPHUS.
„ divarica'tus (straggling), i. Purple. August.

Greece. 1822.

„ du'bius (doubtful). White, rose. May. Sicily.
„ e'legans (elegant). Red. June. Levant. 1825.
,, erube'scens (blushing). Blush. July. Pyrenees. 1825.
„ ferrugi'neus (rusty). Brown. July. Italy. 1756.
„ „ sulphu'reus (sulphur-coloured). ij. Sulphur.

August. Italy. 1836.
„ fimbria'tus (fringed). See D. ORIENTALIS.
„ Fische'ri (Fischer's). See D. CHINENSIS.
., „ a'lbus (white). See D. CHINENSIS ALBUS.
,, fra' grans (fragrant), i. White. August. Caucasus.

1804.

,, Fre'ynii (Freyn's). Purple. Bosnia. 1892.
,, frutico'sus (shrubby). 2. Pink. July. Grecian

Archipelago. 1815.
„ furca'tus (forked), i. Pale red. July. Piedmont.

1819.

„ ga'llicus (French). j. Purple. August. S. France.
„ ge'lidus (cold). See D. GLACIALIS GELIDUS.

DIANTHUS

290

DIBBER

D. gigante'us (gigantic). 3. Purple. August. Greece.

1824.

„ glacia'lis (icy), J. Red. June. S. Europe. 1820.
„ „ ge'lidus (cold), i. Purple. June. Transylvania.
„ glaucophy'llus (milky-green-leaved), ij. Red. July.

1827.

„ glau'cus (milky-green). See D. DELTOIDES GLAUCUS.
,, grani'ticus (granitic). Pink. France.
„ gutta'tus (spotted). See D. CHINENSIS.
„ hendersonia'nus (Henderson's), i. Crimson. July.
„ hi'rtus (hairy). See D. ARMERIA.
„ Hceltze'ri (Hoeltzer's). Pink, yellow. Turkestan.
,, Hornema'nni (Hornemann's). i. Red. August.

Italy.

„ horte'nsis (garden). See D. PLUMARIUS.
,, hyssopifo'lius (hyssop- leaved). See D. SUPERBUS.
„ ibe'ricus (Iberian). See D. CRINITUS.
,, i'nteger (entire). See D. STRICTUS.
,, interme'dius ambi'guus (ambiguous). Servia.
„ Kna'ppii (Knapp's). i. Pale yellow. Hungary,

Montenegro. 1899.
,, latifo'lius (broad-leaved). See D. BARBATUS LATI-

FOLIOS.
„ leptope'talus (fine-petaled). i£. White. June.

Caucasus. 1814.
„ Libano'tis (rosemary-b'ke). 4. White. July.

Lebanon. 1830.
„ liboschitzia'nus (Liboschitz's). i. White. July.

Tauria. 1817.
„ libu'rnicus (Liburnian). Red. August. S. Europe.

1817.

,, „ Kna'ppii (Knapp's). See D. KNAPPII.
,, longicaulis (long-stemmed), i. White. August.

Italy. 1820.

,, micro'lepis (small-scaled). Transsylvania.
,, monade'lphus (monadelphous). See D. FALLENS.
„ monspessula'nus (Montpelier). i. Red. July.

Montpelier. 1764.

„ monta'nus (mountain). See D. CHINENSIS.
„ multine'rvis (many-nerved). Dahnatia.
„ multipuncta' tus (many-dotted). Spotted. June.

Levant. 1825.

„ Mussi'ni (Mussini's). See D. SQUARROSUS.
„ na'nus (dwarf). See D. CARTHUSIANORUM.
„ negle'ctus (neglected), f. Deep rose. July. Europe.

1869.

„ ni'tidus (shining), i. Red. July. Carpathia. 1822.
„ noea'nus (Noean). Rumelia.
„ ochroleu'cus (yellowish-white). See D. FALLENS.
„ orienta'lis (oriental), ij. Brown. July. Orient.

1815.
„ pa'llens (pale). Pink or white or yellow-white.

Greece ; Asia Minor. 1816.
„ pallidiflo'rus (pale-flowered). i. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1817.
„ Panci'cii i (Pancic's). 2$ to 3. Light crimson. Bulgaria.

1909.
» •» grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). Purple-carmine,

larger. 1909.

, papillo'sus (nippled). Pink. Bosnia.
, pa' tens (spreading). See D. CHINENSIS.
, pelvifo'rmis (pelvis-formed). Servia.
, petrce'us (rock). White. July. Hungary. 1804.
, „ flo'ribus-majo'ribus (larger-flowered). \. Pink.

June. 1804.

„ pinifo'lius (pine-leaved). Greece.
„ pluma'rius (feathered), i. White, purple. July.

S. Europe. 1629.
„ ,, stro'tinus (late), i. Purple. August. Hungary

1804.
„ plumo'sus (ieatheiy-petaled). See D. MONSPESSU-

LANUS.

„ poiretia'nus (Poiret's). See D. CORYMBOSUS.

„ „ flo're-plefno (double-flowered), i. Purple. April.

Greece. 1820.
„ polymo'rphus (many-form). i. Red. March.

Crimea. 1822.
„ pomeridia' nus (afternoon). i. Yellow. July.

Levant. 1804.

„ prate' nsis (meadow). See D. CHINENSIS.
„ prostra'tus (prostrate), £. Red. September. Cape

of Good Hope. 1824. Evergreen.
„ Pseu'd-Arme'ria(ialse-a.rmeria.). i. Purple. August.

Caucasus. 1820.
„ pulclit'llus (pretty). See D. CHINENSIS.

D. puncta'tus (dotted), i. Pale lilac. August.
„ pu'ngens (pungent), i. Pink. August. Spain. 1781.
,, racemo' sus (racemed). See D. CILIATUS.
„ re'pens (creeping). Red. Siberia. 1825.
„ Requie'nii (Requiens). Pyrenees.
„ ri'gidus (stiff). £. Red. July. Caspian Sea. 1802.
„ rupi'colus (rock-inhabiting), i. Red. June. Italy.

1820.

„ ruthe'nicus (Russian). See D. CHINENSIS.
,, saxa'tilis (rock). See D. MONSPESSULANUS.
„ Seguie'rii (Seguier's). Switzerland. 1832. Evergreen.
„ sero'tinus (late- flowering). See D. PLUMARIUS SERO-

TINUS.

„ serratifo'lius (serrate-leaved). Greece.
„ serra'tus (saw-edged). See D. CHINENSIS.
,, si'culus (Sicilian), i. Red. August. Sicily. 1829.
,, spino'sus (spiny). See ACANTHOPHYLLUM SPINOSUM.
„ squarro'sus (spreading). J. White. June. Tauria.

1817.

,, Sternbe'rgii (Sternberg's). ij. Red. June. Crimea.
,, siri'ctus (upright). Eastern Europe.
„ suave'olens (sweet-smelling), i. White. August.

1820.

,, sua'vis (sweet). See D. c^sius.
,, subacau'lis (nearly stemless). Dauphiny.
,, suffrutico' sus (subshrubby). See D. RUPICOLUS.
„ supe'rbus (superb). 2. White. August. Europe.

1596.

„ sylva'ticus (wood), ij. Red. June. Ratisbon. 1815.
„ sylve'slris (wild), i. Red. July. S. Europe. 1732.
,, tau'ricus (Taurian). i. Pink. July. Tauria. 1831.
,, te'ner (tender). J. Red. August. Europe. 1817.
,, tenuiflo'rus (slender-flowered). Thrace and Macedonia
„ umbella'tus (umbel-flowered). See D. CHINENSIS.
,, versi'color (changeable-coloured). See D. CHINENSIS.
,, virgi'neus (virgin), i. Red. June. Montpelier.

1816.

„ vi'scidus (viscid). Red. July. Greece.
„ Waldstei'nii (Waldstein's). Pink. July. Eastern

Alps.

DIAPE NSIA. (An ancient Greek name of the Sanicle.
Nat. ord. Diapensiads [Diapensiaceas], Linn. s-Pen-
tandria, t-Monogynia.)

An extremely rare alpine prostrate little undershrub,
from Lapland ; yet it requires the protection of a frame
in winter, to compensate for the winter covering of snow
in its native climate. Seeds or division of the plant ;
peat and loam ; a dry situation on a bank in summer,
and a dry corner in a cold pit in winter.
D. barbula'ta (small-bearded). See PIXIDANTHERA BAR-

BATULA.
„ lappo'nica (Lapland). £. White. July. 1801.

DIA'SCIA. (From diaskeo, to adorn ; in reference to
handsome appearance of the flowers. Nat. ord. Scro-
phulariaceae.)

A half-hardy annual, which may be reared like Stocks
and Asters, and planted out in May. It may also be
cultivated in pots during summer for the decoration of
the greenhouse or conservatory. Seeds ; light rich soil.
D. Barbe'rcs (Mrs. Barber's), i. Rose-pink. July,
August. S. Africa. 1871.

DIASTE'LLA VACCINHFO'LIA. See MIMETES VACCINII-
FOLIA.

DIASTKMA. (From di, two, and stemon, a stamen.
Nat. ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneracea?]. Linn. i^-Didynamia,
2-Anginspermia. Allied to Conradia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Divisions ; cuttings of
its young shoots, when two or three inches in length,
after commencing to grow ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
D. Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). White, spotted and lined

with violet. Colombia. 1888.
„ ochroleu'cum (yellow-white- flowered). i. August.

New Grenada. 1844.
„ pi'ctum (painted). White, dotted and marked with

purple. Colombia. 1888.

,, quinquevu'lnerum (five-spotted). White, pink.
August. Colombia.

DIBBER, or DIBBLE. This instrument for making
holes in which to insert seeds or plants is usually very
simple in its construction, being at the best the head of
an old spade-handle. To secure uniformity of depth in

DIBLEMMA

291

DICHROSTACHYS

planting beans, &c., by this instrument, it is useful to
have it perforated with holes to receive an iron peg, at
two and three inches from the point, as the case may
require. It should be shod with iron ; for if this be
kept bright it will make holes into which the soil will
not crumble from the sides. The crumbling is induced
by the soil's adhesion to the dibble. For planting
potatoes, a dibble with a head three inches in diameter
at the point, eight inches long up to the foot-rest, and
with a handle four feet long, is to be preferred. For the
insertion of seed, a dibble that delivers the seed has been
invented by a Mr. Smith, and another by Dr. Newington ;
the last is the best.

DIBLE MMA SAMARE NSEL See POLYPODIUM SAMA-

RENSE.

DIBRA CHION. See HOMALANTHUS.
DICENTRANTHE-RA. See ASYSTASIA.

DICE'NTRA. (From di, duplication, and kentron, a
spur ; in reference to the two spurs of the petals. Nat.
ord. Papaveraceae, sub-order Fumarieaj.)

D. spccta'bilis is the most brilliant hardy plant added
to our collections for many years, but furnishes the
most obvious example of the remarkable economy of the
sexual organs of its race. The flowers of Fumitories
never open, and their peculiar construction seems to
offer no means for the pollen to escape ; but, by a peculiar
contrivance connected with the parts, fecundation is
effectually and simply brought about. We have failed,
however, to effect the process artificially with D. specta-
bilis. This most beautiful plant was described by
Linnaeus from dried specimens, but was not seen alive
by any European until Mr. Fortune found it in gardens
in the north of China, and sent it, in 1846, to the London
Horticultural Society. It is a spring-flowering, deci-
duous, herbaceous plant, with large fleshy roots ; the
stalks and leaves rise to eighteen inches or two feet, and
look like a small-leafed tree-peony ; the flowers are pro-
duced on spikes from four to six inches long, and hang
down gracefully on one side. It requires rich, light soil,
and is readily increased by dividing the crown of the
roots early in spring, or by cuttings after the plant is in
growth. It will find its way, like the China Rose, into
every cottage-garden. All hardy herbaceous, and flower-
ing in J une ; the same culture is applicable to all the
species.
D. bracteo'sa (bracted). x. White. N. Amer. 1823.

„ canade'nsis (Canadian), f. White. N. Amer. 1819.
" Bleeding Heart."

„ ckrysa'niha (golden-flowered). 3. Bright yellow.
California. 1852.

„ Cucullaria (monk's-hood). }. White. N. Amer.
1731. " Dutchman's Breeches."

„ exi'mia (choice). i£. Flesh. N. Amer. 1812.

formo'sa (handsome), i. Flesh. N. Amer. 1796.
\chenalitzflo' ra (
Siberia. 1826.

„ lachenalicfflo' 'ra (Lachenalia-flowered)

Amer. 1796.
i. Purple.

„ paucifto'ra (few-flowered). California.

„ sacca'ta (saccate). See D. FORMOSA.

„ sca'ndens (climbing). Pink, white. Himalaya.

., specie' sa (showy), i. Flesh. 1810.

„ specta'bilis (remarkable). i$. Purple. Siberia, 1810 ;

Japan. 1846.

„ tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). See D. LACHENALKEFLORA.
„ </M/tc/rt/o'/ta(Thalictrum-leaved). 3. Yellow, brown

August. Himalaya. 1831.

DICE'RMA. See DESMODIUM.

DICELEA. (From dicha, bifarious ; in reference to
the two-ranked leaves. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove, epiphytical Orchids. See ORCHIDS FOR CULTIVA-
TION.

D. glau'ca (sea-green). Trop. Amer.
„ pi'cta (painted). Green, dotted purple. Trinidad.

1870.
,, vagina to. (sheathed). Mexico. 1885.

DICHIXUS. (From dis, two. and cheilos, a lip ; in
reference to two divisions of the calyx being longer than
the rest. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
I-inn i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. Allied to Hypo-
calyptus.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots

getting firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
sandy peat. Summer temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 40°
to 48°.

D. lebeckioi'des (Lebeckia-like). 2j. White, yellow.
April. Cape of Good Hope. 1826.

DICHOPOGON. (From dicha, without, and pogon, a
beard ; literally, beardless, in reference to the glabrous
stamens. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Greenhouse bulbs. Offsets. Fibrous loam and sand.
D. sieberia'nus (Sieberian). 2. White. July. Australia.

1822.
„ stri'ctus (upright), ij. Purple. Heliotrope scented.

June. Australia.
,, undula'tus (waved). See D. STRICTUS.

DICHO PSB. (Derivation uncertain. Nat. ord. Sapo-
taceae.)

Stove evergreen tree. Seeds ; cuttings in sand in a
close case with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam and peat,
with a good dash of sand.
D. Gu'tta (Gutta). Malaya. 1847.
,, oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). Malacca.

DICHORISA'NDRA. (From dis, twice, choriso, to
part, and aner. an anther ; referring to the anthers being
two-celled. Nat. ord. Spiderworts [Commelinaceae].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Campelia.)
D. thyrsiflo'ra is the handsomest plant of this order,
and one of the best stove plants in cultivation, for winter
or late autumnal flowering. We have seen it, under
liberal treatment, rise to ten feet, branched all round,
and every branch ending in a long spike or thyrse of
densely-set, sky-blue flowers. When the flowers begin
to expand, it may be removed to a warm conservatory,
where it will last in bloom from six weeks to two months.
Stove herbaceous perennials, from Brazil. Division of
the plant, when growth is commencing ; seeds sown in
a hotbed in spring ; peat and loam, with sand and leaf-
mould. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
D. acau'lis (stemless). Violet-blue. Leaves intense

green with silvery white lines. Brazil. 1894.
„ a'lbo-margina'ta (white-edged). Brazil. 1868.
,, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Leaves with transverse

white streaks. Ecuador. 1892.

,, aublietia'na (Aublietian). i. June. S. Amer. 1818.
,, di'scolor (two-coloured). September. 1848.
,, gra'cilis (slender). i$. Blue. August.
„ leucophlha'lmos (white-eyed). Blue and white. June.

Brazil.
„ mosa'ica (mosaic). Leaves banded with purple.

Peru. 1867.
., ,. giganttfa (giant). Leaves 9 in. long. 5 in. wide.

1892.

„ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). Purple. May. 1846.
„ oxype'tala (sharp-petaled). 2. Red. August. 1810.
,, pi'cta (painted-leaved). £. Blue. September. 1830.
„ pube'rula (downy). 3. Blue. August. 1823.
„ pube'scens (downy). Blue and white. Brazil.
„ „ taniSnsis (Taenian). Leaves striped with white.
.. Saunde'rsii (Saunders'). 2. White, violet. July.

Brazil. 1873.

„ Siebe'ri (Sieber's). Gardens.
„ thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). 4. Blue. August.

1822.

,, unda'ta (waved). Leaves waved, striped with silvery-
grey. Peru. 1879.
,, vitta'ia (striped). Leaves striped.

DICHO'SMA. See AGATHOSMA.

DI'CHROA. (From di, two, and chroos, colour ; the
flowers are blue and purple. Nat. ord. Saxifragaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand under
a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand.
D. febri'fuga (febrifugal). 4. Pale purple and blue.
Berries blue. Himalaya ; Malaya ; China. 1829.

DICHRO'STACHYS. (Derived from dichra, two-form,
and stachys, a spike. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Stove shrub. Seeds. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
D. platyca'rpa (broad-fruited). Spikes partly rose and
partly yellow. Angola. 1866.

DICHROTRICHIUM

292

DICTYOPTERIS

DICHROTRI'CHIUM. (Derived from dichroos, two-
coloured, and thrix, a hair ; the hairs on the seeds of
some species are of two colours. Nat. ord. Gesner-

Stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in a close case, with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam and peat, with some
nodules of charcoal and sand.

D. terna'teum (Ternatean). Crimson. Island of Ternate.
1872.

DICKSO'NIA. (Named after James Dickson, a British
botanist, who studied this. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices].
Linn. 24-Cryplogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove and greenhouse ferns, many of them being tree
ferns, confined to a single stem, and very stately when of
large size. Division of the roots in the case of those
species having a branching rootstock ; best done when
growth is commencing ; peat and loam, both fibrous,
with sand to insure porosity. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
D. adiantoi'des (Adian turn-like). 2. November. W.

Ind. 1828.
„ anta'rctica (antarctic). September. N. Holland.

1824.
„ arbore'scens (tree-like). 15. September. St. Helena.

1786.
„ Ba'rometz (Barometz). 6. Brown, yellow. May.

China. 1824. Stove.

,, berteroa'na (Berteroan). 15. Juan Fernandez. 1880.
„ Billardie'ri (Billardiere's). See D. ANTARCTICA.
„ chryso'tricha (golden-haired). Frond bipinnate. Java.

1875.
„ cicuta'ria (hemlock-leaved). Frond bipinnate. Trop.

Amer.

„ cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). Australia. 1865.
„ Cu'lcita (Culcita). Frond tripinnate. Madeira and

Azores.
„ davallioi'des (Davallia-like). 3. September. N.

Holland. 1833.

„ „ cunea' ta (wedge-shaped). Lobes broader. Philip-
pines.
„ Depla'nchei (Deplanche's). Fronds large, tripinnate.

New Caledonia. 1876.

,, diss'ecta (cut-leaved). See D. ADIANTOIDES.
„ fla'ccida (dropping). Frond tripinnate. Aneitum and

New Hebrides.

» fra'gilis (fragile). J. September. Caucasus.
,, glutino'sa (clammy). E. Ind.
„ lana'ta (woolly). See D. ANTARCTICA.
„ Latha'mi (Latham's). Supposed hybrid (antarcticax

arbor escens). 1885.
„ pilosiu'scula (rather-hairy). 2. August. N. Amer.

1811.

„ pube'scens (pubescent). 6. Colombia.
„ puncti'loba (dotted-lobed). N Amer. 1822
,, rubigino'sa (rusty). May. Brazil. 1841.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). Java.
,, Schie'dei (Schiede's). 15. Frond bipinnate. Mexico

and Guatemala. 1846. Stove.
„ sellowia'na (Sellowian). Frond bipinnate. Trop.

Amer. 1871.

„ squamo'sa (scaly). New Zealand.
,, squarro'sa (spreading). Frond bipinnate. New

Zealand, N. S. Wales.
„ You'ngii (Young's). Frond tripinnate. Australia.

1865.

DICLIPTERA. (From dis, twice, and kleio, to shut ;
referring to the two-celled capsule, or seed-vessel. Nat.
ord. Acanthads [Acanthacea?]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Justicia.)

Annuals, by seed in a hotbed, in spring ; perennials
by cuttings of side-shoots, or the points of shoots, in
sandy soil, in bottom-heat, with a hand-light, not so
close as a bell-glass. Loam and peat, open and fibrous,
with a little rotten leaf-mould. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 48° to 55°.

STOVE ANNUALS.

D. resupina'ta (lying-back). i$. White, purple. March.

Mexico. 1805.

,, sexangula'ris (six-angled). 2. Red. July. Jamaica.
1733.

GREENHOUSE PERENNIALS.

D. chine'nsis (Chinese). Pale blue. September. E. Ind.

1816. Herbaceous.
,, niederleinia'na (Niederleinian). Argentina. 1906.

Shrubby.
„ tweedia'na (Tweedian). Orange-red. Autumn.

Uruguay. 1874.
,, verticilla'ris (whorl-flowered). See HYPOESTES VERTI-

CILLARIS.

STOVE EVERGREENS, &c.

D. assu'rgens (rising). 2. Red. July. W. Ind. 1818.
,, biva'lvis (two-valved). \. Purple. June. E. Ind.

1818.
„ martinice'nsis (Martinique). 2. Purple. July. W.

Ind. 1818.

,, pectina'ta (comb-like). See RUNGIA PARVIFLORA.
,, peruvia'na (Peruvian). 2. Purple. June. Peru.

1818.
,, retu'sa (abrupt-ended). 2. Purple. July. W. Ind.

1821. Herbaceous.
,, scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). See TETRAMERIUM SCOR-

PIOIDES.
„ spino'sa (spiny). See BARLERIA LUPULINA.

DICRY'PTA BAUE'RI. See MAXILLARIA CRASSIFOLIA.

DICTA MNUS. Fraxinella, or Dittany. (Dictamnus,
a name adopted from Virgil ; Fraxinella, a diminutive of
fraxinus, the ash, from the similarity of their leaves.
Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-
Monogynia.)

This is one of the oldest and best border-plants of our
cottage-gardens. Instances are known where the Fraxi-
nella has outlived father, son, and grandson in the same
spot, without increase, all attempts at multiplying it, to
give away a rooted slip to a newly-married member of
the family, having failed ; yet the Fraxinella is easily
increased from seeds. Sow, as soon as they are ripe,
in the common soil of the border, and cover one inch
deep ; they will not sprout till the following April. If
they are kept over the winter, and sown in the following
spring, they will remain twelve months before they
sprout ; and not one seed out of a hundred sprouts at
all. When the seedlings are two years old, transplant
them where they are to remain, and they will flower the
third season. They prefer a deep, rich border, on a
dry bottom, and all flower in June.

D. a'lbus (white). 3. White. Germany. 1596.
,, ,, himala'icus (Himalayan). 2. Purple. Himalayas.
>» » purpu'reus (purple). 3. Purple. Europe. 1596.

" Burning Bush."

., ,, tau'ricus (Taurian). 2. Purple.
„ angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). See D. ALBUS.
„ cauca'sicus (Caucasian). 3. Purple. Caucasus. 1906.
„ Fraxine'lla (Fraxinella). See D. ALBUS PURPUREUS.

DICTYA'NTHUS. (From dictyon, network, and anthos,
a flower ; alluding to the markings on the corolla. Nat.
ord. Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceas], Linn. 5-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Stove climber. For culture, see PASSIFLO'RA.

D. Pavo'nii (Pavon's). 10. Green, brown. September.
Mexico. 1854.

DICTY'MIA ATTENUA'TA. See POLYPODIUM
BROWNII.

DICTYOCA'RYUM. (From dictuon, a net, and karnon,
a nut. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove Palm. For cultivation, see PALMS.

D. Walli'sii (Wallis's). Colombia. 1880.

DICTYOGLO'SSUM. See ACROSTICHUM CRINITUM.
DICTYOGRA'MMA JAPONICA. See GYMNOGRAMME

JAPONICA.

DICTYO'PSIS THUNBE RGH. See BEHNIA RETICU-

LATA.

DICTYO'PTERIS. See POLYPODIUM.

DICTYOSPERMA

293

DIEFFENBACHIA

DICTYOSPE RMA. (From dictuon, a net. and sperma,
a seed ; in reference to the netted seeds. Nat. ord.
Palmaceae.)

Stove Palms. For culture, see PALMS.
D. a'lbum (white). 30. Leaf-stalks white. Mauritius

and Bourbon. 1842.

»• » furfura'ceum (scurfy). Leaf-stalks brown.
„ ,, ru'brum (red). Leaf-stalks red.
„ au'rfum (golden). Leaf-stalks yellow. Seychelles.

1868.

„ fibro'sum (fibrous). 5. Madagascar. 1894.
" Vonitra."

DICY'RTA. (From di, twice, and kurtos, curved ; re-
ferring to the curved tube of the corolla. Nat. ord.
Gesneraceae.)

Stove perennial. Seeds ; divisions of the roots.
Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and plenty of sand.
D. ca'ndida (white). White. Guatemala.
„ warszetnczia'na (Warszewiczian). J. White, lilac.
July. Guatemala. 1848.

DIDLE RA. (In compliment to M. A. Grandidier.
Nat. ord. Sapmdaoea; (?).)

A stove shrub, like a succulent Euphorbia. Cuttings
of mature wood in a close case with bottom-heat, and not
kept too wet. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand, with some
broken bricks.
D. mira'bilis (wonderful). Rose. Madagascar. 1898.

DIDISCUS C2ERULEUS. See TRACHYMENE C/ERU-
LEA,

DIDYMOCA'RPUS. (From didymos, twin, and carpos,
fruit ; referring to a double division along the centre of
the seed-vessel. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneracea?].
Linn. i\-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Chirita.)
This must not be confounded with its ally, Strepto-
carpus. Stove herbaceous. Division ; cuttings of young
shoots, when commencing growing, in sandy soil, in
bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with sand, a little turf-
mould, and rotten cow-dung. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
D. crini'ta (long-haired), i. White, yellow. July. Pulo

Penang. 1845.
„ cya'nea (blue). $. Deep blue. Malay Peninsula.

1902.
„ humboldtia'na (Humboldt's). Lilac. October.

Ceylon.

„ lacuno'sa (pitted). Violet. Penang.
„ malaya'na (Malayan). Primrose yellow. Penang.

1896.

„ Morto'ni (Morton's). Himalaya.
„ polya'ntha (many-flowered). See STREPTOCARPUS

POLYANTHA.

„ primuiafo'lia (Primula-leaved). Lilac. November.

Ceylon. 1858.
„ Re'xii (King's). See STREPTOCARPUS KEXII.

DIDYMOCHUE'NA. (From didymos, twin, and
chlaina, a cloak ; referring to the coverings of the spore-
cases, called seed-vessels. Nat. ord. Ferns [FilicesJ.
Linn. 24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Handsome stove Ferns, allied to Oxygonium. Divi-
sions ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
D. lunula'ta (moon-shaped). 4 to 6. Fronds bipinnate.

Trop. Amer. 1838. Syn. Aspidium truncatulitm.
„ polyca'rpa, (many-fruited). 2 to 3. Fronds pinnate.
Malaya.

DIDYMOPA'NAX. (From didumos, double, and
Panax ; in reference to the form of the fruit. Nat. ord.
Araliaceae.)

Stove or greenhouse tree. Cultivation as for Aralia.
D. Houlle'tii (Houllet's). Mexico. 1869.

DIDYMOPLE XIS. (From didumos, double, and pleris,
a plait or fold. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

A saprophytic Orchid for the East Indian house. For
culture, see ORCHIDS.

D. pa.' liens (pale). $. Brownish. India and Perak.
1903.

DIDYMOSPE RMA. From didumos, double, and
spertna, a seed. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove Palms. For cultivation, see PALMS.
D. hookeria'na (Hookerian). 3. Leaves silvery. Malay

Peninsula. 1908.
,, na'num (dwarf), i to 3. Pinkish. Assam and

Khasia. 1874.
„ porphyroca'rpon (purple-fruited). 4 to 8. White.

Rootstock creeping. Java.
,, tre'mulum (quivering). 3 to 4. White. Siam.

DIEFFENBA'CHIA. (Named in compliment to Dr.
Dieffenbach, a German botanist. Nat. ord. Araceas.)

Handsome, evergreen, stove perennials, grown solely
for their handsomely blotched and variegated leaves.
Cuttings of the stem placed in a close case with bottom-
heat ; also by suckers. Loam and peat, with some
well-decayed cow manure and sand. When cutting the
stems for propagation or other purposes, cultivators
should be careful not to place any part in the mouth, as
the juice is extremely acrid and poisonous, causing the
tongue to swell, and the sufferer to lose his power of
speaking for some time. On this account D. Seguine has
been called the Dumb-cane.
D. alliodo'ra (garlic-scented). 2. Spathe green ; spadix

white. Trop. Amer. 1871.
,, ama'bilis (lovely). Leaves bright green, mottled

yellow-green. Colombia. 1876.
„ amazo'nica (Amazonian). Leaves with feathery white

band and yellow-white spots. Brazil. 1872.
,. amce'na (pleasing). Blotched white and pale yellow.

S. Amer. 1880.
„ antioquiSnsis (Antioquian). Leaves blotched yellow.

Colombia. 1875.
,, bciraquinia'na (Baraquinian). Rib and leaf-stalk

white. Brazil. 1863.
,, Bau'sei (Bause's). See D. PICTA.
,, Bowma'ni (Bowman's). Pale green, .blotched dark

green. Brazil. 1871.

,, brasiliefnsis (Brazilian). Leaves mottled greenish-
yellow and white. Brazil. 1872.
„ Cardefri (Carder's). Leaves variegated. Colombia.

1880.
,, Chelso'ni (Chelsea). Leaves with yellow-green rib

and grey, feathered band. Colombia. 1877.
„ costa'ta (ribbed). Leaves velvety-green, rib ivory-
white. Venezuela. 1860.
,, deco'ra (becoming). Para. 1868.
,, dele' eta (select). Leaves spotted with white. Colombia.

1880.
,, ebu'rnea (ivory). Leaves spotted with white. Brazil.

1868.
„ Fournie'ri ( Founder's). Leaves spotted and splashed

black and white. 1903.
„ giganU'a (giant). Mottled light green and white.

Colombia. 1864.
,. gra'ndis (grand). Leaves mottled with green. Brazil.

1864.
„ illu'stris (lustrous). Leaves with yellow-green

blotches. Colombia. 1876.
,, Impe'rator (commander). Leaves blotched pale

yellow and white. Colombia. 1881.
,, imperia'lis (imperial). Leaves with yellow spots and

grey rib. Peru. 1871.

,, insi'gnis (remarkable). Leaves with pale yellow-
green blotches. Colombia. 1881.
,, Jenma'ni (Jenman's). Leaves with whitish blotches

on the veins. British Guiana. 1884.
,, kerchovea'na ( Kerchovean). Leaves with confluent

white blotches. 1898.
,, Lance'ola (Lanceola). Leaves with a narrow central

white band. Colombia. 1876.
,, lancifo'lia (lance-leaved). Leaves blotched with

yellow. Brazil. 1875.
,, latimacula'ta (broad-blotched). Leaves clouded with

yellow green. Brazil. 1871.
„ „ illu'stris (lustrous). Leaves blotched with pale

green. Brazil. 1876.
„ Leopo'ldii (Leopold's). S. Amer.
,. linea'ta (lined). Colombia. 1853.
,, litura'ta (smeared). Trop. Amer. 1852.
,. maculo'sa (blotched). Leaves with irregular blotches.

Colombia. 1876.

,, magni'fica (magnificent). Leaves variegated with
white. Venezuela. 1883.

DIELYTRA

294

DIGGING

D. maje'stica (majestic). Leaves with bright yellow

blotches. 1882.
„ marmora'ta (marbled). Leaves spotted creamy-white.

Colombia. 1877.

„ tne'dio-pi'cta (middle-painted). Brazil. 1869.
„ Melea'gris (Guinea-hen). Leaves with a few white

spots. Ecuador. 1892.
„ Memo'ria-Co'rtii. (In memory of Cort.)
„ mira'bilis (wonderful). Brazil. 1868.
„ ni'tida (shining). Blotched bright yellow-green.

Colombia. 1881.
„ no'bilis (noble). Leaves with yellow-green patches.

Brazil. 1869.
„ O'lbia (Olbia). Rib feathered white and spotted

yellow-green. Peru. 1892.

„ Parlato'rei (Parlatore's). Spathe green. Colombia.
„ „ marmo'rea (marbled). Leaves with greenish-white

blotch. Colombia. 1877.
„ Pea'rcei (Pearcei). Leaves spotted creamy-white.

Ecuador.
„ pi'cta (painted). Leaves spotted with white. Brazil.

1820.
„ pictura'ta (painted). Leaves spotted with white.

Venezuela. 1892.
„ pri'nceps (chief). Leaves with few yellow spots and

grey rib. Brazil. 1868.
„ Regi'na (queen). Leaves greenish-white, blotched

dark green. S. Amer. 1883.
„ Re'x (king). Leaves blotched with white. S. Amer.

1883.

„ robu'sta (robust). Trop. Amer. 1854.
„ Segui'ne (Seguine). Spathe white. Trop. Amer.

" Dumb-cane."

„ „ macula'ta (blotched). Leaves blotched.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated.
,, Shuttlewo'rthii (Shuttleworth's). See D. PICTA.
,, specio'sa (showy). Leaves striped silvery grey, purple

beneath. 1882.

„ specta'bilis (showy). Brazil. 1864.
,, sple'ndens (splendid). Leaves with white streaked

blotches. Colombia. 1880.
,, triu'mphans (triumphant). Thickly blotched with

yellow-green. Colombia. 1881.
,, veluti'na (velvety). Leaves bright green. Colombia.

1877.

„ Verschaffe'ltii (Verschaffelt). See D. BARAQUINIANA.
„ vitta'ta (striped). Leaves with two feathery bands

of white. Colombia. 1876.
„ Walli'sii (Wallis). Leaves with feathered whitish

central band. Colombia. 1870.
„ Wei'rii (Weir's). Marbled with yellow. Brazil. 1866.

DIELY'TRA. See DICENTRA.

DIERA'MA. (From dicrama, a funnel ; in allusion to
the funnel-shaped flowers. Nat. ord. Iridaceas.)

Beautiful bulbous plants allied to Sparaxis, and may
be grown in light soil in front of a south wall, or kept in
cold frames for the winter. Seeds, and offsets. Light,
sandy soil.

D. pe'ndula (pendulous-flowered). 2 to 4. White to

mauve purple. S. Africa. 1825.
,, pulche'rrima (fairest). 5 to 6. Blood-purple. S.

Africa. B. M., t. 5555.
„ „ a'lba (white).

DIERVTLLA. (Named after M. Dierville, a French
surgeon. Nat. ord. Caprifoils [Caprifoliaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Leycesteria.)

Creeping-rooted, hardy shrubs. Suckers from the
roots ; cuttings in the open ground, in autumn ; common,
moist, shaded garden-soil.

D. ama'bilis (lovely). See D. GRANDIFLORA.
„ canade'nsis (Canadian). See D. LONICERA.
,, floribu'nda (free-flowering). 3 to 4. Red-purple.

June. Japan. 1863.
,, ,, ver si' color (changing-coloured).
„ flo'rida (flowery). 3 to 5. Rose. China. 1844.
„ „ ca'ndida (white). White. 1879.
„ „ monstro'sa (monstrous). Leaves crisped, often

clustered.

„ ,, variega'ia (variegated). Leaves variegated.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 3 to 6. Rose. June.

Japan.

D. grandifto'ravariega'ta( variegated). Leaves variegated

pale yellow.

,, horte'nsis (garden). See D. JAPONICA HORTENSIS.
,, hy'brida (hybrid). A collective name for the garden

hybrids.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). 3 to 6. Rose. May. Japan.

1884.

,, „ horte'nsis (garden). 5. Pink. Japan.
,, ,, Looyma'nsii au'rea (golden). Leaves light yellow.
,, Lonice'ra (honeysuckle-like). 3. Yellow. June. N.

Amer. 1739.

„ lu'tea (yellow- flowered). See D. LONICERA.
„ middendorfia'na (Middendorfian). Yellow- white.

Siberia. 1854.

„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See D. FLORIBUNDA.
„ prce'cox (early). Rose. May. Japan. 1897.
,, rivula'ris (brook). 3. Yellow, tinted pink. Eastern

United States. 1901.
,, ro'sea (rosy). See D. FLORIDA.
,, sessilifo'lia (sessile- leaved). 3 to 4. Yellow. E.

United States. 1888.
,, tri'fida (three-cut). See D. LONICERA.
,, versi'color (changing-coloured). See D. FLORIBUNDA

VERSICOLOR.

DIETE RIA. See ASTER.

DEE'TES COMPRE'SSA. See MOR^A IRIDIOIDES.

DIE TES HUTTO'NI. See MOR/EA SPATHACEA.

DIGGING with the spade or fork has for its object a
loosening of the soil so as to render it more fit for the
reception of seeds or plants. Begin at one end of the
piece of ground, and with your spade open a trench
quite across, one good spade wide and one deep, carrying
the earth to the end where you finish ; then, keeping
your face to the opening, proceed to dig one spade deep
regularly from one side of the piece to the other, turning
the spits neatly into the trench, and the next course
against these ; and so keep digging straight back, spit
and spit, still preserving an open trench, a good spade
width and depth, between the dug and undug ground,
that you may have full room to give every spit a clean
turn, taking all the spits perpendicularly, and not taking
too much before the spade, especially in stiff land, or
where the surface is full of weeds, or is much dunged ;
so giving every spit a clean turn, the top to the bottom
and the bottom to the top, that the weeds or dung on
the surface may be buried a due depth, and that the
fresh earth may be turned up. As you proceed, break all
large clods, and preserve an even surface carrying both
sides and middle on equally, unless one side shall be
hollow ; then carry on the hollow side first in a gradual
sweep, inclining the spits of earth rather that way, which
will raise that side and reduce the high one, observing
the same if both sides are high and the middle hollow, or
both sides hollow and the middle high, always keeping
the lower ground advancing gradually before the higher,
by which you will always maintain a uniform level.

The same should also be observed in beginning to dig
any piece of ground, that if one corner is much lower
than another, carry on the lower part somewhat first,
in a slanting direction, as far as necessary. Likewise,
in finishing any pieces of digging, gradually round upon
the lower side, so as to finish at the highest corner ; and
having dug to where you intend to finish, then use the
earth taken out of the first trench to make the last open-
ing equal with the other ground. In plain digging
dunged ground, if the dung is quite rotten you may dig
clean through, giving each spit a clean turn to bury the
dung in the bottom of the trench ; but if you cannot
readily do this, trim the dung a spade's width at a time
into the furrow or open trench, and so dig the ground
upon it, which is rather the most effectual method,
whether rotten or long fresh dung.

All weeds that are perennial should be carefully picked
out, particularly couch-grass and bear-bind. But annual
weeds, groundsel, and the like, should be turned down to
the bottom of the trench, where they will rot.

A man will dig, by plain digging of light, free-working,
clean ground, eight, ten, or twelve rods a day, from six
to six, though in some of the light, clean ground about
London, a man will turn up fifteen or twenty rods a
day, from five to seven ; but in stiff, stubborn soils, a

DIGITALIS

295

DILLWYNIA

man may work hard for six or eight rods in a day
of twelve hours. Trenching, if only one spade deep,
without the crumbs or shovelling at bottom, a man will
dig almost as much as by plain digging ; or two spades'
depth, from four to six rods a day may be good work,
though in harsh-working ground digging three or four
rods per day may be hard work. — (Mawe.) Most garden
soils dig best the day after a fall of rain ; and if the soil
has in its composition a larger proportion than usual of
clay, the operation will be facilitated by dipping occa-
sionally the spade into water. Most gardeners object
to digging while snow is upon the ground, and the ob-
jection is not mere prejudice, for experience proves the
bad result of the practice. The evil is owing to the
great quantity of heat required to reduce ice or snow
from the solid to the fluid state ; and when buried so
that the atmospheric heat cannot act directly upon it,
the thawing must be very slowly effected, by the ab-
straction of heat from the soil by which the frozen mass
is surrounded. Instances have occurred of frozen soil
not being completely thawed at midsummer.

DIGITALIS. Foxglove. (From the Latin digitale, a
finger-stall ; referring to the shape of the flowers. Nat.
ord Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn. n-Didynamia,
2- A ngiospermia.)

The seeds should be sown ha the autumn ; when sown
in the spring they often remain twelve months before
they sprout. Division ; and most of them plentifully
by seeds ; common soil.

BIENNIALS.

D. eriosta'chya (woolly-spiked). 3. Brown, yellow.

July. Russia. 1827.

,, ferrugi'nea (rusty). 4. Brown. July. Italy. 1597.
„ purpu'rea (purple. Common Foxglove). 4. July.

Britain.

„ „ a'lba (white). 4. July. Britain.
„ „ nevade'nsis (Nevadan).

PERENNIALS.

D. ambi'gua (ambiguous). 3. Light yellow. July.

Switzerland. 1596.
„ au'rea (golden). See D. L^VIGATA.
„ canarie'nsis (Canary). See ISOPLEXIS CANARIENSIS.
,, cilia'ta (ciliated). Yellow. Caucasus. 1892.
„ erubfscens (reddish). Reddish. Hybrid.
., fu'lva (tawny). 3. Brown. June. S. Europe.
,, fusee" scens (dark brown). 2. Red. July. Hungary.

1823.

,, glutino'sa (clammy). See REHMANSIA CHINENSIS.
,, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See D. AMBIGUA.
„ lacinia'ta (cut-leaved), ij. Yellow. June. Spam.

1827.

,, Iceviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Hun-
gary. 1816.
„ lana'ta (woolly). 2. Yellow. June. Hungary.

1789.
„ leucophes'a (grey). 2. White, brown. June. Greece.

1788.

„ lindleya'na (Lindleyan). Hybrid. 1836.
„ lu'tea (yellow). 2. July. France. 1629.
„ „ fuca'ta (dyed). 2. Yellow, red. June. S.

Europe.

„ maria'na (Marian). Rose. Summer. Spain.
„ me'dia (intermediate). 2. Yellow. June. S.

Europe. 1817.

,, micra'ntha (small-flowered). See D. LUTEA.
„ mi' nor (smaller). J. Purple. July. Spain. 1789.
,, nervo'sa (large-nerved-leaved). Yellow. July. Cau-
casus. 1836.

,, nevade'nsis (Nevadan). See D. PURPUREANEVADENSIS.
„ obscu'ra (obscure), i. Orange. June. Spain. 1778.

Half-hardy evergreen.

„ ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). See D. AMBIGUA.
„ orienta'lis (eastern), ij. White. June. Levant.

1820.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). i£. Brown. July.

S. Europe. 1798.
„ purpura'scens (purplish). 2. Pink. June. Europe.

1776.

„ ri'gida (stiff), ij. Yellow, red. June.
„ ScSptrum (sceptre). See ISOPLEXIS SCEPTRUM.

D. sibfrica (Siberian). Yellow, red. July. Siberia.

1826.

„ Tha'psi (Thapsi). i£. Purple. June. Spain. 1752.
„ tomento'sa (woolly). 3. Red. July. Portugal.

1818.
„ tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 2. Yellow. June. S.

Europe.
„ viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). July. Levant. 1827.

DIGLOSSOPHY'LLUM SERRULA'TUM. See CHAMJJ-

ROPS SERRULATA.

DILA TRIS. (From dilato, to open wide ; referring to
the opening of the flower. Nat. ord. Bloodroots [Haemo-
doraceae]. Linn. $-Triandriat i-Monogynia. Allied to
Anigozanthos.)

Greenhouse herbaceous plants, with sword-shaped
leaves, from the Cape of Good Hope. Divisions, when
fresh growth is commencing ; seeds in a slight hotbed,
in March or April ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp.,
55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
D. corymbo'sa (corymb- flowered), i. Purple. May.

1790.

„ Heritie'ra. See LACHNANTHES TINCTORIA.
„ panicula'ta (pamcled-ftotvered). i. Blue. June.

1825.
„ visco'sa (clammy). f . Blue. 1795.

DILL. (Ane'thum grave'olens.) Its leaves and umbels
are used in pickling, and the former in soups and sauces.

Soil. — It may be cultivated in any open situation ;
but if for seed, a sheltered place, and rather dry soil is
better.

Sowing. — Sow immediately the seed is ripe, for if kept
out of the ground until the spring it often is incapable
of germinating. If neglected until the spring, sow from
the close of February until the commencement of May.
Sow in drills a foot apart, the plants to remain where
sown. When of three or four weeks' growth thin them
to about ten inches apart. The leaves are fit for gather-
ing as wanted, and the umbels about July and August.
In September their seed ripens, when it must be imme-
diately cut, and spread on a cloth to dry. being very
apt to be shed.

DILLE'NIA. (After Dillenius, once professor of
botany at Oxford. Nat. ord. Dilleniads [Dilleniaceae].
Linn. ^-Polyandria, 6-Polygynia.)

D. indica is a valuable timber- tree, with leaves after
the manner of Magnoliads. Stove trees. Cuttings of
ripe wood in sand under a glass, hi bottom-heat, in
April ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
48° to 55°.

D. denta'ta (toothed). See WORMIA TRIQUETRA.
„ i'ndica (Indian). 30. White, yellow. Tropical

Asia. 1800.

,, penia'gyna (s-styled). 15. Yellow. E. Indies. 1803.
,, retu'sa (retuse). White. Ceylon.
„ scabre'lla (slightly rough). 10. Yellow. Himalayas.

1820.

„ sca'ndens (climbing). See HIBBERTIA VOLUBILIS.
,, specio'sa (showy). See D. INDICA.

DILLWY'NIA. (In honour of L. W. Dillwyn, a British
patron of botany. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legu-
minosse]. Linn. lO-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Eutaxia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, with yellow or orange-coloured
flowers, from Australia. Cuttings of firm side-shoots in
March or April, in sand, under a bell-glass ; seeds in
peaty soil, in a slight hotbed, hi March ; sandy peat
two parts, fibrous loam one part, with a little silver sand,
and pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ;
winter, 40° to 88°.
D. acicula'ris (needle-leaved). See D. CINERASCENS.

,, cinera'scens (greyish-leaved). 2. May. 1819.

,, clava'ia (club-shaped). See D. FLORIBUNDA.

„ Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). Yellow. 1863.

,, ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). 2. May. 1794.

„ floribv'nda (bundle-flowered). 2. May. 1794.

,, ,, brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 2. April. 1824.

,, „ hispi'dula (slight-bristled). 2. May. 1824.

,, ,, teretifo'lia (round-leaved). 2. May.

„ glabe'rrima (smoothest). See D. ERICIFOLIA.

DILOBA

296

DIOSCOREA

D. glycinifo'lia (glycine-leaved). See CHORIZEMA

ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

„ hi'spida (rough-haired). 2. May.

„ juniperi'na (juniper-leaved). 2. May. 1818.

„ obova'ta (obovate). See EUTAXIA MYRTIFOLIA.

„ parvifo'lia (small-leaved). See D. ERCICFOLIA.

„ phylicoi'des (Phylica-like). See D. ERICIFOLIA.

„ pu'ngens (pungent). June. 1825.

„ ru'dis (rustic). See D. FLORIBUNDA.

„ sea' bra (rough). See D. HISPID A.

„ seri'cea (silky). See D. FLORIBUNDA.

„ specio'sa (showy). See D. ERICIFOLIA.

„ tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). See D. ERICIFOLIA.

DILO-BA CJERU LEO-CE'PHALA. Figure-of-Eight
Moth or Blue-head Caterpillar. The eggs of this moth
are laid on the stems and branches of Apple and Plum
trees in September, and the caterpillars hatch out when
the trees are coming into leaf. They are green or smoky
green, with a small blue head. They feed on the leaves,
and are full grown about the middle of June. Being of
large size they may be shaken from the trees and de-
stroyed. The moths may also be caught by means of a
lamp at night during November, the lamp having a
temporary roof of tarred boards placed over it.

DIMA CRIA. (One of seventeen sections into which
the genus Pelargonium has been split. From dis, twice,
and makros, long ; referring to the two lower stamens
being twice the length of the other three. Nat. ord.
Geraniaceae.) (Hoarea is now the accepted name of the
section.)

There are about twenty species included under this
head, all little botanical things, with fleshy or tuberous
roots. Generally they are grown in sandy peat ; they
live much longer, however, confined in small pots in
equal quantities of peat, loam, and pounded brick, well
drained.

DIMOCA'RPUS. See NEPHELIUM.
DIMO'RPHA. See EPERUA.

DIMORPHA'NTHUS MANDSCHU RICUS FOLIIS
ARGENTEIS MARGINATIS is Aralia chinensis foliis
variegatis, with creamy-white margin to the leaves.
Manchuria. 1886.

DIMORPHOTHETCA. (From di, duplication, morphe,
form, and theke, a capsule ; in allusion to the two forms
of achenes or seeds.

_ Annual or shrubby perennials, requiring the protec-
tion of a greenhouse in winter. The annuals may be
sown in heat and planted out in May, or sown in the open
border in April. The perennials by cuttings in heat,
when sufficiently strong young shoots are obtainable in
spring. Fibrous loam, a little leaf-mould and sand.
D. a'nnua (annual). See D. PLUVIALIS.
„ auranti'aca (orange). Orange, with a black centre.

S. Africa. 1774.

„ Barbe'ria (Mrs. Barber's). Purple. S. Africa. 1862
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). Rose, bronze. Transvaal. 1908.
„ chrysanthemifo'lia (Chrysanthemum-leaved). Yellow

April. S. Africa. 1790.
„ cunea'ta (wedge-shaped). Deep yellow. S Africa

1790.
„ denta'ta, (toothed). Yellow. May. S. Africa 1700

Annual.
„ Ecklo'nis (Ecklon's). White, purplish beneath S

Africa. 1897.
„ frutico'sa (shrubby). White, purplish. S. Africa

1887.
., graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). See D. NUDICAULIS

GRAMINIFOLIA.

„ hy'brida (hybrid). White. June. S. Africa 1752

„ lilaci'na (lilac). Lilac. S. Africa. 1864

„ nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). White, purple S

Africa. 1731.
„ „ graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). Leaves narrowly

linear.
„ oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 2. Yellow. August.

„ pluvia'lis (rainy). ' White, purple. S. Africa 160*

Annual.
„ Tra'gus (Tragus). 2. White, purple Mav S

Africa. 1774.

DINE TUS. See PORANA.

DIOECIOUS. Two-housed ; applied to any species
having the female and male flowers in separate flowers
on separate plants.

DIOMEDEA. (After Diomeda, a classical name.
Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
2-Superflua.)

This genus of greenhouse evergreens is now united to
Borrichia. They have all yellow flowers.
D. arge'ntea (silvery-leaved). 2. June. S. Amer. 1824.

This is Borrichia argentea.
„ bidenta'ta (two-toothed). 2. July. W. Ind. 1696.

This is Borrichia frutezcens.

„ glabra'ta (smooth). 3. June. S. Amer. 1699. This
is Borrichia arborescens.

DIONZE'A. Venus's Fly-trap. (After Dione, one of
the names of Venus. Nat. ord. Sundews [Droseraces].
Linn. iQ-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Notwithstanding all the fables about this plant, it is
one of extreme interest to cultivators, owing as much to
the care and skill necessary for its management, as to
the irritability displayed by the three bristles on the
blade of the leaves. They are so situated that an insect
cannot pass along, or alight on the part, without touching
one of them, when they suddenly fold, like the fingers of
the two hands clasped together, and enclose the insect
with a firmness beyond its strength to escape. Green-
house evergreen. Division of the plant ; seeds at
times ; leaves laid in damp moss, under a glass, will
sometimes emit a young plant at its margin ; peat earth,
with a little sphagnum, moss, and bits of potsherds
broken small. The pot is set in a pan, stuffed round,
not very tight, with clear moss, and the pan filled with
water ; a bell-glass is placed over the plant, but kept
from going close down all round. Summer temp., 60°
to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
D. musci'pula (fly-catcher). £. White. July. Carolina.

DIO'ON. (From dis, two, and oon, an egg ; referring
to the two-lobed scales which compose the large cones
of the Cycad, bearing a large nut-like seed at the bottom
of each scale ; otherwise from seeds being borne in twos.
Nat. ord. Cycads [Cycadaceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, n-
Dodecandria. Allied to Cycas revoluta.)

A fine Palm-like plant. The fruit of this Dioon,
which is as large as a chestnut, is powdered by the natives,
and formed into a kind of arrowroot. Supposed to be
propagated by suckers, and seeds when obtainable ;
rough, sandy loam, with some broken bricks and char-
coal. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
D. edu'le (eatable-seeded). 2. April. Mexico. 1844.
,, „ imbrica'tum (imbricate). See D. EDULE.
„ „ lanugino'sum (woolly). Cones more woolly.
1899.

DIOSCO REA. Yam. (After P. Dioscorides, a Greek
physician. Nat. ord. Yamworts [Dioscoreaceas]. Linn.
22-Dicecia, 6-Hexandria.)

Stove, green-flowered, tuberous-rooted plants, used as
potatoes, or ornamental stove climbers. Dividing the
tubers ; light, rich soil. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.

D. aculea'iz (prickly-stemmed). 10. E. Ind. 1803.
„ ala'ta (wing-stalked). 15. India. 1739.
„ Ancectochi'lus (Anoectochilus). Leaves banded with

copper and bronze. S. Amer. 1865.
,, argyr&'a (silvery). Colombia.
., Bata'tas (Batatas). See D. DIVARICATA.
„ „ decaisnea'na (Decaisnean). See D. DECAISNEANA.
„ brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 8. Brazil. 1823.
„ bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing). 12. July. E. Ind. 1693.
,, cauca'sica (Caucasian). Leaves in whorls of 3 to 5.

Caucasus. 1894. Hardy.
„ cinnamomifo'lia (cinnamon-leaved). See RAJANIA

BRASILIENSIS.

„ crini'ta (roughly-hairy). White. Leaves digitate.

Natal.

„ decaisnea'na (Decaisnean). China. 1862. Hardy.
,, di'scolor (two-coloured). S. Amer.
„ divarica'ta (spreading). 6 to 8. Chinese Yam. Hardy.

DIOSMA

297

DIOSPYROS

D. egre'gia (uncommon). Leaves variously blotched with

green. Brazil. 1868.
,, Eldorado (Eldorado). Olive-green, with silvery veins .

Brazil. 1869.
„ Farge'sii (Farges'). Tubers edible. Western China.

1896. Hardy.
„ hy'brida (hybrid). Greenish-yellow. Supposed hybrid.

1882.
„ iUustra'ta (pictured). Leaves satiny and silvery.

Brazil. 1873.

., japo'nica (Japanese). 9. Japan. 1852.
„ marmora'ta (marbled). Leaves marbled. Trop.

Amer.
„ multi'color (many-coloured). Leaves variously

blotched. Brazil. 1868.
„ „ chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). Leaves olive-green

and golden. Brazil. 1871.
„ no'bilis (noble). Leaves velvety bronze and yellow.

Brazil. 1868.

„ pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 10. E. Ind. 1768.
„ prehe'nsilis (prehensile). Trop. Africa.
„ prisma'tica (prismatic). Leaves purplish-green and

silvery. Peru. 1871.

,, qui'nqueloba (five-lobed). Leaves 5-lobed. Japan.
„ retu'sa (blunt). Creamy-white. Leaves banded with

silver. S. Africa. 1879.

„ rhipogonoi'des (Rhipogon-like). Hong-Kong.
„ sati'va (cotnmon-cultivated-yaw). 20. August. W.

Ind. 1733.

„ sinua'ta (scolloped). Brazil.
,, specio'sa (showy). Leaves with silvery-grey bands.

1882.

„ transve'rsa (transverse). Australia.
„ vitta'ta (striped). Greenish. Trop. Amer. 1872.

DIO'SMA. (From dios, divine, and osme, odour ; re-
ferring to the powerful perfume which characterises
these and other Rueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

These are among the Bucku-plants of the Cape
colonists, and old inhabitants of our greenhouses ; but
some of the more showy species now form the new genera
Adenandra, Agathosma, Barosma, &c. Greenhouse ever-
greens, from the Cape of Good Hope. All are white-
flowered, except where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings
of short-jointed young shoots in April, in sand, under a
bell-glass ; sandy peat three parts, fibrous loam one part,
with silver sand and a few pieces of charcoal, to keep
the soil open ; some of the most robust species should
have more loam, but in a fibrous, rough state. Summer
temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
D, acumina'ta (long-pointed). See ADENANDRA um-

FLORA.

,, a'lba (white). See COLEONEMA ALBUM.

,, ambi'gua (doubtful). See AGATHOSMA AMBIGUA.

„ capita'ta (headed). See AUDOUINIA CAPITATA.

,, cilia'ta (eye-lashed). See AGATHOSOMA CILIATA.

„ corda'ta (heart-shaped). See AGATHOSMA IMBRICATA.

„ corymbo'sa (cozyaib-flowered). See AGATHOSMA

VILLOSA.

,, crena'ta (round-notched). See BAROSMA BETULINA.
„ cupre'ssina (cypress-leaved). i*. Pink. May. 1790.
„ dioi'ca (dioecious). This is Barosma lanceolata.
„ ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). See D. OPPOSITI FOLIA.
„ ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. June. 1756.
„ f&tidi'ssima (most foetid). 2. June. 1824. This is

Barosma foetidissima.

,, fra'grans (fragrant). See ADEXANDRA FRAGRANS.
„ hirsu'ta (haiiry-leaved), See D. OPPSITIFOLIA.
„ hir'ta (hairy). See AGATHOSMA HIRTA.
,, hy'brida (hybrid). 2. May. 1823.
,, lanceola'ta (lance-leaved). This is Barosma lanceolata.
„ latifo'Ua (broad-leaved). See BAROSMA LATI FOLIA.
„ linea'ris (linear). See ADENANDRA UXIFLORA.
„ linifo'lia .(flax-leaved). This is Barosma lanceolata.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See D. OPPOSITIFOLIA.
,, margina'ta (margined). See ADENANDRA MARGINATA.
,, odora'ta (scented). See BAROSMA CRENULATA.
,, oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 3. June. 1731.
,, orbicula'ris (orbicular). See AGATHOSMA ORBICULARIS.
,, ova' to, (egg-shaped). See BAROSMA OVATA.
,, pectina'ta (comb-leaved). See D. OPPOSITIFOLIA.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). See BAROSMA PULCHELLA.
,, puncta'ta (dotted). See BAROSMA OVATA.
,, refle'xa (reflexed). See AGATHOSMA REI-LEXA.

D. ru'bra (red). See D. OPPOSITIFOLIA.

„ scopa'ria (broom-like). See BAROSMA SCOPARIA.

„ serratifo'lia (serrate-leaved). See BAROSMA SERRATI-
FOLIA.

,, specio'sa (showy). See ADENANDRA UMBELLATA.

„ sphceroce'phala (round-headed). May.

„ squamo'sa (scaly), i. June. 1818. This is Agath-
osma squamosa.

„ svbula'ia (awl-shaped-feat;^). See D. OPPOSITIFOLIA.

,, succule'nta (succulent-leaved). 2. June.

„ tene'lla (delicate), i. May. 1823.

„ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). See D. OPPOSITIFOLIA.

,, tenui'ssima (slenderest). See AGATHOSMA ERECTA.

.. tetrago'na (four- angled). See ACMADENIA TETRAGONA.

„ uli'cina (furze-like), i. May. 1823. This is Acma-
denia juniperina.

,, uniflo'ra (one-flowered). See ADENANDRA UNIFLORA.

„ virga'ta (twiggy), i. June. 1820.

„ vulga'ris (common). See D. OPPOSITIFOLIA.

„ Wendla'ndi (Wendland's). See AGATHOSMA VILLOSA.

DIOSPY'ROS. The Date Plum. (From dios, divine,
and puros, wheat ; literally, celestial food. Nat. ord.
Ebenads [Ebenaceae]. Linn. 2^-Polygamia, 2-Diaecia.)

The European Lotus, or Date Plum, is rather tender
in Britain, but ripens its fruit in the south of France.
The Virginian Diospyros, of which Loudon says all the
other American sorts are only varieties, is not unlike the
European Lotus ; it thrives best in damp peat, and is
often much injured by frost. In India many species of
Diospyros are found, where they are remarkable for the
hardness of the wood. The Ebony on which the order
is founded is D. E'benum. The Iron-wood is also one of
the species. The Kau Apple of the Cape, and the Kaki
preserve from China, are the fruit of Diospyros Kaki.
Greenhouse species by cuttings of half-ripened shaots
in sand, under a bell-glass. Stove species strike best
from ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, and hi a brisk
bottom-heat, any time from March to May. The hardy
species are best propagated by seeds, and sown out of
doors in a sheltered, moist place.

HARDY.

D. Ka'ki (Kaki). 12. White, green. Japan. 1739.

Garden varieties of this are D. aurantia, D. Bertii,

D. dliptica, and D. Sahuti gallica.
„ „ costa'ta (ribbed). Pale yellow. Fruit ribbed.

China. 1869.

,, loba'ta (lobed). See D. KAKI.
,, Lo'tus (lotus). 20. Yellow, green. June. Italy.

1596. Evergreen.

„ lu'cida (shining). See D. VIRGINIANA.
„ pubefscens (downy). See D. VIRGINIANA.
„ virginia'na (Virginian). 20. Yellow, green. June.

N. Amer. 1629.

„ „ du'lcis (sweet). Yellow. July. America. 1629.
„ Wisene'ri (Wisener's). Japan. 1887. Probably a

variety of D. Kaki.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

D. corona' ria (garland). Fruit orange-red. Japan.

1885.

„ Maze'li (Mazel's). Fruit orange-red. Japan. 1874.
„ monta'na (mountain). 6. White, green. E. Ind.

1822.

,, reticula'ta (netted). See D. TESSELLARIA.
,, rugulo'sa ( small- wrinkled). See D. MONTANA.
,, tessella'ria (chequered). 20. Mauritius. 1824.
,, vaccinioi'des (Vaccinium-like). 2. White. May.

China. 1823.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

D. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). See D. LEUCOMELAS.
„ Chloro'xylon (green-wooded). 20. White. E. Ind

1822.

,, cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). See D. MONTANA.
,, di'gyna (two-styled). See D. EBENUM.
,, discolor (two-coloured). 20. Philippines. 1821.
„ Ebcna'ster (Ebenaster). See D. EBENUM.
„ E'benum (ebony). 30. White. E. Ind. 1792.
,, edu'lis (eatable). See D. EBENUM.
,, Embryo' pteris (Embryopteris). 25. White, green.
July. E. Ind. 1818.

DIOSTEA

298

DIPLAZIUM

D. hirsu'ta (hairy). 20. Ceylon. 1820.
„ leuco'melas (white-black). Mascarene Islands. 1851.
„ lycioi'des (Lycium-like). See ROYENA FALLENS.
„ maba'cca (No-berry). Australia.
„ Mabo'la (Mabola). See D. DISCOLOR.
„ melano'xylon (black- wooded). See D. EBENUM.
„ obova'ta (reversed-egg-leavcd) . See D. TETRASPERMA.
„ Sapo'ta (Sapota). See D. EBENUM.
„ sylva'tica (wood). 20. White. E. Ind. 1812.
„ tetraspe-rma (four-seeded). 15. White, green.

Jamaica. 1796.
„ tomento'sa (felted). India.

DIO'STEA JU'NCEA is, properly, Baillonia juncea, with
small lilac flowers. It is a small bush or tree from Chili.
Nat. ord. Verbenaceae.

DIPCA'DI. (Etymology doubtful. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)
Hardy and half-hardy bulbs. Offsets and seeds.
Light loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

D. 5a//ow'rt(Balfour's). 2 to 3. Green-yellow. Septem-
ber. Socotra. 1880.
„ filamento'sum (thready). Greenish. S. Africa.

Hardy.
„ glau'cum (sea-green). 2. Greenish. August. S.

Africa. 1814.
„ longifo'lium (long-leaved). 2. Purple-blue. August.

Trop. Africa. 1825.
,, sero'iinum (late). Dusky green. July. Spain ; N.

Africa. 1629. Hardy.
„ „ fu'lvum (tawny). Greenish-red. July. N.Africa.

1808.

„ umbona'tum (bossed). Pale yellow. S. Africa. 1865.
, Welwi'tschii (Welwitsch's). Green. Trop. Africa.
1867.

DIPE'LTA. (From di, duplication, and pelta, a shield ;
literally, twin shield, in allusion to the opposite bracts.
Nat. ord. Caprifoliaceae.)

Handsome, hardy, deciduous shrubs, closely allied to
Diervilla. Cuttings of young shoots inserted in the open
border or in a cold frame in autumn. Ordinary garden
soil.
D. floribu'nda (free-flowering). 4 to 5. Rose-pink, white,

yellow. Central China. 1907.

„ ventrico'sa (inflated). 7 to 15. Purple-red, white,
orange. W. China. 1908.

DEPHA'CA COCfflNCHINE'NSIS. See ORMOCARPUM

SENNOIDES.

DIPHYLLE IA. (From di, two, and pkullon, a leaf ;
the leaves produced in twos. Nat. ord. Berberids
[Berberidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Jeffersonia.)

A pretty, hardy, herbaceous plant, best treated as an
alpine plant, or on the shady side of a rock-work ;
divisions ; rich, light soil.

D. cymo'sa (cyme-flowered), f. White. May. N. Amer.
1812.

DIPHY'SA. (From di, two, and phusa, a bladder ;
referring to the seed-pods being produced in twos, and
bladder-like, as in Sutherlandia, to which it is nearly
allied. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa^l.
Linn. i7-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots, a little
firm at the base, in sand, under a glass, and in a mild
bottom-heat; sandy loam and fibrous peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. carthagine'nsis (Carthagena). 10. Yellow. Cartha-
gena. 1827.

DI PIDAX. (From di, two, and pidax, a spring. Nat.
ord. Liliaceae.)

Half-hardy or greenhouse bulbs. Offsets. Ordinary soil
in summer, but the protection of a heated pit in winter.
D. cilia' ta (eye-lashed). J to i. Pale yellow. June. S.

Africa. 1810.

„ trique'tra (triquetrous). $. White, pink. April.
S. Africa. 1780.

DI'PLACUS. See MIMOUJS.

DIPLADE NIA. (From diploos, a double, and aden, a
gland ; referring to the presence of two gland-like pro-
cesses on the ovary. Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceas],
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Mande-
villa.)

Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of ripe shoots in
sand, in a close case, and in a sweet bottom-heat ; turfy
peat, with silver sand, and plenty of drainage ; abundance
of water in summer, but very little in winter. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
D. acumina'ta (po'mted-petaled). 10. Pink. July.

Brazil. 1854.
,, ama'bilis (lovely). 10. Rosy-crimson. Summer.

Garden hybrid.

,, amoe'na (pleasing). See D. MARTIANA.
,, a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 10. Dark purple.

July. Brazil. 1842.

,, „ Cla'rkei (Clarke's). The typical D. atro-purpurea.
,, bolivie'nsis (Bolivian). White, with yellow throat.

June, July. Bolivia. 1866.
,, brearleya'na (Brearleyan). 10. Rosy- red. Summer.

Garden hybrid. 1881.
,, cari'ssima (dearest). See D. MARTIANA.
,, crassino'da (thick-jointed). See D. MARTIANA.
,, dele1 eta (select). Pink, rose and violet. Garden

origin. 1881.

,, Diade'ma (diadem). Rosy-pink and rose. 1881.
„ Ellio'ttii (Elliott's). Rose, pink, and yellow. 1884.
„ exi'mia (choice). Brazil (?).
„ fta'va (yellow- flowered). Yellow. May. New

Granada. 1845.
., Harri'sii (Lord Harris's). See ODONTADENIA

SPECIOSA.

,, hy'brida (hybrid). See D. MARTIANA.
„ illu'stris (lustrous). Rose. Brazil. 1847.
,, „ gla'bra (smooth). Rosy-red. Brazil. 1891.
,, insi'gnis (remarkable). Rose-purple. Garden origin.
,, martia'na (Martian). 10 Rose. October. Brazil.

1844.

,, ,, Regi'na (queen). Rose, fading to flesh.
„ no'bilis (noble). Dark purple. Brazil. 1847.
,, orna'ta (adorned). Crimson, suffused violet. Garden

origin.

,, profu'sa (profuse). See D. SPLENDENS PROFUSA.
,, Regi'na (queen). See D. MARTIANA REGINA.
,, ro'sa-campe'stris (field Rose). See D. ILLUSTRIS.
,, rosa'cea (rosy). Rosy- pink and yellow. Garden

origin. 1879.

,, Sande'ri (Sander's). Rose. Brazil. 1896.
,, specio'sa (showy). Garden hybrid.
,, sple'ndens (shining). 10. Rose. July. Organ

Mountains. 1841.

,, ,, profu'sa (profuse). Carmine-rose. Brazil. 1883.
„ „ Willia'msii (Williams'). Throat rich pink.
,, tenuifo'lia (slender- leaved). Brazil.
„ urophy'lla (tail- leaved). 3. Deep salmon. Brazil.

1847.
,, vincaflo'ra (Vinca-leaved). Brazil. 1863.

DIPLARRHE NA. (From diploos, double, and arren, a
male ; there are only two perfect stamens. Nat. ord.
Iridaceas.)

Greenhouse evergreen herb. Seeds and division.
Loam, leaf-mould, or peat and sand.
D. Mora'a (Moraea). White and blue. Australia. 1889.

DIPLA'ZIUM. (From diplazo, to double ; referring to
the double covering of the spore-cases, or seed-vessels.
Nat. ord. Filices. Now referred to Asplenium.)

A genus of handsome stove evergreen Ferns. The
root-stocks of D. escule'ntum are eaten in India by
natives. The spores of all are brown, or brownish-
yellow ; divisions ; loam and peat. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. acumina' turn (long-pointed-leaved). %. Brazil.

, affl'ne (allied). Isle of Luzon.

, alismtzfo'lium (water-plantain-leaved). Isle of Luzon.

, ambi'guum (ambiguous). Trop. Amer. 1822.

, arbortfscens (tree-like). 12. Mauritius. 1826.

, Arnp'ttii (Arnott's). Sandwich Islands. 1877.

,, auricula' turn (eared). 10. August. Caracas. 1820.

„ barbadc'nse (Barbadoes). August. W. Ind. 1822.

,, breviflo'rum (short-flowered). Isle of Luzon.

,, breviso'rum (short-sorused). Jamaica.

DIPLOCHITA

299

DIPODIUM

D. castane^ fo'lium (chestnut-leaved), x. July. Guiana.
1824.

„ c-avdaium (tailed). Isle of Luzon.

„ coarcta'tum (close-pressed). Brazil. 1841.

„ decussa'tum (cross-fronded) . 2. June. E. Ind.

„ dffle'xum (turned-down). Malacca.

„ ebenum (black). Isle of Luzon.

„ e'legans (elegant). J uly.

., csculentum (eatable). 3. E. Ind. 1822.

,, eiie'nsum (lengthened). Malacca.

„ frondo'svm (frondose). August. E. Ind.

„ glabSrrimum (smoothest). Java. 1862.

,, grandifo'lium (large-leaved). 4. August. Jamaica.
1793-

,, integnfo'lium (entire-leaved). June. Java.

,. juglandtfo'lium (walnut-leaved). 3. August. Ja-
maica. 1822.

„ Katze'n (Katzer's).

.. malaba'ricw* (Malabar). 8. E. Ind. 1818.

„ ova'ta (egg-shap>ed). April. Isle of Leyte.

„ planlagi'ntum (plantain-feat;^). 2. August. W. Ind.
1819.

., porre'ctum (stretched-out). Malacca.

.. profu'sum (profuse). 1880.

„ PullingSrii (Pullinger's). Hong-Kong. 1875.

„ Sckku'krii (Schkuhr's). Malacca.

„ terampure'nse (Serampore). 3. August. Serampore.
1820.

„ ShepMrdii (Shepherd's). Brazil. 1822.

„ tpinulo'sum (small-spined). July. Java.

.. stria'tum (streaked), i. August. W. Ind. 1793.

„ sylva'ticum (wood). E. Ind.

„ tiulyptcroi'dcs (Thelypteris-like). i. July. N. Amer.
1823.

., ThwaMsii (Thwaites'). Ceylon.

„ undulo'sum (wavy). August.

„ vtibzfo'rmis (Vittaria-like). July. Isle of Java.

,. WaUi'cJu (Wallich's). April. E. Ind.

DrPLOCHTTA. SeeMicoMA.

DIPLOCHITA SWARTZIA'HA. See MICOVIA

FOTHERGILLA.

DIPLOCO'MA VILLOSA. See HETEROTHECA INC-

LOIDES.

DIPLOCY ATHA. (From diploos, double, and kuathos,
a bowl ; in allusion to the form of the flowers. Nat. ord.
Asclepiadaceae.)

A greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings well dried before
insertion in sand. Loam, finely broken bricks and sand.
Keep dry in winter.

D. cilia'ta (eye-lashed). }. Green-striped. November.
S. Africa. 1795.

DIPLOGLO TTIS. (From diploos, double, and glotta,
a tongue ; in allusion to the two tongue- like scales on
the petals. Nat. ord. Sapindaceae.)

A greenhouse tree, with its foliage covered beneath
with a rusty felt. Seeds, when obtainable ; cuttings in
sand, in a close case. Fibrous loam, a little peat and sand.
D. austra'lis (southern). See D. CUNNINGHAMII.
., Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). 20. Green. May.
N.E. Australia. 1825.

DIPLOIJE'KA. (From diploos, double, and lana, a
cloak ; referring to the coating of the ripe fruit splitting
into two divisions, as is general in this section of Rueworts
[Rutaceae]. I Ann lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
toCorrea.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan River, with cream-
coloured flowers. Cuttings of young shoots getting
firm ; peat, and a very little fibrous loam. Summer
temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
D. angvshfo'lui (narrow-leaved). May.
„ DampiSri (Dampier's). 4. April. 1837.
,, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 4. May.

DIPLOPA PPTJS, (From diploos. double, and pappus,
a plume; referring to the feathery ornaments called
pappus, which crown the seeds, as hi the Dandelion.
Nat. ord. CompoiiU* [Composite]. Lmn. ig-Syngenesia.
2-Superftua. Now referred to Aster.)

AU by cutting* under a hand or bell-glass; saudyloam;

they require the protection of a cold pit in winter.
A'ster fUifo'lius, linariifo'lius, obtusa'tus, plurifto'rus, and
ri'gidus have recently been added to this genus. See
A'STER.

D. canSscens (hoary). See ASTER CANESCENS.
„ chrysophy'Uus (golden-leaved). See CASSINIA rut-

VI DA.

„ inca'nus (hozry-herbaged) . See ASTER CANESCENS.
„ linari&fo'lius (Linaria-leaved). See ASTER LINARII-
FOLIUS.

DIPLOPELTIS. (From diploos, double, and pclte, a
shield ; referring to a double appendage attached to the
inside of the petals. Nat. ord. Soapworts [Sapindaceae],
Linn. 23-Polygamia, i-Moncccia.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots hi
sandy soil, under a glass, in April ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 50° to 75° ; whiter, 40° to 45°.
D. HuegSlii (Baron Huegel's). i. Rose, white. July.
Swan River. 1837.

DIPLO SIS PYRIVORA. The Pear Gnat Midge some-
times does a deal of harm by laying its eggs in numbers
in very young pears, which become unequally swollen
and drop off the trees while still quite small. The grubs
are yellowish-white, and may be looked for at the end
of May and in June. The maggots are very lively, and
jump about if a fruit containing them is cut open. When
they are discovered to be present all infested fruits
should be gathered and burned to destroy the maggots.
The trees should also be shaken to cause the infested
fruit to fall, and all such should be gathered. The
application of half a ton of kainit per acre, in late summer,
has also been found beneficial in destroying the pupae
hi the soil.

DIPLOSPORA. (From diploos, double, and spora, a
spore ; hi allusion to the two-celled fruit. Nat. ord.
Rubiaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe
wood hi sand hi a gentle heat. Fibrous loam, some peat,
and leaf-mould with sand.

D. viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). 3. White. July.
China. 1824.

DIPLOTA'XIS. (From diploos, double, and taxis,
arrangement ; the seeds are in two rows. Nat. ord.
Cruciferae.)

Hardy annual. Seeds hi the garden in April.
D. Sicbe'ri (Sieber's). i. Purple. June. Egypt; Arabia-
1837.

DEPLOTHE MIUM. (From diploos, double, and thema,
a sheath ; referring to the spathe, or sheath, out of which
issues the flower-stem of Palms, Arums. &c. Nat. ord.
Palms [Palmacea*]. Linn. zi-Monoecia, g-Enneandria.
Allied to Cocos.)

Those who cannot afford head-room for the giants of
this noble race have here four dwarf species to represent
the order. Stove Palms. Seeds ; rich, fibrous loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; whiter, 50° to 60°.
D. campe'stre (field). 10. Brazil. 1823.

,, caudtscens (stem-forming). 25. Brazil. 1847.

,. littora'le (sea-shore). 4. Yellow. May. Brazil.

,, mari'timum (sea-side). 10. Brazil. 1823.

DIPLYCO'SJA. (From diploos, double, and kos, a
sheep's skin ; in allusion to the double calyx. Nat. ord.
Ericaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandy peat,
under a bell-glass. Sandy peat.
D. di'scolor (two-coloured). White, pink. Himalaya.

DIPO DIUM. (From di, duplication, and pous, a foot ;
i/i allusion to two appendages at the base of the lip.
Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Showy stove Orchids. See ORCHIDS FOR CULTIVATION.
D. paJudo'swn (marshy). White, with purple spots and

hoes. Malaya. '1888.
,, pi'ctum (painted), i. Yellow, crimson. Malaya.

1849.

„ puncta'lum (dotted), i to 2. Red, purple. Australia.
1822.

DIPOSIS

300

DISCARIA

DEPOSIS. (From di, duplication, and posis, a hus-
band ; in allusion to the two male flowers on each branch
of the umbel. Nat. ord. Umbelliferae.)

Half-hardy, tuberous-rooted perennial. The tubers
should be lifted and protected in winter.

D. Bulboca' stanum (Bulbocastanum). £. White. Chili.
1872.

DIPSACOZA'MIA MEXICA'NA. See CERATOZAMIA

MEXICAN A.

DI'PSACUS. Teasel. (From dipsao, to thirst; re-
ferring to the cavity formed by the leaves clasping the
stem holding water. Nat. ord. Teasdworts [Dipsaca-
ceae"]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Scabious.)

The only plant in this genus worthy of any remark
is D. Fullo'num, used by fullers in dressing cloth. For
the cultivation of this plant, and the use of the heads by
the fuller, see Cottage Gardener, v. 83. Hardy biennials.
Seeds ; common soil.
D. a'sper (rough). Himalaya.
,, atra'tus (dark). Himalaya.
„ fe'rox (fierce). 3. Purple. July. S. Europe.

1818.

„ Fullo'num (fuller's). 6. Purple. July. Britain.
„ Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). See D. STRIGOSUS.
„ ine'rmis (unarmed). 4. White. Nepaul. 1823.
„ japo'nicus (Japanese). China and Japan.
,, lacinia'tus (cut-leaved). 6. Purple. July. Germany.

1683.

,, pilo'sus (shaggy). 4. White. August. Britain.
„ stri'ctus (upright). Himalaya.
„ strigo'sus (rough-haired). 3. Blue. July. Asia

Minor. 1820.

„ sylve'stris(vfild). 4 to 6. Pale purple. July, August.
Britain. Wild Teasel.

DIPTERACA'NTHUS. See RUELLIA.
D. affi'nis (allied). See RUELLIA SPECIOSA.
„ calve' scens (becoming bald). See RUELLIA SOLITARIA.
„ cilia'tus (eye-lashed). See RUELLIA CILIATA.
„ He'rbstii (Herbst's). See RUELLIA HERBSTII.
,, pa' tula (spreading). See RUELLIA PATULA.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). See HENFREYA SCANDENS.
„ specta'bilis (showy). Peru.

DIPTERO NIA. (From di, double or two ; and pteron,
a wing ; the fruit has two wings. Nat. ord. Sapindaceae.)

Hardy tree, allied to the Maple. Seeds and layers.
Ordinary soil.

D. sine'nsis (Chinese). Leaves pinnate. Central China.
1903.

DI'PTERYX. Tonquin Bean. (From dis, double,
and pterix, a wing ; referring to the two upper segments
of the calyx. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa}].
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, \-Decandria. Allied to Dalbergia.)

The Tonga, or Tonquin Bean, used by perfumers and
snuff-makers, is the seed of this tree : hence the specific
name. Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand, under
a glass, in moist heat, in April ; rich, rough loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

D. odora'ta (sweet-scented). 60. Purple. Guiana

1793.
,, ,, Sera'pia (Serapia).

DI RCA. Leather- wood. (From dirke, a fountain ;
the plant growing in moist places. Nat. ord. Daphnad's
[Thymeleaceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Daphne.)

Hardy deciduous shrub. Layers in autumn ; seeds in
spring ; sandy, peaty soil, and moist situation.
D. palu'stris (marsh). 6. Yellow. March. Virginia
1750.

DIRC-STA. See GESNERA.

DI'SA. (Probably the native name. A genus of
curious ground-orchids, natives of the Cape of Good
Hope. Perhaps the most splendid is D. grandiflo'ra, a
native of the top of Table Mountain, behind Cape Town,

growing in a spongy kind of peat earth, on the margin of
pools, in the wet season.

Greenhouse terrestrial orchids. Division ; peat and
loam, with a portion of sand. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
D. atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). Purple-lake. S. Africa.

1886.

„ bractea'ta (bracted). f . Green. June. 1818.
,, ce'rnua (drooping), f. Green, red. June. 1815.
„ chrysosta'chya (yellowish-spiked), i. Yellow. June.
„ Coope'ri (Cooper's). Rosy-carmine ; lip yellow. S.

Africa. 1892.

• „ cornu'ta (horned). i|. Pale blue. June. 1805.
„ draco'nis (dragon). i. White, purple. June.

1823.
,, eque'stris (equestrian), i. Pale violet, white, red.

Rhodesia. 1907.
„ erube' 'scens (reddish), i. Scarlet. E. Trop. Africa.

1906.

,, ferrugi'nea (rusty). f. Brown. June. 1820.
,, ftexuo'sa (zigzag), f. 1823.
,, graminifo'lia (grass-leaved), ij. Blue. 1825.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). i. Scarlet. July.

1825.
,, ,, psittaci'na (parrot-like). Yellow, purple, green,

crimson. S. Africa. 1879.

,, incarna'ta (flesh-coloured), i. Orange-red. Mada-
gascar. 1892.

,, la'cera (jagged), f . White. June. 1826.
„ longico'rnu (long-horned), i to i. Light blue. S.

Africa. 1908.
„ lu'gens (mourning). Cream, veined purple. S. Africa.

1910.
,, macra'ntha (large-flowered). Rose, spotted yellow.

S. Africa. 1880.

„ macula'ta (spotted), i. Blue. June. 1816.
,, mega'ceras (large-horned). Whitish, spotted purple.

S. Africa. 1880.

„ multi'fida (much cut). Lip fringed.
,, nervo'sa (nerved). 2. Bright rose. Natal. 1894.
„ polygonoi'des (Polygonum-like). i to 2. Brick-red.

S. Africa. 1879.

,, prasina'ta (leek-green-flowered). See D. CERNUA.
,, pu'lchra (beautiful). 2. Pale lilac and purple. S.

Africa. 1896.
,, racemo'sa (racemed). 2. Rose-purple. S. Africa.

1887.

,, ro'sea (rosy). Rose. S. Africa.
„ rufe'scens (reddish). Reddish-purple. S. Africa.
„ sagitta'lis (arrow-like), f. White and blue. S.

Africa.

,, secu'nda (one-sided). See D. RACEMOSA.
„ spathula'ta (spathula-lipped). i. Pale blue. June.

1805.
,, tripetaloi'des (three-petaled). 2. White and pink,

spotted crimson. S. Africa. 1889.
,, uniflo'ra (one-flowered). Scarlet. S. Africa.

DISA'NDRA PROSTRA'TA. See SIBTHORPIA PERE-

GRINA.

DISBUDDING is the removal, soon after they have
burst into leaves, of such buds as, if allowed to grow
into shoots, would be misplaced or superfluous. Thus,
buds protruded directly in the front of branches trained
against walls, or fore-right shoots, as they are correctly
termed, and buds that would produce shoots in places
already sufficiently filled with branches, may be removed,
or disbudded. The object is to strengthen the desirably
placed buds by thus confining to them the expenditure
of sap. There is no better mode of aiding a weakly
plant to a more vigorous and robust growth than judicious
disbudding ; but an ever-robust and super-luxuriant
tree had better be allowed to exhaust itself by a more
profuse development of leaf-buds. By judicious dis-
budding, which should always be performed gradually,
any whiter pruning is almost rendered unnecessary, and
in all instances is diminished.

DISCA'RIA. (From diskos, a disk ; having a large
fleshy disk. Nat. ord. Rhamnads [Rhamnacea;]. Linn.
4-Telrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Colletia.)

Greenhouse evergreen or half-hardy shrubs, that
succeed on walls in mild districts. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in sand, under a glass, in April, kept rather close

DISCHIDIA

301

DITTANY

and hot ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 55° to

75° ; winter, 40° to 45°.

D. austra'lis (southern). Yellow. May. Australia.

1824.

., linifo'lia (flax-leaved). Monte Video. 1882.
„ longispi'na (long-spined). White. Argentina.
„ serratifo'lia (serrate- leaved). 6. Greenish- white.

Chili ; Patagonia. 1882.

„ Tou'matou (Toumatou). White. New Zealand.
1875. " Toumatou or Wild Irishman."

DISCHI DIA. (From dis, twice, and schizo, to split ;
referring to an obscure process in the construction of the
flower. Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn.
S-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Nearly related to Stephan-
otis and Hoya.)

Stove evergreen trailers, with white flowers. Cuttings
in sandy soil, in heat, any time in the spring and summer
months ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 48° to 55°.
D. bengale'nsis (Bengal). i|. September. India.

1819.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). Red. Burma ; Malaya. 1896.
„ Nummula'ria (raoneywort-/«av«f). $. August.

Amboyna.

,, ova! to. (egg-shaped). New Guinea.
„ rafflesia'na (Rafflesian). Yellowish. Trop. Asia ;
Australia.

DISCHI SMA. (From di, two, and schizo, to cut ; the
calyx is two parted. Nat. ord. Selaginaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Short young shoots in
sandy peat under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and
sand.
D. cilia' turn (eye-lashed), i. White. July. S. Africa.

1815.
„ clandesti'num (secret), i. White. June. S. Africa.

1823.

„ erinoi'des (Erinus-like). i to 2. White. May. S.
Africa. 1816.

DISEASES. The morbid affections to which the
vegetable part of the creation is liable are almost as
numerous as those which render decrepid and destroy
the animal tribes. The smut which ravages our corn
crops ; the mildew which destroys our peas ; the curl
infecting our potatoes ; the ambury, or club root, to
which our turnips and other species of cabbageworts are
liable ; the shanking, or ulceration, which attacks the
stalks of our grapes, are only a few of the most commonly
observed diseases to which the plants we cultivate are
liable.

Disease is the negation of health ; and as the health
of a plant is the correct performance of its functions,
disease may be denned to be an incorrect performance
of the functions, due to the injurious effect of the para-
sitic fungus.

Such incorrectness arises from the vital energy de-
clining in consequence of old age ; from parasites ; from
wounds ; from food improper either in quality or
quantity ; and from unfavourable temperature. If all
these could be avoided, a plant might enjoy a vigorous
immortality. Such, however, is not the lot of any
organised being, and we note them chiefly to remind the
gardener, that in proportion as he can save any plant
from such unfavourable circumstances, will it enjoy
health, and length of vigorous life.

DISE'MMA. (From di, double, and stemma, a crown ;
referring to the double coronet, or rays. Nat. ord.
Passionworts [Passifloraceae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia,
2-Pentandria. Now referred to Passiflora.)
D. adiantifo'lia (Adiantum-leaved). See PASSIFLORA

CLABRA.

,, aura'ntia (orange). See PASSIFLORA AURAXTIA.
„ herbertia'na (Herbert's). See PASSIFLORA HERBER-
TIANA.

DISOCA'CTUS BIFORMIS. See PHYLLOCACTUS BI-

FORMIS.

DISPE BIS. (From di, double, and pera, a pouch ;
from the form of the perianth's outer segments. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

A genus of ground, or terrestrial orchids, natives of

the Cape of Good Hope. Division ; peat and loam, with
n little sand and charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 45° to 50°.
D. cape'nsis (Cape), j. Scarlet. July. 1816.

„ cuculla'ta (hooded). $. Purple. June. 1822.

„ secu'nda (side- flowering). J. Purple. June. 1799.

DISPORUM. (From di, double, and sporos, a seed ;
most species have only two ovules or young seeds in each
cell of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord. Melanths [Liliacea?].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Uvularia.)

Half-hardy herbaceous plants. Division of the roots
in spring ; also by seeds, sown under glass, in April ;
peat and loam, most of the first ; require a cold pit in
winter.

D. fu'lvum (tavmy- flowered). See D. PULLUM.
„ Hoohe'rii (Hooker's), i to 2. Greenish. California.
,, lanugino' 'sum (woolly), i. Yellow, green. N.W.

Amer. 1758.
„ leschenauliia'num (Leschenaultian). White. N. Ind. ;

Ceylon.

„ Menzie'sii (Menzies'). i to 3. Greenish. California.
,, parvifto'rum (small-flowered). See D. PULLUM PARVI-

FLORUM.
„ pu'llum (russet). i$. Brown. October. China.

1801.
„ ,, parvifio'rum (small-flowered). 3. Yellow, July.

Nepaul. 1820.
,, se'ssile (stalkless). Japan.

,, „ variega'tum (variegated). Leaves edged with
white.

DISSOTIS. (From dissos, double; in allusion to the
two forms of anthers. Nat. ord. Melastomacea?.)

Evergreen stove shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripe wood
in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat,
and sand.

D. inca'na (hoary). Purple. S. Africa. 1838.
,, irvingia'na (Irvingian). 3. Purple. Trop. Africa.

1859-

,, johnstoniana (Johnstonian). Trop. Africa.
„ Maho'ni (Mahon's). Rose-purple. Uganda. 1903.
„ mode'sta (modest). Blue-purple, reddish and yellow.

Uganda. 1906.

,, plumo'sa (plumy). W. Africa.
,, prostra'ta (prostrate). Trop. Africa.

DIS TEG AN THUS. (From distegos, two-storied, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. Bromeliaceae. Allied to
Cryp tan thus.)

Moist stove perennial, requiring treatment similar to
./Echmea and Cryptanthus.
D. basilatera'lis (base-sided). Guiana.

DISTIACA NTHUS. (Apparently a corruption of the
previous name. Nat. ord. Bromeliaceas.)

Stove perennial requiring treatment similar to Crypt-
anthus.
D. scarlati'nus (scarlet). Red. Brazil. 1869.

DISTTCTIS. (From di, meaning two, and sliktos,
spotted ; in allusion to the spots on the corolla. Nat.
ord. Bignoniaceae.)

Stove climber of a woody character. Cuttings of
young side-shoots getting firm at the base, in sand, and
placed in a close case with bottom-heat during summer.
Fibrous loam, a little peat or leaf-mould and sand. It
succeeds best planted out.

D. lactiflo'ra (milk-white). 20. White. May. St.
Domingo. 1823.

DISTY LJUM. (From di, two or double, and stulis, a
style ; the flower has two styles. Nat. ord. Hamameli-
dacea?.)

A hardy shrub related to Hamamelis, but having no
petals. Layers, cuttings of the roots and seeds. Ordinary
garden soil.

D. racemo'sum (racemed). Stamens 5, with purple
anthers. J apan. 1906.

DITTANY. Dicta'mnus.

DITTANY OF AMORGOS. Ori'ganum Tournefo'rtii.

DITTANY OP CRETE. Ori'ganum Dicta'mnus.

DITULA

302

DOLICHOS

DI'TULAANGUSTIORA'NA. Apricot Moth. As soon
in May as one of the leaves of a Peach, Nectarine, or
Apricot is seen rolled up, destroy the little caterpillar
within the roll, and watch for others, because the eggs
of the moth from which that caterpillar came continue
to hatch for several weeks. The moth is the Narrow-
winged Red Bar, Di'tula angustiora'na. The caterpillars
appear during May and J une : they are about half an
inch long, are pale yellowish-green, and with the head
brownish-yellow. A few bristles are scattered over the
body. It is a very active caterpillar, wriggling about in
most varied contortions when disturbed, crawling with
equal facility backwards and forwards, and letting itself
down by a single thread from its mouth. It passes into
the state of a brown, shining chrysalis, rolled up in the
same leaves, and from this the moth comes forth in July.
The moth is very small, not longer than a fourth of an
inch. The fore-wings are reddish-brown, in bands of
various degrees of darkness. The hind-wings are dusky.
It deposits its eggs, probably, upon the branches, where
they remain all the winter, and the caterpillars are most
frequently found upon the Apricot, but attack most
trees, and sometimes damage grapes in vineries.

DIU'RUS. (From di, two or double, and our a, a tail ;
referring to the two long -tailed sepals. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Terrestrial Orchids of an ornamental character, re-
calling some of the Iridaceae. Offsets or imported roots.
Fibrous loam and peat, in equal proportions, with sand.
Some of them like a little shade when making their
growth and flowering.

D. a'lba (white). White, rose, and purple. August.
Australia. 1875.

., curvifo'lia (curved-leaved). See D. MACULATA.

,, elonga'ta (elongated). See D. PUNCTATA.

,, lilaci'na (lilac). See D. PUNCTATA.

,, longifo'lia (long-leaved), i. Yellow and purple.
W. Australia. 1907.

,. macula' ta (spotted). Yellow, spotted with purple
or brown. Australia. 1825.

„ pardi'na (leopard-spotted). See D. MACULATA.

„ puncta'ta (dotted). Bluish-purple, finely spotted.
Australia.

DIZYGOTHE'CA. (From dizugos, double, or yoked
two abreast, and theke, a seed vessel. Nat. ord. Aralia-
ceae.)

Ornamental stove plants ; grown for many years under
the name of Aralia leptophylla. See ARALIA FOR CUL-
TURAL TREATMENT.
D. leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). Leaves slender and

graceful. Polynesia (?). 1862.
,, Nilsso'ni (Nilsson's). Pacific Islands.
,, Regi'ruz (Queen's). New Caledonia. 1879.

DODDER. Cuscu'ta.

DODECA THEON. American Cowslip. (An ancient
name applied by Pliny to a plant having a leaf like a
lettuce. Nat. ord. Primeworts [Primulaceae]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Cyclamen.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North America.
Dividing the roots ; sandy loam.
D. Clevela'ndi (Cleveland's), i to ij. Violet-blue, yellow

black. California. 1890.

„ elli'pticum (elliptic). £. Light purple. April. 1829.
„ Henderso'ni (Henderson's). £. Bright crimson and

yellow. Oregon. 1898.
„ integrifo'lium (en tire- leaved) of Bentham. See D.

ELLIPTICUM.

„ integrifo'lium (entire-leaved) of Hooker. See D.

MEADIA.

» Jeffrefyi (Jeffrey's). Purple, yellow, brown. Cali-
fornia. 1865.
„ , alpi'num (alpine).
., Lemoi'nei (Lemoine's). Hybrid between D. ellip-

ticum and Jeffreyi. 1889.

„ Mea'dia (Meadia). i. Light purple. May. N. Amer.
1744.

a'lba (white), i. White. May. 1824.
e'legans (elegant). i$. Rosy. May. 1827.
gigante'um (giant). 2. Lilac. May. 1819.
lancifo'lium (lance-leaved). See D. JEFFREYI.
lilaci'num (lilac), i. Lilac.
sple'ndidum (splendid). Pink, orange. 1883.

DOG-BERRY-TREE. Co'rnus sangui'nea.
DOG BRAMBLE. Ri'bes Cyno'sbati.
DOG'S BANE. Apo'cynum.
DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET. Erythro'nium.
DOGWOOD. Co'rnus.

DO'LIA. (From dolios, deceiving ; the plants resemble
Salsola, belonging to a different family. Nat. ord.
Convolvulaceaa.)

Greenhouse herbs or subshrubby plants. Cuttings in
sand under a bell-glass. Sandy loam and a little leaf-
mould, or peat.

D. revolu'ta (rolled-back). Blue. Peru.
„ tomento'sa (felted). White. Chili.

DOLICHA'NDRA. (From dolikos, long, and aner, a
stamen ; referring to the long stamens. Nat. ord.
Bignoniaceae.)

Greenhouse plant climbing by means of tendrils like
Bignonia, which see for treatment.

D. cynanchoi'des (Cynanchum-like). 30. Red. Argen-
tina. 1891.

DOLICHANDRO'NE. (From dolikos, long, and andron,
a house for men ; in allusion to the long tube of the
corolla enclosing the stamens. Nat. ord. Bignoniaceae.)
Stove trees. Seeds ; cuttings of young wood getting
firm at the base, in sand, placed in a close case, with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and a little sand.
D. Cau'da-feli'na (cat's-tail). China.
„ She* di (Rheed's). 16. Red. India and Malaya.
1794.

DOLICHODETRA TUBIFLO'RA. See ACHIMENES

TUBIFLORA.

DO'LICHOS. (From dolikos, long ; referring to the
twining shoots. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria. Includes
Lablab.)

Generally weedy-looking things ; D. Lablab is the one
most favoured by gardeners. Seeds for all ; cuttings of
perennial species in sand, under glass, the stove ones
requiring a little extra heat. The treatment common
to the greenhouse and plant stove will suit them. All
the flowering species are twiners.
D. acinacifo'rmis (scimitar-shaped). See CANAVALLIA

ENSIFORMIS.

,, bengale'nsis (Bengalese). See D. LABLAB.

,, biconto'rtus (twice-twisted). Violet and yellow.

Japan. 1869.

„ cape'nsis (Cape). See VIGNA CAPENSIS.
,, emargina' tus (notched). See CANAV ALIA OBTUSIFO'LIA.
„ gladia'tus (sword-like). See CANAVALIA ENSIFORMIS.
„ hirsu'tus (hairy). See PUERARIA THUNBERGIANA.
„ Jacqui'nii (Jacquin's). 8. White. July. W. Ind.

1800. Stove evergreen.
,, La'blab (Lablab). 12. Purple. July. Tropical

Regions. 1714.

„ ligno'sus (woody). See D. LABLAB.
„ Lu'bia (Lubia). ij. White, blue. July. Egypt.

1818. Hardy annual.
„ lute'olus (yellow). See VIGNA GLABRA.
,, obtusifo'lius (blunt- leaved). See CANAVALIA OBTUSI-

FOLIA.
,, polysta'chyos (many-spiked). See PHASEOLUS PER-

ENNIS.

,, pseudopachyrrhi'zus (false- thick-rooted). Violet-blue.

Trop. Africa. 1906.
„ pube'scens (downy). S. Amer.
,, purpu'reus (purple). See D« LABLAB.
,, ro'seus (rosy). See CANAVALIA OBTUSIFOLIA.
„ sesquipeda'lis (foot-and-half). See VIGNA CATJANG.
„ simplicifo'lius (simple-leaved). i. Pink. Trop.

Africa.

,, sine'nsis (Chinese). See VIGNA SINENSIS.
„ So'ja (Soja). See GLYCINE SOJA.
,, sudane'nsis (Soudanese). Appears a form of D.

Lablab.

„ tranqueba'ricus (Tranquebar). See VIGNA CATJANG.
„ unguicula' tus (clawed). See VIGNA CATJANG.

DOLIOCARPUS

303

DORSTENIA

DOLIOCA RPUS. (From folios, deceitful, and karpos.
a fruit ; in reference to the juice being used as rouge.
Nat. ord. Dilleniads [Dilleniaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Delima.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of young firm
shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat
and loam, most of the former, and a little silver sand.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. Cali'nea (Calinea). 10. Yellow. Guiana. 1822.

DOMBETA. (Named after /. Dombey, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Sierculiads [Sterculiaceas]. Linn.
i6-Monadelpkia, j-Dodecandria. Includes Astrapaea.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young shoots,
getting firm, in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-heat,
in April ; sandy loam and turfy peat. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 55°.
D. acuta'ngula (acute-angled). 16. Red. Mascarene

Islands. 1820.
„ „ tiliafo'lia (lime-leaved). 15. White. Bourbon.

1820.

„ AmtUicE (Emilia's). 25. Pink. Madagascar. 1823.
„ angula'ta (angled) of Cavanilles. See D. ACUTANGULA.
„ angula'ta (angled) of Masters. See D. MASTERSII.
„ Burge'ssue (Mrs. Burgess'). White, rose. S. Africa.

1865.
„ cannabi'na (hemp). 10. White. March. Mauritius.

1823.
„ Cayeu'xii (Cayeux's). Garden hybrid (D. Mastersiix

D. Wallichii). 1897.

„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). See D. ACUTANGULA.
„ dregea'na (Dregean). S. Africa.
„ Erythro 'xylon (red-wooded). See MELHANIA ERY-

THROXYLON.

„ ferrugi'nea (rusty-leaved). 15. \Vhite. Mauritius.
1815.

„ Mastf'rsii (Masters's). White. Trop. Africa. 1867.

„ mo' His (soil-leaved). 30. Pink. March.

„ natalc'nsis (Natal). S. Africa.

„ ova'ta (egg-shaped). 16. White. Bourbon. 1822.

„ popu'lnea (Poplar-like). 10. White. Bourbon. 1820.

„ puncta'ta (dotted-kat;«i). 16. White. Bourbon.
1820.

„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). S. Africa.

„ schimpfria'na (Schimperian). Trop. Africa.

„ specta'bilis (showy). Trop. Africa.

„ tiliafo'lia (lime-leaved). See D. ACUTANGULA TILLE-
FOLIA.

„ viburnifto'ra (Guelder-rose-flowered). 13. White.
February. Comorin Islands. 1850.

„ Walli'chii (Wallich's). 10. Rosy-carmine. Mada-
gascar. 1820.

DO'NDIA, HACQUE'TIA.
DO NIA. See GRINDELIA.

DOO'DIA. (Named after 5. Doody, a London apothe-
cary and botanist. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn.
24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Greenhouse herbaceous Ferns. Spores brown, or
yellowish-brown. Divisions, just before fresh growth
commences, in spring ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
55° to 75° ; winter, 45° to 50°.

D. a'spera(rougb-stalkrd). }. June. N.S.Wales. 1808.
„ „ multi'fida (much-cut). A dwarf, crested variety.

1880.
„ blechnoi'des (Blechnum-like). August. N. Holland.

1835.

„ cauda'ta (tailed), i. June. N. Holland. 1820.
„ „ harrya'na (Harryan). A strong growing variety.

1884.

„ kunt'ma'na (Kunth's). Sandwich Islands.
,, lunula'ta (crescent-leaved). New Zealand. 1834.
„ me'dia (intermediate). |. June. N. Holland. 1823.
„ virgi'nica (Virginian). August. Virginia. 1774.

DORCO CERAS HYGROMFTRICA. See B^A HYGRO-

METRICA.

DORE'MA. (From dor ana, a gift; referring to its
product— gum ammoniac, but not Dioscorides's plant,
which was some species of Ferula, supposed F. orienta'lis.
Nat. ord. Umbellifers [UmbellifenD]. Linn. yPentandna,
2-Digynia. Allied to Ferula.)

Th*» plant from which gum ammoniac is obtained.
Hardy herbaceous plant. Seeds sown in a sheltered
place at the end of April ; common garden-soil.
D. Ammoni'acum( ammoniac). 7. White, yellow. June.
Persia. 1831.

DO RITIS. (From doris, a knife ; in reference to the
rigid leaves of some species. Nat. ord. Orchidacea?.)

Stove ephiphytical Orchids. See ORCHIDS.
D. tenia'lis (ribboned). N. India.
„ Wi'ghtii (Wight's). White, purple. India. 1865.

DORO'NICUM. Leopard's Bane. (From doronigi, the
Arabic name. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superftua. Ailed to Arnica.)

A genus of early-flowering, low, hardy, herbaceous

plants for borders. D. Columns makes an excellent

bed or large patch ; will bear removing with a ball as

soon as it has done flowering ; transplant about the end

of September to the flower-garden. Yellow flowers,

except D. alta'icum. Dividing at the roots ; common

garden-soil ; if dry and light all the better.

D. alta'icum (Altaic), i. White. July. Siberia. 1783.

,, austri'acum (Austrian), i. May. Austria. 1816.

„ Bourgafi (Bourgae's). 3. Purple. Canary Islands.

1853-

,, cauca'sicum (Caucasian), i. July. Caucasus. 1815.
„ Clu'sii (Clusius1). See D. GLACIALE.
,, Colu'mna fColumna's). 2. May. Italy. 1824.
„ cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). See D. COLUMNS.
,, co'rsicum (Corsican). i. Yellow. July. Corsica.

1824.

.. denta'tum (toothed-leaved). May. 1825.
,, glada'le (glacial), i. Yellow. July. Europe. 1819,
,, grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Yellow. Europe.
,, macrophyilum (large-leaved). 2. July. Caucasus.

1828.

,, orienta'le (oriental). See D. CAUCASICUM.
,, Orpha'nidis (Orphano's). Yellow. Macedonia.
,, Pardalia'nches ( pan ther-str angler). 2. May. Britain.
,, peruvia'num (Peruvian). See WERNERIA RIGIDA.
„ plantagi'neum (plantem-leaved). 2. May. S. Europe.

1570.
„ ,. exce'lsum (tall). 3 to 4. Yellow. Spring and

summer.

„ scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). i. Yellow. May.
Europe.

DORSTETNIA. (Named after T. Dorsten, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Nettleworts [Urticaceae]. Linn.

STetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to the Fig and
ulberry.)

Little tufted stove herbaceous plants, cultivated for
the curious way they produce their inconspicuous green
flowers, on a flattened leaf-like receptacle. They are
worth growing for covering rock-work, or side-edgings in
a damp stove. Division, before active growth ; also
seeds in a hotbed, in March or April ; rich, sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. ara'bica (Arabian). J. Green. Floral receptacle

rayed. Arabia. 1898.
„ argenta'ta (silvery). Leaves with a central silvery

broad stripe. Brazil. 1869.

„ arifo'lia (Arum-leaved). Brazil. B. M., t. 2476.
„ Barte'rii (Barter's). Trop. Africa.
., bowmania'na (Bowmanian). Green. Brazil. 1872.
„ caule'scens (stem-forming). See D. URCEOLATA.
„ Ceratosa'nthes (Ceratosanthes). S. Amer. B. M., t.

2760.
,, Contraje'rva (Contrajerva). J. Green. June. Trop.

Amer. 1747.

,, cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). $. June. W. Ind. 1822.
„ Drake'na (Drakena). Mexico.
„ ela'ta (tall). Brazil.
,, ere'cta (erect). Brazil.
„ ficifo'lia (fig-leaved). See D. ARIFOLIA.
„ Gi'gas (giant). Green. Socotra. 1880.
, hi'spida (roughly hairy). See D. ERECTA.
, Housto'ni (Houston's). See D. CONTRAJERVA.
, macula' to, (spotted). See D. CONTRAJERVA.
, Ma'nnii (Mann's), i. Green. Trop. Africa. 1863.
, martia'na (Martian). Brazil.
, multifo'rmis (many-formed). See D. ARIFOLIA.
, Philli'psice (Mrs. Phillips's). J. Green. Floral re-
ceptacle with twisted tails. Somaliland. 1899.

DORYANTHES

304

DOUBLE

D. Psilu'rus (bald-tailed). Green. Congo. 1905.
., riedelia'na (Riedelian). See D. ARIFOLIA.
,, tubici'na (trumpet). June. Peru. 1817.
,, urceola'ta (urn-shaped). Green. Brazil.
„ Wcdle'ri (Waller's), i. Green. Floral receptacle
5-tailed. Nyasaland. 1893.

DORYA'NTHES. (From doru, a spear, and anthos, a
flower ; the flower-stem shoots up from twelve to twenty
feet high, like the handle of a spear, bearing flowers on
the top. Nat. ord. Amaryttids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to the American
Aloe, but not with succulent leaves.)

These gigantic half-lily and half-palm looking plants,
with their bundled fleshy roots, seem rather out of place
among Amaryllids. They, with their fellows, Littaea
and Fourcroya, can only find head-room in the loftiest
conservatories. Greenhouse evergreens. Suckers and
seeds at times ; peat and rich loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 50°.
D. exce'lsa (lofty). 20. Cream. July. N. S. Wales.

1800.
„ Guilfoy'lei (Guilfoyle's). 16. Crimson. Queensland.

1893.

., Larki'ni (Larkin's). Queensland.
„ Palme'ri (Palmer's). 8. Dark crimson. Queensland.
1874.

DORY'CNIUM. (From doru, a spear ; adopted from
Pliny, who applied the name to "a poisonous herb
wherewith they poisoned arrow-heads, darts, &c." Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa?]. Linn. i7-Dia-
delphia, 4-Decandria. Allied to Lotus and Trifolium.)

Seeds in March ; herbaceous ones also by division ;
common garden-soil.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
D. herba'ceum (herbaceous), ij. White. July. S.

Europe. 1802.

,, ibe'ricum (Iberian). See D. LATIFOLIUM.
,, intermedium (intermediate). See D. HERBACEUM.
„ latifo'lium (broad- leaved). i£. White. July. Iberia.
1818.

HARDY EVERGREEN.

D. hirsu'tum (hairy). 3. Red, white. July. S. Europe.

1683.
„ ,, inca'num (hoary). 3. Red, white. July. S.

Europe. 1817.

„ rectum (upright). 2. Red. July. S. Europe. 1640.
„ specta'bile (showy). 2. Teneriffe. Greenhouse.
„ suffrutico' sum (subshrubby). i£. White. July.

S. Europe. 1640. Half-hardy.
„ tomento'sum (woolly). See D. HIRSUTUM INCANUM.

DORYO'PHORA DECEMLINEA'TA. The Colorado
Beetle, a native of the Western United States, has, on
several occasions, effected a landing in this country,
but owing to the stringent measures adopted by the
authorities in this country it has, as often, been exter-
minated. In 1877 it committed a considerable amount of
damage to the Potato crops. About that time an Order
in Council made it a penalty for any one to keep or
distribute live specimens. The beetle lays its eggs upon
the stems and leaves of the plant. The perfect beetle
is small, orange-yellow, with ten black lines on the wing-
cases, and easily recognised. The beetle and also the
larvae when hatched out easily get destroyed by eating
the leaves which have been sprayed with the Bordeaux
mixture or Paris green.

DORYO'PTERIS. (From doru, a spear, and pteris, a
fern; spear-leaved Fern [Filices]. Linn.z^-Cryptogamia,
i-Filices. Now united to Pteris.)
D. colli'na (hill). See PTERIS PALMATA.

„ cordifo'lia (heart- leaved). See PELL^EA CORPATA.

„ hasta'ta (halbert-leaved). See PTERIS SAGITTIFOLIA

HASTATA.

,, palma'ta (hand-shaped). See PTERIS PALMATA.
,, sagittifo'lia (arrow-bead-leaved). See PTERIS SAGITTI-
FOLIA.
„ Walli'chii (Wallich's). See PTERIS WALLICHIANA.

DOSSI'NIA. (Named in compliment to E. P. Dossin,
a Belgian botanist. Nat. ord. Orchidacea?.)

Terrestrial Orchids requiring moist stove treatment

and to be covered with bell-glasses to preserve the beauty
of the foliage.

D. marmora'ta (marbled). J. Leaves velvety olive-green
netted with gold. Borneo. 1862.

,, ,, vire'scens (greenish). Leaves greener.

„ Meine'rti (Meinert's). Sumatra. 1881

DOUBLE FLOWERS. Hybridising, aided by cultiva
tion, gives birth to these objects of the gardener's care.
To the uninitiated it seems incredible that the double
moss rose should be a legitimate descendant from the
briar ; neither do the flowers of the Fair Maid of France
appear less impossible derivatives from those of the
Ranu'nculus aconitifo'lius ; nor bachelor's buttons from
the common buttercup ; yet so they are. Double
flowers, as they are properly called, are more correctly
discriminated as the full flower, the multiplicate flower,
and the proliferous flower.

The full flower is a flower with its petals augmented
in number by the total transformation into them of its
stamens and its pistils. One-petaled flowers rarely
undergo this metamorphosis, but it occurs in Campanula
Medium, C. persicifolia, and the Chinese Primula. It is
very common in those having many petals, as in the
carnation, ranunculus, rose, and poppy. But this is not
the only mode in which a flower becomes full, for in the
columbine (Aquile'gia) it is effected in three different
ways, viz. by the multiplication of petals to the ex-
clusion of the nectaries ; by the multiplication of the
nectaries to the exclusion of the petals ; and by the
multiplication of the nectaries whilst the usual petals
remain. Radiated flowers, such as the sunflower, dahlia,
anthemis, and others, become full by the conversion of
the bell-shaped florets of the disk into strap-shaped and
flat ones like those of the ray. On the contrary, various
varieties of the daisy become full by the elongation of
the florets of the disk, and as such flowers are tubular they
are described as quilled. Examples are met with in the
quilled China Aster, Chrysanthemum Parthenium or
feverfew, show Dahlias, double Scabious, the variety of
Gaillardia named lorenziana, &c.

The multiplicate flower has its petals increased by the
conversion of a portion of its stamens, or of its calyx.
It occurs most frequently in polypetalous flowers.
Linnaeus gives an instance of the conversion of the calyx
into petals, and these are to be observed in the Carnation
(Dia'nthus Caryophy'llus). The hose-in-hose polyanthus
is another instance.

A proliferous flower has another flower or a shoot pro-
duced from it, as in the variety of the daisy popularly
known as the Hen-and-chickens. It occurs also more
rarely in the ranunculus, pink, rose, marigold, and
hawkweed. A leafly shoot often appears in the bosom
of the double-blossomed cherry, anemone, and rose.

A due supply of moisture, but rather less than the
plant most delights in, when the production of seed is
the desired object, a superabundant supply of decom-
posing organic matter to its roots, and an exposure to
the greatest possible degree of sunlight, are the means
successfully employed to promote excessive development
of the petals which characterise double flowers.

By these means a greater quantity of sap is supplied
to the flower than the natural extent of the petals can
elaborate ; and those parts required for the extra elabora-
tion are developed at the expense of those not demanded
for the purpose.

The most certain and practical method of producing
or obtaining double flowers is to save seed from those
showing an extra number of petals, or to use pollen from
such flowers to fertilise others, or to self-fertilise the
pistil of the same flower. The progeny giving the greatest
number of petals should be selected for further experi-
ment in the same way. When once a double or partly
double flower reproduces itself from seed, it is susceptible
of further improvement.

In double flowers, as was observed by the late Sir
J. E. Smith, the corolla is much more durable than in
single ones of the same species, as anemones and poppies,
because, as he conceived, in such double flowers the
natural function not being performed, the vital principle
of their corolla is not so soon exhausted. Advantage
may be taken of this to prolong the duration of flowers
by cutting away the pistils or stamens, whichever
are least conspicuous, with a sharp pair of pointed
scissors.

DOUCIX

305

DRAC^XA

DOUCIN STOCK. See STOCK.

DOUOLASIA. (In memory of the unfortunate D.
Douglas, botanical traveller in North- West America. Nat.
ord. Primeworts [Primulacea], Linn. $-Pcntandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Androsace.)

D. nivalis is an extremely rare, hardy, evergreen, alpine
plant. Seeds ; peat and 'loam ; should be used as an
alpine plant, and protected in winter ; it will not bear
sudden changes.

D. leniga'ta (smooth), fa Pink. Oregon. 1888.
„ niva'lis (snowy). J. Purple. June. Rocky Moun-
tains. 1827.
„ vitalia'na (Vitalian). i. Yellow. Pyrenees. 1787.

DOVE FLOWER. Periste'ria ela'ta.

DOVYALIS. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Bixacea?.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
D. gizypkoi'dts (Zizyphus-like). 4. White. S. Africa.
1816.

DOWNI N01A. (Commemorative of A. J. Downing, a
patron of horticulture. Nat. ord. Campanulacea.)

Hardy ornamental annuals, similar and allied to
Lobelia. Seeds under glass in March, and planted out
in May, or in the open border in April.
D. Slegans (elegant). |. Blue, white. July to Sep-
tember. N.W. Amer. 1827.

„ pulcMlla (pretty). |. Blue, white. July to Sep-
tember. Western Amer. 1827.

DRA'BA. (From drabe, acrid ; referring to one of the
universal characters of its Nat. ord., Crucifers [Crucifers].
Linn. \s-Tetradynamia. Connected, but not in close
alliance, with Aubretia, Alyssum, and Cochlearia.)

Hardy rock or alpine plants. Yellow-flowered, except
where otherwise mentioned. Perennials, by dividing the
roots ; also with the annuals and biennials, by seeds in
spring, and under a hand-light, in summer ; peat and
loam for the tenderest ; sandy loam and dry situation
for the hardiest. They make interesting pot-plants,
treated as alpines ; and that is the safest way to treat
many of them.

ANNUALS.

D. gra'cilis (slender). See D. NEMOROSA.
„ lu'tea (yellow). See D. NEMOROSA.
„ mwa'lis (wall). |. White. June. England.
„ ncmoro'sa (grove). J. June. Europe. 1759.

BIENNIALS.

D. au'rea (golden). |. June. Denmark. 1820.
„ cine'rea (grey). J. White. July. Siberia. 1818.
„ confu'sa (confused). See D. INCANA CONFUSA.
,, dau'rica (Daurian). |. White. July. Dauria. 1824.
„ ela'ta (tall), i. Bright yellow. Himalayas. 1806.
„ inca'na (hoary). }. White. May. Britain.
„ ;, confu'sa (confused). White. July. N. Europe.
,, ,, styla'ris (long-styled).

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

D. acau'lis (stemless). Cilicia.

„ Ada'msii (Adams'). See D. ALPIVA.

„ aizoi'des (Aizoon-like). J. March. Wales.

„ Aizo'on (Aizoon). £. May. Carinthia. 1823.

„ alpi'na (alpine). f . April. Lapland. 1820.

„ „ sili' culis-pilo' sis (hairy-podded). J. August.
Greenland. 1820.

„ alta'ica (Altaian). See D. FLADNIZENSIS.

„ ara'bisans (Arabis-like). N. Amer.

„ arma'ta (armed). See D. LONGIROSTRATA.

„ a'spera (rough). June. Siberia.

„ Atho'a (Athoa). Greece.

„ austri'aca (Austrian). See D. STELLATA.

„ borea'lis (northern). See D. HIRTA.

„ brachystSmon (short-stamened). I. March. Switzer-
land. 1819.

„ bruniafo'lia (Brunia-leaved). |. June. Caucasus.
1820.

„ brycn'des (bryum-like). }. March. Tauria. 1820.

.. ctfspito'sa (tufted). See D. RIGIDA.

D. cappado'cica (Cappadocian). Asia Minor.
,, carinthi'aca (Carinthian). Europe.
,, cilia 'ris (hair-fringed-teau«i). See D. AIZOIDES.
„ cttia'ta (ciliated). J. White. Austria. 1873.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbed). See D. HIRTA.
,, crassifo'lia (thick- leaved). f. June. N. Amer. 1826.
„ cuspida'ta (spine-point-/«at/«i). J. March. Iberia.

1820.
,. dasyca'rpa (thick-fruited). White. May. Altai.

1837.

,, diversifo'lia (diverse-leaved). Armenia.
„ dovre'nsis (Dovrean). See D. HIRTA.
„ e'legans (elegant), i. Yellow. Cilician Taurus. 1899.
„ ericafo'lia (heath-leaved). See D. OLYMPICA.
„ fladnize'nsis (Fladniso). |. White. June. Switzer-
land. 1819.

,, fri'gida (frigid). See D. TOMENTOSA FRIGIDA.
„ Gillie 'sit (Gallics'). A to J. \Vhite. Chili. 1903.
,, glacia'lis (icy). See D. ALPINA.
,, Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). See D. REPENS.
,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See PARRYA MICRO-

CARPA.
,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered) of Hooker and Arnold.

J. W. Andes of Ecuador and Peru. 1903.
,, helvetica (Swiss). See D. FLADNIZENSIS.
., hi'rta (hairy). J. White. June. N. Europe. 1823.
,, hispa'nica (Spanish). Spain.
,, hi'spida (roughly-hairy), i. August. Caucasus.

1838.

,, inco'mpta (rough). See D. ALPINA.
„ Kotschy'i (Kotschy's). Eastern Europe.
,. la'ctea (milky). See D. FLADNIZENSIS.
„ lappo'nica (Lapland). J. White. April. Lapland.

1810.

„ lasioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). See D. AIZOON.
,, Loiseleu'rii (Loiseleur's). Yellow. Corsica.
„ longirostra' ta (long-beaked). Transylvania.
„ magtlla'nica (Magellan). Strait of Magellan.
„ Ma'wii (Maw's), $. White. April. Spain. 1823.
,, murice'lla (small-prickly). See D. NIVALIS.
,, niva'lis (snowy). J. White. June. Switzerland.

1824.

,, oblonga'ta (oblongate). See D. HIRTA.
,, oly'mpica (Olympian) of Grenier and Godron. See

D. LOISELEURII.

„ oly'mpica (Olympian) of Sib thorp. Yellow. Greece ;

Asia Minor.
,, ,, hetero'coma (variable-haired). Golden yellow.

Levant. 1899.

,, oxyca'rpa (acute- fruited). Syria.
,, pilo'sa (soft-haired). See D. ALPINA.
„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). J. White to purple. Pyre-
nees. 1759.

„ ripens (creeping), i. June. Siberia. 1818.
„ ri'gida (rigid). Asia Minor.
„ rupe'stris (rock). White. J. June. Scotland.
„ SautSri (Sauter's). J. April. Tyrol.
,, sea' bra (rough). Yellow. Caucasus. 1897.
,, scandina'vica (Scandinavian). See D. RUPESTRIS.
„ siliquo'sa (large-podded). J. White. June. Caucasus.
1822.

, stella' ta (starry). $. White. June. Pyrenees. 1820.

, sty la' ris (fong-styled). See D. INCANA STYLARIS.

, tomento'sa (woolly), i. White. June. Switzerland.
1819.

, „ fri'gida (frigid).

, tridenta'ta (three-toothed). See D. HISPIDA.

, vSrna (spring). See EROPHILA VULGARIS.
,, viola'cea (violet). Purple. Ecuador. 1867. Hardy.
„ Wahlenbe'rgii (Wahlenberg's). See D. FLADNIZENSIS.
„ Za/>a/^rti(Zapater's). Spain.

DRAC2E'NA. (From drakaina, a female dragon ; be-
cause, if this Dragon-tree is wounded, the milky juice on
drying becomes a hard gum, having the same properties
as the resinous substance called Dragon's-blood. Nat.
ord. Lilyworts [Liliacea?]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Stove evergreens, with white flowers, except D. nu'tans.
Large pieces of the branches strike when put in strong
bottom-heat, the leafy tops may be so struck, or ringed
below the leaves, two half pots placed round them, filled
with light soil and watered till roots are formed. Old
stems may be laid on moist cocoanut fibre in a pro-
pagating case till shoots are formed, when they may be

DRACHMA

306

DRAGENA

taken off as cuttings and struck. Rich, fibrous loam,
well drained. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48

to 55°.

GREENHOUSE.

D. nodo'sa, (knotted). 4. 1820.
„ nu'tans (nodding). 4. Brown. July. N. Holland.

1820.
„ undula'ta (waved). 6. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

This is Asparagus undulatus.

STOVE.
D. amboyne'nsis (Amboynian). Leaves bronze, edged

carmine. Moluccas. 1876.
„ america'na (American). 20 to 40. White. Leaves

8 to 15 in. long. Central Amer. 1905.
amce'na (pleasing). Leaves bordered cream and rose.

1876.

angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). India.
, arbo'rea (tree). 30. May. Sierra Leone. 1800.
., arge'nteo-stria'ta (silver-striped). Leaves striped

creamy-white. South Sea Islands. 1888.
„ aubrya'na (Aubryan). See D. THALIOIDES.
„ au'reo-stria'ta (golden-striped). Leaves striped yellow.

Gardens. 1898.
„ Auro'ra (Aurora). Midrib and petiole violet. South

Sea Islands. 1878.

„ austra'lis (southern). See CORDYLINE AUSTRALIS.
„ Barte'lii (Bartel's). Leaves reddish-bronze. Garden

form. 1886.

„ Barte'ti (Bartet's). Garden form. 1888.
„ be'llula (pretty). See CORDYLINE TERMINALIS.
„ bi' color (two-coloured). White, with purple bracts.

Fernando Po. 1861.

„ borea'lis (northern). See CLINTONIA BOREALIS.
„ Bo'scii (Bosc's). See AGAVE GEMINIFLORA.
„ brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). See CORDYLINE TERMINALIS.
„ Broomfte'ldii (Broomfield's). Leaves margined and

striped white. South Sea Islands. 1896.
,, supe'rba (superb). Leaves with broad white

margins. Trop. Australia. 1903.
„ catmatfo'lia (Canna-leaved). See CORDYLINE TER-
MINALIS.

„ Cantle'yi(Cantley's). Leaves broad, blotched creamy-
yellow. Singapore.

„ ce'rnua (drooping). See D. REFLEXA.
„ ci'ncta (engirdled). Country unknown.
„ Cinnaba'ri (Cinnabari). Socotra. 1880.
„ conci'nna (neat). 6. Leaves narrow. Mauritius.

1870.

„ congefsta (crowded). See CORDYLINE STRICTA.
„ cri'stula (finely-crested). Leaves with 6 to 9 white

nerves. Liberia. 1879.
„ crue'nta (blood-coloured). Leaves bronze, striped

crimson. 1877.
„ cu'prea (coppery). Appears a variety of Cordyline

australis. 1893.

„ cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). White. Trop. Africa.
„ deco'ra (ornamented). Leaves olive-green, banded

crimson. 1876.
„ Douce'ttii (Doucett's). See CORDYLINE AUSTRALIS

DOUCETTII.

„ Dra'co (dragon. Common). 10. Canary Islands.

,, ebu'rnea (ivory). Leaves edged pure white. 1876.

„ elli'ptica (elliptic-leaved). 2j. Yellow. March.
Amboyna.

„ ,, macula'ta (spotted). Leaves spotted. India.

„ ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). See DIANELLA ENSIFOLIA.

„ ere' eta a'lba (white) . Leaves with broad white margin .
1880.

». »• purpu'rea (purple). Bronzy green, with orange
ribs. 1880.

„ fefrrea (iron). See CORDYLINE TERMINALIS.

„ ftoribu'nda (free-flowering). Leaves 3 to 4 ft. long,
green. 1879.

„ fontanesia'na (Fontanesian). White. Mascarene
Islands. 1859.

i> fra' grans (fragrant). 6. White. Trop. Africa. 1768.

„ „ Linde'ni (Linden's). Leaves edged creamy-
yellow. 1 88 1.

„ „ massangea'na (Massangean). Leaves striped pale
creamy-yellow. 1881.

„ „ Victo'ria (Victoria). Leaves with broad golden-
yellow edges. 1903.

D. frutico'sa (shrubby). 8. White. 1862.
„ godseffla'na (Godseffian). Leaves densely blotched

creamy-yellow. W. Trop. Africa. 1893.
,, goldiea'na (Goldiean). Leaves broad, banded grey.

W. Trop. Africa. 1872.
„ gra'cilis (graceful). Leaves elegant, shining, green.

Madagascar. 1902.

„ Hibbe'rdii (Hibberd's). Leaves blackish-metallic.
,, hookeria'na (Hookerian). Leaves green. S. Africa.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad- leaved). Leaves green. 1862.
,, „ schmidtia'na (Schmidtian). Leaves striped with

white. 1880.
„ „ variega' ta (variegated). Leaves with creamy- white

margins. 1903.

,, indivi'sa (undivided). See CORDYLINE INDIVISA.
,, interru'pta (interrupted). 2. June. Sierra Leone.

1798.
„ Jansse'nsi (Janssen's). Leaves with creamy- white

margin. 1903.

,, java'nica (Javanese). See D. ELLIPTICA.
,, kewe'nsis (Kew). Leaves with red leaf-stalks. New

Caledonia (?). 1903.
,, Lacou'rti (Lacourt's). Leaves small, crowded. Congo

Free State. 1900.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See D. HOOKERIANA.
„ leone'nsis (Sierra Leone). 3. June. Sierra Leone.

1824.

„ Linde'ni (Linden's). See D. FRAGRANS LINDENI.
„ Maca'rthuri (Macarthur's). Leaves rosy-carmine and

olive-green. Australia. 1877.
,, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Leaves large, margined

white. 1880.

„ macula'ta (blotched). See D. ELLIPTICA.
„ madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). Leaves narrow.

green. Madagascar. 1884.
„ margina'ta (bordered). August. Madagascar.
„ marmora'ta (marbled). Leaves marbled with grey.

Singapore.

„ massangea'na (Massangean). See D. FRAGRANS MAS-
SANGEAN A.

„ mauritia'na (Mauritian). See CORDYLINE FLORIBUNDA.
„ mira'bilis (wonderful). Leaves bronzy, margined

crimson. Polynesia. 1877.

,, ova'ta (egg-shape-/eat^). 2. August. Sierra Leone.
,, phrynioi'des (Phrynium-like). White, purple. W.

Trop. Africa. 1863.
„ purpu'rea (purple-leaved). 15. June. East Indies.

1820.
„ refte'xa (bent-back-leaved). 4. June. Madagascar.

1819.
,, robinsonia'na (Robinsonian). Leaves striped bronze

and crimson. South Sea Islands. 1877.
,, ro/At«'na(Rothian). Leaves with transparent netting.

Comoro Isles. 1877.

,, salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). See D. REFLEXA.
, , sanderia'na (Sanderian) . Leaves curved, banded with

white. W. Trop. Africa. 1892.
,, Saposchniko'wi (Saposchnikow's). 8 to 10. Nearly

white. 1870.
„ sepia' ria (hedge). Pure white. Leaves small. Berries

yellow. Fiji. 1887.
„ Smi'thii (Smith's). 10 to 15. Yellow. Trop. Africa.

1875.

„ spica'ta (spicate). India.

„ stenophy'lla (narrow- leaved). Trop. Africa. 1861.
„ stria' ta (streaked). 4. April. Cape of Good Hope.

1820. This is Asparagus striata.
„ stri'cta (upright). See CORDYLINE STRICTA.
,, surculo'sa (suckered). 4. White. July. W. Trop.
Africa. 1821.

,, macula'ta (blotched). Leaves blotched yellow.
Old Calabar. 1867.

,, termina'lis (terminal). See CORDYLINE TERMINALIS.
,, ternifto'ra (flowers in threes). See D. SPICATA.
,, tessella'ta (chequered). See D. MARGINATA.
thalioi'des (Thalia- like). White. W. Trop. Africa.

1860.
,, thomsonia'na (Thomsonian). Leaves bright green.

W. Trop. Africa. 1882.

,, umbraculi' fera (shade-bearing). 10. Mauritius. 1788.
„ veno'sa (veiny). Leaves yellow-green, netted dark

green. Borneo. 1883.
„ Walli'chii (Wallich's). See D. SPICATA.
„ Willia'msii (Williams'). Leaves striped with choco-
late, white, rose. Polynesia. 1883.

DRACOCEPHALUM

307

DRAINING

DRACOCETHALUM. Dragon's Head. (From drakon,
a dragon, and kephale, a head ; referring to the gaping
flower. Nat. ord. Lipworts, or Labiates [Labiatee]. Linn.
H-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia. Allied to Nepeta.)

Annual and perennial herbs of a showy character.
Annuals, by seed in the open ground at the ^nd of
March ; perennials, by seeds and divisions ; the tender
evergreens, by cuttings of young shoots under a hand-
glass, in April or May ; light, rich soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.

D. cane'scens (hoary). See LALLEMANTIA CANESCENS.
., Molda'vica (Moldavian). 2. Blue. July. Moldavia.

1596.
,, „ albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 2. White. July.

Moldavia. 1596.
„ peregri'num (diffuse). $. Purple. July. Siberia.

1759.
„ thymiflo'rum (thyme-flowered). J. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1752.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
D. canarie'nse (Canary. Balm of Gilead). See CEDRON-

ELLA TRIPHYLLA.

,, chamcedryoi' dcs (germander-like). See SPHACELE

CAMPANULATA.

„ origanoi'des (majoram-like). |. July. Siberia. 1829.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

D. altaice'nse (Altaic). See D. GRANDIFLORUM.
„ argune'nse (Argun). See D. RUYSCHIANA.
,, ausiri'acum (Austrian), i. Blue. June. Austria.

1597.
,. botryoi'des (botrys-like). J. Purple. July. Siberia.

1822.

„ corda'tum (heart-shaped) . SeeCEDRONELLACORDATA.
„ denticula'tum (toothleted). See PHYSOSTEGIA VIR-

GINIANA.

,, grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). J. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1759.

,, keterophy'llum (various-leaved). Himalaya; Turkes-
tan.

„ ibe'ricum (Iberian). See LALLEMANTIA IBERICA.
,, imbe'rbe (beardless). Siberia.
„ intcgrifo'lium (whole-leaved). Blue. July. Siberia.

1827.

„ mexica'num (Mexican). See CEDRONELLA MEXICANA.
,, nu'tans (nodding), i. Blue. July. Siberia. 1731.
, palma' turn (hand-leaved). i£. Purple. July. Siberia.

1815.
„ parviflo'rum (small-flowered). f. Blue. July. N.

Amer. 1825.

„ pelta'tum (shield-leaved). See LALLEMANTIA PELT ATA.
„ pinna'tum (leafleted). Blue. June. Siberia. 1822.
„ Rupre'chii (Ruprecht's). i to ij. Blue. Turkestan.

1880.
„ ruyschia'na (Ruyschian). 2. Blue. July. N.

Europe. 1699.
i. » japo'nicum (Japanese). \Vhite, spotted blue.

Japan. 1879.

,, sibi'ricum (Siberian). See NEPETA MACRANTHA.
„ specio'sum (showy). Purple, spotted white and deeper

purple. Himalaya. 1877.
„ specio'sum (showy) of Sweet. See PHYSOSTEGIA

VIRGINIANA SPECIOSA.

,, virginia'num (Virginian). See PHYSOSTEGIA VIR-
GIXIANA.

DRACO'NTTUM. Dragon. (From drakon, a dragon;
referring to its spots and streaks being like those on
serpents. Nat. ord. Oroniiads [Araceas], Linn. 7-Hep-
tandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Pothos and Orontium.)
Stove perennials with a tuberous root-stock. Dividing
the roots ; fibrous loam, and a little decayed dung and
leaf-mould. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48°
to 55°.
D. albosti'pes (white-stalked). Leaf-stalks grey-white

banded brown. Colombia. 1877.
,, annula'tum (ringed). Leaf-stalks umber-brown,

spotted with white. Colombia. 1877.
,, a'sperum (rough). 5. Spathe and spadix purple-
brown. Brazil.

Spathe green, purple.
Spathe purple-brown.

D. Carde'ri (Carder's). 3.
Colombia. 1877.

,. fascu'ndum (fertile). 3.
British Guiana. 1882.

,, fce'tidum (foetid). See SYMPLOCARPUS FOITIDUS.

,, Gi'gas (giant). 10. Spathe dark red-brown. Nicar-
agua. 1869.

,, lanceafo'lium (lance-leaved). See SPATHIPHYLLUM

LANCE^FOLIUM.

., per tu.' sum (top-pierced). See MONSTERA PERTUSA.
„ polyphyilum (many-leaved). 2. May. India. 1759.
„ sculptura'tum (sculptured). Petiole dark brown, with

pale marking*;. Colombia. 1879.
„ spino'sum (prickly). See LASIA SPINOSA.

DRACONTOMFLON. (From drakon, drakontos, a
dragon, and melon, an apple ; in allusion to the strange
form of the fruit. Nat. ord. Anacardiaceae.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand
in a close case, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
D. mangi'ferum (mango-bearing). 30. White. Java.
1820.

DRACOPHY'LLUM. (From drakon, a dragon, and
phullon, a leaf ; referring to the long bracts, which re-
semble the young leaves of the Dragon-plant, Drac&'na
Dra'co. Nat. ord. Epacrids [Epacridaceae]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Sphenotoma and
Richea.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cuttings of
young wood, getting firm at the base, in April ; peat and
loam, both fibrous, with a little silver sand. Temp.,
winter, 40° to 45°.
D. capita'tum (headed), i. White. April. 1830.

,, gra'cile (graceful). 2 to 3. White. June. Australia.
1823.

„ longifo'lium (long- leaved) 2. White. June. 1824.

„ secu'ndum (side- flowering). 2. White. June. 1823.

DRACO PIS and DRACOTIS AMPLEXICAU LIS. See

RUDBECKIA AMPLEXICAUL1S.

DRACUN'CULUS. (The diminutive of drakon, a
dragon. Nat. ord. Araceae.)

Tuberous perennials with the habit of Arum maculatum.
D. vulgaris is hardy in sheltered places round London,
and may be quite exposed to the south and west of
England. A greenhouse for the rest. Division or offsets.
Rich sandy soil.
D. canarie'nsis (Canary). Spathe green and brown.

Canaries.

„ cre'ticus (Cretan). See D. VULGARIS.
„ vulga'ris (common). Spathe green and purple-brown.
S. Europe. 1548.

DRAGON. See DRACONTIUM and ARIS^EMA DRAGON-

DRAGON'S-BLOOD. Damo'norops Dra'co, Draccs'na
Dra'co, and Pteroca'rpus Dra'co.

DRAGON'S-HEAD. Dracoce'phalum.
DRAGON-TREE. Dracce'na Dra'co.

DRAINING is drawing away the surface water, instead
of allowing it to chill the land by evaporation, and further
injuring the crops by an excessive supply of moisture.
There is scarcely a garden existing that would not be
benefited by under-draining. Every gardener knows
the absolute necessity for a good drainage under his
wall-trees and vines, but few gardeners ever think for a
moment whether there is any escape and outfall for the
water he has drained from immediate contact with the
roots of the above-named favoured trees. Every
garden should have drains cut, varying in depth from
two to three feet, according to the depth of the soil, with
an interval of twenty-four feet between the drains ;
twelve feet will not be too near in clayey soils. At the
bottom of the drains should be placed one-inch pipe^ ;
these should be well puddled over six inches deep with
clay, and then the earth returned. They should have
an outfall into a ditch, at the least elevated side of the
garden. By having the pipes with a bore no larger than
an inch moles cannot creep in ; and that bore is large
enough to carry off all the water, after even the heaviest
rains.

DRAK^A

308

DROSERA

DRAKETA. (Named in honour of Miss Drake, botani-
cal painter for the Botanical Register. Nat. ord. Orchids
[Orchidacea?]. Linn. 2O-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied
to Caleya.)

The only species introduced is an extremely curious
ground-orchid, having one flower on the top of a slender
stalk, eighteen inches long, " resembling an insect sus-
pended in the air, and moving with every breeze."
Greenhouse. Divisions ; peat, loam, and rough sand.
D. ela'slica (elastic). Variegated. September. Swan
River.

DRAPE'RIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Hydrophyllaceae.)

A half-hardy shrub of dwarf habit. Layers, and
seeds when obtainable. Light, well-drained soil in the
more favoured south and west, otherwise protection
from frost in winter.

D. sy'slyla (united-styled). Bright violet. California.
1896.

DRAWN. A plant is said to be drawn when it is un-
naturally increased in length. This is usually by an
excess of heat and moisture, and a deficiency of air and
light.

DREJE RA WILLDENOWIA NA. See JACOBINIA Mo-

DREPANOCA'RPUS. The Sickle-pod. (Fromdrepanon,
sickle, and carpos, a fruit ; referring to toe shape of the
seed-vessel. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa?].
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots nearly
ripe, with their leaves entire, in sand, under a glass, and
in bottom-heat ; peat and loam, both fibrous. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. luna'tus (half -moon-capsuled). 12. White. S. Amer.
1792-

jr. Putting the borders in order; also

manuring strawberries, asparagus, and other permanent
beds.

DRIFT SAND is the sand washed by floods into drifts
or banks, whether by the sides of roads or streams.

DRILLING. Scarcely a crop in the garden should be
sown broadcast, for drilling saves seed and labour ; and
although in some cases it takes more time to insert the
seed in drills, yet this is more than compensated by the
time saved during the after-culture, for the thinning and
hoeing are greatly facilitated. (See BROADCAST.)

The distance apart appropriate for the drills for par-
ticular crops will be found under their respective titles ;
they are usually made with a hoe and line, but the
drill-rake is often used. The teeth are set six inches
apart, and are broad and coulter-formed. When the
drills are required to be less than six inches apart the
implement can be worked diagonally ; but it may be
made with teeth movable to any desired space apart.

DRI'MIA. (From drimus, acrid ; referring to the juice
of the bulbs. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliacea] Linn
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Massonia.)

Little greenhouse bulbous plants, from the Cape of
Good Hope ; elegant, though less showy than the Ixias
Offsets ; peat, or leaf-mould, and sandy loam. Summer
temp., 50 to 75°; winter, 35° to 45°; potted when
beginning to grow, and until then kept dry after the
withering of the leaf.
D. acumina'ta (pointed). See SCILLA LANCE.EFOLIA

„ alti'ssima (tallest). See URGINEA ALTISSIMA.

„ ano'mala (anomalous). S. Africa.

„ aperiifto'ra (open-flowered). See SCILLA LORATA

„ ctlia'ris (hair-fringed), ij. Purple, white. August.

l8OO.

„ Co'lece (Mrs. Cole's). Green, with purple anthers

Somaliland. 1897.

„ Coope'ri (Cooper's). See SCILLA CONCOLOR.
„ ela'ta (tall). 2. Red, green. October. 1799
„ haworthioi'des (Haworthia-like). White and green

S. Africa. 1875.

„ lancecefo'lia (spear-leaved). See SCILLA LANCE.CFOLIA
„ lanceola'ta (spear-head-tenrd). See SCILLA LANCEO-

tATA.

D. longipcduncula'ta (long-flower-stalked). See SCILLA

LANCE.CFOLIA.

„ me'dia (intermediate). White. August. 1820.

„ Purpttra'scens (purplish), j. Purple. August. 1818.

„ pusi'lla (little). J. Green. May. S. Africa. 1793.

,, robu'sta (robust). 2. Green. S. Africa. 1862.

,, undula'ta (waved). See SCILLA UNDULATA.

,, villo'sa (long-haired). Green. August. 1826.

DRIMIO'PSIS. (Derived from Drimia. and opsis, re-
semblance ; the plants resemble the species of Drimia.
Nat. ord. Liliacezp.)

Stove or greenhouse bulbs. Offsets. Light, sandy
loam and leaf-mould. Repot when the bulbs are about
to commence fresh growth, and keep them rather dry
when at rest.
D. botryoi'des (bunch- like), i. Greenish-white. Trop.

Africa. 1875.
„ Ki'rkii (Kirk's), i. White. June to August.

Zanzibar. 1871.
„ macula'ta (blotched), i. Green and white. Natal.

1851.

,, mi'nor (lesser). $. Pink. Trop. Africa. 1862.
„ perfolia'ta (pierced-leaved). $. Green-white. Trop.
Africa. 1878.

DRTMYS. (From drimus, acrid ; referring to the
" bitter tonic taste " of the bark, one of the characteristics
of the nat. ord. Magnoliads [Magnoliacea?]. Linn. 13-
Polyandria, ^-Tetragynia.)

The Winter Bark of commerce is that of D. Winte'ri, a
good substitute for cinnamon. Greenhouse evergreen
trees, with white flowers. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots in
sand, under a glass, and, after standing a fortnight
shaded from sun, transferred to a sweet bottom-heat;
fibrous peat and sandy, lumpy loam. Winter temp.,
40° to 45°.

D. aroma' tica (aromatic). 3109. White. Tasmania and
Victoria. 1845.

„ chile'nsis (Chilian). See D. WINTERI.

„ dipe'tala (two-petaled). 8. May. Australia. 1824.

„ granate'iisis (New Grenadian). See D. WINTERI.

„ Winte'ri( Winter's). 31010. White. S. Amer. 1827.

DROPWORT. Spira'a Filipe'ndula. Dropwort,
Water. (Ena'nthe croca'ta.

DROSERA. Sundew. (From droseros, dewy. Nat.
ord. Sundews [Droseracea?]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, $-Pen-
tagynia.)

The Sundews are delicate herbaceous plants, chiefly
inhabitants of marshes ; the whole plant is thickly
clothed with glandular hairs, giving them the appearance
of being studded with dewdrops. We have often viewed
D. rotundifo'lia with amazement, on the opposite side of
a little pool, arrayed in hundreds of little stars, and
sparkling beneath a midday's sun. Seeds, generally, and
divisions ; peat earth, above it fresh sphagnum moss, in
which the tiny plant is to be fixed, and then the pot is to
be set in a pan of water. Most of them succeed in a
cool greenhouse, but the British ones may be cultivated
in the bog garden.

D. acau'lis (stemless). J. White. July. S.Africa. 1823.
„ america'na (American). See D. LONGIFOLIA AMERI-
CANA.

„ a'nglica (English). J. White, red. July. England.
„ bina'ta(tvrin-leaved). |. White. July. Australia. 1821.
,, ,, ru'bra (red). Red. Leaves more repeatedly

forked. 1880.

„ burkea'na (Burkean). S. Africa.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). J. Purple. S. Africa. 1875.
„ cistiflo'ra (Cistus-flowered). Scarlet, 2 in. across ^ S

Africa. 1889.

,, dtcho'toma (forked). See D. BINATA.
„ erythrorhi'xa (scarlet-rooted). White. July. Swan

River. 1843.
.. filicau'lis (thready-stemmed). Rose. May. Swan

River. 1841.
„ ftlifo'rmis (thread-form). J. Purple. July. New

Jersey. 1811.

,, giganie'a (gigantic). White. July. Swan River.
,, intermedia, (intermediate). J. White. July. Eng-
land.

,, linea'ris (narrow-leaved). J. Purple. July. N
Amer. 1818.

DROSOPHYLLUM

309

DRYMOPHLCEUS

D. longifo'lia (long-leaved). J. White, red. July.

Britain.
„ „ america'na (American). J. White. July. N.

Amer. 1820.
„ tnacra'ntha (large-flowered). Rose. July. Swan

River.
„ macrophy'lli (large-leaved). White. July. ^Swan

River. 1842.

„ Madagascar ie'nsis (Madagascar). See D. RAMENTACEA.
„ pa'Uida (pale). White. July. Swan River. 1843.
„ pauciflo'ra (few-flowered), J. White. July. S.

Africa. 1823.

.. ptlta'ta (shield-shaped). White. Australia. 1883.
,, ramenta'cca (trailing). S. Africa.
., rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). J. White. July.

Britain.

„ spatJiula'ta, (spathulate). Purple. Australia. 1861.
„ stolom'ffra (creeping-rooted). White. July, Swan

River.

„ viola' 'ceo, (violet). Violet. S. Africa.
„ Wittake'rii (Wittaker's). White. Australia. 1862.

DROSOPHY LLUM. (From drosos, dew, and phullon,
a leaf ; in allusion to the dew-like drops on the glands
covering the leaves. Nat. ord. Droseraceae.)

A cool greenhouse, insectivorous plant, with bright
yellow flowers and the habit of Drosera. Like the plants
of that genus the sticky glands hold insects, which light
upon them and digest them. Seeds. Sandy loam, kept
on the dry side, and the plants fully exposed to sun-
light

D. lusifa'nicum (Portuguese), i. Yellow. Portugal,
Spain. N. Africa. 1869.

DRUMMO NDIA MITTELOI DBS. See MITELLA PEN-

TANDRA.

DRUPE. The fruit of a Plum, Cherry, or Peach , known
as stone-fruits. The outer part of the ovary becomes
fleshy or juicy and the inner bony, forming the so-called
stone.

DRYANDRA. (Named after Dryandtr, a Swedish
botanist. Nat. ord. Proteads [Proteaceae], Linn. 4-
Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Banksia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia, with
yellow flowers. Cuttings of firm side-shoots taken off
in August, inserted in sand, under a bell-glass, shaded to
keep the foliage from flagging, and in a fortnight or
three weeks transferred to a mild bottom-heat ; fibrous
peat and fibrous loam, with a portion of sand, broken
potsherds, and a few pieces of charcoal ; pots particularly
well drained. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.

D. Arcto'tidis (Arctotis-like). 1830.
,, arma'ta (armed). 3. 1803.
,, Baxtc'ri (Baxter's). 3. 1824.
,, bipinnati' fida (doubly- leafleted). 1840.
„ 6AscAm/o'/ia(Blechnum-leaved). See D. PTERIDIFOLIA.
,, calophy'lla (beautiful-leaved). Golden yellow. 1830.
„ cardua'cea (thistle-like). 3. April.
„ ,, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. April.
,, cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 3. June. 1803.
„ ,, brevifo'lia (short-wedge-leaved). 3. June. 1803.
„ ., longifo'lia (long-wedge-leaved). 3. June. 1803.
,, falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 3. June. 1824.
,, favo'sa (honey-combed). See D. ARMATA.
,, floribu'nda (many-flowered). 3. 1803.
„ foliola'ta (leafleted). 1830.
,, formo'sa (handsome). 4. 1803.
„ Frase'ri (Eraser's). 1840.
,, longifo'lia ( long-leaved). 2. 1803.
„ mucronula'ta (small-sharp-pointed). 3. 1824.
„ nervo'sa (large-nerved). See D. PTERIDIFOLIA.
„ ni'vea (snowy-leaved). 2. 1805.
„ no'bilis (noble). 1840.
„ obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). 2. 1803.

, plumo'sa (feathered). 3. 1803.

, proteoi'des (Pro tea-like). 1840.

, pteridifo'lia (Pteris- leaved), ij. 1824.

, runcina'ta (runcinate). 1852.

, seneciifo'lia (Senecio-leaved). 3.

, Se'rra (saw-like).

, stupo'sa (heavy). 1840.
„ tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. April. 1803.

DRYAS. (From druas, a dryad, or goddess of the
woods, to whom the oak (drus) was sacred. The leaves
of D. octopc'tala, a Scotch plant on which the genus was
founded by Linnaeus, resemble small oak-leaves ; and
he, in a playful mood, made Dryas the badge of Virgil's
Dryades, after the manner of the Scottish clans. Nat.
ord. Roseievrts [Rosaceae]. Linn. iz-Icosandria, $-Poly-
gynia. Allied to Coluria and Cowania.)

All the species but D. Drummo'ndi have white flowers,
blooming injuly. Divisions and seeds in spring ; cuttincs
under a hand-light in summer ; a peat-border, or, still
better, in pots, and protected during winter in a cold
pit.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

D. interne' dia (intermediate). \. N. Amer. 1832.
„ adopt tola (eight-petaled). \. Britain.
,, ,, america'na (American). }. N. Amer. 1800.
„ „ depre'ssa (depressed). $. White. Ireland.
,, „ lana'ta (woolly). Leaves woolly. Tyrol. 1891.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

D. dfcape'tala(ten-petaled). N.Amer. 1839.
,, depre'ssa (depressed). See D. OCTOPETALA DEPRESS A.
,, geoi'des (Geum-like). See WALDSTEINIA GEOIDES.
,, mi'nor (smaller). J. N. Amer.

HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.

D. chamadryfo'lia (Chamaedrys-leaved). See D. DRUM-

MONDH.
„ Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). i. Yellow. N. Amer.

1828.

„ inUgrifo'lia (whole-leaved). |. Greenland. 1824.
,, tene'lla (delicate). See D. INTEGRIFOLIA.

DRYMO DA. (From drumodes, woody ; in allusion to
the habitat of the plants on trees. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

A tiny Orchid growing on the branches of trees, and
under cultivation thriving best on small blocks of wood
suspended from the roof. Division. Sphagnum or
Osmunda fibre tied on the blocks.

D. pi'cia (painted). Pale green and purple. March.
Burma. 1870.

DRYMOGLO SSUM. The Wood-tongue. (From dru-
tnos, a wood, and glossa. a tongue ; alluding to the place
of growth and form of the fronds. Nat. ord. Filices.
Allied to Polypodium.) See FERNS.

Spores yellow. Division ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48* to 55°.
D. camo'sum (fleshy). Japan, China, &c.
,, ,, subcorda'twn (somewhat heart-shaped). Frond

smaller.

,, lanceola'tum (spear-head). June. India. 1843.
,, piloselloi'dfs (pilosella-like). June. E. Ind. 1828.
,, ri'gidum (rigid). Borneo.
,, spaiula'tum (spatulate). E. Ind.

DRYMO'NIA. (From drynumia, woodland ; their
habitation. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneracea?]. Linn.
i4-Didynantia, z-Ansiiospermia. Allied to Besleria.)

Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings in sandy soil, in
bottom-heat ; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. bf color (two-coloured). See D. SERRULATA.
„ crista'ta (crested). Green. October. Guiana. 1848.
,, marmora'ta (marbled). Yellow, tinted pink. Trop.

Amer. 1882.

„ puncta'ta (spotted-flowered). See EPISCIA PUNCTATA.
„ serrula'ta (finely saw-edged). 6. Purple. W. Ind.

1806.

,, specta'bilis (showy). Panama.
„ Turria'lvce (Mrs. Turrialva's). White. Costa Rica.

1870.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). See EPISCIA VILLOSA.

DRYMOPHKE'US. (Derived from drumos, wood, and
phloios, bark. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove pahns. Seeds. Good fibrous loam, with a little
peat.
D. appendicula'tus (appendaged). A dwarf Palm, with

large, cuneate leaf-segments. Malaya.
,, cerame'nsis (Ceraman). Ceram.

DRYNARIA

DUNG

D. lepro'sus (scaly). New Guinea.
„ moorea'nus (Moprean). Leaves greyish-green. 1903.
„ olivcefo'rmis (olive-shaped). 30. Amboyna.
„ Ru'mphii (Rumph's). See D. LEPROSUS.
„ Singapore' nsis (Singapore). See PTYCHORAPHIS SINGA-
PORENSIS.

DRYNATHA. (From drus, a tree ; dwelling among
trees. Nat. ord. Filices. All are now referred to Poly-
podium.)

A large genus of stove Ferns, with brownish-yellow
spores. Allied to Dryostachyum. Division ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. a'lbido-squama'ta (white-scaled). June. Isle of
Luzon.

„ Billardie'ri (La Billardiere's). i. June. N. Holland.
1824.

„ ccespito'sa (tufted). April. India. 1841.

„ capiiella'ta (small-headed). July. S. Amer. 1822.

,, coria'cea (leathery). June. India. 1840.

„ coro'nans (crowned). June. W. Ind.

„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). August. W. Ind. 1823.

„ cuspidiflo'r a (pointed-flowered). June. Isle of Luzon.

,, diver sito'lia (various-leaved). July. Australia.

„ du'bia (doubtful). June. Isle of Luzon.

„ glau'ca (milky-green). Isle of Luzon.

„ hemioniti'dea (spleenwort-like). 2. Yellow. March.
E. Ind. 1843.

„ Horsfte'ldii (Horsfield's). Yellow. Java.

„ irioi'des (Iris-like). 3. June. E. Ind. 1824.

„ ;Mgtendi/o7tttfrt(Juglans-leaved). ij. May. S. Amer.
1822.

„ leiorhi'za (smooth-rooted). March. E. Ind.

,, lomarioi'des (Lomaria-like). Isle of Luzon.

„ lo'ngifrons (long-fronded). Isle of Luzon.

„ lo'ngipes (long-stalked). E. Ind. 1823.

„ longi'ssima (longest-leaved). Isle of Luzon.

,, lorifo'rmis (strap-like). March. E. Ind.

„ negle'cta (neglected). Isle of Luzon.

,, norma'lis (normal). March. Nepaul.

„ palma'ta (hand-shaped). Isle of Luzon.

,, plantagi'nea (plantain-like). June. E. Ind. 1842.

„ propi'nqua (allied). May. E. Ind.

„ pustula'ta (pimpled), i. March. Manilla. 1840.

„ quercifo'lia (oak-leaved), ij. March. Isle of Luzon.
1824.

„ ru'bida (red). Isle of Luzon.

„ rupe'stris (rock). Isle of Luzon.

,, sesquipeda'lis (foot-and-a-half). May. Nepaul.

„ stenophy'lla (narrow- leaved). March. Java.

„ subfalca'ta (rather-sickle-shape). Isle of Luzon.

,, tenuilo'ris (slender- thonged). Mindanao.

,, undula'ia (waved-leaved) . Isle of Luzon.

,, vulga'ris (common). March. W. Ind. 1816.

„ Walli'chii (Wallich's). March. E. Ind.

DRYOBATANOPS. Camphor-tree. (From drus, a
tree, and ballo, to flow ; from the tree yielding much sap.
Nat. ord. Lindenblooms [Tiliaceae]. Linn. i$-Polyandria,
i-Monogynia.)

A stove tree, which produces the chief of the natural
camphor imported. We say natural camphor, because
camphor is now manufactured from turpentine.
D. aroma' tica (aromatic). 100. Yellow. Indian Archi-
pelago.
,, Ca'mphora (camphor). See D. AROMATICA.

DRYO'PTEEIS SAGITTIFO'LIA. See NEPHRODIUM

SAGITT^FOLIUM.

DRYOSTA'CHYUM. (From drus, a tree, and stachus,

a spike. A genus of stove Ferns, with yellow spores.

Allied to Drynaria and, like that, referred to Polypodium.)

Divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;

winter, 50° to 55°.

D. cauda'tum (tailed). May. Celebes. 1842.
„ pilo'sum (hairy). May. Isle of Luzon. 1841.
„ sple'ndens (shining). May. Isle of Luzon. 1842.

DRY PETES CRO CEA. See XVLOSMA NITIDUM.

DRY'PIS. (From drupto, to lacerate ; leaves armed
with spines. Nat. ord. Cloveworts [Caryophyllaceas].
Linn. s-Pentandria, 3-Trigynia. Allied to Acantho-
phyllum.)

Hardy evergreen. Seeds ; cuttings under a hand-light
in the early summer months ; requires a dry situation,
and equal portions of loam, peat, and rough sand.
D. spino'sa (prickly). J. Pale blue. June. Italy. 1775.

DRY-STOVE is a hothouse devoted to the culture of
such plants as require a high degree of heat, but a drier
atmosphere than the tenants of the Bark-stove. Conse-
quently, fermenting materials and open tanks of hot
water are inadmissible ; but the sources of heat are
either steam or hot-water pipes or flues. See STOVE.

DUABA'NGA. (Probably a native name. Nat. ord.
Lythraceae.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of firm side-shoots
in spring or autumn, in a close case, with bottom-heat.
Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.

D. sonneratioi'des (Sonneratia-like). 12. Red. July.
India. 1818.

DUBBING is a gardener's term for clipping. The
dubbings of a hedge are the parts clipped off with the
shears.

DUCK'S-FOOT. PodopHy'llum.

DUGUE'TIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Anonacea?.)

A stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe wood in
sand in a close case, with strong bottom-heat. Good
fibrous loam and sand.

D. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. Yellow, green. Guiana
and Peru. 1820.

DUMA'SIA. (Named after M. Dumas, one of the
editors of Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia,
4-Decandria. Allied to Clitoria.)

Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from Nepaul, both
introduced in 1824. Seeds sown in a hotbed, in spring ;
cuttings of young shoots getting firm, under a glass, and
in sand, in a little bottom-heat, in April ; sandy peat and
fibrous loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 45°
to 50°.

D. pube'scens (downy). See D. VILLOSA.
„ villo'sa (long-haired). 6. Pale yellow. October.

DUMB-CANE. Dieffenba'chia Segui'ne.
DUMERTLIA PANICULA'TA. See JUNGIA FERRU-

GINEA.

DUNG. Under this title our attention must be confined
to the fasces and urines of animals, and that one most
common compound, stable-dung.

Night-soil is the richest of these manures. It is com-
posed of human faeces and urine, of which the constituents
are as follows : Faces. — Water, 73.3 ; vegetable and
animal remains, 7 ; bile, o.q ; albumen, 0.9 ; peculiar and
extractive matter, 1.2 ; salts (carbonate of soda, common
salt, sulphate of soda, ammonia-phosphate of magnesia,
and phosphate of lime), 2.7 ; insoluble residue, 14.0.
Urine. — Urate of ammonia, 0.298 ; sal-ammoniac, 0.459 ;
sulphate of potash, 2.112 ; chloride of potassium, 3.674 ;
chloride of sodium (common salt), 15.060 ; phosphate of
soda, 4.267 ; phosphate of lime, 0.209 > acetate of soda,
2.770 ; urea and colouring matter, 23.640 ; water and
lactic acid, 47.511.

After stating the above analyses in his excellent work
On Fertilizers, Mr. Cuthbert Johnson proceeds to observe,
that the very chemical composition, therefore, of this
compost would indicate the powerful fertilising effects
which it is proved to produce. The mass of easily
soluble and decomposable animal matters and salts of
ammonia with which it abounds, its phosphate of lime,
its carbonate of soda, are all by themselves excellent
fertilisers, and must afford a copious supply of food to
plants.

The disagreeable smell may be destroyed by mixing it
with quick-lime, or still better with either chloride or
sulphate of lime ; and if exposed to the atmosphere in
thin layers in fine weather, it speedily dries, is easily
pulverised, and in this state may be used in the same
manner as rape-cake, and delivered into the furrow with
the seed.

DUNG

DURIO

From the experiments of M. Schubler and others, the
relative value of night-soil is as follows : —

" If a given quantity of the land sown without manure
yields three times the seed employed, then the same
quantity of land will produce five times the quantity
sown when manured with old herbage, putrid grass or
leaves, garden stuff, &c. ; seven tunes with cow-dung,
nine times with pigeon's-dung, ten times with horse-dung,
twelve times with human urine, twelve times with goat's-
dung, twelve times with sheep's-dung, and fourteen
times with human manure or bullock's blood. But if
the land be of such quality as to produce without manure
five times the sown quantity, then the horse-dung manure
will yield fourteen, and human manure nineteen and
two-thirds the sown quantity."

Fowl-dung, if composed partly of that of the duck,
which is a gross feeder, is nearly equal to guanc. This
and that of the pigeon contain much ammonia, and all
abound in phosphate of lime, mixed with decomposing
organic matters and uric acid, all highly valuable as
fertilisers.

Stable or Farm-yard Dung is usually composed of the
following matters : Horse-urine. — Water and mucus, 94 ;
carbonate of lime, i.i ; carbonate of soda, 0.9 ; hippu-
rate of soda, 2.4 ; chloride of potassium, 0.9 ; urea, 0.7.
But besides the above, it contains common salt, phos-
phate of lime, and sulphate of soda. Cow-urine. — Water,
66 ; phosphate of lime, 3 ; chloride of potassium, and
sal-ammoniac, 15 ; sulphate of potash, 6 ; carbonate of
potash and carbonate of ammonia, 4 ; urea, 4.

One thousand parts of dry wheat-straw being burnt,
yielded M. Saussure forty-eight parts of ashes ; the same
quantity of the dry straw of barley yielded forty-two
parts of ashes. The portion dissipated by the fire would
be principally carbon (charcoal), carburetted hydrogen
gas, and water ; one hundred parts of these ashes are
composed of — Various soluble salts, principally carbonate
and sulphate of potash, 22\ ; phosphate of lime (earthy
salt of bones), 6J ; chalk (carbonate of lime), i ; silica
(flint), 6iJ ; metallic oxide (principally iron), i ; loss,
7f ths. The straw of barley contains the same ingredients,
only in rather different proportions.

The solid excrements of a horse fed on hay, oats, and
straw, contain, according to the analysis of M. Zierl, in
loco parts. Water, 698 ; picromel and salts, 20 ; bilious
and extractive matter, 17 ; green matter, albumen,
mucus, &c., 63 ; vegetable fibre and remains of food, 202.

These, when burnt, yielded to the same chemist sixty
parts by weight of ashes, which were composed of —
Carbonate, sulphate, and muriate of soda, 5 ; carbonate
and phosphate of lime, 9 ; silica, 46.— Jour. Roy. Agr.
Soc.^vol. i. p. 489.

There have been many arguments and much difference
of opinion among cultivators with regard to the advantage
of employing dung in a fresh or in a putrid state, and,
as is too often the case, both parties have run into ex-
tremes— the one side contending for the propriety of
employing it quite fresh from the farmyard, the other
contending that it cannot well be top decayed.

The mode employed by Lord Leicester is the medium
between these equally erroneous extremes. He found
that the employment of the fresh dung certainly made
the dung go much farther, but then a multitude of the
seeds of various weeds were carried on to the land along
with the manure. He has therefore since used his
compost when only in a half -putrefied state (called
short dung by farmers), and hence the seeds are destroyed
by the effects of the putrefaction, and the dung still
extends much farther than if suffered to remain until
quite putrefied. Putrefaction cannot go on without the
presence of moisture. Where water is entirely absent,
there can be no putrefaction ; and hence many farmers
have adopted the practice of pumping the drainage of
their farmyards over their dung-heaps ; others in-
variably place them in a low, damp situation. This
liquid portion cannot be too highly valued by the culti-
vator. The soil where a dunghill has lain in a field is
always distinguished by a rank luxuriance in the succeed-
ing crop, even if the earth beneath to the depth of six
inches is removed and spread with the dunghill.

Guano. — This now celebrated manure has been known
as the chief fertiliser employed by the Peruvians, almost
as long as that part of the New World has been recog-
nised by geographers. Its name, in the language of that
country, signifies the manure ; and it merits such dis-

tinction as being one of the most powerful assistants to
vegetation which can be applied to the soil. Guano is
not peculiar to Peru, but is found in immense beds upon
many rocks and islands of the Atlantic, being the excre-
ments of the marine birds frequenting those ocean
solitudes. It has been lately analysed by Dr. Ure, who
reports it as composed of the following proportional
constituents : Azotised organic matter, including urate
of ammonia, and capable of affording from 8 to 17 per
cent, of ammonia by slow decomposition in the soil,
50.0 ; water, n.o ; phosphate of lime, 25.0 ; ammonia,
phosphate of magnesia, phosphate of ammonia, and
oxalate of ammonia, containing from 4 to 9 per cent, of
ammonia, 13.0 ; siliceous matter, t.o.

This analysis explains the source from whence failure
has been derived to many who have tried it. It is the
most violently stimulating of all the known natural
manures, and they have applied it too abundantly.
This is shown by the experiments of Mr. Maund. When
applied to Strawberries once a week hi a liquid state (four
ounces to a gallon), it made them very vigorous and
productive ; but sprinkled upon some young seedlings
of the same fruit, it killed them. Two ounces per yard
(five cwt. per acre) were sprinkled over Onions, and they
doubled the untreated hi size. Potatoes, manured with
one ounce and a half per yard, were rendered much more
luxuriant than others having no guano. Brussels Sprouts
were half destroyed by being planted in immediate
contact with nine parts earth and one part guano.
Geraniums were greatly injured by liquid-manure of
guano (four ounces per gallon), but " plants of various
sorts, hi pots, watered only with guano-water, half an
ounce to a gallon, have flourished astonishingly ; none
have failed. These are lessons which cannot be mis-
taken."— Auctorium, 223. Mr. Rendle and other persons
record, as the result of dearly-purchased experience, that
where guano has failed to be beneficial, or has been
injurious, it has been applied in quantities too powerful
for the plants to bear. In a liquid state, half an ounce
per gallon, and given to growing plants once a week, it
never fails to be productive of vigour. When sown as. a
top-dressing, it should be mixed with five times its
weight of dry earth, ashes, &c., and then scattered as
thinly as possible. When used as a top-dressing for a
flower-pot, a small pinch between the thumb and two
fingers will be sufficient.

Cow-dung, for potting purposes, should be collected
whilst fresh, kept under a dry shed, be frequently turned
over, and used when in a dry, loose condition. Two
years' old dung is best.

DURA'NTA. (Named after C. Durantes, a physician
and botanist. Nat. ord. Verbenas [Verbenacea?]. Linn.
i4-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with blue flowers. Cuttings
in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; loam and
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55*.

D. arge'ntea (silvery). 6. E. Ind. 1824.
,, brachy'poda (short-stalked). Country unknown.
„ denta'ta (toothed). See D. PLUMIERI.
„ Elli'sia (Ellis's). See D. PLUMIERI.
„ ine'rmis (unarmed). See D. PLUMIERI.
„ macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 6. Mexico. 1818.
„ microphy'Ua (small-leaved). See D. PLUMIERI.
„ Muti'sii (Mutis's). 6. W. Ind. 1820.
„ Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 15. October. S. Amer.

173.3.

„ „ a'lba (white). White. Fruit amber. 1888.
,, stenosta'chya (narrow-spiked). Country unknown.
„ triaca'ntha (three-spined). Peru.
„ turbina'ta (top-shaped). Country unknown.
„ xalape'nsis (Xalapa). See D. PLUMIERI.

DU'RIO. (From Duryon, the Malay name of the fruit,
" one of the most delicious productions of nature." Nat.
ord. Malvads [Malvaceae]. Linn. i&-Polyadelphia, i-De-
candria. Allied to Cheirostemon.)

In a putrid state the fruit is used as a bait to trap the
civet-cat : hence the specific name. Stove evergreen
tree. Cuttings of firm young shoots in spring, in sand,
in a close case with bottom-heat ; peat, loam, and
leaf-mould. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.
D. Zibethi'nus (civet). 60. White. E. Ind. 1825.

DUVALIA

312

EARTHING-UP

DUVA'LIA. (Named by Haworth in compliment to
H. A. Duval, a French author of a work on succulent
plants. Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceaa. A genus separated
from Stapelia.)

Dwarf, succulent-stemmed greenhouse plants, mostly
with purple-brown flowers. Cuttings of the succulent
stems, well dried before insertion in sand or very sandy
soil. Loam, finely broken bricks and brick dust.
Keep the plants rather dry at the roots, and quite dry
overhead in winter.
D. angusti'loba (narrow- lobed). Purple-brown, white.

S. Africa. 1875.

„ caspito'sa (tufted). S. Africa. 1790.
„ compa'cta (compact). J Brown. August. S. Africa.

1800.
„ Cordero'yi (Corderoy's). Purple-brown, with lilac

hairs. 1874.

„ e'legans (elegant). Purple. S. Africa. 1795.
„ glomera'ta (clustered). Brown. S. Africa. 1804.
„ hirte'lla (slightly-hairy). Brown. S. Africa. 1800.
„ ;ac^Mt»ta'na(Jacquinian). Purple. S.Africa. 1802.
„ Iceviga'ta (smooth). Brown. S. Africa. 1800.
„ masto'des (teat-like). S. Africa. 1800.
„ poli'ta (polished). Purplish-chocolate. S. Africa.

1876.
„ propi'nqua (related). Red-brown, yellow. S. Africa.

1904. Related to D. ccespitosa.
„ radio.' to. (rayed). S. Africa. 1774.
„ reclina'ta (bent-down). S. Africa. 1795.
„ replica'ta (folded-back). S. Africa. 1806.
„ sulca'ta (furrowed). J. Brown-red. Arabia. 1910.
„ tubercula'ta (tuberculed). See D. RADIATA.

DUVAU'A. See SCHINUS.

D. denta'ta (toothed). See SCHINUS DEPENDENS.
„ depe'ndens (hanging). See SCHINUS DEPENDENS.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See SCHINUS LATIFOLIUS.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See SCHINUS DEPENDENS.
„ ava'ta (egg-leaved). See SCHINUS DEPENDENS.

DUVERNO'YA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Acanthacea;.)

Stove perennial herb. Cuttings in sand in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
D. Dewe'vrei (Dewevre's). 2. White, with red stripes.
Congo. 1909.

DWARF FAN-PALM. Chamcs'rops hu'milis.

DWARF STANDARD is a fruit-tree on a very short
stem, with its branches untrained.

DY'CKIA. (Named in honour of Prince Salm-Dyck, a
German author of a splendid work on Succulents. Nat.
ord. Bromelworts [Bromeliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria,
3-Trigynia. Allied in appearance to a small Pitcairnia.)

Like a pine-apple plant in miniature ; usually grown
with small greenhouse succulents. Suckers ; loam and
peat, with lime-rubbish, and well drained. Summer
temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 38° to 45".
D. alti'ssima (tallest). Orange. September. Buenos
Ayres.

„ arge'ntea (silvery). Leaves covered with grey scales.

„ brachifo'ha (short-leaved). Yellow. Brazil. 1869.

„ desmetia'na (Desmetian). Red. Brazil.

„ fioribu'nda (free-flowering). Argentina.

„ fri'gida (stiff). Orange. February. Brazil. 1877.

„ gigante'a (giant). See D. ALTISSIMA.

„ lemairea'na (Lemairean). Orange-red. Brazil. 1874.

„ leptosta'chya (slender-spiked). Bright scarlet. Para-
guay. 1884.

„ pri'nceps (chief). See D. ALTISSIMA.

„ rariflo'ra (scattered-flowered). 2. Orange. June.
Brazil. 1832.

„ „ remotiflo'ra (remote-flowered).

„ rega'lis (regal). See D. FRIGIDA.

„ remotiflo'ra (remote-flowered). See D. RARIFLORA.

„ sulphu'rea (sulphur). Montevideo.

DYER'S GREEN-WEED. Geni'sta tincto'ria.
DYER'S YELLOW- WEED. Rese'da Lute'ola.

DY'PSIS. (From dupto, dupso, to dive. Nat. ord.
Palmaceae.)

Stove Palms of small size, with a reed-like stem. See
PALMS FOR CULTURE.
D. Hildebra'ndlii (Hildebrandt's). Madagascar.

„ madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). Madagascar.

„ pinna' tifrons (pinnate-leaved). Madagascar.

DYSCHORI'STE. (From duschoristos, not easily
separated. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

A free-flowering stove shrub. Cuttings of young wood
with a heel in light sandy soil,in a close case, with bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
D. Hildebra'ndtii (Hildebrandt's). Purple-blue. British
Central Africa. 1903.

DRYSO'DIA. (From dusodes, evil-smelling ; flower-
head and leaves give off a strong odour. Nat. ord.
Composite.)

Greenhouse or stove herbs with deeply-cut leaves and
oily glands on the floral bracts. Cuttings in sand in a
close case. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
D. chrysanthemoi'des (Chrysanthemum-like). Yellow.

Mexico.
„ grandiflo'ra, (large-flowered). i. Dark orange.

Mexico.

„ pube'scens (downy), ij. Golden-yellow. Mexico.
1828.

DYSOPHY'LLA. (From dusodes, fetid, and phullon, a
leaf ; referring to the strong peppermint-like smell of
the leaves. Nat. ord. Lipworls or Labiates [Labiatae].
Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia. Allied to Mint.)
Division of the roots, just as fresh growth is com-
mencing, in spring ; common, sandy soil.
D. crassicau'lis (thick-stemmed). £. Purple. August.

Himalaya. 1826. Hardy herbaceous.
„ pu'mila (dwarf). See D. CRASSICAULIS.
„ quadrifolia (four-leaved). 2. Purple. July. Nepaul.

1820. Greenhouse evergreen.
„ stella'ta (starry- flowered), i. Purple. India> 1816.

Greenhouse herbaceous.

„ verticilla'ta (whorled). Lilac. Nepaul. 1828. Green-
house herbaceous.

DYSSOCHRO'MA. (From dussoos, pale, and chroma,
colour ; in allusion to the pale green flowers. Nat. ord.
Solanaceae.)

Greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings in sandy soil in heat.
Good fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
D. exi'mia (choice). Green. June. Country unknown.
„ viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). 3. Green. Brazil. 1815.

EARI'NA. (From earinos, the spring, the time of their
blooming. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacea?.] Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Pholidota.)

Stove orchids, from New Zealand. Division of the
plants when fresh growth is commencing ; sphagnum-
moss and fibrous peat, in which the roots are fixed above
the surface of a pot, or in a shallow basket, and sus-
pended from the roof. Summer temp., 60° to 85°, with
moisture ; winter, 50° to 60°, and rather dry.
E. mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). White. May. 1845.
„ suave'olens (sweet-scented). White. May. 1843.

EAR-SHELLED SLUG. See Testace'lla.

EARTH. Every cultivated soil is mainly composed of
four earths in various proportions : — Silica, or pure flint ;
alumina, or pure clay ; lime, combined with carbonic
acid in the state of chalk ; and humus. See SOIL.

EARTHING-UP, or drawing the soil in a ridge to the
stems of plants, is beneficial to those fibrous-rooted, by
reducing the distance from the surface of the extremities
of the plant's roots ; by inducing the production of root-
lets from the stem ; and sheltering the winter standing
crops, for the closer the leaves of these are to the earth
the less is the reduction of heat from the latter, either by
radiation or contact with the colder air ; but to tuberous-
rooted plants, as the potato, it is detrimental. In our
experiments, it has, on an average, reduced the produce
one-fourth.

EARTH-NUT

ECHEVERIA

EARTH-NUT. A'rachis hypoga'a and Conopo'dium
ma'jus.

EARWIG. (Fotficula auricitlaris.) This destroyer of
the peach, apricot, plum, dahlia, pink, and carnation,
commits its ravages only at night, retiring during the day
to any convenient shelter in the vicinity of its prey.
Advantage must be taken of this habit, and if small
garden-pots with a little moss -within be inverted upon a
stick, and pieces of the dry hollow stem of the sunflower,
or Jerusalem artichoke, be placed in the neighbourhood
of the fruits and flowers enumerated, many of the insects
will resort thither, and may be shaken out and destroyed.
As earwigs are winged insects, it is useless to guard the
stems of plants in any mode.

EBENUS. The following species have been separated
from Anthyllis by some botanists, to make this genus ;
but they should be reunited to it. See ANTHY'LLIS.
E. cre'tica (Cretan), ij. Pink. June. Crete. 1737.
„ Montbre'tii (Montbret's). Cappadocia.
„ pinna'ta (leafleted). £. Pink. June. Barbary. 1786.
„ Sibtho'rpii (Sibthorp's). Pink. July. Greece. 1826.

EBERMAI ERA. (Named in commemoration of K. H.
Ebermaier, who wrote a book on medicinal plants. Nat.
ord. Acanthacea?.)

Dwarf stove herb with ornamental foliage. Cuttings
in light, sandy soil in heat, and covered with a glass.
Loam, peat, and sand.

E. ni'tida (shining). Leaves with intense green venation.
Brazil. 1879.

E'BONY. Diospy'ros E'benum.

ECASTAPHY'LLUM. (From hekastos, each one sepa-
rately, and phullon, a leaf. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Loosely branched or sub-climbing stove shrubs. Cut-
tings in sand in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, a little peat, and sand.

E. Brow'nei (Brown's). White, red. S. Amer. 1733.
„ Moneta'ria (Monetaria). 10. White. Trop. Amer.
1820.

ECBALLIUM. Squirting Cucumber. From ekballo,
to throw out ; in allusion to the ripe fruits bursting
and squirting out the seeds with great force. Nat. ord.
Cucurbitaceae.)

The plant is known as the Squirting Cucumber, be-
cause, when the fruit is ripe it separates from its stalk,
leaving an opening. The rind of the small oblong fruit
suddenly contracts and expels the seeds and semi-liquid
contents with great force, thus scattering the seeds
many feet away from the mother plant. It is a trailing
herbaceous perennial, but is usually treated as a hardy
annual in this country, or reared in heat and planted
out. A little protection would enable it to live through
the winter and grow again. Seeds, indoors in March or
in the open border in April. Rich, light, well-drained
soil.

E. Elate'rium (Elaterium). Pale yellow. Mediterranean
region. Trailer.

ECBO'ZJUM. (From ekbolion, a medicine to facilitate
delivery. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
E. linnea'num (Linnean). 3. Blue. June. E. Ind.
1759-

ECCREMOCA'RPUS. (From ekkremes, pendent, and
karpos, fruit ; position of the seed-pods. Nat. ord.
Bignpniads [Bignoniaceasj. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-
Angiospermia. Syn. Cala'mpelis.)

Half-hardy evergreen climbers, with orange flowers.
Seeds sown ha heat, in February, will bloom out of doors
during the summer ; cuttings taken off in August, and
kept in a cold frame during the winter, will bloom better.
In sheltered places the fleshy roots will remain safe in the
ground during the winter ; but in most places it is safest
to protect them from frost and wet, or take them up and
keep them from frost, and plant again in May ; any
light, fertile soil.
E. longifio'rus (long-flowered). 6. July. Peru. 1825.

,, sca'ber (rough). 6. July. Chili. 1824.

„ „ carmi'neus (carmine). Carmine-red. 1904.

„ „ ro'sea (rosy). Orange-red. 1891.

ECHA'RDIA. See PERISTERIA.

ECHEA'NDIA. (Derivation unknown. A rare Lily-
wort [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Anthericum.)

Division, and, it is believed, by seeds ; peat and loam ;
greenhouse and cold pit culture.

E. terniflo'ra (three-flowered). Golden. July. Mexico.
1837-

ECHEVE'RIA. (After M. Echeveri, a botanical
draughtsman. Nat. ord. Houseleeks [Crassulaceae].
Linn. lo-Decandria, 4-Pentagynia. All now referred to
Cotyledon, which see.)

Cuttings, chiefly in spring, that the plants may be
established during summer ; the base of the cutting
should be dried for several days, though the leaves are
kept green by shading and moisture, before inserting
them in sandy soil ; many will produce a plant from the
base of a leaf pegged on to the surface of a pan of silver
sand. A bell-glass, if not kept close, will do them good,
and also a little bottom-heat ; sandy loam, peat, and
lime-rubbish. Winter temp., 40° to 45°, and kept
almost dry.
E. abyssi'nica (Abyssinian). See COTYLEDON CHRYSANTHA.

„ acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). See COTYLEDON ACUTI-
FOLIA.

„ agavoi'des (Agave-like). See COTYLEDON AGAVOIDES.

,, atropurpu'rea (dark purple). See COTYLEDON ATRO-
PURPUREA.

,, bracteola'ta (small-br acted). See COTYLEDON BRACTEO-

LATA.

„ ccsspito'sa (tufty). See COTYLEDON C.ESPITOSA.

„ califo'rnica (Calif ornian). See COTYLEDON CALI-

FORNICA.
„ campanula' ta (bell-shaped). See COTYLEDON C^ESPI-

TOSA.
„ carni'color (flesh-coloured). See COTYLEDON CARNI-

COLOR.

„ cocci' nea (scarlet-flowered). See COTYLEDON COCCINEA.
,, Cordero'yi (Corderoy's). See COTYLEDON CORDEROYI.
,, cuspida'ta (short-pointed). Purple inside. Mexico.

1907.
,, dtsmetia'na (Desmetian). See COTYLEDON DES-

METIANA.

,, farino'sa (mealy). See COTYLEDON FARINOSA.

„ fu'lgens (shining). See C. FULGENS.

,, Fuli'ni (Fulin's). See COTYLEDON GIBBIFLORA FULINI.

„ gibbifto'ra (swollen-flowered). See COTYLEDON

GIBBIFLORA.

„ gigante'a (gigantic). See COTYLEDON GIGANTEA.

„ glau'ca (glaucous). See COTYLEDON GLAUCA.

„ glau'co-meta'llica (glaucous-metallic). Hybrid be-
tween Cotyledon glauca and C. gibbiflora metallica.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See COTYLEDON GIBBI-
FLORA.

„ grandifo'lia (large-leaved). See COTYLEDON GIBBI-
FLORA.

„ la'xa (loose). See COTYLEDON C.-ESPITOSA.

,, lu'rida (lurid). See COTYLEDON LURIDA.

„ meta'llica (metallic). See COTYLEDON GIBBIFLORA

METALLICA.

„ „ deco'ra (becoming). A variety of Cotyledon gibbi-
flora metallica, with variegated leaves.

,, Peaco'ckii (Peacock's). See COTYLEDON PEACOCKII.

,, peruvia'na (Peruvian). See COTYLEDON PERUVIANA.

„ pulche'lla (pretty). Bright red. Country unknown.
1904.

„ pulverule'nta (powdery). See COTYLEDON PULVERU-

LENTA.

„ pu'mila (dwarf). See COTYLEDON PUMILA.

„ pusi'lla (dwarf). Yellow-red. Country unknown.
The smallest species. 1904.

„ Purpu'sii (Purpus's). See COTYLEDON PURPUSII.

,, racemo'sa (racemed). See COTYLEDON LURIDA.

„ retu'sa (blunt-leaved). See COTYLEDON RETUSA.

,, rosa'cea (rosaceus). See COTYLEDON SECUNDA.

„ ro'sea (rosy). See COTYLEDON ROSEATA.

„ Schee'rii (Scheer's). See COTYLEDON SCHEERII.

„ secu'nda (one-sided). See COTYLEDON SECUNDA.

„ seto'sa (bristly). See COTYLEDON SETOSA.

,, sobri'na (cousin-gennan). £. Red. Country un-
known. 1904.

„ solda'lis (compact). Red-striped. Origin unknown.
1904.

ECHIDNIUM

ECHINOCACTUS

E. stoloni'fera (runner-bearing). See COTYLEDON STOLO-

NIFERA.

„ subalpina (subalpine). See COTYLEDON SUBALPINA.
„ tu'rgida (turgid). Rose, or yellow-red inside. Mexico.

1907.

ECHI'DNIUM. (Derived from echidnion, the diminu-
tive of echidna, a viper. Nat. ord. Araceae.)

A tuberous-rooted perennial requiring stove treatment.
Offsets. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand with a
little well-decayed cow manure.

E. regelia'num (Hegelian). 2. Purple-brown. Trop.
Amer. 1866.

ECHIDNO PSIS. (From echidna, a viper, and opsis,
resemblance ; the markings of the stem recall those of a
viper. Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceae.)

Warm and dry greenhouse succulents. Cuttings in sand
in a warm house, and dried for some days before insertion.
Fibrous loam, finely broken bricks and sand. Keep
rather dry in winter.

E. BSntii (Bent's). Vinous-purple. S. Arabia. 1901.

„ cereifo'rmis (Cereus-formed). i. Yellow. S. Africa.

1871.
„ dammania'na (Dammanian). £. Brown. Abyssinia.

„ somalie'nsis (Somaliland). Dark purple, spotted
yellow. Somaliland. 1903.

ECfflNA'CEA. (From echinos, a hedgehog ; referring
to the bristly bracts amongst the florets. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Super-
flua. Allied to Rudbeckia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division and seeds in
spring ; common or sandy soil.

F. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Pink. N. Amer.

1861.

„ eolumna'ris (columnar). Yellow. August. N. Amer.
„ Dickso'ni (Dickson's). i. Lilac. August. Mexico.
„ du'bia (doubtful). 4. Lilac. September. Mexico.

1837.
„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). See IOSTEPHANE

HETEROPHYLLA.

„ intermedia (intermediate). 3. Purple.

„ napifo'lia (rape-leaved). See RUDBECKIA NAPIFOLIA.

„ purpu'rea (purple-flowered). 4. Red. September.

N. Amer. 1699.

„ sero'tina (late- flowering). See E. PURPUREA.
„ specio'sa (showy). See RUDBECKIA SPECIOSA.

ECHINOCA'CTUS. (From echinos, a hedgehog, and
cactus ; in allusion to the numerous large spines covering
the plants. Nat. ord. Indian Figs [Cactaceaej. Linn.
iz-Icosandria, i-Monogynia.)

Warm and dry greenhouse succulents. Offsets and
seeds. The offsets or cuttings should be taken off with
a sharp knife and laid upon a sunny bench or shelf until
the cut is healed and roots commence to push out.
They may then be potted in light sandy soil. A good
compost would consist of one half of fibrous, mellow
loam, and the rest, finely broken bricks, lime-rubble,
also in small pieces, and sand.
E. acuti'ssimus (very acute). Chili.
„ alte'olens (strong-smelling). Matto Grosso, Brazil.

1845.

„ Anisi'tsii (Anisits's). Spines white. Paraguay. 1901.
„ Arechavale' tai (Arechavaleta's). Yellow. Uruguay.

1905.

arizo'nicus (Arizonian). i. Purple. Arizona. 1909.
au'reus (golden). See E. GRUSONH.
Baro'ni (Baron's). Gardens.
bi' color (two-coloured). Mexico.
bola'nsis (wounding). Red. Mexico. 1889.
brachya'nthus (short-flowered). Rose. Argentina.

1907.

brevihama'tus (short-hooked). New Mexico.
caprico'rnis (goat-horned). Mexico.
cataphra' ctus (broken-back). Flowers in the apical

depression. Paraguay. 1904.
centete'rius (very offensive). Yellow. July. Mexico.

1840.

Cerati'stes (Ceratistes). Yellow. Chili. 1837.
chlorophtha'lmus (green-eyed). Purple. June. Mexico.
cinnabari' nus (cinnabar). See ECHINOPSIS CINNA-

BARINA.

E. conci'nnus (neat). Yellow. March. Monte Video.

1828.

,, coptonogo'nus (split-angled). Mexico.
,, corni'gems (horn-bearing). Mexico.
„ coryno'des (club-like). Yellow. October. Argentina.

1837.

,, crispa'ius (crisped). Purple. Mexico.
,, Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). J. Yellow. Peru. 1847.
,, ,, flavispi'na (yellow-spined). 1904.
,, curyispi'nus (curved-spined). Chili.
„ cylindra' ceus. Yellowish. Colorado. 1877.
,, cyli'ndricus (cylindrical). Mexico.
,, Da'msii (Dams's). White, green outside. Paraguay.

1904.

,, Decai'snei (Decaisne's). Origin unknown.
„ de Lee'tii (de Laet's). Brownish-green. Country not

stated. 1901.

,, denuda'tus (denuded). Brazil.
„ drcegea'nus (Drcegean). Mexico.
„ durange'nsis (Durangan). Brownish-red. Mexico.

1890.

„ Echi'dne (viper). Yellow. Mexico.
, echinoi'des (hedgehog-like). Yellow. Bolivia.
, eleclracd 'nthus (electrical-spined). Yellow. Mexico.
, elli'pticus (elliptic). See E. RHODOPHTHALMUS.
, Emo'ryi (Emory's). California.
, erectoce'ntrus (erect-spurred). Arizona.
, exscu'lptus (dug-out). White. July. S. Amer. 1830.
, Eyrie'sii (Eyries'). See CEREUS EYRIESH.
„ Fiebri'gii (Fiebrig's). Rosy-red, orange-red inside.

Bolivia. 1905.

„ fobea'nus (Fobean). Pale yellow. Chili (?). 1907.
„ foveola'tus (pitted). See E. EXSCULPTUS.
,, Fri'cii (Fric's). Argentina. 1907.
,, Gei'ssei (Geiss*). Chili or Bolivia. 1901.
„ gibbo'sus (bulged-out). White. Mexico. 1808.
„ „ fefrox (fierce). White.
„ ,, no'bilis (noble). White. Mexico. 1796.
,, gi'lvus (pale yellow). See E. ECHIDNE.
,, glau'cus (sea-green). Rose. Mountains of Colorado.

1894.

,, Graessne'ri (Graessner's). Brazil. 1903.
„ grahlia'nus (Grahlian). Paraguay. 1899.
,, grandicp'rnis (large-horned). Mexico.
,, Gro'ssei (Grosse's). Pale citron-yellow. Paraguay.

1907.
„ Gruso'nii (Gruson's). Spines bright yellow. Mexico,

1895.

„ hamatoca' nthus (hooked-spined). Mexico.
,, Hartma'nnii (Hartmann's). Outer petals greenish-
white, inner pure white. 1901.
,, Haselbe'rgii (Haselberg's). Brilliant orange-red.
,, Ha'ynii (Hayn's). i. Purple-red. Peru.
,, helo'phorus (nail-bearing). Pink. Mexico.
,, heterochro' 'mus (various-coloured). Mexico.
„ hexadro'phorus (six-side-bearing). White. June.

Mexico.

,, horizonthalo'nius (horizontal-branched). Mexico.
,, hy sir ichaca' nthus (hedgehog-spined). Yellow. Mexico.
,, i'ngens (huge). Yellow, pink. Mexico. 1844.
„ interte'xtus (interwoven). S. United States.
,, Joa'dii (Joad's). Bright yellow; stigmas crimson.

Uruguay (?).
„ Johnso'ni (Johnson's). Plant globular. S. United

States. 1883.

„ fussieu'ii (Jussieu's). Chili.
,, Karwi'nskii (Karwinsk's). See E. INGENS.
„ knippelia' nus (Knippelian). Canary-yellow. Para-
guay. 1902.
„ kurtzia'nus (Kurtzian). White, reddish at the base.

Argentina. 1906.

,, la'ncifer (lance-bringing). Mexico.
,, Leco'ntei (Lecont's). Mexico.
,, leea'nus (Leean). Pale sulphur. May. Argentina.

1840.

„ leucaca' nthus (white-spined). Mexico.
, Li'nkii (Link's). Yellow. Mexico.
, longihama' tus (long-hooked). See E. HAMATOCANTHUS.
, lopho'thele (crested-nipple). Mexico.
, Maa 'ssii (Maass'). Bolivia. 1907.
, MacDowefllii (MacDowell's). Mexico. 1901.
, mackiea'nus (Mackiean). Yellow. Chili. 1836.
,, macrodi'scus (large-disked). Mexico.
,, malletia'nus (Malletian). Yellow. Chili.
,, mamillo'sus (nippled). Brazil.

ECHINOCACTUS

315

ECHINOPS

E. Mathsso'ni (Mathsson's). Mexico.
„ microspe'rmus (small-seeded). Orange-yellow to

golden- yellow. Argentina. 1901.

„ „ macranci' strus (large-hooked). Spines longer. 1902.
„ Mihanovi'chii (Mihanovich's). Yellow-green, suffused

red. Paraguay. 1905.
„ Mirbe'lii (Mirbel's). See E. ORNATUS.
„ Monvi'llii (Monvill's). White. Paraguay.
„ Mo'stii (Most's). Pale red. Argentina. 1906.
„ multiflo'rus (many-flowered). White. June. Mexico.
„ multiplex (many-fold). See CEREUS MULTIPLEX.
„ myriosti'gma (myriad-spotted). Mexico. B. M., t.

4177-

„ napi'nus (turnip-formed). Yellow. Chili. 1872.
„ nfdus (nest). Spines curved, making the plant like

a nest. Chili. 1901.

„ obvalla'tus (fenced-round). Purple. Mexico.
„ Odie'ri (Odier's). Chili.

„ „ Mebbe'sii (Mebbes's). Flesh-coloured. Chili. 1896.
„ Orcu'ttii (Orcutt's). California.
„ orna'tus (adorned). Yellow. Mexico.
„ ,, glabre'scens (smoothish).
„ Otto'nis (Otto's). Yellow. Mexico.
,, ourselia'nus (Ourselian). See E. MULTIFLORUS.
„ pectina'tus (combed). See CEREUS PECTINATUS.
„ pectini'ferus (comb- bearing). Green, rose. Mexico.

1844.

„ Peni'nsula (Peninsula). California.
„ Pentla'ndii (Pentland's). See CEREUS PENTLANDII.
„ pepinia'nus (Pepinian). See CEREUS PEPINIANUS.
,, peruvia'nus (Peruvian). Rosy-red, yellow outside.

Peruvian Andes. 1905.
„ Pfeiffe'ri (Pfeiffer's). Yellow. Mexico.
,, pilo'sus (thinly-hairy). Mexico.
„ ,, Steine'sii (Steines').
„ plate'nsis (La Platan). Snow-white, greenish on back,

red at base. Argentina. 1907.
,, platy'ceras (broad-horned). Yellow. Mexico.
,, poly oca' nthus (many-spined). See CEREUS POLY-
ACANTHUS.

,, poly and' strus (many-hooked). California.
,, polyce'phalus (many-headed). S. United States.
,, porre'ctus (straight-forwards). Mexico.
,, poselgeria'nus (Poselgerian). Mexico.
„ Po'ttsii (Potts's). See E. BICOLOR.
,, pruino'sus (frosted). Mexico.
,, pu'milus (dwarf). Country unknown.
„ Que'hlii (Quehl's). White. Summer. Andes of

Argentina. 1901

,, recu'rous (recurved). White. June. Mexico.
,, Rei'chei (Reiche's). Chili. 1901.
„ rhodaca' nthus (red-spined). See ECHINOPSIS RHOD-

ACANTHA.

,, rhodophlha'lmus (red-eyed). Crimson. Mexico. 1850.

,, robu'stus (robustus). Yellow. Mexico.

„ saltille'nsis (Saltillan). Mexico.

,, Schee'rii (Scheer's). Mexico.

,, schilinzkya'nus (Schilinzkian). Paraguay. 1897.

„ Sco'pa (broom). Yellow. April. Brazil. 1839.

„ Setto'wii (Sellow's). Argentina.

„ se'nilis (old). See CEREUS (PILOCEREUS) SENILIS.

,, sessilifto'rus (stalkless-flowered). Yellow. Origin

unknown.

,, setispi'nus (bristle-spined). Yellow, red. Texas.
„ Simpso'ni (Simpson's). Yellow-green and purple.

N. Amer. 1876.

,, sinua'tus (bayed). Texas and Mexico.
„ Scehre'nsii (Scehrens's). Brownish-yellow. Cordilliera

of Valparaiso. 1901.
„ spira'lis (spiral). Mexico. 1838.
„ Steine'sii (Steines's). See E. PILOSUS STEINESJI.
,, streptocau'lon (twisted-stemmed). Yellow. August.

Bolivia.
,, tenuispi'nus (slender-spined). Lemon-yellow. July.

Brazil.

,, tetraxi'phus (four-sworded). Mexico.
„ texe'nsis (Texan). Rosy-pink. Berry scarlet. Texas.

1888.

„ Trollie'tii (Trolliet's). See E. UNGUISPINUS.
,, tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). See CEREUS ZUCCARINII.
„ unguispi'nus (nail-spined). Mexico.
,, Vanderce'yi (Vanderaey's). See E. ECHIDNE.
„ viride'scens (greenish). Greenish. Berry green.

California. 1877.
„ Visna'ga (Visnaga). See E. INGENS.

E. WMia'msii (Williams's). See ANHALONIUM

LIAMSII.

„ Wislize'ni (Wislizen's). S. United States.
„ Wri'ghtii (Wright's). Gardens.
„ Zuccari'nii (Zuccarini's). See CEREUS ZUCCARINH.

ECHINOCE'REUS. (From echinos, a hedgehog, and
Cereus ; being spiny forms of Cereus. Nat. ord. Cactaceae.
The genus is now included in Cereus, but botanists have
not yet sanctioned the transfer of the recent introduc-
tions ; hence we give them here.)

Culture as Cereus.
E. De La'tii (De Laet's). Rose. Ribs of stem 17 to 20.

Mexico. 1909.
„ Hempe'lii (Hempel's). Stems ten-ribbed. Mexico.

1897.

„ Ku'nzei (Kunze's). Scarlet-crimson. Arizona. 1907.
„ monaca'nthus (one-spined). ^. Boundary of Mexico

and Texas. 1904.

„ pectina'tus (combed). See CEREUS PECTINATUS.
„ „ robu'stus (robust). See CEREUS PECTINATUS

ROBUSTUS.

„ pe'nsilis (pendent). Red. Lower California. 1908.
„ phceni'ceus (purple). See CEREUS AGGREGATUS.
„ „ inSrmis (unarmed). Spineless. Colorado. 1896.
„ strausia'na (Strausian). Spines strong, red. Texas.
1901.

ECHINOCY'STIS. (From echinos, a hedgehog, and
kustis, a purse or seed-vessel ; in allusion to the spiny
fruits. Nat. prd. Cucurbitaceae.)

A hardy climber like the Red Bryony. Seeds. Ordi-
nary garden soil.

E. loba'ta (lobed). Fruit with long prickles. N.W.Amei.
" Wild Balsam Apple."

ECHINODO'RUS. (From echinos, a hedgehog, and
doru, a spear ; in allusion to the pointed fruits and the
spear-like leaves. Nat. ord. Alismaceae.)

A perennial herb for the bog garden. Seeds and
divisions.

E. ranunculoi'des (Ranunculus-Ike). |. Lilac. Europe
(Britain).

ECHINOGLO'SSUM. (From echinos, a hedgehog, and
glossa, a tongue. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove Orchid. See ORCHIDS FOR CULTIVATION.
E. stria' turn (striped). Yellow, with two red stripes on
each segment. Sikkim. 1879.

ECBJNO'PHORA. (From echinos, a hedgehog, and
phoreo, to bear. Nat. ord. Umbelliferas.)

A branching, spiny herb. Seeds and cuttings in a cold
frame in summer. Ordinary soil.

£. spino'sa (spiny). White. Mediterranean Regions.
" Sea Prickly Samphire."

ECHTNOPS. Globe Thistle. (From echinos, hedge-
hog, and opsis, like ; referring to the spiny scales of the
involucre, or covering of composite flowers. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, $-Segre-
gata.)

Biennials, chiefly by seeds in April. Perennials, by
division in March ; common soil.

E. banna'ticus (Bannatic). 3. Blue. July. Eastern
Europe. 1816.

„ „ a'lbus (white). White. Hungary. 1832.

,, chanta'vicus (Chantavican). Central Asia.

„ commuta'tus (changed). S. Europe.

,, crista'tus (crested). See ECHINOPSIS CRISTATA.

,, dahu'ricus (Dahurian). 3. Blue. August. Dahuria.
1828.

„ exalta'tus (lofty). 6. White. July. Hungary. 1817.

,, glabe'rrimus (smoothest). Blue. August. Sinai.
1830.

,, glo'bifer (globe-bearing). See E. EXALT ATUS.

„ Gmeli'ni (GmeUn's). White, blue. Mongolia. 1835.

„ gra'cus (Grecian). 2. Blue. July. Greece. 1736.

,, hu'milis (low), ij. Blue. June. Caucasus. 1816.

„ Kotschy'i (Kotschy's). Persia.

,, lanngino'sus (woolly). See E. GR.«CUS.

,, microce'phalus (small-headed). Greece.

,, ni'veus (snowy). Western Himalaya.

,, panicula'tus (panicled). See E. SPH/EROCEPHALUS

GLABRATUS.

ECHINOPSIS

ECHIUM

E. p'ersicus (Persian). White. August. Persia. 1821.
„ platy'lepis (broad-scaled). September. 1835.
„ pu'ngens (prickly). See E. PERSICUS.
„ Ri'tro (Ritro). 2. Deep blue. July. Mediterranean

regions.
„ „ tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). 2. Blue. August.

Russia. 1820.

„ ruthe'nicus (Russian). See E. BANNATICUS.
„ spluzroce'phalus (globe-headed). 4 to 6. Whitish-blue.

July to September. Europe.
„ „ a'lbidus (whitish). Whitish.
„ „ glabra'tus (smooth). 6. Blue. July. Spain.

1815.

„ spino'sus (spiny). 4. White. July. Egypt. 1597.
„ stri'ctus (upright). See E. EXALTATUS.
„ strigo'sus (strigose). Blue. Spain ; Morocco. 1729-
„ tau'ricus (Taurian). 4. Blue. August. Tauria. 1816.
„ tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). See E. RITRO TENUI-

FOLIUS.

„ Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). Caucasus. 1835.
„ virga'tus (twiggy). See E. RITRO.
„ visco'sus (clammy). Mediterranean Region ; Orient.

ECHINO'PSIS. (From echinos, hedgehog, and opsis,
like ; referring to the spines which clothe its globular
stem. Nat. ord. Indian Figs [Cactacea?]. Linn. 12-
Icosandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Cereus, but
several recent introductions have not yet been trans-
ferred.)

Stove Cactuses. Light loam, a little leaf-mould, and
a few lumps of lime-rubbish, and well drained. Water
sparingly in winter, and air to be kept dry. Winter,
night, 50° ; day, 80°. Summer, night, 65° ; day, 90°.
E. albispino'sa (white-spined). White. Country un-
known. 1903.
„ campylaca'ntha (curved-spined). See CEREUS LEU-

CANTHUS.

„ cinnabari'na (cinnabar). Bolivia.

„ crista'ta (crested). £. Purple. May. Bolivia. 1846.
There is a white-flowered variety.

„ Fiebri'gii (Fiebrig's). White. Bolivia. 1906.

„ hempelia'na (Hempelian). Cinnabar-red. Country
unknown. 1906.

„ lateri'tia (brick-red). Brick-red. Bolivia. 1907.

„ leuca'ntha (white-flowered). See CEREUS LEUCANTHUS.

„ mamillo'sa (nippled). White, rose at apex. Bolivia.
1907.

„ Meye'ri (Meyer's). Petals like brownish and dirty
white threads. Paraguay. 1907.

„ mu'ltiplex (manifold). See CEREUS MULTIPLEX.

„ Pentla'ndii (Pentland's). See CEREUS PENTLANDII.

„ „ ochroleu'ca (yellow-white). See CEREUS PENT-
LANDII OCHROLEUCA.

„ rhodaca'ntha (red-spined). Argentina. 1835.

„ rhodo'tricha (red-haired). 2j. White, spines brownish.

Paraguay. 1901.
„ Schelha'sii (Schelhas's). See CEREUS SCHELHASII.

ECHINOSPE'RMUM. (From echinos, a hedgehog, and
sperma, a seed ; in allusion to the four prickly nutlets
constituting the fruit. Nat. ord. Boraginaceae.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions and seeds
Ordinary garden soil.

E. margina'tum (margined). Blue. Caucasus.
„ „ macra'nthum (large-flowered). Flowers larger.
(Gfl., t. 1119.)

ECfflNO'STACHYS PINELIA'NA. See ^ECHMEA PINE-

LIANA.

ECHTTES. (From echis, a viper; referring to the
snake-like coils of the twining shoots. Nat. ord. Dog-
banes [Apocynaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)
Nearly all evergreen climbers. Cuttings in sand, in
bottom-heat, in spring ; lumpy loam and peat. Summer
temp., for stove species, 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 60°.
Others, usual greenhouse temperatures.
E. Andre'wsii (Andrews'). 10. Yellow. W. Ind. 1778.
„ antidysente'rica (antidysenteric). See HOLARRHENA

ANTIDYSENTERICA.

„ a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). See DIPLADENIA ATRO-

PURPUREA.
„ biflo'ra (twin-flowered). 20. White. July. W. Ind.

1783-
„ bispino'sa (two-spined). See PACHYPODIUM BISPINO-

SUM.

E. caryophylla'ta (clove-leaved). See AGANOSMA CARYO-

PHYLLATA.

„ cauda'ta (tailed). See STROPHANTHUS DICHOTOMUS.
„ crassino'da (thick-jointed). See DIPLADENIA CRASS-

INODA.

„ cymo'sa (cymosed). See AGANOSMA CYMOSA.

„ diffo'rmis (two-formed). See TRACHELOSPERMUM

DIFFORME.

„ dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). 10. Yellow. June.

W. Ind. 1820.

„ franci'scea (River Francisco). See E. VARIA.
„ frute'scens (shrubby). See ICHNOCARPUS FRUTESCENS.
„ grandifto'ra( large-flowered). 8. Pink. E. Ind. 1823.
,, He'ynii (Heynes's). See AGANOSMA CARYOPHYLLATA.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy). 10. Yellow, rose. September.

Brazil. 1843.
„ longifio'ra (long-flowered). 6. White. June. Brazil.

1816.
,, malaba'rica (Malabar). 6. Red. June. Malabar.

1822. See ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS.
,, melaleu'ca (black-white). Country unknown.
,, nu'tans (nodding). See H^MADICTYON VENOSUM.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). 10. Yellow. July. S. Amer.

1823.

„ pelta'ta (shield-leaved). 10. Trinidad. 1826.
„ reticula'ta (netted). 6. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1818.
„ Richa'rdii (Richard's). See E. HIRSUTA.
,, rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 6. Yellow. July.

Guiana. 1824.
„ rubroveno'sa (red-veined). Midribs yellowish. Brazil.

1867.
„ sanguineole'nta (blood-coloured). See H^MADICTYON

VENOSUM.

,, sple'ndens (shining). See DIPLADENIA SPLENDENS.
„ stella'ris (starry). 10. Rose, yellow. July. Rio

Janeiro.
„ suave'olens (sweet-smelling). See MANDEVILLA SUA-

VEOLENS.
„ subere'cta (slightly-bent. Savannah- flower). See E.

ANDREWSII.
„ succule'nta (succulent). See PACHYPODIUM TOMEN-

TOSUM.

„ symphytoca'rpa (Symphy turn-fruited). Guiana.

,, toro'sa (twisted). See E. TORULOSA.

,, torulo'sa (beaded). 10. Yellow. July. Mexico.

1778.

,, tubero'sa (tuberous). See PACHYPODIUM TUBEROSUM.
,, umbella'ta (umbelled). 15. Yellow. July. Jamaica.

1733.
,, va'ria (variable). Rose, green. September. Brazil.

1845.

E CHIUM. Viper's Bugloss. (From echis, a viper ;
seeds like the viper's head. Nat. ord. Borageworts
[Boraginaceas]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Anchusa.)

Annuals and biennials, by seed in common garden-soil,
in March ; evergreen shrubs, also, by seeds, sown in
spring, in a slight hotbed ; by layering the young shoots
in summer ; and cuttings in sandy soil of firm young
shoots, in April or May, under a bell-glass, but not kept
very close, and receiving a little bottom-heat ; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

HARDY ANNUALS.

E. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). Blush. July. Spain.
1826.

„ arena'rium (sand-inhabiting). Purple. July. Cala-
bria. 1826.

,, calyci'num (/arg^-calyxed). Blue, yellow. July.
S. Europe. 1829.

„ cre'ticum (Cretan), i. Red-violet. July. Mediter-
ranean region. 1683.

,, macra'nthum (large-flowered). See E. VIOLACEUM.

„ Si'msii (Sims's). Red, blue. August. S. Europe.
1816.

,, viola'ceum (violet), i. Violet. July. S. Europe.
1818.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

E. amce'num (agreeable). Blue. July. Caucasus. 1826.
„ aspe'rrimum (very rough). See E. ITALICUM.
„ dahu'ricum (Dahurian). Blue. July. Dahuria. 1827.
,, ita'licum (Italian). Blue. July. S. Europe. 1826.
„ „ a'lbum (white). White. July.

ECHIUM

317

EDWARDSIA

E. plantagi'neum (plantain-like). Blue-purple. Jersey.
„ rosula'tum (resetted). Spain.

,, seri'ceum (silky), i. Red. June. Eastern Medi-
terranean. 1824.

„ Sibtho'rpii (Sibthorp's). See E. SERICEUM.
„ te'nue (slender), i. Blue. July. Sicily. 1824,
„ tubercula' turn (pimpled), i. Violet. August. Spain.

1820.

„ vulga're (common). Deep blue. Britain.
„ „ a'lbum (white), i. White. July. Britain.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

E. a'lbicans (whitish). Rosy, changing to violet. Spain.
,, arbo'reum (tree-like). Red, blue, purple.
„ austra'le (southern). See E. CRETICUM.
„ cauda'tum (tailed). See LOBOSTEMO.V CAUDATUS.
„ Laga'scce (Mme. Lagasca's). Lilac. July. Spain.

1826. Hardy.
„ Merte'nsii (Merten's). i£. Blue. June. Spain.

1824. Hardy.

,, prostra'tum (prostrate). See E. SERICEUM.
„ ru'brum (red). 2. Red. May. S. Europe ; Caucasus.
„ spica'tum (spiked-dwarf). See LOBOSTEMON SPICATUS.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

E. aculea'tum (prickly). 4. White. June. Canaries.

1815.
„ ambi'guum (doubtful). 3. White, red. July.

Canaries. 1820.

„ arge'nteum (silvery). See LOBOSTEMON ARGENTEUS.
„ bi'frons (two-faced). 3. White, red. June. Canaries.

1820.
„ brachya'nthum (short-flowered), ij. White. June,

Madeira. 1819.

„ callithy'rsum (beautiful-thyrsed). Canaries.
„ cafndicans (whitish). 3. Blue. June. Madeira.

1777-
„ »» gigante'um (giant). 6 to 7. Pale rose-madder.

Teneriffe. 1904.

„ capita' turn (headed). See LOBOSTEMON CAPITATUS.
„ cynoglossoi' des (bugloss-like). 3. Blue. July.

Canaries. 1816.
„ densifto'rum (thickly-flowered). 2. Blue. June.

Canaries. 1820.

,, dlegans (elegant). 8J. Teneriffe. 1904.
„ fastuo'sum (proud). 4. Purple. April. Canaries.

1779.
„ feroci' ssimum (fiercest-stalked). See LOBOSTEMON

FEROCISSIMUS.

„ folio sum (leafy). 3. White. July. Canaries. 1815.

„ formo'sum (beautiful). See LOBOSTEMON FORMOSUS.

„ frutico'sum (shrubby). See LOBOSTEMON FRUTICOSUS.

„ gigante'um (gigantic). 10. White. June. Canaries.
1779.

„ gla'brum (smooth). See LOBOSTEMON GLAUCOPHYLLUS.

„ glaucophy' Hum (milky-green-leaved). See LOBOSTE-
MON GLAUCOPHYLLUS.

„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). See LOBOSTEMON FOR-
MOSUS.

„ hi'spidum (bristly). See LOBOSTEMON HISPIDUS.

„ inca'num (hoary). Blue. June. Cape of Good Hope.
1816.

„ lamga'tum (smooth-stalked). See LOBOSTEMON LJEVI-
GATUS.

„ lasiophy'llum (hairy-leaved). See E. MOLLE.

„ linea'tum (lined). 2. White. July. Canaries. 1815.

„ longifto'rum (long-flowered). See LOBOSTEMON FOR-
MOSUS.

„ macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 3. Blue. July-
Canaries. 1823.

„ mo'lle (soft). 6. White. June. Teneriffe. 1820.

„ nervo'sum (nerved). 4. Purple. July. Madeira.
1777-

„ panicula'tum (panicled). 3. White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1815.

„ petrce'um (rock). See MOLTKIA PETR^A.

,, pyramida'lum (pyramidal). 3. Blue. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1820.

„ sca'brum (rough). 2. Purple. Blue. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1820.

,, si'tnplex (simple), i. White. June. Teneriffe. 1820.

„ sph&rocefphalon (round-headed). See LOBOSTEMON

SPH.tROCEPHALUS.

,, stri'ctum (erect). 3. Blue. June. Canaries. 1779.

E. strigo'sum (stiff-haired). See LOBOSTEMON STIUGOSUS.
,, Swa'rtzii (Swartz's). See LOBOSTEMON L/EVIGATUS.
,, verruco'sum (warted). See LOBOSTEMON VERRUCOSUS.
„ vire'scens (greenish). See E. CANDICANS.
„ WUdpre'tii (Wildpret's). 2 to 3. Pale red. Canary
Islands. 1902.

EDELWEISS. See LEONTOPO'DIUM ALPI'NUM.

EDGEWO'RTfflA. (Named after M. Edgeworth. Nat.
ord. Daphnads [Thymeleaceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Daphne.)

The flower-heads at the end of the shoots are in round
balls, covered with hairs ; when open they are clear,
yellow, and fragrant. Must not be confounded with
Edgewo'rthia of Falconer, now called Repto'nia. A
Daphne-like, greenhouse plant. Cuttings in sand, under
a bell-glass, in spring ; and grafting should be tried on
the Spurge-laurel ; peat and loam. Whiter temp., 40°
to 45°.
E. chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). 3. Yellow. June.

Himalaya. 1845.
,, Gardne'ri (Gardner's). Yellow. India and China.

EDGING. The material used for dividing beds and
borders from the paths. For the kitchen-garden, and all
other places where neatness only need be considered,
slates set edgeways form the best edging. In peaty, or
any light soils, the common heath (Callu'na vulga'ris) is
very advantageously employed ; it requires to be clipped
twice annually, and may be planted at any season. Box
is neat, but objectionable as a harbour for vermin, liable
to decay, troublesome, and as a great impoverisher of
the soil. Thrift is almost as objectionable ; when em-
ployed, it is best inserted by the dibble during September,
the plants being placed two inches apart. It requires
frequent trimming, and to be renewed every three years.
Gentiane'tta makes a very beautiful edging, but is ex-
pensive. It may be planted in September. Various
other substitutes have been recommended, but none seem
so deserving of attention as the Saxi'fraga hypnoi'des.
It is a native plant, and is strongly recommended. Sprigs
have to be planted a few inches asunder ; they soon
spread out and unite, only require paring once in autumn
or summer, and no other attention than a second paring
in winter or early spring. In winter the leaf of this
saxifrage is a refreshing green, and in spring and summer
it is in great beauty, from its multitude of white flowers
and pink buds. The cuttings strike without difficulty.
Turf is sometimes employed, and should be of the finest
grasses, such as are found on the chalk downs ; but in
town gardens and where shaded, these fine grasses are
liable to die out, and their place is taken by Poo. annua.
In dense shade that also dies out. Cast-iron edgings, if
kept constantly painted, either very dark green, or dark
brown, are very neat, and, if of an open basket-work
pattern, very ornamental. Tiles, with the edges thickened
and rounded, or of some ornamental pattern, are the
most serviceable of recent introductions, where live
edgings are undesirable or impossible to maintain.

EDGING-IRON. A tool with a crescent-shaped blade,
and a wooden handle, for cutting grass-verges, especially
the edges of walks and the edges of beds on grass. Its
shape facilitates cutting in straight lines or round curves.
The garden line should be laid to enable the operator to
cut straight by its side ; and when the edge to be cut is
curved the line should first be pegged in position.

EDRAIA'NTHUS. See WAHLENBERGIA.

EDWA'RDSIA. (After Mr. Edwards, botanical
draughtsman. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. All now
united with Sophora.)

All have yellow flowers. Cuttings of firm side-shoots,
several inches hi length, in sand, under a glass, in summer ;
sandy peat and a little lumpy loam. If in pots in a
greenhouse, winter temp., 35° to 45° ; if kept dry during
winter, all except E. ni'tida will stand against a wall.
E. chile' nsis (Chilian). See SOPHORA MACROCARPA.
„ chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). See SOPHORA CHRYSO-

PHYLLA.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See SOPHORA TETRAP-

TERA.
„ macnabia'na (Mr. Macnab's). See SOPHORA TETRAP-

TERA.

EGG-PLANT

EUEODENDRON

E. microphy'lla (small-leaved). See SOPHORA TETRAPTERA

MICROPHYLLA.

„ tni'nima (least). See SOPHORA TETRAPTERA.
„ myriophy'lla (many-leaved). See SOPHORA TETRAP-
TERA.

„ ni'tida (shining). See SOPHORA NITIDA.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). See SOPHORA TETRAPTERA.

EGG-PLANT or BEARER. Sola'num ovi'gerum.
EGG-SHELLS. See ANIMAL MATTERS.

EGLANTINE. Ro'sa lu'tea, Ro'sa Eglante'ria, better
known as R. rubigino'sa or Sweet Briar, and Ru'bus
Eglante'ria.

EGYPTIAN LOTUS. Nymphce'a Lo'tus.
EGYPTIAN THORN. Aca'cia ve'ra.

EHRE TIA. (After Ehret, a German botanical draughts-
man. Nat. ord. Borageworts [Boraginaceae]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Tournefortia and
Heliotropium.)

All of them unfold their flowers from coiled (gyrate)
stalks, like the Heliotrope. All evergreens and white-
flowered. Cuttings in sandy soil, in April, under a bell-
glass, and in bottom-heat ; loam and peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°. The Australian
species will do in a temperature, in winter, of 35°
to 45°.

E. acumina'ta (/ong-pointed). 15. July. Trop. Asia.
1820.

„ buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 8. E. Ind. 1823.

„ divarica'ta (straggling). See BOURRERIA DIVARICATA.

„ elli'ptica (egg-shaped). Texas and Mexico.

„ interno'dis (interknotted). See E. PETIOLARIS.

„ Ice'vis (smooth). 12. Trop. Asia. 1823.

„ la'xa (lax). See E. PETIOLARIS.

„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). See E. BUXIFOLIA.

,, petiola'ris (long-stalked). 6. Mascarene Islands.
1819.

,, serra'ta (saw-edged-leaved). See E. ACUMINATA.

EICHO'RNEA. (Commemorative of F. Eichorn, of
Prussia. Nat. ord. Pontederiaceae.)

Aquatics requiring a tank in the stove, either floating
or planted in loam and leaf soil in pots, plunged just
beneath the water. Divisions in spring.
E. azu'rea (azure), i. Pale blue, yellow. Summer.

Brazil. 1824.

„ cra'ssipes (thick-stalked). See E. SPECIOSA.
„ martia'na (Martian). Purple, blue. Summer. Trop.

Amer.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). See E. MARTIANA.
„ specio'sa (showy), i to 2. Violet. Summer. Trop.
Amer. 1825.

EKEBE'RGIA. (After Capt. Ekeberg, a Swede. Nat.
ord. Meliads [Meliaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Trichilia.)

A fine greenhouse tree, with the aspect of a large
Me'lia Aze'darach. Seeds and cuttings in sand in mild
bottom-heat. Light loam and fibrous peat.
E. cape'nsis (Cape). White. July. S. Africa. 1789.

EL2EA'GNUS. Oleaster, or Wild Olive. From elceag-
nos, Dioscorides's name for the Wild Olive. Nat. ord.
Oleasters [Elceagnaceas]. Linn. 4-Tetrandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Shepperdia.)

The flowers of E. orienta'lis are highly fragrant, and
the fruit is esteemed in Persia. The deciduous species
and their varieties, by seeds sown in spring, and cuttings
inserted in the open ground, in autumn ; the evergreen
species, by layers in autumn, and cuttings under a hand-
light, in summer ; sandy soil and a little peat, and re-
quiring, during the winter, the assistance of the green-
house. The hardy kinds are very graceful.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

E. acumina'ta (Jong-pointed). See E. LATIFOLIA.
„ confe'rta (crowded). See E. LATIFOLIA.
„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). See E. LATIFOLIA.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. July. India and China.
1712.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.
E. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Yellow. July. S.

Europe. 1633.

„ „ dactylifo'rmis (daie-iorm-fruited). White. July.
,, arge'ntea (silvery). 10. N. Amer. 1813. " Silver

Berry."

,, canade'nsis (Canadian). White. Canada. 1848.
,; cri'spa (crisped). See E. MULTIFLORA.
„ edu'lis (edible). See E. MULTIFLORA.
„ gla'bra (smooth). 3 to 6. Whitish. China; Japan.

" Yama Gumi."
„ „ variega'ta (variegated).
„ horte'nsis (garden). See E. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
„ lo'ngipes (long-stalked). See E. MULTIFLORA.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Greenish-yellow.

Autumn. Japan and Formosa.
,, multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Creamy- white. Berries

orange, edible. China; Japan. 1873.
,, orienta'lis (oriental). 10. July. Orient. 1748.
,, parvifo'lia (small-leaved). See E. UMBELLATA.
„ pu'ngens (pungent). 6 to 8. White, fragrant.

Autumn. China and Japan. " Natsu Gumi."
„ „ au'rea (golden). White. Leaves golden.
,, „ Simo'nii (Simon's). White, fragrant. China.

1869.
„ „ Simo'nii tri'color (three-coloured). Leaves golden

and greenish yellow in the centre. 1888.
„ refte'xa (reflexed). See E. UMBELLATA.
,, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). Yellow. 1871.
,, salicifo'lia (willow-leaved).
,, Simo'nii (Simon's). See E. PUNGENS SIMONII.
,, spino'sa (prickly). See E. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
„ songo'rica (Songarian). See E. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
,, triflo'ra (three-flowered). See E. LATIFOLIA.
„ umbella'ta (umbelled). White. July. Japan. 1829.

" Masiro Gumi."

EL2E1S. The Oil Palm. (From elaia, the olive ; the
fruits, like those of the olive, contain oil. Nat. ord.
Palmaceae.)

The fruits of the African Oil Palm are orange-yellow,
about the size of a large olive, and are boiled in water
for the purpose of extracting the oil by the natives.
In its crude state it resembles orange-red butter, and is
used for making candles, soap, and for extracting Palm
oil. The seeds are also pounded in wooden mortars for
the extraction of oil. Stove Palms. Seeds. Good loam
and a third of peat, both fibrous, with sand.
£. guinee'nsis (Guinean). 20 to 30. Guinea. 1730.

,, melanoco'cca (black-berried). 30. Colombia. 1821.

„ occidenta'lis (western). 30. W. Ind. 1820.

,, pernambuca'na (Pernambucan). 40 to 50. Brazil.
1825.

,, specta'bilis (showy). 30. E. Ind. 1831.

EL2EOCA'RPUS. (From elaia, the olive, and karpos,
fruit ; resemblance of fruits. Nat. ord. Lindenbiooms
[Tiliaceae]. Linn. n-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia.)

The rough, bony fruit, or stone, divested of the pulp
and polished, makes handsome necklaces. Evergreens,
with white flowers. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring ;
cuttings of ripened young shoots, with the leaves attached,
in sandy soil, in a close case, with bottom-heat ; loam
and a little fibrous peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 50° to 55° ; E. cya'neus, winter, 35° to 45°.
E. cya'neus (blue- fruited). 10. July. Australia. 1803.
,, denta'tus (toothed). Straw-coloured. New Zealand.

1883.

,, edu'lis (edible). White. Amboyna.
„ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 20. White, crimson.

Mauritius. 1829.
,, gra'ndis (grand). White, deeply fringed. Queensland.

1884.

,, oblo'ngus (oblong). White. India and Malaya.
,, obova'tus (obovate). White. Australia.
,, peduncula'ris (long-stalked). See ARISTOTELIA

PEDUNCULARIS.

,, retjcula'tus (netted). See E. CYANEUS.

„ serra'tus (szw-edge-leaved). 20. India and Malaya.

EL2EODE NDRON. Olive Wood. (From elaia, olive,
and dendron, a tree ; alluding to the resemblance. Nat.
ord. Spindle-trees [Celastraceas]. Linn. 5-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Hartogia.)

For culture, see EL^OCA'RPUS.

ELAPHAGLOSSUM

319

ELLIOTTIA

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

E. A'rgan (Argan).
„ ausira'le (southern). 3. Green, white. July. N.S.

Wales. 1796.
„ cape'nse (Cape). 18 Green. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1828.

„ confertiflo'rum (crowded-flowered). White. S. Africa.
„ cro'ceum (saffron). \Vhite. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1794.

,, ilicifo'lium (Holly-leaved). Country unknown.
„ integrifd Hum (entire-leaved). See E. AUSTRALE.
„ laurifo'lium (Laurel-leaved). White. S. Africa.
,, sphcerophy'ttum pube'scens (round- leaved downy).

S.Africa. 1891. Wrongly named Guevina Avellana

in Italy.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

E. glau'cum (milky-green). 6. Green. Ceylon. 1824.
„ orienta'le (eastern). 12. Green, yellow. Mauritius.

1771.

„ peduncula'tum (stalked-fruited). See E. GLAUCUM.
,, xyloca'rpum (wood-fruited). 3. Green, yellow.

Island of St. Thomas. 1816.

ELAPHAGLO'SSUM. See ACROSTICHUM.
ELATER. See WIRE-WORM.

ELDER. Sambu'cus ni'gra.

Varieties. — There are several kinds in cultivation, but
the old S. ni gra is in most general esteem, being the best
adapted for wine-making. The White-berried (S. ni'gra
a'lbida) is much esteemed by some, especially as an
ornamental shrub. 5. ni'gra vi'ridis, or the Green-berried,
and S. ni'gra variega'ta, the Silver-striped, and S. ni'gra
au'rea, the Golden-edged, are interesting varieties. One
with scarlet berries is said to be very handsome. Most
of the varieties of S. ni'gra are ornamental, and well
adapted to assist in forming screens to the exterior of
small gardens, or even as hedge-row fruits.

Propagation. — Generally by cuttings, which strike
easily, even as large truncheons. They are readily pro-
duced, also, by suckers, and in all these cases care should
be taken to cut away from the stem those buds which
are to be placed below the ground. They are easily
produced from seed, and by such means varieties may be
obtained.

Soil. — They will thrive in almost any ordinary soil ;
still they prefer an upland, light loam, containing a fair
amount of vegetable matter.

Culture. — The form will depend on the situation it is
to occupy. The elder will bear fruit either as a huge
bush, or as a small tree, provided the preparatory course
of training is properly carried out. Those for fruiting
as bushes should be formed almost as a gooseberry-bush
in its earlier stages, keeping the centre somewhat thin.
Indeed, thinning out superfluous shoots is nearly all
that can be practised. Those for standard trees, or
with stems, must be trained by clearing away side-
shoots, and forming a head at a higher level. About
five or six feet are commonly allowed for stem height,
and the head must then be formed as recommended for
the bushes. They require scarcely any subsequent
culture, and will endure for many years.

Fruit. — The making of elder wine is the principal use.
Elder flowers are used occasionally to flavour confections.

ELECAMPA'NE. I'nula HeMnium.

ELETTA RIA. (The native name of E. Cardamomum.
Nat. ord. Scitaminaceae.)

Stove herbs with fleshy, creeping rhizomes. Seeds,
and divisions of the rhizomes in spring. Good fibrous
loam, with some dried cow-dung rubbed up finely ; with
an abundance of water when growing.
E. Cardamo'mum (Cardamomum). 5 to 9. Greenish-
white. August. S. India. 1815. " Cardamom."
„ costa'ta (ribbed). See AMOMUM COSTATUM.
„ linguifo'rmis (tongue-shaped). 4 to 6. Yellow, red.

July. India. 1820.

„ puni'cea (purple). 6. Scarlet. June. Sumatra.
1820.

ELEUSI NE. Crab Grass. (A classical name from
Eleusis, a temple of Ceres. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Hardy or half-hardy grasses of an ornamental char-

acter, and suitable for drying to mix with flowers in
winter. Seeds. Well-drained garden-soil.
E. arista'ta (bearded). Baluchistan.

,, barcinone'nsis (Barcinon). September. Spain. Annual.

„ coraca'na (Cpracan). S. Amer.

„ i'ndica (Indian). Tropical and subtropical regions.

,, oligosta'chya (few-spiked). Brazil.

,, stri'cta (erect). India.

ELETJTHERI'NE. (From eleutheros, free ; the seg-
ments and filaments are free. Nat. ord. Iridaceae.)

A stove bulb. Seeds ; offsets. Fibrous loam, leaf-
mould, a little dried cow-dung and sand.
E. plica' ta (plaited), i to i J. White, fugitive. February.
Trop. Amer. 1779.

ELEUTHEROCO CCUS. (From eleutherios, noble, and
kokkos, a berry ; in allusion to the black, prickly berries.
Nat. ord. Arah'aceae. Allied to Acanthopanax.)

Hardy shrubs with prickly steins. Seeds, and suckers ;
possibly also by roots and grafting on roots. Ordinary
garden-soil.
E.. Henry'i (Dr. Henry's). 10. Greenish-white. China.

1905.

„ Itucorrhi'zus (white-rooted). Smaller and less vigo-
rous than E. Henry i. China. 1905.
„ Simo'ni (Simon's). Stem and branches with sharp,
strong spines. 1905.

ELICHRY'SUM. See HELICHRYSUM.

ELJSE'NA. (Ancient name of romance. Nat. ord.
Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Pancratium.)

E. longipe'tala is a fine, rare, greenhouse bulb, with a
flowerscape a yard high, with six to eight large white
flowers, more like a Peruvian Daffodil (Isme'ne) than a
Pancratium, and requires more than one-half sand, with
light loam, to flower it welL Offsets ; peat and very
sandy loam. Summer temp., 55° to 80°; winter, 45°
to 55°.

E longipe'tala (long-petaled). May. Lima. 1837.
,, subli'mis (sublime). Andes of Peru. B. M., t. 3873.

ELI'SMA. (Etymology doubtful. Nat. ord. Alis-
maceas.)

An interesting and beautiful water plant, with the
root leaves submerged and the stem leaves floating. It
may be grown in pots and submerged at no great depth
in a tank. Division.

E. na'tans (floating). White, yellow. July and August.
Britain.

ELLEA'NTHUS. (Derived from eUo, I shut in, and
anthos, a flower ; the latter is enclosed by bracts. Nat.
ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical Orchids. For cultivation, see
ORCHIDS.

E. bracte'scens (large-br acted). Red. July. Mexico.
„ capita'tus (headed). White. June. Trop. Amer.

1795.
Carava'ta (Caravata). Yellow. November. Guiana.

1858.
„ columns.' ris (columnar). White, purple. June.

Colombia.
„ ensa'tus (sworded). Carmine. August. Ecuador.

flave'scens (yellowish). Yellow. May. Mexico.
,, furfura'ceus (scurfy). Scarlet. June. Mexico.
,, kermesi'nus (carmine). Rich carmine. January.

Venezuela. 1843.

„ lupuli'nus (hop-like). Rose. August. Mexico.
„ xantho'comus (yellow-haired). Yellow. May. Peru.
1872.

ELLIO TTIA. (After S. Elliot, an American botanist.
Nat. ord. Heaihwords [Ericaceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Little evergreen bushes, with spikes of Andromeda-
looking flowers. They require a warm situation and a
peat border. Cuttings of small shoots under a hand-
light in spring, or layers at the end of summer ; sandy
loam and peat. If in a greenhouse, winter temp., 35°
to 40°.

E. panicula'ta (panicled). White. June. Japan.
„ racemo'sa (racemed). 2. White. June. Georgia.

ELLOBOCARPUS

320

ENCEPHALARTOS

ELLOBOCA RPDS OLERA'CEUS. See CKRATOFTERIS

THALICTROIDES.

ELM. See ULMUS.

ELM-BEETLE. See SCOLYTUS DESTRUCTOR.
ELO'DEA OF JUSSIEU. See HYPERICUM.
ELO'DEA. (From dod.es, a marsh, the native place of
the species. Nat. ord. Hydrocharidaceae.)

Aquatic annuals, requiring a cool stove. Sow in light
loam annually, and keep the pots standing in trays of
water.

E. canade'nsis (Canadian), i. Green. N. Amer. 1836.
This water-weed was accidentally introduced to
County Down in 1836, and to England in 1841.
Jt spread with enormous rapidity in ditches,
streams, and canals, so choking up the latter as to
impede the navigation. Only the female form was
observed, and the plant increased by pieces being
carried down-stream by the water, while water-
fowl carried it from stream to stream and pond.
It has now exhausted its vigour and ceased to be
troublesome.
„ guiane'nsis (Guiana). J. White. July. Guiana. 1820.

ELSHO LTZIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Labiatae.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions. Ordinary
soil.
E. inci'sa (incised). 2. White. September. Himalaya.

1824.

„ SfoMnfo'm'(Staunton's). 3 to 5. Purple-red. N. China.
1909.

E'LYMUS. (From eluo, I roll up ; the fruit being
rolled up in the pale. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Hardy grasses, some of which are of an ornamental
character. Seeds, division. Ordinary soil.
E. arena' rivs (sand-loving). 3 to 5. Leaves glaucous.

Britain.
„ gigante'us (giant). 4 to 6. Leaves glaucous. Siberia.

EMBE'LIA. (From &mbelia, its name in Ceylon,
Nat. ord. Ardisiads [Myrsinaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria
i-Monogynia. Allied to Ardisia.)

Like Ardisia, the chief beauty resides in the leaves and
berried fruit. The pungent berries of Embe'lia Ri'bes are
eatable, and called currants in India. Stove evergreen.
Cuttings of half-ripe young shoots in sandy soil, under
a bell-glass, in heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
E. austra'lis (southern). Garden name.
„ Krau'ssii (Krauss'). Pale green. S. Africa.
„ Ri'bes (Ribes). Green. Berries edible. Trop. Asia.

1886.
„ robu'sta (robust). 20. White, green. India. 1823.

EMBLICA OFFICINA'LIS. See PHYLLANTHUS EM-

BLICA.

EMBO'THRIUM. (From en, in, and bothrion, a little
pit ; referring to the pollen-cases, or anthers. Nat. ord.
Proteads [Proteaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Knightia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sandy soil,
taken when the wood is ripe, under a glass ; sandy peat,
with a little fibrous loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
E. cocci'neum (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. Chili. May. 1851.

„ lanceola'tum (lance-shaped). Scarlet. Chili.

,, linea're (linear). See GREVILLEA LINEARIS.

,, sali'gnum (willow-leaved). See HAKE A SALIGNA.

„ seri'ceum (silky). See GREVILLEA SERICEA.

„ spec iosi' ssimum (showiest). See TELOPEA SPECIOSIS-
SIMA.

„ specio'sum (showy). See TELOPEA SPECIOSISSIMA.

„ strobili'num (strobile-like). See KNIGHTIA STROBILINA.

„ trunca'tum (truncate). See TELOPEA TRUNCATA.

EMILIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Compositae.)

Half-hardy annuals or greenhouse evergreens. Seeds in
heat in March, and planted out during settled weather
in April or May. Any good soil not too heavy.
E. fia'mmea (flame-coloured), i. Scarlet. June. India.

2. Yellow. India.

sonchifo'lia (Sonchus-leaved).
Greenhouse evergreen.

EMMENANTHE. (From emmenes, constant, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. Hydrophyllaceae.)

Hardy annual increased by seeds in the open border in
April.

E. penduliflo'ra (drooping-flowered). 2. Cream or
yellow. California. 1892.

EMPE'TRUM. Crow Berry. (From en, in, or upon,
and petros, a rock ; plants grow in stony places. Nat.
ord. Crowberries [Empetraceae]. Linn. zz-Dicecia, 3-
Triandria.)

Low, spreading, heath-like plants, better suited for
damp peat-beds than rock-work. The black berries are
as wholesome as black currants, and more palatable.
Their Gaelic name means raven-berries ; but ravens or
crows never touch them. Grouse eat them greedily, and
Ptarmigans feed on the leaves in winter. Hardy ever-
greens ; propagated by cuttings under a hand-light, in
sandy peat, in summer, and by seeds sown in spring or
autumn, which generally remain a year in the soil before
vegetating ; heathy soil, and rather moist situation.
E. ni'grum (black-berried), i. April. Britain.

,, ,, sco'ticum (Scolch). $. April. Scotland.

„ „ tomento'sum (felted).

„ ru'brunt (red- fruited). See E. NIGRUM.

EMPLEU'RUM. (From en, in, and pleuron, a membrane ;
referring to the seed being suspended from the seed-cord
by a thin membrane. Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutacesej.
Linn. zi-Moncccia, 4-Telrandria. Allied to Diosina.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of points of
shoots when two inches in length, and getting a little
firm at their base, taken off with a heel ; peat, one part,
sandy fibrous loam, two parts. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
E. serrula'tum (fine-saw-edged). 3. Pink. June. 1774.
S. Africa.

ENCE'LIA. (From egchelion, a little eel ; formation of
the seeds. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. ig-Syn-
genesia, ^-Frustanea. Allied to Sclerocarpus.)

Greenhouse evergreens and annuals. Seeds, when
obtainable, in spring ; cuttings, a little dried at the base,
in sand, under a glass, and shaded ; sandy, fibrous loam,
with a little peat. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
E. cane'scens (hoary). ij. Orange. July. Peru.

1786.
„ corda'la (heart-shaped). 3. Yellow. September.

Mexico. 1826. Perennial.
„ fce'tida (stinking). 2$. Yellow. August. Mexico.

1824. Annual.
„ halimifo'lia (Halimus-leaved). i|. Yellow. July.

Mexico. 1826.

„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Mexico. 1827. Annual.

ENCEPHALA'RTOS. (From en, in, kephale. a head,
and artos, bread ; the trunk contains much starch ; made
into bread by the Caffers. Nat. ord. Cycadaceae.)

Stove plants of Palm-like aspect. Suckers and im-
ported stems. Good fibrous loam and sand. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
E. Altenstei'nii (Altenstein's). 5. S. Africa. 1835.
„ Barte'ri (Barter's), i. W. Trop. Africa. 1909.
,, brachyphy' llus (short-leaved). See E. CAFFER.
„ ca'ffer (Caffer). 3 to 10. S. Africa. 1775. " Caffer

Bread."

,, cycadifo'lius (Cycas-leaved). S. Africa. 1775.
,, elonga'tus (elongated). S. Africa. 1840.
„ Frederi'ci-Guilie'lmi (Frederick-William's). See E.

CYCADIFOLIUS.

„ Ghelli'nckii (Ghellinck's). S. Africa. 1867.

,, gra'ndis (grand). S. Africa. 1869.

,, Hildebra'ndtii (Hildebrandt's). Trop. Africa. 1877.

,, ho'rridus (very spiny). 3 to 5. Leaves glaucous.

Trop. Africa. i8oc.
„ ,, trispino'sus (three-spined). Leaves with fewer

spines. S. Africa.

„ lanugino'sus (woolly). 3. S. Africa. 1812.
,, la'tifrons (broad- fronded). 1844.
„ laurentia'nus (Laurentian). 30. Congo Free State.

1904.

,, Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). S. Africa.
,, lemarinelia'nus (Lemarinelian). Congo Free State.

1901.
„ longifo'lius (long-leaved). 7. S. Africa. 1818.

ENCHANTERS

321

ENKIANTHUS

E. M'Ke'nii (W Ken's). See MACROZAMIA PAULI-

GUILIELMI.

„ Moo'rei (Moore's). See MACROZAMIA MOOREI.

„ plumo'sus (plumy). S. Africa. 1869.

„ pruni'ferus (plum-bearing). 14. Country unknown.

„ pu'ngens (pricking). 10. S. Africa. 1775-

u rega'lis (regal). Zululand. 1879. Scarcely distinct

from E. HUdebrandtii.
„ spinulo'sus (finely-spiny). S. Africa. 1849. Very

close to E. Lehmanni or a variety.
„ tridenta'tus (three-toothed). 2. S. Africa. 1814.
„ Verschaffe'ltii (Verschaffelt's). S. Africa. 1875.
,, villo'sus (woolly). 4. S. Africa. 1866.
„ ,, amplia'tus (ampliated). 1874.
„ Vroo'mi (Vroom's). S. Africa. 1871.
„ Woo'dii (Wood's), ij. Zululand. 1908.

ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. Circa' a.
ENCHOLI'RION. See DYCKIA.

ENCHOLI'RIUM CORALLI'NTJM SPLENDENS. See

TILLANDSIA CORALLINA variety.

E. Jo'nghei. See TILLANDSIA JONGHEI.

„ ro'seum. See TILLANDSIA CORALLINA.

„ Saunde'rsii. See TILLANDSIA SAUNDERSII.

ENCY'CLIA. See EPIDENDRUM.
E'NDERA. See TACCARUM.

ENDIVE. (Cicho'rium Endi'via.) Used in salads.

Varieties. — The green-curled is cultivated for the main
crops, as it best endures wet and cold ; the white-curled,
chiefly grown for summer and autumn ; the broad-leaved,
or Batavian, is preferred for soups and stews, but is
seldom used for salads.

Soil and Situation. — A light, dry, but rich soil, dug
deep and unshaded. It is best to form an artificial bed
by laying a foot in depth of earth on a bed of brickbats,
stones, &c.

Sowing. — For a first crop about the middle of April,
to be repeated in May, but only in small portions, as
those which are raised before June soon advance to
seed. Towards the middle of June the first main crop
may be sown, again in the course of July, and lastly,
early in August ; and in this month the main plantation
is made. Sow in drills twelve inches apart, and about
a quarter of an inch below the surface. When an inch
in height, thin the plants to three or four inches apart :
those taken away are too small to be of any service if
pricked out. Give water freely in dry weather.

When the larger seedlings have been transplanted, the
smaller ones which remain should have a gentle watering,
and in twelve or fourteen days they will afford a second
successional crop ; and, by a repetition of this manage-
ment, in general, a third. The plants are generally fit
for transplanting when of a month's growth in the
seed-bed, or when five or six inches high.

Planting.— Set them in rows twelve or fifteen inches
apart each way ; the Batavian requires the greatest
space. Water must be given moderately every evening
until the plants are established, after which only in
excessive and protracted drought. Those which are left
in the seed-bed, in general, attain a finer growth than
those that have been moved. In November, some plants
that have attained nearly their full size may be removed
to the south side of a sloping bank of dry, light earth,
raised one or two feet behind ; to be protected by frames,
mats, or thick coverings of litter, during severe and very
wet weather ; but to be carefully uncovered during mild,
dry days. The plants, in this instance, are not required
to be further apart than six or eight inches. This plan
may be followed in open days during December and
January, by which means a constant supply may be
obtained. Instead of being planted in the above manner
on a terrace, another method is to take the plants on a
dry day, and the leaves being tied together, to lay them
horizontally in the earth down to the tip of the leaves ;
this accelerates the blanching, but otherwise is far more
subject to failure. As the number necessary for a family
is but small, but few should be planted at a time.

Blanching. — About three months elapse between the
time of sowing and the fitness of the plants for blanching.
This operation will be completed in from ten to fourteen
days in summer, or in three or four weeks in winter.

To blanch the plants tie their leaves together ; or place
tiles or pieces of board upon them, or tie their leaves
together, and cover them to their tips with mould,
making it rise to a point, so as to throw off excessive
rains. All these methods succeed in dry seasons, but
in wet ones the plants, treated according to any of them,
are liable to decay.

The one which succeeds best in all seasons is to fold
the leaves round the heart as much as possible in their
natural position ; and, being tied together with a shred
of raffia, covered up entirely with coal-ashes in the form
of a cone, the surface being rendered firm and smooth
with the trowel. Sand will do, but ashes are equally
unretentiye of moisture, whilst they are much superior
in absorbing heat, which is so beneficial in the hastening
of the process. If the simple mode of drawing the
leaves together is adopted to effect this blanching, they
must be tied very close, and, in a week after the first
tying, a second ligature must be passed round the middle
of the plant to prevent the heart-leaves bursting out.
A dry afternoon, when the plants are entirely free from
moisture, should be selected, whichever mode is adopted.

A very excellent mode is to spread over the surface of
the bed about an inch in depth of pit-sand, and covering
each plant with a small pot made of earthenware, painted
both within and on the outside to exclude the wet —
that worst hindrance of blanching. To avoid this, the
pots should be taken off daily to allow the plants to dry,
and the insides of the pots wiped. A sea-kale pot in
miniature, with a handle on the top, is to be preferred ;
and if made of zinc or other metal, it would be better,
because not porous and admissive of moisture.

To obtain Seed. — The finest and soundest plants should
be selected of the last plantation. For a small family
three or four plants of each variety will be sufficient.
Plant these in March beneath a south fence, about a
foot from it, and eighteen inches apart. As the flower-
stem advances, fasten it to a stake, or, if they are placed
beneath palings, by a string, to be gathered as the seed
upon it ripens ; for if none are gathered until the whole
j plant is changing colour, the first ripened and best seed
will have scattered and be lost. Each branch must be
laid, as it is cut, upon a cloth in the sun ; and when
perfectly dry, the seed beaten out, cleansed, and stored.

ENGELMA'NNIA. (Named in compliment to Professor
Engelmann, an American botanist. Nat. ord. Com-
posite.)

A hardy border perennial to be sown in the open
garden in April, or divisions in March.
E. pinnati'fida (pinnatifid). i to 2. Yellow. July.
N.W. Amer. 1879.

ENGINE. This name is applied to many contrivances
for supplying water to plants.

1. The pump-syringe, or syringe-engine, can be sup-
plied with water from a common bucket, from which it
sucks the water through a perforated base. The handle
is sometimes made to work like that of the common
pump.

2. The barrow watering-engine, a most useful garden
appliance, will throw the jet of water to a distance
of forty or fifty feet, or somewhat less if a rose is upon
the end of the delivery-pipe. It holds from twenty to
thirty gallons of water ; but may be made, with a leather-
hose attached, to communicate with a pond or other
reservoir of water.

3. The curved barrel-engine is excellent ; for the barrel,
piston-rods, &c., being so constructed as to be turned
on a lathe, they are so accurate that there is the least
possible loss of power, either from unnecessary friction
or from an imperfect vacuum.

ENICOSTEMA. (From enikos, single, and sterna, a
fibre. Nat. ord. Gentianaceae.)

Stove biennial. Seeds in spring. Light, rich soiL
E. littora'le (shore), i to ij. White or pale yellow. July.
Tropical regions. 1817

ENKIA'NTHUS. (From enkuos, enlarged, and anthos,
a flower ; the flowers swollen in the middle. Nat. ord.
Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Arbutus.)

Greenhouse or hardy evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
firm young shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in April
or May ; a bell-glass is too close, unless a little air is

ENNEALOPHUS

322

EPACRIS

admitted ; sandy loam two parts, and fibrous peat one

part. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

E. campanula' tus (bell-shaped). Dark red. Japan. 1888.

Hardy.

„ ce'rnuus (drooping). Japan.
„ chine'nsis (Chinese). Yellow-orange, striped red.

Central and Western China. 1907.
„ himala'icus (Himalayan). Orange-red, tips deeper

red. E. Himalayas. 1879.
„ japo'nicus (Japanese). White. February. Japan.

1870.

„ quinqueflo'rus (five-flowered). 3. May. China. 1812.
„ ,, serrula'tus (serrulate). Central and Western

China. 1907.

„ reticula'tus (netted). See E. QUINQUEFLORUS.
„ subse'ssilis (nearly-stalkless). i to 10. White. Japan.

1903.

ENNEALO'PHUS. (From ennea, nine, and lophos, a
crest ; the three stigmas have nine crests in the aggre-
gate. Nat. ord. Iridaceae.)

A greenhouse bulb, allied to Tigridia. Seeds, offsets.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

E. amazo'nicus (Amazonian). Blue-violet, white. Brazil.
1909.

ENSLE'NIA. (Named after A. Enslen, a botanist.
Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceaa]. Linn. s-Pentan-
dria, z-Digynia. Allied to Asclepias.)

Hardy herbaceous climber. Seeds and divisions in
spring ; common soil.
E. a'lbida (whitish). White. July. N. Amer. 1828.

ENTA'DA. (The Malabar name. Nat. ord. Legumi-
nous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. 2^-Polygamia, i-
Moncecia. Allied to Mimosa.)

The large brown beans, called Gela in India, and used
by the natives for washing their hair, are the seeds of
E. scandens. Stove evergreen climbers, with white
flowers. Cuttings of young shoots getting firm, in sand,
under glass, and in heat ; loam and peat in equal portions.
Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
E. Adenanthe'ra (Adenanthera-like). See E. SCANDENS.

„ monosta'chya (single-spiked). See E. SCANDENS

„ polysta'chya (many-spiked). 26. W. Ind. 1816.

„ Purses' tha (Pursaetha). See E. SCANDENS.

„ sca'ndens (climbing). 20. White. Trop. Amer. 1780.

ENTELE'A. (From enteles, perfect ; the stamens all
fertile. Nat. ord. Lindenblooms [Tiliaceae]. Linn. 13-
Polyandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Grewia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from New Zealand. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass ; sandy
loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
£. arbore'scens (tree-like). 20. White. May. 1820.

„ austra'lis (southern). See E. ARBORESCENS.

„ Bake'ri (Baker's). Australia. 1869.

„ palma'ta (hand-leaved). 4. White. May. 1830.

„ pube'scens (downy). See E. PALMATA.

ENTEROLO'BIUM. (From enteros, inner, and lobos,
a pod ; the interior is hardened, like an inner pod. Nat.
ord. Leguminosae.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots in
sandy peat in bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
E. cycloca'rpum (ring- fruited). 60. White. Caraccas.
1826.

ENTRANCES. Upon these parts of a residence, which
should give a first and appropriate impression, Mr.
Whateley has these just remarks : "The road which leads
up to the door of the mansion may go off from it in an
equal angle, so that the two sides shall exactly corre-
spond ; and certain ornaments, though detached, are yet
rather within the province of architecture than of
gardening ; works of sculpture are not, like buildings,
objects familiar in scenes of cultivated nature; but
vases, statues, and termini, are usual appendages to a
considerable edifice ; as such, they may attend the
mansion, and trespass a little upon the garden, provided
they are not carried so far into it as to lose their con-
nection with the structure. The platform and the road
are also appurtenances to the house ; all these may
therefore be adapted to its form, and the environs will
thereby acquire a degree of regularity ; but to give it to
the objects of nature, only on accoxmt of their proximity

to others which are calculated to receive it, is, at the
best, a refinement. Upon the same principles regularity
has been acquired in the approach ; and an additional
reason has been assigned for it, that the idea of a seat
is thereby extended to a distance ; but that may be by
other means than by an avenue. A private road is easily
known ; if carried through grounds, or a park, it is
commonly very apparent ; even in a lane, here and there
a bench, a painted gate, a small plantation, or any other
little ornament, will sufficiently denote it. If the entrance
only be marked, simple preservation will retain the im-
pression along the whole progress ; or it may wind
through several scenes distinguished by objects, or by
an extraordinary degree of cultivation : and then the
length of the way, and the variety of improvements
through which it is conducted, may extend the appear-
ance of a domain, and the idea of a seat, beyond the
reach of any direct avenue."

EOME'CON. (From eoie, the morning or dawn, and
mekon, a poppy. Nat. ord. Papaveraceae.)

A pretty, hardy, perennial herb for the border or
rockery. Division in spring. Light, rich garden-soil.
E. chiona'ntha (snow-flowered), i to 2. White. China.
1889.

EOPETON. See TRICHOSANTHES.

EPA'CRIS. (From epi, upon, and akros, the top. The
Epacris grows on the tops of hills and rising grounds.
Nat. ord. Epacrids [Epacridaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Cuttings
of the tips of the shoots when from one to two inches in
length, in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring or early
summer ; three or four round a small pot. Sandy, fibrous
peat suits them best. They are better kept in turf-pits
than in the open air during the summer, as the sun striking
upon the pots is apt to scorch the hair-like roots. If set
out of doors, the pots should be plunged in earth or
ashes. The plants should be cut back when done flower-
ing, and kept close until new growth is making. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.

E. acumina'ta (acuminate). Australia.
„ andromedaflo'ra (Andromeda-flowered). 2. White,

rose. 1848.

„ apicula'ta (small- tufted). 2. May. 1825.
,, attenua'ta (attenuate). See LYSINEMA PUNGENS.
„ autumna'lis (autumnal). Red, tipped white. Autumn.

Hybrid.
„ bi'color (two-coloured- flowered). 2. Deep crimson,

white. 1848. Hybrid.
„ breviflo'ra (short-flowered). 3. White. April. New

South Wales.

„ campanula' ta (bell- flowered). See E. IMPRESSA.
,, „ a'lba (vfhite- flowered). 2. White. April. 1830.
,, ,, ma'xima (largest-bell- flowered). 3. Dark crimson.

February. 1848.

„ cerczfto'ra (wax-flowered). See E. IMPRESSA.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet). Bright crimson. Seedling. 1839.
„ delica'ta (delicate). 2. Blush, white. April. 1848.
„ densiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). 2. Blush. April.

1848.

,, diosmczfo'lia (Diosma-leaved). Australia.
,, du'bia (doubtful). See E. HETERONEMA DUBIA.
„ exse'rta (drawn-out). 2. White. May. Tasmania.

1812.

,, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See E. LONGIFLORA.
,, heterone'ma (various-stemmed). 3. White. June.

1823.

,, ,, du'bia (doubtful). See E. BREVIFLORA
,, hyacinthiflo'ra (hyacinth flowered). Australia. 1876.
,, ,, carmina'ta (carmine). Red.
,, impre'ssa (flattened). 3. Crimson. June. 1824
, „ parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 3. Red. April.

1836.
,, longifto'ra (long-flowered). 2 to 3. Crimson, tipped

white. Australia. 1844.

„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. White. May. 1822.
,, minia'ta (vermilion). See E. LONGIFLORA.
,, mulliflo'ra (many-flowered). Crimson and white.

1860.

,, niva'lis (snowy- flowered). See E. IMPRESSA.
,, obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). White. Auturun. Aus-
tralia.

EPERUA

323

EPIDENDRUM

E. onosmceflo'ra (Onosma-flowered). See E. PURPURAS-

CENS.

„ paludo'sa (marsh). 3. Pale red. May. 1825.

„ pulche'lla (neat). 4. Pink. May. 1804.

„ pu'ngens (pricking). See E. PURPURASCENS and

LYSINEMA PUNGENS.
„ purpura'scens (purplish). 3. Purple. February.

1803.

„ „ flo're ple'no (double-white).
„ „ niva'lis (snowy). Pure white, double.
„ „ ru'bra (red-ftwered). 3. Red. February. 1803.
„ ro'sea (rosy). See LYSINEMA PUNGENS.
,, ru'bra (red). See E. PURPURASCENS RUBRA.
,, squarro'sa (spreading). White. Tasmania. 1865.
„ varia'bilis (variable). See E. IMPRESSA.

EPE'RUA. (A South American name for a sword, in
allusion to the shape of the pods. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Stove shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe wood. Loam,
peat, and sand.
E. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Guiana.

EPEE DRA. (The Greek for the Hippuris, or Horse-
tail, which it resembles. Nat. ord. Joint Firs [Gnetaceae].
Linn. 22-Dictcia, i^-Monadelphia.)

Evergreens. E. monosta'chya inhabits the margins of
salt lakes and springs in Siberia, and would be a useful
little plant to cover spaces flooded by spring tides ; both
that and E. dista'chya would live on the sea-shore, and
bear clipping.

E. aUi'ssima (tallest). 24. Barbary. 1825. Half-hardy
twiner.

„ america'na andi'na (Andian). Chili.

„ dista'chya (two-spiked). 2. June. France. 1570.

,, folia 'ta (leafy). Northern and Central Asia.

,, fra'gilis (fragile). Mediterranean Region.

„ gerardia'na. (Gerardian). Himalaya.

„ helve'tica (Swiss). Switzerland, &c.

„ interme'dia (intermediate). Central Asia, &c.

,, mi'nor (less). See E. DISTACHYA.

,, monosta'chya (one-spiked). See E. DISTACHYA.

,, nebrode'nsis (Nebrodan). Mediterranean Region, &c.

,, trifu'rca (thrice-forked). 2 to 4. Western N. Amer.

EPEDE NDRUM. (From epi, and dendron, a tree ; air-
plants attached to trees. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae].
Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Laelia.)

Stove orchids. Division of the plant before active
growth commences ; fibrous peat, broken pots, a little
charcoal, and sphagnum-moss ; the plant fixed above
the surface of a pot nearly filled with drainage. Summer
temp., 60° to 90°, with moisture ; winter, 55° to 60°,
with more dryness.

E. acicula're (needle-like). Purple, white. Mexico. 1841.
,, adenoca'rpum (gland-fruited). White. Mexico. 1839.
„ a'dvenum (stranger). Yellow, purple, brown. Brazil.

1872.

,, cz'mulum (lovely). See E. FRAGRANS.
,, agatho' smicum (pleasant-smelling). Venezuela.
,, aggrega'tum (clustered). Peru.
„ ala'tum (winged). Green, white. Guatemala.
,, AUema'nii (Alleman's). Brazil.
,, aloifo'lium (aloe-leaved). See CYMBIDIUM ALOIFO-

LIUM.
,, ama'bilf (lovely). Brown, yellow, mauve. Mexico.

i8So.
„ amethysti'num (amethyst). Amethyst. Trop. Amer.

1867.

,, a'nceps (two-edged). Brownish. Trop. Amer. 1836.
„ antenni 'ferum (antennae-bearing). Brown. Mexico.

1850.
„ arachnoglo' ssum (spider-tongued). Rose. Colombia.

1882.

,, ,, ca'ndidum (white). White, orange. 1886.
,, armeni'acum (apricot). Apricot. Brazil and Peru.

1835-

„ aroma'iicum (aromatic). 3. Yellow. May. Guate-
mala. 1835.

,, a'sperum (rough). Yellowish. Mexico.
,, atropurpu'rcum (dark purple). Brown, purple.

Mexico. 1865.

„ „ a'lbum (white). White, rose. May. 1824.
„ „ ocula'tum (eyed). Brown, purple, white. Vene-
zuela. 1865.

atropurpu'reum Ra'ndii (Rand's). Greenish-brown ;

lip white, red veins. Brazil. 1886.
„ ro'seum (rosy). Rose. Guatemala. 1842.
, atroru'bens (dark red). Red-purple. Mexico. 1896.
, auranti'acum (orange). See CATTLEYA AURANTIACA.
auriculi'gerum (ear-bearing). Straw, purple. 1888.
, auri'twn (eared). Pale green. Mexico. 1843.
au'ro-purpu'reum (gold and purple). See E. BIFIDUM.
Barkeri'ola (Barkeriola). Rose ; lip white, deep

purple. 1884.
bicamera'tum (two-arched). Pale yellow. Mexico.

1871.
bicornu'tum (two-horned). See DIACRIUM BICOR-

NUTUM.
bi'fidum (bifid). Yellow, purple, white. July. St.

Domingo. 1835.

bletioi'des (Bletia-like). Purple. W. Ind.
boothia'num (Boothe's). |. Green. September.

Cuba. 1835.

brachia'tum (shortened). Pale yellow, spotted cinna-
mon. Mexico. 1880.
brachychi'lum (short-lipped). Yellow, brown. Sierra

Nervada.
brachyglo'ssum (short-tongued). Yellow. Peru;

Colombia. 1880.
bractea'tum (large-bracted). Yellow-green, speckled

brown. Brazil. 1891.
bracte'scens (bracted). See E. ACICULARE.
Brassa'voltz (Brassavolae). Straw-yellow, purple.

Guatemala. 1867.

caspito'sum (tufted). White, rose. Peru.
caliga'rium (obscured). Mexico. 1869.
calochei'lum (beautiful-lipped). See E. ALATTJM.
campe'stre (field). Brazil. 1844
campylo' stalix (curved-columned). Green, brown.

Central Amer. 1869.
Cando'llei (De Candolle's). Brown, yellow. Mexico.

1836.

capartia'num (Capartian). See E. OSMANTHUM.
carno'sum (fleshy). Yellow. Brazil.
Cati'Uus (Catillus). Cinnabar, yellow. New Grenada.

1872.
caulifto'rum (stem-flowering). Yellow. Rio Janeiro.

1830.

cepifor'me (onion-shaped). See E. CANDOLLEI.
chio'neum (snowy) White. New Grenada.
chloroleu'cum (yellow-white). Green, white. Guiana.

1838.

chlo'rops (green-eyed). Green. Mexico. 1881.
christya'num (Christyan). Greenish and brown.

Bolivia. 1884.
cilia're (hair-fringed), i. White. July. Martinique.

cingi'llum (small-ringed). Ochre, dark purple. 1882.
cinnabari'num (crimson), i. Crimson. Pernambuco.

1837-

,, latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Trinidad. 1836.
,, mi'nus (smaller). Trinidad. 1836.
, citri'num (Citron). See CATTLEYA CITRINA.
, clcesia'num (Claesian). 1893.
clava'tum (club-stemmed). %. Green, white. July.

Cumana. 1834.

Clowe'sii (Clowes'). Yellow, white. Guatemala. 1835.
cnemido'phorum (gaiter-bearing). Yellow, rose.

Guatemala. 1867.
cochlea'twn (spiral), i. Purple. July. W. Ind.

1799.

„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Xalapa. 1828.
coUa're (banded), ij. White. Guatemala. 1843.
colo'rans (colourmg). See E. POLYAXTHUM.
confu'sum (confused). See E. FRAGRANS MEGALAN-

THUM.

cono'pseum (similar-looking). Green, white. S.

United States.
conspi'cuum (conspicuous). White, purple. Brazil.

1869.

cooperia'num (Cooperian). Green, rose. Brazil. 1867.
,, caloglo'ssum (beautiful-lipped). Lip rich purple.

1882.

corda'tum (heart-shaped). Peru.
cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). Brazil.
coria'ceum (leathery). See E. VARIEGATUM CORIACEUM.
coriifo Hum (leathery-leaved). Green. Central Amer.

1850.
costarice'nse (Costa Rican). Costa Rica. 1893.

EPIDENDRUM

324

EPIDENDRUM

E. costa'tum (ribbed). Reddish-brown, white, blotched

purple. Mexico. 1845.
„ coxia'num (Coxian). Brownish-yellow, pale green.

Trop. Amer. 1877.

„ crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). See E. ELLIPTICUM.
„ criniferum (hair-bearing). Yellow-green, brown.

Costa Rica. 1871.

„ crispa'tum (curled). See E. ADENOCARPUM.
„ cube'nse (Cuban). Yellow, purple. June. Cuba.

1842.

„ cuculla'tum (hooded). Brazil.
„ cuspida'tum (pointed). See E. CILIAKE.
„ cyclote'llum (small-circle). Mauve, purple. Mexico.

1880.
„ densifio'rum (dense-flowered). Green, brown. Mexico.

1836.

„ dichro'mum (two-coloured). Rose, red. Bahia.
„ „ ama'bile (lovely). Rose, crimson. Bahia. 1865.
„ „ stri'ctum (upright). White, purple veined. Bahia.

1866.

„ diffo'rme (two-formed). See E. UMBELLATUM.
„ diffu'sum (spreading loosely). See SERAPHYTA MULTI-
FLORA.

„ di'pus (two-stalked). See E. NUTANS.
,, di'scolor (two-coloured). Brazil.
„ du'rum (hard). Yellow. Brazil. 1841.
„ ebu'rneum (ivory). Ivory-white. Panama. 1867.
„ e'legans (elegant). i£. Light rose. Mexico. 1836.
„ ,, nobi'lior (nobler). Flowers larger. 1886.
„ elli'pticum (elliptic). Pink. Brazil.
„ Elli'sii (Ellis's). ij. Rose, yellow. Colombia.

1894.

„ elonga'tum (loug-stalked). See E. SECUSDUM.
„ „ pa'llidum (pale). Brazil. 1836.
„ Endre'sii (Endres's). Green, white, orange. Costa

Rica. 1883.

„ ensa'tum (sword-leaved). Mexico.
„ ensifo'lium (sword-leaved). See CTMBIDIUM ENSI-

FOLIUM.

, e'quitans (equalling). Mexico.
, erube'scens (blushing). Rose. Mexico. 1837.
, eve'ctum (prolonged). Rose-purple. Colombia. 1871.
, expa'nsum (expanded). Colombia.
, falca'lum (sickle-shaped). Yellow. Oaxaca. 1838.
, falsilo'quum (falsely indicated). Pale yellow; lip

white, with mauve lines. 1885.

„ favo'ris (favoured). Yellow-brown. Mexico. 1874.
„ ferrugi'neum (rusty). Peru.
„ fimbria'tum (fringed). White, violet. Peru.
„ fla'vidum (yellowish). See E. LEUCOCHILUM.
„ fla'vum (yellow). Yellow. Brazil.
„ flexuo'sum (zigzag). See E. IMATOPHYLLUM.
„ fioribu'ndum (many-flowered). i. Green, blue.

October. Mexico.
„ forgetea'num (Forgetian). Yellowish, veined dull rose.

1893.
» fra'grans (sweet-scented). J. White. September.

Jamaica. 1778.

„ ,, cinnamo'meum (cinnamon-scented). White. Sep-
tember. Jamaica. 1836.
,, ,, megala'nthum (large-flowered). Straw ; lip with

red lines. Guatemala. 1899.

,, fraudule'ntum (fraudulent). Rosy, yellow. 1886.
„ Frederfci-Guilie'lmi (Frederick-William's). Crimson,

white. Peru. 1871.

„ fuca'tum (dyed). Yellow, pink, white. Cuba. 1838.
„ funckia'num (Funck's). Brown. Mexico.
„ funt ferum (rope-bearing). See E. POLYANTHUM.
„ fusca'tum (brown). Trop. Amer.
„ ghiesbreghtia'num (Ghiesbreghtian). Claret, white,

purple, orange. Mexico.
„ gigante'um (gigantic). Brazil. 1843.
,, glau'cum (milky-green). Green, purple. June.

Mexico. 1837.

globo'sum (globose). Trop. Amer.
gluma'ceum (chaffy). White. Brazil. 1839.
glittino'sum (clammy). See E. ODORATISSIMUM.
godseffia'num (Godseffian). See E. OSMANTHUM.
gra'cile (slender). 3. Red, green. March. Bahamas.
Graha'mi (Dr. Graham's). See E. PHCENICEUM.
grandifto'rum (large-flowered). See STANHOPEA BUCE-
PHALUS.

grani'ticwn (grained). See E. ONCIDIOIDES.
gra'vidum (heavy). Mexico.
guaUmale'nse (Guatemalan). See E. ONCIDIOIDES.

E. Hanbu'rii (Hanbury's). 2. Rose. August. Mexico

1843.
„ Harriso'niai (Mrs. Harrison's). Pale green, white.

Brazil.

„ Ha'rtii (Hart's). J. Pale yellow. Trinidad. 1894.
„ Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). Peru.
„ Hormi'dium (Hormidium). Yellow, green. August.

Mexico. 1836.

,, havane'nse (Havannah). Havannah. 1836.
,, herba'ceum (herbaceous). Brazil. 1837.
,, ibague'nse (Ibaguan). Orange, cinnabar. Colombia.

1868. (Also spelt ybaguense.)

„ imatophy Hum (thong- leaved). Rose. Demerara.
„ indivi'sum (undivided). See DIACRIUM BICORNUTUM.
,, inve'rsum (inverted). Brazil.
,, ionoce'ntrum (violet-spurred). Greenish-brown ; lip

white, with violet. Trop. Amer. 1883.
„ iono'smum (violet-scented). Yellow, green. June.

Guiana. 1836.
,, Karwi'nskii (Karwinsk's). Pale yellow, brown, white.

Mexico. 1869.
„ Kiena'stii (Kienast's). Rose, purple ; lip white, with

purple ridges. 1887.
„ lacerti'num (lizard-tailed). Yellow, green. March.

Guatemala. 1837.

„ la'cerum (torn). 3. Pale pink. November. Ha-
vannah. 1835.

,, lactifto'rum (milky-flowered). See E. FALCATUM.
„ lacu'stre (lake). Yellow, green. Venezuela. 1840.
,, lambeaua'num (Lambeauau). £. Greenish-white,

tinged violet ; lip purple. Brazil. 1905.
„ lamella' turn (lamellated). See E. STENOPETALUM.
„ lancifo'lium (lance-leaved). Pale yellow. March.

Mexico. 1839.

„ la'nipes (woolly-stalked). Peru.
„ latila'brum (broad-lipped). Green. March. Brazil.

1840.
„ lauchea'num (Lauchean). J. Brownish ; lip green.

Colombia. 1893.
„ Lawre'ncccz (Lady Lawrence's), i. Pink. Guatemala.

1847.

„ laxiflo'rum (loose-flowered). Country unknown.
„ ledifp'lium (Ledum-leaved). Yellow. Mexico.
„ lentigino' sum (freckled). Yellow, green. March.

Demerara. 1837.

,, leucochi'lum (white-lipped). See E. LACUSTRE.
,, leucochi'lum (white-lipped) of Link. Yellow. Colom-
bia.

,, Linde'nii (Mr. Linden's). Rose. Merida.
„ lindleya'num (Lindleyan). 2. Rose-purple ; lip

white, purple. Mexico. 1842.
„ „ Cente'rce (Mrs. Center's). Rosy-lilac. Costa Rica.

1873-

„ ,, supe'rbum (superb). Dark rose. Guatemala.
, linea're (narrow-leaved). Peru.
, linear if o' Hum (narrow- leaved). See E. ACICULARE.
, linkia'num (Link's). Yellow, white. March. Mexico.

1840.

, longibu'lbon (long-bulbed). Guiana. 1839.
, longi'colle (long-necked). White, yellow. Guiana.

1844.

„ longipe' talum (long-petalled). See E. ALATUM.
,, macrochi'lum (large-lipped). See E. ATROPURPUREUM.
„ macrosta' chyum (large-spiked). Green, white. Colom-
bia. 1845.

„ wan/jnta'nw»i(Mantinian). White-green, with purple-
brown dots. Trop. Amer. 1892. (Syn. N anodes.)
„ marmora'tum (marbled). Crystalline white, with

purple blotches. Mexico. 1876.
„ Matthe'wsii (Matthews'). Transparent, shaded purple ;

lip blood-purple. Peru. 1886.
„ megala'nthum (great-flowered). See E. FRAGRANS

MEGALANTHUM.

„ Medu'scz (Medusa's). Green, purple. Ecuador.
(Syn. Nanodes Medusa.)

„ melanocau'lon (black-stemmed), i. Lilac. June.
Mexico. 1848.

,, melio'smum (honey-scented). Mexico. 1869.

,, michuaca'num (Michuacan). Pale yellow. Mexico.
1840.

,, microcha'ris (little-beauty). Yellow, purple. Guate-
mala. 1870.

„ monophy'llum (one-leaved). White. Demerara.

„ monroea'num (Monroe's). White, pink. July.
Guatemala. 1840.

EPIDENDRUM

325

EPIDENDRUM

E. moorea'num (Moorean). Green, purple, fragrant.

Costa Rica. 1891.
„ Mosefni (Mosen's). Vermilion, red. Colombia (?).

1880.

„ musci'ferum (fly-bearing). See E. ANCEPS.
„ myria'nthum (myriad-flowered). Lilac. Guatemala.

1866.
„ ncevo'sum (freckled). White, yellow. February.

Oaxaca. 1846.

„ nemora'le (wood). Purple. June. Mexico. 1840.
„ noctu'rnum (night- fragrant), i. White. September.

Martinique. 1836.

„ „ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). W. Ind. 1835.
„ „ latifo'lium (broad-leaved), i. Yellow, white.

October. W. Ind. 1836.
„ „ pu'milum (dwarf). Ensequibo. 1835.
„ nu'tans (nodding). i. Green. July. Jamaica.

1793-

„ obtu'sum (blunt). Mexico.

„ ochra'ceum (ochreous). Yellow-white. Mexico. 1838.
„ odorati' ssimum (sweetest-scented), i. Dingy green.

August. Rio Janeiro. 1827.
„ oncidioi'des (oncidium-Uke). 3. Yellow, brown.

S. Amer.

„ orchidiflo'rum (orchis-flowered). Brown. Bahia.
„ organe'nse (Organ Mountains). J. Dull yellow, lined

brown-purple. Brazil. 1898.
„ orgya'le (six-foot). Yellow. St. Bogota.
„ Ortgie'sii (Ortgies's). Red, white ; lip purple. 1892.
,, osma'nthum (scented-flowered). Brown, white, rose-
purple. Brazil. 1892.
,, ovalifo'lium (oval-leaved). Green, white. April.

Mexico. 1835.
„ o'vulum (egg- like). Green, white. July. Bolanos.

1842.

„ oxype'talum (sharp-petaled). Yellow. April. Cuba.
„ pachya'nthum (thick-flowered). Green. Guiana.

1837-

„ palea'ceum (scaly). See E. AURITUM.
,, pallidiftp'rum (pale-flowered). White, rose, purple.

Dominica. 1829.

„ palpi'gerum (palpi-bearing). Lilac. Mexico. 1879.
,, panicula' turn (panicled). 3 to 4. Lilac. Trop. Amer.

1868.

„ papillo'sum (nippled). See E. ADENOCARPUM.
,, parkinsonia'num (Mr. Parkinson's). 2. Green, yellow.

September. Mexico. 1838.
„ pasto'ris (shepherd's). White, green. March. Mexico.

1836.

„ pa'tens (spreading). White. W. Ind. and Guate-
mala.

,, payte'nse (Paytan). Brilliant scarlet, orange. Colom-
bia ; Peru. 1885.
„ phani'ceum (purple). J. Cream, purple, green.

June. Cuba. 1840.
„ physo'des (bladder-like). White, brown. Costa Rica.

1873.

,, pi'ctum (painted). Yellow, crimson. Guiana. 1838.
,, piperi'num (peppery-scented). Colombia. 1846.
„ plica'tum (plaited). Green, violet, purple. Cuba.

1847.
„ polya'nthum (many-flowered). Brown, white. Mexico.

1851.

„ polybu'lbon (many-bulbed). Yellow, white. W. Ind.
„ polysta'chyum (many-spiked). Yellow. June. Peru.

1840.
„ primuli'num (primrose-scented). Yellow, brown.

Bahamas. 1837.
„ prismatoca'rpum (prism- fruited). Yellow, rose, purple.

Central Amer. 1862.

,, Pri'stts (Pristes). Cinnabar, yellow. 1886.
„ propi'nquum (related). Brown. Mexico.
,, Pseu'd-epide'ndrum (false Epidendrum). Green,

orange, red. Panama. 1871.
„ „ aura'tum (golden). Lip crimson, edged orange.

1885.
„ pteroca'rpum (winged-fruited). Plant diminutive.

Mexico. 1905.
„ pugionifo'rme (dagger-formed). Green, yellow, white.

Mexico. 1890.
,, pu'milum (dwarf). Greenish- yellow. Costa Rica.

1893.

„ puncta'tum (dotted). See CYRTOPODIUM PUNCTATUM.
,, puncti'ferum (spot-bearing). Green ; lip spotted

purple. Brazil. 1908.

E. punctula'tum (dotted). Brown, green, yellow, dotted

brown. Mexico. 1885.
„ purpurachy'lum (purple-juiced). Olive, green, deep

purple, fragrant. 1900.
„ pu' rum (pure). Greenish-yellow ; lip white. Colombia.

1842.

„ pusi'llum (insignificant). See E. BRACTEATUM.
„ pygmeg'um (pigmy). See HORMIDIUM UNIFLORUM.
„ pyrifo'rme (pear-shaped-bulbed). Red, yellow.

J anuary. Cuba.
„ quadra' turn (four-sided). Green, brown. Trop. Amer.

1850.
„ radio: turn (ray-flowered), i. Green, purple. Mexico.

1835.
„ rodi'cans (stem-rooting). Orange, yellow. October.

Mexico. 1839.

„ ramo'sum (branched). Pale yellow. W. Ind. 1836.
„ Ra'ndii (Rand's). See E. ATROPURPUREUM RANDII.
„ rani'ferum (frog-bearing). $. Green, brown. May.

Mexico. 1839.
„ recurva'tum (bent-back). Rose. ApriL Venezuela.

1845.

„ refra'ctum (broken). Dark red. May. Caraccas.
„ replica'tum (re-folded). Yellow, pink. Colombia.

1881.

„ rhizo'phorum (rooting). See E. RADICANS.
„ ri'gidum (stiS-petaled). i. Yellowish-white. June.

Jamaica. 1836.

„ ru'bro-ci'nctum (red-edged). See E. DENSIFLORUM.
„ ru'fum (red). Red. Bahamas. 1845.
„ sacchara' turn (sugared), i. Greenish-yellow ; lip

white, rose-purple. British Guiana. 1908.
„ saxa'tile (rock). Red, purple. Guiana.
,, Sce'ptrum (sceptre-like). Yellow, purple. Jago.
„ Schombu'rgkii (Schomburg's). 2. Scarlet. Guiana.

1837-

„ scri'ptum (written). Mexico.

„ Scute'Ua (saucer-shaped). Green, yellow. Guiana.
„ secu'ndum (one-sided). 2. Red. May. Trop. Amer.

1798.
„ selli'gerum (saddle-formed). Pale white. April.

Mexico. 1836.
„ seria'tum (rowed). Green, white, violet. Mexico.

1870.

„ se'rpens (snake-like). Violet. Peru.
„ sinefnse (Chinese). See CYMBIDIUM SINENSE.
„ Skinne'ri (Skinner's). J. Green, white. July.

Cumana. 1834. (Syn. Barkeria Skinneri.)
,, „ ma'jor (large-flowered). i. Light purple.

November. 1847.
,, Sophroni'tis (Sophronitis). Green, purple. Ecuador.

1857-

„ specta'bile (showy). Lilac and purple. July. Guate-
mala. 1843. (Syn. Barkeria spectabilis.)
„ spondia'dum (cupped). Costa Rica.
„ squa'lidum (squalid). Yellow, brown. June. Mexico.

1840.

,, squama'tum (scaly). Brazil.
,, stamfordia'num (Stamford's). White, red. April.

Guatemala. 1836.

„ „ le-ea'num (Leean). Spotted purple. 1888.
„ stangea'num (Stangean). |. Green. Panama. 1881.
„ stanhopea'num (Stanhopean). Green and purple.

Colombia. 1897.
„ stenope' talum (acute-petaled). i. Rose. March.

Jamaica.

„ stria' turn (streaked). White, red. May. Mexico. 1838.
„ subulatifo'lium (awl-leaved). Yellow. Mexico.
„ syringothy'rsis ( Lilac- thyrsed). Rose-purple, white.

Boh" via. 1868.
„ tampe"nse (Tampan). Yellow, brown ; lip white,

purple. Florida. 1847.
„ teretifo'lium (terete-leaved). W. Ind.
,, tesseila'tum (chequered). Guatemala. 1838.
,, tibi'cinis (piper's). See SCHOMBURGKIA TIBICIXIS.
„ tigri'num (tiger-like). Yellow, red. Merida.
„ tolime'nse (Tollman). Yellow. Tolima. 1845.
,, torqua'tum (collared). Colombia.
,, tovare'nse (Tovaran). Colombia.
„ trackychi'lum (rough-lipped). Olive, green, yellow,

dotted red. Mexico.

„ tri'color (three-coloured). $. Light yellow. Vene-
zuela. 1893.
„ trida'ctylum (three-fingered). See AMBLOSTOMA CER-

NUUM.

EPIDERMIS

326

EPIPACTUS

E. tri'dens (three-toothed). White, green. April.

Demerara. 1836.
„ tripuncta'tum (three-spotted). See E. GHIESBREGHTI-

ANUM.

„ Turia'lva (Mme. Turialva's). Costa Rica. 1871.
„ umbella'tum (umbelled). Green. Trop. Amer. 1793.
„ Umlau'fti (Umlauft's). See E. COSTARICENSE.
„ undula'tum (waved). See ONCIDIUM CARTHAGINENSE.
„ vandifo'lium(Vanda-leaved). Purple. Mexico. 1849.
„ vanneria'num (Vannerian). (G. C., 1885, xxiv., 678.)
„ varico'sum (swollen). Central Amer.
„ variega'tum (variegated-leaved and flowered). i.

Green, white. January. Rio Janeiro. 1829.
„ „ coria'ceum (leathery), i. Green, purple. Deme-
rara.

„ veno'sum (veined-lipped). White, violet. Mexico.
,, verruco'sum (vrarted-flower-stalked). See E. NEMORALE.
„ vesica'tum (bladdery). Brazil.
„ vincenti'num (St. Vincent's). St. Vincent. 1840.
„ viola'ceum (violet). See CATTLEYA LODDIGESII.
„ vi'rens (green). Green. Serampore.
„ vire'scens (greenish). See E. ANCEPS.
,, virga'tum (twiggy). Mexico.
„ viridiflo'rum (green-flowered). Green, purple. Brazil.

1842.

„ vi'ridi-purpu'reum (green-purple). See E. ANCEPS.
„ vitelli'num (yoke-of-egg-cotowrai). i. Orange, yellow.

September. Mexico. 1840.
„ „ fio're ple'no (double). Flowers regular, of 12

segments. 1890.

„ „ gigante'um (giant). See E. v. MAJUS.
„ „ ma'jus (larger). Orange, yellow. September.

Oaxaca. 1841.
„ vivi'parum (viviparous). White. January. Guiana.

1838.

„ volu'bile (twisting). Peru.
„ Wagenc'ri (Wagener's). See E. VIRENS.
„ Walli'sii (Wallis's). Yellow, brown, white. Colombia.

1875.

„ watsonid 'num (Watsonian). Brazil. 1892.
„ wendlandia' num (Wendlandian). Green ; lip white,

with purple lines. Mexico. 1893.
„ xanthi'num (yellow). Brazil.
„ Xiphe'res (Xipheres). Brownish-yellow, sulphur.

Peru. 1853.
„ xipheroi'des (Xipheres-like). Green ; lip yellow, with

white callus. Brazil. 1896.

EPIDERMIS. The skin or outer layer of cells of the
leaves and younger stems of plants. Jt usually consists
of a hardened cuticle, beneath which are cells holding
water but no chlorophyll or leaf green. The epidermis
is furnished with pores known as stomata, most often on
the undersurface of leaves, and on young stems, but
some leaves have them on both surfaces.

EPIG&'A. (From epi, upon, and gaia, the earth ; re-
ferring to its trailing habit. Nat. ord. Heathworts
[Ericaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy evergreen sweet-scented trailers, suitable for
rock-works, and delighting in moist, peaty soil ; propa-
gated chiefly by layers ; would be better in a cold pit
during severe weather.
E. re'pens (creeping). J. White. July. N. Amer.

1736.
„ „ rubicu'nda (red-flowered). £. Red. March. 1836.

EPIGY'NIUM ACUMINA'TUM. See CORALLOBOTRYS

ACUMINATA.

EPIGY NIUM LEUCO'BOTRYS. See VACCINIUM SER-

RATUM LEUCOBOTRYS.

EPILO'BIUM. Willow Herb. (From epi, upon, and
lobos, a pod ; flowers superior, or seated on the seed-pod.
Nat. ord. Onagrads [Oiiagraceae]. Linn. 8-Ocla.ndria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Clarkia arid Zauschneria.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions, and many
by seeds ; common, light garden-soil.
E. alpe'slre (alpine). See E. TRIGONUM.
„ alpi'num (alpine). Rose. N. Temperate Regions.
„ alsinifo'lium (Alsine-leaved). Pink. Britain.
„ angustifp' Hum (narrow-leaved). 4. Purple. July.

Britain.
„ „ album (white-flowered). 4. White. July. Britain.

E. angusti' ssimum (narrowest-teamZ). See E. DODON/EI.
,, billardieria' num (Billardierian). Australia.
„ bre'vipes (short-stalked). New Zealand.
,, cane'scens (hoary). Rose. June. Australia. 1826.
,, colora'tum (coloured). 3. Purple. June. N. Amer.

1805.

,, crassifo'lium (thick- leaved). See E. DODON^EI.
,, cyli'ndricum (cylindrical). See E. ROSEUM.
,, davu'ricum (Davurian). f. White. June. Davuria.

1822.
„ Dodonce'i (Dodoen's). ij. Purple. July. France.

1700.

„ Flesiche'ri (Fleischer's). See E. DODON^EI.
„ glabe'llum (small-smooth). New Zealand.
,, hirsu'tum (hairy. Codlins and Cream). 4. Purple.

July. Britain.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated-leaved). 4. Rosy. June.

England.
„ hypericifo'lium(Hypericum- leaved). Red. June. S.

Europe. 1837.

„ La'myi (Lamy's). Pink. Britain.
,, lanceola'tum (spear-head-leaved), ij. Purple. July.

Italy. 1810.

,, latifo'lium (broad-leaved). N. Amer.
,, linnczoi' 'des (Linnaea-like). New Zealand.
,, lo'ngipes (long-stalked). See E. PEDUNCULA'RE.
„ lu'teum (yellow), i. Pale yellow. N. Amer.
„ melanocau'lon (black-stemmed). New Zealand.
„ minu'tum (small), i. White. August. N.W. Amer.

1838.

,, monta'num (mountain). Rose or pink. Britain.
,, nummularifo'lium (money-leaved). New Zealand.
„ nu'tans (nodding). Blush. June. Bohemia. 1827.
„ obcorda'tum (obversely-heart-shaped). £. Bright

rose. California. 1885.

„ obscu'rum (obscure), i to 2. Rose. Britain.
,, parvifto'rum (small-flowered). Pkikorrose. Britain.
„ peduncula're (long-stalked). Rosy-pink. New Zealand.
,, ro'seum (rosy), ij. Rose. July. Britain.
,, rosmarinifo'lium (rosemary- leaved). 2. Purple.

June. N. Europe. 1800.
„ spica'tum (spiked). See E. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.
,, stri'ctum (erect), ij. Purple. July. Pennsylvania.

1817.
„ telragp'num (square-stemmed). i to 2. Rose.

Britain.

,, tomento'sum (downy). See E. BIRSUTUM.
,, trigo'num (three-angled), i to 2. Rose or pink.

Europe.

,, villo'sum (long-haired). See E. HIRSUTUM.
„ virga'tum (twiggy). See E. OBSCURUM.

EPIME'DIUM. Barren wort. (From epimcdion, a
name used by Pliny. Nat. ord. Berberids [Berber idaceae].
Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Jeffer-
sonia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Cuttings and divisions ;
sandy loam. E. macra'nthum viola' ceum likes the pro-
tection of a cold pit. E. alpi'num does best in moist,
peaty soil.

E. alpi'num (alpine). J. Crimson. May. England.
,, conci'nnum (neat). J. Purple. April. Japan. 1872.
„ diphy'llum (twin). See ACERANTHUS DIPHYLLUS.
„ grandifto'rum (large-flowered). White. April. Japan.

1836.
„ hexa'ndrum (six-stamened). See VANCOUVERIA HEX-

ANDRA.

„ macra'nthum (large-flowered). i. White, violet.

April. Japan. 1836.
,, ,, viola'ceum (violet). Violet.
,, musschia'num (Mussch's). i. White. March. Japan.

1836.
„ perralderia'num (Perralderian). Yellow, with red

nectaries. Algeria.

,, pinna'tum (pinnate), i. Yellow. April. Persia.
,, ptero'ceras (winged-horned). \. Yellow. Caucasus.

1845.

,, ru'brum (red), i. Crimson. April. Japan.
„ ,, versi' 'color (changing colour). Yellow, red.
,, viola'ceum (violet). See E. MACRANTHUM VIOLACEUM.

EPIPA'CTUS. (From epipegnuo, to coagulate ; its
effect on milk. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn.
2o-Gynandria, i-Mpnandria. Allied to Listera.)

Pretty terrestrial orchids, not difficult to grow.

EPIPHORA

327

ERANTHEMUM

Divisions ; common soil ; kept rather dry during the

resting period.

E. gigantf'a (giant), i. Green and pink. Western N.

Amer. and Temperate Asia. 1899.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). ii. Purple. July. Britain.
,, me'dia (intermediate), ij. Green, purple. Sep-
tember. In woods.
„ „ ova'lis (oval), ij. Blush, red. July. Mountain

sides.

„ „ purpura'ta (purpled), ij. Green, pink. July.
„ palu'stris (marsh). J. Purple. July. England.
,, purpu'rea (purple). See CEPHALANTHERA RUBRA.
„ roylea'na (Roylean). See E. GIGANTEA.

EPI'FHORA PUBE SCENS. See POLYSTACHYA PUBE-

SCENS.

EPIPHYLLA'NTHUS. (From epi, upon, phullon, a
leaf, and anlhos, a flower ; the flowers are borne on leaf-
like branches. Nat. ord. Cactaceas.)

An epiphytic plant with branching, jointed stems like
Epiphyllum, which see for culture.

E. obtusa'ngulus (blunt-angled). Rose. Brazil. 1906.
Syns. Epiphyllum obtusangulum and Cereus obtus-
angulus,

EPIPHY LLTJM. (From epi, upon, and phullon, a leaf ;
flowers borne on the edges of the leaf-like branches. Nat.
ord. Indian Figs [Cactaceae]. Linn. iz-Icosandria, i-
Monogynia.)

Stove fleshy-stemmed plants. Cuttings in summer,
dried at the bottom before inserting them, or rather,
laying them down in any loose material, such as gravel
and rough leaf-mould ; soil, loam, peat, lime-rubbish,
and dried cow-dung in equal proportions. The smaller
kinds do well grafted on the Cereus speciosi'ssimus, Pere-
skia, &c. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 38° to 45°.
E. Altenstei'nii (Altenstein's). Red. Brazil. 1821.

„ crue'ntum (blood-coloured). White.

„ „ Ackerma'nni (Ackermann's). See PHYLLOCACTUS

ACKERMANNI.

„ delica'tum (pale-coloured). White, flushed pink.

Brazil. 1902.

„ Gcertne'ri (Gartner's). Orange-scarlet. Brazil. 1884.

,, Gibso'ni (Gibson's). Dark orange-red. 1886.

„ Guedne'yri (Guedneyr's). Creamy-white. 1875.

„ makoya'num (Makoyan). See E. G.SRTNERI.

„ Rucke'ri (Rucker's). See E. TRUNCATUM.

„ russellia'num (Russellian). Rose. May. Brazil.

, ,, ru'brum (red). Rose-red.

, ,, supe'rbum (superb). Purple, white.

, sple'ndidum (splendid). See CEREUS SPLENDIDUS.

, trunca'tum (snipped). Rose. June. Brazil. 1818,

, „ bi'color (two-coloured). White, edged rose.

, „ cocci'neum (scarlet). Rich scarlet.

, „ ruckeria'num (Ruckerian). Purple, violet.

„ „ viola'ceum (violet). White, purple.

EPIPRETMNUM. (From epi, upon, and premnon, a
stem ; grows, attached to the stems of trees. Nat. ord.
Araceae.)

Stove climbers, with ornamental foliage. Cuttings in
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, some charcoal and sand.
E. gigante'um (giant). 100. Yellow-green. Leaves un-
divided. Malay Peninsula. 1904.
„ mira'bile (wonderful). Leaves of the full-grown plant
deeply lobed. Trop. Asia. 1882. " Tonga Plant."

EPI'SCIA. (From epi, upon, and skia, shade ; the
plants grow in shady places. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae.)

Stove herbs, mostly trailing, with short stems. Seeds ;
cuttings in sand, in a close case with bottom-heat.
Light, rich soil.

E. cz'nea, (bronzy). White. Colombia. 1875.
„ bi' 'color (two-coloured). Purple, white. Colombia.
„ bracte'scens (bracted). 2. White. June. Trop.

Amer. 1852.

„ chontale1 'nsis (Chontalese). White. Nicaragua. 1867.
„ cilio'sa (eye-lashed). Trop. Amer.
„ cuprea'ta (coppery). Scarlet, yellow. June. Nicara-
gua. 1844.
„ „ meta'llica, (metallic). Light scarlet. Colombia.

1869.

„ „ viridifo'lia (green-leaved). Leaves coppery-green.
Colombia. 1860.

E. de'nsa (dense). Yellow, tinged purple. Leaves

purplish. British Guiana. 1895.
„ ery'thropus (red-stalked). Flesh, with purple-orange

spots. Colombia. 1876.

„ fu'lgida (shining). Scarlet. Colombia. 1873.
„ gla'bra (smooth). White. Autumn. Trop. Amer. 1846.
„ Lucia'ni (Lucian's). Bright red. Colombia. 1876.
„ macula' ia (blotched). Yellow and brown. British

Guiana. 1890.
„ melittifo'lia (balm-leaved). Crimson. Spring. W.

Ind. Brazil. 1852.

pi'cia (painted). White. Trop. Amer. 1851.
, pulchSlla (pretty). Yellow, red. July. Trinidad.
, puncta'ta (spotted). J. Yellow, violet. May.

Trop. Amer.

, splen'dens (brilliant). Light red. Colombia. 1866.
, tessella'ta (chequered). Yellow. Peru. 1869.
, villo'sa (shaggy), i}. White. May. Guiana.

EPISE'MA CJERU'LEO-CE'PHALA. The Figure-of-
eight Moth. See DILOBA C^ERULEO-CEPHALA.

EPISTETHTUM. (From epi, upon, and stephos, a
crown. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Greenhouse terrestrial Orchid. See ORCHIDS FOR
CULTURE.
E. Willia'msii (Williams's). Rose, purple. Brazil. 1865.

EQUISETUM. Horse-tail. (Derived from equus, a
horse, and seta, a strong hair. Nat. ord. Equisetaceae.)
Hardy perennial herbs. E. ma'ximum is a strong
growing species, suitable for damp spots and the edges of
ponds ; E. sylva'ticum is slender, graceful, and likes shade.
Division of clumps.

E. ma'ximum (largest). 2 to 5. Britain.
„ sylva'ticum (wood), ii to 2. Britain.

ERAGRO'STIS. Love Grass. (From eros, love, and
agrostis, a grass. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Hardy and half-hardy grasses of an ornamental char-
acter. Seeds.

E. abyssi'nica (Abyssinian). See POA ABYSSINICA,
» Ggypti'aca (Egyptian). N. Africa.
„ capitta'ris (hair-like). N. Amer.
„ cilia' ris (eye-lashed). Tropical Regions.
„ e'legans (elegant). Brazil.
„ ma'jor (greater). Tropical Regions.

, megasta'chya (large-spiked). See E. MAJOR.

, minor (smaller). Tropics.

, pectina'ta (combed). Mexico.

, peruvia'na (Peruvian). S. Amer.

, pilo'sa (thinly-hairy). N. Amer.

, po&oi'des (Poa-like) See E. MINOR.

, Pu'rshii (Pursh's). N. Amer.
„ re'ptans (creeping). Tropical Regions.
„ te'nuis (slender). N. Amer.

ERA'NTHEMTJM. (From erao, to love, and anthos, a
flower ; referring to the beauty of the flowers. Nat.
ord. Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-
Monogynia.)

Cuttings of points of shoots when a little firm, in sandy
loam, in bottom-heat, in a propagating case ; peat one
part, loam two parts. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ;
winter, 45° to 55°.
E. acantho'phorum (thorny). See HAPLANTHUS VERTI-

CILLARIS.
„ albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 2\. White. July.

Brazil.
„ a'lbo-margina'tum (white-margined). Leaves with

broad white edge. Polynesia. 1880.
„ a'lbum (white). 2. White. June. E. Ind. 1816.
„ ambi'guum (doubtful). 2. Red. July. 1821. See

ANTHACANTHUS ACICULARIS.
„ Anderso'ni (Anderson's). White, spotted purple.

November. Malaya. 1868.
„ aspe'rsum (scattered). White, spotted purple.

Solomon Isles. 1868.
„ atropurpu'reum (dark-purple). Leaves and stems

dark purple. Polynesia. 1875.
„ barlerioi'des (Barleria-like). Blue. August. See

D.tDALACANTHUS SUFFRUTICOSUS

„ Beyri'chii (Beyrich's). Lilac. Brazil.
,, ,, Gaudichau'dii (Gaudichaud's). Leaves variegated.
Brazil. 1869.

ERANTHIS

328

EREMURUS

E. Beyri'cUi variega'tum (variegated). Leaves varie-
gated with white. Brazil. 1866.
„ bi'color (two-coloured), £. White, red. July. Luzon.

1802.

„ bornee'nse(BorneaTi). White, sulphur. May. Borneo.
„ cape'nse (Cape). See D.EDALACANTHUS MONTANUS.
„ cinnabari'num (cinnabar). Scarlet. Burma. 1880.
„ ,, ocella'tum (eyed). Crimson, with white spot. 1871.
„ Coope'ri (Cooper's). White, purple. June. New

Caledonia. 1864.
„ crenula'tum (notched). Lilac. Autumn. Himalayas.

1824.
„ eborace'nse (New York). White. Duke of York's

Island. 1881.
„ Eldora'do (Eldorado). Leaves golden-yellow, veined

green. Polynesia. 1877.

f> e'legans (elegant). 3. Scarlet. June. Guinea. 1824.
„ fcecu'ndum (prolific). i£. Lilac. June. Brazil.

1829.
„ Gaudichau'dii (Gaudichaud's). See E. BEYRICHII

GAUDICHAUDII.

„ graciliflo'rum (graceful-flowered). Penang.
„ hypocraterifo'rme (salver-shaped). Red. Trop. Africa.

1870.

„ i'gneum (fiery). Yellow. Leaves veined red. Peru.
„ fndicum (Indian). Red. Himalaya.
„ laxifto'rum (lax-flowered). 2 to 3. Purple. Fiji.

1877.

„ leuconeu'ron (white-nerved). Lilac. Brazil.
„ longifo'lium (long- leaved). Scarlet. November. S.

Amer.
„ macrophy'llum (large-leaved). See D^EDALACANTHUS

MACROPHYLLUS.

„ macula'tum (blotched). Leaves blotched.

„ marmora' 'turn (marbled). S. Amer. 1874.

„ monta'num (mountain). 2. Lilac, purple. March.
Ceylon. 1843.

„ Moo'rei (Moore's). Leaves spotted. Polynesia.

„ nervo'sum (nerved). See D^EDALACANTHUS NERVOSUS.

„ nigre'scens (blackish). See E. ATROPURPUREUM.

„ ni'grum (black). Leaves purple. Solomon Islands.
1880.

„ palati'ferum (palate-bearing). Scarlet, yellow. Hima-
layas. 1871.

„ Pari'shii (Parish's). Pale lilac. Burma. 1864.

„ pulche'llum (pretty). See D^JDALACANTHUS NERVOSUS.

„ racemo'sum (racemed). Blush. August. E. Ind.
1826.

„ reticula'tum (netted). Leaves netted with yellow.
Polynesia. 1875.

„ ro'seum (rosy). 2. Rose-purple. Brazil. 1876.

„ rubrone" rvium (red-nerved). See FITTONIA VER-

SCHAFFELTII.

„ sanguineole'ntum (blood-red).
Madagascar. 1864.

„ Schombu'rgkii (Schomburgk's).

„ spino'sum (spined). 3. July.
ANTHACANTHUS SPINOSUS.

„ stri'ctum (erect). See D^DALACANTHUS STRICTUS.

„ trf color (three-coloured). Leaves blotched, grey-
purple and salmon. Polynesia. 1876.

„ tubercula'tum (tuberculated). White. New Cale-
donia. 1863.

„ varia'bile (variable). 2. Purple. June. Australia.
1820.

„ veluti'num (velvety). Rose-pink. Leaves velvety
olive-green. 1886.

„ verbena' ceum (Verbena-like). White variegation.
Brazil. 1862.

„ Verschaffe'ltii (Verschaffelt's). See FITTONIA VER-

SCHAFFELTII.

., ver si' color (changing-coloured). Leaves variegated.

Polynesia. 1875.
„ Wa'ttii (Watt's). ito2. Deep blue. India. 1901.

ERA'NTHIS. Whiter Aconite. (From er, spring, and
anthos, a flower ; referring to its early flowering. Nat.
ord. Crowfoots [Ranunculaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria,
6-Polygynia.)

Hardy tubers ; offsets ; common soil.
E. cili'cica (Cilician). Bright yellow. Cilicia. 1900.
„ hyema'lis (common winter). J. Yellow. February.

Italy. 1596.

„ sibi'rica (Siberian). J. Yellow. March. Siberia.
1826.

Leaves netted red.

See E. RETICULATUM.
W. Ind. 1733- See

ERCILLA. (The diminutive of ercis, creeping. Nat.
ord. Phytolaccaceas.)

Hardy, evergreen climber, clinging like Ivy, and
requiring a wall.

E. spica'ta (spicate). See E. VOLUBILIS.
„ volu'bilis (climbing). Purple. Chili and Peru. 1840.
ERECHTHI'TES. (From erechtho, to distress ; pos-
sibly from the extreme difficulty of defining the limits of
the species. Nat. ord. Composite. Allied to Brachy-
glottis and Cineraria.)

Hardy, or half-hardy annual. Seeds. Ordinary garden-
soil.
E. valerianczfo'lia (Valerian-leaved). 4. Yellow. July.

Brazil. 1800.

EREM/E'A. (From eremos, solitary ; referring to the
female organ, or solitary style. Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms
[Myrtaceae]. Linn. iS-Polyadelphia, 2-Polyandria. Allied
to Callistemon.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan River. Cuttings
of young shoots in April or May, in sand, under a bell-
glass ; peat one part, and loam two parts. Winter temp.,
35° to 45°.

E. ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). See E. PILOSA.
„ fimbria'ta (irmged-flowered). Purple. June. 1841.
„ pilo'sa (hairy). Pink. June. 1842.

ERE'MIA. (From eremos, solitary ; referring to the
seed being but one in a cell. Nat. ord. Heathworls
[Ericaceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Erica.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. Cuttings
of the points of shoots when fresh growth has extended
beyond one inch ; sandy peat. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
E. To'tta (Hottentot). 2. Red. June. 1810.
„ tubercula'ris (tubercular). S. Africa.

EREMO'PHILA. (From eremos, solitary, or desert,
and phileo, to love ; the plants grow in dry places. Nat.
ord. Myoporaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from Australia. Cut-
tings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass. Loam,
peat, and sand.
E. Brow'nii (Brown's). 2. Yellow, or red. October.

1803.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. Scarlet. April. 1825.
,, macula'ta (spotted). 3. Scarlet. April. 1820.

EREMOSPA'RTON. (From eremos, solitary, and
sparion, broom. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Hardy leafless shrub. Seeds ; cuttings. Ordinary
soil.

E. aphy'llwn (leafless). 4. Violet. July. Caspian
region. 1800.

EREMOSPA'THA. (From eremos, solitary, and spatha,
a spathe ; the floral spathe is solitary. Nat. ord.
Palmaceae.)

A slender, climbing, stove Palm. For cultivation, see
PALMS.

E. haullevillea.'na (Haullevillean). Leaves pinnate, with
a prickly apex. Congo. 1909.

EREMOSTA'CHYS. (From eremos, solitary, and
stachus, a spike ; usually only one spike from a plant.
Nat. ord. Labiatae.)

Hardy herbs for the herbaceous border. Cuttings in
a cold frame in spring, and seeds. Light, well-drained
soil.

E. labio'sa (large-lipped). Persia.
„ lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). 6. Purple, yellow. July.

Asia Minor. 1731.
„ „ fla'va (yellow). Yellow.
„ molucceloides (Molucella-like). 2. Purple. Tartary.

1796.

„ supe'rba (superb), i. Primrose-yellow. Western
Himalaya. 1907.

EREMU'RUS. (From eremos, solitary, and our a, tail ;
referring to the flower-spike. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Lili-
aceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Asphodel.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial, with yellow flowers.
Divisions ; sandy loam.
E. alta'icus (Altaian). Siberia.
„ auranti'acus (orange). See E. BUNGEI.

ERGOT

329

ERIA

E. bucha'ricus (Bucharan). 3- White, with reddish

midrib. Bokhara. 1890.

„ Bu'ngei (Bunge's). 2 to 3- Yellow. Persia. 1879.
„ „ citri'nus (citron). Citron-yellow. 1907.
„ cauca'sicus (Caucasian). See E. SPECTABILIS.
„ Elwe'sii (Elwes's). See E. ROBUSTUS ELWESIANUS.
„ himala'icus (Himalayan). 3 to 6. White. Himalayas.

1881.

„ Kaufma'nni (Kaufmann's). Turkestan.
„ O'lgx, (Olga's). White, with greenish-brown rib.

Turkestan.
„ robu'stus (robust). 5 to 8. Pink. Turkestan.

1874.

„ „ a'lbus (white). Pure white. 1909.
„ „ clwesia'nus (Elwesian). 5 to 8. Pink.
„ „ elwesia'nus a'lbus (white). White.
„ specta'bilis (beautiful). 2. Yellow. May. Siberia.

1800.

,, turkesta'nicus (Turkestanian). 4. Reddish-brown.
„ Wa'rei (Ware's). 8. Orange-yellow. Central Asia.

1900.

ERGOT. A fungus (Claviceps purpurea) attacking the
fruits of various grasses, especially rye grass. It forms
hard masses of filaments, that project in curved, finger-
like masses from the seeds, which are destroyed. The
hard masses are known as sclerotia, and from them other
bodies like drum-sticks arise, with numerous cavities
containing linear spores, by which the fungus repro-
duces itself.

E RIA. (From erion, wool ; referring to the down on
the leaves of some of the species. Nat. ord. Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2o-0ynandria, i-Monandria. Allied
to Dendrobium.)

Stove orchids. Divisions ; fibrous peat and chopped,
decayed moss ; the plant to be raised, roots and all,
above the surface of the pot or shallow basket. Summer
temp., 60° to 90°, with plenty of moisture ; whiter, 50°
to 55°, dry.

E. acerva'ia (heaped-up). White. E. Ind.
„ acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). White, violet, purple,

yellow. India. 1842.
„ acuti'ssima (very acute). Yellow, brown. Pacific

Islands (?). 1876.
„ a'lba (white). White. India.
„ a'lbido-tomento'sa (whitish-felted). Java.
„ attriflo'ra (white-flowered). White. S. India. 1893.
„ ambro'sia (divine). See BULBOPHYLLUM WATSONI-

ANUM.
„ ami'ca (friendly). White, red ; lip yellow. India.

1908.

„ armeni'aca (apricot). See E. ORNATA.
„ barba'ta (bearded). Yellow, purple. N. India.

1856.
„ barringtonia'na (Barringtonian). Pale yellow. Borneo.

1872.

„ bi'color (two-coloured). White, purple. Ceylon. 1888.
,, bicrista'ta, (two-crested). Java.
„ biflo'ra (two-flowered), i. Whitish-yellow. Sikkim

and Burma. 1896.
„ bigi'bba (two-chinned). Red ; lip white and purple.

Borneo. 1885.

„ bracca'ta (breeched). Ceylon. 1859.
„ bracte'scens (large-bracted). White, crimson. Singa-
pore, Burma. 1844.
„ caspito'sa. (tufted). White, purple, yellow. Hainan.

1896.

„ carina'ta (keeled). Sikkim and Khasia.
„ cinnabari'na (cinnabar). Cinnabar-orange. Borneo.

1894.
„ clau'sa (closed). Whitish-green, with purple keels.

Sikkim. 1910.
„ clavicau'lis (club-stemmed). White, yeUow. Chirra.

1837.

„ con' color (one-coloured). Burma.
„ confu'sa (confused). India.
,, convallarioi'des (Convallaria-like). White, yellow.

N. Ind. 1841.

,, ,, ma'jor (greater). Ivory-white. 1847.
„ Corne'ri (Corner's). Green, white, purplish. For-
mosa. 1878.

„ corona'ria (garland). See TRICHOSMA SUAVIS.
„ crassicau'lis (thick-stemmed). Khasia.
„ crista'ta (crested). Moulmein.

E. Curti'stl (Curtis's). Yellow-white. Borneo. 1880.
„ daya'na (Dayan). Honey-yellow, brown. India.

1877.

,, Dillwy'nii (Dillwyn's.) See E. BRACTESCE.VS.
„ Elwe'sii (Elwes's). See E. MEIRAX.
„ ericzoi'des (Eria-like). Dingy purple. Queensland.

1909.
„ excava'ta, (hollowed-out). Light yellow, violet purple.

Himalaya. 1878.
„ extincto'ria (extinguisher). J. White, purple. Burma.

1871.

„ fe'rox (fierce). Brown and white. Malaya. 1869.
„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). White, pink. Himalaya. 1839.
„ Fitza'lani (Fitzalan's). Flowers small. Queensland.

1899.

„ fla'va (yellow), i. Yellow, purple. Himalaya.
„ floribu'nda (many-flowered), i. White, crimson.

Singapore. 1842.
„ Fo'rdii (Ford's). Yellow-green, yellow, crunson veins.

Hong-Kong. 1886.
„ goldschmidtia'na, (Goldschmidtian). Whitish-yellow ;

lip red. Formosa. 1910.
„ globi'fera (globe-bearing). Light yellow, purple.

Annam. 1905.
„ hyacinthoi'des (hyacinth-like). White, yellow anther.

Java. 1908.
„ i'gnea (fiery). Vermilion and yellow. Borneo.

1881.
„ latibractea'ta (broad-bracted). Tawny yellow, purple.

Borneo. 1898.

„ lauchea'na (Lauchean). Green and purple. 1892.
„ leucoxa'ntha (white-yellow). See TAINIA LATIFOLIA.
„ Licheno'ra (Lichenora). E. Ind. 1859.
„ lineoli'gera (line-bearing). White, purple. Siam.

1885.

„ longicau'lis (long-stemmed). White. Chirra. 1837.
„ longila'bris (long-lipped). White, purple. Philippines.

1838.
„ longispi'ca (long-spiked). Yellow, red-purple. Borneo.

1907.
„ margina'ta (margined). White ; lip yellow, edged

red. Burma. 1889.
„ Mefrax (Meirax). ^. Brownish-purple. Burma.

1880.
„ mergue'nsis (Merguan). Light sulphur. India.

1880.

„ micholitzia'na (Micholitzian). New Guinea. 1900.
„ monosta' chya (one-spiked). Light greenish-yellow.

Java. 1885.
„ tnusci'cola (fly-loving). Yellowish-green. Ceylon.

1887.
„ myristicafo'rmis (Myristica-formed). White. Burma.

1863.

„ nu'tans (nodding). White, red, yellow. Malaya.
„ obe'sa (fat). White, tinted pink. Burma. 1863.
„ obli'qua (oblique). White. Singapore. 1840.
„ ochra'cea (ochre-coloured). Greenish-yellow. Malaya.

1909.

,, orna'ia (adorned). Java and Philippines.
,, panicida'ia (panicled). Greenish-yellow. E. Ind.
„ pa'nnea (clothed). Himalaya ; Malaya. 1842.
,, poly sta' chya (many-spiked). Neilgherries.
,, polyu'ra (many- tailed). Pink, purple, yellow. Manilla.
,, pube'scens (downy). Neilgherries.
„ pulchSUa (pretty). YeUow. Malaya. 1840.
„ retico'sa (netted). S. India.

„ reticula'ta (netted). ^. Purple-brown or red. India.
„ rhodo'ptera (red-winged). Whitish-ochre, purple.

1882.
„ rhyncostyloi'des (Rhyncostylis-like). White, tinted

rose. J ava. 1907.
„ Rimma'ni (Runman's). Light yellow, purple. Burma.

1885.

„ ri'ngens (gapuig). Burma.

„ rdsea (rosy). Pink. Autumn. Hong-Kong. 1824.
„ rostriflo'ra (beak-flowered). Fiji.
„ sphcerochi'la (spherical- lipped). See E. EXCAVATA.
,, stella'ta (starred). 2. Yellowish-red. February.

Java.
„ striola'ta (striated). Ochreous, lined purple. New

Guinea. 1888.

„ veluti'na (velvety). Singapore. 1840.
„ vesti'ta (clothed), i. Red, bro^vn. India. 1842.
„ vitta'ta (striped). Green, striped red. N. Ind.

1882.

ERIANTHUS

330

ERICA

ERIANTHUS. (From erion, wool, and anthos, a
flower ; there is a tuft of woolly hairs at the base of each
spikelet of flowers. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Strong growing, perennial grasses of an ornamental
character, suitable for subtropical and wild gardening.
E. fastigia'tus (upright). India.

,, fu'lvus (tawny). Himalaya.

„ japo'nicus (Japanese). See MISCANTHUS JAPONICUS.

„ Monstie'rii (Monstier's). 10. Olympus. 1872.

„ Rave'nncz (Ravena's). 3 to 5. Mediterranean region.

,, stri'ctus (upright). N. Amer.

ERICA. Heath. (From erico, to break; referring
to the brittle nature of the wood. Nat. ord. Heathworts
[Ericaceae]. Linn 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

All natives of South Africa, except where otherwise
mentioned. Cuttings of shoots, when fresh growth
enables the handling of them easily, or short side-shoots,
pulled off with a heel, trimmed, and the lower leaves
removed, inserted in sand, the pots previously being
half-filled with drainage, and then filled with sandy
peat, in various degrees of fineness — the rough over the
drainage, the fine at the top, all surmounted by, at least,
half an inch of silver sand, well pressed and watered, and
pressed again a day before using, and then covered with
a bell-glass, and set in a close pit or frame. Some slow-
growing kinds require to be put into heat, in order to get
cuttings. Sandy peat for all, especially the slow-grow-
ing, using plenty of drainage ; for the very strong-
growing, a very little fibrous loam may be used. In
potting from the cutting-pots, it is best to place three or
four round the sides of small pots for the first winter,
singling them out, and then keeping them close the
following spring, hardening them off by degrees ; as
larger pots are wanted, pieces of charcoal and sandstone
are valuable for keeping the soil open. The pots, if
set out of doors, should be protected from the sun in
summer ; if plunged, drainage should be secured by
setting the pot on bricks. Winter temp., 35° to 45°,
with abundance of air.

HARDY EVERGREEN.

E. arbo'rea (tree). 5. White. May. S. Europe. 1658.
„ „ alpi'na (alpine). 2 to 3. White. Mts. of Cuenca,

Spain. 1910.

„ „ mi'nima (least). White. April. S. Europe.
„ „ squarro'sa (spreading). 4. White. April. S.

Europe. 1800.
„ „ stylo' so, (long-styled). 5. White. May. S.

Europe. 1658.

„ austra'lis (southern). 2 to 3. Rose-purple. Portugal.
„ ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). \. Pale purple. February.

Germany. 1763.
„ „ a'lba (white).

„ cilia'ris (ciliated), i. Purple. Autumn. Cornwall.
„ „ mawia'na (Mawean). i to ij. Purplish-crimson.

Autumn. Portugal. 1882.

„ cine'rea (grey), i. Purple. July, August. Britain.
„ „ a'lba (white), i. White. Britain.
„ „ cocci'nea (scarlet), i. Deep red.
„ herba'cea (herbaceous). See E. CARNEA.
„ lusita'nica (Portuguese). 3 to 5. White or pale pink.

Spain and Portugal.

„ Macka'ii (Mackay's). Purple. July. Ireland.
„ mediterra'nea (Mediterranean). 4. Purple. April.

Portugal. 1648.
„ „ a'lba (white). White.

„ „ hibe'rnica (Irish), i to ij. Pale purple. Ire-
land.
„ „ hy'brida (hybrid). Rose-purple. January to

March.
„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered), i to 2. Rose-purple.

August. S. Europe.
„ scopa'ria (broom). White. Western Mediterranean

region.
„ stri'cta (upright). 2 to 5. Pale purple. July to

September. S. Europe. 1795.

„ Te'lralix (Tetralix). i to 2. Flesh. July to Sep-
tember. Britain. " Cross-leaved Heath."
„ „ a'lba (white). White. Britain.
„ umbella'ta (umbelled). Pale purple. April to July.

Western Mediterranean region.
„ va'gans (wandering), i to 3. Pale purple. August

to October. Cornwall. " Cornish Heath."

E. va'gans a'lba (white). White.

„ ,, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). Rosy-purple.

,, Vei'tchii (Veitch's). White. Garden hybrid. 1907.

„ Watso'ni (Watson's), i. Purple. S.W. England.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN.

E. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). See E. MASSONI.
,, ,, pa'llida (pale), i. Pale red. June. 1820.
„ acu'ta (pointed-cupped). £. Red. June. 1799.
„ ce'mula (lovely).

,, affi'nis (allied). 3 to 6. Yellow. June.
,, aggrega'ta (crowded). Pink. July. 1803.
„ aitonia'na (Aitonian). 2. White, purple. August.

1790.

„ a'lbens (whitish). 2. White. July. 1826.
,, Albe'rti (Albert's). Gardens.
,, a'lbida (whitish). See E. ALBENS.
,, amce'na (pleasing). See E. PLUMOSA.
,, ampulla'cea (nask-shape-flowered). 2. White, red.

June. 1790.
,, andromedcejlo'ra (Andromeda-flowered). 2. Pink.

May. 1803.

„ Arbu'scula (shrub). See E. LATERALIS.
„ archeria'na (Lady Archer's). ij. Dark scarlet.

September. 1796.

,, a'rdens (glowing). 2. Scarlet. May. 1800.
„ argentiflo'ra (silvery-flowered). See E. PURPUREA.
,, arista'ia (awned). i£. Purple, white. June. 1801.
„ ariste'lla (finely-awned). 2. Scarlet. June. 1800.
, articula'ris (jointed). Pink. Spring.
, a'spera (rough). See E. SPARMANNI.
, assu'rgcns (rising). See E. PERSOLUTA ALBA.
, au'rea (golden). 2. Orange. August. 1799.
, austinia'na (Austinian). Gardens.
, azaleczfo'lia (azalea-leaved). Lilac. June. 1798.
, ba'ccans (berry-like), ij Pink. April to July.
„ bandonia'na (Bandon's). 2. Purple. July. 1810.
„ banksia'na (Bank's). £. White, purple. April.

1789.

„ „ a'lba (white), $. White. June. 1812.
» » purpu'rea (purple). $. Purple. June. 1800.
„ barba'ta (bearded). S. Africa.
„ beaumontia'na (Beaumont's). \. Purple. June.

1820.

„ bergia'na (Bergius's). i£. Purple. June. 1787.
,, bi' color (two-coloured). 2. Green, red. June. 1790.
„ biflo'ra (two-flowered). See E. DIANTHIFOLIA.
,, bla'nda (Rollinson's charming). 2. Purple, orange.

May. 1798.
„ blandfordia'na (Blandford's). i£. Yellow. May.

1803.

,, bonplandia'na (Bonpland's). See E. MUSCARI.
,, borbonicefo' lia (Borbonia-leaved). i. Red. June.
,, bowiea'na (Bowian). i. White. October. 1822.
,, brevifo'lia (short-leaved), i. April. 1800.
,, broadleya'na (Broadleyan). i to 2. Red-purple,

yellow. Autumn.

„ brunia'des (Brunia-like). 3 to 6. Flesh. Spring.
„ bucciniflo'ra (trumpet-flowered). See E. MASSONI.
„ Burne'ttii (Burnett's). Red, white.
„ ca'ffra (Caffrarian) i£. White. May. 1802.
„ „ spica'ta (spiked), i£. White. September. 1800.
„ caledo'nica (Caledonian). Rose. June. 1816.
,, calo'stoma (beautiful-mouthed). See E. MASSONI.
,, calyci'na (large-calyxed). £. Flesh. Autumn.
„ campanula'ta (bell-flowered), i. Yellow. June.

1791.

,, campy lophy'lla (crooked-leaved). See E. FLORIDA.
„ canalicula'ta (channelled). 2. Pale purple. Spring.
,, ,, minor (smaller). Pale purple.
,, candidi' ssima (whitest). Gardens.
„ cane'scens (hoary). See E. VILLOSA.
„ caniharcefo'rmis (Canthara-formed). White. May.
,, carina'ta (keeled). ij. Purple. September. 1820.
,, carni'ola (flesh). See E INFLATA.
,, cavendishia'na (Cavendishian). 3 to 6. Yellow.

May to July. Hybrid.
,, celsia'na (Cels's). See E. THUNBERGII.
,, cerinthoi' des (honeywort-like). Dark scarlet. Sep-
tember. 1774.

„ „ ma'jor (larger). 4. Scarlet. May. 1800.
„ „ na'na (dwarf), i. Scarlet. May. 1800.
,, ce'rnua (nodding), i. Pink. Autumn.
„ Chamisso'nis (Chamisso's). i£. Rose-pink. 1874.

ERICA

33i

ERICA

E. cklorolo'ma (green-fringed). Crimson, green. Autumn.

1838.

„ cinera'scens (grey-leaved), i. Purple. May. 1810.
„ clavaflo'ra (club-flowered). Pale green. August to

October. 1802.

diffordia'na (Lady Clifford's). See E. TENUIFLORA.
coarcta'ta (congested). Purple. June. 1822.
cocci' nea (scarlet). i£. Scarlet. 1783-
colo'rans (colouring). 2. White, red. May. 1817.
como'sa (tufted), j. Red. June. 1787.
„ a'lba (white), i- White. June. 1787.
„ ru'bra (red), f. Red. June. 1787.
comptonia'na (Compton's). See E. CURVIFOLIA.
conca'va (concave). See E. BICOLOR.
conci'nna (neat). i\. Flesh. September. 1773.
co'ncolor (one-coloured). 2. June. 1820.
confe'rta (crowded). White. Winter.
conge'sta (crowded). See E. STYLARIS.
co'nica (conical). 2. Purple. June. 1820.
conspi'cua (conspicuous). 2. Dark yellow. July.

Coventry a' na (Lord Coventry's). See E. PAVETT,E-

FLORA.

crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Lilac. May. 1826.
crini'ta (stiffly-hairy). Red. April to July 1820.
crue'nta, (blood-coloured). Red. August to Sep-
tember. 1774.
cu'bica (cube-flowered), i. Purple. May. 1790.

,. ma'jor (larger), i. Purple. June. 1800.
cuprSssina (Cypress-like). S. Africa.
curviflo'ra (curve-flowered). 2. Yellow. August.

1774-

„ ru'bra (red). 2. Red. August. 1800.
curvifo'lia (curved-leaved). 2. Purple. June. 1802.
curviro' stris (curved-beaked). Flesh. Autumn. 1774.
cushinia'na (Cushin's). 2. September. 1816.
cyathifo'rmis (cup-formed). See E. L^EVIS.
cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). See E. MASSONI.
daphniflo'ra (Daphne-flowered). Red, spring. 1792.
daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). See E. PR.«STANS.
deci'piens (deceiving). Flesh. May. 1822.
declina'ta (declinate). See E. CURVIROSTRIS.
deco'ra (graceful). 2. Purple. June. 1790.
de'nsa (closely-leaved). See E. VENTRICOSA.
denticula'ta (small-toothed). ij. Purple. April.

1821.

depre'ssa (depressed), f. Yellow. July. 1789.
dianlhifo'lia (Dianthus-leaved). White, pink.
dichroma'ta (two-coloured). See E. DICHRUS.
di'chrus (two-coloured). 3. Yellow, pink. August.

1800.

Dickenso'ni (Dickson's). See E. FALLENS.
discolor (two-coloured). Flesh, yellow. Winter.
di'stans (distant). Violet. November. 1822.
diosmaflo'ra (diosma-flowered). 2. May. 1792.
droseroi'des (Drosera-like). See E. GLUTINOSA.
dumo'sa (bushy), i. Purple. May. 1812.
echiiflo'ra (Echium-flowered) See E. COCCINEA.
ela'ta (tall). See E. CONSPICUA.
e'legans (elegant). J. Green. August. 1799.
elonga'ta (elongated). White. November. 1810.
empetrifo'lia (Empetrum-leaved). Pink. May. 1774.
empetroi'des (Empetrum-like). Soft pink. June.

1796.

episto'mia (spout-flowered). See E. SACCIFLORA.
erioce'phala (woolly-headed). See E. VILLOSA.
ero'sa (bitten). See E. MASSONI.
erube'scens (blushing), ij. Flesh. May. 1800.
exi'mia (choice). See E. ARISTELLA.
expa'nsa (expanded). See E. PATENS.
exposi'ta (exposed). See E. PELLUCIDA.
exquisi'ta (exquisite). 1882.
exsu'rgens (rising), ij. Dark orange. 1792.
,, ca'rnta (flesh-coloured), i. Orange. 1800.
,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), i. Orange. 1800.
,, ma'jor (larger), i. Orange. 1800.
„ pa'llida (pale), i. Pale red. 1810.
exu'dans (exuding). See E. PELLUCIDA.
Ewera'na (Ewer's). See E. UHRIA.
fascicula'ris (parcel- flowered), i$. Purple. April.

1787.

fostigia'ia (peaked), ij. White. July. 1797.
ferrugi'nea (rusty). See E. SQUARROSA.
filamento'sa (thready), ij. Purple. Autumn.
fimbriata (fringed). J. Red-purple. Spring.

Flesh. June to August.
£. Light yellow. June.

E. flagella'ta (whip-like). i£.
„ fla'mmea (name- flowered),

1798.

„ fla'va (yellow). See E. PARILIS.
,, ftexuo'sa (flexuous). See E. IMBRICATA.
„ floribu'nda (bundle-flowered), i. Pale pink. May.

1800.

„ flo'rida (florid), i. Red. June. 1803.
,, „ moscha'ta (musky), i. Red. May.
„ formo'sa (handsome). 2. Red. August. 1795.
„ „ a'lba (white). 2. White. August. 1795.
„ fra grans (fragrant). J. Purple. April. 1803.
„ fu'lgida (shining). Red. June.
„ ge'lida (ice-cold). See E. GILVA.
,, gemmi'fera (many-budded). See E. MASSONI.

gi'lva (pale yellow). 3. Green, white. June. 1799.

„ a'lbens (whitish). 2. White. June. 1820.
globo'sa (globe- flowered). i£. Pink. August. 1789.
glomera'ta (crowded). 2. Pink. June. 1814.
glomiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). See E. REFLEXA.
glutino'sa (clammy). Purple. August. 1788.
gra'cilis (slender), i. Purple, red. March. 1794.

„ niva'lis (snowy). Pure white. 1903.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 3. Yellow. July. 1785.

„ ku'milis (lowly). 2. Yellow. May. 1806.
grandino'sa (hail-stone). J. White. March. 1810.
halicaca'ba (red nightshade), i. Yellow. June.

1780.

Hartne'lli (Hartnell's). See E. CRINITA.
hibbertia'na (Hibbert's). 2. Orange, yellow. July

1800.

hirsu'ta (hairy). See E. FERSPICUA.
hi'rta (hairy). See E. SPECIOSA HIRTELLA.
hirtiflo'r a (hairy-flowered). Red. Autumn and winter.
hi'spida (hispid). See E. RACEMOSA.
hispi'dula (short-bristled). Purple. July. 1790.
humea'na (Sir A. Hume's). See E. FASTIGIATA.
hyema'lis (winter). Purple and white. Winter.
Garden hybrid.

„ a'lba (white). White. 1882.
igne'scens (glowing), ij. Red. May. 1792.
imbrica'ta (overlapping). J. Flesh, or white. April

to July. 1796.

imperia'lis (imperial). See E. FASCICULARIS.
inca'na (hoary). See E. PUBESCEXS.
,, ru'bra (red-flowered). ij. Red. July. 1810.
incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). See E. LATERALIS.
incu'rva (incurved). Pink. March.
infla'ta (swollen), ij. White, red. July. 1809.
infundibulifo'rmis (funnel-shaped). See E. PAVETT.*-

FLORA.

interme'dia (intermediate). S. Africa.
inlerte'xta (interwoven). See E. EMPETRIFOLIA.
irbya'na (Irby's). ij. White, green. August. 1800.
jasminiflo'ra (jasmine-flowered). 2. White, pink.
August. 1794.

„ a'lba (white). 2. White. August.
juba'ta (maned). See E. MELANTHERA.
julia'na (July). See E. WALKERIA'NA.
Lachna'a (Lachnaea). ij. White. June. 1793.
lachnafo'lia (Lachnaea-leaved). See E. LACHNAEA.
lactiflo'ra (milk-flowered). White. March.
lez'vis (smooth). White. March to July.
lambertia'na (Lambert's). See E. PHYSODES.
lana'ta (woolly). White. July to December.
lanugino'sa (woolly). Yellow-white and dusky purple.

Winter.

larici'na (larch-like). Pink. July. 1824.
later a Us (lateral). Purple. August to December.

1.793-

latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Red. Summer.
Lawso'ni (Lawson's). 3. Flesh. May. 1802.
la'xa (loose). Rose. September to February.
leea'na (Lee's). z\. Orange, yellow. April. 1788.
leptoca'rpa (slender-fruited). See E. LAWSONI.
leuca'ntha (white-flowered). White. Winter to spring.
linnaa'na (Linnaean). See E. PERSPICUA.
linruzoi'des (Linnasa-Uke). See E. PERSPICUA.
longiflo'ra (long-flowered). See E. CONSPICUA.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). White. Spring and summer.

,, ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). Flesh. May.
longipeduncula'ta (long-flower-stalked). i. Pink.

July. 1805.

lu'cida (shining). Blush. April to June.
lu'tea (yellow), f. Pale yellow. March. 1774.

ERICA

332

ERICA

E. magni'fica (magnificent). See E. MASSONI.
„ mammo'sa (nippled). 2. Purple. August. 1762.
„ „ mi' nor (smaller), i. Purple. August. 1800.
„ margariia'cea (pearly), i£. White. Summer.
„ marifo'lia (Marum- leaved), i. White. April to July.
„ Masso'ni (Masson's). 3. Red, green. August. 1787.
„ „ mi'nor (smaller), i. Red, green. August.
„ melanthe'ra (black- an thered). 2 to 3. Pale pink,

with black anthers. Spring. 1802.
„ mela'stoma (black-mouthed). See E. PETIVERII.
„ metulcefto'ra (ninepin-flowered). See E. MASSONI.
„ Meuro'ni (Meuron's). Pink. Summer. 1820.
„ minutaflo'ra (small-flowered). See E. COARCTATA.
„ mira'bilis (wonderful). See E. PR^STANS.
„ mollea'ris (soft). See E. EMPETRIFOLIA.
„ mo'ttis (soft). Red.

„ monade'lphia (one-bundled). See E. BANKSIANA.
„ monsonia'na (Lady Monson's). 4. White. July.

1787.

„ moscha'ta (musky), ij. Green. June. 1805.
„ muco'sa (mucous). 2 to 3. Bright purple. Summer.
„ mucosoi'des (mucosa-like). See E. MUCOSA.
„ mucrona'ta (small-pointed), ij. Flesh. Summer.
„ mu'ndula (neatish). See E. FASTIGIATA.
„ Musca'ri (Muscari). ij. Light yellow. March to

„ muta'bilis (changeable). See E. CRUENTA.

„ nidula'ria (nest-like). 2. White, pink. 1809.

„ nigri'ta (black). White. April to July.

„ ni'tida (shining). White. Late summer and autumn.

„ niya'lis (snowy). White. June. 1812.

„ ni'vea (snowy). 2. White. April. 1816.

„ nivenia'na (Nivenian). Purple. February to June.

„ „ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). Purple.

„ obla'ta (flattened). Red, white. June. 1796.

„ obli'qua (twisted-teat;^). i£. Purple. August. 1800.

„ oblo'nga (oblong). See E. MASSONI.

„ obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). See E. BREVIFOLIA.

„ odora'ta (perfumed), i. Pink. June. 1829.

„ o'llula (little-jar). See E. INFLATA.

„ oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved), £. White. Summer.

„ „ ma'jor (larger). White.

„ „ ru'bra (red). Red.

„ orba'ta (globular). White. 1810.

„ orbicula'ris (orbicular). See BL/ERIA ERICOIDES.

„ ostri'na (purple). See E. COCCINEA.

„ ovalifo'lia (oval- leaved). White, pink. N. India.

1842.

„ ova'ta (egg-shape-flowered), i. Purple. June. 1811.
„ pa'llens (pale). Yellow. April to July. 1809.
„ „ a'lba (white). White. 1809.
„ „ ru'bra (red). Red. 1809.
„ pa'llida (pale). Flesh, white. Summer.
„ palu'stris (marsh), i. Flesh. July. 1799.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). See E. PERSOLUTA.
„ pa'rilis (equal). 2. Yellow. July. 1795.
„ parmentieria'na (Parmentkr's). See E. PRJESTANS.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Pink. Autumn and

winter.
„ pa'tens (spreading). Purple. Spring and early

summer.
„ pater sonia'na (Patersonian). 2j. Yellow. May.

1791.

„ „ ma'jor (larger). 3. Yellow. May.
„ patersonioi'des (Patersonia-like). See E. MASSONI.
„ pavettczflo'ra (Pavetta-flowered). i to 2. Pink or

pale red. Summer. 1801.

„ peduncula'ta (stalked). Light purple. March to June.
„ pellu'cida (clear). 2. White. September. 1800.
„ pelta'ta (shield-leaved). Green, purple. July. 1804.
„ pelvifo' rmis ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). Flesh.
„ pe'ndula (pendulous). See E. RUBENS.
„ penicilla'ta (pencilled). Greenish-yellow. Summer.
„ persolu'ta (garland- flowered), i£. Purple. April.

1774-

„ „ a'lba (white), i. White. March. 1800.
„ perspi'cua (clear -flowered). 2. White, purple. May.

1790.

„ „ na'na (dwarf), i. Pink. April. 1800.
„ petiola'ta (stalked). White. Summer.
„ Petive'rii (Petiver's). 2. Yellow. May. 1774.
„ „ cocci'nea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. May.
„ Pezi'za (Peziza). See E. NIVALIS.
„ physo'des (puffed-out), if. White. May. 1788.
„ pilo'sa (thinly-hairy). See E. VILLOSA.

E. pilula'ris (pill-like). White. November. ifoo.
„ piluli'fera (hair-bearing). See E. MUCOSA.
,, pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). See E. LONGIFOLIA.
„ planifo'lia (flat-leaved). Purple. August.
„ pi'nea (pine-leaved). 2. Red. October. 1790.
„ ,, di'scolor (two-coloured). 2. Red. October.
,, „ favoi'des (honeycomb-like). 2. Red. October.
„ „ pulche'lla (pretty). 2. Red. October.
„ Plunkene'tii (Plunkenet's). £. Red. May. 1774.
„ „ pa'llida (pale), i. Pale red. June. 1794.
„ plumo'sa (plumy). Purple. Spring and summer.

1799.

,, Pohlma'nni (Pohlmann's). See E. LACHN/EA.
„ prce'cox (early). See E. STRIGOSA.
,, pra'gnans (swelled). See E. VENTRICOSA.
„ prce'stans (excelling), i. White. August. 1810.
,, primuloi'des (cowslip-like). See E. FASTIGIATA.
„ pri'nceps (princely). See E. MASSONI.
,, pro'cera (lofty). See E. ARBOREA.
,, procu'mbens (procumbent). Pink. Summer.
„ prope'ndens (forward-hanging), ij. Purple. July.

1800.

„ Pseu'do-vesti'ta (false-vestita). Seems to be E. MASSONI.
„ pube'scens (downy) of Andrews. See E. HIRTIFLORA.
„ pube'scens (downy) of LinnaBus. White. Autumn.
„ pulche'lla (pretty), ij. Red. July. 1792.
„ pulverule'nta (powdered), i. Purple. July. 1820.
„ pu'mila (dwarf), i. Purple. June. 1812.
„ pu'ra (pure). See E. POBESCENS.
„ purpu'rea (purple). 2. Light purple. 1789.
„ pusi'lla (very small). Blush-pink. May.
„ pygma'a (pigmy). See E. SIC^FOLIA.

, Pyramida'lis (pyramidal), ij. Pink. March. 1787

, quadrangula'ris (four-angled). See E. MASSONI.

, quadra'ta (square). See E. FORMOSA.

, quadriflo'ra (four-flowered). Purple. Summer.

, quadrifo'lia (four-leaved). See E. QUADRIFLORA.

, racemi'fera (raceme-bearing). See E. REGERMINANS.

, racemo'sa (racemed). i£. Pink. April. 1793.

, radia'ta (rayed). See E. MASSONI.

, ramenta'cea (scaly), ij. Dark red. September

1786.
„ recurva'ta (recurved). Whitish. Spring and early

summer.

„ refle'xa (reflexed). Flesh. July to October.
,, refu'lgens (refulgent). See E. VERSICOLOR.
„ rege'rminans (resprouting). ij. Red. June. 1791.
,, resino'sa (resinous). See E. VERNIX.
„ reto'rta (curled-back-leaved). i. Pink, white. June.

1787.

„ ri'gida (rigid). See E. MASSONI.
,, Ri'nzii (Rinz's). S. Africa. 1857.
„ Rottisso'nia (Rollisson's). 2. Purple. June. 1820.
,, ro'sea (rosy). See E. VESTITA.
„ rube'lla (reddish). See E. GLOMERATA.
„ ru'bens (red), i. Dark red. July. 1810.
,, ru'bida (reddish). See E. MASSONI.
,, rubro' 'calyx (red-calyxed). See E. MASSONI.
,, rubrose'pala (red-sepaled). See E. MASSONI.
,, rugo'sa (wrinkled). See E. MASSONI.
„ rupe'stris (rock). See E. DEPRESSA.
„ russellia'na (Russell's), ij. Pink. May. 1820.
„ saccifto'ra (sac-flowered). 2. Yellow, green. May.

1810.

„ sainsburya'na (Sainsburyan). See E. INFLATA.
„ salisburya'na (Salisbury's). See E. PURPUREA.
„ sangui'nea (bloody), i. Crimson. 1815.
„ sanguineole'nta (blood-red). See E. SIC^JFOLIA.
,, savilea'na (Savile's). J. Red. June. 1800.
,, scabriu' scula (roughish). i. White. May. 1805.
„ scario'sa (dry). See E. ACUTA.
„ schollia'na (Schollian). See E. PLUMOSA.
„ seba'na (Seba's). 2. Orange. April. 1774.
„ „ fu'sca (brown). 2. Brown. May. 1812.
,, „ lu'tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. May. 1800.
„ „ mi'nor (smaller), i. Orange. May. 1810.
,, serpyllifo'lia (thyme-leaved). See E. HISPIDULA.
„ serratifo'lia (serrate-leaved). Orange-yellow. August

to December.

,, sessilifto'ra (stalkless-flowered). See E. CLAV^FLORA.
„ seta'cea (hair-like). White. Spring.
„ sexfa'ria (six-rowed). White. Spring and summer.
,, shannonia'na (Lady Shannon's), ij. White, purple.

June. 1816.
,, siccefo'lia (poniard-leaved). Blood-red. Summer.

ERICA

333

ER1GERON

E. si'cula (Sicilian). See PENTAPERA SICULA.
„ smithia'na (Smith's). See E. REGERMINAXS.
„ Sola'ndra (Solander's). 2. Pink. June. 1800.
„ solandroi'des (Solandra-like). See E. STELLATA.
so'rdida (dirty). See E. CONSPICUA.
Sparma'nni (Sparmann's). 2. Yellow. Winter.
spa'rsa (scattered). See E. FLORIBUNDA.
specio'sa (showy). 2. Red, green. July. 1800.

„ hirte'lla (finely hairy).
spica'ta (spiked). Pale yellow and green. Autumn

and winter.

sple'ndcns (shining). 2. Scarlet. July. 1792.
Sprenge'lii (Sprengel's). 2. Yellow, purple. June.

1806.

spumo'sa (frothy). Red. May. 1786.
spu'ria (spurious). See E. MASSONI.
squammaflo'ra (scaly-flowered). See E. IMBRICATA.
squamo'sa (scaly). Purple. Spring and summer.
squarro'sa (spreading). Red. May. 1793.
stami'nea (long-stamened). Red, green. Summer.
stella'ta (starry). White. 1806.
stelli'fera (star-bearing). See E. MASSONI.
strigo'sa (thinly-hairy). Pink. Spring. 1800.
styla'ris (long-styled). White. June.
suave'olens (sweet-seen ted), i. Pink. August. 1800.
sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 2. Yellow. June.

1805.

supe'rba (superb).

Swainso'nii (Swainson's). See E. MASSONI.
taxi/o lia (yew-leaved). Pink.
Te'mplea (Temple's). 2. Red. Purple. July.

1820.

tene'lla (delicate). J. Purple. June. 1791.
tenuiflo'ra (slender-flowered), i. Yellow. April to
June. 1812.

„ a'lba (white). White. July.
teretiu'scula (nearly terete). Red-purple, green.

Spring.

ihalictriflo'ra (Thalictrum-flowered). See E. STAMINEA.
Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). ij. Orange. June. 1794.
thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). J. Purple. July. 1789.
tianzfto'ra (tiara-flowered). Flesh. May to July.
toga'ta (gowned). See E. BORBONI^FOLIA.
tomento'sa (downy). 2. Purple. June. 1778.
iortuo'sa (twisted). 2. May. 1816.
translu'cens (clear). 2. Red. June. 1797.
transpa'rens (transparent), ij. White. May. 1800.

,, bla'nda (charming). Carmine. February. 1843.
tri'ceps (three-headed). White. Autumn. 1800.
tricolor (three-coloured). 2. Red, green. June.
1810.

„ ma'jor (larger). 2. Red, green. June. 1810.
„ minor (smaller), i. Red, green. June. 1810.
trifto'ra (three-flowered), i$. White. April. 1774.
triu'mphans (conquering). See E. ANDROMEDA-
FLORA.

tro'ssula (spruce). See E. MUSCARI.
tubercula 'ris (tubercular). See EREMIA TUBERCU-

LARIS.

tubifidra (tube-flowered). 2. Pink. May. 1775.
tubiu'scula (slightly-tubed). See E. PARVIFLORA.
tu'mida (swollen), ij. Scarlet. July. 1812.
turbina'ta (top-shaped). Flesh. Summer.
tu'rgida (bloated), i. Purple. May. 1821.
U'hria (Eweran). Blood-red, green. August.

,, longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. Red. June. 1793.

,, ptlo'sa (hairy). Red-purple, green.

,, specio'sa (showy). 2. Red. August. 1733.
undula'ta (waved). Red. Jane, July.
urceola'ris (urn-shaped). White. Summer. 1778.
va'ria (various), i. Purple, yellow. July. 1810.
ventrico'sa (bellied), i. Flesh. June. 1787.

„ alba (white), i. White. June.

„ ca'rnea (flesh-coloured), i. Flesh. June.

„ cocci 'nea (scarlet), i. Scarlet. June.

„ cre'cta (erect), i. Flesh. June.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy), i. Flesh. June.

„ na'na (dwarf). $. Flesh. June.

„ supe'rba (superb), i. Scarlet. June.
verecu'nda (modest). See E. MEORONI.
verna'lis (spring). See E. PYRAMID ALIS.
Ve'rnix (varnish). Golden-yellow, green. Spring.

„ ru'bra (red). Brilliant crimson-red. Spring.

„ longifto'ra (long-flowered). Golden-yellow, flushed
red, green. Summer.

E. versi'color (various-coloured). 2. Orange, red

August. 1720.

„ ,, ma'jor (larger). 2. Scarlet. September. 1800.
„ verticiUa'ta (whorled). 3. Scarlet. August. 1774.
„ „ ma'jor (larger). 2. Scarlet. September. 1800.
„ vesli'ta (clothed). 3. White. 1789-

a'lba (white). 2. White. 1789.

bla'nda (charming). z\. Pink. May. 1827.

cocci'nea (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. 1789.

e'legans (elegant). 2. Purple. 1810.

fu'lgida (bright). 3. Orange. 1789.

incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 2. Pink. 1789.

lu'tea (yellow). 3. Yellow. 1789.

muia'bilis (changeable). 3. Scarlet, white. 1800.

purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. June. 1789.
„ , ro'sea (rosy). 3. Light red. August. 1789.
„ viilo'sa (shaggy). White or pink. March to June.

1790.

„ villosiu'scula (slightly-shaggy). See E. PUSILLA.
„ vire'scens (greenish). Yellow-green. Spring. 1804.
„ viride'scens (greenish). See E. VIRESCENS.
„ viridifio'ra (darA-green-flowered). 2. Orange. July

1810.

„ vi'ridis (green-flowered). See E. LEEA'NA.
,, visca'ria (viscid). Purple. May to July.
„ walkeria'na (Walker's). Red. July. 1806.
,, „ ru'bra (red). Deep flesh. Spring.
„ Ze'yheri (Zeyher's). Lilac. June. 1824.

ERICINELLA. (From Erica, and ella, diminutive.
Nat. ord. Ericaceae.)

Greenhouse shrub, requiring somewhat wanner treat-
ment than Heaths, but in other respects similar.
E. Ma'nni (Mann's). Crimson. June, July. Trop.
Africa at high elevations. 1866.

ERIGE NIA. (From er, spring, and genos, a race. Nat
ord. Umbelliferse.)

Hardy, tuberous-rooted herb. Seeds and offsets.
Ordinary soil.

E. bulbo'sa (bulbous), i to 2 in. White. N. Amer.
1899.

ERTGERON. (From er, the spring, and geron, old
man ; some being hoary with a downy covering early
in the season. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-jEqualis. Allied to Stenactis.)

Seeds and divisions ; garden-soiL

HARDY ANNUALS.

E. apure'nsis (Apuran). i. White. August. China.

1818.
„ bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). ij. Purple. July.

S. Amer. 1732.

„ canade'nsis (Canadian), i. White. August. England.
„ chine'nsis (Chinese). See E. APURENSIS.
„ fce'tidus (stinking). See NIDORELLA FOLIOSA.
„ grave' olens (strong-smelling). See INULA GRAVEOLENS.
„ linifo'lius (flax-leaved), i. Purple. July. S. Amer.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

E. a'cris (sharp). i|. Blue. July. Britain.

„ „ asteroi'des (Aster-like), i. Purple. July. Podolia
1821.

„ chile' 'nsis (Chili). See CONYZA CHILENSIS.

„ delphinifo'lius (lark-spur-leaved). ij. Purple.
August. Mexico. 1816. Greenhouse.

„ divarica'tus (straggling), i. White. August. Missis-
sippi. 1818.

,, drcebache'nsis (Droebachan). Purple. Europe.

,, Itsviga'tus (smooth-/ft«;«i). i. White. July.
Cayenne. 1822.

„ podo'licus (Podolian). See E. ACRIS ASTEROIDES.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

E. alpi'nus (alpine), i. Purple. July. Scotland.
„ armerifo'lius (thrift-leaved). Purple. July. Siberia.

1829.

,, a'sper (rough). See E. GLABELLUS ASPER.
„ asteroi'des (aster-like), ij. White. July. Hudson

Bay. 1776.

„ a'tticus (Attic). See E. VILLARSH.
„ auranti'acus (orange). i. Orange. Turkestan.

1879. " Orange Daisy."

ERINACEA

334

ERIOCHASMA

1828.

Arizona.

August.

2. Pale purple.

See E. ACRIS.
August. 1828.
Violet, with yellow

E. bellidifo'lius (daisy-leaved). ij. Purple. July.

N. Amer. 1790. " Robin's Plantain."
„ Blu'mei (Blume's). See E. VILLARSH.
„ carolinia'nus (Carolina), i. Purple. July. N.

Amer. 1727.

„ cauca'sicus (Caucasian). See E. PULCHELLUS.
„ compo'situs (composite), i- White, red. July.

N. Amer. 1811.

„ Cou'lteri (Coulter's), i. White. Colorado. 1901.
„ divefrgens (diverging). White or purple. West

United States. 1904.

„ erioce'phalus (woolly-headed). See E. UNIFLORUS.
„ filifo'lius (thread-leaved). N.W. Amer.
„ flagella'ris (whip-like), j. White or pale lilac. West

United States. 1904.
„ fri'gidus (frigid). Pyrenees.
„ glabe'llus (smooth), i. Purple. N. Amer.
„ „ arizo'nicus (Arizonian). Violet-purple.

1906.

„ „ a'sper (rough). Stem and leaves rough.
„ glau'cus (sea-green), f. Light purple.

N. Amer.
„ „ semperflo'rens (ever-flowering). Plant dwarf and

floriferous. California. 1905.

„ grami'neus (grass-like). See ARCTOGERON GRAMINEUM.
„ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). Purple. Western N.

Amer.

„ „ ela'tior (taller), i to ij. Lilac. 1902.
„ Hawe'llii (Howell's). N.W. Amer.
„ hu'milis (humble). J. Flesh. August. N. Amer.

1828.
„ hyssopifo'lius (hyssop-leaved).

September. N. Amer.
„ kamtscha'ticus (Kamtschatcan).
„ Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). Lilac.
„ leio'merus (smooth-parted). J.

disc. Colorado. 1900.
M macra'nthus (large-flowered), i. Dark purple. N.W.

Amer.
„ „ Me'sa (Mesa). 2. Bright purple, i to 2 inches

across.
„ ma'ximus (largest). Purple. July. Mexico. 1830.

Half-hardy.
„ mucrona'tus (small-pointed). J. Purple and white.

Mexico.
„ mulliradia' tus (many-rayed), i to 2. Purple, with

yellow disc. Himalaya. 1880.
M ne'o-mexica'nus (New Mexican). White. New

Mexico. 1901.
„ philade' Iphicus (Philadelphian). i. Purple. July.

N. Amer. 1776.

„ pube'scens (downy). White. July. Mexico. 1827.
„ pulche'llus (pretty). Purple. April. Dahuria. 1818.
„ pu'ntilus (dwarf). White. August. N. Amer. 1818.
,, purpu'reus (purple). See E. PHILADELPHICUS.
„ rupe'stris (rock), $. Purple. July. Switzerland.

1819.
,, salsugino' sus (brackish), i. Purple, yellow. June.

N.W. Amer. 1829.

„ „ Howe'llii (Howell's). See E. HOWELLII.
„ sero'tinus (late). See E. ACRIS.
„ specio'sus (handsome). Blue. June. N.W. Amer.

1838.
„ „ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). Flowers larger and

deeper in colour than E. s. superbus. 1909.
„ „ supe'rbus (superb). Flowers large, mauve.
„ strigo'sus (thinly-hairy), i. White. July. N Amer.

1816.
„ tri'fidus (trifid-leaved). £. White or pale lilac.

Rocky Mountains. 1904.
„ uniflo'rus (one-flowered). J. Yellow. July. Northern

and Arctic regions. 1800.
„ Va'hlii (Vahl's). See ASTER VAHLII.
„ Villa'rsii (Villars's). i. Purple. July. Piedmont.

1804.

ERINA CEA. (From erineos, woollen ; in allusion to
the woolly character of the plant. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.
Allied to Anthyllis.)

A shrubby plant with silky leaves, but usually leafless
and spiny, requiring a dry situation on the rockery.
Cuttings in sand in a cold frame during July and August.
E. hispa'nica (Spanish). See E. PUNGENS.
„ pu'ngens (pricking). i. Purple. May. Spain.
1759-

ERINO'SMA VE'RNUM. See LEUCOJUM VERNUM.

ERINUS. (From er, the spring; referring to the
early time of flowering. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophu-
lariacea?]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospertnia. Allied
to Wulfenia.)

Hardy and half-hardy plants. Seeds and divisions ;
mostly require the protection of a cold pit in winter.
Succeed well as rock-plants in summer, if the soil is
sandy loam.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
E. alpi'nus (smooth alpine). J. Red. March- Pyrenees.

„ „ a'lb'us (white). White.

„ hispa'nicus (hairy. Spanish). See E. ALPINUS.

EVERGREENS.

E. fra'grans (fragrant). See ZALUZIANSKYA LYCHNIDEA.
„ lychnide'us (Lychnidea). See ZALUZIANSKYA CAPEN-

Purple. May. Cape of

SIS.

„ tri'stis (dark-flowered).
Good Hope. 1825.

ERIOBO'TRYA. Loquat. (From erion, wool, and
botrys, a bunch of grapes ; referring to the downy flower-
racemes. Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosaceas]. Linn. 12-
Icosandria, z-Digynia. Allied to Photinia.)

Half-hardy evergreen fruit-trees, with white flowers.
Cuttings of side-shoots, from one to two inches in length,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a few days placed in
bottom-heat ; by seeds in a hotbed as soon as gathered,
also by grafting on the White Thorn, or, better still,
on the Quince. Peat and loam ; will grow against a
wall with a protection in winter ; has been fruited in
pots by turning it out to rest in summer, giving a stove
heat in winter, when it flowered in December, and
fruited in April.

E. bengale'nsis (Bengal). 10. Himalaya; Malaya. 1821.
„ elli'ptica (oval- fruited). 12 to 30. Nepaul. 1823.
„ japo'nica( Japanese). 15. October. Japan and China.

1787.
ERIOCA'LIA MA'JOR. See ACTINOTUS HELIANTHI.

ERIOCAULON. Pipewort. (From erion, wool, and
caulos, a stem. Nat. ord. Pipeworts [Eriocaulaceae].
Linn. $-Triandria, $-Trigynia.)

The only known European Pipewort is E. septangula'n,
a small bog or marsh-plant in the Isle of Skye. There
are many other species, but all more curious than
beautiful.
E. decangula're (ten-angled). 2 to 3. Pale yellow. July.

N. Amer.

„ septangula're (seven-angled), i to 2. Dusky and
black. Skye ; W. of Ireland.

ERIOCE'PHALUS. (From erion, wool, and kephale, a
head ; referring to the appendage. Nat. ord. Com-
posites [CompositaB]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, ^.-Necessaria.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope.
Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm, in April, in sand,
under a glass ; sandy loam and a little peat. Winter
temp., 38° to 45°.
E. africa'nus (African). White. Winter. 1731.

,, decussa'tus (crossed). See E. GLABER.

„ gla'ber (smooth). 4. Yellow. April. 1816.

„ „ larici'nus (larch-like). 4. Purple. April. 1816.

,, purpu'reus (purple). See E. GLABER LARICINUS.

„ racemo'sus (racemed). 3. Yellow. March. 1739.

ERIOCHA'SMA. (From erion, wool, and chasme, a
rent ; referring to the spore-cases. Nat. ord. Ferns
[Filices]. Linn. z^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices. All now
referred to Nothochlasna.)

Ferns, with brown or brownish-yellow spores. Division,
before fresh growth commences ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°. The greenhouse
species will do with 5° to 10° lower temperature. E.
vesti'ta is hardy.

GREENHOUSE.

E. di'stans (distant), f. May. Wales. 1823.
„ hi'rta (hairy). \. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
„ stella'pilis (starry-haired). May. N.S. Wales. 1840.
„ sulca'ta (furrowed). May. N.S. Wales.
„ vesti'ta (clothed). J. August. Amer. 1812. Hardy.

ERIOCHILUS

335

ERIOSTEMON

STOVE.

E. hypoleu'ca (white-beneath). July. W. Ind.
„ languino'sa (woolly), J. July. Bourbon. 1818.
„ ru'fa (reddish). August. W. Ind. 1830.
„ tomento'sa (woolly). May. N.S. Wales. 1842.

ERIOCHTLTJS. (Ftomerion, wool, and cheilos, a lip.
Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Terrestrial orchids from Australia. Offsets and
division. Equal parts of fibrous loam and peat, with
sand and some charcoal to keep the compost porous.
E. autumna'lis (autumnal). Red. October. 1823.

„ dilata'tus (dilated). April, May.

„ latifo'lius (broad-leaved). October.

,, multifto'rus (many-flowered). March, April.

„ sca'ber (rough). September.

ERIOCNE'MA E NBA, E. MARMORA'TA, and E.

SANDE R.32. See BERTOLONIA MARMORATA.

ERIO COMA FLCRIBU NDA. See MONTANOA FLORI-
BUNDA.

ERIO COMA FRA GRANS. See MONTANOA TOMEX-
TOSA.

ERIODE'NDRON. (From erion, wool, and dendron, a
tree ; referring to the silky wool in seed-pods. Nat.
ord. Mallow-worts [Malvaceae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia,
8-Polyandria. Allied to Bombax.)

Stove trees ; seeds in a hotbed ; rich, sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

E. anfractuo' sum (winding). 100. Scarlet. E. Ind.

1739-

„ cariba'um (Caribaean). See E. ANFRANTUOSUM.
„ guinee'nse (Guinea). See E. ANFRACTUOSUM.
„ leianthe'rum (smooth-anthered). 70. Scarlet. Brazil.

1818.

ERIO GONUM. (From erion, wool, gonu, a joint ;
downy at the joints of the stems. Nat. ord. Buckwheats
[Polygonaceae]. Linn. g-Enneandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Polygonum.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials with yellow flowers,
from North America. Seeds and divisions in March
and April ; loam and a little peat.
E. compo'situm (compound), ij. June.

„ fla'vum (yellow), i. July. 1811.

„ longifo'lium (long-leaved). 2. June. 1822.

„ pauciflo'run (few-flowered). 2. June. 1820.

„ racemo'sum (racemed). i to ij. Rosy-white.
Western N. Amer. 1910.

„ seri'ceum (silky). See E. FLAVUM.

„ tomento'sum (woolly). 2. May. 1811.

EEIOPA'PPUS. SeeLAYiA.

ERIO PHORUM. Cotton Grass. (From erion, wool,
and phoreo, to bear; in reference to the silky tails or
coverings of the seeds. Nat. ord. Sedges [Cyperaceae].
Linn. ^-Triandria, i-Monogynia.)

The Cotton Grasses are pretty bog plants. They are
natives of peat marshes, and do not belong to Grasses,
though erroneously so called.

E. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved), ij. White, many-
headed. Britain.

„ capita' turn (headed). See E. SCHEUCHZERI.
„ Scheuchze'ri (Scheuchzer's). i. White. N. temperate

and cold regions.

„ vagina'tum (sheathing). i. White, one-headed.
Britain.

ERIOPHY'LLUM. (From erion, wool, and phullon, a
leaf ; woolly-leaved. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua.)

Hardy evergreens, from North America. Divisions of
the roots in spring ; common soil.

E. ccBspito'sum (turfy), i. Yellow. May. 1826.
„ confertiflo'rum (crowded-flowered). Yellow. Cali-
fornia. 1888.

„ oppositifo'lium (opposite- leaved). See BAHIA OPPOSITI-
FOLIA.

ERIO PSK. (From Eria, a genus of orchids, and
opsis, like. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn.
2O-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids. Division ; fastened to wood with a
little moss. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55°
to 60°.

E. bi'loba (two-lobed). ij. Orange. September. Peru

1845-
„ Hele'nce (Helen's), ij to 2. Orange, twice as large

as E. biloba. Peru. 1897.
„ Fuersienbe'rgii (Fuerstenberg's). Brown, orange,

white, purple. 1908.
„ rutidobu'lbon (wrinkled-bulbed). 2. Orange, purple.

Colombia. 1846.
„ Sprucei (Spruce's). Light yellow, edged red. Brazil.

1884.

ERIOSE'MA. (From erion, wool, and sema, a standard.
Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Evergreen stove shrubs. Seeds ; cuttings of short
side-shoots in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat.
Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.

E. chine'nse (Chinese), i. Purple. June. Nepaul.

1821. Greenhouse.
„ grandifio'rum (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. August

Mexico.

„ parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 3. Zanzibar. 1823.
„ viola'ceum (violet). 4. Purple. March. Guiana. 1820.

ERIOSPE'RMTJM. (From erion, wool, and sperma, a

seed ; woolly-seeded. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae].

Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Anthericum.)

Greenhouse bulbs from South Africa. Offsets ; sandy

peat. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.

E. albucoi'des (Albuca-like). J. Yellow, green. 1875.
„ Bellende'ni (Bellenden's). i. Light blue. July. 1806.
„ bre'vipes (short-stalked), i^ to 2. White, with green

rib. 1862.

„ calcara'tum (spurred). £. White, green. 1875.
„ folioli' ferum (leaflet-bearing). J. Yellow, green.

July. 1806.
,, lanceafo'lium (spear-head-leaved), i. Light blue.

July. 1795.

„ lanugino'sum (woolly), i. White, green. July. 1820.
„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved), i. Light blue. July.

1800.

„ Macke'nii (Macken's). Yellow. July. 1871.
„ parado'xum (wonderful), i. July. 1825.
„ parvifo'lium (small- leaved). J. Dark blue. July.

1796.
„ proli'ferum (proliferous). White, green. May to

August. 1821.

„ pube'scens (downy), i. White, green. July. 1820.
„ spira'le (spiral), i. White. May. 1824.

ERIOSTE'MON. (From erion, wool, and stemon, a
stamen ; appearance of stamens. Nat. ord. Rueworts
[Rutaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Crowea.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cuttings of
young shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in about a week plunged in a mild hotbed ; three parts
sandy peat, and one sandy, fibrous loam. Summer temp.,
55° to 75° ; winter, 45° to 50°.
E. affi'nis (related). 3. White. Australia. 1903.

,, buxifo'lius (box-leaved). 2. Pink. May. 1824.

„ cuspida'tus (spine-pointed). See E. MYOPOROIDES.

„ ericifo'lius (heath-leaved). 3. Red. June. 1824.

„ glauce' scens (milky-green). Lilac. April. 1824.

„ gra'cilis (graceful), i. Lilac. June. 1831.

„ interme'dius (intermediate). See E. MYOPOROIDES.

„ lanceola'tus (spear-head- leaved). See E. SALICIFOLIUS.

„ latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 3. White. 1845.

„ hnearifo'lius (narrow-leaved). See GEIJERA PARVI-
FLORA.

„ myoporoi'des (Myoporum-like). ij. White. Sep-
tember. 1824.

„ neriifo'lius (oleander-leaved). See E. MYOPOROIDES.

„ nodifid rus (knot-flowered). Blush. 1841.

,, oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved). See ACRONYCHIA

L.EVIS.

„ salicifo'lius (willow-leaved). 3. Red. June. 1823.
„ sca'ber (tough-leaved). i$. Pink. ApriL 1840.

ERIOTHRIX

336

ERYCINA

ERIO'THRIX. (From erion, wool, and thrix, hair ;
referring to the appendages on the seeds. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Super-
ftua. Allied to Neurolaena.)

Stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in a close case. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.

E. juniperifo'lia (juniper-leaved). White. July. Bour-
bon. 1828. Syn. E. lycopodioides.

ERI'SMA. (From erisma, strife ; referring to the
difficulty of assigning their position in the natural
arrangement. Nat. ord. Vochyads [Vochysiaceae].
Linn. i-Monandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young shoots
getting firm, in April, in sand, under a glass, and in
bottom-heat ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp.,
55° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.

E. floribu'ndum (many-flowered). 40. Blue. October.
Guiana. 1825.

ERI'THALIS. (From erithallo, to grow green ; re-
ferring to the glossy, deep green of the leaves. Nat.
ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Guettarda.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young stubby
side-shoots in spring or summer, hi sand, under a bell-
i, and in bottom-heat ; sandy, fibrous loam, and a
, 60° to 80°; winter, 50°

White. July. Jamaica.

little peat. Summer temp.,

to 55°.

E. frutico'sa (shrubby). 13

1793.
„ Ti'mon (Timon). See TIMONIUS RUMPHII.

ERITRICHIUM. (Derived from erion, wool, and
thrix, a hair ; some of the species being covered with
woolly hairs).

Hardy annual or perennial herbs. Seeds or division
in spring. Sheltered positions on the rockery.
E. barbi'gerum (beard-bearing). See KRYNITZKIA BAR-

BIGERA.

„ na'num (dwarf). ^. Blue, with yellow eye. Cold

Northern and Alpine regions. 1869.
„ nothofu'lvum (dull-tawny). White, sweet-scented.

California. 1892.
„ rupe'stre (rock), i. Blue. July. Altai Mountains.

1824.

„ seri'ceum (silky), i. Purple, yellow. Siberia. 1802.
„ stri'ctum (upright), i. Blue. July. Northern India.

Annual.

ERLA'NGEA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Compositae.)

A greenhouse shrub with felted leaves and the habit

of a Eupatorium. Cuttings in sand, in a close case,

with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

E. tomento'sa (felted). 3 to 5. Lilac. Trop. E. Africa.

1909.

ERNODEA. (From ernodes, branched. Nat. ord.
Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Spermacpce.)

Half-hardy evergreen trailer. Division ; dry, gravelly
soil ; protection of a cold-frame hi winter.
E. littora'lis (sea-shore). White. Winter. W. Ind.
„ monta'na (mountain). See PUTORIA CALABRICA.

ERO DIUM. Heron' s-bill. (From erodios, a heron ;
referring to the resemblance of the style and ovaries to
the beak and head of the heron. Nat. ord. Cranesbills
[Geraniaceae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, z-Pentandria.
Allied to Geranium.)

Jhe biennials and annuals may be sown hi front of a
border in April ; perennials, divided in March ; the half-
hardy, by seeds and divisions ; sandy loam, and the
protection of a cold pit in whiter.

HARDY ANNUALS.

E. chi'um (Chian). Blush. June. Levant. 1724.
„ cico'nium (stork's). Lilac. July. S. Europe. 1711.
„ grui'num (crane's). Blush. July. Crete. 1596.
„ murica'tum (prickly). £. Red. July. 1827.
„ mu rcicum (Murcian). See E. CHIUM.
,, pimpinellifo'lium (burnet-leaved). See E. CICUTARIUM

PIMPINELL/EFOLIUM.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

E. bipinna'tum (doubly- leafle ted). See E. CICUTARIUM.
„ cicuta'rium (Cicuta-like). Purple. Summer. Britain.
„ „ pimpinellcefo'lium (Pimpinella-leaved). J. Purple.

July. S. Europe. 1800.

,, geifp'lium (Geum-leaved). i. Lilac. Algeria. 1835.
„ lacinia'tum (cut-leaved), i. Lilac. Mediterranean

regions. 1794.
„ Manesca'vi (Manescave's). i. Purple, crimson.

Pyrenees.

„ pulverule'ntum (powdered). See E. LACINIATUM.
„ roma'num (Roman). J. Purple. June. Rome. 1724.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

E, alnifo'lium (Alder-leaved). J. Purple. June. Sicily.
1800.

„ alpi'num (alpine). £. Red. June. Italy. 1814.

„ anthemidifo'lium (chamomile-leaved). J. Purple.
June. Iberia. 1820.

„ carvifo'lium (Caraway-leaved), i. Purple. Spain.

„ caucalifo'lium (Caucalis- leaved). See E. ROMANUM.

„ chamcedryoi' des (Chamaedrys-like). £. White. July.
Balearic Isles. 1783.

„ chrysa'nthum (yellow-flowered). Lemon-yellow.
Greece. 1897.

„ co'rsicum (Corsican). \. Purple. June. Corsica. 1817.

„ gutta'tum (spotted). Purple, spotted black. Medi-
terranean regions. 1861.

„ glaucophy'llum (grey-leaved). Lilac. July. Egypt.
1732.

„ Gusso'ni (Gusson's). i. Pale purple. June. Naples.
1821.

„ hi'rtum (hairy). $. Purple. June. Egypt. 1818.

„ litto'reum (sea-shore). Lilac. June. Narbonne. 1818.

„ macrade'nium (large-glanded). J. Pale purple, with
black blotches. Pyrenees. 1867.

„ malachoi'des (Malachium-like). Mediterranean region.

,, malopoi'des (Malope-like). See E. ALNIFOLIUM.

„ petrce'um(rock). J. Purple. July. S.Europe. 1640.

„ Reicha'rdi (Reichard's). See E. CHAM/EDRYOIDES.

„ Salzma'nni (Salzmann's). Southern Spahi.

„ Semeno'vii (Semenow's). Central Asia.

„ sero'tinum (late). |. Blue. August. Caucasus. 1821.

„ sibthorpia'num (Sibthorpian). Orient.

„ stephania'num (Stephan's). J. Blue. June. Hima-
laya. 1820.

„ styla'tum (long-styled). J. Purple. June. 1826.

„ supraca'num (grey above). J. Purple. Spain.

„ tmo'leum (Tmolan). Asia Minor.

„ trichomanefo'lium (Trichomanes-leaved). Purple,
spotted crimson. Spain.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.
E. crassifo'lium (thick- leaved). £. Scarlet. June.

Cyprus. 1788.

„ glandulo' sum (glanded). See E. MACRADENIUM.
„ hymeno'des (Hymen-like). J. Pink. July. Barbary.

1789
„ incarna'tum (flesh-coloured). ^. Flesh. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1787. Evergreen.
,, melasti' 'gmum (black-stagmaed). i. Purple. June.

1823.^

,, munbya'num (Munbyan). Purple. Algeria. 1872.
,, pdargoniifto'rum (Pelargonium-flowered). White,

purple. July. Orient. 1850.

EROPHTTA. (From er, the spring, and phileo, to
love ; referring to the time of flowering. Nat. ord.
Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. i$-Tetr adynamia. Allied
to Draba.)

Hardy annuals, with white flowers. Seeds ; common
soil.

E. america'na (American). See E. VULGARIS.
„ prce'cox (early). }. March. Britain. 1820.
„ vulga'ris (common). J. March. Britain.

ERPE'TION RENIFO'RME. New Holland, or Spur-
less Violet. See VI'OLA HEDERACEA.

ER'VUM GRA'CILE. See LATHYRUS FILIFORMIS.

ERY'CINA. (From eruko, to detain ; in allusion to the
bristles on the plant. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

A stove Orchid. For cultivation, see ORCHIDS.
E. echina'ta (hedgehog-like). J. Yellow. Mexico,

ERYNGIUM

337

ERYSIMUM

ERY'NGIUM. Eryngo. (From Eryngeon, a name
adopted by Pliny from Dioscorides. Nat. prd. (JnweUi-
fers [Umbelliferas]. Linn. s-Pentandria, 2-Dignyia. Allied
to Sanicula.)

The roots of E. mari'iimum and campe'stre are sweet,
aromatic, and tonic ; they are candied, and sold by the
name of Eringo-roots. Annual, biennial, and perennial
hardy kinds by seeds and divisions in common soil ; if
sandy loam, they will thrive best. Half-hardy species
require the protection of a pit or greenhouse in winter,
and sandy loam.

HARDY ANNUALS, &c.

E. ie'nue (slender), i. Blue. July. Spain. 1824.
„ tricuspida'tum (three-pointed). 2. Green. Sep-
tember. Spain. 1699. Biennial.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.
E. bromelia>fo'lium(Bromeli3i-leaved). 3. White. July.

Mexico.
Carli'na (Carlina-like). Blush. August. Mexico.

1827.
Ccrvanttfsii (Cervantes's). i. Green. August.

Mexico. 1820.

como'sum (tufted). Blue. July. Mexico. 1818.
ebractea'tum (bractless). 2. July. Buenos Ayres.

1817.
ebu'rneum (ivory). 6. White. Autumn. Brazil.

1872.
fce'tidum (stinking), i. Green. September. W. Ind.

gra'cile (graceful), i. Blue. July. Mexico. 1824.
grami'neum (grass-leaved). Blush. August. Mexico.

1825.
Lassau'xii (Lassaux's). 6. White. Autumn.

Argentina. 1872.
longifo'lium (long-leaved). 3. White. July. Mexico.

1820.
monoce'phalum (one-headed). Purple. August.

Mexico. 1824.

ovi'num (sheep). See E. ROSTRATUM.
rostra'lum (beaked), i*. White. July. Australia.

1824.
serra'tum (saw-edged), i. Blue. July. Mexico.

1800.
terna'tum (three-leafleted). Purple. August. Crete.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

E.

2. Blue. July. Switzerland.
Light blue. July.

-

alpi'num (alpine).

1507-
amethysti'num (amethystine).

Styria. 1648.
Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 2. Blue. July. 1800.
aqua'ticum (aquatic). See E. YUCC^EFOLIUM.
Aquifo'lium (holly- leaved), i. Blue. August. Spain.

1816.

asperifo'lium (rough-leaved). See E. GIGANTEUM.
azu'reum (light blue). 2. Blue. July. S. Europe.

1790.
„ Baldwi'nii (Baldwin's). Blush. August. Carolina.

1824.
„ Billardie'rii (Billardiere's). Blush. July. S. France.

„ Bourga'ti (Bourgati's). 2. Pale blue. July. Spam.

1731.
„ cceru'leum (sky-blue). 2. Blue. July. Caspian.

1816.

„ campe'stre (field). 2. Blue. July. Britain.
„ cordtfo'lium (heart-leaved). See E. ALPINUM.
„ cornicula'tum (small-horned). i. Green. July.

Portugal. 1803.
„ cre'ticum (Cretan). Greece.
„ crini'tum (fringe-leaved). See E. AQUIFOLIUM.
„ dicho'tomum (spreading). 2. Blue. July. S.Europe.

1820.
„ dilata'tum (dilated), ij. Blue. July. Portugal.

1821.

,, duritza'num (Duriaean). Portugal.
„ galioi'des (Galium-like). $. Green. July. Portugal.

1810.

„ gigante'um (giant). 4. Blue. July. Armenia. 1820.
„ glacia'le (glacial), j. Light blue. Sierra Nevada.

1898.

E. glomera'tum (crowded), i. Blue. July. Asia Minor.

1826.

„ macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 1831.
„ mari'iimum (sea-holly), i£. Blue. July. Britain.
,, oliveria'num (Oliverian). 3 to 4. Blue. Orient.
„ panicula'tum (panicled). 4 to 5. White. Chili.
„ petiola'tum (stalked-leaved). N.W. Amer.
„ pla'num (tint-leaved). 3. Light blue. July. Europe.

1596.
„ proteaflo'rum (Protea-flowered). 3. Light blue.

Mexico. 1907.

„ pusi'llum (small). {. Green. July. Spain. 1640.
„ ri'gidum (stiff), f. Blue. July. France. 1816.
„ Sanguiso'rba (Sanguisorba). Brazil.
„ se'rbicum (Servian), i to ij. Leaves finely divided.

Servia. 1906.

,, Se'rra (saw). 6. White. Autumn. Brazil. 1872.
„ Spina'lba (white-spined). White. August. S.

Europe. 1816.
„ trique'trum (triangular), i. Blue. July. S. Europe.

1824.

„ Vase-yi (Vase^s). California.
„ virga'tum (twiggy), i. Light blue. June. N.

Amer. 1810.
„ Virginia 'num (Virginian). 2. Blue. August. N.

Amer.

„ vesiculo'sum (bladdery). Australia.
„ Wri'ghtii (Wright's). Texas.
,, yucccffo'lium (Yucca-leaved). 4. White. August.

N. Amer. 1699.

ERY'SIMTJM. Hedge Mustard. (From eruo, to draw ;
supposed to produce blisters. Nat. prd. Crucifers [Cruci-
ferae]. Linn. i5-Tetradynamia. Allied to Sisymbrium.)
Annuals and biennials, by seed in the open border, in
September or March ; perennials, seeds, cuttings, and
divisions.

HARDY PERENNIALS.
E. lanceola'tum (lance-shaped). Yellow. May. Alps of

Europe.
„ linifo'lium (flax-leaved). 2. Purple. April. Spain.

1815.
,, mura'le (wall). 2. Yellow. June. Europe. 1820.

Evergreen.
,, ochroleu'cum (yellow-white), i. Soft yellow. June.

Europe. 1819.

„ „ helve'ticum (Swiss), i. Bright yellow. Switzer-
land.

„ pulche'ttum (pretty). See E. RUPESTRE.
„ pu'milum (dwarf). £. Yellow. May. Switzerland.

1819.

,, rupe'stre (rock), i. Bright yellow. May. 1880.
,, suffrutico' sum (sub-shrubby). See E. MURALE.
„ versi'color (party-coloured), i. Variegated. May.

Caucasus. 1825.

WaUenbe'rgii (Wahlenberg's). ij. Yellow. Tran-
sylvania. 1891.

HARDY ANNUALS.

E. perfolia'tum (leaf-pierced). See CONRINGIA ORIENTALIS.
„ quadrico'rne (four-horned). See TETRACME QUADRI-

CORNE.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

E. alti'ssimum (tallest). See E. HIERACIFOLIUM.
„ andrzejoskia'num (Andrzejoski's). See E. CANESCENS.
„ arkansa'num (Arkansan). See E. ASPERUM ARKAN-

SANUH.

„ a'sperum (rough), i. Yellow. N. Amer.
„ „ arkansa'num (Arkansan). i. Bright yellow. N.

Amer.
„ au'reum (golden), i. Yellow. June. Caucasus.

1820.

„ bi'color (two-coloured), i. Yellow. May. Switzer-
land. 1818.

„ borya'num (Boryan). Yellow. Greece.
„ cane'scens (hoary), i. Yellow. June. S. Europe.

1816.
„ cheiranthoi'des (wallflower-h'ke). i to 2. Yellow.

July. Britain. " Treacle Mustard."
„ colli'num (hill), i. Yellow. May. Caucasus. 1823.
„ cra'ssipes (thick-leaf-stalked), i. Yellow. June

Asia Minor. 1835.

„ decu'mbens (decumbent). See E. OCHROLEUCUM.
„ fi'rmum (firm). See E. VIRGATUM.

ERYTHALIA

338

ERYTHRONIUM

E. grce'cum (Grecian). Yellow. Greece.
„ hieracifo'lium (hawkweed-leaved). i. Yellow. June.

N. Europe. 1816.
„ ibe'ricum (Iberian), i. Yellow. May. Caucasus.

„ intermedium (intermediate). 2. Yellow. June.

Switzerland. 1819.

„ kotschya'num (Kotschyan). Yellow. Asia Minor.
„ leptophy'llum (fine-leaved). i. Yellow. June.

Iberia. 1821.
„ longifo'lium (long-leaved), i. Yellow. June. S.

Europe. 1823.
„ longisiliquo'sum (long-podded), i£. Yellow. June.

Switzerland. 1819.
„ panno'nicum (Pannonian). 2. Yellow. June.

Austria. 1819.
„ pa'tulum (spreading), i. Yellow. June. S. Europe.

1820.
„ perofskia'num (Perofsky's). i£. Orange. July.

Caucasus. 1838.
„ Redo'wskii (Redowsky's). i. White. June. Siberia.

1821.

„ rkce'ticum (Rhastian). See E. OCHROLEUCUM.
„ strigo'sum (short-bristled). i. Yellow. June.

Siberia. 1806.

„ stri'ctum (erect). See E. PANNONICUM.
„ thyrsoi'deum (thyrse-liks). Yellow. Asia Minor.
„ virga'tum (twiggy). 2. Yellow. June. Europe.

1816.

ERYTHA'LIA. See GENTIAN A.

ERYTHE'A. (In Greek mythology Erythea was one
of the daughters of the West, and here fancifully applied.
Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Greenhouse Palms of ornamental character, and may
be treated like Howea or Kentia.
E. aculea'ta (prickly). See E. ARMATA.
„ arma'ta (armed). Leaf-stalks spiny and felted.

California. 1883.
„ Brandege'ei (Brandegee's). The tallest fan-leaved

palm. Lower California. 1908.
„ edu'lis (edible). 30. March. California.
„ e'legans (elegant). The dwarf est Erythea. Fruit
yellowish. Mexico. 1908.

ERYTHRiE'A. (From eruihros, red ; the colour of the
flowers of some species. Nat. ord. Gentianworts [Gen-
tianaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

The biennial should be sown in autumn ; the perennials,
by seeds and division ; sandy loam, with a little peat.
The species worth cultivating require a pit or frame in
winter.
E. aggrega'ta (clustered). J. Red. July. S. Europe.

1824. Biennial.
„ Centau'rium (Centaurium). i. Rose. Britain.

Annual. " Centaur y."
„ chile' nsis (Chilian). Rose. Chili.
„ chironioi'des (Chironia-like). See E. VENUSTA.
„ confe'rta (clustered). J. Pink. June. Spain. 1824.

Perennial.

„ diffu'sa (spreading). See E. MASSONII.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Rose. Portugal.
„ linarifo'lia (Linaria-leaved). Rose. Europe.
„ littora'lis (sea-shore). Pink. Europe. " Narrow-
leaved Centaury."
„ mari'tima (sea). J. Yellow. July. Mediterranean

regions. 1777. Herbaceous trailer.
„ Masso'nii (Masson's). Rose. July. Azores. 1777.

Herbaceous.
„ Muehlenbe'rgii (Muehlenberg's). J. Pink. April.

California.

„ pulche'tta diffu'sa (spreading). See E. MASSONII.
„ ramosi' ssima (most-branched). Rose. Europe. 1882.
„ venu'sta (lovely), f. Deep rose, with white centre.
California. 1878.

ENYTHRI'NA. Coral-tree. (From eruthros, red ; the
colour of the flowers. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosae]. Linn. iJ-Diadelphia, \-Decandria.)

According to Dr. Royle, gum lac is the produce of a
species erf Coral-tree, E. monospe'rma, not here in culti-
vation. Stove plants ; all scarlet-flowered. By cuttings
of the young shoots breaking from the old collar of the
plant in spring, and when two or three inches long ; also

by cutting up the old flowering-stems when ripe, and in
both cases covering with a bell-glass, after placing them
in sand, and in a strong bottom-heat ; peat, loam, and
dried cow-dung, hi equal proportions, with a portion of
sand. Summer temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
E. Cri'sta-ga'lli does out of doors in sheltered places,
cut down, and the roots slightly protected as for fuchsias,
in winter.

E, bogote'nsis (Bogotan). Red. Colombia. 1873.
„ ca'ffra (Cafirarian). Scarlet. S. Africa.
„ ca'rnea (flesh). 8. Flesh. Spring. S. Amer.

1733-
„ constantia'na (Constantian). 30. Scarlet. Country

unknown. 1896.
„ Coral lode' ndron (coral-tree). 20. May. W. Ind.

1690.
„ Cri'sta-ga'lli (cock's-comb). 40. June. Brazil.

1771.

„ „ compa'cta .(compact). Dwarf, free-flowering. 1882.
„ ,, specta'bilis (showy). Leaves variegated with

yellow.

„ erythrosta'chya (red-spiked). Scarlet. July. 1849.
„ fu'lgens (brilliant). 10. E. Ind. 1810.
„ glau'ca (sea-green). 10. Coppery-red. Venezuela.
„ herba'cea (herbaceous). 3. July. Carolina. 1824.

Herbaceous.

„ humea'na (Humean). 30 to 50. Scarlet. S. Africa.
„ i'ndica (Indian). 5 to 20. Scarlet. Trop. Asia.

1814.

„ „ a'lba (white). White.
„ „ Parce'lli (Parcell's). Red. Leaves with pale

yellow variegation. South Sea Islands.
„ ine'rmis (unarmed). See E. MITIS.
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). Bright scarlet. Country

unknown.

„ insula'ris (insular). Red. Queensland.
„ laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). See E. CRISTA-GALLI.
„ lilhospefrma (stone-seeded). Red. Burma and

Malaya.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 20. Teneriffe. 1822.
„ marmora'ta (marbled). Scarlet. May. Leaves

blotched and spotted with white. South Sea

Islands. 1879.

„ mi' (is (mild). Scarlet. May. Venezuela.
„ ovalifo'lia (oval- leaved). 10. Scarlet. India and

Malaya. 1816

„ Parce'lli (Parcell's). See E. INDICA PARCELLI.
„ pi'cta (painted). 6. E. Ind. 1696.
„ poia'nthes (summer-flowered). Scarlet. Winter. S.

Amer. 1828.

„ „ subine'rmis (nearly unarmed). Scarlet. Madeira.
„ por tor ice' nsis (Porto Rico). See RUDOLPHIA VOLU-

BILIS.

„ pulche'rrima (fairest). Crimson. 1876.
„ secundiflo'ra (side-flowering). 20. Brazil. 1820.
„ specio'sa (showy). 10. September. W. Ind. 1805.
,, specta'bilis (showy). Leaves boldly variegated. South

Sea Islands. 1881.

„ spino'sa (spiny). See E. CORALLODENDRON.
„ tomento'sa (felted). Scarlet. Trop. Africa.
„ veluti'na (velvety). Scarlet. June. Venezuela.
„ Vesperti'lio (bat-leaved). Scarlet. Australia. 1885.

ERYTHROCHZE'TE. See SENECIO.

ERYTHROCHTTON. (From eruthros, red, and chiton,
a tunic ; referring to the flower-envelope, or calyx.
Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutacea?]. Linn. ^-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Galipea.)

Stove evergreen tree. Seeds and cuttings, in sand
and heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
E. brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 10. White. July. Brazil.

1842.

„ hypophylla'nthus (under-leaf-flowered). White. Col-
ombia. 1853.
„ Linde'ni (Linden's). Mexico. 1840.

ERYTHROLE'NA CONSPI CUA. See CNICUS CON-

SPICUUS.

ERYTHRO'NITTM. Dog's-Tooth Violet. (From eru-
thros, red ; referring to the colour of the leaves and
flowers of the species first discovered. Nat. ord. Lily-
worts [LiliaceaD], Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

ERYTHROPHLEUM

339

ESCHSCHOLTZIA

Hardy bulbs ; offsets ; common garden-soil ; E.
lanceola'tum requires a little heat.
E. a'lbidum (whitish). J. White. April. Louisiana.

1824.
„ america'num (American). Bright yellow, spotted with

red. Eastern N. Amer. 1665.
„ cxlifo'rnicum (Californian). Cream, with orange base.

N. California.
,, citri'num (citron). Light citron yellow, with yellow

or orange base. Southern Oregon.
„ Dc'ns-ca'nis (dog's-tooth. Common). J. Lilac.

March. Europe. 1596.
„ „ a'lbidum (whitish). J. White. March. Italy.

1596.
„ „ ru'brum (red- flowered). J. Red, lilac. March.

Europe. 1596.

„ gigante'um (gigantic). Yellow. April. N.W. Amer.
„ grandifto' rum (large-flowered). \. Yellow. May.

N.W. Amer. 1826.
„ Hartwe'gi (Hartweg's). White, with orange or yellow

base. N.W. Amer.
„ Henderso'ni (Henderson's). Pale lilac purple, with

maroon-purple zone. Oregon. 1888.
„ Hou'e'lli (Howell's). Pale yellow, with orange base.

Oregon.

„ Johnso'ni (Johnson's). Reddish-pink, with golden-
orange zone. Southern Oregon. 1896.
,, lanceola' turn (spear-head-teai>«2). See E. AMERICANUM.
„ longifo'lium (long-leaved). See E. DENS-CANIS.
„ macula'tum (spotted). See E. DENS-CANIS.
„ monta'nitm (mountain). Pure white. Oregon and

Washington. 1903.
„ nuttallia'num (Nuttallian). Golden-yellow, with

brownish-red anthers. N. Amer. 1871.
„ purpura scens (purplish). Pale yellow, with orange

blotch, becoming purple. California.
„ revolu'tum (revolute). i. White to rosy-purple,

with orange blotch. California to Columbia River.

1897.

ERYTHROPHLE'UM. Red Water-tree. (From eru-
thros, red, and phleo, to flow ; in allusion to the red juice
of the tree when wounded. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Evergreen, stove trees. Cuttings of mature wood in
sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Good fibrous
loam, with one-third peat, and sand.
E. guinee'nse (Guinean). 100. Yellow. Trop. Africa.

1793-

„ pubistami'neum (downy-stamened). 25. Angola.
1889.

ERYTHROPO'GON IMBBICA'TUS. See METALASIA

UNIFLORA.

E. umbella'ius. See METALASIA UMBELLATA.
ERYTHRO'TIS BEDDO MEI. See CVANOTIS KEWENSIS.

ERYTHRO'XYLON. (From eruthros, red, and xylon,
wood. Nat. ord. Erythroxyls [Linacea?]. Linn. 10-
Decandria, ^-Trigynia.)

The wood of some species is deep red. E. ova' turn is
the best garden-plant among them. Stove evergreen
trees, with yellowish-green flowers. Cuttings of half-
ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, and in heat ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 48°
to 55°.

E. Co'ca (Coca). 2 to 6. Greenish-yellow. Peru. 1869.
The natives chew the leaves of this plant to allay
hunger.

„ „ no'va-granate'nse (New Grenadan).
„ ,, sprucea'num (Sprucean).
„ havane'nse (Havannah). See E. OVATUM.
„ hypericifo'lium (Hypericum-leaved). 40. Mauritius.

1818.

„ laurifo'liwn (laurel-leaved). 50. Mauritius. 1823.
,. mexica'num (Mexican). Greenish-yellow. Mexico.

1869.

„ ova' turn (egg-shaped). 10. Greenish-yellow. W. Ind.
1822.

ESCALLONIA. (Named after Escallon, a Spanish
traveller. Nat. ord. Escaloniads [Saxifragaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Evergreen greenhouse or hardy shrubs. Cuttings of

young shoots rather ripe, in sandy soil, under a hand-
light, in summer ; or younger smaller shoots under a
bell-glass, in the greenhouse ; peat and loam, with a
little road-drift, and well drained; most of them will
do against a wall, with the protection of a spruce-branch
in frosty weather, in winter, especially if the wall has
a broad coping.

E. bi'fida (bifid). See E. MONTEVIDENSIS.
„ ca'ndida (white). White. Brazil.
„ caracasa'na (Caraccas). See E. FLORIBUNDA.
„ Clausse'nii (Claussen's). 5. July. Brazil. 1846.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). 6. White. S. Amer. 1820.
„ fioribu'nda (many-flowered). White. July. New

Grenada. 1827.

„ glandulo'sa (glanded). See E. RUBRA.
„ grahamia'na (Grahamian). 5. White. Autumn.

Chili.

„ granditto'ra (large-flowered). See E. CLAUSSENII.
„ illi'nita (varnished). 5. White. August. Chili.

1830.

„ inca'na (hoary). July. 1847.
„ littora'lis (sea-shore). Chili.
„ macra'ntha (large-flowered). 3 to 15. Rose or red.

Chiloe. 1848.

,, „ sangui'nea (blood-red). See E. PUNCTATA.
„ monia'na (mountain). Red. Chili. 1873.
„ monlevide'nsis (Monte Video). 6. White. July.

Brazil. 1827.
„ organe'nsis (Organ Mountains). 3. Rose. Organ

Mountains. 1844.
„ philippia'na (Philippian). White, fragrant. Valdivia.

1873.
„ ptero'cladon (winged-branched). 4. White, red.

July. Patagonia. 1854. Hardy.
„ pulverule'nta (dusted). 8. Chili. 1831.
„ puncta'ta (punctured). 3 to 8. Deep red. July.

Chili. 1828.
„ revolu'ta (revolute). 10 to 15. White. September.

Chili. 1887.
„ ru'bra (red-flowered). 3. Red. September. Chili.

1827.

„ „ albifto'ra (white-flowered). 6. White. July.
„ „ pube'scens (downy). 6. Red. July.
„ ,, puncia'ta (punctured). See E. PUNCTATA.
„ visco'sa (clammy). 5. White. Mendoza. 1829.

ESCHALLOT, or SHALLOT. A'llium ascalo'nicum.

Varieties. — The Common, which puts up long, slender,
dark-green leaves, and has narrow, long-pointed bulbs ;
and the Long-keeping, with larger bulbs and dwarfer
habit, and keeps good for nearly or quite two years.
Both have a stronger taste than the onion, yet not
leaving its disagreeable smell on the palate. Large Red
has large bulbs of a pale reddish-brown colour. The
Jersey Shallot also has large bulbs that frequently run
to seed, but they do not "keep long as a rule.

Propagation. — Each offset will increase in a similar
manner as its parent, and may be planted out either
in the months of October and November, or early in
the spring, from February to the beginning of April.
Autumn is the best season for planting, if the soil lies
dry. If planted in beds, let them be three feet and a
half wide, and three or four inches higher than the
alleys, and the surface of the bed a little arched. Set
out the rows nine inches apart from row to row, and
plant the offsets singly with the hand upon the surface
of the bed, six inches apart in the row, just pressing
each bulb down firm in the soil ; see occasionally that
they are not cast out of their places by worms or other
vermin ; or each bulb may be covered with either a
little old tan or coal-ashes', in little ridges along the
rows, an inch and a half or two inches deep. WTien the
bulbs are well established and growing, this covering
should be removed with the hand ; no other culture is
required, except earth-stirring. Take them up for
storing, when full grown, towards the end of June or
July, as soon as the leaves begin to decay. Spread
them out to dry, on boards, in some airy situation.

ESCHSCHO'LTZIA. (Named after Dr. Eschschollz, a
botanist. Nat. ord. Poppyworts [Papaveraceae]. Linn.
i^-Polyandria, 4-Tetragynia.)

Bright and showy, hardy annuals, with yellow flowers ;
seeds sown in the open border, in March ; when once
introduced they will generally sow themselves ; if sown

ESMERALDA

340

EUCALYPTUS

in autumn, and an evergreen branch bent over them in

severe weather, they will bloom early.

E. ccespito'sa (tufted), i. Yellow. California.

„ cuculla'ta (hooded), i. Lemon-yellow. California.
1894.

„ mari'tima (maritime). Light yellow, with orange
blotch. California. 1894.

„ calif o' mica (Calif ornian). i. September. California.
1826.

„ „ compa'cta (compact), i. August. California.
1833.

„ „ cro'cea (saffron-coloured). i. August. Cali-
fornia. 1833.

„ Dougla'sii (Douglas's). Golden-yellow, 14 days
earlier than the rest. California. 1898.

„ fumariafo'lia (fumaria- leaved). See HUNNEMANNIA

FUMARI^FOLIA.

„ tenuifo'lia (tender-leaved). See E. C^SPITO'SA.
ESMEBA'LDA. See ARACHNANTHE.

ESPALIERS. A term used to express modes of train-
ing fruit-trees on rails of iron or wood, as bordering to
the walks of kitchen-gardens, whereby the margins are
rendered more ornamental, and the walls are relieved
of many trees for the benefit of others top tender to
withstand the ordinary rigours of our climate. The
forms of these trellises vary much ; some are placed
perpendicularly, others horizontal, and others, again, in
a curved or saddle-like form, with various other shapes
which the fancy of the owner, or the peculiar situation,
may dictate. These rails are generally placed within a
few feet of the garden-walk, having, also, another walk
or alley at the back, in order to facilitate operations.
Espaliers being nearer to the ground than ordinary
standards, we need hardly say that in such a position
they are warmer. The mode of training tends to check
exuberance of growth, which is of some service in a
dwarfing, and, by consequence, an early fruiting system.
The trees are completely within reach for stopping, and
various other manipulations, which, on standards, re-
quire ladders and other cumbrous machines. Again, a
much greater collection of fruits may be cultivated, in
any garden, by an espalier system, than by the ordinary
course of culture. The espalier system can be rendered
conducive to the greatest amount of produce, as well as
to the most ornamental appearance.

Form of Trellis. — This is very material. There are
fruits which must have sunshine to perfect them, yet
will succeed with a moderate share. There are others
which will succeed in what is commonly termed a
northern aspect ; such are adapted for the northern
side of trellises, which run east and west. Again, others
must have a full exposure to the sun. Kitchen-gardens
are mostly rectangular, and if most or all of the margins
be appropriated to trellises, there will be a great differ-
ence between those which run north and south and east
and west. To avoid over-shadowing, we think that
what have been termed Table Trellises, that is, those
which present a flat surface, parallel to the horizon, at
about a foot or half a yard from the ground are by far
the best for the majority of fruits.

Perpendicular Rails are, however, very well adapted
for many of our fruits, and if iron is not used, a very
nice, but somewhat perishable structure may be formed
by means of wood. Permanent stakes of oak, larch, &c.,
may be driven at from two to three feet apart perpendicu-
larly, and temporary stakes driven as wanted between
them, of more perishable material. The temporary, or
intervening stakes are to be movable at pleasure, and
when the trees acquire a strong fabric, may be entirely
dispensed with.

The Strained-wire Rail is, however, much superior,
and will, doubtless, prove most economical in the end.
Such, well-constructed, with stone bases to the iron
uprights, would endure a century, and are, at least,
particularly to be recommended for trees of slender
wood. As for perpendicular iron treillage, an ordinary
field hurdle will give a pretty good idea ; the distance
between the rails being, of course, ruled by the mode of
growth of the tree.

With regard to Arched or Saddle Trellises, we would
speak with some caution. Running north and south,
and occupied with trees properly adapted, they will
doubtless succeed, and they are assuredly ornamental.

Gooseberries and currants we have found conveniently
trainable to a cheap trellis in the form of pairs of
stakes, crossed like the letter X, and placed in a row.
It is not the least advantage attendant upon this mode
of training that the fruit is easily covered and protected.

ESPELE'TIA. (Named in compliment to Don Jose ac
Espelela, a governor of Colombia. Nat. ord. Compositas.)
Evergreen, greenhouse plants with woolly leaves
Fibrous loam and peat, with an abundance of sand. The
leaves must be kept dry in winter.
E. arge'ntea (silvery). 6. Yellow. Colombia. 1845.
„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 10. Yellow. Colombia.
,, neriifo'lia (Nerium-leaved). 2 to 3. Yellow. Vene-
zuela.

ESTERHA'ZYA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Scrophulariaceae. )

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, in bottom-
heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
E. sple'ndida (splendid). 6. Yellow. Brazil. 1820.

ETIOLATION. The same as blanching.

EUADE'NIA. (From eu, well, and aden, a gland ; in
allusion to glands in the flowers. Nat. ord. Cappari-

A dwarf, shrubby stove plant. Cuttings in sand, in
a close case, with bottom-heat. Good fibrous loam,
with plenty of sand.

E. e'minens (eminent). Greenish-yellow. January.
Trop. Africa. 1861.

EUCALY'PTUS. Gum-tree. (From eu, good, and
kaluptos, covered; referring to the flower-envelope, or
calyx, which covers the flower and falls off like a cap.
Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms [Myrtacea?]. Linn. i2-Icosandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Metrosideros.)

Greenhouse evergreen trees, from Australia, except
where otherwise indicated, and all with white blossoms.
Cuttings of young, firm side-shoots in the beginning of
summer, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; peat and
loam ; a cool greenhouse. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
Most of them in warm places will do well against walls,
with a little protection, if dryness is secured.
E. acmenioi'des (Acmena-like). Australia.

,, ala'ia (winged). 1816.

,, alpi'na (Alpine). Australia.

„ amygdali'na (almond-leaved). 1830.

„ andrea'na (Andrean). White. Somewhat similar to
E. amygdalina. 1890.

„ botryoi'des (bunch-like). Australia.

„ calophy'lla (beautiful-leaved). 1885.

„ citriodo'ra (lemon-scented). 1881. Foliage fragrant.

„ cocci'fera (berry-bearing). 20. Purple. December.
Tasmania.

„ corda'ta (heart-shaped). Tasmania.

„ coria'cea (leathery). See E. PAUCIFLORA.

„ cornu'ta (horned). 20 to 80. Red, yellow.

„ corymbo'sa (corymb-flowered). 1788.

„ cosmophy'lla (orderly-leaved). S. Australia.

,, cotinifo'lia (cotinus-leaved). 1818.

„ erythrone'ma (red-filamented). 20. Filaments red.
W. Australia. 1903.

„ eugenioi'des (Eugenia-like). 1830.

„ ficifo'lia (fig-leaved). Crimson. W. Australia. 1882.

,, gigante'a (giant). Australia.

„ Glo'bulus (globuled). 150. 1810.

„ gomphoce'phala (nail-headed). Australia.

„ Gu'nnii (Gunn's). Victoria. Hardy in some districts.

„ „ monta'na (mountain). 1901. Hardy in the east
and south of England.

,, hczma'stoma (bloody-mouthed). 30. 1803.

,, heterophy'lla (various-leaved). See E. OBLIQUA.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). See ANGOPHORA CORDIFOLIA.

,, hyper icifo'lia (Hypericum-leaved). 1823.

,, incrassa'ia (thickened). 6. 1818.

,, Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). Australia.

„ leuco'xylon (white-wood). White. " Iron Bark."

»> » purpu'rea (purple). Bright purple. 1909.

,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). See E. AMYGDALINA.

,, macra'ndra (large-anthered). Australia.

„ macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 6. June. 1842.

„ macula' ta (blotched). Australia.

„ margina'ta (thick-edged). May. 1794.

,, me'dia (intermediate). 1823.

EUC1LETIS

EUCOMIS

E. microco'rys (small-helmet). Australia.

, microphy'Ua (small-leaved). 20. 1823.

, mucrona'ta (sharp- pointed). 1823.

, Mudle'ri (Mueller's). See E. INCRASSATA.

, multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1820.

, myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 6. 1823.

, obli'qua (twisted-leaved). 100. July. 1774.

, occidenta'lis (western). Australia.

, orbicula'ris (globe-shaped). 1816.

, ova'ta (egg-iorm-leaved). 6. 1820.

, panicula'ta (panicled). Australia.

, pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). Australia.

, perfolia'ta (leaf-pierced). 1820.

, persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). See E. VIMINALIS.

, phUlyrcEoi 'des (Phillyraea-like). 1820.
„ pilula'ris (pelleted). 1804.
„ piperi'ta (pepper). 1810.
„ planchonia'na (Planchonian). Australia.
„ polya'nthemos (many-flowered). Hardy in some dis-
tricts.

„ preissia'na (Preissian). 10. Yellow. 1843.
„ ptychoca'rpa (name-marked-fruited). Australia.
„ pulche'Ua (pretty). 1820.
„ pulverule'nta (powdery). 30. June. 1816.
„ pulvi'gera (powdered). See E. PULVERULENTA.
„ purpura' scens (purplish-Hinted). 1823.
„ raveretia'na (Raveretian). Australia.
„ redu'nca (rehooked). Australia.
„ re'gnans (ruling). Australia.
,, resini'fcra (resin-bearing). Australia.
„ „ grandiflc'ra (large-flowered). White. July.
„ robrfsta (robust). Australia,
„ rostra'ta (beaked). Australia.
„ sali'gna (willow-like). 1804.
„ sca'bra (rough). See E. PIPERITA.
„ sidero'xylon (iron-wood). See E. LEUCOXYLON.
„ splachnica'rpa (heart-fruited). See E. CALOPHYLLA.
„ staigeria'na (Staigerian). White. Foliage fragrant.

1889.

„ stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). 1823.
„ stri'cta (erect).

„ tftrago'na (four-angled). 18. Red. July. 1824.
„ teretico'rnis (round-horned). Australia.
„ urnigera (urn-bearing). White. Fruit urn-shaped.

Tasmania. 1888.
„ verruco'sa (warted). 1820.
„ vimina'lis (rod-like). 1810.
,, virga'ta (twiggy). 15.

EUCHJE'TIS. (From eu, well, and chaite, a head of
hair; the bottom of the petals furnished with hairs
inside. Nat. ord. Rucworts [Rutaceae]. Linn. s-Pen-
tandria^ i-Monogynia. Allied to Diosma.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub, from South Africa. For
culture, see DIO'SMA.
E. glomera'ta (close-flowered), i. White. May. 1818.

EUCHARI'DIUM. (From eucharis, agreeable ; refer-
ring to the general appearance of this exquisite little
hardy annual. Nat. ord. Onagrads [Onagraceae]. Linn.
&-Octandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Clarkia.)

Sow in the open ground, in September, March, and
middle of May, for flowering from May to September ;
sow, also, in a slight hotbed in March, and transplant
into the borders.

E. BrewSri (Brewer's). Rose-red. July. California.
„ conci'nnum (neat), i. Purple. June. California.

1824.
„ grandifto'rum (large-flowered). See E. CONCINNUM.

EU'CHARIS. (From eu, well or good, and charts,
attraction ; in allusion to the beauty of the flowers.
Nat. ord. Amaryllidacea3.)

Evergreen stove bulbs. Offsets. Good fibrous loam,
with some dried cow manure rubbed fine and some
sharp sand. Feed with liquid manure when making
their growth. •

E. amazo'nica (Amazonian). See E. GRANDIFLORA.
„ bakeria'na (Bakenan). White. Colombia. 1890.
„ ca'ndida (white), i. White ; corona tinted yellow.

Colombia. 1876.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), i to 2. White. Colom-
bia. 1856.

„ „ Lo'wii (Low's). White ; segments incurved.
Colombia. 1893.

E. grandiflo'ra Moo'rei (Moore's). White, yellow. 1888.
,, Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). White ; corona i2-toothed.

Popayan, Colombia. 1889.
„ Maste'rsii (Masters'). White ; corona i2-toothed,

striped green. Colombia. 1885.
„ Sande'ri (Sander's). White ; corona none. Colombia.

1883.
„ „ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Flowers 5 to 6,

smaller.
„ subedenta'ta (nearly-toothless). White. Winter.

Colombia. 1876.

ETJCHTLUS OBCORDA'TUS. See PULTEN^SA OBCOR-

DATA.

ETJCHLJE'NA. (From eu, fine, and cUaina, wool ; in
allusion to the long, thread-like stigmas. Nat. ord.
Gramineas.)

A valuable grass for tropical countries, producing a
luxuriant crop 8 to 15 ft. high and suitable for fodder.
It may be reared in heat, and planted out at the end
of May or beginning of June, like a half-hardy annual.
Seeds. Garden soil.

E. mexica'na (Mexican). Purple, green. Mexico. Syn.
E. luxurians.

ETJCHRE'STA. (From euchresios, good for use ; the
seeds of E. Horsfieldii being used as medicine by the
natives of Java. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

The only species introduced is a greenhouse shrub.
Seeds ; cuttings of mature wood in very sandy soil in
a close case, with a gentle bottom-heat. Loam, peat,
and sand.
E. japo'nica (Japanese). Blue-white. Japan. 1865.

EUCHRO MA COCCI'NEA. See CASTILLEJA COCCINEA.

EUCHRO MA GRANDIFLO'RA. See CASTILLEJA SES,

SILIFLORA.

EUCLE'A. (From eukleia, glory; referring to the
beauty of the ebony-like wood, and fine green leaves.
Nat. ord. Ebenads [Ebenaceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, 10-
Decandria. Allied to Diospyros.)

Greenhouse evergreens, with white flowers, from
South Africa. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots, in sand, under
a bell-glass, in April ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 45°.

E. racemo'sa (racemed-round-leaved). 5. November. 1772.
„ undula'ta (waved-leaved). 5. 1794.

EUCNI'DE. See MENTZELIA
EUCODO NIA. See ACHIMENES.

EU'COMIS. (From eukomes, beautiful-haired ; re-
ferring to the tufted crown of the flower-spike. Nat.
ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Daubenya.)

Strong, hardy, or greenhouse bulbs, which, if planted
six inches deep in a rich, light border in front of a
greenhouse, remain uninjured, and flower every year.
Propagated by offsets.
E. amaryllidifo'lia (Amaryllis- leaved), i. Green. S.

Africa. 1879.
„ bi color (two-coloured), i. Green, edged violet.

Natal. 1878.

,, bifo'lia (two-leaved). See WHITHEADIA LATIFOLIA.
,, clava'ta (clubbed). See E. REGIA.
,, gambesi'aca (Gambesian). See E. ZAMBESIACA.
„ Jacqui'nii (Jacquin's). See E. NANA JACQUINII.
„ macrophytta (large-leaved). See E. REGIA.
„ na'na (dwarf), f. Brown. May. S. Africa. 1774.
„ „ Jacqui'nii( Jacquin's). $. Green. S.Africa. 1903.
„ pallidifto'ra (pale-flowered). 2. Greenish- white. S.

Africa. 1887.
„ puncta'ta (dotted). 2. Green, brown. June. S.

Africa. 1783.

„ purpureocau'lis (purple-stalked). See E. NANA.
„ re'gia (royal). 2. Green. March. S. Africa. 1702.
„ robu'sta (robust). 2. Green, tinted brown. Natal.

„ stria'ta (streaked). See E. PUNCTATA.

„ undula'ta (waved-leaved). 2. Green. April. S.

Africa. 1760.
„ zambesi,' oca (Zambesian). 2. Green. E. Trop. Africa.

1886.

EUCOMMIA

342

EULOPHIA

EUCO MMIA. (From eu, good, and kommi, gum ; the
juice abounds in gutta-percha. Nat. ord. Trochoden-
dracea?.)

A hardy, deciduous shrub, interesting chiefly as the
only hardy plant producing gutta-percha in its laticiferous
tissues. Seeds, layers, and probably cuttings.
E. ulmoi'des (Elm-like). Leaves 6 to 7 in. long. Fruits
winged. China. 1899.

EUCRO'SIA. (From eu, beautiful, and krossos, a
fringe ; referring to the cup above the insertion of the
stamens. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Stenomesson and
Elisena.)

This is the best ill-used bulb in British gardens. Sweet,
Don, Loudon, and Paxton make it a native of Cape
Horn, instead of the western declivities of the Peruvian
Andes — a mistake which caused the destruction of many
bulbs. Hooker and Lindley gave badly-coloured figures
of it, and the latter placed it in alliance with Phycella,
with which it has no affinity. Bi' color refers to a dark-
green stripe in the middle of the petals, outside ; the
flower is of a bright vermilion. It delights in strong
loam ; rests in winter, and prefers the stove. Offsets ;
light, rich loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
E. bi'color (two-coloured), i. Scarlet, green. April.
Peru. 1816.

EUCRY PHIA. (From eu, well, and kryphia, a cover-
ing ; in reference to the cap-like cover formed by the
calyx. Nat. ord. Rosaceae.)

Evergreen shrubs, hardy in some of the more favoured
districts, especially E. pinnatifo'lia, having large, hand-
some flowers like a white Hypericum. Cuttings of young
shoots in sand, in a mild heat. Well-drained garden
soil, with a little peat for plants in pots.
E. Billardie'ri Milliga'ni (Billardiere's, Milligan's var.).

White. Tasmania. 1891.
„ cordifo'lia (heart-shaped-leaved). 20. White. Chili.

1851.

„ pinnatifo'lia (pinnate-leaved). 10. White. Chili.
1880.

EUDE'SMIA TETRAGO'NA. See EUCALYPTUS TETRA-

GONA.

EUFRA GIA LATEPO'LIA. See BARTSIA LATIFOLIA.

EUGE'NIA. (Named after Prince Eugene of Saxony.
Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese], Linn. i2-Icosandria,
I'Monogynia. Includes Jambosa and Caryophyllus.)

Stove evergreens, all white-blossomed. Cuttings of
firm shoots in sand, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam,
one-third peat, and a dash of sand.
E. a'cris (bitter). 20. May. W. Ind.

„ acumina'ta (long-pointed). Green. May. Moluccas.
1816.

„ amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 3. Summer. India ;
Burma.

„ apicula'ta (apiculate). See MYRTUS LUMA.

„ a'quea (watery). 20. India and Ceylon. 1820.

„ aroma'tica (aromatic). See E. CARYOPHYLLATA.

„ austra'lis (southern). See E. MYRTIFOLIA.

,, axilla'ris (axillary). See E. MONTICOLA.

„ balsa'mica (balsamic). 15. Jamaica. 1816.

„ barue'nsis (Baruan). Dominica.

„ bifa'ria (two-ranked). May. Himalayas. 1824.

„ biflo'ra (two-flowered). 10. May. Jamaica. 1759.

„ brachya'ndra (short-stamened). Australia.

„ brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 6. April. Brazil.

„ buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 4. May. W. Ind. 1818.

„ caryophylla'ta (nut-leaf). 20. Moluccas. 1797.
" Clove-tree."

„ cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). Brazil.

„ chaguane'nsis (Chaguan). Country unknown.

„ Che'quen (Chequen). White. Chili. 1867.

„ compactifo'lia (compact-leaved). Brazil.

„ confu'sa (confused). 5. W. Ind.

„ cotinifo'lia (Cotinus-like). 50. Isle of Bourbon. 1823.

„ dysente'rica (dysenteric). Brazil.

„ edu'lis (edible). Argentina.

„ etti'ptica (oval- fruited). See E. SMITHII.

„ eucolypioi' des (Eucalyptus-like). Australia.

„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). Chili.

E. fioribu'nda (bundle-flowered). See E. CONFDSA.
,, formo'sa (beautiful). White. May. India ; Burma.
,, ,, ternifo'lia (three-leaved). White. May. India ;

Burma. 1822.

„ fra' grans (sweet-scented), ip. April. Jamaica. 1790.
„ frondo'sa (leafy). May. Himalaya. 1824.
,, frutico'sa (shrubby). May. Himalaya ; Burma.

1824.

„ Garbe'ri (Garber's). 60. Florida. 1889.
„ glandulifera (glanded). See E. ZEYLANICA.
„ glomera'ta (clustered). May. Mauritius. 1824.
„ Gre'gii (Greg's). 6. Dominica. 1776.
„ Gua'biju (Guabiju). Greenish-white. Berries blue-
black. Uruguay. 1897.

„ inophy'lla (fibrous-leaved). May. Moluccas. 1826.
„ Jambola'na (Jambolana). 20. August. Trop. Asia.

1796.

„ ,, obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 8. 1821.
,, Ja'mbos (Jambos). 20. Trop. Asia.
,, java'nica (Javanese). 10. Java. 1823.
,, korthalsia' na (Korthalsian). Borneo. 1872.
,, lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). Java and Sumatra.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Guiana. 1793.
„ Lu'ma (Luma). See MYRTUS LUMA.
,, macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 20. E. Ind. 1822.
„ magni'ftca (magnificent). Pale rose. New Caledonia.

1878.
„ »na/flcce'nst's(Malaccan). 20. Scarlet. July. Malaya.

1768. " Malay Apple."

n ii purpu'rea (purple). Purple. June. Malaya. 1768.
„ Miche'lii (Michel's). See E. UNIFLORA.
„ monti'cola (mountain-dwelling). S. Amer. ; W. Ind.
„ myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved), i to 2. Brazil.
„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). Australia. B. M., t.

2230.

„ obova'ta (reversed-egg-leaved). Isle of France. 1822.
„ obscu'ra (obscure). 6. July. Maranham. 1823.
,, obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). See E. JAMBOLANA.
,, oleoi'des (olive-like). White, in panicles. Colombia.
„ ova' to, (egg-shaped). Chili.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). April. Bourbon. 1822.
,, parvifo'lia (small-leaved). Peru.
,, Pime'nta (Pimenta). See PIMENTA OFFICINALIS.
,, Pita'nga (Pitanga). Fruits scarlet. Brazil. 1900.
„ polype'tala (many-petaled). Himalaya.
„ polysta'chya (many-spiked). Guiana. 1824.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). 10. E. Ind. 1824.
,, pu'ngens (pungent). Brazil.

,, racemo'sa (racemed). See BARRINGTONIA RACEMOSA.
,, rubicu'nda (reddish). India.
„ rugo'sa (wrinkly). See E. POLYSTACHYA.
,, rupe'stris (rock). Brazil.
„ Se'lloi (Sello's). 4. White. Fruit yellow. Brazil.

1884.

„ sinemarie'nsis (Sinemaria). 4. June. Guiana. 1823.
„ Smi'thii (Smith's). 8. July. Australia. 1790.
„ ternatifo'lia (ternate-leaved). Brazil.
„ irine'rvia (three-nerved). See RHODAMNIATRINERVIA.
„ U'gni (Ugni — native name). See MYRTUS UGNI.
„ uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 12. Trop. Amer.
,, veno'sa (veiny). White. May. Madagascar. 1824.
„ Veniena'tii (Ventenat's). Australia.
,, virgulto'sa (twiggy). 6. July. Jamaica. 1787.
,, vulga'ris (common). See E. JAMBOS.
,, xalape'nsis (Xalapan). Mexico.
„ Zeyhe'ri (Zeyher's). S. Africa.
,, zeyla'nica (Cingalese). 10. India. Malaya. 1798.

EULA'LIA GRACI'LLIMA. See MISCANTHUS SINENSIS.
EULA'LIA JAPO'NICA. See MISCANTHUS JAPONICUS.

EULO'PHIA. (From eulophos, handsome crested ; re-
ferring to the handsome lip, or labellum, furrowed into
elevated ridges. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn.
•zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Galeandra.)

A family of those forms of orchids, which, like our
British species, derive their nutriment from the ground,
and hence are called ground or terrestrial orchids. An
Indian species of Eulophia furnishes, from its tuberous
roots, the nutritive substance called salep. Division of
the plant when in a state of rest, just as fresh growth
commences ; peat and loam, both fibrous, and well
drained ; well watered when growing, kept nearly dry
when resting. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45°

EULOPHIELLA

343

EUONYMUS

to 55°. Those from Sierra Leone and East Indies require
a few degrees more.

E. andama'nica (Andamanic). Andaman Islands.
,, barba'ta (bearded), i. July. S. Africa. 1825.
„ be'lla (beautiful). 2. Yellow, white, carmine, rose,

green, brown. Zambesi. 1889.
„ callichro'ma (beautiful-coloured). Yellow. Zambesi.

1889.

„ campe'stris (field). India.
,, coiloglo'ssa. (hollow-tongued). Natal.
„ Co' lea (Miss E. Cole's). Greenish, white. Somaliland.

1903.

„ congoe'nsis (Congolan). See E. GUINEENSIS.
„ defte'xa (deflexed). 2. Purple, lilac ; lip fringed

white. Natal. 1895.

„ dregca'na (Dregean). Chocolate, white. S. Africa.
„ ensa'ta, (sword-shaped), i. Green-yellow. S. Africa.

1822.
„ euglo'ssa (beautiful-tongued). White, red. Trop.

Africa. 1866.

„ explana'ta (spread-out). N.W. India.
„ flexuo'sa (flexuous). i. White, with purple spots and

a yellow blotch. E. Trop. Africa. 1894.
„ giganie'a (giant). 3 to 4. Greenish, lilac, yellow.

W. Trop. Africa. 1888.
„ gra'cilis (slender). W. Trop. Africa.
„ guinee'nsis (Guinea), i. Purple, brown. September.

Sierra Leone. 1822.

„ „ purpura'ta (purple). Dark purple, rose-purple.
„ Hellebori'na, (Helleborine). See HABENARIA HELLE-

BORINA.

„ laiifo'lta (broad-leaved). W. Trop. Africa.

„ Ledie'nii (Ledien's). Red-brown, white. W. Trop.

Africa.
„ longico'rnis (long-horned). See MYSTACIDIUM FILI-

CORNB.

„ lubbersia'na (Lubbersian). Leaves marbled with
white. Congo Free State. 1900.

„ lu'rida (lurid). W. Trop. Africa.

„ mackaya'na (Mackayan). See ZYGOPETALUM MACKAII.

„ MackSnii (Mackeu's). Natal 1892.

„ tnacrosta'chya (large-spiked). 2. Yellow, green.
October. Ceylon.

„ macula' ta (blotched). Pink, white. Brazil.

„ megistophy'Ua (largest-leaved). Flowers panicled.
Comoro Islands. 1885.

„ monophy'lla (one-leaved). Mauritius.

„ nu'da (naked). Rose-lilac. India. 1891.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). i. Purple-brown, green.
Rhodesia. 1905.

„ pu'lchra. (pretty). 2. Light yellow-green, striped
purple. Madagascar. 1882.

„ „ dive'rgens (diverging). Lip broader in front. 1884.

„ saundersia'na (Saundersian). W. Trop. Africa.

„ scri'pta (written). Green, yellow, brown. Madagas-
car. 1872.

„ squa'lida (squalid). Dingy. July. Manilla. 1838.

„ strepiope'tala (twisted petaled). See LISSOCHILUS

STREPTOPETALUS.

„ undula'ia (waved), i. Purple-brown, pale green.

Rhodesia. 1905.
„ vi'rens (green). Green, purple. Ceylon and S. India.

1866.
„ Woodfo'rdii (Woodford's). Green ; lip claret-purple.

Old Calabar. 1901.
„ Zeyhe'ri (Zeyher's). ij. Yellow, purple-brown.

S.Africa.

EULOPHBE'LLA. (From Eulophia, and ella, diminu-
tive ; the two genera are closely related. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Handsome terrestrial Orchids. For cultivation, see
EULOPHIA.
E. Elizabefthce, (Elizabeth's). White ; lip yellow ; dull

purple on the back. Madagascar.
„ Hamdi'nii (Hamelin's). White ; lip spotted red,

with yellow keels. Madagascar. 1900.
„ peetersia'na (Peetersian). Rose. Madagascar. 1896

EUMERUS 2ENEDS. Brassy Onion-fly. Mr. Curtis
says the maggots are brownish, and are very rough
from a multitude of rigid bristles, especially towards the
tail. The fly itself is of a reddish-ochre colour, freckled
with dark brown, and there are two spiny processes like
short horns upon the thorax, in the female at least.

It is densely clothed with short hairs, thickly and dis-
tinctly punctured, and of an olive-green colour, with a
brassy tinge ; the antenna? (feelers) are entirely black,
the seta naked ; the face is very hairy, simply convex, and
silvery white ; eyes dark brown, and slightly hairy ;
rostrum very short ; thorax with two whitish lines down
the back. The maggots of this fly do not seem to be
confined to the onion, for Mr. Curtis bred one in the
middle of May from cabbage-roots, and specimens have
been taken flying about hedges in June and July, in
the neighbourhood of London and Bristol. As it often
happens, the female has not been observed depositing
her eggs ; the spot that she selects is therefore yet un-
known. Drought does not suit them.

EUNO MIA OPPOSITIFO'LIA. See ^THIONEMA OPPO-

SITIFOLIUM.

EUO'NYMUS. The Spindle-tree. (From eu, good, and
onoma, a name ; literally, of good repute. Nat. ord.
Spindle-trees [Celastracea?]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Afono-
gynia.)

Interesting trees and shrubs in autumn, their opening
capsules looking very beautiful when other things are
losing their attractions. Seeds may be sown either in
autumn or spring ; cuttings of ripe young shoots may be
planted in a border in autumn ; common soil. The
American species require a moist situation. Those from
Nepaul, though from a high altitude, have not been
proved quite hardy, though it is presumed they would
in many places ; protect them in winter.

HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.

E. bulla'tus (knobbed). Greenish. May. Himalaya.
„ chine' nsis (Chinese). 4.. Pink. May. China. 1820.
,, echina'tus (prickly). 10. White. May. NepauL

1824. Deciduous.
„ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 8. White. June.

Nepaul. 1824.
„ hamiltonia'nus (Hamilton's). 20. White. June.

NepauL 1825.
„ japo'nicus (Japanese). 6. Pink. July. Japan and

China. 1804
„ „ a' Ibo-margina' ius (white-edged). Leaves with

narrow white edge.

„ „ au'reus (golden). Leaves golden and green.
„ „ lalifo'lius a'lbo-varicga'tus (broad-leaved silver).

Leaves with white variegation.
„ „ macrophy'llus (large-leaved).
„ „ macula'tus (blotched). 6. Greenish-white. July.

Japan. 1836.

,, „ microphy llus (small-leaved). J to i.
,, ,, ova'tus-au'r eus (golden egg-shaped). Leaves ovate,

with golden variegation.
,, „ pulche'llus fo'liis argefnteis (silvery).

„ variega'tus (variegated). 6. Greenish-white.

. Japan. 1836.
nus (dwarf), i to 3. Greenish-white. Northern

Caucasus. 1830.

„ pe'ndulus (pendulous). Malaya. Stove.
„ radi'cans (rooting). A dwarf rooting plant, but

climbs 5 to 15 ft. on walls. Japan. 1862.
„ „ Carrie'ri (Carriere's). Green. 1881.
,, „ fo'liis ro'seo-arge'nteis (rosy-silver). Leaves

silvery tinted rose.
,, „ fo'liis tricolo'ribus (three-coloured). Leaves edged

silver and rose.
„ „ microphyilus (small- leaved). Leaves as small as

Box leaves.
„ „ Silver Gem. Leaves silvery white, broad.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

E. ala'tus (winged). Green. Japan. 1870.
„ america'nus (American). 6. Pink. June. N. Amer.

1683.
„ „ anguslifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 6. Yellow, red.

June. N. Amer. 1806. Evergreen.
,, atropurpu'reus (dark purple). 6. Purple. June.

N. Amer. 1756.

„ bungea'nus (Bungean). Green. China.
,, europce'us (European). 15. White. June. Britain.
,, „ air&purpu'reus (dark purple). Leaves dark purple.
„ ,, fo'liis variega'lis (variegated-leaved). 15. White

May.

„

July.
ndnus

EUOSMA

344

EUPHORBIA

E fimbria'tus (fringed). Green. May. Himalayas.
„ hi'ans (gaping). Seeds blood-red, with blood-red

aril. Japan. 1904.
„ latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 10. Green. June. Europe;

Asia. 1730.

„ „ pla'nipes (flat-stalked). Leaf-stalks flattened.
„ lu'cidus (shining). See E. PENDULUS.
„ Maa'ckii (Maack's). Amurland.
„ macro' pterus (large-winged). Whitish. Amur region.

1909.
„ obova'tus (obversely egg-shaped). 3. Green. June.

Canada ; United States. 1820.

„ oxyphy'llus (acute-leaved). Green. China and Japan.
„ pa'tens (spreading). Green. Leaves not leathery.

China (?). 1903.

„ pe'ndulus (pendulous). 7. White. Himalayas. 1820.
„ pulche'llus fp'liis variega'tis (leaves variegated).

Garden variety, with small variegated leaves. 1890.
,, semiexse'rta (half-exserted). Arillus orange. Seed

blood-red. Japan. 1910.

„ sieboldia'nus (Sieboldian). Green. China and Japan.
„ ti'ngens (tinging). Green. Himalayas.
„ thunbergia' nus (Thunbergian). Green. Amurland ;

Japan.

„ veluti'nus (velvety). White. June. Caucasus. 1838.
„ verruco'sus (warty). 5. Green. May. E. Europe to

Amurland. 1763.
„ yedoe'nsis (Yedoese). 6 to ro. Yellow-green. Fruit

pale carmine-rose. Japan. 1906.
„ „ ccdoca'rpa (beautiful- fruited). 6 to 10. Yellow-
green. Fruit deep carmine-rose. 1910.

EUO'SMA ALBIFLO RA. See LOGANIA FLORIBUNDA.

EUPATO'RIUM. (Named after Mithridates Eupator,
King of Pontus, who discovered one of the species to
be an antidote against poison. Nat. ord. Composites
[Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-dEqualis.)

Stove shrubs and under-shrubs, by cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass ; peat and loam ; stove, greenhouse,
and hardy herbaceous plants, by division, as fresh
growth is commencing ; common soil. Usual stove and
greenhouse temperatures.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE.

E. adeno' phorum (gland-bearing). See E. TRAPEZOIDEUM

and variety.
„ ageratifo'lium (Ageratum-leaved). Autumn. W. Ind.

1877.

,, arizo'nicum (Arizonian). White. Arizona. 1904.
„ atroru'bens (dark-red). Reddish-lilac. Mexico.
„ Berlandie'ri (Berlandier's). See E. AGERATIFOLIUM.
„ berteria'num (Berterian). See E. GUADALUPENSE.
„ cane'scens (grey). See E. SINUATUM.
„ chamcedrifo'lium (Chamaedrys-leaved). i. Blue.

August. Peru. 1822.
,, conyzoi'des (Conyza-like). ij. Blue. July. Trop.

Amer. 1823.
„ Da' lea. (Dalea-like). 6. Pink. August. Jamaica

and Cuba. 1773.
„ deltoi'deum (triangular). Large rosy-purple. Mexico.

1907.

„ floribu'ndum (free-flowering). See E. CONYZOIDES.
„ glandulo'sum (glandular). 3 to 4. White. Mexico.
„ grandifto'rum (large-flowered). Reddish. Country

unknown. 1882.
„ guadalupe'nse (Guadaloupean). White. August.

Guadaloupe. 1830.

,, haagea'num (Haagean). White. S. Amer (?). 1867.
„ ianthi'num (violet). 2. Purple. January. Mexico.

1849.
„ ivafo'lium (Iva-leaved). 3. Pink. September.

W. Ind. 1794.

,, ligustri'num (Privet-like). See E. MICRANTHUM.
„ macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 4. White. July.

Trop. Amer. 1823.
,, megalophy'llum (large-leaved). Lilac. Mexico. 1862.

Fragrant.

„ micra'nthum (small-flowered). Winter.
„ odora'tum (scented). See E. WEINMANNIANUM.
„ paname'nse(Panama.n). Lilac-rose. Panama. 1877.
„ panicula'tum (panicled). 6. Pink. August. S.

Amer. 1818.

„ petiola're (stalked). See E. PURPUSI.
„ pro' bum (good). White. Peru. 1890.

E.

pycnoce'phalum (dense-headed). White. June.

Mexico. 1833.
Purpu'si (Purpus's). Free-flowering, sweet-scented,

pink. 1905.
Raffl'llii (Rafifill's). 2. Deep lilac. Central Amer.

1908.

reticula'tum (netted). Whitish. 1878.
ripa'riwn (river-bank). 2. White. Winter. Mexico.

1867.

schiedea'num (Schiedean). See E. PYCNOCEPHALUM.
serrula'tum (finely-sawed). Rosy-lilac. Uruguay.

1894.
sinua'tum (waved). 3. Purple, yellow. Jamaica.

1821.

tetrago'num (four-angled). White. Mexico. 1832.
trapezoi' deum (lozenge-shaped). 3 to 4. White.

Winter. Mexico (?).
„ fo'liis-variega'tis (leaves variegated). Yellow-

white variegation.
urole'pis (tail-scaled). 2. Rosy-lilac. Summer.

Brazil.

verna'le (vernal). February. Mexico.
viscosi' 'ssimum (very clammy). Upper part of the

plant glandular. Lower California. 1906.
weinmannia'num (Weinmannian). 2. White,

fragrant. Mexico. 1867.
xalape'nse (Xalapan). 3. White. July. Mexico.

1826.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

E.

ageratoi'des (Ageratum-like). 4.

N. Amer. 1610.
alti'ssimum (tallest). 5. Pink.

Amer. 1699.
ambi'guum (doubtful). See E SEROTINUM.
aroma' ticum (aromatic). 4. White. July. N. Amer.

White. August.
September. N.

„ cannabi'num (hemp-like. Agrimony). 4. Pink. July.

Britain.

„ corda'tum (heart-shaped). See E. AROMATICUM.
„ coronopifo' Hum (coronopus-leaved). 3. White.

August. Carolina. 1824.
„ fceniculd 'ceum (fennel-leaved). 4. Pale yellow.

October. N. Amer. 1807.
„ Frase'ri (Eraser's). See E. AGERATOIDES.
„ hyssopifo'lium (hyssop- leaved), i. White. August.

N. Amer. 1699.
„ japo'nicum (Japanese). White. Japan : Formosa.

1889.

„ Kirilo'wii (Kirilow's). 2 to 3. White. China.
„ lanceola'tum (spear-head-teat;^). See E. TEUCRI-

FOLIUM.

„ macula'tum (spotted-stalked). See E. PURPUREUM

MACULATUM.

„ perfolia'tum (pierced-leaved). 2. White. July.

N. Amer. 1699.

,, pube'scens (downy). See E. ROTUNDIFOLIUM.
,, purpu'reum (purple-stalked). 5. Pink. August.

N. Amer. 1640.
„ „ macula'tum (spotted). 3. Purple. August.

N. Amer. 1656.
„ rotundifo'lium (round-leaved), i. White. July.

N. Amer. 1699.
„ salviafo'lium (Salvia-leaved) of B. M., t. 2010. See E.

PERFOLIATUM.

„ sero'tinum (late). N. Amer.

,, sessilifo'lium (stalkless-leaved). i. White. Sep-

tember. N. Amer. 1777.
„ syri'acum (Syrian). 4. Purple. August. Syria.

1807.
„ teucrifo'lium (Teucrium-leaved). 2. White. July.

N. Amer. 1810.
„ trif olia' turn (three-leaved). 6. Purple. August.

N. Amer. 1768.

„ trunca'tum (cut-off). See E. SESSILIFOLIUM.
„ verticilla'tum (whorl-leaved). See E. PURPUREUM.
EUPE'TALUM PETALO'DES. See BEGONIA PETALODES.

EUPE'TALUM

CLEIFOLIA.

PUNCTA'TTJM. See BEGONIA HERA-

EUPHO'RBIA. Spurge, or Milkwort. (Named after
Euphorbus, physician to the King of Mauritania. Nat.
ord. Spurgeworts [Euphorbiacea?]. Linn. n-Dodecandria,
3-Trigynia.)

The unripe seed-pods of E. La'thyris are the British

EUPHORBIA

345

EUPHORBIA

capers. A large family, widely differing in their habits.
Hardy annuals may be sown in the open border, in April ;
but, with the exception of plumo'sa and a few more, the
rest are not worth ground-room. Even the tropical
annuals are little better ; they require to be raised in a
hotbed and transplanted. Herbaceous perennials are
chiefly hardy ; divisions of the plant, and seeds ; sandy
soil ; shrubs and under-shrubs chiefly require a dry stove
and warm greenhouse, and are propagated by seeds and
by cuttings, which should be dried at the base before
placing in any rough, loose material. The species which
are firm and hard require a rich, light loam, with a
little peat ; those that are very succulent should have a
large portion of lime-rubbish and broken bricks. Winter
temp., not much below 45°. There are two sub-evergreen
shrubs, natives of England, amygdaloi'des and Chara'cias,
both of which, and especially the latter, do well for
rock-work. Spino'sa, from the south of Europe, is
useful for planting on the rockery.

HARDY ANNUALS.

E. exi'gua (petty). J. June. Europe. (Britain).
„ globo'sa (globular), i. July. 1818.
„ heterophy'tta (various-leaved). Bracts red at the base.

N. Amer. 1889.
„ Lcfthyris (Lathyrus). Yellow-green. England.

" Caper Spurge." Biennial.
„ neapolita'na (Neapolitan). See E. TERRACINA.
„ plumo'sa (feathery). July. 1816.
„ ru'bra (red). See E. EXIGUA.
„ segeta'lis (corn), i. June. Europe. 1820.
„ serpyllifolia (thyme-leaved). \. July. N. Amer.

1817.

„ tau'rica (Taurian). See E. SEGETALIS.
„ Terraci'na (Terracina). ij. July. Mediterranean

region. 1816.
„ variega'ta (variegated). See E. MARGINATA.

STOVE ANNUALS.

E. hi'rta (hairy). See E. PILULIFERA.
„ ophtha'lmica (ophthalmic). See E. PILULIFERA.
„ pUuli'fera (globule-bearing). $. July. Tropics of

both hemispheres. 1818.
„ scordifo'lia (Scordium-leaved). J. July. Trop.

Africa. 1823.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

E. aphy'lla (leafless), ij. Teneriffe. 1815.
„ A'pios (pear-roofed). $. July.
„ a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 3.

1815.

„ balsam? f era (balsam-bearing). June. Canaries. 1779.
„ Bivo'na (Bivona's). i. June. Sicily. 1824.
„ frutico'sa (shrubby). See E. BIVON*.
„ imbrica'ta (imbricated), i. August. Portugal. 1800.
„ lee'ta (joyous). See E. DENDROIDES.
„ nummularixfo'lia (moneywort-leaved). See E. IM-

BRICATA.

„ orni'thopus (bird's-foot). i. July. S. Africa.

„ spathulafo'lia (spatula-leaved). 2. August. India.

1800.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

E. ale'ppica (Aleppo), i. July. S. Europe. 1820.
„ DintJri (Dinter's). Stems 7 to 8-angled. S.W. Africa.

1906.
„ eryihri'na (red), i. July. Cape of Good Hope.

1823.

„ genicula'ta (jointed). 2. August. Trop. Amer. 1799.
„ margina'ta (bordered), i. June. N. Amer. 1811.

Leaves edged with white.
„ mu'lticeps (many-headed). Allied to E. tuberculata.

S. Africa. 1905.

„ prunifo'lia (plum-leaved). See E. GENICULATA.
„ serra'ta (narrow-savr-leaved). i. July. S. Europe.

1710.

STOVE EVERGREENS.
E. obyssi'nica (Abyssinian). Abyssinia.
„ aggrega'ta (aggregate). \. S. Africa. 1910.
„ alcico'rnis (elk's-horn). Madagascar.
„ anacampseroi'des (anacampseros-like). See PEDI-

LANTHUS PADIFOLIUS.

„ anaca'ntha (spineless). S, Africa.

Candia. 1596.

July. Teneriffe.

antiquo'rum (antique). 9. April. E. Ind. 1768.
, arbore' scens (arborescent). See E. GRANDIDENS.
, beaumierea'na (Beaumierean). Morocco.
, biglandulo'sa (twin-glanded). 3. Greece. 1808.
, Bo'jeri (Bojer's). 4. Scarlet. November. Mada-
gascar.

, bractea'ta (bracted). See PEDILANTHUS BRACTEATUS.
, Bryo'nii (bryony-like). Scarlet.
, bupleurifo'lia (bupleurum-leaved). i*. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1793.
, Cfzrule' scens (bluish). See E. VIROSA.
, cala'brica (Calabrian). W. Trop. Africa.
, canarie'nsis (Canary). 20. July. Canaries. 169;.
, Candela'brum (candelabrum). S. Africa.
, „ ErytkrcRCR (Eritrea). Stem 4-angled. Eritrea.

1910.
, Ca'put Medu'sce (gr&t*-Medusa-headed). 2, August.

S. Africa. 1731.
, „ pu'mila (dwarf), i. August. Cape of Good

Hope. 1768.
, cereifo'rmis (Cereus-shaped). 2. April. Cape of

Good Hope. 1731.

, „ submamilla'ris (slightly-teated). Ribs with trans-
verse furrows. 1902.
, cervico'rnis (stag*s-horn). S. Africa.
, cirsioi'des (Cirsium-like). Resembling a thistle.

Madagascar. 1907.
, clandesti'na (clandestine). S. Africa.
, Cla'va (club), i. May. S. Africa. 1800.
, coUetioi'des (Colletia-like). Mexico.
, „ sulca'ta (furrowed).

Commdi'ni (Commelin's). See CAPUT-MEDUS.E.
, compa'cta (compact). Garden name.
, Coope'ri (Cooper's). S. Africa.
corotta'ta (petaloid). See E. PULCHERRIMA ALBTDA.
cri'spa (curled). |. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1819.
cucumeri'na (cucumber-like), i. June. Cape of

Good Hope.

, drupi'fera (drupe-bearing). 6. W. Trop. Africa. 1789.
eno'pla denta'ta (toothed). Stems 6 to lo-angled.

S. Africa.

enneago'na (nine- angled). See E. CEREIFORMIS.
FourniJri (Fournier's). Madagascar. Re-introduced.

1896.

Fru'ctus-Pi'ni (Pine-fruited). See E. CAPUT-MEDUS^E.
„ gcmina'ta (twin-branched). J. August. Cape of
Good Hope. 1731.
franckia'na (Franckian). Stem 4-angled. Country

unknown.
fttlgens (blazing). 4. Scarlet August. Mexico.

1836.

globo'sa (globose). S. Africa.
grandico'rnis (large-horned). Trop. Africa.
gra'ndidens (large-toothed). 5. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1823.

grandifo'lia (large-leaved). See E. DRUPIFERA.
htemato'des (blood-coloured). Country unknown.
Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). See E. CLAVA.
hclicothe'le (spiral-nippled). See E. NIVULIA.
heptago'na (seven-angled). 3. September. Cape of
Good Hope. 1731.
„ fulvispi'na (tawny-spined). Spines reddish-brown.

1902.
„ ru'bra (red-spintd). 4. September. Cape of

Good Hope. 1731.

hermentia'na (Hermentian). Congo Free State. 1901.
heterochro'ma (various-coloured). ij. Branches

4-angled. Uganda. 1910.
Hy'strix (porcupine). 6. July. Cape of Good Hope.

1695.
Inti'sy (Intisy). 20 to 23. Madagascar. 1907. A

source of rubber.

jacquini&flo'ra (Jacquinia-flowered). See E. FULGENS.
la'ciea (milky). 4. July. India. 1804.
Lama'rckii (Lamarck's). See E. OBTUSIFOLIA.
laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 2. Peru. 1820.
LediSnii (Ledien's). 3. Yellow. S. Africa. 1868.
linea'ris (narrow-leaved). July. Vera Cruz. 1824.
linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. W. Ind. 1774.
lophogo'na (crested-angled). 3. Madagascar. 1824.
macrogly'pha (long-sculptured). Madagascar.
ma'gnidens (large-toothed). See E. GRANDIDENS.
magnima'mma (large-nippled). 3. Mexico. 1823.
mamitta'ris (nippled-angled). 2. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1759.

EUPHORBIA

346

EUPOMATIA

E. mamilla'ris spino'sior (more spiny). Spines more
numerous. 1902.

„ maurita'nica (Moroccan). S. Africa.

„ melofo'rmis (melon-shaped). J. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1774-

„ „ Cordero'yi (Corderoy s).

„ Montei'ri (Monteir's). Green. Trop. Africa. 1865.

„ Mori' nii (Morin's). Stem ij to 2 in. thick. S.
Africa.

„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 2. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1699.

„ naiale'nsis (Natal). S. Africa.

„ neriifo'lia (Nerium-leaved). Malaya.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated).

„ neu'tra (neither). Stems with grey-brown spine-
shields. Country unknown.

„ Nivu'lia (Nivulia). India.

„ obe'sa (fat). \. Stem 8-ribbed, crossed by purple
lines. S. Africa. 1903.

Teneriffe.

„ oblongicau'lis (oblong-stemmed). Arabia.
„ oblusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). i£. July.

1800.

„ odontophy'lla (tooth- leaved). See E. CEREIFORMIS.
„ officina'rum (shop). 6. June. N. Africa. 1597.
„ oxyste'gia (sharp-covered). 3. Green, yellow. S.

Africa. 1862.

„ pe'ndula (hanging-down), i. 1808.
„ pentago'na (five-angled). S. Africa.
„ pereskicefo'lia (Pereskia-leaved). S. Africa.
„ Philli'psice (Mrs. Phillips's). Yellow. British Somali-
land. 1903.

„ piscato'ria (fishing). Canaries.
„ plumerioi'des (Plumeria-like). Bracts scarlet. Java.

1874.

„ polyaca' ntha (many-spined). Abyssinia.
„ polygo'na (many-angled) of Haworth. S. Africa.
„ polygo'na (many-angled) of Loddiges. See E. CEREI-
FORMIS.
„ procu'mbens (lying-down). J. August. Cape of

Good Hope. 1768.
„ Pseudoca'ctus (false-Cactus). Stem 4 to 5-angled.

Country unknown.

„ pugnifo' rmis (fist-formed). See E. PROCUMBENS.
„ pulche'rrima (fairest). 2 to 4. Bracts scarlet. Whiter.

Mexico. 1834.
„ „ a'lbida (whitish). Bracts creamy-white. Winter.

1834.

„ puni'cea (scarlet- flowered). 6. April. Jamaica. 1778.
„ Re'gis-Ju'ba (King Juba's). Teneriffe.
„ repa'nda (wavy-edged). 2. August. E. Ind. 1808.
,, resini'fera (resin-bearing). Morocco.
„ Sapi'nii (Sapin's). Leaves 9 to 12 in. long, in an

apical tuft. Congo. 1906.
„ Schimpe'ri (Schimper's). Arabia.
,, si'milis (similar). Resembles E. abyssinica. Natal (?).
„ Sipoli'sii (Sipolis's). Brazil.
„ sple'ndens (shining). 4. Scarlet. June. Isle of

France. 1826.

„ squarro'sa (spreading). £. S. Africa.
„ stapelioi'des (Stapelia-like). S. Africa.
„ Sta'pfii (Stapf's). See E. HETEROCHROMA.
„ stygia'na (Stygian). Pale yellow. Azores. 1865.
„ tetrago'na (four-angled). 4. S. Africa.
„ Tiruca'lli (Tirucall's). Trop. Africa.
„ triangula'ris (triangular). S. Africa.
„ tubero'sa (tuberous). £. July. Cape of Good Hope.

1808.
„ uncina'ta (hooked), f. July. Cape of Good Hope.

1794-

„ verticilla'ta (whorled). August. W. Ind. 1826.
„ viperi'na (viper-like). Branches with 6 to 7 spiral

rows of 6-sided tubercles. S. Africa (?). 1902.
„ viro'sa (poisonous). 3. June. S. Africa. 1824.
„ xylophylloi' des (Xylophylla-like). Madagascar.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

E. amygdaloi'des (almond-like). 2. April. England.
„ ,, variega'ta (striped-leaved). 2. March. Britain.
„ Chara'cias (Characias). 4. April. England.
„ dendroi'des (tree-like), £. July. Italy. 1768.
„ Heldrei'chii (Heldreich's). 2. Green, in tiers. Greece.

1909.

„ melli'fera (honey-bearing). Flowers chiefly terminal.
Madeira.

E. Myrsini'tes (Myrsinites). Leaves sea-green. S.

Europe.
„ Siblhp'rpii (Sibthorp's). Flowers terminal and

axillary. Greece.

„ spino'sa (spiny). |. June. S. Europe. 1710.
„ Wulfe'ni (Wulfen's). Young leaves tinted red.

Flowers carried down the stem. Dalmatia. 1905.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
E. alti'ssima (tallest). Asia Minor.
,, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). i. Yellow. July.

Trinidad. 1827.

„ atla'ntica (Atlantic), i. June. Algeria. 1818.
, biumbella'ta (double-umbelled). i. Barbary. 1780.
, caspito'sa (tufted). See E. PINEA.
, carnio'lica (Carniolian). Tyrol.
, coralloi'des (coral-like). S. Europe.
, corderia'na (Corderiau). i. May. S. Europe. 1824.
, corolla' ta (wreathed). N. Amer.
, cybire'nsis (Cybira). July. Eastern Mediterranean

region. 1818.
„ Cypari'ssias (Cyparissias). i. Yellow. Europe.

" Cypress Spurge."
,, denta'ta (toothed). N. Amer.
„ denticula'ta (small-toothed), i. June. Asia Minor.

1 8 ID.

„ du'lcis (sweet), i. July. Europe. 1759.
„ epithymoi' des (Epithymum-like). i to if. Yellow.

Europe.

,, ftavi'coma (yellow-haired), ij. July. Spain. 1820.
„ hybe'rna (Irish). Greenish-yellow. Ireland. " Irish

Spurge."

„ Laga'sae (Lagasca's). Sardinia.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved), i. June. Nepaul. 1823.
„ lu'cida (shining). Eastern Europe.
„ medicagi'nea (Medicago-like). Spain.
„ multicorymbo'sa (many-corymbed). i. July. 1805.
„ nicae'nsis (Nice). Mediterranean region.
„ palu'stris (marsh). 2 to 4. Yellow. Europe. " Marsh

Spurge."

„ Para'lias (Paralias). i to i. Whole plant grey-
green. Britain. " Seaside Spurge."
„ pilo'sa (hairy), i. Yellow. June. Europe. 1820.
„ pi'nea (piny). J. July. Mediterranean region.

1820.
„ portla'ndica (Portland). |. Britain. " Portland

Spurge."

„ purpura'ia (purpled). See E. DULCIS.
„ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). Europe.
„ stri'cta (upright). Europe.
,, trunca'ta (cut-short). July. S. Europe.
„ Valeria' nee (Valerian-like). See E. CYBIRENSIS.
,, verruco'sa(wa.rted). Europe.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). See E. PILOSA.
„ virga'ta (twiggy). Eastern Europe.

EUPHO'RIA. See NEPHE'LIUM.

EUPHRA'SIA. Eyebright. (From euphraino, to de-
light ; fabled to cure blindness. Nat. ord. Figworts
[ScrophulariaceaB]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.
Allied to Bartsia.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds, in March or April, in the open
border.

E. alpi'na (alpine). See E. OFFICINALIS ALPINA.
„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved). See BARTSIA PURPUREA.
„ lu'tea (yellow). See BARTSIA LUTEA.
„ officina'lis (shop). White, purple, yellow,
„ „ alpi'na (alpine), i. Purple
1827.

EUPO'DIUM KAULFU'SSH. See MARATTIA KAUL-

FUSSII.

EUPOMA'TIA. (From eu, well, and poma, a lid ; the
calyptra covering the unexpanded flower like an extin-
guisher. Nat. ord. Anonads [Anonaceas]. Linn. 12-
Icosandria, ^-Polygynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds in a slight hot-
bed, in spring ; cuttings of ripened shoots in sand, under
a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibrous loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.

E. Benne'ttii (Bennett's). 4. Greenish-yellow. Australia,
1824. Syn. E. laurina.

Britain.
July. Europe.

EUPTELEA

347

EUTERPE

EUPTE LEA. (From eu, well, and Ptelea, the Shrubby
Trefoil. Nat. ord. Trochodendracea?.)

Small, hardy tree of elegant habit, but insignificant
flowers. Seeds, layers, and probably cuttings in a cold
frame. Ordinary soil.

E. Franche'ti (Franchet's). 20. Greenish-yellow. W.
China. 1904.

EURO'TIA. (From euros, breadth, and ous, otos, an
ear ; referring to the perianth of the male flowers. Nat.
ord. Chenopodiaceae.)

A hardy shrub with grey felted leaves and stems.
Cuttings in sandy soil in a cold frame in summer. Ordi-
nary soil.
E. ceratioi'dcs (horn-like). Green. Caucasus ; Asia

Minor.
„ lana'ta (woolly). Green. Fruits red. Western N.

Amer. 1894.

EU'RYA. (From eurus, large ; referring to the flowers.
Nat. ord. Theads [Ternstromiaceae]. Linn. 2$-Poly-
gamia, i-Moncecia. Allied to Freziera.)

Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of ripened shoots in
early autumn or spring, in sandy peat, with a glass over
them ; peat and loam, both fibrous, with a portion of
silver-sand. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
£. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 2. White. Himalayas.

1823.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). Java. 1862.
„ chine' nsis (Chinese). 2. White. June. China. 1823.
„ Jacquema'rtii (Jacquemart's). Japan. 1869.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). Greenish. Japan.
„ ,, variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See CLEYERA FORTUNEI.
„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See E. ACUMINATA.
„ mtie'nsis (Fijian). See E. JAPONICA.

EU'RYALE. (The name of one of Ovid's Gorgons,
whose heads he fabled to be covered with vipers instead
of hair ; referring to the fierce aspect of the plant in
flower. Nat. ord. Waterlilies [Nymphaeaceae]. Linn.
1%-Polyandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Victoria regia.)

The leaves of Euryale hi the East Indies vie with
those of Victoria ; but its flowers are inconspicuous.
The seeds are eatable. Stove aquatic. Seeds and
divisions ; loamy soil, in a tub set in water, and kept
at a high temperature. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 55° to 60°.

E. amazo'nica (Amazonian). See VICTORIA REGIA.
,, fe'rox (fierce). Purple. August. India. 1809.

EURYA'NGIUM SU'MBUL. See FERULA SUMBUL.
EURY'BIA. See OLEARIA.

EURY'CLES. (From eurus, broad, and klas, a branch ;
referring to the broad leaves or branch-like footstalks
Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexan-
dria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Calostemma.)

Stove bulbs, requiring rest in winter. Seeds, but
chiefly offsets ; light, sandy loam, and a little vegetable-
mould, or very rotten cow-dung ; watered and heat
given when growing, drier and cooler when resting.
Summer temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
E. Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's), i. White. Summer.

Australia. 1824.

„ sylve'stris (wood). i£. White. August. Malaya
and Australia. 1759. Syns. E. amboinensis and
E. australasica.

EURY'COMA. (From eurus, large, and kome, a head
of hair ; in reference to fringe-like hairs on the ovary.
Nat. ord. Simarubads [Simarubacea?]. Linn. $-Pen-
tandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen. For culture, see CO'NNARUS.
E. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. Purple. Sumatra.
1826.

EURYGA'NIA. (Eurygania, wife of CEdipus. Nat.
ord. Vacciniacea?.)

Evergreen, greenhouse shrub. Cuttings in sand and
peat in mild heat. Fibrous, sandy peat.
E. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Peru.
„ ova'ta (egg-shaped). Crimson. July. Peru. 1878.

ETJ'RYOPS. (From eurus, broad, and ops, aspect.
Nat. ord. Composite.)

Greenhouse shrub, with the leaves divided into 3 to 4

long, narrow segments. Cuttings hi sand hi a close case.

Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

E. abrotanifo'lius (Abrotanum-leaved). 3. Yellow.

Mayv S. Africa. 1692.
„ Athandsia (Athanasia-like). 3. Yellow. January.

S. Africa. 1795.

„ pectina'tus (comb-like). Yellow. S. Africa.
„ tenui'ssimus (very slender), ij. Yellow. May. S.

Africa. 1759.

„ socotra'nus (Socotran). 3. Yellow. Socotra. 1902.
„ virgi'neus (virgin-like). 3. Yellow. October. S.
Africa. 1821.

EU'SCAPHIS. (From eu, fine, and scaphis, a cup ; in
allusion to the cup at the base of the fruit. Nat. ord.
Sapindaceae.)

Greenhouse shrub, with ornamental foliage. Seeds,
layers, cuttings. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
E. slaphyleofdfs (Staphylea-like). White. Fruit red.

Japan. 1889.

EUSTE GIA. (From eu, good, and siege, a covering ;
referring to the bracts. Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceae.
Linn. s-Pentandria, 2-Digynia. Allied to Peplonia.)

Greenhouse evergreen trailer. Cuttings in sandy soil,
and by trailing runners ; peat and loam. Winter temp.,
38° to 45°.
E. hasta'ia (halbert-leaved). i. White. July. S.

Africa. 1816.

EU'STOMA. (From eustoma, a beautiful mouth ; re-
ferring to the opening of the flower. Nat. ord. Gentian-
worts [Gentianaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, r-Monogynia.
Allied to Leianthus.)

Seeds sown hi a slight hotbed in March, and trans-
planted into the border in May, and some in the end of
April. E. exalta'tum by division, and cool greenhouse
treatment.
E. exalta'tum (tall). 2. Deep blue. July. Mexico.

1804. Greenhouse biennial.
„ russellia'num (Russell's). Purple. August. Texas.

1835. Hardy biennial.

„ silenifo'lium (Silene-leaved). i. White. July. Isle
of Providence. 1804. Hardy annual.

ETTSTREPHUS. (From eu, good, and strepho, to
twine ; literally, beautiful twiners. Nat. ord. Lilyworts
[Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Dianella.)

Half-hardy evergreen twiners, from New South Wales,
with pale purple flowers. Cuttings of firm young shoots
in early autumn or spring, hi sandy soil, under a glass ;
sandy peat. They will bear the same treatment as
Dianella.

E. angustifo'lius and E. Brow'nii. See E. LATIFOLIUS.
,, latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 3. June. 1800.

EUTA'SSA and EUTA'CTA, synonyms for Arauca'ria
Cunningha'mii and exce'lsa.

EUTA'XIA. (From eutaxia, modesty ; referring to the
delicate aspect of the flowers. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Dillwynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Cuttings
of short young shoots, getting firm at the base, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in April or May ; peat and loam, hi
equal proportions. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. £.
myrtifolia, with a little protection, will do against a
wall near London.

E. Baxte'ri (Baxter's). 6. Yellow. 1830.
„ empetrifo'lia (Empetrum-leaved). 2. Yellow. May.

Australia. 1803.
„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved), ij. Orange. August

1803.
„ pu'ngens (pungent). See DILLWYNIA PUNGENS.

EUTE'RPE. (After Euterpe, one of the nine Muses.
Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceag]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, 6-
Hexandria. Allied to Areca.)

Stove palms. Seeds ; rich loam. Summer temp., 60°
to 85°, and moist ; winter, 50° to 60°.
E. carib&'a (Caribaean). See OREODOXA OLERACEA.

„ edu'lis (edible). 100. Trop. Amer. 1841.

„ globo'sa (round- fruited). See E. EDULIS.

„ monta'na (mountain). Yellow. Grenada. 1815.

„ olera'cea (pot-herb), 100. Brazil. 1847.

EUTHALES

348

EXOCHORDA

EU'THALES. See VELLEIA.

EUTHA'MIA. See SOLIDAGO.

EU'TOCA MULTIFLO'RA. See PHACELIA MENZIESII.

EU'TOCA WRANGELIANA. See PHACELIA DIVARI-

CATA WRANGELIANA.

EUTRE'MA. (From eu, well, and trcmo, to tremble ; in
reference to the shaking of the flowers by the wind.
Nat. ord. Cruciferae.)

Hardy perennial herbs, with radical leaves, suitable
for the rock-garden. Seeds, cuttings in summer, and
divisions in spring. Garden soil.
E. alpe'stre (alpine). White. May. Siberia. 1822.

EUXE'NIA GRA'TA. See PODANTHUS OVATIFOLIUS.

EU'XOLUS LINEA'TUS. See AMARANTUS INTER-

RUPTUS.

EVELY'NA. See ELLEANTHUS.

EVENING FLOWER. See HESPERUS MATRONALIS.

EVENING PRIMROSE. CEnothe'ra.

EVERGREENS are such plants as do not shed all their
leaves at any one time during the year.

EVERGREEN THORN. Crate! gus Pyraca'ntha.

EVERLASTING. Gnapha'lium, Anapha'lis, Helechry'-
sum, Heli'pterum, &c.

EVERLASTING PEA. La'lhyrus latifo'lius.

EVO'DIA. (From evodia, sweet scent ; referring to
that of the leaves. Nat. prd. Rueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn.
4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Pilocarpus.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots hi sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat,
in April ; light, fibrous loam. Summer temp., 55° to
75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
E. e'legans (elegant). 2 to 4. White. Winter. New

Guinea. 1899.
„ fraxinifp'lia (ash-leaved). 20. Whitish. April.

Cochin-China. 1822.

„ officina'lis (shop). 20. White. Central China. 1908.
Used by the Chinese to give colour and a bitter
taste to beer.

„ microco'cca (small-berried). Australia.
„ triphy'lla (three-leaved). 7. White. E. Ind. 1820.

EVO'LVULUS. (From evolvo, the opposite to Con-
volvulus ; referring to the plants not twining. Nat.
ord. Bindweeds [Convolvulaceao]. Linn. $-Pentandria,
2-Digynia. Allied to Convolvulus.)

For culture, see CONVO'LVULUS. All blue-flowered
trailers, except where otherwise specified.

HARDY ANNUAL.
E. arge'nteus (silvery). £. July. N. Amer.

Syn. E. nuttallianus.

1824.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

E. cam'leus (sky-blue). July. Jamaica. 1845.
„ lanceola'tus (spear-head-leaved). See E. VILLOSUS.
„ latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 2. White. June. Brazil.

1819.
„ purpu'reo-cceru'leus (purplish-blue). i£. July.

Jamaica. 1845.
„ villo'sus (shaggy), i. July. S. Amer. 1810.

STOVE ANNUALS.

E. alsinoi'des (chickweed-like). £. July. Tropics of

both Worlds. 1817.
„ emargina'tus (end-notched). See IPOMOZA RENI-

FORMIS.

„ gange'ticus (Ganges), i. July. E. Ind. 1820.
„ hirsu'tus (hairy). See E. ALSINOIDES.
„ inca'nus (hoary). J. July. S. Amer. 1810.
„ linifo'lius (flax-leaved). See E. ALSINOIDES.
„ nummula'rius (moneywort-like). See E. ALSINOIDES.
„ seri'ceus (silky). See E. INCANUS.

EVO'NIMUS and EVO'NYMUS. See EUONYMUS.
EVO'SMUS. See LINDERA.

E'XACUM. (From ex, out of, ago, to drive ; supposed
virtue of expelling poison. Nat. ord. Gentianworts
[Gentianaceae]. Linn. 4-Telrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Chironia.)

Stove and greenhouse annual, biennial, or perennial
herbs. Seeds ; cuttings in a close case with bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam and peat in equal proportions with
sand.
E. affi'ne (allied). i. Lilac-purple. Early spring.

Socotra. 1881.
„ bi' 'color (two-coloured). i. Pale purple. June.

India. 1846.
„ Forbe'sii (Forbes's). i. Purple ; anthers yellow.

Socotra. 1902.
„ macra'nthum (large-flowered). See E. ZEYLANICUM

MACRANTHUM.

„ pulche'llum (pretty). See CICENDIA PULCHELLA.

„ tetrago'num (four-angled). i£. Blue. August.
Nepaul. 1820.

„ „ bt' color (two-coloured). See E. BICOLOR.

,, visco'sum (clammy). See IXANTHUS viscosus.

„ Walke'ri (Walker's). Ceylon.

,, zeyla' nicum (Cingalese), i to 2. Violet. Ceylon.
1848.

„ „ macra'nthum (large-flowered), ij. Deep blue-
purple. Winter. Ceylon. 1853.

EXARRHE'NA MACRA NTHA. See MYOSOTIS MA-

CRANTHA.

EXC2ECA'RIA. (From excceco, to blind ; the juice
and smoke of burning branches injure the eyesight.
Nat. ord. Spurgeworts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn. 22-
Dioecia, i^-Polyandria. Allied to Gussonia and Hippo-
mane.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with white flowers ; cuttings
in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in spring or autumn ;
fibrous, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter,
48° to 55°-
E. Agallo'cha (Ceylon). 5. May. E. Ind. 1820.

,, glandulo'sa (glanded). 5. May. Jamaica. 1821.

„ serra'ta (saw-leaved). See ADENOPELTIS COLLIGUAYA.

EXCRESCENCE. Independently of Galls, which are
caused by the punctures of insects, and the swellings
which always accompany Canker, the excrescences
which injure the gardener's crops are very few. That
which appears above the point of union between the
scion and stock is caused by the former being the freer
grower of the two, and is a warning that should be
remembered, for it curtails the longevity of the tree,
the supply of sap gradually becoming inefficient. The
excrescences which occur upon the branches of some
apples, as those of the codling and June-eating, cannot
be looked upon as disease, for they arise from congeries
of abortive buds, which readily protrude roots if buried
in the soil, making those among the few apples which
can be readily or easily propagated by cuttings. Of a
similar nature are the huge excrescences so prevalent on
aged oaks and elms. Bulbous excrescences are formed
upon the roots of many plants if compelled to grow
upon a soil drier than that which best suits them. This
is the case especially with two grasses, Phle'um prate'nse
and Alopecu'rus genicula'tus, and is evidently a wise
provision of a nature to secure the propagation of the
species, for those bulb-like thickenings will vegetate long
after the remainder of the plant has been destroyed by
the excessive dryness of the soil.

EXOCA'RPUS. (From exo, outside, and karpos, a
fruit. Nat. ord. Santalaceae.) j.

Small trees or shrubs, requiring greenhouse treatment.
Seeds. Loam, peat, and sand.
E. cera'micus (Ceramic). August. Malaya. 1816.
,, cupressifo'rmis (Cypress-formed). Australia. 1888.

EXOCHO'RDA. (From exo, outside, and chordt, a
cord. Nat. ord. Rosaceae.)

Ornamental, hardy, deciduous shrubs allied to Spiraea.
Seeds, cuttings. Well-drained garden soil.
E. Albe'rtii (Albert's). 10 to 12. White. Turkestan.
,, Gira'ldii (Girald's). Flower-buds cherry-red ; flowers

white. N. China. 1908.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 5 to 8. White. April,

May. China.
„ „ prostra'ta (prostrate). Branches prostrate. 1907.

EXOGENS

349

FAGARA

E'XOGENS. A name formerly employed for Dicoty-
ledons.

EXOGO NIUM FILIFO'RME. See IPOMCEA FILIFORMIS.
EXOGO NIUM PU'RGA. See IPOMCEA PURGA.
EXOGO NIUM REPA'NDUM. See IPOMCEA REPANDA.

EXORRHI'ZA. (From exo, out of, and rhiza, a root ;
the roots grow largely out of the soil. Nat. ord. Pal-
maceae.)

An ornamental stove Palm. For cultivation, see PALMS.
E. wendlandia'na (Wendlandian). 60. Leaves pinnate.
Fiji. 1901.

EXOSTE MMA. (From exo, externally, and stemma, a
crown ; referring to the flower-heads. Nat. ord. Cin-
chonads [Rubiaceas]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Luculia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe young shoots
in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
E. longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 30. White. June. St.

Domingo. 1820.
„ subcorda'tum (nearly heart-shaped). 2 to 10. White,

fragrant. W. Ind. 1909.

EXOTICS. Plants belonging to a country different
from that in which they are growing.

EXTRAVASATED SAP may arise from five causes :

1. The acrid or alkaline state of the sap, which has
been considered already, when treating of the Canker.

2. Plethora, or that state of a plant's excessive vigour
in which the sap is formed more rapidly than the circu-
latory vessels can convey it away. When this occurs,
rupture must take place. If the extravasation proceeds
from this cause, there is but one course of treatment to
be pursued — root-pruning, and reducing the staple of
the soil, by removing some of it, and admixing less
fertile earthy components, as sand or chalk. This must
be done gradually, for the fibrous roots that are suited
for the collection of food from a fertile soil are not at
once adapted for the introsusception of that from a less
abundant pasturage. Care must be taken not to apply
the above remedies before it is clearly ascertained that
the cause is not an unnatural contraction of the sap
vessels, because, in such case, the treatment might be
injurious rather than beneficial. We have always found
it arising from an excessive production of sap, if the tree,
when afflicted by extravasation, produces at the same
time super-luxuriant shoots. Severe pruning, lopping, or
pollarding produces similar results.

3. Local contraction of the sap vessels. If the ex-
travasation arises from this cause, there is usually a
swelling of the bark immediately above the place of
discharge. In such a case the cultivator's only resource
is to reduce cautiously the amount of branches, if the
bleeding threatens to be injuriously extensive, otherwise
it is of but little consequence, acting, like temporary
discharges of blood, as a relief to the system.

4. The extravasation of the sap from a wound is usually
the most exhausting, and as the wound, whether con-
tused or cut, is liable to be a lodgment for water and
other foreign bodies opposed to the healing of the injured
part, the discharge is often protracted. This is especially
the case if the wound be made in the spring, before the
leaves are developed, as in performing the winter pruning
of the vine later than is proper. In such case, the vine
always is weakened, and in some instances it has been
destroyed.

5 . During hot and dry periods in summer, the leaves of
certain trees, but more especially Limes and Sycamores,
appear covered with a viscid secretion, known as honey-
dew. This is caused by enormous numbers of their own
particular species of aphis, on the underside of the leaves.
The extravasated sap, in this instance, is a liquid ex-
creted by the aphides themselves, through or by means of
two tubular glands or excretory organs at the tail-end
of the insect. The excreted liquid falls on the leaves
beneath them, keeping the same in a moist and viscid
or sticky condition all day, notwithstanding the heat
of the sun. In the case of trees overhanging the side
pavement of streets, the stones are kept moist all day
through the same cause. Clean water or soap-suds
applied to the underside of the leaves by means of the

garden engine would wash down or destroy the aphides,
and thus effect a cure.

Azaleas sometimes, but rarely, have the hairs on their
leaves, especially on their lower surface, beaded, as it
were, with a resinous exudation. This can scarcely be
called a disease. It is never found but upon plants
that have been kept in a temperature too high, and in
a soil too fertile. It is an effort to relieve the surcharged
vessels, and occurs in various forms in other plants.

The various successful applications of liquids to plants,
in order to prevent the occurrence of the honey-dew and
similar diseases, would seem to indicate that a morbid
state of the sap is the chief cause of the honey-dew, for
otherwise it would be difficult to explain the reason why
the use of a solution of common salt in water, applied
to the soil in which a plant is growing, can prevent a
disease caused by insects. But if we admit that the
irregular action of the sap is the cause of the disorder,
then we can understand that a portion of salt introduced
in the juices of the plant would naturally have an influence
in correcting any morbid tendency ; and that by such a
treatment the honey-dew may be entirely prevented, we
have often witnessed when experimentalising with totally
different objects. Thus we have seen plants of various
kinds, which have been treated with a weak solution of
common salt and water, totally escape the honey-dew,
where trees of the same kind growing in the same plot
of ground not so treated, have been materially injured
by its ravages.

EYE-BRIGHT. Euphra'sia.

EYSENHA'RDTIA. (Named after Eysenhardt, a
Prussian botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosae]. T.inn. ij-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria. Allied
to Amorpha.)

Cuttings of young shoots in sand, in bottom-heat, in
April or May ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

E. amorphoi'des (Amorpha-like). 15. Pale yellow. June.
Mexico. 1838.

FA BA. Garden Bean. (From phago, to eat. Nat
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Di»
delphia, 4-Decandria. Now referred to Vicia.)

For culture, see BEAN.
F. vulga'ris (common). See VICIA FABA.
„ „ equi'na (horse). See VICIA FABA EQUINA.

FABA'GO. See ZYGOPHY'LLUM.

FABIA NA. (Named after F. Fabiano, a Spaniard.
Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solanaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Vestia.)

A half-hardy evergreen shrub, having the aspect of a
Cape Heath. Seeds in a hotbed, in March ; cuttings of
firm young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ;
set at first in a cold greenhouse or pit, and then plunged in
a mild bottom-heat ; sandy peat. Winter temp., 40°
to 48°.
F. imbrica'ta (scaly). 3. White. May. Chili. 1838.

FABRI'CIA. (Named after Fabricius, a Swedish
naturalist. Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms [MyrtaceaV]. Linn.
j.2-Icosandria, i-Monogynia. See LEPTOSPERMUM.)
F. Iczviga'ta (smooth-leaved). See LEPTOSPERMUM L^EVI-

GATUM.

„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). See LEPTOSPERMUM

PUBESCENS.

„ seri'cea (silky). See LEPTOSPERMUM PUBESCENS.
,, strfcta (erect). See AGONIS MARGINATA.

FADYE'NIA. (Named after Dr. Fadyen, author of a
Flora of Jamaica. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-
Cryptogamia, i-Filices. Allied to Aspidium.)

This must not be confounded with Endlicher's
Fadye'nia, which belongs to Garryads. Stove Fern.
Division ; loam and peat. See FERNS.
F. proli'fera (proliferous). J. Brown. May Jamaica.
1843.

PAGA'RA. See ZANTHOXYLUM.

FAGELTA

350

FALL

FAGELJA. (Named after Fagel, a botanist. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminpsae]. Linn. ij-Dia-
delphia, \-Decandria. Allied to Cajanus.)

Greenhouse evergreen tvwner. Seeds, steeped in warm
water, sown in light soil, and put in a mild hotbed.
Cuttings of the points of young shoots before they get
hard, in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam, both
sandy and lumpy. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
F. biiumino'sa (pitchy). 4. Yellowish-purple. June.
S. Africa. 1774.

FAGOPY'RUM. (From phago, to eat, and pyren, a
kernel ; referring to the triangular kernel of the nut.
Nat. ord. Buckwheats [Polygonaceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria,
•%-Trigynia. Allied to Polygonum.)

Hardy annual. Seed in April. Common soil.
F. cymo'sum (cymed). Pink. July. Nepaul. 1827.
„ escule'ntum (esculent), i to 3. White to pink.

Summer. Europe. Northern Asia (England).
„ tata'ricum (Tartarian), i to 3. White. Summer.
Europe, &c.

FAGR2E A. (Named after Dr. Fagraus. Nat. ord.
Loganiads [Logan iaceae]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Logania.)

Loganiads stand foremost among the most deadly
poisons in the vegetable kingdom. Stove evergreen
trees. Cuttings of young shoots beginning to get firm,
in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter,
55° to 60°.
F. auricula ta (auricled). Yellow. Burma. Malaya.

„ ceila'nica (Cingalese). 12. White. Ceylon. 1816.

„ imperia'lis (imperial). See F. AURICULATA.

„ lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). White. Java.

„ obova'ta (reversed-egg-leaved). 20. White. Silhet.
1816.

„ zeyla'nica (Ceylon). See F. CEILANICA.

PA'GUS. The Beech. (From phago, to eat ; referring
to the edible seeds. Nat. ord. Mastworts [Cupuliferae].
Linn. zi-Moncccia, g-Polyandria.)

By seeds, gathered in autumn, dried in the sun, kept
dry during the winter, and sown in light soil, in March.
They might be sown in the autumn, only mice, &c.,
make havoc among them ; loamy soil, over chalk, suits
them well, as the roots seldom run deep. The different
varieties are propagated by grafting in March and April.
The male catkins, when swept up, are often used for
packing fruit, and filling pillows for the poor man's bed.
The morel and the truffle are chiefly found under beeches.

HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.

F. beiuloi'des (birch-like). 50. Magellan. 1830. Hardy.
„ cliff or tioi'des (Cliff ortia-like). New Zealand.
„ Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). Australia. 1843.
„ fu'sca (brown). New Zealand.
„ Menzie'sii (Menzies*). New Zealand.
„ Moo'rei (Moore's). Australia.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

F. anta'rctica (antarctic). 50. Magellan. 1830.
„ „ uligino'sa (marsh). Leaves heart-shaped. Chili

and Argentina. 1906.

„ Costa 'nea (Chestnut). See CASTANEA SATIVA.
„ castaneafo'lia (Chestnut- leaved). See F. SYLVATICA

CASTANEjEFOLIA.

„ comptonitzfo'lia (Comptonia-leaved). See F. SYL-
VATICA HETEROPHYLLA.

„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). 30. June. N. Amer. 1766.

„ „ carohnia'na (Carolinian). See F. FERRUGINEA.

„ „ pube'scens (downy). Leaves hairy beneath.
Massachusetts. 1907.

„ grandifo'lia pube'scens (downy). See F. FERRUGINEA

PUBESCENS.

„ obli'qua (oblique). Leaves dark green above, glaucous
below. Southern Chili. 1906.

„ orienta'lis (oriental). Crown pyramidal. Asia Minor,
N. Persia, &c. 1907.

„ purpu'rea (purple). See F. SYLVATICA PURPUREA.

„ sylva'tica (wood). 70 to 80. June. Britain.

„ „ america'na (American). 100. May. N. Amer.

„ „ Anso'rgei (Ansorg's). See F. SYLVATICA HETERO-
PHYLLA.

E. sylva'tica asia'tica (Asiatic).

„ „ atropurpu' rea (dark purple). Leaves dark purple.
„ „ atropurpu'rea Roha'ni (Rohan's). Leaves deeply

cut, copper-coloured. 1894.
„ ,, alroru'bens (dark red). 30. June.
,, ,, au'rea Spce'thii (Spath's golden).
„ „ au'reo-variega'ta (golden-variegated).
„ „ castaneafo'lia (Chestnut-leaved). June. N. Amer.
„ „ cochlea'ta (shell-like).
„ ,, conglomera ta (crowded).

„ „ conglomera' ta Bandrille'ri (Bandriller's). 1888.
„ „ crista'ta (crested). 30. May.
„ „ cu'prea (copper). Leaves copper-coloured.

" Copper Beech."
„ „ fastigia'ta (erect). Branches erect. " Dawyck

Beech."

„ ,, fo'liis arge'nteis (silvery). May.
„ „ fo'liis arge ' nteo-marmora' 'tis (marbled - silver).

Young leaves speckled white. 1899.
,, ,, fo'liis au'reis (golden-leaved). June.
,, ,, fo'liis stria'tis (leaves striated). Leaves with

golden lines. 1892.
„ „ grandidenta' ta (large-toothed).
„ ,, heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 40. April, May.

" Fern-leaved Beech."

„ „ inci'sa (cut-leaved). See F. SYLVATICA HETERO-
PHYLLA.

» ., ni'gra (black). Leaves nearly black.
,, ,, pe' ndula (pendulous). May. Gardens. " Weep-
ing Beech."
.1 ». purpu'rea (purple). 40 to 50. May. " Purple

Beech."
» »> purpu'rea pe'ndula (pendulous). May. "Weeping

Purple Beech."
„ ,, purpu'rea ro'seo-margina'ta (rose-edged-purple).

Leaves copper, edged rose. 1888.
„ ,, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). Leaves nearly

orbicular. 1894.
„ „ tri'color (three-coloured). Leaves purple-green,

spotted carmine-rose, and white. 1885.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated).
„ „ Zla'tia (Zlatia). Leaves golden- tin ted. Servia.

1892. " Golden Beech."

FAIRY RINGS. On meadows, pastures, and frequently
on garden lawns, dark green circles or broken circles
may be observed. They are due to the presence of
fungi, which live and feed in the soil, and extend their
area radially in ever-widening circles from year to year.
The grass inside the circles is usually poorer in character,
often with dead patches, owing to the fungi having
absorbed the nutriment of the grasses. The most
common fungus forming these rings is Marasmius oreades,
but some of the Agarics, such as the field and horse
mushrooms, also occur, and at their proper season appear
above the soil. In the following year they appear in a
ring outside the previous one. The injured grass may
be restored by means of a good top dressing of soil and
well-rotted manure during the winter. Grass seed may
be sown upon the bare patches towards the end of March
or the beginning of April. Four soakings of Bordeaux
mixture, given at intervals of eight days, will also
destroy the fungus.

FA'LKIA. (Named after Folk, a Swedish botanist.
Nat. ord. Bindweeds [Convolvulaceae]. Linn. $-Pen-
tandria, i-Digynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen creeper. Cuttings under a
hand-glass, in sandy peat, in April or May ; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.

F. re'pens (creeping). J. Pink. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1774-

FALL OF THE LEAF. Dr. Lindley thus explains this
phenomenon : In the course of time a leaf becomes
incapable of performing its functions ; its passages are
choked up by the deposit of sedimentary matter ; there
is no longer a free communication between its veins and
the wood and liber. It changes colour, ceases to de-
compose carbonic acid, absorbs oxygen instead, gets
into a morbid condition, and dies ; it is then thrown off.
This phenomenon, which we call the fall of the leaf, is
going on the whole year. Those trees which lose the
whole of their leaves at the approach of winter, and are
called deciduous, begin, in fact, to cast their leaves
within a few weeks after the commencement of their

FALLOWING

FELICIA

vernal growth ; but the mass of their foliage is not re-
jected till late in the season. Those, on the other hand,
which are named evergreens, part with their leaves much
more slowly ; retain them in health at the time when
the leaves of other plants are perishing ; and do not
cast them till a new spring has commenced, when other
trees are leafing, or even later. In the latter class, the
function of the leaves is going on during all the winter,
although languidly ; they are constantly attracting sap
from the earth through the root hairs, and are therefore
in a state of slow but continual winter growth.

Microscopical examination of the base of a leaf-stalk
shows the presence of a layer of cells in course of de-
velopment all through the season, and these in autumn
or at the time of the fall of the leaf assume the nature of
cork, so that when this is complete, only the woody
fibres connect the leaf with the tree, and these are easily
snapped by the wind or even by a sharp frost at night
in the case of the Ash, Horse-Chestnut, and many others.
The fall of the leaf is thus predestined from the commence-
ment of growth.

FALLOWING is needless where there is a due supply
of manure, and a sufficient application of the spade, fork,
and hoe to the soil. Fallowing can have no other
beneficial- influence than by destroying weeds, aiding
the decomposition of offensive exuviae, exposing the soil
to the disintegrating influence of the air, and accumu-
lating in it decomposing matter. Now all these effects
can be produced by judicious manuring, and a constant
application of the hoe and fork.

FALSE BLOSSOM is the very erroneous name applied
sometimes to the male flowers, which, containing only
stamens, do not produce fruit, yet are essential for
causing fruitfulness in what gardeners call the true
blossoms which contain the pistils.

FALLU'GIA. (Named after Fallugius, an Italian
botanist of the seventeenth century. Nat. ord. Rosaceae.)

A handsome, hardy, or nearly hardy shrub. Seeds ;
cuttings of half-ripe, leafy shoots in summer in a close
frame. Well-drained garden soil.

F. par ado' xa (paradoxical). 3 to 4. White. July.
California, &c. 1877.

FAN PAUL Co'rypha.

FARADA'YA. (Named in compliment to Professor
Faraday. Nat. ord. Verbenacese.)

Stove climbing plants. Seeds; cuttings of half-ripe
wood in sand in a close case, with bottom-heat. Good
fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
F. papua'na (Papuan). White. New Guinea. 1884.
„ sple'ndida (splendid). White, sweet-scented, in
terminal panicles. Australia. 1890.

FARA'MEA. (The derivation has not been explained ;
probably a commemorative one. Nat. ord. Cinchonads
[Rubiaceae]. Linn. ^-Triandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to the Coffee-tree.)

A sweet-scented stove evergreen bush, long known in
our gardens as Tetrame'rium. Cuttings of firm young
shoots in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ;
peat and loam, both fibrous, with silver-sand, and lumps
of charcoal.

F. odorati'ssima (most-fragrant). 6. White. S. Amer.
1793-

FARFU'GIUM GIGANTE'UM and F. GRA'NDE. See

SENECIO K«MPFERI AUREO-MACULATUS.

FARINA, a name for the pollen or fertilising dust pro-
duced by the anthers, or male organs, of a flower.

FARMYARD MANURE. See DUNG.

FARSF/TIA. (Named after Farseti, an Italian botanist.
Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. is-Tetradynamia.
Allied to Alyssum.)

Hardy annuals sow in border, in March or April ;
hardy perennials, by division and seeds ; half-hardy
evergreens, by cuttings under a hand-light, in May, in
sandy loam. Sandy loam ; good for rock-works and
mounds. The half-hardy should have the protection of
a pit in winter.

HARDY.

F. cheiranthifo'lia (wallflower-leaved). See F. CLYPEATA.
„ clypea'ta (buckler-podded), ij. Yellow. July. S.
Europe. 1596. Herbaceous perennial.

HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.

F.

'ptia (Egyptian), i. White. Purple. July.

Kgypt. 1788.
„ cheiranthoi'des (stock-like). See F. .EGYPTIA.
„ erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited), i. Yellow. July. Asia

Minor. 1820.
„ lunarioi'des (Lunaria-like). i. Yellow. July. Grecian

Archipelago. 1731.
„ suffrutico'sa (sub-shrubby), i. Violet. April. Persia.

1823.

FASCICLE is the name applied to flowers on small
stalks variously subdivided and attached to one flower-
stem, and collected into a close bundle, level at the top,
as in the Sweet William.

FA'TSIA. (Derived from the Japanese name Fatsi,
applied to F. japo'nica. Nat. ord. Araliaceae.)

Evergreen shrubs or small trees. F. horrida is hardy,
while F. japo'nica is also hardy as far north as London
if sheltered from strong winds in winter. Rice-paper is
made from the pith of F. papynfera by the Chinese.
The last two are handsome plants for subtropical garden-
ing. F. japonica makes a good window plant. Seeds ;
cuttings and occasionally suckers. Well-drained garden
soil.
F. ko'rrida (spiny). 6 to 12. White. Stem covered with

yellow spines. N.W. Amer. 1829.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). White. Japan. 1858.
„ „ au'reo-margina'ta (golden-edged). Leaves edged

yellow.
„ „ au'reo-rcticula'ta (golden-netted). Leaves netted

with yellow. 1870.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves with white

variegation.

„ papyri' fer a (paper-bearing). 7. Green. China. 1852.
Greenhouse. " Rice-paper Tree."

FEABERRY. A local name for the Gooseberry.
FEATHERS. See ANIMAL MATTERS.

FE'DIA. (A word of unknown origin. Nat. ord.
Valerianworts [Valerianaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Centranthus.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds hi the open border, hi April.
F. Cornuco'pia (cornucopia-/rwifed). i. Red. July.

S. Europe. 1796. " Horn of Plenty."
„ „ candidi'ssima (whitest). White. 1895.
„ „ fioribu'nda ple'na (free-flowering-double). Pink.

Double.

„ graciliflo'ra (slender-flowered). See F. CORNUCOPIA.
„ rupe'stris (rock). See PATRINIA RUPESTRIS.

FEE A NA'NA. See TRICHOMANES BOTRYOIDES.
FEE'A SPICA'TA. See TRICHOMANES SPICATUM.

FEUO'A. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Myrtaceae.)

An evergreen shrub or small tree, that will live and
bloom on a warm wall hi the latitude of London ; further
north it requires the protection of a greenhouse. Fruit
guava-like, aromatic, edible. Seeds ; cuttings of half-
ripe wood hi sand, in heat. Fibrous loam with some
peat and sand.

F. sellowia'na (Sellowian). White outside, blood-red
inside. Brazil and Uruguay. 1898.

FELI'CIA. (From felix, happy ; from their cheerful
appearance. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn.
iq-Syngenesia, 2-Frustranea. Allied to Aster.)

Natives of South Africa. Annuals, sown in open border,
in April ; evergreens require the protection of a cool
greenhouse, and may be easily raised by cuttings under
a hand-light, in May ; soil, chiefly sandy loam.

HARDY ANNUALS.

F. fra'gilis (fragile). Violet. June. 1769.
„ tene'lla (delicate). See F. FRAGILIS.

FELWORT

352

FERNS

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

F. abyssi'nica (Abyssinian). Lilac. Trop. Africa. 1895.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. Lilac. May. 1812.
„ ,, gla'bra (smooth). 6. Blue. May. 1804.
„ echina'ta (prickly). Yellow. May. 1820.
„ frutico'sa (shrubby), i to 2. Purple. May. This is

Aster fruticosus.
„ petiola'ta (petioled). Rosy-purple, with yellow disc.

1907.

„ refle'xa (bent-back). Red, white. February. 1759.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). See F. ANGUSTIFOLIA.

EELWORT. Swe'rtia.

FEMALE FERN. Asple'nium Fi'lix-f&'mina.

are employed to mark the boundary of pro-
perty, to exclude trespassers, either human or four-
footed, and to afford shelter. They are either live fences
and are then known as hedges ; or dead, and are then
either banks, ditches, palings, or walls; or they are a
union of two, to which titles the reader is referred.

FENDLE'RA. (A name commemorative of Mr.
Fendler, who collected plants in Trinidad. Nat. ord.
Saxifragaceae.)

A hardy shrub, with small leaves and large, solitary,
showy flowers, with conspicuous stamens. Seeds ;
cuttings under a hand-light in summer ; also by layers.
Well-drained garden soil.

F. rupi'cola (rock-inhabiting). 2 to 4. White. S.W.
United States. 1888.

(Fceniculum vulgare) in a dry soil is longest
lived. It is propagated both by offsets, partings of the
root, and by seed, any time between the beginning of
February and the end of April. The best season for
sowing is autumn, soon after the seed is ripe, at which
time it may also be planted.

Insert the plants a foot apart, and the seed in drills,
six or twelve inches asunder, according as it is intended
that the plants are to be transplanted or to remain.

When advanced to the height of four or five inches,
if they are intended for removal, the plants are pricked
put eight inches apart, to attain strength for final plant-
ing in autumn or spring. Water must be given freely at
every removal, and until established, if the weather is
at all dry.

The stalks of those that are not required to produce
seed must be cut down as often as they run up in summer.
If this is strictly attended to the roots will last for many
years ; but those which are allowed to ripen their seed
seldom endure for more than five or six.

FENNEL-FLOWER. Nige'lla.
FENUGREEK. Trigone'lla.
FE'NZLIA. See GILIA DIANTHOIDES.

FERNANDE'ZIA. (After Fernandez, a Spaniard. Nat.
ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Mon-
andria.) See LOCKHARTIA.

F. acu'ta (acute-leaved). See LOCKHARTIA ACUTA.
„ tflegans (elegant). See LOCKHARTIA ELEGANS.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). July. Merida.
„ lunifera (crescent-lipped). See LOCKHARTIA LUNI-

FERA.
„ robu'sta (robust). See LOCKHARTIA VERRUCOSA.

FERNELIA. (Named after /. Fernel, a French
physician. Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Cinchonaceas]. Linn.
4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Condalia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of firm young shoots
in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ;
peat and loam, lumpy and sandy. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 50° to 55".

F. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). Isle of France. 1816.
„ obova'ta (teversed-egg-leaved). Isle of France. 1816.

FERNS. STOVE FERNS.

Propagation : by Division. — Any species of Fern that
sends out stolons, or creeping stems underground, readily
increases by division. This requires considerable care.
They should never be divided till the parts to be separated
have a portion of roots to each. Turn the plants out of

the pots, and with a sharp knife divide the plants into as
many parts as have roots and a small ball ; pot them
into pots only a little larger than the little ball ; drain
them well, give a gentle watering, and place them in a
shady place till they begin to grow again, and send up
fresh fronds.

By Young Buds on the Fronds. — Several species produce
miniature or embryo plants on the fronds. These should
be pegged down in a pot filled with the proper soil, and
placed so near to the parent plant as to allow the fronds
to remain attached to it. When the buds have made
roots into the new soil, and pushed forth some new fronds,
they should be detached from the parent, and potted
into 2j-inch pots, gently watered, and placed in a shady
place. Some few kinds have these buds or knobs so
strongly developed, that they may, when in a sufficiently
forward state, be cut off and potted at once. Examples
of this kind of bud may be observed in Pte'ris palma'ta,
P. effu'sa, Da'rea rhizophy'llum, and Woodwa'rdia
radi'cans.

By Spores. — Several of the finest Ferns cannot be
increased by division, or, if they can, several years elapse.
If right means are followed, they may be raised by spores.
This requires a constantly humid, warm atmosphere, and
little, if any, sunshine. Procure a wide earthen pan, a
hand or bell-glass that will go within it, and rest on the
bottom, and a shallow, wide pot that will stand within
the glass and above the rim of the pan two or three inches.
Fill this pot half full of potsherds, and upon them a
sufficient number of small pieces of turfy peat, mixed
with small pieces of sandstone, about the size of peas,
to come up to the pot. Then take the frond of any Fern
that is full of spores or seeds, and, with the hand, brush
them off upon the prepared pot, set it in the pan, place
the glass over the pot, and fill the pan nearly with water.
Place the whole in the warmest part of the stove, shading
it from the sun. The small pieces of turf and stone can
be easily separated, and the seedlings on each put into
small pots, without any danger of destroying them by
the process of potting. In the moist atmosphere of the
orchid-house, several species of Fern will come up spon-
taneously in the pots, baskets, and upon the blocks.
These may be carefully detached as soon as they are large
enough, and potted in small pots, placed for a tune in a
shady situation, and they will soon make nice, bushy
plants.

Other methods are followed with great success. One
plan is to carefully prepare some pots or pans as above
advised, half filling them with drainage. Fill up tne
remainder with a compost of two parts of finely sifted
peat to one-half part each of sand and finely broken pot-
sherds or soft red brick. Press this firm and sow the
spores. Another plan is to get some burnt clay and break
it up into small particles, filling the pots with the same,
and sowing the spores on the top. The burning of the
clay serves to sterilise it and prevent the growth of
moss, which is so destructive to young ferns. Stand the
pots or pans in a vessel containing water, so that the
compost may be moistened from the bottom upwards.
Never water on the top, nor must the water be so deep
as to rise to the surface, or the spores will be'washed away.
Stand the pots on moist ashes in a moderately warm
house in a shady situation and cover them with a hand-
light.

Soil. — Ferns require a light, open soil. A compost of
sandy, fibrous peat two parts, turfy loam one part, and
leaf-mould one part, with a free admixture of sand, will
suit them well.

Summer Culture. — Temperature, 65° minimum, 75°
maximum by day, and 60° by night.

Time of Potting. — Early in March, dr^in well, and give
a moderate shift. Small plants may be potted twice, the
second time the first week in July.

Watering. — Ferns are like Heaths, if they once get
thoroughly dry they will perish, therefore keep them
constantly well watered, more especially when the pots
are full of roots. Should they by any chance appear to
be suffering severely from drought, take such and let
them stand in a vessel of water, that will cover the top
of the pot, for an hour or two. This will thoroughly wet
every part of the ball, and often recover the plant. If
such a convenience is at hand, the smaller Ferns, like
other stove plants, will be greatly benefited by a few
weeks sojourn in the middle of summer in a deep, cold
pit. Here they should be well supplied with water, and

FERONIA

353

FERULA

nearly every afternoon, about three o'clock, have a
gentle syringing, shutting them up close afterwards. As
soon as the nights begin to be cold iu September, remove
them back again into the stove, and give them an extra
supply of water for a short time, till they become used
to the drier atmosphere.

Winter Culture. — Temperature, 60° maximum, and
55° minimum by day ; 52° by night. During this season,
rather less water will be required. Remove all decaying
fronds, and give them a top-dressing in December. This
will carry them through till the potting season arrives in

March.

Insects
on them

j. — The green fly and thrips will frequently appear
. Smoking with tobacco will destroy them both.

GREENHOUSE FERNS.

Propagation. — The same methods of increase suit the
greenhouse varieties, and also the same compost. The
only difference is in the temperature. In summer they
may be set out of doors with the rest of the greenhouse
inhabitants, and brought into it as soon as there is any
danger of frost. The great advantage of growing Ferns
in a greenhouse is, that they fill up many a corner where
nothing else will grow.

HARDY FERNS.

Propagation: by Division. — All that produce side-
shoots may be increased by division. If they are planted
out in a bed, or on rock-work, they should b« taken up
and divided into pieces, with a portion of earth to each.
They may be replanted ; but a better plan is to pot
them, and place them in a cold frame, kept close, and
shaded till they make fresh roots and fronds. Scarce
kinds may be increased by spores. Even the rare Woo'dsia
ilve'nsis has been increased by spores. Something of the
same method as that described for stove Ferns must be
adopted for hardy ones. If some small sand-stones be
placed in a damp, shady place, and the Fern spores be
scattered upon them, and then be covered with a hand-
glass, the spores will germinate, and the stones will be
covered with Ferns. For the more rare kinds a little
extra care will be necessary. Sow them upon rough
pieces of dead turf, place them under a hand-glass, in a
situation where they can have a close, warm, moist
atmosphere ; a cold frame, kept close hi summer, will
answer admirably.

Culture. — Hardy Ferns are found in various situations,
and, consequently, require various modes of treatment.
Some grow on rocks in exposed situations ; others in
boggy, moist ground ; some grow on hedge-banks and
shady woods, whilst others, again, grow near waterfalls,
where the spray keeps them constantly moist. To
succeed in cultivating all these in one place, an approxi-
mation must be made to the circumstances in which they
are found wild. A low, moist soil, at the foot of a bank
of rock-work, will suit those found in a similar situation ;
the lower part of rock will suit those found on hedge-
banks. Those found in shady woods may be planted on
the north side of the rock-work, near to the ground ;
whilst those that grow wild on exposed rocks, or old walls,
may be placed near the top of the rock-work in chinks
between the stones. The most difficult to manage are
those found within the reach of the spray of a waterfall.
The only way to succeed tolerably with these is to place
them so as they can be covered with a hand-glass in the
shady side of the rock, and to keep them moist by
sprinkling them every day through the rose of a watering-
pot, protecting them in winter by a covering of matting
thrown over the hand-glass hi frosty weather.

FERO'NIA. (After Feronia, the goddess of the groves .
Nat. ord. Citronworts [Rutaceae]. Linn. lO-Decandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to the Orange.)

The young leaves, when bruised, are said to be de-
liciously fragrant ; the flowers and wood also partake
of the fragrance of the orange and citron. Stove ever-
green. Cuttings of ripe young shoots in spring or
summer, in sandy peat, under a bell-glass, and hi bottom-
heat ; loam, peat, rotten dung, and a little sand. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.

F. elepha'ntum (elephant-apple). 4. Blush. April.
£. Ind. 1804.

FERRA'RIA. (Named after Forrari, an Italian bota-
nist. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn., i6-Monadelphia,
i-Triandria. Allied to Pardanthus.)

Very dwarf bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope.
Seeds sov/a when ripe, or kept dry until the following
spring ; offsets, which are plentifully produced ; sandy
loam and a little peat ; bulbs to be kept dry after the
leaves have withered ; fresh potted when they begin to
move, and then supplied with moisture. If planted on
a warm border, placed at least six inches deep, and the
soil and young shoots protected from frost, they may be
grown in the open ground.
F. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See F. ANTHEROSA

ANGUSTII»OLIA.

„ anthero'sa (forg^-anthered). J. Green, brown. June.

1800.
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). J. Brown. June.

1825.

,, atra'ta (darkened). J. Dark purple. June.
„ divarica'ta (straggling). \. Brown. June. 1825.
„ elonga'ta (elongated). Dark purple. July. Monte

Video. 1828.

„ Ferrari'ola (Ferrariola). See F. ANTHEROSA.
„ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). $. Brown. June. 1825.
„ Pavo'nia (Pavonia). See TIGRIDIA PAVONIA.
„ Tigri'dia (Tigridia). See TIGRIDIA PAVONIA.
„ tricu'spis (three-pointed). See MOR^A TRICUSPIS.
„ uncina'ta (hooked). |. Brown. June. 1825.
„ undula' ta (wavy-leaved]. J. Green, brown. April.

1775-
„ viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). Sec F. ANTHEROSA.

FE RREOLA BUXIFO LIA. See MABA BUXIFOLIA.

FE'RULA. Giant Fennel. (Pliny's name for this
plant. Nat. ord. Umbellifers [Umbellifera]. Linn. 5-
Peniandria, 2-Digynia. Allied to Heradeum.)

The Giant Fennels, like the Cow Parsnips, are pecu-
liarly well fitted to form striking contrasts near water, on
banks, or by the recesses of rock-work in gardens, besides
their interest as furnishing assafoetida from the milky
juice of F. Narthex, F. faetida, &c. Hardy herbaceous
perennials, with yellow flowers, except where otherwise
specified. Seed in spring ; common garden-soil.
F. ammoni'aca (ammoniac). 6. White. June. Persia.
1831.

„ Assafce' tida (assafcatida). 7. July. Persia.

„ au'rea (golden). See PEUCEDANUM AURBUM.

„ campe'stris (field). See F. FERULAGO.

„ capitta'ris (hair-like). 4. June. Spain. 1820.

„ ca'spica (Caspian). 3. July. Caucasus. 1819.

„ commu'nis (common). 13. July. S. Europe. 1597.

„ „ brevifo'lia (short- leaved). Leaf segments shorter.
Mediterranean region. 1907.

„ Ferula'go (Ferulago). 6. July. S. Europe.

„ foe tida (fetid). Turkestan. 1877.

„ fcetidi'ssima (most fetid). Yellowish-white, small.
Turkestan. 1878.

„ galbani'fiua (galbanum-yielding). Persia. " Gal-
banum Plant."

„ glau'ca (milky-green). 8. July. Italy. 1596.

„ Li'nkii (Link's). Canary Islands.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. July. Siberia. 1820.

„ meoi'des (Meum-like). 3. July. Levant. 1810.

„ Meye'ri (Meyer's). 4. July. Central Asia. 1816.

,, monti'cola (mountain-dwelling). Greece.

„ N'arthex (Narthex). 6 to 8. Green. July. Orient
" Devil's dung."

,, nodiflo'ra (node-flowered). Mediterranean region.

„ nu'da (naked), i. July. Siberia. 1821.

„ nudicau' Us (naked-stemmed). January. Sicily. 1825.

„ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). See MALABAILA OBTUSI-

FOLIA.

„ orienta'lis (eastern). 3. July. Levant. 1759.

„ pauci'juga (tevr-pziied-leaved). See JOHRENIA CAN-

DOLLEI.

,, pefrsica (Persian). 6. August. Persia. 1782.
„ Pola'ki (Polak's). See F. NARTHEX.
,, pube'scens (downy). See CACHRYS ODONTALGICA.
,, sa'ncta (sacred). See F. TINGITANA.
„ sibt'rica (Siberian). See F. MEYERI.
„ soonga'rica (Soongarian). August. Siberia. 1825.
„ stricta (erect). 2. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
„ Sv'mbul (Sumbul). 9. Summer. Turkestan. 1872.

" SumbuL"

FERULAGO

354

FICUS

F. sylva'tica (wood). 3. June. Podolia. 1829.
„ syri'aca (Syrian). Origin unknown.
„ thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). ij. June. Candia.

„ tingMna (Tangier). 8. July. Barbary. 1680.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). See ARCHANGELICA HIRSUTA.

FERULA'GO. See FERULA.

FESTOON. An arch curving downwards, and the
most graceful form for training climbers, either out ot
doors or in the conservatory.

FESTU'CA. Fescue Grass. A genus of grasses con-
taining some of the best of our pasture-grasses, such as
Sheep's Fescue (F. ovi'na) and Hardish Fescue (P.
duriu'scula). F. va'ria, introduced in 1890, is an orna-
mental grass 2 to 3 in. high.

FEVERFEW. See CHRYSANTHEMUM PARTHENIUM.

FEVERWORT. Trio'steum.

FEVTLLEA. (Commemorative of Louis Feuillte, a
botanical author. Nat. ord. Cucurbitaceae.)

A free-flowering stove climber. Seeds in stove heat.
Cuttings of short side-shoots in summer, in a close case,
with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam and sand.
F. Moo'rei (Moore's). Pale brick red. Guiana. 1870.
„ peda'ta (pedate). See TELFAIRIA PEDATA.

FICA'RIA. Pilewort. (From fiats, a fig ; in reference
to the fig-shaped little tubers of the root. Nat. ord.
Crowfoots [Rananculaceas]. Linn. i^-Polyandna, 6-Poly-
gynia. Joined to Ranunculus.)
F. ranunculoi'des and F. ve'rna. See RANUNCULUS.

FlCARIA.

FI'CUS. Fig-tree. (The fig-tree has nearly the same
name in all the European languages, and is supposed to
be derived from the Hebrew name fag. Nat. ord. Morads
[Urticaceaej. Linn. 2^-Polygamia, 2-Diacia.)

Besides the cultivated figs, there are a vast number of
other species belonging to Ficus, all natives of the tropics,
where they arrest the attention of the traveller either by
their grateful shade, their enormous growth, or by their
manner of sending down roots from their branches to
support and extend their distorted arms, as in the
Banyan-tree. By layers and cuttings ; by the latter
mode in the case of greenhouse and stove species. In
either case, dry the cut ends before inserting them in
sandy soil, but not removing more of the leaves than
those at the joint cut through ; in each case, place a
hand-light over them. For the stove species there should
be the addition of a hotbed ; peat and loam will suit
them well, the latter should preponderate when com-
pactness of growth is desirable. F. da'stica is the India-
rubber plant. F. Ca'rica, the cultivated fig, is the only
one hardy enough to bear our climate, though a few
succeed near the south and west coasts. Most of the
stove species will do in a warm greenhouse. See FIG.

HARDY IN MILD DISTRICTS.
F. Ca'rica (Carian). 15. June. Europe ; Orient. 1548.

Deciduous. " Common Fig."
„ edu'lis (edible). Leaves with red veins. Australia.

1862.

„ mi'nima (smallest). See F. STIPULATA MINIMA.
„ stipula'ta (stipuled). Japan and China. 1721.

Creeping like Ivy.
„ „ mi'nima (smallest). Leaves very much smaller.

1875-

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

F. cape'nsis (Cape). 4. S. Africa. 1816.
„ corda'ta (heart-leaved). 6. S. Africa. 1802.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 14. Australia.
„ pu'mila (dwarf). \. China. 1759. Trailer.

STOVE EVERGREENS.
F. Abe'lii (Abel's). See F. PYRIFORMIS.
,, acumina'ta (long-pointed). See F. ROSTRATA.
,, alti'ssima (tallest). Trop. Asia.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 15. Guiana.
„ arbutifo'lia (Arbutus-leaved). March. Brazil. 1825 ,
,, a'spera (rough). 10. New Hebrides. 1820.
,, auranti'aca (orange-like). 10. Malacca. 1824.
„ austra'lis (southern). See F. RUBIGINOSA.

F. barba'ta (bearded). See F. VILLOSA.
„ Barte'ri (Barter's). 6 to 25. Fruits orange, edible.

W. Trop. Africa. 1903.

,, bengalSnsis (Bengalese). India. " Banran.'
,, Benjami'na (Benjamin- tree). 40. E. fad. i757-
„ Bonne'ti (Bonnet's). 1869.

„ bonplandia'na (Bonplandian). 20. Mexico. 1823.
„ Cano'ni (Canon's). Society Islands. 1888. Syii.

Artocarpus Canoni.
„ Cavro'ni (Cavron's). Midrib yellow-white above.

Leaves rusty beneath. Brazil. 1887.
„ cerasifo'rmis (cherry-formed). See F. PARIETALIS.
,, cestrifo'lia (Cestrum-leaved). Brazil.
„ como'sa (long-haired). See F. BENJAMINA.
,, Coope'ri (Cooper's) of gardens. See F. EDULIS.
,, coria'cea (leathery-leaved). 10. E. Ind. 1772.
„ cornifo'lia (Cornus-leaved). Java. 1846.
„ corona' ta (crowned). 6. June. 1800.
„ crassine'rvia (thick-nerved). 10. S. Amer. 1823.

dealba'ta (whitened). See COUSSAPOA DEALBATA.
„ Decree'ni (Decraen's). Peru. 1869.
„ diversifo'lia (diverse- leaved). Leaves with light brown

spots. Malaya. 1881.

„ dryepondtia'na (Dryepondtian). Leaves brownish-
purple beneath. Congo. 1906.
„ dumo'sa (bushy). 6. 1825.

ebu'rnea (ivory). Leaves veined with white. India.

1869.
„ eetveldia'na (Eetveldian). Leaves broadly oval.

Congo Free State. 1900.
„ ela'stica (elastic-gwm) . 20. India. 1815. ' India

Rubber."
„ „ au'reo-margina'ta (golden-edged). Leaves with

broad golden edge. 1882.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated).
„ e'legans (elegant). Java. 1871.
„ elli'ptica (oval). 20. S. Amer. 1824.
„ ere' eta (erect). India, China, and Japan.
„ „ Siebo'ldii (Siebold's).

eriobotryoi' des (Eriobotrya-like). Country unknown.

1846.

„ eugenioi'des (Eugenia-like). Australia.
„ exaspera'ta (roughened). 6. Trop. Africa.
,, exi'mia (choice). Brazil.
„ exscu'lpia (cut-out). Leaves twice cut. South Sea

Islands. 1879.
„ falca'ta (sickle-shaped). Leaves very small, sickle

shaped. Malaya.
,, ferrugi'nea (rusty). S. Amer.
,, fu'lva (tawny). Brazil.

„ gardenicsfo'lia (Gardenia-leaved). See F. HIRSUTA.
,, glomera'ta (clustered). India ; Burma. 1869.
,, heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 20. Trop. Asia. 1816
,, hirsu'ta (hairy). Brazil.
„ hi'spida (hispid). 4. Trop. Asia. 1802.
„ Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 6. W. Ind. 1816.
„ infecto'ria (staining) of Roxburgh. India and Malaya.
„ infecto'ria (staining) of Willdenow. See F. TSJAKELA.
,, irregula'ris (irregular). Celebes.
„ Krishna (Krishna's). Leaves cup-shaped. India.

1906.

„ laariga'ta (polished). 6. W. Ind. 1823.
„ leucantato'ma (white-cleft). 20. E. Ind. 1763.
„ Lichtenstei'nii (Lichtenstein's). See F. CAPENSIS.
,, Loga'nii (Logan's). 20. Caraccas. 1824.
,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. E. Ind. 1825.
,, Lucia'ni (Lucian's). Congo Free State. 1900.
„ lu'cida (shining). E. Ind.
„ lute'scens (yellowish). See F. DIVERSIFOLIA.
,, macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 25. India. 1869.
,, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Australia. 1869.

" Australian Banyan."
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved) of Roxburgh. See F.

ROXBURGHII.

,; microca'rpa (small-fruited). Java.

„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 4. 1824.

„ Neuma'nni (Neumann's). Country unknown.

„ ni'tida (shining). Java.

,, nrfda (naked). See F. BENJAMINA.

„ nymphcefo'lia (water-lily-leaved). 10. Trop. Amer.

1759-

,, obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). See F. BONPLANDIANA.
„ oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). See F. HISPIDA.
„ ovoi'dea (egg-shaped). Penang.
„ palma'ta (hand-shaped). Trop. Africa ; Arabia ; India.

FIDDLE-WOOD

355

FIG

F. pandura'ta (fiddle-shaped). Leaves fiddle-shaped,
i ft. long or more. 1902.

„ ParcffUi (ParcelFs). Leaves variegated with white.
Polynesia. 1874.

„ parieia'lis (parietal). Malaya.

,, pertu'sa (pierced-leaved). 8. S. Amer. 1780.

„ pilo'sa (hairy). India and Australia.

,, populifo'lia (poplar-leaved). Arabia.

„ popu'lnea (poplar-leaved). 12. S. Amer. 1812.

„ portea'na (Portean). Mexico. 1862.

,, pri'nceps (chief). Brazil.

„ purpura' scens (purph'sh). Java.

» Pyrifo'rmis (pear-formed). India and China.

„ quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). India and Malaya.

,, racemo'sa (racemed). 4. E. Ind. 1759-

„ radi'cans (rooting). Country unknown.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves with broad white
margin. 1897.

„ Reinwa'rdtii (Reinwardt's). Burma and Malaya.

„ religio'sa (religious). 25. E. Ind. 1731. " Pepul."

„ re'pens (creeping-stemmed). See F. STIPULATA.

„ rhizoca'rpa (rooting- fruited). Malaya. 1875.

„ Ri'bes (Ribes). India and Malaya.

„ Rce'zlii (Rcezl's). Leaves with wine-red veins be-
neath. S. Amer. 1876.

„ rostra' to, (beaked). 6. Orange. Himalaya. 1833.

„ Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 20. Himalaya and Burma.

„ rubigino'sa (rusty). Leaves smaller than F. elasiica ;
buds green. Australia.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with
white or yellow. 1908.

„ rubrine'rvis '(red-nerved). 10. Brazil. 1824.

„ sagitta'ta (arrovf-bead-leaved). J. E. Ind. 1810.
Creeper.

„ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). Arabia.

„ sea' bra (rough). See F. HISPID A.

,, sca'ndens (climbing). Himalaya and Burma.

„ seta'cea (bristly). Leaves 3-lobed. India. 1825.

„ Siebdldii (Siebold's). See F. ERECTA SIEBOLDII.

„ subtripline'rvia (somewhat- three-nerved). Leaves
large, with ivory-white nerves. Brazil. 1900.

„ Suringa'rii (Suringar's). Leaves red-nerved. Am-
bpyna. 1866.

„ syringcefo'lia (Syringa-leaved). Venezuela.

„ Sycamo'rus (Mulberry Fig). 30. N. Africa. " Syca-
more Fig." " Fig-tree " of Scripture.

„ Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). S. Africa.

„ iincto'ria (dyeing). 14. May. Society Isles. 1793.

„ triangula'ris (triangular). W. Trop. Africa.

„ Trime'ni (Trimen's). India and Ceylon.

„ Tsjake'la (Tsjakela). 15. India. 1763.

„ urophy'lla (tail-leaved). 2. June. India. 1829.

„ i-eno'sa (veiny-leaved). 10. E. Ind. 1763.

„ ve'sca (sweet). See F. GLOMERATA.

„ villo'sa (shaggy). Malaya.

„ virga'ta (twiggy). See F. PALMATA.

„ viscifo'lia (clammy-leaved). See F. DIVERSIFOLIA.

„ Voge'lii (Vogel's). Liberia.

FIDDLE-WOOD. Cithare' 'xylum.

FIELDIA. (Named after Baron Field, once chief
judge of New South Wales. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts
[Gesneracea?]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia.
Allied to Cyrtandra.)

Greenhouse climber; cuttings of points of shoots
getting a little firm, or, better still, firm side-shoots,
about two inches in length, in sandy soil, under a bell-
glass, kept shaded, and after a fortnight placed in a
mild bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with a little sand, and
pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
F. austra'lis (southern), i. White. July. 1826.

FIG. Fi'cus Ca'rica.

Varieties. — For forcing, we recommend the Brown
Turkey, or Lee's Perpetual, Negro Largo, White Ischia,
and White Marseilles. The Nerii is also well spoken of.
To plant out-doors, the Brunswick, Brown Turkey, Brown
Ischia, Black Ischia, and White Marseilles.

Propagation.— The fig roots so firmly by cuttings, that
few resort to any other mode. They propagate, however,
as freely by layers. Some persons, also, have raised
them from seed, but it does not appear that they are
valuable, though new kinds have been originated by
such means. Cuttings of ripe wood, about three or four
inches long, planted in pots in January or February,

and plunged in any ordinary bottom-heat, will make
very nice plants during the same summer. Those for
forcing in pots or boxes must be potted off when rooted,
and again plunged in bottom warmth, and the highest
course of culture pursued, shifting them when necessary.
Those who plant on the open walls should do so in the
middle of March ; and if the plants are from pots, the
roots must be uncoiled and spread nicely out. Many
persons who have established trees merely take suckers
away from them ; such only need fastening in the soil,
and, it may be, a shading when they begin to grow.

Soil. — The fig will thrive in almost any ordinary
garden-soil, but it is said to prefer a chalky loam. When
planted against walls out of doors, care must be taken
not to make the soil rich, for invincible grossness would
be the consequence. A plain " maiden " soil is quite
good enough for general purposes.

Culture in Growing Period. — Out-door culture consists
in an early disbudding of all superfluous shoots ; this is
performed when the young shoots are about three inches
long, reserving all those which are short-jointed and
compact-looking. Care must be taken to reserve shoots
for blank places. This disbudding is generally performed
twice or thrice during the season ; for waste and watery-
looking spray will continue to spring up until August,
especially in moist summers, and when the plants are
gross. Such disbudding should be carried out until
almost every leaf of the future year's bearing-wood
obtains a free exposure to sunshine, say by the middle
of August. About the end of this month it is accounted
good practice to pinch the ends of all growing shoots,
or rather to squeeze them with the thumb and finger.
Nothing more is needed as summer culture, except a
timely training of all reserved shoots, in order to obtain
all the sunlight possible.

Culture in Rest Period. — This merely consists in pro-
tection from frost, and in pruning. Towards the be-
ginning of December, some protection ought to be given,
as mats, straw, fern fronds, or spruce boughs. Before
closing them, or, indeed, at the end of October, every
fig which has become as large as a horse-bean should
be pulled away, for such rob the trees, and are sure to
perish. The trees must be uncovered again in the end
of February, if matted, otherwise such materials as fern
or straw may remain on a little longer ; the spruce, until
pruning time. The latter operation should not be per-
formed until the young buds are beginning to swell,
when wood of a proper character may be distinguished
readily from that which is useless. All the latter must
be cut away, unless required for blank spaces ; but if
summer disbudding has been properly performed, there
will be little for the pruncr to do. After this, they
must be duly trained.

Forcing.— -Some build houses for the fig, but most
prefer growing them in tubs or large pots. The general
principles of forcing them so closely resemble those of
the vine, that it will be needless to go into details. As to
general temperature, although they will bear much heat,
yet most cultivators agree that one intermediate between
the peach-house and the forcing vinery is the most con-
genial. It requires, however, a little more excitement
to bring the fig into leaf than the peach. Under good
house culture it will produce two satisfactory crops in
one year. A first crop may be obtained as early as May,
and af tei a couple of months or so, the second will com-
mence ripening ; the latter being those on the wood of
the current season. The first crop, or the embryo fruit
of the previous year, is very apt to fall prematurely,
and much care is necessary. Regular waterings the
moment they are dry, and an avoidance of atmospheric
extremes, are the best preventives. Most good culti-
vators make a point of pinching the ends of the young
shoots when about six or eight eyes or buds in length ;
this soon causes the fruit to form in the axils of the
leaves. Frequent syringings should be practised in the
growing season ; and when at rest they should never be
subjected to a lower temperature than 40°. Under all
circumstances, the fig delights in a soil somewhat moist :
a neglect of watering when necessary, even for a day,
may cause them to cast their fruit.

Fruit. — Its use is almost entirely confined to the ripe
state, as dessert ; as for keeping, if such is attempted, it
must be on the retarding system, by partial shade, and
a lowering of temperature just before ripening.

Insects. — The Red Spider and the Brown Scale alone

FIG

356

FLORISTS'

cause any alarm to Fig cultivators. The spider must be
combated by the syringe, by an occasional dusting of
sulphur, and by dressing the shoots all over, before
commencing forcing, with soap water and sulphur ; three
ounces of soft soap to a gallon of warm water, well beat
up, adding four handfuls of sulphur, will make a mixture
which, brushed into every crevice, will extirpate both
scale and spider. Sulphur, however, should be used on
the pipes during the growing season.

FIG MARIGOLD. Mesembrya'nthemum.
FIGURE-OF-EIGHT MOTH. Diloba ctzruleocephala.
FILBERT. See CO'RYLUS.

FIMBRIA'RIA. (From fimbria, fringe ; a second name
for Schwa' nnia, a fine shrub with fringed leaves. Nat.
ord. Malpighiads [Malpighiaceae]). See SCHWANNIA.
F. e'legans (elegant). See SCHWANNIA ELEGANS.

FINGERS-AND-TOES. See AMBURY.

FINOCfflO, or AZOREAN FENNEL (Ane'thum azo'ri-
cum), cannot be cultivated successfully in this country.

FIR. Pfnus.
FIRE. See FURNACE.

FISCHE'RIA. (Named after Dr. Fischer, of St. Peters-
burgh. Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, z-Digynia. Allied to Gonolobus.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of shoots, young
or old, in light, open soil, and in heat ; peat and loam,
with broken bricks and charcoal mixed with the compost,
in addition to good drainage. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 48° to 55°.

F. hi'spida (roughly-hairy). See GONOLOBUS HISPIDUS.
„ martia'na (Martian). White, green. May. Nicar-
agua. 1845.

„ sca'ndens (climbing). Green, yellow. May. S. Amer.
1826.

FISH. See ANIMAL MATTERS.

FITTO'NIA. (Named in honour of two ladies, E. and
S. M. Fitton, authors of Conversations on Botany. Nat.
ord. Acanthaceae.)

Ornamental foliage stove plants, with beautifully
netted evergreen leaves. Cuttings of shoots getting firm
in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Light,
fibrous loam and peat, with sand.
F. argyroneu'ra (silvery-nerved). Leaves bright green,

netted with white. Peru. 1867.
„ gigantSa (giant). Dull purple. Leaves netted with

red. Peru. 1869.

„ Verschaffe'ltii (Verschaffelt's). Yellow, pink. Leaves
netted with red. Peru. 1863.

FITZRtfYA. (So called after Capt. R. Fitzroy, R.N.,
commander of a surveying expedition. Nat. ord. Conifers
[Coniferas]. Linn. zi-Moncecia, g-Polyandria.)

Evergreen hardy trees. Cultivated like the Ce'drus
Deoda'ra.

F. Arche'ri (Archer's). Tasmania.
„ patago'nica (Patagonian). 80. Yellow, green. Pata-
gonia.

FLACOU'RTIA. (Named after E. Flacourt, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Bixads [Bixaceae]. Linn. zz-Dicecia,
i2-Polyandria.)

Stove evergreens with white flowers, the fruit of which
is wholesome. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in April,
in sand, and in heat, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55*.
F cataphra'cta (all-armed). 4. India and China. 1804.
flavt'scens (yellowish). 15. Guinea. 1780.
ine'rmis (unarmed). 20. E. Ind. 1819.
prunifo'lia (plum-leaved). Colombia.
Ramo'ntchi ( Ramon tchi). 12. July. Madagascar.

1775-
„ rhamnoi'des (Rhamnus-like). See DOVYALIS ZIZY-

PHOIDES.

„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 12. E. Ind. 1820.
„ Ru'kam (Rukam). Malacca and Philippines.
„ sa'pida (well-tasted. Esculent). See F. RAMO'NTCHI.
„ sepia'ria (hedge). 6. E. Ind. 1816.

FLAGELLA'RIA. (From flagello, to whip or scourge ;
in reference to the long, flexible shoots. Nat. ord.
Whipworts [Flagellariaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, $-Tri-
gynia.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings in sand, under a
bell-glass, but chiefly by suckers ; peat and loam ; more
curious than beautiful ; leaves very astringent.
F. i'ndica (Indian). 7. White. June. India. 1782.

FLAKE is the term by which a carnation is distinguished
that has two colours only, and these extending through
the length of the petals.

FLAME-LILY. Pyroli'rion.

FLAT-BODY MOTH. Dcpressaria depressella.

FLAVE'RIA. (From flavus, yellow ; in allusion to the
yellow dye obtained from the plants. Nat. ord. Com-
positae.)

Annual or perennial herbs, of no great value for garden
purposes. Seeds in light, sandy soil.
F. Contraye'rba (Contrayerba). ij. Yellow. September.

Trop. Amer. 1794.
„ repa'nda (scolloped). Yellow. Mexico.

FLAX. Li' num.
FLAX-LILY. Pho'rmium.
FLAX-STAR. Asteroli'non stella'tum.

FLEU'RYA. (Named in compliment to /. F. Fleury,
who wrote on Orchids. Nat. ord. Urticaceae. Allied to
the Nettle.)

Stove annual, furnished with stinging hairs. Seeds.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
F. a'stuans (raging). 3. Green. Trop. Amer.

FLINDE'RSIA. (Named in honour of Capt. M.
Flinders, R.N., who explored the coast of Australia in
the beginning of the last century. Nat. ord. Meliads
[Meliaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Chloroxylon.)

A greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of the ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring ; loam and
peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
F. austra'lis (southern). 60. White. Australia. 1823.

FLORAL DIAGRAMS may aptly be termed the ground-
plan of a flower, and are designed to show the number
and arrangement of the sepals, petals, stamens, and
carpels making up the structure of a flower. They also
show whether the parts of each set or whorl are free
from one another or joined (connate), whether free from,
or joined to, any other whorl (adnate). When the sepals
merely touch by their edges in bud they are valvate ;
but if they overlap, they are imbricate. The petals are
mostly alternate with the sepals, and when joined they
are said to be connate, or that the corolla is gamopetalous.
The stamens may be free from one another (polyandrous),
or joined (monadelphous), or adnate to the corolla
(epipetalous). The pistil may consist of two or more
carpels ; and if free it is said to be apocarpous ; or if
united, syncarpous. These various conditions are indi-
cated by the lines and markings of the floral diagram.

FLORESTTNA. (Derivation not explained. Nat. ord.
Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-&qualis.
Allied to Bahia.)

Seeds of callo'sa in the open ground, in April ; seeds of
peda'ta in a hotbed, in March, and transplanted in May
to a sheltered situation, or grown in a cool greenhouse.
F. callo'sa (hardened). See POLYPTERIS CALLOSA.
,, peda'ta (double-lobed-feawd). White. July. Mexico.
1803.

FLORETS. The small stalkless flowers united on a
common undivided receptacle, and enclosed in one
common involucre of bracts to form a compound flower
or capitulum.

FLORIST. A dealer in flowers, flowering shrubs, and
their seeds.

FLORISTS' FLOWERS are those which, by their beauty
or fragrance, power to produce permanent varieties, and
facility of cultivation, are so largely in demand as to
render them especially worthy of cultivation as an
article of commerce.

Mr. Glenny has enumerated the necessary character-

FLOWER

357

FLUES

istics of a florist's flower to be— First, The power to be
perpetuated and increased by slips and other modes
independent of its seed. Secondly, The power to produce
new varieties from seed, capable, like their parent, of
being perpetuated ; and, thirdly, it must possess suffi-
cient interest and variety to be grown in collections.

At present, the chief florists' flowers are the Amaryllis,
Antirrhinum, Anemone, Auricula, Calceolaria, Carnation,
Chinese Primula, Chrysanthemum, Cineraria, Crocus,
Dahlia, Fuchsia, Gladiolus, Hippeastrum, Hyacinth,
Hydrangea, Ixia, Iris, Lily, Lobelia, Narcissus, Pansy,
Pa3ony, Pelargonium, Petunia, Phlox, Pink, Polyanthus,
Ranunculus, Rhododendron, Rose, Sweet Pea, Tuberous
Begonia, Tulip, Verbena, Viola.

FLOWER. See BLOOM.

FLOWER FENCE. Poincia'na,

FLOWER-GARDEN is that portion of the ground in
the vicinity of the residence disposed in parterres and
borders, tenanted by flowers and flowering shrubs, and
among walks and lawns, so that the occupiers of the
house may have ready access to what is so beautiful in
form, colour, and fragrance. See LANDSCAPE GARDEN-
ING, PLANTATION, &c.

FLOWERING ASH. O'rnus.

FLOWER OF JOVE. Ly'chnis Flo's-jo'vis.

FLOWER-POTS are of various sizes and names : —
Thimbles and thumbs ; any size under three inches
diameter at the top.

Width of Top
in Inches.

Depth in
Inches.

Old
Name.

Three-inch pot
Five-inch
Six-inch . .

3

I

4
5
6

60S
48s
323

Eight-inch .
Nine-inch .
Eleven-inch .
Twelve-inch
Thirteen-inch
Fifteen-inch
Eighteen-inch

8
9
n

12
13
15

18

8
9

10

ii

12
13

14

245
i6s

I2S

8s
6s
4S

2S

In addition to the above, there is a description of
flower-pots called uprights, which are used for growing
bulbous plants, the roots of which do not spread laterally,
but perpendicularly. They are deeoer hi proportion to
their width than common flower-pets, and may be thus
particularised :

1

||

Upright is-inch
(Old upright
i6s) ....

15

16

Used for growing 7, or a
large mass of Gladioli,
and third-sized bulbs of

Japan lilies; for ordi-

nary-sized Alstromerias ;

and for large tubers of

Tropa'olum tricolo'rum

and its allies.

Upright 8-inch
(Old upright
24s). . . .

8

10

For 5 Hyacinths, Narcissi,
or strong early tulips, like
Golden Standard and Rex

rubro'rum.

Upright 6-inch

6

7

For 3 Hyacinths, or Nar-

(Old upright

32S)

cissi, and for i strong
Gladiolus, Auricula, &c.

Upright s-inch
(Old upright

5

6

For single Hyacinths, or
Narcissi ; for 5 Ixias or

485) ....

Crocuses ; and for 4

dwarf early Tulips, such

as the Due Van Thol.

For sizes larger than 15 -inch it is needless to have any

pots but those of the usual proportions.
Thimbles are sometimes called " small nineties," and

thumbs, " large nineties."

The form and material also vary. Mr. Beck makes
them very successfully of slate ; and the prejudice against
glazed pots is now exploded.

It was formerly considered important to have the pots
made of a material as porous as possible ; but a more
miserable delusion never was handed down untested
from one generation to another. Stoneware and china-
ware are infinitely preferable, for they keep the roots
more uniformly moist and warm. Common garden-pots,
if not plunged, should be thickly painted. Large pots
have been recommended to be employed, and there is
no doubt that this is a system much abridging the
gardener's labour ; but as with due care small pots will
produce magnificent specimen plants, we cannot recom-
mend an adoption of large pots, insuring as they do such
an immense sacrifice of room in the hot and greenhouses.
Captain Thurtell, one of the most successful of growers
of the Pelargonium, never employed pots larger than
twenty-fours.

It is usual to have saucers in which to place flower-pots
when in the house, and so far as preventing stains and
the occurrence of dirt, they are deserving adoption ; but
as to their being used for applying water to plants, they
are worse than useless, except to plants almost aquatic.
The great difficulty in pot cultivation is to keep the
drainage regular ; and no more effective preventive of
this could be devised than keeping a pot in a saucer
containing water. No plan for most cultivated plants
could be invented more contrary to nature ; for we all
know that she supplies moisture to the surface of the
soil, and allows it to descend, thus supplying the upper
roots first. For drawings of various flower-pots, see The
Cottage Gardener, No. 64.

FLOWER STAGES are made for the exhibition of
flowers at shows, in the greenhouse, and elsewhere.
The following are some very judicious observations on
the subject. The first object in the construction of stages
should be to have them so formed and situated as to
afford facilities for grouping plants ; the second should
be to give plants more the appearance of growing in
borders than upon artificial structures ; and the third
to keep the pot out of sight. This is requisite for two
reasons : first, because they are no ornament ; and,
secondly, that it is always desirable to protect the plant
from being scorched by exposure to the sun. It is also
desirable to adopt another mode of construction, for the
purpose of giving plants that aspect which is most suited
to their habits ; and, therefore, instead of placing the
stages from the front to the back of the house, as is
generally the case, let them be placed in groups of stages,
thus producing an effect similar to the borders in a well-
arranged flower-garden. The spectators, in their pro-
gress from group to group, would be attracted by the
separate display in each, instead of having their attention
drawn away by a whole blaze of beauty at once.

Mr. Ainger, also, makes these good suggestions: " Stages
are frequently formed of an equal or nearly equal series
of ascents, in consequence of which the upper plants are
by no means so well seen as the lower ones. The proper
plan is to commence by small elevations, gradually in-
creasing as the shelves recede from the eye. The lowest
shelf to be eighteen inches from the floor, the first rise
is six inches, the next nine, twelve, fifteen, eighteen,
twenty-one, and so on. The upper shelves should also
be broader than the lower, for larger pots. The advan-
tage of this arrangement, as commanding a better view
of the flowers, is obvious."

FLUED WALL. See WALLS.

FLUES are pipes formed of brick or slate, for conducting
heated air through stoves or other buildings where a
high artificial temperature is desired. It is a mode of
heating much less used than formerly, being superseded
by the much more manageable and effectual modes of
heating by hot water ; and flues have the additional
disadvantages, that they require frequent sweeping, and
that they emit a sulphurous fume that is injurious to
plants, and disagreeable to the frequenters of the struc-
tures so heated. This has been obviated by using
Valencia slates in the place of bricks ; yet flues under
few circumstances can compare with either the pipe or
tank system of hot-water heating. When flues are
employed, they are constructed inside and near the walls
of the building ; each flue eight or nine inches wide in

FLUEGGEA

358

FORK

the clear, by two or three bricks on edge deep, ranged
horizontally one over the other the whole length of the
back wall, in three or four returns communicating with
each other, continued, also, along the end and front
walls in one or two ranges, to be used occasionally ;
furnished with a regulator to slide open and shut as re-
quired, the whole proceeding from the first lowermost
flue, which communicates immediately from the furnace
or fireplace behind either the back wall at one end, or
in the back part of the end walls ; or if very long stoves,
of more than forty feet length, two fireplaces are re-
quisite, one at each end ; each having its set of flues
ranging half-way ; each set of flues terminating in an
upright chimney at the end of the back outside. Flues
are merely chimneys horizontal, instead of being entirely
upright, terminating, however, generally in an upright
tube or shaft, which discharges their contents into the
open air. They are most effectual when they traverse
the ends and the front of the house ; as, if the back wall
is a solid material, there can be less danger of cold there.
Arrangements must be made for a good draught, by
having the bottom of the furnace two feet below the
level of the bottom of the flue. The flue should, after
entering the house, rise a little to the extreme end. It
should stand a little raised above the floor, and never be
placed below it, unless when well supplied with air by
cross drains. It should be constructed of the best brick
and tiles, be plastered over if a strong heat is necessary,
and merely whitewashed if a heat is only wanted occa-
sionally. Evaporating basins should be secured, so that
the atmosphere be supplied with moisture as well as
heat. See STOVE.

FLUE'GGEA. See OPHIOPOGON.

FLU'GGEA. (Named in compliment to the German
botanist Herr John Flugge. Nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae.)

A stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in bottom-heat, and
not overwatered. Fibrous loam and plenty of sand.
F. Leucopy'rus (white-pear). Fruit white. E. Ind. 1825.
„ microca'rpa (small-fruited). August. Tropics Old
World. 1806.

FLY. See BLACK FLEA.

FLYWORT. Mya'nthus, a section or group of Cata-
setum,

FCENI'CULUM. Fennel. (The classical name for this
or some similar plant. Nat. ord. Umbelliferee.)

See FENNEL FOR CULTIVATION.
F. du'lce (sweet) and F. officina'le (shop). See F.

VULGARE.

„ piperi'tum (pepper). 6. Yellow. July. Italy. 1824.
,, vulga're (common). 2 to 4. Yellow. July to Sep-
tember. Britain.

FCETTDIA. (From fostidus, fetid ; referring to the
unpleasant smell of the leaves and wood. Nat. ord.
Myrtleblooms [Myrtacea?]. Linn. iz-Icosandria, %-Poly-
gyma. Allied to Gustavia.)

Cuttings of ripe wood, with the leaves remaining, in
sand, in spring, under a bell-glass, and in heat ; fibrous
loam and turfy peat, with silver sand. Summer temp.,
60° to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55°.

F. maurilia'na (Mauritius). 26. White. Mauritius.
1825.

FOGGING-OFF. The same as damping-off.

FOKDE'NIA. (From Fokien, a province of Eastern
China. Nat. ord. Coniferae.)

An evergreen tree, hardy in the more favoured parts

of Britain and Ireland. Seeds ; cuttings in a cold frame,

introduced to gentle heat after callusing. Ordinary soil.

F. Hodgi'nsii (Captain Hodgins'). 30 to 40 ; girth 3 ft.

Fokien, Eastern China. 1909.

FOLLICLE, a seed-vessel of one entire piece, and one-
celled, bursting lengthwise, and having the seeds on or
near its edges, on a receptacle parallel with it. Examples
are the seed-vessels of the Periwinkle and Paeony.

FONTANE'SIA. (In honour of the French botanist,
Des Fontaines. Nat. ord. Oliveworts [Oleacese]. Linn.
'z-Diandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Lilac.)

Grafted standard high on the Manna Ash (O'rnus) it
would make an interesting object on lawns. It resembles
the common Privet, but with rough bark. Layers and

cuttings under a hand-glass, in autumn, and by grafting

on the Privet. When grown to a single stem it has

a graceful appearance, owing to its slender, drooping

branches.

F. Fortu'nei (Fortune's). China. 1859.

„ phillyrceoi'des (Phillyraea-like). 12. Yellow. August.
Syria. 1787.

,, ,, longifo'lia, (long-leaved).

FORCING is compelling culinary vegetables to be
edible, flowers to bloom, and fruits to ripen at unnatural
seasons, being the very contrary of the object for which
our greenhouses and hothouses are constructed ; viz. to
secure a temperature in which their tenants will be in
perfection at their natural seasons. Under the heads of
HOTBEDS, and of each particular plant, will be found
directions for forcing, and it will be sufficient here to
coincide with Dr. Lindley in saying, that as forced flowers
are always less beautiful and less fragrant, and forced
vegetables and fruits less palatable and less nutritious
than those perfected at their natural periods, it is de-
sirable, at the very least, to devote as much effort and
expense to obtain superior produce at accustomed times,
as to the procuring it unseasonably. Rarity is good, but
excellence is best.

FORE-RIGHT SHOOTS are the shoots which are
emitted directly in front of branches trained against a
wall, and, consequently, cannot be trained in without
an acute bending, which is always in some degree in-
jurious.

FORE-SHORTENING. A method of pruning back
fruit-trees in summer, and of pruning forest-trees at any
time, by which the lower branches are shortened, without
removing them altogether.

FORESTEE'RA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Oleaceae.)

Hardy shrubs allied to the Privet. Grafting on the
Privet ; layers ; cuttings in autumn, under a cold frame
or hand-light. Ordinary garden soil.
F. acumina'ta (long- pointed). Greenish-white. Southern

United States.

,, neomexica'na (New Mexican). Flowers small. Berries
blue-black. N.W. Amer. 1898.

FORFICULA AURICULARIA. See EARWIO.
FORGET-ME-NOT. Myoso'tis palu'stris.

FORK. This instrument is preferable to the spade,
even for digging over open compartments, for the soil
can be reversed with it as easily as with the spade ; the
labour is diminished, and the pulverisation oi tfte soil
is more effectual. (See DIGGING.) For stirring the soil
in plantations, shrubberies, and fruit-borders, a two-
pronged fork is often employed; but that with three
prongs is quite as unobjectionable, and a multiplicity of
tools is an expensive folly. Dr. Yelloly's fork is certainly
a good working implement. Entire length, three feet
three and a half inches ; handle's length, two feet two
inches ; its diameter, one and a half inch ; width of
the entire prongs, seven inches at the top ; width at the
points, six inches ; prongs, thirteen and a half inches long,
and at the top seven-eighths of an inch square, tapering
to a point. The straps fixing the head to the handle
are eleven inches long, two inches wide, and half an inch
thick, feathering off ; weight of fork, eight pounds.

Leaf-fork. Mr. Toward, of Bagshot Park, describes a
very serviceable implement of this kind. He says : " One
person with this implement will take up with greater
facility more leaves than two persons could do with any
other tool. It is simply a large four-tined fork, made of
wood, shod with iron ; the tines are eighteen inches long,
and are morticed into a head about seventeen inches
long, and one and a half inch by two and a quarter inches
thick. The tines are one inch in width, and one and a
half inch in depth at the head, gradually tapering to a
point, with a curve or bend upwards. The wood of which
they are formed ought to be hard and tough ; either oak
or ash will do, but the Robi'nia Pseu' d-aca' cia is prefer-
able to either. The head should be made of ash, with a
handle of the same, and should be two feet four inches
long. Its recommendations are its size and lightness ;
the leaves, also, do not hang upon it as on a common
fork, the large size of the tines tearing them asunder."

FORMICA

359

FRAMES

FORMICA. See ANT.

FORRE'STIA. (Commemorative of P. Forrest, a
botanist of the seventeenth century. Nat. ord. Com-
melinaceae.)

Stove perennials with showy flowers. Cuttings of
shoots getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass or in a
propagating case, with gentle bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam with an equal part of leaf-mould and well-decayed
cow manure and sand.
F. Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 3. Purplish, in heads. E. Ind.

1864.
„ margina'ta (margined). 3. Purple, Java.

FORSY'THIA. (In honour of Mr. Forsyth, royal
gardener at Kensington. Nat. ord- Oliveworts [Oleaceae].
Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogyniz. Allied to Fontanesia.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs. Cuttings or layers; com-
mon, sandy loam.

F. europa'a (European). 3105. Yellow. Albania. 1903.
„ Foriu'nei (Fortune's). See F. SUSPENSA.
„ suspe'nsa (hanging-down). Yellow. China.
„ viridi'ssima (greenest). 10. Yellow. March. N.
China. 1845.

FORSYTE'S PLAISTER, for healing the wounds and
restoring to vigour decayed trees, was as follows : One
bushel of fresh cow-dung ; half a bushel of lime-rubbish
(that from ceilings of rooms is preferable), or powdered
chalk ; half a bushel of wood-ashes ; one-sixteenth of a
bushel of sand; the last three to be sifted fine. The
whole to be mixed and beaten together until they form a
fine plaister. There is nothing in this compound suffi-
ciently differing from others recommended by his con-
temporaries and predecessors to have entitled him to
call it his invention.

FORTUNES A. (Named in compliment to Mr. Fortune,
botanical collector in China. Nat. ord. Juglands
[Juglandacese]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, g-Polyandria.) See
PLATYCARYA.
F. chine' nsis (Chinese). See PLATYCARYA STROBILACEA.

FOTHERGILLA. (Named after Dr. FothergUl. Nat.
ord. Witch-Hazels [Hamamelidaceae]. Linn. i2-Icosan-
dria, z-Digynia.)

Hardy little shrubs, from North America ; their white,
sweet-scented flowers appearing before the leaves. Seeds,
which frequently ripen in this country, sown in spring,
in a peat border, or in pans, and transplanted ; layers
in March and August ; sandy, moist peat.
F. Garde'ni (Garden's). 4. May. 1765. Syn. F.

alnifolia.

„ „ acu ta (acute-leaved). 4. June. 1765.
„ ,, via' for (larger). 4. May. 1765.
„ „ obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). 4. June. 1765.
„ ,, sero'tina (late-flowering). 4. August. 1765.
„ monti'cola (mountain-dwelling), i to 2. White. N.
Amer. 1909. Seems identical with F. Gardeni
major.

FOUGEROU'XIA. See BALTIMORA.

FOUNTAINS, or, as they are sometimes called, Jets
d'eau, surprise by their novelty, and the surprise is pro-
portioned to the height to which they throw the water ;
but these perpendicular columns of water have no pre-
tence to beauty. The Emperor fountain at Chatsworth
is the most surprising in the world, for it tosses its waters
to a height of 267 feet, impelled by a fall from a reservoir
381 feet above the ajutage, or mouth of the pipe from
which it rushes into the air. The supply of water,
either naturally or artificially, is brought from a higher
level than the discharging pipe ; but the water will not
rise so high as the level from whence it came, which is
owing to the resistance of the air at the discharging
point, its own gravity, and the friction of the sides of
the pipe in which it is conveyed. Whatever be the form
in which the water is discharged, if it is designed to
throw it up in a perpendicular direction, the pipe must
be so narrowed where the water issues out as not to be
above one-fourth the diameter of the conducting pipe.

FOUQUIE'RIA. (Commemorative of Peter Edward
Fouquier, M.D., a French doctor. Nat. ord. Tamari-
caceae.)

Cool stove or intermediate house shrubs. Cuttings of

half-mature wood, in sand, in a close case. Fibrous loam

and peat, with sand.

F. columna'ris (columnar). Flowers small. Stem

pyramidal. Mexico. 1899.

,, formo'sa (beautiful). 6 to 10. Scarlet. Mexico.
,, spino'sa (spiny). 12. Scarlet. Mexico.
„ sple'ndens (splendid). 6-20. Scarlet. New Mexico ;
S.W. United States.

FOURCRO'YA. See FURCRJEA.
FOXBANE. Aconi'tum Lyco'ctonum.
FOXGLOVE. Digita'lis.

FRACTURES. If an immaterial branch is broken, it
is best to remove it entirely ; but it sometimes happens
that a stem or branch which cannot be replaced is thus
injured, in which case it is advisable to attempt a reduc-
tion of the fracture ; and if it be only partial, and the
stem or branch but small, the parts will again unite by-
being put back into thek natural position, and well
propped up. The cure may be expected not to succeed
if the fracture is accompanied with contusion, or if the
stem or branch is large ; and even where it succeeds,
the woody fibres do not contribute to the union ; but
the granular and herbaceous substance only which
exudes from between the wood and liber, insinuating
itself into all interstices, and finally becoming indurated
in the wood. Splints extending at least a foot above
and below the fracture should be bound very firmly all
round, and a plaister of grafting-clay to exclude wet be
placed over all, and every precaution adopted to prevent
the surfaces of the wound being moved by the force of'
the wind.

FRAGA'RIA. The Strawberry. (From fragrans, per-
fumed ; in reference to the flavour of the fruit. Nat.
ord. Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Hardy evergreens. Seeds, sown early in a slight hot-
bed, and planted out early, will in many cases produce
fruit in the autumn of the same season. Plants are
most easily obtained by detaching the runners. Deep
loam suits them. See STRAWBERRY.
F. bercherie'nsis (Berkshire). £. White. May. Berk-
shire.
„ bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). 2. Apetal. June.

Buenos Ayres.

„ bresli'ngea (Breslingian). See F. COLLINA.
,, califo'mica (Calif ornian). i. White. California.
„ calyci'na (large-ca.lyx.ed). i. White. April. France.
,, canadf'nsis (Canadian). See F. VIRGINIANA.
„ chtioe'nsis (Chili). |. White. May. S. Amer. 1727.
„ colli'na (hill. Green Pine). i. White. June.

Europe. 1768.

„ ela'tior (taller. Hautbois). ij. White. May. Britain.
„ grandiflo'ra (Pine. Great-flowered). i. White.

May. Surinam. 1759-

,, hagenbachia'na(H.agenbacbian). i. WTiite. S. Amer.
„ i'ndico, (yellow. Indian), i. Yellow. July. India.

1805.

„ Majau'fea (Majaufe de Champ). See F. COLLINA.
„ mexica'na (Mexican). See F. VESCA.
„ monophy'lla (one-leaved). See F. VESCA MONOPHYLLA.
„ nilgerre'nsis (Nilgherrian). India.
„ platanofdes (plane-like), i. Red. May. N. Amer.
„ roseiflo'ra (rose-flowered). Europe.
„ ve1 sea (edible. Common wild), i. White. May.

Britain.

„ „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered).
„ „ monophy'lla (one-leaved). £. White. May. 1773.
„ virginia'na (Scarlet. Virginia), i. White. April.
N. Amer. 1629.

FRAMES are structures employed either in forcing, or
in protecting plants, and are of various sizes.

According to the good practical rules of Abercrombie,
the one-light frame may be about four feet and a half in
width from back to front, and three feet six inches
the other way ; fifteen or eighteen inches high in the
back, and nine in front, with a glass sash or light, made
to fit the top completely, to slide up and down, and
move away occasionally.

The two-light frame may be seven feet long, four and a
half wide, and fifteen or eighteen inches high in the

FRAMES

36o

FRANCISIA

back, with bars reaching from it at top to the front,
serving both to strengthen the frame and help to support
the lights ; the two lights to be each three feet six inches
wide, made to fit the top of the frame exactly.

The three'light framt should be ten feet six inches long,
four and a half wide, and from eighteen inches to two
feet high in the back, and from nine to twelve or fifteen
inches in front — observing that those designed principally
for the culture of melons may be rather deeper than for
cucumbers, because they generally require a greater
depth of mould or earth on the beds ; though frames,
eighteen or twenty inches in the back, and from nine to
twelve in front, are often made to serve occasionally both
for cucumbers and melons. Each frame should have two
cross-bars ranging from the top of the back to that of
the front, at three feet six inches distance, to strengthen
the frame, and support the lights ; and the three lights
should be each three feet six inches wide ; the whole
together being made to fit the top of the frame exactly,
every way in length and width.

Sometimes the above sort of frames are made of larger
dimensions than before specified ; but in respect to this
it should be observed, that if larger they are very in-
convenient to move to different parts where they may
be occasionally wanted, and require more heat to warm
the internal air ; and in respect to depth particularly,
if they are but just deep enough to contain a due depth
of mould, and for the p lants to have moderate room to
grow, they will be better than if deeper, as the plants
will be then always near the glasses, which is an essential
consideration in early work, and the internal air will
be more effectually supported in a due temperature of
warmth ; for the deeper the frame, the less in proportion
will be the heat of the internal air, and the plants being
far from the glasses will be some disadvantage in their
early growth. Besides, a too deep frame, both in early
and late work, is apt to draw the plants up weakly ; for
they always naturally aspire towards the glasses, and the
more space there is, the more they will run up ; for which
reason the London kitchen-gardeners have many of
their frames not more than fourteen or fifteen inches
high behind, and seven in front, especially those which
are intended to winter the more tender young plants,
such as cauliflower and lettuce, and for raising early
small salads, herbs, radishes, &c.

The woodwork of the back, ends, and front should be
of inch or inch and a quarter deal, as before observed,
which should be all neatly planed even and smooth on
both sides ; and the joints, in framing them together,
should be so close that no wet or air can enter. The
cross-bars or bearers at top, for the support of the glasses,
should be about three inches broad and one thick, and
neatly dovetailed in at back and front even with both
edges, that the lights may shut down close, each having
a groove or channel along the middle to conduct off all
wet falling between the lights. At the end of each
frame, at top, should be a thin slip of board, four inches
broad, up to the outside of the lights, being necessary
to guard against cutting winds rushing in at that part
immediately upon the plants, when the lights are occa-
sionally tilted behind for the necessary admission of
fresh air, &c.

With respect to the lights, the woodwork of the frame
should be one inch and a half thick and two and a half
broad ; and the bars for the immediate support of the
glass-work should be about an inch broad, and not more
than an inch and a half thick ; for, if too broad and thick,
they would intercept the rays of the sun, so should be
only just sufficient to support the lights, and be ranged
from the back part to the front, nine or twelve inches
asunder.

All the woodwork, both of the frames and lights,
should be painted, to preserve them from decay. A lead
colour will be the most eligible ; and if done three times
over, outside and in, will preserve the wood exceedingly
from the injuries of weather, and from the moisture of
the earth and dung.

Mr. Knight has suggested an important improvement
in the form of frames. He observes, that the general
practice is to make the surface of the bed perfectly
horizontal, and to give an inclination to the glass. That
side of the frame which is to stand towards the north
is made nearly as deep again as its opposite ; so that if
the mould is placed of an equal depth (as it ought to be)
over the whole bed, the plants are too far from the

glass at one end of the frame, and too near at the other.
To remove this inconvenience, he points out the mode
of forming the bed on an inclined plane ; and the frame
formed with sides of equal depth, and so put together
as to continue perpendicular when on the bed, and face
the sun.

There are several minor points in the construction of
frames that deserve attention. The strips of lead or
wood that sustain the panes of glass should run across
the frame, and not lengthwise ; they then neither
obstruct so much the entrance of light, nor the passing
off of rain. The inside of the frame should be painted
white, since plants generally suffer in them for want of
light : if the accumulation of heat was required, the
colour should be black.

Raising the Frames. — It is a well-known difficulty that
the gardener has in raising the frames so as to keep the
foliage of the plants within them at a determined and
constant distance from the glass. To remedy this, Mr.
Nairn, gardener to J . Cresswell, Esq., of Battersea Priory,
introduced an ingenious contrivance, consisting of a
movable frame, and a brick-built pit, having a separate
inner lining, and a nine-inch outer wall. Between these
the sides of the frame pass, and are lowered or elevated
by racks and spindles.

A more simple plan might perhaps be adopted, by
having frames of the same length and breadth as the
original, but only from an inch to three inches, or up-
wards, deep. These, as necessary, might be put on the
top, and would be kept close by the pressure of the lights ;
bolts and nuts might also be easily applied, and the
interstices rendered still more impervious to air by being
faced with list.

Glass and Glazing. — See STOVE.

Shelter for the Glass. — In proportion to the number of
lights, matting for shading and sheltering must be at
hand. The usual mode of covering at night is by laving
on mats, and over these litter, in thickness according
to the severity of the season. Some gardeners lay hay
immediately in contact with the glass, and over this the
mats. Every person conversant with these modes of
shelter is aware of their inconvenience. In rainy weather
they soon become wet, and rapidly chill the beds ; added
to which, the trouble caused in placing and removing
them, and the danger to the glass from the stones laid
on as a resistance to the wind, are by no means incon-
siderable.

Mr. Seton, to obviate these inconveniences, employs
a particular covering, which he constructs of four laths,
two of such a length as to exceed a little that of the
frame, and the others hi a similar manner that of its
breadth. These are bound together at right angles, so
as to form a parallelogram of the form and size of the
frame ; and pieces are bound across this at a foot apart
from each other. Over this a mat is spread, and over
the mat a layer of straw is fastened, laid on level like
thatch, from three to six inches thick, as may appear
necessary. If the breadth of the frame is, or exceeds,
four feet, it is best to have the covering in two parts,
otherwise it becomes weak and unwieldy. These panels,
as they may be called, Mr. Seton also employs in pre-
serving tender plants through the winter. A pit of
frames, earthed up all round, and covered with one of
them, or two or three if needful, is completely impervious
to frost.

Substitutes for Glass. — Oiled paper was formerly em-
ployed ; but this has been superseded by linen dressed
with Whitney's or Tanner's compositions ; or the
gardener may employ the following preparation : Old
pale linseed-oil, three pints; sugar of lead (acetate of
lead), one ounce ; white resin, four ounces. Grind the
acetate with a little of the oil, then add the rest and the
resin. Incorporate thoroughly in a large iron pot over
a gentle fire ; and, with a large brush, apply hot to a
fine calico stretched loosely previously, by means of
tacks, upon the frame. On the following day it is fit
for use, and may be either done over a second time, or
tacked on tightly to remain.— Gardener's Chronicle.

The quantity made according to this redpe will be
sufficient for about 100 square feet of calico.

FRANCI'SCEA. We have referred the species to
Brunfelsia.

FRANCI'SIA. SeeDARwiNiA.

FRANCOA

FRAXINUS

FEANCO'A. (Named after F. Franco, a Spaniard.
Nat. ord. Francoads [Saxifragaceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria,
4-Tetragynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, natives of Chili, and
impatient of wet under cultivation. A few plants should
be kept in cold frames, to replace such as die off during
severe winters. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in spring ;
plants hardened off, and then transplanted ; dry, sandy
loam suits them best. In severe weather, they are worth
the labour of sticking a few evergreen boughs round
them.
F. appendicula'ta (appendaged). 2. Purple. July.

1830.

„ ramo'sa (branched). 2. White. July. 1831.
„ sonchifo'lia (sowthistle-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
1830.

FRANKE'NIA. Sea Heath. (Named after Frankenius,
a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord. Frankeniads [Frankeni-
aceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Small plants, found chiefly near the sea, more curious
than pretty, though useful for rock-works, or for a col-
lection of alpines. Seeds, cuttings, and dividing the
roots ; sandy loam, and a little peat.

HALF-HARDV EVERGREEN TRAILERS.
F. ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). J. Red. July. Canaries.

1816.
„ nodiflo'ra (knot-flowered). J. Flesh. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1818.

„ Pauciflo'ra (few-flowered), i. Pink. July. N.
Holland. 1824.

HARDY EVERGREEN TRAILERS.

F. corymbd sa (corymbose). See F. HIRSUTA.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). J. Light blue. July. Siberia. 1789.

„ interme dia (intermediate). J. White. July. S.
Europe. 1817.

„ Icz'vis (smooth). .J. Flesh. July. England.

„ mo'llis (soft). See CRESSA CRETICA.

„ No'thria (Nothria). J. Flesh. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1816.

„ pulverule'nta (powdery). J. Red. July. Mediter-
ranean regions. Annual.

Pi'nus Ta'da.

FRANSE'RIA. (Named after Antoine Franser, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord. Composite.)

A half-hardy biennial or perennial herb. Seeds.
Light, sandy soil.

F. artemisioi des (Artemisia-like). 5-6. Andes of Chili
and Peru. 1890.

FRA'SERA. (Named after John Fraser, botanical
collector in North America. Nat. ord. Gentianworts
[Gentianaceae], Linn. 4-Tetrandria, i-Motiogynia. Allied
to Chironia.)

Hardy biennial marsh-plants. Seeds in spring, and
transplanted ; also by division of the roots ; sandy peat,
with a little turfy loam.
F. Caroline nsis (Carolina). 4. Green, yellow. July.

Carolina. 1795.
„ specio'sa. (showy). Yellow. N. Amer.

FRAXINEXLA. Dicta'mnus.

FRAXINUS. The Ash. (Fraxinus is the Latin for
an ash-tree. Nat. ord. Oliveworts [Oleaceas]. Linn. 23-
Polygamia, 2-Dicecia.)

Hardy deciduous trees, with green flowers. Seeds
ripe in October, then to be collected, and stored in thin
layers in the ground, mixed with sandy soil, and turned
once or twice during the winter ; the seeds sifted from
the soil, and sown in March or April. Most of the species
may also be propagated by seeds, and the most distinct
of them ; as also the varieties by grafting. Dry, deep
loam makes them produce the best timber. The Weeping,
the Silver, and Golden-barked varieties of F. excelsior are
interesting.

* FRAXINASTER.

F. acumina'ta (pointed. Green}. See F. AMERICANA.
„ a'lba (white). See F. AMERICANA.
„ amari'ssima (bitterest). See F. EXCELSIOR AMARIS-

SIMA.

F. america'na (American-white). 40 May. N. Amer.

1723.
„ ,, fo'liis arge' nteo-margina' tis (white-edge-leaved).

1886.

„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20. May.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 30-40. Greenish-
yellow. S. Europe, Caucasus. 1815.
,, ano'mala (anomalous). Leaves mostly of one ovate

leaflet. Utah. 1896.
„ appe'ndica (appendaged). 20. May.
„ appendicula'ta (appendiculate). See F. EXCELSIOR.
„ arbutifo'lia (Arbutus-leaved). Leaves with rusty felt

beneath.

„ arge'ntea (silvery). 15. June. Corsica. 1835.
„ a' tro-vi' rens (dark green). See F. EXCELSIOR CRISPA.
„ berlandieria'na (Berlandienan). Southern Mexico.
„ carolinia'na (Carolina). 30. June. Southern United

States. 1783. " Swamp Ash," " Water Ash."
„ chine' nsis (Chinese). China.
„ cine'rea (grey). 30. May. N. Amer. 1824.
„ cu'rvidens (curve- toothed). See F. CAROLINIANA.
„ cuspida'ta (short-pointed). 30. Green. May.

Mexico. 1825.

,, dimo'rpha (two-formed). N. Africa.
„ etti'ptica (oval). See F. PENNSYLVANICA.
„ Elo'nza (Elonza). Origin unknown.
,, epi'ptera (wing-upon-wing). See F. AMERICANA.
,, exce'lsior (taller. Common Ash). 80. May. Britain.
,, ,, amari'ssima (bitterest). 20. May.
,, „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Leaves linear, very

narrow. Spain. 1815.

,, „ arge'ntea (silver-barked). 20. May. Britain.
,, ,, au'rea (golden-barked). 20. May. Britain.
„ „ au'reapefndula (yellow-pendulous). May. Britain.
„ „ cri'spa (curled). 4. May. Britain.
„ „ ero'sa (gnawed). 20. May. Britain.
„ ,, fo'liis arge'nteis (silvery-leaved).
„ „ fo'liis au'reis (golden-leaved). Leaves yellow,

tinted violet when young. 1878.
», „ fungo'sa (fungous). 26. May. Britain.
,, ,, heterophy'tta (various-leaved). Leaves mostly of

one leaflet.
„ „ heterophyila lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). Leaflet

deeply incised.
„ „ heterophyila pe'ndula (drooping). Various-leaved,

weeping.
„ „ heterophyila variega'ta (variegated). Ireland.

1836.

„ „ horizonta'lis (horizontal). 20. May. Britain.
,, ,, jaspi'dea (jasper-like, yellow-barked). 30. May.
,, „ Kincairnia (Kincairney). 40. May. Kincairney.
,, ,, leucoca'rpa (white-fruited). Fruits variegated or

wholly white. 1907.

,, ,, lu'tea (yeliovf-edged). 20. May. Britain.
,, „ monstro'sa (monstrous). June. Britain.
,, „ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). April. 1812.
„ „ na'na (dwarf). 10. May. Britain.
,, ,, pe'ndula (pendulous). 20. May. " Weeping

Ash."
„ „ pe'ndula Wentwo'rthi (Wentworth). " Wentworth

Weeping Ash."

„ „ scolopendrifo'lia (Scolopendrium-leayed).
,, „ stria'ta (streaked). 20. May. Britain.
„ „ verruco'sa (vrarted-barked). 60. May. England.
,, „ verruco'sa pe'ndula ( pendulous- warted). May.

England.

„ „ versi'cplor (many-coloured). May. Britain.
,, „ verticilla'ta (whorled). 20. May. Britain.
,, „ vi'rens (green). 20. May.
,, „ „ variega'ta (variegated). 20. April.
„ expa'nsa (expanded). See F. PENNSYLVANICA LANCEO-

LATA.

,, fu'sca (dark brown). 30. May. N. Amer. 1823.
,, gla'bra (glabrous). Leaves smooth.
„ heterophyila (various-leaved). See F. EXCELSIOR

HETEROPHYLLA.

,, „ variega'ta (variegated-/<ramf). See F. EXCELSIOR

HETEROPHYLLA VARIEGATA.

„ holo'tricha (all-hairy). Leaves, branches, and fruit

hairy. Country unknown. 1906.

,, juglandifo'lia (walnut-leaved). See F. AMERICANA.

,, ,, subintege'rrima (nearly-entire). 40. May.

,, lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). May. N. Amer.

,, la'ncea (lance-leaved). See F. PENNSYLVAXICA.

„ lentiscifo'lia (lentiscus-leaved). See F. PARVIFOLIA.

FREESIA

362

FRITILLARIA

F. leniiscifJ lia pe'ndula (pendulous). See F. PARVIFOLIA

PENDDLA.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See F. PENNSYLVANIA.
„ lu'cida (shining). See F. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
. , macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See F. AMERICANA.
mandshu'rica (Mandshurian). Mandshuria to Sachalm

and Japan.

„ mexica'na (Mexican). See F. CUSPIDATA.
„ mi'xta (mixed). See F. AMERICANA.
„ ni'gra (black-branched). 30. May. N. Amer. 1800.

"Black Ash."

,, „ cri'spa (curled). 30. May.
„ numi'dica (Numidian). N. Africa.
,, orego'na (Oregonian). Western United States.
,, ova'ta (egg-shaped). See F. PENNSYLVANICA.
,, oxyca'rpa (sharp-fruited). See F. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
,, » oxyphy'Ua (sharp-leaved). See F. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
,, pa'llida (pale). See F. CAROLINIANA.

panno'sa (cloth-leaved). 30. May. Carolina. 1820.
„ parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 20. May. Levant. 1822.
„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). 20. June. 1833.
„ pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). 30. May. N.

Amer. 1811. " Red Ash."

„ „ fo'liis arge'nteis margina'tis (silver-edged-leaved).
„ „ lanceola'ia (lance- leaved). 30. N. Amer. 1824.

" Green Ash."

„ platyca'rpa (broad-fruited). See F. CAROLINIANA.
„ platy'poda (flat-stalked). Hook. Icon. PI., t. 1929.
„ polemoniifo'lia (Greek- Valerian-leaved). See F. EX-
CELSIOR MYRTIFOLIA.

,, potamo'phila (river-loving). Turkestan.
„ pube'scens (downy). See F. PENNSYLVANICA.
„ pulverule'nta (powdery). 30. May. N. Amer. 1824.
„ quadrangula'ta (four-angled). 30. May. N. Amer.

1822. " Blue Ash."
,, ,, nervo'sa (nerved). 30. May.
„ Rege'lii (Regel's). Turkestan. 1889.
„ rhyncophy'lla (beak-leaved). Winter buds globose,

£ in. in diameter. China. 1893.
„ Richa'rdi (Richard's). 30. May. N. Amer.
„ ntbicu'nda (ruddy-veined). 30. May. N. Amer.

1824.

„ ru'fa (rusty). 30. May. N. Amer. 1822.
„ sambucifo'lia (elder- leaved). See F. NIGRA.
„ „ cri'spa (curled). 30. May.
„ sogdia'na (Sogdian). Leaflets 5, coarsely toothed.

Turkestan. 1887.

„ tamariscifo'lia (tamarisk-leaved). See F. PARVIFOLIA.
„ turkesta'nica (Turkestan). See F. SOGDIANA.
„ Velthei'tni (Veltheims). Leaflets 1-3, deeply cut

Garden origin.

„ veluti'na (velvety). Western United States.
„ vi'ridis (green). See F. PENNSYLVANICA LANCEOLATA.
„ xanthoxyloi'des (achee-tree-like). N. of India. 1845.

** ORNUS. FLOWERING OR MANNA ASH.

F. bractea'ia (large-bracted). Central China.

,, bungea'na (Bungean). 10. Northern China and
Japan. 1894.

„ ,, microphy'lla (small-leaved).

„ dipe'tala (two-petaled). California. " Fringe-
flowered Ash."

„ floribu'nda (free-flowering). 30. Himalaya. 1822.

„ longicu'spis (long-toothed). Japan. 1869.

„ Marie' sii (Maries'). Flowers small, white. China.
1883.

,, O'rnus (Ornus). 20. Greenish-white. May. Medi-
terranean region. Orient. 1730. "Manna Ash."

„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved).

„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved).

„ ,, variega'ta (variegated).

„ raiboca'rpa (crooked-fruited). Fruit sickle-shaped.
Turkestan. 1892.

,, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 16. May. S. Europe.
1697.

„ sieboldia'na (Sieboldian). Japan.

„ spatiiia'na (Spaethian). Leaves large, pinnate, bright
green. 1907.

„ striga'ta. (rigid-haired). 30. April. Orient. 1818.

FREE'SIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Iridacea?.)

Beautiful and highly popular greenhouse bulbs. Seeds
and offsets. Fibrous loam with one-fourth part leaf-

mould and a little cow-dung, dried and rubbed up finely.

May be grown in pots or planted out.

F. Armstro'ngif (Armstrong's). i£. White and rich

rose. Cape Colony. 1898.
,, refra'cta (bent-back). Yellow, orange, white. S.

Africa. 1815.

„ ,, a'lba (white). Pure white. S. Africa. 1881.
„ „ Chapma'nii (Chapman's). i. Soft yellow.

(F. refractaxrefraeta alba.) 1906.
„ „ Leichtli'nii (Leichtlin's). ij. Yellow and white,

with orange blotch. S. Africa. 1875.
„ „ Leichtli'nii ma'jor (larger). Cream, orange. 1882.
,, ,, odora'ta (scented). White, yellow. S. Africa.

1880.
,, ,, xanthospi'la (yellow-blotched). Throat with an

orange blotch.

FREE-STONE peaches and nectarines are those with
fruit, the flesh of which parts freely from the stone.

FREEZING. See FROST.

FREMO'NTIA. (Named in compliment to Colonel
Fremont of America. Nat. ord. Sterculiaceas.)

A nearly hardy, deciduous shrub, that requires a
greenhouse in cold districts. Cuttings in spring or
autumn, covered with a hand-light in a cool greenhouse.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

F. califo'rnica (Californian). 4-6. Yellow. April.
California. 1851.

FRENCH BEAN. See KIDNEY BEAN.
FRENCH MARIGOLD. Tage'tes pa tula.
FRENE'LA. See CALLITRIS.

FREYCINE'TIA. (In commemoration of Admiral
Freycinet, a French navigator. Nat. ord. Pandanaceae.)
Greenhouse and stove evergreen climbers. Offsets or
short, lateral branches. Light loam, with a little peat.
F. angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). Malaya.
„ Ba'nksii (Banks's). Green. New Zealand.
,, baueria'na (Bauerian). Pink. Norfolk Island.
,, cumingia'na (Cumingian). Leaves short, spreading,

not arching.
,, insi'gnis (remarkable). Java and Andamans.

FREZIE'RA. (Named after A. F. Frezier, a French
traveller in South America. Nat. ord. Theads [Tern-
stromiaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots
getting firm in April and May, in sand, under a bell-glass.
Sandy, fibrous loam and sandy, turfy peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
F. seri'cea (silky). 4. White. Ecuador. 1823.
,, theoi'des (Thea-like). See CLEYERA THEOIDES.

FREDERI'CIA. (Named after Frederick III., King of
Bavaria. Nat. ord. Bignoniaceae.)

Stove climbing shrub. Cuttings of short, half-matured
side-shoots, in sand, in a propagating case. Fibrous loam
and peat.
F. Guilie'lma (William). Yellow. Brazil.

FRIE'SIA. (Named after Dr. Fries, of Lund. Nat.
ord. Lindenblooms [Tiliaceae]. n-Dodecandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Eheocarpus.)

F. peduncula'ris (peduncled). See ARISTOTELIA PEDUN-
CULARIS.

FRINGE-TREE. Chiona'nthus.

FRITILLA'RIA. Fritillary. (From fritittus, a chess-
board ; referring to the chequered flowers of some species.
Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Hardy bulbs, in close
affinity with the true Lilies. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-
Monogynia.)
F. acmope'tala (pointed-petaled). 2. Green, purple.

May. Asia Minor. 1875.
,, a'lba (white. American), i. White. May. N.

Amer.
,, arme'na (Armenian). J. Flower solitary, lurid

purple, not chequered. Armenia. 1878.
,, ,, fu' sco-lii'' tea (fuscous- yellow). Copper-brown, in-
side yellow. Smyrna. 1887.

FRITILLARIA

363

FRITILLARY

F. askabade'nsis (Askabad). 2-3. Pale yellow-green.

Central Asia. 1902.
„ atropurpu'rea (dark purple). 1-2. Dark purple.

N.W.Amer.
„ au'rea (golden), $. Yellow, chequered black. Asia

Minor. 1876.
„ Bornmue'Ueri (Bornmueller's). £. Golden-yellow,

richly chequered black. 1896.
„ bucha'rica (Bucharan). i. Greenish-white. April.

Bokhara. 1884.

„ Bunte'ti (Burnet's). See F. DELPHINENSIS BURNETI.
„ camschatce'nsis (Kamtschatkan). i-i±. Purple-
maroon. N. Asia.
„ canalicula'ta. (channelled). Purplish. Kurdistan.

1890.
,, cirrho'sa (tendrilled). ij. Solitary, claret, chequered

green. Himalaya.
„ citri'na (lemon). Greenish-yellow, inside clear yellow.

Asia Minor. 1893.
„ co'nica (conical). Claret, greenish- yellow within.

Greece.
„ conio'ria (twisted). Petals united, nodding, white.

1886.
,, crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). i. Brownish-purple,

slightly chequered. Armenia.
,, cu'prca (copper-coloured). ij. Copper. July.

Mexico. 1834.
„ dasyphy'Ua (thick-leaved). $. Purple, pale yellow.

Lycia. 1875.
„ delp'hinc'nsis (Delphinan). $-1. Vinous purple,

spotted yellow. S. Europe.
„ ,, Burne'ti (Burnet's). Livid, brownish-claret,

chequered with white. S. Europe. 1879.
„ „ Moggri'dgei (Moggridge's). Yellow, chequered

with brown inside. S. Europe. 1880.
„ Ehrhi'rtii (Ehrhart's). J. Dark dull purple, tipped

yellow. Grecian Archipelago.
„ Elwe'sii (Elwes's). Green, with 6 brown blotches

outside. Lycia.

„ csculefnta (esculent). See F. LANCEOLATA.
„ gibbo'sa (bulged-out). Flowers 4-12, lilac, with purple

veins. Persia ; Afghanistan. 1854.
„ grcdca (Grecian). Lurid-purple, not chequered.

Greece.
„ hericau'lis (spring-stem), $. Dark purple, not

chequered. Asia Minor. 1889.
„ Hooke'ri (Hooker's). See LILJUM HOOKERI.
,, imperia'lis (crown-imperial). 4. Dark yellow. April.

Persia. 1596.
„ „ chitrale'nsis (Chitral). Rich yellow. Chitral.

1910.
„ „ fla'va (yellow-flowered). 4. Yellow. April.

Persia- 1596.

„ „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered). Orange-red.
„ „ inodo'ra (scentless). Yellow. Bokhara. 1886.
„ „ inodo'ra purpu'rea (purple-scentless). Dark

crimson. Bokhara. 1886.
„ „ ru'bra (Ted-flowered). 4. Red. April. Persia.

1596.

„ „ sca'ndms (climbing). See F. VERTICILLATA.
„ invclucra'ta (involucrated). ij. Yellow-green,

chequered brown-purple. Italy.
„ Kareli'ni (Karelin's). See F. GIBBOSA.
„ kotschya'na (Kotschy's). |. April. Asia Minor.

1844.

,, „ affi'nis (allied). See F. NOBILIS.
,, lanceola'ta (spezi-head-leaved). J. Dark purple.

May. N.W. Amer. 1759.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved), i. Red. May. Caucasus.

1604.

,, leuca'ntha (white-flowered). See F. VERTICILLATA.
,, libano'tica (Lebanon). 1-3. Pale purple, lined green

or purple within. Syria.
,, lilia'cea (Lily-like). |-ij. Whitish, with green veins.

California.
,, lusita'nica (Portuguese), i. Brown, purple. June.

Portugal. 1825.
,, I H' tea (yellow- flowered), i. Yellow. May. Caucasus.

1812.

„ ly'cia (Lycian). See F. ACMOPETALA.
,, macra'ndra (large-anthered). See F. EHRHARTI.
,, macroph/tta (long-leaved). See LILIUM ROSEUM.
„ Melea'gris (Guinea-fowl-like), i. Purple. May.

Britain.
„ „ a'lba (white). White. England.

F. melezgroi'des (Meleagris-like). i. Purple. May.

Siberia. 1824.
„ messane'nsis (Messina), i. Brown, purple. June.

Italy. 1825.

,, mi' nor (smaller). See F. MELEAGROIDES.
„ Moggri'dgei (Moggridge's). See F. DELPHINENSIS

MOGGRIDGEI.

„ nervo'sa (nerved-leaved). See F. PYRENAICA.

,, ni'gra (black). See F. PYRENAICA.

,, no'bilis (noble). Dark crimson outside, paler within,

with yellow markings. Armenia. 1895.
,, obli'qua (twisted-leaved). i. Brown, purple. April.

Greece.
„ Olive' ri (Oliver's). 1-2. Pale green, suffused purple

within. Persia. 1874.
„ oly'mpica (Olympian). See F. PONTICA.
„ orane'nsis (Oranian). Brownish claret, pale green

within. Algeria. 1874.
,, orsinia'na (Orsinian). See F. TENELLA.
„ oxype'tala (sharp-petaled). ij. Purple. June.

Himalaya.
,, pallidiflo'ra (pale-flowered). Pale greenish-yellow,

dotted purple within. Siberia. 1883.

Flo
greenish-yellow. California.

.
,, parvifto'ra (small-flowered), i-ij. Flowers 2-20,

,, pe'rsica (Persian), ij. Brown. May. Persia. 1596.
„ „ mi'nima (least. Persian). \. Brown. May.

Persia. 1596.
,, planiflo'ra (flat-flowered). iJ-2. Green, spotted

purple on both sides. Origin uncertain.
,, pluriflo'ra (many-flowered). i. Reddish-purple,

nodding. California. 1897.
,, po'ntica (Pontic). Claret purple, suffused greenish-

yellow. Asia Minor.

„ pra'cpx (eaxly-white). i. \Vhite. May. Europe.
,, pttdico. (chaste), i. Purple, yellow. May. N. Amer.

1824.
,, pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). i^. Dark purple. June.

Pyrenees. 1596.
„ racemo'sa (racemed) of Smith. Caucasus. (B. M.,

t. 952.)

„ racemo'sa (racemed) of Kunth. See F. PYRENAICA.
„ racemo'sa. mi'nor (smaller) of Ker-Gawl. See F.

TENELLA.

„ raddea'na (Raddean). Greenish-yellow. Central

Asia. 1887.
,, recu'rva (recurved). J-2. Bright scarlet, yellow

within, spotted scarlet. California. 1870.
,, ruthf'nica (Russian), i. Purple. May. Caucasus.

1826.
„ Sewerzo'wi (Sewerzow's). Yellow-green and purple.

Turkestan. 1873.
,, „ bi'color (two-coloured). Light olive-green, with

brown V-shaped mark on each segment. Alatau

Mountains. 1873.

,, sibthorpia'na (Sibthorpian). £. Yellow. Greece.
,, siehea'na (Siehean). ij. Green, striped red. Asia

Minor. 1897.

„ tene'Ua (slender), i. Purple. May. Europe. 1826.
„ thomsonia'na (Thomsonian). See LILIUM ROSEUM.
,, Tkunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). See F. VERTICILLATA.
,, tri'stis (sad). J-i. Funnel-shaped, livid purple on

both sides. Greece.

,, tubcefo'rmis (tube-formed). See F. DELPHINENSIS.
,, tulipifo'lia (tulip-leaved), i. Brown, purple. May.

Caucasus. 1822.
,, tunta'sia (small-cupped). 1-2. Dark maroon.

Country unknown. 1902.
„ vcrticilla'ta (whorled). i. Purple. April. Siberia.

1823.
„ Waluje'wi (Walujew's). i. Lead-coloured, inside

purple-brown, spotted white. Turkestan. 1897.
„ Whitta'llii (WhittaU's). Similar to F. Meleagris, but

nectaries orbicular. Asia Minor. 1893.
„ Wolue'wi (Walujew's). See F. WALUJEWI.
,, za'grica (Zagrican). Lurid purple, not chequered.

Persia. 1893.

FRITILLARY AS A FLORIST'S FLOWER.— Propaga-
tion: by Offsets. — The offsets are produced round the
old bulbs ; these should be detached every third year
when the bulbs are taken up, and be planted in a bed of
light, rich earth, each variety by itself, where they may
remain till they are large enough to flower. Then take
them up, and plant them in October, either in si-inch

FROG

364

FRUIT-ROOM

pots, three or four bulbs in a pot, or plant them in patches
near the front of the mixed flower-border. The above
remarks apply only to the smaller kinds of Fritilla'ria.
The noble F. imperia'lis, when the bulbs attain a certain
size, produces two flower-stems, and each stem perfects
a bulb. They may then be taken up, divided, and re-
planted. This species, on account of flowering early,
may be planted when divided into beds in the grouped
flower-garden, which they will highly ornament, and will
die down early enough to be succeeded by summer
flowers. This species is too large for pots.

Soil. — The Crown Imperial, with its varieties, should
be planted in a deep, rich soil, well drained. If the soil
is not rich, it must be made so by the addition of a good
dressing of well-decomposed manure. The stems send
out, just above the bulbs, a large number of young
strong roots. The plants will be benefited in that stage
by a top-dressing of very decayed dung placed close
to the stems.

If the smaller species be cultivated in pots, the proper
soil for them will be a compost of turfy loam, peat, and
vegetable mould, in equal parts.

Growing Season. — All the smaller kinds of the Fritillary
will flower beautifully in pots. Pot them in October in
5|-inch pots, four bulbs in each, in a light, rich compost.
Plunge the pots in coal-ashes in a bed, and protect them
through the winter with hoops and mats. There they
may remain till they flower, and then be removed into
the greenhouse. When intended to bloom in the open
ground, plant them in patches in the mixed flower-
border.

Resting Season. — As soon as the blooming season is
over and the leaves decayed, take the bulbs up, and keep
them in a cool, rather moist place, till the season for
planting arrives again.

FROG ORCHIS. Habena'ria vi'ridis.

FROST. If a plant be frozen (and though some defy
the attacks of frost, others are very liable to its fatal
influence), death is brought upon them as it is in the
animal frame, by a complete breaking down of their
tissue ; their vessels are ruptured, and putrefaction
follows.

The following contingencies render a plant especially
liable to be frozen : —

First. — Moisture renders a plant susceptible of cold.
Every gardener knows this. If the air of his greenhouse
be dry, the plants within may be submitted to a tem-
perature of 32° without injury, provided the return to a
higher temperature be gradual.

Secondly. — Gradual decrements of temperature are
scarcely felt. A myrtle may be forced and subsequently
passed to the conservatory, to the cold-pit, and even
thence to an open border, if in the south of England,
without enduring any injury from the cold of winter ;
but it would be killed if passed at once from the hot-
house to the border.

Thirdly. — The more saline are the juices of a plant, the
less liable are they to congelation by frost. Salt pre-
serves vegetables from injury by sudden transitions in
the temperature of the atmosphere. That salted soil
freezes with more reluctance than before the salt is
applied, is well known, and that crops of turnips, cabbages,
cauliflowers, &c., are similarly preserved, is equally well
established.

Fourthly. — Absence of motion enables plants to endure
a lower degree of temperature. Water may be cooled
down to below 32° without freezing ; but it solidifies
the moment it is agitated.

The seeds of some plants are benefited by being
frozen, for those of the rose and the hawthorn never
germinate so freely as after being subjected to the
winter frosts.

Freezing is beneficial to soils, not only by destroying
vermin within its bosom, but by aiding the atmosphere
to pervade its texture, which texture is also rendered
much more friable by the frost. A soil in our climate is
rarely frozen to a depth of more than four inches, and
in extremely hard winters it does not penetrate more
than six inches in light soils, and ten inches in those
that contain more clay, or an excess of moisture.

If a plant be frozen, dip it into the coldest water, or
syringe it, and put it into a dark, cold cellar, so that it
may thaw gradually.

FROST, DEGREES OF. When a gardener uses this
phrase, he means degrees of cold below 32° Fahrenheit,
the freezing-point of water.

FROTH-FLY. See TETTIGONIA.

FRUIT-ROOM. Fruit for storing should be gathered
before it is quite mature ; for the ripening process, the
formation of sugar, with its attendant exhalation of
carbonic acid and water, goes on as well in the fruit-room
as in the open air at the season when the functions of the
leaves have ceased, and the fruit no longer enlarges. In
gathering fruit, every care should, be adopted to avoid
bruising ; and, to this end, in the case of apples, pears,
quinces, and medlars, let the gathering basket be lined
throughout with sacking, and let the contents of each
basket be carried at once to a floor covered with sand,
and taken out one by one, not poured out, as is too
usual, into a basket, and then again from this into a
heap ; for this systematic mode of inflicting small bruises
is sure to usher in decay, inasmuch as that it bursts
the divisional membranes of the cells containing the
juice, and this being extravasated, speedily passes, from
the stage of spirituous fermentation to that of putre-
faction. To avoid this is the principal object of fruit
storing, whilst, at the same time, it is necessary that the
fruit shall be kept firm and juicy. Now it so happens
that the means required to secure the one also effects
the other.

The following, we think, will be found safe principles
to guide the inexperienced : —

Site. — A somewhat low level, with a sub-soil, perfectly
dry, or rendered so. We have said low, because we feel
assured that by keeping the floor, if possible, even a
little below the ground level, less fluctuation of tempera-
ture will be experienced. Sooner, however, than be
liable to much damp, we would go as much above the
level as is necessary in order to avoid it. Concrete
should be used for the flooring, and a portion of the
foundation walls done in cement, to prevent the trans-
mission of damp upwards by capillary attraction. The
rats and mice are great annoyances ; the cement and
concrete would keep them at arm's-length. A preventive
drainage may be applied also round the exterior if the
locality be damp.

Aspect. — An easterly or northerly one ; any point but
south or south-west.

Frost. — The house to be rendered perfectly secure
against this. We would never have the general store-
room sink below forty or rise above fifty degrees. To
create an artificial warmth, and merely to keep out the
cold, or rather, to procure, as much as possible, the
amount of warmth which the interior possesses, are two
very different affairs. The preservation of the natural
interior warmth in winter is best effected by double
walls, possessing a cavity of some three inches in width ;
and if the walls are of wood, the space between them
should be filled with sawdust. The sides and roof should
be heavily thatched with reeds. The power of what are
termed hollow walls, as non-conductors of heat, is well
known. Neither can exterior damps be readily trans-
mitted ; and, moreover, such are cooler in summer ; for
the sluggish agency of such walls in transmitting heat is
as much in keeping put summer heats as the colds of
winter. If the roof is an exterior one it should either
be double, or other means taken to keep out the summer
heat.

Air. — The power of thorough ventilation when neces-
sary, and equally the power of rendering it almost
hermetically sealed is necessary. Of course, a very
liberal ventilation is needed when much fruit is housed
in the autumn. There should, therefore, be a special
provision for both the egress of moisture, and for the
ingress of fresh and dry air. The higher the level at
which the latter enters, the brisker will, in general, be
the circulation.

Light. — Windows to admit light, of course, for the sake
of operations in the room ; generally speaking, however,
a fruit-room cannot be kept too dark. Most good prac-
titioners agree in the necessity of excluding light as much
as possible. Scientific men say that the surface skin of
fruits perspires exactly as the surface of leaves, and that
light is a prune agent in inducing such perspiration :
hence, heat and light are conjoint causes of shrivelling.
The windows or other apertures, therefore, must be pro-

FUCHSIA

305

FUCHSIA

vided with close-fitting shutters, and these should be
double, even as the walls. During severe weather, mats
enclosing hay may be fastened over the exterior.

As to artificial heat, we think every good general fruit
store-room should open into a small closet, which should
be so fitted up as to produce an artificial warmth when
necessary. If adjoining a mushroom-house on the one
side, or any place where a surplus of heat was available,
such would be readily accomplished without extra ex-
pense in fuel. Some persons have advocated the placing
piping to convey heat inside the cavity of the exterior
walls : this sounds somewhat philosophical, inasmuch as
in such a situation, with a slight amount of controllable
ventilation, the non-cbnducting cavities might be kept
dry and warm. The situation of pipes or other apparatus,
however, should depend on the arrangement made for
the fruit; the heating source, pipes, &c., being as far
removed from them as possible, and certainly not imme-
diately beneath them. Such a little closet might possess
merely a stand for drawers down the centre ; which
stand should be an exact counterpart of a stand in the
centre of the general store-room ; and the best pears, or
other tender fruits, being placed in parcels in the general
store, might be removed in portions to this ripening room,
a whole drawer at once, without moving the fruit.

FU'CHSIA. (Named after Leonard Fucks, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Onagrads [Onagraceae]. Linn.
S-Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy, half-hardy and greenhouse shrubs of easy
culture and great ornamental value. For cultivation,
see below.

F. acynifo'lia (acute-leaved). See F. PARVIFLORA.
„ aipe'stris (mountain). 20. Crimson. August. Brazil.

1841.

„ amae'na (lovely). See F. ARBORESCENS.
„ amplia'ta (enlarged). 4-5. Scarlet. June. Colombia.

1877.
„ ape tola (no-petaled). 10. Purple. September.

Chili. 1824.
„ arbore'scens (tree-like). 16. Pink. October. Mexico.

1824.
„ bacilla'ris (rod-branched). 5. Rose. July. Mexico.

1829.
„ bolivia'na (Bolivian). 2-4. Deep scarlet. Bolivia.

1876.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet). 6. Scarlet, purple. August.

Chili. 1788.

„ cocci'nea, (scarlet) of Curtis. See F. MACROSTEMMA.
„ co'nica (conical). See F. MACROSTEMMA CONICA.
„ coralli'na (coral-red). See F. MACROSTEMMA

CORALLINA.

„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 5. Orange. August.

Mexico. 1840.
„ corymbiflo'ra (cluster-flowered). 6. Scarlet. August.

Peru. 1840.

„ „ a'lba (white). White.
„ Cottingha'mi (Cottingham's). Gardens.
„ cylindra'cea (cylindrical-flowered). See F. PARVIFLORA.
„ decussa'ta (decussate). 3. Scarlet, purple. Peru.
„ denticula'ta (toothed). Crimson. August. Peru.
, depe'ndens (pendent-flowered). 4. Crimson. June.

Colombia. 1848.

„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See F. MACROSTEMMA DIS-
COLOR.

,, e'legans (elegant). See F. MACROSTEMMA GLOBOSA.
„ Euclia'ndra (Eucliandra). 2. Rose. July. Mexico.

1842.
„ excortica'ta (barked). 3. Green, purple. July. New

Zealand. 1824.
„ fu'lgens (glowing). 4. Vermilion. July. Mexico.

1830.

„ globo'sa (globose). See F. MACROSTEMMA GLOBOSA.
,, gra'cilis (slender). See F. MACROSTEMMA GRACILIS.
„ „ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See F. MACROSTEMMA

GRACILIS MULTIFLORA.

,, Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). Colombia.

„ integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). Red. June. Brazil.
1841.

„ Ki'rkii (Kirk's). New Zealand.

„ macra'ntha (large-flowered). 2. Red. April. Colom-
bia. 1845.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved).

., macroste'mma (long-stamened). 3. Scarlet, purple.
July. Chili. 1823.

F. macroste'mma co'nica (conical). 4. Scarlet. Purple.

August. Chili. 1825.
„ „ coralli'na (coral-red). 2. Crimson-red. August.

1883.
„ „ di scolor (two-coloured). 3. Purple, red. August.

Port Famine. 1830.

„ „ globo'sa (globose). 2-3. Scarlet, purple. Mexico.
„ „ gra'cilis (slender). 5-6. Scarlet, purple. August.

Chili. 1823.
„ „ gra'cilis multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 6. Scarlet.

Purple. Chili. 1824.

„ „ pu'mila (dwarf). i$. Scarlet, purple.
„ „ Riccarto'ni (Riccarton). 3-10. Scarlet, purple.

July to September. 1871.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). 3-6. Scarlet, purple.

Leaves edged with white.

„ magella'nica (Magellan). See F. MACROSTEMMA.
„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). 6. Scarlet, purple.

August. Mexico. 1828.
„ minia'ta (vermilion). Red. August Colombia.

1852.

„ ni'gricans (dark). Dark crimson. Venezuela. 1848.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). See F. ARBORESCENS.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Rose, splashed with

white. Mexico.
„ procu'mbens (procumbent). Yellow-green; berries

large, red. New Zealand. 1874. Trailer.
„ pulche'Ua (pretty). Gardens.
„ radi'cans (rooting). See F. INTEGRIFOLIA.
„ recurva'ta (recurved). See F. MACROSTEMMA.
„ Riccarto'ni (Riccarton). See F. MACROSTEMMA

RICCARTONI.

,, ro'sea (rosy). Rose. Chili.
,, serratifo'lia (saw-edge-leaved). 5. Scarlet, green.

August. Peru. 1844.

„ sessilifo'lia (sessile-leaved). Green, crimson. Colom-
bia. 1866.
„ simplicicau'lis (simple-stemmed). Crimson. July.

Peru.
„ specta'bilis (showy). 4. Scarlet August. Andes of

Cuenca. 1847.
„ sple'ndens (splendid). 6. Scarlet, green. August.

Mexico. 1841.

„ syringizflo'ra (Lilac-flowered). See F. ARBORESCENS.
„ tene'lla (delicate). See F. MACROSTEMMA.
,, tetrada' ctyla (four-fingered-sfc'g-ma). See F. EUCLI-
ANDRA.
„ thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 2-6. Rose to red.

Mexico.

„ triphy'tta (three-leaved). 1-2. Bright scarlet Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1842.
„ venu'sta (beautiful). 6. Purple. October. Colombia.

1825.
„ virga'ta (twiggy). 4. Scarlet, purple. August.

Mexico. 1825.

FUCHSIA CULTURE.— Propagation : by Cuttings.—
The best time for this is in February and March. The
plants require a little heat to stimulate them into growth.
The best kinds of cuttings are the young shoots taken off
close to the old wood as soon as they are an inch long.
Fill a sufficient number of 5-inch pots with a compost of
loam and leaf-mould, in equal parts, to within an inch
of the top ; fill the remaining space up with silver sand ;
water it gently to make it firm, then put in the cuttings
after trimming off the lower leaves, give another gentle
watering, and place them in a mild hotbed, or in a
propagating house. If in the latter, place hand-glasses
over them. The cuttings will soon strike root, and should
then be potted off into the smallest pots ; shade them
from the sun for a time, and then repot them in pots
two sizes larger.

By Seed. — They are as easily raised from seeds as by
cuttings. The object of raising them in this way is not
so much to increase the plants as to raise improved
varieties. There are two divisions, in regard to colour,
that should be aimed at — light and dark varieties, and
the colours in each ought to be well defined. The light
ones should have the sepals pure white, and the corolla
rich purple. Size is also a necessary quality, and a
good form is also indispensable. The sepals should be
stout and broad and well reflexed ; that is, turned up-
wards, to show off the corolla to the greatest advantage.
The corolla should be large, and protrude boldly out
from the sepals. It should be round and cup-shaped.

FUCHSIA

366

FUGOSIA

The flower-stalk should be not less than three inches
long, which will allow the flower to hang down grace-
fully. The flowers should be produced abundantly, and
the foliage not too large or coarse. The same points
should appear in the dark varieties, except the colour
of the sepals, which should be of the brightest scarlet or
crimson. Though a fine self-coloured flower, with every
good point, is not to be despised, yet a purple corolla,
with the scarlet or dark crimson tube, all other points
being present, is the perfection of a good dark Fuchsia.

Saving the Seed. — Any variety possessing one or more
of the above qualities (form being indispensable) is one
to save seed from. Supposing a fine-shaped flower,
with a tolerably pure white tube, but deficient in a good
corolla of the right form and colour ; then take the
pollen of a variety that has a good corolla, and apply it
to the stigma of the one with a good tube and sepals,
and save the seed. The same principle must be followed
to improve the dark varieties. When the seed is ripe,
gather the berries, crush them with the fingers, and wash
away all the pulp ; then spread the seed on a sheet of
paper, and expose it to the sun till it is dry. Then put
it up in brown paper, and store it away till March ;
sow it then in shallow pots, potting off the plants as
soon as they can be handled, and grow them on till
they flower. Seedlings will flower in 4-inch pots, so
that a great number of them may be grown in a small
space. As soon as they flower, choose such as have
good points ; and give them a good shift into larger pots.

Summer Culture. — Pot the old plants early in the spring.
Commence by shaking off the greater part of the old
soil, reducing the roots and trimming in the branches, so
as to leave them in a pyramidal form ; pot in the proper
soil, and place them in a heat of 55° by day, and 50° by
night. Water moderately, and syringe overhead fre-
quently. When the plants are freely growing, give weak
liquid-manure every other time. Young plants should
have a good shift from 5-inch to 8-inch pots. The tops
should be nipped off, to force out the lower branches, the
great object being the pyramidal form. One of the
upper shoots should be removed as soon as the lower
ones have pushed a few inches, and the other tied to a
stick, to be again stopped when it has advanced about
a foot. Proceed in this way with both old and new
plants, till the desired height is attained. The side-
shoots, if not sufficiently numerous, should be stopped
also, to cause the right number of side branches to be
produced. The potting should finish in i2-inch pots,
which are sufficiently large to make fine plants fit for
the exhibition tables.

Winter Culture. — As soon as the bloom is over set the
young plants out of doors in some open place in the
garden. The older plants may either be thrown away,
or be planted out in the borders, it not being worth while
to keep them the third year. When the frost begins to
appear take the plants under cover, either under the
stage of the greenhouse, or in a back shed, or even a
cellar, where the severe frost cannot reach them ; here
they may remain without water till the potting time
comes round again.

Soil. — Mellow, strong, yellow loam one-half, well-
decomposed hotbed manure one-quarter, and one year
old decayed tree leaves one- quarter, all thoroughly
mixed, will form a suitable compost.

Insects. — The green fly and red spider are very apt to
find their way to the young shoots. See APHIS and
ACARUS.

Open Border Culture. — The whole of those having the
habit of the old cocci'nea, virga'ta, co'nica, gra'cilis,
globo'sa, &c., are well fitted for flower-garden purposes ;
requiring no attention but cutting them down after the
first frost, and covering the stools with moss, coal-ashes,
or other litter, to exclude the frost, removing it in April,'
and thinning the shoots in May. When it is desirable
to keep such kinds as macrostemma as dwarf as globo'sa,
raising the plants out of the ground in May, and shaking
the soil from them before transplanting them, will be
effectual. This, also, furnishes a good means for in-
creasing the stock. Good stout cuttings of the stems,
planted at the end of October, in the open ground, will
furnish nice little plants in spring, if the ground is
covered with moss or litter ; for though what is above
ground will be killed, what is below the moss will be
safe. Those like fu'lgens in their habit must be kept
dry if left out ; it is better to take them up, and house

them in a shed where frost will not reach them. Standards
of any kinds for the lawn may be thus inserted in dry
earth in a shed, and transplanted again in April or May.
Most of the hybrids will stand the winter in the open
garden, and push strongly in the spring, if, in addition
to being kept from frost, they are also kept dry. Though
thus able to endure cold, they will, also, stand a high
temperature and a moist atmosphere when growing, and,
in these circumstances, grow with great rapidity. F.
corymbifto'ra must have the wood well ripened, and not
be pruned too close. Specta'bilis and serratifo'lia are late
blowers, and must be treated accordingly. All sorts in
pots look best trained to a simple stem.

FUEL is no small item hi the annual expenditure of the
stove, greenhouse, and conservatory departments, and
therefore deserves consideration. The cheapest of all
fuel is the breeze, or small coke, procurable at gas-works.

The heating qualities of the different coals knowo in
Great Britain are in the following proportions : —

Scotch Cannel ....
Lancashire Wigan . . .
Yorkshire Cannel . . .
Newcastle (best Wallsend)
Gloucestershire (Forest of Dean)
Welsh (common)

199
196
188
169
108
25

Hence, if the Scotch Cannel coal cost 195., when the
Gloucestershire could be had for IDS. per chaldron, the
latter would be no cheaper ; for the heating powers of
the first are as 199 to 108 of the latter. In other words,
108 chaldrons of Scotch would afford as much heat as
199 chaldrons of Staffordshire.

The following are the quantities of the fuels named
required to heat eight gallons of water, from 52° to 112°.

Ibs.

Caking coals 1.2

Splint or hard coal . . . . )

Cannel coal f**3

Cherry or soft coal . . . .1.5
Wood of lime 3.10

beech 3.16

elm 3.52

oak (chips) .... 4.20

ash 3.50

maple 3.00

service 3.00

cherry 3.20

fir 3.52

poplar 3.10

hornbeam .... 3.37

Peat (average, not compressed) . 7.6
Charcoal of wood . . . .1.52

peat .... 3.28

It is essential to good and profitable fuel that it should
be free from moisture ; for unless it be dry, much of
the heat which it generates is consumed in converting
that moisture into vapour : hence the superior value of
old dense, dry wood, to that which is porous and damp.
A pound of dry will heat thirty-five pounds of water
from 32° to 212° ; but a pound of the same wood in a
moist or fresh state will not similarly heat more than
twenty-five pounds. The value, therefore, of different
woods for fuel is nearly inversely, as their moisture ;
and this may be readily ascertained by finding how
much a pound weight of the shavings of each loses by
drying during two hours, at a temperature of 212°.

FUGO'SIA. (Named after Bernard Cien-Fuegos, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord. Mallowworts [Malvaceae].
Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 8-Polyandria. Allied to Mal-
vaviscus.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the points of
shoots in April or May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
placed in a mild bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with a
little silver sand. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; whiter,
45° to 55°-
F. cuneifo'rmis (wedge-shaped). White, purple. August.

Australia. 1856.
,, hakecefo'lia (Hakea-leaved). 5. Lilac, red. August.

Swan River. 1846.

„ heterophy'Ua (various-leaved). Yellow, red. August
St. Martha. 1845.

FULL-FLOWER

367

FUSTIC

FULL-FLOWER. See DOUBLE-FLOWER.

FUMA'RIA. Fumitory. (From fumos, smoke ; re-
ferring to the disagreeable smell of the plant. Nat. ord.
Fumeworts [Papaveraceae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, 2-Hex-
andria. Allied to Corydalis.)

Hardy annuals. If once sown in March or April, on
rock-work or undisturbed banks, they will sow them-
selves annually, and maintain themselves without care
or trouble.
F. capreola'ta (tendrilled). 4. Flesh. July. Europe.

Cumber.
,, leuca'ntha (white-flowered), ij. White. August.

Corsica. 1836.
„ me'dia (intermediate). 3. Flesh. July. Europe.

FUMIGATING is employed for the destruction of
certain insects ; the inhaled vapour or smoke arising
from some substances being fatal to them. Tobacco is
the usual substance employed ; and it may be ignited,
and the smoke impelled upon the insect by bellows ; or
the ignited tobacco may be placed under a box, or within
a frame, together with the affected plant. The vapour
of spirit of turpentine is destructive to the scale and other
insects, employed in this mode. Mr. Mills has stated
the following as the best mode of fumigating with tobacco.
According to the size of the place to be fumigated, one
or more pieces of cast iron, one inch thick, and three
inches over, are made red-hot (pieces of old tiles, such as
are used for covering smoke flues, would probably
answer equally well) ; one of these is placed in a twenty-
four sized pot, on which is put the quantity of tobacco
considered necessary to charge the structure with smoke
sufficient to destroy insect life. To fumigate an ordinary
sized eight-light house, use three heaters, and three
twenty-four sized pots, which are best placed on the
front flue or walk ; one pound of strong tobacco is put
on the three heaters in equal parts, and this is found
sufficient to nil the house, so as to destroy all the kinds
of insects that perish by fumigation. The system has
these advantages: the tobacco is so quickly consumed,
that the house is completely filled in a very short time,
and but little smoke can escape before the insects are
destroyed ; the pure heat from the iron heaters prevents
injury from gas, and as no blowing is required there is
no dust, it being only necessary to put the tobacco on
the heaters and leave the house. A better mode is to
soak the tobacco in a strong solution of saltpetre, and
when dry to ignite it. The combustion is so complete
and instantaneous that a smaller quantity is sufficient.
The best of all instruments for fumigating with tobacco
is Brown's Fumigator.

To fumigate with sulphur, paint the hot-water pipes
with some sulphur mixed with whitewash ; or put this
mixture against the side of the flue farthest from the
furnace ; or put some sulphur on a hot-water plate,
and keep the water in this boiling by means of a
lamp.

FUMITORY. Fuma'ria.

FUNGI. The word fungus is applied to a large number
of plants belonging to many orders or families, and very
varied in size and structure, but all agreeing in consisting
of a single cell, various combinations of cells, or simple
or branching cells, free or interlacing, and destitute of
chlorophyll or leaf green, and seeds. They are repro-
duced in a great variety of ways, and live upon dead
matter (saprophytical fungi) or on living plants or
animals (parasitical fungi). Unicellular or one-celled
fungi are microscopical in size and require considerable
magnification to be seen. The mildews and moulds,
consisting of webs or threads, are observable by the
naked eye. The Mushroom (Agaricus campestris) is one
of the most familiar of fungi to the gardener, and the
giant Puff Ball (Lycoperdon giganteum) is many times
larger, weighing several pounds. These two are sapro-
phytes. Familiar examples of parasitical fungi are the
rust and brand of Roses, the scab of Apples and Pears
and the Potato disease. When plants are apparently
suffering from the effects of some parasitical fungus,
unknown to the gardener or grower, he should submit
specimens to some expert or competent authority for
identification and the best means of destroying the
same.

FU'NKIA. (After H. Funk, a German botanist. Nat.
ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6~Hexandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Hemerocallis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, from Japan ; dividing
the roots ; sandy loam, and a dry situation.

F. aUbo-margina'ta (white-margined). See F. LANCI-
FOLIA ALBO-MARGINATA.

„ caru'lca (sky-blue). See F. OVATA.

„ corda'ta (heart-shaped). See F. SIEBOLDIANA.

„ cuculla'ta (hooded). See F. FORTUNEI.

,, Fortu'nei (Fortune's), i. White. Leaves glaucous

hooded. 1876.

„ glau'ca (glaucous). Leaves glaucous. Japan.
„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See F. SUBCORDATA.
,, lancijo'lia (lance-leaved), i. Lilac. August 1820
„ „ a'lba (white). White.
„ „ ctlbo-margina'ta (white-edged), ij. Lilac. July.

1837.

„ „ tardiflo'ra (late-flowering). i|. Lilac. August.
„ „ undula'ta (wavy). i£. Lilac. July. 1834.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves much variegated

with creamy-white. 1834.
„ lo'ngipes (long-stalked). Leaves broader than in

F. lancifolia, running down petiole. 1903
„ ova'ta (egg-shaped), ij. Pale blue. May. ' 1790.
,, „ au'rea (golden). Leaves golden in spring.
„ „ margina'ta (margined). Leaves edged with

white.

„ sieboldia'na (Sieboldian). 2. Lilac. June. 1830.
„ sine'itsis (Chinese). See F. SIEBOLDIANA.
„ subcorda'ta (nearly-heart-shaped). ij. White.

August. 1790.

„ undula'ta (waved). See F. LANCIFOLIA UNDULATA.
„ variega'ta, (variegated). See F. LANCIFOLIA VARIE-

GATA.

FURCRflTA. (In compliment to the noted French
chemist, M. Fourcroy. Nat. ord. Amaryllidaceae.)

Stove plants, resembling Agave. Seeds or ofisets.
Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and finely broken bricks.

F. aUnspi'na (white-spined). 6. Greenish-white. Central

Amer. 1893.

„ Barille'ti (Barillet's). 3. Trop. Amer. 1867.
„ Bedinghau'sii (Bedinghaus's). 6. Mexico. 1860.
,, Commely'ni (Commelyn's). 25. Trop. Amer.
„ cube'nsis (Cuban). 6. Creamy-white, green. Novem-
ber. Trop. Amer.

„ „ inSrmis (unarmed). Leaves spineless.
,, „ LindSni (Linden's). Colombia. 1869.
„ demoulinia'na (Demoulinian). 10. Mexico. 1866.
,, depaupera'ta (stunted). 5. Trop. Amer.
„ Desidera'ntii (Desiderant's). 8. Trop. Amer.
„ e'legans (elegant). 20. Pale green. Winter. Mexico.

1868.
„ fia'vo-vi'ridis (yellow-green). 14. Yellow-green.

Mexico. 1846.

„ geminispi'na (twin-spined). 4. Trop. Amer.
,, Ghiesbre' ghtii (Ghiesbreght's). See F. ELEGANS.
„ gigantfa (gigantic). 20-40. Greenish-white. August.

Trop. Amer. 1690.
,, „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with

creamy-white.

„ „ witteineetia'na (Willemeetian).
,, Lindefni (Linden's). See F. CUBENSIS LINDENI.
„ lipsie'nsis (Lipsian). 4. Trop. Amer. 1868.
„ longaSva (long-lived). 40. White. May. Mexico.

1833.

,, macrophy'Ua (long-leaved). Bahamas.
,, pube'scens (downy). Trop. Amer.
,, Rce'ilii (Rcezl's). See F. BEDINGHAUSH.
,, Sello'a (Selloa). 20. Green-white. Mexico and

Guatemala. 1865.

„ stri'cta (upright). 8-9. Trop. Amer. 1868.
,, tubero'sa (tuberous). 6. Light yellow. 1739.
,, tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). See BESCHORNERIA TUBI-

FLORA.

„ undula'ta (waved). 10. Green. Mexico. 1868.
„ watsonia'na (Watsonian). 15-20. Leaves bluish-
green, banded with cream-yellow. 1898.

FURZE. U'lex.

FUSTIC. Maclu'ra tincto'ria.

G^ERTNERA

368

GALANTHUS

GJE'RTNERA. (Named after Dr. Gartner, a celebrated
botanist. Nat. ord. Loganiads [Logankceae]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Al Loganiads are to be suspected, as no order is more
venomous. Stove evergreen twiners ; cuttings of firm
young shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
75° ; winter, 48° to 55°.

G. obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 20. White. China. 1810.
„ racemo'sa (racemed). 15. White, yellow. April.
India. 1793.

GA'GEA. (Named after Sir Thomas Gage. Nat. ord.
Lilyworts [Liliacese]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to the Tulip.)

All hardy little yellow-flowering bulbs. They should
occupy the front row of a light-soiled border.like Crocuses;
offsets in spring or autumn.
G. arve'nsis (field). J. Yellow. S. Europe.

bohe'mica (Bohemian). J. April. Bohemia. 1825.
„ bracteola'ris (small-bracted). £. April. Europe.

1817.

„ bulbifera (bulb-bearing). May. Tauria. 1829.
„ chlora'ntha (yellow-flowered). J. April. Siberia.

1819.

,, circina'ta (rounded). See G. RETICULARIS.
„ fascicula'ris (bundle-flowered). See G. LUTEA.
,, glau'ca (milky-green). See G. BRACTEOLARIS.
„ Liota'rdi (Liotard's). May. S. Europe. 1825.
„ lu'tea (yellow). £. April. Britain. " Yellow Star

of Bethlehem."
„ mi'nima (smallest). J. May. Europe, N. Asia.

1826.

„ podo'lica (Podolian). May. Podolia. 1827.
„ pusi'lla (small). J. April. Bohemia. 1825.
,, pygmts'a (pigmy). }. April. Spain. 1825.
„ reticula'ris (netted). £. May. Orient, Western Asia.

1789.

,, sero'tina (late). See LLOYDIA ALPINA.
„ spatha'cea (sheathed). i. May. Germany. 1759.
„ stella'ris (starry). J. May. Sweden. 1759.
„ stenopeftala (narrow-petaled). See G. BRACTEOLARIS.
,, Sternbe'rgii (Sternberg's). See G. MINIMA.
„ stria' ta (streaked). See LLOYDIA ALPINA.
„ sylva'tica (wood). See G. LUTEA.
„ uniflo'ra (one-flowered). See TULIPA UNIFLORA.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). See G. STELLARIS.

GAGNEBI'NA. (Probably the native name of one of
the species. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa].
Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Mimosa.)

Stove evergreen, from Mauritius. Seeds in hotbed,
in spring, after being moistened for several hours in
warm water ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, in
April, under a bell-glass, and in mild bottom-heat ; peat
and loam, both turfy and fibrous. Summer temp., 60°
to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
G. axilla' ris (axillary). See G. TAMARI'SCINA.
,, tamari'scina (tamarisk-like). 6. Yellow. 1824.

GA'HNIA. (Named after the botanist, Dr. H. Gahn.
Nat. ord. Cyperaceas.)

Stove plant of the sedge family, of easy culture.
Division. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
G. a'spera (rough). Pale yellowish; fruit red-yellow.
Pacific Islands. 1887.

GAILLA RDIA. (Named after M. Gaillard, a French
patron of botany. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn ig-Syngenesia, 3-Frustranea.)

This, like many other composite genera, is inclined to
sport from seeds, and, therefore, may be expected to
yield double flowers some day. Hardy herbaceous plants,
with the exception of corona'ta and amblyodon, which
require a cold pit in winter. In cold, damp situations,
cuttings of bi'color and pi' eta may also be saved in a
similar manner. Cuttings under a hand-light in summer,
and division of the root in spring ; sandy loam.
G. ambly'odon (blunt-toothed). Blood-red. September.

Texas. 1873. Annual.

„ arista'ta (awned). i. Orange. August. N. Amer.
1812.

G. arista'ta, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1884.

,, bi'color (two-coloured). See G. PULCHELLA.

,, corona'ta (crowned). See G. PULCHELLA CORONATA.

,, Drummo'ndii intege'rrima (Drummond's whole-leaved).
See G. PULCHELLA DRUMMONDII INTEGERRIMA.

,, lanceola'ta (lance-shaped.) ij. N. Amer.

,, pi' eta (painted). See G. PULCHELLA PICTA.

„ pulcheflla (pretty). i£. Crimson, tipped yellow.
N. Amer.

,, ,, corona'ta (crowned). Red-brown. July.

,. ,, Drummo'ndii intege'rrima (very entire). 2. Car-
nation, yellow. August. Louisiana. 1833.

„ „ lorenzia'na (Lorenzian). Florets tubular, 4-lobed.
Colour variable. 1881.

„ „ pi'cta (painted), i£. Yellow. August. Louisi-
ana. 1833.

„ „ Richardso'ni (Richardson's), ij. Orange. July.
N. Amer. 1829.

„ Richardso'ni (Richardson's). See G. PULCHELLA

RlCHARDSONI.

GALA'CTIA. (From gala, milk ; in reference to the
milky juice of some of the species. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosa?]. Linn. ly-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria.
Allied to Glycine.)

Deciduous, by division of the plant, and grown in
sandy loam. Stove, by cuttings of short, stubby side-
shoots in sand, in April, under a bell-glass, and plunged
in a hotbed ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp.,
60° to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55°.

HARDY DECIDUOUS TWINERS.

G. glabe'lla (smoothish). 3. Purple. July. N. Amer.
„ mo'llis (soft). 3. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1827.

STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS.

G. cube'nsis (Cuban). Rose. July. Cuba. 1826.
„ filifo'rmis (thread-like). 3. Purple. July. Trop.

Amer. 1820.

,, jussicza'na (Jussisan). 4. Purple. Venezuela.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. Purple. W. Ind. 1818.
,, pe'ndula (pendulous). 6. Red. July. Trop. Amer.

1794-

,, pinna'ta (pinnate). See BARBIERIA POLYPHYLLA.
,, scarlati'na (scarlet). Scarlet. May. Brazil. 1840.
„ seri'cea (silky). 6. July. Bourbon. 1824.
,, stria'ta (striped). See GLYCINE STRIATA.

GALACTTTES. (From gala, milk ; referring to the
juice and to the milk-white veins on the leaves. Nat.
ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 3-
Frustranea. Allied to Silybum.)

Hardy annuals, requiring to be sown in the flower-
borders in March or April.
G. ausira'lis (southern), i. Purple. July. Australia.

1824.

„ tomento'sa (woolly), ij. Purple. July. S. Europe.
1738.

GALACTODE'NDRON. Cow-tree. (From gala, milk,
and dendron, a tree. We introduce this name as being
in common use ; but the true name of the Cow- tree is
Bro'simum Galactode'ndron, to which refer.)

GALANGALE. Kampfe'ria.

GALA'NTHUS. Snowdrop. (From gala, milk, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceao].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy bulbs. Offsets ; division of masses of bulbs ;
common garden-soil ; should be lifted every four or
five years.
G. Alle'ni (Allen's), i. White. Leaves short, broad,

glaucous. March. Caucasus. 1891.
,, byzanti'nus (Byzantine). Between G. plicatus and

G. Elwesii. Constantinople. 1893.
,, cauca'sicus (Caucasian). White, large. Leaves broad,

glaucous, snipped. Caucasus. 1887.
,, cili'cicus (Cilician). White. Cilician Taurus. 1897.
,, corcyre'nsis (Corfu). See G. NIVALIS CORCYRENSIS.
,, Elwe'sii (Elwes's). i. Inner segments green on

both faces, with white edges. Asia Minor. 1875.
„ ,, globo'sus (globular). Flowers and ovary globular.
Smyrna. 1887.

GALATELLA

369

GALIPEA

G. Elwdsii ochrospei'lvs (yellow - blotched). Ovary

greenish-yellow.
,, „ robu'stus (robust). Robust, with large bulbs and

thick, glaucous leaves. Asia Minor. 1893.
„ „ unguicula'tus (clawed). Segments with long

claws. Asia Minor. 1894.
„ „ Whitta'llii (Whittall's). Flowers larger, earlier.

Asia Minor. 1898.
„ Fosie'ri (Foster's), i. White. Leaves bright green,

i in. wide. Asia Minor. 1889.
„ gra'cilis (slender). Inner segments with a large

green blotch at the base. Bulgaria. 1-893.
„ grce'cus (Grecian), i. White. Isle of Chios. 1894.
„ grandifio'rus (large-flowered). Flowers like G. nivalis,

very large. Plant robust. 1893.
„ Ika'riez (Nikarian). Flowers of G. nivalis and inner

segments of G. Elwesii. Nikaria. 1893.
„ latifo'lius (broad-leaved), i. White. Leaves broad,

bright green. Caucasus. 1868.
„ niva'lis (snowy). $. \Vhite, green. February,

March. Britain. " Common Snowdrop."
„ „ Atki'nsii (Atkins's). Flowers large. 1891.
„ „ corcyre'nsis (Corfu). Small variety of G. nivalis.

December. Corfu. 1888. (Syn. G. n. pracox.)
„ „ E'lsce (Elsa's). Flowers larger ; leaves stouter

than corcyre'nsis. November. 1891.
„ „ flave'scens (yellowish). Markings of inner seg-
ments and ovary brighter than var. lutescens. 1906.
„ „ Impera'ti (Imperato's). Flowers larger and leaves

broader than G. nivalis. Naples and Genoa.
„ „ lute'scens (yellowish). Inner segments tipped

yellow ; ovary yellow.

„ „ Melvi'llei (Melville's). Close to G. n. Imperati.
„ „ octobre'nsis (October). White, green. October.

Albania.
» >j poculifo'rmis (bowl-shaped). White ; segments

nearly equal.
„ „ RacMlicR (Rachel's). Larger, more robust than

var. Elsce. October. Mount Hymettus. 1891.
„ „ refle'xus (reflexed). White. February. Mount

Gargarus. 1818.
„ „ Scliarlo'ki (Scharlok's). Flowers with two long

spathes, and three large green blotches. 1879.
„ „ sero'tinus (late). White. Autumn. 1888.
„ O'lgcB (Olga's). Plain white, without blotches on the

inner segments. Greece. 1888.
„ Perry' i (Perry's). Between G. caucasicus and G.

latifolius. Caucasus. 1893.
„ plica'tus (plaited). i. \Vhite. Leaves plaited.

Caucasus. 1818. " Plaited Snowdrop."
„ Regi'na-O'lga (Queen Olga's). See G. OLG^.
„ u'mbricus (Umbrian). See G. XIVALIS IMPERATI.

GALATE'LLA. (A diminutive of gala, milk, literally,
milky ; referring to the colour of the leaves. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 3-Frws-
tranea. Referred to Aster.)
G. puncta'ta (dotted-leaved). See ASTER ACRIS.

GA'LAX. (From gala, milk ; referring to the milk-
white flowers. Nat. ord. Wintergreens [Diapensiacea?].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Little bog-earth plants. Divisions in spring ; moist,
sandy peat ; may be treated as an alpine, as it is subject
to casualties in the border.
G. aphy'Ua (leafless). J. White. July. N. Amer. 1786.

GALA XIA. (From galaktido, to abound in milk ; re-
ferring to the juice. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn.
i6-Monadelphia, i-Triandria. Allied to Patersonia.)

Greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope.
Offsets ; sandy peat, with a little fibrous loam. In
a state of rest keep in the greenhouse or cold pit. If
planted in a sheltered place, out of doors, the roots must
be protected from frost.
G. grami'nea (grass-/«avfti). J. Light yellow. July.

1795-

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See G. OVATA.
„ mucronula'ris (hard-pointed). See G. OVATA MUCRO-

NULARIS.

„ ova' ta (egg-leaved). J. Dark yellow. July. 1799.
„ „ mucronula'ris (hard- pointed). \. Purple. July.

1799.

„ „ versi' 'color (various-coloured). J. Purple. July.
1799-

GALEA NDRA. (From galea, a helmet, and oner, a
stamen ; referring to the crested male organ on the top
of the column. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceael. Linn.
2Q-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Eulophia.)

Stove terrestrial orchids. Fibrous peat, and a little
turfy loam, with some broken pots, and pieces of charcoal.
Summer temp.. 60° to 85°, with moisture ; winter, 48°
to 55° and rather dry.
G. Baue'ri (Mr. Bauer's). J. Pink. August. Guiana.

1840.

„ Clce'sii (Claes's). i. Brown ; lip rosy. Brazil.
,, crista'ta (crested-anther ed). See G. BAUERI.
,, dfscagnollea'na (Descagnollean). Ochreous-brown,

sulphur-white. Para. 1887.
„ devonia'na (Duke of Devonshire's). 2. Purple, white.

May. S. Amer. 1840.
„ „ Ddphi'na (Delphina). Reddish-brown, white,

purple. Venezuela. 1887.

„ ftave'ola (yellow). |. Yellow-brown, yellow. Vene-
zuela. 1887.

„ gra'cilis (slender). See EULOPHIA GRACILIS.
„ harveya'na (Harveyan). Brown, light yellow. 1883.
„ ju'ncea (rush-like). Rose-purple ; darker on edge of

lip. Guiana ; Brazil. 1847.
„ lagofnsis (Lagos). Greenish, rose-crimson. Brazil.

1894.
„ mi'nax (projecting). Yellow-copper, white-purple.

Colombia. 1874.

„ niva'lis (snowy). Olive, white, purple. Trop. Amer.
1882.

GALEDU'PA. See PONGAMIA.

GALE'GA. Goat's Rue. (From gala, milk ; referring
to an old idea that the herbage was superior for milk-
cows, goats, &c. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosaej. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria.)

Hardy herbaceous, rather rambling perennials. Seeds
sown hi spring ; division of the plant at the same time ;
common soil.

G. bi'loba (two-lobed). See G. OFFICINALIS.
„ #«r//a'»«fct(Hartland's). SeeG.PATULAHARTLANDH.
,, officina'lis (shop). 4. Blue. July. Spain. 1568.
„ „ a'lba (white- flowered). 4. White. July. Spain.
„ orienta'lis (eastern). 4. Blue. July. Caucasus.
1801.

Pa'tula (spreading). 3-4. Blue and white. Tauria.
„ Hartla'ndii(llar

lartland's). Young leaves variegated.

1903.

,, pe'rsica (Persian). See G. OFFICINALIS.

„ tri'color (three-coloured). See G. OFFICINALIS.

GALEO'BDOLON LU'TETJM. See LAMIUM GALEOB-

DOLON.

GA'LEOLA. (The diminutive of galea, a helmet. Nat.
ord. Orchidaceae.)

Epiphytical stove Orchid. See ORCHIDS FOR TREAT-
MENT.

G. cassythoi'des (Cassytha-like). Yellow. September.
Australia. 1839.

GALEO TTIA. (Named in compUment to M. H.
Galeotti, a Belgian collector. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.
Now referred to Zygopetalum.)
G. Beaumo'niii (Beaumont's). Green, brown. Brazil.

1850.
„ fimbria'ta (fringed). See ZYGOPETALUM FIMBRIATUM.

GALINSO'GA. (Commemorative of the botanist Don
M. de Galinsoga. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds.
G. brachyste'phana (short-crowned). 1-2. White, with

yellow disc. S. Amer.

„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered), i-a. White, with yellow
disc. Summer and autumn. S. Amer. An escape
from Kew and a troublesome weed in N. Surrey,
and found in neighbouring counties.
„ iriloba'ta (three-lobed). See TRIDAX TRILOBATA.

GALIPE A. (The Indian name in South America. Nat.
ord. Rueworts [Rutacese]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Ahneidea.)

The Angostura bark is that of trifolia'ta. Stove ever-
green shrubs. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand, under

2 A

GALIUM

370

GARDEN

a bell-glass, in April, and in heat; peat and loam.

Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55".

G. macrophy'Ua (large-leaved). 2. Pink. Trop. Amer.

This is Cusparia macrophylla.
„ muliifto'ra (many-flowered). 20. Brazil. 1827.
„ odorati' 'ssima (most fragrant). See CUSPARIA ODORA-

TISSIMA.
„ trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 4. Green. Guiana. 1816.

GA'LIUM. Bed Straw. (From gala, milk ; referring
to the flowers of G. ve'rum having been used to curdle
milk. Nat. ord. Stellates [Rubiacese]. Linn. ^-Tetran-
dria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Rubia.)

Few of these plants are interesting to the gardener,
except to cover rock or root-work. They possess, in a
more or less degree, the dyeing qualities of Madder. Of
the following selected species all are herbaceous perennials,
except G. suave'olens, which is an annual. Annuals
merely require to be sown in the common border, in
March ; and the perennials divided at the same time.
G. campanula' turn (bell- flowered). See ASPERULA GALI-

OIDES.

„ capi'llipes (hairy-stalked). See G. SVLVATICUM.
„ corona'tum (crowned). J. Yellow. July. Greece,
Orient. 1818.

„ era! cum (Grecian). £. Purple. July. Candia. i798-
longifo'lium (long-leaved), i. Red.
tium ; Asia Minor. 1820.

July. Bizan-

„ ptrsicum (Persian). See G. CORONATUM.

„ purpu'reum (purple), i. Purple. July. Switzerland.

1831.

„ ru'brum (red), i. Purple. July. Italy. 1597.
„ suave'olens (sweet-scented). See G. TRIFLORUM.
„ sylva'ticum (wood), i. White. September. Europe.

1838.

„ tau'ricum (Taurian). See G. CORONATUM.
„ triflo'rum (three-flowered), i. White. July. N.

temperate regions. 1821.
„ Vailla'niii (Vaillant's). 2. Green. May. England.

GALL is a tumour formed in consequence of the part
being punctured by an insect, the tumour becoming
the nidus of the insect brood. The Oak-apple caused by
the Cynips querci is a familiar example ; as, also, are the
branches of leaves, not unlike a rose, on the Rose Willow,
and the mossy tufts on the twigs of the Wild Rose, and
erroneously called Bedeguar. These tufts are caused by
the Cynips rosce, another species of Gall-fly.

GALPHI'MIA. (An anagram of Malpighia, to which
it is nearly allied. Nat. ord. Malpighiads [Malpighiaceae].
Linn. io-Decandria. $-Trigynia.)

Stove evergreens, from Mexico, with yellow flowers,
Cuttings of young shoots, firm but not too old, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 55*.
G. glandulo'sa (glanded). April. 1824.

„ glau'ca (milky- green). 8. 1829.

„ gra'cilis (slender). 8. Yellow. 1848.

,, hirsu'ta (hairy). September. 1824.

GALTO'NIA. (Commemorative of Francis Gallon, who
wrote a Narrative of an Explorer in South Africa. Nat.
ord. Liliaceas. Related to Hyacinthus.)

Hardy bulbs of a highly ornamental character, especi-
ally G. candicans. Seeds, offsets. Light, rich soils in
sunny situations.

G. ca'ndicans (white). 3-5. Pure white. S. Africa.
„ clava'ta (clubbed). Greenish-white, smaller. S.

Africa.
„ pri'nceps (chief). 2-3. Greenish-white. S. Africa.

GAMMA MOTH. Just after sunset, in summer and
autumn, and hovering round flowers, may be seen this
moth (Plusia gamma). It is called the Gamma Moth,
because about the middle of the upper wings, but to-
wards their inner border, there is a silvery shining mark,
like the Greek letter gamma (y). The shape of this
mark has acquired to this insect another name, the Y-
Moth. The outspread wings are about an inch across ;
the upper ones grey-coloured, marbled with brown, and
shining ; the under wings pale ash, with a brown edge ;
the head and throat brownish, edged with grey lines ; the
belly, or abdomen, yellowish-grey, tufted with brown
hairs. In October they deposit their eggs ; and it would

be an aid to the warfare against them to ascertain what
plants they select for this purpose. The eggs hatch at
various times from May to September, but chiefly during
July. The caterpillars proceeding from them are green,
beset with greenish single hairs ; head brownish-green ;
on the back and sides three or four yellowish-white lines ;
feet twelve in number, and marked with a yellow stripe.
These caterpillars commit great ravages, especially in the
south of England, upon our peas and other garden
vegetables, the best remedy for which is hand-picking.

GAMOCHLA'MYS HETERA NDRA. See Spathantheum
heterandrum.

GAMO'GYNE. (From gamos, union, and gune, the
ovary. Nat. ord. Araceffi.)

A stove perennial herb. Offsets ; divisions. Fibrous
loam, lumpy peat, some charcoal and sand.
G. pu'lchra (beautiful). Bright crimson. Johor, Malaya.
1910.

GAMOLE'PIS. (Derived from gamos, marriage or
union, and lepis, a scale ; in allusion to the scales of the
flower-head being xinited, forming a cup. Nat. ord.
Composite.)

Greenhouse shrub of an ornamental character. Seeds
when obtainable ; cuttings of shoots about half ripe, in
sand, in a close case with a mild heat. Fibrous loam, a
little leaf-mould and sand.

G. a'nnua (annual), i. Yellow. May. S.Africa. 1823.
„ euriopoi'des (Euryops-like). 1-2. Bright yellow.
S. Africa. 1863.

GANGRENE. See CANKER.

GARCr NLA. Mangosteen. (Named after Dr. Garcia,
an Eastern traveller. Nat. ord. Guttifers [Guttifera?].
Linn. n-Dodecandria, i-Motwgynia. Allied to Mammea.)
Of all the fruits in the East, that of G. Mangosta'na is
the most highly extolled by Europeans ; and the Gamboge
from Siam is furnished by G. Cambo'gia. Stove ever-
green trees. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand, hi a
close propagating case, with strong bottom-heat ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90°, with moist
atmosphere ; winter, 60° to 65°.
G. brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). Brazil.

,, Cambo'gia (Gamboge). 30. Yellow. India and
Ceylon. 1820.

„ cochinchine'nsis (Cochin Chinese). China.

,, co'rnea (horny). 30. Yellow. E. Ind. 1823.

„ Co'wa (Cowa). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1822.

„ du'lcis (sweet). 20. Creamy-white. February.
Andamans. 1820.

,, hotnbronia'na (Hombronian). Singapore.

., i'ndica (Indian). India. " Kokum Oil."

„ Ko'la (Kola). W. Trop. Africa.

„ Livingsto'nei (Livingstone's). Trop. Africa.

„ Mangosta'na (Mangosteen). 20. Purple. Moluccas.

1789. " Mangosteen."
ore'tta

„ More'tta (Morella). India and Malaya. " Ceylon

Gamboge."
„ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). White. Summer. Trop.

Africa.

„ puncta'ta (punctate). Trop. Africa.
„ terpnophy'lla (pleasing-leaved). Ceylon.
„ Xanthochy'mus (Xanthochymus). 40. White.

Summer. India and Malaya.
,, zeyla'nica (Cingalese). See G. CAMBOGIA.

GARDEN. Any enclosed piece of ground for the culti-
vation of fruits, flowers, or vegetables, separately or all
together, may be termed a garden. Usually it is near
the dwelling-house, but not always, and need not be.
It may or may not include shrubberies. When grounds
are wholly devoted to lawns, ornamental trees, and
shrubs, they are usually termed pleasure-grounds.
Larger and less well-kept areas, with or without sheep,
cattle, or deer, but lying in grass and occupied more or
less thinly with large trees, are termed parks. Fruit
gardens, flower gardens, and vegetable gardens are more
or less wholly devoted to one or other of those subjects,
and may be more or less separated from one another.
Rose gardens, Iris gardens, and Paeony gardens are
larger or smaller areas, more or less devoted to those
subjects, and may be screened from other parts of the
grounds by trees, shrubs, or walls. It is desirable that

GARDEN

GARDENIA

they should be so, because, being in the nature of a
surprise, when the eye comes upon them the pleasure
of contemplating them is increased, and their beauty
enhanced. The rock garden or alpine garden is more or
less wholly devoted to the cultivation of plants from
high alpine regions, or to low-growing plants and shrubs
from lowland or upland, provided they are in keeping
with the general surroundings. Even large trees may
come in appropriately in the background or near neigh-
bourhood, when the extent of the garden permits. They
often furnish the means of shading certain plants, which
would fail to thrive if fully exposed to sunshine during
the heat of summer. The bog garden is intended for
the cultivation of bog and marsh plants, and even others
which come from upland and moist situations, or from
rocky ledges, where they are continually subjected to
the ooze or drip from the higher grounds or from melting
snows. Rills of water and pools are appropriate in the
bog garden, which is usually associated with rockeries
and rock gardens. The most striking feature of the
latter, apart from the plants, is the various constructions
of stone, such as mounds, ledges, pockets for the accom-
modation of plants, more or less perpendicular walls,
rocks, or boulders. Rockeries are often constructed
with more or less plausible imitations of stratified rocks,
but natural stone is better, when built and arranged
with skill and taste.

GARDEN BALSAM. Justi'cia ptctora'lis.

GARDEN BF.K'ri.F,, In June and July, a small, pretty
beetle very often may be found among the petals of
white roses. It is nearly half an inch long, and rather
less than a quarter of an inch broad. Its wing-cases are
reddish-brown, shining, and shorter than the body ; the
body and head are dark green, and the antennae reddish,
having at their ends a dark green club. This is the
garden beetle (Phyllopertha horticola and Melolontha
horticola of some). It feeds on the leaves of apples,
pears, and roses, gnawing them full of small holes, and
even transferring its attacks to the young fruit of the
apple. During the latter part of July the female retires
into the earth for the purpose of there depositing her
eggs, from which the grubs are speedily produced, and
feed upon the roots of plants. The only mode of reducing
the number of these beetles is by searching for them
during the evening, when, if detected, they stiffen their
outstretched legs, and feign death ; but in the day they
fly about swiftly, and are captured with great difficulty.

GARDEN PEBBLE-MOTH (Scapula forficularis). The
perfect insect, says Mr. Curtis, measures rather more
than an inch across when its wings are expanded. The
upper pair are hazel-coloured, with four stripes, two of
which are distinct, and the other faint ; the under wings
as well as the body are whitish ; and on the former,
near the centre, there is a curved brown streak, and
another black on the margin. The first brood of cater-
pillars occurs in May, and the second in the autumn ;
and when very numerous they do considerable injury to
cabbages and plantations of horse-radish. The cater-
pillar is eight or ten lines long, with the head of a light
brown colour, and the body is yellowish-green, with black
longitudinal stripes. Like other caterpillars, it may be
destroyed by being dusted with white hellebore powder.

GARDENER. The day is gone when the spade and
the blue apron were the only appropriate devices for the
gardener. He must now not only have a thorough
practical knowledge of his art, but he must also have an
intimate acquaintance with its sciences. No man can
have stored in his mind too much knowledge ; but there
are always some branches of information of more value
than others. Of these, to the gardener, there are none
so important as botany and chemistry — botany, physio-
logical as well as systematic — chemistry, especially as
applied to the examination of organic nature. The
relative duties between the gardener and his master are
embodied in that universal rule — Do as you would be
done by. The head gardener is the superior of the valet
or butler; for his education and knowledge are of a
higher order. The under gardeners, though necessarily
hardy, and the open air is their appropriate whereabouts,
should have work assigned to them suitable to the
clemency or inclemency of the season ; for no men are
more liable to suffer early in life from rheumatism.

There are two golden sentences which we would have
always kept in mind by the gardener :—

1. Let all things be done orderly.

2. Be always ready to give an account of your steward-
ship.

GARDENER'S GARTER. Fha'laris arnndmacca varie-
ga'ta.

GARDE NIA. (Named after Dr. Garden, an American.
Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceas]. Linn. $-Penlandna,
i-Monogynia.)

Sweet-scented evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of shoots
half ripe, in sand, under glass, and in a moist bottom-
heat. This moist heat, when growing and when starting
into bloom, is the very life of all the stove species. Even
the greenhouse kinds do best when pruned after flowering,
grown rapidly afterwards ; if in a moist atmosphere
from decomposing material, such as dung and leaves, all
the better ; hardened off and ripened by exposure to
light and air in autumn, rested in a cool and dryish
atmosphere in winter, and started into bloom in a moist
heat again, and then removed to the greenhouse ; peat
and loam. Summer temp. 60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 55°.

GREENHOUSE.

G. amae'na (pleasing). 4. Pink. July. China.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. White. 1823.
,, citriodo'ra (lemon-scented). See MITRIOSTIGMA

AXILLARE.

,, fto'rida (flowery). 5. Pale yellow. August. China

and Japan. 1754.
„ ,, fortunea'na (Fortune's double-flowered). 5. White.

July. N. China. 1844.
„ „ plefna (double- flowertd). 5. Pale yellow. August.

China. 1754.
„ „ rod i' cans (rooting), i. White. June. China.

1804.
„ „ si'mplici (single). 5. White. January. China.

1831.
,, ,, variega'ta (variegated). Leaves blotched with

cream.

, Fortu'nei (Fortune's). See G. FLORIDA FORTUNEANA.
, globo'sa (globe-fruited). White. June. Caffraria.
, jasminoi'des (Jasminum-like). White. China. 1866.
, Maru'ba (Maruba). See G. JASMINOIDES.
, radi'cans (rooting). See G. FLORIDA RADICANS.
„ Rothma'nnia (Rothmann's). 10. Pale yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
,, spino'sa (spiny). See RANDIA DUMETORUM.
„ Thunbe'rgia (Thunberg's). 6. White. February.

Cape of Good Hope. 1773-

STOVE.

G. arma'ta (armed). See RANDIA ARMATA.
,, campanula' ta (bell-flowered). Himalaya and Burma.

1815.
„ devonia'na (Duke of Devonshire's). 6. White.

September. Sierra Leone. 1845.
,, dumeto'rum (thicket). See RANDIA DUMETORUM.
„ floribu'nda (free-flowering). See RANDIA DUMETORUM.
,, fra grans (fragrant). See RANDIA MALABARICA.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. Cochin-China.
„ hexago'na (six-angled). White. Brazil. 1868.
„ Hie'rnii (Hiern's). White. W. Trop. Africa.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 7. Pale yellow. E. Ind.

1787.

„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). See RANDIA MACRANTHA.
„ longisty'la (long-styled). See MACROSPHYRA LONGI-

STYLA.

,, lu'cida (shining). 4. White. India. 1819.
„ mallei'fera (clapper-bearing). See RANDIA MALLEI-

FERA.

„ monta'na (mountain). See G. TURGID A.
„ ni'tida (shining-leaved). 3. White. October. Sierra

Leone.

,, octo'mera (eight- parted). See RANDIA OCTOMERA.
„ Pave'tta (Pavetta-like). See STYLOCORYNE WEBERA.
„ Sherbou'rnics (Mrs. Sherbourne's). See SHERBOURNIA

FOLIOSA.
„ sianleya'na (Stanley's. Earl of Derby's). See RANDIA

MACULATA.

„ tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). See OXYANTHUS TUBI-

FLORUS.

„ tu'rgida (swollen). 8. White. India and Burma. 1819.

GARDENING

372

GASTERIA

GARDENING is the art of cultivating and arranging
plants, so as to obtain from them the greatest amount
of produce and of beauty.

GARDEN ROCAMBOLE. A'Uium sati'vum.

GARDEN SWIFT. (Hepialus lupulinus.) The cater-
pillar of this moth is more indiscriminate in its attacks
upon our plants than any other ravager of the garden.
The roots of the auriculas, snowdrops, bear's-ear, parsnips,
lettuces, celery, potatoes, and strawberries, have all been
observed destroyed by this larva. The moth, usually, is
chalky-brown, head and throax woolly, and its upper
wings dark, bright brown, with a broad line of white ;
but sometimes this is absent, and at other times the
upper wings are chalky-white. These moths appear
about the end of May, and are very abundant in the
evening in meadows and other grassy places. They
deposit their eggs apparently without discrimination,
v.rhich soon hatch, and the caterpillars produced are
cylindrical, and yellowish-white, with black dots and
hairs on the upper part and sides of their segments.
The caterpillar changes to an ochreous, shining, cylindrical
pupa. — Card. Chron.

GARDO QULA. (Named after Gardoqui, a Spaniard.
Nat. ord. Labiates, or Lipworts [Labiate]. Linn. i^-Didy-
namia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Melissa.)

Of all the Lipworts, there is not a greenhouse rival to
G. Hooke'ri when well grown. Greenhouse evergreens,
except G. betonicoi'des, which is herbaceous. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots in June, in sand, under a hand-
glass ; peat and loam, with a fair portion of sand, and
pieces of broken bricks and charcoal. Winter temp.,
40° to 48° ; a shady place in summer. They should be
tried against a wall, with a slight protection in winter.
G. betonicoi'des (betony-like). See CEDRONELLA MEXI-

CANA.

„ di'scolor (two-coloured). Purple. June. Chili. 1827.
„ elli'ptica (elliptic). 4. Scarlet. July. Peru. 1839.
„ Gillie'sii (Gillies's). 2. Lilac. June. Chili. 1828.
„ Hooke'ri (Hooker's). See CALAMINTHA COCCINEA.
„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). i. Purple. April.
Chili. 1837. '

GARLAND FLOWER. Pleura'ndra Cneo'rum.

GARLICK. (A'Uium sati'vum.) Grows best in a light,
rich soil.

Planting.— It is generally propagated by parting the
root, but may be raised from the bulbs produced on the
stems. Plant any time in February, March, and early
in April ; but the middle of March is the usual time. A
single clove to be placed in each hole, made six inches
apart, and one deep, in straight lines, six inches distant
from each other, care being taken to set the roots down-
wards. To do this, it is the best practice to thrust the
finger and thumb, holding a clove batween them, to the
requisite depth without any previous hole being made.
Keep them frequently hoed, and in June the leaves are
to be tied in knots, to prevent the plants running to
seed. A few roots may be taken up as required in June
and July; but the whole must not be lifted until the
leaves wither at the close of July, or in the course of
August. It is usual to leave a part of the stalk attached,
by which they are tied into bundles, being previously
well dried for keeping during the winter.

GARLIC PEAR. Crate'va.

GA'RRYA. (Named after Mr. Garry, of the Hudson's
Bay Company, who facilitated Douglas's botanical re-
searches in North-West America. Nat. ord. Garryads
[Cornaceas], Linn. zi-Monacia, ^-Tetrandria.)

Hardy evergreen shrubs. Layers in the autumn, and
cuttings toward the end of summer, in sandy soil, under
a hand-light ; sandy loam.
G. elli'ptica (oval-leaved). 6. Green. November to

February. California. 1828.

„ Fadye'nii (Fadyen's). 6. Green. Jamaica. 1842.
„ fiave'scens (yellowish). Greenish-yellow. Western

N. Amer.

„ Fremo'ntii (Fremont's). North- Western Amer. 1881.
„ laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 6. White. Mexico. 1839.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Green. Mexico.

1846.
„ macfadyenia'na (MacFadyen's), See G. FAPYENH,

GARU'GA. (Its East Indian name. Nat. ord. Bur-
serads [Burseraceae]. Linn. 10-Decandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Boswellia.)

One of the frankincense-trees so celebrated in the
East. Stove evergreen trees, with yellow flowers ;
cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
and set in a little bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
G. madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 50. May. Mada-
gascar. 1824.
,, pinna'ta (leafleted). 60. E. Ind. 1808.

GARU'LEUM. (Derivation not obvious. Nat. ord.
Composite.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Seeds ; cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass. Sandy loam and a
little fibrous peat.
G. visco' sum (clammy). 3. Blue. July. S.Africa. 1774.

GAS-HEATING. If the flame is supplied with air by
the aid of a small pipe communicating with the outside
of the house, is enclosed in a small iron stove, and has
the gases produced carried away by a pipe, gas may be
employed for protecting greenhouse plants in winter.
We have known a small greenhouse, 16 feet by 12, thus
protected by a single Argand burner.

GASTE'RJA. (From gaster, a belly ; alluding to the
swollen base of the flowers. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen succulents, from South Africa,
and all with red flowers, except where otherwise specified.
This genus is allied to ALOE, which see for culture.
G. acinacifo'lia (scimitar- leaved). 3. Orange. July.

1819.

„ „ mi'nor (smaller). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
„ „ nftens (shining). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
„ „ ni'tensbre'vior (shorter). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
„ ,, pluripuncta' ta (many-dotted). 2. Scarlet. July.

1820.

„ ,, venu'sta (lovely). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
,, angula'ta (angled). See G. DISTICHA ANGULATA.
,, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See G. DISTICHA

ANGUST1FOLIA.

,, apicroi'des (Apicra-like). 2. S. Africa. 1879.
„ Bayfie'ldii (Bayfield's). |. S. Africa.
,, bi'color (two-coloured), i. 1824.
, brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 3. July. 1809.

„ pervi'ridis (very green). i£. Scarlet. July. 1820.
, ca'ndicans (rough-marble, white), i. July. 1822.

lini'ta (smeared). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
', carina'ta (rowg/t-keeled). 2. July. 1731.
cheilophy'lla (tongue-leaved). S. Africa. 1879.
colubri'na (serpent-like). 2-4. Coral-red, green. 1877.
, conspurca'la (dirtied). See G. DISTICHA CONSPURCATA.
,, crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). See G. NIGRICANS.
„ Crouche'ri (Croucher's). 2. Red, white. August.

S. Africa. 1870.

„ deci'piens (deceiving). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
„ dicta (word), ij. Coral-red. 1876.
,, di'sticha (two-rowed). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
angula'ta (angled). 2. July. 1791.
angula'ta mi'nor (smaller). ij. August. 1820.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). i£. June. 1731.
conspurca'la (dirtied). 2. June. 1796.
denticula'ta (finely- toothed). 2. Scarlet. July.
1822.

longifo'lia (long-leaved). i£. July. 1796.
ma'jor (larger). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
natale'nsis (Natal). Natal. 1879.
elonga'ta (elongated). S. Africa.
ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). See G. ACINACIFOLIA.
excava'ta (excavated). i£. 1824.

,, obli' qua (twisted-leaved). if. July. 1759.
exce'lsa (tall). S. Africa.

fascia' ta (banded). See G. NIGRICANS FASCIATA.
, formo'sa (beautiful). See G. PICTA.
fu'sco-puncta'ta (brown-spotted). 2. S. Africa. 1860.
gla'bra (smooth-keeled). 3. July. 1796.

,, mi'nor (smaller). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
gra'cilis (slender). S. Africa. 1860.
Hutto'nice (Mrs. Hutton's). 4-5. Rose-cinnabar.

S. Africa. 1908.

inierme'dia (middle-ton gued). See G. VERRUCOSA and
varieties.

GASTONIA

373

GAUDICHAUDIA

G. latepuncta'ta (lively-spotted). 2. Scarlet. July.

1820.
„ denticula'ta (small-toothed). See G. DISTICHA DENTI-

CULATA.
„ Ice'vis (smooth). See ALOE L-BVIS.

, lini'ta (smeared). See G. CANDICANS.

, macula'ta (spotted). 2. Scarlet. July. 1759.

, „ fa' tout (fallacious). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.

, marmora'ta (marbled), i£. S. Africa. 1820.

, mo' His (soft-muddy-leaved), i. July. 1823.

, ni'gricans (dark). 2. July. 1790.

, „ fascia' to. (bundled), ij. July. 1820.

, „ hy'strix (hedgehog). Very bristly.
n .» polyspi'la (many-spotted). S. Africa.
» >i platypky'lla (broad-leaved). S. Africa.
„ „ subni' gricans (slightly-dark). 2. Scarlet. July.

1820.
„ „ subni' gricans gla'brior (smoother). 2. Scarlet.

July. 1826.

„ nftens (shining). See G. ACINACIFOLIA NITENS.
„ ni'tida (shining), i. July. 1820.
„ ,, grandipuncta' ta (large-dotted), i. July. 1822.
„ obli'qua (oblique). See G. MACULATA.
„ obtusa (blunt). i£. July. 1820.

, obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved), ij. July. 1796.

, palle'scens (pale), i. S. Africa. 1860.

, pa'rva (small). See G. CARINATA.

, parvifo'lia (small-leaved). S. Africa. 1860.

, pi'cta (painted). 3. Scarlet. July. 1820.

, planifo'lia (flat-leaved). Red, pale green. August.

S. Africa. 1860.
,, pluripuncta' ta (many-dotted). See G. ACINACIFOLIA

PLURIPUNCTATA.

„ porphyrophy'Ua (purple-leaved). S. Africa. 1873.

„ pulchra (fair). 3. Scarlet. July. 1759.

„ radulo'sa (rasp-like). S. Africa.

„ re'pens (creeping-rooted), i. July. 1821.

„ reta'ta (netted). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.

„ spira'lis (spiral). Leaves arranged spirally.

„ squarro'sa (spreading). 2-3. S. Africa. 1879.

„ striga' ta (rigid). See G. CARINATA.

„ subcarina'ta (obscure-keeled). 2. Orange. July.

1818.

„ „ unda'ta (waved). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
,, ,, viri'dior (greener). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
„ subni' gricans (blackish). See G. NIGRICANS SUB-

NIGRICANS.

,, subverruco'sa (small- war ted). 2. July. 1820.
,, ,, parvipuncta' ta (small-dotted). 2. July. 1820.
„ sulca'ta (furrowed). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
,, transvaale' nsis (Transvaal). S. Africa.
,, triangula'ris (triangular). See G. TRIGONA.
,, trigo'na (triangular). ii. July 1820.
,, unda'ta (waved). See G. SUBCARINATA UNDATA.
,, variolo'sa (variable). 1-2. S. Africa. 1860.
,, venu'sta (lovely). See G. ACINACIFOLIA VENUSTA.
,, verruco'sa (warty). 2. July. 1731.
„ „ aspe'rrima (very rough).
,, „ la'vior (smoother).
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved).
„ „ lo'ngior (longer-leaved).

GASTO'NIA. (After Gaston de Bourbon, son of Henri IV.
of France. Nat. ord. Ivyworts [Araliaceae]. Linn.
ii-Dodecandria, $-Pentagynia. AUied to Arah'a.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of shoots getting
firm, in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-
heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ;
winter, 48° to 55°.
G. Cando'Uei, G. denta'ta, and G. longifo'lia. See BRAS-

SAIOPSIS SPECIOSA.

„ cutispo'ngia (spongy-skinned). Mauritius.

„ palma'ta (baud-leaved"). See TREVESIA PALMATA.

„ sunda'ica (Sundaic). See TREVESIA SUNDAICA.

GASTRTDIUM. (From gastridion, the diminutive for
gaster, the belly ; in allusion to the swollen, or gibbous,
empty glume. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Hardy ornamental grass. Seeds. Ordinary soil.
G. austra'le (southern), i. Green, shining. Europe

(England). " Nit-grass."
„ Itndi'gerum (lens-bearing). See G. AUSTRALE.

GASTROCA RPHA RUNCINA'TA. See MOSCHARIA

P1NNATIFIDA.

GASTROCHTLUS. (From gaster, belly, and cheilos,
lip ; in reference to the swollen lip. Nat. ord. Ginger-
worts [Scitaminaceae]. Linn. i-Monandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Alpinia.)

Must not be confounded with Don's Gastrochi'lus, a
synonym of Saccola'bium. Stove herbaceous perennials.
Divisions of the plant as fresh growth is commencing ;
sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.
G. a'lbo-lu'tea (white-yellow). White, yellow. Malaya.

1894.

„ bi'loba (two-lobed). Malaya.
„ Curti'sii (Curtis's). White ; lip yellow, with red margin.

Malay Peninsula.

,, Jenki'nsii (Jenkins's). See G. LONGIFLORA.
,, longifio'ra (long-flowered). 2. Yellow, red. July.

India, Malaya. 1843.

„ pulche'rrima (prettiest). 2. Yellow, pink. August.
Rangoon. 1828.

GASTROGLO'TTE. See LIPARIS.

GASTROLO'BIUM. (From gaster, belly, and lobos, a
pod ; inflated seed-pod. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[LeguminosaB]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Eutaxia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan River, and all with
yellow flowers, except where otherwise mentioned. Seeds
sown in a hotbed in spring, after being soaked in warm
water ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots in May, in sand,
under a bell-glass ; peat and loam, both fibrous, with a
portion of silver sand, and small pieces of charcoal ; im-
patient of sour, stagnant soil. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
G. acu'tum (sharp- pointed). See OXYLOBIUM ACUTUM.

„ bi'lobum (two-lobed). 2. May. 1803.

„ calyci'num (Jarg«-calyxed). April.

,, corda'tum (beait-sbaped-leaved). See OXYLOBIUM

SPECTABILB.

, epacridioi'des (Epacris-like). 1847.

, obova'tum (reversed-egg-leaved). April.

, ovalifo'lium (oval-leaved). Australia.

, oxylobioi' des (Oxylobium-like). April. 1840.

, pyramidale (pyramidal). 2. Yellow. Australia.

, retu'sum (blunt-leaved). See OXYLOBIUM RETUSUM.

, spathula' turn (spatbulzte-leaved).

, specta'bUe (showy). Orange, crimson. 1859.

, spino'surn (spined). 3. April. 1840.
„ tri'lobum (three-lobed-leaved).
„ veluti'num (velvety). Orange. April. 1852.
,, villo'sum (shaggy). 3. Red, crimson. May. 1845.

GASTRONFMA. (From gaster, belly, and nema, a
filament ; in reference to the filaments seen below the
point of insertion. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Cyrtanthus.)

Dr. Burchell discovered the pretty bulb, dava'tum,
and flowered it in an open border along with other Cape
rarities ; its native place at the Cape is in " fields beyond
Camtours river." Offsets ; sandy loam, fibrous peat, and
dried leaf-mould ; plenty of water when growing, and
dry when at rest. Winter temp., from 35° to 45° ; or in
border, protected in winter.

G. dava'tum (club-leaved). See CYRTANTHUS UNIFLORUS.
,, sangui'neum (blood-red). See CYRTANTHUS SAN-
GUINEUS.

GATEN or GATER-TREE. Co'rnus sangui'nea.

GATHERER. The hand is the best instrument for
collecting fruit into the basket ; but to avoid the danger
and breakage of branches incidental to using long ladders,
certain instruments have been designed. One of them is
for apples and other single fruit ; another for grapes, the
stalk of which it severs and retains in its grasp.

GATHERING. See FRUIT-ROOM.

GAUDICHAU'DIA. (Named after C. Gaudichaud, a
French naturalist. Nat. ord. Malpighiads [Malplghiaces].
Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripe shoots in summer,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat
and loam, with sand, and pieces of charcoal to keep it
open. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
G. cyttflrtc/tot'd^dog's-bane-like). 10. Yellow. Mexico.

1824.
„ schiedea'na (Schiedean). 6. Yellow. S. Amer. 1823.

GAULTHERIA

374

GEISSOMERIA

GAULTHE'RIA. (Named after Dr. Gaulther, a
Canadian. Nat. ord. Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, i-Monogyma. Allied to Pernettya.)

The oil of Wintergreens used to flavour drugs, and also
by perfumers, is obtained from the berries of G. pro-
cu'mbens. Chiefly by layers and seeds. Procu'mbens
requires a moist peat-soil ; Sha'llon will grow in any soil.
The fruit is prized for its flavour so much by the natives,
that they make it into bread for winter use. The green-
house kinds require peat, and similar treatment, with the
exception of a temperature from 35° to 45° in winter.

HARDY.
G. anti'poda (Antipodal). 6. White. New Zealand.

1820.
„ Myrsini'tes (Myrsinites). J. White. N.W. Amer.

1827.
„ nummularioi' des (Nummularia-like). i. White or

pink. Himalayas.
„ procu'mbens (procumbent). |. White. July.

N. Amer. 1762.

„ pyrolafo'lia (Pyrola-leaved). Himalaya.
„ S/fcz'#on(Shallon). 4. White. May. N. Amer. 1826.

"Shallon; Salal."
„ trichophy'lla (hairy-leaved). J. Pink. Himalaya

and Western China. 1899.

GREENHOUSE.

G. bractea'ta (bracted). Red. July. Ecuador. 1848.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet), i. Pink. Venezuela. 1849.
,, corda'ta (heart-leaved). See MACLEANIA CORDATA.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See DIPLYCOSIA DISCOLOR.
,, ferrugi'nea (rusty). Pink. June. Brazil. 1852.
„ fra'grans (fragrant). See G. FRAGRANTISSIMA.
„ fragranti' 'ssima (most-fragrant). White. India and

Malaya. 1869.
„ gla'bra (smooth). Peru.
„ „ caracasa'na (Caracasan). White. Colombia.

1874.
„ hi' spida (roughly-hairy). White. Australia and New

Zealand.

„ insi'pida (tasteless). 6-8. White. Mexico. 1873.
„ lindenia'na. (Lindenian). White. Venezuela.
„ serpyllifo'lia( thyme-leaved). See CHIOGENES SERPYL-

LIFOLIA.

GAU'RA. (From gauros, superb ; referring to the
beauty of some of the species. Nat. ord. Onagrads
[Onagraceae]. Linn. &-Octandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Stenosiphon.)

G. frutico'sa may be propagated either by seeds or
cuttings ; the others — annuals, biennials, and perennials
— are all hardy, and may also be sown in April, and the
perennials may also be divided. Sandy, rich loam suits
them all.
G. angustifo' lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Pink. August.

N. Amer. Perennial.
„ bie'nnis (biennial). 5. Red, white. September.

N. Amer. 1762.

„ cocci'nea (scarlet). $. Scarlet. September. Louisi-
ana. 1811. Perennial.

„ frutico'sa (shrubby). See G. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
„ Lindheime'ri (Lindheimer's). 2-3. White, red.

Summer. Texas. 1850. Perennial.
„ muta'bilis (changeable). 2. Yellow. July. Mexico.

1795. Biennial.
,, another afd lia (CEnothera-leaved). r£. Purple. July.

S. Amer. 1816. Biennial.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4. Yellow. August.

N.W. Amer. 1835. Biennial.
„ sinua'ta (twisted). Blush. July. N.W. Amer. 1826.

Biennial.

,, tripe'tala (three-petaled). i\. Pink. August.
Mexico. 1804. Annual.

GAU'SSIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord. Pal-
maceas).

Stove Palms. See PALMS FOR CULTURE.
G. Ghiesbre1 'ghtii (Ghiesbreght's). W. Ind.
„ pri'nceps (chief). Cuba.

GAYLUSSA'CIA. (Named after M. Gay Lussac, a
celebrated French chemist. Nat. ord. Cranberries
[Vacciniacea3]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Vaccinium.)

Cranberry-like half-hardy evergreens. Seed and layers;
sandy peat, a little loam, and leaf-mould ; require the
protection of a pit or the greenhouse in winter.
G. brachy'cera (short-horned), i. White. May. Penn-
sylvania to Virginia. " Box Huckleberry."
„ dumo'sa (bushy). 2-3. White or rosy. June. N.

Amdr. 1774. " Dwarf Huckleberry."
,, frondtfsa (leafy). 2-5. Green-purple. May. N.

Amer. 1761. " Dangleberry."
,, ,, venu'sta (lovely). 3. Pink. June. 1770.
,, lindenia'na (Lindenian). White. Caraccas. 1850.
„ ni'tida (shining). Scarlet. Brazil. 1853.
,, Pseu'do-vacci'nium (bilberry-like), ij. Rose, red.

May. Brazil. 1843.
,, res ino'sa (resinous). 1-3. Pale red. May. N. Amer.

1782.
„ ,, lute'scens (yellowish). 2. Reddish-yellow. June.

1804.
„ ,, rube'scens (reddish). 3. Yellow, green. May.

i773-

,, ro'sea (rosy-flowered). Rose. May. Peru. 1843.
,, ursi'na (bear). Mountains of North and South

Carolina.

GAZA'NIA. (From gaza, richness ; in reference to
the large, gaudy flowers. Nat. ord. Composites [Com-
posite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, ^-Frusiranea. Allied to
Gorteria.)

Natives of South Africa. Cuttings of side-shoots,
produced in abundance near the base of the plant, in
August ; more sparingly in spring, in sandy soil, under
a hand-light ; peat and loam, with a portion of sand.
Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
G. bractea'ta (large-bracted). £. Ray white, purple

beneath ; disc yellow. Natal. 1894.
„ heterophy 'lia (variable-leaved). £. Orange. July.

1812.
„ longisca'pa (long-scaped). |. Orange-yellow. July.

S. Africa.
„ tnonta'na (mountain). J. Pale yellow. Natal.

1899.

„ ni'vea (snowy). White. S. Africa.
,, „ latifto'ra (broad-flowered). Flowers large, white

or cream. 1897.

,, Pavo'nia (peacock). iJ. Yellow. July. 1804.
„ pinna' ta iniegrifo'lia (entire-leaved). Yellow. 1881.
» pygma'a (pigmy). Yellow. S. Africa.
„ ,, lu'tea (yellow). Chrome-yellow, with light yellow

zone. 1904.

,, ri'gens (stiff), i. Orange. June. 1755.
,, sple'ndens (splendid). £. Orange, black, white.

Origin unknown.

,, subula'ta (awl-leaved), i. Yellow. July. 1792.
,, unifio'ra (one-flowered), i. Yellow. July. 1816.

GAZANIO'PSIS. (Gazania, and opsis, resemblance ;
the plant resembles a Gazania. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

A garden hybrid requiring similar treatment to
Gazania.

G. stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). Leaves varying from
bronze to golden-yellow. 1882.

GEIGE'RA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Rutacese.)

A stove shrub. Cuttings of nearly ripe wood in sand,
in a moist, warm case. Fibrous loam and a little peat,
with sand.

G. parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 3. Red. June. Aus-
tralia. 1823.

GEISSO'IS. (From geisson, a tile ; in allusion to the
flattened, winged, overlapping seeds. Nat. ord. Saxi-
fragaces.)

A handsome stove shrub, producing its crimson flowers
on old branches. Cuttings of ripe wood in sand, in a
close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam and peat.
G. racemo'sa (racemed). Crimson-red ; young stems and
leaves purple-red. New Caledonia. 1880.

GEISSOME'RIA. (From geisson, a tile, and weris, a
part ; referring to the way the bracts are imbricated, or
fall over each other as tiles on a roof. Nat. ord. Acanthads
[Acanthaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynaniia, 2-Angiospermia.
Allied to Barleria.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of shoots getting

GEISSORHIZA

375

GENISTA

firm, any time in summer, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and a sweet bottom-heat ; loam and peat, with sand,
and a little old cow-dung.
G. auranti'aca (orange-coloured). 2. Orange, red.

Autumn. 1848.
,, cocci'nea (scarlet). 3. Scarlet, rose. Autumn. W.

Ind. 1844.
„ fu'lgida (brilliant). Scarlet. August. W. Ind.

1804.
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 3. Scarlet. July. Brazil.

1826.
„ ni'tida (shining). Brazil.

GEISSORHIZA. Tile Root. (From geisson, a tile,
and rhiza, a root ; referring to the dry coats which cover
the fleshy roots like tiles on a roof. Nat. ord. Irids
[Iridaceae]. Linn. 3-Triandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Romulea.)

Half-hardy bulbs, from South Africa. Except when
planted out on a border, in front of a greenhouse, the
roots should be planted in a handful of white sand ;
offsets ; sandy peat, with a little loam ; must be kept
from the frost in winter.
G. Bellende'ni (Bellenden's). S. Africa.

,, cilia'ris (hair-fringed), i. May.

,, ere'cta (upright). Yellow, blue. May. 1824.

,, exci'sa (abrupt-leaved). J. White. May. 1789.

„ gra'ndis (grand). i. Straw-yellow, red. May.
1866.

„ hi'rta (hairy), i. White. May. 1825.

„ hu'milis (humble). Yellow, rose. May. 1822.

„ imbrica'ta (imbricated). i. Variegated. May.
1825.

„ infte'xa (inflexed). i£. Yellow, blue. May. 1824.

„ ju'ncea (rush-like), i. White. July. 1822.

„ obtusa'ta (blunted), i. Yellow. May. 1801.

„ quadra'ngula (four-angled). £. Blue. June. S.
Africa. 1825.

„ roche'nsis (de la Roche's). }. Violet. May. 1790.

,, secu'nda (side- flowering), i. White. May. 1795.

,, „ albe'scens (whitish), i. White. May. 1795.

„ „ cceru'lea (blue), i. Blue. May. 1795.

,, seta'cea (bristle-leaved), i. Sulphur. July. 1877.

,, sublu'tea (yellowish). See ROMULEA SUBLUTEA.

,, vagina'ta (sheathed). See G. INFLEXA.

GEITONOPLE'SnJM. (Derived from geiton, a neigh-
bour, and plesion, near ; not very widely distinct from
Luzuriaga and Eustrephus. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Greenhouse climber. Cuttings of nearly ripe wood in
late summer in sand, in a close case. Peat and sand
with a little loam.

G. cymo'sum (cymose). Green. Australia and Pacific
Islands. 1832.

GE LA. (From geleo, to shine ; referring to the surface
of the leaves. Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutaceae]. T.inn.
S'Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in May, under a hand-light, in sandy soil ; sandy
peat, Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
G. lanceola'ta (spear-head-leaved). See ACRONYCHIA

LAURIFOLIA.

„ oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). See XIMENIA OBLONGI-
FOLIA.

GELASI'NE. (From gdasinos, a smiling dimple ; re-
ferring to the flowers of these pretty bulbs. Nat. ord.
Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn. $-Triandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Trichonema.)

A bulb, from the Rio Grande in South America, almost,
if not altogether, hardy ; but we fear it has been lost
at the dispersion of Dr. Herbert's collection, who had
dry specimens of five more species of Gelasine. Nuttall's
Nemostyiis is the nearest genus to it ; but Romulea, so
well known, will give a good idea of it ; light, sandy
soil suits them best ; they seed freely, and seedlings
flower the second season from the sowing, and, like most
Irids, they increase by offset-bulbs.
G. azu'rea (blue), i. Blue. May. S. Amer. 1838.

GELSE MIUM. (From gelsemius, an Italian name for
Jasmine. Nat. ord. Loganiaceae.)
A hardy, or nearly hardy, woody climber, often called

" False Jessamine " in N. America. Cuttings in a cold
frame in early autumn. Well-drained soil.
G. sempervi'rens (evergreen). Yellow. June. N. Amer.
1840. Syn. G. nitidum.

GENETY'LLIS. (From genetyllis, protective of birth ;
alluding to the form and position of the flowers. Nat.
ord. Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, i-
Monogynia. All referred to Darwinia.)

Greenhouse evergreens. Cultivated like the Myrtle.
G. fimbria'ta (fringed). See DARWINIA FIMBRIATA.
„ fuchsioi'des (Fuchsia-like). See D. HOOKERIANA.
„ macroste'gia (large-involucred). See DARWINIA MAO

ROSTEGIA.

„ tulipi'fera (tulip-bearing). See DARWINIA MACROS-
TEGIA.

GENIOSPO'RUM. (From genos, geneos, a race, and
sporos, a seed. Nat. ord. Labiate.)

A stove annual. Seeds. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
G. prostra'tum (prostrate), i. Purple. India.

GENI'PA. Genip-tree. (From Genepapa, the native
name. Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. $-Pen-
iandria, r-Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.)

The Genipap, a South American fruit, is produced by
G. america'na; it is as large as an orange, and much
esteemed. Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of shoots
just getting a little firm, in May, in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with a little
sand and cow-dung. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter,
45° to 50°.
G. america'na (American). 30. Pale yellow. S. Amer.

1779.
„ edu'lis (eatable). 30. White. Guiana. 1824. See

ALIBERTIA EDULIS.

„ esculefnta (eatable). See RANDIA EDULIS.
„ Meria'nct (Merian's). 10. White. Cayenne. 1800.
,, oblongifo'lia (oblong- leaved). 20. Yellow. Peru. 1821.

GENISTA. (From the Celtic, gen, a small bush. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa?]. T.inn. i6-Mowa-
delphia, 6-Decandria. Allied to Spartium.)

Low shrubs, all with yellow flowers, good for making
quickly an ornamental appearance in a shrubbery. The
greenhouse and half-hardy kinds like peat and loam, with
a little sand and leaf-mould, and are propagated by
cuttings of the young shoots in summer, in sand, under a
bell-glass. The hardy kinds are easily propagated by
seed, and the most rare by cuttings under a hand-light,
after April, in a shady place. Whatever plan is adopted,
they should be frequently transplanted, or at once re-
moved to their position in the shrubbery, as they make
long, naked roots. Canarie'nsis is about the best of
the greenhouse ones, and that in a dry place requires
only a little protection out of doors. Lusita'nica and
radia'ta look interesting, even in winter, when the leaves
are gone. A'nglica is the rough- looking spiny dwarf-
bush that blooms so freely in our moist moors. Tincto'ria
is used in all its parts for producing a yellow dye ; and on
a rock-work, or on the top of a mound, with its branches
allowed to creep downwards, few things in spring and
the beginning of summer are more splendid than the
trailing trique'tra, and its next-door neighbour, triangu-
la'ris. Common, loamy soil suits all the hardy ones.

GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS.

G. conge'sta (close-branched). 4. June. Teneriffe.
„ monospe'rma (single-seeded). 4. July. S. Europe.

1690.

„ sphfsroca'rpa (round-podded). 4. July. S. Europe.
i73i-

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

G. bracteola'ia (small-bracted). See G. STYLOSA.
,, canarif'nsis (Canary). See CYTISUS CANARIENSIS.

, clava'ta (club-leaved). 3. June. Mogadore. 1812.

, t!legans (elegant). See CYTISUS FRAGRANS ELEGANS.

, fe'rox (fierce). i£. July. Barbary. 1800.

, fra'grans (fragrant). See CYTISUS FRAGRANS.

, linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 3. June. Spain. 1739.

See CYTISUS LINIFOLIUS.
„ spachia'na (Spach's). 2. Canaries.
„ sfylo'sa (long-styled). 2. May. Portugal. 1823.
„ umbdla'ta (umbelled). 3. June. Barbary. 1799.
„ virga'ta (twiggy). 5. June. Madeira. 1777.

GENTIANA

376

GENTIANA

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

G. aphy'Ua (leafless). See EREMOSPARTON APHYLLUM.
„ kumifu'sa (trailing). i. July. France. 1819.

Trailer.

„ Sco'rpius (scorpion). 4. April. S. Europe. 1570.
„ tetrago'na (four-angled-irancAftf). i. July. Podolia.
1822. Trailer.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

G. cefkne'nsis (Etna). 3-8. July. Sicily. 1816.
„ amsa'nctica (Amsanctic). See G. ANXANTICA.
„ andrea'na (Androan). See CYTISUS SCOPARIUS

ANDREANUS.

„ a'nglica (English. Pettywhin). 2. July. Britain.

„ angula'ta (angled). See G. PARVIFLORA.

„ anxa'ntica (Anxantic). 4. July. Italy. 1818.

„ aspalathoi'des (Aspalathus-like). S.W. Europe.

„ ca'ndicans (whitish). See CYTISUS CANDICANS.

„ capita'ta (headed). See G. CLAVATA.

„ cine'rea (greyish). 4. July. S. Europe.

„ dalma'tica (Dalmatian). $-J. Bright yellow. Balkan
Peninsula. 1906.

„ decu'mbens (decumbent). See CYTISUS PROCUMBENS.

„ diffu'sa (spreading). See CYTISUS DECUMBENS.

„ lirox (fierce). N. Africa.

„ fto'rida (flowery). 6. July. Spain. 1752.

„ germa'nica (German). 2. July. Germany. 1773.

„ „ ine'rmis (nearly-unarmed). 2. July. Germany.

„ hispa'nica (Spanish). 2. July. Spain. 1759.

„ ho'rrida (horrid). 3. July. Pyrenees. 1821.

„ „ erina'cea (prickly). Near Lyons.

„ ita'lica (Italian). 3. July. Italy-

„ lusita'nica (Portuguese). 2. May. Portugal. 1771.

„ ma'ntica (Mantic). See G. TINCTORIA MANTICA.

„ nyssa'na (Nyssan). 2. Yellow. Servia. 1906.

„ ova' to, (egg-leaved). 3. July. Hungary. 1816.

„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 3. July. Asia Minor.
1739-

„ pa' tens (spreading). See CYTISUS PATENS.

„ pa'tula (wide-open). 3. July. Caucasus. 1818.

„ pUo'sa (downy. Green weed). 6. June. England.

» polygalcefo'lia (Polygala-leaved). 3. July. Portugal.
1820.

„ procu'ntbens (lying-down). See CYTISUS PROCUMBENS.

tt Pv'rgans (purging). See CYTISUS PURGANS.

„ radia'ta (rayed), ij. July. Italy. 1758.

„ sagitta'lis (arrow-jointed). $. June. Germany.
1570.

„ „ mi'nor (less). May. Trailer.

„ scario'sa (membranous). See G. TRIANGULARIS.

„ seri'cea (silky). 3. June. Austria. 1812.

„ sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. July. Siberia. 1785.

„ silve'stris (wood). 2. July. Hungary. 1818.

„ tincto'ria (dyer's. Green weed). 3. July. Britain.

„ „ ela'tior (taller). 3.

„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. July.

„ „ hirsu'ta (somewhat hairy). 2. July. Britain.

,, „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. July. Auvergne.
1824.

„ „ ma'ntica (Mantic). 3. July. Italy. 1816.

„ ,, prate'nsis (meadow). 2. July. Italy.

„ triaca'nthos (three-spined). 2. July. Spain.

„ ,, interru'pta (interrupted). 2. May. Tangier.

„ triangula'ris (three-angled-stewm^d). 2. June. Hun-
gary. 1815.

„ triquetra (three-cornered-sfcwwitfd). 3. June. Cor-
sica. 1770.

„ visco'sa (clammy). See ADENOCARPUS ANAGYRUS.

GENTIA'NA. Gentian. (Named after Gentius, king
of Illyria, who first experienced the virtue of Gentian.
Nat. ord. Gentianworts [Gentianaceae]. Linn. $-Pentan-
dria, z-Digynia.)

The root of G. In' tea is the true Gentian of the druggists,
an intense bitter, only exceeded by that of Ale'tris
farino'sa, a little North American Bloodroot, the most
intense bitter known, and by Qua'ssia ama'ra. The
smaller kinds may be treated as alpines ; and whether
grown in pots or not, a little heat and sandy leaf-mould
should t» given them. All may be propagated by seed
sown as soon as ripe ; the perennials, also, by division
in spring. Some of the creeping, low-growing kinds, as
acau'lis, make nice edgings to walks and borders.

HARDY ANNUALS.

G. Amare'tta (Amarella). i. Purple. August. Britain.
„ „ Mtea (yellow). J. Yellow. August.
,, angustifolta (narrow-leaved). J. Purple. July.

N. Amer. 1812.

„ campe'stris (field). $^1$. Pale purple. Britain.
„ carinthi'aca (Carinthian). See PLEUROGYNE CARIN-

THIACA.
„ germa'nica (German). ±. Blue. August. Germany.

1818.

,, glacia'lis (icy). See G. TENELLA.
„ hu'milis (humble). J. Purple. April. Caucasus.

1824.
„ moorcroflia'na (Moorcroftian). $-1. Blue. Himalaya.

1884.

„ niva'lis (snowy). J. Blue. August. Scotland.
„ obtusifolia (blunt-leaved). J. Yellow. July.

Switzerland. 1826.

„ Prate'nsis (meadow). See G. AMARELLA.
,, prostra'ta (prostrate). J. Blue. Northern and

Southern Regions. 1888.
„ tene'Ua (slender). J. Blue. July. Northern and

Arctic Regions. 1819.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

G. barba'ta (bearded). See G. DETONSA.
,, cauca'sica (Caucasian). J. Violet. July. Caucasus.

1804.

„ confe'rta (crowded). Blue. August. Altaia. 1827.
„ crini'ta (iong-haired). J. Blue. July. N. Amer.

1804.
„ deto'nsa (clipped). J. Blue. August. Northern

Regions. 1764.

„ uligino'sa (marshy). See G. AMARELLA.
„ uniflo'ra (one-flowered). See G. GERMANICA.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

G. acau'lis (stemless. Gentianella). J. Blue. May.

Wales.

„ „ a'lbida (whitish). Creamy-white.
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). J. Blue. May.

Alps. 1819.

„ „ kochia'na (Kochian). Dark blue, with five black-
green spots. Alps. 1888.
,, adsce'ndens (ascending). See G. DECUMBENS.
„ cesti'va (summer). See G. VERNA.
„ affi'nis (allied). See G. BIGELOVII.
„ a'lba (white). White. N. Amer.
„ a'lgida (cold), i. White. July. Siberia. 1808.
,, alpi'na (alpine). See G. ACAULIS.
,. alta'ica (Altaic), i. Purple. May. Siberia. 1824.
,, Andre'wsii (Andrews'), i-i^. Blue. N. Amer.

1776. " Closed Gentian."
„ angulo'sa (angled). See G. VERNA.
„ arverne'nsis (Arvernan). i. Dark blue. Country

unknown. 1882.
„ asclepia'dea (swallowwort-like). i. Blue. July.

Austria. 1629.
„ „ a'lba (white). White.
„ „ ma'jor (greater). 2. Blue. July.
„ „ ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white), i. Cream. July.
„ au'rea (golden). £. Yellow. August. Norway. 1823.
„ bava'rica (Bavarian). J. Blue. July. Germany.

1775-

,, Bigelo'vii (Bigelow's). i. Violet. New Mexico.
„ bi'loba (two-lobed). z\. Yellow. July. Alps. 1820.
„ brachyphy'Ua (short-leaved). Europe.
„ bre'videns (short- toothed). Japan.
„ Burse'ri (Burser's). 2. Yellow. July. Pyrenees.

1820.
„ calyco'sa (large-calyxed). i-4. Deep blue, dotted

white. N.W. Amer. 1883.
„ campanula 'ta (bell-flowered). 2. Sulphur. July.

Switzerland. 1819.
„ earpa'thica (Carpathian). Carpathian Mountains.

1888.

„ Catesbce'i (Catesby's). See G. ANDREWSI.
,, ce'rnua (nodding). Ecuador.
„ CharpenMri (Charpentler's). 2. Yellow, dotted red.

Switzerland. 1888.

„ cilia'ta (hair- fringed). J. Blue. Germany. 1759.
,, clava'ta (clubbed). See G. OCHROLEUCA.
„ Clu'sii (Clusius'). i. Dark blue. Switzerland. 1888.

GENTIANA

377

GEONOMA

G. corymbi'fera (corymb-bearing). i-i§. White. New

Zealand. 1909.
„ Crucia'ta (crossed), i. Dark blue. July. Austria.

1596. " Crosswort."
„ dahu'rica (Dahurian). f. Bright blue. Dahuria.

1902.
„ decu'mbens (lying-down). |. Blue. July. Himalaya.

1799.

„ dina'rica (Dinaric). See G. EXCISA.
,, exci'sa (cut-out). Europe.
„ Feliso'wi (Fetisow's). J. Deep blue. Turkestan.

1882.

„ fimbria'ta (fringed). See G. CRIKITA.
,, fi'rma (firm). See G. ACAULIS.
„ flo'rida (flowery). Yellow. Argentina.
„ folio'sa (leafy). Lilac. Andes of Peru.
„ Fortu'nei (Mr. Fortune's). See G. SCABRA.
„ freynia'na (Freynian). £. Larger, more inflated

flowers than G. septemfida. Asia Minor. 1909.
„ fri'gida (frigid). J. White. July. Syria. 1817.
„ FrceU'chii (Frcelich's). $. Blue. Carinthia. 1888.
„ gaudinia'na (Gaudinian). 2-3. Lurid purple.

Switzerland. 1888.

„ Ge'bleri (Gebler's). See G. DECUMBENS.
„ ge'lida (ice-cold), i. Yellowish. July. Asia Minor.

1807.
„ hy'brida (hybrid). 2*. Yellow, purple. July.

Switzerland. 1817.

„ imbrica'ta (imbricated). J. Blue. July. Switzer-
land. 1819.

„ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). See G. OCHROLEUCA.
„ intermedia (intermediate). See G. OCHROLEUCA.
„ Kfsselri'ngi (Kesselring's). J. Whitish, with dotted

violet lines. Turkestan. 1882.
„ kochia'na (Kochian). See G. ACAULIS KOCHIANA.
„ kummeria'na (Kummerian). Purple, yellow. N.

Tyrol. 1888.

„ Kurroo' (Kurroo). J. Blue and white spots. Hima-
laya. 1880.

„ „ bre'videns (short- toothed). See G. DAHURICA.
„ Lawre'ncei (Lawrence's). Light blue, with darker

lines. Lake Baikal District. 1905.
„ linea'ris (narrow-leaved), i. Blue. August. Caro-
lina. 1816.

„ lu'tea (yellow). 4. Yellow. July. Alps. 1596.
„ macrophy'Ua (large-leaved), i. Blue. July. Siberia.

1796.
„ ochroleu'ca (cream- flou'ered) 2. Yellowish. N. Amer.

1803.

„ Olivie'ri (Olivier's). See G. DECUMBENS.
,, orega'na (Oregon). 1-2. Bright blue. N.W. Amer.

1892.
„ orna'ia (adorned). £. Turquoise blue. Himalaya.

1880.

„ panno'nica (Pannonian). i. Purple. July. Alps.
„ Pa'rryi (Parry's). N. Amer.
„ phlogifo'lia (Phlox-leaved). Transsylvania.
„ plebe'ia (vulgar). See G. AMARELLA.
„ Pneumona'nthe (wind-flower). £. Blue. August.

England.
„ „ flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). J. White, green.

August. Germany. 1834.
„ „ gutta'ta (spotted). J. Blue. August.
„ Prsewa'hkii (Przewalsky's). China.
„ Pseu'do-pneumona'nthe (bastard-wind-flower). See

G. LINEARIS.

;, pu'mila (dwarf). J. Blue. May. Switzerland.

1817.
„ puncta' ta (spotted- flowered). 3. Yellow. July. Alps.

1775-

„ pvrpu'rea (purple). 3. Blue. July. Alps. 1768.
„ „ flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 2. Whit*. July.

European Alps. 1823.
„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). J. Blue. July. Pyrenees.

1825.

„ quadrifo'lia (four-leaved). See CHLORA QUADRIFOLIA.
„ quinqueflo'ra (five-flowered). £. Blue. August.

N. Amer. 1824.
„ ru'bra (red). Yellow, purplish outside. Switzerland.

1888.
„ Sapona'ria (soapvrort-leaved). 2. Blue. August.

N. Amer. 1776. " Soapwort Gentian."
„ „ flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). J. White. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1826.
„ sea bra (rough). Lilac. Eastern Asia.

G. septe'mfida (seven-cleft). J. Blue. July. Persia.

1804.
„ „ gutta'ta (spotted). \. Blue. June. Levant.

1804.

„ ,, cauca'sica (Caucasian). Blue. August. Caucasus.
„ ,, qordifo'lia (heart- leaved). Blue. Leaves heart-
shaped. Asia Minor.
„ siphona'nfha (tube-flowered). China.
,, strami'nea (straw-coloured). China.
„ stylo'phora (style-bearing). Sikkim.
„ Thoma'sii (Thomas's). See G. RUBRA.
„ tianscha'nica (Tianschanic). Central Asia.
,, ,, glomera'ta (clustered).
„ tib/tica (Tibetan). Himalaya.
„ triflo'ra (three-flowered). J. Blue. July. Siberia.

1807.

„ vmbdla'ta (umbelled). See G. AUREA.
„ utriculo'sa (bladdery). $. Purple. April. S.Europe.

1822.
„ Veitchio'rum (The Veitches'). Intense blue. W.

China. 1909.

„ ve'rna (spring). J. Blue. May. England.
„ „ flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered), J. White. April.
„ Waluje'wi (Walujew's). White, dotted with blue.

Turkestan. 1884.
„ Weschniakou/i (Weschniakow's). Turkestan.

GEODO RUM. (From ge, the earth, and doru, a spear ;
the flower-spikes arise from rhizomes in the soil. Nat.
ord. Orchidace*.)

Terrestrial Orchids requiring the warmth and moisture
of a stove.

G. ca'ndidum (white), i. White. Burma.
„ citri'num (citron-scented), i. Yellow. Autumn.

E. Ind. 1800.
,, dilata'tum (broadened), i. Flesh-coloured. Summer.

India.
„ duperrea'num (Duperrean). J-i. White ; lip white,

veined purple. Cochin-China. 1882.
„ fuca'tum (brownish). i. Pink. July. Ceylon.

1832.

,, purpu'reum (purple). White, dotted with purple.
Himalaya. 1908.

GEOFFR2ETA. Bastard Cabbage-tree. (Named after
Dr. Geoffroy, of Paris, author of Materia Medica. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Dia-
delphia, 4-Pentagynia. Allied to Andira.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripened shoots in
sand, in peat, and under a bell-glass ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
G. Bredeme'yen (Bredemeyer's). See G. SUPERBA.

„ ine'rmis (unarmed). See ANDIRA INERMIS.

,, racemo'sa (racemed). See ANDIRA EXCELSA.

„ spino'sa (spined). 30. Yellow. W. Ind. 1818.

„ supe'rba (superb). Yellow. July. Caraccas. 1824.

„ viola'cea (violet). 20. Violet. Guiana. 1823.

GEOFFRO'YA. See GEOFFR^A.

GEOMETRA. The Amphidasis and Hybernia of some
entomologists is a genus of moths including G. Pilosaria,
Pale Brindled Beauty-Moth, which appears in March ;
eggs deposited in bands round a twig, as done by the
Lackey-Moth. Caterpillars appear with the opening
leaves of the elm, lime, lilac, and apple-tree. They are,
at first, a light green.

Hybernia defoliaria, Lime-Looper, or Mottled Umbre-
Moth, feeds on the leaves of the lime and apple. Moth
appears in November. Caterpillar reddish, with a bright
yellow stripe on each side. Female moth has no wings,
so that a piece of stiff brown paper smeared over with
cart grease, and bound round a tree's stem, prevents its
ascent, as in the case of the Winter Moth.

Fidonia piniaria attacks the pine and fir tribe.

GEO NOMA. (From geonomos, skilled in agriculture ;
as much as to say that only a skilful planter could increase
these palms. Nat. ord. 'Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn. 22-
Dicecia, 6-Hexandria. Allied to Borassus.)

Stove palms. Seed; rich, sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
G. acau'lis (stemless). 5. Brazil. 1823.
„ acutiflo'ra (acute-flowered). See G. BACULIFERA.

GEORCHIS

378

GERANIUM

G. bacitli'fera (small-berry-bearing). 8. Guiana. 1846.
„ bine'rvia (two-nerved). Costa Rica.
„ Carde'ri (Carder's). See PRESTOEA CARDERI.
„ cor alii' f era (coral- bear ing). See CHAM/EDOREA ER-

NESTI-AUGUSTI.

„ deco'ra (handsome). Dwarf, with pinnate leaves and

reddish-brown stalks. 1894.

„ deve'rsa (turned-downwards). 3. Guiana. 1846.
„ fenestra'ta (windowed). See MALORTIEA GRACILIS.
„ fra'gilis (fragile). Guiana. 1849.
„ ghiesbreghtia'na (Ghiesbreghtian). See CALYPTROGYNE

GHIESBREGHTIANA.

„ gra'cilis (slender). Costa Rica. 1874.

„ He'rbslii (Herbst's). Leaf segments broader than in

G. gracilis. 1889.

„ imperia'lis (imperial). Colombia. 1868.
„ intermedia (intermediate). Leaves pinnate ; petioles

reddish-brown. 1882.

„ tnterru'pta (interrupted). 6. Brazil. 1849.
,, lacera'ta (lacerated). Central Amer. 1869.
„ macro' stachys (large-spiked). 5. Brazil. 1823.
„ magnified (magnificent). Mexico. 1856.
„ martia'na (Martian). Brazil.
„ „ Seema'nni (Seeman's). See G. SEEMANNI.
„ ma'xima (largest). 12. Guiana.
„ pinna'tifrons (leaflet-leaved). 15. Caraccas. 1821.
„ pohlia'na (Pohl's). Brazil.
„ par tea' na (Port's). Brazil. 1853.
,, pri'nceps (chief). Colombia.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). Colombia. 1853.
,, pu'mila (dwarf). Colombia.

„ pynariia'na (Pynaertian). See IGUANURA DIFFUSA.
„ schottia'na (Schott's). Brazil. 1820.
„ Seema'nni (Seemann's). Nicaragua. 1873.
„ siesmayeria'na (Siesmayerian). Leaves tinged with

red when young. 1896.

„ simpli'cifrons (simple-leaved). 5. Trinidad. 1818.
„ spixia'na (Spix's). 15. Brazil. 1824.
„ Swa'rtzii (Swartz's). 50. Cuba. 1878.
„ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). Leaves glaucous, tinted

rose when young. Eastern Peru. 1895.
„ unda'ta (waved). Colombia. 1850.
„ Verschaffe'ltii (Verschaffelt's). See CALYPTROGYNE

GHIESBREGHTIANA.

„ zamore'nsis (Zamoran). Ecuador. 1869.
GEO'RCHIS. See GOODYERA.

GEORGI'NA. Attempts were made some years since
to substitute this name for that of Dahlia ; but the law
of priority settles the question. Dahlia was named by
the Spanish botanist Cavanilles in 1791 ; and neither
Wildenow nor Sprengel's Georgina appeared for more
than eighty years subsequently.

GERA'NIUM. A popular name for Pelargonium, but
liable to cause ambiguity, because many of those who
use the name are referring to Pelargonium, without
knowing the difference. The principal differences are as
follows : —

Gera'nium. — Flowers regular, without a tubular
nectary. Stamens ten. Plants mostly quite hardy.

Pelargo'nium. — Flowers irregular, the upper two petals
being different from the three lower. The posterior
sepal has a spur or nectary running down the stalk of
the flower. Stamens ten, but three, four, or eight of
them may be without anthers. All require greenhouse
protection except a few, which are half-hardy.

GERA'NIUM. Crane's Bill. (From geranos, a crane ;
referring to the beak-like torus, or projection beyond
the seeds. Nat. ord. Cranesbills [Geraniaceae]. Linn.
i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria.)

A very few require the pit or greenhouse in winter,
and these should have equal portions of peat, loam, leaf-
mould, and sand. Almost all are hardy, and flourish in
common ground ; many grow under the shade of trees
and hedges, and thus secure a portion of vegetable
earth. There are worse things than the common weed
robertia'num for twining itself round the sides of a rustic
basket, or crawling over a rock- work. The following are
a few of the best for gardens : — arme'num, stria' turn,
sylva'ticum, Endre'ssi, ibe'ricum, sangui'neum, lancas-
trie'nse, wallichia'num, prate'nse, prate'nse flo're-pleno,
dahu'ricum, pilo'sum, and crista'tum.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.

G. aconitifo'hum (aconite-leaved). See G. RIVULARE.
,, arge'nteum (silvery-leaved). J. Striped. July. S.

Europe. 1699.

,, atla'nticum (Atlantic), ij. Purple. Algeria. 1878.
„ ca'ffrum (Caffrarian). £. Lilac. S. Africa. 1862.
,, cane' scens (hoary). £. Pink. June. S.Africa. 1787.
,, inca'num (hoary-many-cleft). \. Pink. June. S.

Africa. 1701.
,, mexica'num (Mexican), i. Pale purple. August.

Mexico. 1832.
,, ornitho' podum (bird's-foot). White.

HARDY ANNUALS.

Pale.

asphodeloi'des (Asphodel-like). Pale. June. Greece,

Asia Minor. 1821.
carolinia'num (Carolinian). Rose. July. N. Amer.

1817.

lanugino'sum (woolly). See G. CAROLINIANUM.
lu'cidum (shining), i. Pink. June. Britain.
pa' liens (pale). See G. ASPHODELOIDES.
robertia'num (Robertian). i. Red. May. Britain.
,, flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered), i. White. Summer.

Britain.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

affi'ne (related), i. Blue. June. Altaia. 1832.
alba'num (Alban). ij. Red. July. Caucasus ;

Persia. 1820.

al'oiflo'rum (white-flowered). See G. RICHARDSONI.
alta'icum (Altaic), ij. Pale red. July. Altaia.

1818.
anemonefo'lium (Anemone-leaved). 3. Red. August.

Madeira. 1788. Greenhouse evergreen.
angula'tum (angular-stalked). i. Purple. June.

Thrace. 1789.
arme'num (Armenian). 2. Red, with black centre.

Armenia. 1874.

balka'num (Balkan). See G. MACRORRHIZUM.
batrachioi'des (Batrachium-like). See G. SYLVATICUM.
bohe'micum (Bohemian). Bohemia.
c&ru'leum (blue). See G. PRATENSE.
cine'reum (grey), i. Red. August. Pyrenees.

„ a'lbum (white). White.

colli'num (hill), i. Purple. July. Siberia. 1815.
crista'tum (crested). See G. ALBANUM.
dahu'ricum (Dahurian). i. Purple. June. Dahuria.

1820.

Endre'ssi (Endress'). iJ-2. Deep rose. Pyrenees.
eria'nthum (woolly-flowered). 2. Crimson. June.

California. 1839.
erioste'mon (woolly-stamened). i£. Blue. July.

Siberia. 1822.
, ,, pa'ttidum (pale). i£. Pale blue. August.

Nepaul. 1822.
Fremo'ntii (Fremont's). i-i£. Purple-lilac, with dark

veins. N. Amer. 1909.
f 14,' scum (brown). See G. PH^EUM.
gra'cile (slender), ij. Purple. Caucasus.
grandifto'rum (large-flowered). Dwarfer, with larger

flowers than G. pratense. Himalaya. 1902.
grevillea'num (Grevillean). Blue. Himalaya. 1905.
gymnocau'lon (naked-stemmed). See G. IBERICUM.
ibe'ricum (Iberian). i£. Blue. July. Levant. 1802.
inci'sum (cut). 2. Purple. N.W. Amer. 1901.
Lambe'rti (Lambert's). i£. Red. July. Nepaul.

1824.
lancastrie'nse (Lancaster). See G. SANGUINEUM LAN-

CASTRIENSE.

Londe'sii (Londes's). 2. Purple. Siberia.
lo'ngipes (long-stalked) See G. COLLINUM.
Lo'wei (Lowe's) See G. ANEMON/EFOLIUM.
, macrorrhi' zum (large-rooted), ij. Purple. June.

Italy. 1576.
macula'tum (spotted). J. Purple. July. N. Amer.

1732.
malv&flo'rum (mallow-flowered). i£. Purple. Spain

and Morocco.

margariia' ceum (pearly). White. Origin unknown.
multi'fidum (much-cut), i. Red. August. S.Africa.

1817.

ne>noro'snni (grove). See G. ASPHODELOIDES.
nepale'nse (Nepaulese). £. Red. June. Nepaul.

1818.

GERARDIA

379

GESNERA

G. nodo'sum (thick-jointed), r. Purple. Europe.
„ palma'tum (palmate). See G. ANEMON.EFOLIL-M.
„ palu'stre (marsh). 2. Purple. July. Germany.

„ parviflo'rum (small-flowered). f. Purple. June.

Van Diemen's Land. 1816.

„ pha'um (dusky). i£. Black. May. England.
„ pilo'sum (shaggy). 3. Purple. July. New Zealand.

1821.
„ platya'nthum (flat-flowered). 2-3. Rose-purple.

Central and Western China. 1906.
,, prale'nse (meadow. Crowfoot-leaved). ij. Blue.

June. Britain.
„ „ flo're-albo (white-flowered). i£. White. June.

Britain.
„ „ flo're-a'lbo-ple'no (double - white - flowered). 2.

White. May. Britain.
„ „ flo're-plc'no (double-flowered). 2. Blue. June.

Scotland.

„ ,, flo're-variega'ta (variegated-flowered), ij. Varie-
gated. July. Britain.

» pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). i. Purple. June. Britain.
„ refle'xum (bent-back-flowered). i£. Red. July.

Italy. 1758.
„ Richardso'nii (Richardson's), i£. Whitish. July.

N.W. Amer. 1827.

„ rivula're (river-bank), i. White. June. Europe.
,, rubifo'lium (bramble-leaved). See G. PRATENSE.
„ sangui'neum (bloody), i. Crimson. July. Britain.
,, „ lancastrie'nse (Lancastrian). £. Pink, red veined.

June. Lancashire. Trailer.
,, ,, villosi'ssimum (hairiest). J. Blood. July.

Europe. Trailer.
„ sessiliflo' rum (stalkless-flowered). i. White and

purple. Australia ; Chili. 1894.
„ sibi'ricum (Siberian), i. White. July. Siberia.

1758.
„ stria'tum (channelled), i. Striped. August. Italy.

1629.

„ sttbcaule'scens (short-stemmed). £. Europe.
„ sylva'ticum (wood). 1-2. Purple. July. Britain.
„ frave'rsii (Travers's). £. Light purple, lined car-
mine. New Zealand. 1898.
„ tubero'sum (tuberose-roofed), i. Pink. July. Italy.

1596.

„ „ charle'sii (Charles's). Afghanistan. 1887.
,, ,, ramo'sum (branching), i. Purple. July. S.

Europe.

„ timbro'sum (shaded). See G. PYRENAICUM.
„ vlassovia'num (Vlassov's). i. Red. July. Siberia.

1821.
„ wallichia'num (Wallich's). f. Striped. July. Nepaul.

1819.

„ Wilfo'rdi (Wildford's). Mandshuria.
,, yedoe'nse (Yedo). Japan.

GERA'RDIA. (Named after Gerard, the English
herbalist. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceas]. Linn.
i4-Didynamia, 2-Angipspermia.)

All but delphinifo'lia from North America. Annuals,
biennials, and perennials by seed, in sandy peat ; peren-
nials and biennials also by cuttings in sandy peat, under
a hand-light ; such as quercifo'lia by divisions in spring ;
sandy, fibrous loam, if peat is not to be had ; the stove
species requires similar treatment, but extra heat.

STOVE HERBACEOUS.
G. delphinifo'lia (larkspur-leaved). See SOPUBIA DEL-

PHINIFOLIA.

HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

G. aphy'lla (lea&ess-stemmed). 3. Rose. July. 1834.

Annual

„ mari'tima (sea-side). 2. Yellow. July. 1823.
„ Pedicula'ria (Pedicularis-like). Yellow. June. 1826.
,, purpu'rea (purple). i£. Purple. July. 1772.
„ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved), ij. Pale violet. July.

Mexico. 1812.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

G. fla'va (yellow). i£. Yellow. July. 1796.
„ quercifo'lia (oak-leaved), i. Yellow. July. 1812.

GE'RBERA. (Named after Gerber, a German natu-
ralist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, 2-Superflua.)

Greenhouse or half-hardy perennials; seeds or
cuttings of the side-shoots, and preserved over the
winter ; sandy loam and a little peat. Winter temp.,
40° to 45°.

G. Ana'ndria (Anandria). i. Siberia; Japan.
,, auranli'aca (orange), ij. Brilliant red. Natal and

Transvaal. 1905.

„ Bellidia' strum (Bellidiastrum). See G. ANANDRIA.
„ crena'ta (scotiop-leaved). See MAIRIA CRENATA.
,, E'lsa (Mrs. Elsa's). See G. AURANTIACA.
„ Jameso'm (Jameson's). 1-2. Orange-scarlet. S.

Africa. 1889.
„ „ transvaale'nsis (Transvaal). Flowers larger and

lighter. S. Africa. 1901.
„ kunzea'na (Kunzean). i. Himalaya.
,, nfvea (snowy), i. White. Himalaya.
„ viridifo'lia (green-leaved), i. White. S. Africa.
1896.

GERMAN CATCHFLY. Ly'chnis Visca'ria.
GERMANDER. Teu'crium.

GERMINATION is the sprouting or first step in vegeta-
tion of a seed. To enable it to germinate it must have
a perfectly developed embryo, and be ripe, or nearly
ripe. It must not be too old, and there must be present
a certain degree of heat, moisture, and oxygen gas, the
latter being furnished by the air.

GEROPO'GON. Old Man's Beard. (From geron, old
man, and pogon, a beard ; referring to the hair-like
pappus which crowns the calyx in this order. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia i-&qualis.
See TRAGOPOGON.)
G. calycula'tus (large-calyxed). See SCORZONERA HIRSUTA.

„ gla'ber (smooth). See TRAGOPOGON CROCIFOLIUS.

,, hirsu'tus (hairy). See TRAGOPOGON CROCIFOLIUS.

GERRARDA'NTHUS. (Commemorative of Gerrard, a
botanical collector, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord.
Cucurbitaceae.)

Stove climber. Seeds. Fibrous loam and plenty of
sand.
G. tomento'sa (felted). Yellow. August. S.Africa. 1874.

GE SNERA. (Named after Conrad Gesner, a celebrated
botanist of Zurich. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneraceae].
Linn. n-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Gloxinia.
A most interesting family of plants that, by regulating
their rest period, may be brought into bloom at almost
any time. All scarlet-flowered, except where otherwise
sta'ted.

G. acau'lis (stemless). See PENTARHAPHIA SLOANEI.
,, aggrega'ta (aggregate). 3. June. Brazil. 1816.
„ allagophy'lla (shifting-leaved), ij. Orange. July.

Brazil. 1834.

„ Arno'ldi (Arnold's), i. July. Brazil. 1841.
„ barba'ta (bearded). See LIGERIA BARBATA.
„ Bla'ssii (Blass'). i. Brazil.
„ breviflo'ra (short-flowered). See ISOLOMA BREVI-

FLORUM.

„ bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2. June. Brazil. 1816.
„ calyci'na (/argc-calyxed). See PENTARHAPHIA CALY-

CINA.

„ caracasa'na (Caracas). 2. July. Caracas. 1842.

„ cardina'lis (scarlet), i. Scarlet.

,, „ purpu'rea (purple). £. Purple. August. 1847.

,, chelonoi'des (Chelone-h'ke). Colombia.

„ cinnabari'na (cinnabar). See N^GELIA CINNABARINA.

„ coMea'ris (shell-like). 2. Scarlet. May. Brazil.

„ Coope'ri (Mr. Cooper's). 2. May. Brazil. 1829.

„ corda'ta (heart-leaved). J. Pale scarlet. July.

„ corymbo'sa (corymbed). 2. July. Jamaica. 1822.

„ Digita'lis (foxglove-like). June. Brazil. 1842.

,, di'scolor (two-coloured). Red, yellow. September.

S. Amer. 1843.

„ Donkla'rii (Donklar's). 2. Red. June. Colombia.
„ Dougla'sii (Douglas's), ij. Red, yellow. September.

Rio Janeiro. 1826.
„ „ verticilla'ta(whorled- flowered). 2. Crimson. May.

Rio Janeiro. 1835.

GESNERA

380

GETONIA

G. Duva'lii (Duval's). Gardens.

„ elli'ptica (oval). Colombia.

„ „ lu'tea (yellow- flowered), i. Yellow. May. Santa
Martha. 1844.

„ elonga'ta (elongated). 2. Scarlet. September. S.
Amer. 1830.

,, „ frutico'sa (shrubby). 2. August.

„ faucia'lis (wide-mouthed). 2. July. Brazil. 1833.

„ Gardne'ri (Gardner's). See HOUTTEA LEPTOPUS.

„ gerardia'na (Gerard's). 2. Red, yellow. September.
S. Amer. 1843.

„ gloxinia flo'ra (Gloxinia-flowered). Pink. 1860.

„ gollmeria'na (Gollmerian). Scarlet, yellow. Vene-
zuela.

„ gra'cilis (slender). See G. PUNCTATA.

„ herbertia'na (Herbertian). See N^GELIA GEROLTIANA.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). See ISOLOMA RUBRICAULE.

„ honde'nsis (Honda). See PENTARHAPHIA LIBANEN-
sis.

„ Hooke'ri (Hooker's). Scarlet. Colombia.

„ hu'milis (humble). See PENTARHAPHIA HUMILIS.

„ lasia'ntha (woolly-flowered). See ISOLOMA DEPPEANUM.

„ lateri'tia (brick-red). 2. July. Brazil. 1834.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). August. Brazil.

„ Leopo'ldii (Leopold's). Red. Brazil.

„ libane'nsis (Lebanon. Many-flowered). See PENTAR-
HAPHIA LIBANENSIS.

„ Lindle'yi (Lindley's). Scarlet, yellow. July. Brazil.

1825.
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). See ACHIMENES LONGI-

FLORA.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See ISOLOMA LONGIFOLIUM.
„ macra'ntha (large-flowered). See G. CARDINALIS.
>, i> purpu'rea (purple- flowered). See G. CARDINALIS

PURPUREA.

„ macrosta'chya (large-spiked). See G. LATIFOLIA.
„ macula'ta (spotted). Purple, spotted. Brazil.
,, magni'fica (magnificent). Purple. August. Brazil.
„ Ma'rchii (March's). 3. Scarlet. Brazil. 1844.
„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See N^GELIA MULTI-
FLORA.

„ nagelioi'des (Nasgelia-like). A race of garden hybrids.
„ oblonga'ta (oblong). See G. ELONGATA.
„ palu'stris (marsh). See G. SCEPTRUM IGNEA.
„ pardi'na (leopard-spotted). See HOUTTEA PARDIN A.
,, penduli'na (drooping- flowered). 2. June. S. Amer.

1825.

„ pi' eta (painted). See ISOLOMA PICTUM.
„ polya'ntha (many-flowered). 2. June. Brazil. 1839.
„ prasina'ta (leek-green). See RHYTIDOPHYLLUM PRA-

SINATUM.
„ puncta' to, (spotted). Purple spotted. Colombia (?).

1848.

„ purpu'rea (purple). See G. MACULATA.
„ refle'xa (bent-back). April. Valparaiso. 1837.
„ Regi'ntz (Queen's). Bluish-purple. 1903.
„ rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). See ISOLOMA RUBRICAULE.
„ rupe'siris (rock-inhabiting). See G. TUBEROSA.
„ rupi'cola (rock), f. May. Brazil. 1835.
„ ru'tila (brilliant). 2. Scarlet, yellow. August.

Brazil. 1825.
„ „ a'tro-sangui'nea (dark red). 2. Crimson. August.

Brazil. 1826.

„ sca'bra (rough). See PENTARHAPHIA SCABRA.
„ Sce'ptrum (sceptred). 4. July. Brazil. 1836.
» >» i'gnea (fiery). 3. Reddish-yellow. September.

Brazil. 1835.

„ schiedea'na (Schiede's). See ISOLOMA SCHIEDEANUM.
„ Seema'nnii (Seemann's). See ISOLOMA SEEMANNII.
„ Sello'vii (Sellow's). 2. July. Brazil. 1835.
„ Sello'i (Sellow's) of G. Don. See G. LATERITIA.
,, spica'ta (spiked). Grenada. 1831.
„ splefndens (splendid). Scarlet. Brazil.
stri'cta (upright). 5. July. Brazil. 1835.
' f. Rio

July.

Janeiro.

Sutto'nii (Captain Sutton's). 2.
1833.

„ a'foa (white). July. Brazil. 1840.

,, pi'cta (painted). See G. SPLENDENS.
Utraphy'lla (four- leaved). See G. LEOPOLDH.
tomento'sa (felted). See RHYTIDOPHYLLUM TOMEK-

TOSUM.

triflo'ra (three-flowered). See ISOLOMA TRIFLORUM.
tubero'sa (tuberous). £. Autumn. Brazil. 1834.
tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). See ACHIMENES TUBI-

FLORA.

G. verticilla'ta (whorled). See G. MACULATA.
„ vesti'ta (clothed). See ISOLOMA VESTITUM.
„ zebri'na (zebra-striped). See N^GELIA ZEBRINA.

Propagation: by Cuttings. — They may be propagated
by cuttings of three kinds : ist, the young shoots, as
soon as they are three inches long, springing from the
old tubers (these are the best) ; 2nd, leaves taken off
with a bud at the base ; and 3rd, by the leaves only,
without buds. The first mode may be used when the
kind or variety is plentiful, and the tubers so strong as
to send out more shoots than are wanted for flowering ;
the second mode, when the variety is new and more
scarce ; and the last when it is more rare still. There
is an advantage in the first and second mode, that the
cuttings, if struck early in the year, will, with moderate
care and attention to re-potting, flower the same year ;
whereas those struck from leaves, or parts of leaves,
will only form small tubers that season. Each kind of
cutting requires to be put in sand, under bell or hand-
glasses, in bottom-heat, to strike them quickly. A
moist, warm heat is necessary ; a moist, cold place would
rot the cuttings immediately. Such species as do not
make tubers must be propagated by the first kind of
cuttings.

By Seed — To raise new varieties it is necessary to
save seed. Choose the finest and brightest-coloured to
save it from. As soon as it is ripe, gather it and dry it ;
keep it very dry till the March following ; then sow the
seed on the surface of a light, sandy compost, place it in
a warm, moist atmosphere, and as soon as the seedlings
are up, and the plants have attained a leaf or two,
transplant them thinly on the surface of shallow pots,
and let them grow there during the summer. Allow
them to go to rest in the autumn, and keep them in the
same pots through the winter, giving but little water.
As soon as life appears again in the spring, pot them off
singly into small pots, watering and re-potting the same
as the cuttings ; but it is more than probable they will
not flower till the second year.

Soil. — Light, fibrous loam, turfy peat, and half-decayed
leaves, in equal parts, with a due portion of sand, well-
mixed, but not sifted.

Summer Culture. — To have a succession of bloom, pot
a portion of the tubers in January, and place them in
heat, giving a little water. Temp., 60° to 80°. Pot a
second batch about the middle of February, and another
towards the end of March. These will supply flowers
for several months. Put them in pots, according to the
size of the tubers ; keep them regularly watered, but
never very wet. They may be syringed occasionally
previously to flowering, but not much ; for the leaves
are so woolly that they hold moisture too long if syringed
severely. When the blooming season is over they may
be set out of doors during summer, but should be sheltered
from heavy rains. They will then gradually go to rest.

Winter Culture. — All that they require is to be kept
in their pots in a place where neither frost nor wet can
reach them ; yet the place should never be below 45°,
nor above 55°. If the cold is much lower they will be
apt to rot ; and if higher, to start into growth.

Diseases. — The only disease that these plants are
subject to is a kind of dry rot in the bulbs, which changes
the substance into a soft pulp, destroying the buds, and
so causing them to perish. There is no cure for it.

GETHY'LIS. (From getheo, to rejoice ; referring to
the sweetness of the flowers of some of them. Nat.
ord. AmarylUds [Amaryllidacea?]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Sternbergia.)

Here the Amaryllids reach their minimum stature ;
G. cilia'ris, if not the smallest, is as dwarf as any in the
order. Greenhouse bulbs, from South Africa, with white
flowers. Offsets and seeds ; sandy loam and peat ; kept
nearly dry in winter. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
G. afra (African). J. July. 1820.

„ cilia'ris (hair-fringed). £. July. 1788.

„ lanceola'ta (spear-head-leaved). See APODOLIRION

LANCEOLATUM.

„ spira'lis (spiral-leaved). J. July. 1780.
„ villo'sa (shaggy), f. July. 1787.

GETO'NIA. (Probably the native name. Nat. ord.
Myrobalans [Combretaceae], Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Now referred to Calycopteris.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of ripened shoots

GEUM

GILIA

in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy peat and
fibrous loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50°
to 55°-
G. floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). See CALYCOPTERIS

FLORIBUNDA.

„ nu'tans (nodding). See CALYCOPTERIS FLORIBUNDA.

GE'UM. Avens. (From geyo, to stimulate ; the roots
of some of them, and of allied species, have the same
properties as Peruvian bark. Nat. ord. Roseworts
[Rosaceae]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, ^-Polygynia. Allied to
Potentilla.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. G. chihense grandi-
florum is very showy. Seeds, and dividing the plants in
spring ; sandy loam, with a little leaf-mould.
G. agrimonioi' des (agrimony-like), rj. White. July.

N. Amer. 1811.

,, a'lbum (white), i. White. July. N. Amer. 1730.
„ ale'ppicum (Aleppian). See G. STRICTUM.
„ anemonoi'des (Anemone-Uke). i. July. Kamt-

schatka. 1820.

„ atla'nticum (Atlantic). See G. SYLVATICUM.
„ brachype'talum (short-petaled). i. Yellow. July.

1818.
„ calthifo'lium (Caltha-leaved). i. Yellow. July.

Arctic America. 1820.
„ canade'nse (Canadian), i£. Yellow. July. Canada.

1810.

„ chiloe'nse (Chili). 2. Copper. July. Chili. 1826.
, „ a' tro-sangui'neum (dark-blood-coloured). 2. Dark

blood.

„ „ flo' re-pie1 no (double-flowered). Bright scarlet.
„ „ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). ii. Scarlet. July.
„ ,, minia'tum (cinnabar). iK Orange-sahnon.
,, cilia' turn (hair- fringed). See G. TRIFLORUM.
„ cocci'neum (scarlet), i|. Orange-scarlet. Greece ;

Asia Minor.

„ cocci'neum (scarlet) of Lindley. See G. CHILOENSE.
„ ela'tum (tall). 1-2. Golden-yellow. Himalaya.

1879.
„ Ewe'ni (Ewen's). ij. Orange-scarlet, semi-double.

Gardens. 1906.

„ glaci'ale (glacial), £. July. Siberia. 1819.
„ Heldrei'chi (Heldreich's). i-ii- Deep orange-red.

Gardens. 1896.

„ heterophy'llum (various-leaved). See G. VIRGINIANUM.
„ hfspidum (roughly-hairy). Spain.
„ hy'bridurn (hybrid), i. Red, brown. July. Europe.
„ inclina'tum (inclined), i. Yellow. Switzerland.
„ interme'dium (intermediate), ij. Yellow. July.

Europe (Britain). 1794.
„ japo'nicum (Japanese). 2. Yellow. July. Japan.

1804.

„ kolbia'num (Kolbian). See G. RH^TICUM.
„ Laxma'nni (Laxmann's). Yellow. April. Siberia.
,, macedo'nicum (Macedonian). See G. COCCINEUM.
„ macrophy'ttum (large-leaved). See G. JAPONICUM.
,, magella'nicum (Magellan). See G. PARVIFLORUM.
„ mo'Ue (soft). Servia.
„ monta'num (mountain). \. Yellow. July. Europe.

I597-

,, „ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Yellow, larger.
„ niva'le a'lbum (snowy-white). White. June.
,, nu'tans (nodding). i|. Yellow. July. N. Amer.

1825.

„ parviflo'rum (small-flowered). Antarctic regions.
,, Pe'ckii (Peck's). See G. RADIATUM.
„ portenschlagia' num (Portenschlagian). i£. Yellow.

July. 1820.
„ pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). i£. Yellow. July.

Pyrenees. 1804.

„ Que'llyon (Quellyon). See G. CHILOENSE.
„ radia'tum (radiated.) i. Yellow. July. N. Amer.

. 1815.

,, ranunculoi'des (Ranunculus-like). See G. STRICTUM.
,, re'ptans (creeping). J. July. Europe. 1597.
„ rhafticum (Rhaetic). $-f . Bright yellow. Engadine,

Switzerland. 1882.
„ riva'le (river-bank). 1-2. Purple-brown. May to

July. Britain. " Water Avens."
„ Ro'ssii (Ross's). N. Amer.

„ rotundifo'lium (round-leaved). See G. CALTHIFOLIUM.
„ Roy' lei (Royle's). Himalaya.

,, specio'sum (showy). iJ-2. Orange-yellow. Caucasus.
1897.

G. stri'ctum (upright), i. Striped. June. N. Amer.

1778.
„ sylva'ticum (wood), i. Yellow. July. Portugal ;

N. Africa. 1810.

„ Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). See G. PYREXAICUM.
„ trifio'rum (three-flowered), i. Yellow. July. N.

Amer. 1818.

„ tyrole'nse (Tyrolese). Tyrol.
„ virginia'num (Virginian), i$. White. July. N.

Amer.

GIANT FENNEL. Fe'rula.

GIBRALTAR MINT. MSntha Pule'gium gibralta'-
ricum.

GIGANTOCHLO'A. (From gigas, giant, and chloa,
young grass ; in reference to the fresh green colour.
Nat. ord. Graminese.)

Stove evergreen Bamboos. Seeds, when obtainable ;
suckers. Fibrous loam, with a little peat.
G. a'tra (dark). Java.
„ verticilla'ta (whorled). 20. Java. 1803.

GI'LIA. (Named after Gilio, a Spanish botanist. Nat.
ord. Phloxworts [Polemoniaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Hardy annuals, except G. aggrega'ta and G. coronopi-
fo'lia. Sown in September, and slightly protected during
winter, they bloom early in the summer ; sow in the
end of March in open border ; common soil. The green-
house biennials, sown in August, potted, and kept over
the winter, will bloom freely the following summer.
G. achtileaifo'lia (milfoil-leaved), i*. Pink. August.
California. 1833.

,, aggrega'ta (crowded). Scarlet. July. America. 1822.
Greenhouse biennial.

„ a«drosa'c#t(Androsace-like). i. Blue, white. August.
California. 1833.

,, ,, ro'sea (rosy). Rose.

,, arena' ria (sand-inhabiting). See G. INCONSPICUA.

„ Brande'gei (Brandege's). J. Pale yellow. N.W7.
Amer. 1878.

„ califo'rnica (Californian). 3. Pink. July. Cali-
fornia. 1854.

„ capita' ta (round-headed). z\. Blue. July. N.W.
Amer. 1826.

„ „ coro'Ua a'lba (white-corollaed). 2. White. June.
Gardens. 1829.

„ cUia'ta (eyekshed). Pink, yellow. N.W. Amer.
1853-

„ ow>rto£i/o7ta (Coronopus- leaved). z\. Scarlet. July.
Carolina. 1726. Greenhouse biennial.

„ cotulcefo'lia (Co tula-leaved). |. White. June.
California. 1833.

„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. Yellowish. June.
Chili. 1832.

„ densiflo'ra (dense-flowered), i. Purple. June. Cali-
fornia. 1833.

„ „ a'lba (white), i. White. June. California. 1833.

„ dianthoi'des (Dianthus-like). f. Lilac. July. Cali-
fornia. 1855.

„ dicho'toma (forked). i£. Pink. California. 1838.

„ eryngioi'des (Eryngium-like). See G. NAVARETTIA.

„ flocco'sa (woolly). J. Yellow. June. N.W. Amer.
1833-

,, gra'cilis (slender). See COLLOMIA GRACILIS.

,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). ij. Blue, yellow.
August, September. California.

„ inconspi'cua (inconspicuous). 2. Blue. August.
N. Amer. 1793.

„ interte'xta (interwoven). i£. Blue. June. N.W.
Amer.

„ lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). |. Purple. July. Chili.
1831.

„ Leptosiphon (Leptosiphon). See G. DENSIFLORA.

„ liniflo'ra (flax-flowered). J. White. June. Cali-
fornia. 1833.

„ lu'tea (yellow). See G. MICRANTHA LUTEA.

„ micra'ntha (small-flowered). ^. Rose. California.
1870.

„ „ aur'ea (golden). |. Golden-yellow. California.

„ „ lu'tea (yellow). ^. Yellow. California. 1852.

„ „ pal'lida(pzle). |. Pale yellow. California. 1833.

„ multicau'lis (many-stemmed). 2. Blue. California.
1833.

GILIBERTIA

382

GLADIOLUS

G. Navare'ltia (Navarettia). i. Blue. Chili. 1833.
,, parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 2. Blue. October.

N.W. Arner. 1793.

„ pharnaceoi' des (Pharnaceum-like). See G. LINIFLORA.
„ pube'scens (downy). J. Blue. June. California.

1833.

„ pulchc'lla (pretty). See G. AGGREGATA.
„ pu'ngens (prickly). See G. SQUARROSA.
„ pusi'lla (dwarf), i. June. Chili. 1833.
„ squarro'sa (squarrose). ij. Pink. July. N.W.

Amer. 1827.
„ tenuiflo'ra (thin-flowered). 2. Rose, violet. August.

California.
„ tricolor (three-coloured), i. Purple, orange. August.

California. 1833.

„ „ a'lba (white). £. White. July. California. 1833.
„ virga'ta (twiggy). £. Blue. Summer. California.

1833-

GELIBE'RTIA. (Named after Gilibert, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Ivyworts [Araliaceas]. Linn $-Pen-
tandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Cussonia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the young shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat ; sandy peat and
fibrous loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48°
to 55°.

G. brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 4. Pale green. Brazil.
,, palma'ta (hand-leaved). See TREVESIA PALMATA.
,, umbella'ta (umbelled). Pale green. Peru. 1854.

GILLE'NIA. (Named after one Gillenius. Nat. ord.
Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn i2-Icosandria, z-Pentagynia.
Allied to Spiraea.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, with red and white
flowers, from North America. Division of the plant ;
common soil.
G. stipula'cea(large-stip\iled) 2. July. 1805. "American

Ipecacuanha."
„ trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 2. July. 1713. " Indian

Physic."
„ „ ma'jor (greater). 3. July.

GILLIE'SIA. (Commemorative of Dr. Gillies of Men-
doza. Nat. ord. Liliacese.)

Greenhouse or half-hardy bulb. Offsets. Fibrous
loam, a little peat, and a sufficiency of sand.
G. grami'nea (grass-like), i. Greenish. September.
Chili. 1825.

GILLIFLOWER. By some supposed to be a corruption
of July flower, because the carnation (Dia'nthus Caryo-
phy'llus) flowers in July. Other spellings are Garryo-
phyllis, Gelovers, Gelouers, Gelyflours, Gillefloure, Gillo-
floure, and Gilloflower. The French form of the word is
Giroflee. These names are evidently all corruptions of
Caryophyllus, the specific name of the Carnation, and
that is derived from the Greek karuon, a nut, and
phullon, a leaf, applied by the old Dutch to Caryophy'ttus
aroma'ticus, now Eugenia caryophylla ta, the clove of
commerce. The name became applied to the Carnation
on account of its clove scent, and by the French also
to the Stock and Wallflower. In this country Gilliflower
means the Carnation only.

GINGER. (Zi'ngiber officina'le.) Green ginger may be
easily cultivated two ways, either in pots, or in a deep
pit. If in pots, take the plants, shake them out of the
pots when at rest in February, divide them, and pot each
piece into a pot six inches across ; plunge them, as soon
as the heat is temperate, in a bark-pit, or a frame heated
with dung like a cucumber-bed, the surface being covered
with tan deep enough for the pots. As soon as the
plants come up give a small supply of water, gradually
increasing the quantity as the plants advance in growth.
By August they will be fit to take up and preserve.
If a large quantity is required, a deep pit of two or three
lights will be necessary, the bottom to be filled with
rich soil to the depth of a foot ; plant the roots in this
soil, and line the pit with hot dung, renewing it as the
heat declines. The time for planting in the pit is
February or March. Water whilst growing, give air in
hot weather, and in September you will have a large
supply of fine ginger-roots, equal to foreign.

GINGER BEER PLANT. A minute fungus capable of
setting up alcoholic fermentation, and in different forms
known as Saccharomy'ces cerevi'sice and S. mycode'rma.

GINGER BREAD PALM. Hyphce'ne theba'ica.
GINGER BREAD PLUM. Parina'rium macrophy'llum.
GINGI'DIUM. See ACIPHYLLA.

GI'NKGO. (The Japanese name of the Maidenhair
Tree. Nat. ord. Conifers.)

Hardy ornamental trees suitable for town as well as
country. Seeds. Ordinary, well-drained soil.
G. bi'loba (two-lobed). 60-80. Spring. China. 1754.
,, „ fastigia'ia (upright). Gardens. 1888.
„ „ lacinia'ta (cut). See G. BILOBA MACROPHYLLA

LACINIATA.

„ ,, macrophy'lla lacinia'ta (large cut-leaved).
,, ,, pe'ndula (drooping). A weeping variety.
,, ,, pyramida'lis (pyramidal). See G. BILOBA FASTI-

GIATA.

,, ,, tri'loba (three-lobed). Leaves three-lobed.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with

yellow.

GIPSY MOTH. Hypogy'mna di'spar.
GITHA'GO SE GETUM. See LYCHNIS GITHAGO.

GITHO'PSIS (From Githago, and opsis, resemblance ;
the plant resembling Githago or Lychnis Githago. Nat.
ord. Campanulaceae.)

A hardy annual, resembling " Venus' Looking Glass "
(Specularia). Seeds. Garden soil.
G. specularioi'des (Specularia-like). i. Blue. California.
1894.

GLA'DIOLUS. Corn Flag. (From gladius, a sword ;
referring to the shape of the leaves. Nat. ord. I rids
[Iridaceae]. Linn. y-Triandria, i-Monogynia.)

Bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope, except where
otherwise mentioned. The hardiest merely require
border-room, and are propagated by seeds, and by
taking up and dividing the bulbs before growth has com-
menced. Those generally designated frame and green-
house species will thrive very well in dry, sandy loam
and peat out of doors, if planted from six to ten inches
deep, according to the strength of the bulbs. The
earliest-flowering, such as bla'ndus, &c., may be planted
in the end of October ; ramo'sus, formosi'ssimus, &c., in
December ; and gandave'nsis, ftoribu'ndus, psittaci'nus,
and sple'ndens from February to March, when they will
keep blooming all the autumn. The whole make fine
pot-plants, potted in autumn and spring, and kept in a
cold pit until they show flower. They may also be
forced for the greenhouse after the roots have filled the
pots.

G. abbreviate (shortened). See ANTHOLYZA QUADRANGU-
LARIS.

,, Adla'mi (Adlam's). i|. Dull yellow, spotted with
red. Transvaal. 1889.

„ cequinoctia' Us (equinoctial). See ACIDANTHERA ,EQUI-

NOCTIALIS.

,, ala'tus (wing- flowered). £. Scarlet, yellow. June.

1795-

„ ,, algoe'nsis (Algoa Bay). J. Orange. July. 1824.
„ a Ibidus (whitish). See G. BLANDUS ALBIDUS.
„ ,, pi'ctus (painted), i. Red, white. July. 1794.

See G. BLANDUS PICTUS.

„ ale'ppicus (Aleppan). See G. ATROVIOLACEUS.
„ angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). See BABIANA TUBI-

FLORA.

,, angu'stus (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. 1756.
,, arena'rius (sand). S. Africa.
„ armeni'acus (Armenian). Deep purple. Armenia.

1892.
„ atroviola' ceus (dark-violet). Purple-black, blue, white.

Palestine. 1889.

,, auranti' acus (orange). Orange. Natal.
„ „ ru'bro-ti'nctus (red- tin ted). Orange-yellow, dotted

red. 1894.

,, bifio'rus (two-flowered). S. Africa.
, bla'ndus (fair). ij. Flesh. June. 1774.
, „ a'lbidus (whitish), i. White. June. 1774.
, „ campanula' tus (bell-shaped). Pale purple.
, ,, pi'ctus (painted), i. Red, white. July. 1794.
, brachya'ndrus (short-anthered). i£. Pale scarlet.

S. Trop. Africa. 1879.
„ brevifo'lius (short-leaved). i£. Pink. June. 1802.

GLADIOLUS

383

GLADIOLUS

G. byzanti'nus (Byzantine). 2. Red. July. Turkey.

1629.
„ campanula'tus (bell-flowered). See G. BLANDUS CAM-

PAXULATUS.

„ caniina'lis (cardinal). 2. Red. July. 1789. -
carmi'neus (carmine), ij. White, carmine, with

two blotches. 1906.

„ ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). 2. Flesh. June. 1796.
„ cauca'sicus (Caucasian). See G. SEGETUM.
„ cochlea'tus (spoon-lipped), i£. White, red. March.

1829.
„ Colvi'llfi (Colville's). ij. Bright red, with three

purple blotches. Gardens.
„ „ a'lbus (white), ij. White.
„ commu'nis (common). 2. Red. July. S. Europe.

„ a'lbus (white-/?otr«-«*). 2. White. June. S.
Flesh. July. S.

„
Europe.

„ „ ca'rneus (flesh-coloured).

Europe. 1596.
„ co'ncolor (one-coloured). See G. TRISTIS CONCOLOR.
„ Coope'ri (Cooper's). See G. PSITTACINUS.
„ crassifo'lius (thick- leaved). S. Africa.
„ crispiflo'rus (curled-flowered). See G. IMBRICATUS.
„ cri'spus (crisped). See TRITONIA CRISPA.
„ crue'ntus (blood-red). Blood-red, white. September.

1868.
„ cuspida'tus (pointed). i£. White, brown. May.

1795.

>» » pa'Uidus (pale), i. Pink. May. 1760.
„ de'bilis (weak). i£. White. May.
„ decora'tus (decorated). 3. Bright scarlet, with three

yellow blotches. E. Africa. 1890.
„ dracoce' 'phalus (dragon's-head). 3. Greenish-yellow,

densely streaked purple. Natal. 1871.
,, Ecklo'ni (Ecklon's). Densely spotted purple-red on

pale ground. Autumn. 1862.
edu'tis (eatable-rooted), i£ White. June. 1816.
„ Ello'ni (Ellon's). White, tipped purple. 1890.
,, elonga'tus (elongated). See BABIANA TUBIFLORA.
,, festi'vus (festive). See G. BREVIFOLIUS.
,, fishdo'sus (hollow). See WATSONIA SPICATA.
,, ftexuo'sus (zigzag). See ACIDANTHERA TUBULOSA.
,, floribu'ndus (bundle-flowered), i. Citron. July.

1788.

„ fra' grans (fragrant). See BABIANA PT.ICATA.
„ fu'sco-vi'ridis (brown-green). 2. Greenish, finely

striped claret-brown. 1897.
,, gandave'nsis (Ghent). Garden race (psittacinusX

cardinalis).
,, glau'cus (sea-green), i. Bluish-red, striped white

and red. Greece. 1906.

„ gra'cilis (slender). 2. Blue, white. April. 1800.
„ gra'ndis (grand), i£. Brown. June. 1794.
„ „ bine'rvis (two-nerved). i|. Pink. June. 1806.
„ „ tenu'ior (slenderer), i. Variegated. June. 1779.
„ hasta'tus (halbert-shaped). i. Flesh. May. 1816.
„ hirsu'tus (hairy), ij Pink. June. 1795.
„ hyali'nus (grass-like), i. Yellow, red. June. 1825.
„ illy'ricus (Illyrian). -2.\. Red. Mediterranean Region.
„ imbrica'tus (imbricated), i. Red. June. Russia.

1820.

,, inclina'tus (inclined). See BABIANA TUBIFLORA.
„ involu'tus (rolled-inward). if. Pink. June. 1757.
,, iridifo'lius (Iris-leaved). See WATSONIA MERIANA.
,, ita'licus (Italian). See G. SEGETUM.
„ Ki'rkii (Kirk's). 3. Rose. Grahamstown. 1890.
,, kotschya'nus (Kotschyan). 1-2. Light violet, with

three dark lines. Afghanistan.
„ Letchtli'nii (Leichtlin's). Scarlet, yellow. Transvaal.

1889.
„ Lemoi'nei (Lemoine's). Garden race (gandavensisx

purpureo-auratus).

,, linea'tus (lined). See TRITONIA LINEATA.
,, longifio'rus (long-flowered). See BABIANA TUBIFLORA.
„ Lu'cidor (Lucidor). S. Africa.
„ macowania'num (Macowanian). See G. ANGUSTUS.
„ MackindSri (Mackinder's). 2. Yellow, scarlet.

British E. Africa. 1902.
,, Meriane'llus (Merianellus). S. Africa.
„ MiUe'ri (Miller's), if. Violet. May. 1751.
„ monta'nus (mountain), i. Brown. June. S.Africa.

1759-

,, Morto'nius (Morton's). See G. BLANDUS ALBIDUS.
„ *wwcrona'/»s(hard-pointed). See BABIANA MUCRONATA.

G. namaque nsis (Xamaqua). See G. ALATUS.
,, nanciea'nus (Nancy). Garden race (SaundersiiX,

Lemoinei).

,, na'nus (dwarf). See BABIANA NANA.
,, tiatale'nsis (Natal). See G. PSITTACINUS.
,, ochroleu'cus (yellow-white). 3. Pale yellow. Trans-
vaal.

„ oppositiflo'rus (opposite-flowered). April. 1843.
,, orchidiflo'rus (Orchid-flowered). £. Green, white.

May. 1787.

,, Papi'lio (Papilio). 3. Purple, yellow. 1866.
„ ,, atra'tus (darkened). Dark purple. 1885.
,, permea'bilis (penetrable). |. Orange. June. 1825.
„ platyphy'llus (broad- leaved). 3-4. Deep yellow,

veined red. Natal. 1893.
„ plica'tus (plaited). See BABIANA STRICTA.
„ Po'ttsii (Potts's). See TRITONIA POTTSII.
,, pr&'cox (early). See G. WATSONIVS.
„ primuli'nus (primrose-coloured). 3. Primrose-yellow.

E. Africa. 1890.

„ ,, co'ttcolor (one-coloured). Naples-yellow. 1910.
,, ,, ere'ctus (erect). Intense chrome-yellow. 1910.
„ psittaci'nus (parrot-like). 3$. Scarlet, yellow. S.

Africa.
,, puncta'tus (spotted). Greenish- yellow, spotted purple.

1889.
,, purpu'reo-aura'tus (purple-golden). 3-4. Yellow,

with large purple blotches. Natal. 1872.
„ quadrangula'ris (four-angled). See ANTHOLYZA QUAD-

RANGULARIS.

„ quartinia'nus (Quartinian). 3-4. Yellow, spotted

scarlet. Trop. Africa. 1884.
„ „ supe'rbus (superb). Larger, yellow, flushed

crimson. 1898.

,, ramo'sus (branching). See MELASPH/ERULA GRAMINEA.
,, recu'rvus (rolled-back). 2. Striped. May. 1758.
,, refra'ctus (broken-back). See FREESIA REFRACTA.
,, ri'ngens (gaping). See G. RECURVUS.
,, ro'seus (rosy). See TRITONIA ROSEA.
,, sambu'cinus (elder-scented). See BABIANA SAMBUCINA.
„ Saunde'rsii (Saunders's). 3. Scarlet, white, speckled.

August. 1871.
„ se'gelum (corn-neld). 2. Purple. July. S. Europe.

1596.

„ sen'ceo-villo'sus (silky-woolly). 3. Yellow. 1864.
„ stria'tus (striped), i. Whitish, streaked red and

yellow. S. Africa. 1825.
„ stri'ctus (upright). See BABIANA STRICTA.
„ sulphu'reus (sulphur). See BABIANA STRICTA SUL-

PHUREA.

„ tene'Uus (slender), f. Yellow. June. 1825.
,, tenuiflo'rus (slender-flowered). See G. SEGETUM.
„ te'nuis (slender). See G. IMBRICATUS.
,, trichonemifo'lius (Trichonema-leaved). ij. Yellow.

June. 1800.

„ trimacula' tus (three-spotted). See G. ANGUSTUS.
„ triphy'llus (three-leaved). Cyprus.
„ tn'stis (sad), i. Brown, red. July. 1745.
,, ,, co'ncolor (one-coloured), i. Yellow. June. 1790.
„ tuba'tus (tubed). See BABIANA TUBATA.
„ tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). See BABIANA TUBIFLORA.
„ Tyso'ni (Tyson's). S. Africa.
,, undula'tus (waved-flowered). See G. CUSPIDATUS.
„ ,, pa'llidus (pale). See G. CUSPIDATUS PALLIDUS.
„ versi' color (various-coloured). See G. GRANDIS and

varieties.

„ villo'sus (woolly). S. Africa.
,, vi'nulus (wine-coloured). See G. VITTATUS.
„ vipera'tus (viper-like). See G. ORCHIDIFLORUS.
„ vitta'tus (striped). ij. Creamy-white, feathered

crunson. 1888.
„ watsonioi' des (Watsonius-like). 3. Scarlet-red.

Mount Kilimanjaro. 1887.

„ Watson'ius (Watson's), i. Red. March. 1791.
„ „ variega'tus (variegated), ij. Red, white. April.

1801.

„ xanthospi'lus (yellow-blotched). See FREESIA RE-
FRACTA.

Propagation: by Offsets. — The offsets are produced
plentifully round the base of each bulb. When the bulbs
are taken up, separate the flowering bulbs from the
offsets, and then again divide the latter into two lots,
one of the larger roots and one of the smaller. Towards
the end of August prepare a bed for them in an open

GLADIOLUS

384

GLASTONBURY

situation, and drain the ground well if damp. Place a
layer of brick-rubbish under the soil, not less than a foot
deep, and not more than fifteen inches ; upon the drainage
place a layer of stable-litter, then throw in the soil,
mixing it freely with well-decomposed manure ; let it
settle about a fortnight, then plant the larger offsets in
one bed and the smaller ones in another ; the larger sized
four inches apart in the row, six inches from row to row,
and three inches deep. Plant by drawing drills across
the beds with a triangular-shaped hoe, and put in the
bulbs with the hand, pressing each pretty firmly down
into the soil. When all are planted, level the soil with a
rake. The small-sized offsets may be planted much
thicker, but in every other respect the same as the larger
sized. The reason for planting them in two sizes is,
because the larger sized produce such large leaves as
smother the smaller ones ; besides, the larger sized will
produce, after one year's growth, flowering bulbs, which,
when taken up after the growth is perfected, may be
sorted to plant with the older flowering ones. The smaller
size had better remain in the bed for two years, then be
taken up, sorted, and replanted in two sizes again, till
they are large enough to flower.

By Seed new varieties are obtained. All that is wanted
are a few square yards of ground, a few roots of the best
kinds, but as dissimilar in habit as possible, and then,
when in bloom, to exercise a little taste and discernment
in hybridising, by impregnating the finest form as the
breeder of seed, with the pollen of the highest and most
distinct coloured male parent, removing the pollen of the
breeder before it bursts, and applying the pollen of the
male parent as soon as the anthers open. When the
seed is ripe gather it, and keep it dry till spring ; then sow
it in shallow pots or boxes ; place them in a gentle heat,
and when the seedlings are up give plenty of air, and very
moderate supplies of water. As soon as the weather
will permit, set them in the open air, and as the leaves
advance hi size give more water, and allow gentle showers
to fall upon them, but shelter them from heavy rain.
When the leaves are all decayed, take the soil and care-
fully sift it through a fine sieve, picking out every bulb,
however small. Prepare a bed in the same manner, and
of the same materials, as is described above for offsets.
Plant the seedling bulbs in it the first week in September,
in the same way as the small offsets. Let them remain
in this bed for two years ; then take them and replant
them in a bed fresh prepared. It is likely that some of
the strongest will then flower, and the very worst will
be worth planting in the borders.

Summer Culture. — The bulbs want very little attention
during summer. Keep them clear of weeds, and when
the flower-stems are a foot high place a stick to support
them, as the winds are apt to twist them off close to the
bulbs. When the bloom is over, and the leaves turn
yellow, take them up dry, and sort them, separating the
bulbs that are large enough to flower from the offsets ;
put them away in drawers marked with the name of
each variety, keeping them dry and cool till the planting
season arrives again.

Winter Culture. — In September prepare the beds by
throwing out all the soil to the depth of fifteen inches ; if
in the same situation as beds were before, examine the
drainage. If it is open and ready to work well, it will
need nothing doing to it, but if it be choked up, remove
it entirely ; sift it, throwing in the rough, and removing
the fine earthy part ; add some fresh rubble, and then
cover it with litter ; mix a goodly portion of thoroughly
decayed dung with the soil, or, which is better, renew it
entirely ; level the bed, leaving it a few inches higher.
Plant the first week in October, three inches deep, giving
each of the bulbs six inches square to grow in. Place
a thin layer of half-rotten dung upon the bed, to protect
the bulbs in severe frost. They will require no other
care during this season.

Vermin. — Mice, wireworms, and the red spider prey
upon them. Wireworms may be caught with slices of
potatoes buried in the soil, and taken up occasionally.
The red spider, happily, only appears when there is a
long continuance of dry weather. Watch for its first
appearance, and as soon as it is perceived, causing the
leaves to appear spotted, let every leaf be sponged over
with water impregnated with flowers of sulphur. If dry
weather prevails much, syringe the plants every evening
severely.

Diseases.— The bulbs sometimes are attacked by a kind

of dry rot, which turns them into a powdery substance,
prevents them sending forth roots, and then the tops,
if they have made any, turn yellow, and the whole plant
perishes. There is no known remedy. To prevent its
spreading, remove the infected bulbs, and a portion of
the soil near them.

GLASS is the best agent employed by the gardener to
exclude the cold, whilst the light is admitted to his plants
which are natives of hotter climates than that in which
he cultivates them. Now that the excise-duty is re-
moved from glass, the gardener is enabled to employ the
best, and a thicker kind than formerly, when the duty
was high in proportion to the good quality and weight.
Anxiety to obtain the beet glass for hothouses, &c., is
every way laudable ; but the benefit sought for is
frustrated if it be not constantly well cleansed. The best
glass, if dirty, allows fewer rays of light to pass through
than inferior glass kept bright. A thorough cleansing
should be given both to the outside and inside twice
annually, during the first weeks of February and of
October, and a third cleansing, on the outside only, at the
end of June. In proportion to the deficiency of light
does the plant under glass become, in the gardener's
phraseology, drawn ; that is, its surface of leaves becomes
unnaturally extended, in the vain effort to have a
sufficient elaboration of the sap effected by means of a
large surface exposed to a diminished light, for which a
less surface would have been sufficient if the light were
more intense. Taking into consideration the conse-
quences of breakage, and other contingencies to be
avoided as well as secured, we consider glass of 21 ounces
to the square foot, and in panes of 18 inches by 12 inches,
the substance and size most desirable. Rough plate-
glass is desirable, because, without diminishing the light,
it reduces the danger of scorching the leaves.

GLASS CASES are of various kinds. One is formed
of glazed wooden frames, fitting together, to protect
espaliers, wall-trees, or shrubs too large to be covered
with a hand-glass.

Another glass case is made for protecting a single
branch. It is thus described by Mr. Maund, the author
of that most useful periodical the Botanic Garden : —

" Grapes grown on open walls in the midland counties
are rarely well ripened ; therefore I provide a small
glazed frame, a sort of narrow hand-glass, of the shape
of a house-top] in miniature, to fix against the wall,
and enclose one branch of the vine, with its fruit and
foliage. The open part, which rests against the wall, is
thirteen inches wide, and may be of any length required
to take hi the fruit. The sides are formed of single
panes of glass, seven inches wide, and meet on a bar
which may represent the ridge of a roof, the ends en-
closed by triangular boards, and having a notch to admit
the branch. This is fixed on the branch a month before
the vine is hi flower, and brings it a week earlier than
the exposed. The frame is not fitted closely to the wall,
but in some places may be a quarter of an inch from it.
The lateral branches being shortened before it is fixed,
it does not require removal even for pruning, because I
adopt the long-rod mode of training, which is peculiarly
adapted to my partial protection system. The tempera-
ture within the frame is always higher than without,
sometimes at midday even from 20° to 30°. By this
simple protection I find grapes may be ripened from
three weeks to a month earlier than when wholly exposed,
and this saving of time will, I believe, not only secure
their ripening well every year hi the midland counties,
but also that such advantage will be available in the
north of England, where grapes never ripen on the open
walls."

Lastly, there is the Wardian-case, to cover plants
growing hi rooms, preserving to them uniform moisture,
and excluding dust. To prevent the dew which is occa-
sionally deposited inside the glass, it is only necessary
to open the case frequently, for a few minutes, to render
the temperature within similar to that outside. They
are not intended to exclude the air, and are now made
very ornamental.

GLASSWORT. Salico'rnia.

GLASTONBURY THORN. See CRAT^OUS Oxv-

CANTHA PRjECOX.

GLAUCIUM

385

GLOBE THISTLE

GLAU'CIUM. Homed Poppy. ( From glaukos, greyish-
green ; referring to the colour of the leaves. Nat. ord.
Poppyworts [Papaveraceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Eschscholtzia.)

Seeds in common borders, in March or April.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

G. fla'vum (yellow). 2. Yellow. August. Britain.
„ „ fu'lvum (tawny). 2. Orange. August. S.

Europe. 1802.
„ „ tricolor (three-coloured). 1^-2. Coppery-orange,

with black centre. Asia Minor. 1900.
„ lu'teum (yellow). See G. FLAVUM.

HARDY ANNUALS.

G. ara'bicum (Arabian). Red. June. Arabia. 1837.
„ cornicula' 'turn (horned). 2. Purple. July. Europe.
„ „ fiaviflo'rum (yellow-flowered). 2. Yellow. July.

Tauria. 1823.

„ „ ru'brum (red), i. Red. July. Greece. 1818.
„ fu'lvum (tawny). See G. FLAVUM FULVUM.
„ lactucoi'des (lettuce-like). See CHELIDONIUM FRAN-

CHETIANUM.

„ leioca'rpum (smooth-fruited), i£. Orange-scarlet,

with four black blotches. Asia Minor. 1907.
„ lepto'podum (slender-stalked). See CHELIDONIUM

FRANCHETIANUM.

„ pc'rsicum (Persian), i. Red. August. Volhynia.
1829.

„ phceni'ceum (purple). See G. CORNICULATUM and
varieties.

„ ru'brum (red). See G. CORNICULATUM RUBRUM.

„ Serpie'ri (Serpier's). Yellow. Greece. 1873.

„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). Yellow. Greece.
1873-

„ squami'gerum (scale- bearing). Yellow. Altai Moun-
tains. 1879.

„ tricolor (three-coloured). See G. FLAVUM TRICOLOR.

GLAUCOUS. Greyish, milky-green, or sea-green.

GLAU X. (From glaukos, greyish-green. Nat. ord.
Primeworts [Primulaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Anagallis.)

Hardy British perennial trailers, found in marshes
near the sea. Sandy, moist soil ; seeds.
G. mari'tima (sea). Flesh. June.
„ „ a'lba (white- flowered). J. White. May.

GLAZING. See GREENHOUSE and STOVE.
GLECHO'MA. See NEPETA GLECHOMA.

GLEDI'TSCHIA. (Named after Gleditsch, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. 2^-Polygamia, 2-Dioxia. Alh'ed to Ceratonia.)

Ornamental hardy deciduous trees. Seed imported
from America and the South of France, where tri-
aca'nthos, &c., ripen their seeds. Sine'nsis na'na, &c., are
generally grafted on the other. The seed should be sown
in March, after being soaked twelve hours in warm
water. Common soil.
G. aqua'tica (aquatic). 20. Green. July. S. United

States. 1723.
„ „ eleganti'ssima (most-elegant). Spineless, with

finer leaves than the type. 1905.
„ austra'lis (southern). S. China.
„ Delava'yi (Delavay's). Yunnan.
„ fta'va (yellow). See G. TRIACANTHOS.
,, ho'rrida (horrid). See G. SINENSIS.
„ ine'rmis eleganti'ssima (most-elegant). See G. AQUA-

TICA ELEGANTISSIMA.

„ japo'nica (Japanese). Shoots brown-purple. Japan.

,, Ice'vis (smooth). See G. TRIACANTHOS INERMIS.

„ macraca'ntha (large-spined). 20. Green. July.

China.

„ micraca'ntha (small-spined). 10. Green. July.
„ monospe'rma (one-seeded). See G. AQUATICA.
,, sine'nsis (Chinese). 20. Green. China. 1812.
,, „ ine'rmis (unarmed). See G. SINENSIS NANA.
,, „ ma'jor (larger). 30. Green. June. China.
„ „ na'na (dwarf). 12. Green. June. China.
„ „ pe'ndula (weeping). Green. June.

G. sine'nsis purpu'rea (purple). 20. Green. July.

China. 1774.

„ texa'na (Texan). Texas. 1901.
„ triaca'nthos (three-spined. Homy Locust). 30. Green.

N. Amer. 1700.

,» „ Ip'liis variega'tis (variegated- leaved).
„ „ ine'rmis (unarmed). 30. Green. July.

GLEICHKNIA. (Named after Gleichen, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-Crypto-
gamia, i-Filices.)

Stove Ferns, with brown spores. Division of the
plant ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 45° to 65°.
G. bifurca'ta (two-forked). See G. FLAGELLARIS.

„ circina'ta (coiled). July. Australia, Tasmania,
Malacca. 1823.

„ cryptoca'rpa (hidden-fruited). 3. Chili and Chiloe.
1865.

,, dica'rpa (two-fruited). Australia, Tasmania.

•» ,• alpi'na (alpine). Smaller, more compact. Tas-
mania, New Zealand.

„ „ longipinna'ta (long-pinnaed). Pinna? 4-5 in. long.
Australia. 1879.

„ dicho'toma (twice-forked). Tropical and subtropical
regions. 1839.

„ exce'lsa (lofty). See G. LONGISSIMA.

„ flabella'ta (ian-leaved). July. N. Holland. 1823.

„ flagetta'ris (whip-like). Mauritius, Madagascar, &c.

„ furca'ta (forked). See G. PUBESCENS.

„ gigante'a (gigantic). See G. LONGISSIMA.

„ hecistophytta (least-leaved). See G. DICARPA ALPINA.

„ Herma'nni (Hermann's). See G. DICHOTOMA.

„ longi'ssima (longest). China, Japan, Malay Islands.

„ MendJlii (Mendel's). Fronds bluish-green, metallic
above. Australia. 1879.

„ microphy'Ua (small-leaved). See G. CIRCINATA.

„ mucrona'ta (sharp-pom ted). Mindora.

„ pectina'ta (comb-like). 3. August. Trinidad. 1824.

„ pube'scens (downy). 3. August. S. Amer. 1822.

„ rigida (stiff). June. Isle of Luzon. 1839.

„ rupe'stris (rock). N.W. Australia. 1860.

„ semivesti' ta (half -clothed). See G. CIRCINATA.

„ Spelu'nca (cavern). See G. CIRCINATA.

GLO'BBA. (A native name. Nat. ord. Gingerworts
[Scitaminacea?]. Linn. i-Monandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Colebrookia.)

Stove herbaceous plants. Parting the roots ; sandy
loam. €

G. a'lba (white). See G. A'LBO-BRACTEA'TA.
„ a'lbo-bractea'ta (white-br acted), zj. White, yellow.

Sumatra. 1882.
„ atrosangui'nea (dark blood-red). 1-2. Yellow,

crimson. Borneo. 1882.
,, brachyca'rpa (short-fruited). Perak.
,, bractea'ta (large-bracted). See G. BULBIFERA.
„ bulbi'fera (bulb-producing). 2. Yellow. July. E.

Ind. 1820.

,, careya'na (Dr. Carey's). See G. SESSILIFLORA.
,, cocci'nea (scarlet). See G. ATROSANGUINEA.
,, ere"cta (upright). See ALPINIA CALCARATA.
„ maranti'na (Maranta-like). ij. Yellow. July. E.

Ind. 1800.

„ orixe'nsis (Orixian). 2. Pink. July. E. Ind. 1819.
„ pattidiflo'ra (pale-flowered). Malaya.
„ pe'ndula (weepuig). i. Yellow. July. E. Ind.

1822.
,, racemo'sa (racemed). i. Yellow. July. Ceylon.

1812.
„ Schombu'rgkii (Schomburgk's). J-i. Golden-yellow,

orange-red. Si am. 1864.
,, sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). i£. Yellow. August.

Pegu. 1807.

,, strobili'fera (cone-bearing). See G. BULBIFERA.
,, varia'bilis (variable). Malaya.
,, versi' color (changing-coloured). Malaya.
„ Walli'chii (Wallich's). Penang.

GLOBE AMARANTH. Gomphre'na.
GLOBE FLOWER. Tro'Uius.
GLOBE MALLOW. Sphara'lcea.

GLOBE THISTLE. Echi'nops.

2 B

GLOBULARIA

386

GLOXINIA

GLOBULA'RIA. (From globulos, a small round head ;
referring to the flower-heads. Nat. ord. Selagids [Sela-
'inaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to

Seeds in spring ; cuttings of young shoots in summer,
in sandy soil, under a hand-light ; sandy loam and peat.
The greenhouse species require similar treatment ; longi-
fo'lia will do against a conservatory wall ; and Aly pum
should be tried in a dry, sheltered place, on a rock-work,
with a spruce-branch over it in winter.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
G. Aly'pum (Alypo). 2. Pale. August. S. Europe.

1640.
„ „ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 2. Pale. August.

S. Europe.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See G. SALICINA.
„ salici'na (willow-like). 3. White. July. Madeira. i775-

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

G. bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). See G. NANA.
„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). £. Blue. July. Germany.

1633.

„ incane'scens (hoary). Purple. June. Italy. 1828.
f> linifo'lia (flax-leaved). See G. VULGARIS.
., na'na (dwarf). J. Blue. July. France. 1824.
„ nudicau'lis (naked-stalked), £. Blue. July. Europe.

1629.

„ spino'sa (prickly-leaved). £. Blue. June. Spain. 1640.
„ trichosa'ntha (hair-flowered). J. Blue. Asia Minor,

&c.
„ vulga'ris (common). $. Blue. June. Europe. 1640.

" Blue Daisy."

GLOBU'LEA. (From globulos, a small globe ; referring
to glands on the petals. Nat. ord. Houseleeks [Crassu-
laceaj]. Linn. s-Pentandria, $-Pentagynia. United to
Crassula.)
G. a'lro-purpu'rea (dark purple). See CRASSULA PORTU-

LACEA.

„ cane'scens (hoary). See CRASSULA CANESCENS.
„ capita' to, (flower-headed). See CRASSULA CAPITATA.
„ cultra'ta (sharp-leaved). See CRASSULA CULTRATA.
„ hi'spida (bristly-flat-leaved). See CRASSULA HISPIDA.
„ impre'ssa (flattened). See CRASSULA IMPRESSA.
„ mo' His (soft). See CRASSULA MOLLIS.
„ nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). See CRASSULA NUDI-

CAULIS.

,, obvalla'ta (guarded-leaved). See CRASSULA OBVALLATA.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). See CRASSULA PANICULATA.
„ sulca'ta (furrowed). See CRASSULA SULCATA.

GLONE'RIA JASMINIFLO RA. See PSYCHOTRIA JAS-

MINIFLORA.

GLORIO'SA. (From gloriosus, glorious ; referring to
the flowers. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-
Hexandria, r-Monogynia. Allied to the Lily.)

Stove bulbs, except nepale'nsis. Divisions of the roots
and seeds ; if by the former, take a pot that has been
kept dry all the winter, say in March, turn it out, and
separate the bulbs carefully, without bruising them.
Place each bulb, with the end farthest from the old
tuber, uppermost in the centre of a clean pot, covering it
with an inch or two of soil, the pot being five or ten
inches, or any intermediate size, in diameter, according
to the size of the bulb ; peat, loam, leaf-mould, old
cow-dung, and sand in equal proportions, with good
drainage. Give no water until the bud appears above
ground, then water and place in a strong, moist heat,
growing vigorously, and training as the plant proceeds.
When done flowering, and the leaves turn yellow, refrain
from watering, and shortly after turn the plants on their
broadsides in a dry place, and allow them to rest until
next season.

G. abyssi'nica (Abyssinian). Segments twice as broad
as those of G. superba. Abyssinia. 1894.

„ Carso'ni (Carson's). 8. Brownish-red, then dull red,
yellow edge. British Central Africa. 1904.

„ lu'tea (yellow). Wholly yellow. 1901.

„ nepale'nsis (Nepaul). See G. SUPERBA NEPALENSIS.

„ Pla'ntii (Plant's). See G. VIRESCENS.

„ rothschildia'na (Rothschildian). Bright crimson, with
purple mark at base. Uganda. 1903.

G. rothschildia'na citri'na (citron-yellow). Citron-yellow,
with claret band. Uganda. 1905.

„ si'mplex (simple). 2. Blue. July. Senegal. 1756.

,, supe'rba (superb). 6. Orange. July. E. Ind. 1690.

„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Orange. Tropical
Africa.

„ „ Icopoldia'na (King Leopold's). 6. Yellow. July.
1847.

„ „ nepale'nsis (Nepaulese). 2. Yellow. June.
Nepaul. 1825.

,, vire'scens (greenish). 4. Orange. August. Mozam-
bique. 1823.

„ ,, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. Natal.
1905.

GLORY PEA. Clia'nthus.

GLOSSA NTHUS MALABA'RICUS and G. NOTONI-

A'NUS. See KLUGIA NOTONIANA.

GLOSSA'NTHTJS ZEYLA'NICUS. See KLUGIA ZEYLA-

NICA.

GLOSSOCO'BDA CLEMATI'DEA and G. OVA'TA. See

CODONOPSIS OVATA.

GLOSSOCO'MIA LU'RIDA. See CODONOPSIS ROTUN-

DIFOLIA.

GLOSSO'DIA. (From glossa, a tongue, and eidos, like ;
referring to the lip, or labellum. Nat. ord. Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Limodorum.)

Greenhouse, Australian, terrestrial orchids. Offsets ;
sandy loam and peat ; dryish in winter. Winter temp.,
45° to 50°.

G. ma'jor (larger). Blue. June. 1810.
„ mi'nor (smaller). Blue. June. 1810.

GLOSSO'GYNE. (From glossa, a tongue, and gune, a
female ; the rays, when present, are always female.
Nat. ord. Compositae. Allied to Bidens.)

Stove perennial herb. Seeds ; divisions ; cuttings in
sand in a close frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, and sand.

G. pinnati'fida (pinnately-cut). i-ij. Yellow. India;
Malaya. 1875.

GLOSSOPE'TALON. (From glossa, a tongue, and
petalon, a petal. Nat. ord. Celastraceae.)

A hardy, thorny shrub. Cuttings in sand iMider a
hand-light. Ordinary soil.

G. meiona'ndrum (small-anthered). Whitish. Colorado.
1894.

GLOTTI'DIUM FLORIDA'NUM. See SESBANIA PLATY-

CARPA.

GLOXTNIA. (Named after P. B. Gloxin, a botanist
of Colmar. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneraceas]. Linn.
\\-Didynamia, z-Angiospermia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. For culture see GE'SNERA.
G. caule'scens (stemmed). See SINNINGIA SPECIOSA.
„ digitalifto'ra (foxglove-flowered). J. Pale crimson.

June. Mexico. 1843.
,, di'scolor ( two-colour ed-leaved). ij. Lilac, blue.

March. Brazil. 1843.
,, fimbria'ta (fringed). See G. GLABRATA.
„ glabra'ta (smooth), ij. White, yellow. Mexico.
,, hirsu'ta (hairy). J. Blue. July. S. Amer. 1824.
hypocyrtiflo'ra (curved-under-flowered). Argentina.
,, immacula'ta (spotless). See SINNINGIA SPECIOSA.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Violet. September.

Brazil. 1844.
,, macula' ta (spotted-stalked), i. Purple. September.

S. Amer. 1739.
,, menziesia'na (Menziesian). See SINNINGIA SPECIOSA.

Me"rkii (Merk's). See SINNINGIA SPECIOSA.
,, pallidiflo'ra (pale-flowered), i. Purple. October.

Colombia. 1845.

„ Passingha'mi (Passingham's). See SINNINGIA SPECI-
OSA.

„ pi'cta (painted-teat^). See TYD^A PICTA.
„ ru'bra (red). See SINNINGIA SPECIOSA.
,, specio'sa (showy). See SINNINGIA SPECIOSA.

tubifio'r a (tube-flowered). See ACHIMENES TUBIFLORA.
„ varia'bilis (variable). White, spotted with violet-
purple. 1877.

GLYCE MARITIMA

387

GNAPHALIUM

GLY CE MARI TIMA. See ALYSSUM MARITIMUM.

GLY CINE. (From glukus, sweet ; referring to the
taste of the roots of some. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Diaddphia, 4-Decandria.)

The well-known Chinese twiner, popularly called
Gly'cine sine'nsis, belongs to Wista'ria. Seeds in a hot-
bed, in spring ; cuttings of young side-shoots in spring,
in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam, with silver
sand.

STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS.
G. backhousia'na (Backhouse's).
,, hedysaroi'des (Hedysanim-like). ij. Purple. July.

Guinea. 1823. Shrub.
„ mo'llis (soft). See RHVNCHOSIA MOLLIS.
„ ro'sea (rosy), i. Rose. Ceylon. 1848.
„ siria'ta (streaked). 4. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1818.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TWINERS.

G. A'pios (Apios). See APIOS TUBEROSA.
„ bi'loba (two-lobed). 20. Purple. Mexico. 1827.
„ bimacula'ta (two-spotted). See HARDENBERGIA MONO-

PHYLLA.

„ bitumino'sa (bituminous). See FAGELIA BITUMINOSA.
„ clandesti'na (hidden). 2. Purple. July. Australia.

1818.

„ cocci'nea (scarlet). See KENNEDYA PROSTRATA.
„ comptonia'na (Comptonian). See HARDENBERGIA

COMPTONIANA.

,, filo'sa (thready). See AMPHICARP^A HONOICA.

„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). See RHYNCHOSIA

GLANDULOSA.

„ humifu'sa (spread on ground). See ROTHIATRIFOLIATA.

,, ligno'sa (woody). See SWEETIA LIGNOSA.

,, mi'nima (smallest). See G. CLANDESTINA.

,, monoi'ca (monoecious). See AMPHICARP^EA MONOICA.

,, monophy'Ua (one-leaved). See HALLIA CORDATA.

„ puncta'ta (spotted). See POIRETIA PUNCTATA.

,, rubicu'nda (red). See KENNEDYA RUBICUNDA.

„ sarmento'sa (trailing). See AMPHICARP^A MONOICA.

„ So'-ja (Soja). 3. Violet. July. Trop. Asia. 1790.

" Soy Bean." Annual.
„ vincenti'na (St. Vincent). See CH^ETOCALYX VIN-

CENTINA.

GLYCO SMIS. (From glukusma, sweetness. Nat. ord.
Rutaceae.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Seeds ; cuttings hi a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
G. pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 6. White. China.

GLYCYRRHTZA. Liquorice. (From glukus, sweet,
and rhiza, a root ; referring to the sweet juice of the
roots of the liquorice. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[I^guminosae]. Linn. i7-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria.
Closely allied to Astragalus.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. The true liquorice is
the root of G. gla'bra ; but those of echina'ta and glandu-
li'fera are equally esteemed as a pectoral. Dividing the
roots, taking care that there is one or several buds on
each piece ; deep, sandy loam.

G. aspSrrima (roughest). 2. Blue. July. Siberia. 1795.
,, echina'ta (prickly-headed). 3. Pale. July. Italy.

1596.
„ foe'tida (stinking). 3. Pale yellow. July. Africa.

1817.
„ gla'bra (common-smooth). 3. Pale blue. July. Italy.

1562.
„ glanduli'fera (glanded). 3. Pale. July. Hungary.

1805.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). See G. GLABRA.
„ lepido'ta (sczled-silky-leaved). 3. Pale. July. Mis-
souri. 1811.
„ urale'nsis (Ural). 3. Pale blue. July. Siberia. 1818.

GLYCYRRHI'ZA GLA'BRA CULTURE. Common
Liquorice or Spanish Liquorice.

Soil and Situation. — It thrives best in a rich, light soil,
two or three feet deep, which should be trenched com-
pletely to the bottom before planting, and a little well-
decomposed manure turned in with the bottom spit. In
shallow or poor ground it will not succeed : the situation
cannot be too open.

Planting. — It is propagated by cuttings of the side-
roots, which spring from the crown of the plants, and
run horizontally just beneath the surface. Plant in
January, February, or early hi March. Each set, having
a bud or two, should be about two inches beneath the
surface. The only cultivation they require is to be
frequently hoed, and in autumn the decayed stalks to
be cut down, and the earth stirred between the rows.

The roots are not fit for use until of three or four
years' growth. The season for taking them up is Decem-
ber, January, or February. A trench must be dug up
regularly along each row, quite down to the extremity
of the principal roots, which descend two feet and more.

GLYPH.aS'A. (From glupho, to carve. Nat. ord.
Tiliaceae.)

Stove shrub. Cuttings of side-shoots in a close case,
with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, a little leaf-mould,
and sand.
G. Montei'roi (Monteiro's). Yellow. Trop. Africa. 1866.

GLYPHOSPE'RMA. (From gluphe, sculpture, and
sperma, a seed ; in allusion to the markings on the seed.
Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Half-hardy or nearly hardy herb. Seeds and divisions.
Light, rich soil.

G. Palme'ri (Palmer's). iJ-2. White. Northern
Mexico. 1 88 1.

GLYPTOSTRO'BUS COLUMNA'RIS. See TAXODIUM

DISTICHUM FASTIGIATUM.

GMELTNA. (Named after G. Gmelin, a German
naturalist. Nat. ord. Verbenas [Verbenaceae]. T.inp,
H-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Tectona.)

Evergreen trees. Seeds ; cuttings of firm young shoots
in sand, and hi heat ; rich, fibrous loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80' ; winter, 50° to 55°.
G. arbo'rea (tree). 14. Orange. May. India and

Malaya.

„ asia'tica( Asiatic). 10. Yellow. E. Ind. 1792. Stove.
,, Hy'strix (hedgehog). Yellow. Bracts red- purple.

Philippine Islands. 1894. Climber.
„ Rhee'dii (Rheede's). See G. ARBOREA.
,, speciosi' 'ssima (showiest). See WIGHTIA GIGANTEA.
GNAPHAXIUM. Cudwort, or Everlasting. (From
gnaphalon, soft down ; hi reference to the woolly covering
of the leaves. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua. Allied to Helichrysum.)

Seeds of the hardy and tender annuals and biennials
in the open ground, and hi heat respectively ; shrubs,
by cuttings under a hand-light ; and perennials, by
divisions ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Albe'scens re-
quires a cool stove, and the addition of a little peat.
G. acumina'tum (long-pointed). 3. White. July. S.

Africa. 1823. Greenhouse.
,, albe'scens (whitish). 2. White. Jamaica. 1793.

Stove evergreen.
„ apicula'tum (finely-pointed). See HELICHRYSUM

APICULATUM.

„ arena' riitm (sand). See HELICHRYSUM ARENARIUM.
„ conge'stum (crowded). See HELICHRYSUM FELINUM.
„ co'nicum (conical). 2. Yellow. July. S. Europe.

1824.

,, dioi'cum (dioecious). See ANTENNARIA DIOICA.
„ exi'mium (choice). See HELIPTERUM EXIMIUM.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). See HELICHRYSXJM

GRANDIFLORUM.

„ involucra'tum (involucred). See G. JAPONICUM.

„ japo'nicum (Japanese), i. Brown, yellow. July.

Cosmopolitan. 1699. Hardy herbaceous.
„ lasiocau'lon (woolly-stemmed). 3. White. July.

S. Africa. 1823.
„ Leontopo'dium (lion's-foot). See LEONTOPODIUM

ALPINUM.

„ lu'teo-a'lbum (yellow- white). ij. Pale yellow.

August. Cosmopolitan. " Jersey Livelong."
,, margarita'ceum (pearly). See ANAPHALIS MARGARI-

TACEA.
„ mode'stum (modest). See HELIPTERUM GNAPHALI-

OIDES.

„ obtusifo'lium (blunt- leaved). i. Yellow. July.

N. Amer. 1732. Hardy annual.

,, pennsylva' 'nicum (Pennsylvanian). See G. PURPUREUM.
,, purpu'reum (purple-flowered), ij. Purple. July.

N. Amer. 1732. Greenhouse biennial.

GNIDIA

388

GOMPHOCARPUS

G. sangui'neum (bloody). See HELICHRYSUM SANGUI-

NEUM.

„ undula'tum (waved), i. Yellow, white. July. S.
Africa. 1732. Hardy annual.

GNI'DIA. (An ancient name for laurel. Nat. ord.
Dapknads [Thymeleaceae]. Linn. &-Octandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Pimelea.)

Greenhouse evergreens, with pale yellow flower?, from
South Africa. Young shoots, when two or three inches
long, in sand, above sandy peat, well drained, under
a bell-glass; stagnant water quickly destroys them.
Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; rather shaded in summer.
G. arge'ntea (silvery). 2. June. 1826.

bifto'ra (two-flowered). 2. June. 1800.
„ capita'ta (round-headed). See LASIOSIPHON LINI-

FOLIUS.

„ carina'ta (keeled), i. July. 1786.
„ denuda'ta (denuded). ij. Pale yellow. 1820.
,, filamento'sa (thready). 2. May. 1800.
„ fla'va (yellow). 2. Dark yellow. June. 1825.
„ imbrica'ta (imbricated). 2. June.
„ juniperifo'lia (juniper- leaved). 2$. June. 1810.
„ laviga'ta (polished). See G. OPPOSITIFOLIA.
„ linoi'des (Linum-like). 3. White. May. 1820.
„ oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved), i. June. 1783.
,, pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 2. June. 1768.
, polysta'chya (many-spiked). 1-6. Yellow. 1905.
, seri'cea (silky), ij. July. 1786.
, si'mplex (simple). See G. CARINATA.
, stri'cta (upright). 2$. June. 1818.
, tomento'sa (felted). 4. Pale yellow. March.

GOAT MOTH. See Cossus LICNIPERDA.
GOAT'S BEARD. Spirce'a Aru'ncus.
GOAT'S FOOT. O'xalis capri'na.
GOAT'S RUE. GaU'ga.
GOAT'S THORN. Astra' galus Tragaca'ntha.
GOBBO. See ARTICHOKE.

GODE'TIA. (Named after M. Godet, a foreigner. Nat.
ord. Onagrads [Onagraceae]. Linn. &-Octandria, \-Mono-
gynia. United to CEnothera.)

G. albe'scens (whitish). See CENOTHERA ALBESCENS.
„ decu'mbens (leaning-down). See (ENOTHERA DECUM-

BENS.
„ grandflio'ra (large-flowered). See CENOTHERA WHIT-

NEYI.

„ le'pida (pretty). See CENOTHERA DECUMBENS.
„ Lindle'yii (Lindley's). See CENOTHERA AMOSNA.
„ pu'mila (dwarf). See CENOTHERA PUMILA.
„ purpu'rea(pwple-flowered). See CENOTHERA PURPUREA.
„ quadrivu'lnera (iour-spotted-petaled) . See CENOTHERA

QUADRIVULNERA.

„ Romanzo'vii (Romanzow's). See CENOTHERA ROMAN-

ZOWII.

„ ro'seo-a'lba (red and white), i. Red, white. May.

Nepaul. 1827.

„ rubicu'nda (ruddy). See CENOTHERA AMOSNA.
„ Scha'mini flo're pie' no (Schamin's double-flowered).

2. Pink, double. 1906.

„ tene'lla (delicate). See CENOTHERA TENELLA.
„ tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). See CENOTHERA TENUIFOLIA.
„ vimi'nea (twiggy). See CENOTHERA VIMINEA.
„ vino'sa (vrme-colowed-flowered). See CENOTHERA

AMCENA.

„ Whi'tneyi (Whitney's). See CENOTHKRA WHITNEYI.

GODO'YA. (Named after E. Godoy, whose Spanish
title was the Prince of Peace. Nat. ord. Ochnaceae.
Linn. iz-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened shoots in
sand, under a glass, and in strong bottom-heat. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50* to 55°.
G. gemmiflo'ra (bud-flowered). 8. Yellow. Brazil. 1820.

This is Blastemanthus gemmiflorus.
„ sple'ndida (splendid). 10. White. Colombia. 1869.

GODWTNIA GI'GAS. See DRACONTIUM GIGAS.

GOE'THEA. (In honour of the poet Goethe. Nat. ord.
Mallowvorts [Malvaceae], Linn. ib-Monadelpkia, S-Poly-
andria.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings in sand in a close case, with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam and sand.
G. cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). Brazil.
,, makoya'na (Makoyan). 2. Maroon, rose. Brazil.

1878.

„ mullifto'ra (many-flowered). See PAVONIA MULTI-
FLORA.

,, sirictifto'ra (upright-flowering), ij. Crimson, white.
August. Brazil. 1852.

GOLDEN APPLE. X'gle.

GOLDEN HAIR. Chryso'coma Co'ma-au'rea.

GOLDEN ROD. Solida'go.

GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. Chrysosple'nium.

GOLDEN THISTLE. Sco'lymus and Pro' tea Sco'lymus.

GOLDFU'SSIA ANISOPHY'LLA. See STROBILANTHES

ANISOPHYLLUS.

GOLDFU'SSIA GLOMERA'TA. See STROBILANTHES

GLOMERATUS.

GOLDFU'SSIA ISOPHY'LLA. See STROBILANTHES

ISOPHYLLUS.

GOLDFU'SSIA THOMSO'NI. See STROBILANTHES
WALLICHII.

GOLDSCHMI'DTIA. See DENDROBIUM VEXANS.
GOLDYLOCES. A'ster Lino'syris.

GOME ZA. (Commemorative of Bernhard A. Gomez, a
Portuguese surgeon, who wrote about Brazilian plants.
Nat. ord. OrchidaceaB.)

Cool stove or intermediate house Orchids. See
ORCHIDS FOR CULTURE.

G. Barke'ri (Barker's). Green. January. Brazil. 1836.
„ Bino'tii (Binot's). Orange, white. Brazil. 1904.
„ chryso'stoma (golden-mouthed). Light green. Brazil.

1834.
„ cri'spa (crisped). Greenish-yellow. October. Brazil.

1839.

„ folio'sa. (leafy). Yellow, red. Brazil. 1825.
,, Glazio'vii (Glaziov's). Light green. Brazil. 1906.

Climbing.

„ laxifto'ra (lax-flowered). See G. CHRYSOSTOMA.
„ planifo'lia (flat-leaved). Yellow, white. Brazil.
„ recu'rva (recurved), i. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1824.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). See G. GLAZIOVII.

GO'MPHIA. Button Flower. (From gomphos, a club ;
said to be the shape of the fruit. Nat. ord. Ochnads
[Ochnaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers. Cuttings
of young shoots getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in heat ; sandy loam and a little peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
G. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. India and Malaya.

1823.
,, cuspidate, (short-pointed). 3-6. Yellow, crisped.

Brazil. 1907.
„ deco'ra (becoming). 2-3. Golden-yellow. Brazil.

1879.
„ guyanne'nsis (Guiana). 4. Yellow. Trop. Amer.

1803.

,, Jabota'pita (Jabotapita). 5. Jamaica. 1820.
,, laviga'ta (smooth-leaved). See G. OBTUSIFOLIA.
,, laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 5. Jamaica. 1823.
,, ni'tida (glossy-leaved). See G. GUYANNE'NSIS.
„ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 3. Madagascar. 1803.
,, olivczfo'rmis (olive-shaped). Yellow. Brazil. 1861.
,, Theophra'sta (Theophrasta). 10. Orange. Brazil.

1859.
,, zeyla'nica (Ceylon). See G. ANGUSTIFOLIA.

GOMPHOCA'RPUS. (From gomphos, a club, and
karpos, a fruit ; shape of the seed-pods. Nat. ord.
Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceas]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, z-Di-
gynia. Allied to Asclepias.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. Seeds
sown hi a hotbed in spring. Cuttings of the points of
shoots, and better still, small side-shoots, when growth
is commencing, in sand, under a bell-glass. Sandy loam
and fibrous peat. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter,
40° to 48°.

GOMPHOLOBIUM

389

GONGORA

G. arbore'scens (tree-like). 5. White. December. 1714.
„ cri'spus (curled-leaved), i. Yellow. July. 1714.
„ frutico'sus (shrubby). 5. White. July. Mediter-
ranean regions. 1714.

„ navicula'ris (boat-shaped). White. July.
„ padifo'lius (Padus-leaved). S. Africa.
„ physoca'rpus (bladder-fruited). S. Africa.
,, seto'sus (bristly). Greenish-yellow. S. Arabia. 1897.
,, sina'icus (Sinai). See G. FRUTICOSUS.
,, te'xtUis (textile). 3. White, violet. Tropics. 1902.

GOMPEOLO BIUM. (From gomphos, a club, and Ipbos,
a pod; shape of seed-vessel. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cuttings of
young shoots, about two inches in length, in sand, under
a bell-glass, in a shaded place, in April or May ; peat
and loam in little fibrous pieces, with rubbly charcoal,
potsherds, and silver sand ; drainage must be well
attended to, as saturated soil is their ruin. Winter temp.,
40° to 48°. All have yellow flowers, except where other-
wise mentioned.

G. adu'ncum (hooked). May. 1837.
„ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). May. 1825.
„ arista'tum (awned). May. 1837.
„ ,, mu'ticum (snipped). August. 1839.
„ barbi'gerum (bearded-keeled). See G. LATIFOLII/M.
„ capita' turn (round-head-flowered). 2. July. 1830.
„ Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). See G. ARISTATUM

MUTICUM.

„ globra'tum (smooth), ij. June. 1820.
,, gauce'scens (milky-green). See G. GRANDIFLORUM.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2. June. 1803.
„ „ setifo'lium (bristle-leaved). 2. June. 1826.
,, Henderso'nii (Henderson's). August. 1840. This is

Burtonia Hendersonii.
„ Huege'lii (Huegel's). \. May. 1824.
„ knightia'num (Knight's). J. August. 1830.
,, lana'tum (woolly). See G. TOMEXTOSUM.
„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 2. May. 1803.
,, margina'tum (edged). 2. May. 1820.
„ mi'nus (lesser), ij. May. 1824.
„ mirbelioi'des (Mirbelia-like). i£. May. 1823.
„ peduncula're (Jong-flower-stalked). See G. HUEGELII.
„ pinna'tum (leafleted). \. May. 1820.
,, polymo'rphum (many- formed), i-ij. Purple, red, or

yellow. 1803.

,, reticula'tum (netted-leaved). ij. May. 1824.
, sple'ndens (shining). June. 1843.
, tene'Uum (delicate). i|. May. 1824.
, te"nue (slender). See G. POLYMORPHUM.
, tetrathecoi'des (Tetratheca-like). See G. MINUS.
, tomento'sum (shaggy). 3. May. 1803.
, venulo'sum (veiny-leaved). See G. POLYMORPHUM.
, venu'stum (beautiful). 3. May. 1803.
, versi color (changeable-coloured). See G. POLY-
MORPHUM.
„ ,, cau'libus purpu'reis (purple-stalked), ij. Red.

March. 1838.
„ virga'tum (twiggy), ij. May. 1820.

GOMPHRE NA. Globe Amaranth. (From gomphos, a
club ; the shape of the flowers. Nat. ord. Amarants
[Amarantaceas]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia).

Stove plants. Perennials, by seed and divisions ; the
shrubby, by seed and cuttings ; the annuals and biennials,
by seed in a hotbed. The Globe varieties are very useful
for ornament, and should have equal care, potting, soil,
heat, &c., as the Cockscombs.

G. brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). See MOGIPHAXES STRAMINEA.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet). Orange-red. Mexico. 1853.

Perennial.

„ decu'mbens (decumbent). Rosy-red. Mexico.
„ „ obova'ta (obovate). Rose.
„ globo'sa (globe- flowered). ij. Red. July. India.

1714. Annual.
„ „ a'lba (white), i. White. July. India. 1714.

Annual.
„ pere'nnis (perennial). 2. Pale yellow. August.

S. Amer. 1732. Herbaceous.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). i$. Rosy. July. Brazil. 1843.

Annual.

„ seri'cea (silky). White. Ecuador. 1820.
„ villo'sa (long-haired). Striped. June. Monte Video.
1826. Evergreen shrub.

GOMTTTUS SACCHA'RIFER. See ARENGA SACCHARI-

FERA.

GONATA'NTHTJS. (From gonu, a knee, and anthos, a
flower ; the flower spathe is bent. Nat. ord. Araceae.)

Fine foliage stove plant. Offsets, which are freely
produced. Fibrous peat and loam, with some sharp sand.
G. sarmento'sa (trailing). Yellow. Himalayas.

GONA TOPUS BOrVTNIL See ZAMIOCULCAS BOIVIMI.

GONGO'RA. (Named after a Spanish viceroy of New
Grenada. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 20-
Gytiandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Batemannia.)

Stove orchids. Divisions ; baskets filled and packed
with sphagnum, fibrous peat, broken pots, and pieces
of charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 90°, with plenty of
atmospheric moisture ; winter, 55° to 65*, and dryish.
G. armeni'aca (apricot). Apricot. July. Nicaragua.
„ a' tro-purpu' rea (dark purple), i. Dark purple. June.

British Guiana. 1824.

„ „ major (larger). Purple. May. Demerara. 1834.
„ „ pi'cta (painted). Yellow, purple. May. Deme-
rara. 1836.

„ beyrodtia'na (Beyrodtian). Pale yellow, purple-
spotted. Colombia. 1906.
„ bufo'nia (toad-coloured). i. Variegated. May.

Brazil. 1841.
„ „ leucochi'la (white-lipped). Purple, white. May.

Brazil. 1840.

„ „ ma'jor (larger) Purple, white. May. Brazil. 1837.
„ „ fu'lva (tawny). $. Yellow, blue. July. Mexico.

1838.
„ „ vitelli'na (yolk-of-egg). Yellow. May. Mexico.

1841.
„ cassi'dea (helmeted). Yellow, purple. Guatemala.

1874.
„ Charleswo'rihii (Charlesworth's). White, barred with

brownish-purple.
„ Charo'ntis (Charontis). Yellow; h'p white, spotted

with crimson. Colombia. 1877.
„ ftave'ola (yeUowish). Light ochre- yellow, spotted

with brown. 1886.
„ galea'ta (hehneted). i. Yellow, spotted with brown.

Mexico. 1828.

,, galeottia'na (Galeottian). Red. Mexico. 1842.
„ gratulabu'nda (congratulating). Yellow, spotted

brown. Colombia.
„ gro'ssa (large). Yellowish, with blackish-purple spots.

Ecuador. 1877.

„ fettcocAi'/a (white-lipped). See G. BUFONIA LEUCOCHILA.
„ macula'ta (spotted-flowered). z±. Yellow-spotted.

May. Demerara. 1832.

„ „ a'lba (white- flowered). 2. White. May. Guiana.
1836.

aura'nlia (orange). Orange. May. Guiana. 1842.
ca'ndida (white). White. May. Guiana. 1843.
citri'na (citron). Yellow. May. Guiana. 1837.
fu'lgens (blazing). Guiana. 1837.
fu'sca (dark brown). Guiana. 1836.
gra'cilis (slender). Guiana. 1839.
gri'sea (grey). Demerara. 1836.
i'gnea (flame-coloured). 2. Flame. May. Brazil.
1837-

lu'tea (yellow). Guiana. 1835.
sangui'nea (blood-coloured). Demerara. 1836.

squa'lens (mean). Guiana. 1837.

tri' color ( three-coloured). 2. Golden-brown. May.

Panama. 1842.
„ nigri'ta, (blackish). Dark purple. July. Demerara.

1838.
„ portenio'sa (monstrous). Yellow, violet, purple.

Ecuador. 1869.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). Rose-purple ; lip citron-yellow.

Colombia.
„ quinquene' rvis (five-nerved). Yellow, purple. May.

Peru.
,, sanderia'na (Sanderian). Yellow, with rosy spots.

Peru.

„ scaphe'phorus (skiff-bearing).
„ si'mUis (like). Colombia (?). 1881.
,, specio'sa (show>T). See CORYANTHES SPECIOSA.
„ trunca'ta (blunt- flowered). Red, yellow. April.

Mexico. 1842.
„ vi'ridi-purpu'rea (green-purple). See CIRRH.SA LOD-

DIGESII.

GONIOPHLEBIUM

39°

GOODENIA

GONIOPHLEBIUM. (From gonia, an angle, and
phlebion, a vein ; alluding to the veins of the fronds.
Nat. ord. F^rns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.
All belong to Polypodium, and will be found under that
genus.

Stove Ferns. Division in the spring, as fresh growth
is commencing ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 50 to 55°. Attenua'tum will do with
greenhouse treatment.
G. a'lbopuncta'tum( white-dotted). Brown, yellow. July.

S. Amer. 1840.

„ amce'num (lovely). N. India and Formosa.
„ argu'tum (sharp). Brown. Nepaul. 1845.
„ attenua'tum (thin). J. Yellow. June. N. S. Wales.

1823.
„ Catheri'na; (St. Catherine's), i. Brown. Brazil.

1841.

„ colpo'des (sinuous). Venezuela.
,, cuspida'tum (short-pointed). Near G. subauricula'tum.

Java.

,, dissi'mile (unlike). 2. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1820.
,, di'stans (distant). N. India, Ceylon, and Java.
„ fraxinifo'lium (ash-leaved). Colombia, Brazil, and

Peru.
„ glaucophy'Uum (glaucous-leaved). W. Ind., Colombia,

Ecuador.

„ glau'cum (glaucous). Philippines.
„ gra'ndiceps (large-headed), £. Formosa. 1886.
„ harpeo'des (scimitar-like). See G. LORICKUM.
„ inca'num (hoary). W. Ind. 1840.
„ la'chnopus (woolly-footed). N. India. 1879.
„ la'tipes (broad-footed). Brown. Brazil. 1841.
„ lori'ceum (thong-like). Mexico and W. Ind. to Brazil

and Chili.

„ menisciifo'lium (Meniscium-leaved). Brazil. 1840.
„ neriifo'lium (oleander-leaved). 5. Brown. July.

Brazil. 1837.
„ pcctina'tum (comb-leaved), ij. Yellow. July. W.

Ind. 1793.

„ piloselloi'des (Pilosella-like).
„ sepu'ltum (enclosed), i. Brown. Brazil. 1841.
„ subauricula'tum (subauricled). N. India, Malaccas,

Philippines.
„ triloba'tum (three-lobed). Frond three-lobed. Florida

and Mexico to Brazil.

„ vacciniifo'lium (bilberry-leaved). Brazil. 1841.
„ va'cittans (wavering). See G. LORICEUM.
„ verruco'sum (warted). Philippines and Malaccas.

GONIO'PTERIS. (From gonia, an angle, and pteris, a
fern ; referring to the leaves. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices].
Linn. 24-Cryptogamia, i- Filices.)

Stove Ferns. Treatment as for Gcniophlebium. The
New Zealand and New Holland species will thrive in the
greenhouse.
G. a'spera (rough). Brown, yellow. July. Isle of

Luzon.
„ asplenioi'des (Asplenium-like). Brown, yellow. July.

Jamaica. 1841.

„ costa'ta (ribbed). Brown, yellow. June. E. Ind.
„ crena'ta (scolloped). W. Ind. 1835.
„ fraxinifo'lia (ash-leaved). 2. Brown. August.

Brazil. 1841.
„ megalo'des (picture-like). Brown. July. W. Ind.

1843.
„ penni'gera (feathered). Brown, yellow. July. New

Zealand. 1835.
„ prolifera (proliferous), i. Brown, yellow. May.

E. Ind. 1820.

,, ru'bida (red). Brown. July. Isle of Luzon.
„ telrago'na (four-angled). Brown. W. Ind. 1843.
„ urophy'lla (tail-leaved). Brown, yellow. June. E.
Ind.

GONIOSCY'PHA. (Derived from gonia, an angle or
knot, and skttphos, a cup. Nat. ord. Liliacea?.)

Greenhouse perennial. Seeds, division. Loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.

G. eucomoi'des (Eucomis-like). i. Green. Himalaya.
1886.

GONO'CALYX. (From gonw, a knee, or angle, and
calyx ; in allusion to the angles on the calyx tube. Nat.

ord. Vacciniaces. It resembles a species of Cerato-
stemma, and may belong there.)

Showy greenhouse shrub. Seeds. Sandy, fibrous peat.
G. pu'lcher (beautiful). Rose. Colombia. 1858.

GONO'LOBUS. (From gonos, an angle, and lobos, a
pod ; referring to the shape of the seed-vessel. Nat.
ord. Asdepiads [Asclepiadaceas]. Linn. $-Pcntandria,
2-Digynia.)

The hardy species by seeds and divisions, in dry, sandy
soil. The greenhouse and stove species, divisions, by
seed in heat, and by cuttings of the young shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass. The stove kinds require bottom-
heat ; peat and loam, with silver sand, and a little dry
cow-dung.

HARDY DECIDUOUS TWINERS.

G. di'scolor (two-coloured). See G. OBLIQUUS.
,, Ice' vis (smooth). 4. Green. July. N. Amer. 1822.
„ macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 6. Yellow. July.

N. Amer. 1822.

„ nuttallia'nus (Nuttall's). See G. L^VIS.
„ obli'quus (oblique). 8. Green. July. N.Amer. 1809.

GREENHOUSE TWINERS.

G. caroline'nsis (Carolina). 6. Purple. July. Carolina.

1824. Deciduous.

„ prostra'tus (lying-down). 3. Green. July. Mexico.
1823. Evergreen.

STOVE DECIDUOUS TWINERS.

G. crispiflo'rus (curled-flowered). See FISCHERIA SCAN-
DENS.

„ grandifio'rus (large-flowered). 10. Green. July.
Trinidad. 1826.

STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS.
G. Cundura'ngo (Cundurango). See MARSDENIA CUN-

DURANGO.
„ diadema'tus (adorned). Green. September. Mexico.

1812.

,, eria'nthus (woolly-flowered). Mexico.
„ Ghiesbre'ghtii (Ghiesbreght's). W. Ind. 1858.
„ hi'spidus (bristly). Black. July. Brazil. 1837.
„ martia'nus (Martian). See FISCHERIA MARTIANA.
„ mari'timus (sea-shore). 6. Green. June. Carthage.

1823.
„ nfger (black). 6. Blackish - purple. October.

Mexico. 1825.

,, refra'ctus (broken-back). S. Amer.
,, re'ptans (creeping). W. Ind.
„ scolopendroi'des (Scolopendrium-like). W. Ind.
,, serrula'tus (finely-serrate). W. Ind.
,, siibero'sus (corky). 6. Green. August. N. Amer.

1732.

GOODE'NIA. (Named after Dr. Goodenough, bishop of
Carlisle. Nat. ord. Goodeniads [Goodenoviacea;]. Linn.
5- Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

All Australian plants, with yellow flowers, except where
otherwise mentioned. Herbaceous, by seeds and divisions
in spring ; the shrubby, by cuttings in sand, under a
bell-glass, in April; peat and loam. Winter temp.,
40° to 45 •
G. albe'scens (whitish). Yellow. 1862.

„ a'lbida (whitish). See SC^VOLA MICROCARPA.

,, bellidifo'lia (daisy- leaved), f. July. 1823.

,, calendula' cea (Calendula-like). See SC^VOLA SUAVEO-
LENS.

,, ctzru'lea (blue). Blue. June.

„ decu'rrens (ruimmg-dovm-leaved). i. May. 1825.

,, filifo'rmis (thread-formed). Yellow. 1841.

,, gra'cilis (slender). i£. July. 1822.

,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. July. 1803.

,, hedera'cea (ivy-leaved). $. July. 1813.

,, heterophy'lla (various-leaved), i. Pale red. July.
1826.

,, inca'na (hoary). J. Blue. May. 1842.

,, IcBviga'ta (smooth). See SC^EVOLA MICROCARPA.

„ ova ta (egg-leaved). 2. July. 1793.

,, pamcula'ta (panicled). i. July. 1823.

,, ri'gida (stiff). See G. C^RULEA.

,, stelli'gera (star-haired), f. June. 1823.

,, iene'lla (very slender). See VELLEIA TRINERVIS.

GOODIA

GORDONIA

GOO'DIA. (Named after P. Good, a collector of plants
in Australia for Kew Gardens. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-De-
candria. Allied to Templetonia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow blossoms,
from Van Diemen's Land. Seeds and cuttings of the
young shoots in May, in sand, under a glass ; ^sandy
peat and fibrous loam. Winter temp., 40' to 48°. A
shady place for the pots in summer. All, and especially
lotifo'lia, should be tried against a wall, with a little
protection in winter.

G. lotifo'lia (lotus-leaved). 3. June. 1793.
„ polyspc'rma (many-seeded). See ARGYROLOBIUM

ANDREWSIANUM.

„ pube'scens (downy). 3. June. 1805.

GOODYE'RA. (Named after /. Goodyer, a British
botanist. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Neottia.)

Terrestrial orchids. Divisions of the roots ; peat and
loam, with a little decayed wood and charcoal.

HARDY.

G. Menzie'sii (Menzies'). N. Amer. " Rattlesnake

Plantain."
„ pube'scens (downy). }. White. July. N. Amer.

1802. " Adder's Violet."

„ ripens (creeping). J. White. July. Scotland.
„ Ussella'ta (chequered). See G. PUBESCENS.

STOVE.

G. corda'ta (heart-shaped). Yellow-brown. September.

Himalaya. 1870.

„ dawsonia'na(Da.vrsonian). See H^MARIA DAWSONIANA.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See H.^MARIA DISCOLOR.
„ macra'ntha (large-flowered). Pink. Leaves edged

yellow. Japan. 1867.
„ macrophy'tta (large-leaved). White. August.

Madeira. 1880.
„ nu'da (naked). Whitish, light brown. Mascarene

Islands. 1902.
„ ordea'na (Ordean). Leaves with silvery veins.

Philippines.
„ pro'cera (tall). White. June. India and Malaya.

1821.

,, reticula'ta (netted). Java.
,, rodigasia'na (Rodigasian). Leaves velvety, with

whitish rib. New Guinea. 1886.
„ rubicu'nda (reddish-flowered). Cinnamon. July.

Manilla. 1838.
„ veluii'na (velvety). Pink. Leaves with white midrib.

Japan. 1867.

GOOSEBERRY. Ri'bes Grossula'ria.

VARIETIES. — General Dessert Kinds. — Champagne, R.
and Y. ; Early Green Hairy, o. ; Golden Drop, Y. ;
Golden Gem, Y., Pitmaston Greengage, G. ; Warrington,
or Aston Seedling, R. ; Taylor's Bright Venus, w. ;
Whitesmith, w. ; Glenton Green, G. ; Walnut, G. ;
Early Sulphur, Y. ; Green Walnut, G. ; Langley Gage,
w. ; Rumbullion, Y. ; Whinham's Industry, R.

Late Dessert Kinds (for Retarding on Trellises).— War-
rington, R. ; Pitmaston Greengage, o. ; Coe's Late
Red, R. ; the Champagnes, R. and Y.

Bottling. — Rumbullion, Y.

Preserving. — Rough Red, Warrington, Champagne.

Large Kinds (Very Good). — Prince Regent, R. ; Won-
derful, R. ; Roaring Lion, R. ; Top Sawyer, R. ; Rock-
wood, Y. ; No Bribery, Y. ; Sovereign, Y. ; Wellington's
Glory, w. ; Queen Charlotte, w. ; Greenwood, G. ;
Glenton Green, G.

Large Kinds for Exhibition. — Conquering Hero, R. ;
Dan's Mistake, R. ; London, R. ; Speedwell, R. ; Dia-
mond, Y. ; Candidate, Y. ; Leveller, Y. ; Leviathan. Y. ;
Telegraph, G. ; Matchless, G. ; Thumper, G. ; General,
G. ; Antagonist, w. ; Snowdrop, w. ; Freedom, w. ;
King of Trumps, w.

The letters R., Y., G., w., refer to the colours, red,
yellow, green, white.

Propagation : by Cuttings. — Large, straight, and healthy
young shoots should be procured at the end of autumn,
rjnd these may be shortened to about fifteen inches in
length, cutting away the weaker portion — the point.
All the eyes or buds must be cut out, except the four
top ones, in order to prevent the future plant from

producing suckers. These should be planted in any
ordinary garden-soil, in a light situation, but not too
sunny. Plant about four inches deep, and keep them
tolerably moist during spring and early summer. Cut-
tings of young growing shoots, also, strike readily under
a glass.

Layering is performed as with other deciduous shrubs ;
if in the old wood, at the same period as the cuttings, and
for the same reasons ; if in the young shoots, when
they have acquired some strength, about the beginning
of July.

Seed. — This is the source whence new varieties may
be obtained. The seed being washed out of the pulp
when ripe, may be sown immediately ; and in the
ensuing spring, if the plants can be early subjected to
a slight bottom warmth, they will be a foot in height
in the first summer, and may, with good management,
be brought to bear, some in the second year, and all in
the third.

Soil. — A deep, sandy loam is best adapted to the
gooseberry. Any free garden-soil, of average quality,
will produce them in tolerable perfection,if well manured,
and, above all things, freed from excess of moisture.
Gooseberries will never thrive in stagnant soil ; they
will become hide-bound speedily, and their stems covered
with moss. Nevertheless, they are very partial to a per-
manency of surface moisture in the growing season,
and for that purpose top-dressings are had recourse to.
Wherever fine gooseberries are required, the situation
must be totally unshaded ; it, however, becomes good
policy at times to plant some under the partial shade of
small trees. In such situations they will set in a frosty
spring, when those exposed are cut off.

Culture in Growing Period. — A due training, especially
whilst young, is necessary. Those who grow them for
exhibition use two sorts of sticks, viz. forks and hooks.
These are cut out of any ordinary brush-wood, about
half a yard long, and they must be neatly pointed.
Thus the hooks are made to draw down refractory shoots,
and the forks to prop up the drooping ones. It is a good
practice to apply a top-dressing of half-rotten manure
in the beginning of May ; and just before the fruit has
completed its last swelling, the points of all the longest
straggling shoots may be pinched or dubbed. It is well
to go over the bushes in the early part of June, and
remove much of the waste spray which chokes the
interior of the bush. Some of the grosser shoots may be
entirely removed, and all others of a doubtful character
may have the points pinched. This will throw both size
and flavour into the berry, and add to the value of the
remaining wood for the ensuing crop.

Culture in the Rest Period. — Pruning is the first point ;
and the sooner this is performed after the fall of the leaf
the better. It consists, mainly, in thinning out. When
a bush is well thinned, no two shoots will touch ; indeed,
they should be, on an average, three inches apart all
over the bush. Most good cultivators keep the middle
of the bush very open This is especially necessary
during the first three years from striking the cutting ;
and the principle should be attended to, less or more,
at every annual pruning afterwards. In selecting wood
to remain, choose that which is strong, but not over
luxuriant ; the latter, with all weakly and inferior wood,
may be cut clear away ; cutting away, also, all coarse
snags in the interior of the branches. Lastly, shorten
every point which appears weakly or incomplete in char-
acter, just so far as such inferiority is manifest. The
root must now receive attention. Some of our show
gooseberry growers open a trench around their bushes
annually, at about the distance the branches extend,
cutting away all coarse roots beyond that line. They
then fill in the trench with good fresh loam and cow-dung
blended. Whether this be done or not, a top-dressing of
half-decayed manure should be annually applied, scraping
away the loose surface, and placing the manure next
the top fibres, and then soiling the whole over.

Insects. — See ABRAXUS, APHIS, and NEMATUS.

GORDO'NIA. (Named after Mr. Gordon, a London
nurseryman. Nat. ord. Theads [Ternstromiaceae]. Linn.
i6-Monadelphia, 8-Polyandna. Allied to Stuartia.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs, except Hamato'xylon, which
is a stove evergreen, and requires peat soil ; cuttings of
young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat. The
others, though hardy, flowering late, are ornaments for

GORSE

392

GRAFTING

the greenhouse ; layers in autumn, seeds in spring, and
cuttings in sandy peat, under a hand-light, in summer,
in a shady place. Pube'scens and Frankli'ni are the
hardiest ; but lasia'nthus is the most beautiful, and
blooms chiefly in summer and autumn. Peat, leaf-
mould, and sand, with a trifle of loam, deep, and on a
retentive sub-soil ; if not naturally so, puddled with
clay, so that the plant may obtain something of its
native position in swampy soil.
G. ano'mala (anomalous). 3. Creamy-white. China.

1816. Greenhouse.

„ Frankli'ni (Franklin's). See G. PUBESCENS SUBGLABRA.
„ gra'ndis (grand). White. 1880. Stove.
„ Hcemata 'xylon (red-wood). See LAPLACEA H^MA-

TOXYLON.

„ java'nica (Javanese). See SCHIMA NORONH*.
„ Lasia'nthus (hairy-flower). 6. Yellow. September.

N. Amer. 1739. " Loblolly Bay."
„ pube' scats (downy). 4. White. July. Carolina.

1774-

„ „ subgla'bra (nearly smooth). White. September.
N. Amer. 1774.

GORSE. U'lex europce'us.

GORTERIA. (Named after D. Garter, a Dutch
botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite?]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, $-Frustranea. Allied to GAZANIA.)

Greenhouse annual. Seed in light soil in the green-
house, in March ; or in the open border at the beginning
of May.

G. acau'lis (stemless). See HAPLOCARPHA LEICHTLINII.
„ asteroi'des (Aster-like). See BERKHEYA FRUTICOSA.
„ Pavo'nia (peacock). See GAZANIA PAVONIA.
„ persona'ta (masked). £. Yellow. August. S. Africa.

1774-
„ ri'gens (stiff). See GAZANIA RIGENS.

GOSSyPIUM. Cotton- tree. (From goz, Arabic for a
soft substance. Nat. ord. Mallowworts [Malvacea?].
Linn. ift-Monadelphia, 8-Polyandria.)

The cotton of commerce is the hairy covering of the
seeds of several species of this genus. Barbade'nse and
herba'ceum, especially the former, furnish the best cotton.
Stove plants. Annuals and biennials, by seed in moist
heat, in spring ; perennial herbaceous, by seed and
divisions, in similar circumstances ; shrubs, by cuttings
of young shoots, just getting firm, in sandy soil, under a
bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; rich, sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
G. arbo'reum (tree). 12. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1694.

Evergreen shrub.
„ barbade'nse (Barbadoes). 5. Yellow. September.

Barbadoes. 1759. Biennial.
„ Come'sii (Comes's). Yellow, blood-red blotch. 1889.

Greenhouse shrub.
„ Davidso'nii (Davidson's). Yellow. S. United States.

1900.
„ herba'ceum (common-herbaceous). 3. Yellow. July.

E. Ind. 1594. Annual.
„ i'ndicum (Indian). See G. HERBACEUM.
„ Ki'rkii (Kirk's). Yellow. Trop. Africa. 1881.
„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 5. Yellow. July. 1800.

Evergreen shrub.

„ mari'timum (maritime). See G. BARBADENSE.
„ obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 5. Yellow. July.

E. Ind. Evergreen shrub.

„ religio'sum (religious). 3. Yellow. July. India.
1777. Herbaceous perennial.

GOUA'NIA. (Named after A. Gouan, once professor
of botany at Montpelier. Nat. ord. Rhamnads [Rham-
naceae]. Linn. z^-Polygamia, z-Dicecia. Allied to
Trymalium.)

Evergreen stove climbers. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; fibrous
peat and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 50° to 58 .

G. cordifo'lia (heart- leaved). See REISSEKIA SMILACINA.
„ dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). 10. Yellow. W. Ind.

1739-

„ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 10. Green, yellow. 1800.
„ mauritia'na (Mauritian). 10. Green, yellow. Mauri-
tius. 1823.

G. tiliafo'lia (lime-tree-leaved). 10. Yellow. July.

Mascarene Islands. 1810.

„ tomento'sa (woolly). 10. Green, yellow. W. Ind.
1823.

GOURD. Cucu'rbita.

GOVB'NIA. (Named after /. R. Gowen, a distinguished
horticulturist, and cross-breeder of plants. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidacea?]. Linn. 2Q-Gynandria, i-Monandria.
Allied to Batemannia.)

Stove terrestrial orchids. Divisions of the plant ; peat
and loam, with a little charcoal and silver sand. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
G. Andrieu'xii (Andrieux's). Yellow, white. Mexico.

1884.

„ delicio'sa (delicious). White, purple. Mexico. 1884.
„ fascia'ta (b&nded-flowered). ij. Yellow. January.

Venezuela. 1843.
,, Ga'rdneri (Gardner's). 2. Green, yellow. December.

Organ Mountains. 1837.
,, lageno'phora( bottle-bearing), ij. White. January.

Mexico. 1844.
„ Ulia'cea (lily-flowered), i. White. July. Mexico.

1837-
,, sulphu'rea (sulphur). Sulphur-yellow. Paraguay.

1885.
„ supe'rba (superb). 5. Yellow. March. Mexico.

1828.
,, ti'ngens (tinging). 2. Yellowish, with purple lines.

Peru. 1910.

,, utricula'ta (bladder y-sheathed). ij. Cream. August.
Jamaica. 1843.

GRABO'WSKIA. (Commemorative of H. Grabowsky,
a botanist of Silesia. Nat. ord. Solanaceae.)

Half-hardy shrubs. Seeds and cuttings in summer.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
G. boerhaaviafo'lia (Boerhaavia-leaved). 4-5. Pale

blue. April. Peru. 1780.
„ duplica'ta (twice-folded). Pale green. Brazil. 1840.

GRADE'RIA. (Nat. ord. Scrophulariaceae.)
Greenhouse plant with woody rootstock. Imported

roots. Sandy, fibrous loam.

G. subi'niegra (nearly-entire). Rosy-lilac. S. Africa.
1893.

GRJE'LLSIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. is-Tetr adynamia. Allied
to Cochlearia.)

Hardy herbaceous plant, suited for rock-work ; com-
mon, sandy soil ; divison, and cuttings under a hand-
light, in sandy soil in summer.

G. saxifragcefo'lia (saxifrage-leaved). J. White. July.
Persia. 1844.

GRAFF, or GRAFT. This, also called the scion, is the
portion of a branch selected to be inserted or grafted
upon a stock or rooted stem, to form the head of the
future pant. See GRAFTING and STOCK.

GRAFTING is uniting a scion of one plant to the root,
branch, or stem of another. The scion and stock must
be of nearly related species.

The objects of grafting are — (i) To increase choice
kinds. (2) To increase the vigour of delicate kinds.

(3) To reduce the vigour of those which are too gross.

(4) To accelerate the period of fruiting. (5) To adapt
kinds to soils for which they would be unfitted on their
own roots. (6) To renovate old kinds.

We now proceed to give descriptions, illustrative of
all the modes which are usual in general horticulture : —

i. Whip Grafting, called also Splice and Tongue Graft-
ing.— This is the most common mode, and is that
almost universally adopted in our nurseries ; and when
the stock and scion are equal in size, is perhaps the
handiest. The head of the stock is pruned off at the
desired height, and then a slip of bark and wood removed
at the upper portion of the stock, with a very clean
cut, to fit exactly with a corresponding cut which must
be made in the scion. A very small amount of wood
must be cut away, and the surface made quite smooth1.
Care must be taken that no dirt be upon the cuts in this,
and, indeed, in all the other modes. The scion must
now be prepared. This should have at least three or

GRAFTING

393

GRAFTING

four buds, one of which should, where possible, be at the
lower end, to assist in uniting it to the stock. A sloping
cut must now be made in the scion : this cut must
correspond with that on the stock, and a slit made to
fit in a cleft made in the stock when heading it. This
slit serves to maintain the scion steadily in its place
until properly fastened, and is more a matter of con-
venience than anything else. Care must be taken that
the scion fits burk to bark, on one side at least ; for it is
not the old or existing portion of wood that forms the
union, but a tissue which has to be produced, just as
when the sides of a wound have to be reunited. This
power exists in the cambium layer, which lies next the
inner bark ; and the substance which forms the union,
and which Is secreted by the returning sap, is termed
cambium. Where the stock and scion disagree in point
of size, of course only one side can touch, and great care
should be taken in this part of the operation ; and, in
the case of a young scion on an old tree, some allowance
must be made fot the ruggedness of the bark. The scion
being thus adjusted, the whole is bound close, but not
too tightly, with a shred of bass mat, care being taken
that the inner barks coincide. The clay is now applied,
In order to keep the parts moist, and some practitioners
pile soil over the grafted part, when near enough the
ground. In all the modes of grafting it may here be
observed, that tht chief ground of success lies in nicely
fitting together some corresponding portions of the inner
bark of the scion and stock,

2. Crown, called also Cleft or Wedge Grafting. — This
is applied to various plants as well as fruits, as, for in-
stance, the rose, cactuses, &c. Vines, also, are fre-
quently grafted by this mode. As in whip grafting, it
accelerates the union if the bottom of the scion has a
bud or two. In the case of the vine, it is considered
necessary to let the stock grow a little before grafting ;
care must be taken, however, to keep some growing
portions on the stock, above the graft, or severe bleeding
would ensue. As the name indicates, a cleft, or division,
is made in the stock to receive the scion, which is cut
like a wedge ; again taking care, in case of inequality of
size, to make one side fit bark to bark. When the scion
and stock are unequal in size, both sides of the scion may
be brought to fit by cutting the cleft nearer to one side
of the crown than the other. The wound is bound over,
as in the other processes, with bast, and covered over
with clay, or grafting-wax. The camellia succeeds well
when grafted this way : even a single bud will make a
plant, provided the stocks are kept in a damp and shady
atmosphere for a few weeks after grafting. The stock
here, also, should be slightly in advance, that is, should
be forwarder in growing than the graft or scion. The
best time is just as the sap is rising.

3. Cleft Grafting, as it is carried out in gardens, is only
a kind of crown grafting, and is practised on stocks of
one or two inches in diameter, and, therefore, too large for
whip grafting. Cut or saw off the head of the stock
in a sloping form ; with a knife or chisel cleave the
stock at the top, making the cleft about two inches deep ;
keep it open by leaving in the chisel ; cut the lower end
of the scion into the form of a wedge, one inch and a half
long, and the side that is to be towards the middle of the
stock sloped off to a fine edge ; place the bark of the
thickest side of the wedge-end of the scion so as to
correspond exactly with the bark of the stock; take
away the chisel, and then the sides of the stock will
pinch and hold fast the scion. Two scions may be in-
serted, one on each side of the cleft ; but in this case the
top of the stock must not be cut off sloping. Bast and
clay must be put on as in the other modes of grafting.

4. Saddle Grafting. — The top of the stock is cut to a
wedge shape, and the scion or graft cleft up the middle,
and placed astride on the wedge of the stock ; hence the
name. The binding and claying are performed as in the
other modes, care being taken to make at least one of
the sides meet bark to bark.

A modification of this mode is practised in some of
our cider counties, where they do not hesitate to practise
it in the middle of summer, when the young wood has
become somewhat mature. The scion is chosen smaller
than the stock, and is cleft about three inches at the
lower end, so that one side is rather thicker than the
other. The rind of the stock is then opened on one side,
and the thick side of the scion introduced between the
bark and wood; the thinner portion is carried astride

the stock, and down the opposite side, a slight cutting
having been made to receive it, on the principle of
making corresponding parts meet. This, though tedious,
is a very safe mode of grafting, inasmuch as it presents
a greater expanse of cambium for effecting the junction.

5. Side Grafting. — This, in general, is performed on
trees on which the top is required to remain, and is well
adapted for the insertion of new kinds of pears, or other
fruits, on established trees, in order to increase the col-
lection, or to hasten fruit-bearing. It is also adapted
to furnish naked portions of old shoots. It is, however,
not so safe a mode as some of the others. Little descrip-
tion is needed ; a slice is removed from the bark of the
stock, and a scion made to fit it. A slit is then made
at the top of the cut, with a tongue on the scion to in-
sert in the slit, and the graft is bound in the usual way.

6. Chink or Shoulder Grafting. — This is not much in
use in this country ; and, indeed, we see little occasion
for its practice. When the stock and scion are equal in
size, however, it offers an opportunity of gaining the
advantage of an extra amount of cambium in contact.

7. Root Grafting. — An old practice ; but, with regard
to deciduous fruit-trees, it offers no particular advantage
over the ordinary whip grafting, when performed near
to the ground. It is, perhaps, better adapted for very
large scions, for in many trees such may be used when
two or three inches diameter. When strongly bound
they may be soiled overhead, merely leaving a hole for
the bud of the scion to come through, which, in this
case, will rise like a sucker.

8. Peg Grafting. — This mode is now never practised in
England. Of these eight modes there are many modifica-
tions ; but they are all derived from the eight enumerated.
Peg grafting never having been practised by ourselves,
we shall only make this extract relative to it : " The
scion must be of the exact size of the stock ; bore a
hole into the centre of the stock, one and a half inch
deep ; cut the bottom of the scion to fit ; the edges of
the barks must be very smooth and fit exactly."

General Observations. — For ordinary garden purposes,
we think the whip, the cleft, the saddle, and the crown,
the most eligible modes by far. These may be said to
be the rule, the others are merely exceptional cases.

In all these proceedings a few axioms or m^in prin-
ciples must be kept steadily in view. Of such are the
following :—

1. The scions of deciduous trees should be taken
from the parent tree some weeks before the grafting
season, and " heeled " (the lower ends put into the soil)
in some cool and shady place. This causes the stock to
be a little in advance of the graft, as to the rising of the
sap, a condition admitted on all hands to be essential.

2. Let all the processes be performed with a very
clean and exceedingly sharp knife, taking care that
nothing, such as dirt or chips, gets between the scion
and the stock.

3. Let the bandage be applied equally and firmly;
not so tight, however, as to cut or bruise the bark. For
this reason, broad strands of bast are exceedingly eligible.

4. In selecting grafts be careful in choosing the
wood, avoiding, on the one hand, exhausted or bad-
barked scions, and, on the other, the immature, watery
spray which frequently springs from the old trunks of
exhausted or diseased trees.

Grafting Clay, to make. — Take some strong and adhesive
loam, approaching to a clayey character, and beat and
knead it until of the consistence of soft-soap. Take,
also, some horse-droppings, and rub them through a
riddle, of half-inch mesh, until thoroughly divided. Get
some cow-manure (the fresher the better), and mix about
equal parts of the three, kneading and mixing tfcem until
perfectly and uniformly mixed ; some pers/ins add a
little road-scrapings to the mass. A vesse^with very
finely riddled ashes must be kept by the side of the
grafter, and after the clay is closed round the scion the
hands should be dipped in the ashes : this enables the
person who applies the clay to close the hole with a
perfect finish. It must be so closed as that no air can
possibly enter ; and it is well to go over the whole in
three or four days afterwards, when, if any have rifted
or cracked, they may be closed.

Grafting Wax. — The following recipe has been recom-
mended by a first-rate authority: — Take common sealing-
wax, any colour but green, one part ; mutton fat, one
part ; white wax, one part ; and honey, one-eighth part.

GRAINS OF PARADISE 394

GRANGERIA

The white wax and the fat are to be first melted, and
then the sealing-wax is to be added gradually, in small
pieces, the mixture being kept constantly stirred ; and,
lastly, the honey must be put in just before taking it off
the fire. It should be poured hot into paper or tin
moulds, to preserve for use as wanted, and be kept
slightly stirred till it begins to harden.

GRAINS OF PARADISE. The pungent seeds of
Amo'mum Melegue"ta.

GRAMMA'NGIS. (From gramma, a letter or writing ;
in allusion to the spotting of the flowers. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceas.)

Stove Orchids allied to Grammatophyllum. Divisions.
Pots or baskets, well drained and filled with fibrous peat
and sphagnum.
G. Elli'sii (Ellis's). i. Sepals yellow, blotched brown ;

petals and lip nearly white. Madagascar.
„ „ daya'num (Dayan). Yellow, without markings.

1880.
„ Hutto'ni (Hutton's). See CVMBIDIUM HUTTONI.

GRAMMA'NTHES. (From gramma, writing, and
anthos, a flower ; marks like V being on the corolla.
Nat. ord. Houseleeks [Crassulaceee]. Linn. $-Pentandria,
5-Pentagynia.)

Greenhouse annuals, from South Africa. Sow thinly
in pots, well drained ; lime-rubbish and sandy loam,
equal parts ; plants may be kept in greenhouse, or
planted on rock-work in summer.
G. cUoraflo'ra (yellow-flowered). See G. GENTIANOIDES.

„ gcntianof des (Gentian-like). \. Pinkish-red. 1848.

,, retrofle'xa (bent-back). See G. GENTIANOIDES.

GRAMMATOCA'RPUS. (From gramma, a letter, and
carpos, a fruit; the fruits being marked. Nat. ord.
Loasaceae.)

Half-hardy, twining annual. Seeds in a gentle heat
in March, planting out the seedlings in May.
G. volu'bilis (twining). Deep yellow. July, August.
Chili. 1824.

GRAMMATOPHY'LLUM. (From grammata, letters,
and phullon, a leaf ; referring to the markings on the
leaves. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacea?]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Brassia.)

Stove orchids. Divisions ; basket well raised in it,
and packed with sphagnum and fibrous peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
G. e'legans (elegant). Brown, with yellow edges. Pacific

Islands. 1882.

„ Etti'sii (Ellis's). See GRAMMANGIS ELLISII.
„ fenzlia'num (Fenzlian). 4. Yellow, blotched with

brown. Amboyna.

„ Guilie'lmi II (William II). See G. RUMPHIANUM.
„ measuresia'num (Measuresian). See G. RUMPHIANUM.
„ multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 2. Brown, green.

May. Manilla. 1838.
„ „ tigri'num (tiger-like). Spotted. May. Manilla.

1837-
„ paniheri'num (panther-like). Spotted with dark

blotches. New Guinea. 1878.

„ rcempleria'num (Roemplerian). Madagascar. 1877.
,, rumphia'num (Rumphian). 4-5. Yellow, blotched

with brown. Moluccas.
„ scri'ptum (written). Yellow, marked with brown.

Moluccas.

„ seegeria'num (Seegerian). See G. RUMPHIANUM.
„ specio'sum (showy). 6. Yellow, brown. May.
Malaya. 1837.

GRAMMITIS. (From gramme, lettering ; in reference
to the spore-cases, or seed apparatus. Nat. ord. Ferns
[Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices. Some are
referred to Polypodium, others to Gymnogramme.)

Chiefly stove Ferns, with brownish-yellow spores.
Division ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 50° to 58°.
G. austra'lis (Australian). July. N. S. Wales. 1822.

„ cuculla'ta (hooded). July. Isle of Luzon. 1840.

„ elonga'ta (elongated). July. W. Ind. 1824.

„ furca'ta (forked-leaved) . July. Trinidad. 1825.

„ hi'rta (hairy). July. Isle of Luzon. 1840.

„ lanceola'ta (spear-head-leaved). July. Mauritius.
1824.

„ linea'ris (naxrovr-leaved). July. Jamaica. 1823.

GRANADI'LLA. This is a name sometimes given to
several species of the Passiflora ; but one only is the
true Granadilla, Passiflo'ra quadrangula' ris ; but P.
edu'lis also produces edible fruit, and may be similarly
cultivated. We are aware that there are other species
of Passiflora, the fruits of which are eatable, such as the
P. malifo'rmis, or sweet calabash ; P. laurifo'lia, the
laurel-leaved or water-lemon ; and P. incarna'ta, or the
flesh-coloured, &c.

Propagation. — They are nearly all readily propagated
by seeds ; but most cultivators who grow them for table
purposes prefer cuttings ; and they are quite right ; for,
like most of the Cucurbitaceous group, to which they
approximate, they are apt to run much to bine if raised
from seed. Plants from cuttings grow more moderately,
and blossom sooner. Seedlings will fruit readily at two
years old ; but cuttings struck very early in the spring,
and highly cultivated, will fruit the same autumn, but
not produce a full crop.

Soil. — A somewhat light and generous soil is best.
The following is an excellent compost : — Decomposed,
mellow, turfy loam, two parts ; old leaf-soil, two parts ;
heath-soil, one part ; and sand, one part.

Culture in Growing Period. — P. quadrangula' ris requires
a greater heat than P. edu'lis— in. fact, a heat equivalent
to the Pine stove ; whilst P. edu'lis will succeed well in
an ordinary vinery. Bottom-heat is most essential,
especially for the P. quadrangula' ris ; and, indeed, in
this, and a generous soil, consists the chief secret of
successful culture. No place can exceed the corner of
the bark-bed for the culture of either, provided they can
ramble freely overhead, unshaded by vines or other
creepers ; for light is also essential. The corner of the
bark-bed must be separated by bricks, pigeon-holed ; a
triangular space, which will hold a wheelbarrow of soil,
will suffice, putting some bricks below for drainage. The
shoots must be carried up to within a foot or so of the
roof, and may then be trained in any way most con-
venient. The P. edu'lis will produce many branches ;
these must be kept thinned out, after the manner of
Melons ; but no stopping is requisite. The P. quad-
rangula'ris does not so soon crowd itself with spray ;
nevertheless, it will at times require thinning out.
Liberal waterings must be given, and it must be re-
membered that the roots will extend through the pigeon-
holes into the bark-bed, and will principally follow the
side of the pit walls. The most important matter, how-
ever, is the artificial impregnation of the blossoms ; for
they will seldom " set " without it. The following is Mr.
Appleby's mode of setting P. quadrangula' 'ris : — The
whole of the calyx, corolla, and crown must be cut off
with a sharp pair of pointed scissors ; and this must be
done without injuring the flower-stem. When all these
are cut away, there only remains the essential parts of
the flower ; the stamens, five in number, and the three
stigmas. Then cut off one or more of the stamens bear-
ing the anthers ; and do this without shaking the dust
or pollen out of the anthers ; then touch each stigma
with the anther, covering them with the fertilising
powder. Take an opportunity of performing this opera-
tion early in the morning, at the very time when the
anthers are observed to be bursting. So far Mr. Appleby
is, doubtless, right as concerns the P. quadrangula'ris,
which has an exceedingly succulent calyx, and other
appurtenances ; but we never took any further pains
with P. edu'lis than to look over the plants every day
about noon ; and whatever blossoms might be out, to
pluck one of the anthers from it, and touch the face of
the stigmas with it. By these means they generally
become impregnated.

Culture in Rest Period. — As soon as the bearing season
is over, towards October, the plants will sink to rest,
and this may be facilitated by withholding water entirely.
They will now become partially deciduous, and this will
induce a ripeness in the shoots ; and in the following
February they may be pruned, cutting back all spongy
and immature growths.

Fruit. — It is used in the dessert, and is capable of
being kept for a fortnight or so in a fruit-room, or other
place, if perfectly dry.

Insects. — We have known the Red Spider to attack
the P. quadrangula'ris. For remedy, see ACARUS.

GRANGE'RIA. (Named from N. Granger, a traveller
in Egypt and Persia. Nat. ord. Chrysobalans [Rosaceae].
Linn. n-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia.)

GRAPE HYACINTH

395

GRAPE VINE

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sandy
soil, in heat, under a glass ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55 to 60°.
G. borbo'nica (Bourbon). 40. White. Bourbon. 1823.

GRAPE HYACINTH. Musca'ri.
GRAPE PEAR. Amela'nchier canade'nsis.

GRAPE VINE. Vi'tis vini'fera.

Varieties for Walls. — i. August Muscat. 2. Early Black
July. 3. Miller's Burgundy. 4. Esperione. 5. Hatif di
Genes. 6. Royal Muscadine, White. 7. Royal Mus-
cadine, Black. 8. Sweet Water, White Dutch. 9. Sweet
Water, Black. 10. Black Hamburgh, n. Black Prince.
12. Claret. 13. Verdelho. 14. Pitmaston White Cluster.
15. Reine Olga.

As superior kinds for a pretty good climate and aspect,
we recommend Nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, n, 15 ; as kinds for
inferior aspects, Nos. 2, 6, 10, 14.

For Greenhouse. — i. Black Hamburgh. 2. Foster's
Seedling. 3. Black Prince. 4. West's St. Peter's.
5. Royal Muscadine. 6. Dutch Sweet Water. 7. Chas-
selas Musqu6. 8. Esperione. Of these, Nos. i, 2, 3, 5, 6
are the most to be relied on.

For Stove. — i. Muscat of Alexandria. 2. Cannon Hall
Muscat. 3. White Frontignan. 4. Black Frontignan.

5. Alicante. 6. Gros Colmar. 7. Appley Towers. 8.
Lady Downe's Seedling. 9. Black Hamburgh. 10.
Foster's Seedling, n. Madresfield Court. 12. Royal
Muscadine. Of these, Nos. i to 8 inclusive are varieties
of superior merit and require much heat. Nos. i, 2, 5,

6, 7, 8 are late grapes that hang long and keep well.
Nos. 9, 10, n, 12 are early grapes, and well adapted for
forcing.

Propagation. — Layering has almost fallen into disuse,
their culture from eyes or single buds having superseded
it. Layers will root either from the growing shoot, or
from young wood layered in a state of rest. The latter
operation is performed any time from November to the
beginning of March, and no tongue or slit is requisite.
Most of the Vines, in former days, were raised in this
way ; the nurserymen having old plants, or stocks for
the purpose, around which the shoots were layered in
pots, generally in February, and they made saleable
plants by the autumn. Layering of the growing shoot
is a more delicate procedure, and it is well to introduce
a portion of the previous year's wood where possible.

Cuttings are best made from shoots in the rest state,
and may either be made short or long. Speechly recom-
mends two inches of the two year old, and one bud or
eye of the new. These were inserted perpendicularly in
pots, the bud just level with the surface. They will,
however, strike root from thick shoots, of three or four
years old, of a greater length, and these may, if necessary,
be planted at once in the border ; or if in pots, deep
ones must be used, and the cutting may be sloped or
bent. In all these cases, the cuttings must be buried
nearly their whole length beneath the surface. Bottom-
heat will facilitate speedy rooting.

Eyes. — This is the most approved plan, for the plant
thus approaches nearest to a seedling state. These are
generally planted in pots, a single eye in each, at the end
of January, and plunged in a bottom-heat of from 70°
to 80°. Prunings are reserved for this purpose in the
autumn, and these being cut in convenient lengths, are
imbedded in moist soil until winter. About half an inch
of wood may be reserved above the eye, cutting it
sloping away from the bud, and about an inch or so below
the bud ; the latter section made horizontally. These,
inserted singly in five-inch pots, may be plunged in a
bottom-heat of from 70° to 80°, and care must be taken
that the worms do not get into the soil. When grown
nearly a foot in height, they should be re-potted into
pots of about seven inches diameter, using a rich, turfy
soil, and draining thoroughly. Many good gardeners
reserve a portion of the two years old wood at the base
of each eye, and there can be little doubt that it is good
practice.

Coils. — Obtain prunings from healthy and fruitful
vines on the rod system ; these prunings should be from
two to four feet in length. Such being plunged in a
bottom-heat of from 70° to 80°, and in an atmosphere
ranging from 50° to 60°, have a tendency to produce
roots before shoots; and this is the object sought.
Fruiting-pots of twelve to fifteen inches in diameter

should be used, and a compost of turfy loam and half-
rotten manure, with the addition of charred material,
lime-rubbish, or sand ; any or all of them added in the
proportion of a sixth of the mass, in order to insure the
free passage of moisture. Thorough drainage being
secured, the end of the shoot is pressed down against
the bottom of the pot, and the shoot bent round, until
as many coils or turns as possible are made ; leaving,
at last, four or five stout eyes above the level of the pot
rim. The pot is then filled with the compost, and careful
watering, a judicious control of heat, augmenting the
amount of atmospheric warmth as the leaves unfold,
together with the usual routine of stopping, thinning
the berries, &c., as applied to established vines, must be
carried out. The turfy compost is filled in as the coiling
proceeds.

Grafting is not often practised. As in most other
cases of grafting, the stock should be slightly in advance
of the scion. Perhaps the stock should have unfolded
a few large leaves before the operation is practised.
Then the usual whip grafting is the best plan. A couple
of eyes on the graft are sufficient. It is good practice
to bind moss round the whole at last, even shading the
buds of the scion for awhile. The moss may be moistened
daily.

Inarching. — This may be performed with either the
growing shoot, or with that in a rest state. A plant
established in a pot of the kind to be introduced must be
procured. With regard to inarching in a rest state, it
is proper that the sap should be in motion at the period
of operating, and that the stock, if possible, should, as
in grafting, be slightly in advance of the scion. Vines
which are breaking are in an eligible state, and the kind
to be inarched may be just emerging from a rest state.
The point of junction being determined, the pot must be
so fixed as that no slipping can occur, and that the shoot
may be readily bent to meet the parent plant. Nothing
is necessary but to pare a thin slice of bark with a little
of the wood from the facings of the scion and stock,
which are to be fitted, and then to bind them carefully
together close, but not too tight, just as in ordinary
grafting. A little moss may be fastened round the
point of junction, and this frequently moistened. In-
arching of the growing shoot is, however, the best prac-
tice ; but it is an operation that requires nice handling.
The shoot of the stock is best at about the middle of
its annual growth, when it has begun to acquire some
solidity and toughness. The scion may be somewhat
younger, and everything being adjusted, a section must
be made in each, as before, cutting through the bark
and a little into the cambium, and fitting them nicely
together. It may be observed, that the ligature must
not be so tight as in the old wood. The whole may be
covered with moss, and in six weeks the junction will
be complete. In the meantime a progressive stopping
of the spray on the stock must take place, in order, by
degrees, to transfer a portion of the luxuriance of the
stock to the scion. When the pruning season arrives,
the stock may be cut back in part or wholly. Thus, a
vinery possessing inferior kinds may be renovated in a
very short period.

Seed. — Perfectly ripe grapes of the kinds intended to
be propagated from should be pressed, the seeds washed
and thoroughly dried, and then secured, like other seeds,
until the following February. They may then be sown
in well-drained pots, in a light, rich soil, rather sandy,
and plunged in a bottom-heat of from 70° to 80°. In
about a month they will vegetate ; the seedlings may be
potted off, and henceforward reared as plants from eyes,
continuing bottom-warmth until Midsummer, and train-
ing the shoot (unstopped) fully to the light in a warm
situation. They may, in the autumn, be cut back to
two or three eyes, and grown through the following
summer as before, again pruning back in the autumn.
In about four years they will fruit on then- own roots ;
but, perhaps, a year will be gained by inarching them
near the extremity of a sound and fruitful old vine.

Wall Culture. — The first essential is a mellow and
thoroughly drained soil. An ordinary sandy loam is the
best staple ; but almost any common garden-soil will
suit, if it is capable of receiving and transmitting moisture
with facility. Vine roots will descend to a considerable
depth if the soil be mellow ; but we would rather grant
them extra width, especially if the situation is not
particularly favourable. Whether borders, or, what are

GRAPE VINE

396

GRAPE VINE

much more economical, stations, are made, we would
first thoroughly drain the site, and then place some
imperishable material, as stone, brick, or clinkers rammed
close beneath them, leaving only half a yard of soil in
depth, unless the roots are securely limited in width.
This done, the natural soil must be examined with prac-
tical accuracy, and accordingly, as sand or clay pre-
dominates, so must be the amount and character of the
correcting material. If destitute of organic matter or
turfy fibre, something must be introduced to enrich it,
such as fresh manure, and abundance of rotten weeds,
leaves, &c., indeed anything of a decaying vegetable
kind ; remembering that a good portion must be such
as will endure long, and slowly give out its enriching
qualities. Some coarse bone-manure and rubbly char-
coal will be a capital addition ; and a good deal of charcoal
rubbish or brush-wood. If the situation is cool and
damp, place half the volume of this material above the
ordinary ground level.

Planting. — The end of March is the most eligible time ;
and strong plants being at hand, if in pots, let the soil
be shaken away gently, and every root be carefully
uncoiled, and spread out, like a tree fan-trained, and
place a little superior compost about the roots, covering
the surface with three inches of coarse charred material.
This will absorb a great amount of heat from the sun,
and admit water freely when necessary. As the plants
grow, they must be carefully trained, and no stopping
practised the first season. In the autumn, however,
they must be pruned back to three or four eyes ; and in
the next season the shoots from these eyes must be
trained to the desired form, which will be regulated by
the character of the space they are to occupy, whether
on a building or a wall.

Out-door Culture during the Rest Period. — Pruning is a
first consideration, and this is done soon after the fall
of the leaf. Many conflicting practices as to out-door
culture have competed for the palm of victory here,
even as with indoor vines ; but it is probably best not
to attempt to tie the hands of those who try their culture
by too severe rules. One safe maxim is, that no two of
the principal leaves should so overlap each other as to
obstruct the solar light. From about eight to ten inches,
therefore, at least, may be given between each of the
growing shoots. This, then, will be a guide as to the
distance at which the shoots should be trained. As for
root culture at this period, nothing will be needed but
to preserve the surface fibres from the spade, which is
but too apt to approach too close to those on kitchen-
garden walls. When vines become somewhat exhausted
with much bearing, top-dressings of good soil and manure
become necessary.

Out-door Culture during Growth. — We must here be
brief, for the main principles will be found somewhat
identical with those connected with indoor culture. All
superfluous young spray must be thinned away, and the
bearing shoots stopped an eye or two beyond the bunch.
Where, however, there is walling to be filled, the dresser
may leave several eyes or buds beyond the bunch. In
due time the bunches must be thinned ; one to a square
foot of wall will, in general, suffice. The berries, too,
must be thinned out at the proper period, and a frequent
stopping of the lateral shoots practised, never suffering
them to shade the principal leaves. Towards the begin-
ning of September, all the stopped laterals may be
entirely removed, in order to permit a free circulation of
air, and allow the sun to heat the wall ; protection, also,
must be afforded to the bunches against wasps, flies, &c.

Greenhouse Culture. — Having attended to the character
of the soil requisite for the vine, we have little to report
on the subject of border-making, which must, however,
be at all times considered the most important point in
the whole of the proceedings. A more generous soil is
necessary for indoor vines, inasmuch as a greater demand
exists at times on their vital powers through the powerful
effects of solar light beneath glass ; as also owing to a
greater amount of dryness at times in the atmosphere.
The first point is to elevate the border above the ground
level in proportion to the lowness, coldness, or dampness
of the situation. Thorough drainage we have before
pointed to ; it is not possible to drain too much if the
soil be of proper texture. As to soil, turfy loam, inclining
to sand, should form nearly one-half the volume of soil.
To this may be added one quarter part of coarse manure,
leaf-mould, &c., rather raw than otherwise ; and the

other quarter, part of rubbly and imperishable materials,
such as lumpy charcoal, old plaster, and the rubbish of old
buildings, coarse bone-manure, &c. All these well blended,
and filled in when dry, will produce a first-rate compost,
taking care to place a layer of turf at the bottom.

Course of Culture. — Whatever combination exists as
to a greenhouse vinery, whether it be for vines alone or
used in conjunction for pot-plants, an uniform system
should be pursued as to the vines, both during the grow-
ing season and the rest period. This system consists in
the regular pruning, dressing of the wood, in order to
the extirpation of all insects, and the usual vine-dressing,
during the growing period, the latter being, disbudding,
stopping, thinning the berry, and training — principles
applicable to the vine in all its positions.

Stove Culture. — Vines in stoves are generally combined
with pine culture, and the excitement by heat is there-
fore at times considerable. In former days it was sup-
posed that vines must be turned outside the house and
frozen, in order to restore their energies ; but abundant
proofs exist that from 50* to 55° may be submitted to,
in extreme cases, during the rest season. Whatever
culture is combined with that of the vines, it is best to
confine these to the rafters on the spurring system. For
early forcing, and where the house is specially devoted
to vines, it is another affair : here either the long-rod
system or the spurring may be used. We need not
repeat advice as to border-making, and the usual routine
of disbudding, stopping, thinning the berry, and the
frequent pinching of the laterals. One remark may be
permitted as to borders ; let them be inside the house if
the interior arrangement will permit, and the front wall
on arches. When at rest, we would not allow the ther-
mometer to sink below 35°.

Vines in Pots is a mode of culture only to be recom-
mended as an adjunct to late vineries, and where the
possessor, not desk ing to build a house for early forcing,
yet desires to have a few early grapes. The plants should
be reared from eyes, and receive very high culture ; and
at the end of the second summer they should be strong
canes, and in high perfection for forcing. They must
receive liberal shifts when they need re-potting, and their
shoots be constantly trained in a very light situation.
The young plants, at the end of the first season's growth,
will require pruning back to two buds, from which one
may, during their progress, be carefully trained, and the
other removed. When the cane has grown about five
feet in length, during the second season, it is well to
stop it, in order to strengthen the lower leaves, on the
healthy action of which the future crop depends. The
leader, however, which succeeds, may be laid in full
length, well exposed to the light ; but the laterals which
push from the sides must be pinched back, leaving one
bud only, and this pinching must be continued all through
the season, when necessary. In the second autumn they
will be strong canes, with remarkably plump buds ; and
they may now, when the leaves are decayed, be pruned
back to some five or six eyes, according to the wish of
the cultivator. Having received their final shift into
pots of about fifteen inches in diameter in the preceding
June, they will require nothing but a rich top-dressing.
They enjoy a bottom-heat of 70° to 80° ; but they may
be made to succeed on the kerb-stones or back shelves
of the stove, away from cold draughts, and near the
flues or piping. Liquid manure must be liberally sup-
plied, and the same course of culture as to disbudding,
stopping, thinning the berry, and training, pursued as
with the rafter vines. A rich, turfy loam must be used
as compost ; three parts of this to one of rich, half-
decomposed manure, will be found excellent, adding
some charcoal and a little lime-rubbish. The turfy loam
should be nearly a year old, and must be well chopped
with the spade, not sifted. The pots must be most
carefully drained nearly one-fifth of their depth : any
stagnation whatever will surely prove fatal. If the pots
were unplunged, some screen, such as moss or old matting,
should be interposed between them and the sand, or
they may have double pots.

Diseases. — Shrivelling of the berries of the grape in
stoves appears to arise from the roots of the vine not
supplying a sufficiency of sap, as well as from its not
being duly elaborated in the leaves. This occurs if the
roots are in a cold soil, or are vegetating in an outside
border, the temperature of which is too low compared
with that of the stove. In the first case, thorough

GRAPE VINE

397

GRAPE VINE

draining and the incorporation of calcareous rubbish,
and in the second case, protection to the border and stem,
will remove the evil. If the sap be not duly elaborated,
it must arise, either separately or conjointly, from the
leaves vegetating in an ungenial atmosphere, or from
their being too reduced in number.

If the roots of the vines are found to have penetrated
the soil deeply, they should be lifted very carefully,
brickbats placed beneath the roots, and these trained
about nine inches beneath the surface. If drainage of
the border has been neglected, let it be put right at the
same time. If the loss of the crop which would be
occasioned by the lifting of the whole of the vines would
be inconvenient, only one or two can be so treated in
successive autumns. The most injurious time for an un-
natural disparity of temperature in the air and soil to
occur is at night ; for, as was justly observed by the late
Mr. Knight, an ill effect of high temperature during the
night is, that it exhausts the excitability of the tree much
more rapidly than it promotes the growth or accelerates
the maturity of the fruit, which is, in consequence, ill
supplied with nutriment at the period of its ripening,
when most nutriment is probably wanted. The Muscat
of Alexandria, and other late grapes, are, owing to this
cause, often seen to wither upon the bunch hi a very
imperfect state of maturity ; and the want of richness
and flavour in other forced fruit is often attributable
to the same cause. The Frontignans are among the
varieties apt to shrivel under great disparity of tempera-
ture between the roots and branches.

Somewhat allied in its causes to shrivelling is that
unsightly imperfection where the berries do not come to
maturity at the point of the bunches, leaving from five
to ten quite colourless and sour, though others on the
same bunch are fine and large. In such case the
remedies are to give more heat and air, keeping the
border warmer than before, and to avoid cold damps in
the house : leave as much foliage as can be exposed fully
to light. The leaves removed must be by little at a
time. In thinning, clip off a few berries at the lower
extremity of the bunch ; the rest will swell better.

Shanking is an ulceration, or gangrene, attacking the
footstalks of the bunches, and appears to be occasioned,
like shrivelling, by the temperature of the soil being
too much below that hi which the branches are vege-
tating ; and, consequently, the supply of sap to the
grapes is much diminished, and the parts which thus fail
of support immediately begin to decay. This is an effect
always the consequence of a diminished supply of sap,
apparent either in the leaves, flower, or fruit. The
disease, like every other putrefaction, does not ad-
vance rapidly unless there be much moisture in the atmo-
sphere.

The coldness of the soil causes this torpidity in the
action of the root ; and this, perhaps, at the very period
when the greatest demand is made upon it to sustain
the excessive transpiration which is going on hi the leaf,
and to furnish fresh matter for elaboration, to both
which ends it is frequently quite inadequate, owing to
drenching rains. If the young fibre be examined at such
inclement periods, it will be found somewhat discoloured,
and, in some cases, quite rotten. Shanking, we conceive,
is generally caused by the unnatural disagreement of
temperature between the root and top, independent, in
the main, of the question of moisture. It generally
occurs with vines which have been somewhat forced ;
seldom on open walls — seldom with vines forced in pots
or tubs. The obvious prevention of shanking is securing
a congenial relative temperature to the roots and foliage.

Rust comes upon the berries hi the form of a rough,
rusty appearance of their skins, which have, in fact,
become thick and indurated. Some think it arises from
their being handled, or the hair of the head touching
them ; but the disease is often too general to admit of
this topical explanation. We believe it to arise from an
overheating of the vinery, however unintentional, whilst
the grapes were young, and thus tending to force them
to a premature rapidity of growth. Any excessive
pressure upon the cuticle, whether from within or from
without, causes its thickening. This considerable eleva-
tion being succeeded by a sudden reduction of tempera-
ture, will almost certainly induce the disease.

The Spot affecting the berries seems to be the same
disease as shanking, only affecting a different part. Like
this disease, it is a gangrene, and is probably occasioned

by an irregularity in the supply of moisture and vicissi-
tudes of temperature, but especially if one of the ex-
tremes is much below the degree of heat most favourable
to the healthy growth of that plant. Muscats are par-
ticularly liable to the spot. Our opinion that sudden
vicissitudes of temperature are the causes of this disease,
seems to be well sustained by the fact, that the parts
nearest the glass, that is, the upper portions of the
bunches, and those parts most exposed to the sun's
influence, are the first to suffer ; and this, also, goes far
towards substantiating the assertion, that the shade
of the foliage is necessary to the well-doing of grapes.

Want of Colour is often a defect of the Black Grape,
but not at all necessarily arising from deficient light.
The green colour of leaves depends entirely upon the
presence either of light or of uncombined hydrogen gas ;
but vegetable reds, purples, and other colouring matters
of fruits are formed, though less intense, even in a total
absence from light. So far from full exposure to light
being requisite for the full colouring and ripening of
grapes, they never attain these desired qualities so well
as when shaded by one thickness of leaf. The colouring
matter of all fruit is dependent partly upon the leaves
immediately above it, and partly upon the fruit itself,
the necessary digestion of the sap being commenced in
the one and perfected in the other. If this digestion or
elaboration of the sap is checked by ungenial tempera-
ture, but more particularly if the crop is too heavy for
the vine, or if the leaves, especially above the bunches,
are too much thinned, defect of colour will be the very
usual consequence to the berries. We have seen the
blackest of berries in situations where the sun had never
shone on them since they blossomed ; indeed, it only
requires a little close observation for one season to dispel
such a fallacy. It sometimes, however, happens that
the principal leaves on the same shoot with the bunch are
shaded by other main leaves, or by laterals. Such
shading is sure to be prejudicial to the colouring of the
berry, as well as to the maturation of the buds connected
with the shaded leaves. And here we have one of the
reasons for such close stopping as the vine is subjected
to. Over-cropping alone will lead to bad colouring ;
indeed, is one of the most fruitful sources of it. It
exhausts the tree of every particle of prepared sap, and
produces debility hi the root, which renders it readily
susceptible to the stagnating rains of an unpropitious
season.

In order to promote good colouring, the ripening
process should not be hurried. It is evident that very
high temperatures are not required for this purpose, for
the Black Hamburgh, on common walls, is not deficient
in colour, hi a good season. Now, the colouring process,
in the latter case, occurs in the end of September, when
the temperature at night must sometimes be near the
freezing-point. It is a common observation of practical
men, that the cold nights of autumn hasten maturity in
many crops ; and this is undoubtedly a fact, and trace-
able, we presume, to a cessation of the growing principle,
causing thereby a concentration of the energies of the
plant. We would say, therefore, beware of too high a
temperature during the colouring process, unless accom-
panied with much solar light, and even then avoid
extremes. We would more especially avoid night heat
at this period, and would promote a circulation of air
night and day.

Bleeding. — This only occurs to the vine from the un-
healed surfaces of cuts made after the sap has commenced
its motion, and before the leaves are well expanded. A
red-hot iron, applied to the bleeding surface until it be
charred, will stop the effusion of sap for a tune, if not
permanently ; and to effect a complete stoppage at
once, coat the charred surface, and rub well into it a
paste made of lime newly burnt and grease. This
hardens and forms an effectual plaister.

Mr. Knight's plaister we know to be effectual, and is
thus composed : —

One-fourth of calcined oyster-shells, beaten to fine
powder in a mortar, and three-fourths of cheese, worked
together until they form a sort of paste. This mixture,
pressed into the pores of the wood, either with the thumb
or any other means, will effectually stop the flow of the
sap : sometimes a repetition may be necessary, if it is
not well forced into the pores. See MILDEW.

Insects. — See ACARUS, APHIS, Coccus, CURCULIO, and
THRIPS.

GRAPE PHYLLOXERA

398

GREEN DRAGON

GRAPE PHYLLOXERA or VINE LOUSE (Phyllo'xera
vasta'trix). Of all the insect enemies that from time to
time infest the vine' none is more to be dreaded than
Phylloxera, intermediate between the Coccideae and the
Aphides, but as the winged stage most resembles the
members of the latter family it is retained in that group.
Numerous instances of it have been found in vineries in
this country, but as they were mostly confined to the
larva stage and wingless females, their mode of dis-
tribution is limited by comparison with their kind in
France and America, where the winged forms serve to
scatter the pest far and wide.

A wingless form lives upon the roots, and is charac-
terised by being fleshy, yellow-brown, with tubercles on
the back. During the larval stage it moults three times,
and the female attains the adult stage in twenty days
and lays about thirty eggs. About eight generations
are produced in the course of a year.

Another wingless form produces galls upon the leaves,
and is somewhat like the root form, but is almost without
tubercles on the back, and is fat-looking, with very short
legs. The gall form is always female, and lays her eggs
in the gall she herself forms.

During July, August, and September, winged male
and female forms are developed from the root form,
and these are most to be dreaded, because they are con-
cerned in perpetuating and disseminating the pest far
and wide. The wingless root forms are the most de-
structive to the vine in proportion to the number of
insects upon the roots, as the latter get destroyed, and
the vine succumbs in the course of three or four years.

Remedies. — An immense number of remedies have been
tried with very little success in eradicating the pest,
without also destroying the Vines. Flooding the border
with water, at intervals during the autumn and winter
months, for five or six weeks each time, is perhaps the
most efficacious method of destroying the root form
or hybernating stage. In most, if not all, cases of the
pest hi this country, only dry and warm inside borders
were affected, the outside borders being relatively or
entirely free from it. Bi-sulphide of carbon has been
employed with success, but found to be expensive.
Several gardeners have cleared out the whole of their
vines, together with the soil of the borders, and after
thoroughly cleaning the interior, introduced fresh soil
and planted young vines, with successful results. Graft-
ing European vines upon the roots of American vines has
proved beneficial in the vineyards of France, because
they can then make fairly satisfactory growth in spite of
the louse.

GRAPTOPHY'LLUM. (From grapho, to write, and
Phulion, a leaf ; referring to the markings on the leaves.
Nat. ord. Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Beloperone.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young shoots,
just getting a little firm, and a heel of the older wood
at its base, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
G. Ea'rlii (Earl's). 10-12. Red. Australia.
„ horte'nse (garden). 2-3. Crimson. Trop. Asia.

1815.
„ „ pictura'tum (painted). Leaves larger than the

type. 1895.

„ lu'rido-sangui'neum (lurid-red). Leaves with blood-
red veins.
„ mediattra' turn (golden-centred). See APHELANDRA

MEDIAURATA.

„ pi'ctum (painted). See G. HORTENSE.
„ versi'color (changing-coloured). Leaves with rose
and white blotches. India. 1861.

GRASSES FOR LAWNS. See LAWNS.

GRA'TIOLA. Hedge Hyssop. (From gratia, grace ;
referring to its medicinal virtues. Nat. ord. Figworls
[Scrophulariaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Mimulus.)

Hardy herbaceous plants. Division of the plants in
spring ; rich, moist soil. Latifo'lia and tetrago'na require
the protection of a frame in whiter.
G. au'rea (golden). |. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1820.
„ carolinie' nsis (Carolinian). See G. VIRGINIANA.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See G. PERUVIAN A.
„ megaloca'rpa (large-fruited). Pale yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1828.

G. officina'lis (common-shop), i. Light blue. July.

Europe. 1568.
, „ mi' nor (smaller).
, peruvia'na (Peruvian), i. White. July. Trop.

Amer., Australia, and New Zealand. 1822.
, pilo'sa (hairy). White. July. N. Amer. 1827.
, quadridenta' ta (four- toothed). See G. RAMOSA.
, ramo'sa (branched). J. White. June. N. Amer.

1821.
,, spharoca'rpa (spherical- fruited), i. Yellow. August.

N. Amer. 1759.
,, tetrago'na (square-stemmed). See STEMODIA LOBELI-

OIDES.
,, veroniccefo' 'lia (Veronica-leaved). See BONNAYA

VERONIC/EFOLIA.

„ virginia'na (Virginian). N. Amer.

,, virgi'nica (Virginian). See G. SPH^ROCARPA.

GRAVEL WALKS, like all other walks, require a good
substratum of drainage, and the facing about five inches
deep of gravel. It must have no stones mixed with it
larger than good-sized marbles, and about one-fourth of
it must be much finer to fill the interstices. Pit-gravel,
with a slight admixture of clay, and the more rubbly the
better, is the best for binding and forming a solid walk.
The more speedily it is laid down after digging from the
pit, the more firmly will it bind.

The following is an excellent plan to make or turn
gravel walks in dry weather : If of a sandy or gravelly
nature, strew a little clay or marl upon the walk. When
turned over, take away the large stones and place them
at the bottom of the soil. Immediately after you level
your walk, apply your iron roller steadily, and let a
labourer follow the roller, pouring upon it water regularly
as it passes over the ground ; in twenty-four hours after,
if the weather is dry, it will be as solid as a stone-floor.

The best method of extirpating grass from a gravel
walk, is to spread salt in considerable quantities over its
whole surface ; and if, after the first application, it is
found that portions of the grass still exist, let another
coating of salt be applied, which will effectually destroy
it. Care must be taken, however, if the walk is edged
with box, that the salt does not come in contact with it,
otherwise it will destroy the edging also.

In the early part of April, gravel walks are usually
turned. After the walk has been broken up and levelled,
and a facing of new gravel spread over, this ought to be
left for three or four days, and until a shower of rain has
fallen, before the roller is used. This bleaches the gravel,
and washes down the fine particles, so that, immediately
after rolling, the walk is solid, and has a clean, bright
surface.

The above directions relate to the old system of gravel-
walk making ; but we strongly recommend the general
adoption of CONCRETE WALKS, which see. They are far
more durable, and free from weeds.

GRAVE SIA. (Commemorative of Mr. Graves, a plant
collector in Madagascar. Nat. ord. Melastomaceae.)

Fine foliaged stove herbs allied to Bertolonia. Seeds ;
cuttings in sand in a close case, with bottom-heat. Loam
and leaf-mould in equal proportions, with sand. A
humid atmosphere must be maintained.
G. gutta'ta (spotted). Lilac. Madagascar. 1864.
„ „ a'lbo-punctilla'ta (white-speckled). Madagascar.

1864.
,, „ margarita'cea (pearly). Leaves thickly spotted

with white. Madagascar. 1862.
,, „ ro'sea-punctilla'ta (rose-speckled). Madagascar.

1864.

„ „ supe'rba (superb). Leaves with rosy spots.
Madagascar. 1879.

GRA'YA. (Commemorative of A sa Gray, an American
botanist. Nat. ord. Chenppodiaceae.)

A hardy bush, with whitish twigs and dull green leaves.
Seeds ; cuttings in sandy soil in a cold frame. Ordinary
soil.

G. polygaloi'des (Polygala-like). 2-3. Fruits rose. N.W.
Amer. 1894.

GREAT BURNET. Pote'riunt officina'le.
GREAT CENTAUREA. Centau'rea Centau'rium.
GREEN DRAGON. Arisce'ma Draco' ntium.

GREENERIA FULIGINEA 399

GREENHOUSE

GREENE RIA FULJGI NEA. A fungus causing " bitter-
rot " on grapes.

GREEN FLY. See APHIDES.
GREENGAGE. A dessert plum.
GREENHEART. Necta'ndra Rodice'i.

GREENHOUSE. This is a light, airy structure de-
signed for plants which can sustain a lowish temperature,
but cannot withstand the vicissitudes from frost to sun-
shine, and from damp to dry, of our common winters.
It is distinguished from a plant-stove in requiring but
little artificial heat ; and from a conservatory in having
all the plants (with, perhaps, the exception of climbers
for the rafters) grown in portable pots or tubs, and these
generally set upon a stage to bring them nearer the glass.

The mode of constructing such a house must be regulated
by the wishes of the proprietor, and the conveniences at
his disposal. For general purposes any aspect will do
in an emergency, except the north, and that might be
selected for those plants that delight in the shade. The
more command of light, with the means at hand of
reducing its fierceness and heat when too powerful, the
better. From due south to south-east and south-west
may be considered the best aspects. If it is a lean-to
house, having a sloping roof from a back wall, it should
always have a considerable amount of upright glass in
front to receive the oblique rays of the sun in winter.
By the side of a cottage ornte the front of the house may
thus partake of the same style of architecture, while
the shed-like, sloping roof may be exchanged for a ridge-
and-furrow one, and that concealed from external obser-
vation by a light entablature or frieze work. For a neat
detached structure it should stand, less or more, north
and south, have a ridge-and-furrow roof, and means for
breaking the sun's rays in the morning and afternoon.
We are supposing it to be glass all round. When in
connection with other buildings a very useful and elegant
house is formed, having the front and ends of glass, a
hipped roof, and an opaque back wall. Here, likewise,
by an ornamental entablature, the roof, if desirable, may
be wholly or partially concealed, so as not to interfere
with architectural propriety, though we should have no
great scruples on this score, as the utility of an object,
if apparent, gives its appropriateness.

The size of the glass to be used must depend upon the
taste and the money wished to be spent by the proprietor.
For the roof, especially, it will be desirable to have it
at least sixteen ounces to the foot. Small squares can
be procured in boxes very cheap ; but what you gain
in glass you partly lose from requiring so many sash-bars.
We should not care about having them much above
eighteen inches in length. All things considered, if we
were to roof a house most economically, we should obtain
strong machinery-cut sash-bars, dispense with rafters,
use glass from fifteen to eighteen inches wide, and say a
foot in depth, and secure means of ventilation without
touching the roof by the upright glass and wooden
ventilators at the ridge in the roof and in the back wall.

Stages. — These are generally shelves, arranged in stair-
like fashion, partaking less or more of the character of
the roof. For a general collection, the stage may be
from five to six feet from the glass roof ; for insuring
dwarf, compact, bushy plants, the distance should be
from three to four feet. The lowest shelf of the stage
should be a little higher than the shelf that surrounds
the house next the front glass. Where the roof is hipped,
even though the back wall be opaque, if the house faces
the south the stage should be hipped too, terminating in
a single shelf, broad or narrow in the centre. The north
part would be admirable for keeping many plants hi
winter, and exhibiting in summer those that were in full
bloom. In a wide house it is always preferable to have
several stages, in the shape of circles, ovals, or triangles,
whichever is most approved, with walks between them.
The expense, and the room apparently lost, are more
than compensated by the ease with which all the plants
may be examined, and the greater thickness with which
they may be safely set, as the pathway will be so many
breathing zones. (See FLOWER STAGES.) For low-
hipped, roofed, and ridge-and-furrow roofed houses, flat,
table-like, trelhsed stages will be the best ; the highest
plants being set hi the centre, or, if necessary, one being
placed now and then on a pot. As an improvement on

this, where extreme economy was the object, we would
dispense with the wooden trellis, and substitute a bed
of earth, kept in its place by brick walls, the earth being
first covered with cinders, and then with pure sand, on
which to set the pots. The damping of this sand from
watering hi summer would be a source of health to the
plants, and save them from many visitations. Small
inclosures in such an earth-pit, if suitable compost were
used, would be excellent for the less hardy creepers,
which would be likely to maintain a lingering existence
if planted, as they sometimes are, hi a border close to
the front wall.

Temperature. — If merely preserving the plants is the
object, then artificial heat may only be applied to main-
tain a temperature of from 35° to 40°. This low tempera-
ture must not, however, be long continued in a stagnant
atmosphere. It will, therefore, be necessary to raise the
temperature to admit air during the day. Where it is
desired slowly to grow the shoots, and to keep a winter
display of plants hi bloom, the temperature must not
sink below 45°. In either case a rise of 10° or 15°
may be allowed for sunshine hi winter. In summer, the
chief difficulty will be to keep the house cool by admitting
all the air possible, and having it on night and day. If
the plants are turned out hi to pits and shady places,
and even very sunny places if their nature requires it,
and their place is supplied with tender annuals, &c.,
then more closeness and moisture must be obtained — a
limitation of air and plenty of moisture giving all the
essentials of a plant stove.

Artificial Heat. — The best, because the most equal and
the cleanliest, is hot water ; and the simplest of all con-
trivances is the best : a compact little boiler, well set,
and a flow and return pipe on the simplest principles. A
small boiler and two or three-inch pipes are the most
suitable for a greenhouse where only quick and occasional
fires are wanted. Flues are far from being despicable
conveniences. In some respects, hi small houses where
a higher temperature is wanted at one end than another,
they answer better than hot water. When neatly built
they are no eyesore in a house. To insure draught the
flue should be at least a third deeper than it is wide,
and the mouth of the flue should be eighteen inches
above the bottom of the surface. For greenhouses, one
foot of four-inch pipe will be necessary for every forty
cubic feet of air, making allowance, less or more, according
to the surface of glass, or the presence of opaque walls ;
or, hi other words, taking the square foot of glass, it
would require a foot of four-inch pipe for every six feet
of glass ; or a foot of a common flue above the ground
for about ten or eleven feet of glass.

Ventilation. — Means should be secured for a thorough
circulation of air from the sashes hi front, and the highest
point hi the roof, as there the heat will generally be the
greatest. In cold weather in winter, unless there are
means for heating the air before it enters, the little given
should be at the top of the house, as thus the cold, dry
air would be heated and absorb the moisture before
reaching the bulk of the plants. When the air is very
dry, and the weather very cold, the less air that is given
the better. In such circumstances, the heating medium
should be cool before the sun strikes upon the house,
and then the sun-heat will raise the house the less ; and
10° or 20° for a short tune, from sun-heat, is a very
different affair from having that increase from artificial
means. For greenhouse plants, generally, in favourable
weather, too much air cannot be given, night or day,
from the middle of May to the middle of September.
For two months preceding May, and subsequent to
September, ah- should be given early hi the morning,
even if it should be withdrawn or reduced soon afterwards,
or early hi the afternoon. In whiter, unless the air is
very mild, it will be tune enough to give ah- by ten
o'clock, and shut up between two and three. When the
weather is very severe, one hour, or even less, hi the
middle of the day must be sufficient. In dull, close
weather, air should be given, though a brisk fire should
be put on during the day on purpose. When, however,
the greenhouse is changed into a vinery, a place for
growing tender annuals, &c., the forwarding of the
growth of Camellias, Epacris, Azaleas, &c., then the
temperature in spring and summer must be higher, and
the atmosphere closer and moister. By means of divi-
sions, you may have almost as many temperatures and
atmospheres hi one house as you please, by regulating

GREENHOUSE

400

GREENHOUSE

the ventilation of the different compartments. Slight
wooden movable divisions we find extremely useful with
plants in pots, as we can then give a peculiar treatment
to one or any number of lights at pleasure.

Firing. — The heat from the furnace merely extends
vegetable tissues ; that from the sun expands and con-
centrates them. No stoker should visit his furnace
without knowing the temperature of his house, the
temperature of the external atmosphere, the direction of
the wind, and the changes that have taken place in a
certain number of hours, and thence calculate what will
be the most likely to happen. The minimum tempera-
ture should never be exceeded by fire-heat during the
night. More than sufficient is not only waste, the plants
are drawn and dried, while less advantage can be taken
of the glorious light and heat which come from the sun.
For dispersing damps, &c., use a brisk little fire during
the day, and allow it to go out. In very dull, close
weather in winter, such a fire often, if even for an hour,
would be useful ; not for heat, but for enabling us to
give more air, and causing a rapid circulation among
the plants.

Watering. — The rule is, water so as to reach every
fibre of the plant's roots, and then wait until a similar
repetition is necessary. A plant may want watering
twice a day in summer, and, perhaps, only twice a month
in dull weather in winter. From the end of September
to the middle of May, let the temperature of the water
used be from 5° to 10° higher than the minimum tempera-
ture of the house. From the periods mentioned, making,
of course, due allowance for peculiar weather, watering
should be performed in the morning ; in cold weather
not too early. Thus the stimulus of sun-heat, diminished
though it be, meets the plants when they have received
their refresher ; the extra moisture is parted with before
the evening comes ; and there is not that rapid cooling
of the soil by evaporation during the night. In the
summer we reverse the time of watering, and perform
the operation in the afternoon and evening. Anything
that tends to cool the soil and the plant is then refreshing.
By watering in a bright morning, the moisture is exhaled
rapidly from the soil, as well as through the foliage of
the plant, which does not, in consequence, receive the
full benefit of the watering, and, therefore, soon requires
a fresh supply. In the evening the evaporating ten-
dencies are approaching the minimum ; the plant has
full time to absorb and refresh itself, and thus is more
able to stand the brunt of the following day.

Manure Watering. — This should be applied often, but
weak and clear ; a little quicklime added will effect the
clearing, at the expense of driving off a portion of the
ammonia. It is applicable in almost any case where
luxuriance of plant is the chief object ; where size of
bloom and compact, rather than slender, growth, are
the desideratum, it should not be applied until the
flower-buds appear.

Syringing. — This is a most valuable mode of applying
water, as it promotes cleanliness, and is as necessary for
removing dust and incrustations from the foliage as
soap and water are for cleaning our own skins. In
winter it should be done at midday, when the sun shines ;
in spring and autumn, in the morning ; in summer,
chiefly in the evening, though at that season we frequently
give them a dash several times a day.

Pruning. — This is generally done when the plant has
finished flowering — when we wish it to start into fresh
growth. Of course there are exceptions ; without these
exceptions the nature of a plant and the mode of its
growth must be the basis for a system of pruning. For
instance, we cut down the flowering shoots of an Epacris
and a Pelargonium ; but we act very differently both
before and after in the two cases. The Epacris is hard-
wooded, and, if tolerably ripened, it requires no pre-
paration. The long branches of most kinds are cut in
at once, and the plant is then transferred to a closer
and warmer atmosphere, to encourage the formation of
new shoots. A cold pit, kept close, is the thing ; some
people, with great success, keep them a couple of months
in a plant stove. Of course they are duly hardened,
and the wood ripened by autumn. On the other hand,
the stems of the Geranium are soft and spongy ; if a
very valuable kind, this will have been increased by
shading, to preserve the colour of the flower. The plant
altogether is at a minimum as respects its possession of
organisable material ; while, for the sake of the old plant

to be kept, and the cuttings for seed from its stems, it
is desirable it should be at the maximum. The plants
are therefore exposed fully to the sun ; not a drop
more water is given than just to keep the leaves from
flagging ; and the stems, instead of being soft and green,
become hard and brown, by parting with their watery
evaporations, and assimilating fresh solid material.
Many other close-headed plants, such as the Azalea,
merely require, in general, the stopping of a few of the
strongest shoots.

Time of Potting. — This should generally be done after
pruning, and when fresh growth has taken place, because
it is advisable never to give more checks to a plant at
once than can be avoided. When cut down, or pruned,
the energies in the stems, and the unmutilated, untouched
roots, are at once put forth in the production of fresh
shoots. When these are formed and forming, and the
plant is kept close for a time after shifting, fresh roots
will soon be formed through their agency, upon the same
principle that roots are protruded from a cutting of half-
ripened wood under a hand-glass.

Time for Cuttings. — Now we speak merely in general
terms. Other things being equal, the older and harder
the wood of the cutting, the longer will it be in striking.
The younger the wood is, provided it is just hard enough
at the base to possess a sufficiency of organisable material,
the sooner it will strike ; if too soft and spongy it will
rot and damp off. Hence the general time for propagating
is regulated by the general time of pruning and fresh
growth taking place. Small side-shoots, from ij to
3 inches in length, just getting firm at the base, cut to
a point with a clean, sharp knife, or taken off close to the
older branch, and a few of the lower leaves removed,
will succeed in the great majority of cases. It is desirable
to get them in in April or May, in the case of slow-growing
plants, to have them established before winter. We shall
merely add a few requisites : (i) clean pots ; (2) secure
drainage by an inverted small pot inside a larger one,
or by crocks, so as to fill it three-quarters full ; (3) place
rough material or moss over the drainage, to prevent
the finer soil washing through it ; (4) cover it with an
inch or so of sandy soil, similar to what the plants
delight in, if a little charcoal is added all the better,
finishing with a layer of pure sand, watering all well, and
then allowing it to drain before inserting the cuttings ;
(5) insert the cuttings firmly, fill the small holes made
by the dibber with sand, dew all over with the fine rose
of a watering-pot, allow the foliage to become dry, place
each pot under a bell-glass, or a number under a hand-
light, and shade from the sun, either in a corner of the
greenhouse, or, better still, in a close frame or pit without
any artificial heat being applied, at least none before
the cutting begins to swell at its base. Some things
may have bottom-heat at once, especially those that
have been a little forced previously. Though shade be
indispensable, yet as much light as the cuttings will
endure must be given, increasing the quantity gradually.

Sowing Seeds. — This may be done at any time when the
seeds are thoroughly ripe. As it is of importance to
have the seedlings potted off and established before
winter, April and May are the best periods in several
circumstances. Where there is no hotbed the latter
period will be the best, and even then, for confining
heat and moisture, the pot should be covered with a
bell-glass, or a square of glass laid over it. Where there
is a hotbed, such as a cucumber frame, the seeds may be
sown a month or six weeks earlier, and hardened off as
soon as they are fairly up and potted off. In sowing, any
light, sandy soil will do ; for all fine hairy-rooted plants
sandy peat is the best. The pots should be nearly as
well drained as for cuttings, watered, and allowed to
drain before sowing, as the less water they have after-
wards until they are up the better. Hard seeds that
have been kept dry over the winter will vegetate all the
sooner for being steeped several hours in warm water,
say from 13° to 14°. In covering the seeds the thickness
should be regulated by the size of the seeds. Hence,
for very small dusty seeds, the surface of the fine soil
should be made smooth, the seeds evenly scattered over
it and slightly pressed in, and then just dusted with a
little fine sand ; but in unpractised hands it is safer to
be content with the slight pressing in with a clean,
round board, having a nail in the centre to hold by,
and then place a square of glass over the pot, with moss
or paper above, to shade until vegetation has taken place.

GREEN MANURE

401

GREVILLEA

After-treatment of Cuttings and Seedlings.— This is
almost identical. Neither cuttings nor seedlings, if at
all thick, will thrive long in the cutting and seedling
pot. The sooner they are potted off the better they will
thrive. Before that, air must be given to prevent them
damping ; first at night ; next, night, morning, and
evening ; and lastly, when roots are well formed, during
the day, removing the glasses altogether from the
cuttings. All this time the little moisture necessary
must be carefully given. The less it touches either the
stems or leaves, the better. When a little advanced,
dust them overhead with a fine rose watering-pot, or a
syringe, but be careful to have the foliage dry before
shutting up for the night. In potting off tender plants
that are very small, three or four may be put round the
sides of a four-inch pot ; a strong-growing one into such
a pot at once. In every such potting, and every time
that re-shifting is necessary, a moist, close atmosphere is
of importance for a short time afterwards ; thus lessening,
by means of shading and syringing, the evaporating
processes until the roots have begun to work in the
new soil, when air must be given, first gradually, and
ultimately plentifully.

GREEN MANURE is a mass of recently growing plants
dug whilst green and fresh into the soil, for the purpose
of enriching it ; and it is a rule without any exception
that all fresh vegetable matters so turned into the earth
do render it more fertile ; and if plants are grown upon
the soil for this purpose, the greater the amount of the
surface of leaves in proportion to that of roots the better,
because such plants obtain a large proportion of their
chief constituent — the chief constituent of all plants,
carbon — from the atmosphere. They therefore return to
the soil more decomposing matter than they have taken
from it.

The putrefaction of the vegetables, and the gases in
that case emitted, says Mr. Cuthbert Johnson, appear to
be on all occasions highly invigorating and nourishing to
the succeeding crop. During this operation, the presence
of water is essentially necessary, and is most probably
decomposed. The gases produced vary in different
plants ; those which contain gluten emit ammonia ;
onions and a few others evolve phosphorus ; hydrogen,
carbonic acid gas, and carburetted hydrogen gas, with
various vegetable matters, are almost always abundantly
formed. All these gases, when mixed with the soil, are
very nourishing to the plants growing upon it. The
observations of the farmer assure us that they are so.
He tells us that all green manures cannot be employed
in too fresh a state.

Sea Weed is a species of green manure, for it ought to
be employed whilst quite fresh. There are many species,
and they differ very essentially in their components.
The Lamina'ria, those long, tawny-green, ribbon-like
algae, so common on our coasts, contain, besides vegetable
matter, a large proportion of the salts of potash in addi-
tion to those of soda ; whereas the Fu'ci contain none of
the salts of potash. All, however, are excellent manures ;
and we know a garden, near Southampton, very pro-
ductive, that for some years had no other manure. It
is particularly good as a manure for potatoes. The
Fu'cus vesiculo'sus, so distinguishable by the bladders
full of air embedded in its stems, is a very excellent
manure. It contains, when dry, about eighty-four parts
vegetable matter, thirteen parts sulphate of lime and
magnesia, with a little phosphate of lime, and three
parts sulphate and muriate of soda.

GREEHWEED. Geni'sta pilo'sa and tincto'ria.

GRETGIA. (Commemorative of Major-General Greig,
a patron of horticulture in Russia. Nat. ord. Brome-
liaceae.)

Stove evergreen herb. Offsets or suckers. Fibrous
loam, peat, some pieces of charcoal and sand.
G. spkacela'ta (scorched), i-ij. Brownish-red. Chili.
1865.

GKENVTLLEA CONSPI'CUA. This is Pelargo'nium
conspi'cuum.

GREVTLLEA. (Named after C. F. Greville, a patron
of botany. Nat. ord. Proteads [Proteaceae]. Linn. 4-
Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Hakea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Seeds
sown in a slight hotbed, in spring, or in the greenhouse,

as soon as ripe ; cuttings of the young shoots when
ripened, hi sand, under a bell-glass, and when callused at
the base to have a slight bottom-heat ; peat and loam,
with silver sand and bits of charcoal, to keep the soil
open. Winter temp., 33° to 45°. Rosmarinifo'lia and
acumina'ta have stood out in sheltered places, with little
or no protection.

G. acanthifo'lia (Acanthus-leaved). 4. Purple. June.
1824.

„ acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). See G. MUCRONULATA.

„ alpe'stris (alpine). See G. ALPINA.

„ alpi'na (alpine). 4. Red, yellow. May.

„ anethifo'lia (dill-leaved). Australia.

„ Aquifo'lium (holly- leaved). 1820.

, arena'ria (sand). 5. Green, tawny. 1824.

, a'spera (rough). 3. Pink. June. 1824.

, asplenifo'lia (Asplenium-leaved). 5. Pink. July.
1806.

, Ba'nksii (Banks's). 12-15. Red. 1868.

, Baue'ri (Bauer's). 4. Red. June. 1824.

, berberifo'lia (bar berry-leaved). 4. Red. June. 1821.

„ bipinnati' fida (doubly-leafleted). 1837.

,, brachya'ntha (short-flowered). See G. QUERCIFOLIA.

„ buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 6. Pink. June. 1790.

„ Cale'yi (Caley's). 5. Red. June. 1830.

„ cane'scens (hoaiy-leaved). See G. ARENARIA.

„ ceratophy'tta (horn-leaved). See G. REFRACTA CERATO-

PHYLLA.

„ Chrysode'ndrum (ye How- tree). Yellow.

„ cinJrea (ashy-coloured). 4. Red. June 1822.

„ colli'na (hill). See G. BUXIFOLIA.

„ conci'nna (neat). 4. Purple. June. 1824.

„ Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). 3. White, yellow.

June. 1859.

„ du'bia (dubious). See G. SERICEA.
„ e'legans (elegant). Red, yellow. 1859.
„ ericifo'lia (heath- leaved). Red, green.
,, eriosta'chya (woolly-spiked). Orange.
„ falca'ta (sickle-shaped). Gardens. Spring. 1873.
,, fascicuia'ta (fascicled). Pale red.
„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). See G. FLORIBUNDA.
„ Flinde'rsii (Flinder's). 3. Purple. June. N. S.

Wales. 1824.

„ fioribu'nda (free-flowering). 3. 1837.
„ Forste'ri (Forster's). Scarlet. 1873.
„ gibbo'sa (pollen-stemmed). 1821.
„ Gillivra'yi (Gillivray's). 4. White. June. New

Caledonia. 1854.
„ glabra'ta (glabrous). 3-5. White or yellow. April,

May. 1836.

„ heterophy'Ua (variable-leaved). See G. REFRACTA.
„ hUlia'na (Hillian). 1862.
„ hopkeria'na (Hookerian). Yellow, crimson.
,, ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). Australia.
„ intrica'ta (intricate). 5. White. May. 1871.
„ juniperi'na (juniper-like). 4. Pink. June. 1822.
„ „ sulphu'rea (sulphur). 4. Pale yellow. June.

1824.

„ lavandula'cea (lavender-like). Pink. June. 1850.
,, lawrencea'na (Mrs. Lawrence's). White. 1839.
„ linea'ris (nznow-leaved). 6. White. June. 1790.
„ „ a'lba (white-flowered). 4. White. June. 1790.
„ „ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 4. Flesh. June.

1790.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See G. ASPLENIFOLIA.
„ macro'stylis (long-styled). Crimson and yellow.

April. 1868.

„ Mangle'sii (Mangles'). See G. GLABRATA.
„ monta'na (mountain). 4. Violet. June. 1822.
„ mucronifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 3. Violet. June.

1824.
„ mucronula'ta (small-pom ted-leaved). 4. Pink. June.

1809.

„ occidenta'lis (western). Australia.
„ planifo'lia (flat-leaved). See G. SERICEA.
„ Prei'ssei (Preiss's). See G. THELEMANNIANA.
„ pube'scens (downy). 1826.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). 2. White or yellow. Australia.

1824.

, puni'cea (scarlet). Purple. June. 1822.
, quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). Purple.
, refra'cta (bent-back). 4. White. June. 1821.

,, ceratophy'tta (horn-leaved). 1839.
, robu'sta (robust, or silk-oak). 5. Orange. June.

1829.

20

GREWIA

402

GROUND NUT

G. ro'sea (rosy). See G. LAVANDULACEA.
,, rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 4. Red. June.

1824.

„ seri'cea (silky). 6. Pink. June. 1790.
„ sifi'cta (erect). See G. LINEARIS.
„ stylo' sa (/ong-styled). 9- Red. June. 1809.
„ sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). See G. JUNIPERINA

SULPHUREA.

thelemannia'na (Thelemann's). Crimson. 1838.
, „ sple'ndens (splendid). Flowers larger. 1882.
„ trifurca'ta (three-forked). 3. Red. June. 1821.
„ vesti'ia (clothed). Purple. May. Australia.
GRE'WIA. (Commemorative of Dr. Grew, who studied
the histology of plants. Nat. ord. Tiliaceae.)

Trees and shrubs requiring stove or greenhouse culture
according to their native country. Cuttings in sand in a
close case with bottom-heat. Loam, leaf-mould, and
sand.

G. asia' tica (Asiatic). 10. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1792.
„ fla'va (yellow). Yellow. S. Africa.
„ occidenta'lis (western). 8. Purple. S. Africa. 1690.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2-3. Flowers small,

yellow. N. China. 1888.

i, poly'gama (polygamous). Yellow. Trop. Asia.
„ sa'pida (savoury). Yellow. Warm parts of Hima-
layas.

GRETIA. (Commemorative of Sir George Grey,
Governor-General of Cape Colony. Nat. ord. Sapin-
daceaa.)

Large greenhouse shrub. Seeds. Cuttings in sand in
a close case, with gentle bottom-heat. To make it flower
it should be kept on the dry side at all times, and quite
dry for a period after the completion of young growth.
Fibrous loam and sand.
G. Sutherla'ndi (Sutherland's). Crimson-scarlet. S.

Africa. 1859.

GUI' AS. Anchovy Pear. (From grao, to eat ; the
fruit being eatable. Nat. ord. Myrileblooms [Myrtaceae].
Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Gustavia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, in peat ; rich, sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
G. cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 50. White. Jamaica.

1768.
„ zamore'nsis (Zamoran). Peru. 1879.

GBIE'LUM. (From grielum, old-looking ; referring to
the grey, hoary aspect of the plants. Nat. ord. Rose-
worts [Rosaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, 4-Tetragynia.
Allied to Neurada.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from South Africa,
all having yellow flowers. Division of the roots in
spring ; rough, sandy soil, well drained. Winter temp.,
40° to 45°.
G. humifu'sum (trailing), i. May. 1825.

„ lacinia'tum (jagged). See G. HUMIFUSUM.

„ tenuifo'lium (slender- leaved). 2. May. 1780.

GRIFFTNIA. (Named after W. Griffin, Esq., a patron
of botany. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Eucrosia in
leaf and to Lycorus in the flower.)

Stove bulbs, from Brazil. Seeds in a hotbed, either
when ripe or early in spring, and young offset-bulbs ;
peat and loam, with plenty of sand, and a little dried
leaf-mould. Temp., when growing, 60° to 80°, with
plenty of moisture ; when at rest, 40° to 50°, and dry.
G. Blumena'via (Blurnenavia). i. White, pink. 1866.

„ drya'des (dryads), i. Lilac-blue. 1868.

„ hyaci'nthina (violet-coloured), i. Blue. July. 1815.

,, „ micra'ntha (small-flowered). Smaller. 1880.

„ intermedia (intermediate). |. Blue. April. 1823.

„ libonia'na (Libonian). i. Blue. March. 1848.

,, orna'ta (adorned), i. Purplish-lilac. 1876.

„ parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 2. Pale purple. August.

1815.

GRINDE'LIA. (Named after H. Grindel, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua.)

Half-hardy plants, all with yellow flowers, and from
Mexico, except when otherwise mentioned. Cilia' to, is a
hardy biennial, by seeds sown in autumn, or early in
spring, under protection ; herbaceous species by division

and cuttings ; evergreens, cuttings in April of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

HERBACEOUS.

G. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), i. August. 1820.
„ cilia' to (hair-fringed), ij. August. N. Amer. 1821.

Biennial.

„ Duva'lii (Duval's). See G. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
,, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 4. Orange. July.

Texas. 1851. Biennial.

,, hirsu'ta (roughly-hairy). 3-4. N. Amer. 1882.
,, integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 3. N.W. Amer. 1908.
„ lanceola'ta (lanceolate). Yellow. N. Amer.
,, pulche'lla (pretty). 3. Chili. 1908.
„ robu'sta (robust). i£. California. 1908.
„ squarro'sa (spreading). 3-4. August. Missouri.

1811.

EVERGREEN.
G. coronopifo'lia (coronopus-leaved). See XANTHOCE-

PHALUM CENTAUROIDES.

„ glutino'sa (clammy). 2. 1803.

„ inuloi'des (Inula-l'ike). 5. August. 1815.

„ Lambe'rtii (Lambert's). 2. August. 1816.

„ pa'tens (spreading), i. Pale yellow. California.

1900.
,, spathula'ta (spathulate). See G. INULOIDES.

GRISEBA'CHLA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Ericaceae.)

Heath-like, greenhouse shrub. Cuttings of side-shoots
in sandy peat, in moderate heat. Fibrous peat and sand.
G. cilia' ris (eye-lashed). 2. White. June. S. Africa.

1795-

GRISELf'NIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Cornaceae.)

Evergreen shrubs, with large, leathery leaves, suitable
for maritime situations. Cuttings in sandy soil in a cold
frame ; layers in August. Ordinary, well-drained soil.
G. littora'lis (sea-shore). 2-20. New Zealand. 1872.
„ lu'cida (shining). 2-10. New Zealand. " Kapook."
„ „ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Leaves larger. 1884.

GRTSLEA. (Named after G. Grisley, a Portuguese
botanist. Nat. ord. Loosestrifes [Lythraceae]. Linn. 8-
Octandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Cuphea.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in April of firm
young shoots, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in heat ;
peat and loam, fibrous and sandy. Summer temp.,
60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
G. secu'nda (side- flowering). 4. Pale pink. Cumana.

1820.
„ tomento'sa (downy). See WOODFORDIA FLORIBUNDA.

GRO'BYA. (Named after Lord Grey of Groby. Nat.
ord. Orchids [Orchidaceag]. Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Mon-
andria. Allied to Huntleya.)

Stove orchids. Division of the plant ; shallow basket,
in sphagnum, fibrous peat, and potsherds. Summer
temp., 60° to 90°, when growing ; winter, when com-
paratively at rest, 55° to 60°, and dryish.
G. Ambe'rstia (Lady Amherst's). £. Ochre-spotted.

September. Brazil. 1829.

„ galea'ia (helmeted). Green, purple. July. Brazil.
1836.

GRONO'VIA. (Commemorative of Dr. J. F. Gronovius
of Leyden. Nat. ord. Loasaceas.)

Greenhouse twining annuals. Seeds in heat. Loam,
leaf-mould, and plenty of sand.

G. pulche'lla (pretty). Purple, white. Brazil. 1866.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). Yellow. S. Amer. 1790.

GROTTO is a resting place, formed rudely of rock-
work, roots of trees, and shells, and is most appropriately
placed beneath the deep shade of woods, and on the
margin of water. Its intention is to be a cool retreat
during summer.

GROUND CHERRY. Ce'rasus Chamczce'rasus.

GROUND CISTUS. Rhodode'ndron Chamzci'stus.

GROUND IVY. Ne'peta Glecho'ma.

GROUND NUT. A'pios tubero'sa,.

GROUND SENNA

403

GUM LAC TREE

GROUND SENNA. Ca'ssia Chamacri' sta.
GROUNDSEL-TREE. Ba'ccharis halimifo'lia.

GROVE is a moderately extensive association of trees
without underwood. The most fitting character of a
grove is beauty ; for fine trees are lovely objects, and a
grove is an assemblage of them, in which every indi-
vidual retains much of its own peculiar elegance, and
whatever it loses is transferred to the superior beauty of
the whole. To a grove, therefore, which admits of endless
variety in the disposition of the trees, differences hi their
shapes and their greens are seldom very important, and
sometimes they are detrimental. Strong contraste scatter
trees which are thinly planted, and which have not the
connection of underwood ; they no longer form one
plantation ; they are a number of single trees. A thick
grove is not, indeed, exposed to this mischief ; and certain
situations may recommend different shapes and different
greens for their effects upon the surface. The eye,
attracted into the depth of the grove, passes by little
circumstances at the entrance : even varieties in the
form of the line do not always engage the attention :
they are not so apparent as in a continued thicket, and
are scarcely seen if they are not considerable.

GRYLLOTA'LPA. See MOLE CRICKET.

GUATACUM. Lignum Vitae Tree. (The aboriginal
name in South America. Nat. ord. Beancapers [Zygo-
phyllaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

The Guaiacum bark of G. officina'le is well known for
its medicinal properties. Stove evergreen trees. Cut-
tings of ripe shoots hi April or May, in sand, under a
bell-glass, in brisk bottom-heat ; rich, sandy, fibrous
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
G, arbp'reum (tree). 30. Blue. Trinidad. 1816.
„ officina'le (shop). 40. Blue. August. W. Ind. 1694.
„ vertica'le (vertical). 8. Blue. W. Ind. 1820.

GUANO. See DUNGS.

GUA'REA. (The native name. Nat. ord. Meliads
[Meliaceae], Linn. S-Octandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Carapa.)

Stove evergreen trees. Same culture as for Guaiacum.
G. coffeatfo'lia (Coffea-leaved).

,, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See G. GRANDIFOLIA.
„ grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 20. White. June. W.

Ind. 1752.
„ ramifto'ra (branch-flowering). 20. White. Porto

Rico. 1822.

,, Swa'rtzii (Swartz's). See G. TRICHILIOIDES.
„ trichilioi'dcs (Trichilia-like). 20. White. W. Ind.
1822.

GUATTE'RIA. (Named after Guatteri, an Italian
botanist. Nat. ord. Anonads [Anonaceae]. Linn. 13-
Polyatidria, 6-Polygynia. Allied to Anona.)

The flowers of G. virga'ia are exceedingly sweet. Stove
evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in April, as for Guaiacum.

G. cerasoi'des (cherry-like). See POLYALTHIA CERASOIDES.
„ Kori'nti (Korinti). See POLYALTHIA KORINTI.

laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 8. White. Jamaica. 1818.
„ Ou'regou (Ouregou). Rusty-velvety. Guiana.
„ ru'fa (reddish). See UVARIA MICROCARPA.
,, subero'sa (cork-barked). See POLYALTHIA SUBEROSA.
„ virga'ia (twiggy). 30. White. Jamaica. 1793.
" Lancewood."

GUA'VA. (Psi'dium cattleia'num.) This evergreen
shrub is not generally cultivated for the sake of its fruit ;
but it is deserving of some encouragement where hothouse
room is plentiful. Its fruit, in size and appearance,
somewhat resembles a small Orleans plum, and is of a
dull purple colour ; it is juicy, and hi flavour somewhat
resembles a strawberry. The common Guava is P.
Guaja'va, of which there are two forms, namely, the
White Guava (P. Guaja'va pyri'ferum) and the Red
Guava (P. G. pomi'ferum), cultivated and naturalised in
most tropical countries, for the sake of their fruits, which
are eaten as dessert.

Propagation is effected by cuttings, layers, and seeds.

Soil. — Two parts of loam and one part peat.

Culture. — It requires the ordinary culture given to
evergreen shrubs in our stoves. As soon as the plants
attain a little age they bear abundantly and hi a long

succession, often producing fruit through the winter.
They will succeed very well in a comfortable conservatory,
but a climate of an intermediate character will suit them
best, as they enjoy a moderate amount of heat. They
occasionally require the primer's assistance in thinning-
out crowded or cross shoots, when such occur, and iii
pinching the tops from those which become over-luxuriant.
Fruit.— It is used for the dessert, and making jelly.

GUAZU'MA. Bastard Cedar. (The aboriginal name
in Mexico. Nat. ord. ByUneriads [Sterculiaceaj]. Linn.
iS-Polyadelphia, i-Decandria. Allied to Theobroma.)

The fruit of G. ulmifo'lia is full of a sweet, agreeable
pulp. Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripened shoots,
and general treatment as for Guaiacum.
G. polybo'trya (many-racemed). 12. Yellow. Mexico.

1816.
„ tomento'sa (woolly). 20. India, Java, and Trop.

Arner. 1820.

„ ulmifo'lia (elm-leaved). 40. Yellow. Jamaica. 1739.
GUELDER ROSE. Vibu'rnum (Tpulus.
GUERNSEY IILY. Neri'ne sarnie'nsis.

GUETTA'RDA. (Named after E. Guettard, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceaej. Linn. 21-
Moncecia, 6-Hexandria.)

Stove evergreen trees. General treatment as for
Guaiacum.
G. cocci' 'nea (scarlet). See ISERTIA COCCINEA.

,, hirsu'ta (hairy). 20. Peru. 1820.

„ lu'cida (shining). See ANTIRRHCEA LUCIDA.

,, odora'ia (sweet-scented). 10. Red. Jamaica. 1818.

,, rugo'sa (wrinkly-leaved). See G. SCABRA.

„ tomento'sa (woolly). See STENOSTOMUM TOMENTOSUM.

„ sca'bra (scaly). 20. White. W. Ind. 1818.

„ specio'sa (showy- flowered). 20. Scarlet. Trop. Asia.

GUEVTNA. (The name given by the natives. Nat.
ord. Proteaceae.)

A greenhouse tree in most parts of the country, but
hardy in such parts as Devon and Cornwall. Cuttings hi
sand in a cold frame or greenhouse covered with a hand-
light. Fibrous loam and peat.

G. Avetta'na (Avellana). 30-40. White. Fruit red;
edible. Chili. 1826. " Chilian Nut."

GUICHENO'TIA. (Commemorative of Antoine Guiche-
not, a French gardener. Nat. ord. Sterculiaceae.)

Greenhouse shrubs from the cooler parts of Australia.
Cuttings in sand hi a close case, with moderate heat.
Peat and loam, with sand.
G. ledifo'lia (Ledum-leaved). 3. White. 1868.
„ macra'ntha (large-flowered). 3. Purple. March.
1847.

GUDLANDI'NA. Nicker-tree. (Named after M. Guil-
andina, a Prussian botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.
Now referred to Cassalpinia hi most cases.

Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds hi a hotbed, in spring ;
cuttings, &c., as for Guaiacum.
G. Bo'nduc (Bonduc). See C/ESALPINIA BONDUC.
„ Bonduce'lla (small Bonduc). See CESALPINIA BON-

DUCELLA.

„ microphy'lla (small- leaved). E. Ind.

„ Mori'nga (Moringa). See MORINGA PTERYGOSPERMA.

GUINEA PEACH. Sarcoce'phalus.
GUINEA PLUM. Parina'rium exce'lsum.

GUIZO'TIA. (Commemorative of M. Guizot. Nat.
ord. Composite.)

Stove, annual herb. Seeds. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould,
and sand.
G. abyssi'nica (Abyssinian). 5-6. Yellow. August.

Trop. Africa. 1806.
,, olei'fera (oil-bearing). See G. ABYSSINICA.

GUM AMMONIAC. Dorc'ma ammoni'acum.
GUM ARABIC TREE. Aca'cia Ara'bica.
GUM CISTUS. Ci'stus iadani'ferus.
GUM reT.F:MT TREE. A'myris Plumie'ri.
GUM LAC TREE. Bu'tea frondo'sa,

GUMMING

404

GYMNOGRAMME

GUMMING. See EXTRAVASATED SAP.
GUM SENEGAL TREE. Aca'cia Se'negal.
GUM-TREE. Eucaly'pius robu'sta.
GUNDE'LIA. (Commemorative of A. Gundelsheimer, a
German botanist. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Half-hardy, perennial, thistle-like plant, with spiny
leaves and white veins. Seeds and division. Loam and
peat, with sand.

G. gla'bra (smooth). See G. TOURNEFORTII.
„ Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). ij. Chocolate and

yellow. Syria, Asia Minor, Persia. 1739-
GU'NNERA. (Commemorative of /. E. Gunner, a
bishop and botanist of Sweden. Nat. ord. Haloragaceae.)
Hardy herbs, the larger of which are admired for the
sake of their bold and striking foliage. The crowns are
the better for the protection of some dry leaves over
them in winter. Division. Rich, rather deep and moist
soil.
G. arena' ria (sand). Flowers small. Berries crimson.

New Zealand. 1905. Creeping.
„ bractea'ta (bracted). Green. Chili.
„ brepho'gea (earth-born). Green. Colombia. 1872.
„ chile'nsis (Chilian). 4-6. Green. August. Chili.

1849. Leaves very large.

„ densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). Green. New Zealand.
denta'ta (toothed). Flowers inconspicuous. Plant

dwarf, creeping. New Zealand. 1905.
„ falkla'ndica (Falklandian). See G. MAGELLANICA.
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). Green. Chili. 1898.
„ magella'nica (Magellan). Green. Southern Chili.
„ manica'ta (sleeved). Green. Brazil. 1867. Leaves

very large.

„ monoi'ca (monoecious). New Zealand.
„ perpe'nsa (carefully-considered), ij. Green. S.

Africa.
„ sca'bra (scabrous). See G. CHILENSIS.

OU'NNIA, of Lindley. See SARCOCHILUS.

GURA'NIA. (Nat. ord. Cucurbitaceae.)

Stove climber. Seeds and cuttings. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, and sand.
G. eria'ntha (woolly-flowered). See G. MALACOPHYLLA.

„ makoya'na (Makoyan). Guatemala. 1847.

„ malacophy'lla (soft-leaved). Rose-scarlet. Peru.
1904.

GUSTA'VIA, (Named after Gustavus III of Sweden.
Nat. ord. Barringtoniads [Myrtaceae], Linn. i6-Mona-
delphia, 8-Polyandria.)

There are several species of these fine stove evergreens
not yet in cultivation. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sandy
soil, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; rich, loamy
soil. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 6p°.
G. augu'sia is a splendid, low, evergreen tree, something
like a Myrtle or a Barringtonia.
G. augu'sta (august). 10. White. Guiana. 1794.

„ brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). Rosy-white. Brazil. 1866.

„ fastuo'sa (disdainful). 20. White. May. Guiana.
1824.

„ graci'llima (very-slender). Rose. Colombia. 1874.

„ insi'gnis (remarkable) of Willdenow. See G. AUGUSTA.

„ Leopo'ldii (Leopold's). See G. PTEROCARPA.

„ pteroca'rpa (winged-fruited). White. Guiana. 1861.

„ Theophra'sta (Theophrasta). White. S. Amer. 1873.

GUTIERRE'ZIA. (Apparently a commemorative name .
Nat. ord. Composite.)

Hardy shrubby plant. Cuttings in sandy soil in a
cold frame. Well-drained soil.
G. Eutha'mia (Euthamia's). Golden yellow. Western

United States. 1896. Shrubby.
„ gymnospermoi'des (Gymnosperma-like). See XANTHO-

CEPHALUM GYMNOSPERMOIDES.

GUZMA'NIA. (Named after A. Guzman, a Spanish
naturalist. Nat. ord. Bromelworts [BromeUacese]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Caraguata.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Suckers ; rich soil.
Stove temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
G. bullia'na (Bullian). See CARAGUATA ANGUSTIFOLIA.
„ devansaya'na (Devansayan). See CARAGUATA DEVAN-

SAYANA.

?, erythrocefphala (red-headed). Chiriqua. 1883.

G. erythrole'pis (red-scaled). Cuba.
„ fra' grans (fragrant). See ^CHMEA.
„ fuerstenbergia'na (Fuerstenbergian). White ; bracts

red. Ecuador. 1883.

„ Melino'ki (Melinok's). See CARAGUATA MELINONIS.
„ Melino'nis (Melinon's). See CARAGUATA MELINONIS.
„ Sallie'ri (Sallier's). See ^CHMEA CYATHIFORMIS.
,, tri'color (three-coloured), i. Green, scarlet. April.

S. Amer. 1820.

GYMNADE NIA. (Derived from gumnos, naked, and
aden, a gland ; the glands of the pollinia are not in a sac.
Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove terrestrial Orchid, closely allied to Habenana.
Imported roots. Fibrous loam and peat, with sand.
G. macro! niha (large-flowered), i. Dark brown, purplish-
lilac. Sierra Leone. 1870.

GYMNEMA. (From gumnos, naked, and nema, a
filament ; in reference to the stamens. Nat. ord.
Asdepiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, 2-
Digynia. Allied to Stephanotis.)

G. lacti'ferum is the Cow Plant of Ceylon, the milk of
which is used as food by the natives. Stove evergreen
twiners, with yellow flowers. Cuttings of stiff young
side-shoots in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ;
fibrous loam and sandy peat, well drained. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 58°.
G. sylve'stre (wood). Tropics.
„ tenaci'ssimum (most tenacious). See MARSDENIA

TENACISSIMA.

„ ti'ngens (staining). 8. July. E. Ind. 1823.

GYMNaCLADUS. Kentucky Coffee - tree. (From
gumnos, naked, and klados, a branch ; in reference to
the soft young wood, devoid of buds. Nat. ord. Legumi-
nous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, g-Decandria .
Allied to Parkinsonia.)

Hardy deciduous tree. By imported seeds and cuttings
of the roots, keeping the part nearest the surface upper-
most; deep, mellow loam. The tree has a peculiar
dead-like appearance in winter, as the buds are incon-
spicuous, but has a fine effect in summer with its very
large green leaves.

G. canade'nsis (Canadian). 20. White. Canada. 1748.
„ ,, fo'liis variega'tis (variegated- leaved).
„ chine'nsis (Chinese). 12. White. China. 1889.
" Soap Tree."

GYMNODI'SCUS. (From gumnos, naked, and discus,
a disc; referring to the naked disc of the achenes or
fruits. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Half-hardy annual. Seeds at the beginning of April
in the open border.
G. capilla'ris (hair- like). Yellow. June. S.Africa. 1822.

GYMNOGRA'MME. (From gumnos, naked, and gramme,
a line ; in reference to the spore-cases. Nat. ord. Ferns
[Filices]. Linn. z^-Cryprogamia, i-Filices.)

Beautiful stove Ferns, with brown spores, except
where otherwise stated. Division of the plant, and
spore-cases from the fronds scattered freely on rough
peat, in a pot, and covered with a square of glass, before
being placed in a damp, warm, shady place ; peat and
loam, most of the former, with a little silver sand.
Summer temp., 60° to 85°, a little shade ; winter, 50°
to 60°, and rather dry.
G. asplenioi'des (Asplenium-like). 1-2. Panama to

S. Brazil.
calome'lanos (beautiful-black). 2-4. July. W. Ind.

„ chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 1-2. Powder
yellow.
„ „ peruvia'na (Peruvian). i-ij. Powder grey.

Stalks chestnut.
caudifo'rmis (tail- formed). i-i£. Burma; Malaya.

1862.

chtzrophy'lla (chervil-leaved). J. June. Brazil. 1825.
chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved), i. July. W. Ind. 1824.
corda'ta (heart-shaped), i. August. Cape of Good

Hope. 1838.

decompo'sita (decompound). S. Amer. 1873.
diplazioi'des (Diplazium-like). ii~2j. Mexico to

Peru and S. Brazil.
„ elegant? ssima (very elegant). See G. DECOMPOSJTA.

GYMNOLOMIA

405

GYNANDROPSIS

G. faica'ta (sickle-shaped). May. W. Ind.
„ farini'fera (farina-bearing). See G. SCHIZOPHYLLA

FARINIFERA.

„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). Clothed with rusty felt. Peru

and Panama.

„ flexuo'sa (flexuous). Nicaragua to Peru. 1865.
,, gra'cilis (slender). 2-4. Jamaica.
„ hamiltonia'na (Hamiltonian). $-1. Warm East

Himalaya.

,, heteroca'rpa (various-fruited). i-i|. June. Java.
,, hy'brida (hybrid). May. S. Amer.
,, japo'nica (Japanese). Japan. 1863.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Japan. 1875.
„ java'nica (Javanese). May. Java.
„ lauchea'na gra'ndiceps (large-headed). Golden, with

tasselled apex. 1882.
„ leptophy'lla (slender-leaved), i. July. S. Europe.

1819.'
„ UHerminie'ri (L'Herminier's). A form of G. calo-

melanos. Guadeloupe.
„ macrophy'Ua (large-leaved). iJ-2. Malaya ;

Philippines.

„ Marte'nsii (Martens's). A form of G. calomelanos.
,, „ dobroyde'nsis (Dobroydan). Fronds covered with

golden powder. 1877.

„ myriophy'Ua (myriad-leaved), i. Brazil. 1824.
„ ochra'cea (yellow), i. Yellow. March. Buenos

Ayres.

„ Pea'rcii (Pearce's). ij. Peru. 1864.
„ „ robu'sta (robust). More robust. Peru. 1888.
„ peda'ta (doubly-lobed). i. June. New Spain. 1822.
„ peruvia'na (Peruvian), i. July. Peru. 1822.
„ polypodioi'des (Polypodium-like). i-ii- Brazil.
„ pulche'tta (pretty). i£. Venezuela. Powder white.
„ ,, ramo'sa (branched). Frond branched.
„ „ wettenhallia'na (Wettenhallian). Powder pale

sulphur.

„ ru'fa (red-haired), £. June. Jamaica. 1793.
„ rutatfo'lia (rue-leaved), £. Australia and New

Zealand.
„ schizophy'tta (cut-leaved). 1-2. Fronds very finely

cut. Jamaica. 1881.
„ „ farini'fera (farina-bearing). Fronds powdered on

both sides with white. 1886.
„ „ glorio'sa (glorious). Leaves larger and longer.

1864.
„ sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured), i. July. Jamaica.

1808.

„ tarta'rea (infernal), i. August. W. Ind. 1817.
„ „ aura'ta (golden). 2. Peru. 1870.
,, tomento'sa (downy). Brazil. 1831.
„ To'tta (Totta). ii~2j. Africa ; Asia, &c.
„ triangula'ris (triangular), i-ij. Powder varying from

orange to white. Oregon. 1874.

„ trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 2. July. Jamaica. 1810.
„ ve'Uea (woolly). Colombia. 1881.
„ vesti'ta (clothed). Yellow. May. W. Ind.
„ villo'sa (shaggy), i to 2. June. Brazil. 1836.

GYMNOLO'MIA. (From gumnos, naked, and loma, a
margin ; the edge of the achene or fruit is naked. Nat.
ord. Composite.)

Perennials, of which G. multiflora is hardy, the rest
requiring a greenhouse. Seeds and division. Loam,
leaf-mould, and sand for the tender ones.
G. conna'ta (united). 4. Yellow. October. Brazil.

1821.
„ multifto'ra (many-flowered), i. Yellow. Mexico.

1887.

„ tripline'rvia (three-nerved). 3. Yellow. October.
Colombia. 1825.

GYMNO PSIS CONNA'TA. See GYMNOLOMIA CONNATA.
GYMNOTSIS TRIPLINE RVIA. See GYMNOLOMIA

TRIPLINERVIA.

GYMNO'PSIS UNISERIA LIS. See SCLEROCARPUS UNI-

SERIALIS.

GYMNO'PTERIS. (From gumnos, naked, and pteris, a
:ern. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia,
i-Filices. Often united with Acrostichum.)

Stove Ferns. Treatment similar to Gymnogramme.
G. acumina'ta (sharp-pointed). Brown, yellow. July.

1831.
„ alie'na (alien). Cuba, Mexico to N. Peru.

G. axitta'ris (axillary-s£0f«f). Brown, yellow. June.

Isle of Luzon.
„ nicotianifo'lia (tobacco-leaved). Brown. July. W.

Ind. 1843.
„ norma'lis (normal). Brown, yellow. June. Samar-

cand.
„ ophioglossoi'des (adder's-tongue). Brown. July.

W. Ind.

„ platyrhy'nchos (broad- tip). Brown. W. Ind.
,, quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). Brown. W. Ind. 1840.
„ subrepa'nda (slightly-vtzved-leaved). Brown, yellow.

June. Isle of Luzon.
„ taccafo'lia (Tacca-leaved). Brown, yellow. June.

E. Ind.
,, triloba'ta (three-lobed). Brown, yellow. August

Isle of Luzon.

GYMNOSPH2BRA SQUAMULA'TA. See ALSOPHILA

SQUAMULATA.

GYMNOSPOTUA. . (From gumnos, naked, and spora, a
seed ; the seeds in some of the species are without an
aril. Nat. ord. Celastraceae.)

Stove or greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings in sand in
gentle heat and covered with a bell-glass, or in a warm,
close case for the stove species.
G. cassinoi'dfs (Cassine-like). 4. White. August.

Canary Islands. 1779.

„ emargina'ta (notched). 8. Yellowish. E. Ind. 1820.
„ monta'na (mountain). Tropics.
,, tri'gyna (three-styled). 5. May. Mauritius. 1824.

GYMNO'STACHYS. (From gumnos, naked, and stachus,
a spike. Nat. ord. Orontiads [Oracea;]. Linn. ^-Tetran'
dria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Acorus.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Suckers and
divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ;
whiter, 40° to 50°.
G. a'nceps (two-edged), i. June. Australia. 1820.

GYMNOSTA'CHYUM. (Derived from gumnos, naked,
and stachus, a spike. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Stove plants with beautifully marked leaves. Cuttings
in a close case, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
G. ceyla'nicum (Cingalese). Yellow, white. Ceylon.
,, decu'rrens (decurrent). £. White, with purple stalk.

Malay Peninsula. 1894.
,, venu'stum (charming). £. Purple. September.

Himalayas.
„ Verschaffe'ltii (Verschaffelt's). See FITTONIA VER-

SCHAFFELTII.

GYMNOSTE'PHTUM. (From gumnos, naked, and
stephos, a crown ; the ray florets have no pappus. Nat.
ord. Compositae.)

Greenhouse sub-shrub. Cuttings in sand under a bell-
glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
G. cilia' re (eyelashed). 1-2. Rays blue ; disc yellow.
S. Africa.

GYMNOTHE CA BADDIA'NA. See MARATTIA CICUT.E-

FOLIA.

GY MNOTRIX GAUD ATA. See PENNISETUM MAO
ROURUM.

GYNANDRO PSIS. (From gune, female, andros, a
male, and oast's, like ; referring to the appearance of the
stamens as if borne on the style. Nat. ord. Capparids
[Capparidaceae]. Linn. i$-Tetr adynamia. Allied to
Cleome.)

Hardy annuals, seed in the open border, in April, or in
a slight hotbed, in March, and transplanted ; tender
annual and biennial in a hotbed in March, potted and
flowered in the greenhouse, or planted in the open border;
rich, sandy, loamy soil.

STOVE.
G. cocci'nea (scarlet). 6-8. Scarlet. Colombia. 1878.

Shrub.
„ pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 2. White. July. Tropics.

1640. Annual.

„ specio'sa (showy). 3. White. July. Carthagena.
1818. Biennial.

HARDY ANNUALS.

G. Candela'brum (chandelier), i. Red. July. S. Amer.
1824. This is Cleome Candelabrum.

GYNERIUM

406

HABENARIA

G. pulche'lla (neat), i. White. June. Maranhatta.

1825. This is Cleome pulchella.
„ sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). i. White. July.

W. Ind. 1820,
„ triphy'tta (three-leaved). See G. PENTAPHYLLA.

GYNE'RIUM. (From gune, the ovary, and crion,
wool; the stigmas are covered with long silky hairs.
Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Highly ornamental grasses, but more particularly
those now referred to Cortaderia. Divisions. Deep,
rich but light soil, or even sandy peat.
G. arge'nteum (silvery). See CORTADERIA ARGENTEA.
„ juba'tum (maned). See CORTADERIA JUBATA.
„ kermesfnum (carmine). See CORTADERIA KERMESINA.
„ saccharoi'des (sugar-cane-like). 8-12. S. Amer.
Seldom flowers.

GYNOPLEU'RA. (From gune, the ovary, and pleura, a
rib ; the ovary being ribbed. Nat. ord. Passifloracese.)

Hardy, branching, slender annuals. Seeds in heat
in March, or in the open border in April. Ordinary,
well-drained soiL

G. fascicula'ta (bundled). White. July. Chili. 1832.
„ hu'milis (low). J. White, streaked purple-red. Chili.

1831.

„ linearifo'lia (linear-leaved). ij. Purple, blue.
September. Chili. 1831.

GYNO'XYS. (From gune, the ovary, and oxus, sharp ;
the style is pointed. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings in sand in a close case,
with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, with a little peat and
sand.

G. fra'grans (fragrant). See SENECIO SKINNERI.
„ inca'na (hoary). 3. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1823.

GYNU'RA. (From gune, the ovary, and oura, a tail ;

the stigmas being long and hairy. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Stove perennial herbs. Cuttings in sand in a close case.

Loam, leaf-mould, or peat, with some sharp sand.

G. auranti'aca (orange). Orange. Stem, leaves, and

bracts covered with purple hairs. Malaya. 1882.

„ auricula'ta (eared). 3. Yellow. July. China. 1734.

„ bi'color (two-coloured). 3. Yellow. Malaya. 1779.

„ ce'rnua (drooping). Trop. Africa.

„ divarica'ta (straggling). i£. Purple. July. China.

1801. Greenhouse biennial.
„ hamatophy'tta (blood-red-leaved). 2. Yellow. April.

1789.

„ ova'lis (oval). See G. AURICULATA.
„ Pseu'do-CMna (false-China), £. Yellow. July.

Trop. Asia and Australia. 1732.

„ sarmento'sa (trailing). Dull orange. Stems reddish.
Malaya.

GYPSO'PHILA. (From gupsos, chalk, and phileo, to
love ; in reference to the soil most suitable for them.
Nat. ord. Cloveworts [Caryophyllacea?]. Linn. lo-De-
candria, z-Digynia. Allied to Saponaria.)

Both annuals and perennials by seed, and the latter
also by division ; common garden-soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.

G. carmi'nea (carmine). Pale carmine. 1910.
,, e'legans (elegant), i. White. July. Asia Minor.

1828.

„ tene'lla (delicate), i. White. July. Europe. 1816.
„ visco'sa (clammy), ij. White. June. Levant. 1773.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

G. anato'lica (Anatolian). White. Asia Minor.

,, Arro'stii (Arrest's). White. S. Europe, Asia Minor.

,, cerastioi' des (Cerastium-like). J. White, veined with
pink. Himalaya. 1882.

„ fastigia'ta (peaked), i|. White. June. Germany.
1759-

„ glau'ca (milky-green), ij. White. August. Cau-
casus. 1822.

„ glomera'ta (crowded), i. Pale red. July. Tauria.
1818.

„ Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). i. White. August. Altai,
Siberia. 1831.

„ My'rica (lllytian). See TUNICA ILLYRICA.

G. libano'tica (Lebanon). J. White. Asia Minor.
,, Mangi'nii (Mangin's). Pale rose. Siberia. 1898.
,, mura'lis (wall). White. Europe, N. Asia.
,, panicula'ta (panicled). 2. White. Europe.
„ „ fto're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. White. Double

by prolification. 1902.
,, perfolia'ta (leaf-pierced). 2. Pink. July. Spain.

1732.

,, prostra' fa (trailing), i. Red. August. Siberia. 1759.
„ r added' na (Raddean). £. Pale rose, with darker

veins. Eastern Persia. 1889.
„ re'pens (creeping), i. Striped. August. Siberia.

1774-

,, ,, ro'sea (rosy). £. Pink. 1905.
„ ri'gida (stiff). See TUNICA SAXIFRAGA.
,, Roke'jeka (Rokejeka). 2. White. Egypt.
„ sabulo'sa (sandy). See G. TRICHOTOMA.
,, sali'gna (willowy). Pink. June. Europe. 1837.
,, Saxi'fraga (saxifrage). See TUNICA SAXIFRAGA.
„ spino'sa (spiny). Pink. June. Persia. 1837.
,, Steve'ni (Steven's). 2. White. July. Iberia. 1822.
„ Stru'thium (Struthium). 2. White. July. Spain.

1729.
,, Unuifo'lia (fine-leaved), i. Red. July. Caucasus.

1824.

,, tomento'sa (felted). See G. PERFOLIATA.
,, transsylva'nica (Transylvanian). White. Eastern

Europe.
,, tricho'toma (three-forked). ij. White. July.

Tauria. 1817.

GYPSUM, or PLASTER OF PARIS, is a sulphate of
lime, composed of — Sulphuric acid, 43 ; lime, 33 ; water,
24. It has been employed advantageously as a manure
to clover, the turnip, and potato, at the rate of 3 cwt.
per acre. Potato sets are frequently rolled in it when
pulverised. It has been recommended to be sprinkled
in stables, and to be mixed with dunghills, " to fix the
ammonia," as it is popularly termed. All the ammonia
lost in fumes from a dunghill might be more readily
and as cheaply restored to it by mixing with it, when
dug into the soil, a little of the ammoniacal liquor from
the gasworks.

GYRO MIA VIRGI'NICA. See MEDE'OLA VIRGI'NICA.

H

HABENA'RIA. (From habena, a rein ; referring to the
long, strap-shaped spur. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae].
Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Gymnadenia.)

Some will grow in peaty soil in the open border, if
kept a little protected, and somewhat dry in winter ;
others are stove orchids, requiring peat and loam, and
treatment similar to a Bletia. Divisions of the root.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; rest period, in winter, 50° ;
and when starting into flower, 70°.

HARDY.
H. bifo'lia (two-leaved). White. June. Britain.

" Butterfly Orchis."
„ „ chlora'ntha (green-flowered), ij. Greenish-yellow.

Britain.
„ Blephariglo' 'ttis (eyelashed-tongued). White, fringed.

June. N. Amer. 1820.

,, bractea'ta (large-bracted). See H. VIRIDIS BRACTEATA..
„ chlora'ntha (green-flowered). See H. BIFOLIA CHLOR-

ANTHA.

,, cilia'ris (ciliated). Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1796.
,, cono'psea (resembling). i£. Purple. June. Britain.
,, corda'ta (heart-shaped). |. Yellow-green. March.

Europe and N. Amer. 1830.
,, crista'ta (crested), i. Yellow. September. N.

Amer. 1806.
„ dilata'ta. (dilated). i£. White. September. N.

Amer. 1823.
„ fimbria' ta (fringed), i. Lilac-purple. June. N. Amer.

1789.

,, Jierbi'ola (little herb). Green. June. N. Amer. 1789.
,, hookeria'na (Hookerian). J-i. Greenish-white. June.

N. Amer. 1822.
,, hyperbo'rea (northern). Green. June. Europe and

N. Amer. 1805.
„ inci'sa (incised). Sulphur. June. N. Amer. 1826.

HABENARIA

407

HABROTHAMNUS

H. into.' eta (spotless). Pale purple. May. Europe and

N. Africa.

„ la'cera (torn). Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1826.
„ ni'gra (black). Europe.
„ odorati' ssima (most fragrant). Europe.
„ orbicula'ta (orbicular). See H. HOOKERI.
„ psycho'des (butterfly-like). i-J. Rose to crimson.

N. Amer. 1826.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 2. Rose-purple ; lip

white. N. Amer.

„ tridenta'ta (three-toothed). N. Amer.
„ vire'scens (greenish). See H. BIFOLIA CHLORANTHA.

STOVE.
H. ala'ta (winged). J. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1823.

„ Bolto'ni (Bolton's). S. Africa.

„ ca'ndida (white-flowered). See H. SUBPUBENS.

„ ca'rnea (flesh), i-i. Flesh. Leaves spotted with
grey. Singapore. 1891.

„ „ nivo'sa (snowy). White. Leaves not spotted.
1894.

„ cinnabari'na (cinnabar), £. Orange-red. Mada-
gascar. 1893.

„ deci'piens (deceiving). 2. White. S. India.

„ di'ves (rich). S. Africa.

„ Ellio'ti (Elliot's), ij. Green. Madagascar. 1897.

„ Elwe'sii (Elwes's). Allied to H. dtgitata. Nilgiri
Hills.

„ fia'va (yellow). Yellow. July. Australia. 1823.

„ galea'ndra (anther-hekneted). N. India and China.

„ genicula'ta (kneed). $. White ; spur green. Hima-
laya ; Burma. 1908.

„ gigante'a (gigantic). See H. SUSANNA.

„ goody eroi' des (Goodyera-like). i. \Vhite. December.
Bombay. 1834.

„ gracilis (slender), 1$. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1823.

„ Hellebori'na (Helleborine). Green, flesh. September.
W. Trop. Africa. 1870.

„ heynea'na (Heynean). S. India.

„ intermedia (intermediate). Greenish-white. Hima-
laya. 1879.

„ lepto'ceras (slender-horned), ij. Green, yellow.
October. Brazil. 1824.

,, Linde'nii (Linden's). White. August. Caraccas.

„ longicau'da (long-tailed). Greenish-white. Demerara.
1830.

„ longicalcara'ta (long-spurred). See H. DECIPIENS.

„ longico'rnu (long-spurred). S. India.

„ Luga'rdi (Lugard's). 2. White. N'gamiland. 1900.

„ macra'ntha (large-flowered). Abyssinia.

,, macro'ceras (large-horned). See H. MACROCERATILIS.

„ macroccra' tilis (long-spurred). 2. White. June.
Costa Rica. 1823.

„ macowania 'na (Macowanian). Green, small. S.
Africa. 1889.

„ maculo'sa (small-spotted). White. September.
Nerida.

,, margarita' cea (pearly). Colombia. 1882.

„ margina'ta (bordered), f. Yellow. July. E. Ind.
1822.

„ Medu'sa (Medusa). White ; lip cut into about forty
fringes. Java. 1902.

,, membrana'cea (skinny). July. Sierra Leone. 1826.

,, milita'ris (military). See H. PUSILLA.

,, montana (mountain). See H. LONGICORNU.

„ ochrdeu'ca (yellowish-white). \. Pale yellow. June.
Australia. 1824.

„ pro'cera, (tall). 2. Green. August. Trop. Africa.
1822.

„ pusi'ila (small), i. Green; lip scarlet. Cochin-
China. 1886.

„ radio,' ta (rayed). Pale green ; petals and lip white.
Japan. 1880.

„ rhodochei'la (red-lipped), i. Green ; lip scarlet ;
spur yellow. S. China. 1897.

„ rickardia'na (Richardian). S. India.

„ salacce'nsis (Salakian). i. Green ; lip reddish and
orange. Mount Salak, Java.

„ spira'lis (spiral). Mascarene Islands.

„ subpu'bens (somewhat downy). 4. White. July.
W. Trop. Africa. 1844.

„ Susa'nna (Susanna's). 2. Green, white. India and
China. 1834.

„ „ sumatra'na (Sumatran). Flowers large, white.
Sumatra. 1893.

H. tetrape 'tola (four-petaled). S. Africa.
„ trique'tra (three-grooved), i-ij. Sepals green; petals

and lip white. Shan States. 1906.
„ vi'ridis (green). Green. June to August. Britain.
„ ,, bractea'ta (large-bracted). Green, pink, white.

HABE'RLEA. (Named after Karl Konstantin Habcrle,
a botanist of Pesth. Nat. ord. Gesneracea?.)

A hardy perennial allied to Ramondia, and a choice
subject for the shady part of a rockery. Seeds and
divisions. Sandy loam and a little peat or leaf-mould
in a cool, moist position.
H. rhodope'nsis (Rhodopean). J. Pale purple. Greece.

1880.
t» » virgina'lis (virginal). Pure white. 1907.

HABIT is the appearance or mode of growth. Thus a
Verbena may be of straggling or shrubby, compact habit.
This habit is much influenced by soil and cultivation.
Thus Bu'xus sempervi'rens in a poor soil is dwarfish, but
in a rich soil becomes tree-like. The term habit is applied
to the power a plant possesses of vegetating earlier or
later, when once accustomed to do so. Thus, a vine
once forced to break early will retain the habit of doing
so the following year, though not forced.

HABITAT. The native place of a plant.

HABLI'TZIA. (Named after C. von Hablitz, a traveller
of Prussia. Nat. ord. Chenopodiaceas.)

A hardy, climbing herb. Seeds ; division. Ordinary
soil.

H. tamnoi'des (Tamnus or Tamus-like). 4-6. Green.
September. Caucasus. 1828.

HABRA NTHUS. (From habros, delicate, and anthos,
a flower. Nat. ord. AmaryUids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Hippeas-
trum and Zephyranthes.)
H. A nderso'ni( Anderson's). See ZEPHYRANTHES ANDER-

SONI.

,, angu'stus (narrow). See HIPPEASTRUM BIFIDUM.

„ Bagno'ldi (Bagnold's). See HIPPEASTRUM BAGNOLDI.

„ bi'fidus (two-cleft). See HIPPEASTRUM BIFIDUM.

,, co'ncolor (one-coloured-flowered). See ZEPHYRANTHES

CONCOLOR.

„ fu'lgens (shining). Country unknown.
„ gracilifo'lius (slender-leaved). See ZEPHYRANTHES

GRACILIFOLIA and variety.

,, hespe'rius (western). See HIPPEASTRUM ADVENUM.
„ iniermt 'dius (intermediate). See HIPPEASTRUM

BIFIDUM.

„ kermesi'nus (crimson). See HIPPEASTRUM BIFIDUM.
„ lorifolius (strap-leaved). £. Pink. July. S. Amer.

1821.
„ miniatus (red- flowered). See HIPPEASTRUM ADVENUM

MINIATUM.

,, nemora'lis (grove). See HIPPEASTRUM BIFIDUM.
„ no'bilis (noble). See HIPPEASTRUM BIFIDUM.
„ pa'llidus (pale-flowered), i. Pink. June. Val-
paraiso. 1830.
„ pedunculo'sus (long-stalked). See HIPPEASTRUM

BIFIDUM.

„ phycelloi'des (Phycella-like). See HIPPEASTRUM

BIFIDUM.

„ prate'nsis (meadow). See HIPPEASTRUM PRATENSE.
„ pu'lcher (fair). See HIPPEASTRUM BIFIDUM.
„ pu'milus (dwarf). See HiFPE.i^TRUM ROSEUM.
„ puncta'tus (dotted). See HIPPEASTRUM BAGNOLDI.
,, robu'stus (robust), i. Red. June. Buenos Ayres.

1827.

,, ro'seus (rosy). See HIPPEASTRUM ROSEUM.
„ spaiha'ceus (/argtf-spathed). See HIPPEASTRUM

BIFIDUM.

„ specie sus (showy). See HIPPEASTRUM PRATENSE.
„ versi color (changeable-coloured). See ZEPHYRANTHES

VERSICOLOR.

HABROTHA'MNUS. (From habros, gay, and ihamnos,
a shrub. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solanaceae]. Linn.
S-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. United to Cestrum, which
see.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Mexico. H. fasci-
culatus grown against a conservatory wall, on an east
or west aspect, is not surpassed by any in the Mexican
flora. The sun is too powerful for the flowers on a south
aspect ; it flowers on last year's wood, and should not

HACKBERRY

408

HAIR

be pruned till after the flowers fade. They may be grown
as specimens, or against pillars. Cuttings of firm side-
shoots, taken off when the plant is growing, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and placed in a mild bottom-heat ;
loam and peat, lightened with sand and charcoal. Winter
temp., 40* to 48°.
H. corymbo'sus (corymbed). See CESTRUM ENDLICHERI.

,, cy a' neus (blue-flowered). See IOCHROMA TUBULOSUM.

„ e'legans (elegant). See CESTRUM ELEGANS.

„ fascicula' tus (cluster- flowered). See CESTRUM FASCI-
CULATUM.

„ Newe'lli (Newell's). See CESTRUM NEWELLI.

„ purpu'reus (purple- flowered). See CESTRUM FASCICU-
LATUM.

„ tomento'sus (downy). See CESTRUM BENTHAMI.

HACKBERRY. See CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS.

HACQUE'TIA. (In honour of B. Hacquet, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Umbellifers [Umbelliferas]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division ; peat and
loam. Does best in a pot among alpines, or on the
rockery.

H. Epipa'ctis (Epipactis). J. Yellow. April. Alps.
1823.

HaSMADI'CTYON. (From haima, blood, and diktyon,
a net ; referring to the veins in the leaves. Nat. ord.
Dogbanes [Apocynaceae], Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia. This should be united to Prestonia.)

Yellow-flowered, stove, evergreen twiners, from the
West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; loam and peat,
both fibrous and sandy. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
H. margina'tum (margined). 5. Yellow. Guiana. 1888.

„ nu'tans (nodding). See H. VENOSUM.

„ refu'lgens (refulgent). Leaves highly coloured. Peru.
1871.

„ subere'ctunt (nearly-erect). July. E. Ind. 1759.

,, veno'sum (red-veined). 20. July. 1821.

HZEMA'NTHUS. Blood Flower. (From haima, blood,
and anthos, a flower ; referring to the colour of the spathe
and filaments of some species. Nat. ord. Amaryllids
[Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Bulbs from South Africa, except where otherwise
mentioned. Chiefly valued for their leaves, and the
markings on the flower-scape. The South African species
will all live in a border, with a glass covering in winter,
protected from frost. Under such treatment they rest
in summer, and grow in winter. Offsets ; sandy loam,
fibrous peat, and a little dried cow-dung.
H. abyssi'nicus (Abyssinian). See H. MULTIFLORUS.
„ a'ibiflos (white-flowered), i. White. June. 1791.
„ „ pube'scens (downy). Leaves downy.
„ albomaculd 'tus (white-spotted), i. White. 1878.
„ amarylloi'des (Amaryllis-like), f. Pink. August.

1825.
„ Arno'ttii (Arnott's). $. White. Colesberg, S. Africa.

1879.

„ Bau'rii (Baur's). J. White. Kaffraria.
„ brevifo'lius (short-leaved). See H. CARNEUS.
„ ca'ndidus (white), f. Pure white, in large umbels.

Natal. 1894.

„ carina'tus (keel-leaved). See H. COCCIKEUS CARINATUS.
„ ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). \. Pink. June. 1819.
„ cinnabarfnus (cinnabar), i. Cinnabar-scarlet. W.

Trop. Africa. 1878.
„ coarcta'tus (straitened). See H. COCCINEUS COARCTA-

TUS.

,, cocci'neus (scarlet), i. Red. September. 1629.
}i „ carina'tus (keeled). £. Pink. August. 1759.
„ „ coarcta'tus (crowded), i. Pink. February. 1795.
„ cra'ssipes (thick-leaf-stalked). £. Red. June. 1820.
„ defo'rmis (deformed). J. White. March. Natal.

1869.

„ Diade'ma (diadem). See H. LINDENI DIADEMA.
„ Fascina'tor (fascinator). See H. LINDENI FASCINATOR.
„ hirsu'tus (hairy). £. White ; bracts pale red.

Transvaal. 1878.

„ hu'milis (low). $. Scarlet. September. 1825.
„ hyaloca'rpus (glass-fruited), i. Red. July. 1822.
„ imperia'lis (imperial), ij. Orange and salmon.

Congo. 1902.

H. incarna'tus (flesh-coloured). Pink. S. Africa. 1865.
,, insi'gnis (showy). See H. MAGNIFICUS INSIGNIS.
,, Kalbre'yeri (Kalbreyer's). See H. MULTIFLORUS.
„ Katheri'na (Mrs. Katherine Saunders's). i£. Bright

red. Natal. 1877.
,, lanccczfo'lius (spear-head-leaved), i. Red. October.

1794-

,, Laure'ntii (Laurent's). i\. Salmon. Congo. 1902.
„ Lescrauwcz' tii (Lescrauwaet's). $. Rose. Congo.

1904.

„ Linde'ni (Linden's), ij. Rosy-scarlet. Congo. 1890.
,, „ Diade'ma (diadem). Salmon-red. Congo. 1901.
„ „ Fascina'tor (fascinator). Bright red. Congo.

1901.

,, ,, tnira'bilis (wonderful). Orange-red. Congo. 1901.
„ lo'ngipes (long-stalked), i. Cinnabar-red. Came-

roons. 1897.

„ macula'tus (spotted-leaved), i. June. 1790.
,, magni'ftcus (splendid), ij. Scarlet. July. 1838.
,, ,, insi'gnis (remarkable). Scarlet. August. Natal.
„ „ superbus (superb). Brilliant scarlet. 1898.
„ Ma'nnii (Mann's), i. Crimson-scarlet. W. Trop.

Africa. 1877.

„ tnira'bilis (wonderful). See H. LINDENI MIRABILIS.
„ moscha'tus (musk-scented), i. Red. September.

1816.
,, multiflo'rus (many-flowered), i. Scarlet. June.

Sierra Leone. 1783. Warm greenhouse.
„ naiale'nsis (Natal), ij. Green, crimson. Natal.

1863.

„ Nelso'ni (Nelson's), i. Red. Transvaal. 1898.
,, orbicula'ris (globe-shaped). See H. ROTUNDIFOLIUS.
„ pube'scens (downy), i. White. July. 1774.
„ Pumi'lio (dwarf). \. Pink. August. 1789.
„ puni'ceus (scarlet), i. Scarlet. June. 1722.
„ quadriva'lvis (four-valved). See H. PUBESCENS.
,, rotundifo'lius (round-leaved), i. Scarlet. July.

1790.

„ Roupe'ri (Rouper's). See H. MAGNIFICUS.
„ rupe'stris (rock). J. Bright red. Trop. Africa. 1878.
,, sangui'neus (bloody), i. Crimson. August. 1820.
„ tenuiflo'rus (slender-flowered). See H. MULTIFLORUS.
,, tigri'nus (tiger-like), i. Flame. April. 1790.
„ toxica'rius (poisonous). See BUPHANE DISTICHA.

HJEMA'RIA. (From haima, blood ; in allusion to the
red under surface of the leaves. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)
Terrestrial Orchids allied to An oectochilus,and requiring
similar treatment.

H. dawsonia'na (Dawsonian). India.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured), i. White, with crimson

bracts. November. China. 1815.
„ Otte'tas (Mrs. Otleta's). J. White; lip yellow.
Tongking. 1891.

H^EMATO'XYLON. Logwood. (From haima, blood,
and xulon, wood. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosas]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young shoots getting
firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; and seeds
steeped before sowing, and then placed in a hotbed, in
spring ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 48° to 55°.

H. campechia'num (Campechy). 20. Yellow. S. Amer.
1724.

H2EMODO'RUM. Bloodroot. (From haima, blood,
and doron, a gift ; referring to the roots being eaten by
the natives of Australia. Nat. ord. Bloodroots [Haemo-
doraceae]. Linn. $-Triandria, 2-Digynia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous plants, from Australia, with
orange flowers. Division of the roots, as growth com-
mences, in spring ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 35°
to 40°.

H. planifo'lium (flat-leaved). i£. August. 1810.
,, Uretifo'lium (round- leaved), i. August. 1822.

HA-HA is a sunk fence, being placed at the bottom of
a deep and spreading ditch, either to avoid any interrup-
tion to an expanse of surface, or to let in a desired pros-
pect. As all deceptions are unsatisfactory to good taste,
and as, when viewed lengthwise, these fences are formal
and displeasing, they ought never to be adopted except
in extreme cases.

HAIR. See ANIMAL MATTERS.

HAKEA

409

HAMAMELIS

HA'KEA. (Named after Baron Hake, a German patron
of botany. Nat. ord. Proteads [Proteaceae]. Linn.
^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen, Australian shrubs, all with
white flowers, except where otherwise mentioned. Cut-
tings of young shoots well ripened, in sand, over peat,
anu under a bell-glass, kept cool until a callus is formed,
and then placed in a mild bottom-heat ; peat two parts,
and one of loam, with sufficiency of sand and broken
freestone and pieces of charcoal, to keep the compost
open. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. A shady place out of
d ors in the very height of summer.
H acanthophy'Ua (prickly-leaved). See H. CERATO-

PHYLLA.

acicula'ris (needle-leaved). 3. June. i79°-

amplexicau'lis (clasping-leaved). Australia.

Baxte'ri (Baxter's). 1830.

bipinnati'fida (bipinnatifid). Australia.

ceratophy'tta (horn- leaved). 4. Brown. June. 1824.

cine'rea (grey-leaved) 5. June. 1803.

dava'ta (club-leaved). 5. July. 1824.

crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Australia.

crisla'ta (crested). 1837.

cuculla'ta (hooded). 4. White, yellow. June. 1824.

Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). 14. May. 1824.

cyclo'ptera (orb-winged). Australia.

dactyloi'des (Dactylis-like). 7. July. 1790.

dtnticula'ta (small-toothed). See H. GLABELLA.

echina'ta (hedgehog). 3. June. 1824.

Epiglo'ttis (windpipe-valved). 4. May. 1819.

eucalyptoi'des (Eucalyptus-like). See H. LAURINA.

ferrugi'nea (rusty). 4. June. 1824.

fte'xilis (pliant). 4. 1824.

flo'rida (flowery). 5. 1803.

gibbo'sa (swollen-fruited). 7. May. 1790.

glabe'tta, (smoothish). 1837.

ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). See H. VARIA.

Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 4. 1825.

lani'gera (woolly). See H. GIBBOSA.

latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. 1825.

lauri'na (laurel-like). Rosy-lilac. 1885.

leuco'ptera (white-winged). Australia.

linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 4. May. 1824.

longifp'lia (long-leaved). 3. 1825.

margina'ta (bordered). 4. July. 1824.

microca'rpa (small-fruited). Australia.

mi'xta (mixed). See H. TRIFURCATA.

myricafo'lia (gale-leaved). See H. CERATOPHYLLA.

myrtoi'des (myrtle-leaved), ij. Red. February.

Swan River.

ni'tida (glossy). 5. June. 1803.
nodo'sa (knotted). 1824.
o'M'qua (unequal-flowered). 6. May. 1803.
oleifo'lia (olive- leaved). 5. June. 1794.
pectina'ta (comb-like). See H. SUAVEOLENS.
platyspe'rma (broad-seeded). Australia.
propi'nqua (related). June. Australia.
pugionifo'rmis (dagger-formed). 6. 1796.
pulche'Ua (pretty). Australia.
repa'nda (wavy-leaved). See H. FERRUGINEA.
rostra'ta (beaked). Australia.
ruscifo'lia (Ruscus- leaved). 4. July. 1824.
sali'gna (willow-leaved). 7. April. 1791.
scopa'ria (broom- like). See H. SULCATA.
suave'olens (sweet-smelling). 4. 1803.
subula'ta ( awl-shape d-leaved). 4. May. 1820.
sulca'ta (iurrovred-leaved). 4. May. " 1820.
trifo'rmis (three-form). See H. AMPLEXICAULIS.
trifurca'ta (three-forked). 5. June. 1824.
titbercula'ta (knotted). See H. VARIA.
ulici'na (furze-like). 4. 1844.
uligino'sa (marsh). Australia.
undula'ta (wavy-leaved). 3. June. 1808.
va'ria (variable). 3. July. 1825.
Victo'rice (Queen Victoria's). See. H. CUCULLATA.

HALETHA. (Derivation not obvious. Nat. ord.
Gentianaceae.)

Hardy annual or biennial plants. Seeds. Peaty,
rather wet soil.

H. dffte'xa (deflexed). £. Green, yellow. July. N.

Amer. 1824. Biennial.

„ sibfrica (Siberian). J. Pale green. August. Siberia.
1817. Annual.

HALE SIA. Snowdrop-tree. (Named after Dr. Hales,
author of Vegetable Statics. Nat. ord. Storaxworts
[Styracaceae]. Linn. u-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs ; by seed in spring, by layers,
and cuttings of the roots in spring and autumn ; require
a deep, sandy, moist soil to grow them to a large, healthy
size.

H. corymbo'sa (corymb-flowered). White. Japan.
„ di'ptera (two-winged). 6. White. April. N. Amer.

1758.
„ hi'spida (roughly-hairy). 8-10. White. China

and Japan. 1884. " Asagara."
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 8. White. May.

Georgia and Florida. 1822.

„ tetra'ptera (four- winged). 10. White. May. W.
Virginia to Florida. 1756. " Snowdrop or Silver-
bell Tree."
„ „ dialype'tala (free-petaled). Corolla cut into four

petals. 1907.
„ „ Meeha'ni (Meehan's). Rowers smaller. 1892.

HALF-HARDY PLANTS are those which require partial
shelter, as in a cold pit or frame, during the winter.
Here some attention is required to exclude from them
dampness and frost, but especially the first.

HALIMODE NDRON. Salt-tree. (From halimos, sea-
coast, and dendron, a tree ; referring to its native
habitat. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae],
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria. Allied to Colutea.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs, natives of Siberia. Grafted
standard high on the Laburnum it forms one of the
most graceful drooping trees that can adorn a lawn.
Seeds, cuttings, and layers of the roots ; common soil ;
if sandy and open all the better.
H. arge'nteum (silvery). 6. Pink. May. 1779-

,, „ brachyse'ma (short-standarded). 6. Pink. June.

»» ii flo're purpu'reo (purple-flowered). Purple.

„ „ specio'sum (showy). Flowers dark. Leaves
larger. 1875.

„ „ subvire' scens (pale-greenish). 6. Pink. May.
HALLE'RIA. (Named after Dr. Holler, a botanist.
Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn. i^-Didy-
namia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Collinsia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South Africa.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass ; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ;
winter, 35° to 45°, with plenty of ventilation at both
seasons.
H. etti'ptica (oval). 6. Scarlet. May. 1816.

„ lu'cida (shining-leaved). 6. Scarlet. May. 1752.

HA LLIA. (Named in compliment to Bergen Martin
Hall, a pupil of Linnaeus. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Greenhouse perennial herbs. Seeds, divisions, or cut-
tings. Light loam and leaf-soil.
H. corda'ta (heart-shaped), i. Purple. S. Africa.
,, imbrica'ta (overlapping), ij. Purple. S. Africa.

1812.

HALO XYLON. (From hols, hales, salt, and xulon,
wood ; the plant grows in brackish sand. Nat. ord.
Chenopodiaceae. )

Half-hardy, shrubby evergreen. Cuttings hi sandy
soil. Well-drained, light soil.

H. Ammode'ndron (sand- tree). Yellow. Turkestan.
1888.

HALTICA. See BLACK FLEA.

HAMAME'US. Witch Hazel. (From hama, together
with, and mela, fruit ; referring to the flowers and fruit
being on this tree at the same time. Nat. ord. Witch
Hazels [Hamamelidaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, z-Digynia.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs which produce their yellow
flowers during the winter, after the leaves have fallen.
Cuttings of the roots, layers, and seeds, the latter generally
requiring two years to vegetate ; soil sandy and moist ;
male and female flowers generally on separate plants ;
the female flowers are the most attractive.
H. arbo'rea (tree). 10-15. Bright yellow, purple.

Whiter. Japan. 1881. " Mansak."
„ japo'nica (Japanese). 12-20. Light yellow, claret.

Winter. Japan. 1862.

„ ,, zuccarinia'na (Zuccarinian). Lemon. Winter.
„ macrophy'Ila (large-leaved). See H. VIRGINICA.

HAMBURGH PARSLEY 410

HARDENBERGIA

H. mo'llis (soft). 3-8. Bright yellow. Leaves large,

felted. Winter. China. 1898.
„ virgi'nica (Virginian). 10. May. N. Amer. 1812.

HAMBURGH PARSLEY. Petroseli'num sati'vum, var.
latifo'lium.

Use. — This, known also by the name broad-leaved and
large-rooted Parsley, is cultivated for its root, which
attains the size of a middling parsnip, boiling exceedingly
tender and palatable. It is eaten both as a sauce to
flesh meat, and in soups, &c.

Sowing. — Sow at monthly intervals, from February
until the middle of June, thinly in drills nine inches
apart. The plants appear in about a month after sow-
ing, and require to be thinned to nine inches asunder.
Frequent hoeing is the only cultivation required. By the
end of July, or during August, the earliest sowings will
have acquired a sufficient size for occasional use ; but
the roots seldom attain their full growth until Michael-
mas ; and the latest crops not until the following year.
On the arrival of frost, some of them must be taken up,
and buried in sand, in a dry situation under cover.

To save Seed. — Some plants must be left where grown,
and allowed to run in May. Their produce will ripen in
July or August. Then to be cut, dried, beat out, and
stored.

HAME'LIA. (Named after the celebrated botanist,
Du Hamel. Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiacea?]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in the beginning of summer, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy peat and fibrous
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
H. axilla' ris (axillary). 2. Yellow. August. W. Ind.

1822.
,, chrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered). 8. Yellow. November.

Jamaica. 1822.
„ chrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered) of Jacquin. See H.

LUTEA.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See H. PATENS.
„ lu'tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. August. Trop. Amer.

1822.
„ pa' tens (spreading). 5. Yellow. July. Hispaniola.

1752.
„ sphceroca'rpa (round- fruited). 10. Orange. July.

Peru. 1811.

„ suave'olens (sweet-scented). Yellow. S. Amer.
„ ventrico'sa (much-swollen). 8. Yellow. September.
W. Ind. 1778.

HAMILTONIA. (Named after Mr. Hamilton, an
American botanist. Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiacea].
Linn. zz-Dicecia, 5-Pentandria. Allied to Guettarda.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with sweet-scented flowers.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under glass,
and in a moist bottom-heat. Summer temp., when
growing, 60° to 80° ; in winter, when at rest, 48° to 55° ;
when in bloom, 55°.

H. frutico'sa (shrubby). See LEPTODERMIS LANCEOLATA.
„ sca'bra (scaly). See H. SUAVEOLENS.
„ specta'bilis (showy). 4-6. Lilac. Winter. India (?).

1872.
„ suave'olens (sweet-scented). 4-6. White. October.

India and China. 1818.
„ suave'olens (sweet-scented) of Don. See LEPTODERMIS

LANCEOLATA.

HAMMATO'PHORA BUCEPHALA or BUFF -TIP
MOTH. See PYG^ERA BUCEPHALA.

HAMMERS for gardening purposes are made with a
clawed head, for drawing as well as driving in nails.
They are made of five different sizes, No. 5 being the
largest. Those are best with a stud in the centre of
the head, as this acts as a fulcrum in drawing nails, and
prevents bruising any branch beneath the hammer during
the operation.

HANBURY. See AMBURY.

HAND-BARROW. The most useful and most generally
used hand-barrow is like a shallow tray, built on two
long shafts, with two handles at either end, so that two
men or boys can carry it when loadeS. It has legs at the
four corners, so that it can be set down when loading
and unloading. The most common use to which it is
put is carrying pot plants to and from the potting benches,

from one house to another, or carrying flowering plants to
the conservatory. Plants and pots are liable to damage
when put in a wheel-barrow for conveyance. Another
form with a cage below is useful for carrying leaves and
other litter ; and when the close, movable cover is on,
it serves as a conveyance for plants in large pots or tubs,
which, when in flower or bearing fruit, might be too
violently shaken in a wheel-barrow.

HAND-GLASS is a portable glass-case used for shelter-
ing cauliflowers and other plants in winter, and during
early spring, or to retain a regular supply of moisture
to cuttings, or until they are rooted. The most durable
and convenient are made with cast-iron framing of
rectangular form.

They are sometimes made with movable tops, fitted
with a handle ; but the only advantage it affords is, that
several of the lower portions may be placed upon each
other to protect any tall-growing shrub in severe weather,
otherwise they are more troublesome to move, and more
liable to breakage than if made entire.

HAND PLANT. Cheiroste'mon.

HAND-WEEDING might be banished almost from the
garden, if in the kitchen department all crops were in-
serted in drills. This is most desirable ; for the stirring
of the surface consequent to hoeing is much more bene-
ficial to the crops, and cannot be repeated too frequently.

HANGING is when a plant is so badly inserted by the
dibble, that the lower parts of the roots are in an unfilled
hole, while the earth is pressed round their collar, so as
to keep them suspended upright in their place.

HAPALTNE. (From hapalos, tender or soft; in
allusion to the softness of the spathe. Nat. ord. Araceae.)

A stove herb, allied to Spathicarpa, from which it
differs by having the spadix free from the spathe.
Divisions in spring. Loam and peat, in equal parts,
both fibrous, sand and some lumps of charcoal.
H. Brow'nii (Brown's), i. Greenish-white. Malaya.

HAPLA'NTHUS. (From haploos, simple, and anthos, a
flower. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Stove perennial herb. Seeds ; and cuttings in sand
in a close case, with bottom-heat. Loam, leaf-mould,
and sand.
H. verticilla'ris (whorled). Lilac. July. India. 1822.

HAPLOCA'RPHA. (From haploos, simple, and karpltos,
any light dried substance ; in allusion to the simple
pappus. Nat. ord. Compositas.)

Half-hardy or greenhouse perennial herbs of showy
appearance. Seeds or cuttings. Light, well-drained soil
in a sheltered position, with a greenhouse in winter.
H. Leichtli'nii (Leichtlin's). £-1. Yellow. S. Africa.

1883.
„ sca£0'sa(stemless). Yellow. S.Africa. Greenhouse.

HAPLOPA'PPUS. (From haploos, simple, and pappos,
down ; the pappus is hi one ring. Nat. ord. Composite.)

A hardy under-shrub. Seeds or cuttings under a
hand-light. Light, sandy soil.

H. spinulo'sus (finely-spiny). 1-2. Bright yellow.
Rocky Mountains. 1874.

HARDENBERGIA. (Named after the Countess of
Hardenberg, in Germany, sister to Baron Huegel. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa?]. Linn. iJ-Dia-
delphia, ^-Decandria. Allied to Kennedya.)

Greenhouse evergreen climbers, from Australia, with
purple flowers, except where otherwise mentioned.
Cuttings of the young side-shoots, a little firm at their
base, taken off in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
placed in a close frame or pit without bottom-heat ;
peat two parts, loam one part, with sand and a little
charcoal, to keep the compost open. They like a little
shade in the middle of summer, and a temperature of
40° to 48° in winter.

H. comptonia'na (Compton's). 12. Purple, lilac. March.
1803.

,, corda'ta (heart-leaved). See H. MONOPHYLLA.

„ digita'ta (finger-leaved). See H. COMPTONIANA.

„ longiracemo' sa (long-racemed). See H. MONOPHYLLA.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See H. COMPTONIANA,

„ makoya'na (Makoyan). See H. COMPTONIANA.

HARDENING-OFF

411

HAWORTHIA

H. monophy'lla (one-leaved). 10. Red. April. 1790.

„ ,, audomarie' nsis (Audomarian). Rosy-red. 1901.

,, ,, ro'sea (rosy). Rose.

,, ova' (a (egg-shaped). See H. IIONOPHYLLA.
HARDENING-OFF. By this term gardeners intend the
gradual preparation of plants to endure exposure to a
colder and more airy situation. Thus, before bedding-
out geraniums, or ridging-out cucumbers, in open beds,
the plants that have been nursed under glass are, by
degrees, exposed to more air and less warmth, by opening
the lights wider, and for a greater length of time, not
only by day, but by night, until they become inured to
so low a temperature as to suffer no check by being
placed in the open ground.

HARDWI CKIA. (Named after General Hardwicke, of
the East Indian Company. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Cynometra.)

Stove evergreen trees, with yellow flowers, from India.
Cuttings of ripe young shoots in sandy soil, and in a brisk
heat ; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50°.
H. bina'ta (twin-leaved). 40. March. 1820.

,, pinna'ta (leafleted). 40. April. 1818.

HARDY PLANTS are those which endure uninjured
our seasons without protection.

HAREBELL. Campanula rotundifo'lia.

HARES and RABBITS are deterred from injuring trees
and shrubs, by mixing night-soil and clay hi water,
and daubing it over the stems, with a brush, in November ;
and, if the winter proves very wet, in February. The
November dressing is, however, generally sufficient.
This mixture has stopped their depredations entirely,
even when they had commenced operations.

HARES-EAR, Bupleu'rum.
HARE'S-FERN. Dava'llia canarie'nsis.
HARE'S-FOOT. Ochro'ma Lago'pus.
HARICOT. See KIDNEY BEAN.
HART N A. An Indian name. See WALLICHIA.

HARO'NGA. (From ronga, the name in Madagascar.
Nat. ord. Tutsans [Hypericaceae]. Linn. i&-Polyadelphia,
2-Polyandria.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings of young shoots
getting a little firm, in sandy peat, under a bell-glass, in
heat ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ;
winter, 48° to 55°.

H. madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10. Yellow. July.
Madagascar. 1825.

HARPA'LIUM RIGIDUM. See HELIANTHUS RIGIDUS.
HARRA'CHLA SFECIO'SA, See CROSSANDRA UNDUL.E-

FOLIA.

HARRISO'NIA. (Named in honour of Mrs. Harrison,
of Liverpool, its introducer. Nat. ord. Asdepiads
[Asclepiadaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)
H. loniceroi'des (Lonicera-like). See MARSDENIA LONI-
CEROIDES.

HARTO'GIA. (Named after /. Hartog, a Dutch
naturalist. Nat. ord. Spindle-trees [Celastracea?]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Elaeodendron.)

Evergreen shrub, from South Africa. Cuttings of the
ripe shoots under a bell-glass, or under a hand-light, and
protected ; sandy loam and peat. Usually grown in
the greenhouse, but will stand out of doors in elevated,
and yet sheltered places.
H. cape'nsis (Cape). 6. July. 1800.

HART'S TONGUE. Scohpe'ndrium.

HARTWE'GIA. (Named after M. Hartweg, court
gardener to the Emperor of Austria, once a botanical
collector for the Horticultural Society. Nat. ord. Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids. Division of the plant in spring ; very
fibrous peat, potsherds, and charcoal. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

H. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Purple. April. Guate-
mala. 1840.

H. Ge'mma (Gemma). Amethyst-purple. Central Amer.

1878.
„ purpu'rea (purple), i. Purple. August. Guatemala

and Mexico. 1837.
»• » angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), i. Purple. June.

Mexico. 1842.

HASSAGAY-TREE. Curti'sia.
HASTTNGIA. See HOLMSKIOLDIA.
HATCHET-VETCH. Bise'rrula.
HAUTBOY or HAUTBOIS. See STRAWBERRY.
HAWK-FLY. SeeSc^vA.
HAWKWEED. Hiera'cium.

HAWO'RTfflA. (Named in honour oiA.H. Haworth,
Esq., a distinguished English botanist.)

For culture, &c., see ALOE, to which it is allied.
They are all natives of South Africa, and all have grey
flowers.

H. affi'nis (allied). 1875.
„ a'lbicans (vrhite-edged). i. July. 1795.
,, „ mi'nor (smaller). J. August. 1819.

, „ vire'scens (greenish), i. August. 1819.

, altili'nea (ridged-lined). |. August. 1824.

, angustifolia (narrow-leaved). £. June. 1824.

, arachnoi'des (cobweb-like), i. August. 1727.

, „ mi'nor (smaller), i. August. 1819.

, arisia'ta (awned). See H. ALTILINEA.

, asperiu' 'scula (roughish). J. June. 1818.

, aspe'rula. (slightly-rough), i. Grey. June. 1824.

, a'tro-vi'rens (dark green), i. May. 1823.

, attenua'ta (attenuated), i. July. 1790.

, ,, claripe'rla (clear-pearl). J. June. 1824.

, bilinea'ta (two-lined). White, red. 1875.

, Bolu'sii (Bolus's). Grey-white. 1873.

, bre'vis (short). See H. MARGARITIFERA.

, chloraca'ntha (green-spined). J. August. 1820.

, claripe'rla (clear-pearled). See H. ATTENUATA CLARI-
PERLA.

, coarcta'ta (compressed). £. August. 1821.

, columna'ris (columnar). S. Africa.

, conci'nna (neat). See H. VISCOSA.

, Coope'ri (Cooper's), £. Grey, red. 1862.

, cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). J. June. 1817.

, cu'rta (short-twisted). See H. TORTUOSA CURTA.

, cuspida'ta (spine-pointed). J. August. 1819.

, cymbifo'rmis (boat-formed), f. June. 1795.

, ,, obtu'sa (obtuse). J. June. 1824.

, „ planifo'lia (flat- leaved). J. April. 1824.

, denticula'ta (small- toothed). £. August. 1819.

, disti'ncta (distinct). See H. VENOSA.

, ere' eta (erect-pearl). See H. MARGARITIFERA.

, expa'nsa (expanded). See H. RIGIDA.

, fascia'ta (banded-pearl). £. August. 1818.

, „ ma'jor (larger). £. July. 1820.

, glabra'ta (smooth). White, pale red. 1834.

, „ co'ncplor (one-coloured).

, ,, pervi'ridis (very-green).

, glau'ca (sea-green). 1879.

, grana'ta (grained). See H. MARGARITIFERA GRANATA.

, Gree'nii (Green's). 1879.

, hy'brida (hybrid). |. June. 1821.

, icosiphy'Ua (twenty-leaved). 1872.

, indura'ta (hard-branchy). See H. VISCOSA.

, l&'te-vi'rens (lively-green). J. August. 1819.

, la'vis (smooth-white-edged). See H. ALBICANS.

, li'mpida (limpid). See H. ALTILINEA.

, margarili'fera (pearl-bearing), i. July. 1739.

, „ coralli'na (coral-red).

, „ grana'ta (grained). J. July. 1735.

, „ ma'jor (greater), i. April. 1819.

, ,, me'dia (medium).

, „ mi'nor (lesser), i. June. 1819.

, „ multiperla'ta (many-pearled), i. April. 1819.

, „ semimargariti'fera (half -pearl-bearing), i. April

1819.
„ mi'nima (smallest). 1872.

,, mi'nor (lesser-pearl). See H. MARGARITIFERA MINOR

,, mira'bilis (admirable-ctts&wn). J. July. 1795.

,, mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). See H. ALTILINEA.

,, midtifa'ria (many-sided). See H. MIRABILIS.

,, mu'tica (blunt-cws/iion). See H. RETUSA.

,, ni'gra (black). J. Grey. July. 1823.

HAWTHORN

412

HEAT

SeeH.

H. ni'gricans (granulated-black). See GASTERIA DECI-

PIENS.

„ ni'tida (shining). See GASTERIA NITIDA.

„ obtu'sa (small-blunt). See H. CYMBIFORMIS OBTUSA.

„ pa'llida (pale-green). £. June. 1820.

„ papillo'sa (nippled). i. June. 1820.

„ „ semipapillo'sa (half-nippled). ii. June. 1820.

„ pa'rva (small). See H. TESSELLATA.

„ Peaco'ckii (Peacock's). 1879.

„ Pearso'ni (Pearson's). J. Pale flesh, with brown ribs.

1907.

„ pili'fera (pile-bearing), $. Grey, green. 1862.
„ planifo'lia (flat-leaved). See H. CYMBIFORMIS PLANI-

FOLIA.

» Polyphy'lla (many- leaved). 1860.
„ pseu'do-tortuo'sa (slightly-twisted-/nangw/<w).

VISCOSA.

„ pu'mila (dwarf-cobweb). See H. ATROVIRENS.
„ Ra'dula (file-surf aced-pearl). i£. May. 1805.
„ „ aspe'rior (rougher), i. August. 1820.
„ „ Ice'vior (smoother), i. August. 1825.
„ „ pluriperla'ta (many-pearled), i. August. 1820.
„ rami'fera (branch-bearing). See H. ALBICANS.
„ recu'rva (curled-back-leaved). i. August. 1795.
„ Reinwa'rdtii (Reinwardt's pearl). J. June. 1820.
„ „ ma'jor (greater).
„ „ mi' nor (lesser).
„ reticula'ta (netted). J. June. 1794.
„ retu'sa (bent-back-cwsfo'on). i. June. 1720.
„ ri'gida (rigid). $-1. August. 1795.
„ rugo'sa (wrinkled). 1814.
„ sca'bra (rough). J. June. 1818.
„ semiglabra'ta (nearly-glabrous). J. June. 1811.
„ semimargariti'fera (half- pearl-bearing). See H. MAR-

GARITIFERA SEMiMARGARiTiFERA and varieties.
„ sessilifio'ra (stalkless-flowered). S. Africa.
„ seta'ta (bristle-leaved), i. June. 1820.
„ „ ma'jor (larger), i. July. 1820.
„ „ me'dia (mediate), i. July. 1820.
» » ni'gricans (blackish), i. July. 1820.
„ seto'sa (bristly). See H. SET ATA.
„ so'rdida (sordid). |. July. 1820.
„ subattenud 'to, (slightly-elongated). 1814.
„ subfascia'fa (slightly-bundled). 1814.
„ subregula'ris (nearly-regular). £. Grey, green. 1862.
„ subri'gida (somewhat rigid). J. Grey, tinted with

pale red. 1818.

„ subula'ta (awl-shaped). 1814.
„ tessella'ta (dark- checkered). J. June. 1823.
„ „ pa'rva (small).
„ Tis'leyi (Tisley's). 1879.
„ torqua'ta (collared). See H. VISCOSA.
„ torte'lla (slightly- twisted). See H. TORTUOSA.
„ tortuo'sa (twisted), i. July. 1794.
„ „ cu'rta (short- twisted), i. July. 1816.
„ translu'cens (transparent). |. June. 1795.
„ tu'rgida (swollen-ctts/«on). J. August. 1819.
„ veno'sa (veiny). £. June. 1820.
,, vire'scens (greenish). See H. ALBICANS VIRESCENS.
„ ,, mi'nor (smaller). See H. ALBICANS MINOR.
,, visco'sa (clammy), ij. June. 1727.
„ vitta'ta (striped). £. Grey, green. 1862.
„ xiphiophy'lla (Xiphium- leaved). Leaves narrower

and thinner than H. setata.

HAWTHORN. Crata'gus.

HAWTHORN BUTTERFLY. Aporia Cratagi.

HAYLO'CKIA. (Named after Mr. Haylock, gardener
to Dr. Herbert. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidacea?].
Allied to Cooperia.)

A small bulb, with very narrow leaves and one flowered
scape. Offsets ; sandy loam, with a little peat and leaf-
mould ; requires the protection of a frame, or to be deeply
planted in a dry place in winter.

H. pusi'lla (dwarf). J. Straw. September. Buenos
Ayres. 1829.

HAYNAIDIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. oid.
Campanulaceae.)

Greenhouse perennial. Divisions ; cuttings in sand
under a bell-glass. - Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
H. thapsoi'dea (Thapsus-like). 6. Rosy-purple. Brazil.
1843.

HAZEL. Co'rylus Avella'na.

HEADING, or as it is also termed, Cabbaging or Leaving,
is an inaptitude to unfold the central leaves, character-
ising the various members of the Cabbage tribe. They
have their centre or bud composed of a larger number of
leaves than usual, and these, in some instances, are so
complexly combined that the plant has not sufficient
power to force them open to permit the protrusion of the
seed-stem. The closeness of the heading is regulated by
the exposure to the light. In a shady situation all the
leaves are required to elaborate the sap, on account of
the deficient light rendering each less active ; therefore
they open as they are formed. In a free exposure a few
leaves are able to effect the requisite assimilation ; and
hence the reason why cabbages always have " harder
hearts " in summer than in spring or autumn, when the
light is less intense.

HEADING-DOWN, is cutting off entirely, or to a con-
siderable extent, the branches of a tree or shrub — a
process not rashly to be resorted to, and adopted only
to reduce them when the plant seems declining in vigour,
or has attained an undesirable size.

HEART'S-EASE. See PANSY.

HEAT is the prime agent in developing all vegetable
life and vegetable form, in effecting all vegetable changes,
and in ripening all vegetable produce. All these effects
are performed most efficiently, in the case of every plant,
at some different temperature or degree of heat ; and he
who ascertains most correctly those heats has taken a
gigantic step towards excellence as a gardener. An un-
congenial heat is as pernicious to vegetables as to
animals. Every plant has a particular temperature,
without which its functions become more feeble, or cease ;
but the majority of them luxuriate most in a climate of
which the extreme temperatures do not much exceed 32°
and 90°. No seed will vegetate, no sap will circulate, in
a temperature at or below the freezing-point of water.
No cultivation will render plants, natives of the torrid
zone, capable of bearing the rigours of our winters,
although their offspring, raised from seed, may be ren-
dered much more hardy than their parents. Others are
capable of resisting the greatest known cold to which they
can be exposed ; yet all have degrees of temperature
most congenial to them, and if subjected to lower
temperatures, are less or more injured proportionately
to the intensity of that reduction. If the reduction of
temperature be only slightly below that which is con-
genial, it merely causes the growth of the plant to
diminish and its colour to become more pale ; this effect
being now produced by the plant's torpidity, or want of
excitement to perform the requisite elaboration of the
sap, as it is by over-excitement when made to vegetate
in a temperature which is too elevated.

If blossoms are produced at all, they are unfertile,
and the entire aspect of the plant betrays that its secre-
tions are not healthy, and its functions are deadened.
Mr. Knight says, " That melons and cucumber plants, if
grown in a temperature too low, produce an excess of
female blossoms ; but if the temperature be too high,
blossoms of the opposite sex are by far too profuse."
The drier the air the greater is the amount of moisture
transpired ; and this becomes so excessive, if it be also
promoted by a high temperature, that plants in hothouses,
where it has occurred often, dry up as if burned. The
justly lamented Mr. Daniell has well illustrated this by
showing, that if the temperature of a hothouse be raised
only five degrees, viz. from 75° to 80°, whilst the air
within it retains the same degree of moisture, a plant
that in the lower temperature exhaled fifty-seven grains
of moisture, would, in the higher temperature, exhale
one hundred and twenty grains in the same space of time.

Plants, however, like animals, can bear a higher
temperature in dry air than they can in air charged with
vapour. Animals are scalded hi the latter if the tempera-
ture is very elevated, and plante die under similar cir-
cumstances, as if boiled. MM. Edwards and Colin found
kidney-beans sustained no injury, when the air was dry,
at a temperature of 170° ; but they died in a few minutes
if the air was moist. Other plants under similar circum-
stances would perish probably at a much lower tempera-
ture ; and the fact affords a warning to the gardener
to have the atmosphere in his stoves very dry whenever
he wishes to elevate their temperature for the destruction
of insects or other purposes.

HEATHS

413

HEATHS

Certain plants flourish in hot-water springs, of which
the temperature varies between the scalding heats of
from 150° to 180° of Fahrenheit's thermometer ; and
others have been found growing freely on the edges of
volcanoes, in an atmosphere heated above the boiling-
point of water. Indeed, it is quite certain that most
plants will better bear, for a short time, an elevated
temperature, which, if long continued, would destroy
them, than they can a low temperature. Thus a tem-
perature a little above the freezing-point of water, to
orchidaceous and other tropical plants, is generally fatal
if endured by them for only a few minutes ; whereas a
considerable elevation above a salutary temperature is
rarely injurious to plants. But this is not universally
the case ; for the elegant Pri'mula margina'ta is so im-
patient of heat, that, although just about to bloom, it
never opens a bud if brought into a room in which there
is a fire.

The temperature should always be regulated, in our
hothouses, with a due regard to the light. At night it
should be so low as to put the circulation of the sap into
a comparative state of rest ; and in dull days the tempera-
ture should be full 10° lower than in those of bright sun-
shine.

See ERI'CA.

Propagation: by Cuttings.— In order to be successful
in striking the hard-wooded heaths, it is necessary to put
a plant of each kind in gentle heat, to cause them to
push forth young shoots. Whilst they are growing, the
materials for the operation of propagation should be
prepared : these are the requisite number of clear bell-
glasses. It will be advantageous to have them of different
sizes ; the smallest & inches, and the largest 6 inches
diameter, with two sizes between. Also prepare the
drainage by breaking a quantity of potsherds. These
should be in three sizes, the largest about an inch across,
the next half an inch, and the smallest the size of marrow-
fat peas, with the dust sifted out from amongst them.
Next, have the soil ready. The best is to be had from
some dry moorland where the heather grows wild. Break
the turves into a fine state, and pass it through a fine
sieve, reserving the rougher pieces to cover the drainage
with. The next things to look after are the pots. If new,
they must be placed in a tub of water for a few hours ;
if old, they must be well scoured and made perfectly
clean. Lastly, procure a sufficient quantity of pure
silver sand, a pair of propagating scissors, and a small
ivory-handled knife of the very best material. All these
being in readiness, see that the cuttings are in a fit state
to take off the plants. If they have made fresh shoots
an inch long, they are ready for use. Then take a small
clean pot, invert it, and place it over the hole at the
bottom of the pot for the cuttings, then fill in round a
few of the largest potsherds, and cover them with some
of the second size, and then, lastly, with a considerable
quantity of the smallest size, cover these with a layer of
tiie rough sittings. The whole of these should fill the
pot to within two and a half inches of the rim of the pot.
Upon that place an inch and a half of the heath mould,
with a large admixture of the silver sand ; level this last
layer with a circular piece of wood, with a nail driven
into the centre, to form a handle. Finish with a layer
of the pure white sand quite level with the rim of the
pot. Give a good watering with a fine rose pot, to
settle the same. Then take off the cuttings with the
scissors, and dress them with the knife ; cut the bottom
of the cutting clean off with a level cut, just at the
part between the new and the old wood ; then cut off
the leaves close to the stem, without wounding its bark,
about two-thirds of its length from the bottom. As
each cutting is made, place it under the bell-glass upon
the sand, till a sufficient number are made to fill the pot.
Make a mark in the sand to show the size of the glass,
and then proceed to put in the cuttings in regular rows
across the pot, keeping the leaves just clear out of the
sand. When they are all planted, give another gentle
watering, to settle the sand firm; allow them to dry
partially before the glass is put on. Then place them in
a house where they can be shaded from the sun, and
keep up a gentle heat of 55°, as near as possible. Wipe
the glasses dry every morning, and as soon as the cuttings
are rooted, remove them into a cooler house, and give a
little air by placing three sheet pieces of wood, a quarter
of an inch thick and two inches long, so as to form a

triangle, and let the bell-glass rest upon them. In this
house it will still be necessary to shade them from the
blazing sun. This is easily done by spreading some
sheets of paper over them ; but remove this shade in-
stantly when the sun is overclouded. When they have
been in this situation for a month, remove the glasses
entirely, and a month afterwards commence potting them
off in 3-inch pots, four in a pot, stopping them at the
same time, to make them bushy. Place them in a cold
frame, upon a layer of river-sand on coal-ashes ; shade
again for a time, and give air moderately. When they
have made fresh roots expose them occasionally to gentle
showers, but by no means to heavy rain. Give them
due supplies of water in dry weather, and keep them
clear of weeds. In these pots they must remain till the
spring following. During the winter place them on a
shelf, near the glass, in a light, airy greenhouse. About
March, pot them singly into the same sized pots, shading
them again till fresh roots are formed. They are then
ready for the usual routine of culture. Heaths, with
soft wood and free growth, are more easy to propagate,
and do not require so much preparation ; but in other
respects the management is the same.

By Seed. — Several kinds of heaths produce plenty of
good seed ; even some that are extremely difficult to
propagate any other way, such, for instance, as E. e'legans,
E. odo'ra rp'sea, E. halicaca'ba, E. triu'mphans, and some
others of similar habit. Fill the pots in the same way as
for cuttings, only mix the top layer of sand with as much
heath-mould ; make the surface smooth, and sow the
seed in spring on the surface, covering it as slightly as
possible ; water with the finest syringe, so that it may
fall upon the seed like the finest dew ; place the pots
near the glass, shade from bright sun, and keep the
surface just moist. The seedlings will soon come up,
and require great care, or they will fog off. To prevent
this give air daily. As soon as they can be handled
transplant them into 5-inch pots rather thickly, but
standing clear of each other. In this state they may
remain for six or eight months, and then pot them off
into 3-inch pots, four in a pot, and manage them after-
wards in the same way as the cuttings.

Soil. — This has been already described above, in
writing of the soil proper for the cuttings to root into ;
but for larger plants it must not be sifted so fine. For
very large plants do not sift it at all ; for such, if a few
pieces of sand-stone are mixed amongst the mould, they
will be useful to allow the water to penetrate to the
centre of the ball.

Potting. — Heaths thrive best if the mould is left below
the rim of the pot from half an inch for small plants in
6-inch pots, to two inches in large ones. This space holds
a supply of water which gradually sinks through, and
effectually moistens the ball to the centre. Drain
thoroughly with broken potsherds, half an inch for small
plants, to three inches for very large ones.

Culture — Cold pits or frames, in spring and autumn,
are the best protection to place heaths in during their
youth, and a good, airy, light, span-roofed greenhouse
for them through winter and spring, when they are too
large for the frames. In summer they should be set
out of doors upon a thick bed of coal-ashes, behind a
low wall or hedge. Whilst in this position they must
have an abundant and constant supply of water. If
the ball ever becomes thoroughly dry, tie plants will
certainly die ; therefore, attend to this point of watering
most rigidly and perseveringly. In winter they do not
require so much ; but even in that season they must
be kept moderately, but constantly and thoroughly,
moistened.

Diseases. — Heaths are subject to go off at the point
where the stem ends and the roots begin. This is caused
often by an irregular supply of water, and cannot be
cured when it once takes place. The plant may appear
green and flourishing, and the roots fresh, and the ends
are lively even when the stem is dead. Another fell
disease is the mildew. This may be sometimes cured
by first damping the plants infected, and then dusting
them over with flowers of sulphur. This disease is often
brought on by a long-continued damp atmosphere ; and
if that is not dried by a little heat, with abundance of
air, the disease will spread rapidly, and soon destroy
the plants. If only one or two are infected, they had
better be sulphured, and placed by themselves till the
mildew fungus is killed,

HEATH-MOULD

414

HEDERA

Insects. — See APHIS for cure, when the Green Fly
attacks them.

HEATH-MOULD. See BOG-EARTH.

HEATHER. See CALLU'NA VULGA'RIS.

HEBE'CLADUS. (From hebe, downiness, and klados,
a branch ; the young shoots being downy. Nat. ord.
Solanaceae.)

Greenhouse shrub. Cuttings of half-mature wood, in
sand, in a close case, with gentle bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
//. ventrico'sus (inflated). 3. Light yellow. Peru. 1869.

HEBECLI'NIUM. See EUPATORIUM.

HEBENSTRE TIA. (Named after Professor Hebenstret,
of Leipsic. Nat. ord. Selagids [Selaginaceae]. Linn.
i4-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Selago.)

Most of the Cape Selagids are well adapted for planting
out in summer, in mixed borders. Greenhouse ever-
green shrubs or annuals ; all from South Africa, and all
white-flowered. Short young shoots in sandy peat, in
spring, under a bell-glass ; sandy, fibrous loam, and a
little peat. Summer temp., 50° to 75° ; winter, 38° to
45°. Denta'ta by seed in early spring.

H. albifto'ra (white-flowered). See DISCHISMA CILIATUM.
„ au'rea (golden). See H. DENTATA.
„ capita'ta (headed-flowered). See DISCHISMA CLANDES-

TINUM.

„ chamcedrifo'lia (germander-leaved). See DISCHISMA

ERINOIDES.

„ cilia! ta (hair-fringed). See DISCHISMA CILIATUM.
„ como'sa (long-haired), i. White, with orange spot.

1890.
„ „ serratifo'lia (serrate-leaved). Leaves serrated.

1890.

„ corda'ta (heart-leaved), i. July. 1774.
„ denta'ta (toothed), i. July. 1739.
„ erinoi'des (Erinus-like). See DISCHISMA ERINOIDES.
,, frutico'sa (shrubby). i|. August. 1816.
„ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). See H. DENTATA.
„ sca'bra (rough), i. June. 1824.
„ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved), i. White, with orange

spot. Annual.

HE CHTIA. (Commemorative of M. Hecht. Nat. ord.
Bromeliaceac.)

Warm and dry greenhouse plants. Offsets and seeds.
Fibrous loam, with some finely broken bricks.
H arge'ntea (silvery). 2. White. Mexico.

cordylinoi'des (Cordyline-like). See H. STENOPETALA.
Ellemee'ti (Ellemeet's). See RHODOSTACHYS ANDINA.
Ghiesbref 'ghtii (Ghiesbreght's). See H. GLOMERATA.
glomera'ta (clustered). White. Mexico. 1863.
longifo'lta (long-leaved). See BROMELIA FASTUOSA.
„ pitcarnicafo'lia (Pitcairnia-leaved). See RHODO-
STACHYS PITCARNI^EFOLIA.

„ stenope'tala (narrow-petaled). Flowers small, white,
panicled. Mexico. 1881.

HEDARO MA. (From hcdus, sweet, and aroma, per-
fume. Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms [Myrtacea?]. Linn. 16-
Monadelphia, S-Polyandria.) Now referred to Darwinia.
H. latifo'lium (broad-leaved). See DARWINIA CITRIO-

DORA.

„ pinifo'lium (pine-leaved). See DARWINIA PINIFOLIA.
,, thymoi'des (thyme-like). See DARWINIA THYMOIDES.
„ tulipi'jerum (tulip-bearing). See DARWINIA MACROS-

TEGIA.

HEDE'OMA. (From hedeoma, the Greek name of
mint. Nat. ord. Labiates or Lipworts [Labiatae], Linn.
2-Diandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Micromeria.)

Hardy annuals. Seed in early spring; light, rich
garden-soil.
H. pulegioi'des (pennyroyal-like). J. Blue. July. N.

Amer.
„ thymoi'des (thyme-like). J. Red. July. France.

HE DERA. The Ivy. (Hedra is the Celtic word for
cord, alluding to the Ivy's stems. Nat. ord. Ivyworts
[Araliaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

The common ivy (H. He'lix) may be propagated by
seeds, but in all its varieties is quickest propagated by
slips, inserted hi a north border, in sandy soil, kept
moist in the autumn. This is a far better plan than
inserting it at once where it is intended to remain.

Deep, rich soil suits the common ivy ; the tender kinds
should have lighter soil. For clothing dead trees, cover-
ing open fences, giving an air of antiquity, security, and
warmth and dryness to buildings, arid even producing
architectural effects, and covering the ground in shady
places with a green carpet, where scarcely anything else
would grow, the ivy is invaluable.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

//. aculea'ta (prickly). See BRASSAIOPSIS ACULEATA.
i. fra' grans (fragrant). See PENTAPANAX LESCHEM-

AULTII.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). White. N. Holland.
1831.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

H. arbo'rea (tree-like). See DENDROPANAX ARBOREUM.
„ capita'ta (headed- flowered). See OREOPANAX CAPI-

TATUM.
,, catalpafo'lia (Catalpa-leaved). See OREOPANAX CAPI-

TATUM.
„ digita'ta (finger-teat**). White. March. E. Ind.

1818.
„ emargina'ia (end-notched). See HEPTAPLEURUM

EMARGINATUM.

,, ferrugi'nea (rusty). See TREVESIA PALMATA.

„ glomerula'ta (glomerulated). See BRASSAIOPSIS

SPECIOSA.

„ pe'ndula (weeping). See DENDROPANAX PENDULUM.
,, umbraculi'fera (umbrella-leaved). See POLYSCIAS

NODOSA.
„ xalape'nsis (Xalapan). See OREOPANAX XALAPENSE.

HARDY EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.

H. He'lix (common). 40. Green. September. Britain.
,, „ algerie'nsis (Algerian). Leaves large, light green.

N. Africa.
„ „ amure'nsis (Amur-land). Leaves large, long,

pointed. Amur-land.
„ ,, arbore'scens (tree-like). 8. Green. Britain.

" Tree Ivy."

,, ,, arbore'scens fo'liis arge'nieis margina'tis (silver-
edged- tree).

,, „ arbore'scens fo'liis au'reis (golden- leaved- tree).
,, ,, auranti'aca (orange). Fruit orange-red. 1884.
,, ,, au'rea (golden).
„ ,, ccenwoodia'na (Casnwoodian). Leaves small, deeply

cut.
„ „ canarie'nsis (Canary). 20. Green. October.

Canaries. " Irish Ivy."
,, ,, canarie'nsis arbore'scens (Irish-tree).
,, ,, chrysoca'rpa (yellow-berried). 30. Green.

October. India.

„ „ chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). Leaves golden.
„ ,, co'lchica (Colchican). Leaves large, heart-shaped.
„ „ co'lchica arbore'scens (Colchican-tree).
,, ,, denta'ta (toothed). Leaves very large, with a few

coarse teeth. Giant Ivy.
„ „ denta'ta variega'ta (variegated). Leaves with

silvery variegation.
„ „ digita'ta (finger-leaved). 20. Green. October.

Britain. Shrub.
„ „ flave'scens (light yellow). Foliage of a durable

yellow.
,, „ fo'liis arge'nteis(silveT-striped-leaved). 20. Green.

October. Britain.
,, ,, fo'liis au'reis (gold-s*n'££d-leaved). 20. Green.

October. Britain.

,, „ himala'ica (Himalayan). Leaves ovate, grey.
,, ,, margina'ta ma'jor (larger-edged). Leaves with

broad silver margin.
,, ,, margina'ta ru'bra (red-edged). Leaves with red

edge to the silver margin.
,, ,, minima (smallest). Plant dwarf. Leaves very

small.

,, ,, palma'ta (palmate). Leaves hand-shaped.
,, ,, Reute'ri (Renter's). Leaves long, narrow, Willow-
like. 1904.

„ „ rho'mbea (diamond-shaped). Dwarf habit. Japan.
,, ,, sulphu'rea (sulphur). Leaves pale yellowish.
,, ,, tau'rica (Taurian). Green. October. Tauria.

1841.
„ „ tessella'ta (chequered). Leaves netted with yellow.

1893.

HEDGE

415

HEDGE

properly includes every kind of fence ; but

the present details apply, for the most part, to growing
fences. Abercrombie says, that all outward hedges de-
signed as fences should have a ditch on the outside,
three or four feet wide at top, three deep, sloping to one
wide at bottom, raising a low bank on the inside on which
to plant the hedge. Having lined out the width of the
ditch, then along the inner edge lay a row of square spit
turves, grass side downwards, to form the beginning of
the bank, backing it up with spits of earths from the
formation of the ditch, and top it with a little of the fine
mould or crumbs ; and then upon this proceed to lay
the first row of plants. First let the sets be headed to
about five or six inches, and the roots trimmed ; then
lay them upon the bed of turf with their tops outward,
in an upward direction, about ten or twelve inches
asunder, covering their roots with mould, also out of the
ditch ; and then lay another row of turf along upon
the necks of the plants, and more mould from the ditch
upon and behind the turf ; and when the bank is thus
raised a foot above the row of sets, plant another row in
the same manner, placing each set against the spaces of
those of the first row, so covering them with more earth
from the ditch to the depth of three feet, sloping each
side to one foot width at bottom, and trim up all remain-
ing earth, throwing a sufficiency behind the top of the
banking to bank up the whole even. But in planting
for an outward fence, some form the ditch and bank
first as above, and plant the sets in two rows along the
top ; that is, after having formed the ditch and bank,
then levelling the top, forming a foot of border all along
a yard wide ; plant the sets along its middle upright, in
two rows a foot asunder, and six inches distant in each
row, observing the same when intended to raise a hedge
at once from seed sowed where you design the hedge to
be, sowing them along the top in drills a foot asunder.
Sometimes, when hedges are designed for middle fences
to divide fields, a two-sided bank is raised a yard high,
and as broad at top, having a slight ditch on each side ;
and each side of the bank is formed with square spit
turves from the adjoining ground, and the middle filled
up with mould from the ditches on each side ; so that
when finished, it forms a yard-wide border all the way
along the top, and along the middle of which plant two
rows of hedge-sets or seed, in drills, as before observed.
But hi places where no ditch nor raised bank is required.as
may be the case for middle hedges in the interior parts
of grounds, especially in gardens, then the place for the
hedge being marked out on the level ground two or three
feet broad, dig it along one good spade deep at least,
and then plant your sets of any sort in two rows, ranging
along the middle ; or, if you design to sow seeds, &c., of
any sort at once, where you intend to have the hedge,
sow them in two drills a foot asunder the whole length.

In respect to general culture of these sorts of hedges,
it must be remarked that all such as are exposed to
cattle must, as soon as planted, be fenced either with a
stake and bush hedge, with hurdles, or with rails and
open paling, for four or five years, till the hedge grows
up, observing not to place the fence too close to the hedge
to interrupt its growth. The hedge must, also, be duly
weeded while young, and this should be particularly
attended to the first two years.

Evergreen Hedge-shrubs are Holly, Yew, Laurel,
Laurustinus, Phillyrea, Alaternus, Bay, Furze, and Ever-
green Oak ; but the Holly and Yew form the best hedges
for general use.

Deciduous Kinds. — Hawthorn, Blackthorn, Crab, Elder,
Hornbeam, Beech, Elm, Lime-tree, and Alder are all
proper either for middling or tall hedges, as they may be
trained up from about six or eight to fifteen or twenty
feet high, and the Elm to double that height if required.
Privet is also sometimes used for moderately high hedges ;
and for low hedges, the Rose, Sweet-briar, Syringa, and
. Barberry.

All full-trained hedges, in order to preserve them in
proper form, must be clipped, both on the sides and top,
once or twice a year, but never less than once ; and the
best time of the year for this work is summer, from about
the middle or latter end of June to the end of August,
for then the hedges will have made their summer shoots,
which should always, if possible, be clipped the same
season while in leaf, and before the shoots become hard,
whereby you will be able to perform the work more
expeditiously and with greater exactness, for regular

hedges should be cut as even as a wall on the sides, and
the top as straight as a line ; observing, after the hedge
is formed to its proper height and width, always to cut
each year's clipping nearly to that of the former year,
particularly on the sides ; for by no means suffer them
to grow above a foot or two wide, nor suffer them to
advance upon you too much at top, where it is designed
or necessary to keep them to a moderate height. But
to keep hedges in perfectly good order, they should be
clipped twice every summer ; the first clipping to be
about Midsummer, or soon after, when they will have
made their summer shoots ; and as they will shoot
again, what may be called the autumn shoot, the second
clipping is necessary towards the middle or latter end of
August, and they will not shoot again that year. How-
ever, when it does not suit to clip them but once in the
summer, the clipping should not be performed until the
beginning of August ; for, if cut sooner, they will shoot
again, and appear almost as rough the. remainder of the
summer and all winter as if they had not been clipped.
Very high hedges are both troublesome and expensive
to cut. The clipping is sometimes performed by the
assistance of a high machine, scaffolding, or stage, twenty
or thirty feet high or more, having platforms at different
heights for the men to stand upon, the whole made to
move along upon wheels. It is composed of four long
poles for uprights, well framed together, eight or ten
feet wide at bottom, narrowing gradually to four or five
at top, having a platform or stage at every seven or
eight feet high, and one at the top of all ; and upon these
the man stands to work, each platform having a rail,
waist high, to keep the man from falling, and a sort of
ladder formed on one side for the man to ascend, and
at bottom for low wheels to move it along. Upon this
machine a man may be employed on each stage or plat-
form, trimming the hedge with shears, and sometimes
with a garden hedge-bill fixed on a handle five or six
feet long, which is more expeditious, though it will not
make so neat work as cutting with the shears.

A hedge is not only an imperfect screen, but in other
respects is worse than useless, since nothing can be
trained to it, and its roots exhaust the soil in their
neighbourhood very considerably. As the south fence
of a garden, it may be employed ; and hawthorn, in
some respects, is the worst shrub that could be made
use of. It is the nursery of the same aphides, beetles,
and caterpillars, that feed upon the foliage of the apple
and pear, from whence they often spread to the whole
garden. Evergreen are better than deciduous hedges,
and more especially those of the holly, which is not so
slow a grower as is generally imagined.

In a cloudy day, in April or May, the wind seems to
be actually refrigerated in passing through a thick
hawthorn hedge ; and this may be accounted for on the
same principle that cool air is obtained in the houses of
India by sprinkling branches of trees with water in their
verandas. Holly, laurel, and most evergreens exhale
but little moisture from their leaves, except for about a
month in June ; consequently, in April and May, when
we most require warmth, and in September and October,
the leaves of these, when fully exposed to the sun, become
heated to the touch to 85° or 90°. Added to this, hoar
frost, or a deposition of moisture of any kind, never
attaches so readily, or remains for so long a time, upon
the foliage of evergreens as upon the sprays of deciduous
shrubs ; consequently, the refrigeratory power is greatly
diminished. When the garden is of considerable extent,
three or four acres and upwards, it admits of cross-walls
or fences for an increase of training surface and addi-
tional shelter.

Hedges should always be clipped into a conical form,
as the diminution of the branches towards the top in-
creases their development at the bottom.

Furze makes one of the best and handsomest of hedges
if kept regularly clipped. Upon the formation of such a
hedge, we have the following remarks by Mr. Mel., of
Hillsborough : — The most ancient, and perhaps the most
simple of all fences, are walls made of turf. These walls,
however, are much injured by the atmosphere, and the
rubbing and butting of the cattle. To guard against
this they should be planted or sown with the U'lex
europa'us, or Furze. The roots of this plant will soon
penetrate the turf, and tend to bind the wall. The plants
not only afford shelter as well as food for the cattle, but
add to the height of the wall, and give it a formidably

HEDGE-HOG THISTLE 416

HEDYSARUM

appearance. When walls are made for this, the founda-
tion should be three feet wide, and tapering to fifteen
inches at top. As the plants advance in growth, they
should be regularly trimmed with the shears : by proper
attention to this they will be prevented from growing
too tall and thin at the bottom. If this is annually
repeated, the plants will be longer preserved in a healthy
and vigorous state : clipping has also a good effect in
checking the furze from spreading over the field. A good
and substantial fence may thus be quickly formed on a
soil that will not produce a biding fence of any other
kind.

Sweet-briar (Ro'sa nibigino'sa) makes a good hedge.
Its heps may be sown in the autumn, as soon as ripe,
or, which is better, in the month of March, having kept
them, in the meantime, mixed with sand. But it is far
more convenient to buy young plants, and to plant them
a foot apart early in the month of November. Let
them grow as they like for the first year, and cut them
down to the ground the second ; they will then spring
up and require no more care than occasionally trimming
with the pruning-knife or shears to keep the hedge in
shape. When it gets naked to the bottom, it must be
again cut down. — Card. Chron.

HEDGE-HOG THISTLE. Echinoca'ctus.

HEDGE HYSSOP. Grati'ola.

HEDGE MUSTARD. Ery'simum.

HEDGE NETTLE. Sia'chys.

HEDRffiA'NTHUS NI'VEUS. See WAHLENBERGIA

NIVEA.

HEDWTGIA, of Swartz. (Named after John Hedgwjg,
a botanist. Nat. ord. Burserads [Burseraceae]. Linn.
8-Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

Closely allied to the Orange tribe. Beaunte a sucrier, a
substitute for Copaiva, is obtained from this Hedwigia.
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sandy
soil, and in a good heat ; sandy loam and a little peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 85* ; winter, 50° to 55°.
H. balsami'fera (balsam- yielding). 40. White. August.
W. Ind. 1820.

HEDY'CHIUM. (From hedus, sweet, and chion, snow ;
in reference to the sweet-scented, snow-white flowers of
H. ma'ximum and corona'rium, the best two garden
plants of the genus. Nat. ord. Gingerworts [Scitamin-
aceae]. Linn. i-Monandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove herbaceous plants. Division of the plants before
fresh potting them ; loam and peat, with a portion of
sand and dried cow-dung. They must have plenty of
water and light when growing. It should be tried to
give them their rest period by keeping them cooler and
drier in winter, and, if well grown before, the advancing
heat in spring and summer will bring up the beautiful
flowers. Summer temp., 60° to 85°, with moist atmos-
phere when growing, cooler and drier when flowering ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
H. acumina'tum (long-pointed). See H. SPICATUM

ACUMINATUM.

„ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). See H. COCCINEUM

ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

„ auranti'acum (orange-coloured). See H. COCCINEUM.
„ bousigonia'num (Bousigonian). 3. Pale yellow.

Stamens red. Cochin-China. 1905.
„ ca'rneum (flesh-coloured). 4. Pink. August. E.

Ind. 1823.
„ chrysoleu' cum (golden-white). See H. CORONARIUM

CHRYSOLEUCUM.

„ cocci 'neum (scarlet). 6. Scarlet. July. E. Ind.

1815.
„ „ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 5. Scarlet. E.

Ind. 1815.
„ „ longifo'lium (long-leaved). 6. Red. June. E.

Ind. 1819.

,, corona'rium (garland). 5. White. E. Ind. 1791.
„ „ chrysoleu'cum (golden-white). 5. Yellow, white.

August. E. Ind.
„ „ fia'vum (yellow). Pale yellow. July. Himalaya.

1822.

„ ela'tum (tall). 5. Pale red. E. Ind. 1818.
„ elli'pticum(o\a\). 5. White. August. E. Ind. 1804.
„ Elwe'sii (Elwes's). 3-5. Rich golden-yellow.

Himalaya. 1894.

H. flave'scens (yellowish). See H. SPICATUM.
,, fta'vum (yellow). See H. CORONARIUM FLAVUM.
„ gardneria'num (Gardner's). 7. Yellow. July.

Himalaya. 1819.

„ glau'cum (milky-green). See H. GRACILE GLAUCUM.
„ gra'cile (slender). 3. White. June. Bengal. 1823
„ ,, glau'cum (milky-green). 4$. White. July.

India. 1822.
,, heteroma'llum (variable-haired). See H. THYRSIFORME

HETEROMALLUM.

„ Horsfie'ldii (Horsfield's). Java.

„ longifo'lium (long-leaved). See H. COCCINEUM LONGI-

FOLIUM.

„ ma'ximum (largest). See H. CORONARIUM.
„ peregri'num (foreign). 3-4. White, yellowish-
green. Madagascar. 1883.
,, specio'sum (showy). 8. Pale yellow. August.

Silhet. 1823.

„ spica'tum .(spiked). 3. Yellow. June. India. 1810.
,, ,, acumina'tum (long-pointed). 4. White. July.

Himalaya. 1820.
,, stenope' talum (narrow- petaled). 7. White. April.

India. 1830.
„ thyrsifo'rme (thyrse-formed). 4. White. July.

Nepaul. 1818.
„ ,, heteroma'llum (variable-haired). 3. Yellow.

July. India. 1822.
„ urophy'llum (tailed-leaved). See H. CORONARIUM

FLAVUM.

„ villo'sum (shaggy). 3. Cream. July. E. Ind. 1823.
„ viridifto'rum (green-flowered). 3. Greenish-white.

Himalaya. 1881.

HEDYO'TIS CAMPANULIFLO RA. See COCCOCY'P-
SELUM CAMPANULIFLO'RUM.

HEDYSA'RUM. (A plant's name adopted from Theo-
phrastus. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae],
Linn. i7-Diadelphia, 4~Decandria.)

Annuals and biennials in the open border, in spring ;
perennials by division of the plant in spring ; common
soil. The dwarfer ones are pretty for mantling knolls
and rock-works.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

H. carno'sum (fleshy). See H. PALLIDUM.
„ corona'rium (garland). 4. Scarlet. June. Italy

1596. " French Honeysuckle."
„ pa'llidum (pale). 3. Pale red. June. N. Africa.

1820.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

H. Alha'gi (Alhagi). See ALHAGI MAURORUM.
,, alpi'num (alpine). See H. NEGLECTUM.
„ ,, pedicela're (/ong-flower-stalked). See H. NEGLEC-
TUM PEDICELARE.

,, alta'icum (Altaic). See H. POLYMORPHUM.

„ arge'nteum (silvery). Purple. June. Siberia. 1827.

,, argophy'llum (white- leaved). Purple. June. Altaia.

1827.

,, boreale (northern). N. Amer.
,. brachyse'mum (short-standarded). i|. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1817.

„ canade'nse (Canadian). See DESMODIUM CANADENSE.
„ ca'ndidum (white). £. Purple. May. Tauria. 1824.
,, ,, hu'mile (humble). £. Purple. June. Tauria.

1817.

„ capita' turn (headed). Mediterranean region.
„ cauca'sicum (Caucasian). See H. OBSCURUM.
„ consangui'neum (closely-allied). See H. OBSCURUM.
,, corda'tum (heart-shaped). See HALLIA CORDATA.
„ creta'ceum (chalky), i. Purple. July. Siberia. 1819.
,, denticula' turn (toothleted). Turkestan.
,, elonga'tum (lengthened). Purple. June. Russia.

1823.

„ escule'ntum (esculent). Siberia.
„ Falcone'ri (Falconer's). Western Tibet.
,, flave'scens (pale-yellow). Turkestan.
,, flexuo'sum (flexuous). Spain.
„ fructico'sum (shrubby). 4. Purple. June. Siberia.

1782.
,, grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). i£. Purple. June.

Tauria. 1821.

„ gy'rans (gyrating). See DESMODIUM GYRANS.
„ ibe'ricum (Iberian). £. Purple. July. Iberia. 1818.

HEDYSCEPE

417

HELIANTHEMUM

H lasioca'rpum (hairy-podded). See H. NEGLECTUM.
„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). See DESMODIUM LATI-

FOLIUM.
„ Macke'mii (Mackenzie's). Rose-purple. N. Amer.

1878.
„ microca'lyx (small-calyxed). 2. Bright purple. N.W.

Himalayas. 1888.
„ multi'jugum (many-pair-leaved). 2-5. Pink to

rosy-purple. S. Mongolia.
„ „ apicula'tum (hard-pointed). Leaves with fewer

leaflets.

„ murica'tum (warted). See ADESMIA MURICATA.
„ negle'ctum (neglected). 2. Purple. June. Siberia.

1798.

„ „ pedicda're (long-stalked). Purple. June. Siberia.
„ obscu'rum (obscure), i. Purple. July. Alps. 1640.
„ pi'ctum (painted). See URARIA PICTA.
„ polymo'rphum (many-formed). Rose. June. Altaia.

1818.

„ ro'seum (roseate). See H. TAURICUM.
„ rutidoca'rpum (wrinkled-podded). See H. POLY-

MORPHUM.
„ sibi'ricum (Siberian). 2. Purple. June. Siberia.

1798.

„ spinosi'ssimum (very-spiny). Mediterranean region.
„ sple'ndens (shining), i- Cream. July. Siberia.

1819.
„ taufricum (Taurian). \. Pale purple. July. Tauria.

1804.
„ umbella' 'turn (umbelled). This is Desmodium umbella'

turn.

„ uncina'tum (hooked). This is Desmodium uncinatum.
„ va'rium (variable), i. White. July. S. Europe.

1820.

„ venu'stum (lovely). See H. POLYMORPHUM.
„ vespertilio'nis (bat's). See LOUREA VESPERTILIONIS.

HEDY'SCEPE. (Derived from hedus, sweet, and skepe,
a wrapper. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove Palm. Seeds. Fibrous loam, peat, leaf-mould,
and sand.

H. canterbury a' na (Canterburyan). 20-32. Pale yellow.
Lord Howe's Island.

HEEL. When a cutting is taken off with a small
portion of the older wood from which it sprang, that
older portion is called the heel.

HEELING-IN. Trees and shrubs that cannot be
planted immediately, cuttings that cannot be inserted,
and grafts to be kept till grafting time, are heeled-in, or
laid temporarily in a trench, and the roots or base covered
with soil. Kitchen-garden crops are sometimes treated
in a similar way in a cool or shady situation to prolong
the supply.

HEE RIA. (In compliment to Oswald Heer, a Swiss
botanist. Nat. ord. Melastomaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of moderately firm
shoots in peat and sand in a close, warm case. Loam
and peat, both fibrous with sand to make it porous.
H. ro'sea (rosy). 2. Pink. June. Mexico.
„ subtripline'rvia (three-nerved). 2. White. June.
Mexico. 1824.

HETMIA. (Named after Dr. Heim, a German. Nat.
ord. Loosestrifes [Lythracea?]. Linn. u-Dodecandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Lythrum.) See NES^EA.

HEI'NSIA. (Named after M. Heinsius. Nat. ord.
Cinckonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. $~Pentandria, i-Monan-
dria. Allied to Gardenia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat ;
fibrous peat and sandy loam, with a little dried leaf-
mould. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 53°.
H. jasminiflo'ra (jasmine-flowered). 4. White. March.
Sierra Leone. 1824.

HEI'NTZIA. (Complimentary to M. Heintz. Nat.
ord. Gesneraceae.)
H. hsri'na (tiger-spotted). See ALLOPLECTUS TIGRINUS.

HEISTE'RIA. Bois Perdrix. (Named after L. Heister,
a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord. Olacads [Olacaceae].
Linn. lo-Decandna, i-Monogynia. Allied to Olax.)

This is the source of the Partridge-pea of Martinique,
but not of the Partridge-wood, as has been erroneously

asserted. Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of firm young
snoots in a brisk heat ; sandy loam and a dash of peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
H. cocci' nea (scarlet). 20. Scarlet. Martinique. 1822.

HE LCIA. (From helcium, a horse-collar ; in refer-
ence to the curious formation of the flowers. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, I'Monogynia.
United to Trichopilia.)

H. sanguinole'nta (bloody). See TRICHOPILIA SANGUINEO-
LENTA.

HELETNIUM. (Named after the beautiful Helena,
cause of the Trojan war. Nat. ord. Composites [Com-
posite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, z-Superfiua.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, with yellow flowers.
By division of the plant in spring ; common garden-soil.
There are some annuals and biennials, but not deserving
cultivation.

H. atropurpu'reum (dark purple). See H. NUDIFLORUM.
„ autumna'le (autumnal). 3. September. N. Amer.

1729.
„ „ atropurpu'reum (dark purple). Almost crimson.

1902.

„ „ cu'preum (copper). 3. Coppery-red.
„ „ pu'milum (dwarf), i. Flowers larger, yellow.

1818.

„ „ ru'brum (red). Crimson and orange. 1912.
,, „ stria'tum (striped). Striped coppery-red.
„ Bigelo'vti (Bigelow's). Yellow. California. 1897.
„ BolandSri (Bolander's). 2. Yellow, with dark brown

disc. California. 1891.

„ califo'rnicum (Calif ornian). See H. PUBERULUM.
,, canalicula' turn (channelled). See H. AUTUMN ALE.
,, grandice'phalum stria'tum (large-headed-striped). See

H. AUTUMNALE STRIATUM.

„ Hoope'sii (Hoopes's). 2. Orange. July, August.
N.W. Amer.

„ mezica'num (Mexican). 3. August. Mexico. 1825.

„ nudtfio'rum (naked-flowered). 3. Scarlet, with
blackish-purple disc. Texas. 1845.

„ nudiflo'rum (naked-flowered) of gardens. See H.
autumnale stnatum.

„ pube'rulum (finely-downy). Yellow. California.

„ pube'scens (downy). See H. AUTUMNALE.

,, pu'milum (dwarf). See H. AUTUMNALE PUMILUM.

,, quadridenta' turn (four-toothed). Yellow. May. N.
Amer. 1790.

,, seti'gerum (bristle-bearing). Yellow. Texas.

„ tenuiflo'rum (slender-flowered), i. Yellow. 1883.

„ tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved), i. Small, rayless,
greenish-yellow. N. Amer.

„ undula'tum (vra.ved-leaved). 3. September. Cali-
fornia. 1830.

BELLA MPHORA. (Derived from helios, the sun, and
amphora, a pitcher. Nat. ord. Sarracemacea;.)

Greenhouse herb, with the habit of Sarracenia. Seeds ;
divisions in spring. Fibrous peat, sphagnum, and broken
potsherds.

H. nu'tans (nodding), i. White ; stamens yellow.
British Guiana. 1883.

HELJA'NTHEMUM. Sun Rose. (From helios, the
sun, and anthemon, a flower. Nat. ord. Rock-roses
[Cistaceae]. Linn. i$-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

If gardeners would turn their attention to these Rock-
roses, and cross them judiciously, they might expect in
time to produce a race which would rival the Verbenas.
Annuals, by seeds in the open border, in Apnl. A few
of the best shrubby ones are rather tender, and young
plants might be saved in a cold pit. Shrubby ever-
greens, by inserting little pieces of ripened and half-
ripened shoots with the leaves attached, in June, in
sandy soil, in a shady place, under a hand-light. Few
things can surpass the beauty of these plants when
trailing over stones, and banks, and rock-works, in spring
and summer. In such positions, the tenderest merely
require, at times, an evergreen branch placed over them
in winter ; sandy loam, with a little peat, suits them
well.

ANNUALS.

H. agypti'acum (Egyptian). |. White. June. Egypt.

1764.
„ eriocau'lon (woolly-stemmed). See H. GUTTATUM.

2 D

HELIANTHEMUM

418

HELIANTHEMUM

If. gutta'tum (spotted- flowered). \. Yellow. June.

England.
„ ledifo'lium (Ledum-leaved). $. Yellow. June. S.

Europe. 1817.

,, „ ma'jus (larger), r. Yellow. Europe. 1817.
,, nilo'ticum (Nile). See H. LEDIFO'LIUM.
,, plantagi'neum (plantain-like). See H. GUTTATUM.
„ puncta'tum (dotted). See H. SALICIFOLIUM.
,, salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). $. Yellow. July.

Europe. 1759.
„ „ sangui'neum (bloody-stemmed). £. Yellow. July.

Spain. 1826.
„ vitto'sum (shaggy). \. Yellow. July. Spain. 1823.

S.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

H.

Yellow. June. N. Amer.
i. Yellow. July. Caro-

Yellow. June.
See H. c ANA-

H.

Yellow. June. Spain.

canade'nse (Canadian), i.

1799-
carolinia'num (Carolina).

lina. 1823.
globulariafo'lium (globular-leaved),

Portugal. 1826.
rosmarinifo'lium (rosemary-leaved).

DENSE.
Tttfora'na(Tuberaria). J. Yellow. June. S.Europe.

1752.

EVERGREEN TRAILERS.

acumina'tum (long-pointed). See H. VARIABILE.

alpe'stre (rock). See H. ITALICUM.

angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). See H. VARIABILE

ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

ca'num (hoary). J. Yellow. June. S.Europe. 1772.
cine'reum (grey). J. Yellow. May. Spain. 1820.
confu'sum (confused). See H. POLIFOLIUM.
cro'ceum (copper-coloured). See H. VULGARE CROCEUM.
dicho'tomum (twin-branched), i. Yellow. July.

Spain. 1826.
glau'cum (sea-green),

1826.
grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). See H. VULGARE

GRANDIFLORUM.

hi'rtum (hairy), £. White. Spain. 1816.

hi'spidum (bristly). See H. HIRTUM.

hyssopifo' Hum (hyssop-leaved). See H. VULGARE

and varieties.

ita'licum (Italian), i. Yellow. August. Italy. 1799.
„ cela'ndicum (CEland). J. Yellow. July. Europe.

1816.

Laga'scas (Lagasca's). See H. HIRTUM.
leptophy'llum (fine-leaved), i. Yellow. Spain. 1818.
lu'cidum (shining-leaved). See H. VARIABILE.
macra'nthum (large-flowered). See H. VARIABILE

MACRANTHUM.

„ multiplex (double-flowered). See H. VARIABILE

MACRANTHUM MULTIPLEX.

marifo'lium (marum-leaved). See H. VINEALE.
Mille'ri (Miller's). See H. VARIABILE.
muta'bile (changeable). See H. VULGARE MUTABILE.
nudicau'le (naked-stemmed). See H. GLAUCUM.
nummula'rium (moneywort-leaved). See H. VULGARE.
obova'tum (reversed-egg-leaved) . See H. ROSSM^.SS-

LERI.

cela'ndicum (CEland). See H. ITALICUM CELANDICUM.
cela'ndicum (CEland) of Wahlenberg. J. Yellow.

June. Europe. 1817.
origanifo'lium (marjoram- leaved). \. Yellow. Spain.

1795-

ava'tum (egg-leaved). See H. VULGARE.
penicilla'tum (pencilled). See H. O^LANDICUM, of

Wahlenberg.

pilo'sum (hairy). See H. VARIABILE.
polifo'lium (Polium-leaved). £. White. June.

England.

procu'mbens (lying-down). £. Yellow. S. Europe.
pulche'llum (neat). See H. CINEREUM.
pulverule'ntum (powdered). See H. POLIFOLIUM.
pulverule'ntum (powdery) of Willkomm. £. White.

June. S.W. Europe.
rhoda'nthum (red-flowered). See H. VULGARE RHO-

DANTHUM.

ro'seum (roseate). See H. VULGARE ROSEUM.
„ mu'ltiplex (double-flowered). See H. VULGARE

ROSEUM MULTIPLEX.

RossmcEssle'ri (Rossmaessler's). i. Yellow. Spain.
1826.

See H. VULGARE

See H. VULGARE
See H. VULGARE

Copper. May.
Flame. June.

H. strami'neum (straw-coloured).

STRAMINEUM.

,, ,, mu'ltiplex (double-flowered).

STRAMINEUM MULTIPLEX.

„ sulphu'reum (sulphur-coloured).

SULPHUREUM.

,, surreja'num (Surrey). See H. VULGARE SURREJANUM.
„ tau'ricum (Taurian). i. Yellow. June. Tauria.
„ tomento'sum (white-downed). See H. VULGARE

TOMENTOSUM.

„ varia'bile (variable). J. Yellow. June. Mediter-
ranean region. 1820.

„ ,, angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved), f. Yellow. June.
1800.

„ „ linea're (linear), i. White. June. S. Europe.
1818.

„ „ macra'nthum (large-flowered), i. White, yellow.

July-
„ „ macra'nthum mu'ltiplex (double). i. White,

yellow. June. Europe.
„ ,, versi' color (party-coloured), i. Red, white. July.

S. Europe. 1800.

„ venu'stum (beautiful). See H. VULGARE VENUSTUM.
,, ,, flo' re-pie' no (double-flowered). See H. VULGARE

VENUSTUM FLORE-PLENO.

„ vinea'le (vineyard), £. Yellow. May. Europe.
,, viola'ceum (violet-calyxed). i. White. Spain. 1826.
„ vulga're (common), i. Yellow. June. Britain.

" Rock Rose."
„ „ barba'tum (bearded), i. Yellow. June. S.

Europe. 1820.
„ „ croca'tum (saffron-coloured), $. Copper. June.

Europe.
„ „ cro'ceum (Crocus-coloured). J. Coppery-yellow.

July. Spain. 1800.

,, ,, cro'ceum flo' re-pie' no (double). £. Coppery-yellow.
a n cu'preum (copper-coloured). \.

Naples.
„ „ diversifo'lium (divers-leaved). J.

Europe.

„ ,, diversifo'lium mu'ltiplex (divers-leaved double).
,, ,, grandiflo'rum (large-flowered), i. Yellow. June.

Italy. 1800.
,, ,, hyssopifo' Hum (hyssop-leaved), i. Yellow. THay.

Italy.
,, ,, hyssopifo' Hum mu'ltiplex (hyssop-leaved double).

J. Copper. May. Italy.
„ „ muta'bile (changeable). J. Red, yellow. July.

Spain. 1829.

,, „ ple'num (double). \. Yellow. June.
,, ,, rhoda'nthum (red-flowered). J. Red. June.

Spain. 1800.

„ ,, ro's^wm(rosy). \. Pink. June. S.Europe. 1815.
,, ,, ro'seum mu'ltiplex (double-rose). £. Pink. June.

1815.
,, ,, serpyllifo'lium (thyme-leaved). |. Yellow.

Leaves roundish or oval, white beneath.
,, „ strami'neum (straw-coloured). \. Straw. Europe.
,, „ strami'neum mu'ltiplex (double-straw-coloured).

i. Striped. Europe.
„ „ sulphu'reum (sulphur). J. Pale yellow.

1795.

,, ,, surreja'num (Surrey), f. Yellow petals lanceo-
late, irregularly cut. June. England.
„ „ tomento'sum (felted). |. Yellow. July. Scot-
land.

„ ,, venu'stum (lovely). \. Red. June. S.Europe. 1800.
,, „ venu'stum flo're-ple'no (double). J. Red. June.

S. Europe. 1800.

EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

H. algarve'nse (Algarve). See H. OCYMOIDES.

,, alyssoi'des (Alyssum-like). 3. Yellow. June. South-
western Europe. 1775.

,, „ cheiranthoi 'des (waMower-like). 3. Yellow. June.
Portugal. 1818.

,, ambi'guum (doubtful). Algeria.

„ apenni'num (Apennine). See H. POLIFOLIUM.

,, atriplicifo'lium (Atriplex-leaved). 3-4. Yellow.
June. Spain. 1659.

,, barba'tum (bezrded-siipuled). See H. VULGARE.

„ Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). See H. THYMIFOLIUM.

„ canarie'nse (Canary), ij. Yellow. June. Canaries.
1790.

Spain.

HELIANTHUS

419

HELIANTHUS

\H. ca'ndidum (•white-leaved). See H. OCYMOIDES.

,, cane'scens (hoary). See H. VARIABILE.

,, cheiranthoi' 'des (stock-like). See H. ALYSSOIDES.

„ cilia'tum (hair- fringed), i. Red. June. S. Europe.
I ,, cine'reum (grey), i. Yellow. July. Spain.

„ confe'rtum (close-flowered). See H. CANARIENSE.

,, crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). i. Yellow. June.
Barbary. 1818.

„ diversifo'lium (various-leaved). See H. VULGARE

DIVERSIFOLIUM.

„ elli'pticum (oval-leaved). See H. LIPPII.

„ ericpi'des (heath-like). See H. FUMANA.

„ farino'sum (mealy). White. June. Spain.

„ formo'sum (beautiful). 4. Yellow. Portugal. 1780.

„ Fuma'na (Fumana). ij. Yellow. June. Mediter-
ranean region.

,, glau'cum (muky-green-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Spain. 1815

„ glomera' turn (round-headed). i. Yellow. June.
Mexico. 1823.

„ glutino'sum (clammy). 2. Yellow. July. Mediter-
ranean region.

„ ,, lafve (smooth), i. Yellow. June. Spain. 1826.

„ halimifo'lium (sea-purslane-leaved). 4. Yellow.
July. Spain. 1656.

„ hirsu'tum (hairy). See H. GLUTINOSUM.

,, hi'rtum (hairy-calyxed). i. Yellow. June. Spain.
1759-

„ involucra'tum (involucred). See H. ALYSSOIDES.

„ juniperi'num (juniper-like). See H. THYMIFOLIUM.

„ kahi'ricum (Kahirian). i. Yellow. June. Egypt.
1820.

„ Ice've (smooth). See H. GLUTINOSUM L^VE.

„ Itz'vipes (smooth-stalked), i. Yellow. Summer.
Western Mediterranean region.

„ lasia'nihum (hairy-flowered). See H. ALYSSOIDES.

„ lavanduksfo'lium (lavender-leaved). i. Yellow.
June. S. France. 1817.

„ leptophy'llum (slender-leaved). Spain.

„ Libano'tis (rosemary-leaved), i. Yellow. Spain,
Portugal. 1752.

„ ligno'sum (woody). See H. TUBERARIA.

„ linea're (narrow-leaved) . See H. VARIABILE LINEARE.

„ Li'ppii (Lippius's). i. Yellow. Egypt. 1820.

„ lunula'tum (crescent-leaved). £. Yellow. July.
Alps of Piedmont. 1826.

„ majorancefo'lium (marjoram-leaved). See H. HIRIUM.

„ tnicrophy'Uum (small- leaved). See H. OCYMOIDES.

„ mo'lle (soft), ij. Yellow. July. Spain. 1817.

„ muta'bile ro'seum (rosy-changeable). See H. VULGARE

MUTABILE.

„ ocymoi'des (basil-like). 3. Yellow. June. Spain.

1800.

„ origanifo'lium (marjoram-leaved) Europe.
,, panicula' turn (panicled). J. Yellow. July. Spain.

1826.

„ racemo'sum (racemed). See H. VIRGATUM.
„ rube'ttum (pale-red). Light red. Western Mediter-
ranean region.
„ rugo'sum (wrinkled). See H. ALYSSOIDES.
„ scabro'sum (rough). See H. ALYSSOIDES.
„ scopa'rium (broom-like). J. Yellow. May, June.

California. 1848.

squama'tum (scaly), i. Yellow. June. Spain. 1815.
stri'ctum (upright). See H. VIRGATUM.
„ thymifo'lium (thyme-leaved). li. Yellow. July.

Spain. 1658.
„ umbella'tum (umbel- flowered). 2. White July

S. Europe. 1731.
„ „ ere'ctum (straight-stemmed). White. June. S.

Europe.

„ „ subdecu'mbens (leaning). White. July. S.Europe.
„ veluti'num (velvety). Yellow. Algeria.
„ versi' color (party-coloured). See H. VARIABILE VERSI-

COLOR.
„ vinea'le (vineyard), f. Yellow. Summer. Europe.

1772.
„ virga'tum (twiggy). £. White. Barbary. 1818.

HELIA'NTHUS. Sunflower. (From helios, the sun,
and anthos, a flower ; in reference to the opinion that
the flowers turn round after the sun. Nat. ord. Com-
posites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua.)

Hardy herbaceous plants, all yellow-flowered; well
fitted for the back of flower-borders and the front of

shrubberies, where such modes of planting prevail. The
annuals, such as the common Sunflower, should be sown
in a slight hotbed, and afterwards transplanted; the
perennials must be divided in the spring ; common, good
soil ; a few of the tenderest want a little protection in
very cold and wet winters.

ANNUALS.

H. a'nnuus (annual. Common). 6. July. N. Amer.
1596.

„ „ lenticula'ris (lenticular). 6-10. Yellow. August.
N. Amer. 1827.

„ argophy'Uus (silver-leaved). 6-10. Yellow.
Autumn. Texas. Allied to H. annuus.

„ cucumerifo'lius (cucumber-leaved). See H. DEBILIS.

„ de'bilis (weak). ij-2j. Yellow. N. Amer. 1882.

„ „ plumo'sus (plumy). Pale to deep yellow, with
strap-shaped disc florets. 1908.

„ e'xilis (feeble). i£. Yellow. California.

,, i'ndicus (dow/-Indian). See H. ANNUUS.

„ lenticula'ris (lenticular). See H. ANNUUS LENTICU-
LARIS.

„ ova 'tus (egg-leaved). See H. ANNUUS.

„ petiola'ris (/ong-leaf-stalked). 3. September. Arkan-
sas. 1826.

,, specio'sus (showy). See TITHONIA SPECIOSA.

„ tubcefo'rmis (tube-formed). See TITHONIA TUB^E-

FORMIS.

PERENNIALS.

H. alti'ssimus (tallest). See H. GIGANTEUS.
„ angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 3. September. N.

Amer. 1799.
,, atroru'bens (daxk-red-eyed) of Lamarck. See H.

L.STIFLORUS.

„ atroru'bens (dark-red) of Michaux. See H. RIGIDUS.
„ cilia'ris (eyelashed). iJ-2. Golden-yellow, with

brown disc. Mexico. 1907.
,, cornifo'lius (Cornus-leaved). 3. August. Mexico.

1825.
„ decape'talus (ten-petaled). 6. September. N. Amer.

1759.

„ ,, multiflo'rus (many-flowered). See H. MULTIFLORUS.
,, diffu'sus (spreading). See H. RIGIDUS.
„ divarica'tus (straggling). 6. N. Amer. 1759.
„ doronicoi' des (Doronicum-like). 3-6. Yellow.

October. N. Amer. 1759.
,, exce'lsus (lofty). See VIGUIERA EXCELSA.
,, gigante'us (gigantic). 10. N. Amer. 1714.
,, gro' sse-serra' tus (coarsely-serrated). 6-8. Yellow.

N. Amer.

,, Hooke'ri (Hooker's). See H. DORONICOIDES.
,, hookeria'nus (Hookerian). See WYETHIA ANGUSTI-

FOLIA.

,, latifto'rus (lively-flowered). 3. August. N. Amer.

1810.

„ linea'ris (narrow-leaved). See VIGUIERA LINEARIS.
„ longifo'lius (long-leaved). 6. Georgia. 1812.
„ longifo'lius (long- leaved) of Hooker. See WYETHIA

ANGUSTIFOLIA.

„ macrophy'llus (large-leaved). See H. STRUMOSUS.

,, Maximilia'ni (Maximilian's). 8-12. Yellow.
October. N.W. Amer.

„ micra'nthus (small-flowered). Yellow. Mexico.

,, missu'ricus (Missouri). See H. RIGIDUS.

„ mo'llis (soft). 4. August. N. Amer. 1805.

,, „ corda'tus (heart-shaped). 3-5. Orange-yellow.
Texas. 1889.

,, multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 6. N. Amer. 1597.

,, „ plefnus (double-flowered). 6. N. Amer. 1797.

,, Nutta'Uii (Nuttall's). z\. Yellow. Rocky Moun-
tains. 1899.

,, occidenta'lis (western). 4-6. Yellow. N. Amer.

„ orgya'lis (six-foot). 6-9. Yellow. N.W. Amer.
1879.

„ parviflo'rus (small-flowered). 3. July. Mexico. 1826.

„ pa' tens (spreading). See H. PETIOLARIS.

,, pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). 2. August. Louisiana.
1824.

„ prostra'tus (prostrated). See H. TRACHELIIFOLIUS.

,, pube'scens (downy). See H. DORONICOIDES and H.

TOMENTOSUS.

„ pu'milus (dwarf). 2. YeUow. N.W. Amer.

HELICHRYSUM

420

HELICHRYSUM

H. Ra'dula(rzsp). 2-4. Yellow. August. N. Amer.
1825.

„ ri'gidus (rigid). 2-3. Golden yellow. August.

N. Amer. " Prairie Sunflower."
strumo'sus (swollen). 8. N. Amer. 1710.

„ „ sati'vus (cultivated). Larger than the type.
Tubers edible. N. Amer.

„ thu'rifer (incense-bearing). Yellow. Chili.

„ iomento'sus (felted). 3. Yellow. N. Amer.

„ tracheliifo'lius (Trachelium-leaved). 6. September.
N. Amer. 1800.

„ triloba'tus (three-lobed). 3. September. Mexico.
1824.

„ tubero'sus (tuberous. Jerusalem Artichoke). 8. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1617.

„ villo'sus (shaggy). 3. August. N. Amer. 1820.

See JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE and SUNFLOWER.

HELICHRY'SUM. (From helios, the sun, and chrusos,
gold ; referring to the beauty of the flowers. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Super-
fiua. It includes Aphelexis.)

Many may be raised from seed ; others, such as hardy
and greenhouse herbaceous, by division and cuttings in
spring, in sandy soil, under a hand-glass ; evergreen
shrubs from the Cape, if small side-shoots are taken off
when getting firm at their base, will strike freely in sandy,
peaty soil, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam, three of
the former to one of the latter. Temp, for greenhouse
kinds, winter, 40° to 45°. Sta'chas is the hardiest
shrubby kind, flourishing in a sheltered place in dry,
calcareous soil. Angustifo'lium, feli'num, and fru'ticans
are the next in point of hardiness, and probably would
do on a south aspect wall.

HARDY ANNUALS.
H. br actea' turn (bracted). 4. Pale yellow. September.

Australia. 1799-
„ „ bi'color (two-coloured). 3. Yellow. July. Van

Diemen's Land. 1835.
„ „ au'reum (golden). Golden-yellow.
„ „ involu'cro-a'lbido (whitish-involucred). 3. Yellow.

July. 1833.
„ „ macra'nthum (large-flowered). Blush. Swan

River. 1837.
„ „ ni'veum (snowy). 4. White. Yellow. July.

Swan River. 1837.
„ robu'stum (robust). White, yellow. July. Swan

River. 1839.
„ sangui'neum (blood-coloured), ij. Crimson. July.

Syria. 1768. Hardy biennial.
„ specta'bile (showy). 2. Orange. June. Swan

River. 1840.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

H. arena'rium (sand), i. Yellow. August. Europe. 1739.
„ candidi'ssimum (whitest). 2. Pale yellow. June.

Caspian. 1823.
„ plica! turn (plaited), £. Yellow. Macedonia ; Asia

Minor. 1877. Prostrate.
„ sero'tinum (late). S.W. Europe.
„ seto'sum (bristly). 2. Yellow. S. Africa.

HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

H. angustifo'lium (narrow- leaved). 2. Yellow. August.

Naples. Half-hardy.
„ bellidioi'des (Bellis-like). J-$. White. April, May.

New Zealand. 1908. Prostrate.
„ co'nicum (conical). See GNAPHALIUM CONICUM.
„ rupe'stre (rock-inhabiting). Yellow. June. Naples.

1830.
„ Stce'chas (Stcechas). 2. Yellow. August. Western

Mediterranean region. 1629.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
H. apicula'tum (small-pointed). i$. Yellow. Australia.

1804.
„ arge'nteum (silvery). 2. White. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1800.
„ cri'spum (curled). 6. Pink. Cape of Good Hope.

1809.

„ cyli'ndricum (cylindrical), i. Yellow. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1780.

H. cymo'sum (cymed). ij. Yellow. June. S. Africa

i73i-

,, dealba'tum (whitened), ij. White. Tasmania. 1812
,, „ imbrica'tum (overlapping). 2. White. August

S. Africa. 1820.

„ fce'lidum (foatid). 2. Light yellow. S. Africa. 1692
,, fra'grans (fragrant). 2. Pink. July. S.Africa. 1803
,, fri'gidum (frigid). J. Silvery white. Corsica. 1879

Half-hardy.
„ grave'olens (strong-smelling). Yellow. Tauria. 1877

Half-hardy.
„ Gidie'lmi (William's). White or rose-red. Easten

Trop. Africa. 1901.
„ „ Meye'ri (Meyer's). Flower-heads more loosel]

arranged. 1902.

„ lana'tum (woolly). Asia Minor.
„ odorati'ssi mum (sweetest-scented). 2. Yellow. June

Cape of Good Hope. 1691.
„ ru'tilans (shining-flowered), i. Red, yellow. June

Cape of Good Hope. 1731.
„ scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). i. Brown, brigh

yellow. Australia. 1838.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
H. acumina'tum (sharp-pointed). See GNAPHALIUI

ACUMINATUM.

„ affl'ne (related). See GNAPHALIUM LUTEO-ALBUM.
„ antenna' rium (Antennaria-like). 3. White. Aus

tralia. Nearly hardy.

„ arbo'reum (tree-like). See ANAXETON ARBOREUM.
„ Cephalo'tes (large-headed). See METALASIA CEPHA

LOTES.

,, cine'reum (grey), i. July. Tasmania. 1820.
„ conge' stum (close-headed). See H. FELINUM.
„ Coope'ri (Cooper's). 3-4. Golden-yellow. S

Africa. 1904.
„ crassifo'lium (thick-leaved), i. Yellow. Augusl

Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

„ cri'spum (crisped). 3. White. July. S.Africa. i82C
„ dasya'nthum (thick-flowered). See H. MARITIMCM.
„ de'vium (devious). 3. White. Canary Islands. i88J
„ diosmcsfo'lium (Diosma- leaved). i$. White. Jum

Australia. 1812.

„ divarica'tum (spreading). See H. CRISPUM.
,, ericcefo'lium (Erica-leaved). S. Africa.
„ ericoi'des (heath-like), i^. Pink. June. Cape c

Good Hope. 1774.

„ fascicula'tum (bundled). See H. SESAMOIDES.
,, feli'num (feline). 3. Purple. S. Africa. 1791.
„ fra'grans (fragrant). 2. Pink. July. S. Airicz

1803.
„ fru'ticans (shrubby). 3. Yellow. July. Cape c

Good Hope. 1779.
„ fu'lgidum (shining). 2. Yellow. July. Cape c

Good Hope. 1774.
„ glomera'tum (crowded). 6. White. June. Julj

New Zealand. 1851. Nearly hardy.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. White. Juh

Cape of Good Hope. 1731.
„ helianthemifo'lium (Helianthemum-leaved). See t

SERPYLLIFOLIUM.

,, hu'mile (dwarf). i£-2. Purple. S. Africa. 1810.

,, ,, Bru'cei (Bruce's).

,, imbrica'tum (overlapping). 2. White, August, i

Africa. 1820.
,, lasiocau'lon (woolly-stemmed). See GNAPHALIU

LASIOCAULON.

„ macra'nthum (large-flowered). See H. HUMILE.
„ Ma'nnii (Mann's). 2. White ; disc yellow. Ma]

June. Fernando Po. 1863.
„ mari'timum (maritime). 4. Yellow. July. S. Afric;

1812.
„ mucrona'tum (small-pointed). 2. White. Jun<

S. Africa. 1824.

„ ni'tens (shining). Trop. Africa.
„ orienta'le (eastern), ij. Yellow. June. Orien

1629.
„ panicula'tum (panicled). 2. White. July. Cape c

Good Hope. 1800.
„ pa'tulum (spreading). 3. White. May. Cape c

Good Hope. 1771.

„ proli'ferumi ; proliferous). See PH^NOCOMA PROLIFERV
„ reto'rtum (twisted-back). i. White. July. £

Africa. 1732.

HELICODEA ZEBRINA

421

HELIOPHILA

H. ri'gidum (stifi-leaved) . See H. SXRIATUM.
„ rosmarimfo'lium (rosemary-leaved). i. White.
July. Tasmania and Victoria. 1822. "Snow in
Summer." Hardy.

„ sero'tinum (late), i. South-western Europe. Hardy.
„ serpylli folium (thyme- leaved), i. White. July.

S. Africa. 1774.
„ sesamoi'des (Sesamum-like). 2. Purple, yellow. S.

Africa. 1799.

„ ,, album (white). 2. White. S. Africa. 1799.
,, „ ru'brum (red). 2. Red. S. Africa. 1799-
,, specio'sum (showy). See H. HUMILE.
„ sple'ndens (splendid). See H. SQUAMOSUM.
,, squamo'sum (scaly). S. Africa.
„ stria'tum (striped), i|. White. July. S. Africa.

1801.
„ vestftum (clothed). 2. White. August. Cape of

Good Hope. 1774.
„ Volke'nsii (Volkens's). Bright rose, whitish. German

E. Africa. 1902.

HELICODEA ZEBRTNA. See BILLBERGIA ZEBRINA.
HELICODI CEROS. (From helix, a spiral, di, duplica-
tion, and keras, a horn ; in reference to the twisted,
erect, and horn-like lateral segments of the leaf. Nat.
ord. Araceas.)

Tuberous perennial, which succeeds best in a cool
greenhouse, though it may be grown outside in light
sandy soil with protection in winter. Offsets. Loam,
leaf-mould, and plenty of sand.
H. crini'tus (bristly), i*. Deep purple-brown. April.

Corsica. 1777.

HELICO NIA. (From helicon, a hill, consecrated to
the Muses ; in reference to the affinity of this genus to
Musa. Nat. ord. Musads [Scitaminacece]. Linn. $-Pen-
tandria, i-Monogynia.)

The fleshy roots of H. psittaco'rum are eatable. Stove
herbaceous perennials. Division of the roots ; strong,
rich, loamy soil. Summer temp., 60° to 90°, with plenty
of moisture ; winter, 50° to 60°.
//. angtistifo'lia (narrow- leaved). 3. White, crimson.

Brazil. 1828.
„ auranti' oca (orange). 2. Orange, pale yellow.

Mexico. 1862.
„ au'reo-stria'ta (golden-lined). Leaves with yellow

midrib and veins. New Britain. 1881.
,, bi 'color (two-coloured). See H. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
„ Bi'hai (Bihai). 12. Red. W. Ind. and S. Amer.

1786.
„ brasilie'nsis( Brazilian). 8. Scarlet. August. Brazil.

1820.

,, brevispa iha (short-spathed). See H. AURANTIACA.
„ caribce'a (Caribaean). See H. BIHAI.
,, choconia'na (Choconian). 3-4. Yellowish ; spathes

scarlet. Guatemala. 1888.
,, dealba'ta (whited). 3.
„ densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). 2. Orange-yellow ;

bracts red. Guiana. 1869.

,, di'scolor (two-coloured). See PHRVNIUM VARIANS.
„ Edu-a'rdus Re'x (King Edward). Leaves crimson.

1902.
„ glau'ca (sea-green). 3. Green ; bracts red. S. Amer.

1869.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy-flowered). 5. Orange. S. Amer. 1800.
„ hu'milis (humble). 3. Green, scarlet. S. Amer. 1867.
„ iUu'stris (remarkable). Leaves rose-red, with rose-
pink veins. South Sea Islands. 1893.
„ „ rubricou'lis (red-stemmed). Leaf-stalks ver-
milion-red. 1895.
„ i'ndica (Indian). See H. BIHAI.
„ meta'Uica (metallic). Veins and lower surface of

leaves bronzy-red. Brazil.
„ Micholi'tzii (Micholitz's) 2-3. Dusky brown ;

bracts edged pink. New Ireland. 1908.
„ ni'tens (shining). 2. Leaves satiny green. Mexico.

1883.
,, psittaco'rum (parrot-beaked). 4. Orange. August.

W. Ind. 1797-
„ pulverule'nta (dusted-Ieaved). 2. Greenish-scarlet.

July. S. Amer. 1830.
„ Scmde'ri (Sander's). Leaves marbled rose-red. New

Guinea. 1899.

„ specta'bilis (showy). Leaves with red midrib, purple
beneath. Trop. Amer. 1892.

H. swartzia'na (Swartz's). See H. HIRSUTA.
,, triu'mphans (triumphant). Leaves with dark brown

primary veins. Sumatra. 1882.
„ vino'sa (claret-coloured). Colombia. 1871.
,, vi'ridis (green). Polynesia.

HELICOPHYXLUM. (Derived fiom helix, a spiral,
and phullon, a leaf. Nat. ord. Araceas.)

Hardy perennials. Offsets. Light soil in a little shade.
H. Albe'rti (Albert's). Spathe green without, purple-
brown within. Turkestan. 1887.
„ Auche'ri (Aucher's). See H. RAUWOLFFI.
„ Rauwo'lffi (Rauwolff's). Green and purple-brown.
Syria.

HELICTERES. (Derived from helikter, anything
wound round or coiled ; the fruits fceing twisted. Nat.
ord. Sterculiaceae.)

Trees or shrubs for the stove. Cuttings with a heel,
inserted in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat.
Fibrous loam and peat, with sand.
H. Iso'ra (Isora). 6. Scarlet. Trop. Asia.
„ jamaice'nsis (Jamaican). White, September. W

Ind. 1757.

,, ova'ta (egg-shaped). Brownish-red. Brazil.
,, verbascifo'lia (Verbascum-leaved). See H. OVATA.

HE LINUS. (Derived from helinos, a bough or tendril
Xat. ord. Rhamnaceae.)

Woody, stove and greenhouse cumbers. Seeds ; cut-
tings getting firm at the base, in sand, kept close, with
gentle heat. Fibrous loam and sand.
H. Mystacinus (Mystacinus). 13. White, green

November. Trop. Africa. 1775. Stove.
„ ova'tus (egg-shaped). Pale green. S. Africa. 1862.
,, sca'ndens (climbing). See H. MYSTACINUS.

HELIOCA'RPUS. (From helios, the sun, and karpos,
a fruit; in reference to the fringes on the cells, or
carpels, of the fruit. Nat. ord. Lindenblooms [Tiliaceae].
Linn. n-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Spar-
mannia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in summer, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat ;
sandy loam and fibrous peat. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

H. america'nus (American). 16. Purple. Vera Cruz.
1733-

HELIO'MERIS. See GYMNOLOMIA.

HELIO PHILA. " Cape Stock/' (From helios, the
sun, and phileo, to love ; referring to the sunny aspect
where they delight to grow. Nat. ord. Cncifers [Cruci-
ferae]. Linn. i^-Tetradynamia.)

All from South Africa. Annuals, by seed in a warm,
dry border, in April, or, better still, in a slight hotbed,
under a glass, in March, and transplant in May. The
under-shrubs require the greenhouse, or cold, dry pit,
to winter them in, and are propagated by cuttings of
young shoots in sandy soil, under a hand-glass.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

H. callo'sa (beautiful), i. Yellow. July. 1802.
„ cleomoi'des (Cleome-like). See H. CALLOSA.
„ linear ifo'lia, (narrow-leaved), i. Blue. June. 1819.
„ platysi'liqua (broad-podded), i. Purple. July. 1774.
,, sca'ndens (climbing). White, or tinted with rose.

1887. Twiner.

,, scopa'ria (broom-like), i. Red. June. 1802.
„ succule'nta (succulent). See H. PLATYSILIQUA.

HARDY ANNUALS.
H. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). |. White, purple.

July. 1774-

„ araboi'des (Arabis-like). See H. PILOSA.
,, coronopifolia (buckhorn-leaved). i£. Violet. July.

1778.
,, crithmifo'lia (samphire-leaved), i. Violet. July.

1816.

„ diffu'sa (spreading). J. White. June. 1818.
„ digita'ta (finger-leaved). See H. PILOSA.
„ disse'cta, (deeply-cut), i. Blue. June. 1792.
„ „ pinna'ta (leafleted). i. White. June. 1792.
„ foenicula'cea (fennel-like), ij. Purple. June. 1774.

HELIOPSIS

422

HELLEBORUS

H. integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). See H. PILOSA INTEGRI-

FOLIA.

„ pectina'ta (comb-leaved), i. White. June. 1819.
„ pe'ndula (weeping), i*. Yellow, white. July. 1792.
„ pilo'sa (shaggy), i. Blue. July. 1768.
„ „ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). i. Blue. June.

1823.

„ rostra'ta (beaked). See H. PILOSA.
„ stri'cta (erect). See H. PILOSA INTBGRIFOLIA.
„ tri'fida (three-cut). f. Purple. June. 1819.

HELIO'PSIS. (From Helios, the sun, and opsis, like ;
the appearance of the flowers. Nat. ord. Composites
[Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngmtsia, 2-Superflua. Allied
to Zinnia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, with yellow flowers.
By seed and division ; common soil ; treatment similar
to that for Helianthus.
H. cane'scens (hoary). See H. SCABRA.
„ la' vis (smooth). 6. August. N. Amer. 1714.
,, ,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Orange. N.

Amer.

„ sca'bra (rough). 5. August. N. Amer. 1818.
„ „ grati'ssima (most-pleasing). 3. Semi -double,

bright pale yellow. 1909.
„ „ imbrica'ta (overlapping). aj. Golden-yellow,

very double. 1909.

„ „ pitcheria'na (Pitcherian). Rich orange. 1897.
„ „ zinni<zfl.o'ra (Zinnia-flowered). 2. Almost double,
golden-yellow. 1909.

HELIONOPSIS. (From Helios, the sun, and opsis,
resemblance. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Hardy herb of tufted habit. Seeds ; divisions in
spring. Light soil.

H. brevisca'pa (short-scaped), £. White, bell-shaped.
Japan. 1905.

HELIOTRO PIUM. Turnsole. (From Helios, the sun,
and trope, twining ; in reference to the curled or twining
of the flower-branch. Nat. ord. Borageworts [Boragin-
aceae]. Linn. -$-Triandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy annuals, sown in open border, in April ; tender
annuals and biennials, in hotbed, and transplanted ;
biennials to be kept on by cuttings ; shrubs, by cuttings
at any time, but best in spring and autumn : at the
first period give a little bottom-heat, at the latter period
place them under glass, and shade ; rich, light soil.

STOVE ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

H. brevifo'lium (short-leaved). See H. STRIGOSUM.
„ coromandelia'num (Coromandel). See H. SUPINUM.
„ i'ndicum (Indian), i. White or blue. June. Tropics

of Old World. 1820.
„ Parviflo'rum (small-flowered), i. White. August.

W. Ind. 1732. Biennial.
„ strigo'sum (coarsely-hairy), i. White. Beluchistan.

1824. Biennial.
„ supi'num (lying-down). J. White. S. Europe ;

Orient. 1812.

HARDY ANNUALS.

//. cegypti'acum (Egyptian). See H. PALLENS.
„ cape'nse (Cape). J. White. Cape of Good Hope.

1824.

„ commutd 'turn (changed). See H. EUROPJEUM.
„ convolvula'ceum (Convolvulus-like). 2. White. N.W.

Amer. 1867. Scented.
„ europa'um (European). £. White. July. S.

Europe. 1562.

„ oblongifo'lium (oblong-leaved). See H. EUROPIUM.
„ obova'twn (reversed-egg-leaved) . See H. OVALIFOLIUM.
„ ovalifo'lium (oval-leaved). £. Brown. May. Tropics

of Old World. 1825.

„ pa'llens (pale). White. June. Trop. Africa. 1842.
„ subcane'scens (slightly-hoary). See H. EUROPIUM.
„ villo'sum (shaggy). Greece.

GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

H. ancHuscsfo'lium (Anchusa-leaved). 2. Pale lilac.

May. Argentina. 1829.

„ arbaine'nse (Arbainian). £. Lilac, brown. July.
N. Africa. 1820.

H. corymbo'sum (corymbed). 4. Lilac. July. Peru.

1800.
,, frutico'sum (shrubby), i. White. New Granada.

1752.
„ hu'mile (humble), i. White. June. W. Ind. 1752.

Stove.

,, inca'num (hoary). 2. White. June. Peru. 1844.
,, ,, gla'brum (smooth). Purple. Peru. 1884.
,, linifo'lium (flax-leaved), ij. White. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1815.
,, marocca'num (Morocco), i. White. June. Morocco.

1823.
,, undula'tum (waved-leaved). See H. ARBAINENSE.

GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS SHRUB.

H. peruvia'num (Peruvian). 2. Lilac. July. Peru.
1757-

HELTPTERUM. (Derived from Helios, the sun, and
pteron, a wing. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Half-hardy annuals and perennials, which may be cut
and dried as " Immortelles." Annuals in the open
ground in April, or raised in heat and planted out in
May. Perennials by seeds and cuttings. Light, sandy
soil.

H. atrosangui'neum (dark blood-red). Crimson. Aus-
tralia. 1861. Half-hardy annual.
,, cane'scens (hoary). 2. Purple. S. Africa. 1794.
,, citri'num (citron). See H. COTULA.
,, corymbiflo 'rum (corymb-flowered), i. White. Aus-
tralia.

,, Co'tula (Cotula). Yellow, white. Australia. 1866.
,, exi'mium (choice). Yellow, rose. July. S. Africa.

1793-

,, ferrugi'neum (rusty). Red-brown. S. Africa.
,, fra'grans (fragrant). See HELICHRYSUM FRAGRANS.
,, gnaphalioi'des (Gnaphalium-like). i£. Red, yellow.

S. Africa.

„ humboldtia'num (Humboldtian). i-ij. Yellow. Aus-
tralia. 1863.

,, hu'mile (humble). See HELICHRVSUM HUMILE.
,, imbrica'tum (overlapping). See HELICHRYSUM IM-

BRICATUM.
„ Mangle' sii (Mangles's). i. Rose. July. Australia.

1832. Half-hardy annual.
,, „ a'lbum (white), i. Bracts white.
,, ,, macula'tum (blotched), i. Rose, with crimson

zone. Australia. 1861.

,, „ sangui'neum (blood-red). Violet-red. 1897.
,, phlomoi'des (Phlomis-like). i. Light purple. July.

S. Africa. 1802.

,, ro'seum (rosy). 1-2. Rose. June, July. Australia.
,, ,, grandiftp' rum (large-flowered). Rose.
„ Sandfo'rdii (Sandford's). See H. HUMBOLDTIANUM.
,, sesamoi'des (Sesamum-like). See HELICHRYSUM

SESAMOIDES.

,, speciosi' ssimum (showiest). 8. White. August.

S. Africa. 1691.
„ sple'ndidum (splendid), i-ij. White. W. Australia.

1904.

„ Trcede'lii (Troadel's). i. Australia.
,, variega'tum (variegated). 2-3. Brown, white. S.

Africa. 1801.
,, virga'tum (twiggy). Yellow. S. Africa.

HELLE'BORUS. Hellebore. (From Helein, to kill,
and bora, food ; referring to its poisonous quality. Nat.
ord. Crowfoots [Ranunculaceasl. Linn. i^-Polyandria,
6-Polygynia. Allied to Eranthis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials ; by seeds, and by
division of the plant in spring ; common soil, in a shady
place.
H. abcha' sicus (Abchasian) . i. Green, purple. February.

Caucasus.

,, antiquo'rum (ancients'), ij. White. Bithynia.
,, a'tro-ru'bens (dark red), i. Purple. March. Hun-
gary. 1820.

,, cauca'sious (Caucasian), ij. Green. Caucasus. 1853.
„ „ co'lchicus (Colchic). See H. COLCHICUS.
,, ,, gutta'tus (spotted). See H. GUTTATUS.
,, ,, ni'gricans (black), i. Large, bluish-black. 1896.
,, ,, pa'llidus (pale). See H. VIRIDIS PALLIDUS.
,, ,, puncta'tus (finely spotted). See H. GUTTATUS SUB-
PUNCTATUS.

HELLENIA

423

HEMEROCALLIS

H. co'lchicus (Colchic). ij. Rich purple. February.

Mingrelia.

„ cu'preus (copper-coloured-tfouwed). See H. ODORUS.
„ cyclophy'lus (round-leaved). Green. Greece.
„ dumeto'rum (thicket). See H. VIRIDIS DUMETORUM.
„ fce'tidus (foetid. Bear's-foot). i±. Green. March.

England.

„ grave olens (strong-scented). See H. ODORUS.
„ gutta'tus (spotted), i. Pale rose, spotted with

purple. Caucasus.
„ „ suopuncta'tus (dotted), i. Rose, dotted with

purple. 1880.
„ interme'dius (intermediate). See H. VIRIDIS INTER-

MEDIUS.
„ li'vidus (livid- three-leaved). i. Purple. March.

Corsica. 1710.
„ „ integri'lobus (entire-lobed). i. Purple. February.

Corsica. 1710.

„ multi'ftdus (much cut). See H. VIRIDIS BOCCONI.
„ ni'ger (black. Christmas-Rose), i. Pink. Austria.

1596.

„ „ altifo'lius (tall-leaved), i. White, pink.
„ „ angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved), i. White. March.

Austria. 1596.
„ „ pra'cox (early). Flowers small. September to

February.

„ „ River sto'ni (Riverston's). i. White.
„ olo'rus (sweet-scented). i£. Green. March.

Hungary. 1817.

„ officina'lis (officinal). See H. ORIENTALIS.
„ oly'mpicus (Olympian). 2. Green. February.

Bithynia. 1840.
,, orienta'lis (eastern), i. Dark. February. India.

1839.

,, „ ro'seus (rosy). Rosy-pink.
„ orienta'lis (eastern) of Lindley. See H. ANTIQUORUM.
,, po'niicits (Pontic). See H. ORIENTALIS.
„ purpura' 'scens (purplish). See H. VIRIDIS PURPURA-

SCENS.

,, terna'lis (spring). |. White. March. Austria. 1596.
,, vi'ridis (green), i. Deep green. March, April.

Europe (England).
„ „ Bocco'ni (Boccon's). Italy.
,, „ dumeto'rum (thicket). i£. Green. March. 1817.
,, ,, interme'dius (intermediate). Green, purplish.
„ „ pa'llidus (pale). Pale green.
„ ,, purpura' scens (purple). i£. Purple, green.

March. Hungary. 1817.

HELLE NIA. (Named after C. N. Hellenius, professor
at Abo. Nat. ord. Gingerworts [Scitaminaceae]. Linn.
i-Monandria, i-Monogynia. United to Alpinia.)
H. abno'rmis (irregular). 10. June. China. 1824.

Appears to be Alpinia chinensis.
„ ccKrulea (blue-berried). See ALPINIA C^RULEA.
,, chine'nsis (Chinese). See ALPINIA CHINENSIS.

HELMET FLOWER. Corya'nthes, Aconi'tum andScutel-
la'ria.

HELMHO'LTZIA. (Commemorative of Hermann Helm-
holtz, a Prussian professor. Nat. ord. Philydraceae.)

Greenhouse perennial herb of tufted habit, like an Iris
in foliage. Seeds ; divisions in spring. Fibrous loam,
peat, and plenty of sand to ensure porosity. Water
liberally in summer.

H. glabe'rrima (smoothest). 1^-3. White. May. Pacific
Isles. 1873.

HE'LMIA. (Commemorative of Dr. C. Helm. Nat.
ord. Dioscoreaceae. Should be united with Dioscorea.)

A woody stove climber, with a tuberous rootstock.
Offsets. Loam, with a little peat and sand.
H. racemo'sa (racemed). 8. Yellow and purple. S.
Amer. 1850.

KELMINTEO STACHYS (From helmins, helminthos,
a worm, and slachus. a spike ; the crested clusters of
sori resembling small worms. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices].)

Stove Fern allied to Botrychium, with a creeping root-
stock. Divisions. Peat, loam, and sand.
H. zeyla'nica (Cingalese). i£. Himalayas to Ceylon
and Queensland. 1861.

HELO'NIAS. (A diminutive of helos, a marsh ; small
marsh-plants. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliacese]. Linn.
b-Hexandria, $-Trigynia. Allied to Veratrum.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North America.
By seeds, and dividing the roots in spring ; sandy,
fibrous loam and peat, and requiring a moist, somewhat
shaded situation.
H. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See ZYGADENUS AN-

GUSTIFOLIUS.

„ asphodeloi'des (asphodel-like). See XEROPHYLLUM

ASPHODELOIDES.

„ bractea'ta (large- bracted). See ZYGADENUS BRACTEA-

TUS.

„ bulla'ta (boss-garnished), i. Purple. April. 1758.
„ erythrospe'rjna (red-seeded). See ZYGADENUS Musci-

TOXICUM.

„ glabe'rrima (smoothest). See ZYGADENUS FREMONTI.
„ grami'nea (grass-Uke). See STENANTHIUM ANGUSTI-

FOLIUM.

„ la'ta (bright green). See ZYGADENUS MUSCITOXICUM.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See H. BULLATA.
„ lu'tea (yellow). See CHAM^ELIRIUM CAROLINIANUM.
„ virgi'nica (virginian). See MELANTHIUM VIRGINICUM.
„ vi'ridis (green). See VERATRUM VIRIDE.

HELONIO'PSIS. (From Helonias, and opsis, resem-
blance ; the plant being similar and closely allied to
Helonias. Nat. ord. Lihaceae.)

A hardy perennial herb suitable for a peaty bed on
the rockery, in a situation shaded from the sun from
noon onwards. Seeds ; divisions in spring.
H. umbella'ta (umbelled). i-i J. Rose. Formosa. 1887.

HELWI'NGIA. (In compliment to G. A. Helwing, a
botanist. Nat. ord. Araliaceas.)

A rare shrub, more interesting than ornamental, with
the flowers attached to the leaves. Cuttings of half-
ripe wood in summer in a close, cold frame. Ordinary
soil, with the shelter of a wall.

H. rusciflo'ra (Ruscus-flowered). 3. Green. Japan.
Syn. H. ruscifolia.

HELXTNE. (Helxine, a plant, or Pellitory of the wall ;
in allusion to the habit of the plant of growing over damp
stones. Nat. ord. Urticaceae.)

A creeping, hardy perennial herb, valued for the
dainty character of the dense carpet of small leaves on
slender, creeping stems ; suitable for the rockery or
for pots. Divisions. Moist soil, but well drained in a
half shady situation.
H. Soleiro'lii (SoleiroFs). &. Green. Corsica and

Sardinia. 1905.

HEMEROCA'LLIS. Day Lily. (From hemero, a day,
and kailos, beauty. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division in spring ;
common garden-soil.

H. a'lba (white). See FUNKIA SUBCORDATA.
,, auranti'aca (orange). 1^-2. Orange. Japan (?)
„ „ ma'jor (greater). Flowers larger, orange-red.

Japan. 1895.

,, caru'lea (blue). See FUNKIA OVATA.
,, citri'na (citron). 2. Lemon-yellow, twice as large

as those of H. Dumortieri. China. 1897.
,, corda'ta (heart-shaped). See FUNKIA SUBCORDATA.
„ di'sticha (two-rowed). See H. FULVA.
„ Dumortieri (Dumortier's). ij. Orange-yellow.

Japan. 1833.

„ „ Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). Japan.
„ fla'va (yellow). 2. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1596.
,, fu'lva (tawny). 4. Tawny. July. Levant. 1596.
,, „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Orange-yellow.
,, ,, Cypria'ni (Cyprian). Coppery-red, with golden

centre. Central China. 1906.

,, „ fio're ple'no (double-flowered). 4. Copper. July.
„ „ hupehe'nsis (Hupeh). Bright coppery-red, with

yellow throat. Central China. 1906.
,, „ Kwa'nso (Kwanso). 1866.
„ ,, longitu'ba (long- tubed). See H. FULVA ANGUSTI-

FOLIA.

,, ,, macula'ta (blotched). Flowers with a reddish-
purple blotch inside. N.W. China. 1897.
,, ,, variega'ta (striped- leaved). 4. Copper. July.
,, gra'cilis (slender). Japan. 1871.
,, grami'nea (grassy-leaved). See H. MINOR.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). See FUNKIA SUBCORDATA.
„ Middendo'rffii (Middendorff's). 1^-3. Golden-yellow.
July. Amurland.

HEMIANDRA

424

HEMIZON1A

H Middendo'rfii ma'jor (greater). Flowers larger.
, mi'nor (lesser), i. Light yellow. June. China and

Japan. 1759.
pi'cta (painted). 1868.

plantagi'nea (plantain-like). See FUNKIA SUBCORDATA.
pu'mila (dwarf). See H. MINOR.
ru'tilans (red). See H. DUMORTIERII.
Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). See H. DUMORTIERII SIEBOLDII.
specio'sa (showy). See HYMENOCALLIS SPECIOSA.
Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 2. Deep yellow. July,

August. Japan.

HEMIA'NDRA. (From hemi, half, and aner, a man ;
in reference to the absence of the two upper stamens,
being half their number. Nat. ord. Labiates or Lipworts
[Labiatae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia. Allied
to Prostanthera.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub, from Australia. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
April ; loam and peat, lightened with sand and pieces
of charcoal. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 38°
to 45°-
H. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). See H. PUNGENS.

,, emargina'ta (notch-ended). See H. PUNGENS.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). See H. PUNGENS.

„ pu'ngens (sharp-pointed). White, purple. May.
1837.

„ rupe'stris (rock). See H. PUNGENS.

HEMICHTE'NA. (Derived from hemi, half, and chaino,
to gape, to open ; in allusion to the form of the flowers.
Nat. ord. Scrophulariaceae.)

A showy, stove shrub, with two-lipped, gaping flowers.
Cuttings of half-ripe wood in sand, and placed in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam and peat, with
sand.
H. frutico'sa (shrubby). 3-5. Yellow. Mexico. 1873.

EEMICLI'DIA BAXTE'RI. See DRYANDRA FALCATA.

HEMIDI'CTYON. (From hemi, half, and diktuon, a
net. Nat. ord. Polypods [Polypodiaceae]. Linn. 24-
Cryptogamia, i-FUices. United to Asplenium.)

A stove Fern. Division in spring ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
H. margina'tum (bordered). See ASPLENIUM MARGINA-

TUM.

HEHUGE'NIA. (From hemi, half, and genca, generation ;
referring to the absence of the two upper stamens, being
half their number. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiatae]. Linn.
H-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia. Allied to Hemiandra.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of short young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam.
Winter temp., 40° to 45° ; requires good drainage.
H. inca'na (hoary). 2-3. Purple. Australia.
„ purpu'rea (purple-flowered). Purple. April. N. S.
Wales. 1824.

HEMIGO'NIUM. (From hemi, half, and gonos, angle.
Nat. ord. ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^Cryptogamia, i-
Filices.)

Herbaceous stove Fern. Divisions in spring ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45°
to 55°.
H. cadu'cum (naked). Brown, yellow. May. W. Ind.

HEMIGRA'PmS. (Derived from hemi, half, and
grapko, to write. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Perennial stove plants. Cuttings of young shoots in-
serted in sand, and given bottom-heat. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, and sand.
H. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Java.
„ austra'lis (southern). See RUELLIA AUSTRALIS.
„ color a' ta (coloured). White. Leaves silvery-grey

above, purple beneath. Java. 1885.
„ e'legans (elegant). 2. Blue, purple. Burma. 1834.
,, hi'rta (hairy). E. Ind.
„ repa'nda (scolloped). Java.
„ stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). Java.

HEMIGYKO'SA. (From hemi, half, and guros, twisted
or curved ; in allusion to the one-sided character of all
parts of the flower and fruit. Nat. ord. Sapindaceas.)

A stove tree with silky branches and pinnate leaves.
Cuttings of half-ripe wood, in sand, placed in a close

case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, a little peat

and sand.

H. cane'scens (hoary). 16. Ceylon. 1818.

IIS. (From hemi, half, and meris, a part ;

referring to the appearance of the flowers as if in twc
halves. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn.
z-Diandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Alonsoa.)

Stove herbaceous perennial. Cuttings of young shoots
in sandy soil, and in bottom-heat ; sandy loam and a
little peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48°
to 55°.
H. monta'na (mountain). $. July. S. Africa. 1816.

HEMIONI'TIS. (From hemionos, a mule ; supposed
to be barren. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-
Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Dividing the roots ;
sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 45° to 55°.
H. corda'ta (heart-leaved). Brown, yellow. July. E. Ind.

„ palma'ta (hand-leaved). J. July. W. Ind. 1793.

,, peda'ta (pedate). See PTERIS PEDATA.

„ pinna'ta (leafleted). Brown, yellow. July. E. Ind.

HEMIO'RCHIS. (From hemi, half, and Orchis; the
flowers resemble those of an Orchid. Nat. ord. Scita-
minaceae.)

A fast-growing perennial herb for the stove. Divisions
of the thin rhizomes. Fibrous loam and peat, with plenty
of sand to ensure porosity.

H. burma'nica (Burman). r. Purple and yellow.
Burma.

HEMIPHRA'GMA. (From hemi, half, and phragma,
the wall of an enclosure ; in allusion to the dividing
wall of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord. Scrophulariaceae.)

A half-hardy perennial herb. Divisions or cuttings
in sand under a bell-glass in summer. Light soil.
H. heterpphy'llum (various- leaved). J. Pink. Summer.
Himalaya.

HEMIPILIA. (From hemi, half, and pilos, a cap.
Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Terrestrial Orchid for the East Indian house. See
ORCHIDS FOR CULTURE.
H. amethysti'na (amethyst), f. White and purple.

Burma. 1897.

,, calophy'lla (beautiful-leaved). White, green, rich
purple. Burma. 1887.

HEMIPTELEA DAVI'DH. See ZELKOVA DAVI'DII.
HEMISTEMMA. See HIBBERTIA.

HEMITE LJA. (From hemi, half, and mitella, a mitre ;
shape of root-stock. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn.
z^-Cryptogamia, i-Fthces.)

Stove Tree Ferns, except H. capensis and H. Smiihii,
which require greenhouse treatment.
H. cape'nsis (Cape). Fronds twice or thrice pinnate.

S. Africa, Brazil, &c.
„ grandifo'lia (large-leaved). Arborescent. W. Ind.,

Guiana, &c. 1852.
„ guiane'nsis Para'dce (Parada). More robust than the

type, arborescent. Colombia. 1877.
„ ho'rrida (prickly). 20. Brown, yellow. W. Ind. ;

Colombia. 1843.
„ harstenia'na (Karstenian). Frond ample, pinnate.

Caracas.

„ Linde'ni (Linden's). 2. Fronds large. Brazil (?). 1894.
„ multifto'ra (many-flowered). Brown, yellow. W. Ind.

1824.
„ seto'sa (bristly). Stem prickly. Frond bipinnate.

Brazil.
,, Smi'thii (Smith's). 25. Arborescent, smooth

stemmed. New Zealand. 1860.
„ specio'sa (showy). 20-24. Stem tuber cled. Colombia.

HEMIZO'NIA. (From hemi, half, and zone, a zone
in reference to the shape of the flowers. Nat. ord.
Compositae.)

One is a fast-growing shrub, with white branches and
spiny leaves, the other an annual herb. Seeds ; cuttings
of young wood in a gentle heat. Loam, leaf-mould,
and sand.

HEMLOCK

425

HERMANNIA

H. corymbo'sa (corymbose). 2. Yellow. California.

" Tar-weed."
„ pu'ngens (prickly). Yellow. California. 1898. Shrub.

HEMLOCK. Coni'um macula'titm.

HEMLOCK SPRUCE. Tsu'ga canade'nsis.

TTRTffP AGRIMONY. Eupato'rium cannabi'num.

HEN-AND- CHICKENS. Be1 His pere'nnis proli'fera.
See DAISY.

HENBANE. Hyoscy'amus.

HENFRE'YA. (Named after Arthur Henfrey, Esq., a
distinguished botanist. Nat. ord. Acanthads [Acan-
thaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia.)
H. sca'ndens (climbing). See ASYSTASIA SCANDENS.

HENCKE'LIA CRDH'TA. See DIDYMOCARPUS CRINITA.

HENNA-PLANT. Lawso'nia ine'rmis.

HENRIETTE'LLA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Melastomaceae.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings of short side-shoots
in sand, in a close propagating case. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand.
H. fascicula'ris (bundled). 6-10. White. Jamaica.

HEPA'TICA. (From hepaticos, relating to the liver ;
referring to the lobed leaves. Nat. ord. Crowfoots
[Ranunculaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, 6-Polygynia. See
ANEMONE.)
H. acuti'loba (acute-lobed). See ANEMONE HEPATICA

ACUTILOBA.

„ america'na (common. American). See ANEMONE
HEPATICA.

„ angulo'sa (angled). See ANEMONE ANGULOSA.

„ tri'loba (cowmon-three-lobed). See ANEMONE HEPA-
TICA.

HEPI'ALUS HU MULL See OTTER MOTH.

HEPTAPLEU'RUM. (Derived from hepta, seven, and
pleuron, a rib ; in reference to the ridges on the fruit.
Nat. ord. Araliacece.)

Evergreen stove shrubs or trees. Seeds ; grafting.
Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
H. emargina'tum (end-notched). Green. Ceylon. 1848.
„ polybo'tryum (many-bunch-fruited). Green. Java.

1860.

„ tomento'sum (felted). Green. Malaya.
,, vemdo'sum (finely- veined). Green. Trop. Asia and

Australia.
» „ erythro' stachys (red-spiked). Red. Trop. Asia.

HERACA'NTHA TAUTUCA. See CARTHAMUS LANATUS .

HERA'CLEUM. Cow Parsnip. (From Heracles, a
plant consecrated to Hercules. Nat. ord. Umbeilifers
[Umbelliferae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

Strong, coarse plants, adapted for rough ground, banks
of lakes, rivers, and waterfalls. H. villo'sum is the best
for these purposes. All the species are hardy biennials
or herbaceous perennials, and white flowered.
H. absinthiifo'lium (wormwood- leaved). See ZOSIMA

ORIENTALIS.

„ a'sperum (rough). White. Caucasus.

„ ca'ndicans (whitening). Leaves hoary. Himalaya.

„ e'minens (eminent). See H. PLATYT^NIUM.

„ ftave'scens (yellow). Leaves much divided. Northern

Asia. 1889.

„ gigante'um (giant). See H. VILLOSUM.
„ gummi'ferum (gum-bearing). Europe.
,, lana'tum (woolly). N. Amer.
,, lehmannia,' num (Lehmannian). Turkestan.
„ Leichtli'nii (Leichtlin's). Country uncertain.
„ mantegazzia'num (Mantegazzian). Umbels 4^ ft.

across. Caucasus. 1897.
„ nepale'nse (Nepaulese). Sikkim Himalayas.
„ palma'tum (palmate). Orient.

„ Pana'ces (Panaces). S. Europe. " Hercules All-heal."
„ pe'rsicwn (Persian). 13. White. Orient. 1888.
„ plalytafnium (broad-banded). Asia Minor. 1871.
„ pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). Pyrenees.
„ seto'sum (bristly). S. Europe.
„ sibi'ricum (Siberian). 6. July to September. Europe,

N. Asia. 1789.

H. Sphondy' Hum (Sphondylium). 4-6. White or pink.

Europe (Britain). " Hog-weed."
„ sublinea're (nearly-linear). Leaf segments very

narrow. Himalaya.

,, villo'sum (shaggy). 12. White. Caucasus. 1820.
„ WaUi'chii (Wallich's). 4-5. Himalayas.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS are those perennials which
lose their stems annually, whilst the roots continue alive
in the earth. The root leaves may die away, or they
may remain green through the winter, and be termed
evergreen herbs, or evergreen herbaceous plants. In a
botanical sense, all plants not woody are herbaceous,
and include annuals and bulbs.

HERBA'RIUM. A collection of plants, dried and pre-
served for botanical purposes.

HERBARY was a department of the garden formerly
much more cultivated than at present, when the more
potent medicinal plants of hotter climates are so easily
procurable. The following is a list of the tenants of the
herbary, the appropriate cultivation of which will be
found under their particular titles : Angelica, Balm.
Basil, Blessed Thistle, Borage, Burnet, Caraway, Chamo-
mile, Chervil, Coriander, Dill, Hyssop, Lavender,
Liquorice, Marigold, Marjoram, Mint, Pennyroyal,
Peppermint, Purslane, Rue, Sage, Savory, Scurvy Grass,
Tansy, Tarragon, Thyme, Wormwood.

HERB-BENNET. Ge'um.

HERBE'RTIA. (Named after Dr. Herbert, Dean of
Manchester, a distinguished investigator of bulbous
plants. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridacea?]. Linn. i6-Mona-
ddphia, i-Triandria. Allied to Cypella.)

Pretty little half-hardy bulbs. Seeds and offsets in
spring ; sandy loam and a little peat ; should be kept
in a cold pit in winter, or protected in a dry border.
H. Amato'nim (lovers'). ii. Violet, white, brown.

Uruguay. 1907.

„ ccBru'lea (sky-blue). See H. DRUMMONDIANA.
„ drummondia'na (Drummond's). Violet. April. Texas.

1842.
,, plate1 nsis (La Plata). 2. Porcelain blue. Blooms

eight months of the year. Uruguay. 1909.
„ pvlche/Ua(ne3ii). J. Blue, purple. July. Chili. 1827
,, pusi'Ua (small). Yellow. June. Brazil. 1830.

HERB-GRACE. See RUE.

HERB PARIS. Pa'ris.

HERB ROBERT. Gera'nium Robertia'num.

HERCULES' CLUB. Zantho' 'xylum Cla'va-He'rculis.

HERITTERA. Looking-glass plant. (Named after
L'Heritier, a French botanist. Nat. ord. Sterculiads
[Sterculiaceae]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, iQ-Decandria. Allied
to Sterculia.)

Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of ripe young shoots
in sand, under a glass, and in brisk bottom-heat ; sandy,
rich loam and a little peat ; summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 60°.

H. Fo'mes (Fomes). India and Malaya.
,, littora'lis (shore). 20. Red. E. Ind. 1780.
„ macrophy'tta (large-leaved). Whitish. India. 1880.

" Looking-glass Tree."
„ mi'nor (smaller). 12. Mauritius. 1842.

HERMA'NNIA. (Named after Paul Hermann, a
botanist. Nat. ord. Sterculiads [Sterculiacese]. Linn.
i6-Monadelphia, 2-Pentandria. Allied to Mahernia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South Africa, with
yellow flowers, except where otherwise mentioned.
Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, in spring, under a
glass ; sandy loam and a little fibrous peat. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.
H. alnifo'lia (alder-leaved). 7. March. 1728.

„ althceifo'lia (mallow-leaved) . z\. April. 1728.

,, arge'ntea (silvery). 2. Orange. May. 1820.

„ ca'ndicans (white). Purple. Branches and leaves
white-felted. 1899.

,, conglomera' to, (clustered). Yellow. 1872.

,, corvnopifo'lia (buckhorn-leaved). 2. June. 1823.

,, crista'ta (crested). 2. Orange-red. Transvaal.

„ cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 2. August. 1791.

„ decu'mbens (lying-down), i. May. 1821.

HERMAPHRODITE

426

HESPERIS

H disermcefo'lia (hedgehog- leaved). April. 1794.
fascicula'ta (bundled). See H. LINEARIFOLIA.
fla'mmea (frame-flowered). 3. Orange. December.

1794.

fro,' grans (fragrant). See H. ALTH^EIFOLIA.
glandulo'sa (glandular). 2. June. 1822.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See MAHERNIA GRANDI-

FLORA.

hirsu'ta (hairy). 3. April. 1789.

hispi'dula (slightly-bristled). March. 1824.

holoseri'cea (velvet-leaved). 2. June. 1792.

hyssopifo'lia (hyssop- leaved). 7. Straw. May. 1725-

inci'sa (cut-leaved). 2. June. 1816.

infla'ta (swollen). 3. Tawny. September. Mexico.

1829.

involucra'ta (involucred). See H. SALVIFOLIA.
latifo'lia (broad- leaved). See H. SALVIFOLIA.
lavandul&fo'lia (lavender-leaved), i£. June. i732-
linearifo'lia (linear-leaved). Wine-coloured. 1869.
mi' cans (glittering). See H. SALVIFOLIA.
multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See H. CUNEIFOLIA.
odora'ta (sweet-scented). See H. LAVANDUL-*:FOLIA.
plica' ta (plaited-leaved). See H. ALTH^IFOLIA.
procu'mbens (lying-down), ij. May. 1792.
pulvera'ta (powdered). 2. June. 1820.
salvifo'lia (Salvia-leaved). 2. May. 1790.
sca'bra (rough-leaved). See H. HIRSUTA.
scopa'ria (broom). Creamy- white. 1870.
tenuifp'lia (slender-leaved). 2. June.
trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 2. 1752.
trifu'rca (three-forked). 3. Purple. May. 1789.
triphy'lla (three-leaved). 2. June. 1819.
HERMAPHRODITE. Flowers containing both stamens
and pistil, that is, both sexes.

HERMINIE RA. (From hermin or hermis, herminos,

the foot of a bed ; in allusion to the shape of the stem.

Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

A fast-growing shrub requiring moist stove treatment,

with the base of the pot immersed in the water of a

tank or saucer. Seeds. Any light soil.

H. daphro'xylon (light-wood). 3-6. Yellow. Trop.
Africa. " Pith Tree." The wood is as light as
pith, and used for making floats by the natives
when swimming across the Nile.

HERMI NIUM. (Derivation not explained. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. so-Gynandria, i-Monandria.
Allied to Gymnadenia.)

Terrestrial orchids, inhabiting dry, chalky banks.
Divisions of the roots ; chalky loam and fibrous peat ;
some hardy enough for a shady border, and others re-
quiring the greenhouse.

H. alpi'num (alpine). White. May. Switzerland. 1824.
„ corda'tum (heart-leaved). See HABENARIA CORDATA.
„ conge' stum (crowded- flowered). Green. November.

Madeira.
„ Mono'rchis (one-bulbed). Green. June. England.

HERMODA'CTYLUS. (From hermos, solitary, and
daktulos, a ringer ; in allusion to the tuberous root. Nat.
ord. Iridaceas.)

Hardy, tuberous-rooted plant, closely allied to Iris
and often named 7. tuberosa. Seeds and offsets. Light,
sandy, but rich soil.

H. tubero'sus (tuberous), i. Green, black. Spring.
Mediterranean region. 1597.

HERNA'NDIA. Jack-in-a-box. (Named after F.
Hernandez, M.D., a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord. Laurels
[Lauraceae]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, %-Triandria. Allied to
Cassytha.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in brisk bottom-heat ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
H guiane'nsis (Guiana). 50. Guiana. 1820.

mcerenhoutia'na (Moerenhoutian). Pale yellow.

Tahiti Islands. 1869.
ovi'gera (egg-bearing). 50. W. Ind.
peUa'ta (peltate). Tropics.
sono'ra (sounding). 50. E. Ind. 1693.

HERNIA RI A. (From hernia, rupture, which, at one

time, it was supposed to cure. Nat. ord. Illecebraceae.)

Creeping, evergreen herbs, valued chiefly for ground-

work in carpet bedding. Division. Any good garden

soil.

H. alpi'na (alpine). Green. July. Europe.

,, cilia' ta (eye-lashed). Green. July, August. England.

„ gla'bra (smooth). Green. July. England. The best
for carpet bedding.

,, hirsu'ta (hairy). Green. July. England.

HERON'S BILL. Ero'dium.

HERPE'STIS. (From herpesies, a creeping thing ; in
reference to the creeping stems. Nat. ord. Figworts
[Scrophulariaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia,2-Angiospermia.
Allied to Gratiola.)

Aquatic perennials. Seeds and divisions ; rich, loamy
soil. H. Monnie'ria is hardy ; the other one requires
pans or tubs of water in a stove.
H. cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). See H. MONNIERIA.
„ Monnie'ria (Monnier's). £. Light blue. August.

S. Amer. 1772.

„ polya'ntha (many-flowered). See H. STRICTA.
,, refle'xa (reflexed). See MYRIOPHYLLUM PROSERPINA-

COIDES.
,, stri'cta (erect), i. Blue. August. Brazil. 1824.

HERPETOSPE'RMUM. (From herpetos, creeping, and
sperma, a seed ; the compressed, three-lobed seeds being
like some creeping animal. Nat. ord. Cucurbitacea?.)

Climbing, annual herb for open-air culture. Seeds.
Ordinary soil.

H. "randifto'rum (large-flowered). Yellow. Fruit
greenish, 7 to 8 ribbed. Central China. 1906.

HERRA'NIA. (Named in compliment to General
Herran, some time president of Colombia. Nat. ord.
Sterculiaceaj.)

Evergreen tree requiring stove treatment. Seeds ;
cuttings of half-ripe wood in sand, with bottom-heat, in a
close case. Loam, with a little peat and sand.
H. albifto'ra (white-flowered). White. Colombia.
,, palma'ta (hand-shaped). Australia. 1866. This is
a species of Dendropanax.

HERRE'RIA. (Commemorative of Gabriel de Herrera,
a Spaniard. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Warm greenhouse climber. Seeds, layers. Fibrous
loam and peat, with sand.

H. Salsapari'lha (Salsaparilha). 10. Green, yellow.
Brazil. 1824.

HESPERA LOE. (From hespera, the west, and Aloe.
Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Greenhouse plants, having a striking resemblance to a
Yucca, with channelled, dry leaves, thready at the
margins. Seeds or suckers. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould,
and a free admixture of finely broken bricks.
H. Da'vyi (Davy's). 12. Green and white. California.

1898.

,, yucceefo'lia (Yucca-leaved). 3-4. Reddish. Texas.
1882.

HESPERA'NTHA. Evening Flower. (From hespera,
the evening, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. Irids
[Iridaceee]. Linn. 3-Triandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Ixia.)

Small bulbs, from South Africa. Offsets ; sandy loam
and peat ; requiring the protection of a cold pit in
winter.

H. angu'sta (narrow-leaved). £. White. May. 1825.
,, cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). \. Violet. April. 1787.
,, ere' eta (erect). See GEISSORHIZA ERECTA.
,, falca'ta (sickle-leaved). £. Violet. May. 1787.
,, graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). £. Greenish-white.

August. 1808.
„ longitu'ba (long-tubed), i. White, tinted red-brown.

1877.
,, pilo'sa (thinly hairy). White, spotted with red on the

back. 1811.

,, ,, nu'da (naked). See H. GRAMINI FOLIA.
„ radia'ta (radiated). £. Violet. May. 1794.
„ Woo'dii (Wood's). White. Natal.

HESPERIS. Rocket. (From hesperos, the evening
star ; rockets being sweeter towards the evening. Nat.
ord. Crucifers [Crucifera?]. Linn. i^-Tetradynamia.)

Annuals and biennials, sow in open border, in March
and April ; perennials, division of the root, and giving

HESPEROCALLIS

427

HETEROPTERIS

them fresh soil ; the best time for this is after they have
finished flowering and fresh growth has commenced ;
light, rich soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.

H. pvlche'Ua (neat). See MALCOLMIA PULCHELLA.
» pygma'a (dwarf). See MALCOLMIA PULCHELLA.
„ ramosi'ssima (branchiest). £. Red. July. Algiers.
1819.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

H. ela'ta (tall). See H. MATRONALIS.
„ fra'grans (fragrant), i. Purple. May. Siberia,

1821.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. White, purple. July.

1820.

„ heterophy'tta (various-leaved). See H. MATRONALIS.
„ lacinia'ta (fringed), ij. Purple. May. S. France.

1816.

„ runcina'ta (irregular-lobed). See H. MATRONALIS.
„ „ bitumino'sa (clammy). See H. MATRONALIS.
,, tn'stis (sad), i. Purple. May. Austria. 1629.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

H. a'prica (exposed), i. Purple. May. Siberia. 1822.
„ exce'lsa (lofty). 3. White. May. 1828.
„ inodo'ra ( scentless! . See H. MATRONALIS SYLVESTRIS.
„ tnatrona'lts (matronly). 4. Purple. June. Europe.

1597.
„ ,, albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 4. White. June.

Europe. 1759.
„ „ albo-ple'na (double-white- flowered). 2. White.

June. Europe. 1597-
„ „ foliiflo'ra (leaf-flowered). 2. Green. June.

Europe. 1597.
„ „ horte'nsis (garden). Purple. June. Europe.

1759-
„ „ purpu'reo-ple'na (double-purple). Red. June.

Europe. 1597.
„ „ sibi'rica (Siberian). 3. Purple. June. Siberia.

1800.

,, „ sylve'stris (wood). Pink. June. Britain.
,, ,, variega'ta (vaiiegated-double- flowered). 2. White,

red. June. Europe. 1597.

„ repa'nda (wavy-edged). See ERYSIMUM LINIFOLIUM.
,, specio'sa (showy). See PARRYA INTEGERRIMA.
„ viola'cea (violet), x. Violet. June. Asia Minor.

HESPEROCA LLIS. (From hespera, the west, and
kcdlps, beautiful ; literally, beauty of the west. Nat. ord.
Liliaceae.)

A greenhouse or half-hardy perennial herb. Seeds,
divisions. Light, fibrous loam and leaf -mould.
H. undula'ta (wavy). 2. White, fragrant. California.
1882.

HESPEROCHTRON. (Meaning not explained. Nat.
ord. Hydrophyllaceae.)

H. califor'nicus is a half-hardy annual, but the other
is a hardy alpine perennial. Seeds ; and the perennial
by division or cuttings under a hand-glass. Ordinary
soil.
H. califor'nicus (Calif ornian). J. White, lined with

black. California. 1823.

„ pu'milus (dwarf). J. White, lined with violet.
N.W. Amer. 1888.

HESPEROSCO'RDUM. (Literally, the onion of the
west ; from hesperos, the evening, and scordon, garlic.
Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-
Monogynia. Now referred to Brodiaea.)
H. hyaci'nthinum (hyacinth-like). See BRODI^A HYA-

CI'NTHINA.

,, la'cteum (milk-white). See BRODIAEA HYACI'NTHINA
LACTEA.

KETSSEA. (Named after P. Hesse, a botanical col-
lector. Nat. ord. AmaryllidaceaB.)

Greenhouse bulbs from South Africa. Seeds and
offsets. Rich, light, sandy loam and leaf-mould.
H. cri'spa( crisped). £. Pink; segments wavy. Summer.

1790.

„ fllifo'lia (thread-leaved), i. White. November.
1774-

H. gemma' ta (twin), i. Light yellow ; segments wavy.

September. 1812.
,, stella' ris (starry). £. Pink. October. 1794.

HESSIAN FLY.. Cecidomy'ia destru'ctor.

HETERANTHE RA. (From heteros, variable, and an-
thera, anther. Nat. ord. Pontederads [Pontederiaceae].
Linn. %-Triandria, i-Monogynia.)

Water perennials, allied to Pontederia. H. limo'sa
will thrive in a pond or stream ; the other requires tubs
in the greenhouse and stove ; division ; rich loam.
H. acu'ta (acute). See H. RENIFORMIS ACUTA.
„ limo'sa (bog). Blue. July. N. Amer. 1822.
,, renifo'rmis (kidney-leaved). Blue. July. S. Amer.

1824.
„ „ acu'ta (acute). White. June. Virginia. 1812.

HETEROCE'NTRON MEXICA'NTJM. See HEERIA

RO5EA.

HETEROCE'NTRON RO'SEUM. See HEERIA ROSEA.
HETEROCH^'TA PUBE'SCENS. See ERIGERON

PUBESCENS.

HETERO'MELES. (From heteros, variable, and melon,
an apple ; in allusion to the variable character of the
fruits. Nat. ord. Rosaceae.)

Hardy or half-hardy evergreen shrub or small tree.
Seeds ; and by budding on the hawthorn. Well-drained
soil.

H. arbutifo'lia (Arbutus-leaved). 10. White. July.
California. 1796. " Toyou or Tollon."

HETEROMO RPHA. (From teteros, variable, and
morphe, form ; referring to the leaves. Nat. ord. Umbel-
lifers [Umbelliferae]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots under a bell-glass, in sand ; sandy loam. Winter
temp., 35° to 45°.

H. arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. Yellow. August. S.
Africa. 1810.

HETERO'NOMA DIVERSIFO'LIUM. See ARTHRO-

STEMMA FRAGILE.

HETERO'NOMA SUBTRIPLINE'RVIUM. See HEERIA

SUBTR1PLINERVIA.

HETEROPA NAX. ( From heteros, variable, and Panax.
Nat. ord. Araliaceae.)

Greenhouse, evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripe wood
in gentle heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
H. fra'grans (fragrant). White. Himalaya. 1818.

HETEROPA'PPUS. (From heteros, variable, and pappos,
down ; in allusion to the two forms of pappus in the
flower-head. Nat. ord. Composites.)

A hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and divisions.
Ordinary soil.

H. deci'piens (deceiving). See H. HISPIDUS.
„ hi'spidus (roughly-hairy). Purple. Japan and
Amurland. 1864.

HETEROPHRA GMA. (From heteros, variable, and
phragma, an enclosure ; in allusion to the irregular-sized
lobes of the calyx enclosing the rest of the flower. Nat.
ord. Bignoniaceae.)

Very showy stove trees, with rosy-white or orange
flowers. Seeds; cuttings of half-ripe wood in sand,
with strong bottom-heat in a close case. Fibrous loam,
with some peat and sand.

H. adenophy'llunt (glanded- leaved). India. 1822.
,, Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 12. Pink. India. 1820.

HETERO PTERIS. (From heteros, •Carious, and pteron,
a wing ; referring to the wings of the seed-vessels being
of different forms. Nat. ord. Malpighiads [Malpighiaceae].
Linn. lo-Decandria, $-Trigynia. Allied to Banisteria.)

Stove climbers, except ni'tida, which is a shrub.
Cuttings of firm young shoots in silver sand, over sandy
peat, and plunged in bottom-heat, in April ; sandy peat
and loam, with pieces of charcoal, and thorough drainage.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
H. caru'lea (blue). 10. Blue. W. Ind. 1823.

,, chrysophy'Ua (golden- leaved). Orange. Brazil. 1793.

„ ftoribu'nda (bundle-flowered). Blue. Mexico. 1824.

„ gla'bra (smooth). See H. UMBELLATA.

„ lanrifo'lia (laurel-leaved). See H. VENOSA.

HETEROSPATHE

428

HEYNEA

H. ni'tida (glossy). 10. Yellow. Brazil. 1809.
„ platy'ptera (broad-winged). 10. Purple, yellow.

Trop. Amer. 1823.

„ purpu'rea (purple). Purple. W. Ind. 1759.
„ seri'cea (silky). 5-8. Yellow. July. Brazil. 1810.
„ umbella'ta (umbelled). Yellow. July. Buenos

Ayres. 1838.

„ undula'ta (wavy-leaved). See H. UMBKLLATA.
,, veno'sa (veiny). 10. Yellow. Brazil. 1793.
HETEROSPATHE. (From heteros, variable, and
spathe, a spathe. Nat. ord. Pahnaceae.)

A stove Palm, witli deeply and pinnately cut leaves.
Seeds when obtainable. Good fibrous loam with a Jittle
peat and sand.
H. ela'ta (tall). Leaves feathered, without spines.

Amboyna, 1880.

HETEROSPE'RMUM. (From heteros, variable, and
'•pet ma, a seed. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, z-Superflua.)

Hardy annuals. Sow in the open border in April, or
in a slight hotbed in March ; seedlings to be transplanted.
H. pinna' turn (leafleted). 2. Yellow. August. Mexico.

1799.
„ Xa'nti (Xant's). i. Yellow. California. 1898.

Syn. H. Xanthii.

HETERO STALIS. See TYPHONIUM.
HETEROTAXIS CRASSIFO'LIA. See MAXILLARIA

CRASSIFOLIA.

HETEROTHE'CA. (From heteros, various, and thece,
a capsule ; referring to the fruits, which vary in shape.
Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
2-Superflua.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divisions of
the plants in spring ; common garden-soil.
H. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. August. N.W.

Amer.
„ inuloi'des (Inula-like). i. Yellow. June, July.

Mexico. 1826.

„ Lama'rckii (Lamarck's), i. Yellow. N. Amer.
„ sca'bra (rough]. See H. GRANDIFLORA.

HETERO'TOMA. (From heteros, variable, and tome, a
cut ; in reference to the irregularity of the corolla. Nat.
ord. Campanulaceae.)

Greenhouse, perennial herb, with showy flowers.
Seeds in heat. Fibrous loam, with peat or leaf-mould and
sand. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
H. lobelioi'des (Lobelia-like). Purple, yellow. Mexico.
1861. " Bird Plant."

HETERO'TRICHUM. (From heteros, various, and
thrix, hair ; referring to the disposition of the hairs on
the leaves, &c. Nat. ord. Melastomads [Melastpmaceae].
Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Miconia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young shoots in
sandy peat, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat, in
spring ; sandy peat and fibrous loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
H. ma'crodon (long- toothed) . 7. White. September.

S. Amer. 1848.

,, ni'veum (snowy). See H. PATENS NIVEUM.
„ pa'tens (spreading). Blush. May. St. Domingo.

1820.

„ ,, ni'veum (snowy). White, May. St. Domingo.
1820.

HEU CHERA. Alum Root. (Named after Professor
Heucher, a German botanist. Nat. ord. Saxifrages
[Saxifragaceas]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials ; divisions of the plant
any time in spring ; common garden-soil.
H. america'na (American), i. Purple. May. N. Amer.

1656.

„ bractea'ta (large-bracted). N.W. Amer.
,, caule'scens (stemmed). See H. VILLOSA.
„ cyli'ndrica (cylindric-panicled). 2. Green. May.

N. Amer. 1830.

„ divarica'ta (divaricate). See H. GLABRA.
„ Drummo'ndi (Drummond's). Origin uncertain.
„ ernbe'scens (reddish). See H. MICRANTHA ERUBESENS.
„ gla'bra (smooth), i. Pink. May. N. Amer. 1827.
,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See H. PUBESCENS.

H. hi'spida (bristly). 3. Purple. May. Virginia. 1826.

" Satin Leaf."

„ Menzie'sii (Menzies'). See TOLMIEA MENZIESII.
,, micra'ntha (small-flowered). 2-3. Cream. N.W.

Amer.

,, „ erube'scens (reddish). Purplish-red.
„ porvifolia (small-leaved). N.W. Amer.
„ pilosi'ssima (hairiest). N. Amer.
,, pube'scens (downy), i. Pink, violet. June. N.

Amer. 1812.

„ ribifo'lia (currant-leaved). See H. PUBESCENS.
„ Richardso'nii (Richardson's). See H. HISPIDA.
,, sangui'nea (blood-red). i-ij-. Fiery-red. June.

New Mexico and Arizona. 1885.
„ „ a'lba (white). White. 1896.
M „ ma'xima (largest). Large, deep crimson, 1906.
„ ,, sple'ndens (splendid). ii. Vivid coral-scarlet.
,, villo'sa (shaggy). J. Violet. May. Canada. 1812.
„ vi'scida (clammy). See H. AMERICANA.
,, Whee'leri (Wheeler's). 2. Creamy-pink. October.
,, fdbelia'na (Zabeliana). 2-3. Deep rose. Leaves

green. 1900.

HEVE'A. (From Heve, the native name. Nat. ord.
Euphorbiacea?.)

Stove trees of economic importance. Cuttings of half-
mature wood, in sand, with strong bottom-heat, in a
close case. Fibrous loam and peat, with sand.
H. brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 60. Green, white. Brazil.

1823. " Para Rubber."
„ confu'sa (confused). Guiana.
„ guiane'nsis (Guiana). 6. Guiana. 1823. " Brazilian

or Bottle India-rubber."
„ sprucea'na (Sprucean). Brazil.

HEWA'RDIA. (Named after Mr. Heward. Nat. ord.
Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-FHices. Now
referred to Adiantum.)

H. adiantoi'des (maiden-hair-like). See ADIANTUM
HEWARDIA.

HEWI'TTIA. (Commemorative of Mr. Hewitt. Nat.
ord. Convolvulaceae.)

Stove twiner. Seeds, divisions. Fibrous loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.

H. bi'color (two-coloured). Pale yellow or white, with
purple base. Tropics of Old World.

HEXACE'NTRIS. (From hex, six, and centron, a spur ;
alluding to two of its stamens having one spur each,
and two of them two spurs each. Nat. ord. Acanthads
[Acanthaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, z-Angiospermia.
United to Thunbergia.)
H. mysore'nsis (Mysore). See THUNBERGIA MYSORENSIS.

HEXADE'SMIA. (Derived from hex, six, and desma,
a bond ; there being six united pollen masses. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical Orchids. Divisions. Pot-culture,
with fibrous peat and sphagnum.
H. cruri'gera (cross-bearing). £. White. Guatemala.

1869.
„ Ree'dii (Reed's), £. Yellow-green. Brazil. 1868.

HEXAGLO'TTIS. (From hex, six, and glotta, a tongue ;
there being six lobes on the style. Nat. ord. Iridaceae.)
Greenhouse bulbs from South Africa. Seeds, offsets.
Rich, light, sandy soil.
H. flexuo'sa (flexuous). See H. LONGIFOLIA.
„ longifo'lia (long- leaved). i$. Yellow. May. 1766.
,, virga'ta (twiggy). 2. Yellow. May. 1825.

HEXISEA. (From exises, in like parts ; the segments
being all much alike. Nat. ord. Orchidacea?.)

An epiphytical stove Orchid. Divisions. Fibrous
peat and sphagnum.
H. bidenta'ta (two-toothed). Scarlet. Panama. 1887.

HEY'NEA. (Named after Dr. Heyne, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Meliads [Meliaceae]. Linn. lo-De-
candria, \-Monogynia. Allied to Trichilia.)

Stove evergreen, white-flowered trees. Cuttings of
well-ripened young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
bottom-heat ; sandy, rich loam and a little peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55°.
H. quinque'juga (five-paired). 20. Java. 1816.
„ tri'juga (three-paired). 20. September. Nepaul. 1812.

HIBBERTIA

429

HIBISCUS

fflBBITRTIA. (Named by G. Hibbert, a distinguished

Somoter of botany. Nat. ord. Dilleniads [DilleniaceasJ.
nn. 13-Polyandria, ^-Trigynia. Allied to Candollea.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers,
from Australia, except where otherwise mentioned.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sandy soil, under a
bell-glass, in spring ; sandy loam and a little peat.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°. Volu'bilis is an elegant twiner,
and grossularusfo'lia makes either a creeper or a trailer ;
it has a fine effect suspended from a basket ; does beauti-
fully for hanging down the sides of a rock-work in
summer.

H. acicula'ris (needle-formed). 2. May. Australia.
1822.

„ Baudoui'nii (Baudouin's). New Caledonia.

„ Billardie'ri (Billardiere's). 2. May. Australia. 1824.

„ bractea'ta (large-bract ed). 2. May. Australia. 1823.

,, cisiifo'lia (Cistus-leaved). i. June. 1826.

„ corifo'lia (Coris-leaved). See H. PEDUNCULATA.

„ Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). 2. July. 1832.
Twiner.

„ denta'ta (toothed). 6. 1814. Twiner.

„ fascicula'ta (bundled). 2-4. Australia. 1822.

„ flexuo'sa (zigzag). 2. May. 1823.

„ grossulari&fo' lia (gooseberry-leaved). 6. May. 1816.
Trailer.

„ linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 6. June. 1821.

„ „ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 2. Van Diemen's
Land. 1824.

„ ni'tida (shining). 3. June. Australia. 1823.

„ peduncula'ta (/ong-flower-stalked). 2. June. 1821.

„ perfolia'ta (leaf-pierced). 3. May. 1842.

„ Rea'dii (Read's). Yellow. Australia (?).

„ sali'gna (willow-leaved). 3. July. 1823.

„ stri'cta (upright). 2. May. Australia. 1826.

„ virga'ta (twiggy). See H. FASCICULATA.

„ volu'bilis (twining). 8. June. Australia. 1790.

Twiner.

HIBISCUS. (Virgil's name for the Marsh Mallow.
Nat. ord. Mallowworts [Malvaceae]. Linn. i6-Mona-
delphia. 8-Polyandria.)

Hardy annuals, sow in open border in the beginning of
April ; tender annuals, sow in hotbed — seedlings to have
out-door or greenhouse treatment ; hardy herbaceous
require dividing in spring, and a moist situation to grow
in ; hardy shrubs require an open situation fully exposed
to the sun, by seeds, and double ones by layers, by cut-
tings of ripe shoots under a hand-light, in autumn, and
kept on all the winter, and also by grafting. Greenhouse
and stove species are propagated by young shoots in
>andy soil, under a bell-glass, the stove kinds also re-
quiring bottom-heat, and the greenhouse kinds liking a
little too, after they have stood a week in the cutting-
pots ; peat and loam ; usual greenhouse and stove
temperatures.

HARDY ANNUALS.

H. africa'nus (African). See H. TRIONUM.
,, escule'ntus (esculent). 2. Yellow. July, August.

Tropics. " Ochro."
„ ,, specio'sus (showy). 2. Sulphur-yellow, with

blood-red blotch at the base. 1894. '
„ Trio'num (three-coloured. Bladder-keimia). 2.
Yellow, brown. July. Italy. 1596.

STOVE ANNUALS.
H. digiia'tus (finger-leaved). 2. White, red. August.

Brazil. 1816.
„ „ keria'nus (Kerian). 2. White, red. August.

Brazil. 1816.
„ longiflo'rus (long-flowered). Pale yellow. August.

E. Ind. 1817.
„ tetraphy'Uus (four-leaved). xj. Yellow. July.

Bengal. 1818.
„ vitifo'lius (vine- leaved). 2. Yellow. August. E.

Ind. 1690.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
H. actdea'tus (prickly). 2. Yellow. August". N. Amer.

1810.

„ cocci'neus (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. July. N. Amer. 1804.
„ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 3. Flame. July.
Georgia. 1816. Half-hardy.

H. inca'nus (hoary). 3. Yellow. September. Carolina.

1806.
„ milita'ris (military). 3. Purple. August. N. Amer.

1804.
„ Moscheu'tos (mallow-rose). 4. White, pink. August.

N. Amer. 1759.

,, palu'stris (marsh). See H. MOSCHEUTOS.
„ pentaca'rpos (five-fruited). See KOSTELETZKYA PENTA-

CARPA.
„ ro'seus (rose-coloured). 4. Pink. August. France.

1827.

„ sca'ber (rough). See H. ACULEATUS.
„ specio'sus (showy). See H. COCCINEUS.
„ virgi nicus (Virginian). See KOSTELETZKYA VIRGINICA.
„ Wra'yez (Mrs. Wray's). See H. HUEGELII.

HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.

H. syri'acus (Syrian). 8. Purple. August. Syria.

1596. Deciduous shrub.
„ „ a'lbus (white- flowered). 8. White.
„ „ a'lbus-ple'nus (double-white). 8. White. August.
„ „ margina'tus (border-leaved). 8. Purple, white.

August. Syria.

„ „ purpu'reus (purple-flowered). 8. Purple. August.
„ „ purpu'reo-ple'nus (double-purple). 8. Purple.

August.

„ „ ru'ber (red- flowered). 8. Red. August.
„ „ variega'tus (variegated- flowered). 8. Striped.

August.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

H. colifo'rnicus (CaUfornian). 4-6. White, with

purple base. California. 1891.
„ cispla'tanus (Cisplatan). 3-5. Rose-lilac. Brazil.

1887.
„ crassine'ryis fla'mmeus (flame-coloured). Fiery red.

Abyssinia. 1893. Perennial herb,
i. gossypi'nus (cotton-like). 4. Yellow. July. S.

Africa. 1818.

„ grossvlaruefo' Hits (gooseberry-leaved). See H. HUE-
GELII GROSSULARLEFO'LIUS.
„ heterophy'ttus (various-leaved). 6. White, red.

August. N. S. Wales. 1803.
„ Huege'lii (Baron Huegel's). 5-10. Purple.

October. Swan River. 1839. Deciduous.
„ „ grossulariafo'lius (gooseberry-leaved). 4. Blush.

June. Swan River.
„ „ quinquevu'lnerus (five-spotted). Deep rose, with

five maroon blotches at the base. Swan River.

1853-
„ lasioca'rpos occidenta'lis (western). 4. White, pink.

California and Mexico. 1888.
„ Lfbe'lei (Lebele's). 3-5. Lemon-yellow, with five

red-brown blotches. China. 1893.
„ marmora'tus (marbled). 3-6. White, marbled

rose-pink. Mexico. 1854.
„ multi'fidus (many-parted-leaved). See FUGOSIA

HAKE^FOLIA.

„ peduncula' tus (stalked-flowered). 3-4. Rose-red.

August. S. Africa. 1812.
„ Richardso'ni (Richardson's). See H. TRIONUM.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, &c.

H. Abelmo'schus (musk-akro). 3. Yellow. August.
India. 1640. " Okro."

„ ccthio'picus (Ethiopian). 15. Purple. August. S.
Africa. 1774.

,, angulo'sus (angled). India.

„ aponeu'rus (without nerves). 2-4. Bright scarlet.
E. Trop. Africa. 1908.

„ bancroftia'nus (Bancroftian). Yellow. August.
W. Ind. 1827.

„ bifurca'tus (two-forked). 2. Purple. June. Brazil.
1825.

„ borbo'nicus (Bourbon). See H. CALYCINUS.

,, calyci'nus (large-calyxed). 4. Yellow, with purple-
crimson base. Bourbon. 1884.

„ Camero'ni (Cameron's), i. Rosy. July. Mada-
gascar. 1838.

» » fu'lgens (brilliant). Red. August. Madagascar.

„ cancetta'tus (latticed). 3. Yellow. July. India. 1817.
„ cannabi'nus (hemp-like). Tropics.

HIBISCUS

430

HIERACIUM

Carso'ni (Carson's). Trop. Africa.
chrysa'nthus (golden-flowered). See H. CALYCINUS.
Colle'rii (Coller's). See H. ROSA-SINENSIS COLLERI.
colli'nus (hill-inhabiting). 4. Yellow, brown.

January. India. 1836.

Coope'ri (Cooper's). See H. ROSA-SINENSIS COOPERI.
Coulte'ri (Coulter's). Mexico.
crini'tus (long- haired). 3. Yellow, red. September.

India. 1828. Herbaceous perennial.
cu'preus (copper). Purple, with carmine blotch at

base. Probably Ceylon. 1907.
diver sifo'lius (various- leaved). 6. Yellow. June.

E. Ind. 1798.

ela'tus (tall). 50. Red. W. Ind. 1790. " Cuba Bast."
fe'rox (fierce-stinging). 5. Yellow. May. New

Grenada. 1844.

ferrugi'neus (rusty). 15. Scarlet. Madagascar. 1824.
ficifo'lius (fig-leaved). See H. ESCULENTUS.
ficulneoi'des (fig-like). 4-5. Yellow, purple. Trop.

Asia.
ficu'lneus (fig-like). 4. Yellow, purple. June.

Ceylon. 1732.
furca'tus (iorked-calyxed) 2. Yellow. August. E.

Ind. 1816. Herbaceous perennial.
fu'scus (brown). See H. GOSSYPINUS.
hi'rtus (hairy). 2. Scarlet. August. India.
insi'gnis (remarkable). 3. Yellow, with red zone

above the base.
jerroldia'nus (Mr. Jerrold's). 6. Crimson. July.

Brazil. 1843. Herbaceous perennial.
La'mpas (lamp). See THFSPESIA LAMPAS.
lilaci'nus (lil&c-flowered). See FUGOSIA HAKE/EFOLIA.
liliiflo'rus (lily-flowered). 10. Scarlet. July.

Mauritius. 1828.

Li'ndleyi (Lindley's). See H. RADIATUS LINDLEI.
Ludwi'gii (Ludwig's). S. Africa.
lunariifo'lius (Lunaria-leaved). Trop. Asia and

Africa.

madeaya'nus (MacLeay's). See H. BANCROFTIANUS.
Ma'nihot (Manihot). 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind.

1712. Herbaceous perennial.
,, disse'cta (cut). Leaves cut nearly to the petiole.

1902.
micra'nthus (small-flowered). India and Trop. Africa.

„ ro'seus (rosy). Rose. Abyssinia. 1895.
moscha'tus (musk). See H. ABELMOSCHUS.
muta'bilis (changeable). 10-15. White. Autumn.

China. 1690.
pandurcsfo'rmis (fiddle-formed). 2-6. Yellow or

white. July. Tropics of Old World. 1796.
Paterso'nii (Paterson's). See LAGUNARIA PATER-

SONII.
pentaspe'rmus (five-seeded). See KOSTELETZKYA

PENTASPERMA.

phceni'ceus (purple-flowered). 8. Purple. July. E.

Ind. 1796.

phceni'ceus (purple) of Willdenow. See H. HIRTUS.
pulche'llus (beautiful). 3. July. E. Ind. 1820.
pu'ngens (prickly). Himalaya.
racemo'sus (racemed). See H. LUNARIIFOLIUS.
radia'tus (rayed). 5-8. Yellow, with deep crimson
base. India.

„ flo're purpu'reo (purple-flowered). Rose-purple.

„ Li'ndlei (Lindley's). 3. Deep purple.

December.

4. Purple. July.

India. 1828.
rhombifo'lius (diamond-leaved).

E. Ind. 1823.
Ro'sa-malaba'rica (Malabar-rose). See H. HIRTUS.
Ro'sa-sine'nsis (Chinese-rose). 10. Red. July. E.

Ind. 1731.
„ Bapti'stii (Baptist's). Crimson-scarlet, double.

Polynesia. 1880.
„ brillianti'ssimus (most brilliant). Crimson-scarlet,

flushed orange. 1876.
„ ca'rneus ple'nus (double-flesh). 10. Flesh. July.

E. Ind. 1731.
„ Colle'rii (Coller's). Yellow, deep red, double.

Polynesia.
„ Coope'ri (Cooper's). Scarlet. Leaves splashed

with cream and crimson.
„ fla'vus (yellow). Yellow.
„ fla'vus ple'nus (double-yellowish). 10. Yellow.

July. E. Ind.
„ lu'teus (double-yellow). 10. Yellow. July. E.

Ind. 1823.

H. Ro'sa-sine'nsis magni'ficus (magnificent). Magenta,

crimson, maroon blotch.

,, ,, meta'llicus (metallic). Leaves metallic purple.
,, ,, minia'tus se'mi-ple'nus (semi-double vermilion).
,, ,, ru'ber ple'nus (double-red). 10. Red. July.

E. Ind.
„ ,, variega'tus ple'nus (double-variegated). 10.

Striped. July. E. Ind.
„ „ vi'vicans (lively). Crimson-scarlet.
,, „ zebri'nus (zebra-striped). Double, creamy-yellow,

flaked scarlet. 1879.
„ Sabdari'ffa (Sabdariffa). Tropics.
„ schizope' talus (cut-petaled). 6-10. Orange-red.

Trop. Africa.
„ Sco'ttii (Scott's). 10-15. Golden-yellow, with

carmine base. Socotra. 1902.
„ sple'ndens (shining). 10. Rose. May. N. Holland.

1828.
„ suratte'nsis (Surattan). Yellow, crimson. Tropics.

1891.
„ Telfai'rice (Mrs. Telfair's). 2. Rose. July. Mauritius.

1825.

„ tilia'ceus (Tilia-like). Hong Kong.
,, tri' color (three-coloured). Australia.
„ tri' hints (three-lobed). 2. Yellow. July. W. Ind.

1818.

„ tubulo'sus (tubular). See H. PANDUR^FORMIS.
„ veluti'nus (velvet). See H. PANDUR^FORMIS.
,, venu'stus (lovely). 15. Creamy-yellow. Tahiti (?).

1891.

HICKORY. See CA'RYA.

fflCO'RIA and mCO'RIUS. See CA'RYA.

HIDA'LGOA. (Probably commemorative, from the
Spanish hijo de a/go, the son of something. Nat. ord.
Compositae.)

Greenhouse plants climbing by their leaf-stalks, with
slender branches, but otherwise closely allied to Dahlia
and Coreopsis. Cuttings of short side-shoots getting firm
at the base, under a bell-glass, with gentle heat. Loam,
leaf-mould, and sand. Best planted out in a sunny
greenhouse.

H. We'rcklei (Werckle's). Orange-scarlet, with yellow
disc. Costa Rica. 1899.

HIDE-BOUND. See BARK-BOUND.

HIERA'CIUM. Hawkweed. (A name from Pliny for
eye-salve ; referring to the ancient employment of the
juice. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, \-JEqualis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, with one exception, and
all yellow-flowered, except where otherwise mentioned.
The dwarf ones fitted for the front of borders, rock-works,
and alpine grounds. Seeds and divisions of the plant in
spring ; light, rich loam.
H. alpe'stre (alpine). See CREPIS ALPESTRIS.
,, alpi'num (mountain). £. July. Britain.
„ amplexicau'le (stem-clasping), ij. July. Pyrenees.

1739-
,, ,, pulmonarioi'des (lungwort-like). ij. July.

Switzerland. 1819.

,, anchuscefo' Hunt (bugloss-leaved). See H. DENTATUM.
„ a'nglicum (English). £. July. Britain.
,, angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). £. May. Switzer-
land. 1823.

„ auranti'acum (orange). i£. Orange. June. Scotland.
„ „ fla'vum (yellow), ij. July. Switzerland. 1819.
,, Auri'cula (umbel-eared). i|. July. England.
,, bi'fidum (twice-cut), ij. June. Hungary.
,, borea'le (northern). 3-4. July, August. Britain.
,, Bornmu'lleri (Bornmuller's). i. Bright yellow.

Leaves very woolly. Asia Minor. 1902.
,, bracteola' turn (bracted). i£. August. Europe. 1823.
,, calca'reum (chalky). See H. RUPESTRE.
,, canade'nse (Canadian). 2. July. Canada. 1800.
,, cerinthoi'des (honeywort-like). ij. August. Scot-
land.

„ cilia'tum (hair-fringed). See PICRIS SPRENGERIANA.
,, colli'num (hill). £. July. Switzerland. 1819.
„ corymbo'sum (corymbed). 2. July. N. Europe. 1817.
,, crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). J. July. Hungary.

1820.

,, croca'tum (saffron). 3-5. July, August. Britain.
„ cro'ceum (saffron). See CREPIS PALLASII,

HIERACIUM

HIPPEASTRUM

H. cydonicefo'lium (quince- leaved). 2. July. France.

1816.

„ cymo'sum (cymed). i. May. Europe. 1739.
„ denta'tum (toothed), i. July. Europe. 1816.
„ dentiada'tum (small- toothed). See H. STRICTUM.
„ echioi'des (viper's bugloss-like). J. July. Hungary.

1802.

„ ekmga'tum (lengthened). See H. VILLOSUM.
„ erio'phorum (wool- bearing), i. August. S. Europe.

1817.

„ eriophy'llum (woolly-leaved). i|. June.
„ fascicula'tum (bundled). See H. CANADENSE.
„ fiagella're (twiggy), i. May. 1816.
„ florenti'num (Florentine). 2. July. Germany. 1791.
„ folio'sum (leafy). 2. July. Hungary. 1805.
„ frutico'sum (shrubby). See TOLPIS FRUTICOSA.
„ glabra'tum (smooth), £. July. Switzerland. 1819.
„ „ tubulo'sum (tubulous). £. July. Switzerland.

1819.

„ Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). See CREPIS GMELINI.
„ Gochna'ti (Gochnati's). See H. PRATENSE.
„ Grono'vii (Gronovius's). i. June. N. Amer. 1798.
„ Halle'ri (Haller's). See H. ANGLICUM.
„ heUrophy'llum (various-leaved). 2. August. Woods.
„ hoppea'num (Hoppe's). £. June. Switzerland. 1819.
,, hu'mile (humble), i- July. Germany. 1804.
„ „ brachia'tum (brachiate). £. June. Switzerland.

1819.

„ inca'num (hoary). 2. July. Caucasus. 1817.
„ incarna' turn (flesh-coloured). See CREPIS INCARNATA.
„ inci'sum (cut-leaved), J. July. Switzerland. 1819.
„ inuloi'des (Inula-like). See H. BOREALE and H.

CROCATUM.

„ Ka'lmii(Ka.]m's). i£. August. Pennsylvania. 1794.

„ Iceviga'tum (smooth). 2. August. 1804.

„ lana'tum (woolly), i. June. Europe.

„ Lawso'ni (Lawson's). J. June. Britain.

„ longifo'lium (long-leaved). i£. July. 1821.

„ macula' turn (spotted-leaved). i£. August. Britain.

„ mo'lle (soit-leaved). ij. August. Scotland.

,, ova' turn (egg-leaved). £. July. Switzerland. 1819.

„ palle'scens (pale), i. July. Hungary. 1818.

,, pa'llidum (pale). |. July. Norway. 1819.

„ panicula' turn (panicled). i£. June. Canada. 1800.

,, pi'ctum (painted). i$. July. Switzerland. 1819.

,, piloce'phalum (hairy-headed). See H. VILLOSUM.

„ pilosellafo' rme (mouse-ear- like). J. June. Switzer-
land. 1819.

„ porrifo'lium (leek-leaved), i. July. Austria. 1640.

,, prcemo'rsum (bitten-leaved) . See CREPIS PR/EMORSA.

„ prate'nse (meadow), i. June. Europe, N. Asia.
1819.

„ prenanthoi'des (Prenanthus-like). 2. July. France.
1819.

„ prunellcefo'lium (self-heal-leaved). See CREPIS PYGM^EA.

,, pulmonarioi'des (lungwort-like), i. July. France.
1819.

„ pulmona'rium (lungwort). See H. SAXATILE.

,, pusi'llum (small). See ERIGERON UNIFLORUS.

,, racemo'sum (racemed). 2. July. Hungary. 1816.

„ ramo'sum (branchy). 2. August. Hungary. 1805.

„ re' pens (creeping). See H. AURANTIACUM.

„ ri'gidum (stiff). 2. June. Britain.

,, » anguslifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. June. Britain.

„ ,, pi'ctum (painted). 2. June. Britain.

„ rotunda' turn (round-leaved). 3. July. Hungary.
1817.

„ rupe'stre (rock). \. June. Switzerland. 1820.

„ saxa'tile (rock), i. July. Austria. 1801.

,, sca'brum (rough), i. July. N. Amer. 1821.

„ Schmi'dtii (Schmidt's), ij. June.

,, Schrade'ri (Schrader's). See H. VILLOSUM.

„ speciosi' ssimum (showiest). See H. DENTATUM.

,, specio'sum (showy), i£. June. 1818.

„ staticifo'lium (thrift-leaved), ij. June. Europe.
1804.

„ SUrnbe'rgii (Sternberg's). See H. PALLIDUM.

„ stcloni'ferum (runner-growing), i. May. Switzer-
land. 1820.

„ stri'ctum (upright), i. July. Scotland.

„ siicciscefo'lium (lopped-leaved). See CREPIS succis^-
FOLIA.

„ sylva'ticum (wood), ij. August. Britain.

„ tomento'sum (felted), i. May. Europe. 1732.

„ trichoce'phalum (hairy-headed). See H. GLABRATUM.

H. umbella' turn (umbelled). 3. August. Britain.
,, undula'tum (waved), ij. July. Spain. 1778.
„ veno'sum (veiny). \. July. N. Amer. 1790.
„ verbascifo'lium (mullein- leaved). See H. TOMENTOSUM.
,, verrucula' turn (warted). See H. SCABRUM.
,, villo'sum (shaggy), i. July. Scotland.
„ virga'tum (twiggy). See H. CANADENSE.

HLEROCHLOE. (From hieros, sacred, and chloe,
grass ; formerly strewed on the floors of churches on
special occasions in Northern Europe, on account of its
fragrance. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Hardy perennial grasses, giving off a sweet odour,
due to benzoic acid. Suitable for borders or rock-work.
Divisions. Ordinary soil.
H. alpi'na (alpine), i. July. Northern regions and

New Zealand. 1827.
,, borea'lis (northern). i^ij. Brownish. July.

Caithness, Scotland.

„ re'dolens (fragrant), i. July. Temperate Southern
regions.

HXGGI'NSIA. (Named after Don O'Higgins, a Spanish-
American officer. Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiacea?].
Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. See HOFFMANNIA.)

A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots hi sand, under a bell-glass, in spring ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45° ; will thrive
out of doors in summer.
H. GUesbre'ghtii (Gheisbreght's). See HOFFMANNIA

GHIESBREGHTII.
„ mexica'na (Mexican). See HOFFMANNIA MEXICANA.

HILLEBRA NDIA. (Commemorative of W. Hitte-
brand, a plant collector. Nat. ord. Begoniaceae.)

Stove perennial herb, differing from Begonia in having
petals. Seeds and cuttings. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould,
or peat and sand.

H. sandwice' nsis (Sandwich), ij. White. Sandwich
Islands. 1887.

BTLLJA. (Named after Sir John Hitt, a botanical
author. Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. 6-
Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Cinchona.)

Stove evergreens, with white flowers. Cuttings in
sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy loam and
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
H. longiflp'ra (long-flowered). See H. PARASITICA.
„ parasi'tica (parasitic). i£. March. W. Ind. 1789.
„ prasia'ntha (leek-green-flowered). Green. Ceylon.

1824.
„ tetra'ndra (four-stamened). ij. June. Jamaica.

I793-

H<]IHH:HA'NTHUS, (From himeros, desire, and anthos,
a flower. Nat. ord. Solanaceae.)

Greenhouse perennial herb. Divisions ; seeds. Loam,
leaf-mould, and sand.

H . runcina'tus (runcinate). |. Green, yellow. La Plata.
1831.

HINDSIA. (Named after R. B. Hinds, a promoter of
botany. Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Rondeletia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Brazil. Cuttings
of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-
heat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
H. longifto'ra (long-flowered). 2. Blue. August. 1841.
„ ,, a'lba (white-flowered). 2. White. May. 1845.
,, viola'cea (violet-coloured). 3. Violet. May. 1844.

HIPPEA'STRUM. Equestrian Star. (From hippeus,
a knight, and astron, a star ; referring to one of the
species, equefstre. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i~Monogynia. Includes Habranthus.)

This genus of bulbs has no affinity with Amaryllis,
with which the species are often confounded. Offsets ;
sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould. Temp. 60° to 80°
when growing ; 40° to 50° when at rest.

GREENHOUSE.

H. banksia'num (Banks's). Pink. October. 1840.
„ Forbe'sii (Forbes's). 2. Purple, white. July. Cap*

of Good Hope. 1823.

„ „ purpu'reum (Forbes's purple). 2. Purple. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

HIPPEASTRUM

432

HIPPOMANE

See SPREKELIA FOR-

Yellow. July. Japan
September. Chili.

1820.
Cape of Good

H. formosi'ssimum (handsomest).

MOSISSIMA.

,, japo'nicum (Japan).

,, linea'tum (lined). J.

„ pudi'cum (modest), i. Pink. June.

Hope. 1795.
„ slateria'na (Slater's). Red. March. Cape of Good

Hope. 1844.

STOVE.
H. a'dvenum (stranger), i. Yellow to red. December.

Chili.

„ Albe'rti (Albert's). Orange-scarlet. Cuba. 1867.
„ ambi'guum (ambiguous). White and red. Hybrid.
„ andrea'num (Andrean). i. Pale red, with deep red

stripes. Colombia. 1880.
„ angu'stum (narrow). See H. BIFIDUM.
„ ano'malum (anomalous). Crimson, green. S. Amer.
„ Arechavale'ta (Mme. Arechavaleta's). 2 White,

banded with crimson. Montevideo. 1898.
„ au'licum (courtly), ij. Green, crimson. May.

Brazil. 1810.
„ „ glaucophy'llum (milky-green-leaved). Crimson,

green.
„ „ platype'talumfrroad-petaled). 2. Crimson, green.

August. Brazil. 1824.
„ „ stenope' talum (narrow-petaled).
„ Bagno'ldi (Bagnold's). i. Yellow, shaded red. S.

Amer. 1878.

„ barba'tum (bearded-tube). See H. EQUESTRE BARBATUM.
„ bi 'color (two-coloured), i J. Bright red, yellow-green.

October. Chili. 1824.
„ bi'fidum (forked), i. Deep red. March. Buenos

Ayres. 1825.
„ brachya'ndrum (short-anthered). Pale pink, changing

to blackish-red. S. Brazil. 1890.
„ breviflo'rum (short-flowered). 3. White, red. April.

Buenos Ayres. 1836.
„ bulbulo'sum (many-bulbed). See H. RUTILUM and its

varieties.
„ calyptra' 'turn (hooded). ij. Green, red. June.

Brazil. 1816.
„ Cy'bister (Cybister). 2. Crimson, green. Bolivia.

1839.
„ „ bre'vis (short), i. Green, red. June. Bolivia.

1839.
„ eque'sire (equestrian), i. Orange, green. August.

W. Ind. 1710.

„ „ barba'tum (bearded). White, green. Surinam.
„ „ ma'jor (larger). 2. Orange, green. August.

W. Ind. 1710.
» M pyrro'chroum (fire-coloured). Scarlet. Brazil.

1865.
„ „ semiple'num (half-double). 2. Orange, green.

August. Cuba. 1809.

„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). Flowers larger. 1895.
„ „ Woltt'ri (Welter's). Costa Rica. 1895.
„ herbertia' 'num (Herbertian). i. Deep red. Chili.

1825.
„ iguape'nse (Iguapan). J. White, striped red or lilac

on the upper segments. S. Brazil. 1903.
„ interne' 'dium (intermediate). 2. Striped. August.

Brazil. 1821.

„ kermesi'num (carmine). June. Brazil. 1833.
„ Krome'ri (Kromer's). Leaves fulvous. Brazil. 1902.
„ Leopo'ldii (Leopold's). Bright red, white, greenish.

Peru. 1869.
„ minia'tum (vermilion), i. Red, yellow. June. Peru.

1825.
„ organe'nse (Organ Mountain). Crimson, white.

Brazil. 1841.

„ „ compre'ssum (flattened). Red, white. Brazil.
„ pardi'num (panther-spotted). ij. Spotted with

scarlet on light yellow. March. Peru. 1867.
„ „ rube'scens (reddish). Pale red. 1870.
„ prate'nse (meadow), i. Deep red. Chili. 1840.
„ pro'cerum (tall). 1^-3. Lilac-blue. Winter and

spring. Brazil. 1864.
„ psittaci'num (parrot). 2. Green, scarlet. July.

Brazil. 1816.
„ pulverule'ntum (powdered). See H. RUTILUM ACUMI-

NATUM.
„ Pyrro'chroum (fire-coloured). See H. EQUESTRE

PYRROCHROUM.

H. Regi'nae (queen's. Mexican Lily). 2. Scarlet. May.

Mexico. 1725.

,, re'gium (royal). See H. REGIME.
,, reticula'tum (netted-veined). i. Scarlet. April.

Brazil. 1777.
,, „ striatifo' Hum (tt'&tfe-striped-leaved). i. Purple.

August. Brazil. 1815.
„ retine'rvium (netted-nerved). 2. Scarlet. May. W.

Ind. 1822.

„ Rce'zli (Roezl's). Pale orange-red. Bolivia. 1875.
,, ro'seum (rosy). |. Rich crimson, yellowish base.

Montevideo. 1900.
„ ru'tilum (sparkling), i. Crimson-scarlet. April.

Brazil. 1810.

„ „ acumina'tum (long-pointed). Pale pink. Seg-
ments acute. Brazil.

„ „ citri'num (citron), i. Bright yellow.
„ „ croca'tum (saffron-coloured), i. Saffron. April.

Brazil. 1815.
i» n fu'lgidum (shining), i. Bright scarlet, green.

April. Brazil. 1810.

,, ,, igne'scens (fiery), i. Red, orange. Brazil.
„ simsia'num (Simsian). See H. RUTILUM FULGIDUM.
,, solandrafto'rum (Solan dra-flowered). ij. White,

green. May. Guiana. 1839.
,, ,, stria'tum (streaked-flowered). Green, white.
,, spatha'ceum (large-spathed). See H. EQUESTRE.
„ stylo' sum (long-styled), i. Red. April. Brazil.

1821.
„ „ nu'dum (naked). Stamens very long and spread

out. 1902.
,, teretifo'lium (terete-leaved). i. Rosy-pink, 2 in.

long. Montevideo. 1900.
,, varia'bilis (variable), i. Red, white. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1821.

„ vitta'tum (striped- flowered). White, red. Peru. 1769.
„ „ a'lbum (white). White. 1904.
„ „ harrisonia'num (Harrisonian). White, red. Peru.

1874.
,, „ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). White, red, green.

m'PPION HYSSOPIFO'LIUM and H. VERTICIL-

LA'TUM. See ENICOSTEMA LITTORALE.

HI'PPION VISCO'SUM. See IXANTHUS viscosus.
HIPPOBRO'MA. See ISOTOMA.

HIPPOBRO'MUS. (Derived from hippos, a horse, and
bromos, food. Nat. ord. Sapindaceae.)

Greenhouse tree. Cuttings in sand, in a close case,
with gentle heat. Fibrous loam, with a little peat and
sand.

H. ala'tus (winged). Flowers in panicles, white or tawny.
S. Africa.

HIPPOCRE'PIS. Horse-shoe Vetch. (From hippos, a
horse, and crepis, a shoe ; referring to the form of the
seed-pod. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, ^.-Decandria.)

Hardy pea-blossomed, yellow-flowered plants. The
annuals merely require sowing in the open border, in
March or April ; the herbaceous trailers require dividing
at a similar period. H. balca'rica is the only shrub ; it
resembles, and requires similar treatment to the Coronilla,
needing a cold pit or a greenhouse in winter.
H. balea'rica (Balearic). 2. May. Minorca. 1776.

Shrub.
„ como'sa (tufted), £. April. England. Perennial

trailer.
„ „ helve'tica (Swiss). J. May. Switzerland. 1819.

Trailer.
„ glau'ca (milky-green). J. May. Italy. 1819.

Perennial trailer.

„ helve'tica (Svnss-tufted). See H. COMOSA HELVETICA.
„ multisiliquo' sa (many-podded), i. July. S. Europe.

1570. Annual.
„ squama'ta (scaly), i. White, yellow. Crete. 1820.

HJPPO'MANE. (From Hippomanes, a name borrowed
from Theophrastus. Nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae.)

The Manchineel or Manzanillo tree, with a poisonous
milky juice, but greatly exaggerated as to its virulent
nature. Cuttings in sand, in a close case, with bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam, peat and plenty of sand.
H. Mancine'lla (Mancinella). 40-50. Greenish. Trop.
S. Amer. 1690.

HIPPOPHAE

433

HOHERIA

HIPPOPHAE. Sea Buckthorn. (From hippos, a horse,
and phao, to kill. Nat. ord. Oleasiers [Elaeagnaceae]. Linn.
22-Dioecia, 4-Tetrandria. Allied to Shepherdia.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers, suckers, cuttings
of the roots, and seeds ; common soil. These are first-
rate shrubs for the sea-coast, for fixing sands along with
ca'rex and other grasses.

H arge'ntea (silvery). See SHEPHERDIA ARGENTEA.
canade'nsis (Canadian). See SHEPHERDIA CANADENSIS.
littora'lis (sea-shore). See H. RHAMNOIDES.
rhamnoides (Rhamnus-like). 12. May. England.
„ angustifo'lia, (narrow-leaved). 2. May. S.
England.

„ sibi'rica (Siberian). April. Siberia.
salicifo'lia, (willow-leaved). 8-30. Nepaul. 1822.
HIPPU'RIS. Mare's Tail. (From hippos, a horse, and
oura, a tail; like Equisetum has been compared to a
horse's tail. Nat. ord. Haloragaceae.)

Hardy, perennial aquatic, for the edge of a tank or
pond. Divisions. Loam and leaf-mould.
H. vulga'ris (common), i. Green. June to August.

Europe (Britain).

HTPTAGE. (Derived from hiptamai, to fly ; in refer-
ence to the hairy seed carried by the wind. Nat. ord.
Malpighiaceae.)

Stove, twining, evergreen plants. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.
H. Madablo'ta (Madablota). 10-15. White, yellow.

April. Trop. Asia. 1793-
„ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 15-20. White. China.

1810.

fflR^TA. (Named after De La Hire, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Malpighiads [Malpighiaceae]. Linn.
lO-Decandria, ^-Trigynia.)

Stove climbers. Cuttings of firm young shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy, fibrous
loam, and fibrous peat, with a little freestone or charcoal.
Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
H glaucc' scens (milky-green). Yellow. E. Ind.

i'ndica (Indian). See ASPIDOPTERYS ROXBURGHIANA.
nu'tans (nodding). See ASPIDOPTERYS NUTANS.
odora'ta (sweet-scented). See TRIASPIS ODORATA.
reclina'ta (leaning). 10. Yellow. July. W. Ind.
simsia'na (Simsian). 10. Yellow. W. Ind. and
Guiana. 1793.

HOA'REA. A group of species now referred to Pelar-
gonium.

HODGSO'NIA. (Commemorative of B. H, Hodgson.
Nat. ord. Cucurbitaceae.)

A rampant stove climber that requires planting out
and training to the rafters. Seeds. Good loam, with
an admixture of sand.

H. hetero'clita (variously inclined). 12-100. Yellow,
white. Himalaya, Burma, &c.

HOE. This is the implement which should be most
frequently in the gardener's hand, for the surface of the
soil scarcely can be too frequently stirred. The handles
should never be made of heavy wood, for this wearies
the hand, and is altogether a useless weight thrown upon
the workman. It is merely the lever, and every ounce
needlessly given to this diminishes, without any necessity,
the available moving power. The best woods for handles
are birch or deal.

For earthing-up plants, broad blades to hoes are very
admissible, and they may, without objection, have a
breadth of nine inches ; but for loosening the soil and
destroying weeds, they should never extend to beyond a
breadth of six inches, and the work will be done best
by one two inches narrower. The iron plate of which
they are formed should be well steeled, and not more
than one-sixteenth of an inch thick. The weight neces-
sary should be thrown by the workman's arm and body
upon the handle ; and the thicker the blade, the greater
is the pressure required to make it penetrate the soil.
It should be set on the handle at an angle of 68°, as this
brings its edge at a good cutting angle with the surface
of the soil, and the workman soon learns at what point
most effectively to throw his weight, and holds the
handle further from, or nearer to, the blade, accordingly
as he is a tall or short man. Mr. Barnes, of Bicton

Gardens, employs nine sized hoes, the smallest having a
blade not more than one-fourth of an inch broad, and
the largest ten inches. The smallest are used for potted
plants and seed-beds, and those from two inches and a
half to four inches wide are used for thinning and hoeing
among crops generally. These have all handles varying
in length from eight inches and a half to eighteen inches,
all the neck or upper part formed of iron, for the smaller
sizes not thicker than a large pencil, and that part which
has to be grasped by the workman is only six inches
long, and formed either of willow or some other soft,
light wood, which is best to the feel of the hand. Each
labourer works with one in each hand, to cut right and
left. The blade is made thin, and with a little foresight
and activity it is astonishing how much ground can be
got over in a short time.

Mr. Barnes has all his hoes made with a crane neck.
The blades broader than four inches he has made like
a Dutch hoe.

The crane neck allows the blade to pass freely under the
foliage of any crop where the earth requires loosening ;
and the blade works itself clean, allowing the earth to
pass through, as there is no place for it to lodge and clog
up as in the old-fashioned hoe, to clean which, when
used of a dewy morning, causes the loss of much time.

The thrust, or Dutch hoe, consists of a plate of iron
attached somewhat obliquely to the end of a handle by
a bow, used only for killing weeds or loosening ground
which is to be afterwards raked. As a man can draw
more than he can push, most heavy work will be easiest
done by the draw-hoe.

In the island of Guernsey a very effective weeding-
prong is used, something in the shape of a hammer, the
head flattened into a chisel an inch wide, and the fork
the same. The whole length of this prong is nine inches,
and it is attached to a staff five feet long. Such an
implement is light and easy to use, it requires no stooping,
and will tear up the deepest-rooted weeds.

HOFFMA'NNIA. (Commemorative of Professor Hoff-
mann, a German botanist. Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-mature
shoots in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, one-third peat, and sand.

H. di'scolor (two-coloured). J. Red. Leaves with a

glossy sheen above, purple beneath. Mexico. 1850.

„ Ghiesbre'ghtii (Ghiesbreght's). 2-3. Yellow, red.

Mexico. 1861.

„ „ variega' ta (variegated). Leaves edged with creamy-
white.

,, mexica'na (Mexican). Yellow. June. Mexico. 1840.
„ peduncula'ta (peduncled). 2. Yellow, red. Jamaica.
„ phcenico' poda (purple-footed). Flowers inconspicu-
ous. Leaves violet-red beneath. Central Amer.
1899.

„ refu'lgens (shining). 2. Reddish. June. Mexico.
„ „ porphyrophy'llum (purple-leaved). Leaves heavily

shaded with purple.
„ rega'lis (regal), ij. July. Mexico. 1859.

T HOFFMANSE GGIA. (Named after /. C. hoffmansegg.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn.
•LO-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove, yellow, pea-blossomed evergreens. Cuttings of
young shoots in sand, in bottom-heat ; also division of
the plant in spring ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
H. falca'ria (sickle-leaved). 2. July. Chili. 1806.

„ prostra'ta (trailing). July. Lima.

HOG-NTJT. Ca'rya porci'na.
HOG PLUM. Spo'ndias.

HOHENBE'RGIA. (Named after M. Hoftenberg, a
German botanist. Nat. ord. Bromelworls [Bronuliaceae].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. See ^ECHMEA.)
H. capita'ta (headed). See ^ECHMEA EXSUDANS.

,, ferrugi'nea, (rusty). See .flLcHMEA AUGUSTA.

,, strobila'cea (cone-like). See ACANTHOSTACHYS STROBI-

: ACEA.

Others under jEchmea, with their respective names.

HOHE'RIA. (Probably commemorative. Nat. ord.
Malvaceae.)

Greenhouse trees or shrubs. The bark of H. populnea
is used for making a demulcent drink and for cordage.

2E

HOITZIA

434

HOLLYHOCK

Cuttings cf half-ripe wood under a hand-light. Fibrous

loam, peat and sand.

H. Lya'lli (Lyall's). See PLAGIANTHUS LYALLH.

„ popu'lnea (poplar-like). 10-15. White. New
Zealand.

„ Sinclai'rii (Sinclair's). 10-15. White. New Zealand.

HOITZIA. See LQ-SELIA.

HOI'TZIA MEXICA'NA. See LCESELIA COCCINEA.

HOLARRHE'NA. (From holos, entire, and arrhen, a
male ; referring to the anthers. Nat. ord. Dogbanes
[Apocynaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Alstonia.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots, as fresh
growth has commenced, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60°
to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
H. untidy sente'rica (antidysenteric). 10. White. May.

Trop. Asia. 1778.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). E. Ind. 1820.

HOLBCE'LLIA. (Named after F. L. HolbaU, of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Copenhagen. Nat. ord. Bar-
berries [Berberidacea?]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, 6-Hexandria.
Allied to Akebia.)

Greenhouse climber, from Himalaya, valued for the
fragrance of its dull flowers. Their fruit is eaten in
India. Cuttings of half-ripened young shoots in sandy
soil, under a glass ; open, sandy loam, with a little peat ;
will stand in a cool greenhouse, in winter, and would
twine up the wires of a wall, from the latitude of London,
southwards, westwards, and in Ireland.
H. acumina'ta (pointed-leafleted). See H. LATIFOLIA.
„ angustifo' lia (narrow- leaved). See H. LATIFOLIA.
,, lalifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Green or purple. March.
1845.

HO'LCUS. (Holcos, from the Greek name applied to
some grass. Nat. ord. Graminea?.)

A perennial British grass, valued only in the varie-
gated form.
H. lana'tus (woolly). 1-1$. Green. Summer. Britain.

" Yorkshire Fog."

„ ,, variega'tus (variegated). Leaves striped with
white.

HOLLY. (I1 lex Aquifo'lium.) Of this hardy evergreen
shrub there are many varieties, including the following
distinct types: — i. Silver-edged; 2. Golden-edged;
3. Thick-leaved ; 4. Prickly ; 5. Yellow-leaved ; 6. Varie-
gated ; 7. Spotted ; 8. Recurved.

The holly will not thrive in any poor, light, sandy soil,
or in a swampy situation, but likes a strong, deep, dry,
loamy soil. If grown as single ornamental shrubs they
should not be overshadowed by other trees ; and if the
land is manured, so much the better. As to pruning it,
with a view to make it grow fast, the less you do of that
the better. All that is necessary is to encourage the leader,
by stopping any laterals that try to interfere with it.

The most expeditious way of making holly-hedges is to
procure large plants from some nursery ; but, with the
smallest expense and more time, the following may be
recommended :— Gather a sufficient quantity of berries
when ripe ; then dig a hole three or four feet deep, and
throw the berries in, crushing and mixing them with some
fine soil at the same time ; close the hole with the soil
taken out, and throw some litter, or other covering, over
the whole, to prevent the wet or frost penetrating.
Take them up and sow them in March. They will make
nice little plants the first season ; and, by transplanting
the stronger ones, you will have fine plants in about
three years.

Large hollies are best moved about the third week hi
August. With a small cord tie up the lower branches,
then mark a circle two feet from the bole of the tree,
and another circle two feet beyond the first ; the space
between the two circles must have all the soil dug
deeply out of it; whilst this is going on, let another
labourer be digging a hole larger than the ball of the tree
will require, making it rather deeper ; fill in some of
the best soil, chopped fine, and mix it with water till it
forms a puddle of the consistence of thick paint. Gradu-
ally undermine the ball below the roots till it stands
quite loose ; then wrap some garden-mats round, and

tie the ball firmly together with a strong rope ; then wrap
the stem round as near the soil as possible with some
old carpet or sacking ; tie to the stem at that part a
stout pole eight or nine feet long ; then lower the tree
gently down, and let as many men as are necessary to
carry it take hold of the pole, and remove the tree to
its place, letting it down gently into the hole amongst
the puddle, taking care that it is not below, but rather
above, the general level ; fill in good soil round the ball
after the tree is set upright, and the mats, ties, &c.,
removed. Mix this soil with water till it is a puddle
like the bottom ; secure the tree with props, to prevent
the winds from shaking it.

The best time for cutting hollies is early in the spring,
about the end of February, before they have begun to
shoot. Never clip them with shears, but cut them in
with a sharp knife.

HOLLYHOCK. (AlOue'a ro'sea.) By Cuttings. —These
are made from the young shoots that rise from the base
of the strong flower-stems. They may be formed of the
tops only, or, if the young shoots are long, they may be
cut into lengths of two joints each, removing the lower
leaf, and shortening in the upper one. To cause them
to send forth roots, a gentle hotbed should be made
either of well-fermented dung, tanner's old bark, or
fresh-fallen leaves. As soon as the heat is moderated,
place the frame upon it, and a covering of dry sawdust
upon the bed within the frame to the depth of five inches.
Then prepare the cuttings, put them round the edge of
pots filled with moist, sandy loam, press the earth close
to the bottom of each cutting, and fill up the holes with
a little more soil. Then plunge them nearly up to the
rim in the sawdust, but give no water, because they are
very full of sap, and would damp off immediately. Shade
closely and give no air, excepting a little at the back to
let out the steam for an hour in the morning. In six
weeks they will begin to show signs of growth, and should
then have a little water given without wetting the leaves.
When roots are formed, pot them off into small pots,
place them in a cold frame kept close, and shaded for a
week or two. Then gradually inure them to bear the
full sun, and give plenty of air, and moderate but con-
stant supplies of water. They are then ready for planting
out. The best time to perform this is in early spring,
but it may be done also in August, so as to have them
rooted before the winter sets in.

By Division. — Large, strong plants, with numerous
shoots, may be taken up as soon as they have done
flowering, and be divided with a strong knife. Care
must be taken that each division has a good share of
roots, and at least one shoot to it. Plant these divisions
in a bed in a shady part of the garden, but not under
the drip of trees. They may remain here till March,
and then are ready to plant out in the place where they
are to flower.

By Seed.— Save seed from the most double and best
coloured flowers. Clean it from the husks, and keep it
in a dry drawer, or in a bag hung up in a dry room. Sow
early in March in shallow, wide pans, hi a gentle heat.
When the seedlings are so large as to be readily handled,
transplant them either Into boxes three inches apart, or
prepare a bed of rich earth in a frame without heat, and
plant them out in it at the same distance from each
other. As soon as the weather will permit, make a
sufficiently large piece of ground very rich with well-
decomposed hotbed dung, in a dry, open part of the
garden. Take the plants up carefully with a garden
trowel, keeping as much earth as possible to each. Carry
them, a few at a time, in a basket, to the prepared ground,
and plant them out in rows two feet apart, and one
foot between each plant. There they may remain till
they flower. Then mark such as are well shaped and
bright coloured ; cut them down, and plant them in the
place where they are to flower next season, giving a
name to each. Write in a book kept for the purpose a
description of each, both of shape and colour. Single
and badly-shaped flowers throw away at once.

Soil. — They must have a dry, deep soil, enriched with
plenty of manure. If the situation is damp, they will
die off in the winter, unless well drained, and the bed
elevated above the natural level.

Summer Culture. — When the plants begin to grow in
the spring, give them a mulching about two nches thick,
with some light littery manure. This will protect the

HOLLYHOCK DISEASE

435

HOMALOPETALUM

roots from the drying winds, and strengthen the flower-
shoots. Place tall, strong stakes to them in good time,
• and as they advance in growth, tie the shoots separately
, to the stakes regularly, but not too tightly, and leave
room for the stems to swell. During dry weather, give,
once a week, a thorough good watering. If the flowers
are intended for exhibition in spikes, cut off their extreme
ends. This will cause the flowers to form a fine pyramid
of bloom, and make them open more equally and much
larger.

Winter Culture. — Cut down the flower-stern as early
as possible after the bloom is over, and the seed is ripened.
Dig the ground between the plants, leaving it moderately
rough to mellow with the weather, adding a dressing of
well-decomposed manure. Before the severe frosts are
likely to set in, give a mulching of light, half-decayed
dung, closing it round the plants. This will keep the
roots warm through the frosty weather, and will enrich
the ground as it decays.

Insects. — The green fly will, in dry seasons, attack the
leaves and young shoots. (See APHIS.) Slugs will also
attack the young shoots. They must be diligently
sought for and destroyed, or, if very numerous, give the
ground a watering with clear lime-water occasionally.
In new ground, a brown grub is sometimes very destruc-
tive by eating off the young shoots just level with the
ground. Nothing will kill these except hand-picking ;
the soil must be stirred with the hand, and the insects
found and destroyed.

Diseases. — Sometimes they die off suddenly, the conse-
quence of a too rich or too damp soil. Whenever a
plant is struck with this disease, it should be instantly
removed. If it has any young, healthy shoots, they
may be taken off and put in as cuttings. The place
must have the soil removed for a foot square, fresh
soil put in, and a new healthy plant inserted.

HOLLYHOCK DISEASE. (Pucci'niamalvacea'rum.) For
the last thirty-seven years or more the Hollyhock,
especially the fine-named double forms, has been deci-
mated by the above fungus, which is believed to have
been brought to Europe from Chili. It attacks various
species of Mallow in the wild state, and various garden
plants belonging to the Mallow family. It is known
only in the Puccinia stage, and the spores quickly
germinate, hence the reason for its rapid spread. The
disease was very virulent between 1873 and 1890, but

i since then has decreased in vigour, like many other

1 introduced diseases, like that which destroyed Verbenas
and latterly the Chrysanthemum. The disease makes its

| appearance, chiefly on the under-side of the leaves, first
in the form of discoloured spots, which break through
the skin of the leaf, and then look red-brown, becoming

\ darker as the spores mature. The spores are two-

, celled, and supported by a slender, colourless stalk, and
the great number of the spores give them the hue seen
by the naked eye. When first detected, the diseased

, leaves should be removed and burnt to prevent the
spread of the disease. The rest of the foliage should be
well sprayed at intervals of ten days, with a solution
of sulphide of potassium, at the rate of i oz. to 2 or 3
gallons of water. This will not kill the fungus already
inside the leaves, but may prevent the spores from

' germinating afresh on the leaves.

, HOLLY-LEAF FLY. (Phytomy'xa. I'licis.) In sheltered
places more particularly, the leaves of the Holly are very

i liable to be disfigured by the grub of the small black
fly above named. The blotches on the upper surface
of the leaf are at first dirty white, but gradually become
brown as the tissue of the leaf within decays. The grub
is of a pale, dirty white hue, one line long and without
legs. Two or three blotches, each containing a grub,
may occur on a leaf. As the grub pupates or passes
through its various stages to the perfect fly, within the

' leaf, and makes its appearance early in the following

t summer, all valuable trees should have the blistered
leaves picked off and burnt to prevent a fresh attack in

I the following year.

HOLMSKIO LDIA. (Named after T. HolmskioU, a
I Danish botanist. Nat. ord. Verbenads [Verbenaceae].
i Linn. n-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Stove evergreens, with scarlet flowers, from the East

I Indies. Cuttings of young shoots just getting firm at

the base, in sandy soil, under glass, and in heat ; sandy

peat, and light, fibrous loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ;
winter, 50° to 60°.

H. sangui'nea (bloody). 4. 1796. Shrub.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). See H. SANGUINEA.

HOLOPTEXEA. (From holos, whole, and ptao, to fly ;
the whole fruit, styles, and stalk are winged, literally,
wholly winged. Nat. ord. Urticaceae. Allied to Ulmus.)
A stove tree similar to an Elm. Cuttings in sand,
with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
H. integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 40. India. 1822.

HO LOTHRES. (From holos, whole, and thrix, a hair ;
in reference to the hairy character of the small-leaved
plants. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Small, terrestrial or<&ids, which die down annually to
the root-stock. They require warm greenhouse treat-
ment. Fibrous peat, sphagnum, and charcoal, with
plenty of drainage.

H. lindleya'na (Lindleyan). £. White. S. Africa. 1888.
„ ortho'ceras (straight-horned). J. White, striped with

purple. S. Africa. 1897.

„ villo'sa (shaggy). J. Yellow-green, somewhat
fragrant. S. Africa. 1908.

HOMALANTHUS. (From homalos, even or smooth,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae.)

Evergreen, stove shrubs. Cuttings of nearly mature
wood, in sand, and placed in a close case, with bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
H. fastuo'sus (proud). Greenish. Philippines. 1866.
„ gigan&us (giant). Green, or yellow-green. Java.

1866.
„ leschenaultia'nus (Leschenaultian). 5-14. White.

August. E. Ind. ; Malaya. 1823.
„ pelta'tus (peltate-leaved). See H. GIGANTEUS.
,, polya'ndrus (many-flowered). Greenish. New Zealand.

1876.

„ populifo'lius (poplar-leaved). See H. LESCHENAUL-
TIANUS.

HOMATJUM. (From homalos, even or smooth. Nat.
ord. Samydaceae.)

A greenhouse, evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe
wood in sand, with gentle bottom-heat. Loam, with a
little peat and sand.
H. cochinchine'nsis (Cochin-Chinese). See H. FAGI-

FO'LIUM.

,, fagifo'lium (beech-leaved). 3-5. White. July.
China. 1823.

HOMALOME'NA, (From homalos, even, and me'ne,
the moon ; a fanciful derivation from the native name.
Nat. ord. Arads [Araceae]. Linn. zi-Moncecia, j-Hep-
andria. Allied to Richardia.)

Dwarf stove subshrubs or perennials. Offsets from
the roots, and dividing the plant ; rich, open loam.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
H. aroma,' tica (aromatic). 2. White. July. E. Ind.

and Malaya. 1810.

,, ccerule' scens (bluish). Bluish. Malaya.
,, cor dcita (heart-leaved). See H. AROMATICA.
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). Green. Leaves purple be-
neath. Borneo. 1885.

„ lasioi'des (woolly- like). Country uncertain.
„ mi'nus (lesser). See H. C/ERULESCENS.
,, paludo'sa (marshy). Perak.
„ pelta'ta (peltate). 4-4*. Pink, spotted with white.

Colombia. 1877.
,, pictura'ta (painted). £. Spathe green ; spadix white.

Colombia. 1873.

,, pontederiafo'lia. (Pontederia-leaved). Malaya.
„ Rafzlii (Rcezl's). f. Spathe brownish without,

cream within. Colombia. 1875.
„ rube'scens (reddish). 1-2. Spathe pale purple

without, white within. India. 1869.
,, ru'bra (red). See H. RUBESCENS.
,, siesmayeria'na (Siesmayerian). Leaves arrow-shaped.

Borneo. 1885.

,, Singapore" nsis (Singapore). Singapore.
„ Walli'sii (Wallis's). Spathe red; spadix white.

Colombia. 1877.
„ Wendla'ndii (Wendland's). 3-4. Costa Rica,

HOMALONEMA. See HOMALOME'NA.

HOMALOPE TALUM. (From homalos, like, and

HOMERIA

436

HORSE-CHESTNUT

petalon, a petal ; the lip is like the petals, so that all
three are alike. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae. Allied to
Tetramicra.)

A diminutive stove, epiphytical Orchid. Divisions.
Fibrous peat and sphagnum.

H. jamaice'nse( Jamaican). XV White. Jamaica. 1896.
HOME'RIA. (From homere'uo, to join ; the filaments
are united in a tube surrounding the style. Nat. ord.
Iridaceae.)

Interesting and beautiful bulbous plants, requiring
cold greenhouse or frame treatment, either in pots or
planted out in well-lighted and sunny structures. Off-
sets and seeds. Light, sandy, rich soil.
H. auranti'aca (orange). See H. COLLINA AURANTIACA.
„ colli'tta (hill), i. Testaceous or reddish-yellow. S.

Africa. 1793.

„ „ auranti' oca (orange), i. Orange. S.Africa. 1810.
„ „ minia'ta (vermilion). See H. MINIATA.
„ „ ochroleu'ca (yellow-white). Pale yellow. S.

Africa. 1812.
„ e'legans (elegant), i. Yellow and dusky blue. S.

Africa. 1797-

„ flexuo'sa (flexuous). See HEXAGLOTTIS LONGIFOLIA.
„ linea'ta (lined), i. Reddish-yellow. Leaves with a

median white line. S. Africa. 1825.
„ minia'ta (vermilion), i. Red. S. Africa. 1825.
HOMO'GYNE. (From homos, like, and gune, female ;
the female flowers are similar to the rest. Nat. ord.
Compositae.)

Hardy perennial herbs of dwarf habit for the rockery.
Divisions. Ordinary soil.
H. alpi'na (alpine). J. Pale purple. March to May.

Europe. 1710.
di'scolor (two-coloured). £. Pale purple. June,

July. Europe. 1633.

„ sylve'stris \

; (wood). White. Europe.

HOMOIA'NTHUS VISCO'SUS. See PEREZIA VISCOSA.

HONCKE'NYA, of Willdenow. (A commemorative
name. Nat. ord. Tiliaceae.)

Stove shrub with the habit of Sparmannia. Cuttings
or half-ripe wood in sand, with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, with a little peat and sand.

H. ficifo'lia (fig-leaved). 4-6. Purple. W. Trop.
Africa. 1894.

HONESTY. Luna'ria.

HONEY BEE. A' pis melli'fica.

HONEY-BERRY. Mdico'cca.

HONEY-DEW. See EXTRA VASATED SAP.

HONEY-FLOWER, Mdia'nthus.

HONEY-GARLIC. Nectar osco'rdum.

HONEY-LOCUST. Gledi'tschia triaca'nthos,

HONEYSUCKLE. Lonice'ra.

HONEYWORT. Ceri'nthe.

HOO'DIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Asclepiadaceae. Allied to Boucerosia.)

Warm greenhouse succulent and dwarf shrubs, like
Stapelia, producing large flowers on the top of the
tubercled and spiny stems and branches. Cuttings with
a slight heel of the old wood, prepared and laid on a
sunny shelf for a week or ten days till the cut dries over.
Make up a compost of loam, sand, and finely broken
bricks in equal parts. Insert the cuttings, water them
in with a rosed watering-can, stand the pots in a sunny
position, and wait till the soil gets fairly dry, then give
sufficient to moisten the soil. When rooted, give a fair
allowance of water during summer and very little during
winter. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, higher,
with all the sunshine available to make them flower.
H. Bai'nii (Bain's), i. Pale buff, with a reddish tint.

July. S. Africa. 1877.

„ Curro'ri (Curror's). 1-2. Rosy-lilac, with dark
lines, 5 in. across. Portuguese W. Africa. iqo6.
„ Gordo'ni (Gordon's), i. Pale brown and flesh-
coloured. July. S. Africa. 1796.

HOOKERA CORONA'RIA. See BRODI^A GRANDI-
FLO'RA.

HOO'KERA PULCHE LLA. See BRODJ.'EA CONGESTA.

HOOP-ASH. Ce'ltis crassifo'lia.

HOOP-PETTICOAT. Narci'ssus Bulboco' dium.

HOP. Hu'mulus.

HOP-HORNBEAM. See O'STRYA.

HOPKI'RKIA SCA'NDENS. See SALMEA EUPATORIA.

HOPLOPHY TUM. See ^CHMEA.

HO'RDEUM. Barley. (The name from the Latin.
Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Hardy, annual grasses. Seeds. Ordinary soil.
H. di'stichon (two-rowed). See H. VULGARE DISTICHON.
,, hexa'stichon (six-rowed). See H. VULGARE HEZA-

STICHON.

,, juba'tum (bearded). i£. Purplish awns. N. and S.

Amer. 1782. " Maned Barley."
,, vulga're (common). 2-6. Cultivated only. " Spring

Barley."

,, ,, di'stichon (two-rowed). " Long-eared Barley."
,, ,, hexa'stichon (six-rowed). " Winter Barley " or

" Bere."
,, ,, zeo'criton (selected corn). " Sprat or Battledore

Barley."

HOREHOUND. Marru'bium.

HORKELIA. (Named after /. Horkel, a German,
botanist. Nat. ord. Roscworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. 10-
Decandria, i-Monogynia. United to Potentilla.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and dividing
the plant in spring ; common garden-soil.
H. capita 'ta (headed) of Lindley. N.W. Amer.
„ capita'ta (headed) of Regel. See POTENTILLA H.EMA-

TOCHRUS.
,, conge sta (crowded- flowered). See POTENTILLA CON-

GESTA.

,, fu'sca (dusky). White. Summer. California.
,, Tili'ngi (Tiling's). See POTENTILLA TRIDENTATA.

HORMI'DIUM. (From hortnos, a necklace ; referring
to the arrangement of the flowers on the stem. Nat.
ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove, epiphytical Orchids. Divisions. Fibrous peat
and sphagnum in pots.
H. bicornu'tum (two-horned). See DIACRIUM BICOR-J

NUTUM.

„ pseudopygnue'um (false-pigmy). White, with red

marks. Costa Rica. 1909.
,, pygmce'um (pigmy). See H. UNIFLORUM.
,, Sophroni'tis (Sophronitis). Yellow, red, green.

Colombia. 1867.
„ unifto'rvm (one-flowered). Green ; lip \vhite, rose.

Mexico. 1832.

HORMI'NUM. (From hormao, to excite ; its medi-
cinal qualities. Nat. ord. Lipworts [Labiatas]. Linn.
i^-Didynamia, i-Gyninospermia. Allied to Monarda.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the plant,
and seeds in spring ; requires a dry situation, or a damp
winter will injure it.

H. caule'scens (stemmed). See LEPECHINIA SPICATA.
,, pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). i. Blue. June. Pyrenees.
1820.

HORN. See ANIMAL MATTERS.

HORNBEAM. Carpi'nus.

HORNEMA'NNIA, of Vahl. (Commemorative of Dr.'
Hornemann, a German botanist. Nat. ord. Vacciniacea?.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings in sandy peat in
bottom-heat. Suckers. Sandy loam and peat.
H. martinice' nsis (Martinique). 4. Red. Martinique ;
Guiana. 1861.

HORNEMA'NNIA OVA'TA, of Link. See VANDELLIA

CRUSTACEA.

HORNEMA'NNIA VISCO'SA, of Willdenow. See VAN-
DELLIA HIRSUTA.

HORN-OF-PLENTY. Fe'dia.
HORN-POPPY. Glau'cium.
HORSE-CHESTNUT. &'sculus.

HORSE-RADISH

437

HOTBED

HORSE-RADISH. (Cochlea' ria Armora'cia.) Delights
in a deep, rich soil, banks of a ditch, &c. Should the
ground require manure, it should be dug in at the depth
at which the sets are intended to be planted. It is
propagated by sets, provided by cutting the main root
and offsets into lengths of two inches. The tops, or
crowns of the roots, form the best, those taken from the
centre never becoming so soon fit for use, or of so fine a
growth. Each set should have at least two eyes ; for
without one they sometimes refuse to vegetate at all.
For a supply of the crowns, any inferior piece of ground,
planted with sets six inches apart and six deep, will
furnish from one to five tops each, and may be collected
for several successive years with little more trouble than
keeping them clear of weeds ; but the times for planting
are in October and February.

Insert the sets in rows eighteen inches apart each way.
The ground trenched between two and three feet deep,
the cuttings being placed along the bottom of the trench,
and the soil turned from the next one over them. The
earth ought to lie lightly over the sets ; therefore treading
on the beds should be carefully avoided. The shoots
make their appearance in May or June, or earlier if the
sets were planted in autumn.

Remove the leaves as they decay hi autumn, the ground
being also hoed and raked over at the same season, which
may be repeated in the following spring.

in the succeeding autumn they merely require to be
hoed as before, and may be taken up as wanted. By
having three beds devoted to this root, one will always
be lying fallow and improving ; of which period advan-
tage should be taken to apply any requisite manure.

Taking up. — To take them up, a trench is dug along
the outside row down to the bottom of the roots, which,
when the bed is continued in one place, may be cut off
level to the original stool, and the earth from the next
row then turned over them to the requisite depth ; and
so in rotation to the end of the plantation. By this
mode a bed will continue in perfection for five or six
years, after which a fresh plantation is usually necessary.
But the best practice is to take the crop up entirely, and
to form a plantation' annually ; for it not only causes the
roots to be finer, but also affords the opportunity of
changing the site. If this mode.is followed, care must be
taken to raise every lateral root ; for almost the smallest
will vegetate if left in the ground.

HORSE-RADISH TREE. Mori'nga pterygospe'rma.
HORSE-SHOE VETCH. Hippocre'pis.
HORSE-THISTLE. Cni'cus.

HORSFIE LDIA. (Commemorative of Dr. Horsfield, a
botanical collector. Nat. ord. Araliaceae.)

Stove, evergreen, spiny shrub allied to Aralia, and
requiring similar treatment.

H. aculea'ta (prickly). Leaves palmatelv lobed. Java.
1866.

HORT. A contraction of horte'nsis, belonging to a
garden. When placed after the names of plants it is
a contraction for hortorum, of gardens, and means that
the plant or the name originated in gardens.

HORTE'NSIA JAPO'NICA and H. OPULOI'DES. See

HYDRANGEA HORTENSIS.

HOSA'CEIA. (Named after Dr. Hosack, an American
botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria. Allied to Ononis.)

Hardy plants, with yellow flowers, except where other-
wise mentioned. Suitable for front of borders and rock-
works ; seeds and division of the plants in spring ;
cuttings of perennials in summer, under a hand-light.

ANNUALS.

H. subpinna'ta (rather-leafleted). June. Chili and N.W.

Amer. 1836.
,, wrangelia'na (Wrangel's). See H. SUBPINNATA.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

H. bi'color (two-coloured). |. Yellow and white.

August. N. Amer. 1826.

,, crassifo'lia (thick- leaved). 3. Red. June. Cali-
fornia. 1830.

H. decu'mbens (lying-down). £. August. N. Amer.

1827.
,, parvifio'ra (small-flowered). |. August. N. Amer.

1827.

,, purshia'na (Pursh's). £. July. N. Amer. 1824.
„ stoloni'fera (creeping-rooted). See H. CRASSIFOLIA.

HOSE IN HOSE is a form of double flowers when one
corolla is inserted within the other, as is frequently the
case with the primrose.

HO'STA. (Named after N. T. Host, a German botanist.
Nat. ord. Verbenas [Verbenaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria,
i-Monogynia. See CORNUTIA.)
H. caru'lea (sky-blue). See CORNUTIA PUNCTATA.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See CORNUTIA PYRAMIDATA.

„ longifo'lia (long- leaved). See CORNUTIA LONGIFOLIA.

HOTBED is a bed of earth, or other material, usually
covered by a glazed frame, and heated artificially, and
employed either for forcing certain vegetables, for
raising seedlings, or for striking cuttings. It is heated
either by dung, or leaves, or tan in a state of fermenta-
tion, or by hot water.

Hotbed of Stable Dung: Preparation of Dung. — We
will commence with the dung fresh at the stable door :
the first thing is to throw it into a close body to " sweat."
Those amateurs who have plenty, and to spare, will do
well to shake it over loosely, and reject a portion of the
mere droppngs ; for these take the most purifying, and,
moreover, engender an over-powerful and sometimes
unmanageable heat, which, in unpractised hands, is
capable of much mischief. The main bulk of the material
thus thrown together will, in a week or so, become
exceedingly hot, and must then be turned completely
inside out ; and, in so doing, every lock or patch which
adheres together must be divided. Water will now be
requisite, and must be regularly applied as the work
proceeds, rendering every portion equally moist. After
the mass has lain for about four days longer, it is well to
administer a liberal amount of water on the top ; this
will wash out at the bottom of the heap much of its gross
impurities. In a few more days it must be again turned
inside out, using water if dry in any portion, and after
lying nearly a week it should be almost fit for use ;
but it is well to give it even another turn. If any tree-
leaves, strawy materials, &c., or any simple vegetable
matter is to be added to the mass, it may be added at
the last turning but one. The heap ought now to be
" sweet," and such may be readily ascertained even by
unpractised persons ; for a handful drawn from the
very interior, and applied to the nostrils, will not only
be devoid of impure smell, but actually possess a some-
what agreeable scent, similar to the smell of mushrooms.

Beds. — All things will now be in readiness for building
the bed, and one necessary point is to select a spot per-
fectly dry beneath, or rendered so. It must, moreover,
be thoroughly exposed to a whole day's sun ; but the
more it is sheltered sideways the better, as starving
winds, by operating too suddenly in lowering the tem-
perature, cause a great waste of material as well as
labour. The ground-plan of the bed, or ground surface,
should be nearly level. A good builder, however, will
be able to rear a substantial bed on an incline ; and such
is not a bad plan, so forming the slope as to have the
front, or south side, several inches below the back ; the
front being with the ground level, the back raised above
it. By such means there will be as great a depth of
dung at front as back, which is not the case when the
base is level; for then, unluckily, through the incline
necessary for the surface of the glass, the dung at back
is generally much deeper than the front, at which latter
point most heat is wanted. Good gardeners not unfre-
quently use a portion of weaker material at the back,
such as littery stuff, containing little power as to heat.
It is well, also, to fill most of the ulterior of the bed,
after building it half a yard in height, with any half-
decayed materials, such as half-worn linings, fresh
leaves, &c. This will, in general, secure it from the
danger of burning, whilst it will 'also add to the per-
manency of the bed.

For winter-forcing a bed should be at least four feet
high at the back— if five feet, all the better ; and as soon
as built let some littery manure be placed round the
sides, in order to prevent the wind searching it. As
soon as the heat is well up, or in about four days from

HOTBED

438

HOUSELEEK

the building of it, the whole bed should have a thorough
watering. It is now well to close it until the heat is
well up again, when a second and lighter watering may
be applied; and now it will be ready for the hills of
soil any time.

In making the hills of soil for the plants, in forcing
melons or cucumbers, make a hollow in the centre of
each light, half the depth of the bed. In the bottom of
this, place nearly a barrowful of brick-bats, on this some
half-rotten dung, and finally a flat square of turf, on
which the hillock is placed. It is almost impossible for
the roots of the plants to " scorch " with this precaution.

As the heat declines, linings, or, as they might be more
properly called, coatings, are made use of, which consist
of hot fermenting dung laid from eighteen to twenty-four
inches, in proportion to the coldness of the season, &c.,
all round the bed to the whole of its height; and if
founded in a trench, one equally deep must be dug for
the coating, it being of importance to renew the heat as
much as possible throughout its whole mass. If, after
a while, the temperature again declines, the old coating
must be taken away, and a similar one of hot dung
applied in its place. As the spring advances, the warmth
of the sun will compensate for the decline of that of the
bed ; but as the nights are generally yet cold, either a
moderate coating, about nine or ten inches thick, is
required, or the mowings of grass, or even litter, may be
laid round the sides with advantage.

Various structures have been suggested, whereby the
heat only of fermenting dung is employed, and its steam
is prevented from penetrating within the frame. One
of the best of these structures is the following, proposed
by Mr. West :—

Beneath the floor of the intended hotbed there is a
chamber in which the dung is placed, three and a
half feet deep, surrounded by nine-inch brickwork.
One-half of this is filled longitudinally with dung at the
commencement, which, if kept close shut up, will last
twelve or eighteen days, according to the quality of the
dung. As the heat declines, the other side is filled, and
the temperature is further sustained by additions to the
top of both as the mass settles. When this united heat
becomes insufficient, the side first filled being cleared,
the old manure must be mixed with some fresh, and re-
placed, this being repeated alternately to either heap
as often as necessary. Four doors are provided, two
on each side for the admission of the dung. They are
two and a half feet square, fitted into grooves at the
bottom, and fastened by means of a pin and staple at
the top. There are small areas sunk in front, surrounded
by a curb of wood ; three bars are passed longitudinally
as a guide and support in packing the dung ; below the
bed is a bar of cast-iron, two inches wide, and three-
quarters of an inch thick, placed on the edge of which
there is a row, a foot asunder, across the chamber, to
support a layer of small wood branches and leaves, for
the purpose of sustaining the soil in the upper chamber ;
a number of small orifices, of which there are a series
all round the pit, communicate with the flue, which
surrounds the beds ; the exterior wall of this flue is
built with bricks laid flat, the inner one of bricks set on
edge. The flue is two inches wide, and, for the sake of
strength, bricks are passed occasionally from side to
side as ties. The top of the flue, and the internal part
of the wall, which rises at the back and front to the level
the earth is meant to stand, are covered with tiles, over
the joints of which slips of slate, bedded in mortar, are
laid, to prevent the escape of the steam of the dung ;
two plugs are provided, which stop holes left to regu-
late the heat and steam as may be necessary. The
outer wall supports the lights. For the convenience of
fixing the dung, it is best to fill half of the chamber at
the commencement, before the branches, mould, &c.,
are put in.

Hot-water Beds.—li hot water be the source of heat, the
following description of the bed and frame employed by
Mr. Mitchell, at Worsley, is about the best that can be
employed. The objects kept in view when it was con-
structed were— ist. A circulation of air without loss of
heat. 2nd. A supply of moisture at command, propor-
tionable to the temperature. 3rd. A desirable amount
of bottom-heat. 4th. A supply of external air (when
necessary) without producing a cold draught.

The method by which the first of these is accomplished
will be understood by referring to the action of flow-

pipes above, and return-pipes in a heated chamber be-
low. It is evident that, as the air in the chamber becomes
heated, it will escape by the opening provided, and the
air from the cold passage will rush in to supply its
place ; but the ascending current of heated air, coming
in contact with the glass, is cooled, descends, and enter-
ing the cold passage, passes into the chamber, where it
is again heated ; and thus a constant circulation is
produced. In order to obtain the second object, to
some extent are combined the tank-and-pipe systems.
The flow-pipe is put half its diameter into a channel,
which, when filled with water (or so far as is necessary),
gives off a vapour, exactly proportionable to the heat
of the pipe and pit.

The third requisition is produced by the surrounding
atmosphere and heating materials. The fourth is
accomplished simply by lowering the upper sash ; the
cold air thus entering at the top only, falls directly into
the cold passage, and passes through the hot chamber
before coming in contact with the plants. When the
heat in the chamber is 95°, in the open space over the
bed it is 71° ; in the bottom of the passage only 60° ;
and in the mould in the bed it is 80°. The amount of
vapour is regulated with the greatest facility, even from
the smallest quantity to the greatest density. — Gard.
Chron.

HOTEI A BARBA TA. See ASTILBE JAPOMCA.
HOTHOUSE. See STOVE.
HOTTENTOT BREAD. Diosco'rea.
HOTTENTOT CHERRY. Cassi'ne Mauroce'nia.
HOTTENTOT FIG. Mcsembrya'nthemum edu'le.

HOTTONIA. Water Violet. (Named after P. Motion,
a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord. Primeworts [Primulaceae).
Linn. ^-Pentandria, i-Monogyma.)

A hardy aquatic or marsh plant. Divisions in spring ;
ponds or ditches.

H. palu'stris (marsh), i. Flesh. May and June.
England.

HOT WALL is a hollow wall, the interior air being so
heated by flues or hot water as to keep the bricks of
which its faces are composed so warm as to promote the
ripening of the wood and fruit trained against them.
See WALL (Flued).

HOT WATER, as a source of heat for gardening pur-
poses, is preferable to any other for large structures.
In these it is less expensive, and in all it is more manage-
able and less troublesome than any other. See GREEN-
HOUSE, HOTBED, and STOVE.

HOULLE'TIA. (Named after M. Houllet, a French
gardener. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Stanhopea.)

Stove orchids. Division of the plant ; peat, broken
pots, charcoal, and rotten wood ; plants elevated above
the pot, or in a shallow basket. Summer temp., 60° to
90° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
H. brocklehurstia'na (Brocklehurstian). 2. Brown,

yellow. June. Brazil. 1841.
,, chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). Yellow, purple.

Colombia. 1871.
,, Lansbe'rgii (Lansberg's). i. Orange ; lip white,

tinted with purple. Costa Rica.

,, lowia'na (Lowian). White, yellow. Colombia. 1874.
,, odorati' ssima (sweetest-scented). Yellow. Colombia.

1887.
,, „ antioque' nsis (Antioquian). i. Deep red-purple,

white. Antioquia. 1870.
„ „ xanthi'na (orange). Orange ; lip sulphur, white.

1884.
,, pi'cta (painted). Red-brown, yellow, purple.

Colombia. 1855.
„ Sandc'ri (Sander's), i. Pale yellow, large. Peru.

1910.
,, tigri'na (tiger-striped). Yellow, crimson. Colombia,

1852.

,, vitta'ta (striped). See POLYCYCNIS VITTATA.
„ Walli'sii (Wallis's). Colombia. 1868.

HOUND'S TONGUE. Cynoglo'ssum.
HOUSELEEK. Sempervi'vitm.

HOUSTONIA

439

HOYA

HOUSTO'NIA. (Named in honour of Dr. W. Houston,
an English botanist. Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceae].
Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North America.
Division in spring; sandy loam and peat; beautiful
for small beds and rock-works.

H. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). See H. C.CRULEA ALBA.
„ caru'lea (blue). \. Blue. June. 1785.
„ „ a'lba (white). White. June. 1823.
„ ciliola'ta (hair-fringed). See H. PURPUREA CILIOLATA.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet). See BOUVARDIA TRIPHYLLA.
„ longiflo'r a (long-flowered). 2. White. Mexico. 1827.
„ longifo'lia (long- leaved). See H. PURPUREA LONGI-

FOLIA.

„ purpu'rea (purple), i. Purple. July. 1800.
„ „ ciliola'ta (hair-fringed). J. White, blue. July.

1826.

„ „ longifo'lia (long-leaved). £. Scarlet.
„ pusi'lla (puny). See H. C^RULEA.
„ serpyUifo'lia (wild-thyme-leaved) of Michaux. J.

Blue. June, July. 1812.
„ serpyUifo'lia (wild-thyme-leaved) of Graham. See

H. C^ERULEA.

,, tene'lla (slender). See H. SERPYLLIFOLIA.
,, va'rians (varying). See H. PURPUREA.

HOU'TTEA. (Commemorative of Louis Van Houtte,
of Ghent, a noted Belgian nurseryman. Nat. ord.
Gesneraceae.)

Evergreen stove shrubs. Division of tubers ; cuttings
in sand in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous peat,
leaf-mould, and sand.

H. Gardne'ri (Gardner's). 2. Red. July. Brazil. 1841.
,, Le'ptppus (Leptopus). See H. GARDNERI.
,, pardi'na (panther-spotted). i£. Orange, red.
Brazil. 1847.

HOUTTUY'NIA. (Named after Dr. Houttuyn, of

Amsterdam. Nat. ord. Saururads [Piperaceae]. Linn.
3-Triandria, ^-Trigynia.)

Herbaceous greenhouse or hardy marsh-plants. Seeds,
or dividing the plants, in spring ; peat and loam, kept
moist, and the plant a little shaded. Winter, temp.,
40° to 50°.
H. calif o'rnica (Calif ornian). i. White, red. June to

August. California. 1862.
„ corda'ta (heart-shaped). J-i. White. July.

Japan, China, &c. 1800.
„ fce'tida (foetid). See H. CORDATA.

HO'VEA. (Named after A . P. Hove, a Polish botanist.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn.
i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. Allied to Lalage.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia, with
purple flowers, except where otherwise mentioned.
Seeds, which should be sown in a hotbed, and moistened
in warm water before sowing ; cuttings of young side-
shoots in April or May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
kept in a close frame; sandy peat with a very little fibrous
loam, and pieces of charcoal and freestone, or small
pieces of pounded bricks. Winter temp., 40° to 48°,
with plenty of air ; in summer they should be a little
shaded from bright sunshine.
H. Ce'lsi (Cel's). 4. Blue. June. 1817.

,, chorizemczfo'lia (Chorizema- leaved). 3. April. 1824.

„ cri'spa (curled). See H. TRISPERMA.

„ elli'ptica (oval-leaved). See H. CELSI.

„ ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). See H. CHORIZEM^EFOLIA.

„ lanceola'ta (spear-head-/«at>ed). See H. LONGIFOLIA.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See H. CELSI.

„ linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 3. July. 1796.

„ longifo'lia (long- leaved). 3. July. 1805.

,, Mangle'sii (Captain Mangles'). See H. TRISPERMA.

„ mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). See H. LONGIFOLIA.

„ panno'sa (ragged). See H. LONGIFOLIA.

,, pu'ngens (pungent). Blue. 1837.

„ ,, ma'jor (larger). Blue. May. 1841.

„ purpu'rea (purple). See H. LONGIFOLIA.

,, racemulo'sa (spikeleted). See H. LONGIFOLIA.

,, rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). See H. LONGIFOLIA.

„ splc'ndens (shining). See H. TRISPERMA.

„ trispe'rma (three-seeded). Vermilion. May. 1837.

,, villo'sa (shaggy). See H. LONGIFOLIA.

HOVE'NIA. (Named after D. Hoven, a Dutch senator.

Nat. ord. Rhamnads [Rhamnaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria,
i-\Ionogynia. Alh"ed to Alaternus.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with white flowers.
Cuttings of ripe young shoots in sand, under a glass ;
sandy loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
H. du'lcis has stood against a wall in the Horticultural
and Kew Gardens, with a little protection.
H. ace'rba (acid). See H. DULCIS.

„ du'lcis (sweet). 8. July. Japan; China; Hima-
laya. 1812.

„ inczqua'lis (unequal). See H. DULCIS.

HOWA'RDIA CARACASENSIS (Caracas). See

POGONOPUS EXSERTUS.

HO'WEA. (Name taken from Lord, Howe's Island.
Nat. ord. Palmacea?.)

Stove Palms requiring treatment similar to Kentia.
H. belmorea'na (Belmorean). 10-30. Cream. Lord

Howe's Island. 1872.
„ forsteria'na (Forsterian). 10-20. Cream. Lord

Howe's Island. 1872.

HOY'A. Honey Plant. (Named after Mr. Hoy, once
gardener at Sion House. Nat. ord. Asdepiads [Asclepia-
daceas]. Linn. s-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings inserted in almost
any open soil, and plunged in a moist heat, root quickly ;
even the leaves will root, and soon produce a plant;
peat and loam, with a considerable portion of little pieces
of pounded bricks and lime-rubbish. They flourish best
in the temperature of the stove, and full exposure to the
sun ; but in winter they should be kept rather dry, and
in the temperature of a warm greenhouse — 45°, 50°,
or even lower.

H. acumina'ta (long-pointed). Himalaya.
„ a'tro-purpu'rea. (dark purple). Brownish-purple.

September. Java. 1848.

,, austra'lis (southern). White. Australia. 1820.
„ be'lla (beautiful). i£. White, purple. Taung Kola.

1847.
„ campanula'ta (bell-flowered). See PHYSOSTELMA

WALLICHII.
,, carno'sa (fleshy-leaved). 10. Pinkish-white. July.

Asia. 1802.
„ „ fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 10. Pink.

July.
„ cinnamomifo'lia (cinnamon-leaved). 10. Pale green.

July. Java. 1847.
„ dandesti'na (hidden). Java.
,, coria'cta (leathery). 2. White, yellow. August.

Manilla. 1838.

tl coria'cea (leathery) of Lindley. See H. MULTIFLORA.
„ corona'ria (garland). Yellow. November. Malaya.

1856.

,, crassifo'lia (thick- leaved). See H. CARNOSA.
,, cumingia'na (Cumingian). Yellow. Philippines.
„ Darwi'nti (Darwin's). Pink. March, April. Moun-
tains of Luzon. 1910.

,, diversifo'lia (various-leaved). India and Malaya.
„ engleria'na (Englerian). White, fragrant. Siam.

1907.

,, frate'rna (brotherly). Brown. July. Java. 1851.
,, frutico'sa (shrubby). 1848.
,, fu'sca (dark brown). Brownish. Sylhet. 1837.
„ fuscomargina'ta (brown-margined). Yellowish-green.

Country unknown. 1910.
„ globido'sa (globular). Pale straw, white, brown-pink.

India. 1882.
,, gonoloboi' 'des (Gonolobium-Uke). Brownish. Stems

tawny. India. 1884.
„ Griffi'ihii (Griffith's). Cream, tinted red, white. July.

Himalaya. 1885.
„ imperia'lis (imperial). 20. Scarlet. June. Borneo.

1847.

„ „ Rau'schii (Rausch's). Red. 1855.
„ lacuna' sa (furrowed). 3. Greenish-yellow. March.

Java. 1854.

„ „ pallidiflo'ra (pale-flowered). White. Java. 1861.
„ lasia'ntha (woolly-flowered). Yellow. July. Borneo.

1858. Climber.
,, Lauterba'chii (Lauterbach's). Brown-red inside,

green outside. New Guinea. 1896.
„ linea'ris (linear). White. October. Himalaya.
„ „ sikkime'nsis (Sikkim). Waxy-white. Sikkim.
1883.

HUDSONIA

440

HUMUS

H. longifo'lia Shephe'rdi (Shepherd's). Pale flesh.

Sikkim. 1861.
,, multifto'ra (many-flowered). Pale yellow-white. July.

Malaya. 1839.
„ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). India and Malaya.

(B. M., t. 4969.)

orbicula'ta (orbicular). See H. DIVERSIFOLIA.
ovcdifo'lia (oval-leaved). Pinkish- yellow. July. E.

Ind. 1840.

pa'llida (pale). See H. PARASITICA.
parasi'tica (parasitical). 6. White or yellow. July.

Malaya. 1815.

Paxto'ni (Paxton's). See H. BELLA.
pi'cta (painted). See H. CARNOSA.
Po'ttsii (Pots's). 10. Yellow. China. 1824.
, purpu'reo-fu'sca (purple-brown). Brown and purple.

September. Java. 1849.
„ Shephe'rdi (Shepherd's). See H. LONGIFOLIA SHEP-

HERDI.

„ trine'rvis (three-nerved). See H. POTTSII.

„ variega'ta (variegated). See H. CARNOSA FOLIIS

VARIEGATIS.

HUDSO'NIA. (Named after W. Hudson, F.R.S.,
author of the Flora Anglica. Nat. ord. Rock-roses
[Cistaceae]. Linn. \\-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Helianthemum.)

Half-hardy evergreens, from North America, with
yellow flowers. Generally by layers in spring and
autumn, and cuttings in sand, during summer, under a
hand-light; sandy peat, and a moist situation. They
require a little protection in winter, and may be placed
in a pit. Unlike any other group of the order, the foliage
more resembles a Heath than a Cistus.
H. ericoi'dcs (heath-like), i. June. 1805.

„ Nutta'Uii (Nuttall's). See H. ERICOIDES.

„ iomento'sa (downy), i. May. 1826.

HUEGEXIA DENSIFO'LIA and H. ELONGA'TA are

Gilia densifolia.

HUEGEXIA LU'TEA is Gilia lutescens.
HUEGEXIA VIRGA'TA. See GILIA VIRGATA.

HUE'RNIA. (Named after /. Huernius, a collector of
Cape plants. Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae].
T.jnn. s-Pentandria, 2-Digynia. Allied to Stapelia.)

Greenhouse evergreen succulents, from South Africa,
except where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings in spring,
well dried before inserting, or dividing the plant after
flowering ; sandy loam, and a little peat, leaf-mould, and
lime-rubbish ; plenty of water when growing and flower-
ing, but dry, or nearly so, during the winter. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 50°.
H. appendicula'ta (appendaged). Nearly white. S.

Africa (?). 1910.
„ a'spera (rough). £. Zanzibar.
„ barba' to. (bearded). J. White-striped. August. 1795.
„ breviro'stris (short-beaked), £. Pale yellow, with

blood-red spots. 1877.

„ davi'gera (club-bearing). £. Yellow-striped. Sep-
tember. 1795.
„ conci'nna (neat). J. Greenish-yellow, red spots.

Abyssinia. 1895.
„ cri'spa (curled).

„ gutta'ta (spotted). S. Africa.
„ hu'tmlis (humble). J. Yell

1795-

Yellow-striped. September.

„ Hy'sirix (hedgehog). J. Dusky yellow, crimson.

June to September. 1868.

„ lentigino'sa (freckled). £. Yellow-striped. 1795.
„ macroca'rpa (large-fruited) of Damman. See H.

PENZIGII.
„ macroca'rpa, (large-fruited) of Gartenflora, t. 1416.

See H. CONCINNA.

„ ocellz'la (eyed). J. Yellow-striped. September.
„ ocula'ta (eyed). |. Blackish-purple, with basal eye-
spot. Damaraland.
„ Penzi'gii (Penzig's). J. Black-purple. Abyssinia.

1892.
„ Pillafnsii (Pillans's). <&. Pale yellow, with crimson

specks. 1904.
„ primuii'na (primrose-coloured). Pale primrose. S.

Africa.
„ reticula'ta (netted). £. Pink-striped. August. 1793.

H. soma'lica (Somaliland). Brown-purple, with yellow

spots. Somaliland. 1898.

„ Sprenge'ri (Sprenger's). See CARALLUMA SPRENGERI.
,, tuba'ta (tubed). Flesh, spotted with pink.
,, venu'sta (lovely), £. Yellow-striped. June. 1795.

HUERNIO'PSIS. (From Huernia, and opsis, resem-
blance. Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceae.)

A dry stove or warm greenhouse succulent. Cuttings
laid on a dry, warm shelf for ten days or so to dry, and
inserted in sand on a sunny bench. Loam, nnely
broken bricks and sand in equal proportions.
H. deci'piens (deceiving). \. Crimson-brown, yellow.
S. Africa. 1877.

HUMA'TA. (Probably from humatus, interred ; the
stems being deep in the earth. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices].
Linn. n-Cryptogamia, i-Filices. A section of Davallia,
to which they are now referred.)

Stove Ferns, with brownish-yellow spores. Division ;
peat and loam. See FERNS.
H. angusta'ta (narrow). April. Singapore.

„ heterophy'tta (various-leaved). April. Samaria.

„ pectina'ta (comb-like). April. Isle of Luzon.

„ peda'ta (double-lobed). May. E. Ind.

,, Tyerma'nii (Tyerman's). West Coast of Africa. 1871.

HUMBLE BEE. Various species of Bombus, of which
B. terre'sier and B. luco'rum are common. They serve
to fertilise the flowers of very numerous species of plants,
when visiting them for the sake of nectar or pollen.
They often pierce the base of long-tubed flowers, when
they cannot readily get at the nectar by the interior of
the tube in the natural way ; but hive bees (Apis
mellifica) are equally guilty of doing this on occasion.

HUMBLE PLANT. Mimo'sa pu'dica.

HU'MEA. (Named after Lady Hume. Nat. ord. Com-
posites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-jEqualis.)

Greenhouse biennial. Sow in heat, in spring ; prick
out and grow under glass ; place out of doors in the heat
of the summer ; house in good time in the autumn ;
shift into larger pots as wanted, and transfer to its
blooming-pots in April, or plant out in good, rich soil in
May. Single plants in a sheltered corner have a fine
effect.
H. e'legans (elegant). 6. Red. July. N. S. Wales.

1800.

„ „ gigante'a (giant). 10-20. Panicles of flowers
larger. 1909.

HU'MULUS. The Hop. (From humus, the ground ;
creeping on the ground if not supported. Nat. ord.
Hempworts [Urticaceae]. Linn. 22-Dixcia, s-Pentan-
dria.)

Hardy perennial twiners. Seeds and divisions in
spring ; deep, loamy soil. They are useful for summer
shade, as they grow very quick.
H. japo'nicus (Japanese). 12-25. Yellow-green. July,

August. Japan. 1885. Annual.
„ „ lute'scens (yellowish). Leaves tinted with bronze

or gold. 1895.
,, „ variegaftus (variegated). Leaves variegated with

creamy-yellow. 1889.
„ Lu'pulus (common. Hop). 15-25. Yellow. July.

Britain.

„ „ variega'tus (striped-teal^). 15. Yellow. July
Britain.

HU'MUS. When the putrefaction of dead plants is
completed, there remains a soft, black mass, known as
vegetable mould, or humus. One hundred parts of the
humus of wheat straw have of extractive, or apotheme,
rather more than twenty-six parts, and the residue is
lime, peroxide of iron, phosphate of lime, and car-
bonaceous matter. This apotheme is identical with the
humic acid of Liebig, the ulmic acid of Braconnot, and
the geic acid of Berzelius. It contains — carbon, 46.6 ;
hydrogen, 20.0 ; oxygen, 33.4. It was once believed,
indeed, is still believed by a few men of science, that this
apotheme is the immediate fertilising component of
organic manures, being soluble under some circumstances,
and entering at once into the roots of plants, dissolved
in the moisture of the soil. But every relative research
of more modern chemistry is against this conclusion ;
and it is now tolerably certain, that a chief nutritive

HUNGARIAN LOTUS

441

HYACINTHUS

portion of vegetable manures is their carbon converted
into carbonic acid, and acting as an outdoor servant, by
dissolving various ingredients of plant food, that are
insoluble in water. The mineral elements and various
acids are also serviceable.

HUNGARIAN LOTUS. Nympha'a therma'lis.

HUNNEMA'NNIA. (Named after /. Hunncmann, a
botanical agent. Nat. ord. Poppyxorls [Papaveraceae].
Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds in spring ;
rich soil; will bloom the second year in greenhouse
treatment, or may be kept over the winter in a dry,
cold pit, and planted in the garden.
H. fumariafo'lia (Fumaria- leaved). 2. Yellow. Mexico.
1827.

HUNTE'RIA. (Commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Apocynaceae.)

A stove evergreen shrub with large leaves and small
flowers in axillary clusters. Cuttings of firm wood in
sand, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat or leaf-
mould, and sand.
H. BaUa'yi (Ballay's). Greenish-white. Gaboon. 1902.

HUNTLE'YA. (Named after the Rev. Mr. Huntley, a
zealous collector of plants. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchi-
daceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Now united
to Zygopetalum.)

Stove orchids. Slips of shoots, and dividing the plant ;
fibrous peat, &c. ; grown in a high, moist temperature.
Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
H. Melea'gris (Guinea-hen). See ZYGOPETALUM MELEA-

GRIS.

„ sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). Violet. Guiana.

1835-
„ viola'cea, (violet-coloured). See ZYGOPETALUM vio-

LACEUM.

HU'RA. Sand-box-tree. (The native name. Nat.
ord. Spurgeworts [Euphorbiaceae]. Linn. zi-Moncecia,
ii-.Wonadflphia. Allied to Hippomane.)

Stove evergreen trees, with whitish-yellow flowers.
Seeds, and cuttings of ripe young shoots under a bell-

§lass, in sandy soil, and in heat ; rich loam and peat,
ummer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
H. cre'piians (rattling. Equal-toothed). 12. S. Amer.

1733-
„ stre'pens (sounding. Unequal-toothed). See H.

HURDLES of iron are the most eligible modes of
fencing, whether for permanency or temporary purposes.
They are invisible at a short distance, elegant, and
durable. See RAILING.

HURT and HURTLEBERRY. The fruit of Vacci'nium
MyrU'llus.

HUSKY. The dung for a hotbed, when too dry, is
said to be husky.

HUTCffl'NSIA. (Named after Miss Hutchins, an
accomplished Irish cryptogamist. Nat. ord. Crucijers
[Cruciterae]. Linn. i$-Tetr adynamia. Allied to Iberis.)

Annuals, by seeds in April, in dry situations. Her-
baceous perennials, by seed and divisions in spring, and
cuttings under a hand-light, in summer ; sandy loam,
with a little peat or leaf-mould, and dry situations, such
as banks or rock- work.

HARDY ANNUALS.

H. peinz'a (rock), i- White. April. England.
„ procumbent (lying-down). See H. PROSTII.
„ Pro'stii (Frost's). *. White. May. France. 1823.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
H. alpi'na (alpine). See NOCC^EA ALPIXA.
, brevisty'la (short-styled). See THLASPI RIVALE.
, calyci'na (large-ca.lys.ed). See SMELOWSKIA CALYCINA.
, cepeafo'lia (Cepaea-leaved). See THLASPI CEPE/E-

FOLIUM.

, pu'mila (dwarf). See THLASPI PUMILUM.
, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). See THLASPI ROTUNDI-

FOLIUM.
„ stylo'sa (Jong-styled). See NOCC^A STYLOSA.

HYACI'NTHUS. The Hyacinth. (In mythology, a
beautiful boy, who, after being killed, was transformed
into this flower. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceaej. Linn
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Offsets from the bulbs, after the foliage has died down
in summer ; light, rich, sandy loam, with a little leaf-
mould. A valuable bulb for forcing. Best florists' kinds
grown out of doors should be taken up after the foliage
is withered, kept in shelves and drawers until the end of
autumn, and then planted and protected from severe
frost in winter, and frost and heavy rains in spring, by
an awning. For a brilliant outdoor display, where the
kinds are not so valuable, the roots may remain in the
ground many years if top-dressed, and the bulbs are not
too near each other. When grown in pots, these should
be deeper than usual, in proportion to the diameter —
nine inches are not too much. The compost we have
found most suitable for them in pots is a good loam, three-
fourths, and decayed cow-dung, two years old, one-
fourth. In October they ought to be potted, and imme-
diately plunged in tan or ashes, quite overhead, at least
two inches. In potting, make the soil very firm under
the bulb, to prevent the roots going directly down too
soon. In six weeks after potting and plunging, a few
may be brought into heat, and forced to flower about
Christmas ; and others may be brought in, month after
month, to supply flowers till May. To grow them in
water, glasses with a hollow cup at the top, to hold the
bulb, are used. It is not good to begin too soon with
glasses. December is quite early enough. After being
kept for a few days in slightly damped sand, they should
be placed in their glasses. At first the water should
only just touch the base of the bulbs, and the glasses
should be kept in a dark closet until the roots have
attained the length of an inch. Two drops of spirit of
hartshorn may be added to the water in each glass when
the bulbs are growing, and whenever the water is changed.
Dark-coloured glass is always to be preferred, as the
absence of light is natural to all roots. By keeping the
glasses in a dark closet until the roots are fully an inch
long, the hyacinths will not get top-heavy, but the roots,
being in advance of the leaves, will preserve the plant
balanced erect. The bloom will also be finer, as the roots
will be in a state to nourish the leaves before these are
prematurely advanced. A piece of charcoal put into
each glass feeds the plant, and prevents putridity in
the water.

H. amethysti'nus (amethyst-colour). J. Blue. April.

Pyrenees; Croatia. 1759-
„ „ a'lbus (white). White.
„ Auche'ri (Aucher's). Persia.
„ azu'reus (azure-blue). £. Sky-blue. March. Asia

Minor. 1856.
„ „ amphi'bolis (two-droppered). J. Pale blue.

Spike of forty to fifty flowers. 1902.
»» »» gigantfus (giant). A large form. Mount Muris,

N. Cilicia. 1898.
„ „ robu'stus (robust). Flowers half as large again as

H. azureus. 1903.
,, brevifo'lius (short-leaved). J. Pink. January. S.

Africa. 1811.

,, bruma'lis (winter). J. Various. February.
„ ca'ndicans (white). See GALTONIA CANDICANS.
„ cilia' tus (eye-lashed), i. Europe ; N. Africa.
,, corymbo'sus (corymbose). J. Lilac. S. Africa. 1793.
„ fastigia'tus (upright). Bright purple. Corsica;

Sardinia.

„ flexuo'sus (flexuous). Syria.

„ glau'cus (sea-green). Purple, red. May. Persia. 1825.
„ hispa'nicus (Spanish). See H. AMETHYSTINUS.
„ hi'spidus (hispid). Cilicia.
„ leucophctfus (white-dusky). S. Russia.
„ linea'tus (lined). $. Blue. Asia Minor. 1887.
„ macro'botrys (large-bunched). Palestine.
„ Musca'ri (Muscari). See MUSCARI MOSCHATUM.
„ orienta'lis (oriental), f. Blue. March. Levant.

„ „ a'lbulus (white), f. White. March. 1596.

" Roman Hyacinth."

,, „ fta'vus (yellow), f. Yellow. March. 1596.
„ „ multiplex (double). %. Variegated. April. 1596.
„ „ provincia'lis (provincial). Blue, slender stemmed.

France; Italy.
„ „ ru'ber (red). £. Red. March. 1596.

HYBANTHERA

442

HYBRIDISING

H. orienta'lis semiple'nus (semi-double), -jf. Variegated.
March. 1596.

,, Pri'nceps (chief). See GALTONIA PRINCEPS.

„ racemo'sus (racemed). See MUSCARI RACEMOSUM.

„ roma'nus (Roman), i. White. May. Mediter-
ranean region.

,, sessiliflo'rus (stalkless-flowered). N. Africa.

„ spica'tus (large-spiked). J. Blush. February. Zante.
1826.

„ syri'acus (Syrian). See H. TRIFOLIATUS.

„ trifolia'tus (three-leaved), i. Orange, blue. May.
Syria. 1840.

„ vi'ridis (green). See DIPCADI FILAMENTOSUM.

HYBANTHE'RA. (From hubos, convex, and anthera,
an anther ; in allusion to the convex or gibbous anther.
Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceae.)

Warm greenhouse twiner. Cuttings in sand not over-
watered. Loam, old mortar in small pieces, and sand.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55J.
H. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). Green, yellow. May.
China. 1840.

HYBE'RNIA DEFOLIA'RIA. Mottled Umber Moth.
This moth is very common, widely distributed, and makes
its appearance during October and November. The
female is brown and almost wingless. The male has well-
developed wings of a pale ochreous hue mottled with
brown, and marbled with light brown in the form of a
short and long zigzag band across each forewing. The
caterpillar is a looper, like that of the Winter Moth, and
is reddish-brown on the back, with a yellow line on each
side and a red spot on each segment. It makes its
appearance when the flowers and leaves are unfolding,
and these it devours together with buds or young fruit.
Cherries, Plums, Apples, Nuts, and many fore'st trees, get
greatly defoliated and destroyed by it. The female
climbs the trunks of the trees to lay her eggs, and may
be caught and destroyed by grease-banding the trees in
the same way as for the Winter Moth (Cheimatobia
brumata), which see, under the latter name.

HYBRID. A plant raised from seed, which is the
result of the fertilisation of two distinct species. If the
result of a cross between species belonging to two different
genera, like Cattleya and Laelia, it is termed a bigeneric
hybrid.

HYBRIDISING and CROSS-BREEDING. Those who
desire to be successful in this kind of work should first
make themselves familiar with the structure of the
flowers upon which they intend to operate. A complete
flower consists of four sets of organs. The outer whorl
of organs is collectively known as the calyx, while the
individual members of it are the sepals, if free from one
another, but if more or less united, the various pieces
are termed segments, lobes, or teeth of the calyx,
according to their length. Inside the calyx is a second
set of organs, collectively termed the corolla. If the
parts are free from one another they are termed petals ;
but, if joined at the base, the free parts are spoken of as
the lobes of the corolla. Inside of this come the stamens,
consisting usually of a slender portion known as the
filament, and surmounted by a more swollen or thickened
part at the top, known as the anther, which contains a
powdery substance named the pollen. The filament
may be absent in some species, but the anther is the
essential part. In the centre of the flower is the pistil,
which may consist of one organ, as in a Cherry or Plum
flower, or may consist of many pieces, as in the Butter-
cup. The lower, swollen part is the ovary or young
seed-vessel, and this is surmounted by a slender stalk,
known as the style, as seen in a Cherry flower. The
stigma is the slightly swollen knob on the top, as seen in
the same flower, and to this the pollen has to be applied.
In a Carnation the stigma is much longer, and with the
aid of a magnifying lens may be seen forming a finely
downy line along the upper side of the spreading styles,
from the apex, for some distance downwards. The three
stigmas of a Begonia are erect, spirally twisted like
screws, velvety, and easily seen by the naked eye. The
style is lacking in many flowers, but the stigma
is essential. Now it will be seen that the hybridist and
cross-breeder have to concern themselves with the
stamens and pistil, which are the essential parts of a
flower The calyx is intended for protection and support,

while the petals are also protective, but usually more or
less highly coloured, and serve for attracting insects.

Stamens and pistil may be present in the same flower ;
or they may be in different flowers, on the same plant,
as in Begonia, Melon, and Cucumber ; or they may only
be found on separate individuals, as in the Willow,
Poplar, and Aucuba, the flowers of which are unisexual,
or of one sex only. The male parent of a cross-bred or
hybrid plant is that from which the pollen is taken ; and
the female parent is that which bears the seed.

Cross-breeding is the correct term to use, when the
pollen is taken from one flower and placed on the stigma
of another belonging to the same species. If pollen is
taken from an anther and placed on the stigma of the
same flower, this would be self-pollination, or self-
fertilisation. This practice might answer the purpose
if the seedlings are desired to be the same as the parent ;
but even then it is better if the pollen is taken from another
plant of the same variety, as in the Chinese Primula,
because the progeny will be more robust. Should the
intention be to get a new variety, possessing a different
colo'ir of the Primula, then pollen must be taken from
a variety with flowers of some desirable hue. It may be
desirable in some cases to combine other characters cf
the foliage or habit of two parents, and in such cases
pollen is taken from the anthers of one and applied to
the stigma of the other. This method of getting new
varieties is termed cross-breeding.

Hybridisation is a similar operation, but the parents
used are more distantly related. For instance, if pollen
is taken from the flower of Begonia boliviensis and placed
on the stigma of B. Pearcei, the seedlings would be
hybrids, if the operation has been successful.

Begonias, Dendrobiums, Cattleyas, and Cypripediums
may readily be hybridised, and the resulting hybrids
may be crossed again in other ways, that is, with different
parents. At one time it was supposed that all hybrids
were sterile, or in other words, that the seedlings were
mules. Experiments have shown that this is not the
case. What are termed bigeneric hybrids have been
produced by intercrossing species of Cattleya and LaElia,
species of Epidendrum and Laelia, species of Brassayola
and Cattleya. Species of Brassia have been combined
with the hybrids of Cattleya and Laelia, thus giving
trigeneric hybrids. Just how far hybridisation may be
carried can only be determined by experiment. The
more distantly related the parents the greater the diffi-
culty in getting them to hybridise. Much also depends
upon the skill of the operator, not only in effecting
hybridisation but in rearing the seedlings.

The hundreds of fine flowers of Sweet Peas, Chinese
Primulas, Carnations, Garden Pinks, and some others are
not the result of hybridisation, but of cross-breeding fine
varieties with one another. A large proportion of the
fine garden Roses, tuberous-rooted Begonias, Pansies,
and Violas are the outcome of hybridisation and cross-
breeding in various combinations. Hitherto it has
baffled experimenters to produce a hybrid between the
Sweet Pea (Lathyrus odoratus) and any other species of
Lathyrus, and the same difficulty is experienced with
many other species more or less closely related. Little
hope can be held out of producing a hybrid between a
Rose and a Primrose, for instance, because they belong
to two different natural orders, and are too distantly
related.

To be successful, the plants must be more or less closely
related. The operator must also learn to get the pollen
in perfect condition, and the stigma must be fully de-
veloped and in a receptive condition before the pollen
can be effective. This can only be determined by
knowing the character and habit of the flower upon which
it is intended to operate. The Sweet Pea and Garden
Pea are self-fertilising, and to make sure of introduced
pollen being effective, the flower must be opened and
the stamens removed from the intended seed-bearer
before they are fully developed. The stamens of a
Carnation must be removed before the anthers open.
The female flowers of a Begonia contain no stamens.
In all these cases the flowers must be covered immediately
with thin gauze or muslin to make sure of excluding
insects, at least in summer, when insects are plentiful.
Under glass it is easy to exclude them by placing tiffany
over the ventilators, when open. The next point to
observe is whether the style and stigma are fullydeveloped.
In many plants the stigma becomes covered with a fine

HYDNOPHYTUM

443

HYDROCHARIS

downy pile when mature ; other stigmas, when full
grown, become moist or clammy, and when these states
are reached the pollen may be applied with a camel's-
hair brush or pencil. The forenoon or middle of the
day is the best time to conduct the operation, because
the atmosphere is usually dry and the pollen in the most
powdery and workable condition, though it may be done
at any other tune while similar conditions prevail.

HYDNOPHY'TUM. (From hudneo, to nourish, to
nurse, and phuton, a plant ; in allusion to the habit the
plants have of giving shelter to ants. Nat. ord.
Rubiacea.)

Remarkable stove plants that harbour ants in the

swollen, galleried base of their stems. Cuttings in sand

in a close case, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.

H. andamane' nsc (Andaman). Andaman Islands.

„ Forbe'sii (Forbes's). White. Fruit red. New

Guinea. (B. M., t. 7218.)
,, formica'rum (ants'). Malaya.

„ longiflo'rum (long-flowered). White. Fiji. (B. M.,
t. 7343-)

HYDRA NGEA. (From hudor, water, and aggeion, a
vessel ; referring to the cup-form of the capsule, or seed-
vessel. Nat. ord. Hydrangeads [Saxifragaceae]. Linn.
io-Decandria, z-Digynia.)

Deciduous shrubs. Propagated by division of the
roots, cuttings of the ripened shoots, and nourishing
best in moist, sheltered places. Horte'nsis, the common
garden Hydrangea, though a little more tender, stands
the winter well in the southern parts of the island ; and
though cut down in most winters in the neighbourhood
of London, yet, if a slight protection of mulching is
thrown over the roots, the stems will rise strongly,
and bloom well after Midsummer, if care be taken to
remove all the weaker ones, just as is done with a Fuchsia
stool. This species makes also fine ornaments in pots,
and may be propagated at almost any time ; the young
side-shoots, when two or three inches in length, inserted
in sandy soil and in heat, striking in a few days, while
the old stems will strike anywhere, but require their
time. To grow it well requires light, rich compost, well
drained, and abundance of water. The flower generally
appears first of a greenish colour, becoming of a pale
rose ; but in some districts the colour becomes a beautiful
blue. Notwithstanding all the experiments that have
been made, there is still a little doubt as to the cause
that produces the change. When iron filings and a
solution of alum are used, in some soils the blue colour
is produced, while the same means will not produce it in
others ; and other soils will almost invariably produce
this blue colour without any peculiar matter whatever
being added. The loams at Kenwood, at Hampstead
Heath, and Stanmore Heath, and the peats at Wimble-
don, as well as some bogs near Edinburgh, are famous
for producing this blue in the Hydrangea. When trying
artificially with iron filings and alum-water, we have had
different colours on the same plant. This variation is
merely temporary— it cannot be propagated like a
variety : a cutting from a blue plant will produce a rose
one, unless the peculiar treatment be continued.

GREENHOUSE.
H. acumina'ta (long-pointed). See H. HORTENSIS

ACUMINATA.

„ Belzo'nii (Belzoni's). See H. HORTENSIS.

„ cyane'ma (dark-coloured or dark-blue). See H.

ROBUSTA.
„ horte'nsis (garden). 2-6. Changing from green to

pink, or sometimes blue. Summer. China and

Japan. 174°-

„ „ acumina'ta (long-pointed).. Rose. Japan. 1874.
,, „ a'lba (white). Pure white. 1909.
„ „ cyano'clada (blue-branched). See H. HORTENSIS

NIGRA.

„ „ Li'ndleyi (Lindley's). Rosy-white.
„ „ macrose'pala (large-sepalled). White.
„ „ Marie'sii (Maries's). Outer flowers large, pink

or mauve.

„ „ ni'gra (black-stemmed). Stems dark blue.
„ „ niva'lis (snowy). Leaves white along the middle ;

stems white. 1904.
„ „ Ota'ksa (Otaksa). Flesh. Japan. 1868.

H. horte'nsis ra'nitdo-cocci'nea (scarlet-branched). Large

pale rose. Young shoots plum-red. 1890.
„ „ stella' to. (starry). Pink, starry. Japan. 1868.
„ „ stella'ta fimbria'ta (fringed-s tarry). Flowers

fringed.

„ „ stdla'ta ro'sea (rosy-starry). Bright rose.
„ „ stdla'ta ru'bra ple'na (double red).
„ „ tricolor (three-coloured). Leaves white and pale

green, edged yellow. 1882.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated.
„ „ Vei'tchii (Veitch's). Pure white. 1903.
„ japo'nica (Japan). See H. HORTENSIS.
„ robu'sta (robust). Pink, white. Himalaya. (B. M..

t. 5038.)
„ stella' ta (starry- flowered). See H. HORTENSIS STELLATA.

HARDY.

H. alti'ssima (tallest). Himalaya.
„ arbore'scens (tree-like). 6. White. July. Eastern

United States. 1736.
„ „ di'scolor (two-colowed-leaved). 6. White, green.

August. N. Amer.
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Large, pure white,

sterile. 1907.

„ a'spera (rough). Large, numerous; white. Hima-
laya and China. 1889.
,, ,, macrophy'tta (large-leaved). China.
,, Bretschnei deri (Bretschneider's). White. China.

1884.
„ cine'rea ste'rilis (barren). Flowers nearly all enlarged,

sterile, white. Ohio, U.S.A. (?) 1908.
„ corda'ta (heart-leaved). See H. ARBORESCENS.
,, heteroma'lla(vaxious-haiTed-leavcd). See H. VESTITA.
,, involucra'ta (involucrated). 2. White and pale blue.

Japan. 1875.

,, lo'ngipes (long-stalked). China.
„ ni'vea (snow-white-leaved). See H. RADIATA.
,, panicula'ta (panicled). 2-4. Barren flowers few,

white.
„ ,» floribu'nda (free-flowering). See H. PANICULATA

GRANDIFLORA.

,, „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Flowers all sterile,

large, white. Japan. 1867.
„ petiola'ris (long-petioled). 6-15. White. May.

Japan. 1878.

,, pube'scens (downy). See H. BRETSCHNEIDERI.
„ quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). 4. White. July. S.E.

United States. 1803.
„ radio.' ta (rayed). 4-6. White. August. S.E. United

States. 1786.

„ „ cane'scens (hoary). Leaves felted, whiter.
,, ,, glabe'lla (smooth). 5. White, green. July.
,, sca'ndens (climbing). See H. PETIOLARIS.
„ zerra'ta (saw-edged). Japan.
„ Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). Rose to blue. Japan.

1870.
„ vesti'ta (clothed). 4. White. Himalaya. 1821.

HYDRA STIS. Yellow Root. (From hudor, water;
referring to the marshy places where it grows. Nat.
ord. Crowfoots ( Ranunculaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Caltha.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the root;
loam and peat ; moist situation.

H. canade'nsis (Canadian). £. Green. May. N. Amer.
1759-

HYDRIA STELE. (From hudria, a water-bucket, and
stelee, a stem ; in allusion to the cupped bracts and
bracteoles. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove Palm. Seeds. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
H. ivendlandia'na(\\'eudla.ndia.n). Trop. Australia. 1878.

HYDRO" CERA. (From hudor, water, and keros, a
horn ; in allusion to the horn-like leaves. Nat. ord.
Geraniaceae. Allied to Impatiens.)

Aquatic or marsh stove herb. Seeds and divisions.
Loam and leaf-mould in a warm tank.
H. angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). 2. Red. July. E.

Ind. ; Malaya. 1810.
„ triflo'ra (three-flowered). See H. ANGUSTIFOLIA.

HYDRO'CHARIS. (From hudor, water, and charis,
delight ; in allusion to the beauty of the flowers of the
plant floating on water. Nat. ord. Hydrocharidaceae.)

An aquatic, with rosettes or tufts of small round

HYDROCLEIS

444

HYGROMETER

leaves, floating on ponds and still waters. Runners.
Soil unnecessary.

H. Mo'rsus-Ra'nce (Frog-bit). J. White. England and
Ireland.

HYDRO'CLEIS. (From hudor, water, and kleis, a bar ;
from the obstruction to the water in rivers and lagoons.
Nat. ord. Alismaceae.)

Stove perennial aquatic. Divisions ; runners ; seeds.
Loam in tubs or the shallow part of a tank.
H. Commerso'ni (Cpmmerson's). i-ij. Yellow. May

to July. Brazil. 1831.

HYDROCO'TYLE. Pennywort. (From hudor, water,
and kotule, a hollow ; in allusion to the little hollow in
the centre of the round leaf. Nat. ord. Umbelliferae.)

Dwarf perennial herbs for the bog garden, with in-
significant flowers, but more interesting leaves. Seeds,
divisions. Any damp soil.
H. america'na (American). \. N. Amer.
„ asia'iica (Asiatic), i. Pale pink. Tropical and sub-
tropical regions.

„ tnoscha'ta (musky). £. New Zealand.
„ repa'nda (scolloped). J. N. Amer.
„ rotundifo'lia (round- leaved). J. Asia and Trop.

Africa.

„ umbella'ta (umbelled). \, Trop. regions.
„ vulga'ris (common). jV. Green. Britain.

HYDROGLO'SSUM SCANDENS FULCHERI. See

LYGODIUM SCANDENS FULCHERI.

HYDRO LEA. (From hudor, water, and elaia, oil;
referring to the marshy habitat and oily feel of the
leaves. Nat. ord. Hydrophylls [Hydrophyllaceas]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, z-Digynia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous plants. Divisions, cuttings,
and seeds ; spino'sa is a small aquatic, growing best in
peat and loam ; quadriva'lvis is also found in boggy places.
H, carolinia'na (Carolinian). Pale blue. July. N. Amer.

1824.

,, quadriva'lvis (four-divided). See H. CAROLINIANA.
,, spino'sa (thorny), i. Blue. S. Amer. 1791.

HYDROME STUS. (From hudor, water, and mestos,
half; referring to the plant living in water during the
rainy season. Nat. ord. Acanthads [Acanthacea?]. Linn.
14'Didynamia, z-Angiospermia. Now referred to Aphe-
landra.)
H. macula'tus (spotted). See APHELANDRA HYDRO-

MESTUS.

HYDROPE'LTIS. (From hudor, water, and pelte, a
shield ; referring to the floating shield-like leaves. Nat.
ord. W ater shields [Nymphaeaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria,
6-Polygynia. Now referred to Brasenia.)
H. purpu'rea (purple) See BRASENIA SCHREBERI.

HYDROPHY'LLUM. Water-leaf. (From hudor, water,
and phullon, a leaf. Nat. ord. Hydrophylls [Hydro-
phyllaceae]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Nemophila.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North America.
Divisions and suckers ; rich loam and peat ; in marshy
situations.
H. appendicula'tum (appendaged-ca/y*^). f. Blue.

May. 1812.

„ canade'nse (Canadian). $. White. May. 1759.
„ magella'nicum (Magellan). i£. Pink. June, July.

Magellan region. 1817.

„ virgi'nicum (Virginian). £. Blue. June. 1739.
" Shawanese Salad."

HYDRO SMB. (From hudor, water, and osme, smell ;
in allusion to the peculiar smell of the flower. Nat. ord.
Araceas. Now referred to Amprphophallus.)

Stove Aroids. Offsets and division of tubers. Sandy
loam and peat or leaf-mould.

H. leopoldia'na (Leopoldian). Spathe velvety purple-
brown. Congo. 1887.
,, Teu'szii (Teusz's). See AMORPHOPHALLUS EICHLERI.

HYDROTffi'NIA. (From hudor, water, and iainia, a
band ; referring to a triangular band in the flower
secreting a liquid. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn.
S'Triandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Beatonia.)

Pretty half-hardy bulbs, with the aspect of a Tigridia,

and flowers like a Fritillaria. Seeds, sown when ripe,
or kept, and given a little heat in the spring ; division
of the offsets ; light, rich, sandy loam ; taken up, and
kept after the foliage is decayed, and planted out the
following spring. If left in the ground, and covered to
protect from rains and frosts, the plants will be stronger
than if the bulbs were kept dry all the winter.
H. loba'ta (lobed-flowered) . ij. Yellow, purple. May.
Lima. 1843.

„ Melea'gris (Guinea-fowl-like), i. Yellow. July.
Mexico. 1837.

„ Kart//ow'*tei(VanHoutte's). Mexico.

HYGROMETER. An instrument for ascertaining the
quantity of moisture in the air. Everything that swells
by moisture, and contracts by dryness, is capable of
being formed into one. Every gardener who has taken
a cool bunch of grapes into a hothouse well-supplied with
moisture would, in the grapes almost instantly being
covered with dew, see the principle upon which the
hygrometer acts. The colder the grapes, the warmer
the house, the more the vapour contained in it, the
sooner would the dew be formed, and the more plentiful
its depositure. Pouring cold water into a glass tumbler,
in similar circumstances, will be attended with a similar
result : dew will be deposited on the outside of the glass ;
because, in either case, the cold body condenses the
vapour in its neighbourhood ; and this is what is called
the dew-point, being that temperature at which moisture
is deposited from the surrounding atmosphere upon any
object of that particular temperature. The drip in
frames, greenhouses, &c., is similarly caused. The
thermometer is the best instrument for showing the
temperature ; and by taking two similar ones, covering
their bulbs with a fold of muslin or silk, keeping one dry
and the other wet, with a thread of floss-silk acting as a
syphon from a vessel of water, the greater the difference
of temperature indicated by the moist and dry ther-
mometer, the greater the deficiency of atmospheric
moisture. The nearer the temperature of the moist and
dry bulb, the nearer is the air to being saturated with
moisture. To obtain more perfect details Daniel's Hygro-
meter may be used. It consists of two hollow glass balls
containing ether, and communicating by the glass tube
which rests on the support. The ball which forms the
termination of the longer leg is of black glass, in order
that the formation of dew on its surface may be the
more perceptible. It includes the bulb of a delicate
thermometer dipping in the ether, its scale being inclosed
in the tube above the ball ; and whatever change takes
place in the temperature of the ether is indicated by this
thermometer. The other ball is covered with muslin.
In making an observation it is first necessary to note
down the temperature of the air ; next turn the instru-
ment, so that when the muslin- covered ball is held in
the hand, the ether may escape into the blackened ball ;
and it should also be held till the included thermometer
rises a few degrees above the temperature of the air,
when it should be replaced on the support. Then drop,
or gently pour, a little ether on the muslin. The evapora-
tion of this extremely volatile substance produces cold ;
and attention must be instantly directed to the black
glass ball and included thermometer. The latter will be
seen falling rapidly ; and at length a ring of dew will
appear at the line which runs across the black ball —
quickly, if the air is very moist, slowly, if the air is dry.
If the air is very dry, no moisture will be thus deposited
till the thermometer falls to 10°, 20°, or 30° below the
temperature of the air. But at whatever temperature
the dew forms, that temperature should be noted as
the dew-point ; and the difference between it and the
temperature of the air, at the time, is the degree of dryness
according to the indications of this hygrometer. Thus,
in a moderately dry day, let it be supposed that the
temperature of the air is 65° in the shade, and that the
muslin requires to be kept moist, before dew is formed,
till the blackened ball containing the ether has its
temperature reduced to 50°, as indicated by the included
thermometer ; there are then said to be 15° of dryness.
Again, supposing the temperature is 85°, and the dew-
point found, as before, to be 70°, the degree of dryness is
still expressed by 15° ; but the quantity of moisture
diffused in the air is, notwithstanding, somewhat greater
in the latter case than in the former. If 1000° represent
complete saturation, the quantity of moisture, when the

HYGROPHILA

445

HYMENOCALLIS

temperature is 65° and the dew-point 50°, will be 609 ;
but when the temperature is 85° and the dew-point 70°,
the moisture will be represented by 623 ; these numbers
being ascertained by tables prepared for the purpose.
The difference, however, in such a case is so small, it is
not worth taking into account in a horticultural point of
view. But as these numbers can only be ascertained
by calculation, it is more convenient to reckon by the
degrees of dryness, bearing in mind that the dryness of
the air is indicated by the difference between the tem-
perature of the air and of the dew-point. Thus, if the
ring of dew is formed as soon as ether is applied, and
only i° difference is observable, the air is nearly saturated ;
if the difference is 5° to 10° the dryness is very moderate ;
while 15° to 20° of difference indicate excessive dryness,
and beyond this the air is parching. — Card. Chron.

HYGROPHILA. (From hugros, moist, and phileo, to
love ; referring to the habitat of the plant. Nat. ord.
Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn. \\-Didynamia, 2-Angio-
spermia. Allied to Ruellia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young shoots in sandy
soil, in heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 45° to 55°.
H. angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). J-i. Purple or violet.

Tropics of Old World. 1820.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See H. SPINOSA.
„ ri'ngens (gaping). See H. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
„ solidfo'lta (willow-leaved). See H. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
„ spino'sa (spiny). 2. White or purple. August.
India and Malaya. 1781.

HYLE'SINTJS PINIPERDA. See HYLURGUS PINI-

PERDA.

HYLTNE. (From hule, a wood ; the species first dis-
covered grew in dry woods. Nat. ord. Amaryllidaceae.)

A stove bulb. Seeds and offsets. Fibrous loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.
H. Worsle'yi (Worsley's). i*. White. Brazil. 1899.

HYLO NOME. (From hule, a wood, and onoma, re-
nown ; literally, glory of the woods. Nat. ord. Liliacea?.
It is now referred to Behnia.)
H. reticula'ta (netted). See BEHNIA RETICULATA.

HYLOTOMA ROS2E. A saw-fly, which injures rose-
trees seriously, by puncturing in rows their young shoots,
and depositing its eggs in the holes. The best remedy
is spreading a cloth beneath the trees in the evening,
and killing the caterpillars shaken down upon it.

HYLU'RGUS PIOTFE-RDA. Pine Beetle. Young Pine
trees in some districts suffer greatly owing to the ravages
of this beetle, which is dark-coloured, downy, and about
two lines long. The female makes a gallery beneath the
bark of young or old trees and lays her eggs in it. Each
grub when hatched out makes a tunnel of its own, so
that they run round the stems of young trees, which
then either die or get their tops blown off by the wind.
To keep the beetle in check all prunings and pine bark
should be burned. Branches known to be attacked
should be cut off and burned likewise.

HYMENJETA. Locust-tree. (From Humen, the god
of marriage ; referring to the leaflets being joined. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosas]. Linn. lo-De-
candria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Bauhinia.)

Fine, close-grained, hard wood ; and the resins Anime
and Copal are produced by these stove evergreen trees.
Cuttings of firm young shoots in spring, inserted firmly
in sand, covered with a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; peat
and rich loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
55° to 60°.
H. candollia'na (Decandolle's). 30. White. Acalpulco.

1824.
„ Cou'rbaril (Courbaril). 40. Yellow, purple. S. Amer.

1688. " Locust Tree."

„ verruca' sa (waity-podded) . 20. White. Madagascar.
1808. " Copal."

HYMENA'NDRA. (From humen, a skin or pellicle,
and aner, an anther or male ; the connective of the anther
being developed into a thin, connecting membrane. Nat.
ord. Myrsinaceae.)

Evergreen greenhouse shrub allied to Ardisia. Seeds ;

cuttings of half-mature wood in sand, placed hi a close

case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.

H. Walli'chii (Wallich's). 3-8. Pale greenish-white.

Himalayas. 1828.

HYMENANTHE'RA. (From humen, a membrane, and
anthera, an anther, or pollen-bag. Nat. ord. Violetwarts
[Violaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Alsodeia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young
shoots, getting a little firm, in spring, in sand, over peat,
and well drained, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat, with
a third of fibrous loam. Winter temp., 40° to~45°.
H. arista' to. (bearded). Garden form.
„ crassifo'lia (thick- leaved). 3. Berries white. New

Zealand. 1875.

„ denta'ta (toothed-leaved). 6. Yellow. May. Australia.
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved).
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Norfolk Island.

HYMENOCALLIS. (From humen, a membrane, and
kalos, beautiful; referring to the membranous cup in-
side the flower. Nat. ord. AmaryUids [Amaryllidaceae].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Pancratium.)

They have all white flowers, except where otherwise
mentioned, and much resemble Pancratiums. Their
seeds differ in being large and green, the seeds of Pan-
cratium having a black, brittle skin. Offsets ; rich,
sandy loam. See AMARY'LLIS.

HARDY BULBS.

H. adna'ta (adhering). See H. LITTORALIS.
„ la'cera (torn). i-i£. August. Southern United

States. 1732.
„ littora'lis (sea-shore). i$-2. Segments 4 in. long.

Trop. Amer. 1758.
„ „ acutifo'lia (acute- leaved). May. Segments i in.

longer than the tube. Mexico. 1824.
„ „ Drya'ndri (Dryander's). 2. Tube and segments

shorter than the type. May. 1782.
„ „ Staple'sii (Staples's). 2. Segments 2-3 in. long.

Mexico. 1826.
„ rota'ta (wheel-shaped). See H. LACERA.

GREENHOUSE BULBS.

H. Ama'ncaes (Hill of Amancaes). 2. Large, bright

yellow. Chili and Peru.

„ bistuba'ia (double- tubed), ij. April. Mexico. 1844.
„ calathi'na (cup-like). ii~2. Peru and Bolivia. 1796-
,, „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Corona larger. 1902.
„ carolinia'na (Carolina). See PANCRATIUM MARITIMUM.
,, conci'nna (neat), ij. Mexico. 1893. Evergreen.
,, galvestone'nsis (Galveston). i-ij. Texas.
„ glau'ca (sea-green), i. July. Mexico. 1837.
,, Itarrisia'nO' (Harrisian). J-i. June. Mexico. 1838.
,, maclea'na (Macleanian). i. Andes of Peru. 1834.
„ Palme'ri (Palmer's), i. Florida. 1888. Larger

flowers than H. humilis.

„ paname'nsis (Panama). See H. LITTORALIS.
,, skinneria'na (Skinner's). March. Guatemala. 1843.
„ tenuiflo'ra (slender-flowered), i. Segments 3-4 in.

long. Colombia. 1814.
„ vire'scens (greenish). See H. MACLEANA.

STOVE BULBS.

H. amcefna (handsome). See H. OVATA.
„ andrea'na (Andrean). i. Ecuador. 1884.
,, angu'sta (narrow-leaved). See H. CARIB^EA.
„ boschia'na (Bpschian). See H. UXDULATA.
„ cariboo. (Caribaean). ij. July. W. Ind. 1730.
„ ,, pa'tens (spreading). White.
„ caymane'nsis (Cayman). August. Cayman. 1823.
,, cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). z\. Venezuela. 1899.
„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). i|. July. Southern

United States.

„ defle'xa (deflexed). i. Andes of Peru. 1839.
„ Deleui'lii (Deleuil's). See H. LITTORALIS.
„ eucharidifo'lia (Eucharis-leaved). i. Trop. Amer.

1884.

„ expa'nsa (expanded). 2. May. W. Ind. 1818.
,, fra'grans (fragrant). See H. OVATA.
„ guiane'nsis (Uuiana). See H. TUBIFLORA.

HYMENODICTYON

446

HYOSPATHE

H. hu'milis (dwarf). J-£. Greenish ; corona white.

Florida. 1888.
„ macros te'phana (large-crowned). 2-3. March, April.

Garden hybrid (?). 1879.
„ mexica'na (Mexican). See H. LACERA.
„ nu'tans (nodding). 2. White ; tube green. S. Amer.
„ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). See H. OVATA OVALIFOLIA.
,, ova'ta (egg-shaped), i. July, August. W. Ind. 1790.
„ „ ovahfo'lia (oval-leaved). A small, slender variety.

June. S. Amer. 1820.

„ pa' tens (spreading). 2. July. W. Ind. 1822.
„ peda'lis (long-leaf-stalked). May. Brazil. 1815.
„ pedia'lis (long- flower-stalked). 3. August. Brazil.

1820.

„ quitoensis (Quito), i. June. Ecuador.
„ schizoste'phana (cut-crowned), ij. Filament winged

at the base. Brazil. 1899.
„ senega'mbica (Senegambian). W. Trop. Africa.
„ specio'sa (showy), i£. July. W. Ind. 1759.
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1903.
„ tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 2. August. S. Amer.

1815.

,, undula'ta (wavy-leaved), i. July. Venezuela.
HYMENODI'CTYON. (From Jiumen, a membrane, and
diktuon, a net ; the envelope of the seeds being a net-like
membrane. Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Luculia.)

Stove evergreen trees, from the East Indies, with
greenish-yellow flowers. For culture, see CINCHONA.
H. exce'lsum (tall). 30. July. 1819.
„ thyrsifto'rum (thyrse-flowered). See H. EXCELSUM.

HYMENO'DIUM CRINI'TUM. See ACROSTICHUM

CRINITUM.

HYMENOLE'PIS. See ACROSTICHUM.

HYMENOPHY'LLUM. Filmy-leaf Fern. (Fromhumen,
a membrane, and phullon, a leaf. Nat. ord. Ferns
[Filices]. Linn. 24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Ferns, all with brownish-yellow spores, except where
otherwise mentioned. By spores, and dividing the roots ;
peat and loam ; should be rather cramped for room.
See FERNS.

HARDY.

H. tunbridge'nse (Tunbridge). J. Brown. June.

Britain.
„ „ Wilso'ni (Wilson's). J. Brown. June. Britain.

GREENHOUSE.

H. biva'lve (two-valved). New Zealand.

„ chiloe'nse (Chiloe). Isle of Chiloe.

„ crispa'tum (crisped). See H. JAVANICUM CRISPATUM.

,, crue'ntum (blood-coloured). Chili.

„ demi'ssum (drooping), i. New Zealand and Australia.
,, ,, ni'tens (shining). Fronds glossy.

„ dilata'tum (swollen). August. New Zealand.
„ ,, forsteria'num (Forstenan).

„ flabella'tum (fan-shaped). May. Australia and New

Zealand. 1859.

„ flexuo'sum (zigzag). See H. JAVANICUM FLEXUOSUM.

„ forsteria'num (Forsterian). See H. DILATATUM

FORSTERIANUM.

„ fucifo'rme (Fucus-formed). Chili and J uan Fernandez.
„ java'nicum (Javanese). Trop. Asia, &c.

, „ crispa'tum (crisped). Tasmania. 1858.

, „ fimbria'tum (fringed). April. New Zealand.

, „ flexuo'sum (flexuous). April. New Zealand.

, ,, tamariscifo Hum (tamarisk-leaved).

, multi'fidum (much-cut). New Zealand and Pacific

Isles.

„ ni'tens (shining). See H. FLABELLATUM.
„ pectina'tum (comb- like). Chili and Chiloe.
,, ,, supe'rbum (superb).
„ pulche'rrimum (fairest). New Zealand.
„ ra'rum (rare). Mauritius, New Zealand, &c. 1859.
„ sanguinole'ntum (bloody). May. New Zealand.
„ sca'brum (rough). New Zealand. 1859.
„ tamariscifo' Hum (tamarisk-leaved). See H. JAVANI-
CUM TAMARISCIFOLIUM.

STOVE.

H. abru'ptum (abrupt), i. J amaica and S. Amer. 1859.
„ cerugino'sum (brassy). Isle of Tristan d'Acunha.

H asplenioi'des(Asplenmm-like). \. Trop. Amer. 1859.
attenua'tum (attenuated). See H. MAGELLAMCUM.
biva'lve (two-valved). May. Isle of Luzon.
borya'num (Boryan). See H. CILIATUM.
Catheri'nce (St. Catherina). Jamaica.
caudicula' turn (short-tailed). Trop. Amer.
cilia'tum (eye-lashed). Trop. Amer.
cri'spum (crisped). j-J. Trop. Amer.
elci'sticurn (elastic), r. Mauritius and Bourbon. 1859.
e'legans (elegant). See H. LINEARE.
elega'ntulum (rather-elegant). Andes.
fimbria'tum (fringed). See H. JAVANICUM FIMBRIATUM.
fucoi'des (Fucus-like). Trop. Amer. 1859.
hirsu'tum (hairy). May. Trinidad. 1823.
hirte'Ilum (finely-hairy). £. Mexico, Jamaica, &c.
linea're (linear). Trop. Amer.
magella 'nicum (Magellan). S. Amer.
polya'nthos (many-flowered). W. Ind. 1824.
protru'sum (protruded). See H. POLYANTHOS.
seri'ceum (silky). 2. Trop. Amer. 1859.
subtili'ssimum (most-subtle). New Zealand.
undula'tum (waved) J-i. Mexico, Jamaica, Peru.

1859.
„ valva'tum (valved). J— J. Nicaragua, Andes of

Colombia and Peru. 1859.
,, villo'sum (shaggy). See H. POLYANTHOS.

HYMENO'SPORUM. (From humen, a membrane, and
sporos, a seed ; the seeds are surrounded by a mem-
branous wing. Nat. ord. Pittosporaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen tree or shrub closely allied to
Pittosporum. Cuttings of half-ripe wood in a gentle
heat under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
H. fla'vum (yellow). 8-15. Yellow, marked orange-red.
February. Australia. 1884.

HYMENO'STACHYS ELEGANS. See TRICHOMANES

ELEGANS.

HYOPHO'RBE. (From hus, huos, a hog, and phorbas,
food ; the seeds or fruits form food for the wild hog.
Nat. ord. Palmacea;.)

Stove Palms with feathered leaves. Seeds. Fibrous
loam with one-third peat and some sand.
H. amaricau'lis (bitter-stemmed). 6-10. Mauritius.

1866.

„ i'ndica (Indian). 20-30. Mascarene Islands. 1824.
„ Verschaffe'ltii (Verschaffelt's). 8-12. Mascarene
Islands.

HYOSCY'AMUS. Henbane. (From hus, a hog, and
kuamos, a beau ; fruit eaten by swine. Nat. ord. Night-
shades [Solanacese]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Datura.)

The annuals, by seed in the open, dry border, towards
the end of March ; the shrubby kinds, by cuttings under
a bell-glass, in April ; or under a hand-light in a shady
place, in summer. Sandy, fibrous loam, and a little
leaf-mould ; when planted out of doors, young plants
must be reared for saving through the winter in a cold
pit or greenhouse. There are many other species besides
the following ; but they are mere weeds.
H. a'lbus (white). 1-2. White, yellow. July. Europe.

1816.
„ au'reus (golden). 1-2. Yellow, maroon. Asia

Minor.

„ Camera'rii (Camerarius's). See H. RETICULATUS.
,, canarie'nsis (Canary). See H. ALBUS.
„ Dato'ra (Datora). See H. MUTICUS.
„ ma'jor (greater). See H. ALBUS.
,, mu'ticus (snipped), ij. Yellow. May. Egypt.

1829. Half-hardy evergreen.
„ ni'ger (black). 1-2. Dirty yellow, with maroon

veins. Britain. "Common Henbane."
,, orienta'lis (oriental). See PHYSOCHLAINA ORIENTALIS.
„ physaloi'des (Physalis-like). See SCOPOLIA PHYSA-

LOIDES.
,, reticula'tus (netted). 1-2. Yellow, purple. July.

Asia Minor. Hardy annual.
,, Scopo'lia (Scopolia). See SCOPOLIA CARNIOLICA.

HYO'SPATHE. (From hus, -a hog, and spathe, a spathe.
Nat. ord. Palmaceaa.)

A stove Palm with irregularly feathered leaves. Seeds.
Fibrous loam, with one-third peat and some sand.
H. e'legans (elegant). Green. Brazil.

HYPECOUM

447

HYPERICUM

HYPE'COUM. (From hupecheo, to rattle ; referring
to the seeds in the pods. Nat. ord. Poppyworts [Papaver-
acea*]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, 2-Digynia.)

Hardy annuals, with yellow flowers. Seeds in the
open border, in March.

H. ere'ctum (erect). £. May. Siberia. 1759.
,, grandiflo'rum (large-flowered), i. Yellow. Mediter-
ranean region.

„ liitora'le (sea-shore). See H. PROCUMBENS.
„ pe'ndulum (hanging-down). J. June. S. France.

1640.

„ procu'mbens (lying-down), i. July. S. Europe.
1596.

HYPELA'TE. (From hupo, under, and daion, oil ; the
sediment of oil. Nat. ord. Sapindacese.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand,
in a close frame, with bottom-heat.
H. panicula'ta (panicled). 20. Yellow. W. Ind. 1820.

HYPERANTHE'RA MORI'NGA. See MORINGA PTERY-

GOSPERMA.

HYPERICUM. St. John's Wort. (The Yperikon of
Dioscorides ; said to be from yp er, on account of, and
ereike, heath ; from its growing hi similar places. Nat.
ord. Tutsans [Hypericacese]. Linn. i&-Polyadelphia, z-
Polyandria.)

All yellow-flowered, except where otherwise mentioned.
The hardier ones flourish in common and sandy loam,
and the more tender in loam and peat. Annuals, sow in
the open border, in March ; herbaceous, sow and divide
the plants in spring ; shrubs are easily divided, as they
stole freely, and also by seeds ; greenhouse and frame
kinds, by divisions, but chiefly by cuttings of young
shoots in sand, under glass ; most of them, if protected
in winter, would grow against a wall. For exposed
places the following are the best shrubby ones : — Ela'tum,
hirci'num, calyci'num, kalmia'num, and proli'ficum.

HARDY BIENNIAL.

H. seto'sum (bristly), i. July, August. N.Amer. 1759.
Syn. H. simplex.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, &c.
H. agypti'acum (Egyptian). 2. June. Egypt. 1787.
„ cethto'picum (Ethiopian), i. July. S. Africa. 1817.
„ balea'ricum (Balearic). i£. May. Majorca. 1774.
„ canarie'nse (Canary). 2. August. Canaries. 1699.
„ chine'nse (Chinese). 3. June. China. 1753.
„ co'chinckine'nse (Cochin-Chinese). See CRATOXYLON

POLYANTHUM.

„ cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). 2. Nepaul. 1825. Half-
hardy.

„ Co'ns(Coris-leaved). i. June. Levant. 1640. Half-
hardy.

,, empetrifo'lium (Empetrum-leaved). i. July. S.
Europe. 1820. Half-hardy.

„ encoi'des (heath-like), i. June. Spain. 1821-
Half-hardy.

„ floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). 3. June. Madeira.
1779. Deciduous.

„ folio'sum (shimng-leaiy). 3. August. Azores. 1778.

„ glandule' 'sum (glanded). 2. June. Madeira. 1777.

„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. July. Tenerifie.
1718.

„ heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 2- July. Persia.
1812-

„ hookeriafnum (Hookerian). 2- June. India. 1823.

,, ,, Leschenau'ltii (Leschenault's). Sikkim, Nepaul,
Java.

,, lanceola'lum (lance-shaped). Mascarene Islands.

„ mono'gynum (one-styled). See H. CHINENSE.

,, mysore'nse (Mysore). India.

,, oblongifo'lium (oblong-leaved). See H. HOOKERIANUM.

„ reflSxum (reflexed). i£. Jutoe to September. Tene-
riffe. 1778.

,, sine'nse (Chinese). See H. CHINENSC.

,, trifio'rum (three-flowered). See H. HOOKERIANUM
LESCHENAULTH.

HARDY DECIDUOUS AND EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
H. adpre'ssum (adpressed). Eastern United States.
„ /Indros^'fnMw(Androsaemum). 1-2. Europe (Britain).

" Tutsan."
„ „ au'reum (golden). Leaves yellow.

H. Ascy'ron (Ascyron). 1-2. Northern Asia, N. Amer.

1774- " St. Peter's-wort."
,, aspalathoi'des (Aspalathus-like). See H. FASCICULA-

TUM.

„ au'reum (golden). Golden-yellow. South United

States. 1802.

„ axilla're (axillary-flowered). See H. GALIOIDES.
„ Buckle'n (Buckley's). 1-2. N. and S. Carolina.

1891.

„ calyci'num (large-calyxed). i. July. Ireland.
„ dtnsiflo'rum (dense-flowered). N. Amer. 1890.
„ ela'tum (tall). 5. July. N. Amer. 1762.
„ fascicula'tum (fascicled), i. July. Carolina. 1811.
„ frondo'sum (leafy). See H. AUREUM.
,, galioi'des (Galiura-like-leaved). 2. August. N. Amer.

Evergreen.

„ Gefbleri (Gebler's). July. Altai. 1829.
„ glau'cum (milky-green). See H. MYRTIFOLIUM.
„ hirci'num (goat-scented). 3. August. S. Europe.

1640.

,, „ mi'nus (smaller). 2. August. S. Europe.
,, inodo'rum (scentless). Orient.
,, kalmia'num (Kalm's). 2. June. N. Amer. 1759.
„ loboca'rpum (pod-fruited) 2. South United States.

1897.
„ lysimachioi'des (Lysimachia-like). 2. Himalaya.

VV. China. 1904.
„ moseria'num (Moserian). Hybrid between H. caly-

cinum and H. patulum. 1889.
„ „ tri'color (three-coloured). Leaves variegated with

white and red. 1894.
„ nudiflo'rum (naked-flowered). Southern United

States.
„ nummula'rium (moneywort-leaved). i. June.

Pyrenees. 1823. Trailer.
„ oly'mpicum (Olympian), i. August. Levant. 1706.

Evergreen.
„ pa'tulum (spreading), i. June. Nepaul. 1823.

Evergreen.

„ ,, He'nryi (Dr. Henry's). 2. China. 1904.
„ proli'ficum (prolific). 4. July. N. Amer. 1758.
„ puncta'tum (dotted). See H. MACULATUM.
„ rosmarinifo'lium (rosemary-leaved). See H. MYRTI-

FOLIUM.
„ serpyllifo'lium (thyme-leaved), £. July. Levant.

1688. Evergreen.
„ ura'lum (Urala). i. July. Nepaul. 1823.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

H. adeno'phorum (gland-bearing). See H. ELODEOIDES.

,, adenophy'llum (glanded-leaved). See H. OLYMPICUM.

,, amoe'num (pleasing). See H. AURUEM.

„ angulo'sum (augled-tooth- flowered), z. June. N.

Amer. 1812.

„ oscyroi'des (Ascyron-like). See H. ASCYRON.
„ atoma'rium (speckled). Asia Minor.
„ atlenua'tum (thin-leaved), ij. July. Dahuria. 1822.
„ barba'tum (bearded). 2. July. Eastern Europe.
„ „ asce'ndens (ascending). See H. RUMELICUM.
,, „ cala'bricum (Calabrian). ij. August. Calabria.

1816.

,, canade'nse (Canadian), i. August. N. Amer. 1770.
„ cilia'tum (hair-fringed-flowered). See H. PERFOLIATUM.
,, crenula'tum (finely-notched). Cilicia.
,, cri'spum (curly-leaved), i. July. Greece. 1688.
,, decussa'tum (decussate). See H. ORIENTALE PTAR-

MIC^FOLIUM.

,, denta'tum (toothed). See H. PERFOLIATUM.
„ dolabrifo'rme (hatched-formed). 2. June. N. Amer.

1821.

„ e'legans (elegant), ij. June. Siberia. 1822.
,, elodeoi'des (Elodes-like). ^-i. Himalaya.
,, Elo'des (Elodes). J. July, August. Britain, in boggy

places.

,, ere'ctum (erect). Japan.
„ fimbria'tum (fringed). See H. RICHERI.
,, grami'neum (grass-like), i. July. New Caledonia.

1822. Half-hardy.

„ hirsu'tum (hairy). 1-2. July, August. Britain.
,, humifu'sum (prone), ^j. June to September. Britain,

Prostrate.
„ hyssopifo'lium (hyssop-leaved), i. July. Europe.

1823.
„ involu'tum (rolled-inward-^o^rr^). See H. GRAMI-

NEUM.

HYPILENE

448

HYPOLEPIS

Amer. 1759.
i. July. N. Amer.

H. japo'nicum (Japanese), i£. July. Eastern Tempe-
rate Asia, &c. 1823.
„ l&viga'ium (smooth), ij. July to September. N.

Amer. 1772.
„ linarifo'lium (Linaria-leaved). i. July, August.

England.

„ macroca'rpum (large-podded). See H. ASCYRON.
„ macula' turn (spotted). 1-2. June, July, August.

Britain.

„ monta'num (mountain), i£. July, August. Britain.
„ muti'lum (mutilated), i. July. N.
„ myrtifo'lium (myrtle-leaved).

1818.
„ nepaule'nse (Nepaul). i£. September. Nepaul.

1826.

„ nudicau'le (naked-stemmed). See H. SAROTHRA.
„ nudifto'rum (naked-flowered), i£. July. N. Amer.

1811.
,, origanifo'lium (Origanum-leaved). See H. RHODO-

PEUM.
.,, orienta'le (oriental). 1-2. July, August. Asia

Minor.

„ „ ptarmicczfo'lium (Ptarmica-leaved).
„ paludo'swn (marsh). 2. July, August. N. Amer.

1821.
„ per folia' turn (stem-pierced-leaved). i. July. Greece;

Asia Minor. 1739.
., ,, latifo'lium (broad-leaved).
,, perfora'tum (perforated), i£. July. Britain.
,, „ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). i£. July.

Britain.
„ polyphy'llum (many-leaved). $. July, August.

Cilicia. Procumbent.

„ procu'mbens (lying-down). See H. DOLABRIFORME.
„ pu'lchrum (pretty). i. July, August. Europe

(Britain).

„ pusi'llum (small). See H. JAPONICUM.
„ pyramida'tum (pyramidal). See H. ASCYRON.
„ quadra' ngulum (square-stalked). i£. July. Britain.
„ quinquene'rvium (five-nerved). See H. MUTILUM.
„ re'pens (creeping), £. July. Eastern Europe.

Creeping.
„ re' plans (creeping). \. June, July. Himalaya.

Creeping.

„ rhodo'peum (rose-like). Macedonia.
„ Riche'ri (Richer's). 2. July. Middle Europe. 1821.
„ rume'licum (Roumelia). Macedonia*
„ Saro'thra (Sarothra). i. N. Amer.
„ tetra'ptcrum (four- winged). See H. QUADRANGULUM.
„ tomento'sum (woolly), i. August. S. Europe. 1648.
„ tripline'rve (three-nerved), i£. July. N. Amer.

1821.

„ virga'tum (twiggy). See H. ANGULOSUM.
„ virgi'nicum (Virginian), ij. August. N. Amer. 1800.
HYPH2E'NE. (From huphaino, to entwine ; referring
to the fibres of the fruit. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceae],
Linn. zz-Dicecia, 6-Hexandria. Allied to Latania.)

H. theba'ica is the Doum Palm, and the Gingerbread-
tree of Egypt, the fleshy-fibrous part of the fruit having
the appearance and taste of that cake. Stove palm.
Seeds ; rich, sandy loam.

H. coria'cea (leather- leaved). 20. Trop. Africa. 1824.
„ crini'ta (long-haired). Trop. S. Africa.
„ Cuci'phera (Cuciphera). Trop. Africa.
,, natale'nsis (Natal). See H. CRINATA.
„ petersia'na (Petersian). See H. CRINITA.
„ Scha'tan (Schatan). Madagascar.
,, theba'ica (Thebesan). 40. Trop. Africa.

HYPOCALY'MMA. (From hupo, under, and kalumma,
a veil ; referring to the calyx falling off like a veil or
cape, on account of the cohesion of the points, or apex.
Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceas]. Linn. iz-Icosandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Cut-
tings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; loam
and peat, with a little silver sand and pieces of charcoal.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
H. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. White. May.

1843.

„ robu'stum (robust), i. Rose. May. 1843.
„ sua've (s-weet-scentfd). See H. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

HYPCCALY'PTUS. (From hupo, under, and kalupio,
to veil ; referring to the two bractlets under the flower.

Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosaj]. Linn. 16-
Monadelphia, ^-Decandria. Allied to Loddigesia.)

A very old evergreen greenhouse plant, once called a
Crotolaria, and one of the best of that section. Cuttings
of young side-shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
H. obcorda'tus (reversed-egg-te«wd). i£. Purple. June.

S. Africa. 1823.

HYPOCEKE'RIS. (From hupo, under or below, and
chairo, to delight in ; that is, it delights to grow with its
leaves lying low or close to the ground, especially in dry
places. Nat. ord. Composite.)

A large genus of perennial, rarely annual herbs, mostly
of a weedy character. H. maculatum, with blotched
leaves, is perhaps the best. Seeds and divisions.
Ordinary soil.
H. Achyro'phorus (Achyrophorus). i. Yellow. May.

N. Africa ; Sicily. 1828.

„ atne'nsis (/Etna). J. Yellow. July. Europe. 1763.
„ crete- nsis (Cretan). £. Yellow. July. Greece;

Sicily. 1773.

„ macula' tus (blotched), i. Yellow. July. Europe
(Britain).

HYPOCY'RTA. (From hupo, below, and kurtos,
curved ; the tube of the corolla is curved below. Nat.
ord. Gesneraceae.)

Stove perennials. Seeds ; cuttings in sand in heat,
covered with a bell-glass. Loam, leaf -mould, with plenty
of sand.
H. brevi'calyx (short-calyxed). See ISOLOMA HYPOCYRTI-

FLORUM

„ cilio'sa (eye-lashed). See EPISCIA CILIOSA.

„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See ALLOPLECTUS DICHROUS.

,, gla'bra (smooth), i. Scarlet and yellow. S. Amer.

1847.

,, gra'cilis (slender), i. Scarlet. Brazil.
,, leuco'stoma (white-mouthed). See BESLERIA LEUCO-

STOMA.

„ pulche'lla (pretty). Scarlet. Colombia. (B.M., 1.7468.)
„ pu'lchra (fair), i. Orange-yellow. Colombia. 1894.
„ sca'brida (rough), i. Scarlet, yellow. Brazil. 1847.
,, strigillo'sa (stiff-haired), i. Scarlet, yellow. Brazil.

1843.

HYPODE'RRIS. (From hypo, under, and derris, a
skin. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Cryptogamia,
i-Filices.)

A stove Fern. See FERNS.
H. Bro'wnii (Brown's), f-i. Brown. May. Trinidad.

HYPOE'STES. (From hupo, under, and estes, covering ;
referring to the bracts covering the calyx. Nat. ord.
Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn. z-Diandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Dicliptera.)

Stove plants. Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil,
under a glass, in heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 55°.

DECIDUOUS.

H. co'chinchine'nsis (Cochin-China). White. July.

China. Climber.

,, moscha'ta (musky). 2. Australia.
,, purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. May. China. 1822.
Herbaceous.

EVERGREEN

H. arista'ta (awned). 2-3. White, rose-purple. S.
Africa. 1874.

,, fastuo'sa (sumptuous). 2. Red. June. E. Ind. 1818.

,, involucra'ta (involucred). i£. White. July. E. Ind.
1811.

,, sanguinole'nta (blood-red), ij. Purple. Mada-
gascar. 1865.

,, se'rpens (creeping). J. July. Mauritius. 1820.

HYPOLE'PIS. (From hupo, under, and lepis, a scale.
Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Crypiogamia, i-
Filices.)

Ferns, with brown spores. The first two require the
stove, and the others a warm greenhouse. See FERNS.
H. aculea'ta (sharp- pointed). August. Jamaica,
„ amaurora'chis (dark-ribbed). See PTERIS RUGULOSA,
„ «n#tm«7o'te(Anthriscus-leaved). 10-18. Bourbon.
Mauritius, &c. 1855.

HYPOLYTRUM

449

IBERIS

H. bergia'na (Bergian). 3-3$. S. Africa. 1874.
„ di'stans (distant), i-ii- New Zealand. iS6i.

Hardy.
„ millefo'lium (milfoil-leaved). iJ-2. New Zealand.

1880. Hardy.

„ re'pens (creeping). 5. August. W. Ind. 1824.
„ rugulo'sa (rather-rough). See PTERIS RUGULOSA.
„ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). June. N.S.Wales. 1824.

HYPOLY'TRUM. (From hupo, under, and elutron, a
wrapper, or case. Nat. ord. Cyperaceae.)

Stove perennial sedges, used for decorative purposes
like Cyperus. Seeds, division. Fibrous loam, leaf-
mould, and sand. Water liberally.
H. latijo'lium (broad-leaved). 2-4. Brown. Leaves i

in. broad. Trop. Asia. 1877.

„ schraderia' 'num (Schraderian). z\. Leaves 2 in.
broad, purple edged. Brazil. 1893.

HYPOPHYLLA'NTHUS LINDFNI. See ERYTHRO-

CHITON LlNDENI.

HYPO XIS. (From hupo, beneath, and oxus, sharp ;
referring to the seed-pod. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryl-
lidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Very pretty little bulbs, with the bulb solid, from
South Africa, and with yellow flowers, except where
otherwise mentioned. They are little known either to
botanists or gardeners. Division of the plant in spring,
and division of the roots ; peat and loam. Temperature
according as the species is hardy, or requiring the green-
house or stove.

HARDY.

//. ere'cta (upright). \. June. N. Amer. 1752.
„ plica'ta (plaited). See CURCULIGO PLICATA.
„ serra'ta (saw-leaved), i. June. S. Africa. 1788.
„ veratrifo'lia (Veratrum-leaved). See CURCULIGO

VERATRIFOLIA.

STOVE.

H. decu'mbens (lying-down). J. July. Trop. Amer.

1829.

„ gra'cilis (slender). See H. DECUMBENS.
„ Sello'wii (Sellow's). June. Buenos Ayres. 1827.

GREENHOUSE.

H. Andre'wsii (Andrews's). $. July. 1795.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), i. Yellow. S. Africa.

, Arno'ttii (Arnott's). i. Yellow. 1877.

, Bau'rii (Baur's). J. Bright red. 1877.

, Caroline' nsis (Carolina). See H. ERECTA.

, colchicifo'lia (Colchicum-leaved). £-$. Bright yel-
low. 1884.

, ela'ta (tall). See H. HEMEROCALLIDEA.

, e'legans (elegant). See H. STELLATA ELEGANS.

, flave'scens (pale-yellow). S. Africa.

, hemerocalli' dea (Hemerocallis-like). i. S. Africa.
1868.

„ hygrome'trica (hygometric). J. April. Australia.
1824.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Yellow. Natal. 1854.

„ linea'ris (linear). See H. STELLATA.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). S. Africa. 1871.

„ mu'lticeps (many-headed). S. Africa.

„ obli'qua (odd-sided-leaved). See H. ANDREWSII.

,, obtu'sa (blunt). \. June. 1816.

„ ova'ta (egg-shaped), i. February. 1807.

„ panno'sa (woolly). See H. VILLOSA.

„ prate'nsis (meadow). See H. HYGROMETRICA.

„ ramo'sa (branchy-stemmed). $. June. 1828.

,, re'gia (royal). Gardens.

„ Roope'rii (Hooper's). S. Africa.

„ sea' bra (rough). See H. VILLOSA.

,, soboli'fera (shoot-bearing). See H. VILLOSA.

„ stella' ta (star- flowered), j. White, blue. May. 1752.

„ „ e'legans (elegant), |. White, blue. May. 1752.

„ stelli'pilis (starry-haired). July. S. Africa. 1821.

„ vitto'sa (shaggy), i. June. 1774.

HY'PTIS. (From huptiao, to bend backwards; the
middle lobe of the front lip is bent backwards. Nat. ord.
Labiata?.)

Evergreen, stove herb, or subshrub. Cuttings of
young shoots in spring, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, and sand.

H. suave' olens (sweet-smelling). Blue, fragrant S.
Amer. 1889.

HYSSO'PUS. Hyssop. (Yssopus of Dioscorides, but
certainly not the same plant. Nat. ord. Lipworts
[Labiatae]. Linn. i4-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia.)

Hardy, blue-flowered evergreens. Sow in March or
April ; propagate by dividing the plant at the same time,
or in September ; also, by stout cuttings at a similar
period ; the varieties are propagated by cuttings, and,
if rare, require a hand-light over them ; dry, light soil.
The plant is not only aromatic, but the flowers are
beautiful.

H. arisia'tus (awned). See H. OFFICINALIS ARISTATUS.
„ decu'mbens (lying-down). See H. OFFICINALIS DE-
CUMBENS.

„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See LOPHANTHUS ANISATUS.
„ officina'lis (common. Shop). 2. June. S. Europe.

1548.

„ „ angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). July. Caucasus.
„ „ arista'tus (awned).

„ „ cane'scens (hoary). June. Switzerland. 1819.
„ „ decu'mbens (lying-down).
,, „ flo're-ru'bro (red-flowered). 2. Red. July.

Gardens.
„ „ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). Flowers large,

open. Lake Baikal. 1901.

„ „ variega'tus (variegated-leaved), i£. July. Gardens.
,, septemcrena' tus (seven-scolloped). June. Egypt.

1829.
„ septe'mfidus (seven-cleft). June. Egypt. 1827.

HYSTERIO'NICA. (From hustereuo, to come later,
and ios, ia, ion, single ; the flower-heads come singly
on the stems, late in the year. Nat. ord. Composite.
Often named Neja.)

Hardy, or half-hardy evergreen herbs, with slender
leaves like pine-needles. Cuttings in sand during July
and August in a cold frame, kept close. Sandy loam
and leaf-mould. Young plants should be kept in a pit
or frame during winter.
H. gra'cilis (slender), i. Yellow. September, October.

Argentina.

„ pinifo'lia (pine-leaved), x. Yellow. August to
October. Brazil.

lA'NTHE BUGULIFO'IIA. See CELSIA BUGULIFOLIA.
IBBETSO NIA GENISTOI'DES. See CYCLOPIA GENIS-

TOIDES.

IBERIDE LLA EOTUNDIFO LIA. See THLASPI ROTUN-

DIFOLIUM.

IBERIS. Candy Tuft. (From Iberia, the ancient
name of Spain, where the species abound. Nat. ord.
Crucifers [Crucifera?]. Linn. i$-Tetr adynamia. Allied to
Thlaspi.)

All white-flowered, except where otherwise specified.
Annuals and biennials, by seeds hi March and April ;
most of the annuals, and especially the umbella'ta group,
are very hardy, and if sown in autumn will generally
stand the winter, and bloom in April and May in conse-
quence. The shrubby evergreen group, by seeds, but
chiefly by cuttings after flowering, under a hand-light,
in a shady corner, in summer. /. semperui'rens may be
taken as a type of this group, and whether in a clump,
by the side of borders, or hanging over knolls and rock-
works, its masses of white flowers are really beautiful.

HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

/. ama'ra (bitter), i. White. June to August. Europe

(England). " Bitter Candy-tuft."
,, „ hesperidifo'lia (Hesperis-leaved). Flowers larger.
,, bernardia'na (Bernardian). J-}. Pink. June to

September. Pyrenees.
,, cilia' ta (hair-irmged-leaved). f. Jane. Provence.

1802. Biennial.

2F

ICACINA

450

ICE

/. corona' ria (crown-flowering). See I. UMBELLATA.
„ hyacinthifto'ra (Hyacinth-flowered), i. Milk-white.

1902.
„ interme'dia (intermediate), i. June. France. 1823.

Biennial.

„ Jorda'ni (Jordan's). Asia Minor.
„ jucu'nda (joyous). See JETHIONEMA JUCUNDA.
„ lagasca'na (Lagascan). White. Spain.
„ na'na (dwarf), i- Purple. June. Europe. 1822.
„ nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). See TEESDALIA NUDI-

CAULIS.

„ odora'ta (sweet-scented), i. June. Crete. 1806.
„ pectina'ta (comb-like). White. Spain.
„ serrula'ta (saw-edged). White. Dalmatia.
„ tau'rica (Taurian). $. May. Caucasus. 1802.

Biennial.
„ umbella'ta (umbelled). i. Purple. June. S. Europe.

1596.

„ „ atropurpu'rea (dark purple).
„ „ ca'rnea (flesh).
„ „ na'na purpu'rea (dwarf purple).
,, „ purpu'rea lilaci'na (purple-lilac).
„ viola' cea (violet). J. Purple. June. 1782.
„ virgi'nica (Virginian). See LEPIDIUM VIRGINICUM.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN.
/. gibralta'rica (Gibraltar), i. Whitish-pink. May.

Gibraltar. 1732.
„ „ hy'brida (hybrid). White to rose-purple.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

I. carno'sa (fleshy). Europe.
„ confe'rta (crowded). J. June. Spain. 1827.
„ contra'cta (contracted). J. May Spain. 1824.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). Rose. 1888.
„ corifo'lia (Coris-leaved). J. June. S.Europe. 1739.
„ correafo'Ua (Correa-leaved). J. Flowers large, pure

white. Garden origin.
„ garrexia'na (Garrex's). See I. SEMPERVIRENS GAR-

REXIANA.

„ Prui'tii (Pruit's). £. May. Sicily.

„ pube'scens (downy), £. Pale violet. June.

„ pu'mila (dwarf). See THLASPI PUMILUM.

„ saxatilis (rock). |. May. S. Europe. 1739.

„ semper flo'r ens (ever-flowering), ij. May. Sicily.

1679.

„ „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered).
„ sempervi'rens (evergreen). J. May. Candia. 1731.
„ „ garrexia'na (Garrexian). i. May. Piedmont.

1820.

„ spathula'ta (spathulate). See I. CARNOSA.
„ stylo' sa (long-styled). See NOCOEA STYLOS A.
„ tenorca'na (Tenore's). $. Pale purple. June.

Naples. 1802.

ICACI'NA. (Literally, like Icaco. Nat. ord. Olaci-
nacea?.)

A stove shrub with a massive tuberous root-stock,
and thin climbing stems. Cuttings of short side-shoots
with a heel of the old wood in sand and placed in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and
sand.
/. Ma'nni (Mann's). Pale yellow. Old Calabar. 1865.

ICACO'REA GUIANE'NSIS. See ARDISIA ACUMINATA.

ICE. Mr. Beaton finds that the cheapest and most
effectual mode of preserving this is in what he terms an
Iceberg, and it is thus constructed. Choose a natural
hollow for the site of the iceberg, where the bank on
one side is steep, and let the outside of the cone, when
it is finished, be at six feet from the bottom of the bank.
Some such space is necessary between the bank and the
ice, to get rid of any rain or snow water that may run
down the bank before it gets to the ice. At the bottom
of the bank, and half-way up, posts are to be let into the
ground in pairs, four feet apart, and braced together
with a strong piece of timber set across, as builders do
their scaffolding ; let planks for wheeling on be made
into a long trough, inclining from the top of the bank,
and resting on those cross pieces ; the bottom of the
trough being carried out to near the intended centre of
the cone, and far above it ; and the ice should be broken
on a platform of boards at the top of the bank, and
poured down the inclined trough. The broken ice should

be spread a little by some one as it falls from the spout,
care being taken that the cone is brought up regularly ;
and when the ice reaches the height of the bottom of
the spout, the planks are to be re-arranged, so as to allow
room for throwing off the ice as fast as it comes down ;
and, finally, when the cone is finished into a sharp point,
the whole must be left till the first frost after mild or
thawing weather. The outside of the iceberg has then
melted a little ; but on the first hard frosty night the
whole is frozen over again, and the outside of the cone
is then as if it were one solid face of rugged ice ; and
now is the time to thatch it entirely over with good long
straw, about the same thickness as you would a wheat
or barley stack, and no more, provided you have cheaper
materials to give it a good thick covering afterwards.
At Shrubland Park they use large quantities of leaves,
and nothing else, over the straw ; these are thrown on
at intervals, so that the leaves do not heat by putting
too many on at once. The depth of covering over the
straw is sometimes twice as much as in other seasons,
according to the quantity of leaves on hand ; but two feet
in thickness does not preserve the ice better than one
foot. The ice is never uncovered by high winds blowing
off the leaves, though nothing is put upon them to keep
them down.

Perfect exemption from wet or damp is necessary for
the bottom of an iceberg ; and a few pieces of rough wood
put upon such a place, and covered with brushwood about
a foot, and that again covered with six inches of straw,
is sufficient. The brushwood and straw are soon com-
pressed into a few inches by the weight of the ice ; and
as the ice melts, the water passes through, without
hindrance, into cross, open drains at the bottom. When
ice is required the thatch is opened at the bottom each
time, the ice cut out with a pickaxe, and the thatch
replaced.

If an Ice-house is built, Mr. Cobbett's plan, as follows,
is the best. Mark off the centre of a circle, the diameter
of which is ten feet, and at this centre you put up a
post to stand fifteen feet above the level of the ground,
which post ought to be about ten inches through at the
bottom, and not much smaller at the top. Great care
must be taken that this post be perfectly perpendicular,
or the whole building will be awry ; at three feet from
this put fifteen posts, nine feet high, and six inches
through at the bottom, without much tapering towards
the top. These posts stand about two feet apart, reckon-
ing from centre of post to centre of post, which leaves
between each two a space of eighteen inches ; outside
put fifty-four posts, five feet high, and five inches
through at the bottom, without much tapering
towards the top. These posts stand about two feet
apart from centre of post to centre of post, which
leaves between each two a space of nineteen inches.
The space between these two rows of posts is about
two feet in width, and is to contain a wall of straw ;
have a passage through this wall ; have an outside door
to the passage, and an inside door ; and the inner circle,
with the pole in the centre, is the place in which the
ice is to be deposited. The wall is to be made of straw,
wheat straw, or rye straw, with no rubbish in it, and
made very smooth by the hand as it is put in. Lay it in
very closely and very smoothly, so that if the wall were
cut across the ends of the straw would present a
compact wall. It requires something to keep the straw
from bulging out between the posts ; little stakes as big
as your wrist will answer this purpose. Drive them into
the ground, and fasten at the top to the plates, which
are pieces of wood that go all round both the circles,
and are nailed upon the tops of the posts. Their main
business is to receive and sustain the lower ends of the
rafters, which will be twice as numerous in the
lower as in the upper half of the roof. The roof is
forty-five degrees pitch, as the carpenters call it. If
it were even sharper it would be none the worse.
There will be about thirty ends of rafters to lodge on
the plate covering the inner circle, and these cannot all
be fastened to the top of the centre post. The plate
which goes along on the tops of this row of posts must
be put on in a somewhat sloping form, otherwise there
would be a sort of hip formed by the rafters. The best
way to put on such deep thatch is to have a strong man
to tie for the thatcher. The thatch is to be of clean,
sound, and well-prepared wheat or rye straw, four feet
thick, to keep out the heat. The bed for the ice is the

ICE-PLANT

451

ILEX

circle, six feet wide in the centre. Begin by laying on the
ground round logs, eight inches through or thereabouts,
and placing them across the area, leaving spaces between
them of about a foot. Then, crossways on these, poles
about four inches through, placed at six inches apart.
Then, crossways on them, rods as thick as your finger,
placed at an inch apart. Then, again, small, clean, dry,
last winter-cut twigs, to the thickness of about two inches,
or, instead of these twigs, good, clean, strong rushes,
free from grass and moss, and from rubbish of all
sorts. Upon this bed the ice is put, broken, and beaten
down together in the usual manner. As we have seen,
there is a passage ; two feet wide is enough for this
passage, so that you may have two doors, and the inner
door open- This inner door may be of hurdle-work and
straw, and covered on one of the sides with sheep-skins
with the wool on, so as to keep out the external air.
The outer door, which must lock, must be of wood, made
to shut very closely, and covered, besides, with skins
like the other. At times of great danger from heat or
from wet, the whole of the passage may be filled with
straw. The door of the house should face the north, or
between north and east. As to the size of the ice-house,
that must of course depend upon the quantity of ice
that you may choose to have. A cubic foot of "ice will,
when broken up, fill much more than a Winchester
bushel.

ICE-PLANT. Mesembrya'nthemum crystalli'num, and
Tetrago'nia crystalli'na.

ICHNEUMON FLIES. Most insects have their parasites
which prey upon them in some way or other and thus
keep their numbers down. The Ichneumons are flies
which lay their eggs in the bodies of living green-flies,
which may often be seen sticking to plants in large
numbers, dead and brown, with a hole in their back from
whence the ichneumon has come out. The large white
cabbage butterfly has, at least, two ichneumons. Micro-
gaster glomeratus lays its eggs in large numbers in the
caterpillar, and when the eggs hatch out the maggots
feed on the substance, without killing the caterpillar,
and when full fed they come out and spin small yellow
cocoons in clusters beside the dead caterpillar. Ptero-
malus Brassica lays its eggs beside or on the chrysalid
of the same species of butterfly, and the maggots,
numbering over 200, feed upon the contents of the
chrysalid. Hcmiteles melanarius preys upon the green-
veined white butterfly. These ichneumons should not
be destroyed.

ICHNOCA'RPUS. (From ichnos, a vestige, and karpos,
a fruit ; in reference to the slender seed-vessels. Nat.
ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Apocynum.)

Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of small side-shoots
in April, in sand, and in heat ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50°.
/. acumina'tus (long-pointed). See ACANOSUA MAR-

GINATA.

„ caryophylla'tus (clove). See AGANOSMA CARYOPHYL-

LATA.

cymo'sus (cymose). See AGANOSMA CYMOSA.
e'legans (elegant). See AGANOSMA CYMOSA.
frute'scens (shrubby). 10. Purple. July. Ceylon.

1759-

margina'tus (margined). See AGANOSMA MARGINATA.
Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). See AGANOSMA CALYCINA.
Walli'chii (Wallich's). See AGANOSMA CALYCINA.

ICICA. (The native name in Guiana. Nat. ord.
Burserads [Burseraceas]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Mono-
gynia. See PROTIUM.)

/. alti'ssima (highest). See PROTIUM ALTISSIMUM.
„ deca'ndra (ten-stamened). See PROTIUM DECANDRUM.
„ ennea'ndra (nine-stamened). See PROTIUM DECAN-
DRUM.

„ guiane'nsis (Guiana). See PROTIUM GUIANENSE.
„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). See PROTIUM ARA-

COUCHINI.

„ Tacamaha'ca (Tacamahac). See PROTIUM HEPTA-
PHYLLUM.

IDE SIA. (In commemoration of a Dutchman named
Ysbratits Idts. Nat. ord. Bixaceas.)

A hardy ornamental tree of low stature, with
heart-shaped leaves, not unlike those of a lime. See<
cuttings of side-shoots, with a heel of the old wood in
spring, inserted in sand in a gentle heat. Ordinary soil.
/. polyca'rpa (many-fruited). 12. Greenish. Berries

orange, changing to blue-black. Japan.
„ ,, cri'spa (crisped). Leaves crisped. 1888.
»> » fo'liis variega'tis (variegated- leaved). Variegation
sulphur-yellow. 1902.

I DRIA. (From idreia, or idria, skill ; in allusion to
the adaptation of the plant to its habitat. Nat. ord.
Tamaricaceae.)

Allied to, if not identical with, Fouquiera.

A curious, greenhouse shrub with thick pyramidal
spiny stems. Seeds ; cuttings under a hand-light in a
greenhouse. Loam, leaf-mould, and plenty of sand.
/. colutnna'ria (columnar). Straw-coloured. Lower
California. 1896.

IGUANU'RA. (From iguana, the animal of that name,
and ura, a tail. Nat. ord. Palmacea?.)

Stove Palms. Seeds. Loam, one-third peat, and a
little sand.

/. Curti'sii (Curtis's). 1905.

„ speranskya'na (Speranskyan). Leaves densely tufted,
spiny. Malaya. 1898.

ILEX. The Holly. (From the resemblance of the
leaves to the Ilex of Virgil, QuSrcus I'lex. Nat. ord.
Hollyworts [Aquifoliaceae]. Linn. 4-Tetrandria, 3-Tetra-
gynia.)

All white-flowered but one. By seed, which should be
kept in the rot-heap for a twelvemonth after gathering,
frequently turned in the meantime, to rot the pulp,
and then sown in beds. The varieties by grafting and
budding — the first in March, and the second in July ;
by cuttings of the ripened summer shoots in autumn, on
a north border, and covered with hand-glasses. Soil,
sandy loam, in any place free from stagnant water. See
HOLLY.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

/ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved) See I. DAHOON.
, betschleria'na (Betschlerian). Mexico. .
, canarie'nsis (Canary). 16. May. Canaries. 1820.
, cape'nsis (Cape). S. Africa.
, chine'nsis (Chinese). 10. July. China. 1814.
„ conoca'rpa (conical-fruited). 6. White. Brazil.

"Mate " or " Paraguay Tea."
„ donia'na (Donian). 18. White. June. Himalayas.

1820.

„ exce'lsa (lofty). See I. DONIANA.
„ magella'nica (Magellan). Magellan. 1838. Half-
hardy.

„ Pera'do (Perado). 10. Pink. May. Madeira. 1760.
„ platyfhy'Ua (broad-leaved) 20. June. Canaries.

18 -.4.
„ serru'ta (saw-edged-fcai;#f). Japan. 1840.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

/. Gp'ngonha (Gongonha). See VILLARESIA MUCRONATA.
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). 8-10. Malaya. 1880.
„ monta'na (mountain). 4. W. Ind. 1820.
„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 6. July. W. Ind. 1806.
,, ni' gro-puncta' ta (black-spotted). Brazil.
„ Paraguay e'nsis (Paraguay Tea). 15. Paraguay. 1823.
„ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). See GYMNOSPORIA TRI-

GYNA.

„ Scopulo'rum (of the rocks). Ecuador.

HARDY EVERGREEN AND DECIDUOUS.

I. ambi'gua (ambiguous). 3-5. S. United States. 1812

Deciduous.

„ /lm£/a'MC/i«!r(Amelanchier). S. United States. 1889
,, Aquifo'lium (prickly-leaved. Common). 20. May.

Britain.

,, „ a'lbo-margina'ta (white-edged). 12. May. Britain.
,, „ a'lbo-pi'cta (white-painted. Milkmaid). 20.

April. Britain.

,, „ altaclare nsii (High-Clere). 20. April. Britain.
,, ,, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 20. May. Britain.
,, ,, arge'ntea medio-pi'cta (middle-blotched). " Silver

Milkmaid."
>i »» arge'ntea pe'ndula (weeping). " Perry's Weeping."

ILEX

452

IMBRICARIA

/. Aquifo'lium arge'ntea regi'na (queen). " Silver Queen."

,, ,, au'reo-margina' ta (gold-edged). 12. May. Britain.

„ au'rca me'dio-pi'cfa (middle-blotched). " Gold

Milkmaid."
, , au'rea pe'ndula (weeping). " Waterer's Gold

Weeping."

,, „ au'rea regi'na (queen). " Golden Queen."
,, „ balea'rica (Balearic). 10. May. Minorca. 1815.
„ „ cilia' fa (h&ir-frmged-leaved) . 20. May. Britain.
„ ,, cilia' fa mi'nor (small-hair-fringed-/£av£d). 20.

May. Britain.

„ „ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 20. May. Britain.
„ „ cri'spa (curled-leaved) 20. May. Britain.
r> » fe'rox (fierce. Hedgehog). 12- May- Britain-
,, „ fe"rox arge'ntea (silvery-fierce). 20- May. Britain.

" Silver Hedgehog Holly-"
„ ,, fe'rox au'rea (golden-fierce). May. Britain.

" Golden Hedgehog Holly."
,, „ fla'va (yellow). 15- May. Britain.
,, „ flave'scens (yellowish). " Moonlight."
,, „ fru'ctu a'lbo (white-berried). 20. May. Britain-
„ „ fru'ctu lu'teo (yellow-berried). 20- May. Britain.
„ „ fru'ctu ni'gro (black-berried). 20. May. Britain.
„ „ handsworthe'nsis (Handsworth). " Handsworth

New Silver."

,, „ heterophy' lla (various-leaved). 20. May. Britain.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20. May. Britain.
,, „ laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 20 May. Britain.
,, ,, margina'fa (thick-margined-leaved). 20. May.

Britain.

„ „ Marno'cki (Marnock's). 1901.
„ „ pe'ndula (weeping). " Weeping Holly."
„ „ pe'ndula tricolor (three-coloured).
„ „ platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). May. Europe. 1844-
„ „ recu'rva (bent-b&ck-leaved). 20. May. Britain.
„ „ sene'scens (aged-spineless). 20. May. Britain.
, ,, serratifo'lia (saw-edged- leaved). 20. May.

Britain.

„ „ watereria'na (Watererian). Leaves edged golden-
yellow. 1874.

„ „ Wilso'ni (Wilson's). Large-leaved variety. 1901.
„ balea'rica (Balearic). See I. AQUIFOLIUM BALEARICA.
„ Cassi'ne (Cassine). 12. August. Carolina. 1700-

" Cassena."

„ cornu'fa (horned). 3-5. China. 1850.
„ crena'fa (crenate). 2. White. Japan.
„ „ ma'jor (larger). Leaves larger. Japan. 1862.
„ „ Marie'sii (Maries's).
„ „ microphy'lla (small-leaved). Leaves very small.

Japan. 1908.

„ „ variega'fa (variegated). Leaves variegated.
„ Dahoo'n (Dahoon). 6. May. Carolina. 1726.
„ deci'dua (deciduous). 3. White. S. United States.

1736. Deciduous.
„ dipyre'na (two-seeded). 12. May. N. India. 1840.

" Himalayan Holly."
„ Farge'sii (Farge's). White. Leaves 3-4 in. long,

not spiny. W. China. 1910.
„ Fortu'nei (Fortune's). See I. CRENATA MAJOR.
„ gla'bra (glabrous). 3. Eastern United States. 1759.

"Inkberry." Deciduous.
„ inte'gra (entire). China and Japan.
„ Iceviga'fa (bright-green). 3-4. June. Eastern

United States. 1812. Deciduous.
„ lanceola'fa (lance-shaped). 3-4. July. N. Arner.

1811. Deciduous.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20. Japan. 1840. " Toraia."
„ laxifto'ra (loose-flowered). See I. OPACA.
„ lepfaca'ntha (slender-spined). China. 1852.
„ lu'cida (shining). 2-3. N. Amer. 1778.
„ macro 'poda (long-stalked). Japan.
„ microca'rpa (small-fruited). See I. ROTUNDA.
,, mo'llis (soft). 2 to 12. July. N. Amer. 1736.

Deciduous.
„ monti'cola (mountain-dwelling). 2-4. N. Amer.

1891.
„ opa'ca (opaque). 30. May. Carolina. 1744.

" American Holly."
„ Othe'ra (Othera). White. Japan.
„ pedunculo'sa (long-stalked). Japan.
„ Perny'i (Perny's). Leaves small, with a dense habit

of growth. Central China. 1903.
,, recu'rva (bent-back). 6. May.
„ rugo'sa (wrinkled). N. Eastern Asia.
„ rotu'nda (round). April. Japan.

/. Siebo'ldi (Siebold's). 3-4. White. Berries coral-
red. Japan. 1908.

„ ,, fru' ctu-a' Ibo (white-fruited).

„ verticilla' ta (whorled). 3-6. May. N. Amer. 1736.
" Black Alder, Winterberry."

,, ,, chrysoca'rpa (golden- fruited).

„ vomito'ria (emetic). See I. CASSINE.

ILLAIREA CANAKINOI DES. See LOASA CANARIN-

OIDES.

ILLECEBRUM. Knot Grass. (From illecebra, a
charmer ; referring to the pretty little annuals giving a
charm to waste places. Nat. ord. Knolworts [Illece-
braceas]. Linn. 5-Pentandna, i-Monogynia.)

All white-flowered, and all propagated by seed ;
common soil, though verticilla' turn likes a little moist
peat. The greenhouse and stove perennials merely re-
quire the extra heat, and may also be propagated by
division in the spring.
/. diffu'sum (spreading). See ALTERN ANTHER A PUL-

CHELLA.
„ glomera'tum (clustered). J. June. Brazil. 1820.

Stove herbaceous perennial.
,, gomphrenoi'des (Gomphrena-like). See TELANTHERA

GOMPHRENOIDES.

„ verticilla' turn (whorled). i. July. England. Hardy
trailing annual.

ELLTCIUM. Aniseed- tree. (From illicio, to allure ;
referring to the perfume. Nat. ord. Magnoliads [Mag-
noliaceas]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, 6-Polygynia. Allied to
Drimys.)

The fruit of anisa'tum has the flavour of anise, being
used as a spice in Chinese cookery ; and the seed of
religio'sum is burnt as incense in their temples. Half-
hardy evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the young ripened
shoots in sand, under a glass, in summer ; by layers,
from a stool in a cold pit, where they generally remain
two years before being removed ; sandy loam and peat ;
require the protection of the cold pit or greenhouse in
winter, though florida'num has stood out in many places
with but a slight protection in severe weather.
/. anisa'tum (anise-scented). 6. Red. May. Japan.

1790.
„ florida'num (red. Florida). 8. Red. May. Florida.

1766.

„ laurifo'lium (laurel-leaved). Yellowish-white. 1901.
,, parvifto'rum (small-flowered). 6. Yellow. May.

Florida. 1790.
„ religio'sum (holy). 4. Yellow, green. March. Japan.

„ ve'rum (true). Green, purple. S. China. 1888.
True " Star Anise."

ILLUPIE-TREE. Ba'ssia.

ILYSA'NTHES. (From ilus, mud, and anthos, a flower ;
in allusion to the muddy, wet places, where the plants
grow. Nat. ord. Scrophulariaceae.)

A greenhouse annual, with terminal racemes of flowers.
Seeds. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
/. cape'nsis (Cape). Violet. June. S. Africa. 1829.

IMANTOPHY'LLUM. (From himas, a leather thong,
and phullon, a leaf ; alluding to shape and substance of
the foliage. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceas].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.) See CLIVIA.
7. Aito'ni (Aiton's). See CLIVIA NOBILIS.
„ cyrtanthifto'rum (curved-flowered). See CLIVIA

CYRTANTHIFLORUM.

„ Garde'ni (Garden's). See CLIVIA GARDENI.
,, ma'ximum (largest). See CLIVIA MINIATA.
,, minia'tum (cinnabar). See CLIVIA MINIATA.

IMBRICA'RIA. (From imbrico, to cover like tiles on
a roof ; referring to the divisions of the calyx. Nat. ord.
Sapotads [Sapotaceas]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Mimusops.)

Stove tree, which produces fruit similar to an orange.
Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, in strong,
moist heat ; sandy loam and peat.

7. borbo'nica (Bourbon). See I. MAXIMA.
„ ma'xima (largest). White. Mascarene Islands. 1820.

IMBRICATED

453

IMPATIENS

IMBRICATED. Leaves, sepals, &c., are said to be
imbricated when one laps over the next, and so in suc-
cession, like the tiles of a house, as in the leaves of the
common Heath, or Ling, Callu'na vulga'ris.

IMPA'TIENS. Balsam. (From impatiens ; referring
to the elasticity of the valves of the seed-pod, which dis-
charge the seeds when ripe, or when touched. Nat. ord.
Cranesbills [Geraniaceae]. Linn. s-Peniandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Hardy annuals and biennials, by seed in the open
border, in April. Scapiflo'ra, a bulb, requires stove heat,
and to be kept almost dry in winter. Greenhouse annuals
and biennials merely require to be sown in a hotbed in
March, and planted out as half-hardy and tender annuals.
All these may be kept over the winter by taking off
cuttings in the beginning of autumn, which would bloom
in the house early in the spring. See BALSAMS.

HARDY ANNUALS.

/. amphora' ta (flagon-shaped). 3-6. Purple. Western

Himalayas.

,, amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). Himalaya.
„ au'rea (golden). Pale yellow, spotted with red. Late

summer. N. Amer.
„ Balfou'rii (Balfour's). White, suffused rose, yellow.

N.W.Himalaya. 1903. Half-hardy.
„ bicornu'ta (two-horned). Himalaya.
„ biflo'ra (two-flowered). Orange. Summer. N. Amer.

" Spotted Jewel-weed."

„ chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). Golden-yellow. Wes-
tern Himalaya. 1901.
,, crista'ta (crested). See I. SCABRIDA.
„ cuspida'ta (short-pointed). See I. LATIFOLIA.
„ discolor (various-coloured). I. Yellow. August-

Nepaul. 1820.
„ fa'lcifer (scythe-bearing). |. Golden-yellow, spotted

with blood-red. Sikkim Himalaya. 1903.
„ fu'lva (yellow). See I. BIFLORA.
„ glandulifera (gland-bearing) of Royle. See I. ROYLEI.
,, glanduli'gera (gland-bearing). See I. ROYLEI.
„ latifo'lia (broad- leaved), i. Pale red. Oriental

India. 1818.
„ „ arthri'tica (jointed). Nodes much thickened.

Nilghiri Mountains. 1902.
„ „ Noli-ta'ngere (touch-me-not). 2-3. Yellowi

spotted with red. Europe (Britain).
,, macrocki'la (long-lipped). See I. ROYLEI.
„ paruiflo'ra (small-flowered), i-ifc. Yellow- Siberia.

Naturalised in England.

„ Ro'ylei (Royle' s). 3-6. Purple. Summer. Hima-
laya. 1839.

„ „ a'lba (white). White. Himalaya. 1839.
„ sca'brida (rough). 2-3. Yellow. July, August.

Himalaya. 1839.
„ Thomso'ni (Thomson's), i. Pals rose. Himalaya-

1901.
,, irico'rnis (three-horned). See I. SCABRIDA.

STOVE ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
/. auri'coma (golden-haired). 2. Bright yellow. Comoro

Islands. 1893.
„ Balsami'na (Balsam). 1-2. Scarlet. July. August.

Trop. Asia. 1596. " Common Balsam."
„ bi' color (two-coloured). Purple, white. Trop. Africa.

1863.

„ ca'ndida (white). See I. ROYLEI ALBA.
,, cocci' nea (scarlet). See I. BALSAMINA.
„ comore'nsis (Comoro). Bright carmine. Comoro

Islands. 1887.

„ cornu'ta (horned). See I. BALSAMINA.
„ Epi'scopi (Episcopi). See I. SULTANI EPISCOPI.
,, fascicula'ta (tascic\e-flowered). See I. CHINENSIS.
„ fia'ccida (weak), i-ij. Pink. India. 1861.
„ „ a'lba (white). White.
„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 2-3. Rosy-lilac.

Madagascar. 1900.
„ Hawke'ri (Hawker's). 2. Rich carmine. South Sea

Islands. 1886.

„ Ho'lstii (Hoist's), i. Orange-scarlet. Summer.
,, hookeria'na (Hooker's). z\. White. Ceylon. 1852.
„ horte'nsis (common. Garden). See I. BALSAMINA.
„ Irvi'ngii (Irving's). W. Trop. Africa.
,, longico'rnu (long-horned). May. E. Ind.
,, „ na'ians (floating). See HYDROCERA ANGUSTIFOLIA.

/. macrophy'lla (long- leaved. Ceylon). z\. Red and

orange. Ceylon.
„ mastersia'na (Mr. Masters's). i. Purple. July.

Kashia Hills. 1837.
„ Micholi'tzi (Micholitz's). i. White or rosy. New

Guinea. 1892.
„ mira'bilis (wonderful). 4. Golden-yellow. Malacca

Straits. (B. M., t. 7195.)
,, petersia'na (Petersian). See I. WALLERIANA PETER-

SIANA.

„ pi'cta (painted). See I. AMPHORATA.

„ platype'tala (broad-petaled). i£. Purple. Java.

1844.
„ psittaci'na (parrot). Green, pale rose, red, white,

carmine. Burma. 1901. " The Cockatoo Balsam."
„ pvichtfrrima (handsome). i£. Purple. July.

Bombay. 1850.

„ re'pens (creeping). i£. Yellow. June. Ceylon. 1848,
„ Rodiga'si (Rodigas's). Rosy-purple. Java. 1849.
„ scapiflo'ra (scape-flowered). *. Lilac. August.

E. Ind. 1835. Bulb.

„ Sulta'ni (Sultan's), i. Scarlet. Zanzibar. 1882.
„ „ Epi'scopi (Episcopi). i. Purple-carmine. Zanzi-
bar. 1886.
„ Walke'ri (Walker's), ij. Scarlet. Winter. Ceylon.

(B. M., t. 5237.)
„ walleria' na petersia'»a (Petersian). i. Intense

carmine-red. E. Trop. Africa. 1902.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
/. bffida (two-cleft). See I. FLACCIDA.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). $. Red. August. Cape of Good

Hope. 1818.

„ chine'nsis (China), i. Purple. August. China. 1824.
„ corni'gera (horn- bearing). 3-4. Purple, yellow.

Ceylon. 1851.

,, Flanaga'ntz (Mrs. Flanagan's). S. Africa.
„ glanduli'fera (gland-bearmg) of Arn. Rose. August.

Ceylon. 1839.
„ Ho'lstii (Hoist's), i-ij. Cinnabar-red. German

E. Africa. 1904.
„ Jerdo'nue (Mrs. Jerdon's). J. Green, red, and yellow.

June. Neilgherries. 1852.
„ madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). £. Red. August-

Madagascar. 1820.
„ Maria' nee, (Mrs. Marian's). Lilac-purple. Assam.

1881.

„ mi'nor (smaller). \. Red. August. E. Ind. 1817.
„ mysore'nsis (Mysore), ±. Red. August. Mysore.

1820.
„ Olive'ri (Oliver's). 3-10. Blush-pink. 2$ in. across.

Uganda. 1903. Perennial.
„ oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). Pink to rosy-purple.

India and Ceylon. 1907.
„ ro'sea (rose-coloured). See I. BALSAMINA.
„ triflo'ra (three-flowered). See HYDROCERA TRIFLORA.
„ tripe'tala (three-petaled). i. Red. August. Nepaul.

1825.

Culture of the Balsam. — In years gone by the double
varieties of the common Balsam (/. Balsami'na) were
cultivated extensively for exhibition purposes, and no
class excited a keener competition in many parts of the
country. Good strains of seed were obtained and sown
in heat some time in March. As soon as the cotyledons
were fully developed the seedlings were potted off singly
in deep thumb pots, so as to get the stem buried to the
base of the seed-leaves to prevent legginess, which was
always regarded as a sign of bad cultivation. Light, rich
soil was used, and the pots were plunged in the hotbed
of a well-lighted stove. The temperature was kept at
70° to 75°, and allowed to run up to 80° at closing time.
Plenty of top air was given, whenever the weather con-
ditions favoured, to prevent drawing, to which the
Balsam is very liable. As soon as the roots were well
round the sides of the pots, the plants were shifted into
larger sizes, giving them heavier and richer soil at each
shift. A flower or two was allowed to bloom on the
main stem to ascertain the quality, after which all the
inferior ones were thrown away or used for greenhouse
decoration. As the side branches developed they were
carefully staked out or tied down to a circular wire to
encourage repeated branching and form the foundation
of large plants. All flower buds were removed as fast
as they made their appearance, as this encouraged

IMPATIENT

454

INDIGOFERA

vigorous growth. At the last potting about half the
compost consisted of well-rooted and dried cow-dung
rubbed up fine. Liquid manure was also given when
the pots were fairly filled with roots, and towards flower-
ing-time abundance of air was given.

IMPATIENT. A plant is said to be impatient of heat
or cold when it is speedily injured by a slight excess of
either one or the other.

IMPREGNATION. No seed ever attains the power of
germinating, unless the pollen from the stamens in the
same, or some nearly allied flower, has reached and
impregnated its pistils. In favourable seasons, when
genial warmth and gentle winds prevail, impregnation is
readily effected by the plant's own provision. The pollen
of the same flower, in many cases, is shed before the
stigma of the pistil is fully developed, but such flowers
are dependent upon insects or the wind, and other
flowers supply pollen at the time it is required. The
stigma soon withers after it is applied.

Insects aid in effecting this impregnation, and in
frames, hothouses, &c., from whence they are almost
totally excluded, other artificial means might be adopted
with success to render flowers fertile that had hitherto
failed in producing seed. Thus the gardener always
finds the advantage of using the camel-hair pencil to
apply pollen to the stigmas of his forced melons, cherries,
and peaches. See HYBRIDISING.

INARCHING, or grafting by approach, differs Irom
grafting only in having the scion still attached to its
parent stem whilst the process of union with the stock
is proceeding. It is the most certain mode of multiplying
an individual that roots or grafts with difficulty, but is
attended with the inconvenience that both the stock and
the parent of the scion must be neighbours. One or
both plants may be in pots, which make the operation
easy. In the case of Vines, the scion may be put with
its end in a bottle of water, and so kept fresh while a
union is being formed.

Having the stocks properly placed, make the most
convenient branches approach the stock, and mark in the
body of the branches the parts where they will most
easily join to the stock, and in those parts of each branch,
pare away the bark and part of the wood two or three
inches in length, and in the same manner pare the stock
in the proper place for the junction of the graft ; then
make a slit upward in the branch so as to form a sort of
tongue, and make a slit downward in the stock to admit
it ; let the parts be then joined, slipping the tongue of
the graft into the slit of the stock, making the whole
join in an exact manner, and tie them closely together
with bass, and afterwards cover the whole with a due
quantity of clay, or wax. After this let a stout stake
be fixed for the support of each graft, and so fastened
as to prevent its being disjoined from the stock by the
wind.

The operation being performed in spring, let the grafts
remain in that position about four months, when they
will be united, and they may then be separated from
the mother-tree. In doing this be careful to perform it
with a steady hand, so as not to loosen or break out the
graft, sloping it off downwards close to the stock ; and
the head of the stock cut down close to the graft, and all
the old clay and bandage cleared away and replaced
with new, to remain a few weeks longer. Observe,
however, that if the grafts are not firmly united with the
stock, let them remain another year till autumn, before
you separate the grafts from the parent tree. Instead
of approach-grafting in the usual manner, it is sometimes
convenient to detach shoots of the kinds to be propagated
from the plants on which they grew, and inarch them
upon the single plant, leaving a piece at the bottom of
each shoot sufficiently long to thrust into a phial, which
must be kept constantly supplied with water.

INCARVTLLEA. (In commemoration of P. IncarviUe,
a botanical correspondent of the great botanist Jussieu
about 1743. Nat. ord. Bignoniaceae.)

Hardy, herbaceous perennials in most cases. Seeds ;
cuttings of young shoots from the base of the plant ;
divisions of the root-stock in spring. Well-drained soil.
/. argil' ta (acute). See AMPHICOME ARGUTA.
„ compa'cta (compact). Purple. July to September.
China. 1880.

/. Delava'yi (Delavay's). 1-2. Deep purple. China.

1893.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered) of Poiret. See TECOMA

GRANDIFLORA.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered) of Bur and Franchet. i.

Rich rose-red. China. 1898.
„ „ bre'vipes (short-stalked). Flower-stalks shorter.

S.W. China. 1909.

,, Koopma'nni (Koopmann's). See I. OLG.C.
„ O'lgce (Queen Olga's). 2-4$ ft. Purple. Turkestan.

1880.
„ sine'nsis (Chinese). 1-2. Bright red. China.

Greenhouse.

,, tomento'sa (felted). See PAULOWNIA IMPERIALIS.
„ varia'bilis (variable). 1-2 Rose-purple. W. China.
1899.

INDEHISCENT. Fruits which do not open at maturity
to allow the seeds to escape are said to be indehiscent.
The Apple, Cherry, Orange, Melon, and Gooseberry are
examples.

INDIAN BAY. Lau'rus i'ndica.

INDIAN BLUE. Nympha'a cya'nea.

INDIAN CRESS. (Tropat'olum.) See NASTURTIUM.

INDIAN FIG. Opu'ntia.

INDIAN GRASS. Aru'ndo.

INDIAN HAWTHORN. Raphio'lepis.

INDIAN HEMP. Apo'cynum canna'binum.

INDIAN LOTUS. Nymphce'a Lo'tus.

INDIAN MULBERRY. Mori'nda.

INDIAN PHYSIC. Magno'lia Frase'ri.

INDIAN PINK. Dia'nthus chine'nsis.

INDIAN SHOT. Ca'nna i'ndica.

INDIA-RUBBER PLANT. Fi'cus ela'stica.

INDIGENOUS. Native, or naturally produced. Thus
the Crab-tree is indigenous to England.

INDIGO FERA. (From indigo, a blue dye, and fero, to
bear. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn.
iJ-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria.)

Annuals and biennials, in hotbed, in spring, potted and
treated as tender and half-hardy annuals ; shrubby
plants, by cuttings of young shoots, getting firm, in
summer, in sand, under a bell-glass, and a little bottom
heat, especially the tropical species ; sandy loam and
peat, equal parts. Red spider is their chief enemy.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

I. echina'ta (hedgehog). Red. June. E. Ind. 1824.

Stove.

,, gra'cilis (slender). Rose. July. S. Africa.
„ procu'mbens (lying-down). J. Blood. June. S.

Africa. 1818.
„ sarmento'sa (twiggy). J. Purple. July. S. Africa.

1786.

STOVE ANNUALS.

/. diphy'lla (two-leaved), 1. Purple. July. Africa.

1816.
,, enneaphy'lla (nine- leaved). 4. Purple. July. E.

Ind. 1776. Trailer.
,, gla'bra (smooth). See I. PENTAPHYLLA.
,, glandulo'sa (glanded). i. Purple. July. E. Ind.

1820.
„ lateri'tia (brick-coloured), i. Purple. Guinea. 1806.

Trailer.

,, Leschenau'ltii (Leschenault's). See I. TRITA.
„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved), i. Red. July. E. Ind. 1792.

Trailer.
„ pentaphy'lla (fiye-leafleted). i. Red. July. Trop.

Asia and Africa. 1820. Trailer.
„ trifolia'ta (three-leaved). J. Purple. July. E. Ind.

1816.
„ visco'sa (clammy), i. Red. May. E. Ind. 1608,

INDIGOFERA

455

INSECT PESTS

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
I. A'nil (Anil). 3-5. Pink, green. S. Amer. 1880.

An Indigo plant.
„ arge'ntea (silvery). Blue. June. N. Africa, Western

Asia. 1776.
„ aspalathoi'des (Aspalathus-like). 3. Red. July.

E. Ind. 1759.

„ bifto'ra (two-flowered). Purple. May. E. Ind. 1826.
,, caru'lea (sky-blue). See I. ARGENTA.
„ dendroi'des (tree-like). Rose. Trop. Africa.
,, elli'ptica (oval-leaved). See I. PULCHELLA.
„ endecaphy'lla (eleven-leafleted). Tropics of Old

World.

,, fra'grans (fragrant). See I. PENTAPHYLLA.
,, hirsu'ta (hairy). £. Dark purple. July. Guinea.

1823.
„ leptosta'chya (slender-spiked). 3. Purple. June.

Himalaya. 1818.

„ mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). See I. SUBULATA.
„ pulche'lla (handsome). Red. July. E. Ind. 1820.
„ subula'ta (awl-shaped). Red. July. Trop. regions.

1824.
„ tincto'ria (East Indian. Dyer's). 3. Pink. July.

E. Ind. 1731.

„ viola' cea (violet-coloured). See I. PULCHELLA.
„ virga'ta (twiggy). See I. TRITA.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

/. alopecuroi'des (Alopecurus-like). See I. CORIACEA.
„ ama'na (pleasing), ij. Purple. March. Cape of

Good Hope. 1774.

„ angula'ta (angled). See I. AUSTRALIS.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Purple. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
„ airopurpu'rea (dark purple). 3. Purple. July.

Nepaul. 1816.
„ austra'lis (southern). 4. Pink. April. N. S. Wales.

„ ca'ndicans (white-leaved), ij. Red. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1774.
„ cauda'ta (tailed). 3-8. White. Yunnan, China.

1902.
„ coria'cea (leathery-leaved). 3. Purple. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1774.
„ cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). Rose. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1822.
„ cytisoi'des (Cytisus-like). White, purple. S. Africa.

1774-

„ denuda'ta (denuded). Rose-purple. S. Africa.
„ divarica'ta (straggling). 3. Red. July.
„ Do'sua (Dosua). 2. Pale purple. Himalaya. 1842.
„ ,, stri'cta (upright). Violet. 1870.
„ filifo'lia (thread-leaved), i. Purple. August. Cape

of Good Hope. 1812.
„ filifo'rmis (thread-Uke). 2. Purple. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1822.
„ frute'scens (shrubby). 3. Purple. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1822.
„ inca'na (hoary). 2. Pink. August. Cape of Good

Hope. 1812.
„ lotoi'des (Lotus-like). 3. Red. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1800.
„ macrosta'chya (large-spiked). Rose. May. China.

1822.
„ nu'da (naked.), i. Purple. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1820.
„ psoraloi'des (Psoralia-like). Purple. July. S. Africa.

1758.

„ ri'gida (stiff). See I. TRITA.

„ spino'sa (spiny), i. Purple. June. Arabia. 1820.
„ stachyo'des (spike-like). See I. DOSUA.
„ stri'cta (upright). 2-3. Pink. S. Africa. 1774.
„ sylva'tica (wood). See I. AUSTRALIS.
„ tri'ta (common), i. Purple. July. Trop. Asia and

Australia. 1816.

HARDY OR HALF-HARDY SHRUBS.

/. bungea'na (Bungean). China.
,, deco'ra (becoming). Pink. July. China and Japan.

1840.

„ „ a'lba (white). White.
,, floribu'nda a'lba (free-flowering white). See I. DECORA

ALBA.

/. gerardia'na (Gerardian). 8-10. Rosy-purple.

Himalaya. Wall shrub.

„ hebepe'tala (smooth-petaled). Small, reddish. Hima-
laya. 1907. Branching shrub.
„ tfm/oo;'t(Kirilow's). Deep rose. Mandshuria. 1901.

The finest introduced.

I'NGA. (The name in South America. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosce]. Linn. 2$-Polygamia,
i-Monacia. Allied to Acacia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young shoots, getting
firm, in spring and summer, in sandy peat, under a bell
glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 55°. Pulche'rrima has
large clusters of long crimson stamens. To succeed well
with it, and in a small plant, give it a fair heat in summer,
and plenty of moisture; but keep it cool and rather
dry for several months in winter.
I. affi'nis (kindred). 20. Pink. BraziL 1800.
„ ano'mala (anomalous). 10. Red. June. Mexico.

1729. See CALLIANDRA GRANDIFLORA.
„ biglobo'sa (two-globed). See PARKIA AFRICANA.
„ Buorgo'ni (Buorgon's). 20. Pink. Guiana. 1752.
„ como'sa (tufted). 30. Pink. Jamaica. 1818. See

CALLIANDRA COMOSA.

„ coromandelia'na (Coromandel). White. E. Ind. 1818.
„ cycloca'rpa (circle-podded). See ENTEROLOBIUM

CYCLOCARPUM.

,, du'lcis (sweet). See PITHECOLOBIUM DULCE.

,, fastuo'sa (splendid. Red. Caracas. 1820.

„ Feui'Uei (Feuillee's). 8. White. Lima. 1824.

„ foe'tida (foetid). See PIPTADENIA F<BTIDA.

,, Harri'sii (Harris's). See CALLIANDRA HARRISII.

„ Housto'ni (Houston's). See CALLIANDRA HOUSTONI.

„ hymentzoi'des (Hymenasa-like). See CALLIANDRA

HYMENjEOIDES.

„ Jiri'nga (Jiringa). See PITHECOLOBIUM LOBATUM.
,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See PITHECOLOBIUM LATI-

FOLIUM.

„ lauri'na (laurel-leaved). 20. White. S. Amer. 1818.
,, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See I. SETIFERA.
,, margina ta (margined). 20. Pink. S. Amer. 1820.
,, melli'fera (honeyed). See ACACIA MELLIFERA.
,, microphy'lla (small-leaved). See PITHECOLOBIUM

UNGUIS-CATI.

,, Pulche'rrima (fairest). See CALLIANDRA TWEEDIEI.
„ purpu'rea (purple. Soldier Wood). See CALLIANDRA

PURPUREA.

,, Sa'man (Saman). See PITHECOLOBIUM SAMAN.
„ seti'fera (bristle-bearing). 20. Pink. Guiana. 1824.
„ sple'ndens (shining). White. March. Caracas. 1825.
„ stipula'ris (stipuled). Cayenne. 1831.
„ terge'mina (three-paired). See CALLIANDRA TERGE-

MINA.

,, veluti'na (velvety). 30. Para. 1820.

INOCA'RPUS. Otaheite Chestnut. (From is, a fibre,
and karpos, a fruit. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosae]. Linn. io-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Dipteryx.)

The kernels are roasted and eaten in the islands as we
use chestnuts. Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of the
ripened shoots in sand, and in heat ; peat and loam.
I. edu'lis (eatable). 20. White. July. South Sea
Islands. 1793.

INOCULATION. Same as Budding.
INOCULATING GRASS. See TURF.

INSECT PESTS. Most of the more injurious insects
that prey upon garden plants have been dealt with in
separate articles under their respective headings, so that
only a few of the more general pests need be mentioned
here, with the insecticides employed to keep them in
check.

Acari or Mites are best known in the domain of the
gardener by the ubiquitous and destructive Red Spider
(Tetra'nychus tfla'rius), which feeds on almost any culti-
vated plant, whether grown for the sake of its foliage,
flowers, fruits, or as a vegetable. The conditions that
favour it are a dry, parched atmosphere, dry foliage, and
likewise when plants are kept dry at the root. Situa-
tions near the boiler of the heating apparatus or near a
flue are liable to favour and foster the increase of the
pest, which, by the way, is not an insect, though usually

INTERMEDIATE

456

IONOPSIDIUM

spoken of as if it were. The conditions that favour it
should not be allowed to exist, or if they cannot be
avoided a sharp look-out should always be kept to
prevent the pest from getting a footing, and to use the
syringe freely and often where the nature of the plants
or the season permit of it. Water on the foliage and
moisture in the atmosphere are the enemies of red spider.
Painting the hot-water pipes with a mixture of water
and flowers of sulphur will destroy the enemy in vineries
and other houses where syringing would be injurious to
the Vines, grapes, or other occupants of the houses. A
small mite (Tarsonymus) often does great injury to
Begonias, Streptocarpus, Gloxinias, Crotons, and Vines.
The danger is that the damage may be done before the
tiny, colourless pest is noticed. Water may be used
freely, but it should be made more effective by using
soft soap, Gishurst Compound, or sulphur in it. Clear
soot water has also answered the purpose, by syringing
the affected plants with it. The pest may appear at
any time, but chiefly in summer.

Chermes Abietis, sometimes known as Adelges Abietis,
is an insect closely allied to the Aphides, but having no
honey tubes. The form that produces galls upon the
young twigs of Spruce trees settles near the base of
expanding buds and, inserting its beak at the base of
the young leaves, causes swellings resembling young cones
to form near the tips or lower down the twigs. When
numerous, these galls have a stunting effect upon the
trees, upon which they turn woody and remain long
after the Chermes has left them. These galls may be
cut off and burned to kill the insects in them.

Cockroaches include the common one (Blatta orientalis),
more frequent in dwelling-houses than hothouses, and
the American Cockroach (Periplaneta americana), which
is very destructive to plants in warm plant-houses where
it gets established. It is a large insect, about ij in.
long, £ in. wide, with grey-brown wing-cases, longer than
the body. It may be caught in a variety of ways by
putting some strong-smelling or syrupy liquid in deep
jars, standing these in its haunts over night, and placing
some pieces of wood against the jars, so that the insects
may climb to the edge, drop in, and so get drowned.
The quickest way to destroy the pest is to get some
phosphorus paste, spread some of it on pieces of bread,
and lay the same on pieces of tile or slate about the
infested houses at night, picking up the baits in the
morning and placing them out of harm's way during the
day. The dead cockroaches need not be gathered up,
as the live ones are cannibals, and get poisoned by eating
their dead brethren.

See also SLUGS, SNAILS, SCALE INSECTS, SNOWY FLY,
WOODLICE, &c.

INTERMEDIATE. A species is often named inter-
mediate, because possessing the different characteristics
of two others.

A hothouse is intermediate when kept at a temperature
higher than that usual in a greenhouse, and lower than
that usual in a stove.

I'NTJLA. (A word of doubtful origin, said to be a
corruption of helenium. Nat. ord. Composites [Com-
posita?]. Linn. ig-Syngencsia, 2-Superflua.)

I'nula Hcle'nium, or Elecampane, furnishes the Vin
d'Aulnfe of the French. Hardy herbaceous perennials,
with yellow flowers. The annuals not being worth
cultivating, are omitted. Seeds, or divisions of the
roots ; common garden-soil. They are interesting,
though rather rough-looking.
/. barba'ta (bearded), x. Yellow. Himalaya.

„ ,, ma'jor (greater), i. Heads larger.

„ bi'frons (two-leaved), i. Yellow. Eastern Europe.

„ brita'nnica (British), i. Yellow. Europe (England) .

„ calyci'na (large-calyxed) . See I. MONTANA.

„ crithmpi'des (Crithmum-like). i. Yellow. Europe
(Britain). " Golden Samphire."

„ dysente'rica (dysenteric). See PULICARIA D YSENTERICA.

„ ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). J. August. Austria. 1793.

„ germa'nica (German). 4. July. Germany. 1759.

„ gla'bra (smooth). See I. SALICINA.

„ glandulo'sa (glanded). 2. August. Georgia. 1804.

„ „ fimbria'ta (fringed). Ray florets fringed. 1903.

„ „ lacinia'ta (jagged). Seems identical with /. g.
fimbriata.

I. grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 2. July. Caucasus.

1810.

„ gra'ndis (great). Yellow. August. Soongaria.
,, grave'olens (strong-smelling), ij. Yellow. July.

Mediterranean region. 1633.

,, helenioi'des (Helenium-like). 2-4. Yellow. Spain.
„ Hele'nium (Helenium). 3-6. Yellow. England.

" Elecampane."

,, hi'rta (hairy), x. July. Austria. 1759.
„ Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 1-2. Yellow. August.

Himalaya. 1851.

„ hy'brida (hybrid). See I. ENSIFOLIA.
,, limonifo'lia (Limonum- leaved). Yellow. Greece.
,, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See I. GRANDIS.
,, Maria'na (Maryland). See CHRYSOPSIS MARIANA.
,, mo'llis (soft). See I. SUAVEOLENS.
,, monta'na (mountain), ij. August. S. Europe. 1759.
„ Cfculus-Chri'sti (Christ's-eye). ij. July. Austria.

1759-

„ odo'ra (fragrant). See PULICARIA ODORA.
„ orientalis (oriental). See I. GLANDULOSA.
„ quadridenta'ta (tour-toothed- flowered). See I. GRAVEO-

LENS.
,, racemo'sa (racemose). 4-5. Yellow. August.

Himalaya ; Central China. 1903.
,, roylea'na (Roylean). ij. Yellow. Himalaya.
„ salici'na (Salix-like). i-ij. Yellow. July, August.

Ireland.

„ saxa'tilis (rock). See I. VISCOSA.
„ sca'bra (rough). See HETEROTHECA LAMARCKII.
„ squarro'sa (spreading). 2. Yellow. Europe.
,, suave'olens (sweet-scented), ij. July. S. Europe.

1758.
„ thapsoi'des (Thapsus-like). ij. Yellow. July.

Caucasus. 1819.

,, tri'loba (three-lobed). July. Sinai. 1837.
„ Vailla'ntii (Vaillant's). 2. September. France.

1739-

,, verbascifo'lia (mullein-leaved). See I. THAPSOIDES.
,, visco'sa (clammy), ij. July. S. Europe. 1596.

lOCHRO'MA. (From ion, violet, and chroma, colour ;
referring to the purple colour of the flowers. Nat. ord.
Nightshades [Solanacea*]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Habrothamnus.)

Greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings of young shoots, getting
a little firm, in sandy soil, with a bell-glass in summer ;
sandy peat and fibrous loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
I. calyci'na (large-calyxed). Green. Guiana.
„ cocci' nea (scarlet). Scarlet. Mexico.
„ cya'nea (blue). See I. LANCEOLATA.
„ fla'va (yellow). 6. Pale yellow. Cordilleras of

Colombia. 1898.
„ fuchsioi'des (Fuchsia- like). 5. Orange-scarlet. June

to August. Peru. 1843.

,, gesneroi'des (Gesn era-like). 3-4. Scarlet. Peru.
„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). Peru.
,, lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). 5. Purple-brown. July.

Colombia. 1846.

„ tubulo'sa (tubular). 5. Violet-blue. March. Ecuador.
1844.

10'NE PALEA'CEA. See BULBOPHYLLUM PALEACEUM.

lONI'DIUM. (From ion, violet, and eidos, resembling.
Nat. ord. Violetworts [Violaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to our Violets.)

The South American species possess much of the
qualities of, and are substituted for, Ipecacuanha.
Herbaceous plants, flowering in June, by division and
seed ; under-shrubs, by cuttings in sand, under a bell-
glass ; peat and loam. All the following require green-
house culture, except stri'ctum, which is a stove plant.
I. cape'nse (Cape), i. White. Cape of Good Hope.

1824.
„ co'ncolor (one-coloured), i. White or green. June.

N. Amer. 1788.

„ longifo'lium (long-leaved). See NOISETTIA LONGIFOLIA.
„ polygal&fo'lium (Polygala-leaved). x. Green, yellow.

Mexico. 1797-

,, sprengelia' num. (Sprengel's). See I. CONCOLOR.
„ stri'ctum (upright). |. White. W. Ind. 1824.

lONOPSI'DIUM. (From ion, the violet, opsis, ap-
pearance, and eidos, form ; literally, plants with a
form resembling the violet. Nat. ord. Cruciferae.)

IONOPSIS

457

IPOMCEA

Hardy and very dwarf annual plants. Seeds. Any
good garden soil.
/. acau'le (stemless). J. Purple or violet. Spring and

summer. Portugal; N.Africa. 1845.
„ albiflo'rum (white-flowered). J. White. Algeria.
IONOFSIS. (From ion, violet, and opsis, like. Nat.
ord. Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn. 20-Gynandria, i-Mon-
andria. Allied to Burlingtonia.)

Stove orchids. For culture, see BURLINGTONIA.
I. panicula'ta (panicled). x. White, violet. Brazil.

1865.

„ pulche'lla (handsome). Violet. July. Merida.
„ te'nera (slender). See I. UTRICULARIOIDES.
„ iesticula'ta (testicled). £. White. Jamaica. 1905.
„ utricularioi'des (Utricularia-like). *. White, purple.

October. Trinidad. 1822.

IOSTETHANE. (From ion, a violet, and stephane, a
crown ; in allusion to the violet rays of the flower. Nat.
ord. Composite.)

Subshrubby, evergreen, greenhouse plant. Cuttings
of side-shoots in heat in spring. Loam, leaf-mould, and
plenty of sand.
I. heterophy'lla (various-leaved), if. Violet or purple.

August to October. Mexico. 1820.
IPECACUA'NHA. An emetic drug obtained from the
roots of Ceph&lis Ipecacuanha.

IPHIGE'NIA. (iphigenia was a daughter of Agamem-
non. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Half-hardy herb requiring the protection of a pit or
greenhouse in winter. Division of the root-stock. Loam,
leaf-mould, and sand.
/. i'ndica (Indian). I. Purple. Early summer. India.

1818.

IPOMCEA. (From ips, bindweed, and homoios
similar. Nat. ord. Bindweeds [Convolvulaceae]. Linn
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Annuals, by seed in a hotbed ; perennials, by seed
and cuttings of the short side-shoots, in sandy peat,
under a bell-glass, and in a good bottom-heat ; bulbous
and tuberous, by division, and by cuttings of the young
shoots, as they commence growing ; the bulbs and
tuberous ones, especially the hardier ones, are used for
herbaceous grafting, merely making a cleft, and slipping
the young shoot into the place, claying over, and plunging
in a hotbed ; stout, short stems, with roots of Sello'wii,
are frequently used for grafting the more tender sorts ;
peat and loam. Temp, for stove kinds, 60° to 85° in
summer ; 50° to 60° in winter. The crimson Horsfa'llice
requires a good heat.

HARDY AND HALF-HARDY ANNUALS.

I. purpu'rea (purple). 6-10. Purple, with white ribs.

Summer. Trop. Amer. 1629.

„ ver si' color (changing - coloured). 12-15. Red,

yellow. Summer. Trop. Amer. 1841.

STOVE ANNUALS.

I. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Yellow. July. Tropics

of Old World. 1778.

„ codesti'na (sky-blue). Blue. August. 1840. Twiner.
„ cocci' nea (scarlet). 10. Scarlet. July to September.

Tropics. 1818.

„ filicau'lis (thread-stalked). See I. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
„ murica'ta (point-covered). 8. Blue, purple. August.

Himalayas. 1777.
„ pilo'sa (thinly-hairy). 6. White, purple. July.

India ; Trop. Africa. 1818.
„ Qua'moclit (Quamoclit). 1^-3. Scarlet. Tropics.

1629.

„ „ a'lba (white). White. 1629.
„ quinquefo'lia (five-leaved). 6. White. July. Trop.

Amer. 1807.
„ renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped), i. September. Trop.

Asia and Africa. 1816.

„ sero'tina (late). Orange. July. Mexico. 1824.
„ tridenta'ta (three-toothed). 10. Yellow. July. E.

Ind. 1778.
„ tri'loba (three-lobed). 10. Violet. July. Trop

Amer. 1752.

HARDY TWINERS.

I. ca'ndicans (whitish). 15. White. July. N. Amer.

1776.
„ ebractea'ta (bractless). i. White. July. Trop. Amer.

1819. Trailer.

„ imperia'lis (imperial). 6-8. Blue or rosy-lilac. 1897.
„ „ aura'ta (golden). Leaves golden. 1897.
„ „ colla'ta (collected). Flowers variable in colour,

crimped at the edges. 1897.
„ lacuno'sa (pitted). 10. White. June. N. Amer.

1640. Deciduous.
„ leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 2. Rose, purple in the

throat. N.W. Amer. 1900.
,, pandura'ta (fiddle-shaped). 12. White, purple.

June. N. Amer. 1732. Deciduous.
„ sagitta'ta (arrow-shaped). 3. Rose. July. N. Amer.

1819. Deciduous.

,, sagittifo'lia (arrow-head-leaved). See I. SAGITTATA.
,, sibi'rica (Siberian). 8. Flesh. July. Siberia. 1779.

Deciduous.
„ sinua'ta (scollop-leaved). 6. White. July. Florida.

1813. Evergreen.
„ supe'rba (superb). Mexico.

GREENHOUSE TWINERS.

/. arbore'scens (tree). 10. Mexico. 1818. Shrub.
„ arma'ta (armed). 6. Purple. July. Mexico. 1824.

Biennial.
„ au'rea (golden). Lemon-yellow. Lower California.

1900. Tuberous rooted.
„ bi'color (two-coloured). Purple. July. Trop. Amer.

1732.
„ cra'ssipes (thick-flower-s talked). 3. Purple. August.

S. Africa. 1842.

,, Gerra'rdi (Gerrard's). See I. ALBIVENIA.
„ gossypioi'des (Gossypium-like). Rose, red-purple.

Southern Argentina. 1897. Annual.
„ Kerbe'rii (Kerber's). Vivid scarlet. S. Amer. 1894.
„ macrorhi'za (long-rooted). 10. White. August.

Georgia. 1815. Tuber.
„ „ ru'bra (red). Red, purple. August. Mexico.

1815.

„ Natio'nis (Nation's). Scarlet. Peru. 1864.
„ pe'ndula. (hanging-down). See I. PALMATA.
„ quina'ta (five-leafleted). Violet. July. Trop. Asia

and Australia.

,, Sello'wii (Sellow's). See I. BONARIENSIS.
,, seti'fera (bristle-bearing). White, fragrant. Tempe-
rate Brazil. 1894.
„ Woo'dii (Wood's). Rose-purple. S. Africa. 1894.

Tuberous.

STOVE DECIDUOUS TWINERS.

/. Aito'ni (Alton's). 10. Pale purple. June. S.Africa.
„ Batatas (Batatas). White, purple. Tropics. 1797.

" Sweet Potato."

„ batatai'des (Batatas-like). See I. MESTITLANICA.
,, Bronso'ni (Bronson's). Cuba. 1892.
„ campanula1 ta (bell-flowered). 8. Purple, white.

August. E. Ind. 1800.
„ carno'sa (fleshy). 5. White. July. Trop. regions.

1838.

„ Caroli'na (Carolina). See I. COMMUTATA.
,, commuta'ta (changed). 10. Purple. July. N. Amer.

1732.
„ deco'ra (becoming). 3. White, rosy-purple. E.

Africa. 1879.
„ ficifo'lia (fig-leaved). 3. Purple. November.

Buenos Ayres. 1840.
„ glaucifo'lia (glaucous-leaved). Purple. June. Trop.

Amer. 1732.

„ JteUrophy'lla (various-leaved). Purple. July. Aus-
tralia. 1818.
„ involucra'ia (involucred). 4. Red. July. Guinea.

1823.
„ leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 6. White. August.

S. Amer. 1823.

,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). See I. CARNOSA.
„ mestitla'nica (Mestitlanian). 6. Purple, crimson.

July. Mexico. 1840.
„ multifto'ra (many-flowered). 6. Pink. June.

Jamaica.
„ ochra'cea (yellowish). Yellow. August. Guinea.

1826.

IPOMOEA

458

IRIARTEA

/. Pfs-ti'gridis (tiger's-foot). 6. Red. August. E. Ind.

„ pilo'sa (long-haired). 4. Pink. August. E. Ind.
1815.

„ ru'bro-caru'lea (reddish-blue). 8. Blue, red. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1823.

„ schiedia'na (Schiede's). Blue. October. Mexico.
1838.

„ seio'sa (bristly). 9. Purple. August. Brazil.

„ solanifo'lia (nightshade-leaved). 8. Pink. July.
W. Ind. 1759-

„ viola cea (violet- flowered). 8. Purple. August. S.
Amcr. 1792.

STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS.
/. acumina'ta (sharp- pointed). 6. Purple. July. W.

Ind. 1812.

„ ala'lipes (winged-stalked). Salmon. Venezuela. 1862.
„ albive'nia (white- veined). Yellow. September. Algoa

Bay. 1824.
„ aqua'tica (aquatic). \. Purple. July. Tropics of

Old World. 1806. Creeper.
„ bignonioi'des (Bignonia-like). Purple. July. Guiana.

1824.
„ bi'loba (two-lobed). Purple. June. Tropics. 1776.

Creeper.
„ Bo'na-no'x (good-night). 10. White. July. Trop.

Amer. 1773.
„ bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). Purple. August.

Buenos Ayres. 1826.
„ caru'lea (blue). See I. HEDERACEA.
„ cai'rica (Cairo). See I. PALMATA.
„ camerune'nsis (Cameroons). Leaves entire. Came-

roons. 1891.
„ catka'rtica (purging). 6. Rose. August. Trop.

Amer. 1822.
„ Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles's). White, red. August.

1815.

„ chrysei'des (golden). 4. Yellow. July. China. 1817.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbed). See I. SID/EFOLIA.
„ digita'ta, (fingered). Purple. July. Tropics. 1799.
„ disse'cta (cut). Tropics.

„ diversifolia (di versed-leaved). See I. HEDERACEA.
„ fastigia'ta (pyramidal). 10. Purple. June. W. Ind.

1816.
„ filifo'rmis (thread-like). 10. Purple. October.

W. Ind. 1823.

„ Fu'nis (Funis). 6. Scarlet. Mexico. 1826.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 18. White. September.

E. Ind. 1802.

„ Hartwe'gi (Hartweg's). 6. Scarlet. Mexico. 1827.
„ hedera'cea (ivy-leaved). 10. Light blue. Summer.

Tropics. 1597.
„ „ litnba'ta (limbed). Deep blue and white. Early

summer. Australia. 1868.
„ hederifo'lia (ivy-leaved). 10. Crimson. July. W.

Ind. 1812.

„ Hooke'ri (Hooker's). See I. RUBROCJERULEA.
,. Horsfa'llice (Mrs. Horsfall's). 20. Rose-coloured.

October. W. Ind. 1833.
„ „ a'lba (white). White. W. Ind. 1883.
„ „ Bri'ggsi (Briggs's). Carmine-rose.
„ Jala pa (jalap). 10. Red. August. Mexico. 1733.

Tuber.
„ Lea'rii (Mr. Lear's). 30. Dark red. September.

Ceylon. 1835.
„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved). Yellow. May. Malaya ;

Australia. 1827.
„ Maho'ni (Mahon's). Reddish-purple, white, pink.

Uganda. 1903. Shrub.
„ martinice'nsis (Martinique). Yellow. August. Tropics

of both Worlds. 1731.

„ muta'bilis (changeable). See I. ACUMINATA.
„ Ni'l (Nil). See I. HEDERACEA.
„ palma'ta (hand-shaped). White. July. Tropics of

both Worlds. 1680.
„ pandura'ta (fiddle-shaped). N. Amer.
„ pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). White, red. August.

Tropics of both Worlds. 1730.
„ perringia'na (Perringian). Violet-rose. Cameroons.

1897.

„ Pefs-ca''pra (goafs-foot). See I. BILOBA.
„ plate'nsis (La Platan). See I. DIGITATA.
„ polya'ntha (auricula-tfoiwraJ). See I. UMBELLATA.

/. pube'scens (downy). Blue, violet. September. W.

Ind. 1816.

,, pudtbu'nda (blushing). See I. CATHARTICA.
,, pulche'lla (pretty). See I. FASTIGIATA.
,, Pu'rga (purgative). Crimson. August. Mexico.

" Jalap."
,, repanda (wavy-edged). 10. Scarlet. July. E. Ind.

1793-

,, re'ptans (creeping). See I. AQUATICA.
„ Robefrtsii (Roberts's). White, lined pink, with rose-
purple rays. Queensland.
„ sanguinole'nta (blood-coloured). Rose, and tube

blood-red within. 1880.
,, scrobicula' ta (pitted). 2. Pale red. Trinidad. 1825.

Trailer.

„ senegalc'nsis (Senegalese). See I. PALMATA.
„ sepia'ria (hedge). 8. Red. July. E. Ind. 1799.
„ sidafo'lia (Sida- leaved). 2. White. July. Mexico.

1823.

,, si'mulans (resembling). Mexico.
„ specio'sa (showy). See ARGYREIA SPECIOSA.
,, sple'ndens (splendid). See ARGYREIA SPLENDENS.
„ stipula'cca (stipuled). See I. SEPIARIA.
„ terna'ta (three-leaved). 10. White. W. Ind. 1884.
„ thomsonia'na (Thomsonian). See I. TERN ATA.
„ tubero'sa( tuberous-rooted). 10. Pale yellow. August.

W. Ind. 1731. Tuber.

„ „ uniflo'ra (one-flowered). See I. MARTINICENSIS.
„ Turpe'thum (Turpeth). 5. White. August. E. Ind.

1752.
„ Twee did (Mr. Tweedie's). 6. Reddish-purple. July.

Parana. 1838.
„ tryia'nfhina (purple). Purple. October. Mexico.

1838.
„ umbella'ta (umbelled). Scarlet. June. S. Amer.

1739.
„ veno'sa (veiny). Purple. July. Mascarene Islands.

1820.
„ vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). 10. Yellow. July. E. Ind.

1820.
,, wolcotlia'na (Wolcottian). Mexico. 1894.

IPOMO'PSIS. (From ipo, to strike forcibly, and opsis,

sight. Nat. ord. Phloxworts [Polemoniaceae]. Linn. 5-

Pentandria, i-Monogynia. See GILIA.)

1. e'legans (elegant) of Lindley. See GILIA AGGREGATA.

„ eflegans (elegant) of Michaux. See GILIA CORONOPI-

FOLIA.
,, inconspi'cua (inconspicuous). See GILIA INCONSPICUA.

I'PSEA. (Not explained. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchi-
daces]. Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to
Pachystoma.)

Stove orchid. Rough peat and a little fibrous loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55°.
7. specio'sa (showy), i. Yellow. May. Ceylon. 1840.

lEESI'NE. (From eiros, wool ; referring to the
woolly aspect of the branches. Nat. ord. Amaranis
[Amarantaceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, $-Pentandria. Allied
to Gomphrena.)

Half-hardy, herbaceous, white-flowered perennials.
Division in spring, and by saving and sowing the seeds
in a gentle hotbed ; sandy loam, leaf-mould, and a little
peat. If saved over, must be protected in a cold pit
or frame during the winter.
7. acumina'ta (long-pointed). Leaves purple. Mexico.

1869.

,, celosioi'des (Celosia-like). ij. July. N. Amer. 1733.
„ diffu'sa (straggling). See I. CELOSIOIDES.
,, ela'tior (taller). 3. July. Antilles. 1820. Annual.
,, elonga'ta (\ong-leaved). 2. July. S. Amer. 1822.
„ flave'scens (pale yellow), i. July. S. Amer. 1824.

This is Alternanthe'ra flave'scens.
„ He'rbstii (Herbst's). Green. Leaves crimson, with

rose veins. Brazil. 1864.
,, ,, au'reo-reticula'ta (golden-netted). Leaves with

golden veins.

,, Linde'ni (Linden's). Leaves blackish purple.
Ecuador. 1867.

IRIA'RTEA. (Commemorative of Juna Iriarte, a
botanist of Spain. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove Palms of low stature. Seeds. Loam, peat,
and sand.

IRIS

459

IRIS

/. Bungero'thii (Bungeroth's). Country unknown.
, exorrhi'za (rooting-upwards). See SOCRATEA EXOR-

RHIZA.

„ gigante'a (giant). 1872.
„ no'bilis (noble). Trop. Amer. 1869.
„ prcemo'rsa (bitten-leavcd) . See CATOBLASTUS PR*>

MORSDS.
„ ventrico'sa (swollen). Brazil.

I'RIS. (From iris, the rainbow; referring to the
variety and beauty of the flowers. Nat. ord. Inds
[Iridacea?]. Linn. ^-Triandria, i-Monogynia.)

A beautiful hardy family of summer-flowering plants,
though most of the bulbous species will, by forcing,
flower early in spring. Herbaceous species, by suckers
from the root, and division of their fleshy rhizomes.
Bulbous ones, by offsets ; and all by seeds. Rich, loamy
soil suits the herbaceous ; but the others should have
a good proportion of sand, leaf-mould, and peat.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

I. chine'nsis (Chinese). See I. JAPONICA.
„ clandesti'na (secret). May. Brazil. 1829.
„ ccelesti'na (sky-blue), i*. Blue. June. N. Amer.

1824.

„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). See MOR^A IRIDIOIDES.
„ defle'xa (bent-down). See I. GERMANICA.
„ fimbria'ta (fringed). See I. JAPONICA.
„ hexago'na (six-angled). 3. Blue-purple, yellow.

S. United States. (B. M., t. 6787.)
„ „ a'lba (white). White.
„ „ Lama'ncei (Lamance's). ij. Clear blue.
„ japo'nica (Japanese), i. Lavender, yellow. Japan

and China. 1792.

HARDY BULBS.

/. Aitchisp'ni (Aitchison's). ij. Purple. March.

India ; Afghanistan. 1901.
„ „ chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). Bright yellow.

1901.

„ „ fta'va (yellow). See I. AITCHISONI CHRYSANTHA.
„ ala'ta (winged). J. Blue. June. Algiers. 1801.
„ „ a'lba (white). White.
„ bakeria'na (Bakerian). ±. Violet and spotted violet

on white. January. Armenia. 1889.
„ Boissie'ri (Boissier's). i. Purple. Portugal. 1887.
,, Bornmuelle'ri (Bornmueller's). See I. DANFORDI^.
„ bticha'rica (Bokharan). I. White, bright yellow.

March. Eastern Bokhara. 1902.
,, cauca'sica (Caucasian). J-J. Greenish-yellow. Cau-
casus. 1821.
„ „ crfyw7*j (blue). Pale lilac, lined violet. Caucasus.

1889.

„ ,, ma'jor (greater). Flowers larger, yellow, orange.
„ Colle'ttii (Collett's). See I. NEPALENSIS LETHA.
„ Danfo'rdice (Mrs. Danford's). J. Orange-yellow,

spotted brown. Asia Minor. 1889.
„ filifo'lia (thread-leaved), i-ij. Violet, yellow.

Spain, N. Africa. 1869.
,, fosteria'na (Fosterian). \. Primrose yellow, violet.

Afghanistan. 1891.
, , fumo'sa (smoky), i. Greenish-yellow, smoky. April.

Syria.
„ gala'tica (Galatian). J. Greenish-yellow, purple.

Galatia. 1905.

,, Heldrei'chii (Heldreich's). See I. STENOPHYLLA.
„ Hi'strio (Histrio). i. Blue, creamy-white, with blue

blotches. Syria. 1873.
„ imbe'rbis (beardless). See I. JUNCEA.
„ ju'ncea (rush-like), i. Rich yellow, orange. July.

Algeria. 1869.
„ „ numi'dica (Numidian). Light yellow. Atlas

Mountains. 1889.
,, kolpak&wskya'na (Kolpakowskyan). Red-purple,

creamy-white. March. Turkestan. 1878.
„ Li'bani (Lebanon). See I. HISTRIO.
„ lusita'nica (Portuguese). See I. XIPHIUM LUSITANICA.
„ maurita'nica (Moroccan). See I. JUNCEA.
„ nepale'nsis (Nepaulese). i\. Lavender, violet, cream,

orange. April. Nepaul. 1823.
., „ Le'tha(Letha). Flowers stalkless, fragrant. Upper

Burma. 1892.
„ orchioi'des (Orchis-like). f-i. Bright yellow,

orange. Central Asia. 1880.

/. orchioi'des cctru'lea (blue), i. Pale blue, yellow. 1884.
„ „ linifo'lia (flax-leaved), i. Yellow.
„ „ ocula'ta(eyed). i. Yellow, with blue blotches.
„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). Rich yellow.
„ palesti'na (Palestine). ±. Greenish-yellow, with blue

veins. December. Palestine. 1871.
,, pe'rsica (Persian). J. Bluish-green, violet. March.

Persia. 1629.

„ „ azu'rea (azure). J. Blue, violet.
,, ,, ma'gna (great). J. Flowers larger.
i> »» Purpu'rea (purple). J. Dark red-purple.
„ reticula'ta (netted). $. Deep violet, white, orange,

fragrant. Asia Minor.

„ „ a'lba (white). White, crests orange. 1894.
„ „ atropurpu'rea (dark purple). J. Blackish-red,

black. Asia Minor. 1909.
,, M cya'nea (blue). J. Cyanic or indigo-blue. Asia

Minor. 1875.
„ „ histrioi'des (Histrio-like). J. Bright blue, white,

blotched. March. Armenia.
„ „ histrioi'des a'lba (white). Satiny-white, orange.

„ „ Krela'gei (Krelage's). $. Red-purple, or plum.

March. Asia Minor. 1879.
„ „ ma'jor (greater), i. Deep violet, white, fragrant,

larger.
i> n Pvrpu'rea (purple). \. Deep red-purple, uniform.

Asia Minor.
„ „ sophene'nsis (Sophene). \. Red-purple to lilac.

February. Asia Minor. 1885.
,, rosenbachia'na (Rosenbachian). J. Blue, violet,

purple. Turkestan. 1886.
,, sieheana (Siehean). J. Lurid purple. Asia Minor.

1904.
„ sindjarefnsis (Sindjaran). i. Lavender and purple.

Mesopotamia. 1890.
„ Sisyri'nchium (Sisyrinchium). i. Light blue to

reddish-purple. Mediterranean region. 1629.
„ stcnophy'lla (narrow- leaved). |. Lilac, dark blue.

Cicilian Taurus. 1900.

„ Tai'tii (Tait's). 2. Blue, yellow. Portugal. 1906.
„ Tatt'ri (Taurus). \. Violet, white, orange-yellow.

Asia Minor. 1901.
„ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved), ij. Light blue. May.

Dauria. 1796.
„ tingita'na (Tangerian). 2. Lilac, purple. Morocco.

(B. M., t. 6775.)
„ tuber genia'na (Tubergenian). J. Bright yellow.

Asia Minor. 1899.

,, tubero'sa( tuberous). See HERMODACTYLUS TUBEROSA.
„ Varta'ni (Vartan's). $. White, lavender, yellow.

Palestine. 1885.
„ warleye'nsis (Warleyan). Shades of violet. Eastern

Bokhara. 1902.
„ willmoitia'na (Willmottian). \. Lavender, purple,

white. E. Turkestan. 1901.
„ Xi'phium (Xiphium). ij. Blue, yellow. June.

Spain. 1596. " Spanish Iris."

„ „ Battandie'ri (Battandier's). White. Algiers. 1884.
„ „ lusita'nica (Portuguese). ij. Yellow. June.

Portugal. 1796.
„ „ so'rdida (dirty). 1^-2. Bronzy, smoky, orange.

Portugal. 1819. " Thunderbolt Iris."
„ xiphioi'des (Xiphium-like). ij. Blue, yellow. June.

Spain. 1571. " English Iris."

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

/. acu'ta (pointed-leaved). See I. SIBIRICA.
„ acuti'loba (acute- lobed). i. Fawn, purple. Caucasus.

1875-

,, Ada' mi (Adam's). See I. GRAMINEA.
„ a'lba (white). See I. FLORENTINA.
„ Albe'rti (Albert's). 2. Purple-violet, yellow. Turkestan.

1880.
„ a'lbicans (white). Pure white, fragrant. Cyprus.

1888.
„ a'lbicans (white) of Lange. See I. FLORENTINA ALBI-

CANS.

„ albopurpu'rea (white-purple). 2. White, spotted

with purple. Japan.
„ „ colchestere'nsis (Colchester). Rich blue, with

purple shade. Japan. 1910.
„ amce'na (lovely). See I. HYBRIDA.
„ aphy'lla (leafless), i. Blue. April. Europe. 1822.

IRIS

460

IRIS

/. aphy'lla bohe'mica (Bohemian). i. Blue. May.
Bohemia. 1825.

„ „ furca'ta (forked). £. Blue. March. Tauna.
1822.

„ „ hunga'rica (Hungarian), i. Violet. May. Hun-
gary. 1815.
Swe'rtii (Swert's). See I. SWERTII.

„ arena' na(sand). £. Yellow. June. Hungary. 1802.

„ Ascherso'ni (Ascherson's). Greenish-yellow, lined
purple. Asia Minor. 1902.

„ asia'tica (Asiatic). Blue. Asia Minor. 1892.

„ assyri'aca (Assyrian), i. White. Syria. 1896.

„ a'thoa (Athoan). ij. Brownish red-purple. Mt.
Athos, Turkey. 1893.

„ atrofu'sca (dark-brown), ij. Brown-black. Pales-

„ atropu'rpu'rea (dark-purple). Purplish-black, yellow.
Syria. 1889.

„ au'rea (golden). 2. Yellow. June. Himalaya. 1826.

„ „ interme'dia (intermediate). Deep yellow. 1900.

„ balka'na (Balkan), i. Claret-lilac, white. 1878.

„ Barnu'mce (Mrs. Barnum's). i. Red-purple, yellow.
Armenia. 1888.

„ Barto'ni (Barton's). ij. Creamy-white, purple-
violet. Afghanistan. 1883.

„ benace'nsis (Benacan). i-ij. Violet, coppery
violet, yellow. Tyrol. 1887.

„ bi'color (two-coloured). See MOR.EA BICOLOR.

„ biflo'ra (two-flowered), i*. Purple. June. S.
Europe. 1596.

„ biglu'mis (two-glumed). See I. ENSATA BIGLUMIS.

„ Bilio'tti (Biliott's). 2^-3. Reddish-purple, blue-
purple. Asia Minor. 1887.

„ bismarckia'na (Bismarckian). ij. Ash-grey, black.
Lebanon. 1890.

„ Bloudo'wii (Bloudow's). Blue. April. Altai. 1832.

„ bohe'mica (Bohemian). See I. APHYLLA BOHEMICA.

„ boltonia'na (Bolton's). See I. PRISMATICA.

„ bosni'aca (Bosnian), i-ij. Clear yellow. Bosnia.
1898.

„ brachycu'spis (short-pointed). See I. SETOSA.

„ bractea'ta (bracted). i$-2. Yellow, with bluish-
purple veins. N.W. Amer. 1888.

„ bulleya'na (Bulleyan). i. Cream, mottled blue-
purple ; inner blue-purple. Yunnan, China. 1910.

„ carolinia'na (Carolinian). i£. Blue, purple, yellow.
N. Carolina. 1893.

„ cauri'na (north-west-wind). See I. VERSICOLOR VIR-

GINICA.

„ Cengia'lti (Cengialtan). i. Sky-blue, flushed violet.

Cengialto, Tyrol. 1886.
„ „ Lo'ppio (Loppio). Deep blue. Monte Baldo,

N. Italy. 1886.
„ Chamai'ris (dwarf-Iris). |. Yellow, veined brown.

April. S. Europe.
„ „ ita'lica (Italian). J. Yellow, dark violet. April.

N. Italy.
„ „ olbie'nsis (Olbian). |-J. Dark violet. April.

S. France.

„ chine'nsis (Chinese). See I. JAPONICA.
„ chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). i. Pale yellow.

Persia (?). 1901.
„ Cla'rkei (Clarke's). 2. Violet-blue, blotched white

and yellow. Himalaya. 1909.
„ clusia'na (Clusian). See I. PUMILA.
„ compre'ssa (compressed). See MOR^EA IRIDIOIDES.
„ Co'snice (Cosnia's). £. Clear yellow, purple. 1895.
„ crete' nsis (Cretan), f. Yellow, blue, purple, white.

Greece. 1844.
„ crista'ta (crested). $. Pale blue. June. N. Amer.

1756.

„ cu'prea (copper-coloured). See I. FULVA.
„ curtope'tala (short-petaled). See I. PSEUDACORUS.
„ cypria'na (Cyprian). 3. Red-lilac, orange, blue.

Cyprus. 1888.
„ Delava'yi (Delavay's). 2-4. Violet, blotched with

white. Yunnan, China. 1895.
demave'ndica (Demavendian). £. Claret-red. Mt.

Demavend, Persia. 1906.
„ deserto'rum (desert). See I. SWERTII.
„ dicho'toma (forked). i. Light blue. August.

Dahuria. 1784.

„ dilu'ta (diluted). See I. GUELDENST^DTIANA.
„ douglasia'na (Douglasian). ij. Pale lilac, deep lilac,

white. California. 1873.

/. Duthi'ei (Duthie's). 2. Red-lilac, with darker veins.

Kumaon. 1887.

,, e'legans (elegant). 2. Yellow. July. 1823.
,, ensa'ta (svtord-shaped-leaved). i£. Blue, purple.

June. Northern Asia. 1787.
,, ,, biglu'mis (two-glumed). £. Blue. April. Siberia.

1811.
,, ,, oxype'tala (sharp-petaled). J. Pale blue, yellow.

N. China.
,, „ Palla'sii (Pallas's). 2. Blue. May. Tartary.

1820.

,, Eulefe'ldi (Eulefeld's). See I. SCARIOSA EULEFELDI.
,, ewebankia'na (Ewebankian). Creamy-white, brown-
purple. Persia. 1901.

,, flave'scens (pale yellow). 2. Yellow. May. 1818.
,, flavi'ssima (yellowest), J. Yellow. May. Siberia.

1814.

,, ftexuo'sa (zigzag). See I. SIBIRICA.
„ ftorenti'na (Florentine). 2. White. May. S. Europe.

1596. " Orris Root."
„ „ a'lbicans (white). White.
,, ,, mi'nor (less). i£. Grey. May. Gardens.
,, fce'tida (fetid). See I. F<ETIDISSIMA.
,, fcetidi'ssima (most-foetid. Stinking Gladwyn). ij.

Livid. June. Britain.
,, ,, variega'ta (vaxieg&ted-leaved). ij. Livid. June.

Britain.
,, Forre'stii (Forrest's), i. Pale yellow, with chestnut

veins on claw. Yunnan, China. 1910.
,, fra'grans (sweet-scented). See I. ENSATA.
,, fu'lva (tawny). 2. Copper, purple-veined. June.

United States. 1811.

,, furca'ta (forked). See I. APHYLLA FURCATA.
,, Gate'sii (Gates's). ij. Silvery, much striped and

mottled with grey-purple. Armenia. 1889.
,, germa'nica (German). 3. Blue. May. Europe ;

Orient. 1573.
„ „ flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 3. White. May.

Gardens.
„ „ semperflo'rens (ever-flowering). Blue. Italy.

1890.
„ „ Si' was (Siwas). Indigo-purple. Si was, Asia

Minor. 1887.

,, gigante'a (giant). See I. ORIENTALIS GIGANTEA.
„ graci'lipes (slender-stalked). J-i. Purple or lilac,

yellow. Japan. 1903.
,, grami'nea (grass-leaved). |. Striped. June. Austria.

1597-
„ Gra'nt-Du'ffi (Grant-Duff's). £. Yellow, veined lilac

on yellow- white claw. Palestine. 1888.
„ gueldenstadtia'na (Gueldenstaedt's). 2. Yellow.

April. Siberia. 1757.
,, hcematophy'lla (blood-red-leaved). See I. SIBIRICA

ORIENTALIS.

,, halo'phila (salt-loving). See I. SPURIA NOTHA.

,, Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). J. Pale yellow. California.

1876.
„ Ha'ynei (Hayne's). i-J. Dark grey, dotted with

black. Palestine. 1893.
„ Hele'nce, (Helen's). \. Claret, blackish crimson, lilac.

Egypt ; Palestine. 1893.
„ himala' ica (Himalayan). See I. CLARKEI.
,, Hooke'ri (Hooker's). See I. TRIDENTATA.
,, hookeria'na (Hookerian). ^-2. Purple blue, with

darker blotches, white. Lahul, Bengal. 1887.
„ Hu'mei (Sir A. Hume's). See I. GERMANICA.
,, hu'milis (low), i. Blue. April. Caucasus. 1812.
,, hunga'rica (Hungarian). See I. APHYLLA HUNGARICA.
,, Hutto'ni (Hutton's). See MOR^A SPATHACEA.
„ hy'brida (hybrid). Garden origin. Syn. /. amcena.
,, hyere'nse (Hyerean). Garden origin.
,, ibe'rica (Iberian). i£. Red. May. Iberia. 1820.
,, imbrica'ta (imbricated-6rar^). See I. FLAVESCENS.
,, juno'nia (Junonian). 3. Violet-purple, netted with

darker lines. Asia Minor.
„ KcK'mpferi (Kasmpfer's). See I. L.CVIGATA.
„ kashmiria'na (Cashmerian). 3. White, yellow. May.

Kashmir. 1875. Fragrant.
,, kerneria'na (Kernerian). 2. Yellow, white. June.

Troy.

,, kingia'na (Kingian). See I. KUMAONENSIS.
„ Ko'chii (Koch's). Violet, white, yellow. Istria. 1887.
„ Korolko'wi (Korolkow's). Rosy-lilac, purple. Turkes-
tan. 1874.

IRIS

461

IRIS

/. Korolko'wi co'ncolor (one-coloured). Violet or purple.

1888.
„ „ leichtlinia'na (Leichtlinian). Creamy-white, with

black-purple blotches. 1888.
„ „ veno'sa (veiny). Grey-lilac, veined with purple.

1888.

„ „ viola' ceo. (violet). Violet, with darker veins. 1888.
„ kumaone'nsis (Kumaon). 2. Purple, with deeper

coloured spots. Himalaya. 1887.
„ „ caule'scens (stemmed). Mauve-lilac, purple-lilac,

mottled. Himalaya. 1908.
„ lacu'stris (lake), i- Lilac, yellow. N. Amer.
„ l&viga'ta (smooth). Blue. May. Japan. 1836.

" Japanese Flag."

„ „ alba (white). White, with golden blotch. 1907.
„ „ Schirnho'feri (Schirnhofer's). Yellow. Japan. 1888.
„ Leichtli'nii (Leichtlin's). i£. Light chocolate, blue,

white, rose, lilac. May. Turkestan. 1888.
„ le'pida (slender). See I. SQUALENS.
„ linea'ta (lined). See I. SUWOROWI.
„ lisbone'nsis (Lisbon). J. Dark red-purple, or black-
purple. Lisbon. 1910.

„ li'vida (livid), i*. Livid. April. Levant.
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). See I. BIFLORA.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See HERMODACTYLUS

TUBEROSUS.

„ longipe'tala (long-petaled). 2. White, purple, yellow.

California. 1862.

„ „ monta'na (mountain), x. White, purple, yellow.
„ longispa'tha (long-spathed) . See I. ENSATA.
„ Lorte'/u (Lortet's). i. Grey-lilac, with darker dots.

Asia Minor. 1890.
„ a'lba (white). Pure white. 1896.
„ lupi'na (wolf), i. Greenish- yellow, with brown-red

veins. Armenia. 1887.
„ „ lu'rida (lurid). Ashy-grey. Armenia.
„ lu'rida (dingy). 2. Brown. April. S. Europe. 1758-
„ lu'tea (yellow). See I. PSEUDACORUS.
„ lute'scens (yellowish). *. Yellow. April. S. Europe.

„ Stdte'lla (Statella's). i. Pale yellow, veined green.
S. Europe.
„ macrosi'phon (long-tubed), f. Lilac-purple or cream.

California and Oregon. 1890.
Mado'nna (Madonna). Lilac-blue. Arabia. 1892.
„ mandshu'rica (Mandshurian). J. Yellow. Mand-

shuria.

„ Mari'ce (Maria's). See I. HELENAS.
„ mari'tima (maritime). See I. MACROSIPHON.
„ martinice'nsis (Martinique). See TRIMEZIA LURIDA.
,, Masi'^(Masia's). Deep purple. Asia Minor (?). 1902.

maurita'nica (Moroccan). See I. JUNCEA.
„ Me' da (Medean). i. Greenish-yellow, veined brown,

yellow. Persia.
„ melanosti'cta (black-speckled). Yellow, violet- veined

and blotched. Syria. 1907.
me'llita (honey). \. Dark lilac. Thrace.
„ Mile'sii (Miles's). 3. Red-purple. June. Himalaya.

1883.
„ minu'ta (minute). \. Bright yellow, dotted with

brown. Japan. 1998.

„ missourie'nsis (Missouri) of Nuttall. N. Amer.
missourie'nsis (Missouri) of Baker. See I. LONGI-

PETALA MONTANA.

Monnie'ri (Monnier's). }. Yellow. May. Greece. 1820.
,', negle'cta (neglected). 2. Pale blue. May.

N ertchi' nskia (Nertchinsk). See I. SIBIRICA.

no'tha (bastard). See I. SPURIA NOTHA.
„ nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). See I. BIFLORA.
„ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). Yellowish and striped.

Persia.
„ ochroleu'ca (yellow-white). See I. ORIENTALIS.

odora'ta (sweet-scented). See I. CRISTATA.

odorati' ssima (sweetest-scented). See I. PALLIDA.
„ orienta'lis (eastern), i. Light blue. May. Asia

Minor. 1790.

„ „ gigante'a (giant). 4. White, yellow. Central
Asia. 1875.

pabula'ria (fodder). See I. ENSATA.
„ Palla'sii (Pallas's). See I. ENSATA PALLASII.
'„ pa'llida (pale). 3. Pale blue. May. Turkey. 1596.

palu'stris (marsh). See I. PSEUDACORUS.
'„ parado'xa (paradoxical). N. Persia. (B. M., t. 7081.)
„ Pavo'nia (peacock). See MOR^EA PAVONIA and M.
TRICUSPIS.

/. plica'ta (plaited). 2. White, blue. June. 1821.
,, prisma'tica (prismatic), i. Purple. May. N. Amer.

1812.
,, Pseuda' corns (bastard acorus). 3. Yellow. June.

Britain.
„ „ Basta'rdi (pale yellow). 3. Pale yellow. June.

Britain. 1812.
„ „ fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 3. Yellow.

J une. Britain.

„ pu'mila (dwarf). J. Purple. May. Austria. 1596.
„ „ a'lba (white- flowered). |. White. May.
„ „ a'lbo-cceru'lea (white and blue), i. White, blue.

May.

,, ,, cczru'lca (blue- flowered). £. Blue. May.
„ pseu'do-variega'ta (false- variegated). Deep yellow,

brown with yellow veins. 1899.
„ Pu'rdyi (Purd/s). California.
„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). See I. XIPHIOIDES.
„ reickenbachia'na (Reichenbachian). See I. SPURIA.
„ robinsonia'na (Robinsonian). See MORJBA ROBIN-

SONIANA.

„ Ro'sei (Rose's). See I. FLORENTINA.
„ rubromargina' ta (red-edged). Purple. Leaves with

red edges. Anatolia. 1875.

,, ruthe'nica (Russian), i. Blue. May. Siberia. 1804.
,, sambu'cina (elder-scented). 3. Light blue. June.

Central Europe. 1658.

,, sangui'nea (blood-red). See I. SIBIRICA ORIENTALIS.
„ Sa'rt(Sari). ±-J. Bright lilac. Asia Minor. 1875.
,, „ lu'rida (lurid). Spotted purple-brown on pale

ground, black blotch. Asia Minor.
„ „ Nazarefne (Nazarene). Spotted brown-purple on

straw-yellow. Palestine. 1893.
,, scario'sa (dry), i. Blue. May. Siberia. 1826.
„ „ Eulefe'ldi (Eulefeld's). Violet, yellow, brown.

Turkestan. 1879.
,, seto'sa (bristle-pointed). i|. Blue, purple. May.

Siberia. 1844.
„ sibi'rica (Siberian). 3. Light blue. May. Siberia.

1596.
„• „ flo're-a'lbo (white-flowering). z\. White. May.

Siberia. 1596.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 3. Purple. May.

Gardens.

„ „ orienta'lis (oriental). 3. Large, deep blue.
,, sofara'na (Sofaran). i. Dark purple, creamy-white,

white, veined purple. Lebanon. 1899.
,, „ magni'fica (magnificent), i. Red-brown, purple,

netted. 1902.

,, so'rdida (dirty). See I. XIPHION SORDIDA.
„ spatkula'ta (spathulate- flowered). See I. SPURIA.
„ Specula 'trix (speculator), i. Light purple, white,

lilac, yellow. Hong- Kong. 1877.
,, Sprenge'ri (Sprenger's). |. Yellow, purple-red spots

and veins, silvery-white. Lycoanian. Taurus.

1904.

„ spu'ria (spurious), if. Pale blue. May. Mediter-
ranean region. 1759.
„ „ no'tha (spurious). 3. Blue. August. Siberia.

1780.
,, squa'lens (daubed). 2. Striped. May. Central

Europe. 1768.

„ State'lla (Statella's). See I. LUTESCENS STATELL^.
,, stella'ta (starry). See IXIA OVATA STELLATA.
,, steno'gync (narrow-stigmaed). See I. GUELDEN-

STiEDTIANA.

„ Strau'sii (Straus's). J. Brown-violet. Sultanabad,

Persia. 1899.
„ stylo'sa (long-styled) of Desfont. See I. UNGUICU-

LARIS.
„ stylo'sa angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved) of Boissier. See

I. CRETENSIS.

„ sub-biflo'ra (sub- two-flowered). See I. BIFLORA.
„ sulphu'rea (sulphur). See I. FLAVESCENS.
,, susia'na (Susian). 2. Striped. April. Levant. 1596.
,, Suworo'wi (Suworow's). Greenish, with greenish-blue

veins. Bokhara. 1886.

„ Swe'rtii (Swert's). ij. White. May. 1819.
„ tange'rica (Tangier). Yellow. June. Tangiers. 1820.
„ tau'rica (Taurian). Yellow. June. Tanria. 1827.
„ tecto'rum (roof thatch). Violet-purple, white. Japan.

1872.

,, „ a'lba (white). White, yellow. 1908.
„ „ atroccsru'lea (dark-blue). Dark blue. 1908.

IRISH HEATH

462

ISMENE

/. tecto'rum ca'ndida (white). White. Central China.

1901.

,, „ lilaci'na (lilac). Lilac. 1908.
„ Tali'schi (Talisch's). i. Flowers 20-30, pale

yellow. Persia. 1901.

,, te'nax (tough). Purple. July. California. 1826.
„ ienuifo'lia( thin-leaved), i. Lilac-blue. May. Central

Asia. 1796.
„ te'nuis (slender), i. White, marked yellow and

purple. Oregon. 1888.

„ tigri'na (tiger-striped). See I. KUMAONENSIS.
,, tolmiea'na (Tolmiean). See I. MISSOURIENSIS.
„ tomiolo'pha (cut-crested). See I. TECTORUM.
„ tridenta'ta (three-toothed). ij. Blue. May. N.

Amer. 1820.

,, triflo'ra (three-flowered). See I. ENSATA.
„ tripe'tala ( three- petaled). See I. TRIDENTATA.
„ tri'stis (sad). See MOR^A TRISTIS.
„ troja'na (Troy). 3. Purple-violet, white, yellow.

Troy. 1887. Fragrant.
„ unguicula'ris (clawed), i. Pale blue. December to

March. Algeria. Fragrant.
„ „ a'lba (white). White.
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), i. Large, deep

purple. 1889.

„ „ lilaci'na (lilac), i. Smaller, pale lilac. 1888.
„ margina'ta (margined), i. Violet, edged white.
1888.
„ „ Pavo'nia (peacock), i. Having a large white

radiating blotch. 1888.
,, „ specio'sa (showy). i. Clear violet, white,

brownish-purple. 1888.
„ urmie'nsis (Urmian). *. Yellow. N.W. Persia.

1900.

„ va'ga (wandering). See I. LEICHTLINII.
„ variega'ta (variegated). 2. Striped. May. Hungary.

1597-
„ venirico'sa (swollen), i. Pale blue. June. Dahuria.

1800.

„ ve'rna (spring), i. Purple. April. Virginia. 1748.
„ ver si' color (various-coloured), i. Variegated. May.

N. Amer. 1732.

„ ,, virgi'nica (Virginian), ij. Blue. N. Amer. 1758.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). See MOR^EA PAVONIA.
„ viola' cea (violet-coloured). J. Violet. May. S.

Europe. 1800.
„ vire'scens (greenish), i. Yellow. May. Switzerland.

1820.

„ virgi'nica (Virginian). See I. VERSICOLOR VIRGINICA.
„ visca'ria (viscous). See MOR^JA VISCARIA.
„ Wilso'nii (Wilson's). 1-2. Yellow, veined purple ;

standards yellow. China. 1910.

IRISH HEATH. Daboe'cia polifo'lia.

IRON-TREE. Parro'tia pe'rsica.

IRON WEED. Verno'nia.

IRON WOOD. Sidero'xylon and Mftroside'ros.

IRONWORT. Sideri'tis.

IROUCA'NA GDIANE'NSIS. See CASEARIA RAMIFLORA.

IRRIGATION. Experience shows that there is in the
kitchen-garden scarcely a crop that is not benefited by
a much more abundant supply of water than can be
obtained usually; and we can bear testimony to the
correctness of Mr. Knight's conclusion, not limiting,
however, our approval of such abundant watering to
late crops of peas, but to all, as well as beans, spinach,
and the entire cabbage tribe. Kidney beans and potatoes
are not benefited by such an abundance of water. " The
quantity of water," says Mr. Knight, "which may be
given with advantage to plants of almost every kind,
during warm and bright weather, is, I believe, very much
greater than any gardener who has not seen the result
will be inclined to suppose possible ; and it is greater
than I myself could have believed upon any other evi-
dence than that of actual experience. My garden, in
common with many others, is supplied with water by
springs, which rise in a more elevated situation ; and this
circumstance afforded me the means of making a small
pond, from which I can cause the water to flow out over
every part throughout the summer ; and I cause a
stream to flow down the rows of celery, and along the
rows of broccoli and other plants, which are planted out

in summer, with very great advantage. But the most
extensive and beneficial use which I make of the power to
irrigate my garden by the means above mentioned, is
in supplying my late crops of peas abundantly with water,
by which the ill effects of mildew are almost wholly pre-
vented, and my table is most abundantly supplied with
very excellent peas through the month of October."

ISA'NDRA. See THVSANOTUS.

ISA'NTHUS. (From isos, equal, and anthos, a flower ;
referring to the regularity of the flowers. Nat. ord.
Lipworts [Labiatae]. Linn. i4-Didynamia, i-Gymno-
spermia. Allied to Tinnea and Teucrium.)

Hardy annual. Seeds in April, in a peaty border, or
in a little heat, in March, and transplanted.
/. c&ru'leus (blue), i. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1818.

ISA'TIS. (A Greek name borrowed from Dioscorides.
Nat. ord. Cruciferae.)

Annual or biennial, branching herbs. The Dyer's
Woad (/. tincto'ria) was used by the ancient Britons to
stain their bodies. It has been largely superseded by
indigo for dyeing purposes, but is still cultivated for this
use in Lincolnshire. Seeds in ordinary garden soil.
I. boissieria'na (Boissierian). i. Yellow. Turkestan.

1876. Annual.
„ glau'ca (sea-green). 2. Yellow. Asia Minor.

Biennial.
„ tincto'ria (dyer's). 3. Yellow. England. Dyer's

Woad. Biennial.
„ Villa' 'rsii (Villars's). 2. Yellow. Switzerland.

ISCH'JEMUM. (From ischaimos, staunching blood ;
used for stopping the flow of blood. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

A stove perennial grass. Seeds ; divisions. Loam,
leaf-mould, and sand.
/. la'xum (loose). 2-3. Tropics of Old World.

ISCHA'RUM. See BIARUM.

ISCHNOSI'PHON. (From ischnos, a track or footstep,
and siphon, a tube; in allusion to the folded bracts
enclosing the flowers. Nat. ord. Scitaminaceaa.)

Tall, branching, evergreen, fine foliage, stove herbs.
Cuttings in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat.
Fibrous loam, peat, sand, and some nodules of charcoal.
/. Arou'ma (Arouma). Trop. Amer.
,, obli'quus (oblique). Guiana.
„ Parke'ri (Parker's). 2. Yellow. July. Colombia.

1823.

„ smara'gdinus (emerald green). Leaves emerald-green,
with darker rib. Ecuador. 1870.

ISE'RTIA. (Named after P. E. Isert, a German
surgeon. Nat. ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandy soil, in a
hotbed, in spring or summer ; peat and loam, with a
little charcoal and silver sand. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 55°.
I. cocci'nea (scar let). 10. Scarlet. July. Guiana. 1820.

ISMEUA. (Probably a commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-
Superflua.)

This is now united to Chrysanthemum.
/. Broussone'tii (Broussonet's). See CHRYSANTHEMUM

BROUSSONETII.
„ carina'tum (keeled). See CHRYSANTHEMUM CARIN-

ATUM.

,, madere'nsis (Madeira). See CHRYSANTHEMUM PINNATI-
FIDUM.

ISME'NE. Peruvian Daffodil. (After Ismene, the
daughter of CEdipus and Jocasta. Nat. ord. Amaryllids
[Amaryllidaceae]. Ljnn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. United
to Hymenocallis.)
I. Ama'ncaes (Amancaes). See HYMENOCALLIS AMANCAES.

„ andrea'na (Andrean). See HYMENOCALLIS ANDREANA.

„ calaihi'num (cup-flowered). See HYMENOCALLIS

CALATHINA.

,, crinifo'lia (Crinum-leaved). See HYMENOCALLIS

AMANCAES.
„ cyathifo'rmis (cup-shaped). See HYMENOCALLIS

CALATHINA.

„ defie'xa (turned-down). See HYMENOCALLIS DEFLEXA.

ISOCHILUS

463

ISOPYRUM

/. Kni'ghtii (Knight's). See HYMENOCALLIS LACERA.
„ maclea'na (M'Lean's). See HYMENOCALLIS MACLEANA.
„ narcissiflo'ra (Narcissus-flowered). See HYMENO-
CALLIS CALATHINA.

„ nu' tans (nodding). See PANCRATIUM NUTANS.
,, peduncula'ta (stalked). See HYMENOCALLIS MACLEANA.
„ Tagliabu'ci (Tagliabue's). See HYMENOCALLIS

CALATHINA.

„ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). See HYMENOCALLIS

QUITOENSIS.

„ vire'scens (greenish). See HYMENOCALLIS MACLEANA.

ISOCHTLUS. (From isos, equal, and cheilos, a lip.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria,
i-Monandria. Allied to Coelogyne.)

Stove orchids ; cultivated like the first section of
Coelogyne.

/. carnosiflo'rus (fleshy-flowered). ij. Purple. Novem-
ber. Honduras. 1841.
„ fusifo'rmis (spindle-rooted). |. Yellow. July.

Trinidad.
„ graminifo'lius (grass-leaved). \. Green, yellow. May.

Jamaica. 1823.

„ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). Peru. 1840.
„ linea'ris (linear). Purple. Spring. W. Ind. 1791.
„ „ a'lba (white). White.
„ pro'lifer (proh'ferous). See PONERA PROLIFERA.

ISO LEPIS GRA'CLLIS (slender). SeeSciRPuscERNuus.
ISO'LEPIS SETA'CEUS (bristle- like). See SCIRPUS

SETACEUS.

ISOLD MA, of J. Smith. See LINDSAYA.

ISOLD MA, of Decaisne. (From isos, equal, and loma,
a fringe or margin ; in allusion to the equal lobes of the
corolla. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae.)

Stove herbs or evergreen shrubs. Seeds ; offsets from
the rhizomes, or cuttings of the shrubs in sand, in a pro-
pagating case, with bottom-heat. Loam and leaf-mould
or peat, with sand.
/. ama'bile (lovely). 1-2. Rose, with purple spots.

Colombia. 1855.
„ bogote'nse (Bogotan). 1-2. Yellow, red. Bogota.

1844.
„ breviflo'rum (short-flowered). i. Red. August.

Panama. 1847.
„ Ceci'lice (Cecilia's). i|. Rose, spotted with dark red.

Cundinamarca. 1876.

„ conci'nnum (neat). Pale purple, white. India. 1861.
„ deppea'num (Deppean). 2-3. Orange-red. Autumn.

Mexico. Shrub.
„ digitaliflo'rum (foxglove-flowered). Rose-purple, green,

white, crimson. Colombia. 1870.
„ dli'pticum (elliptic). Scarlet. May. Santa Martha.

1844.

„ eria'nthum (woolly-flowered). 2-4. Cinnabar. Colom-
bia. 1903.

„ gigante'um (giant). Spotted. Gardens.
„ hirsu'tum (hairy). Scarlet, yellow spotted scarlet.

W. Ind. 1881.
„ honde'nse (Hondan). i. Yellow, red. Winter.

Colombia. 1845.
„ hy'bridum (hybrid). Yellow, spotted with crimson

and purple. 1886.

„ hypocyrtiflo'rum (under-curved-flowered). Orange-
red. Ecuador. 1866.

,, jalisca'num (Jaliscan). Scarlet. Mexico. 1896.
„ Lindf'ni (Linden's). White, purple. 1868.
„ longifo'livm (long-flowered). 2. Red, yellow. Guate-
mala. 1841.
„ mo' lie (soft). Bright scarlet, yellow spotted crimson.

Venezuela. 1876.
„ octlla'tum (eyed). Red, white. Winter. Panama.

1847.
„ pardi'num (panther-h'ke). Scarlet, black, white.

Colombia.
„ pi'ctum (painted). Scarlet, yellow. June. Colombia.

1842.

,, rubricau'le (red-stemmed), i. July. Panama. 1826.
„ schiedea'num (Schiedean). ij. Scarlet, yellow. July.

Mexico. 1844.
„ Seema'nni (Seemann's). 2. Brick-red. October.

Panama.
„ Tria'n&i (Dr. Triana's). Colombia,

I. triflo'rum (three-flowered). 2. Yellow, red. June to

August. Colombia. 1846.
„ vesti'tum (clothed), ij. Orange. July. Colombia.

1842.
„ Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). 2-3. Scarlet and

yeUow. Colombia. 1855.

ISO'MERIS. (From isos, equal, and meris, a part;
referring to the petals, with the stamens and pistils,
which are of equal length. Nat. ord. Capparids [Cap-
paridacea?]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Cleome.)

Hardy deciduous shrub. Cuttings of the ripe young
shoots, in autumn ; sandy loam and a little leaf-mould.
The flowers are anything but sweet.
7. arbo'rea (tree-like). 10. Yellow. May. California.
1839.

ISONA'NDRA GU'TTA. See DICHOPSIS GUTTA.

ISOPLE'XIS. (From isos, equal, and pleco, to plait;
the upper plait or segment of the flower being of equal
length with the lip. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceaa].
Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to the Fox-
glove.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Seeds and cuttings of
half-ripened short shoots in spring, in sand, under a bell-
glass ; sandy loam and rough leaf-mould. Winter temp.,
40° to 45°.
/. canarie'nsis (Canary). 4. Yellow. June. Canaries.

1698.

„ Sce'ptrum (sceptre). 2. Yellow, brown. July.
Madeira. 1777.

ISOPO'GON. (From isos, equal, and pogon, a beard ;
referring to the beard-like fringes on all parts of the
inflorescence. Nat. ord. Proteads [Proteaceae]. Linn.
4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Protea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Cut-
tings of ripe young shoots, with most of the leaves left,
inserted firmly in silver sand, over sandy loam and peat,
and covered with a bell-glass or hand-light, and kept
in the shade ; when the cuttings are callusing at the
bottom, they may be pushed on by giving them a little
mild bottom-heat, but not before ; fibrous loam three
parts, fibrous peat one part, charcoal, broken freestone,
and broken crocks one part ; good drainage ; watering
must be given with great attention, as much dryness or
much moisture are alike ruinous. Summer temp., 50°
to 75° ; winter, 35° to 45°. In summer, if the plants are
out of doors, the sun should not strike freely on the sides
of the pot.

/. anemonifo'lius (Anemone-leaved). 5. Yellow. July.
1791.

anethifo'lius (dill-leaved). 3. Pale. May. 1824.

a'sper (rough). 3. Lilac. April. 1842.

atienua'tus (attenuated). 3. Yellow. April.

Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 2. Rose. April. 1831.

buxifp'lius (box-leaved). 2. Purple.
,, linea'ris (linear). 2. Purple. September. 1830.

cornige'rus (horned). See I. TERETIFOLIUS.

cunea'tus (wedge-shaped). 4. Purple. June. 1830.

Dawso'ni (Dawson's). Australia.

divarica'tus (spreading). See I. ANETHIFOLIUS.

formo'sus (handsome). 4. Rose. April. 1805.

longifo'lius (long- leaved). 3. Yellow. April. 1823.

Loudo'ni (Loudon's). See I. CUNEATUS.

ro'seus (rose-coloured). Rose. 1840.

sca'ber (rough-leaved). See I. ASPER.

spathula'tus (spathulate). See I. BUXIFOLIUS.
„ linea'ris (narrow). See I. BUXIFOLIUS LINEARIS.

spharoce'phalus (round-headed). 4. Yellow. March.

teretifo'lius (terete-leaved). 4. Australia.

tri'lobus (three-lobed). 3-4. Australia.

ISOPY'RUM. (From isos, equal, and puros, wheat.
A name given by the Greeks to a plant like Nigella.
Nat. ord. Ranunculaceas.)

Dwarf herbs allied to Nigella, with the habit of Thalic-
trum. Divisions in spring. Ordinary soil.
/. fumarioi'des (Fumaria-like). i. White, green. June.

Siberia. 1741. Annual.
,, grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). i. Purple. July.

Altai. 1827.

„ thalictroi'des (Thalictrum-like). J. White, green.
March. April. S. Europe. 1759.

ISOTOMA

464

IXIA

ISO'TOMA. (From isos, equal, and tome, a segment ;
referring to the equally cut parts of the corolla. Nat.
ord. Campanulaceae.)

Greenhouse herbs with the habit of Lobelia. Seeds

and cuttings. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

/. axilla'ris (axillary), j. Blue. Summer. Australia.

„ breviflo'ra (short-flowered). White. July. S. Amer.

„ Bro'wnii (Brown's), i. Red. September. Australia.

1829. Annual.
„ hngifto'ra (long-flowered). White. May to August.

W. Ind. 1752.
„ senecioi'des (Senecio-like). See I. AXILLARIS.

ISO'TROPIS. (From isos, equal, and tropos, turned ;
referring, probably, to the distinctly forked veins in the
flower. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Gompholobium.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the young
shoots, when getting a little firm, in sand, over sandy
peat, and covered with a bell-glass, in June; sandy peat,
with a little fibrous loam, pieces of charcoal, and broken
crocks ; drainage and watering must be particularly
attended to. Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; summer, a shady
place, or a cold pit, where the plant partly, and the pot
wholly, are sheltered from the sun's rays.
I. stria ta (streaked-flowered), i. Orange. June. Swan
River. 1838.

ISOTY'PUS ROSIFLO'RUS. See ONOSERIS ROSIFLORUS.
ITALIAN STARWORT. A'ster Ame'llus.

I'TEA. (The Greek name for the Willow, applied to
this genus on account of its rapid growth in damp soil.
Nat. ord. Saxifrages [Saxifragaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Escallonia.)

Hardy deciduous or evergreen shrubs. Seeds and

suckers in spring ; layers in summer ; moist, sandy peat.

I. ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). White. Central China. 1899.

„ spino'sa (spiny). See BURSARIA SPINOSA.

„ virgi'nica (Virginian). 6. White. July. N. Amer.

1774-

IVORY-NUT PALM. Phyte'lepbas macroca'rpa.
IVY. He'dera He'lix.

IXA'NTHUS. (From ixos, bird-lime, and anthos, a
flower ; in allusion to the viscid flowers. Nat. ord.
Gentianaceae.)

Greenhouse biennial herb. Seed in heat in spring.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

/. visco'sus (clammy). 2. Yellow. June. Canaries.
1781.

IXIA. (From ixia, bird-lime ; in reference to the
clammy juice. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn. 3-
Triandria, i-Monogynia.)

Half-hardy bulbs, from South Africa. The true Ixias
are known from Spara'xis by not having, like it, a jagged
sheath ; from Babia'na, in having a dry seed-pod instead
of a berry ; and from Trito'nia, by having the stamens
inserted at the bottom of the petals instead of in the
tube of the flower. They will all grow in rough peat ;
the strong ones require very little sand, and the smaller
ones want one-third sand in the compost. They succeed
well in a warm border, if sheltered from hard frosts,
and not allowed to get dry when they are in growth.
By seeds sown in a little heat, in spring ; also by offsets ;
sandy loam, peat, and a little leaf-mould. When done
flowering, they may be kept in or out of the pots, after
the leaves get withered, without any water, until fresh
growth commences. They will generally require to be
potted in October, and should then be placed in a cold
pit, and protected from frost, and cold, heavy rains, and
taken to the greenhouse or window, after roots are
plentifully formed. Many will do very well if planted
in sandy soil and leaf-mould, about four inches deep, in
a dry, raised border, and protected there from severe
frost and heavy rains by litter, and any material that
will throw off the water.

/. amce'na (delicate), i. Red. April. 1822.
„ anemonczflo'ra ( Anemone-flowered). J. White June

1825.
„ angu'sta (narrow) See HESPERANTHA ANGUSTA.

I. arista'ta (awned). i. Pink. April. 1800.
„ au'lica (courtly). See I. SCARIOSA.
„ bi'color (two-coloured). Yellow, with purple blotches.

March. 1786.

„ bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing). See SPARAXIS BULBIFERA.
„ Bulboco'dium (Bulbocodium). See ROMULEA BULBO-

CODIUM.

„ ca'ndida, (white). See I. LEUCANTHA.
„ capilla'ris (capillary). i£. Violet. April. 1774.
„ capita'ta (headed). See I. MACULATA.
,, cepa'cea (onion-like). See MICRANTHUS FISTULOSUS.
„ chine' nsis (Chinese). See BELAMCANDA PUNCTATA.
„ chloroleu'ca (green- white). See ROMULEA CHLORO-

LEUCA.

,, cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). See HESPERANTHA FALCATA.
„ columella'ris (pillar). $. Variegated. August. 1790.
,, columna'ris (columnar). See I. MONADELPHA.
„ co'nica (conical). See I. MACULATA.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbose). See LAPEYROUSIA CORYM-

BOSA.

„ crateroi'des (crater-like). See I. SPECIOSA.
„ cri'spa (curled-leaved). See TRITONIA UNDULATA.
„ crispifo'lia (curled-leaved). See LAPEYROUSIA CORYM-

BOSA.

„ croca'ta (saffron). See TRITONIA CROCATA.
„ crucia'ia (cross-wise). See ROMULEA CRUCIATA.
„ cu'rta (short). See I. MONADELPHA.
„ du'bia (doubtful). See I. LUTEA.
„ ere'cta (upright). See I. LUTEA and varieties.
„ exci'sa (cut-out). See LAPEYROUSIA JUNCEA.
„ falca'ta (sickle-shaped). See HESPERANTHA FALCATA.
„ fenestra'ta (windowed). See TRITONIA HYALINA.
„ filifo'lia (thread-leaved). See ROMULEA SUBLUTEA.
„ filifo'rmis (thread- formed). See I. PATENS.
„ flexuo'sa (zigzag-stalked). 2. Pink. April. 1757.
„ fra grans (fragrant), f. Yellow. June. 1825.
„ fuca'ta (coloured). See I. SCARIOSA.
„ fuscocitri'na (brown-lemon). See I. MACULATA.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See SPARAXIS GRANDI-

FLORA.
„ holoseri'cea (wholly-silky). See SPARAXIS GRANDI-

FLORA.

„ hyali'na (hyaline). See TRITONIA HYALINA.

„ hy brida (spurious), i. White. June. 1757.

„ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). See I. SCARIOSA.

„ la'ncea (lance-shaped). See TRITONIA SCARIOSA.

„ leuca'ntha( white-flowered). i£. White. April. 1779.

„ Lilia'go (Liliago). See SPARAXIS GRANDIFLORA.

„ linea'ris (narrow-leaved). £. White. May. 1796.

,, longtflo'ra (long-flowered). See I. PANICULATA.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See HEXAGLOTTIS LONGI-

FOLIA.

„ lu'tea (yellow). Bright yellow. June. 1757.
„ „ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured), i. Flesh. May. 1757.
„ macula'ta (spotted), i. White, brown. April. 1780.
,, ,, ochroleu'ca (cream-coloured), i. Purple, yellow.

May. 1780.

„ minia'ta (scarlet). See TRITONIA MINIATA.
„ monade'lpha (monadelphous). \. Blue. May. 1792.
„ „ cu'rta (short). £. Orange. April. 1792.
„ ova'ta (egg-shaped), i. Reel. April. 1780.
„ „ stella'ta (starry). £. Throat yellow. April. 1876.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). 1-3. Cream- white, often

tinted red. May. 1774.
„ „ roche'nsis (Rochan). Tube dilated at the throat.

1811.

„ pa'tens(spreading-flowered). i. Purple. April. 1779.
„ phlogiflo'ra (flame-flowered). See !. SCARIOSA.
„ plantagi'nea (plantain-like). See MICRANTHUS PLAN-

TAGINEUS.

,, polysta'chya (many-spiked) of Liauaeus. 1-2. White.
„ polysta'chya (many-spiked) of Jacquin. See TRITONIA

SCILLARIS.

„ puncta' ta (dotted). See WATSONIA PUNCTATA.
„ puni'cea (purple). See I. STRICTA.

, purpu'rea (purple). See BABIANA STRICTA.

, pusi'lla (dwarf). See GEISSORHIZA SECUNDA.

, radia'ta (radiate). See HESPERANTHA RADIATA.

, rapunculoi'des (Rapunculus-like). See I. SCARIOSA.

, recu'rva (recurved). See ROMULEA BULBOCODIOIDES.

, refle'^xa (reflex ed). See TRITONIA SCILLARIS.

, retu'sa (abrupt). See TRITONIA SCILLARIS.

, roche'nsis (Rochan). See I. PANICULATA ROCHENSIS.

, rubrocy a' nea (red-blue). See I. STRICTA RUBROCYANEA,

IXIANTHES

465

JACARANDA

/. scario'sa (hyaline). 2. Pink. April. 1774.

„ secu'nda (one-sided). See GEISSORHIZA SECUNDA.

„ scilla'ris (squill- flowered). See TRITONIA SCILLARIS.

„ specio'sa (showy), i. Dark crimson. May. 1778.

„ spica' ta (spiked). See I. MACULATA.

„ stri'cta (upright). J. Lilac or red, variable.

angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Leaves narrow.

obtusijo'lia (blunt- leaved). Flowers larger, pale
lilac.

reftefxa (reflexed). Flowers smaller.

ru'bro-cya'nea (red-blue). Lilac, with red throat.

sulphu'rea (sulphur). Milk-white or sulphur-
yellow.

„ tricolor (three-coloured). See SPARAXIS TRICOLOR.
„ unifto'r a (one-flowered) . See SPARAXIS GRANDIFLORA.
„ viridiflo'ra (green-flowered), i. Green. May. 1780.

IXIA'NTHES. (From ma, bird-h'me, and anthe, anthes,
a flower ; the corolla is very clammy. Nat. ord. Scrophu-
lariaceae.)

Evergreen, greenhouse shrub. Cuttings of side-shoots
in sand under a bell-glass in gentle heat. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, or peat and sand.

/. retzioi'des (Retzia-like). 7. Yellow. S. Africa.
(B. M., t. 7409.)

DflOLI'RION. (From ixia, and leirion, a lily ; liter-
ally, Ixja-like Lily. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amarylli-
daceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Bravoa.)

Extremely rare, pretty, hardy bulbs, Dr. Herbert
being the only person who recently possessed them in
this country. His own plant of /. monta'num was the
first specimen he saw in flower, and that in May, 1846,
as he told us. It had a spiked inflorescence, while that
of /. tata'ricum is terminal ; both have sky-blue flowers.
Monta'num has been taken by some to be the " lily of
the field." Seeds, and offsets of the bulbs, which are
not at all particular as to soil.
/. kolpakowskia'num (Kolpakowskian). i. Pale purple

to blue or white. Turkestan. 1878.
„ Ledebou'ri(Ledebowc's). See I. MONTANUM TATARICUM.
„ macra'nthum (large-flowered). See I. MONTANUM

MACRANTHUM.

„ monta'num (mountain) . i. Blue. June. Syria. 1844.
„ „ macra'nthum (large-flowered). Deep blue, shaded

purple. 1892.

„ „ tata'ricum (Tartarian), i. Blue. Tartary.
„ Palla'sii (Pallas's). i-ij. Rosy-purple. Caspian

region. 1874.

„ Sinteni'si (Sintenis's). Light blue. 1892.
,, tata'ricum (Tartarian). See I. MONTANUM.
„ „ Ledebou'ri (Ledebour's). See I. MONTANUM

TATARICUM.

IXO'DIA. (From ixodes, viscid ; in reference to the
viscid secretions on the plant. Nat. ord. Composites
[Compositae]. Linn. i<)-Syngenesia, i-JEqualis. Allied
to Ammobium.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the young
shoots, getting hard at their base, in May, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and kept in a close frame or pit ; sandy peat,
and a little fibrous loam. Winter temp., 45° to 50°.
/. achilleoi'des (milfoil-like). 2. White. June. Australia.
1803.

IXORA. (Named after an Eastern heathen god,
Iswara, to which the flowers are offered. Nat. ord.
Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. 4-Tetrandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Beautiful stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the
half-ripened shoots in sand, over sandy peat, under a
bell-glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat ; sandy, fibrous
loam, and fibrous peat, with pieces of charcoal, and broken
bricks or pots. Summer temp. ,60° to 90°; winter, 50° to 60".
Most stove plants delight in bottom-heat, where it can
be given to them when growing and preparing for bloom-
ing, but none more so than this genus, as it is next to
impossible to get it in its most splendid condition with-
out such aids. Of all means of bottom-heat, this, like
the Cape Jasmines and others, delights in that produced
from sweet, fermenting dung and leaves ; and if so given,
the insects that attack it— the scale, the red-spider, and
sometimes the mealy bug — will be kept away. If this
method is not resorted to, the plants will require frequent
sponging with soap-water.

acumina'ta (long-pointed). 3-5. White. Himalayas.
alba (white). See I. STRICTA ALBA.
arbo'rea (tree-like). See I. COCCINEA.
Bandhu'ca (Bandhooca). See I. COCCINEA.
barba'ta (bearded). 12. White. July. Burma. 1823.
bla'nda (gentle). See I. CHINENSIS.
brachia'ta (shouldered). India.
Burbi'dgei (Burbidge's). Orange-scarlet. Borneo.

1883.
chine nsis (Chinese). 3-4. Rose. July, August.

China. 1819.
„ bla'nda (pale). 3-4. White. August. E. Ind.

1768.
cocci' nea (scarlet). 3-4. Scarlet. Summer. India.

1800.

„ lu'teus (yellow). Yellow.
„ supe'rbus (superb). 4. Scarlet. Java. 1846.
Co' lei (Cole's). See I. STRICTA.
croca'ta (saffron-coloured). See I. STRICTA.
cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 3. White. June. E. Ind.

1822.

dixia'na (Dixian). See I. COCCINEA.
Du'ffi (Duff's). See I. MACROTHYRSA.
Eckhau'ti (Eckhaut's). See I. COCCINEA.
fe'rrea (iron-like). 20. Pink. W. Ind. 1793.
findlaya'na (Findlayan). White, fragrant. E. Ind.

1883.

fla'va (yellow). 3. Scarlet. July. E. Ind. 1825.
Fra'seri (Eraser's). See I. COCCINEA.
fu'lgens (shining). 5. Orange. August. E. Ind. 1823.
„ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves with a grey,

feathered rib. Sumatra. 1882.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See I. COCCINEA.
Griffi'thii (Griffith's). 4. Red, yellow. July. Singa-
pore. 1845.

incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). See I. COCCINEA.
java'nica (Javanese). 3. Orange. June. Java.

1846.

jucu'nda (joyous). 10. White. Ceylon. 1859.
lanceola'ria (spear-head-fcai^d). 6. Greenish-white.

April. E. Ind. 1847.
laxiflo'ra (lax-flowered). 3-4. White, pink. W.

Trop. Africa.
macrothy'rsa (large- trussed). Vermilion-red, crimson.

Sumatra. 1878.

Mo'rsei (Morse's). See I. COCCINEA.
obova'ta (reversed-egg-/<?av«d). See I. COCCINEA.
odora'ta (sweet-scented). 3. Cream, rose. May.

Madagascar. 1844.
parviflo'ra (small-flowered). White. August. E.

Ind. 1800.

pe'ndula (drooping). Malaya.
Pilgri'mii (Pilgrim's). See I. COCCINEA.
ro'sea (rosy). See I. CHINENSIS.
salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). See I. FULGENS.
se'ssilis (stateless- flowered). See I. SUBSESSILIS.
specta'bilis (showy). Burma.
stri'cta (upright). 3-4. Scarlet. July. China ;

India ; Malaya. 1690.

„ alba (white). 3-4. White. Summer. India.
subse'ssilis (nearly-stalkless) . 4. White. Himalayas.

1828.
undula'ta (wavy-leaved). White. June. E. Ind.

1818.

JABOROSA. (From Jaborose, the Arabic for the
Mandrake, an allied plant. Nat. ord. Nightshades
[Solanacese]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Herbaceous perennials. Division of the plant in
spring ; seeds in spring ; and cuttings of the young shoots
under a hand-light ; light, sandy loam.
/. integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). \. White. August.

Buenos Ayres. Hardy.

„ runcina'ta (runcinate). See HIMERANTHUS RUNCIN-
ATUS.

JACARANDA. (The Brazilian name. Nat. ord.
Bignoniads [Bignoniaceae]. Linn. i^Didynamia, 2-An-
giospermia.)

2G

JACA

466

JAMBOSA

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in the beginning of summer, in sand, over sandy peat,
and placed in bottom-heat, well shaded, or covered with
a bell-glass ; sandy peat, fibrous loam, with charcoal, to
keep the soil open. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
45° to 50°. In summer give plenty of water, but keep
them cool and dryish in winter.
/. bahame'nsis (Bahama). See J. C^ERULEA.

brasilia'na (Brazilian). 20. Yellow. Brazil. 1820.
, caru'lea (blue). 10. Blue. July. W. Ind. 1824.
„ digitaliflo'ra (foxglove-flowered). Lilac, white. Brazil.

1864.
„ „ a'lba (white). White.

filicifo'lia (fern-leaved). 25. Blue. Panama. 1800.
„ mimoscefo'lia (Mimosa-leaved). See J. OVALIFOLIA.
„ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 10. Blue. April. S. Amer.

1818.

„ pubescens (downy). See J. TOMENTOSA PUBESCENS.
„ tomento'sa (woolly). 20. Purple. Brazil. 1824.
» » pube'scens (pubescent). 15. Blue. 1825.
JACA, or JACK-TREE. Artoca'rpus integn'fo'lia.
JACK-IN-A-BOX. Herna'ndia.

JACKSO NIA. (Named after G. Jackson, librarian to
A. B. Lambert, Esq. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosae]. Linn. io-Decandriat i-Monogynia. Allied
to Burtonia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with one exception, all
from Australia, and all, but that one, yellow-flowered.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass,
in April ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
Scopa'ria might be tried against a wall.

densifio'ra (crowded-flowered).
, ftoribu'nda (many-flowered).
, furcella'ta (fork-branched). 1824.
, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). April. 1838.
, ho'rrida (horrid). 3. April. 1825.
, ligustrifo'lia (privet-leaved). White. May. Nepaul.

1839.

„ reticula'ta (netted). See PULTEN^A RETICULATA.
„ scopa'ria (broom-like). 2. July. 1803.
„ seri'cea (silky). Leafless. W.Australia.
„ spino'sa (spinous). 2. July. 1803.
„ sternbergia'na (Sternberg s). April. 1837.
„ thesioi'des (Thesium-like). April. 1820.

JACOBjE A. See SENECIO.
JACOB2EA LILY. See SPREKELIA FORMOSISSIMA.
JACOBI'NIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Acanthaceae.)

Stove, evergreen subshrubs. Cuttings of shoots getting
firm at the base, in sand, in a close caee, with bottom-
heat. Spring is the best time. Loam, leaf-mould, and
sand. Sericobonia is a hybrid between Sericogra'phis
ghiesbreghtia'na and Libo'nia floribu'nda, now named Jaco-
binia ghicsbreghtiana and /. pauciftora, respectively.
/. au'rea (golden). 4-6. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1848.
„ ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). See J. MAGNIFICA CARNEA.
„ chrysoste'phana (golden-crown). 1-3. Golden-yellow.

Winter. Mexico. 1870.

„ cilia' ta (eyelashed). See DIANTHERA CILIATA.
„ cocci' nea (scarlet). 1-5. Scarlet. Winter. Brazil.

1770.
„ ghiesbreghtia'na (Ghiesbreghtian). 1-3. Scarlet. Winter.

Mexico. 1843.
„ Linde'ni (Linden's). 2. Orange-yellow. Mexico.

1870.

„ magni'fica (magnificent). 1-4. Rose-purple. Brazil.
„ „ ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 2-5. Pale rose. August.

Rio Janeiro. 1827.

„ „ mi'nor (lesser). Dwarfer. Purple.
„ „ pohlia'na (Pohlian). Purple.
„ „ veluti'na (velvety). Purple.
„ Mohi'ntti (Mohintl's). 3. Orange-yellow. July.

Mexico. 1802.
' „ pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). 1-3. Scarlet, yellow.

Brazil. 1864.
„ penrhosie'nsis (Penrhosian). i. Red, tipped yellow.

Hybrid. 1870.

„ pohlia'na (Pohlian). See J. MAGNIFICA POHLIANA.
,, subere'cta (sub-erect), i. Pale orange-yellow. Uru-
guay. 1900,

1908.

JACOB'S LADDER. Polemo'nium caru'leum.
JACQUEMO'NTIA. (Named after Victor Jacquemont,
a natural historian. Nat. ord. Bindweeds [Convolvu-
laceaa]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Ipomcea.)

Blue-flowered evergreen twiners ; cane'scens requiring
a moderately warm greenhouse, and viola'cea a stove.
Cuttings of small side-shoots in April or May, in sandy
soil, under a bell-glass, and placed in a sweet bottom-
heat ; peat and loam.

/. cane'scens (hoary). See J. VIOLACEA CANESCENS.
„ viola'cea (violet). August. Mexico. 1808.
„ „ abbrevia'ta (shortened). Blue, white. Mexico.

1808.

„ „ cane'scens (grey). August. Mexico. 1845.
„ guyane'nsis (Guiana). 10. White. July. Trop.

Amer. 1823.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). 5. Blue. August. Mexico. 1819.
„ tamnifo'lia (Tamus-leaved). 6. Pink. July. Trop.

Amer. 1816.

JACQUI'NIA. (Named after the celebrated botanist,
Jacquin. Nat. ord. Ardisiads [Myrsinaceae]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Theophrasta.)

Stove evergreens. Seeds in a hotbed ; cuttings of
ripened shoots in summer, and in a moist bottom-heat,
in sand, covered with a bell-glass ; sandy peat, with a
very little fibrous loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ;
winter, 58° to 65°. They require a highish temperature
at all times.

/. arbo'rea (tree-like). 10. White. July. Trop. Amer.
„ arista ta (awned). 4. Orange. June. W. Ind. 1796.
„ armilla'ris (bracelet). 6. White. June. W. Ind.

1768.
„ auranti'aca (orange). 4. Orange. June. Sandwich

Islands. 1796.
,, linea'ris (narrow-leaved), i. Red. June. W. Ind.

1823.
„ macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 6. Orange. June.

Trop. Amer. 1825.

„ mexica'na (Mexican). Crimson. Mexico. 1866.
,, ruscifo'lia (Ruscus-leaved). 3. White. W. Ind. and

Mexico. 1729.
„ smara 'gdina (emerald green). See DEHERAINIA

SMARAGDINA.

JZE SCHKEA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Gentianacea2.)

Hardy annual, with the habit of Gentiana moorcroftiana.
Seeds. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand, or a light moist
soil.
/. gentianoi' des (gentian-like), i. Violet. Himalaya.

JALAP. See IPOMCE'A PU'RGA.

JAMAICA EBONY. Bry'a E'benus.

JAMAICA HORSE BEAN. Canava'lia ensifo'rmis.

JAMAICA MDLKWOOD. Bro'simum spu'rium.

JAMAICA PEPPER. Pime'nta vulga'ris.

JAMAICA REDWOOD. Lapla'cea Hcemato'xylon.

JAMAICA ROSE. Meria'nia.

JAMBO SA. (From schamber, the native name. Nat.
ord. Myrtteblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, i-
Mono°ynia. United to Eugenia.)
/. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). See EUGENIA ACUMINATA.

„ amplexicaulis( stem-clasping). See EUGENIA AMPLEXI-
CAULIS.

„ a'quea (watery). See EUGENIA AQUEA.

,, austra'lis (southern). See EUGENIA MYRTIFOLIA.

,, laurifo'lia (bay-leaved). See EUGENIA BIFARIA.

„ macroca'rpa ('large- fruited). See EUGENIA MACRO-

CARPA.

,, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See EUGENIA MALAC-

CENSIS.
,, malacce'nsis (Malay Apple-tree). See EUGENIA

MALACCENSIS.

„ purpu'rea (purple). See EUGENIA MALACCENSIS PUR-

PUREA.
,, ternifo'lia (three-leaved). See EUGENIA FORMOSA

TERNIFOLIA.

,, veno'sa (veined). See EUGENIA VENOSA.
„ vulga'ris (common). See EUGENIA JAMBOS,

JAMESIA

467

JASMINUM

JAME'SIA. (Commemorative of Dr. Edwin James, its
discoverer, an American botanist. Nat. ord. Saxi-
fragaceae.)

A hardy, ornamental shrub, allied to Hydrangea.
Seeds ; cuttings of ripe wood in a cold frame, or in a
gentle heat. Well-drained garden soil.
/. america'na (American). 3-4. White. New Mexico.
1865.

JAMESO NIA. (Named after Dr. Jameson, professor
of botany at Quito. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn.
24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

A greenhouse Fern. See FERNS.

/. imbrica'ta (imbricated). Brown. May. Andes of
S. Amer.

JANIPHA. (From the native name, Janipaba. Nat.
ord. Euphorbiacea?.) United to Manihot.
/. atsculifo'lia (Chestnut-leaved). See MANIHOT ^SCULI-

FOLIA.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Brazil. 1829.

,, fce'tida (fetid). See MANIHOT FCETIDA.

„ Lcefli'ngit : (Lcefling's). See MANIHOT CARTHAGENENSIS.

„ Manihot (Manihot). See MANIHOT UTILISSIMA.

JANK3TA HELDRETCHH. See RAMONDIA HEL-

DREICHII.

JA'NTHE BUGULIFO'LIA. See CELSIA BUGULIFOLIA.

JAPAN CEDAR. Cryptome'ria japo'nica.

JAPAN EARTH. Aca'cia Catechu bark.

JAPAN HARICOT BEAN. Canava'lia Lunare'ti.

JAPAN VARNISH-TREE. Rhu's vernici'fera.

JAPAN WAX. Rhu's succeda'nea.

JAPANESE YEW. Cephalota'xus.

JASIONE. Sheep's Scabious. (An ancient name used
by Theophrastus. Nat. ord. Bellworts [Campanulaceae].
Linn. $-Pentandria, \-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, except monta'na, and all
with blue flowers. Seeds, divisions, and cuttings under
a hand-light, in spring. They require a sheltered place
in winter, and like sandy soil, with a little peat or leaf-
mould.
/. folio'sa (leafy), i. June. Spain. 1826.

„ hu'milis (dwarf). |. July. France. 1824.

,, monta'na (mountain), i. June. Britain. Annual.

,, pere'nnis (perennial), i. July. France. 1787.

,, Ja'nkiz (Janka's). i. July. Eastern Europe.

JASMTNUM. Jasmine. (From Ysmyn, the Arabic
name. Nat. ord. Oliveworts [Oleaceas]. Linn. z-Diandria,
i-Monogynia.)

All white-flowered, except where otherwise stated.
The stove and greenhouse species, by cuttings in sand,
in* a little peat; the hardy species, by suckers, layers,
and cuttings under a hand-light. A bud of the variegated
plants of officina'lis will frequently communicate the
property to the whole of the plant ; peat and loam for
the house species ; good, common soil for the hardy ;
revolu'tum and proli'ferum require a little protection in
winter.

HARDY DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS, &c.
/. affi'ne (related). See J. OFFICINALE AFFINE.

„ flo'ridum (free-flowering). Yellow. July. China and
Japan. 1842.

„ fru'ticans (shrubby). 3. Yellow. July. S. Europe.
1570. Shrub.

„ heterophy'llum (variable-leaved). 14. June. Nepaul.
1820. Shrub.

„ nudiflo'rum (naked-flowered). 3-12. Yellow. De-
cember to February. China and Japan. 1844.

„ ,, fo'liis au'reis (golden-leaved). 3-12. Yellow.

„ officina'le (common. Shop). 15. July. Persia and
N.W. India. 1548.

„ „ affi'ne (allied). Flowers larger.

„ ,, fo'liis arge'nteis (silver-leaved). 15. July.

„ » fo'liis au'reis (golden-leaved). 15. July.

i, ,, fto'ribus ple'nis (double-flowered). 15. July.

„ „ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). See J. OFFICINALE

AFFINB.

HARDY EVERGREEN CLIMBERS, &c.

/. hu'mile (low). 3-8. Yellow. July to September.

Subtropical Himalaya. 1812. Fragrant.
„ primuli'num (primrose-coloured). 3-6. Clear yellow,

semi-double. Yunnan, China. 1903.
„ pubi'gerum (down-bearing). 10. Yellow. June.

Nepaul. 1827. Evergreen.
„ Ree'vesii (Reeves's). See J. HUMILE.
,, revolu'tum (revolute). See J. HUMILE.
„ wallichia'num (Wallichian). See J. HUMILE.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.

acumina'tum (pointed-leaved). See J . SIMPLICIFOLIUM.

, angula're (angular). 4-6. White. S. Africa.

, azo'ricum (Azorian). 5. July. Azores. 1724.

, cape'nse (Cape). 8. May. S. Africa. 1816. Shrub.

, confu'sum (confused). See J. SIMPLICIFOLIUM.

, ftoribu'ndum (free-flowering). 5-8. White, fragrant.
Abyssinia, &c. 1902. Shrub.

„ glau'cum (milky-green). 3. August. S.Africa. 1774.

,, gra'cile (slender). See J. SIMPLICIFOLIUM.

,, grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 15. July. India.
1629.

,, lanceola 'rium (spear-head-leaved). Sylhet. 1826.

,, ligustrifo'lium (privet-leaved). See J. RIGIDUM.

,, multiparti' turn (many-parted). 10* White. S. Africa.
1903. Shrub.

,, odorati' ssimum (sweetest-scented). 3. June. Madeira.
1656.

„ polya'nthum (many-flowered). Pink, white. Yunnan,
China. 1891. Shrub.

„ simplicifo'lium (simple-leaved). 3-10. June. Aus-
tralia. 1791.

„ subula'tum (awl-shaped-^ar^d). See J. FLORIDUM.

,, tortuo'sum (twisted). 6. June. S. Africa. 1818.

„ volu'bile (twining). 3-8. Yellow. S. Africa.

STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.

J anastomo'sans (interlacing). White. Himalaya.
, angustifo'lium (narrow- leaved). 10. India. 1816.
, arbore'scens (tree-like). 12. India. 1819. Shrub.
, auricula' turn (eared). 10. White. India. 1790.
, austra'le (southern). See J. SIMPLICIFOLIUM.
, bractea'tum (large-br acted). See J. PUBESCENS.
, campanula' turn (bell-flowered). See J. TORTUOSUM.
, cauda'tum (long-tailed). 10. May. Sylhet. 1838.

Deciduous.

,, dianthifo'lium (Dianthus-leaved). See J. SUAVISSIMUM.
,, di'dymum (two- fold). Pure white. Berries dark
purple. Winter. Australia and Pacific Islands.
1860.

„ fte'xile (flexible). See J. TORTUOSUM.
„ graci'llimum (very graceful). 2-3. White, fragrant.

N. Borneo. 1881.

„ hirsu'tum (hairy). See J. PUBESCENS.
„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). See J. ARBORESCENS.
„ laurifo'lium (bay-leaved). 4. June. Himalaya.

1819.

„ Mainga'yi (Maingay's). White. Penang. 1902.
,, mauritia'num (Mauritius). See J. AURICULATUM.
,, multiflo'rum (many-flowered). See J. PUBESCENS.
,, ni'tidum (shining). White, fragrant. Admiralty

Islands. 1898.

,, panicula 'turn (panicled). 5. January. China. 1818.
,, pube'scens (downy). 3-30. May, June. Trop.
Asia. 1759. Shrub.

,, ri'gidum (rigid). 5. May^ Ceylon. 1839. Shrub.

e-ple'no (double-flowering). 6
1700.

,, Sa'mbac (Zamback). 6. Trop. Asia. 1665. Twiner.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowering). 6. Trop. Asia.

,, ,, tri folia' turn (three-leaved). 6. Trop. Asia. 1730.

,, sca'ndens (climbing). 10. August. E. Ind. 1820.

„ sine'nse (Chinese). White. China.

„ stenope' talum (narrow-petaled). See J. ANASTO-
MOSANS.

„ suavi' ssimum (sweetest). May. Australia. Decidu-
ous.

,, syringczfo'lium (lilac-leaved). April. Burma and
Assam. 1838.

,, trine'rve (three-nerved). 20. E. Ind. 1804.

„ undula'tum (wavy). 5. January. China. 1819.

JASONIA

468

JUGLANS

JASO'NIA. (Commemorative of Jason, the Argonaut.
Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Hardy perennial herbs, allied to Inula. Seeds and
divisions in spring. Ordinary soil.
/. glutino'sa (clammy). See INULA VISCOSA.
„ Iceviga'ta (smooth). 4. Yellow. July. Teneriffe.

1800. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
„ tubero'sa (tuberous), i. Yellow. July. S. Europe.

JATEORHTZA. (From iatos, healed, and rhita, a
root ; /. Caluntba furnishes the Calumba-root of com-
merce, a bitter tonic. Nat. ord. Menispermaceae.)

Stove, perennial herbs. Seeds ; cuttings in sand, in
bottom-heat, in spring. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
/. Calu'mba (Calumba). Light green. Trop. Africa.

" Calumba-root."
„ Mie'rsii (Miers's). 10. White, green. Trop. Africa.

1800.
„ palma'ta (hand-shaped). See J. CALUMBA.

JA'TROPHA. (From iatros, physician, and trophe,
food ; referring to its medicinal qualities. Nat. ord.
Spurgeworts [EuphorbiacesJ. Linn. zi-Moncecia, 10-
M onadelphia. )

Cassava bread and tapioca are made from the roots,
although the juice is an acrid poison. Stove evergreen
shrubs, except herba'cea. Sometimes by seed, in sandy
peat, in a hotbed ; cuttings of young firm shoots in
sandy soil, in a brisk bottom-heat ; let the bottom of
the cutting be dried before inserting ; sandy peat and
fibrous loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50°
to 60°.
/. carthagene'nsis (Carthaginian). See MANIHOT CARTHA-

GENENSIS.

„ cocci 'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. Cuba. 1824.

„ Cu'rcas (Curcas). Pale yellow. Tropics of both
Worlds. " Purging Nut."

„ diversifo'lia (diverse-leaved). 2-8. Scarlet. Cuba.
1809.

„ ela'stica (elastic). See HEVEA GUIANENSIS.

„ gossypifo'lia (Gossypium-leaved). 3. Pink. Trop.
Amer. and Africa. " Wild Cassava."

„ hasta'ta (halbert-shaped). 4. Scarlet. July. Cuba.
1800.

„ intege'rrima (most-entire. Spicy-leaved). See MANI-
HOT DIVERSIFOLIA.

„ L&fli'ngii (Loefling's). See MANIHOT UTILISSIMA.

„ Ma'nihot (Manihot). See MANIHOT UTILISSIMA.

„ multi'fida (many-cleft). 3. Green. July. S. Amer.

1696.

„ pandurafo'lia (fiddle- leaved) . See J . HASTATA.
„ poda'grica (gouty-stalked), ij. Orange, red. Santa

Martha. 1847.
„ u'rens (stinging). 2-4. June to September. Trop.

Amer. 1880.

JAU'MEA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord. Com-
positas.)

A warm greenhouse herb. Divisions. Sandy loam
and leaf-mould.
/. linea'ris (linear), ij. Yellow. Brazil. 1829.

JEFFERSO'NIA. (Named in honour of T. Jefferson,
president of the United States of North America. Nat.
ord. Berberids [Berberidaceaa]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Diphylleia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and division of
the plant, in spring ; common, sandy garden-soil.
/. diphy'lla (two-leaved). SeeJ.BiNATA.
„ bina'ta (twin). £. White. May. N. Amer. 1792.

JE'HLIA FUCHSIOI'DES. See LOPEZIA MACROPHYLLA.
JENKI'NSIA. ' See ACROSTICHUM.
JENKINSO NIA. See PELARGONIUM.

JERDO'NIA. (Commemorative of Surgeon-Major J. C.
Jerdon. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae.)

Stove perennial herb. Seeds. Loam, leaf-mould, and
sand. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
/. i'ndica (Indian). £. Lilac, red. October. India.
1870.

JERSEY THISTLE. Centau'rea a'spera.

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE (Helia'nthus tubero'sus)
flourishes most in a rich, light soil, with an open exposure.
Plant middle-sized tubers, or cuttings of the large ones,
one or two eyes being preserved in each. Plant towards
the end of March, though it may be performed in February,
or even preferably in October.

Insert by the dibble in rows three feet apart each way,
and four inches deep. The only attention necessary is
an occasional hoeing to loosen the surface, a little of the
earth being drawn up about the stems. Early in August
cut the stems off about their middle, to admit more
freely the air and light, and in other respects to be bene-
ficial to the tubers.

They may be taken up as wanted during September,
and in October, or as soon as the stems have withered
entirely, for preservation in sand for winter's use. They
should be raised as completely as possible; for the smallest
piece of tuber will vegetate and appear in spring. It is
for this reason that they are often allotted some remote
corner of the garden ; but their culinary merits certainly
demand a more favourable treatment.

JERUSALEM SAGE. Phlo'mis frutico'sa.

JERUSALEM THORN. Parkinso'nia aculea'ta.

JESSAMINE. Jasmi'num officina'le.

JET D'EAU. See FOUNTAIN.

JEW'S APPLE. Sola'num Melonge'na.

JOB'S TEARS. Co'ix La'cryma-Jo'bi.

JOE PYE WEED. Eupato'rium purpu'reum.

JOHRENIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Umbelliferae.)

Dwarf, greenhouse perennial herb. Seeds, divisions.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

/. Cando'llei (Candolle's). ij. June. Persia. 1830.
„ fungo'sa (fungoid), ij. July. Asia Minor.

JOLLI FIA AFRICA'NA. See TELFAI'RIA PEDA'TA.

JONE'SIA. (Named after Sir W. Jones. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. 7-Heptandtia,
i-Monogynia. Now referred to Saraca.)
/. Aso'ca (Asoca). See SARACA INDICA
,, sca'ndens (climbing). See SARACA TRIANDRA.

JONI'RIS STYLO'SA. See IRIS UNGUICULARIS.

JONQUILL. Narci'ssus Jonqui'lla.

JOSE PHA AUGU'STA. See BOUGAINVILLEA SPECTA-

BILIS.

JOSSI'NIA. See MY'RTUS.

JOVE'S FRUIT. Lau'rus Diospy'ros.

JUANULLO'A. (Named after two Spaniards, Don G.
Juan and Don Ulloa. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solanaceae].
Allied to Lycium.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with orange flowers. Cuttings
in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; rough peat ; and
a moist, high temperature, in a stove.

/. auranti'aca (orange). June. Mexico. 1840.
„ exi'mia (choice). See DYSSOCHROMA EXIMIA.
,, parasi'tica (parasitic). See J. AURANTIACA.

JUB.ZEA. (In commemoration of King Juba of
Numidia. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Greenhouse Palm. Seeds in heat. Loam, with a
little peat and sand.

/. specta'bilis (showy). 30-60. Chili. 1843. " Coquito
Palm."

JUDAS TREE. Ce'rcis Siliqua'strum.

JU'GLANS. Walnut. (From Jupiter, Jovis, the
heathen god, and glans, a nut. Nat. ord. Juglands
[Juglandaceae]. Linn. 2\-Moncecia, g-Enneandria.)

Hardy deciduous trees, all blossoming in April. Nuts
sown when gathered, or preserved until the following
spring, in order to keep them from vermin ; also grafting
and budding the more rare species and varieties. lu

JUJUBE

469

JUNIPERUS

Nuts eight-ribbed.

budding, the small, almost inconspicuous buds at the
base of the year's shoot are to be chosen ; deep, loamy soil.
In such soils the nut should be inserted where the tree is
to grow ; in all poor soils it is better to be transplanted,
so as to cut the tap-root, and cause the roots to feed
more among the good surface-soil.
/. ailantifo'lia (Ailantus-leaved). See J. SIEBOLDIANA.
„ a/a' to, (winged). Hybrid between /. cinerea and /.

regia. 1894.

„ a'lba (white). See CARYA ALBA and CARYA TOMENTOSA.
„ allardia'na (Allardian). Nuts blackish or ash-grey.

Japan. 1909.

„ ama'ra (bitter). See CARYA AMARA.
„ austra'lis (southern). Fruits and nuts small. Argen-
tina. 1909.

„ califo'mica (Californian). California.
,, cathaye'nsis (Chinese). Nuts blackish, with more

cavities than /. stenocarpa. China. 1909.
„ cinerea (grey. Butter Nut). 30. N. Amer. 1656.
„ caarcta'ta. (clustered). Leaves 2-3 feet long. Fruits

in spikes. Japan. 1909.

„ colla'psa (collapsing). Nuts nearly cylindrical, other-
wise like /. Draconis. N. China. 1909.
„ compre'ssa (compressed). See CARYA ALBA.
„ cordifo'rmis (heart-shaped). Nuts heart-shaped.

Japan. 1901.
,, Draco'nis (Dragon's). Nuts ash-grey ; cavities 4.

S.W. China. 1909.
„ duclouxia'na (Douclouxian). Nuts with a fragile

shell. Yunnan, China. 1906.
„ fraxinifo'lia (ash-leaved). See PTEROCARYA CAU-

CASICA.
„ kamao'nia (Kamaonian). Nuts globose, with hard

shell. Himalaya. 1906.
„ Lava'llei (Lavalle's). Fruits and nuts subglobose.

Japan. 1909.
„ mandshu'rica (Mandshurian).

Amurland. 1888.
„ ni'gra (black). 30. N. Amer. 1629. " Black

Walnut."

„ obcorda'ta (obcordate). See CARYA PORCINA.
„ olivafo'rmis (olive-shaped). See CARYA OLIV^FORMIS.
„ ovoidea (egg-shaped). Nuts ovate, subcompressed.

S.W. United States. 1909.
,, porci'na (pig). See CARYA PORCINA.
,, pteroca'rpa (winged-fruited). See PTEROCARYA CAU-

CASICA.
»» Pyrifo'rmis (pear-shaped). Hybrid between /. nigra

and /. regia.

,, re'gia (common. Royal).
,, ,, corcyre'nsis (Corfu).

Corfu. 1909.
„ , elonga'ta (elongated). Fruits elongated.

, lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). 50. Persia.

, longiro' 'stris (long-beaked). Fruits long-beaked.

, ma'xima (largest- fruited). 50. Persia.

, pe'ndula (weeping).

, racemo'sa (racemed). Fruits numerous on a stalk.

, sero'tina (late-vegetating). 50. Persia.

., te'nera (thin- shelled). 50. Persia.
rupe'stris (rock). A shrub. Western United States.
sieboldia'na (Sieboldian). Greenish. Spring. Japan.

1878.

,, squamo'sa (scaly). See CARYA ALBA.
,, stenoca'rpa (narrow-fruited). Nut much narrower

than in /. mandshurica. Amurland. 1903.
„ subcordifo'rmis (sub-heart-shaped). Nuts shortly

heart-shaped, compressed. Japan. 1909.
,, sulca'ta (furrowed). See CARYA SULCATA.
„ tomento'sa (felted). See CARYA TOMENTOSA.
„ Torre yi (Torrey's). Nuts depressed, compressed.

S. United States. 1909.
„ vilmprinia'na (Vilmorinian). Hybrid between /.

nigra and /. regia (?). 1891.

JUJUBE. Zi' typhus Ju'juba.

JTJLUS. Snake millipede. /. terrestris has about
200 legs. Lead colour. Scaly, like the woodlouse. Is
said to eat the roots of the pansy.

/. pulche'llus. — Ochreous colour, with crimson spots
down its sides. Legs, about 170. Is said to attack roots
of beans, cabbages, peas, and scarlet beans.

/. complanatus. — Lilac colour. Sixty legs. Is said
to eat potato-tubers. Pulchellus is also found in the

50. Persia. 1562.
Distinct and decorative.

fruit of the strawberry ; but in every instance we doubt
whether the plant in which the millipede is found has not
first been injured by slugs, or some other cause, so that
decay has commenced.

JULY-FLOWER. Proso'pis julifto'ra.
JU'NCUS. Rush. (From jungo, to unite or tie ; from

Wet

their use in tying. Nat. ord. Juncaceas.)
Perennial, hardy herbs. Divisions in spring

soil.

/. effu'sus spira'lis (spiral). Leaves spirally twisted.

Britain.

„ IcBtevi'rens (bright green). 3. Japan. 1880.
„ xebri'nus (zebra striped). See SCIRPUS LACUSTRIS
TABERN^MONTANI ZEBRINUS.

JUNE BERRY. Amelanchier canade'nsis.

JU'NGIA. (Commemorative of Joachim Jung. Nat.
ord. Compositae.)

Stove shrub with evergreen foliage. Cuttings in light
soil under a hand-light in summer. Loam, with a little
leaf-mould and sand.
/. ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3. Purple. August. Andes of

Colombia. 1825.

„ specta'bilis (showy). 3. Purple. August. Peru.
1825.

JUNIPER MOTH. Two species of moth attack the
Juniper, namely, Thera juniper ata and T. conifer ata.
The caterpillars of T. juniperata are apple-green, whitish
above, with a lemon-yellow line on the back. Moth is a
little under to a little over an inch in expanse, and pale
grey, with darker markings. The caterpillar of T. coni-
ferata is bright green, with a bluish-white dorsal line.
The moth is under one inch in expanse, greyish-brown,
with a dark blotch at the base of the wing. The cater-
pillars of the Juniper Moth (T. juniperata) may be found
occasionally on the Juniper hi July and August, the
moths in October ; those of the other species in June,
and the moths in July. Hand-picking the caterpillars
when observed is an effectual remedy. The moths may
be taken amongst the bushes with a sweeping net.

JUNI'PERUS. Juniper. (From the Celtic juniperus,
rough. Nat. ord. Conifers [Coniferas]. Linn. 22-Diacia,
i^-Monadelphia.)

Seeds, which will retain their vitality for years, and
when sown, seldom vegetate under a twelvemonth, and
sometimes nearer two years ; cuttings in the end of
summer, in a shady border, in sandy, firm soil, and
covered with hand-glasses ; sandy loam. The berries
of the common juniper are used for flavouring gin.

HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.

/. barbade'nsis (Barbadoes Cedar). 20. Florida. 1811.
,, bermudia'na (Bermuda Cedar). 20. May. Bermudas.

1683.

,, cape'nsis (Cape). See CALLITRIS ARBOREA.
,, fla'ccida (weak). May. Mexico. 1836.
,, mexica'na (Mexican). May. Mexico. 1846.
,, tetrago'na (four-angled). May. Mexico. 1836.
" Rock Cedar."

HARDY EVERGREENS.

/. califo'rnica (Californian). Utah, Arizona, California.
1854.

,, canade' nsis (Canadian). See J.COMMUNISCANADENSIS.

„ Ce'drus (Cedrus). Leaves long. Mountains of the
Canaries.

,, chine' nsis (Chinese). 10. May. China. 1804.

„ „ a'lbo-variega'ta (white- variegated). Variegated
with white.

„ ,, au'rea (golden). Young leaves and twigs yellow.
Dwarf. Japan.

„ „ glau'ca (sea-green). Foliage glaucous.

„ ,, variega'ta (variegated). Variegated with white
and cream.

,, commu'nis (common). 5-15. May. Britain. "Com-
mon Juniper."

„ „ alpi'na (alpine). Squat on the ground. Scotland.

„ „ alpi'na au'rea (golden). Dwarf golden.

„ „ au'rea (golden). Foliage yellow.

JUNIPERUS

470

JUSTICIA

commu'nis canade'nsis (Canadian). 20. May.
Canada. 1820.

„ compre'ssa (compressed). Pyrenees.
„ fastigia'ta (upright). 8-12. Columnar in habit.
Ireland.

glau'ca (sea-green). Foliage bluish.
hemispha'rica (hemispherical). Dwarf, globose
bush. Mount Etna. 1844. " Hedgehog Juniper."
na'na (dwarf). See J. COMMUNIS ALPINA.
oblo'nga (oblong- fruited). June. 1829.
oblo'nga pe'ndula (oblong-weeping). 5. May.
Britain.

„ refte'xa (reflexed).

craco'via (Cracow). 4. May. Poland. 1820.
davu'rica (Davurian). 8. July. Davuria. 1791.
drupa'cea (drupe- fruited). 4. May. Syria. 1820.
exce'lsa (tall). 20. Asia Minor, Taurus. 1806.

" Greek Juniper."

glau'ca (milky-green). May. China. 1814.
hemisphce'rica (half-globe- headed). See J. COMMUNIS

HEMISPH^RICA.

henrya'na (Henryan). N.W. Amer. 1873.
Herma'nni (Hermann's). See J. VIRGINIANA.
japo'nica (Japanese). See J. CHINENSIS.

„ au'rea (golden). See J. CHINENSIS AUREA.
littora'lis (shore). Japan.
ly'cia (Lycian) See J. PHCENICEA.
macroca'rpa (large- fruited). May. Greece.
macro 'poda (long-stalked). Himalaya.
neaborieri sis (Naumburg). See J. MACAROCARPA.
oblo'nga (oblong). See J. COMMUNIS OBLONGA.
Occidents! Us (western). N. Western Amer.
Oxyce'drus (sharp-cedar). 15. May. Spain. 1739.
pachyphlce' a ( thick-barked). New Mexico. Arizona.
1910. Varieties of this are conspicua, elegan-
tissima, and ericoides. 1910.

phceni'cea (Phoenician). 20. May. S. Europe. 1683.
prostra'ta (prostrate). See J. SABINA PROSTRATA.
Pseu'do-Sabi'na (false-savin). Siberia, Himalaya,

Tibet.

recu'rva (bent-back). 4. May. Nepaul.
,, squama'ta (scaly). 4. May. Nepaul.
religio'sa (religious). See J. EXCELSA.
ri'gida (stiff). Mountains of Japan.
rufe'scens (dusky). See J. OXYCEDRUS.
Sabi'na (common savin). 4. May.

1548.

„ cupressifo'lia (cypress-leaved). 4. May. S.
Europe. 1548.

„ fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved).
Europe.

„ prostra'ta (prostrate). J. May.
" Carpet Juniper."

,, tamariscifo'lia (tamarisk-leaved). 4.
Europe. 1562.

,, tamariscifo'lia variega'ta (variegated).
S. Europe.

sabinoi'des (savin-like). See J. THURIFERA.
Sande'ri (Sander's). Dense-growing, dwarf. Tibet.

1899.
scopulo'rum (rock). W. United States. "Red

Cedar."

Smi'thii (Smith's). May. Nepaul.
sphcz'rica (spherical). 30. N. China. 1850.
squama'ta (scaly). See J. RECURVA SQUAMATA.
sue'cica (Swedish). See J. COMMUNIS FASTIGIATA.
taxifo'lia (yew-leaved). China and Japan.
thuri'fera (incense-bearing). 10. May. Spain. 1572.

" Incense Juniper."
utahe'nsis (Utahan). Utah, Colorado.
uvi'fera (grape-bearing). See J. RECURV
Virginia' 'na (Virginian). 30. May. N.
" Red Cedar."
„ au'rea-spi'ca (golden-spiked). Tips of twigs
golden.

„ au'reo-variega'ta (golden-variegated). Variegated
with yellow.

„ carolinia'na (Carolina). May. Carolina.
„ glau'ca (sea-green). Foliage glaucous green.
„ hu'milis (humble). 12. May. N. Amer. 1800.
„ re'ptans (creeping). Prostrate. 1896.
„ Scho'ttii (Schott's). Foliage pale green.
,, turice'nsis (Turician). Habit pyramidal. 1896.
„ vi'ridis (green). Foliage deep green.
„ vi'ridis pe'ndula (drooping). Twigs pendulous.

1817.
1824.

S. Europe.

May.
N. Amer.
May. S.
5- May.

RECURVA.

iy. N. Amer.

1664.

JUPITER'S BEARD. Anthy'llis Ba'rba-Jo'vis.

JUPITER'S EYE and JUPITER'S BEARD. Semper-
vi'vum tecto'rum.

JURI'NEA. (Derivation not explained. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-&qualis.
Allied to Serratula.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, with purple flowers.
Seeds and division of the plant in spring ; common soil.
/. ala'ta (winged). 2-3. Violet. Caucasus.
,, cyanoi'des (Cyanus-like). 2. Blue. July. Caucasus.

1778.

„ depre'ssa (depressed). J. June. Caucasus. 1837.
„ linearifo'lia (linear-leaved). 2. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1816.

„ mo'llis (soft), i. Purple. July. S. Europe. 1818.
,, specta'bilis (showy). June. Caucasus. 1837.
,, subacau'lis (short-stemmed). See J. DEPRESSA.

JUSSnSU'A. (Named after the celebrated botanical
family of Jussieu. Nat. ord. Onagrads [Onagraceae].
Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Ludwigia.)
All stove aquatics, except repens, which belongs to the
greenhouse, and frute'scens, which is a shrub, and all
yellow-flowered. Cuttings, divisions, and seeds ; loamy
soil, in basins of water.
/. brachyphy'lla (short-leaved). Yellow. July. Trop.

Amer. 1829.

,, exalta'ta (tall). See J. SUFFRUTICOSA.
,, frute'scens (shrubby). Yellow. June. 1824. Ever-
green shrub.
,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered) of Michaux. See J.

REPENS.

,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered) of Ruiz and Pavon.
Yellow. Peru. (B. M., t. 2122.)

,, macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 2. Yellow. July.
Colombia.

,, ,, cilia'ta (eyelashed). Flowers large, yellow.

Colombia. 1880. Half-hardy.
na'tans (floating). J. Yellow. Colombia.
octo'fila (eight-filaments). See J. SUFFRUTICOSA.

, octova'lvis (eight- valved). See J. SUFFRUTICOSA.

, ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). Yellow. July. Madagascar.

, pilo'sa (downy). See J. BRACK YPHYLLA.

, re pens (creeping), i. Yellow. August. Tropics.
1817.

,, sca'bra (rough). See J. SUFFRUTICOSA.

„ Sprenge'rii (Sprenger's). ±. Canary-yellow. Argen-
tina. 1909. Half-hardy.

,, suffrutico'sa (half-shrubby). i£. Yellow. August.
India. 1808.

,, swartisa'na (Swartz's). See J. REPENS.

,, villo'sa (shaggy). See J. SUFFRUTICOSA.

JUSTI'CIA. (Named after /. Justice, a celebrated
Scotch horticulturist. Nat. ord. Acanthads [Acan-
thaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Eranthemum.)

Annuals and biennials, by seed in a hotbed, and to
be treated as tender and half-hardy annuals ; many of
them, and all the shrubs and herbaceous species, are
easily propagated by cuttings, old shoots, and young
side-shoots, striking very soon in sandy soil, under a
glass, in heat, most of the leaves being allowed to remain.
As they are fast growers, where room is at all valuable,
young ones should be grown, and the old ones thrown
away every year ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60°
to 85° ; winter, 48° to 55°. The following are a few of
the best : — Cocci 'nea, ca'rnea, coma'ta, formo'sa, lu'cida,
salviczflo'ra, and specio'sa.

STOVE ANNUAL AND BIENNIAL.

/. cilia' ris (hair-fringed). See SCHWABEA CILIARIS.
„ cilia'ta (hair-fringed). See SCHWABEA CILIARIS.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUB.
/. pa' tula (spreading). See ADHATODA PATULA.

STOVE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

/. coma'ta (tufted). See DIANTHERA COMATA.
,, echioi'des (Echium-like). See ANDROGRAPHIS

ECHIOIDES.

„ elonga'ta (lengthened). See ANDROGRAPHIS ELONGATA.
,, gla'bra (smooth). Rose, yellow. June. E. Ind. 1824.

JUSTICIA

KAGENECKIA

/. gutta'ta (large-spotted). See PHLOGACANTHUS GUTTA-

TUS.

„ nemoro'sa (grove). See BELOPERONE NEMOROSA.
„ pcctora'lis (pectoral-fco/sam). See DIANTHERA PEC-

TORALIS.

„ reflexiflo'ra (bent-back-flowered). See ADHATODA RE-
FLEXIFLORA.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

/. Adhato'da (Adhatoda). See ADHATODA VASICA.
„ alba (white). See ERANTHEMUM ALBUM.
„ ama'bilis (lovely). Red. S. Amer.
„ aspe'rula(Toughish). See PHLOGACANTHUS ASPERULUS.
„ Beto'nica (Betonica). 2. Purple. June. Trop. Asia.

1825.

„ bi'color (two-coloured). See ERANTHEMUM BICOLOR.
„ bractfola'ta (small-bracted). See THYRSACANTHUS

BRACTEOLATUS.

„ calyco'tricha (beautiful-haired). 2. Yellow. Febru-
ary. Brazil. 1824.

„ campyloste'mon (curved-stamen ed). 2. White, spotted
with purple. S. Africa. 1883.

„ caracasa'na (Caracas). See BELOPERONE CARACASANA.

„ ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). See JACOBINIA MAGNIFICA

CARNEA.

„ carthagine'nsis (Carthagena). See BELOPERONE vio-

LACEA.

„ cocci'nea (scarlet). See JACOBINIA COCCINTA.
,, cristata (crested). See APHELANDRA TETRAGONA.
,, cuspida'ta (spine- pointed), i£. July. Arabia. 1820.
,, Ecbo'lium (expelling). See ECBOLIUM LINNEANUM.
„ eustachia'na (beautiful-spiked) of Ker-Gawl. See J.

KERIANA.

„ eustachia'na (beautrful-spiked) of Jacquin. W. Ind.
„ flavi'coma (yellow-haired). See J. CALYCOTRICHA.
,, formo'sa (beautiful). 2. Purple. May. 1818.
„ furca'ta (forked). 5. Violet. April. Mexico. 1795.

Trailer.
„ Gendaru'ssa (Gendarussa). White or rose, with darker

spots. Trop. Asia.

„ genicula'ta (jointed). See DIANTHERA SECUNDA.
„ ghiesbreghtia 'na (Ghiesbreghtian). See JACOBINIA

GHIESBREGHTIANA.

,, keria'na (Kerian). E. Ind.

„ lanceola'ta (spear-head-leaved). See BARLERIA NOCTI-

FLORA.

,, Linde'ni (Linden's). See JACOBINIA LINDENI.

,, lithospermifo'lia (gromwell-leaved). 3. Purple. April.

Peru. 1796. Trailer.

,, lu'cida (shining-leaved) . See DIANTIIFRA LUCIDA.
„ Afacdotw'//i«(Mrs.McDonell's). Yellow. November.
,, macula'ta (spotted). 2. Purple. June. W. Ind.

1823.
„ marmora'ta (marbled). Leaves light shining green,

marbled with white. 1881.
„ martinicc'nsis (Martinique). See DICLIPTERA MAR-

TINICENSIS.

„ nasu'ta (large-snouted). See RHINACANTHUS COM-
MUNIS.

,, nervo'sa (nerved). See D^DALACANTHUS NERVOSUS.

„ ni'tida (shining). See THYRSACANTHUS NITIDUS.

,, nodo'sa (knotted). See DIANTHERA NODOSA.

„ orchioi'des (Orchis-like) of Griffith. See SPHINCT-
ACANTHUS GRIFFITHII.

,, orchioi'des (Orchis-like) of Linn. S. Africa.

,, pedunculo'sa (long-stalked). See DIANTHERA AMERI-
CANA.

„ peruvia'na (Peruvian). See DICLIPTERA PERUVIANA.

,, pi'cta (painted). See GRAPTOPHYLLUM HORTENSE.

,, ,, lu'rido-sangui'nea (\wcid-blood-leaved). See GRAPTO-
PHYLLUM LURIDO-SANGUINEUM.

,, polysta'chya (many-spiked). 2. Pink. June.
Guiana. 1821.

„ pulche'rrima (fairest) of Jacquin. W. Ind.

,, pulche'rrima (fairest) of Linn. f. See APHELANDRA

PULCHERRIMA.

„ pu'mila (dwarf). J. April. S. Amer. 1820. See

ANISACANTHUS PUMILUS.
„ quadrangular is (four-angled). See PHLOGACANTHUS

ASPERULUS.

„ quadrifa'ria (four-sided). India and China.
„ ramosi' 'ssima (most-branchy). See J. BETONICA.
„ retu'sa (blunt-ended). Purple. December. Island of

St. Crux.

/. roxburghia'na (Roxburgh's). See NOMAPHILA CORYM-

BOSA.
,, salvicefto'ra (sage-flowered). 4. Scarlet. July.

Mexico. 1824.

,, secu'nda (one-sided). See DIANTHERA SECUNDA.
,, specie' sa (showy). See PERISTROPHE SPECIOSA.
,, Ihyrsifto'ra (thyrse-flowered). See PHLOGACANTHUS

THYRSIFLORUS.

„ variega'ta (striped-flowered). 2. Red. May. Guiana.

1825.
„ ventrico'sa (swollen). White, red. June. China.

1826.

,, venu'sta (lovely). See GYMNOSTACHYUM VENUSTUM.
,, vitelli'na (yolk-coloured). See PHLOGACANTHUS

ASPERULUS.

JUTE-PLANT. Co'rchorus capsula'ris.

K

KADSU'RA. (The Japanese name. Nat. ord. Mag-

noliads [Magnoliacea?]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, i2-Polyandna.)

Trailing half-hardy evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened

wood in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat, in May ;

peat and loam.

K. chine' nsis (Chinese). 8-10. Creamy- yellow. Sep-
tember. China and Japan.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with

creamy-yellow.
„ japo'nica (Japanese) of Jussieu. White. June. Japan.

1846.

„ japo'nica (Japanese) of Bentham. See K. CHINENFIS.
,, propi'nqua (related). See SCHIZANDRA PROPINQUA..

KJSMPFE'RIA. Galangale. (Named after Kampfer,
a German naturalist. Nat. ord. Gingeruiorls [Scitamin-
aceae]. Linn. i-Monandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Cur-
cuma.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Division of the plant as
fresh growth commences ; sandy loam, fibrous peat, and
leaf-mould. Temp., 45° to 55° when at rest ; from
60° to 85° when growing.

K. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). India and Malaya.
„ atrovi'rens (dark-green), i. Mauve-purple, white eye.

Borneo. 1886.

,, e'legans (elegant), i. Purple. India. 1828.
,, Elhe'ltz (Ethel's). J-2. Rose-purple, with yellow

blotch. Natal. 1898.
„ Gala'nga (Galanga). i. White, purple. July. E. Ind.

1728.
„ Gilbe'rti (Gilbert's), i. Purple and white. Burma.

1882.
„ Ki'rkii (Kirk's), ij. Purple. Zanzibar. (B. M., t.

5994-)
„ „ ela'tior (taller). 2. Rose, with yellow blotch.

Rhodesia. 1908.
,, In' tea (yellow). J. Yellow ; lip orange-yellow.

Penang. 1907.
,, macro'siphon (long-tubed), i. Blue. German E.

Africa. 1898.
„ margina'ta (bordered), i. Blue. July. E. Ind.

1822.
„ orna'ia (adorned). Leaves with feathered white rib,

purple beneath. Borneo. 1884.
„ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). White, purple. July.

Burma and Malaya. 1822.

„ pandura'ta (fiddle-shaped). India and Malaya.
,, Pari'shii (Parish's). See K. OVALIFOLIA.
,, roscoea'na (Roscoean). i. Rosy-purple. Burma.
„ ro'sea (rosy). \\. Rose-red, with orange blotch.

British Central Africa. 1904.
,, rotu'nda (round-rooted), i. Red, white. July. India

and Malaya. 1764.
,, secii'nda (one-sided). |. Bright purple, white eye.

Assam. 1888.

,, specio'sa (showy), i. Purple. S. Africa. 1870.
„ tillandsioi'des (Tillandsia-like). Malaya.
„ vitta'ta (striped), i. White, orange. Leaves with

feathered grey rib. Sumatra. 1882.

KAGENE'CKIA. (Named after Count Kageneck, a
patron of botany. Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosacea?]. Linn.
12-Icosandria, 2-Pentagynia.)

Half-hardy evergreen tree, from Chili, with white
flowers. Cuttings of rather ripe shoots in sand, under a

KALANCHOE

472

KAULFUSSIA

hell-glass ; probably, also, by grafting on some rosaceous
plant, as the Hawthorn ; loam, with a little sandy peat.
Winter temp., 35° to 45°. Crat&goi'des has stood for
years against a protective wall in the Chiswick Gardens,
and produced fruit there in 1837. The male flowers are
in clusters ; the female flowers are solitary.
K. cratagoi'des (hawthorn-like). See K. OBLONGA.
„ oblo'nga (oblong-leaved). 30-60. June. 1830.

KALANCHO'E. (From the Chinese name of one of the
species. Nat. ord. Houseleeks [Crassulacea?]. Linn. 8-
Octandria, 4-Tetragynia. Allied to Rochea.)

Stove succulent evergreens. Cuttings dried at their
base soon root in sandy loam, in a little heat ; sandy
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°, and abundance of
water when growing and flowering. Winter temp., 45°
to 55°, and almost dry.
K. acutifio'ra (pointed-flowered). 2. White. August.

E. Ind. 1806.

„ agypii'aca (Egyptian). See K. CRENATA.
„ afzelia'na (Afzelian). 2. Yellow. August. Trop.

Africa.
„ anzole'nsis (Angolan). Bright yellow. Portuguese

W. Africa. 1905.
„ Be'ntii (Bent's). 3. White. Hadramaut. 1900.

Largest flowers of all.
„ ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). Pink, fragrant. S. Africa.

1886.
„ Cassiope'ia (Cassiopeia). J. Leaves blue-green.

Abyssinia. 1894.
„ ceratophy'lla (horn-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. China.

1820.

„ cocci' nea (scarlet). Scarlet. Trop. Africa.
„ crena'ta (scolloped). 2. Yellow. August. Sierra

Leone. 1793.
„ dive'rsa (diverse). iJ-2. Pale vermilion-orange.

Somaliland. 1902.
„ Dye'ri (Dyer's). 2-2$. White. British Central

Africa. 1904.

„ Eli'zce (Eliza's), i. Red. Trop. Africa. 1903.
„ farina'cea (mealy). Scarlet. Socotra. 1884.
„ fla'mmea (flame-coloured). 1-2. Bright scarlet.

Somaliland. 1897.
„ floribu'nda (free-flowering). India.
,, glauce'scens (glaucous). 2. Red or dark yellow.

Abyssinia. 1894.
,, grandifto'ra (large-flowered) of Gardens. See K.

MARMORATA.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered) of W. and A. Greenish-
yellow. India. 1864.
„ Ki'rkii (Kirk's). 2-4. Orange-scarlet. Nyasaland

and E. Africa. 1893.
„ lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. E. Ind.

1781.
„ latise'pala (broad-sepaled). 2. White. Nyasaland.

1908.
„ Lu'cice (Lucy's). 2. Corolla £ in. long. Transvaal.

1908.

„ ma'gnidens (large-toothed). Salmon. Uganda. 1905.
„ marmora'ta (marbled). White. Leaves green,

blotched brown. Abyssinia. 1892.
,, pilo'sa (pilose). Trop. Africa.
„ prasi'na (leek-green). \. White, with green middle

band. British Central Africa. 1904.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 2. White. July.

S. Africa. 1820.
„ somalie'nsis (Somaliland). White, tinted yellow.

Somaliland. 1902.
„ spathula'ta (spatulate). 2. Yellow. July. Trop.

Asia. 1820.
„ ihyrsifto'ra (thyrse-flowered). S. Africa. (B. M., t.

7678.)
,, va'rians (variable). See K. SPATHULATA.

KALE. See BORECOLE.

KA'LMIA. (Named after Peter Kalm, a Swedish
botanist. Nat. ord. Heathworts [Ericaceae!. Linn. 10-
Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Azalea.)

Hardy evergreens, all from North America, and all red-
flowered, except where specified. By cuttings of young
shoots in sandy peat, in a shady place, under hand-lights ;
by layers made at the end of summer ; by seeds sown in
shallow pans filled with sandy peat, and kept close in a

frame until the seedlings are up, pricked off when finger-
able, kept close again, and gradually inured to the open
air ; sandy peat-soil is best, though they often thrive
well in sandy loam and leaf-mould ; good for forcing.
K. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. June. 1736.
, fo'liis vzriega'tis (variegated-leaved). 2. June.
glau'ca (sea-green). 2. June.
ln'cida (shining). 2. June.
mi'nima (least). 2. June.
na'na (dwarf). 2. June.
m'tida (shining). 2. June.
ova'ta (egg-leaved). 2. June.
pu'mila (dwarf). 2. June.
ro'sea (rosy). 3. June.
ru'bra (red- flowered). 3. June.
, cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 2. White, red. June. 1820.
, glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Pui»ple. April. 1767.
, ,, rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 2. April. 1812.
, hirsu'ta (hairy). £. August. 1786.
, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 8. Pink or flesh. June.

1734. " Calico Bush."

„ „ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). Leaves small, lanceo-
late. 1883.

„ „ Pava'rti (Pavart's). Gardens. 1888.
•» „ polype' tola (many-petaled). Corolla leaves free.

1890.

KALOSA'NTHES. A synonym of Rochea, and now
erroneously applied to R. cocci' nea and its varieties. See
RO'CHEA.

KANGURU VINE. Vi'tis anta'rctica.
KARA'TAS. (Derivation not explained. Nat. ord.
Bromeliaceae.)

Stove, evergreen herbs with spiny leaves. Seeds and
suckers. Loam, leaf-mould, peat, and sand.
K. acanthocra' ter (strong-spined). Lilac. May. Brazil.

1877.

,, agavczfo'lia (Agave-leaved). Guiana.
,, amazo'nica (Amazonian). 2. White, with greenish

tube. Brazil. 1886.

„ antiaca'ntha (spine-against-spiaed). Leaves brownish
at the base. Bracts scarlet. Probably Bromelia
fastuosa (?).
„ Caroli'na (Carolina's). Purple, crimson. Brazil.

1865.

,, coria'cea. (leathery). Brazil.

„ crue'nta (blood-coloured). Brazil. (B. M., t. 2892.)
,, fu'lgens (shining). Brazil.
„ hu'milis (low), i. Pink. March. Mexico and

Colombia. 1789.

„ Innoce'ntii (Innocent's). Brazil.
,, „ stria' ta (striated). Leaves striped.
,, marmora'ta (marbled). Brazil (?).
,, Meyendo'rfii (Meyendorf's). See K. PRINCEPS.
„ negle'cta (neglected). Brazil.
,, paxia'na (Paxian). Brazil.
,, Plumie'ri (Plumier's). i$. Yellow. May. S. Amer.

1759-

,, pri'nceps (chief). Brazil.
,, purpu'rea (purple). Brazil.
,, ru' titans (reddish). Brazil.
,, Scheremetie'wii (Scheremetiew's). Brazil.
,, specta'bilis (showy). Brazil. (B. M., t. 6024.)
,, tri'stis (sad). Brazil.

KARELTNIA. (Derivation not explained. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Super-
ftua.) The genus is now referred to Pluchea.

Hardy herbaceous. Divisions of the plant in the
spring ; common garden soil.
K . ca'spia (Caspian). Purple. August. Caspian. 1820.

KAUFMA'NNIA. (Commemorative of Kaufmann, a
Russian botanist. Nat. ord. Primulacea?.)

Hardy perennial herb. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary
garden soil.

K. Semeno'vii (Semenow's). i. Yellow. Turkestan.
1876.

KAULFU'SSIA of Blume. (Named after G. F. Kaul-
fuss, M.D. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Allied to Danaea.)

Stove Fern. Spores. Loam, peat, and sand.
K. (Bsculifo'lia (chestnut-leaved). Fronds of 3~5 leaflets.
Assam ; Malaya.

KAULFUSSIA AMELLOIDES 473

KETELEERIA

KAULFU'SSIA AMELLOI DES of Nees. See CHARIEIS

HETEROPHYLLA.

KAULFU'SSIA CILIA'TA of Sprengel. See GYMNO-

STEPHIUM CILIARE.

KAURI PINE. A'gathis austra'lis.

KEDRO'STIS. (Derivation not clear. Nat. ord.
Cucurbitaceae.)

Tuberous-rooted, perennial, prostrate or climbing
stove herb. Fruit a beaked berry. Seeds or divisions
of the root. Loam, a little peat, and sand.
K. foetidi'ssima (very-foetid). Greenish-yellow, small.
Trop. Africa.

KEFERSTETNIA. See ZYGOPETALUM.

TTRT.P is the ash remaining after seaweed is burnt, and
has been used with great advantage as a manure to
potatoes, broccoli, and other species of cabbage-worts.
It is composed of carbonate of soda, and iodide and
bromide of potassium, carbon, sulphates of lime and
magnesia, and other matters of trivial importance. See
GREEN MANURE.

KENDRI CKIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Melastomaceae.)

A stove climber, with creeping Ivy-like stems. Cut-
tings in sand in a close case. Loam, peat, and sand.
K. Walke'ri (Walker's). Bright red. Ceylon. 1896.

KENNE'DYA. (Named after Mr. Kennedy, of the firm
of Lee & Kennedy, nurserymen. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ly-Diadelphia, 3-Decandria.)

Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from Australia. Cut-
tings of short side-shoots getting firm, in April and May,
in sand, over sandy peat, under a bell-glass, kept close
for a fortnight, and then put into a little extra heat ;
peat and sandy loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°, and
most of them like a little shade in summer. All the
species, also, may be easily propagated by seeds, which,
after being soaked in warm water for a few hours, may
be sown in sandy soil, and placed in a hotbed.
K. audomarie'nsis (Audomarian). See HARDENBERGIA

MONOPHYLLA AUDOMARIENSIS.

,, cocci'nea (scarlet). 10. Scarlet. June. 1803.

„ „ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 4. Purple. April.

1826.
„ „ tricolor (three-coloured). 4. Red, yellow, purple.

May. 1837.
„ comptonia'na (Compton's). See HARDENBERGIA

COMPTONIANA.

„ corda'ta (heart-shaped). See HARDENBERGIA MONO-
PHYLLA.

„ dilata'ta (widened). See K. COCCINEA.

„ Fredwoo'dii (Fredwood's). Carmine. 1864.

,, glabra'ta (smooth). 4-6. Orange. May. 1834.

„ heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). See K. COCCINEA.

„ inophy'lla (nerve-leaved). See K. COCCINEA.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See HARDENBERGIA MONO-
PHYLLA.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See HARDENBERGIA

COMPTONIANA.

„ Marrya'ta (Mrs. Marryatt's). See K. PROSTRATA.

,, microphy'lla (small-leaved). Crimson. July.

„ monophy'lla (simple-leaved). See HARDENBERGIA

MONOPHYLLA.

„ „ longiracemo'sa (long-racemed). See HARDEN-
BERGIA MONOPHYLLA ROSEA.

„ ni'gricans (dark-corollaed). 3. Purple, green. March.

1832.

„ ova ta (egg-leaved) . See HARDENBERGIA MONOPHYLLA.
, „ caru'lea (blue). Blue var. of Hardenbergia mono-

phylla. 1888.

„ parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 4. 1824.
„ prostra'ta (prostrate). 4. Scarlet. April. 1790.
„ ,, ma'jor (larger). See K. PROSTRATA.

„ mi'nor (smaller). Red. June. 1836.
„ rubicu'nda (red). 10. Dark red. June. 1788.
„ seri'cea (silky). 4. Scarlet. May. 1824.
„ Stirli'ngii (Stirling's). 3. Scarlet. May. 1834.

KE'NTIA. (Commemorative of Lieut. -Col. Kent. Nat.
ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove Palms of decorative character. Seeds, Loam,
peat, and sand.

K. Albe'rtii (Albert's). 1905.

„ austra'lis (southern). Lord Howe's Island. 1872.
,, belmorea'na (Belmorean). See HOWEA BELMOREANA.
,, canterburya' na (Canterburyan). See HEDYSCEPE CAN-

TERBURYANA.

„ e'legans^ (elegant). See CYPHOPH<BNIX ELEGANS.

„ eleganti' ssima (most elegant). Country unknown.

1888.

,, forsteria'na (Forsterian). See HOWEA FORSTERIANA.
„ „ stria'ta (striped). See HOWEA FORSTERIANA

STRIATA.

„ gra'cilis (graceful). See KENTIOPSIS DIVARICATA.
„ kerstenia'na (Kerstenian). Leaflets wedge-shaped.

1898. Probably a Ptychosperma.
„ Linde'ni (Linden's). See KENTIOPSIS MACROCARPA.
„ Lucia'ni (Lucian's). Country unknown. 1878.
,, Macarthu'rii (Macarthur's). See PTYCHOSPERMA

MACARTHURII.

,, sa'pida (tasty). See RHOPALOSTYLIS SAPIDA.
,, siebertia'na (Siebertian). See PTYCHORAPHIS SIEBER-

TIANA.
,, wendlandia'na (Wendlandian). See HYDRIASTELE

WENDLANDIANA.

KENTI'OPSIS. (Derived from Kentia, and oast's, re-
semblance; the species resemble Kentias. Nat. ord,
Palmaceae.)

Stove Palms of decorative value. Seeds. Loam, peat,
and sand.
K. divarica'ta (divaricate). Leaves with 12-14 pinnae on

each side. New Caledonia. 1876.
„ macroca'rpa (large-fruited). Young leaves pale red.

New Caledonia. 1876.
„ olivafo'rmis (olive-shaped). New Caledonia.

KENTROPHY'LLUM. (From kentron, a spine, and
phullon, a leaf ; literally, spine-leaved. Nat. ord. Com-
posites [Compositas]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, ^-Frustranea.)
Now referred to Carthamus.
K. arbore'scens (shrubby). See CARTHAMUS ARBORESCENS.

,, cre'ticum (Cretan). See CARTHAMUS LANATUS.

„ flave'scens (yellowish). See CARTHAMUS FLAVESCENS.

,, glau'cum (sea-green). See CARTHAMUS GLAUCUS.

„ Ice'vis (smooth). See STOKESIA CYANEA.

„ lana'tum (woolly). See CARTHAMUS LANATUS.

„ leucocau'lon (white-stemmed). See CARTHAMUS LEU-
COCAULOS.

„ tau'ricum (Taurian). See CARTHAMUS LANATUS.

KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. Gymnoda'dus canade'nsis.

KERAMA NTHUS. (From keramos, a vase, and anltos,
a flower ; in allusion to the shape of the calyx. Nat.
ord. Passifloraceae.)

A stove perennial allied to Modecca. Cuttings in sand
in a dry stove. Fibrous loam, sand, and some nodules
of charcoal or broken bricks.

K. Kir'kii (Kirk's). 2-4. Flowers greenish ; berries
brown. Zanzibar. 1875.

KERCHO VEA FLORIBU'NDA. See STROMANTHE

PORTEANA.

KE'RRIA. (Named after M. Kerr , once superintendent
of the Botanic Garden, Ceylon. Nat. ord. Roseworts
[Rosaceas]. Linn. 12-Icosandria, $-Trigynia. Allied to

Hardy deciduous shrub, with yellow flowers, from
Japan, formerly called Co'rchorus japo'nicus. Cuttings
of the young shoots under a hand-light ; layers, and
division of the plant ; common loam.
K. japo'nica (Japanese). 3- Blooms through summer.

1700.
„ „ fto're-ple'no (double-flowered). 6. June. 1700.

KETELEE RIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Coniferae.)

Hardy Conifers coming between Pseudolanx and Abies
in character. Seeds. Ordinary soil.
K. davidia'na (Davidian). China. 1873.

„ Fortu'nei (Fortune's). 30-40. China. 1850.

„ so.' era (sacred). China.

KICKXIA

474

KIDNEY BEAN

KTCKXIA. (Probably commemorative. Nat. ord.
Apocynaces.)

Smooth-leaved stove trees. Seeds ; cuttings in sand,
in a close case, with bottom-heat. Loam, leaf-mould,
and sand.
K. africa'na (African). 60. Yellow. W. Trop. Africa.

Valuable rubber-tree.

„ ela'stica (elastic). 50. Yellow. W. Africa. 1899.
Valuable rubber-tree.

KIDNEY BEAN. Phase'olus vulga'ris.

Varieties. — There are three kinds— the Runners, or
twining varieties ; the Dwarfs ; and the Skinless, or
Mange-tout. These last, and the runners, are those
most commonly cultivated, being eaten pod and seed
together, whilst of others only the seeds are eaten.

RUNNERS.— Large Running White, White Long Pod,
Dutch Case Knife, Long White, or Large White Sugar. A
good bearer, and one of the best for late use.

Sabre. — Seeds white. This is, perhaps, the best of all,
being a good bearer, and its pods of great length and
size. This sort grows very high.

Prudhomme, or Prodommet. — Seeds greyish, oval, and
small. There is a yellow variety of this.

Prague, or Red Pea. — Seeds round, of violet colour. A
moderate bearer, and late.

Prague Bicolor.— Similar to the last, seed a little larger.
A good bearer, but very late.

Sophie.— Like the Prague, but seeds whiter and larger.
A moderate bearer, and late.

Small White French Runner.— White seeds, oblong, and
very thin. It is a good bearer, but is too tender to ripen
its seeds in this country, except under a wall in a very
warm situation.

Lima. — Seeds very large, thick, and of a dirty white ;
pods large, short, slightly rough, and wrinkled. Prolific,
and the seeds are very mealy ; but in this climate a crop
can only be obtained by forwarding the plants in a hot-
bed, and planting them out singly in May. It is eaten
both in a green state and shelled. It grows high.

Venetian Sugar. — Resembling Lima, the principal diffe-
rence consisting in the seeds being flatter, larger, and
speckled with red. An abundant bearer, but must be
used young.

Pale Turkey, or Scarlet Runner. — Of this there are two
varieties distinct from the common Haricot, one with
scarlet, the other with white flowers ; the latter is pre-
ferable for culinary purposes on account of its greater
mealiness and thinner skin. There is also a third variety
with two-coloured flowers, but it is not superior to either
of the above. A good bearer, but not very early.

DWARF.— Dwarf White Dutch, Dutch Long Pod, or Early
Dwarf Dutch. — Pods long, narrow, and excellent when
green ; seeds white, small, a little compressed. Not very
early in this country.

Early White, or Brewer's White.—^S&eds white, narrow,
rather long, and cylindrical. It is very dwarf, early,
good for forcing, equally suited for eating green, and
when the seeds are ripe.

Dwarf White Sans-parchemin forms thick, bushy plants.
Good whilst green ; stringless till three parts grown, and
excellent when ripe.

Dwarf American White. — Pod short, of a strong and
branching habit, sometimes climbing a little, but generally
dwarf, and not requiring support ; very prolific ; its
short, swollen pod a little hooked, strongly coloured with
reddish-brown, particularly at the two extremities ; this
is not in the least stringy.

Of the Haricot Suisse there are many varieties, of which
the principal are the White, the Grey, and the Red.

Dwarf Black-Spotted. — Grown particularly in the Maine.
The Mohawk from the United States.

Dwarf Red-Speckled, Fulner's Spotted Dwarf, and Long-
Spotted French. — These have peculiar characters, accord-
ing to the length and form of their seeds. They are all
excellent in a green state, for which they are chiefly used.

Dwarf Negro. — Used in a green state ; this rivals the
Swiss varieties. This is one of the best for general use,
and an abundant bearer.

Haricot Noir de Belgique.—ls perfectly dwarf, and is the
earliest which we are yet acquainted with. Its pods,
although rather pale, are very good in a young state.

Crimson Runner. — Highly esteemed for stewing when
ripe ; seeds red, flat, and small.

Flat Yellow Canada.— The most dwarf, and one of the

earliest skinless, and therefore either good when young,
or when full grown ; seeds nearly round, pale yellow,
very good when dried. A good bearer.

Polish Beans. — A prolific sort, excellent either fresh-
shelled or dried ; seeds rather large, roundish, and
sulphur-coloured. There is a sub- variety of it with
clear, bronze-coloured seeds, which also appears to be
good. A good bearer, and early. — Card. Chron.

Soil and Situation. — A very light, mellow, well-drained
loam. For the early and late crops, a sheltered border
must always be allotted, or in a single row about a foot
from a south fence, otherwise the situation cannot be too
open.

Sowing commences with the year. They may be sown
towards the end of J anuary in pots, and placed upon the
flue of the hothouse, or in rows in the mould of a hotbed,
for production in March, to be repeated once every three
weeks in similar situations in February and March, for
supplying the table during April ; a small sowing may
be made, if fine open weather, under a frame without
heat, for removal into a sheltered border early in May.
The chief requisite for success in the hothouse is to have
them near the glass ; to keep them well watered ; the
air moist, and ventilated as much as the season permits.

During May, and thence until the first week in August,
sowings may be made once every three weeks. In
September, forcing recommences, at first merely under
frames without bottom-heat ; October, and thence to
the close of the year, in hotbeds, &c., as in January.
Sowing, when a removal is intended, should always be
made in pots, the plants being less retarded, as the roots
are less injured, than when the seed is inserted in patches
or rows in the earth of the bed. It is a good practice,
likewise, to repeat each sowing in the frames without
heat after the lapse of a week, as the first will often fail,
when a second, although after so short a lapse of time,
will perfectly succeed. In every instance the seed is
buried one and a half or two inches deep. The rows of
the main crops to be two feet apart, the seed being
inserted either in drills or by the dibble, four inches
apart ; the plants, however, to be thinned to twice that
distance. If a vacancy occurs, it may always be filled
by plants which have been carefully removed by the
trowel from where they stood too thick. The seed in-
serted during the hottest period of summer should be
either soaked in water for five or six hours, laid in damp
mould for a day or two, or the drills be well watered
previously to sowing.

The pods of both kinds are always to be gathered
while young ; by thus doing, and care being had not to
injure the stems in detaching them, the plants are
rendered prolific and long lived.

Forcing. — The hotbed must be of moderate size, and
covered with earth nine inches thick. When the heat
has become regular, the seed may be inserted in drills
a foot apart, and the plants allowed to stand six inches
asunder in the rows. Air must be admitted as freely as
to the melon. The same precautions are likewise neces-
sary as to keeping up the temperature, taking the chill off
the water, &c., as for that plant. When the seed begins
to sprout, the mould should be kept regularly moistened ;
and when grown up, water may be given moderately
three times a week. The temperature should never be
less than 60°, nor higher than 75°.

Those sown under frames in March for transplanting
into a border, when two or three inches in height, must,
in a like manner, be hardened gradually for the exposure,
by the plentiful admission of air, and the total removal
of the glasses during fine days. If any are raised in
pots in the hothouse, they must be prepared similarly
for the removal, by setting them outside in fine days, and
there watering them with cold water.

If the season is too ungenial to remove them even to
a warm border, the plants are often inserted in patches,
to have the protection of frames or hand-lights at night,
or as the weather demands.

Runners. — As these are more tender, and the seed is
more apt to decay, than those of the dwarfs, no open-
ground crop must be inserted before early in May, to
be continued at intervals of four weeks through June
and July, which will insure a supply from the middle of
this last month until October.

They are so prolific and such permanent bearers, that
three open-ground sowings of a size proportionate to the
consumption, will, in almost every instance, be sufficient.

KIDNEY VETCH

475

KNIGHTIA

They are inserted in drills, either singly, three feet
apart, or in pairs ten or twelve inches asunder, and each
pair four feet distant from its neighbour. The seed is
buried two inches deep, and four apart in the rows, the
plants being thinned to twice that distance.

If grown in single rows, a row of poles must be set on
the south side of each ; being fixed firmly in the ground,
they may be kept together by having a light pole tied
horizontally along their tops, or a post being fixed at
each end of a row, united by a cross bar at their tops :
a string may be passed from this to each of the plants.
If the rows are in pairs, a row of poles must be placed on
each side, so fixed in the ground that their summits
cross, and are tied together.

If the runners are nipped off as fast as they appear, the
plants become bushy, and are nearly as prolific as if
allowed to climb.

To obtain Seed.— Forty or fifty plants of the dwarf
kinds, or thirty of the runners, will be sufficient for a
moderate-sized family. They must be raised purposely
in May, or a like number from the crop in that month
left ungathered from ; for the first pods always produce
the finest seeds, and ripen perfectly. In autumn, as
soon as the plants decay, they must be pulled up,
thoroughly dried, and stored in the pods.

KIDNEY VETCH. Anihy'llis.

KTELME YERA. (Named after a German patron of
botany. Nat. ord. Theads [Ternstromiaceae]. Linn.
i$-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young shoots
getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat;
fibrous, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter
45° to 55°.
K. exce'lsa (tall). 60. White. July. Brazil. 1833.

KILLI'NGA. See KYLLINGA.

KTNGIA. (Commemorative of Ca.pt. P. G. King,
Governor of New South Wales. Nat. ord. Juncaceae.)

Greenhouse perennial, allied to Xanthorrhcea. Im-
ported seeds and plants. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
K. austra'lis (southern). 3-4. Brown. Australia.

KING OF THE WOODS. Ancectochi'lus rega'lis.

KIRENGE'SHOMA. (A Japanese name. Nat. ord.
SaxifragaceaeO

Hardy perennial requiring a shady situation. Seeds
and divisions in spring. Light loam and leaf-soil.
K. palma' ta (hand-shaped). 2-3. Yellow. Japan. 1891.

KIRGANEXIA EXEGANS. See PHYLLANTHUS CASTI-

CUM.

KTTAIBEXIA. (Commemorative of Paul Kitaibel, a
botanist of Pesth, Austria, 1757-1817. Nat. ord. Mal-
vaceae.)

Tall, perennial herb for the border or shrubbery.
Divisions in spring. Ordinary soil.

K. Lindemu' thii (Lindemuth's). Graft-hybrid between
Kitaibelia vitifolia and Abutilon Thompsoni. 1902.
„ vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). 5-8. White or rose. Eastern
Europe.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

Situation. — A gentle declination towards the south,
with a point to the east, is the most favourable aspect ;
to the north-east the least so : in short, any point to the
south is to be preferred to one verging towards the
north. A high wall should inclose it to the north and
east, gradually lowering to the south and west. If,
however, a plantation or building on the east side, at
some distance, shelter it from the piercing winds which
blow from that quarter, and yet are at such a distance
as not to intercept the rays of the rising sun, it is much
to be preferred to heightening the wall. It is a still
greater desideratum to have a similar shelter, or that
of a hill on the south-west and north-west points. The
garden is best situated at a moderate elevation ; the
summit of a hill or the bottom of a valley is equally to
be avoided. It is a fact not very difficult of explana-
tion, that low-lying ones are the most liable to suffer
from blights and severe frosts ; those much above the
level of the sea are obviously most exposed to inclement
winds.

Size. — To determine the appropriate size of a kitchen-
garden is impossible. It ought to be proportionate to
the size of the family, their partiality for vegetables,
and the fertility of the soil.

It may serve as some criterion to state that the
management of a kitchen-garden occupying the space of
an acre affords ample employment for a gardener, who
will also require an assistant at the busiest periods of
the year. In general, a family of four persons, exclusive
of servants, requires a full rood of open kitchen-garden.

KITCHTNGIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Crassulaceas.)

A dwarf, prostrate, warm greenhouse herb, rooting at
the nodes. Cuttings in heat in spring. Loam, leaf-
mould, sand, and some finely broken brick.
K. uniflo'ra (one-flowered). J. Rich purple. Mada-
gascar. 1908.

KLA TTIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Iridaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubby plant. Seeds ; cuttings
or sucker-like offsets, in sand, under a bell-glass. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.

K. parti' ta (par ted). 1-2. Bright blue. April. S.Africa.
1822.

KLEINHO VIA. (Commemorative of Kleinhoff, a
Dutch botanist. Nat. ord. Sterculiaceae.)

Evergreen, stove tree. Cuttings of mature shoots in

sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat,

and sand. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 60°.

K. Ho'spita (stranger). 20. Pink. Constant. Trop.

Asia. 1800.

KLETNIA, of Linnaeus. (Commemorative of Dr. Klein.
Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Dry and warm greenhouse evergreens, some of which
are very useful for carpet bedding. Cuttings in sand, in
moderate heat and not over-watered. Loam, a little
leaf-mould, and plenty of sand.
K. acau'lis (stemless). S. Africa.
„ aizoi'des (Aizoon-like). S. Africa.
,, Anteupho'rbium (like Euphorbia). 3-4. Yellow,

tinted rose. S. Africa. 1596.
,, artieula'ta (jointed). 1-2. Yellow. September.

S. Africa. 1775. " Candle Plant."
, carno'sa (fleshy). See SENECIO ELEGANS.
, ficoi'des (fig-like). S. Africa.
, fu'lgens (shining). 2-3. Orange- vermilion. S.

Africa. 1866.

, Galpi'ni (Galpin's). S. Africa. (B. M., t. 7239.)
, Gra'ntii (Grant's). f-f. Bright scarlet. E. Trop.

Africa. 1899. Procumbent.
„ Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). £. Orange-yellow. S.

Africa. 1795.

„ neriifo'lia (Nerium-leaved). 2-3. Yellow. Sep-
tember. Canaries. 1732.

,, papilla'ris (nippled). 2. Yellow. S. Africa. 1727.
„ pe'ndula (drooping). Crimson. Somaliland and

Arabia. 1899. Stems serpentine.
,, pugionifo'rmis (dagger-formed). i. Yellow. S.

Africa. 1820.
„ radi'cans (rooting). J. Yellow. July. S. Africa.

1823. Creeping.

,, re' pens (creeping). J-£. Yellow. S. Africa.
,, tomento'sa (felted). See K. HAWORTHII.
„ viola' 'cea (violet). 3. Pale violet-rose. Abyssinia.
1910.

KLU'GIA. (Commemorative of Dr. W. Klug. Nat.
ord. Gesneraceae.)

Evergreen stove herbs. Seed ; cuttings in sand in a
close case. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
K. notonia'na (Notonian) of A.D.C. i. Blue, yellow.

India. 1848.

„ notonia'na (Notonian) of Hooker. See K. ZEYLANICA.
,, zeyla'nica (Cingalese), x. Blue, yellow. Summer.
Ceylon.

KNIGHTIA. (Named after /. A. Knight, late presi-
dent of the London Horticultural Society. Nat. ord.
Proteads [Proteaceae], Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Grevillea.)

KNIGHT'S STAR

476'

KOCHIA

Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots,
with all the leaves on, except a few at the base of the
cutting, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and removed
in a few weeks into a mild bottom-heat ; peat, with a
little sandy loam, and a few broken potsherds. Winter
temp., 35° to 45°. In summer the pots should be shaded.
K. exce'lsa (lofty). 10. Flesh. New Zealand. 1824.
„ strobili'na (cone-like). 3. Green, yellow. April.
New Caledonia. 1824.

KNIGHT'S STAR. Hippea'strwn.

KNIPHO'FIA. " Torch Lily." (Commemorative of
Johann Hieronymus Kniphof, a German Professor of
Medicine. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Hardy herbaceous herbs of great beauty for beds and
borders. Divisions in spring. Ordinary garden soil,
well drained, and in sheltered positions. Few plants are
capable of making a more gorgeous display in the summer
and autumn months. Some of them commence bloom-
ing quite early in the season, and others keep up a
succession till the well-known Red-hot Poker (K. aloides)
brightens the garden, when little else than late Michaelmas
Daisies and Chyrsanthemums remain in bloom.
K. aloi'des (Aloe-like). 2-4. Orange-scarlet. August to
October. S. Africa. 1707. " Common Torch
Lily " or " Red-hot Poker."
„ „ Cana'ri (Canary). Yellow. 1888.
„ ,, glauce' scens (sea-green). Heads very large. 1859.
„ „ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). S. Africa. 1859.
„ ,, gra'ndis (grand). See K. ALOIDES MAXIMA.
„ „ longisca'pa (long-scaped). Tall variety.
„ ,, ma'xima (largest). 4-7. Deep yellow. S. Africa.

1862.
, „ no'bilis (noble). 4-6. Deep orange ; head very

large. 1882.

,, ,, Saunde'rsii (Saunders'). 1882.
„ „ sero'fo'na(late). 4-5. November. S.Africa. 1859.
,, breviflo'ra (short-flowered). 2-3. Bright yellow.

S. Africa. 1897.

„ Burche'Uii(Burchell's). ij. Orange. S.Africa. 1816.
,, carno'sa (fleshy). Apricot. September. Abyssinia.

1879.
,, caule' scens (long-stemmed). Red at first, then yellow.

Stem elevated. S. Africa. 1862.
,, citri'na (lemon). 2. Pale yellow. S. Africa. 1893.
,, como'sa (long-haired). 2. Yellow ; stamens red.

Abyssinia. 1879.

,, cor alii' no, (coral-red). Orange-red. Gardens.
„ ere'cta (erect). Like K. aloides, but flowers sometimes

erect. 1903.
„ exce'lsa (tall). Flowers almost campanulate. Hybrid.

1904.

,, folio' so, (leafy). 3. Bright yellow. Abyssinia. 1876.
„ Ki'rkii (Kirk's). 4. Reddish-orange. S.E. Trop.

Africa. 1887.

„ laxifto'ra (loose-flowered). See K. BURCHELLII.
„ Leichtli'nii (Leichtlin's). 2-4. Yellow and red.

Abyssinia. 1883.
„ „ au'rea (golden). Soft orange-red to soft yellow.

1900.

„ „ dista'chya (twin-spiked). Scape sometimes pro-
ducing 2-3 heads. 1884.
„ longi'collis (long-hilled). 3. Clear yellow. Natal.

1893. Half-hardy.
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 3-3$. Yellow-red. Natal.

1901.
„ Maco'wani (Macowan's). 2. Orange, tinted red. S.

Africa. 1874.
„ mode'sia (modest). 2. White. Natal and Griqua-

land. (B.M., t. 7293.)
„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 6-7. White. S. Africa.

„ wuMis (Natal). 2-3. Orange-red. Natal. 1889.

,, Nelso'ni (Nelson's). 2. Orange-scarlet. Orange
River Colony. 1892.

„ No'rthice (Miss North's). 4-6. Pale yellow ; upper
ones reddish. S. Africa. 1889.

,, pallidiflo'ra (pale-flowered). 1-2. White. Mada-
gascar. 1887. Half-hardy.

„ Pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). 2. Pale yellow, few.
Natal. 1889. Half-hardy.

„ pra'cox (early). 2-2*. Scarlet, yellow. October.
S.Africa. 1862.

K. primuli'na (primrose). 3. Primrose-yellow. Natal.

1897.
,, pu'mila (dwarf), i. Orange. September. S. Africa.

1774-

,, quartinia'na (Quartinian). See K. FOLIOSA.
,, Roope'ri (Rooper's). 4. Orange-red, yellow. Novem-
ber. Kaffraria. 1854.
,, ru'fa (reddish). 1^-3. Yellow, stained dull red.

Orange River Colony. 1900.
,, „ venu'sta, (lovely). Bright yellow. 1907.
,, sarmento'sa (twiggy). 2. Orange. Cape of Good

Hope. 1789.
„ Tu'ckii (Tuck's). 2-2J. Orange, fading to yellow.

S. Africa. 1893.
„ Tyso'ni (Tyson's). 3. Orange-red and yellow. S.

Africa.

,, Uva'ria (clustered). See K. ALOIDES.
,, Woo'dii (Wood's). 3^. Creamy-yellow. Leaves

spiny on edges. Natal. 1895.

KNOL-KOHL, KOHL-RUBI, or KOHL-RABI (Bra'ssica
Cau'lo-ra'pa), the Turnip-stemmed Cabbage. It is some-
times called, also, the Cape Cabbage. The stem is thick,
rises about eight inches out of the ground, is swollen into
a globular form, very like a large Swedish turnip growing
above ground, and is crowned with leaves, slightly
scolloped on the edges, undulated, and milky-green, like
those of the turnip we have mentioned. There are
several varieties of it ; but the green-stemmed and the
purple-stemmed (especially the latter) are to be preferred.

It is sweeter, more nutritious, and more solid than
either the Cabbage or White Turnip ; will produce a
greater weight per acre than the turnip, and prefers a
heavier soil than that root ; is hardier, and keeps better
than any other bulb ; and imparts very little of that
flavour, either to milk or butter, known as turnipy. So
much relished is it both by cows and sheep, that they
will leave either turnips or cabbages to partake of it.
Hares and rabbits are so fond of it that where they
abound Knol-kohl can scarcely be grown. It is excellent
when boiled for table. Sow in the first week of March,
and plant out in June in rows four feet apart, if the soil
is fertile, but only three feet if the soil is less productive,
and three feet from plant to plant in the rows. The
plants must have the chief part of their stems left un-
covered by the soil. Two pounds of seed produce enough
plants for an acre. It is an excellent crop for cleaning
the soil, as the width between the plants and rows
enables the hoe to be efficiently used, and during a
lengthened period. When blanks occur, these may be
filled up from the seed-bed with fresh plants. The
produce is from eighteen to twenty tons, and upwards,
per acre. The bulbs may be kept sound and nutritious
until very late in the spring, even much later than the
Swedish turnip.

KNO'XIA. (Named after R. Knox, a traveller, long
resident in Ceylon. Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn.
4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young shoots in sand,
under a glass, in April or May ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
K. brachyca'rpa (short- fruited). Pink. July. Himalaya.

1818.
,, corymbo'sa (corymbose). 2-3. White. June, July.

India ; Ceylon. 1818.

,, exse'rta (ontside-stamened). See K. CORYMBOSA.
„ lee' vis (smooth). See K. BRACHYCARPA.
„ sumatre' nsis (Sumatran) of Decandolle. White. India.
,, sumatre' nsis (Sumatran) of Wallich. See K. CORYM-
BOSA.

„ te'res (cylindrical-stemmed). See K. CORYMBOSA.
„ zeyla'nica (Ceylon), £. White. July. Ceylon. 1826.

KO'CHIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Chenopodiaceae.)

The typical K. scoparia is a weed, but the variety
trichophylla is an ornamental annual of great beauty
for beds, borders, prominent positions in the garden,
and for pot culture. The foliage of the dying plant
turns red in autumn. Seeds. Ordinary garden soil.

K. scopa'ria (broom-like). 2-3. Green. Summer.

Europe ; Northern Asia. 1827.

„ „ trichophy'lla (hair-leaved). 2-2 J. Green. Plant
egg-shaped or columnar. 1898.

KCEHLERIA HONDENSIS

477

KYLLINGA

KCEHLE'RIA HONDE'NSIS. See ISOLOMA HON DENSE.
KOSHLE'RIA SEEMA'NNI. See ISOLOMA SEEMAX.M.
KCELFRIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Gramineae.)

Hardy grasses of neat habit, some of which may yet
be used for lawns in dry, poor soil. Seed. Light dry soils.
K. albe'scens (whitish). Western Europe.
,, crista'ta (crested). North temperate regions.
„ gra'cilis (slender). Europe (Britain).
„ ,, brita'nnica (British). Britain.
„ phleoi'des (Phleum-like). Mediterranean region.
„ seta'cca (hair-like). S. Europe.

KCELLENSTETNIA GRAMTNEA. See AGANISIA

GRAMINEA.

KCELLENSTEI'NIA IONOPTERA. See AGANISIA

IONOPTERA.

KCELLJKE'RIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Gesneraceae.)

A small, but interesting stove herb. Seeds and offsets.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand in nearly equal proportions.
K. argyrosti gma (silver-spotted). J. White and rose.
June. Peru. (B.M., t. 4175.)

KOELREUTE'RIA. (Named after Kdelreuter, a cele-
brated German botanist, the father of hybridising plants.
Nat. ord. Soapworts [Sapindaceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Hardy deciduous trees. Cuttings of the root ; cuttings
of the young shoots under a hand-light ; seeds in spring ;
layers in the end of summer ; common soil, in a sheltered
situation ; beautiful in its leaves, flowers, fruit, and the
mode of growing, as it gets old.
K. bipinna'ta (twice-pinnate). Bright yellow, with

purple spot. Yunnan, China. 1888.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). 10. Yellow. July. China. 1763.

K(E'NIGA MAKI'TIMA. See ALYSSUM MARITIMUM.
KOHL-RABI or -RUBI. See KNOL-KOHL.
KOLA NTJT. Co'la acumina'ta.

KOLKWTTZIA, (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Caprifoliaceae.)

A hardy shrub closely related to Lonicera. Seeds,
cuttings, layers. Ordinary soil.

K. ama'bilis (lovely). Fruits covered with long brown
bristles. Central China. 1903.

KOLPAKO'WSKIA IXIOLIRIOI'DES. See IXIOLIRION

KOLPAKOWSKIANUM.

KO'PSIA. (Named after Professor Kops. Nat. ord.
Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Cerbera.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the young shoots,
getting a little firm at their base, in sand, over sandy
soil, and in bottom-heat ; peat and sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
K. frutico'sa (shrubby). Red. May. India and Malaya.
1818.

KOROLKO'WIA DI'SCOLOR. See FRITILLARIA
SEWERZOWI BICOLOR.

KOROLKO'WIA SEWERZO'WI. See FRITILLARIA
SEWERZOWI.

KOSTELFTZKYA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Malvaceae.)

K. pentasperma is a stove evergreen shrub, and the
others hardy perennial herbs. Divisions and cuttings ;
cuttings of the stove species, in a close case, with heat.
Loam, leaf-mould, peat, and sand for the stove species.
K. pentaca'rpa (five-carpelled). 3. Lilac, red. August.

Russia. 1752.
„ pentasperma (five-seeded). 3. Yellow. July. Trop.

Amer. 1825.

„ virgi'nica (Virginian). 2. Red. August. N. Amer.
1798.

KRAME RIA. (Named after the two Kramers, German
botanists. Nat. ord. Milkworts [Polygalaceaej. Linn.
i^-Didynamia, 2- A ngiospermia.)

This is the intensely-astringent called Rhatany-ropt
in South America. Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in

sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy loam and fibrous
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 48° to 60°.
K. lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). 4. Red. N.W. Amer.

1824.
„ paucifto'ra (few-flowered). See K. LANCEOLATA.

KREYSIGIA. (Named after Kreysig, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-
Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Uvularia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Division of the
plant in spring ; light, sandy loam ; requires the pro-
tection of a cold pit, or a cool greenhouse, in winter.
K. multiflo'ra (many-flowered), i. Rose. June. N.S.
Wales. 1823.

KRTGIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord. Com-
posite.)

A dwarf, annual herb. Seeds. Ordinary soil.
K. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). J. Yellow. N. Amer.

KRYNITZKLA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Boraginacea?.)

Hardy, annual or biennial herbs. Seeds. Ordinary
garden soil.
K. barbi'gera (bearded). White. N.W. Amer. 1885.

Annual.
„ glomera'ta (crowded). 2. Blue. June. N.W. Amer.

1812. Biennial.
„ Jame'sii (James's). Blue. N.W. Amer.

KTTHNIA. (Named after Adam Kuhn, an American
botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, i-&qualis. Allied to Liatris.)

Herbaceous perennials. Divisions in spring ; sandy
loam. Pretty little plants ; the tenderest require a cold
pit, or a greenhouse, in winter.

HARDY.

K. Crito'nia (Critonia). See K. EUPATORIOIDES.
„ eupatoriof des (Eupatorium-like). ij. White. July
N. Amer. 1812.

GREENHOUSE.

K. linearifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See JAUMEA LINEARIS.
„ rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). White. July
Mexico. 1828.

KTTMQUAT. See CITRUS AURANTIUM JAPONICA.
KU'NTfflA DE'PPH. See CHAM^DOREA ELEGANS.
KTJ'NTHIA MONTA'NA. See CHAM^DOREA LINDENI-

ANA.

KU'NZEA. (In commemoration of Gustav Kunze, a
German botanist. Nat. ord. Myrtacea?.)

Evergreen, greenhouse shrubs allied to Leptospermum
and often Heath-like. Seeds ; cuttings in sand in gentle
heat, and covered with a hand-light. Loam and peat,
with sand, to make it porous.
K. Baxte'ri (Baxter's). 2. Red. Australia. 1838.

„ capita'ta (headed). 5. Pink. S. Africa. 1824.

,, corifo'lia (Coris-leaved). White. Australia.

,, ericifo'lia (Erica-leaved). Australia.

„ peduncula'ris (long-stalked). Australia.

„ pomi'fera (apple-bearing). White. Australia. 1889.
Fruits named " Muntries " by the natives.

„ recu'rva (recurved). Australia.

,, sen cea (silky). Rose. May. Australia.

KY'DIA. (Named after Col. Kyd, first director of the
Calcutta Botanic Garden. Nat. ord. Mallow-worts [Mal-
vaceae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 7-Dodecandria. Allied to
Abutilon.)

Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
heat ; sandy peat and fibrous loam, well drained.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
K. calycina (large-called). 30. India and Burma. 1818.

„ frate'rna (brotherly). See K. CALYCINA.

KYLLTNGA. (Commemorative of Peter Kylling, a
Danish botanist. Nat. ord. Cyperaceae.)

A tufted, perennial, greenhouse sedge. Divisions.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

K. monoce'phala (one-headed). Whitish. Tropics of the
Old World. 1868.

LABEL

478

LACHENALIA

LABEL. Many are the forms and substances employed
in making labels for plants. For general use they should
embrace among their good qualities cheapness, durability,
facility of being written upon, and legibility. Strong
paper or parchment labels are the most suitable for
attachment to plants being sent from the nurseries, and
they should be written with pencil, indelible or otherwise,
because ink readily runs, and soon gets illegible by rain
or when otherwise wetted. For general purposes wooden
labels are the cheapest, and quite effective, if painted on
one side with white paint, not too thickly put on, and
written upon with pencil, while still wet. The name
usually lasts as long as the wood, whether indoors or
outside, if plainly and well written. If it is desired to
write the names of other plants upon the labels, while
the wood is still sound, they can be refaced with glass
or a sharp knife. Large wooden labels, meant to be of
a more permanent character, should be painted all over
to preserve them, and after they get dry, a thin second
coat may be given and the names written while wet.
The point to be inserted in the ground should be dipped
in creosote, gas-tar, or other preservative substance.
Zinc and procelain labels have also been devised, but for
various reasons they have not proved very satisfactory.
Neat cast-iron labels, with raised letters, and of various
design and size, are in use, and give a considerable amount
of satisfaction. Some of them are pierced with one or
two holes, so that they may be suspended with copper
wire, not liable to rust. Others are fitted with an iron
shaft, or with stout wire for inserting in the ground.
For Roses, fruit and ornamental trees, the names are
suspended or placed horizontally, and are thus easily
read at a glance. Very permanent labels are those made
of strips or oblong pieces of lead, with the names punched
on them, with or without paint. The lead may be
painted black, and the sunk letters with white paint,
and after a number of years these labels may be repainted.
Although more expensive than wooden labels, they last
a lifetime, and are cheapest in the end.

LABELLUM. This term is universally applied to the
upper segment of the inner series of the flower of an Orchid.
By the twisting of the flower-stalk, the labellum or lip
usually assumes the lower position, and as it is larger,
and nearly always more highly coloured than the rest
of the flower, it is the most conspicuous organ. In the
Lipworts or Labiatae, and some others, it is customary to
speak of the upper and lower lips of the flower.

LABICHJE'A. (Named after M. Labiche, a French
officer. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Xeguminosa?].
Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Cassia.)

Yellow-blossomed greenhouse evergreen shrub, from
Swan River. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in summer,
in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 38° to 45°.

L. bipuncta'ta (two-dotted). See L. LANCEOLATA.
„ lanceola'ta (spear -head-leaved). 4. April. 1837.
LABISIA. (From labis, a hook or clasp ; the segments
of the corolla are inflexed at the apex. Nat. ord.
Myrsinaceae.)

Evergreen stove shrubs. Seeds. Loam, leaf-mould,
and a little sand.
L. ala'ia (winged), i. White and pink outside. Borneo

and Malacca. 1886.
„ malouia'na (Malouian). i. Leaves with a feathery

whitish-green midrib. Borneo. 1885.
„ pothoi'na (Pothos-like). i. Pink. Malaya. 1845.
„ smara'gdina (emerald-green). J. Pink. Borneo. 1892.

LA'BLAB PERE'NNANS, L. vulga'ris, L. v. albiflo'ra,
and L. v. purpu'rea, are all forms of Dolichos Lablab.

LABRADOR TEA. Le'dum.

LABURNUM. (The old Latin name of the tree. Nat.
ord. Leguminosas.)

Small, hardy, ornamental trees of great beauty, and
very popular. The flowers, fruits, and seeds are poison-
ous. L. Adami, or Cytisus Adami, is a graft-hybrid, pro-
duced by Jean Louis Adam in 1825, by shield-grafting
Cytisus purpureus on Laburnum vulgare. Branches of

the tree frequently revert to one or other of the parents.
The trees are propagated by seeds, and the graft-hybrid
and varieties by budding and grafting.
L. Ada'mi (Adam's). Dusky or coppery purple. Graft-
hybrid. 1825. " Purple Laburnum."

,, alpi'num (alpine). 15-30. Yellow. June. Europe.
1596. " Scotch Laburnum." Varieties of this are
au'reum, autumna'le, bi'ferum, fra' grans, grandi-
flo'rum, hirsu'tum, and pilo'sum.

„ AlschingSri (Alschinger's). See L. VULGARE ALSCHIN-
GERI.

„ anagyroi'des (Anagyris-like). See L. VULGARE.

,, carama' 'nicum (Caramanian). 3-5. Yellow. June.
Asia Minor. 1879.

,, sero'tinum (late). Sulphur-yellow. June. 1854.

„ vulga're (common). 15-20. Yellow. May. Europe.
1596. " Laburnum." The following are varieties :
Alschinge'ri and Carlie'ri, with long racemes ; fo'liis
au'reis (golden), fo'liis variega'tis (variegated),
involu'tum (leaves coiled like rings), pe'ndulum
(pendulous), quercifo'lium (leaves deeply cut), and
setnperfto'rens (always flowering). Pa'rksii, Vo'ssii,
and Watere'ri are garden hybrids, with very long
racemes. The first named was raised about 1840.

LABYRINTH is an arrangement of walks, inclosed by
hedges or shrubberies, so intricate as to be very difficult
to escape from. From the twelfth century to the end
of the seventeenth they were a very favourite portion of
English pleasure-ground ; but they are now more
judiciously banished.

LAC^'NA. (One of the names of Helen. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceas]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.
Allied tp Govenia.)

Divisions in spring, or after blooming ; turfy peat,
sphagnum, rotten wood, charcoal, and broken crocks ;
fixed to a block, and that built above the surface of a pot,
and packed with the above material, or grown in a
shallow, open basket. Summer temp., 60° to 90°, and
moist ; winter, 55° to 60°, and dry.
L. bf color (two-coloured), i. Greenish-yellow. May.

Guatemala. 1843.

„ „ a'lba (white). Yellowish-white. 1910.
„ specta'bilis (showy), i. Pinkish-white, spotted with
purple. Central Amer. 1853.

LACA'THEA FLO'RIDA. See GORDONIA PUBESCENS.

LACE BARE. Lage'tta lintea'ria.

LACEPE'DEA INSI'GNIS. See TURPINIA INSIGNIS.

LACHENA'LIA. (Named after M. de la Chenal, a
botanical author. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceas]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Hyacinthus.)

All greenhouse bulbs, from South Africa. Offsets at
potting period, and seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; sandy
peat, with a little fibrous loam. Winter temp., 35° to
45°, and dry, or the bulbs may be kept in drawers or
bags. They are very beautiful little plants and grow
freely under the above conditions, potting them whenever
growth commences, and watering so long as the leaves
are green, but no longer ; when the pots are full of
roots they stand gentle forcing. The small species re-
quire sand round their bulbs, whether in the border or
pots.
L. angui'nea (serpent), i. White. April. 1825.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See L. CONTAMINATA.

,, au'rea (golden). J-i. Golden-yellow. 1856.

,, „ gigante'a (giant), ij. Golden-yellow. 1893.

„ bifo'lia (two-leaved). See L. ISOPETALA.

,, bowiea'na (Bowiean). £. Yellow, red.

„ contamina'ta (contaminated). £. Pink. March.
1774-

,, convallariof des (Convallaria-like). i. Purple-pink,
fading white. 1904.

„ fistulo'sa (hollow-stemmed). $. White, tinged blue
and purple. 1884.

,, fta'va (yellow). See L. TRICOLOR.

„ fra'grans (sweet-scented). See L. VERSICOLOR

FRAGRANS.

„ glau'ca (milky-green). See HYACINTHUS GLAUCUS.
„ glaucfna (milkish-green). i. Green, white, red.

May. 1795.
„ hfrta (hairy). J-J. White, flushed with red.

LACHN^A

479

LACTUCA

See L. CONTAMINATA.
White, purple. May.

See SCILLA LANCEvE-

L. hyacinthoi' des (hyacinth-like).
,, isope'iala (equal-petaled). j.

1804.
,, laneeafo'lia (spear-head-leaved).

,, lilaci'nd (lilac). J. Lilac. Leaves spotted with black.

1884.

„ liliifio'ra (lily-flowered). J. White. May. 1825.
„ lu'cida (glossy-leaved). |. Pink. April. 1798.
„ lu'teola (yellowish). See L. TRICOLOR LUTEA.
,, media'na (intermediate). White, tinted with green.

1784.

,, muta'bilis (changeable). See L. ORCHIOIDES.
„ Nelso'ni (Nelson's). Pale yellow, tinted red when

young. (au'reaxlu'teola.) 1882.
,, nervo'sa (nerved-leaved). f. Pink. June. 1810.
,, odorat-i' ssima (sweetest-scented), £. White; outer
segments tipped green. May. 1884. Fragrant.
„ orchioi'des (orchis-like), i. Green, white. March.

1752.
„ orthope'tala (straight-petaled). J. Whitish ; outer

segments tinted red.

„ pa'llida (pale-flowered). £. Pale blue. May. 1782.
,, „ ccerule' scens (bluish), $. Bluish. September.

1782.

„ „ mi'nor (smaUer). \. Pale blue. 1782.
„ pa'tula (spreading- flowered), |. White, pink. April.

1795-

„ pe'ndula (weeping). J. Red, yellow. April. 1789.
„ „ aurelia'na (Aurelian). Red. Robust variety.

1890.
„ „ macula' ta (spotted-leaved). £. Red, yellow. April.

1789.

„ puncta'ta (dotted). See L. RUBIDA PUNCTATA.
,, purpu'rea (purple). See L. VERSICOLOR PURPUREA.
„ purpu'reo-cceru'lea (purplish-blue), i. Purple. April.

1789.

,, pusi'lla (small), $. White. June. 1825.
„ pustula'ta (blistered), i. Purple, green. February.

1790.
„ quadri' color (four-coloured). See L. TRICOLOR QUADRI-

COLOR.

„ racemo'sa (racemed). ij. White, green. May. 1811.
„ rtjl/x* (reflexed). i. Yellowish, tipped with green.

1883.

„ rd sea (rosy), i. Pink. May. 1800.
„ ru'bida (reddish), f-f- Reddish. September, Oc-
tober. 1803.
„ „ puncta'ta (spotted). £-f. Outer segments flesh,

densely-spotted blood-red.
„ ,, tigri'na (tiger-marked). $-£. Outer segments

with red rib, densely spotted red.
„ „ tigrfna Wa'rei (Ware's). |-J. Yellow In the

middle, red at base, tipped green. 1884.
,, sero'tina (late). See DICPADI SEROTINUM.
,, sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). See L. GLAUCIXA.
,, tri' color (three-coloured), i. Red, yellow, green.

April. 1774.
„ ,, d'Anco'nce (Miss d'Ancona's). i. Light yellow,

tipped green and purple. 1905.
„ „ lu tea (yellow), i. Yellow.
„ „ quadri'color (four-coloured), i. Inner segments

greatly widened and purple at apex.
,, ,, supe'rba (superb). i. Flowers large, boldly

coloured. 1904.

,, uni' color (one-coloured). See L. VERSICOLOR UNICOLOR.
„ unifo'lia (one-flowered). White, blue. March. 1795.
,, versi'color (changeable-coloured). J. Varying in

colour.
„ » fra'grans (fragrant). J. Whitish, tinted red.

April. 1798.
i, » purpu'rea (purple). $. Outer segments whitish ;

inner purple. April. 1826.

uni'color (one-coloured). J. Dark red. May. 1806.
Violet.

viola' cea (violet), i. Vi

March. 1795.

LACHN2£'A. (From lachne, down ; referring to the
downy clothing of the flower-heads. Nat. ord. Daphnads
[Thymeleaceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Gnidia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from S. Africa, and all
but one white-flowered. Cuttings of short young shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring ; sandy peat, with
a little fibrous loam. Winter temp., 35° to 43°. In
summer, a sheltered, somewhat shady place.

L. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). See GNIDIA FILAMENTOSA.
conglomerd 'ta (clustered). See PASSERIXA ERICOIDES.
erioce'phala (woolly-headed). See LASIOSIPHON

ERIOCEPHALUS.

filamento'sa (thready). 2. June. 1800.
glau'ca (milky-green). See L. FILAMENTOSA.
purpu'rea (purple- flowered). See LASIOSIPHON ERIO-
CEPHALUS.

LACHNA'NTHES. (From lachne, down, and anthos, a
flower. Nat. ord. Bloodroots [Hasmodoraceae]. Linn.
Z-Triandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Anigozanthos.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. The red colour
found in the roots is used in dyeing in North America.
Division of the roots in spring ; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 40°.
C. tincto'ria (dyer's), ij. Pink. July. N. Amer. 1812.

LACKEY, or BARRED-TREE LACKEY MOTH (Clisio-
ca'mpa Neu'stria). " The eggs of this insect, in winter,
may be detected easily, in broad bands, round the twigs
of our pear, apple, and other trees. They are arranged
with such admirable art, that they seem set by the
skilful hands of the jeweller, and are very conspicuous.
Each bracelet, as the French gardeners call it, contains
from two hundred to three hundred eggs, fastened by
their ends, in a series of from fifteen to seventeen close,
spiral circles, round the twig. The spaces between the
eggs are filled up with a tenacious, brown gum, which
protects them from inclement weather, as well as from
all attacks except those of man. The eggs thus placed
look like a ring of seed-lac ; and we think its name may
have been thence derived. They are easily crushed by
the gardener's knife. The caterpillars — striped length-
wise, blue, red, and yellow, slightly hairy, and with a
white line down the back — appear from these eggs in
the April or May following. They congregate early in
the morning, or during rain, in large nests, at the forks
of the small branches, and are then easily crushed.
They enter the chrysalis state at the end of June, and
then they are to be found in cocoons, or oval webs,
powdered with white or yellowish dust, between two
leaves, &c. The chrysalis, or pupa, is longish, and dark
brown, in which state it remains for three weeks or a
month. In July the moth appears ; its colour is light
yellow or reddish-yellow-ochre. The upper wings have
a darker band across their middle, which band is bordered
by two light cross-lines ; the fringes of the wings are
whitish, spotted with brown ; the lower wings are of a
uniform brownish or light yellow colour. The male is
readily known from the female by his comb-like (pecti-
nated) antennae (feelers) and thinner body. The insect
flies only at night, and, consequently, is rarely seen. The
caterpillars often appear in considerable numbers, and
do not confine their ravages to fruit-trees, but attack
many others ; such as beeches, elms, poplars, oaks, and
even pines. In May, when the caterpillars are living in
society, the nests containing them should be collected
and destroyed. Care must be taken when collecting the
nest ; for, if the caterpillars are much disturbed, they let
themselves down to the ground by means of a thin,
silken thread, and escape. In July their cocoons should
be looked for on the trees, in the roofs of sheds, in hedges,
and even on the tops of walls." — The Cottage Gardener,
i. 207.

LACTTTCA. Lettuce. (From lac, ; milk referring to
the milky juice. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-jEqualis.)

Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, the latter of which
are interesting border-plants on account of their bright,
clear blue or purple flowers. Seeds of annual and biennial
species ; divisions of perennials. Ordinary garden soil.
L. acumina'ta (acuminate). Purple. N. Amer.
„ alpi'na (alpine). 3. Blue-purple. July. Europe.

(Scotland). Perennial. " Blue Sowthistle."
„ breviro'stris (short-beaked). Eastern Asia.
„ cre'Hca (Cretan). 6. Blue. July. Greece and Asia

Minor. 1820.

„ hasta'ta (halbert-shaped). 2. Blue. July. Hima-
laya. 1802.

„ intyba'cea (chicory-like). Yellow. Nicaragua.
,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). Himalaya.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 3-4. Reddish-purple.
July.

LACTUCA

480

L^LIA

L. macrorhfza (large-rooted). 2-3. Violet. July,
August. Himalaya. 1846. Perennial.

„ pere'nnis (perennial). 2. Pale blue. July to Sep-
tember. S. Europe. 1596.

„ Plumie'ri (Plurnier's). 4-6. Purple or blue. July to
September. France. 1804. Perennial.

„ racemo'sa (racemed). Armenia.

„ sati'va (cultivated). See L. SCARIOLA. " Cultivated
Lettuce."

„ Scari'ola (Scariola). 2-4. Yellow. June. Europe ;
Orient. 1562. Annual. " Prickly Lettuce."

„ sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. Blue. August. Siberia. 1794.

„ tata'rica (Tartarian). 4. Blue. August. Siberia.
1784.

„ tubero'sa (tuberous). 2. Blue-purple. Asia Minor ;
Persia. Perennial.

„ villo'sa (villous). See L. ACUMINATA.

Varieties. — There are the Cos and the Cabbage ; the
first more grown in summer than in winter ; the second
at all seasons, but more usually in winter, on account of
their superior hardihood. The Cilicias are of a nature
intermediate between the two. When young, the
Cabbage varieties are, in general, sweeter than those of
the Cos at the same age ; but of a full growth this is
reversed. Hence the latter are preferred for salads, and
the former for soups. The Cabbage varieties succeed
better in a hotbed than the Cos.

Cos Varieties. — Alexandra White, Bath Black-seeded,
Giant White, Hick's Hardy White, Sugarloaf, Black-
seeded Green, Spotted, or Leopard, Early Egyptian,
Green and Brown Cilicia, Green, Lop, White, or Versailles,
White Paris Cove, the finest summer kind ; Green Paris
Cove, rather hardier ; Bath Cos, and Brown Cos.

Cabbage Varieties. — All the Year Round, Continuity,
Early Paris Market, Hardy Hammersmith, Tom Thumb,
Winter Beauty, Wonderful, Drum-headed, Princes, Brown
Dutch and Common White Dutch, both good for winter ;
Tennis Ball, or Button, good for winter ; Large White,
Hardy Green, or Capuchin, good for winter ; Imperial
Grand Admirable, Prussian, Large Roman, Malta, for
summer ; Neapolitan, for summer.

Soil. — Lettuces thrive best in a light, very rich soil,
with a dry substratum. For the first and last crops of
the year a warm, sheltered situation is required ; but
for the Midsummer ones, a border that is shaded during
midday.

Sowing. — The first sowing in a frame on a warm border,
or shallow hotbed, at the close of January, or early in
February ; at the close of this last month a larger one
in any open situation, and smaller repeated once every
three weeks, until the end of July, for summer and
autumn use, to be continued at similar intervals until
the close of September, for winter and early spring.
Sow moderately thin, each variety separate.

Pricking out. — When the plants are about a month
old, or two inches in height, thin them to three or four
inches apart, and prick out those removed at similar
distances. Those from the sowings in January and
February in frames, and thence until August, in any
open situation. Those of the August sowing must be
divided into two portions ; the largest being selected
and planted in an open compartment for late autumn
use, and the smaller on a warm border for winter and early
spring.

Plant out, finally, in rows a foot apart each way. At
the time of every removal, whether of pricking out or
planting, water must be given moderately, and until the
plants are rooted. It may be remarked, that transplanted
lettuces never attain so fine a growth as those left where
sown, nor become so soon fit for use ; those which are
planted out at once to remain being better in these
respects than those pricked out previous to final planting.
The varying in their time of becoming fit for \ise, however,
is of advantage, as by these means a more perfect suc-
cession is obtained. Those which are planted to with-
stand the winter, which they easily do if sheltered with
hoops and matting during severe weather, and continue
in a fit state for use, are best planted on ridges, as a pro-
tection from excessive wet, from which they always suffer.
In every stage of growth they must be kept well watered,
and the earth around them frequently stirred, for the
extirpation of slugs and snails. No vegetable is more
benefited than the lettuce by the application, occasion-
ally, of liquid-manure. To check the Cos plants running
to seed before the heart is perfectly blanched, it is a

good pactice, at the time of tying them up, to cut out
the centre bud of each with a sharp knife.

Frame Crops.— The plants raised from the September
sowing may be divided as directed for those of August ;
but, in addition, some of the Cos varieties may be planted
on a warm border, to have the shelter of frames and hand-
glasses. Some of the strongest of these may, in succes-
sion during November, December, and January, be
planted in a moderate hotbed, being removed with as
little injury as possible to the roots, to bring them
forward for immediate use. Whilst in frames they re-
quire much attention. Being watered and shaded until
established, they must afterwards have as much light
and air admitted as possible, as well as a regular supply
of moisture.

At night the additional shelter of matting, and in
severe weather an increased covering, must be afforded.
The day temperature should never exceed 80°, nor fall
below 65°. The plants may be set in rows about six
inches apart ; but of those which are merely sheltering
during the winter, on the return of mild weather, at the
beginning of March or April, every second one must be
carefully removed, and planted in a warm border at the
usual open-ground distance.

To obtain Seed. — Some of the finest and most perfect
plants of each variety that have survived the winter, or
from the forwardest sowing of the year, should be
selected. The seed from any that have run up pre-
maturely cannot be depended upon. If two varieties
flower near each other, only mongrel varieties will be
obtained. Each stem is to be tied to a stake as a support
against tempestuous weather. The branches must be
gathered as the seed ripens upon them. It must be
thoroughly dried before it is stored.

LADY-BIRD. Coccine'lla.

LADY'S FERN. La'strea TTiely'pteris.

LADY'S LACES. Aru'ndo.

LADY'S MANTLE. Ahhemi'lla.

LADY'S SLIPPER. Cypriptt dium.

LADY'S SMOCK. Cardami'ne.

LADY'S TRESSES. Neo'ttia spira'lis and Spira'ntJies.

LHZUA. (Lcdia was a Vestal virgin ; alluding to the
delicacy of the flower. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceas].
Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Epidendrum.)
Stove orchids. Divisions ; turfy peat, chopped old
moss, and charcoal, raised above the surface of a pot,
filled with drainage, or a block of wood firmly laid across.
Treatment similar to Cattleya.
L. acumina'ta (pointed-lipped). See L. RUBESCENS.
,, a'lbida (whitish). Yellowish-white. Oaxaca. 1838.
„ „ be'lla (pretty). Milk-white, lilac-pink, rose-
purple. Mexico.

,, „ bru'nnea (brown). Brown-purple. Mexico. 1868.
,, ,, ochra'cea (ochre-coloured). Brownish-ochre,

purple. Mexico. 1868.

,, ,, rd sea (rosy). White, rose-purple. Mexico. 1869.
„ ,, sto6ar/j«'na(Stobartian). Purple; lip deep purple.

1877.
„ „ sulphutrea (sulphur). Sulphur, purple marks.

1884.

„ ,, Tucke'ri (Tucker's). Purple. Mexico. 1868.
„ a'nceps (two-edged). i£. Rose, purple. November,

December. Mexico.
„ „ a'lba (white). White, with yellow disc. Mexico.

1879.
„ „ ama'bilis (lovely). White; lip yellow, lined

purple. 1889.
„ „ amesia'na (Amesian). White ; petals feathered

crimson at tips ; lip violet-crimson. 1888.
,, ,, ashworthia'na (Ashworthian). Snow-white ; lip

with bluish veins. 1894.
,, ,, barkeria'na (Barkerian). Purple. December.

Mexico. 1833.
,, ,, bla'nda (mild). Sepals white; petals rosy; lip

warm purple at apex. 1885.
,, ,, calvertia'na (Calvertian). White ; front lobe of

lip red-purple. 1883.

„ s, chamber lainia'na (Chamber lainian). Front lobe
velvety purple.

UELIA

481

L^ELIA

L. a'nceps crawshaya'na (Crawshayan). Flowers large ;

colours rich. 1895.
„ „ Dawso'ni (Dawson's). White ; petals rhomboidal ;

lip with purple front lobe. 1868.
„ „ delica'ia (delicate). White ; lip rose-purple ; disc

orange.
„ „ hiUia'na (Hillian). White ; lip two-lobed purple ;

disc orange. 1881.
„ „ hollidaya'na (Hollidayan). Lip with crimson

veining. 1894.
„ „ holochei'la (whole- lipped). Lip narrow, entire.

1891.
„ „ hyea'na (Hyean). White ; side lobes of lip with

purple veins.
„ „ kienastia'na (Kienastian). Petals and side lobes

of lip rosy. 1886.
„ „ leea'na (Leean). White ; side lobes of lip tipped

purple. 1884.
„ „ Lesma'nni (Leemann's). Lip almost wholly dark

purple. 1904.
„ „ leucostfcia (white-speckled). Sepals and petals

rose-purple, streaked white. 1885.
„ „ tinea' to, (h'ned). Sepals white and crimson, with

brown lines. 1895.
„ „ mu'nda (neat). White side lobes of lip with purple

veins ; 3 keels yellow. 1886.
„ „ obscu'ra (obscure). Whole flower dark purple ;

disc orange. 1886.
„ „ owenidna (Owenian). Richly coloured, flaked

with white. 1892.
„ „ percivalidna (Percivalian). Palest rose- purple ;

front lobe of lip rich purple. 1883.
„ „ prothercea'na (Prothercean). White and rose-
purple ; lip crimson-purple. 1896.
„ „ pulchJrrima (fairest). Mauve-purple ; disc light

orange. 1883.
„ „ ra'dians (radiating). Deep purple ; disc dark

orange, lined purple. 1888.
„ „ rceblingia'na (Rceblingian). A peloriate form.

1908.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). Bright rose; disc yellow, with

dark lines. 1880.
„ „ sanderia'na (Sanderian). Like L. a. Dawsoni, but

segments narrow. 1885.
„ „ schrcederia'na (Schroederian). White ; lip with

crimson-purple lines. 1885.
„ „ Schroe'dercB (Baroness Schroder's). Rose ; lip

with blackish-purple front. 1887.
„ „ scottia'na (Scottian). Mauve; lip dark purple.

1888.

„ „ Simo'ndsii (Simond's). Pure white, with slate-
blue lines on the lip. 1901.
„ „ Ste'lla (star). Pure white ; lip with yellow throat

and carmine lines. 1887.

„ „ thomsonidna (Thomsonian). White; lip violet-
crimson. 1890.
„ „ veitchia'na (Veitchian). White ; front lobe of Up

purple-mauve. 1883.
„ „ vesta'lis (vestal). White; throat deep sulphur.

1880.
„ „ virgina'lis (virginal). Pure white; disc pale

sulphur. 1887.
„ „ Warndrii (Warner's). Light rose; lip dark

crimson.
„ autumna'lis (autumnal). 3. Rosy. September.

Mexico. 1836.

„ „ a'lba (white). White. 1889.
„ „ atroru'bens (dark purple). Rich dark purple.

Mexico. 1879.

„ „ venu'sta (lovely). Rose-mauve. 1884.
„ „ zantho'tropis (turning-yellow). Petals broader.

Mexico. 1886.
„ boothia'na (Boothian). ij. Purple-violet, with

crimson veins. Brazil. 1847.
„ cceruWscens (bluish). Costa Rica. 1838.
„ ca'ndida (white-flowered). White. June. Bolanos.

1840.
„ cinnabarlna (scarlet- flowered) . 2. Reddish. May.

Brazil. 1836.
„ cinnamo' men (cinnamon). White and purple. Brazil.

1860.
„ crawshaya'na (Crawshayan). Amethyst ; lip purple.

Supposed hybrid. 1883.

„ „ leuco'plera (white- winged). Rose; lip mauve-
purple. 1884.

L. crispa (crisped). White ; lip amethyst-purple, lined

in tube. Brazil. 1826-
„ ,, buchanania'na (Buchananian). Lip broad,

crimson-purple.
„ „ Cauwela'rtia (Mme. Cauwelaert's). Basal half of

lip greenish-yellow. 1891.
„ „ delicati ssima (very deh'cate). White, with a broad

purple stripe on lip. 1881.
„ „ purpu'rea, (purple). Pale purple; lip blotched

deep purple.
„ „ viola' cea( violet). Lip rich violet in front. Guiana.

1850.
„ crispilabia (crisped-lipped). Amethyst-purple; disc

white. Brazil. 1867.

„ daya'na (Dayan). See L. PUMILA DAYANA.
„ digbya'na (Digbyan). i. Greenish-yellow and white.

July. Honduras. 1846.
„ dormania'na (Dormanian). See CATTLEYA DORMANT-

ANA.

„ e'legans (elegant). Amethyst-purple; front lobe of

lip crimson-purple. Brazil. 1865.
„ „ a'lba (white). White ; front lobe of lip carmine-
magenta. 1884.
„ „ blenheime1 nsis (Blenheim). Rosy-purple; lip

magenta-purple. Brazil.
„ „ broomea'na (Broomean). White and rose ; lip

crimson. 1890.
„ „ e'xcellens (excellent). Folded part of lip pure

white. 1892.
„ „ gaskellia'na (Gaskellian). Pale lilac ; lip dark

purple in front. 1887.

>i »> gigante'a (giant). Lilac, spotted purple. 1862.
„ „ houttea'na (Houttean). Rich rose-purple.

1883.
,, „ inca'ntans (charming). Dark nankeen ; lip dark

purple. 1887.

„ „ loba'ta (lobed). Segments very narrow. 1869.
„ „ Marsha'llics (Mrs. Marshall's). Purple. 1872.
„ „ nteasuresia'na (Measuresian). i. Sulphur ; lip

dark purple, white. 1887.
„ „ morrenidna (Morrenian). Magenta-rose; lip

crimson. 1888.

„ „ no' bills (noble). Clear rosy-crimson. 1894.
,, „ Nyle'ptha^yleptha). Sulphur-yellow; Up crimson.

1888.
„ „ -pi' eta (painted). Light rose; lip yellow and

purple. 1884.
„ „ platychi'ta (broad-lipped). Green absent; lip

broad. 1885.
„ „ prasia'ta (leek-green). Rose-magenta ; lip lilac,

white.
,, „ prasia'ta i'ndica (Indian). Magenta-rose; lip

magenta-crimson. 1863.

„ „ schilleria'na (Schillerian). See L. SCHILLERIANA.
„ ,, stelzneria'na (Stelznerian). White ; lip white,

rich purple in front.
„ ,, tautzia'na (Tautzian). Pale purple and white.

1888.
„ ,, Tttrne'ri (Turner's). Amethyst-purple; lip shaded

with maroon.

„ „ Wolstenho'lmia (Mrs. Wolstenholme's). Amethyst-
purple ; Up with maroon disc. 1865.
„ epidendroi'des (Epidendrum-Uke). Purple, crimson.

July. Brazil. 1839.

„ erythrobu'lbon (red-bulbed). Brazil. 1843.
„ eyermania'na (Eyermanian). Rosy-purple, yellow.

Mexico. 1888.

„ fla'va (yellow). Yellow. Brazil. 1841.
,, ,, auranti'aca (orange). Glowing orange.
,, furfur a' cea (scurfy-stalked), ij. Rose. November.

Mexico. 1838.
„ glau'ca (sea-green), i. Pale yellowish-white. March.

Mexico. 1837.
„ gottoia'na (Gottoian). Rose; lip purple, Uned maroon.

Imported with L. grandis. 1891.
,, gouldia'na (Gouldian). Purple, white; disc yellow.

1888.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), i. Xalapa.
„ gra'ndis (grand). Soft yellow. May. Bahia. 1850.
,, ,, tenebro'sa (dark). See L. TENEB'ROSA.
,, harpophy'lla (sickle-leaved). VermiUon. Spring.

Brazil. 1873.

„ ,, Clau'dii (Claud's). Segments broad, rich orange-
scarlet. 1895.
,, irrora'ta (besprinkled). See L. SCHILLERIANA.

2 H

L^LIA

482

LAGENOPHORA

jonghea'na (Jonghean). Amethyst, yellow, white.

Brazil. 1854.

„ Ashwo'rthice (Mrs. Ashworth's). White, with
orange disc. 1901.

„ Krome'ri (Kromer's). Rose-purple, with purple
bands on lip. 1901.

„ Te'mplce (Mrs. Temple's). Rose ; lip white, tinted
rose. 1900.
leea'na (Leean). Rose ; lip white, tipped purple.

Supposed hybrid. Brazil. 1882.
Linde'nii (Linden's). See CATTLEYO'PSIS DELICA'TULA.
lindleya'na (Lindleyan). Rose-purple; lip white,

spotted purple. Brazil. 1857.
loba'ta (lobed). See L. BOOTHIANA.
lucasia'na (Lucasian). i. Purplish-mauve; lip

yellow. Brazil. 1893.
Lu'ndii (Lund's). £. White, suffused lilac ; lip with

purple veins. Brazil. 1910.
maja'lis (May-flowering) . J. Pink, purple. Mexico.

1838.

„ a'lba (white). White. Colombia. 1880.
monophy'lla (one-leaved). J. Orange-scarlet. Jamaica.

1882.
Pachyste'le (Pachystele). Rose; lip white, purple,

rose. 1888.

Pati'nii (Patin's). Colombia.

peduncula'ris (Jong-flower-stalked). See L. RUBESCENS.
Perri'nii (Perrin's). Lilac. September. Brazil. 1831.
„ a'lba (white). White ; disc yellow. 1888.
„ irrora'ta (sprinkled). Light rose; lip white,

purple. 1882.
„ ni'vea (snowy). White; lip edged purple.

1880.
porphyri'tis (purplish). Purple and green ; lip purple.

Hybrid (?). Brazil. 1886.
prce'stans (excellent). See L. PUMILA PR^ESTANS.
pu'mila (dwarf). $. Purple. July, August. Brazil.

1837.
„ Colema'nii (Coleman's). Blush-white, purple,

rose. 1898.

„ curlea'na (Curlean). A few dark purple streaks
on sepals and petals. 1886.
„ daya'na (Dayan). Purple. Brazil. 1876.
,, delica'ta (delicate). Nearly pure white. 1896.
„ delicati ssima (very delicate). Blush-white. 1900.
,, mira'bilis (wonderful). Flowers larger, darker;
lip with 10-12 crests. Brazil. 1878.
„ prce'stans (excellent)). Lip trumpet-shaped, con-
volute, not straight. Brazil. 1859.
,, prce'stans a'lba (white). Ivory white ; lip tipped
crimson. 1889.

„ prce'stans ca'ndida (white). White. 1898.
„ prce'stans glorio'sa (glorious). Front of lip claret.

1900.

„ prce'stans Leema'nnice (Mrs. Leemann's). Between
Candida and alba. 1899.

,, prce'stans lucia'na (Lucian's). Purple-rose, red-
purple. 1898.
„ prce'stans no'bilis (noble). Brightly coloured.

1898.

„ specta'bilis (showy). White, purple, nearly as
large as L. majalis. 1879.
purpura' scens (purplish). Pink. September. Brazil.

1838.

purpura' ta (purple). White or tinted pale purple ;
tube of lip pale yellow, lined purple. S. Brazil.
1847.

„ a'lba (white). White, rose, yellow. 1869.
„ albane'nsis (St. Alban's). White ; lip deep purple.
1895.

„ ashworthia'na (Ashworthian). Petals purple-rose,
striped white. 1896.

„ blenheime' nsis (Blenheim). Blush-rose ; lip very
dark purple. 1888.

„ bru'nnea (brown). Lip brownish-purple. 1896.
„ fastuo'sa (proud). Rose-purple; lip deep maroon.
„ Krome'ri (Kromer's). White. 1901.
„ Lewi'sii (Lewis's). White; lip with few lilac
lines. 1896.

„ litttea'na (Littlean). White; lip white and purple.
1900.

„ 2racy0'na(Tracyan). White ; lip flushed rose. 1900.
„ whitea'na (Whitean). Lip dark purple; throat
white. 1888.
„ Willia'msii (Williams's). Rose ; lip crimson.

L. rube'scens (blushing). £. Cream, pink. May.

Mexico. 1840.

,, ,, a'lba (white). White ; disc pale yellow.
,, rupe'stris (rocky). Violet. Brazil. 1840.
„ schilleria'na (Schillerian). Lip heavily veined rose

and purple. S. Brazil. 1855.
,, supe'rbiens (gorgeous-flowered), i. Pink, crimson.

November. Guatemala. 1840.
,, tenebro'sa (dark). Coppery- bronze ; lip intense

purple, edged white. Bahia. 1891.
,, vi'rens (greenish). Greenish- yellow ; lip white. Brazil.

1879.
„ Walli'sii ( Wallis's). See CATTLEYA LABIATA ELDORADO

VIRGINALIS.

,, wyattia'na (Wyattian). See L. PURPURATA.

„ xanthfna (yellow). Yellow; lip white and purple.
Brazil. 1859.

,, „ agra'phis (unwritten). Lip without purple mark-
ings. 1888.

L^ELIOCA'TTLEYA. A name given to a large number
of hybrids between species of Lcelia and species of
Cattleya.

L3XIOPSIS DOMINGE'NSIS. See BROUGHTONIA

LILACINA.

LffiLIOPSIS LINDE NI. See CATTLEYOPSIS DELI-

CATULA.

LAFOE'NSIA. (Named in honour of the Duke of
Lafoens, president of the Lisbon Academy of Science.
Nat. ord. Loosestrifes [Lythraceas]. Linn. iz-Icosandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Lagerstroamia.)

A stove shrub. Cuttings of rather ripe wood in
autumn, in sand, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 55°, and
kept rather dry. Prune freely in winter.
L. microphy'lla (small-leaved). See L. VANDELLIANA.
,, vandellia'na (Vandellian). Brazil. 1847.

LAGA'SCEA. (Named after D. M. Lagasca, professor
of botany at Madrid. Nat. ord. Composites [Composita?].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-&qualis.)

Stove annual. Raised in a hotbed, several times
potted there, and bloomed in summer, in a greenhouse
or plant stove.

L. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See L. SUAVEOLENS.
„ mo'llis (soft). 2. White. July. Cuba. 1815.
„ suave'olens (sweet-scented). 8-15. White. June.
Mexico.

LAGENA'NDRA. (From lagenos, a bottle, and aner, a
man, a stamen. Nat. ord. Araceas.)

Aquatic or marsh stove herb, with creeping stems.
Divisions or cuttings. Loam, peat, charcoal, and sand.
L. taxied ria (poisonous). 4. White. E. Ind. 1818.

LAGENA'RIA. Bottle Gourd. (From lagenos, a bottle;
referring to the shape of the fruit of some species. Nat.
ord. Cucurbits [Cucurbitaces]. Linn. zi-Moncecia, 10-
Monadelphia. Allied to Cucumber.)

Hardy annuals, from the East Indies, and yellow-
flowered, except where otherwise specified. Seeds in a
hotbed, and either fruited there, or hardened off and
cultivated out of doors, under hand-lights, against palings
and other fences; rich, light soil. For culture, see
CUCUMBER.

L. idola'trica (idolatrous. Pear-fruited). White. June.
„ verruca' sa (warty). 1889.
„ vitta'ta (banded). See L. VULGARIS VITTATA.
,, vulga'ris (common). 10. August. 1597.
,, ,, clava'ta (club-shaped). 10. August. 1597.
, courgou'rda (courgourde). 10. August. 1597.
, deprtssa (depressed). 10. August. 1597.
, turbina'ta (top-shaped). 10. August. 1597.
, virgina'lis (virginal). Fruit waxy white. 1892.
, vitta'ta (striped). White. June.

LAGENO'PHORA. (From lagenos, a bottle, and phoreo,
to bear ; referring to the flower-heads. Nat. ord. Com-
posites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, %-Frustranea.
Allied to Brachycome.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Division in spring ;
light soil ; a cool greenhouse, or a dry, cold pit in
winter.

L. Forste'ri (Forster's). Yellow and purple. New
Zealand. 1837.

LAGERSTRCEMIA

483 LANDSCAPE GARDENING

LAGERS TRCE MIA. (Named after M. Lagerstrcem, a
German. Nat. ord. Loosestrifes [Lythraceae]. Linn.
i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Cuttings of small, firm side-shoots in spring, under a
bell-glass, and cuttings of ripened shoots in autumn,
in strong bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 90°, with plenty of moisture, both at the root, and
also at the top, except when in flower. Winter temp.,
55° to 60°, and dryish, after being pruned in autumn.
The greenhouse species require only warm greenhouse
temperatures.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

L. i'ndica a'lba (Indian-white). 12. White. August.

China. 1816.

„ ,, ro'sea (rosy). 12. Rose. August. China. 1825.
„ specio'sa (showy). See L. FLOS-REGIN.S.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

L. e'legans (elegant). See L. INDICA ELEGANS.
„ floribu'nda (free-flowering). Trop. Asia.
„ Flo's-regi'na ( queen' s-flower). 12. Red. Trop. Asia.

1792.
„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See DUABA'NGA SON-

NERATIOI'DES.

„ i'ndica (Indian). 6. Flesh. July. E. Ind. 1759.
„ „ e'legans (elegant). 10. Rose, yellow. August.

Trop. Asia. 1841.

„ parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 12. White. E. Ind. 1818.
„ Regi'nce, (queen's). See L. FLOS-REGIN^:.

LAGE'TTA. Lace Bark. (Its Indian name. Nat. ord.
Daphnads [Thymeleaceas]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

The inner bark of this stove evergreen is the beautiful
Lace Bark of the West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-heat, in
April or May ; peat and fibrous loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
L. lintea'ria (linen). 6. White. Jamaica. 1793.

LAGUN2EA. See HIBISCUS.

LAGUNA'RIA. (From its resemblance to Lagunaa,
an allied genus. Nat. ord. Mallowworts [Malvaceae].
Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 8-Polyandria.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. By cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, and in heat, in
May ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
L. cuneifo'rmis (wedge-leaved). See FUGOSIA CUNEI-

FORMIS.

„ lilaci'na (lilac). See FUGOSIA HAKE^ FOLIA.
„ Pciterso'nii (Paterson's). 20. Pale red. June. Nor-
folk Island. 1792.

LAGUNCULA'RIA. (Derivation doubtful. Nat. ord.
Combretaceae.)

Evergreen, stove shrub. Cuttings in sand with bottom-
heat. Loam, peat, and sand.

L. racemo'sa (racemed). 10. White. W. Ind. ; Guiana.
1820.

LAGU'RUS. (From lagos, a hare, and oura, a tail.
Nat. ord. Graminea?.)

A hardy, annual, ornamental grass, for mixing with
flowers or drying. Seeds. Garden soil.

L. ova'tus (egg-shaped).
(England).

June, July. Europe

LA LAGE. (Named after Lalage, a gay, witty dame
immortalised by Horace. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosae]. Linn.ie-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. Now
referred to Bossiaea, which see.)

L. hoveafo'lia (Hovea-leaved). See BOSSIAEA ORNATA.
„ orna'ta (gay). See BOSSI^A ORNATA.

LALLEMA'NTIA. (Commemorative of /. E. Lallemant
of St. Petersburg. Nat. ord. Labiatae.)

Hardy annual and biennial herbs. Seeds. Ordinary
garden soil.
L. cane'scens (grey). i£. Blue. July, August. Asia

Minor and Persia. 1711. Biennial.
„ ibe'rica (Iberian), i. Blue. July. Asia Minor;

Syria. 1820.

„ pelta'ta (shield-shaped), ij. Purple. July. Cauca-
sus; Persia. 1711.

LAMA'RKIA. (Commemorative of /. B. Lamark, of
France. Nat. ord. GramineaB.)

Hardy annual grass. Seeds. Garden soil.
L. au'rea (golden). $. Flowers in short, yellow-green
heads. Mediterranean region.

LAMBE'RTIA. (Named after the late Mr. Lambert, a
distinguished patron of botany. Nat. ord. Proteads
[Proteaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Hakea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Cuttings
of the ripened shoots, before fresh growth commences,
in the spring, in sand, over sandy peat, in pots nearly
filled with drainage, and covered with a bell-glass, and
kept close and cool until the base of the cutting swells,
when a little bottom-heat may be applied ; sandy loam
and fibrous peat, well-drained, and mixed with rough
pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
L. echina'ta (hedgehog). 3. July. 1824.

„ formo'sa (handsome). 4. Red. July. 1788.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. Red. July. 1826.

„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Orange.

,, ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 1836.

» propi'nqua (related). See L. ECHINATA.

LAMB'S LETTUCE. See CORN SALAD.

LA'MTUM. Dead Nettle. (From laimos, the throat ;
in allusion to the throat-like form of the corolla. Nat.
ord. Labiatae.)

Annual and perennial herbs, but only perennials listed
here. Divisions. Ordinary garden soil.
L. Galeo'bdoion (Galeobdolon). i. Yellow. May, June.

Europe (England). " Yellow Archangel."
„ „ variega'tum (variegated), i. Yellow. May.
„ macula'tum (spotted). i. Purple. June, July.

Europe (Britain).
„ „ au'reum (golden). Leaves yellow. " Golden

Archangel."

„ Orva'la (Orvala). i$. Pale red-purple, white. April.
S. Europe. 1596.

LAMOUROU'XIA. (Named after /. V. F. Lamouroux,
a naturalist. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae].
Linn. i4-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Bartsia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, scarlet-flowered,
from Mexico. For culture, see ANGELO'NIA.
L. corda'ta (heart-shaped-leaved). See L. VISCOSA.
„ multffida (many-clef t-/£flt>«2). i£. 1846.
„ Pri'nglei (Pringle's). 3-5. Crimson. Mexico. 1895.

Shrub.
,, visco'sa (clammy), ij. 1846.

LAMPROCO'CCUS. (From latnpros, shining, and
kokkos, a berry. Nat. ord. Bromeliaceae. Mostly now
referred to jEchmea.)

L. carule' scens (bluish). See ^ECHMEA C.ERULESCENS.
„ specio'sus (showy). Leaves striped with yellow.

Brazil. 1893.
„ Fo//«'fl'»uft(Vallerand's). See STREPTOCALYX VALLE-

RANDI.

„ Weilba'chii (Weilbach's). See ^ECHMEA WEILBACHII.
LAMPRaNIA RUBErLLA. See RASPBERRY MOTH.
LAMPWICK. Phlo'mis Lychni'tis.

LANA'RIA. (Derived from lana, wool ; in allusion to
the woolly flowers. Nat. ord. Haemodoraceae.)

Greenhouse perennial herb. Divisions in spring.
Loam, peat, and sand.
L. plumo'sa (plumy), ij. White. S. Africa. 1787.

LANCE-WOOD. Guattfria.

LAND-DITCHING. See DRAINING.

LANDRA. Ra'phanus La'ndra.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING, as its name intimates, is
the composition of beautiful scenery, so that all artifice
is concealed by the blending of trees, shrubs, ground,
and water ; this forming vistas as gratifying as those
which occur naturally. Admiration for such scenery is
an innate quality of the human mind ; and successfully
to imitate such scenery requires judgment as well as
taste. It is not possible, without a heavy outlay, to
introduce any desired species of landscape beauty upon
a given plot of ground. There is the beauty of the level
surface, quite unattainable without such outlay, upon a

LANIUM

484

LARDIZABALA

surface which is abrupt and broken. The beauty of the
clay districts is not otherwise to be secured upon those of
the chalk ; neither on light uplands can be arranged the
dense beauties of well-watered, alluvial vales. " Con-
sult the genius of the place " is an axiom which has been
derided, but which is dictated by the soundest sense.

Under this general head we have not space to enter
fully into details ; but some of these will be found, under
their appropriate titles, in other pages, and chiefly
borrowed from Mr. Whately, who has published more
correct views upon the art of tastefully arranging grounds
than most men who have written upon the subject.

LA NIUM. (From lana, wool ; the sepals are downy.
Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove Orchids. Divisions. Fibrous peat and
sphagnum.
L. Berke'leyi (Berkeley's). Green, dotted red-brown.

Brazil. 1894.

„ microphy'llum (small-leaved). Pale pink. Guiana.
,, subula'tum (awl-shaped). Pale green. Brazil. 1896.

LANKESTE'RIA. (Named after Dr. E. Lankester, a
distinguished botanist. Nat. ord. Acanthads [Acan-
thaceas]. Linn. T.^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied
to Eranthemum.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, from Sierra Leone. Cuttings
of young shoots in sandy soil, in heat, in spring ; peat
and loam, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 48° to 58°.
L. Barte'ri (Barter's). Pale yellow, with orange throat.

Trop. Africa. 1865.
„ e'legans (elegant). Trop. Africa.
„ hi'spida (coarsely-hairy). See L. PARVIFLORA.
„ longifto'ra (long-flowered). See L. PARVIFLORA.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Yellow. April. 1844.

LANSBERGIA CARACASA'NA and L. MARTINI-

CE NSIS. See TRIMEZA LURIDA.

LANTA'NA. (An ancient name for Viburnum. Nat.
ord. Verbenas [Verbenaceaej. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-
Angiospermia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the short side-
shoots, two inches in length, taken off close to the old
wood, when fresh growth commences, in spring ; fibrous
loam and a little peat ; sellowia'na requires sandy peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
L. aculea'ta (prickly). See L. CAMARA.
„ a'lba (white). White, yellow. S. Amer.
„ brasilie' nsis (Brazilian). 3. White. June. Brazil.

1823.
„ Ca'mara (Camara). 10. Red. June. Trop. Amer.

1692.

„ cocci'nea (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. June. S.Amer. 1824.
„ cro'cea (copper-coloured). 4. Copper. June.

Jamaica. 1818.

„ delicati' 'ssima (very delicate). Pale blush. 1852.
„ fla'va (yellow). 2. Yellow. August. W. Ind. 1732.
„ fuca'ta (painted). See L. LILACINA.
„ hi'spida (bristly). 3. Purple. July. Mexico. 1824.
,, ho'rrida (horrid). 3. Red. June. Mexico. 1824.
„ involucra'ta (involucred). 3. Pink. July. W. Ind.

1690.

„ lavandula'cea (lavender-like). SeeLiPPiA ASPERIFOLIA.
„ lilaci'na (lilac). 2-3. Rose. Brazil. 1823.
„ meliss&fo'lia (balm-leaved). See L. FLAVA.
„ mi'sta (mixed). 5-10. White, yellow, orange, finally

red. W. Ind. 1692.

„ mo' His (soft). 4. Red, white. July. Mexico. 1828.
„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). W. Ind. 1834.
„ muta'bilis (changeable). See L. MISTA.
„ ni'vea (snowy). Yellow. May. Trop. Amer.
„ „ muta'bilis (snowy-changeable-coloured). 5. Yel-
low, rose. May.

„ odora'ta (scented). See L. INVOLUCRATA.
„ pilo'sa (downy). See L. TRIFOLIA.
„ purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. July. S. Amer.

1820.

„ Ra'dula (rough-leaved). 3. Purple. W. Ind. 1803
,, re'cta (straight). See L. INVOLUCRATA.
„ salvicefo'lia (sage-leaved). 3. Red or violet. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

„ sellowia'na (Sellow's). i. Rose. April. Monte
Video. 1828.

L. sellowia'na lanceola'ta (spear-head-teawd). Deep rose.

July. Montevideo. 1838.

,, stri'cta (erect). 3. Pale purple. Jamaica. 1733.
„ trifo'lia (three-leaved). 3. Purple. July. W. Ind.

1733-
„ viola' cea (violet). See L. SALVI^EFOLIA.

LAPAGE'RIA. (Commemorative of Josephine Lapa-
gerie, wife of Napoleon Bonaparte. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)
A handsome, half-hardy or greenhouse evergreen
twiner. Layers of the long stems. Fibrous loam and
peat. Best planted out.
L. ro'sea (rosy). 12-20. Deep rose to rosy-scarlet.

Chili. 1847 or 1848.
„ „ a'lba (white). Pure white. Chili.
,, ,, Ilsema'nni (Ilsemann's). Flowers larger and

brighter. 1897.
„ „ supe'rba (superb). Reddish-crimson. 1878.

LAPEYROU'SIA. (Commemorative of /. F. G. de la

Peyrouse, a French circumnavigator. Nat. ord. Iridaceae.)
Half-hardy bulbous plants, with an egg-shaped corm,
covered with matted sheaths. Seeds and offsets. Light,
sandy but rich soil in a frame, greenhouse, or pit.
L, aculea'ta (prickly). See L. COMPRESSA ACULEATA.
„ a'nceps (two-edged). See L. COMPRESSA.
,, azu'rea (azure). See L. CORYMBOSA AZUREA.
„ compre'ssa (compressed). i-i. Lilac or white.

September. S. Africa. 1824.
„ ,, aculea'ta (prickly). J-i. Blue, yellow. June.

S. Africa. 1825.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbose). }. Pale to deep violet.

May. S. Africa. 1791.
„ „ azu'rea (azure). J. Pale lilac or sky-blue. S.

Africa.
,, crue'nta (blood-coloured). 1-2. Bright red, with

three black spots. S. Africa. 1830.
,, Fabri'cii (Fabricius's). J-i. Lilac or white. S.

Africa. 1825.
„ falca'ta (sickle-shaped). J-i. Pale blue. May.

S. Africa. 1825.
,, fascicula'ta (fascicled). £. Whitish. May. S. Africa.

1825.
„ fissifo'lia (cleft-leaved). \. Whitish or pale blue.

August. S. Africa. 1809.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), i-ij- Bright red, with

three crimson blotches. S.E. Trop. Africa.
„ ju'ncea (rush-like). 1-2. Pale red, with three spots

in throat. S. Africa. 1791.
,, silenoi'des (Silene-like). J. Bright red ; tube whitish.

June. S. Africa. 1822.

LAPLA'CEA. (Named after Laplace, the distinguished
philosopher. Nat. ord. Theads [Ternstromiaceae]. Linn.
i$-Polyandria, i-Monogynin. Allied to Bonnetia.)

Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, in heat, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat
and fibrous loam, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.

L. Hcemato'xylon (Haematoxylon). 40. White. Ja-
maica. 1820.

„ semiserra'ta (half-saw-edged-/£at><;<i). 2. White. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1842.

LAPO'RTEA. (Commemorative of M. Laporte. Nat.
ord. Urticaceae.)

Stove perennial herbs or shrubs. Seeds ; cuttings in
sand in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam
and peat, or leaf-mould and sand. Summer temp.,
70° to 80° ; winter, 60°. The plants of this genus are
furnished with strong, stinging hairs, which cause many
people acute pain, so that great care should be exercised
in handling them.
L. crenula'ta (finely-notched). Flowers dioecious. Trop.

Asia. Tree.

„ gi'gas (giant). 80. Green. India to Australia. 1874.
,, moroides (Morus-like). 2-3. Green. Fruit rosy-
purple. Australia. " Poison Tree of Queensland."
,, Schombu'rghii versi' color (chnnging-coloured).- Leaves
blotched with creamy-white. Polynesia. 1875.

LARDIZA'BALA. (Commemorative of M. Lardizalay,
a Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord. Berberidaceae.)

A rapid growing climber, hardy in the more favoured
parts of Britain, on walls, but best in a high conservatory.
Seeds ; layers. Fibrous loam and peat.

LARIX

485

LASTREA

L. biterna'ta (twice-three times divided). Purple. Late

autumn. Chili. 1848.

LA'RIX. Larch. (From lor, fat, a Celtic word. Nat.
ord. Coniferae.)

Hardy deciduous trees of more or less ornamental
character. L. europce'a is a valuable timber-tree. Dry
and hilly soils are most suitable for it. The others enjoy
the shelter of trees in lowland situations. Seeds and the
varieties by grafting, occasionally by cuttings and layers.
L. america'na (American). See L. PENDULA.

,, davu'rica (Davurian). 2-12. Siberia. 1827.

„ deci'dua (deciduous). See L. EUROP^EA.

„ europce'a (European). 80-100. March or April.
European Alps. 1629. " The Larch."

„ „ glau'ca pe'ttdula (sea-green weeping). Leaves
glaucous.

„ „ pe'ndula (weeping). Branches very pendulous.
Tyrolese Alps. 1800.

„ „ penduli'na (weeping-like). Branches drooping.

„ „ ro'ssica (Russian). Russia. 1806. " Russian
Larch."

„ „ semperui'rens (evergreen). Leaves lasting 2-3
years. 1870.

„ „ sibi'rica (Siberian). 80-90. Siberia. " Siberian
Larch."

„ „ virga'ta (twiggy). Primary branches long, out-
stretched. Austria. 1905.

„ Griffithii (Griffith's). 30-40. Eastern Himalaya.
" Sikkim Larch."

,, japo'nica (Japanese). See L. LEPTOLEPIS.

„ Ka'mpferi (Kaempfer's). See PSEUDOLARIX K.EMP-
FERI.

„ Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's). See L. EUROP.EA SIBIRICA.

„ lepto'lepis (slender-scaled). 40. Japan.

„ „ dumo'sa (bushy). Dwarf in habit. 1903.

„ ,, murraya'na (Murrayan).

„ „ pe'ndula (pendulous). "Weeping Japan Larch."

„ „ prostra'ta (prostrate). Stems lying on the ground.
1909.

„ Lyallii (Lyall's). 40. N.W. Amer. 1863.

„ occidenta'lis (western). 150. N.W. Amer.

„ pe'ndula (pendulous). 80-90. N.E. Amer. " Tama-
rack." " Black Larch."

„ Potetti'nt(Potanin's). 20-60. Western China. 1906.

„ pyramidalis (pyramidal). See L. EUROP^EA.

„ vulga'ris (common). See L. EUROP/EA.

LARKSPUR. Delphinium.
LARO'CHEA. Ro'chea.

LA'RREA. (Named after a Spaniard of that name.
Nat. ord. Bean-capers [Zygophyllaceae]. Linn. lo-De-
candria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Zygophyllum.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from South America, with
yellow flowers. Cuttings of young half-ripened shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in summer ; peat and fibrous
loam, with silver sand, and pieces of broken pot, and
charcoal, to keep the soil open. Winter temp., 40° to
48° ; summer, in a shaded position.
L. divarica'ta (straggling). 2. July. 1829.
„ ni'tida (shining-leaved). 2. June. 1829.

LARVA. The name by which an insect is described
when in the state between the egg and the chrysalis
form. The larva of a butterfly or moth is commonly
known as a caterpillar ; of a fly or beetle, as a maggot or
grub.

LASERWORT. Tha'psia Laserpe'tii.

LA'SIA. (From lasios, woolly. Nat. ord. Araceae.)
Stove evergreen. Divisions ; and cuttings in sand in a
propagating case. Loam, peat, and some nodules of
charcoal, with sand.

L. aculea'ia (prickly). See L. HETEROPHYLLA.
„ heterophy < lla (various-leaved). 2. April. India and

Malaya. 1759.
„ spino'sa (spiny). See L. HETEROPHYLLA.

LASIAGRaSTIS CALAMAGRO STIS. See STIPA
CALAMAGROSTIS.

LASIA'NDRA. (From lasios, woolly, and aner, an
anther ; woolly stamened. Nat. ord. Melastomads
[Melastomaceas]. Linn. io-Decandfia,i-Monogynia. Now
referred to Tibouchina.)

L. arge'ntea (silver y-leaved). See TIBOUCHINA HOLO-

SERICEA.

„ fontanesia'na (Des Fontaines'). See TIBOUCHINA

GRANULOSA.

„ lepido'ta (scaly). See TIBOUCHINA OCHYPETALA.

„ macra'nfha (large-flowered). See TIBOUCHINA SEMI-

DECANDRA.

,, petiola'ta (long-leai -stalked). See TIBOUCHINA GAU-

DICHAUDIANA.

LASIOPE'TALUM. (From lasios, woolly, and peialon,
a petal, or flower-leaf. Nat. ord. Sierculiads [Sterculi-
aceaej. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in April or
May ; sandy peat and fibrous loam, well drained, and
carefully watered ; either stagnant moisture or a sour
soil destroys them. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
L. arbore'scens (tree). See SERINGIA PLATYPHYLLA.
„ Baue'ri (Bauer's). Pearly white. (B. M., t. 6445.)
„ bractea'tum (bracted). 3. Pink. April. 1844.
„ ferrugi'neum (rusty). 4. White. June. 1791.
,, macropky'llum (large-leaved). 5. Pale green. May.

1825.

„ purpu'reum (purple). See THOMASIA PURPUREA.
„ solana'ceum (Solanum-like). See THOMASIA SOLAN-

ACEA.
„ triphy'llum (three-leaved). See THOMASIA TRIPHYLLA.

LASIORRHTZA RO'SEA and L. RUNCINA'TA. See

LEUCERIA RUNCINATA.

LASIOSIPHON. (From lasios, woolly, and siphon, a
tube ; the corolla tube is woolly. Nat. ord. Thymele-
aceae.)

Evergreen, greenhouse shrubs. Seeds in gentle heat ;
cuttings of growing shoots in gentle heat under a bell-
glass. Two-thirds loam, one-third peat, with charcoal
nodules and sand.
L. anthylloi'des (Anthyllis-like). 2. Soft yellow. S.

Africa. 1889.
,, erioce' phalus (woolly-headed). White or purple. June.

S. Africa. 1793.
„ linifo'lius (flax-leaved). July. S. Africa. 1788.

LASIOSPE'RMUM. (From lasios, woolly, and sperma,
a seed. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, i-jEqualis. Allied to Santolina.)

Half-hardy evergreen trailing plants, with yellow
flowers. Division in spring, and cuttings under a hand-
light, in a shady place, in summer ; common garden-soil.
Most of them require the protection of a cold pit in
winter. The Italian species are most hardy.
L. anthemoi'des (Anthemis like). See ANTHEMIS CRETICA.
„ crithmifo'lium (samphire-leaved). See SANTOLINA

CRITHMIFOLIA.

,, eriospe'rmum (woolly-seeded). See L. PEDUNCULARE.
,, peduncula' re (long-no-wei -stalked). J. July. S.Africa.

1798-
,, rigidum (stiff). See ANTHEMIS CRETICA.

LASTHE'NIA. (Derivation not explained. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composita?]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, z-Super-
ftua.)

Hardy annuals, with yellow flowers. Seeds in October,
and plants protected by boughs of evergreens during the
winter ; or sow in March and April in the open border.
L. califo'rnica (Calif ornian). See L. GLABRATA.
,, glabra'ta (smooth). i£. May. California. 1834.
„ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved), i. May. Chili. 1833.

LA'STREA. (Derivation unexplained. Nat. ord.
Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

For culture, see FERNS. They have all yellowish spores.

HARDY.

L. aculea'ia (common-prickly). SeeAspioiuMACULEATUM.
„ c&mula (emulous). i-i|. Britain.
,, crista'ta (/«scr-crested). |. July. Britain.
,, dilata'ta (enlarged-crested). 2. June. Britain.
,, Fi'lix-mos (male-fern). 3. Britain.
„ Fcenise'cii (Fcenisec's). See L. *;MULA.
„ goldia'na (Goldie's). July. N. Amer. 1822.
„ interme'dia (intermediate). June. N. Amer. 1837.
„ margina'lis (border-spared) . 2. June. N. Amer.
1772.

LASTREA

486

LATANIA

1-3. July. Britain.

rk). i£. July. N.Amer. 1822.

L. ntonta'na (mountain)

„ noveborace'nsis (New York)

„ Oreo'pteris (mountain-fern). See L. MONTANA

„ recu'rva (recurved). See L. JEMULA.

„ remo'ta (remote), i. England.

„ ri'gida (rigid), i. England.

„ spinulo'sa (crested-prickly), i. June. Britain.
„ Thely'pteris (lady-fern), i. July. Britain.

GREENHOUSE.

L. arista.' ta (bearded). See ASPIDIUM ARISTATUM.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). See ASPIDIUM ARISTATUM

VARIEGATUM.

„ chine' nsis (Chinese). China and Japan.

„ coru'sca (waving). See ASPIDIUM VARIUM.

„ decompo' sita (decomposed). £. July. N. Holland.
1825.

„ „ glabe'lla (smooth), i. New Zealand.

„ „ Shephe'rdi (Shepherd's). Frond narrower.

„ decu'rrens (running-down). June. China. 1840.

„ decu'rsivo-pinna'tu-m (decurrent-pinnate). China and
Japan.

„ erythroso'ra (red-sorused). Japan. 1863.

„ „ prolifica (prolific). Sori numerous, orange.
Japan. 1882.

„ hispida (hispid). New Zealand.

,, la'cera (torn). Japan.

, tnargina'lis (marginal). N. Amer.

„ Maximowi'czii (Maximowicz's). Dwarf and dense-
growing. Japan. 1881.

,, nevade'nse (Nevadan). N. Amer.

,, opa'ca (opaque). Japan. 1862.

„ podophy'lla (leaf-stalked), i-ij. Chusan and Hong-
Kong.

„ prolifica (prolific). See L. ERYTHROSORA PROLIFICA.

„ Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). Leathery. Japan.

„ veluti'na (velvety). 1-2. New Zealand. 1859.

STOVE.

L. acumina'ta (long-pointed). See L. DECOMPOSITA

SHEPHERDI.

„ a'lbo-puncta'ta (white-spotted). Guinea ; Natal.
„ appendicula' ta (appendaged). See L. PROLIX A.
„ asce'ndens (rising). August.
„ athma'ntica (without indusium). 2-3. Natal ; S.

Africa.

„ atra'ta (blackish). See L. HIRTIPES.
„ atrovi'rens (dark-green). See L. DECOMPOSITA.
„ attenua'ta (thin). June. Isle of Samaria. 1839.
„ auge'scens (increasing). See L. SERRA.
„ borya'na (Boryan). Himalaya.
„ calcara'ta (spurred). E. Ind.
„ ca'na (grey). Himalaya.
„ canarie'nsis (Canary). 2. Canaries.
„ cato'ptera (deflexed- winged). S. Africa.
„ chryso'loba (golden-lobed). July. Brazil. 1840.
,, cicuta'ria (water-hemlock-like). Tropics everywhere.
„ co'nftuens (run-together). Queensland.
„ conte'rmina (bordering). W. Ind. 1835.
„ cuspida'ta (short-pointed). W. Ind. ; Ceylon.
„ cyatheoi'des (Cyathea-like). Trop. Asia.
„ deltoi'dea (delta-like). Trop. Amer.
„ denticula'ta (finely- toothed). Trop. Amer.
„ deparioi'des (Deparia-like). Ceylon and S. India.
„ disse'cta (dissected). Tropics of Old World.
„ ,, membranifo'lia (membrane-leaved). 1844.
„ ebu'rnea (ivory). July. Nepaul. 1841.
„ effu'sa (spread-out). Trop. Amer.
„ ,, diver'gens (diverging).
„ e'legans (elegant). 1-2. Ceylon. 1845.
„ elonga'ta (lengthened). See L. FILIX-MAS ELONGATA.
„ erioca'rpa (woolly-spored). See L. ODORATA.
„ exi'gua (little). July. Isle of Luzon.
„ exte'nsa (extended). Ceylon.
„ falcicula'ta (sickle-like). July. S. Amer.
„ fa'llax (deceiving). Brazil.

„ Fi'Iix-ma's elonga'ta (elongated). Subtropical regions.
„ „ schimperia'na (Schimperian). Simla.
„ fiorida'na (Floridan). Louisiana and Florida.
„ fu' stipes (brown-stalked). 1-2. Ceylon. 1858.
„ Griseba'chii (Grisebach's). Cuba.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy). Philippines. 1858.
„ hi'rta (hairy), i. W. Ind. ; W. Trop. Africa.

L. hi'rtipes (hairy-stalked). June. Trop. Asia.
, imme'rsa (submerged). Malaya. 1840.
, inci'sa (incised). W. Ind.
, indivi'sa (undivided). July. W. Ind. 1840.
, intenne'dia (intermediate). Trop. Asia.
, invi'sa (unseen). 2. July. Jamaica. 1830.
, irregula'ris (irregular). See L. LATIFOLIA.
, Jenma'ni (Jenman's). 2. Jamaica. 1887.
, Kaulfu'sii (Kaulfus's). iJ-2. Brazil.
, la'ta (broad). June. Isle of Luzon. 1834.
, latifo'lia (broad- leaved). Polynesia.
, le'pida (neat). Polynesia.
, leuzea'na (Leuzean). Trop. Asia.
, ligula'ta (strap-leaved). June. Isle of Luzon. 1839.
, macroca'rpa (large-spored). August. E. Ind. 1827.
, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Trop. Amer.
, „ calva'ta (bald).
, membranifo lia (membrane- fronded). See L, DISSECTA

MEMBRANIFOLIA.

, mexica'na (Mexican). Mexico to Brazil and Ecuador.

, mo' His (soft). Tropics and sub- tropics everywhere.

, „ polyda'ctylon (many-fingered). Apex of frond
much divided.

, „ viola' scens (violet). Rachis purple.

, multi'juga (many-paired). July. E. Ind. 1839.

, odora'ta (scented). Trop. Asia.

, pa'tens (spreading). 2. July. W. Ind. 1784.

, patenti'ssima (very-spreading). August. E. Ind.
1825.

, polymo'rphum (many-shaped). Trop. Asia.

, polyphy'lla (many-fronded). August. India.

, Pre'slii (Presl's). June. India.

, proli'xa (extended). N. India to Ceylon.

, propi'nqua (allied). See L. PRESLII.

, prote'nsa (extended). W. Trop. Africa. 1858.

, pube' scens (downy). July. Jamaica.

, quinquangula're (five-angled). W. Trop. Africa.

, rece dens (receding), ij. Ceylon. 1845.

, remi'ssa (relaxed).

, Richa'rdsi (Richard's). New Caledonia.

, „ multi'fida (much-divided). 3. Fronds and pinna?
cut into many lobes. 1881.

, rodigasia'na (Rodigasian). Samoa.

, scabro'sa (rough). Nilgherries.

, semicorda' ta (half-heart-shape). June. W. Ind. 1822.

, Se'rra (saw-like). 2. July. W. Ind. 1819.

, seti'gera (bristle-bearing). Japan and Trop. Asia.

, ,, crista'ta (crested).

, seto'sa (bristly). Java.

, si'mttis (like). July. Malacca.

, Sloa'nei (Sloan's). Trop. Amer.

, spa'rsa (scattered). Trop. Asia.

, specta'bilis (showy). See L. SYRMATICA.

, spine'scens (spiny), i. W. Trop. Africa.
., Sprenge'lii (Sprengel's). August. India.
,, Standi'shii (Standish's). See ASPIDIUM LASERPITII-

FOLIUM.

,, strigo'sa (thin). 2. Mauritius.
„ subtriphy'lla (sub- three- leaved). Trop. Asia.
,, syrma'tica (long-robed). N. India to Ceylon.
,, tenericau'lis (slender-stalked). See L. SETIGERA.
,, Thwaite'sii (Thwaites's). Ceylon.
,, Trime'ni (Trimen's). Ceylon.
,, trunca'ta (snipped). E. Ind.

,, uni'ta (united). Tropical and sub- tropical regions.
,, va'rians (varying). Trinidad.
„ variolo'sa (slightly- varying). Malaya.
,, venu'sta (handsome). August. India. 1825.
,, verruco'sa (warty). June. E. Ind. 1840.
,, vesti'ta (clothed). July. Brazil. 1844.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). 3. July. Jamaica. 1844.
„ visco'sa (clammy). July. Malacca. 1839.

LATA'CE. (Probably a native name. Nat. ord.
Liliacea?.)

Greenhouse bulb. Seeds ; offsets. Loam, leaf-mould,
sand.
L. Volkma'nni ( Volkmann's). i. White. Chile.

LATA'NIA. Bourbon Palm. (The Bourbon name is
Latanier. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceee]. Linn. 22-
Dicecia, i^-Monadelphia.)

Stove palms, with greenish-white flowers. Seeds in a
hotbed ; rich, loamy soil. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ;
winter, 55* to 60*.

LATERALS

487

LATHYRUS

L. au'rea (golden). See L. VERSCHAFFELTII.
„ borbo'nica (common-Bourbon). See LIVISTONA CHIN-

ENSIS.
„ Commerso'nii (Commerson's). 7-9. Mauritius and

Bourbon. 1778.

„ glaucophy'lla (milky-green- leaved). SeeL.LooDiGESii.

„ Loddige'sii (Loddiges's). 10. Mauritius. 1823.

„ ru'bra (red). See L. COMMERSONII.

„ Verschaffe'ltii (Verschaffelt's). 7. Mauritius.

LATERALS, or Side-shoots, are those which spring

from the sides of the main branches, and are thus

described in contradistinction to the terminal or leading

shoots of the branches : — The laterals on the lower

branches, like those branches themselves, are usually

longer as they approach the base of the tree, because

they extend to obtain the benefit of the lisht kept from

them by the branches above. If unable thus to extend,

as in the case of inner trees of those planted in clumps,

the laterals die, and occasion the nakedness of their

trunks. If the terminal shoot of a branch be cut away,

the laterals increase more in length, not only because

more sap is thus afforded them, but because an extra

effort is made to advance into the desired degree of light.

LATHR^E'A. (From lathraios, clandestine ; the plant

is hidden in the earth till it is about to bloom. Nat.

ord. Orobanchaceae.)

Hardy herbs, parasitical on the roots of trees. Seeds
to be sown close to the roots of suitable trees.
L. Clandesti'na (clandestine). £. Violet-purple. April.

Europe. 1890.
„ Squama'ria (scaly). £. Flesh, tinted purple. May.

Europe (England).

LA'THYRUS. (From la, to add to, and ihouros, an
irritant ; to increase excitement, the supposed qualities
of the seeds. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosas].
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria.)

Seeds of annuals, in common soil, in spring ; perennials,
by division at the same time, or cuttings of the young
shoots under a bell-glass ; common garden soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.
L. amphica'rpus (double-fruited). i£. Pink. June.

Levant. 1680.
„ angula'tus (angulai- seeded), i. Red. June. S.

Europe. 1683.
„ cilia' tus (eye-lashed), i. Purple. July. S. Europe.

1820.
„ leptophy'llus (fine-leaved). i. Purple. June.

Caucasus. 1818.
„ setifo'lius (bristle-leaved). I. Red. June. S.

Europe. 1739.
„ sphcs'ricus (round-seeded), i. Crimson. June. S.

Europe. 1801.

HARDY CLIMBING ANNUALS.
L. ala'tus (winged). 3. Purple. July. Italy. 1823.

„ a'nnuus (annual). 4. Yellow. July. S. Europe.
1621.

„ auricula' tus (eared). See L. CLYMENUM.

„ Ci'cera (flat-podded). 2. Red. S. Europe. 1633.

„ cirrho'sus (tendrilled). 4. Rosy-pink. Pyrenees.
1870.

„ Cly'menum (Clymenum). 3. Purple. July. Medi-
terranean region. 1800.

„ cornu'tus (horned). See L. CLYMENUM.

„ hirsu'tus (hairy-podded). 4. Purple. July. England.

„ ita'licus (Italian). 3. Pink. August. Italy.

„ lusita'nicus (Portuguese). 3. July. Spain. 1827.

,, odora'tus (fragrant). 4. Variegated. July. Sicily.
1700. " Sweet Pea."

„ purpu'reus (purple). 3. Purple. July. Crete.

„ sati'vus (cultivated). 3. Blue. S. Europe. 1640.
" Chickling Vetch."

„ tenuifo'lius (fine-leaved). See L. CLYMENUM.

„ tingita'nus (Tangier). 4. Dark purple. July.
Barbary. 1680. " Tangier Pea."

„ tu'midus (swollen). See VICIA BITHYNICA.

HARDY DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS, &c.

L. armitagea'nus (Armitage's). See L. NERVOSUS, of
Lamarck.

L. calif o'rnicus (Calif ornian). See L. MARITIMUS CALI-

FORNICUS.
,, Davi'dii (David's). 3-4. Yellowish-white. Japan ;

N. China.

,, decaphy'llus (ten-leaved). See L. POLYMORPHUS.
,, Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). See L. ROTUNDIFOLIUS.
,, grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 4. Rose. July. S.

Europe. 1814.
,, heterophy'llus (various-leaved). 4. Flesh. August.

Europe. 1731.
„ incu'rvus (curved-podded). 2. Blue. July. Russia.

1808.
„ interme'dius (intermediate). 4. Red. August.

N. Europe. 1820.
„ latifo'lius (broad-leaved). Pink. August. England.

" Everlasting Pea."
„ Macrce'i (MacRae's). 3. Purple, white. October.

Chili. 1824.

,, magella'nicus of D. Don. See L. NERVOSUS.
„ magella'nicus (Magellan) of Lamarck. 3. Purple,

blue. May. Cape Horn. 1744.
,, mart" timus (maritime). J. Purple. Europe (England).

Prostrate.
,, „ califo'rnicus (Calif ornian). 4. Purple, veined.

N. California. 1826. Climbing.
,, minia'tus (vermilion). See L. ROTUNDIFOLIUS.
„ Mu'lkak (Mulkak). 5-8. Deep rose-purple. July,

August. Central Asia. 1902. Fragrant.
,, multifto'rus (many-flowered) of Nuttall. See L.

VENOSUS.

„ muta'bilis (changeable). 4. Purple, red. July.

Siberia. 1825.

„ myrtifo'lius (myrtle-leaved). See L. POLYMORPHUS.
„ nervo'sus (nerved) of Lamarck. 3. Blue. June.

Argentina. 1824. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.

" Lord Anson's Pea."

,, palu'stris (marsh). 4. Pale purple. June. Britain.
„ peduncula'ris (long- stalked). See L. ROTUNDIFOLIUS.
,, pisifo'rmis (pea-formed). 3. Purple. July. Siberia.

1795-
,, polymo'rphus (multiform). 3. Pale purple. July.

Missouri. 1824.

„ polyphy'llus (many-leaved). N.W. Amer.
,, prate'nsis (meadow). 3. Yellow. Britain.
,, pube'scens (downy). Purple. Chili. 1895.
,, pube'scens (downy) of Hooker. See L. TOMENTOSUS.
,, purpu'reo-ctzru'leus (purplish- blue). 10. Purple, blue.

August. Brazil. 1836. Twiner.
„ pyrena'icus (Pyrenean). See L. SYLVESTRIS.
„ ro'seus (rosy). 2. Red. July. Iberia. 1822.
,, rotundifo'lius (round-leaved), ij. Brick-red. July.

Tauria. 1822.

,, Sibtho'rpii (Sibthorp's). See L. UNDULATUS.
,, sple'ndens (splendid). 4-8. Scarlet-purple. Lower

California. 1881. " Pride of California." Half-
hardy.

„ stipula'ceus (/arge-stipuled). See L. PALUSTRIS.
,, sulphu'reus (sulphur). Pale yellow. California.
„ sylve'stris (wood). 3. Purple. July. Britain.

" Everlasting Pea."
,, iomento'sus (woolly). 3. Lilac. June. Buenos

Ayres. 1839. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
„ tubero'sus (tuberous). 2. Red. July. Europe. 1596.

" Earthnut Pea."
„ undula'tus (wavy). 3. Magenta-red. June. Shores

of Dardanelles. 1888.

„ veno'sus (veiny). 4. White, red. June. Pennsyl-
vania.
,, viola' ecus (violet). 6-8. Violet-blue. August.

California. 1894.

PERENNIALS, NOT CLIMBING.
L. alpe'stris (alpine). 2. Purple. June, July. Eastern

Europe. 1817.

„ alta'icus (Altaic). £. Purple. Altai Mountains. 1825.
„ angustifp'lius (narrow-leaved), i. White. April.

Siberia. 1766.

„ cane'scens (hoary). See L. FILIFORMIS.
„ cya'neus (blue), i. Blue, pink. Russia. 1823.
„ filifo'rmis (thread-like). i. Violet-purple. S.

Europe. 1816.

„ fta'ccidus (limp). See L. VERNUS FLACCIDUS.
„ glaucifo'lius (sea-green-leaved). See L. OCHROLEUCUS.
„ Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). Siberia.

LATTICE-LEAF PLANT

488

LAVANDULA

L. hirsu'lus (hairy), i. Red. May. Europe (England).

1822.

„ Jorda'ni (Jordan's). Blue. June. Lucania. 1830.
„ l-u'teus (yellow), ij. Buff-orange. Europe. 1759.
„ „ au'reus (golden), ij. Clear yellow. Europe.
„ macrorrhi'zus (large-rooted). See L. MONTANUS.
„ monta'nus (mountain), i. Purple, red. Europe

(Britain). " Heath Pea."
„ ,, tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). i. Purple, red.

Europe (Britain).
„ ni'ger (black). 2. Pale purple. June. Europe

(Britain).
„ ochroleu'cus (yellow- white). 2. Yellow- white. June.

N. Amer. 1816.
„ panno'nicus (Hungarian), i. White, cream, rose.

April. Europe. 1794.
„ paucifto'rus (few-flowered). i. Purple. June.

Hungary. 1820.
„ pisifo'rmis (pea-formed), i. Purple. May. Europe;

N. Asia. 1822.
„ sessilifo'lius (stalkless-leaved). i. Purple. May.

Greece and Asia Minor. 1823.

„ spha'ricus (spherical), i. Scarlet. April. S.Europe.
„ ,, uni'jugus (one-paired). See VICIA UNIJUGA.
„ variega' tus (variegated), i. Purple, variegated. July.

Europe. 1821.

„ vene'tus (Venetian), i. Purple. April. S. Europe.
„ ve'rnus (spring), i. Purple and blue. March, April.

Europe. 1629.

„ „ a'lbus (white), i. White. March, April.
„ „ ca'rneus (flesh), i. Flesh. March, April.
„ „ fla'ccidus (limp), i. Purple. April, May. Croatia.

(B.M., t. 2937.)"
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). Flesh. April.

1880.

LATTICE-LEAF PLANT. Ouvira'ndra fenestra'lis.
LA'TUA. (The native name. Nat. ord. Solanaceae.)
Greenhouse shrub. Cuttings in sand under a bell-
glass. Loam, leaf -mould, and sand.

L. veneno'sa. (poisonous). 3-4. Dark purple. February.
Chili. 1863.

LAUGE'RIA ODORA'TA. See GUETTARDA ODORATA.

LAUN.aS'A. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Compositae.)

Hardy perennial. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary garden
soil.

L. chondrilloi'des (Chondrilla-like). ij. Yellow. June.
Orient. 1818.

LAUREL. Lau'rus no'bilis.

LAUREL CHERRY. See CE'RASUS LAU'RO-CE'RASUS.

LAURE'LIA. (Derived from Laurus, the Bay Laurel ;
in reference to the aromatic odour. Nat. ord. Moni-
miaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen trees. Cuttings in sand in
gentle heat, under a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and a
little sand.

L. aroma'tica (aromatic). Chili.

„ No'vcB-Zela'ndice (New Zealand). 150. New Zealand.
,, serra'ta (serrated). 70. Greenish-yellow. Chile.
1904. " Huanhuan."

LAURE'NTIA. (Commemorative of M. A. Laurenti,
an Italian. Nat. ord. Campanulaceae.)

Greenhouse herbs of dwarf habit. Seeds. Loam,
leaf-mould, and plenty of sand.

L. carno'sula (fleshy). £. Blue, yellow, white. Cali-
fornia. (B.M., t. 6257.)
„ erinoi'des (Erinus-like). Purple, white. S. Africa.

1759-
„ Miche'lii (Michel's). J. Blue. July. Mediterranean

region. 1778.
„ minu'ta (minute). Pale purple or white. July. S.

Africa. 1800.

„ tene'lla (slender). £. Purple, violet. May. Medi-
terranean region. 1821.

LAU'RUS. Laurel. (From the Celtic blaur, or laur,
green. Nat. ord. Laurels [Lauraceae]. Linn. g-Ennean-
dria, i-Monogynia.)

The Bay (Lau'rus no'bilis) represents this large order.
They are all more or less aromatic, and produce camphor,

cinnamon, nutmegs, cassia, and other fruits and products
in commerce. Few of the best of these, even no'bilis,
the Sweet Bay, will flourish in the north of the island
without protection. It and its allies, the Sassafras,
Benzoin, &c., are propagated by cuttings under hand-
lights, in the end of summer ; by layers, by pieces of
the roots, and by seeds, which generally require to be in
the rot-heap a season before vegetating ; common soil,
if good and dry, suits them. The stove and greenhouse
species by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, and potted
off in sandy peat and fibrous loam, and the usual tempera-
ture of these compartments. Many, however, would do
better planted against a conservatory wall, heated and
protected in winter.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.
L. csstiva'lts( summer). SeeNECTANDRAwiLLDENoviANA.

,, a'lbida (whitish-leaved). See SASSAFRAS OFFICINALE.

„ Benzo'in (Benzoin). See LINDERA BENZOIN.

,, Caroline' nsis (Carolina). See PERSEA CAROLINENSIS
and varieties.

,, catesbia'na (Catesby's). See NECTANDRA WILLDE-
NOVIANA.

,, Diospy'ros (Jove's- fruit). See LINDERA MELISSA-
FOLIA.

„ genicula'ta (jointed). See LITSEA GENICULATA.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
L. aggrega'ta (crowded- flowered). 3. Green, yellow.

China. 1821.
„ bulla'ta (blistered. African Oak). See OCOTEA

BULLATA.

,, canarie'nsis (Canary). 10. Yellow, green. Canaries.

1815.

,, fattens (strong-smelling). See OCOTEA FCETENS.
,, i'ndica (Indian-Bay). See PERSEA INDICA.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

L. Chloro'xylon (green-wood.) 60. Green, white. W.
Ind. 1778. " Cog wood- tree."

„ coria'cea (leather-tear^). See NECTANDRA WILLDENO-
VIANA.

,, crassifo'lia (thick- leaved). See OCOTEA PUBERULA.

,, exalta'ta (lofty). See OCOTEA FLORIBUNDA.

,, floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). See OCOTEA FLORI-
BUNDA.

,, ni'vea (snow-white). 1820.

,, pa' tens (spreading). See PHCEBE ANTILLANA.

,, pe'ndula (weeping). See BEILSCHMIEDIA PENDULA.

„ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). See L. NOBILIS ANGUSTI-
FOLIA.

„ sple'ndens (shining). See NECTANDRA SANGUINEA.

„ thrysifl'ora (thryse-flowered). 30. Yellow, green.
Madagascar. 1810.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

L. Ca'ssia (Cassia). See CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM.
„ no'bilis (noble. Bay). 15. Yellow, white. April.

S. Europe. 1561.
„ „ angustifo'lia. (narrow-leaved). 6. Yellow. Leaves

lanceolate, narrow.

„ „ cri'spa (cwtled-leaved). 20. Yellow, white. May.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 20. Yellow, white.

May.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Yellow, white. May.

Asia. Half-hardy.
,, „ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). See L. NOBILIS

ANGUSTIFOLIA.

,, ,, undula' ta (wavy-leaved) . 4. Yellow, white. April.
„ ,, variega'ta (variegated-teat;^). 20. Yellow, white.

May.
,, rega'lis (royal). California. 1847.

LAURUSTINUS. See VIBURNUM TINUS.

LAVA'NDULA. Lavender. (From lavo, to wash ; re-
ferring to lavender-water. Nat. ord. Lipworts or Labiates
[Labiate]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia.)

Cuttings of large pieces, in spring and autumn, firmly
inserted in the ground ; but small, young shoots in spring,
under a hand-light, make the neatest plants ; sandy loam
suits them best. Those that require the protection of a
pit or cool greenhouse are propagated in a similar manner,

LAVATERA

489

LAXMANNIA

and require the same soil. The flowers of the common
lavender (L. Spi'ca) are ready for drying or distilling at
the end of June.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

L. denta'ta (toothed), ij. Lilac. August. Mediter-
ranean region. 1597-

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See L. SPICA LATIFOLIA.

„ peduncula'ta (stalked). Spain and Portugal.

„ Spi'ca (common-lavender-spike). 2. Lilac. August.
S. Europe. 1568.

„ „ alba (white).

„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Lilac. 1568.

,, „ na'na (dwarf), i.

„ Stce'chas (Stoechas). i£. Lilac. June. S. Europe.
1568.

„ ve'ra (true). Blue. July. S. Europe. 1568.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
L. abrotanoi'des (southernwood-like). i±. Lilac. July.

Canaries. 1699.
„ multi'fida (many-cleft). i£. lilac. August. S.

Europe. 1597. Biennial.
„ pinna' ta (leafleted). ij. Lilac. June. Madeira.

1777.

„ ,, pube'scens (downy). Lilac. June. 1816.
„ iri'ridis (green), i£. Purple. June. Madeira. 1777.
LAVA'TERA. (Named after the two Lavaters, Swiss
naturalists. Nat. ord. Mallowworts [Malvaceae]. Linn.
j.6-Monadelphia, 8-Polyandria.)

Annuals and biennials, in common garden soil, by
seed in spring ; herbaceous, by division, and cuttings at
the same time ; shrubby, by cuttings under a hand-light,
in sandy soil ; light, sandy loam suits them all. The
frame and cool greenhouse species merely require the
protection of these departments in winter.

HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.
L. acerifo'lia (maple-leaved). 5. Pink. July. Tenenffe

1820.

„ africa'na (African). 5. Pink. June. Spain. 1820.
„ assurgentiflo'ra (rising-flowered). California.
„ cachemiria'na (Cashmirian). 5-8. Purple. Himalaya.
„ hi'spida (bristly). See L. OLBIA.
„ insula'ris (insular). 4. Yellow- white, striped purple.

Mexico. 1896.
,, lusita'nica (Portuguese). 3. Purple. August.

Portugal. 1748.
„ mari'tima (sen-side). 2. White. May. S. Europe.

1597-

„ mi' cans (glittering). 3. Purple. June. Spain. 1796.
,, O'lbia (Olbia). 3. Red, purple. August. Provence.

1570.
„ phceni'cea (fine-red). 5. Pink. June. Canaries.

1816.

„ Pseu'do-o'lbia (bastard-olbia). 5. Red. June. 1817.
,, M7o6a(three-lobed). 3. Light purple. June. Spain.

1759-

„ unguicula'ta (clawed). 6. Lilac. August. Samos.
1807.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
L. neapolita'na (Neapolitan). See L. CRETICA.
„ plebei'a (vulgar). 2. Pale. September. Australia.

1820. Greenhouse.

„ thuringi'aca (Thuringian). 4. Light blue. August.
S. Europe. 1731. Hardy.

HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
L. ambi'gua (doubtful). See L. THURINGIACA.
,, arbo'rea (tree-mallow). 6. Purple. August. Britain.

Biennial.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated. 1882.
„ austra'lis (southern). 2. Purple. August. S.

Europe. 1820.
„ bie'nnis (biennial). 4. Red. August. Caucasus.

1819. Biennial.
,, cre'tica (Cretan). 4. Light blue. July. Candia.

I723-

„ fla'va (yellow). 4. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1818.
„ lanceola'ta ( spear- head-leaved). 2. Purple. August.

Europe. 1817.

L. puncta'ta (dotted-stalked). 2. Pale. August. Italy.
1800.

„ salviielle'nsis (Salvitella). See L. THURINGIACA.

„ sylve'stris (wood). See L. CRETICA.

„ trime'stris (three-monthly). 2. Flesh. June. Medi-
terranean region. 1633.

„ „ a'lba (white). White.

LAVENDER. Lava'ndula.
LAVENDER COTTON. Santoli'na.

LAVRA DIA. (Named after the Marquis of Lavradio.
Nat. ord. Violads [Violaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia.)

Sauvage'sia, Lavrafdia, and Luxembu'rgia, compose this
small tribe, which is intermediate between Violetworts
and Frankeniads. Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat ; sandy
peat and fibrous loam, well drained. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
L. monta'na (mountain), i. Purple. Brazil. 1826.

LAWN is a surface of turf in the vicinity of the house,
requiring to be kept smooth by the regular application
of the roller and scythe. When first constructed, after
the ground has been dug over as level as may be, it
must be rolled, the hollows filled up, and this repeated
until a level surface of earth is obtained. It must then
be slightly pointed over with a fork, and the turf laid,
or the grass-seed sown. For directions to lay the turf,
see TURFING.

If grass-seed is employed the following is a good
mixture:

W

Medium
Soil. |

f3

Trise'tum ftave'scens (Yellowish Oat

Ibs.

Ibs.

Ibs.

Grass)

i

Cynosu'rus crista'tus (Crested Dog's

Tail)

5

6

7

Festu'ca ovi'na duriu'scula (Hardish

Fescue)

3

3

4

Festu'ca ovi'na ienui/o'lia (Fine-leaved

Fescue) •

2

2

i

Lo'lium pere'nne te'nue (Fine Rye

Grass)

2O

20

20

Po'a nemora'lis (Wood Meadow Grass)

I*

If

2

Po'a nemora'lis sempervi'rens (Ever-

green Ditto) ....

a

ii

2

Po'a trivia' Us (Rough-stalked Meadow

Grass)

ij

*|

2

The above mixtures are enough for an acre. Where
the ground is overshadowed with trees, both the kinds of
Festu'ca should be omitted, and similar quantities of the
two kinds of Po'a nemora'lis substituted. The best time
for sowing is early in the spring.

Grass-plot, correctly speaking, is a parterre, or bed of
flowers, arranged with grass- turf between them, instead
of gravel. It is usually confounded with LAWN, which
see.

In very dry weather all lawns should be watered, and,
if a little guano and muriate of lime be dissolved in the
water, it will keep the surface gently moist, and the turf
green, even in dry weather.

LAWSONIA. (Named after Isaac Laieson, M.D.,
author of A Voyage to Carolina. Nat. ord. Loosestrifes
[Lythraceje]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to'Grislea.)

Stove-trees, from the East Indies and Egypt. Cuttings
of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in strong
heat ; sandy peat and turfy loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
L. a'lba (white). White. 1752.
„ ,, pvrpu'rea (purple). 12. Purple. 1820.
„ ine'rmis (unarmed) and L. spino'sa (spiny). See
L. ALBA.

LAXMA'NNIA. (Named after E. Laxmann, a Siberian
traveller. Nat. ord. LHyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-
Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Aphyllanthes.)

LAYER

490

LEAVES

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from Australia.
Divisions ; loam and peat ; require a cold pit or cool
greenhouse during winter.

L. gra'cilis (slender). £. Purple, white. June. 1824.
,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White, brown.

LAYER. The following excellent combination of
practice and science is from Dr. Lindley's Theory of
Horticulture : A layer is a branch bent into the earth,
and half cut through at the bend, the free portion of
the wound being called " a tongue." It is, in fact, a
cutting only partially separated from its parent. The
object of the gardener is to induce the layer to emit roots
into the earth at the tongue. With this view he twists
the shoot half round, so as to injure the wood- vessels ; he
heads it back, so that only a bud or two appears above
ground, and when much nicety is requisite, he places a
handful of silver-sand round the tongued part ; then,
pressing the earth down with his foot, so as to secure the
layer, he leaves it without further care. The intention
of both tonguing and twisting is to prevent the return of
sap from the layer into the main stem, while a small
quantity is allowed to rise out of the latter into the
former ; the effect of this being to compel the return-
ing sap to organise itself externally as roots, instead of
passing downwards below the bark as wood. The bend-
ing back is to assist in this object by preventing the
expenditure of sap in the formation, or rather, completion
of leaves, and the silver-sand is to secure the drainage so
necessary to cuttings.

In most cases this is sufficient ; but it must be obvious,
that the exact manner in which the layering is effected
is unimportant, and that it may be varied according to
circumstances. Thus, Mr. James Munro describes a
successful method of layering brittle-branched plants by
simply slitting the shoot at the bend, and inserting a
stone at that place (Gardener's Magazine, ix. 302) ;
and Mr. Knight found that, in cases of difficult rooting,
the process is facilitated by ringing the shoot just below
the tongue about Midsummer, when the leaves upon the
layers had acquired their full growth (Hort. Trans., i.
256) ; by which means he prevented the passage of the
returning sap farther downwards than the point intended
for the emission of roots. It will sometimes happen that
a branch of a plant cannot be conveniently bent down-
wards into the earth ; in such cases, the earth may be
elevated to the branch by various contrivances, as is
commonly done by the Chinese. When this is done, no
other care is necessary than that required for layers,
except to keep the earth surrounding the branch steadily
moist.

LA'YIA. (Commemorative of Thomas Lay, the natura-
list who accompanied Beechey in his voyage. Nat. ord.
Compositae.)

Hardy annuals that might more often be cultivated.
Seeds in the open in April. Ordinary garden soil.
L. calliglo'ssa (beautiful- tongued). i^. Yellow. August

and September. N.W. Amer.

„ chrysanthemoi'des(Chyrsznthemum-]ike). i£. Yellow,
with paler tips. September. N.W. Amer. 1834.
„ Dougla'sii (Douglas's), i. Yellow. N.W. Amer.
,, e'legans (elegant), i. Yellow, tipped white. June to

September. California. 1883.
„ gaillardioi'des (Gaillardia-like). 1-2. Orange- yellow.

California. 1902.
„ glandulo'sa (glandular), i. White, with yellow disc.

California. " Tidy Tips."

,, Hetero' tricha (various-haired). White. California.
„ platye,lo'ssa (flat- tongued). i. Yellow. September.
California. 1836.

LAYING-IN is a gardener's term for training the
branches of espaliers and wall- trees. Laying-in-by-the-
heels is his mode of describing a plant's having its roots
roughly buried in the soil for some temporary purpose.

LAYING-IN. Fruit-trees, shrubs, roses, and other
plants from the nursery often arrive at a time when they
cannot be properly planted, owing to the ground being
too wet or frozen, or if numerous and require some time
to plant, the gardener resorts to the practice of laying
them in. A trench is made, and the plants are laid in a
slanting direction in the trench, and their roots covered
with soil. In severe weather they may also be covered
with mats. The stems of roses are sometimes shrivelled

on arrival, owing to delay since they were lifted. In
that case a deep trench is made and the roses laid in the
bottom of it, and entirely covered with soil for a week or
more till they become plump. This is burying them
temporarily.

LAZY-BEDS are beds dug for the growth of potatoes,
the sets being then placed in rows on the surface, and
covered by the soil dug out of narrow, deep alleys
between the beds.

LEADWORT. Plumba'go.

LEAF-MOULD. This is formed of leaves kept moist
and in a heap, frequently turned over, until completely
decayed, and reduced to a dark brown, moist powder.
It usually takes two years to complete this process. An
excess of water delays the decaying, and either lime or
gas ammoniacal liquor promotes it ; but then few potted
plants are benefited by any such excess of either of these
additions.

LEATHERWOOD. Di'rca.

LEAVENWO'RTHIA. (Commemorative of M. C.
Leavenworth. Nat. ord. Cruciferae. Allied to Arabis.)

Dwarf, annual herbs with leafless scapes. Seeds.
Ordinary garden soil.
L. au'rea (golden). See L. MICHAUXH.
„ Michan'xii (Michaux's). £. Yellow. June. N.W.
Amer. 1868.

LEAVES are the organs, in which are performed some
of the most important functions of a plant. They are
very general, but not absolutely necessary organs, since
the branches sometimes perform their offices, as in Cacti,
Asparagus, Butcher's Broom, and many others. Such
plants, however, as naturally possess them, are destroyed,
or greatly injured, by being deprived of them.

The duration of a leaf is, in general, for a year only,
though in some evergreens they survive for twice or
thrice that period. These organs are generally of a
green colour. Light seems to have a powerful influence
in causing this, since, if kept in the dark, they become
of a pale yellow, or even white hue, unless uncombined
hydrogen is present, in which case they retain their
verdure though light be absent. Hence their blanching
would seem to arise from their being unable to obtain
this gas under ordinary circumstances, except when light
is present. Now, the only source from which they can
obtain hydrogen is by decomposing water ; and how
light assists in the decomposition, may, perhaps, be ex-
plained by the dis-oxygenising power with which it is
gifted. The violet rays of the spectrum, and those just
beyond them, have this power in the greatest degree ;
and Sennebier has ascertained by experiment that those
rays have the greatest influence in producing the green
colour of plants.

When leaves are of any other hue than green they are
said to be coloured. This variegation is often considered
to be a symptom either of tenderness or debility ; and
it is certain, when the leaves of a plant become generally
white, that that individual is seldom long-lived. Mr.
Knight, however, has demonstrated that variegation is
not a certain indication of a deficiency of hardihood.

The functions of the leaves appear to be a combination
of those of the lungs and stomach of animals ; they not
only modify the food brought to them from the roots,
so as to fit it for increasing the size of the parent plant,
but they also absorb nourishment from the atmosphere.
The sap, after elaboration in these organs, differs in
every plant, though, as far as experiments have been
tried, it appears to be nearly the same in all vegetables
when it first reaches them. The power of a leaf to
generate sap is in proportion to its area of surface,
exposure to the light, and congenial situation.

The transpiration of plants decreases with that of the
temperature to which they are exposed, as well as with
the period of their growth. This explains why the
gardener finds that his plants do not require so much
water in cold weather, nor during the time that elapses
between the fall of their blossoms and the ripening of
their seed. During this period they do not transpire
more than one-half so much as during the period preceding
and attending upon their blooming.

The transpiration takes place chiefly from the under

LEBECKIA

491

LEIANTHUS

surface of the leaves, in some plants from both surfaces,
and in floating water-plants from the upper surface.
Hence arises the benefit which plants derive in rooms,
greenhouses, and other confined inclosures, by keeping
these surfaces cleansed with the sponge and syringe.
Some plants are particularly sensitive to injury from any
check to their transpiration, among which are the tea-
scented roses ; and it thence arises that they cannot
now be cultivated, to great advantage, in nursery gardens
near London, where they once flourished when that
metropolis was less extensive. It must be remembered,
however, in using the sponge and syringe, that the
under side of leaves is also an absorbing surface, benefited
by being kept clean, and by the application of moisture.

During the day leaves absorb carbonic acid gas, which
they decompose, retaining its carbon, and emitting the
greater part of the oxygen that enters into its composi-
tion. In the night this operation ceases, but plants
continue to take in oxygen from the air in the process
of breathing, as they did during the day. The oxygen
combines with the carbon of substances containing it,
thereby giving the plant energy to carry on its work,
and carbonic acid gas, that is, carbon dioxide, is liberated
as a waste product.

Carbonic acid gas in small proportions is essential to
the existence of leaves ; yet it only benefits them when
present in quantities not exceeding one- twelfth of the
bulk of the atmosphere in which they are vegetating,
though one-twenty-fifth is a still more favourable pro-
portion ; and as hotbeds, heated by fermenting matters,
have the air within their frames rapidly contaminated
to a much greater extent than the proportions above
named, thence arises the injury to the plants they con-
tain from a too long neglected ventilation. The leaves
turn yellow from the excess of acid, which they are
unable to digest, and which constantly effects that change
of colour which also occurs in autumn.

LEBE'CKIA. (Derivation unexplained. Nat. ord.
Leguminosae.)

Greenhouse shrubs of moderate size. Cuttings in
sand, under a bell-glass, in gentle heat. Loam, peat,
and sand.

L. cytisoi'des (Cytisus-like). 2-5. Yellow. S. Africa.
„ nu'da (naked). See INDIGOFERA FILIFOLIA.
„ serfcea (silky). 3. Yellow. S. Africa.
„ simsia'na (Simsian). 4. Yellow. S. Africa. 1820.

LEBRETO'NIA, and LEBRETO'NNIA. See PAVONIA.

LECANO'PTERIS. (From lekane, a basin, and pteris,
a fern. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24,-Cryptogamia,
\-Filices. Now believed to be an abnormal form of
Polypodium lomarioides.)

A fine stove Fern. See FERNS.
L. carno'sa (fleshy-teat^). Yellow. May. Java.

LECHENAU LTIA. See LESCHENAULTIA.

LEDEBOU'RIA HYACI'NTHINA and L. HYACIN-
THOI'DES. See SCILLA INDICA.

LEDENBE'RGIA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Phytolaccaceae.)

Stove climber. Cuttings in sand in a close case with
bottom-heat. Loam, leaf-mould, or peat and sand.
Requires a tub or to be planted out in a well-drained
and specially prepared border.

L. ro'seo-a'nea (rosy-brassy). Leaves of a coppery hue
and violet-purple beneath. Brazil. 1869.

LEDOCA'RPON PEDUNCULA'RE and L. VERTI-
CILLA'TUM. See BALBISIA VERTICILLATA.

LEDON GUM. Ci'stus glau'cus.

LE'DUM. Labrador Tea. (From ledon, the Greek
name of Cistus. Nat. ord. Heathworts [Ericaces]. Linn.
io-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to the Rhododen-
dron.)

Hardy, evergreen, white-flowered shrubs. Layers ;
peat, with a little sand. Very pretty for bordering
Rhododendrons .

L. canade1 nse (Canadian). See L. LATIFOLIUM CANADENSE.
glandulo'sum (glandular). 1-2. April. Leaves ovate,
not woolly. N.W. Amer. 1896.

L. latifo'lium (broad- leaved). 3. April. N. Amer. 1763.
,, „ canade'nse (Canadian), ij. April. Canada.
„ „ globo'sum (globose). Rounded bush. 1878.
,, paiu'stre (marsh). 2. April. Europe. 1762.
,, „ decu'mbens (lying-down). £. April. Hudson
Bay. 1762.

LEE A. (Commemorative of James Lee, a nursery-
man of Hammersmith. Nat. ord. Ampelidaceae.)

Stove shrubs, grown chiefly for their fine foliage.
Cuttings in sand in a close case, with bottom-heat.
Loam, peat, some nodules of charcoal and sand.
L. ama'bilis (lovely), i. Leaves velvety, bronzy-green,
with feathered white rib, claret beneath. Borneo.
1880.

„ cocci' nea (scarlet). 3-5. Scarlet. Burma. 1862.
„ Micholi'tzii (Micholitz's). Leaves rich green, with red

and white veins. New Guinea. 1899.
„ ra?&m»'na(Ro3hrsian). See L. SAMBUCINA RCEHRSIANA.
,, sambu'cina (elder-like). Leaves bronzy-green when

young. Malaya. 1898.

„ „ rcehrsia'na (Roehrsian). Leaves large, bronzy-
green when young. Malaya. 1898.
„ sple'ndens (splendid). Underside of leaves red.
Gardens. 1884.

Nephe'lium Li'tchi.

(A'llium Po'rrum.) The leek is a hardy bien-
nial ; for although it attains perfection in size and for
culinary purposes the first year, it does not run to seed
until the second, the perfecting of which it often sur-
vives. The whole plant is eaten, being employed in
soups, &c., and boiled and eaten with meat.

Varieties. — The Musselburgh and the large London Leek,
which are by far the best ; the Scotch, or Flag, which is
larger and hardier ; the Flanders ; and the Lyon, a
noted leek for blanching.

Sowing. — Sow first in the end of February a small
crop for transplanting in June and July, as well as in
part to remain where sown ; again, for the main crop,
in the course of March or early in April ; and lastly,
towards the close of April or beginning of May, for late
transplanting. Sow in drills, some to remain after
thinning ; the leek, however, is much benefited by trans-
planting.

Cultivation. — When the plants are three or four inches
in height, hoe and thin to two or three inches apart;
water, also, in dry weather, will strengthen and forward
them for transplanting, when six or eight inches high.
They must be taken away regularly from the seed-bed,
the ground being well watered previously, if not soft and
easily yielding. When thinned out they may be left to
remain in the seed-bed six inches asunder, as they do
not grow so large as the transplanted ones, which must
be set by the dibble in rows ten inches apart each way,
nearly down to the leaves, that the neck, by being
covered with the earth, may be blanched ; water in
abundance at the time of planting, and shorten the long,
weak leaves, but leave the roots as uninjured as possible.
By this treatment, and by cutting off the tops of the
leaves about once a month, as new ones are produced,
the neck swells to a much larger size. The several
sowings above directed will yield a supply from August
until the following May, when they advance to seed.
A portion should be always taken up and laid in sand
previous to the ground being locked up by continued
frost ; but they will not keep many days in this situation.

LEE'RSIA. (Commemorative of /. D. Leers, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Gramineas.)

Hardy perennial grass for the margins of streams, ponds,
and ornamental water. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary
soU.

L. oryzoi'des (rice-like). 2-3. Green to pale purple.
August to October. Europe (England).

LEGUME. The fruit or seed-pod of the pea family
(Leguminosas), such as that of the pea, bean, and scarlet-
runner.

LEIA'NTHUS. (From leios, smooth, and anthos, a
flower. Nat. ord. Gentianworts [Gentianacea?]. Linn.
S-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Lisianthus.)

Stove plants. Seeds, sown carefully in a pot, placed
in a hotbed ; cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil,
under a glass, in heat ; sandy peat and fibrous loam ; a

LEIMANTHIUM

492

LEOPARD MOTH

good heat when growing, cool and airy when blooming.
General temperature, from 55° to 80°.
L. exse'rtus (exserted)i ro. July. Jamaica. 1793.
„ latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 4. Yellow. August.

Jamaica. 1821.
„ longifo'lius (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. August.

Jamaica. 1793- Evergreen shrub.
„ nigre'scens (black.- flowered), ij. Blackish. August.

Mexico. 1842. Biennial.

„ umbella'tus (umbel-flowered). 20. Green, yellow.
May. Jamaica. 1843. Evergreen tree.

LEIMA'NTHIUM. See MELANTHIUM.
LEIOCHI LUS. See LEOCHILUS.

LEIOPHY'LLUM. (From leios, smooth, and phullon,
a leaf. Nat. ord. Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn. 10-
Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Ledum.)

Hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings and layers ; peaty
soil.
L. buxifo'lium (box-leaved). £. White. April. N.

Amer. 1736. " Sand Myrtle."
„ „ prostra'tum (prostrate). $. White. April or

May. Carolina. 1812.

„ Lyo'nii (Lyon's). See L. BUXIFOLIUM PROSTRATUM.
„ serpyllifo'lium (thyme-leaved) and L. thymifo'lium
(thyme-leaved). See L. BUXIFOLIUM.

LEIOSPE RMUM. See WEINMANNIA.

LEITNE'RIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Leitneriaceae.)

A hardy or half-hardy dioecious tree, allied to the
Walnuts, and having catkins like some of the Willows.
Seeds and layers. Ordinary soil.

L. florida'num (Florida). 10-20. Flowers in catkins.
S. United States. 1903.

LEMON. See CITRUS MEDICA LIMONUM.
LEMON-GRASS. Andropo'gon Schcena'nthus.
LEMO'NIA SPECTA'BILIS. See RAVEMA SPECTABILIS.

LENNE'A. (Named after M. Lenne, a foreign landscape-
gardener. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. ij-Diadclphia, ^-Decandria. Allied to Robinia].

Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Young shoots in spring,
or ripened shoots towards autumn, under a hand-light.
Must have similar protection and treatment to the
Cy'tisus canarie'nsis.
L. robinioi'des (Robinia-like). Crimson. April. Mexico.

1843.

LENOPHY'LLUM. (From lenis, smooth, and phullon,
a leaf ; in reference to the smooth, succulent leaves.
Nat. ord. Crassulaceae.)

Dry, greenhouse herbs of a succulent nature and allied
to Sedum. Seeds; cuttings in sand, and not over-
watered. Loam, leaf-mould, sand, and some finely
broken bricks.

L. acutifo'lium( acute-leaved). $. Yellow. Mexico. 1904.
„ gutta'tum (spotted). £. Yellow. Mexico. 1904.
„ Weinbe'rgii(Wewbei:g's). \. Yellow. Mexico. 1904.

LE'NS. (From lens, a lentil. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)
Hardy annual. Seeds. Ordinary garden soil.
L. escule'nta (eatable), i. Purple, or light blue. July.
Orient. " Lentil."

LEOCHI LUS. (From leios, smooth, and cheilos, a lip.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-
Monandria. Allied to Oncidium.)

Stove orchids. Division in spring ; fibrous peat,
sphagnum, and crocks, and cultivated in shallow baskets,
suspended from the roof of a moist orchid-house. Winter
temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
L. carina'tus (keeled). Orange. Xalapa. 1842.
„ cochlea'ris (spoon-lipped). Yellow. Jamaica. 1842.
„ oncidioi'des (Oncidium-like). Yellow, brown. May.

Mexico. 1837.

„ sangmnole'ntus (bloody). Crimson. LaGuayra. 1842.

LEONO'TIS. Lion's Ear. (From leon, a lion, and ous,

an ear ; some resemblance in the flower. Nat. ord.

Labiates [Labiate]. Linn. n-Didynamia, i-Gymnosper-

mia. Allied to Phlomis.)

Annuals, by seed in hotbed, and young plants then
treated as tender annuals ; shrubs, by cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass, in peat ; sandy peat and fibrous loam.
Common greenhouse and plant-stove treatment. Her-
baceous species, by seeds, and division of the plant.
L. Cardi'aca (cordial). See LEONURUS CARDIACA.
„ du'bia (doubtful). S. Africa.
„ interme'dia (intermediate). 3. Orange. September.

Cape of Good Hope. 1882.

,, la'cerus (torn). See LEONURUS CARDIACA LACERUS.
,, lana'tus (woolly). See LEONURUS LANATUS.
,, Leoni'tis (Leonitis). ij. Orange. June. S. Africa.

1813.
„ Leonu'rus (lion's-tail). 3. Scarlet. November. Cape

of Good Hope. 1812.

,, nepetcefo'lia (catmint- leaved). 3. Orange. Sep-
tember. E. Ind. 1778.
„ ova' to. (egg-leaved). See L. LEONITIS.
„ sibi'ricus (Siberian). See LEONURUS SIBIRICUS.

LEO NTICE. (From leontike, the old Greek name of the
Chervil, or something like it. Nat. ord. Berberidaces.)
Hardy herbs, with tuberous rhizomes, requiring a
rather warm situation at the foot of a wall. Seeds and
offsets in spring. Well-drained soil.
L. Albe'rti( Albert's). *. Brown and yellow. Turkestan.
,, alta'ica (Altai). See BONGARDIA RAUWOLFI.
,, Chryso'gonum (golden- join ted). See BONGARDIA

RAUWOLFI.

„ Leoniope' talum (lion's petal). $. Yellow. Orient.
,, Smirno'wii (Smirnow's) £. Yellow. Caucasus.
,, thalictroi' des (Thalictrum-like). See CAULOPHYLLUM

THALICTROIDES.

LEO NTODON. (From leon, a lion, and odous, odontos,
a tooth; the lobes of the leaves have been compared
to the teeth of a lion. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

There are numerous species, but the variety given below
is the best. Seeds and divisions. Ordinary soil.
L. cro'ceus auranti'acus (orange). See L. PYRENAICUS

AURANTIACUS.

,, pyrena'icus auranti'acus (orange), i. Orange. June,
July. Pyrenees. 1816.

LEONTOPO'DIUM. Lion's Foot. (From leon, a lion,
and pous, a foot ; resemblance of the flower-heads. Nat.
ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. i^-Syngenesia, 2-
Superflua. Allied to Antennaria.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, and division of
the roots in spring ; common soil.
L. alpi'num (alpine), i. Yellow. June to August.

Europe. Edelweiss.
„ „ alta'icum (Altai). |. Yellow. June to August.

Altai Mountains.
„ „ Himalaya 'num (Himalayan). J. Yellow. June

to August. Himalaya.
,, helve'ticum (Swiss). See L. ALPINUM.

LEONU'RUS. (From leon, a lion, and our a, a tail ;
the flower-spike resembles a lion's tail. Nat. ord.
Labiatae.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divisions of
the plant in spring. Ordinary soil.
L. Cardi'aca (Cardiaca). 3-5. Rosy-purple. July to

September. Britain. " Motherwort."
,, „ cri'spus (crisped). 2. Red. July. Siberia. 1658.
„ „ la'cerus (torn). 3. Pink. June. Nepaul. 1824.
„ „ villo'sus (shaggy). 3. Purple. July. Tauria.

1820.
„ lana' tus (woolly). 2. Yellow. July. Siberia ; China.

I752-

,, macra'nthus (large-flowered). 3. Amurland.
„ sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Red. July. Siberia. 1759.
„ tata'ricus (Tartarian). 3. Red. Asia.

LEOPARD MOTH or WOOD LEOPARD MOTH. The

spotted caterpillar of Zeuzera JEsculi penetrates into and
eats galleries in the interior of the branches and trunk of
Apples, Pear, and Plum-trees, besides several other
ornamental trees in parks and gardens. As a rule the
attack is not so serious as that of the Goat Moth, because
the caterpillars are fewer, but branches tunnelled by
them are weakened, and liable to be snapped by the
wind. The caterpillar is i* in. long. The moth is
2-2 J in. in expanse, with a long body, and white wings,
marked with numerous blue-black "spots. The cater-

LEOPARD'S BANE

493 LEPTOCHILUS DECURRENS

pillar may be killed by pushing a wire into its burrow,
or pouring some paraffin into it.

LEOPARD'S BANE. Doro'nicum.

LEOPOLDI'NIA. (Named after the late Empress of
Brazil. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia,
6-Hexandria.)
L. pu'lchra (beautiful) of gardens. See Cocos WEDDEL-

LIANA.

LEPA'CHYS. (From lepis, a scale, and achuron, a heap
of chaff ; in allusion to the chaffy scales of the receptacle.
Nat. ord. Composite.)

Hardy perennial herbs, closely allied to Rudbeckia
and Echinacea. Divisions in autumn or spring. Ordi-
nary soil.

L. columna'ris (columnar). 3. Yellow. July to Sep-
tember. N.W. Amer. 1811.
„ ,, pulche'rrima (fairest). 3. Reddish-yellow. July

to September. 1835.

„ pinna' ta (pinnate). 3. Yellow. July. N. Amer.
1803.

LEPA'NTHES. (Derived from lepis, a scale, and anthos,
a flower ; in allusion to the elegant, two-ranked, numerous
bracts. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae. Allied to Restrepia.)

Stove Orchids. Offsets. Fibrous peat and sphagnum
in pots well drained with crocks.
L. calodi'ctyon (beautiful net). J. Leaves netted with

brown veins. Ecuador.
„ sangui'nea (blood-red). J. Rosy-red. Jamaica.

1844.

,, tridenta'ta (three- toothed). \. Purple, yellow.
Jamaica. 1835.

LEPECHI'NIA. (Named after Lepechin, a Russian
botanist. Nat. ord. Labiates or Lipworts [Labiatae].
Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia. Allied to Spha-
cele.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the
plant in spring, and cuttings of young shoots in sandy
soil, under a hand-light, in spring and summer ; loam
and a little peat. Spica'ta requires a little protection
in winter.
L. clinopodiifo'lia (Clinopodium- leaved) . See MENTHA

DAHURICA.

„ spica'ta (spiked), i. Pale yellow. July. Mexico.
1800.

LEPERIZA EUCROSIOIDES. See STRICKLANDIA

EUCROSIOIDES.

LEPERIZA LATIFO LIA. See URCEOLINA LATIFOLIA.
LEPICY'STIS INCA NA. See POLYPODIUM JNCANUM.
LEPICY'STIS SEPU'LTA. See POLYPODIUM LEPIDOP-

TERIS SEPULTUM.

LEPICY'STIS SQUAMA'TA. See POLYPODIUM SQUAMA-

LEPIDA'GATHIS. (From lepis, a scale, and agathis,
a ball ; referring to the bracts. Nat. ord. Acanthads
[Acanthaceae]. Linn. i^Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.
Allied to Geissomeria.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots, getting a
little firm, in May, in sandy soil, in bottom-heat ; fibrous,
sandy loam, and a little peat and leaf-mould. Summer
temp'., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 58°.
L. crista'ta (crested). 2. E. Ind. 1820.
„ Pobegu'ini (Pobeguin's). J-£. Dark purple. Upper
Guinea. 1905.

LEPI'DIUM. (From lepidion, a scale ; in allusion to
the form of the pods. Nat- ord. Cruciferae.)

Hardy annual and perennial herbs, few of which are
cultivated. L. sativum is the garden Cress. See CRESS
AND MUSTARD. Seeds ; divisions of the perennials.
Ordinary soil.

L. flexicau'le (flexuous-stemmed). J. Foliage orna-
mental. New Zealand. 1898.
„ sativum (cultivated), i. White. June. Orient.

1548. " Common Cress."

„ virgi'nicum (Virginian), i. White. June. N. Amer.
1836.

LEPIDO PTERA. (From lepis, a scale, and pteron, a
wing.) A large class of scale- winged insects, including
the butterflies and moths. The former are distinguished
by their club-shaped antennae. The moths have the
antennae narrowed to a point, and the base is often
plumy. The larvae are caterpillars, and many of them
are destructive to garden plants, the injurious moths
being by far the more numerous.

LEPEDOSTE'MON PENTSTEMONOI'DES. See PENT-

STEMON ANTIRRHINOIDES.

LEPIpO'TRICHTJM. (From lepidus, pleasing or neat,
and thrix, thrichos, hair. Nat. ord. Crucifera.)

A prostrate, widely spreading, perennial, hardy herb.
Cuttings in sand under a hand-light in summer.
Ordinary soil.

L. uechtritsia'num (Uechtritzian). J. White. Bulgaria.
1896.

LEPIDOZA'MIA. See MACROZAMIA.

LEPI'SMTUM. (From lepis, a scale ; referring to the
small scales at the crenatures. Nat. ord. Indian Figs
[Cactaceae]. Linn. iz-Icosandria, i-Monogynui. Now
referred to Rhipsalis.)
L. caverno'sum (cavernous). See RHIPSALIS CAVERNOSA.

,, commu'ne (common). See RHIPSALIS MITTLERI.

,, dissi'mile (dissimilar). See RHIPSALIS DISSIMILIS.

,, Myosu'rus (mouse- tail-like). See RHIPSALIS MYOSURUS.

,, parado'xum (paradoxical). See RHIPSALIS PARADOXA.

LEPTA'CTINA. (From leptos, slender, and aktin, a
ray ; in allusion to the bristles at the base and inside
the calyx. Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

Evergreen stove shrubs. Cuttings in sand in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
L. Ma'nnii (Mann's). 6. White. W. Trop. Africa.
„ tetra'loba (four-lobed). 3. White. E. Trop. Africa.
1885.

LEPTA'NDRA. See VERO'XICA.

LEPTA'NTHTTS. (From leptos, slender, and anthos, a
flower. Nat. ord. Pontederads [Pontederace*]. Linn.
3-Triandria, i-Monogynia. See HETERANTHERA.)
L. grami'ntus (grassy), i. Yellow. July. N. Amer.

1823. This is Heteranthera graminea.
„ limo'sa (muddy). See HETERANTHERA LIMOSA.
„ renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped). See HETERANTHERA

RENIFORMIS.

LEPTARRHE'NA. (From leptos, slender, and arren,
a male. Nat. ord. Saxifragaceaj.)

Hardy perennial herb. Divisions. Ordinary soil.
L. amplexifo'lia (clasping-leaved). i-ij. White. May.

Arctic Amer. 1827.
„ pyrolifo'lia (Pyrola-leaved). See L. AMPLEXIFOLIA.

LEPTINE'LLA DIOI'CA. See COTULA DIOICA.
LEPTINE'LLA LANA'TA. See COTULA LANATA.
LEPTINE LLA PLUMO'SA. See COTULA PLUMOSA.
LEPTOCA'LLIS. See IPOMCEA.

LEPTOCA RPHA. (From leptos, slender, and karphos,
a dried twig. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

A subshrubby plant, related to Helianthus, and re-
quiring a greenhouse in winter. Cuttings in sand, under
a bell-glass. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
L. rivula'ris (brook- loving). 1-2. Yellow. Chili and
Peru. 1903.

LEPTO'CERAS. (From leptos, slender, and her as, a
horn ; referring to the form and substance of the column.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2o-Gynandria,
i-Monandria. Now referred to Caladenia, which see.)
L. fimbria'ia. (fringed). See CALADEXIA FIMBRIATA.

,, oblo'nga (oblong). See CALADENIA MENZIESII.

,, pectinz'ta (comb-like). See CALADENIA FIMBRIATA.

LEPTOCHTLUS AXILLA'RIS. See ACROSTICHUM

NICOTIAN^EFOLIUM.

LEPTOCffl'LUS DECU'KRENS. See ACROSTICHUM

DECURRENS.

LEPTODACTYLON

494

LESPEDEZA

LEPTODA'CTYLON CALIFO'RNICUM. See GILIA

CALIFORNICA.

LEPTODE'RMIS. (From leptos, slender, and derma, the
skin ; referring to the thin bark. Nat. ord. Rubiads
[Rubiaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Hamiltonia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
young shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in a mild bottom-heat ; sandy peat and fibrous loam.
Winter temp., 45° to 48°.
L. lanceola'ta (spear-head-leaved). 3. Yellow. June.

Nepaul. 1842.
„ oblo'nga (oblong). 2. Dark violet. N. China. 1909.

LEPTOGRA'MME. (From leptos, slender, and gramme,
a line ; referring to the form of the spore or seed-cases.
Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-Cryptogamia, i-
Filices. Now referred to Gymnogramme, which see.)
L. asplenioi'des (Asplenium-like). See GYMNOGRAMME

ASPLENIOIDES.

„ gra'cile (slender). See GYMNOGRAMME GRACILIS.

„ linkia'na (Linkian). SeeGYMNOGRAMMEDiPLAzioiDES.

„ polypodioi'des (Polypodium-like). See GYMNOGRAMME

POLYPODIOIDES.

„ rupe'stris (rock). See GYMNOGRAMME DIPLAZIOIDES.

„ To'tta (Totta). See GYMNOGRAMME TOTTA.

„ villo'sa (shaggy). See GYMNOGRAMME VILLOSA.

LEPTOME'RIA. (From leptos, slender, and meris, a
part ; referring to the slender and almost leafless shoots.
Nat. ord. Sandalworts [Santalaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, with white blossoms, from
Australia. Cuttings of firm young shoots in sand, under
a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibrous loam, with pieces of
charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
L. a'cida (acid), i. 1823.
„ Billardie'ri (Labillardiere's). i. 1823.

LEPTO'PTERIS SUPE RBA. See TODKA.

LEPTORHY NCHOS. (From leptos, slender, and rhun-
chos, a beak ; in allusion to the achene or fruit being pro-
longed into a beak. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

A greenhouse, perennial herb. Divisions and cuttings
under a bell-glass. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
L. squama'tus (scaly). 2. Yellow. May. Australia.
1837.

LEPTO'SIPHON. (From leptos, slender, and siphon, a
tube ; alluding to the tube of the flower. Nat. ord.
Phloxworts [Polemoniaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia. Now referred to Gilia, which see.)
L. androsa'ceus (Androsace-like). See GILIA ANDROSACEA.
„ densifio'rus (clustered-flowered). See GILIA DENSI-

FLORA.

„ „ coro'lla a'lba (white-corollaed). See GILIA DENSI-

FLORA ALBA.

„ grandifio'rus (large-flowered). See GILIA DENSIFLORA .
„ lu'teus (yellow). See GILIA MICRANTHA AUREA.
„ „ pa'llidus (pale). See GILIA MICRANTHA LUTEA.
„ parvifto'rus (small-flowered). See GILIA MICRANTHA

AUREA.
,, ro'seus (rosy). See GILIA MICRANTHA.

LEPTOSPE'RMUM. (From leptos, slender, and sperma,
a seed. Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn.
i2-Icosandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Metrosideros.)

Australian, greenhouse, evergreen plants, with white
flowers, except where otherwise stated. Seeds in a hot-
bed, in March ; cuttings of young shoots, getting firm,
in May, in well-drained pots, in sand, under a glass ;
loam two parts, peat one part, sand and charcoal half a
part. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. Some, such as lani'-
gerum and grandifto'rum, would do well on conservative
walls.
L. ambi'guum (doubtful). See KUNZEA CORIFOLIA.

„ A'nnce (Ann's). 2-3. White ; stamens red. Philip-
pines.

„ arachnoi' deum (cobwebbed). 3. June. 1795.

„ attenua'tum (thin). 5. June. 1795.

„ bacca'tum (berry-fruited). See L. SCOPARIUM.

„ Chapma'nni (Chapman's). See L. SCOPARIUM CHAP-

MANNI.

„ cinerioi'des (grey-like). See L. SCOPARIUM.

L. emargina'tum (notch-leaved). See L. FLAVESCENS.
,, ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. White. New Zealand.
,, ftave'scens (yellowish). 5. June. 1787.
,, flexuo'sum (zigzag). See AGONIS FLEXUOSA.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). See L. FLAVESCENS.
,, juniperi'num ( juniper-leaved). See L. SCOPARIUM.
,, IcRviga! turn (smooth). 3. Yellow. June. 1788.
,, lani'gerum (woolly). See L. PUBESCENS.
,, multicau'le (many-stemmed). See L. MYRTIFOLIUM.
„ myrsinoi'des (Myrsine-like). 3. June. Australia.
,, myrtifo'lium (myrtle-leaved). 4. June. 1824.
,, Nicho'llii (Nicholl's). See L. SCOPARIUM NICHOLLII.
„ obli'quum (twisted-leaved). See L. SCOPARIUM.
,, pe'ndulum (weeping). See L. ATTENUATUM.
,, persicifo'lium (peach-leaved). See L. SCOPARIUM.
,, pube'scens (downy). 3. Yellow. 1820.
,, „ grandifto'rum (large-flowered). Large, pale yellow.
„ scopa'rium (broom-like). 2-4. June. Australia and

New Zealand. 1790.
„ „ Chapma'nni (Chapman's). Bright rose. Leaves

brownish. New Zealand. 1908.
>» » grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Large, white.
„ „ Nicho'llii (Nicholl's). Blood-red. Leaves purple.

New Zealand. 1908.

„ seri'ceum (silky). 5. June. N.S.Wales. 1818.
,, squarro'sum (spreading). See L. SCOPARIUM.
„ Stella' turn (starry). Australia.
,, thymifo'lium (thyme- leaved). See L. PUBESCENS.
,, trilocula're (three- celled). See L. ARACHNOIDEUM.

LEPTOSTE LMA MA XIMA. See ERIGERON MAXIMUS.

LEPTO'SYNE. (From leptosune, thinness, tenuity
some of the species being very slender. Nat. ord. Com
positae.)

Hardy annual or perennial herbs, or subshrubs. Seeds
cuttings of shrubby types. Ordinary soil.
L. calif o'rnica (Calif ornian). See L. DOUGLASII.
„ calliopsi'dta (Calliopsis-like). 1-2. Bright yellow.

California. 1873. " Annual."
„ Dougla'sii (Douglas's). Yellow. California.
„ gigante'a (giant). 6-8. Yellow. California. 1895.

Half-hardy subshrub.
„ mari'tima (maritime). 1-2. Yellow. California.

1873-

„ Stillma'nni (Stilhnann's). 1-2. Yellow. California.
1897. Annual.

LEPTO'TES BI COLOR. See TETRAMICRA BICOLOR.
LEPTO'TES BI'COLOR BRE'VIS. See TETRAMICRA

BICOLOR BREVIS.

LEPTO'TES BI COLOR GLAUCOPHY LLA. See TETRA-
MICRA BICOLOR GLAUCOPHYLLA.

LEPTO'TES UNI'COLOR. See TETRAMICRA UNICOLOR.

LESCHENAU LTIA. (Named after M. Leschenault, a
French botanist. Nat. ord. Goodeniads [Goodeniaceag].
Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cuttings of
the points of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
and as soon as struck, potted and grown in an open
compost of turfy peat, fibrous loam, silver-sand, and
pieces of broken pots and charcoal, the pots being well
drained. Winter temp., 38° to 45°, with plenty of air
when possible. A shady position in summer.

L. arcua'ta (bowed-branched). See L. LINARIOIDES.
„ Baxte'ri (Baxter's). See L. FORMOSA.
„ ,, ma'jor (larger). See L. FORMOSA MAJOR.
„ bi'color ma'jor (larger). See L. BILOBA MAJOR.
„ bi'loba (two-lobed). i. Blue. June. 1840.
,, ,, ma'jor (larger). Blue. Australia. 1884.
„ formo'sa (handsome), i. Scarlet. June. 1824.
„ „ ma'jor (larger). Orange-red. Australia. 1886.
„ larici'na (larch-like). i£. Scarlet. June. 1844.
,, linarioi'des (Linaria-like). i. Yellow. August. 1844.
,, multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See L. FORMOSA.
„ obla'ta (flattened-round-/o&&2). See L. FORMOSA.
„ sple'ndens (shining). See L. LARICINA.

LESPEDE ZA. (Named after Lespedez, once governor
of Florida. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria. Allied to Des-
modium.)

LESSERTIA

495

LEUCAS

North American plants, except where otherwise speci-
fied. Annuals, by seed, in a sandy, peaty border;
perennials, by the same means in spring, and division
of the roots ; shrubs, cuttings either of young or ripened
wood in sand, under a bell-glass; sandy, fibrous peat.
Erioca'rpa requires the greenhouse, and glomera'ta must
be used as a tender annual.

ANNUALS.
L. glomera'ta (crowded). 3. Purple. July. E. Ind.

1819. Stove.
„ Stu'vei (Stuve's). ij. Purple. July. 1824. Hardy.

SHRUBS.
L. bi' color (two-coloured). 3-4- Rose and purple.

September. China and Japan. 1858.
„ „ intermedia (intermediate).
„ Buerge'ri (Buerger's). Japan.

„ capita' to. (headed). 3. Purple. N. Amer. " Round-
headed Bush Clover."
„ cyrtobo'trya (curved- bunched). Japan.
„ erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). i. Violet. July.

Nepaul. 1819. Greenhouse evergreen.
„ „ polya'ntha (many-flowered). Purple. China.

1890.
„ ftoribu'nda (free-flowering). Purple. Central China.

1907.
„ frute'scens (shrubby). 4. Purple. July. 1739.

Deciduous shrub.

„ gerardia'na (Gerardian). Purple. Himalaya.
„ ju'ncea (rush-Uke). 2. Blue-purple. Himalaya.
„ macroca'rpa (large- fruited) . 3. Purple. N. China.

1883.
„ Siebo'ldi (Siebold's). 3-4. Blue-purple. N. China

and Japan.
„ viola'cea (violet). 2. Violet. July. 1739- " Bush

Clover."

„ „ dive'rgens (diverging). 2. Violet. July. 1800.
„ „ reticula'ta (netted). See L. RETICULATA.
„ „ sessiltflo'ra (stalkless-flowered) . See L. SESSILI-

FLORA.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
L. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale purple. June.
1800.

„ capi'llipes (hair-stalked). 3. Purple. China. 1890.

„ Delava'yi (Delavay's). 3-6. Deep- violet to purple-
black. Yunnan, China. 1890.

„ dive'rgens (diverging). See L. VIOLACEA DIVERGENS.

„ hirte'lla (slightly-hairy). 3. Violet. August. China.
1890.

„ polysta'chya (many-spiked). 3. White. July. 1789.

„ prostra'ta (prostrate). See L. REPENS.

„ re" pens (creeping), j. Purple. July. 1810. Trailer.

„ reticula'ta (netted). 2. Purple. 1816.

„ sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). 3. Purple. July.
1800.

„ trigono'clada ( three- angled-branched). Pale yellow or
whitish. S. China. 1890.

„ villo'sa (shaggy). White. July. 1819.

„ yunnane'nsis (Yunnan). Light violet. China. 1890.

LESSE RTIA. (Named after the French botanist
Baron Delessert. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legu-
minosas]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria. Allied to
Swainsonia.)

All natives of South Africa. Shrubby kinds, by seed
in spring, and cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a
glass ; loam and peat ; annuals, by seeds ; and perennials,
by seeds and division in spring ; the seedlings should be
potted off, when a few inches in height, into light, sandy
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.

L. tomento'sa (downy). $. Purple. June. 1822.
„ vesica'ria (bladder-podded). Purple. June. 1825.
„ virga'ta (twiggy). Purple. June. 1828.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

L. arge'ntea (silvery). 1-2. Purple. S. Africa.
„ diffu'sa (diffuse). J. Purple. S. Africa.
„ exci'sa (cut-out). £. Red. August. 1776.

L. pere'nnans (perennial). 2-3. White or pale purple.

S. Africa. 1873.
,, procu'mbens (lying-down). Purple. June. 1753.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

L. brachysta'chya (short-spiked). i. Purple. July.

1826.

„ falcifo'rmis (sickle-formed), i. Purple. July. 1773.
,, frutico'sa (shrubby), i. Purple. July. 1826.
„ mucrona'ta (small-pointed). 2. Pale red. June.

1823.
„ pu'lchra (pretty), ij. Red. May. 1802.

LETTSO'MIA. (Commemorative of /. C. Lettsom, a
British physician and naturalist. Nat. ord. Convolvu-
lacea?.)

Stove, twining annuals. Seeds in heat. Fibrous
loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
L. barbi'gera (beard-bearing). Blue. September. Assam;

Burma.

,, elli'ptica (diamond-shaped). India.
„ tomento'sa (felted). See FREZIERA SERICEA.

LETTUCE. Lactitca.

LETTUCE FUNGUS. Perono'spora ganglionifo'rmis.

LEUCADE'NpRON. (From leukos, white, and dendron,
a tree ; the white-leaved Silver-trees of the Cape colonists.
Nat. ord. Proteads [Proteacea?]. Linn. zz-Dwecia, 4-
Tetrandria.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers,
from South Africa. Cuttings of the ripened shoots in
summer, in sand, under a glass, and kept cool until the
base of the cutting has callused, when extra heat may be
applied ; fibrous loam and sandy peat, with a few rough
pieces of charcoal, to keep the compost open. Winter
temp., 38° to 45°.
L. abieti'num (fir-like). Yellow. S. Africa.

„ a'mulum (rival). 3. July. 1789.

„ angusta'tum (narrowed). 3. June. 1820.

„ arge'nteum (silvery). 15. August. 1693. " Silver
Tree."

, buxifo'lium (box-leaved). S. Africa.

, cauda'tum (tailed). 3. May. 1800.

, cine'reum (grey). 3. July. 1774.

, como'sum (tufted). 3. May. 1818.

, conci'nnum (neat). 3. 1800.

, co'ncolor (one-coloured): 3. May. 1774-

, confferum (cone-bearing). Yellow. 1803.

, corymbo'sum (corymbed). 3. April. 1790.

, deco'rum (decorous). 3. 1790.

, fto'ridum (florid). 3. April. 1795.

„ fusciflo'rum (brown-flowered). Brownish-purple.
May, June.

„ gla'brum (smooth). 3. May. 1810.

„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. April. 1789.

„ hirsu'tum (hairy). 4. Pale green. June. 1819.

,, imbrica'tum (imbricated). 4. 1790.

„ infle'xum (bent-in). 3. April. 1800.

„ levisa'nus (Lewis's). 4. April. 1774.

„ linifo'lium (flax-leaved). 4. May.

,, margina'tum (bordered). 3. May. 1800.

„ ova'le (oval-leaved). 3. May. 1818.

„ plumo'sum (feather- flowered). 4. July. 1774.

,, retu'sum (bent-back). 3. May. 1810.

,, sali'gnum (vriHovi-leaved) . 3. May. 1774.

„ seri'ceum (silky). 3. May. 1817.

,, spafhula'tum (spathulate). 3. May. 1818.

„ squarro'sum (spreading). 3. 1824.

,, stella' re (starry). See L. FUSCIFLORUM.

„ stri'ctum (upright). 3. June. 1795.

,, to'rtum (twisted). Yellow. S. Africa.

„ veno'sum (veiny). 3. May. 1816.

LEUC^NA. (From leukos, white ; in allusion to the
colour of the flowers. Nat. ord. Leguminosas.)

Evergreen, stove shrubs. Cuttings in sand in a close
case. Loam, peat, and a little sand.
L. glau'ca (sea-green). 5-9. White. Tropics of both

W7orlds. r6go.

„ tricho'des (hair-like). 3-4. White. Peru.
LETT CAS. (From leukos, white ; in allusion to the
colour of the flowers. Nat. ord. Labiata.)

LEUCERIA

496

LEUCOTHOE

Stove perennial herbs. Divisions, or cuttings in sand
in a close case. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
L. lavandulafo'lia (lavender-leaved), i. White. E. Ind.

and Malaya.

„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved). See L. LAVANDUL^JFOLIA.
„ martinice'nsis (Martinique), ij. White. Tropics of
both Worlds.

LEUCE'RIA. (From leukeres, white ; the leaves are
more or less covered with a white wool. Nat. ord.
Composite.)

Greenhouse or half-hardy herbs. Seeds, or divisions.
Loam, leaf-mould, sand.

L, ftoribu'nda (free-flowering), i. White. Chili.
„ runcina'ta (backward- toothed). i£. White. Chili.

1844.
„ senecioi'des (Senecio-like). ifc. White. Chili. 1821.

Annual.

LEUCHTENBE'RGIA. (Named after Prince Leuchten-
berg. Nat. ord. Indian Figs [Cactaceae]. Linn. 12-
Icosandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen. For culture, see CA'CTUS —
Echinoca'ctus.
L. Pri'ncipis (noble), i. Yellow. June. Mexico. 1847.

LEUCOCA'RPUS. (From leukos, white, and carpos, a
fruit ; the berry is white. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophu-
lariaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, -z-Angiospermia.)

Half-hardy perennial herb. Seed in autumn ; division
and cuttings in spring ; requires a little protection in
winter ; loam, leaf-mould, peat, and a little sand.
L. ala'tus (winged-stalked). 2. Yellow. Trop. Amer.
1830.

LEUCOCO'RYNE. (From leukos, white, and korune, a
club ; referring to the sterile anthers. Nat. ord. Lily-
worts [Liliaceae]. Linn. z-Triandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Brodiasa.)

Beautiful little half-hardy bulbs, from Chili, requiring
the same treatment as Ixias.

L. allia'cea (garlic-scented), i. White. 1825.

„ ixioi'des (Ixia-like). Lilac. October. 1821.

„ „ odora'ta (sweet-scented), i. White. August.
1826.

» » purpu'rea (purple), i. Lavender and crimson-
maroon. Chili. 1894.

LEUCOCRI NUM. (From leukos, white, and krinon,
the White Lily ; in allusion to the white flowers. Nat.
ord. Liliaceae.)

Hardy or half-hardy herb with short fleshy rhizome.
Offsets. Loam, leaf-mould, and plenty of sand.
L. monta'num (mountain). £. White. California.
" Calif ornian Soap- root."

LEUCO'JUM. Snowflake. (From leukos, white, and
ion, a violet; referring to the colour and fragrance of
the flowers. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Galanthus,
and including Acis, Erinosma, and Ruminia.)

Hardy bulbs. Offsets in spring ; sandy loam.

L. asti'vum (summer). i£. White. May. England.
„ autumnale (autumn). J-f . White, tinged with red.

Portugal to Ionian Islands. 1829.
„ Hernande'zii (Hernandez's). See L. PULCHELLUM.
„ hyema'le (winter). $-£. White, tinted with green.

April. Maritime Alps.
' „ longifo'lium (long-leaved). J-£. White. April, May.

Corsica on the Mountains.
„ pulche'llum (neat), ij. White. April. Sardinia and

Balearic Isles.
„ ro'seum (rosy). J-J. Rosy-red. September, October.

Mountains of Corsica. 1820.

„ „ longifo'lium (long- leaved). See L. LONGIFOLIUM.
„ strumo'sum (swollen). See HESSEA FILIFOLIA.
„ trichophy'llum (hair-leaved). £-1. White. April.

Spain, Portugal, N. Africa. 1820.
„ „ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Flowers J in.

larger, up to i in. long. Spain. 1820.
„ ve'rnum (spring). $-J. White, tipped with green.

March. Central Europe (England). 1596.
„ „ carpa' ihicum (Carpathian). Segments tipped

yellow. Carpathian Mountains. 1816,

L. ve'rnum multiplex (full-flowered). J. White, double.

March.

,, ,, Vagne'ri (Vagner's). Tall, robust, with two
flowers, white, tipped dark green. Hungary. 1908.

LEUCOPHY'LLUM. (From leukos, white, and phullon,
a leaf ; the leaves are silvery-white. Nat. ord. Scrophu-
lariaceae.)

A greenhouse branching shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe
wood under a bell-glass. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
L. texa'num (Texan). Violet-purple. Mexico. 1890.

LEUCOPHY'TA BRO'WNH. See CALOCEPHALUS
BROWNII.

LEUCOPO'GON. (From leukos, white, and pogon, a
beard ; referring to the hairs on the flowers. Nat. ord.
Epacrids [Epacridaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Lissanthe.)

This is "the native currant" of settlers in Australia.
Greenhouse, Australian, white-flowering, evergreen
shrubs. Cuttings of the points of shoots, getting a little
firm in May, in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam,
both fibrous, with silver sand, and nodules of charcoal to
keep the compost open ; drainage and watering must be
carefully attended to. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
L. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 3. 1815.

„ colli'nus (hill). 3. May. 1824.

,, Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). See L. LANCEOLATUS.

„ ericoi'des (heath-like). 6. 1815.

„ junipei-i'nus (juniper-like). 3. May. 1804.

„ lanceola'lus (spear- head-leaved). 12. May. 1790.

„ obova'tus (reverse-egg-leaved). i. June. 1824.

,, parviflo'rus (small-flowered). See L. RICHEI.

„ polysta'chy.is (many-spiked). See L. RICHEI.

, Ri'chei (Riche's). 5. June. 1822.

, se'tiger (bristly). 2. 1824.

, stria'tus (channelled). 3. June. 1823.

, verticilla'tus (whorled). 1837.

, virga'tus (twiggy). 2. June. 1824.

LEUCORHA'PfflS LA'MIUM. See BRILLANTAISIA

OWARIENSIS.

LEUCORHA'PHIS VOGEUA'NA. See BRILLANTAISIA

VOGELIANA.

LEUCOSCE'PTRUM. (From leukos, white, and skep-
tron, a rod or staff ; in allusion to the hoary stems. Nat.
ord. Labiatae.)

Greenhouse, evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe
wood in sand under a bell-glass. Loam, leaf-mould,
and some sharp sand.
L. ca'num (hoary). White. Nepaul. 1826.

LEUCOSPE'RMUM. (From leukos, white, and sperma,
a seed. Nat. ord. Proteads [Proteaceae]. Linn. 4-
Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Protea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers,
from South Africa. Cuttings of ripe young shoots, with
the leaves left on, except those close to the base of the
cutting, firmly in sand, and covered with a bell-glass, kept
cool, and care taken to prevent damping ; light, sandy,
fibrous loam, with a little peat, nodules of charcoal, free-
stone, and brick. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
L. attenua'tum (thin). 3. June. 1820.

„ ca'ndicans (whitish). See L. TOMENTOSUM CANDICANS.

,, elli'pticum (elliptic). 3. S. Africa.

,, forma' sum (handsome). See PROTEA FORMOSA.

,, grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 4. June. 1800.

,, linea're (narrow-leaved). 4. July. 1774.

,, me'dium (middle-sized). 3. July. 1794.

,, pa' rile (matched). See SERRURIA PHYLICOIDES.

,, pa'tulum (spreading). See L. PUBERUM.

,, pu'berum (finely-downy). 2. August. 1823.

„ spathula'tum (spathulate). 2. June. 1825.

,, ,, ca'ndicans (whitish). 2. August. 1790.

,, tomento'sum (cottony). 2. June. 1789.

LEUCOSTE'GIA. See DAVALLIA.

LEUCOSTE'MMA VESTTTUM. See HELICHRYSUM

VESTITUM.

LEUCO'THOE. (The name of the Greek goddess Ino,
after she was translated into a sea-nymph. Nat. ord.
Ericaceae.)

LEUZEA

497

LIBERTIA

Beautiful hardy, evergreen shrubs. Seeds ; layers ;
divisions in autumn or winter. Peat, or peat and leaf-
mould.
L. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 3. White. June. N.

Amer. 1765.
„ axilla' ris (axillary). 2. White. May. N. Amer.

1765.
„ „ longifo'lia (long-leaved), i. White. June. N.

Amer. 1765.
„ Catesbce'i (Catesby's). 2. White. June. N. Amer.

1793-

„ coria'cea (leathery). See PIERIS NITIDA.
„ Davi'sia (Mrs. Davis's). 2-5. White. California.

1853-

,, Lo'bbi (Lobb's). See L. DAVISI>E.
„ neriifo'lia (Nerium-leaved). See AGARISTA NERII-

FOLIA.

,, pu'lchra (beautiful). See AGARISTA PULCHRA.
„ racemo'sa (racemose). 3-8. White. May. N. Amer.

1736.

„ recu'rva (recurved). 2. White. June. N. Amer.
„ spinulo'sa (spiny). See L. CATESB^EI.

LEU ZEA. (Named after De Leuze. Nat. ord. Com-
posites [Compositas]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, ^-Frustranea.
Allied to Serratula.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, with purple flowers.
Seeds, and divisions of the plant in spring ; common
garden soil.

L. alta'ica (Altaian). See CENTAUREA CARTHAMOIDES.
„ austra'lis (southern). See CENTAUREA AUSTRALIS.
„ carthamoi' des (Carthamus-like). See CENTAUREA

CARTHAMOIDES.

„ coni'fera (cone-bearing), f. July. S. Europe. 1683.
„ sali'na (salt). See CENTAUREA SAUNA.

LEVTSTICUM. (From leva, to assuage ; said to
relieve flatulency. Nat. ord. Umbdlifers [Umbelliferae].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Angelica.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and divisions of
the plant in spring ; common soil.

L. officina'le(shop). 6. Pale yellow. June. Italy. 1596.
„ ,, variega? turn (variegated). Leaves with silvery
variegation.

LEWI'SIA. (Named after Captain Lewis, the traveller.
Nat. ord. Portulaceae. Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, and dividing
the roots in spring ; light, sandy loam, with brick-
rubbish.

L. brachyca'lyx (short-calyxed). J. California.
„ Columbia' 'no, (Columbian). £. Red. N.W. United

States. 1907.

„ Cotyle' don (Cotyledon). £-£. Rosy. Northern Cali-
fornia. 1907.
„ lea'na (Lean). J~J. White, streaked with red. N.

California. 1907.
» pygmce'a (pigmy). fV-£- White or pink. Rocky

Mountains. 1907.
„ redivi'va (revived). J. Rose. N. Amer. 1826.

" Bitter Root."

„ Tweefdyi (Tweedy' s). £. Straw-coloured, passing
into salmon-pink. N.W. United States. 1899.

LEYCESTE'RIA. (Named after W. Leicester, once chief
justice at Bengal. Nat. ord. Caprifoils [Caprifoliaceae].
Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Alh'ed to Symphori-
carpus.)

Hardy evergreen shrub. Seeds in spring ; cuttings of
young, short shoots in spring, under a glass, and older
shoots in autumn, under a hand-light ; light, sandy soil ;
will require a few evergreen boughs over it in a very
hard winter.

L. formo'sa (handsome). 4. White, purple. August.
Nepaul. 1824.

LEYSSE'RA. (Named after T. W. Leysser, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, -z-Superftua.)

Greenhouse evergreens, orange-flowered, and from
South Africa, except capillifo'lia. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, over sandy peat, in summer ;
peat and loam, both rough and sandy.

L. capillifo'lia (hair- leaved). J. Yellow. June. Bar-

bary. 1822.

,, cilia'ta (hair-fringed). See MAIRIA TAXIFOLIA.
„ gnaphalp'des (Gnaphalium-like). 2. August. 1774.
,, polifo'lia (Folium- leaved). See PRINTZIA BERGII.
„ squarro'sa (spreading). See HELIPTERUM GNAPHA-
LIOIDES.

LHO'TSKYA. (Named after Dr. John Lhotsky, a
German botanist. Nat. ord. Fringe-myrtles [Myrtaceae].
Linn. iz-Icosandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Calythrix.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan River. Cuttings
of young shoots, when the base is a little firm, in sand,
and under a glass ; loam, and a little peat and sand.
Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
L. acutifo'lia (sharp- leaved). Pale yellow. June.

,, ericoi'des (heath-like). 1-3. White. Australia.

,, hi'rta (hairy). See L. ERICOIDES.

„ viola'cea (violet-coloured). Violet. June. 1843.

LIA'BUM. (Derivation not explained. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Super-
fitta. Allied to Andromachia.)

Stove herbaceous perennial and half-hardy herb.
Division in spring ; sandy loam, leaf-mould, and a little
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
L. Bro'wnei (Brown's). Yellow. June. Jamaica. 1768.
,, umflo'rum (one-flowered). Yellow and orange disc.
Peru. 1870. Half-hardy.

LIA'TRIS. (Derivation not known. Nat. ord. Com-
posites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-^Equalis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North America.
Division in spring ; sandy loam and peat ; those from
Carolina require protection in winter.
L. acido'ta (sharpened). 3-4. Purple. Texas.
„ bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). See CARPHEPHORUS BELLI-

DIFOLIUS.

„ borea'lis (northern), ij. Pink. August.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbed). See CARPHEPHORUS CORYM-

BOSUS.

„ cylindra'cea (cy]indric-flowered) . 4. Pink. Sep-
tember. 1811.

„ cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). See L. PUNCTATA.
„ e'legans (elegant). 4. Purple. September. 1878.

" Blazing Star."
„ gra'cilis( slender), i£. Purple. September. Carolina.

1818.

„ graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 3. Pink. August.
„ „ du'bia (doubtful). 6. Rich, shining lilac. 1899.
„ heterophy'lla (various- leaved). See L. SCARIOSA.
„ interme'dia (intermediate). See L. SQUARROSA.
„ mucrona'ta (small-pointed). See L. ACIDOTA.
„ odorati' ssima (sweetest-scented). See TRILISIA

ODORATISSIMA.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). See TRILISIA PANICULATA.

,, pilo'sa (hairy-leaved). See L. SPICATA.

„ propi'nqua (related). See L. GRAMINIFOLIA.

„ pu'mila (dwarf). See L. SPICATA MONTANA.

„ puncta'ta (spotted). 4. Purple. N. Amer.

„ pycnosta'chya (dense-spiked). 3. Purple. September.

1732. " Kansas Gay Feather."

,, scario'sa (membranous). 4. Purple. July. 1739.
„ sphceroi'des (globular-cwp^^). See L. SCARIOSA.
„ spica'ta (long-spiked). 6. Purple. September. 1732.
„ „ monta'na (mountain), i^. Purple. September.
„ squarro'sa (spreading). 3. Purple. July. 1732.
„ ttnuifo'lia (fine- leaved), i^. Purple. September.

Carolina. 1820.
„ turbina'ta (top- form). See L. SPICATA.

LIBE'RTIA. (Named after M. A. Libert, a Belgian
lady and botanist. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn.
i6-Monadelphia, i-Monogynia. Allied to the Peacock.
Iris.)

Hardy or half-hardy bulbs, with white flowers, thriving
well in a front, outside border, if light soil. Division of
the roots, and sowing the seed, in spring ; loam and peat.
L. ccerule'scens (bluish), i. Light blue. Chili. 1873.
,, formo'sa (handsome). i£. May. Chili. 1831.
,, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). i£. April. New

Zealand. 1822.

„ „ ma'jor (greater). 2. White, larger. 1870.
„ ixioi'des (Ixia-like). i|. White. May. New Zealand.
1865.

a i

LIBOCEDRUS

498

LIGUSTRUM

L. Laure'ncii (Laurence's). See L. PULCHELLA.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). ij. April. Australia. 1823.
„ pulche'lla (pretty), i. April. Australia. 1823.
„ tricolor (three-coloured). i£. White. Leaves green,
yellow, red. New Zealand.

LIBOCE'DRUS. (From libanos, the tree which pro-
duces frankincense, and kedros, the cedar ; in allusion to
the fragrance of the wood. Nat. ord. Coniferae.)

Large, evergreen trees, more often seen in the form of
shrubs. The hardiest is L. decurrens ; the rest require
the shelter of other trees or a greenhouse. Seeds ;
cuttings in sand in a cold frame, in autumn. Well-
drained soil.

L. chile'nsis (Chilian). 60-80. Chilian Andes. 1850.
„ decu'rrens (decurrent). 30-130. Oregon to S. Cali-
fornia. 1853. " Incense Cedar." Varieties^ of
this are au'reo-variega'ta, compa'cta, glau'ca, na'na,
and variega'ta.

„ donia'na (Donian). 30-60. New Zealand. 1847.
„ macro'lepis (large-scaled). Yunnan, China. 1901.
„ tetrago'na (four-angled). 30-80. Chili. 1849.
LIBO'NIAFLORIBU'NDA. See JACOBINIA PAUCIFLORA.
LIBO NIA PENRHOSIE'NSIS. See JACOBINIA PENR-

HOSIENSIS.

LICHTENSTEI'NIA L^EVIGA'TA and L. UNDULA'TA.

See ORNITHOGLOSSUM GLAUCUM.

LICUALA. (From the native name. Nat. ord. Palms
[Palmaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Corypha.)

Stove Palms, from the East Indies. Seeds in strong
hotbed ; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 60°.
L. acuti'fida (acutely-cut). Malaya.

„ a'mplifrons (large-fronded). Sumatra.

„ e'legans (elegant). Sumatra.

„ gra'ndis (grand). Yellow-green. New Britain. 1873.

„ ho'rrida (spiny). See L. SPINOSA.

„ Jeanne ncyi (Jeannency's). New Caledonia.

„ kirstenia'na (Kirstenian). Leaves deeply cut. Mada-
gascar. 1895.

„ 'Leopo'ldii (Leopold's). Leaves small, circular. 1898.

„ Muelle'rii (MueUer's). Queensland.

„ pelta'ta (shield-leafed). 6. White, yellow. India.
1825.

,, Ru'mphii (Rumphius's). Moluccas.

„ spino'sa (spiny). 6. White, green. Malaya. 1802.

„ triphy'lla (three-leaved). Malaya.

„ Vei'tchii ( Veitch's). Green. Borneo. 1883.
LIDBE CKIA. (Named after E. G. Lidbeck, a Swedish
botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, 2-Superfl.ua. Allied to Lasthenia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers,
from South Africa. Cuttings of half-ripened short shoots
in April, in sandy peat, under a bell-glass ; peat, with a
little fibrous loam, and a few pieces of charcoal and silver-
sand. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
L. loba'ta (lobed). 2. May. 1800.

,, pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 2. May. 1744.

LIEBI'GIA. (Named after Liebig, the celebrated Ger-
man chemist. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneraceae]. Linn.
t^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Referred to Chirita.)
L. specio'sa (showy). See CHIRITA BLUMEI.

LIE'TZIA. (Commemorative of A. Lietze, a nursery-
man of Rio Janeiro. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae.)

Stove herb with a tuberous rootstock. Seeds, offsets ;
and cuttings in sand in a close case, with bottom-heat.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

L. brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). Green, spotted with brown-
purple. Brazil. 1880.

LIEVE'NA PRI'NCEPS. See QUESNELIA RUFA.

LIFTING is sometimes used as meaning the same as
transplanting, and at others merely means passing the
spade under a plant, and, by raising it up, disturbing
its roots to check its luxuriance.

LIGE'RIA BARBA'TA. See SINNINGIA CAROLINA.

LIGHT has a most powerful influence over the health
and life of a plant, from the moment its leaves pierce

through the surface of the soil. If absent, they become
yellow, or even white. It deserves notice, that it has
been proved by the experiments of Dr. Hope and others,
that light from artificial sources may be concentrated so
as to enable plants to carry on and perfect those elabora-
tions on which their green colour depends. A similar
concentrated light will make the Pimpernel and other
flowers, which close until sunrise, open their petals, and
rouse from their rest ; a fact which gives another reason
why plants in rooms frequented at night become weak
and exhausted sooner than those which remain as nature
dictates, unexcited by light. A deficiency of light de-
creases the decomposing power of the leaves. For this
reason the best glass should always be employed in the
sashes of the hothouse, conservatory, and other structures
of the forcing department. But the benefit sought for
is frustrated if that glass be not constantly well cleansed.
The best glass, if dirty, allows fewer rays of light to pass
through than inferior glass if kept bright. Solar light
is essential to the ripening of all fruit : it will not ripen
in the dark ; and the greater the light's intensity, and
the longer its daily endurance, the sweeter and the
higher is the fruit's flavour. No fruits are so luscious as
those grown within the tropics, and the fruits of the
temperate zone are excellent in proportion to the bright-
ness of its seasons. That light is essential in causing
the colour of the leaves and other parts of plants has been
noticed already ; and it aids the ripening process of fruit
in a similar manner, to convert their acid and mutila-
ginous constituents into sugar. How light operates in pro-
moting this and other decompositions which are effected
by the vegetable organs is, at present, a mystery ; but
so it is ; and the gardener promotes its access as much as
lies within his power, by removing overshadowing leaves,
by employing the best glass in his hothouses, and by
having their interior whitened ; for white surfaces re-
flect all the rays of light back upon the object those
surfaces inclose.

LIGHTFOO'TIA. (Named after the Rev. J. Lightfoot,
a Scotch botanist. Nat. ord. Bellworts [Campanulaceae].
Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Canarina.)
Greenhouse blue-flowered evergreens, from South
Africa. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, containing a
little peat, under a glass ; fibrous loam and sandy peat ;
pots well drained. Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
L. Loddige'sii (Loddiges1). See L. TENELLA.

,, oxycoccoi'des (Oxycoccus-like). \. July. 1787.

„ subula'ta (&\vl-leaved). J. August. 1787.

„ tene'lla (very slender). J. July. 1822.

LIGULA'RIA. (From ligula, a strap ; referring to the
florets. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite!. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, z-Superflua. Now referred to Senecio.)
L. alta'ica (Altaian). See SENECIO ALTAICUS.

„ cauca'sica (Caucasian). See SENECIO CAUCASICUS.

,, Hodgso'ni (Hodgson's). See SENECIO HODGSONI.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See SENECIO LEDEBOURI.

„ sibi'rica (Siberian). See SENECIO LIGULARIA.

„ specio'sa (showy). See SENECIO LIGULARIA.

,, thyrsoi'dea (ihyrse-fiowered) . See SENECIO SIBIRICUS.

LIGU'STICUM. (Liguria, where one species is abund-
ant. Nat. ord. Umbelliferae.)

Hardy perennial herb, the leaves of which are eaten as
a pot-herb. Seeds, divisions. Ordinary soil.
L. Levi' sticum. See LEVISTICUM OFFICINALE.
„ sco'ticum (Scotch). 1-3. White or pink. Europe
(Britain). " Scotch Lovage."

LIGUSTRI'NAPEKINE'NSIS. See SYRINGA PEKINENSIS.

LIGU'STRUM. Privet. (From ligare, to tie ; re-
ferring to the use made of the flexible shoots. Nat. ord.
Oliveworts [Oleaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia.)

Shrubs, all with white flowers. Generally by cuttings
of the young shoots in sandy loam ; seeds may also be
sown, either when ripe, or placed in a rot-heap for a
number of months previously. The common kinds are
useful for fences, and will grow under trees where scarcely
anything else would live ; lu'cidum and its varieties, and
vesti'tum, require a little protection in exposed places.
L. acumina'tum (long-pointed). 3-5. White. Japan (?).

1904. Flowers in pyramidal panicle.
„ amure'nse (Amurland) of gardens. See L. IBOTA.

LIGUSTRUM

499

LILIUM

L, angustifo'lium, (narrow- leaved) of gardens. See L.

MASSALONGIANUM.

„ califo'rnicum (Calif ornian). See L. OVALIFOLIUM.

„ compa'ctum (compact). See L. ROXBURGHII.

„ coria'ceum (leathery). See L. JAPONICUM CORIACETM.

„ deci'duum (deciduous). White. Central China.

„ delavaya'num (Delavayan). 2. White. Leaves

myrtle-like. Yunnan. 1900.

„ He'nryi (Henry's). White. Central China. 1910.
„ Hooke'ri (Hooker's). See L. WALLICHII.
„ Ibo'ta (Ibota). 3-8. White. China; Japan;

Sachalin. 1861.
„ „ obova'tum (reverse-egg-shaped).

„ regelia'num (Regelian).
„ insula're (insular). 2-4. White. Origin unknown.

1877.
„ japo'nicum( Japanese). 3-6. White. China; Japan.

1845.

„ „ Alivo'ni (Alivon's). See L. LUCIDUM ALIVONI.
„ „ au'reo-variega'tum (golden- variegated). See L.

LUCIDUM AUREO-VARIEGATUM.

„ „ coria'ceum (leathery-). 2-3. White. Japan.
„ „ coria'ceum involu'tum (inrolled). 2-3. White.

Leaves rolled. Japan.
„ „ macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 2-6. White.

Leaves twice as large.

„ lu'cidum (shining). 3-14. June. China. 1794.
„ „ Alivo'ni (Alivon's). Leaves variegated with pale

yellow. 1886.
„ „ au'reo-variega'tum (golden- variegated). Leaves

variegated with deep yellow.
„ „ floribu'ndum (free-flowering). 8. July. China.

1794.
„ „ tricolor (three-coloured). Leaves green, yellow

and red.
„ macroca'rpum (large-fruited). 3-5. White in

cylindric panicle. Japan (?). 1904.
„ magnolia fo' Hum (Magnolia- leaved). See L. LUCIDUM.
„ massalongia'num (Massalongian) . 2-6. White.

Himalaya. 1877.

„ me'dium (median). 3-5. White. Japan. 1891.
„ myrtifo'lium (myrtle- leaved) . See L. MASSALONGI-
ANUM.
„ neilgherre'nse (Neilgherrian). 15. White. August.

India. 1820.
„ nepale'nse (Nepaul). 3-6. White. June. Himalaya.

1823.
„ „ gla'brum (glabrous). 3-5. White. Leaves

smooth.
„ ovalifo'lium (oval-leaved). 6-15. White. Japan.

1877.
„ „ fo'liis au'reis (golden-leaved). Leaves much

variegated with deep yellow, or wholly yellow.
„ insta'bile (unstable). Leaves alternate, opposite

or in whorls of three. 1878.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated). Leaves variegated with

yellow. Japan. 1865.
, Quihou'i (Quihoui). 3-6. White. Summer. China.

1868.

„ robu'stum (robust). White. Himalaya. 1877.
„ rosmarinifo'lium (rosemary-leaved). See L. MASSA-
LONGIANUM.
„ Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 3. White. Himalaya.

1874.

„ sine'nse (Chinese). 8-15. White. China. 1858.
„ ,, fo'liisau'reisvariega'tis (golden- variegated-leaved).
„ „ na'num (dwarf). 1-2. White. 1875.

spica'tum (spiked). See L. NEPALENSE.
„ Staunto'ni (Staunton's). See L. SINENSE.

strongylophy' Hum (round-leaved). 3-5. White. China.
„ syn'ng^o'rwm(Syringa-flowered). See L. JAPONICUM.
„ vesti'tum (clothed). See L. NEPALENSE.
„ villo'sum (shaggy). See L. SINENSE.
„ vulga're (common). 3-10. White. June, July.

Britain.

„ „ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 8. June. Britain.
„ „ au'reum (golden). Leaves golden.
„ „ buxifo'lium (box-leaved). Leaves small, broad,

evergreen.
„ „ chloroca'rpum (green- fruited). 8. Berries green.

June. Britain.

„ „ glau'cum (sea-green). Leaves sea-green.
, „ ita'licum (Italian). Leaves evergreen. Italy.
„ „ leucoca'rpum (white-fruited). 8. \Vhite-berried.

L. vulga're lute'scens (yellowish). Flowers creamy-

yellow. Austria. 1908.
„ „ pe'ndulum (pendulous). Branches long, drooping ;

requires grafting as a standard.
„ ,, sempervi'rens (evergreen). See L. VULGARE

ITALICUM.
„ „ variega'tum (variegatum). 8. Leaves blotched

yellow. June. Britain.
„ „ xanthoca'rpum (yeUow- fruited). 8. Berries yellow.

August. Italy.
„ Walke'ri (Walker's). 5-10. White. Ceylon and

Nilghiris. 1898. Greenhouse.
„ Walli'chii (Wallich's). 2-4. White. Himalaya.

1877.
„ yunnane'nse (Yunnan). 10-12. White. Yunnan,

China. 1902.

LILAC. See SYRINGA.

LI'LIUM. The Lily. (From the Celtic It, white. Nat.
ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Offsets from the bulbs ; also seeds, and, in some cases,
small stem-bulbs ; in general, light, rich, sandy loam ;
some, however, as those from America and Japan, like
the addition of some fibrous peat, and the latter are
generally the better for a cold pit treatment in winter,
though they will do in a bed well drained.

GREENHOUSE BULBS.
L. a'tro-sangui'neum (dark-blood-coloured). See L. UM-

BELLATUM ATROSANGUINEUM.

„ cordifo'lium (heart-shaped). 3-4. White, marked

purple within. Japan. 1853.
,, coru' scans (glittering). See L. ELEGANS.
„ exi'mium (splendid). See L. LONGIFLORUM EXIMIUM.
„ gigante'um (gigantic). 10. White. July. Himalaya.

1852.
,, ,, yunnane'nse (Yunnan). Larger, better coloured.

Yunnan. 1904.
,, lancifo'lium (spear-leaved) of gardens. See L.

SPECIOSUM.
„ Lo'wii (Low's). 2. White, blotched purple inside.

Upper Burma. 1891.
„ neilgherre'nse (Nilghiris). 2-3. White. Nilghiris.

1862.
„ nepale'nse (Nepaul). 2-6. Yellow, crimson. Nepaul.

1853-

„ ochroleu'cum (yellow- white). See L. SULPHUREUM.
„ Philippine' nse (Philippines). 2-3. White. July.

Philippines. 1873.
,, primuli'num (primrose). 5. Pale yellow, tinted

green outside. Upper Burma.

„ ro'seum (rose-coloured). 12. Purple. April. Hima-
laya. 1843.
„ specio'sum (showy). 2. Orange. August. Japan.

„ „ a' Ibum (white-flowered). 3. White. July. Japan.

1833-
„ ,, gloriosoi' 'des (Gloriosa-like). White, spotted

scarlet. Japan. 1880.
„ „ Kctfrnpferi (Kaempfer's). 3. Rose, purple. July.

Japan. 1833.
„ „ puncta'tum (spotted- flowered). 3. White-spotted.

July. Japan. 1835.
„ „ ru'brum (red-flowered). 3. Rose. July. Japan.

1833-

„ sulphu'reum (sulphur). 4-6. Light yellow, shaded
purple at the tips. Burma. 1889.

„ thompsonia'num (Dr. Thompson's). 'See L. ROSEUM.

„ thunbergia'num (Thunberg's). See L. ELEGANS.
• „ wallichia'num (Wallich's). 5. Greenish- white. Oc-
tober. Nepaul. 1850.

„ „ supe'rbum (superb). See L. SULPHUREUM.

HARDY BULBS.

L. alpi'num (alpine). See L. PARVUM.
„ andi'num (Andes). See L. PHILADELPHICUM ANDINUM.
„ angustifo'lium (narrow- leaved). See L. POMPONIUM.
,, auranti'acum (light-orange). See L. BULBIFERUM.
,, aura'ntium (orange). See L. CROCEUM.
„ aura' turn (golden-rayed). 4-6. \Vhite, with yellow
ray, spotted purple. Japan. 1862.

LILIUM

500

LILIUM

aura turn crue'ntum (blood-coloured). Rays broader

and darker than in L. a. rubro-vittatum.
, „ macra'nthum (large-flowered). Segments of flowers

broader; leaves broader. Japan. 1880.
, ,, platyphy'llum (broad-leaved). See L. AURATUM

MACRANTHUM.

, ,, ru'bro-vitta'tum (red-banded). Rays deep crimson.
Japan. 1867.

, „ ru'brum (red). See L. AURATUM RUBRO-VITTATUM.

, „ tri' color (three-coloured). White, spotted with
yellow. Japan. 1880.

, „ virgina'le (virginal). White, without spots, and
golden rays. Japan. 1880.

, „ Wi'ttei (Witte's). White with yellow rays, with-
out spots. Japan. 1867.

, avena'ceum (oat-scaled). iJ-2. Bright yellow-red,
dotted. Japan, &c. 1865.

, Batema'nnice (Mrs. Bateman's). See L. ELEGANS
BATEMANNI/E.

, Bellado'nna (beautiful-lady), i-ij. Rich red, spot-
less. Supposed hybrid.

, Bio'ndii (Biond's). See L. PAPILLIFERUM.

, bloomeria'num (Bloomerian). See L. HUMBOLDTII

OCELLATUM.

, Bolande'ri (Bolander's). 1-3. Crimson-red, spotted.

June, July. California. 1889.
, Bro'wnii (Brown's). ij~4. White, with red-brown

on back of three segments. China and Japan.

1804.
„ Chlora'ster (Chloraster). White, with red-brown

streaks. Western China. 1891.
, ,, leuca'nthum (white-flowered). 3. White, tinted

greenish-yellow ; bulbiferous. Western China.

, „ platyphy'llum (broad-leaved). Leaves broader.
„ viri'dulum (greenish). 3. Cream-white and yellow-
green, tinted claret without. Japan. 1885.
, bulbi'ferum (bulb- bearing). 2-4. Brilliant red,

spotted black. S. Europe. 1596.
bulbi'ferum umbella'tum (umbelled). See L. UMBEL-

LATUM.
buschia'num (Buschian). See L. CONCOLOR BUSCHI-

ANUM.

callo'sum (beautiful). ij~3. Bright scarlet, unspotted.

Japan. 1840.
camschatcJnse (Kamtschatka). See FRITILLARIA

CAMTSCHATCENSIS.

canade'nse (Canadian). iJ-2. Rich orange- red,
spotted. July. N. Amer. 1629.
,, fta'vum (yellow). Shining yellow, spotted claret.
,, ru'brum (red). Yellow inside, red outside, spotted.
ca'ndidum (white). 2-5. White. June, July. S.
Europe ; Syria. 1596.

„ fo'liis au'reo-margina'tis (golden-edged). Leaves
edged golden-yellow.

„ spica'tum (spiked). Bracts greenish-white.
,, stria'tum (striped). Streaked purple outside.
carnio'licum (Carniolian). 2-3. Orange-yellow to

scarlet. June. S. Europe.
carolinia'num (Carolinian). See L. SUPERBUM CARO-

LINIANUM.
Catesbce'i (Catesby's). 1-2. Rich orange-red. N.

Amer. 1787.
chalcedo'nicum (Chalcedonian). 1^-4. Bright scarlet.

July, August. Greece. 1596.
chine' nse (Chinese). See L. SUTCHUENENSE.
co'lchicum (Colchican). See L. MONADELPHUM

SZOVITZIANUM.

columbia'num (Columbian). i|~4. Orange-red to

golden-yellow. N.W. Amer. 1872.
co'ncolor (one- coloured). J-iJ. Bright scarlet-red.

June, July. China. 1804.
„ buschia'num (Buschian). Bright scarlet, spotted

black. S. Siberia.
„ Cori'dion (Coridion). Golden-yellow, slightly

spotted. Japan.
„ lu'teum (yellow). Yellow, spotted purple-red.

China and Japan. 1877.
„ pulche'llum (beautiful), i-i£. Bright scarlet ;

spotted on lower half. E. Siberia. 1829.
cro'ceum (saffron). 3. Yellow. July. S. Europe.

1596.
„ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 3. Dark orange.

June.
,, mi'nus (small). 2. Orange. June.

L. cro'ceum variega'tum (variegated-teat"^). 2. Dark
orange. J une.

,, dau'ricum (Dahurian). iJ-3- Blood-red at base,
paler upwards. Siberia. 1745.

„ Ducha'rtrei (Duchartre's). 2-3. White, tinged rose,
spotted rose inside. W. China. 1906.

„ e'legans (elegant), £-1. Scarlet-red, nearly unspotted.
June, July. Japan. 1835.

,, ,, aluta'ceum (fine-leather). J. Rich apricot, regu-
larly spotted.

,, ,, armeni'acum (apricot). i. Vermilion- orange,
unspotted.

,, ,, Batema'nnice (Mrs. Bateman's). 3^-4. Deep
apricot, unspotted. Japan. 1875.

„ „ biligula'tum (two-tongued). Reddish-brown ; seg-
ments narrow, slighly spotted.

„ ,, citri'num (citron). 2-2$. Orange- yellow, un-
spotted. Japan. 1868.

„ „ venu'stum (lovely), i. Vermilion- orange, un-
spotted.

„ „ Walla' cei (Wallace's). i. Vermilion-orange,
slightly spotted. September. Japan. 1876.

„ Elisabe'tha (EU'zabeth's). See L. JAPONICUM.

,, exce'lsum (tall). See L. TESTACEUM.

,, formo'sum (beautiful). Orange-red. Japan. 1865.

„ Fortu'nei (Fortune's), ij. Orange- yellow, thickly
spotted. Japan. 1862.

,, fu'lgens (shining). See L. ELEGANS.

,, gla'brum (smooth). See L. MARTAGON.

,, Gra'yi (Gray's). 2-3. Red-brown, spotted. July.
N. Carolina. 1888.

„ hematochro'um (blood-coloured). See L. UMBELLATUM

ATROSANGUINEUM.

„ Hanso'ni (Hanson's). 3-4. Orange- yellow, spotted

crimson. July. Japan. 1865.

,, Harri'sii (Harris's). See L. LONGIFLORUM EXIMIUM.
,, He'nryi (Henry's). 2-7. Orange-apricot, finely

spotted with black. W. China. 1888.
,, Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 1-2. Soft rose or lilac. July,

August. Himalaya. 1878.
„ Humbo'ldtii (Humboldt's). 3-5. Orange, spotted.

July. California. 1872.
„ „ ocella'tum (eyed). Orange ; spots crimson, with

black centre. 1876.
,, Ja'nka (Janka's). 1-3. Golden-yellow, with or

without black specks. June. Carniolia. 1903.
,, japo'nicum (Japanese). 1^-2. Pale pink to white.

July. Japan. 1804.
„ „ Alexa'ndrce (Princess Alexandra's). Pure white,

more open. Japan. 1893.
„ „ Colche'steri (Colchester's). Creamy-white inside,

chocolate outside.
„ Kello'ggii (Kellogg's). 3-4. Rose, spotted crimson.

June. California. 1903.
,, Krame'ri (Kramer's). See L. JAPONICUM.
,, land fo' Hum (lance- leaved) of Thunberg. See L.

ELEGANS.

,, latifo'lium (broad-leaved). See L. BULBIFERUM.

„ Leichtti'nii (Leichth'n's). 1^-4. Lemon, tinged

purple outside, spotted claret. Japan. 1867.
„ ,, M aximowi' czii (Maximowicz's). 3-4. Brilliant

scarlet, with black spots. Japan. 1869.
„ „ pscu'do-tigri'num (false- tiger). Brilliant scarlet,

with brown spots. July. China. 1867.
„ loddigesia'num (Loddigesian). See L. MONADELPHUM.
,, longifto'rum (long-flowered). 1-3. White. July,

August. China and Japan. 1819.
„ „ exi'mium (choice). 3-4. White, larger. Japan.

1834. " Bermuda Easter Lily."

„ „ formosa'num (Formosan). White, keeled red out-
side. Formosa. 1880.
„ „ insula're (insular). Flowers longer than L. I.

eximium. Magelhaes Archipelago. 1902.
„ „ Tafo'swta(Takesima). Flowers large, white, violet

outside.

,, longifo'lium (long-leaved). See L. ROSEUM.
,, lu'cidum (shining). See L. COLUMBIANUM.
„ mari'timum (maritime). 1-3. Red, spotted crimson.

California. 1878.
„ Ma'rtagon (Martagon). 3. Purple. July. Central

and S. Europe. 1596. " Turk's Cap Lily."
„ „ a'lbo-ple'no (double- white). 3. White. July.

Germany.

„ „ a'lbum (white).
„ „ Cata'nii (Catan's). Blackish-purple. Dalmatia.

LILIUM

LILIUM TIGRINUM

L. Ma rlagon dalma'ticum (Dalmatian). Claret, or blood-
purple. Dalmatia. 1872.
„ „ dorsipuncta'tum (spotted-backed). 3. Purple.

June.

„ „ datum (tall). 3. Purple. June.
,, ,, ocella're (eyed). 3. Lilac. June.
„ „ pa'llidum (pale). 3. Lilac. June.
„ „ perpurpu'reum (deep purple). 3. Dark purple.

June.

„ „ petiola're (petioled). 3. Purple. June.
„ „ pube'scens (downy). 3. Orange. June. Ger-
many. 1596.

ii i, purpu'reum (purple). 3. Purple. June.
„ „ se'palis-a'lbis (white-sepaled). 2^. White. July.

Germany.
„ „ se'palis-plu'rimis (double-flowered). 3. Purple.

J uly. Gardens.
„ Maximowi'czii (Maximowicz's). See L. LEICHTLINII

MAXIMOWICZII.
„ medeoloi'des (Medeola-like). 1-2. Reddish-yellow,

thinly spotted. Japan. 1878.
„ monade'lphum (monadelphous). 2. Yellow. June.

Caucasus. 1820.
„ „ szovitzia'num (Szovitzian). Yellow, purple outside

at base. 1880.
„ myriophy'llum (myriad-leaved). 2. White, flushed

crimson outside. W. China. 1906.
„ ni'grum (black). See FRITILLARIA CAMTSCHATCENSIS.
„ ni'tidum (shining). 1^-2^. Bright yellow, speckled

red- brown. California. 1880.

„ odo'rum (scented). See L. JAPONICUM COLCHESTERI.
„ oxype'talum (sharp-petaled). i-i£. Purplish, spotted

purple. Himalaya. 1852.
„ papilli'ferum (papillae-bearing), i. Lively red or

scarlet. Yunnan, China. 1895.
„ pardali'num (panther-spotted). 3-6. Orange at base,

spotted, crimson at apex. Calif ornian. 1875.
„ „ angustifo'lium (narrow- leaved). i|-3. Smaller,

paler.
„ ,, ca/r7oVm'cM>n(Californian). Blood-red. California.

1875.
„ „ lu'teum (yellow). Yellow, spotted with brown.

1889.
„ „ Wa'rei (Ware's). Pale to deep yellow, unspotted.

' California. 1886.
„ Parkma'nni (Parkman's). Deep red, large. Hybrid,

L. speciosum and L. auratum. 1869.
„ Pa'rryi (Parry's). 2-6. Yellow, with some crimson

specks. California. 1879.

„ parvifto'rum (small-flowered). See L. CANADENSE.
,, pa'rvum (small). 3-6. Rich orange-red. June, July.

California. 1872.

„ pendulifto'rum (pendulous-flowered). See L. CANA-
DENSE.
„ peregri'num (outlandish). 3-4. White. June. Asia

Minor. 1824.
„ philade'lphicum(Philaide\phian). 1-3. Scarlet. July.

N. Amer. 1757.
„ ,, andi'num (Andean). Leaves linear, scattered.

1819.
„ polyphy'llum (many- leaved). 2-4. Whitish- yellow,

spotted purple. Himalaya. 1873.
„ pompo'nium (scarlet-pompone). 2. Red. May.

Italy ; France. 1659.

„ ,, fio're-ple'no (double-flowered). 3. Red. June.
,, piilche'llum (pretty). See L. CONCOLOR PULCHELLUM.
„ pu'milum (dwarf). See L. TENUIFOLIUM.
,, pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 2. Dark yellow. July.

Pyrenees. 1596.

„ ,, flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. Yellow. July.
„ Rce'zlii(Rt£zi's}. SeeL. PARDALINUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM.
,, rube' Hum (small-red). J-i£. Pink or rosy-pink.

Japan. 1898.
„ rube'scens (reddish). See L. WASHINGTONIANUM

RUBESCENS.

„ sangui'neum (blood-coloured). See L. DAURICXJM.

„ sibi'ricum (Siberian). See L. DAURICUM.

,, si'nicum (Chinese). See L. CONCOLOR.

,, specta'bile (showy). See L. DAURICUM.

,, supe'rbum (superb). 2-6. Golden-yellow, spotted

purple, apex orange-red. E. United States. 1727.
„ ,, carolinia'num (Carolinian). 1-2. Flower one or

few. " Carolina Swamp Lily." 1819.
„ sutchuene' nse (Sutchuen). ij— 3. Brilliant scarlet,

spotted deep brown. W. China. 1895.

L. tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). 2. Scarlet. June.

Siberia. 1820.
„ testa' ceum (yellow-red). 3-6. Pale yellow-red. July.

Garden origin. 1841.
,, figri'num (tiger-spotted) . 6. Orange. July. China.

1804.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). Flowers double.

Japan. 1869.
,, „ Fortu'nei (Fortune's). 4-6. Stems densely woolly.

September.
„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). Flowers larger, spots

bolder. August, September. 1870.
„ umbella'tum (umbelled). 2-3. Deep red. Garden

origin.
„ „ atrosangui'neum (dark-blood-red). 2. Blood-red.

July. 1835.

„ „ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2j. Dark crimson-
red. July.
„ „ macula'tum (spotted). 2. Orange, spotted red.

August.
,, washingtonia'num (Washingtonian). 3-5. White,

tinted lilac, with few spots. California. 1872.
„ „ rube'scens (reddish). White, changing to vinous-
purple, spotted black. 1873.
„ Wi'ttei (Witte's). See L. AURATUM WITTEI.
,, Yoshida'ii (Yoshida's). Flowers fragrant, said to re-
semble L. Brownii. 1905.
LI'LIUM CA'NDmUM. Common White Lily.
Propagation. — By offsets. When the old bulbs have
several small ones formed around them, take them up in
September, divide them into single bulbs, replant the
large flowering-bulbs immediately into fresh, rich earth,
where they are to flower. The small bulbs plant in a
bed of the same kind of soil, in some corner by themselves ;
let them remain here for two years, then take them up,
select the large bulbs, and plant them where they are to
flower, taking care to enrich the earth with well- decom-
posed manure. The small ones may be replanted again
till they are the same size, and should then be taken up
and planted in the borders to bloom.

The Soil should be well drained, and fresh, maiden
loam, made rich with a good coating of manure, and
dug over two or three times previously to the planting
season.

Winter Culture. — When the stools of bulbs have become
large, they will have exhausted the soil, and it will be
advisable to take them up, divide them, then dig holes,
taking away the old exhausted soil, and put at the
bottom of each hole a shovelful of rotten dung ; fill up
with fresh earth, and plant immediately three strong
bulbs in each hole, covering them about three inches deep.
The best time to do this is in September, and the reason
for planting immediately is because these bulbs will not
bear exposure to the air without injury. By this treat-
ment they will flower well the next season, but much
finer the second.

Insects. — The most troublesome • are the WIREWORM
and the common GARDEN-SLUG, which see. Whenever
a leaf is observed to droop, the grub will be found to be
the cause. Gently remove the earth near the drooping
leaf, and the enemy will be discovered at work.

Diseases. — The canker sometimes attacks the bulbs.
This disease arises from too much moisture in the soil.
This must be corrected by draining. All cankered bulbs
should be taken up and thrown away, to prevent the
contagion from becoming general. L. ca'ndidum is often
attacked and greatly destroyed by the Botrytis form of a
Sclerotinia. No real cure has been found.

LI'LIUM MA'RTAGON. Martagon, or Turk's-cap Lily.
The propagation of all the varieties of this species is the
same as described above for L. ca'ndidum. The soil,
however, should be liberally mixed with sand. Some
species, such as L. co'ncolor and L. supe'rbum, require a
considerable quantity of sandy peat mixed amongst
the soil.

LI'LIUM TIGRI'NUM, Tiger Lily ; and L. BULBI'-

FERUM, the Orange Lily, produce at the axils of the
leaves of the flower-stem a considerable number of small
embryo bulbs. These afford a ready way of propagating
them. Gather the bulbs as soon as they part readily
from the stem ; prepare a bed for them, by digging it
over, and adding some well-rotted dung. Plant them
in rows across the bed at three inches apart in the row,

LILIUM SPECIOSUM

502

LIMNANTHES

and nine inches from row to row. Let them remain in
this bed for two or three years, then take them up, sort
the bulbs into two sizes, plant the largest in a bed of
rich earth, six inches apart in the row, and a foot between
each row. Several of them will flower weakly the first
year, but stronger the second, and will then be large
enough to take their place amongst the old strong bulbs.
The smaller-sized bulbs should be planted again rather
thickly, and will afford a second crop of flowering bulbs
the second year. The other points of summer and winter
culture are similar to those required by L. ca'ndidum,
excepting in one particular. As the flower-stems ad-
vance in growth, they put forth a number of young
roots from the stem above the bulb ; when that is per-
ceived, place round each stem some rough, hard pieces
of dung for these roots to strike into ; this will encourage
the flower-stems to grow strongly, and flower finely,
besides increasing very much the size of the bulbs below.
LILIUM SPECIO'SUM and its varieties. This is the
finest of all the genus. The petals turn back, like those
of the L. Ma'rtagon. It throws out roots above the
bulbs like L. tigri'num, but does not produce incipient
bulbs in the axils of the leaves, like the latter species,
and must therefore be propagated like L. ca'ndidum, by
offsets. This fine species, in the southern parts of
Britain, is hardy enough to bear cultivating in the open
air, like the rest of the genus ; but it is worthy of being
cultivated in pots to bloom in the greenhouse, everywhere
in this country, flowering in June and July, when the
generality of the usual inhabitants are enjoying the open
air. To cultivate it for that purpose, pot the larger
bulbs in eleven-inch pots. If bulbs are plentiful, put
three in each pot. Do this early in March, and use a
rich, sandy compost. Place them in a pit or frame
sheltered from frost, by covering with mats, giving
plenty of air in mild weather, but very little water. Grow
them as slowly as possible, so that they may have a large
strength of roots to cause a strong growth. When the
frosts are over, plunge them in a bed of old tan till the
greenhouse is thinned of its plants, and then bring them
into their place ; put pans under the pots, and a mulching
of dung on the surface of the soil. Water freely, and
give plenty of air. The culture in the air is the same as
is required by L. ca'ndidum, with the addition of a covering
of dry ashes over the bulbs in winter.

LILY. Li'lium.

LILY-HYACINTH. Sci'lla Li'lio-hyaci'nthus.

LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY. (Convalla'ria maja'lis.) We
know a garden where no one can flower the lily-of-the-
valley well, and we also know places where it flowers in
the greatest abundance without any care whatever. We
have seen it growing naturally by the acre, in a shady
wood, the soil being mere sand, enriched by the fallen
leaves ; we have dug it out in that wood, and found all
the roots within three inches of the surface. We have
also seen it flower abundantly on a south border, in a
rich kitchen- garden soil. Where it refuses to succeed
we would make a bed for it on the north side of a wall ;
dig out the natural soil a foot deep, and drain the bottom ;
then fill up the bed with a compost of light, sandy earth
and rotten leaves, half of each ; press it down gently
when within two inches of the top ; then lay the roots
regularly, four inches apart, all over this surface, and
then cover them two inches deep, and give them a
good watering with a rose-pot ; and, after that, we would
cover the whole with an inch of quite rotten leaves, and
water them once a week the following summer. February,
or early in March, is the best time to plant them ; and
the third season they are in full perfection, and will last
for ten or a dozen years.

Forcing. — Pot them in thirty- two- sized pots, filled to
within three and a half inches of the rim with rich loam,
upon which the roots are closely placed, and then
covered about two inches in thickness with equal parts
of leaf-mould and sand ; they are then well watered, so
as to settle the mould about the roots ; place them on a
shelf near the glass, in a moist stove or forcing-house, the
temperature of which may range from 65° to 75°, and
take care that the soil does not become dry. When they
are so far advanced that the plants show their heads of
flowers, remove them into a warm greenhouse, still
placing them near the glass, until, as they advance in
growth, they are withdrawn by degrees into a shaded

part of the house, from whence they are removed to the
drawing-room as required, their places to be immediately
filled with others, which are similarly treated, and thus
an ample succession will be kept up. Care and attention
are requisite in lifting and selecting the plants for forcing ;
they require a minute examination to distinguish those
that will flower from those that will not, the only differ-
ence being that the buds of the former are more round
and short than those of the latter.— Florists' Journal.

LILY-PINK. Aphylla'nfhes.

LILY-THORN. Catesba'a.

LIMATO'DIS LABRO SA. See CALANTHE LABROSA.

LIMATO'DIS RO'SEA. See CALANTHE ROSEA.

LIME. Ci'trus me'dica Lime'tta.

LIME is valuable as a manure, for some one or more
of its salts enter into the composition of every vegetable.
But it is not the lime of every district that is suitable
for the purpose. Some specimens contain a very large
proportion of magnesia, which, absorbing carbonic acid
very slowly, remains in a caustic state, to the injury of
the roots of the plants, and the diminution of benefit
from the decomposing constituents of the soil. Neither
can the gardener apply it to all his soils with advantage.
Thus, peat and bog earth are beneficial to the plants
grown upon them by their containing Gallic and other
acids, which lime removes. To garden soil of the usual
staple about fifty bushels of lime per acre is a sufficient
quantity. If the soil be clayey the quantity may be
doubled. A very excellent manure is formed by mixing
one bushel of salt with every two bushels of lime. Lime
cannot be applied to the soil too fresh from the kiln ; for
if allowed to absorb carbonic acid from the air, it is
rapidly converted into chalk.

When crops are devastated by the slug, dress them,
some evening, so as to render the surface of the soil
quite white, with caustic lime, during the promise of a
few days' dry weather. It is instant destruction to
every slug it falls upon ; and those that it misses are
destroyed by their coming in contact with it when moving
in search of food.

Lime-rubbish is the old mortar and plaster obtained
when brick-buildings are pulled down. It is an excellent
manure, abounding with the salts of potash and lime.
It should be reduced to powder before spreading and
digging in.

LIME or LINDEN-TREE. Ti'lia.
LIME-LOOPER MOTH. Geometra.

LIME-WATER. To forty gallons of clean water, half
an hour before using, put one peck of fresh-slaked lime.
As soon as it is clear it is fit for use.

A watering-pot containing four gallons will water a
bed of four feet by thirty feet, or rows of cauliflowers,
cabbages, &c., of double the length.

LIMNA'NTHEMUM. (FromJwm*, a swamp, lake, or
pool, and anthemon, a flower ; literally, the flower of the
pool. Nat. ord. Gentianaceae.)

Hardy, or tender stove, floating aquatics, which, for
convenience' sake, may be planted in pots submerged a
little way below the surface of a pond or tank, but some
of them very soon spread all over the pond, floating
loosely in the water, necessitating the reduction of their
numbers. Offsets. Any loamy soil, leaf-mould, and
sand.
L. gemina'tum (twin), i. Yellow. June. Australia.

1806.
„ humboldtia'num (Humboldtian). White and yellow.

July to September. S. Amer. 1856. Stove.
„ i'ndicum (Indian). Yellow. Tropics of both Worlds.

1792. Stove.
„ lacuno'sum (ditch). Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1812.

Hardy.

,, nymphceoi' des (Nymphasa-like). See L. PELTATUM.
„ pelta'tum (shield-shaped). J. Yellow. Summer.
Europe (Britain). Hardy.

LIMNA'NTHES. (From limne, a marsh, and anthos, a
flower. Nat. ord. Indian Cresses [Geraniacea3]. Linn.
io-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

LIMNOBIUM

503

LINARIA

Hardy trailing annuals, from California. Seeds in
April, in a moist and shady situation.
L. a'lba (white). £. White. July. 1843.

„ Dougla'sii (Douglas's), i. Yellow. July. 1833.

„ ro'sea (rosy). See L. DOUGLASII.

„ sulphu'rea (sulphur). See L. DOUGLASII.

LIMNO BIUM. (From limne, a marsh or pool, and
bios, life ; the plants live and float on fresh water, like
the Frog-bit. Nat. ord. Hydrocharidaceae.)

Stove aquatic, floating freely in the water, but may be
confined to a spot by a piece of wood. Offsets.
L. bogote'nse (Bogota). J. White. Colombia. 1879.

LIMNO CHARTS. (From limne, a marsh, and chctiro,
to delight in ; water-plants. Nat. ord. Alismads [Alis-
maceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove, perennial, yellow-flowered aquatic, from Brazil.
Divisions, runners, and seeds; tubs or cisterns, in a
stove, or the shallow part of an aquarium. Summer
temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
L, emargina'ta (notched), ij. July. 1822.

„ fla'va (yellow). See L. EMARGINATA.

„ Humbo'ldtii (Humboldt's). See HYDROCLEIS COM-

MERSONI.

,, Plumie'ri (Plumier's). See L. EMARGTNATA.

LIMODO RUM. (An old name used by Tournefort for
something. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)
L. a'^uw(tall). See BLETIA VERECUNDA.

„ callo'sum (beautiful). See PHAIUS CALLOSUS.

„ diu'rnum (daily). See CYMBIDIUM DIURNUM.

„ ebu'rneum (ivory). See ANGR.*CUM EBURNEUM.

„ falca'tum (sickle-shaped). See ANGRSCUM FALCATUM.

„ macula' turn (spotted). See NEPHELAPHVLLUM PUL-

CHRUM.

„ plantagi' neum (plantain-like). See CYRTOPODIUM

PLANTAGIXEUM.

„ Tankervi'llia (Mrs. Tankerville's). See PHAIUS

GRANDIFOLIUS.

„ tubero'sum (tuberous). See CALOPOGON PULCHELLUS.

LIMO'NIA. (From limoun, the Arabic name of the
citron. Nat. ord. Citronworts [Rutaceae]. Linn. lo-De-
candria, i-Monogynia.)

Evergreens, with white flowers. Seeds in a hotbed,
and seedlings grafted the same season, with the most
desired varieties ; cuttings of any snoots, young or
ripened, in spring or summer, in sandy soil, under glass,
and in a few weeks plunged in bottom-heat ; peat, loam,
dried cow-dung, and a few pieces of charcoal. For
acidi'ssima, winter temp., 35° to 45" ; summer, 60° to 80° ;
the others will succeed against a wall, in the south of
England, protected in winter; and in other districts
they require a greenhouse.
L. acidi'ssima (most-acid). 4. India. 1808.

„ austra'lis (southern). See CITRUS AUSTRALIS.

„ citrifo'lia (orange-leaved). 4. China. 1800.

„ crenula'ta (scolloped-teai'ttf). See L. ACIDISSIMA.

„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). See GLYCOSMIS PENT A-

PHYLLA.

„ sca'ndens (climbing). See LUVU'NGA SCANDENS.

LDIONIA STRUM. (From leimon, a grassy plain, and
astron, a star ; in allusion to the place where it grows.
Nat. ord. Plumbaginaceae.)

Nearly hardy shrubby plants. Cuttings under a hand-
light during summer. Loam, peat, and sand.
L. articula'tum (jointed). 2-3. Blue. July to Sep-
tember. Mediterranean region. 1731.
„ ,, denuda'tum (denuded). 2-3. Purple. July.

Sicily. 1640.
„ monope'talum (one-petaled). See L. ARTICULATUM.

LIMO'NIUM MONOPE'TALUM. See LIMONIASTRUM
ARTICULATUM. For other species of Limonium, see
STATICE.

UMOSEXLA. Mudwort. (From limus, mud ; where
it grows. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn.
i4-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Sibthorpia.)

Hardy annual. Seeds in a marsh, or near a pond or
rivulet.
L, aqua'tica (water). J. Flesh. August. Britain.

LINA'NTHUS. (From linon, flax, and anthos, a flower.
Nat. ord. Phioxworts [Polemoniacea:]. Linn. $-Penlan-
dria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Gilia.)
L. dicho'tomus (forked-branched). See GILIA DICHOTOMY.

LINA'RIA. Toadflax. (From linon, flax; referring
to the resemblance of the leaves. Nat. ord. Figworts
[Scrophulariaceae]. Linn. i4-Didynamia,2-Angiospermia.
Allied to Antirrhinum.)

All by seed at the end of March, and the perennials
also by division, and cuttings of the young shoots under
a hand-light, m sandy soil ; light, sandy loam suits them
all. A few like a cold pit in winter ; they are good rock-
work plants.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS, &c.
L. circina'ta (cwcled-leaved). See L. SAGITTATA.
„ fru'ticans (sprouting). See NEMESIA FRUTICANS.
„ frutico'sa (shrubby). 2. Yellow. May. S. Africa.

1816. Greenhouse.
„ sagitta'ta (arrow-shaped). f. Yellow. June.

Morocco. 1833. Evergreen.
„ scopa'ria (broom). See L. SPARTIOIDES.
,, spartioi'des (Spartium-like). i. Yellow. June.

Canary Islands. 1816. Evergreen.
,, triornitho'phora (three- birds-bearing). i. Purple.

August. Portugal. 1710.
„ villo'sa (shaggy), i. Blue. July. Spain. 1786.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

L. acttti'loba (acute-lobed). See L. VULGARIS.
„ eequitri'loba ( equal- three-lobed). J. Purple. June.

Sardinia. 1829.
„ alpi'na (alpine). J-i. Blue. July, August. Europe.

1750.

„ Cymbala'ria (Cymbalaria). J. Violet. May. England.
„ „ a'lba (white). ±. White. June. Gardens.
„ „ globo'sa (globose). J. Lilac. 1909. Makes a

globose tuft.
„ „ varicga'ta (variegated-fcavftf). J. Violet. June.

Gardens.
,, hepaticafo'lia (Hepatica-leayed). jV White or lilac.

Summer. Corsica ; Sardinia.
„ pa'llida (pale). ±. Pale purple or lilac. Italy.
„ pilo'sa (hairy-leaved). ±. Purple. August. Italy.
„ „ longicalcara'ta (long-spurred). Stems shorter.

Spurs longer.

„ pube'scens (downy). See L. PILOSA.
„ saxa'tilis (rock). J. Yellow. August. Portugal.

1819.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

L. antirrhinifo'lia (Antirrhinum- leaved) . See L. CAVANIL-

LESII.
„ antirrhinoi'des (Antirrhinum-like). See L. CAVANIL-

LESII.
„ Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles's). J-J- Purple. July.

Spain. 1897.
,, dalma'tica (Dalmatian). 1-2. Yellow. June, July.

Dalmatia. 1731. Evergreen.

,, galioi'des (Galium-like). 2. Blue. July. S. Europe.
,, genista fo'lia (broom-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

Austria. 1704.

,, hi'ans (gaping), i. Yellow. July. S.Europe. 1818.
„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved), i. Yellow. July. Caucasus.

1820.
,, macrou'ra (long- tailed). i. Yellow. August.

Crimea. 1822.
,, margina'ta (margined). Yellowish. August. Barbary.

1820.

,, monspessula'na (Montpelier). See L. REPENS.
,, Panci'ci (Pancic's). |. Canary-yellow. Orient. 1902.

Not the true L. Pancici, of Janka.
„ pro'ctra (tall). 4. Pale blue. July.
„ purpu'rea (purple), i. Purple. August. S. Europe.

1648.
,, re'pens (creeping). 1-3. Purple. July. Europe

(Britain).

„ „ a'lba (white). 1-3. White. July.
„ silenifo'lia (Silene-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.

Armenia. 1819.

LINARIA

504 LINDNERIA FIBRILLOSA

L. stria' ta (striped). See L. REPENS.
„ vulga'ris (common). 1-2. Yellow. August. Britain.
„ „ Pelo'ria (Peloria). i. Yellow. Flowers regular.
Britain.

HARDY ANNUALS.
L. (fgypti'aca (Egyptian), ij. Yellow, purple. July.

Egypt. 1771.

M a'lbifrons (white-faced), i. Purple, white. Orient.
„ alsinifo'lia (Alsine- leaved). £. Blue. June. Corsica.

1824.
„ amethy'stea (amethyst), r. Blue, yellow. July.

Spain. 1728.

„ antica'ria (foremost). Spain.

„ arena'ria (sand). J. Yellow. July. S.Europe. 1823.
„ arve'nsis (corn), i. Purple, blue. July. S.Europe.

1816.
„ bipartite, (two-parted), $-1. Violet-purple. Summer.

N. Africa. 1815.
„ bipuncta'ta (two-dotted), i. Yellow. July. Spain.

1749.
„ Broussone'tii (Broussonet's). i. Yellow, finely

spotted. Morocco.
„ canade'nsis (Canadian), i. Violet. July. N. Amer.

1812.
„ cauca'sica (Caucasian). £. Yellow. July. Caucasus.

1818.
„ chalepe'nsis (Aleppo), i. White. June. Levant.

1680.
„ cirrho'sa (tendriled). J. Pale blue. July. Egypt.

I77i-

„ creta'cea (chalky), i. July. Siberia. 1827.
„ dealba'ta (whited). See L. LANIGERA.
„ delphinioi' des (larkspur-like). See L. SAPPHIRINA.
„ diffu'sa (spreading). See L. MULTICAULIS.
„ elatinoi'des (Elatine-like). £. Yellow. August. N.

Africa. 1821.

„ fia'va (yellow). J. Yellow. July. N. Africa. 1820.
„ glanduli'fera (glandcd). Purple. May. 1839.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See L. DALMATICA.
„ heterophy'lla (various- leaved). 1^-3. Yellow, brown.

July. Mediterranean region. 1825.
„ „ stri'cta (upright), i. Yellow. July. Sicily.

1884.
„ hi' via (hairy-leaved), i. Purple. August. Spain.

1759-

„ iia'lica (Italian). S. Europe.
„ lani'gera (woolly). J. Yellow. July. Portugal.

1818.

„ linogri'sea (flax-grey).
„ „ purpu'rea (purple). Purple, yellow. Morocco (?).

1877.

„ Loese'lii (Losel's). See L. ODORA.
„ mari'tima (maritime) of gardens. See L. ORIGANIFOLIA.
„ marocca'na (Moroccan), i. Violet-purple. Morocco.

1872.

„ mi' nor (smaller). See L. VISCIDA.
„ minutiflo'ra (minute-flowered). See L. ALBIFRONS.
„ multicau'lis (many-stalked). ij. White. June.

Levant. 1728.

„ multipuncta' ta (many-speckled). SeeL. BROUSSONETII.
„ odo'ra (scented). Yellow, brown. May. Orient.

1823.
„ origanifo'lia (marjoram- leaved), i. Purple. June

to October. S. Europe. 1785.
„ „ crassifo'lia (thick- leaved). J-£. Blue-purple.

S.W. Europe. 1868.
„ pelisseria'na (Pelisser's). i. Violet. August. S.

Europe. 1640. " Jersey Toad-flax."
„ Pere'zii (Perez's). See L. TOURNEFORTII.
„ purpura' scens (purplish), ij. Purple. June. S.

Europe. 1829. Biennial.
„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). See L. SUPINA.
„ reticula'ta (netted), i-ij. Deep purple, netted.

Portugal ; N. Africa. 1788.

„ „ au'reo-purpu'rea (golden-purple), i-ij. Crimson-
purple, orange.
„ rubrifo'lia (red- leaved) . i. Blue. June. S. France.

1826.
„ sapphiri'na (sapphirine). ij. Blue. August.

Portugal. 1838.

„ sibthorpia'na (Sibthorpian). Greece.
„ ,, peloponnesi' aca (Peloponnesian). Morea, Greece.
„ si'mplex (simple). See L. ARVENSIS.

L. spa' rlea (broom- like), i. Yellow. August. Spain.

1772.

„ stri'cta (upright). See L. HETEROPHYLLA STRICTA.
,, supi'na (supine), i. Yellow. Mediterranean region.

1821.
,, thymifo'lia (thyme- leaved). J. Blue. June. S.

Europe. 1818.

,, Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). Spain.
„ triphy'lla (three-leaved), i. Yellow, purple. August.

Sicily. 1596.

,, tri'stis (sad), i. Brown. July. Spain. 1727.
„ ,, lu'tea (yellow), i. Yellow. August. Gardens.
,, veno'sa (veiny). See L. ODORA.
,, versi'color (various-coloured), i. Purple, yellow.

August. France. 1777.

„ virga' ta (twiggy). $. Blue. June. N.Africa. 1817.
,, vi'scida (clammy). \. Pale purple. July, August.

Britain.
,, visco'sa (clammy), i. Brown. July. Spain. 1786.

LINCONIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Bruniads [Bruniaceas]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Digynia.
Allied to Brunia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with white flowers, from
South Africa. For culture, see DIO'SMA.
L. alopecuroi'dea (fox-tail-like). 2. May. 1816.
,, cuspida'ta (pointed-leaved). 2. May. 1825.
,, thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 2. May. 1825.

LINDELOFIA. (Commemorative of Frederic von
Lindelof, a German. Nat. ord. Boraginaceaj.)

Hardy, perennial herb. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary
soil.

L. longifo'lia (long-leaved). See L. SPECTABILIS.
„ specta'bilis (showy), i-ij. Bright blue. Summer.
Himalaya. 1840.

LINDEN. Ti'lia vulga'ris.

LINDENBE RGIA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Scrophulariaceae.)

Hardy or half-hardy herbs, with the aspect of Mimulus.
Seeds, and divisions. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
L. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), i-ij. Yellow. Hima-
laya. 1900.
„ Hooke'ri (Hooker's), i. Yellow. Himalaya. 1902.

LINDE NIA. (Commemorative of Jean Linden, an
eminent Belgian nurseryman. Nat. ord. Rubiacea;.)

Evergreen stove shrubs. Cuttings of mature shoots
in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat,
and sand.

L. riva'lis (river-bank).

1856.
,, vitic'iisis (Fijian). 3.

3. White. July. Guatemala.
White, fragrant. Fiji. 1883.

LINDERA. (Commemorative of John Under, a
Swedish botanist. Nat. ord. Lauraceas.)

Hardy deciduous trees or shrubs. Cuttings in a cold
frame in autumn. Ordinary garden soil.

L. Benzo'in (Benzoin). 5-8. Yellow, green. April.

N. Amer. 1683.

„ melissczfo'lia (Melissa-leaved). 6. Green, yellow.
April. N. Amer. 1810. " Jove's Fruit."

LINDHEI'MERA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Composite.)

A hardy, erect, branching herb. Seeds, divisions.
Ordinary garden soil.
L. texa'na (Texan). Yellow. July. Texas.

LI'NDLEYA. (Named after Professor Lindley. Nat.
ord. Roseworis [Rosaces]. Linn. iz-Icosandria, 2-Pen-
tagynia. Allied to Quillaja.)

Stove evergreen shrub. By seeds ; ripe cuttings under
a glass, in bottom-heat, and grafting on the Hawthorn.
The same generic name is applied to very different
plants, among the Theads and Samyds.

L. mespiloi'des (medlar- like). 12. White. July. Oaxaca.
1843.

LINDNERIA FIBRILLO SA.

PECHUELII.

See PSEUDOGALTONIA

LINDSAYA

505

LINUM

LINDSA'YA. (Named after M. Lindsay, an English
botanist. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Crypto-
gamia, i-Filices.)

Ferns, with brown spores. For culture, see FERNS.

STOVE.
L. adianioi'des (maiden-hair-like). July. Isle of Luzon.

1840.

„ conci'nna (neat). July. Isle of Luzon. 1842.
,, crena'ta (crenate). British Guiana. 1863.
„ cultra'ta (knife-shaped). July. Isle of Luzon. 1840.
,, decompo' sita (decomposed). July. Malacca.
„ dive'rgens (diverging). Brown, yellow. July. Malaya ;

Borneo.

„ e'legans (elegant). See L. STRICTA ELEGANS.
,, ensifo'lia (sword- leaved). 1-2. Trop. Asia and

Africa.

„ falca'ta (sickle-shaped). £ . May. Trinidad. 1819.
„ guiane'nsis (Guianan). May. Guiana. 1845.
„ heterophy'lla (various- leaved), f-ii- India ; Malaya.
,, lanugino'sa (woolly). Brown. July. Malaya ; Trop.

Australia, &c.
„ ni'tens (shining). iJ-2. May. Neilgherries to

Polynesia.

„ oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). See L. PECTINATA.
„ pectina'ta (comb-like). May to July. Assam ; Malaya.
„ renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped-leaved). July. Trinidad.

1826.

,, retu'sa (blunt- ended). June. Philippine Islands, &c.
,, ri'gida (stiff), i. July. Malacca. 1839.
„ stri'cta (upright). July. Malacca. 1839.
,, ,, e'legans (elegant). An unbranched form.
„ te'nera( tender). Malacca.
,, trapezifo'rmis (diamond-shaped), i. May. S. Amer.

1819.

GREENHOUSE.

L. linea'ris (narrow-leaved). $. May. N. Holland. 1820.
,, me'dia (intermediate), i. May. N. Holland. 1823.
„ microphy'lla (smaU-leaved). f. May. N. HoUand.
1820.

LING, or LING-HEATHER. Callu'na vulga'ris.

LININGS, or, as they might be more properly called,
Coatings, are applications of fermenting dung to renew
the heat in hotbeds made of dung. See HOTBED.

LINN^A. (Named after Linnaus. Nat. ord. Capri-
foils [Caprifoliaceae]. Linn. \\-Didynamia, 2-Angio-
spermia. Allied to Abelia.)

Hardy trailer. Plants are easily obtained from its
trailing-rooted stems. It should, whether in the front
of a border or in a good-sized pot, be grown solely in
peat or heath-soil, kept shady and moist.

L. borea'lis (northern). J. Flesh. June. Scotland.
„ „ america'na (American.)

LINO'SPADIX. (From lino, to anoint, and spadix, the
axis bearing the flowers. Nat. ord. Palmaceas.)
Stove Palms. Seeds. Loam, peat, sand.

L. Leopo'ldii (Leopold's). Pacific Islands. 1903.
„ Micholi'tzii (Micholitz's). 4. Stemless. Malaya.

1895.
„ petrickia'na (Petrickian). New Guinea. 1898.

LINO'SYRIS VULGA'RIS. See ASTER LINOSYRIS.

LINUM. Flax. (From linon, flax. Nat. ord. Flax-
worts [Linaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, $-Pentagynia.)

Annuals and biennials, by seed in the open border, in
April ; perennials, by seed, but principally by divisions
in spring, and cuttings of young shoots under a hand-
light ; hardy shrubs, by cuttings in sandy soil, under a
hand-light, in summer ; greenhouse shrubs, cuttings in
sand, under a bell-glass ; for the latter, peat and loam.
Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Many, however, such as
arbo'reum, salsoloi'des, tau'ricum, &c., will thrive in the
border, in the climate of London, with but little pro-
tection.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

cethio'picum (Ethiopian). See L. AFRICAN UM.
africa'num (African), i. Yellow. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1771.

Chamisso'nis (Chamisso's). i. White. Chili. 1830.
Cumi'ngi (Cuming's). See L. MACR^EI.
Macra'i (Macrae's), f. Orange. July. Chili. 1864.
quadrifo'lium (four-leaved). 2. Yellow. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1787.
Si'msii (Sim's). See L. ARBOREUM.
suffrutico' sum (sub-shrubby), i. Pink. August.

Spain. 1759-
letra'gynum (four-styled). See REINWARDTIA TETRA-

GYNA.

tri'gynum (three-styled). See REINWARDTIA TRIGYNA.

HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

att'reum (golden). See L. GALLICUM.

Berendie'ri (Berendier's). See L. BERLANDIERI.

Berlandie'ri (Berlandier's). 2. Yellow, orange. Sep-
tember. Texas. 1835. Half-hardy.

bi'color (two-coloured), ij. Yellow, blue. June.
Morocco. 1820.

ga'llicum (French). £. Yellow. June. Mediter-
ranean region. 1820.

grandifto'rum (large-flowered), i. Red. June, July.
Algeria. 1820. Annual.
,, ru'brum (red). Colour brighter.

ri'gidum (stiff -leaved). i. Pale yellow. July.
Missouri. 1807.

stri'ctum (erect), i. Yellow. June. S. Europe.
1759. Biennial.

usitati' ssimum (most-common), ij. Blue. June.
Europe (Britain). " Common Flax."

HARDY EVERGREENS.

arbo'reum (tree), i. Yellow. May. Crete. 1788.
sa/so/ot'<fc:s(Salsola-like). i. White, pink eye. June.

S. Europe. 1810.
tau'ricum (Taurian). i*. Yellow. June. Tauria.

1818.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
L. agre'ste (field). See L. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

„ alpi'num (alpine). £. Blue. July. Austria. 1739.

„ „ album (white). White. July. Gardens.

„ alta'icum (Altaic), i. Blue. July. Altai. 1829.

„ a'nglicum (English). See L. PERENNE.

,, angustifo' Hum (narrow-leaved), i. Purple. July.
England.

„ ascyrifo'lium (Ascyrum-leaved). See L. HIRSUTUM.

„ austri'acum (Austrian), i. Blue. June. Austria.
1775-

„ Babingto'nii (Babington's). See L. SELAGINOIDES.

„ campanula! turn, (bell-shaped). \-\. Yellow. July.
Europe. 1795.

„ capita'tum (round-headed). i. Yellow. June.
Austria. 1816.

„ davu'ricum (Dahurian). i. Yellow. June. Dahuria.
1816.

„ decu'mbens( lying-down), i£. Red. June. N.Africa.
1817.

,, diffu'sum (spreading). £. Blue. June. 1823.

,, extraaxilla're (extra-axillary), i£. Blue. Hungary.

,, fla'vum (yellow), f. Yellow. July. Austria. 1793.

,, glandulo'sum (glandular). See L. CAMPANULATUM.

,, hirsu'tum (hairy), i£. Blue. July. S. Europe ;
Asia Minor. 1759.

,, hypericifo'lium (St. John's- wort-leaved). See L. HIR-
SUTUM.

„ Lewi'sii (Lewis's). See L. PERE.VNE.

,, margina'tum (white-margined). See L. AUSTRIACUM.

,, mari'timum (sea). 2. Yellow. July. S. Europe.
1596.

,, mexica'num (Mexican). June. Mexico. 1838. Half-
hardy.

„ mono'gynum (united-styled). 2. White. July. New
Zealand. 1822.

,, monta'num (mountain). See L. ALPINUM.

„ narbone'nse (Narbonne). 2. Blue. May. S. France.
1759-

LION'S EAR

506

LIQUID-MANURE

Blue.

J une. Hungary,
i. White. May.
January. Siberia.
June, July.

L. nervo'sum (nerved).

1822.
„ nodiflo'rum (knotted-flowered).

Italy. 1759-
„ palle'scens (palish), i. Lilac.

1831.
„ pere'nne (perennial). i-ij. Blue.

Europe (Britain).
„ „ a'lbum (white). i-ij. White. June, July.

Gardens.
„ refle'xum (bent~ba.ck-leaved). ij. Blue. July. S.

Europe. 1777.

„ selaginoi'des (Selago-like). J. Purple. July. Argen-
tina. 1837.

„ sibi'ricum (Siberian). See L. PERENNE.
„ squamulo'sum (scaly). See L. AUSTRIACUM.
„ tenuifo'lium (slender- leaved). ij. Pink. June.

Europe. 1759.
„ visco'sum (clammy). 2. Purple. July. S. Europe.

1818.
„ virginia'num (Virginian), i. Yellow. July. N.

Amer. 1807.

LION'S EAR. Leono'lis.
LION'S FOOT. Leontopo'dium.
LION'S TAIL. Leono'tis Leonu'rus.

LIPA'RIA. (From liparos, unctuous ; referring to the
shining leaves. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosse]. Linn. ry-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria. Allied to
Priestleya.)

Greenhouse evergreens, with orange flowers, from
South Africa. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under
a bell-glass, but care taken to prevent damping ; fibrous
loam and turfy peat, with sand and a little charcoal ;
watering and draining carefully attended to. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.

L. pa'rva (small). 2. March. 1843.
„ spha,'rica (globe- flowered). 4. July. 1794-
,, villo'sa (villous). See PRIESTLEYA VESTITA.

LTPARIS. (From liparos, unctuous ; referring to the
leaves. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceas]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids. Fibrous peat, sphagnum, charcoal,
and broken pots, in shallow, open baskets. Summer
temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°. There are some
hardy terrestrial species not worth cultivating.
L. abbrevia'ta (shortened). Green, white. Java. 1844.
„ ala'ta (winged). Mexico. 1843.
„ a'nceps (two-edged). Yellowish-green. China. 1837.
„ atropurpu'rea (dark-purple) of Lindley. India,

Ceylon. 1865.

„ atropurpu'rea (dark-purple) of Ridley. $. Reddish-
purple. Penang. 1908.
„ bitubercula'ta (two-tubercled). Himalaya.
„ Bowke'ri (Bowker's). S. Africa.
„ Cai'llei (Caille's). £-f . French Guinea. 1909.
„ cuneila'bris (wedge-lipped). Australia.
„ cylindro'stachys (cylindrical-spiked). See L. LONGIPES.
„ d«curst'z>a(decursive). Green, white. S. Africa. 1884.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). Green, brown. May.

Demerara. 1836.

„ di'sticha (two-ranked). India and Mascarene Islands.
„ ela'ta (tall). Trop. Amer.
„ „ rufi'na (reddish). W. Trop. Africa.
„ e'lggans (elegant). i-ii. Greenish, orange-red.

Malaya. 1886.

„ eleganti'ssima (most elegant). 1881.
,, elli'ptica (elliptic). W. Ind. ; Mexico. 1879.
„ ferrugi'nea (rusty-lipped). Green. January. Penang.

1848.

,, flave'scens (yellowish). Yellow. Bourbon.
„ folio'sa (leafy). See L. REJTEXA.
„ formosa'na (Formosan). Dark brown, green, purple.

Formosa. 1880.

„ fu'lgens (shining). Bright red. Philippines (?). 1889.
,, gro'ssa (coarse). Brownish-yellow. Burma. 1883.
„ guinee'nsis (Guinea). W. Trop. Africa.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Light ochre. Java. 1885.
„ liliifo'lia (lily- leaved) . Brown-purple. June. N.

Amer. " American Tway Blade."
„ Lcese'lii (Lcesel's). Soft yellow. July. Europe
(England). Fen Orchis.

L. lo'ngipes (long-stalked).
India.

Green, orange-red.
1838.

„ „ pe'ndula (drooping), i. Pale green. India.
,, ,, spathula' ta (spa.thula.te) . Pale green. India. 1842.
,, minutiflo'ra (minute-flowered). See L. LONGIPES

SPATHULATA.

,, multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Burma.
„ nervo'sa (nerved). Japan and China.
„ odora'ta (scented). Pale green. Trop. and subtrop.

Asia.

,, parado'xa (paradoxical). See L. ODORATA.
„ pe'ndula (drooping). See L. LONGIPES PENDULA.
„ plantagi'nea (plantain-like). Himalaya.
„ Prai'nii (Prain's). Assam.
„ priochi'lus (saw-lipped). See MICROSTYLIS VERSI-

COLOR.

„ purpura' scens (purplish). Purple. Bourbon.
„ refle'xa (reflexed). £. Green. September. Australia.

1823.
„ rhodochi'la (red-lipped). $. Light green ; lip reddish-

crimson. Java. 1908.
„ saundersia'na (Saundersian). Green, violet. Jamaica.

1872.

„ spalhula'ta(spathula.te). See L. LONGIPES SPATHULATA.
„ stricklandia'na(Strick\andian). Pale greenish. Assam.

1880.
„ tabula'ris (table-like). See L. ATROPURPUREA pi

Lindley.
„ tricallo'sa (three-caUused). YeUow, dull purple.

Borneo. 1879.

,, tri'stis (dull). Brown. Ceylon.
„ Walke'ria (Mrs. Walker's), £. Purple. Ceylon.
„ Warpu'ri (Warpur's). J. Light green, dark green.

Madagascar. 1908.
„ zeyla'nica (Cingalese). Pale green. Ceylon.

LI PARIS. This name is also applied to a moth, often
named Liparis dispar, but more properly Hypogymna
dispar. It is occasionally extremely destructive to all
sorts of trees, including fruit, street, and forest trees.
The male is smoky brown, and the female yellowish-
white. The caterpillar is reddish-brown, with a line of
reddish tubercles on each side. The Gipsy Moth, as it
is called, is not so common in this country as it has been
in former times, and the caterpillars being large and
conspicuous, they should be hand-picked when seen.

LIPO'STOMA CAMPANULIFLO'RUM. See COCCOCYP-

SELUM CAMPANULIFLORUM.

LI'PPIA. (Commemorative of Augustus Lippi, a
French traveller. Nat. ord. Verbenaceae.)

Greenhouse and half-hardy, deciduous shrubs. L.
citriodo'ra will live out in the milder parts of the country
against a wall. Cuttings in July and August in sandy
soil in a cold frame or hand-light, and in March in heat.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
L. asperifo'lia (rough-leaved). 2-3. Red. July. S.

Amer. 1820.
„ citriodo'ra (lemon-scented). 2-3. Lilac. August.

S. Amer. 1784. " Scented Verbena."
„ nodiflo'ra (node-flowering), i. White to pale purple.

Summer. Tropics of both Worlds.
„ re'ptans (creeping), i. White, red. July. W. Ind.
1847.

LIQUIDA'MBAR. (From liquidus, liquid, and ambar,
amber ; referring to the gum called liquid storax produced
by some species. Nat. ord. Witch Hazels [Hamameli-
daceae]. Linn. zi-Moncecia, q-Polyandria.)

Hardy, and half-hardy deciduous trees. Cuttings, but
layers chiefly ; also by imported seeds, which should
not be taken out of the catkins until they are to be
sown ; if exposed to sun or fire-heat the catkins crack,
and the seeds easily shake out. They often require a
year to send up their seedlings ; moist, loamy soil.
L. formosa'na (Formosan). 10. China and Japan.

Half-hardy.

„ imbe'rbe (beardless). See L. ORIENTALIS.
„ orienta'lis (oriental). 6. March. Asia Minor. 1759-
,, styraci'ftua (storax-flowing). 60. March. N. Amer.

1683. " Sweet Gum."

LIQUID-MANURE is the most advantageous form in
which fertilisers can be applied by the gardener to his
crops. It is the most economical, most prompt, and most

LIQUIRITIA OFFICINALIS 507

LISSOCHILUS

efficient mode. The manure is presented to the roots
in one of the only forms in which the roots can imbibe
food, and the manure is spread regularly through the
texture of the soil. If, instead of digging-in stable-
manure, each crop was watered occasionally with liquid-
manure, the produce would be finer and more abundant.

" I have often employed with decided effect, in my
own garden, for vines, peach, and standard apple-trees,
liquid-manure, prepared either by mixing one part by
weight of cow-dung with four parts of water, or the
collected drainage of the stable and cow-house. It has
been found advantageous to plants cultivated in stoves
to apply even a liquid-manure, composed of six quarts
of soot to a hogshead of water ; and although this is a
very unchemical mixture, yet it has been found by Mr.
Robertson to be peculiarly grateful and nourishing to
pines, causing them to assume an unusually deep, healthy
green ; and for stove, mulberry, vine, peach, and other
plants, the late Mr. Knight, of Downton, employed a
liquid-manure, composed of one part of the dung of
domestic poultry and four to ten parts of water, with
the most excellent result."— Johnson on Fertilisers.

Guano Liquid-manure. — Ten gallons of water will
readily dissolve, or keep suspended in a state of minute
division, about 50 Ib. weight of guano. When applied
to plants not more than five ounces should be added to
that quantity of water. If it be made stronger, it
injures or kills the plants to which it is applied.

Sheep's-dung, if employed for making liquid-manure,
should be a peck to thirty gallons.

When cow-dung is used, boiling water should be first
poured upon it, as it is apt to be full of destructive larvae.

Sulphate of ammonia, and any other salt of ammonia,
must not be used more than a quarter of an ounce to
each gallon.

The rule applicable to all these liquid-manures is —
Give it weak, and often.

LIQUIRI TIA OFFICINA'LIS and L. OFFICINA RUM.

See GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA.

LIQUORICE. Glycyrrhi'za.

LIRIODE'NDRON. Tulip-tree. (From lirion, a lily,
and dendron, a tree. Nat. ord. Magnoliads [Magnoliaceae].
Linn. i$-Polyandria, 6-Polygynia.)

Hardy deciduous tree, with yellow and red flowers,
from North America. Generally by seeds, which, if
sown in the autumn, usually come up the succeeding
spring, but if sown in spring, generally remain a year in
the ground ; varieties by layers, grafting, and budding ;
deep, rich, loamy soil.
L. tulipi'fera (tulip- bearing). 60. June. 1663.

„ „ au'reo-margina'ta (golden-edged). Leaves varie-
gated with yellow.

„ ,, chine'nsis (Chinese).

,, ,, conto'rta (twisted).

„ „ fastigia'ta (upright). Habit of the Lombardy
Poplar.

,, ,, obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 60. June. 1663.

LTRIOPE. (Liriope, a mythological nymph. Nat.
ord. Haemodoraceje.)

Evergreen herb, hardy in the milder parts of the
country. Divisions. Loam, peat, and sand, when
grown in pots.

L. graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). See L. SPICATA.
,, spica'ta (spiked). i. Blue. Autumn. China ;
Cochin-China. 1821.

LISIA'NTHUS. (From lusts, dissolution, and anthos, a
flower ; the bitter principle is used as a tonic and febri-
fuge. Nat. ord. Gentianaceae.)

Seeds in spring, in a hotbed, and cuttings of shrubby
kinds in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 8oe ; winter, 50° to 55°.
Young plants raised in heat one year, and safely kept
over the winter in a cool stove or a warm greenhouse,
and potted in spring, will bloom beautifully in summer.

STOVE ANNUALS.

L. acuta'ngulus (acute-angled). 6. Yellow. July. Peru.
1820. Biennial.

„ ala'tus (winged), ij. White. July. Mexico. 1824.

„ angustifo'lius (narrow- leaved). Green. May. Vene-
zuela.

L. erythrope'nsis (red). See EUSTOMA RUSSELLIANUM.
„ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 3. Yellow. June.

Trinidad. 1818. Biennial.
„ Ku'nthii (Kunth's). See L. ANGUSTIFOLIUS.
„ (Erste'dii (CErsted's). See L. ALATUS.
„ russellia'nus (Duke of Bedford's). See EUSTOMA

RUSSELLIANUM.

STOVE EVERGREENS.
L. cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). See LEIANTHUS LONGI-

FOLIUS.

„ glaucifo'lius (milky-green-leaved). See EUSTOMA

SILENIFOLIUM.

,, latifo'lius (broad-leaved). See LEIANTHUS LATIFOLIUS.
„ longifo'lius (long-leaved). See LEIANTHUS LONGI-

FOLIUS.
„ Ophiorrhi'za (snake-root). See METTERNICHIA PRIN-

CIPIS.

„ Pri'nceps (chief). 4. Crimson. New Grenada. 1849.
„ pu'lcher (beautiful). 5. Scarlet. New Grenada.

1846.
„ sple'ndens (shining). Red. June. New Grenada.

1846. Trailer.
,, umbella'tus (umbelled). See LEIANTHUS UMBELLATUS.

LISSA'NTHE. (From lissos, smooth, and anthos, a
flower. Nat. ord. Epacrids [Epacridaceae]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Leucopogon.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with white flowers, and
all from Australia. Cuttings of the points of shoots in
April and May, in sand, under a bell-glass; chiefly
sandy, fibrous peat. Temp., 40° to 45°, when resting
and flowering ; a higher temperature and a closer
atmosphere, when making their wood, after flowering
and pruning.

L. cilia' ta (hair- fringed). See BRACK YLOMA CILIATUM.
,, daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). See BRACHYLOMA DAPH-

NOIDES.

,, sa'pida (savoury). 4. June. 1824.
,, stella'ta (starry). See BRACHYLOMA DAPHNOIDES.
,, strigo'sa (bristly). 3. June. 1824.
„ subula'ta (awl-shaped). See L. STRIGOSA.
„ verticilla' ta (whorled). See LEUCOPOGON VERTICIL-
LATUS.

LISSOCHI LUS. (From lissos, smooth, and cheilos, a
Up. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Liun. 2o-Gynan-
dria, i-Monandria. Allied to Cyrtopera.)

Stove orchids. Division in spring, when fresh growth
commences and potting takes place; fibrous peat, a
little fibrous loam, dried leaf-mould, and plenty of drain-
age. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60*.
L. Anderso'ni (Anderson's), if. Sulphur-yellow ; lip

white, with purple keels. Gold Coast. 1910.
„ arena 'rius (sand). Green, purple- brown, mauve-
purple, yellow. Trop. Africa. 1898.
,, crista'tus (crested). Uganda.

„ dile'ctus (select). 2-3. Rose, purple. Congo. 1886.
» gigante'us (giant). 3-4. Lilac, yellow, purple.

Trop. Africa. 1888.
„ Gra'ffi (Graeff's). 3-4. Green, brown, yellow. Trop.

Africa. 1899.
,, grant' ticus (granitic). 3-4. Golden-yellow, violet.

Abyssinia. 1894.
„ Horsfa'llii (HorsfalTs). Purple-brown, white. Trop.

Africa. 1865.
„ Kre'bsii (Kreb's). 2. Green, purple, yellow. Natal.

1867.

,, „ pa'llida(pale). Colours much paler.
„ „ purpu'rea (purple). Dark green, maroon-purple,

bright yellow. S. Africa. 1885.
„ lu'teus (yellow), i$. Yellow. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1822.
„ Maho'ni (Mahon's). 6-8. Green, brown, rosy-pink,

yellow. Uganda. 1905.
„ parviflo'rus (small-flowered), i. Pale red. December.

Algoa Bay. 1822.
„ purpura'tus (purple). 2-4$. Rose and purple.

Trop. Africa. 1903.

„ fo'scus(rosy). Rose. February. Sierra Leone. 1841.
„ Sanderso'ni (Sanderson's). 5-6- Green, white,

mauve-purple. Natal. 1885.
„ specio'sus (showy). 2. Yellow. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1818.

LISTERA

508

LITOBROCHIA

L. streptope' talus (twisted-petaled). Yellow. December.

Cape of Good Hope. 1826.
„ styli'tes (styled-lipped). Rose ; lip spotted. Comoro

Isles. 1885.
„ Uga'ndcB (Uganda). 3-4. Yellow, brown. Uganda.

1905.

LI'STERA. T way-blade. (Commemorative of Dr.
Martin Lister, a British naturalist.)

Hardy terrestrial orchids. Offsets. Loam, leaf-
mould, and sand, with plenty of peat for L. corda'ta.
L. corda'ta (heart-shaped). J. Purple. June. Britain.
„ ova'ta (egg-shaped). 1-2. Green. June, July.

Britain.

LISTRO'STACHYS. (From listroo, to level, and
stachus, a spike ; form of the spikes. Nat. ord. Orchi-
dacese.)

The genus is included in Angrascum by some autho-
rities. See ANGR^CUM for treatment.
L. bracteo'sa (large-bracted). J-J. Pale yellow-green.

Mascarene Islands. 1902.
„ dactylo'ceras (finger- horned). £. W. Trop. Africa.

1909.
„ fimbria'ta (fringed). Translucent white. Uganda.

1906.
„ iorcipa'ta (pincer-like). £. PeUucid white. W. Trop.

Africa. 1908.
„ hama'ta (hooked). J. White. Long spur-hooked.

W. Trop. Africa. 1901.
„ imbrica'ta (imbricate). White, small. Gold Coast.

1910.

„ kindtia'na (Kindtian). J. Yellowish. Congo. 1908.
„ ri'ngens (gaping). Yellowish- white. Cameroons.

1878.

„ Sede'ni (Seden's). White. E. Trop. Africa. 1878.
„ vandtzfo'rmis (Vanda-formed). i-ij. Yellow. W.

Trop. Africa. 1908.

„ WAy'tet'(Whyte's). White, brown, fragrant. Uganda.
1908.

LISTS, for fastening trees against walls, are usually
merely shreds of woollen cloth cut into lengths, varying
from two to four inches. Strips of very thin sheet-lead
are preferable, as not harbouring insects. Wires and twine
have been recommended to tie the branches to the walls ;
but the process is tedious, and cuts are inflicted, inducing
gum and canker. Shreds of a black, blue, or red colour
look best, harmonising with that of the leaves. If old
lists are re-employed, they should be previously boiled,
to destroy the larvae of insects.

LISYA'NTHUS. See LISIANTHUS.

LITA'NTHUS. (From litos, small or simple, and
anthos, a flower ; in allusion to the diminutive size of
the plant. Nat. ord. Liliaceas.)

The smallest known plant of the order, a bulb requiring
greenhouse treatment. Offsets. Loam, leaf-mould, and
a liberal quantity of sand.

L. pusi'llus (puny), £. White. August. S. Africa.
1870.

LITHOSPE'RMUM. Cromwell. (From lithos, a stone,
and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord. Bprageivorts [Boraginaceae].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Echium.)

Annuals and biennials, by seed in common garden soil,
in April ; perennials, by division, seed, and cuttings of
young shoots; shrubby species, by cuttings, and by
seeds ; indeed, all of them will soon multiply themselves
by seeds in suitable places ; sca'brum and di'stichum will
require protection in winter, and a little heath-soil joined
to the loam.

HARDY ANNUALS, &c.

L. dispe'rmum( two-seeded). See ROCHELIA STELLULATA.
„ linea'tum (lined), i. Purple. July. Greece. 1826.

Biennial.

„ tenuiflo'rum (slender-flowered). J. Blue. May.
Egypt. 1796.

HARDY EVERGREENS.
3*.

L. graminifo'lium (grass-leaved).

Italy. 1825.
„ petrce'um (rock). See MOLTKIA PETR^A.

Blue. May.

L. prostra'tum (lying-flat), i. Blue. June. France.

1825. Trailer.

„ rosmarinifo'lium (rosemary-leaved). ij. Blue.
September. Italy. 1883.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
L. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved) . £. Yellow. June.

N. Amer. 1812.
„ canc'scens (hoary). J. Orange. May. N. Amer.

1826.

,, cobre'nse (Cobran). Mexico.
„ di'stichum (two-rowed). i$. Yellow, white. May.

Cuba. 1806. Half-hardy.
,, frutico'sum (shrubby). 2. Blue. May. S. Europe.

1683.

„ Gasto'ni (Gaston's). £. Blue, purple, white. Pyre-
nees. 1871.
„ hi' r turn (hairy). 2. Orange. N. Amer. 1812.

" Hairy Puccoon."

,, inci'sum (incised). See L. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.
„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. N.

Amer. 1825.
,, margina'tum (margined). See MERTENSIA OBLONGI-

FOLIA.

,, multiflo'rum (many-flowered). N.W. Amer.
,, officina'le (shop). 2. Yellow. June. Britain.
„ „ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). See L. LATIFOLIUM.
,, ori enta'le (eastern). 2. Yellow. June. See ALKANNA

ORIENTALIS.

,, pilo'sum (pilose). See L. MULTIFLORUM.

,, purpu'reo-cceru'leum (purplish-blue). i. Purple.

May. England.
„ sca'brum (rough), ij. White. September. Cape of

Good Hope. 1822. Half-hardy.
,, seri'ceum (silky). See L. CANESCENS.
„ strigo'sum (bristly), i. Blue. July. Tauria. 1820.
,, tincto'rium (dyer's). See ALKA'NNA TINCTO'RIA.
„ villo'sum (shaggy), i. Blue. July. S.France. 1817.

LITHR2ETA. (From luthron, black blood ; referring
to the juice staining black. Nat. ord. Anacards or
Terebinths [Anacardiaceas]. Linn. $-Pentandria, 3-
Trigynia. Allied to Rhus.)

Greenhouse evergreen trees. See RHUS for cultivation.
L. Arceiri'nha (Aroairinha). See L. MOLLEOIDES.
„ cau'stica (caustic). See L. VENENOSA.
„ Mo'lle (Molle). S. Amer.
,, molleoi'des (Molle-like). Chili.

,, veneno'sa (poisonous). 40. Pale yellow. Chili. 1832
LITOBRO'CHIA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Ferns [FilicesJ. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove Ferns. Now referred to Pteris. See FERNS.
L. aculea'ta (prickly-stemmed). 10. Brown. August.

W. Ind. 1793.

,, alcyo'nis (king-fisher-winged). 2. Brazil. 1864.
„ a'mpla (large). Brown, pale yellow. May. W. Ind.
,, areola'ta (tessellated). Malaya. 1860.
„ auri'ta (eared). See L. INCISA AURITA.
„ biauri'ta (two-eared). 4. W. Trop. Africa, Trop.

Amer. 1842.

,, co'mans de'nsa (dense). Norfolk Island, New Cale-
donia. 1879.

„ davallioi'des (Davallia-like). Yellow. May.
,, decu'rrens (running-down). Brown, yellow. July.

Brazil.
,, dcnticula'ta (toothed). 2. Brown. July. Brazil.

1824.

,, ela'ta (tall). Trop. Amer. to Ecuador.
,, grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 2. Brown. August.

W. Ind. 1793.

,, hxnkea'na (Hasnke's). Brown, yellow. June.
,, hirsu'ta (hairy), i. Brown. June. W. Ind. 1793.
,, md'sa(cut). 3. Brown, yellow. Australia. 1823.
,, ,, auri'ta (eared). Lowest pair of pinnules simple.
,, interme'dia (intermediate). Brown, yellow. June.

Isle of Luzon.
„ leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 2. Brown. July.

Brazil. 1824.
„ macro' ptera (large- winged). Brown, yellow. June.

W. Ind.

„ no'bilis (noble). 2. S. Amer. 1862.
,, Oriza'bcs (Orizaban). Mexico. 1858.
,, peda'ta (doubly-lobed). i. Brown. June. Jamaica.
1793.

LITSEA

509

LOBELIA

L. podophy'lla (duck' s-foot) . Brown, yellow. June.

W. Ind.
,, poll' to. (polished). 6. Brown, yellow. May. Jamaica.

1841.

„ robu'sta (robust). 1884.

„ spinulo'sa (spiny). Brown, pale yellow. W. Ind.
,, sple'ndens (shining). Brown, pale yellow. June.

W. Ind.

„ tripartite, (three-parted). Polynesia, Malaya. 1865.
„ undula'ta (undulated). Fiji. 1867.
,, Vespertilio'nis (bat-jvinged). See L. INCISA.
LITSE'A. (Adopted from the Japanese. Nat. ord.
Lauraceas.)

Greenhouse, half-hardy and stove trees. Cuttings in
sand, in bottom-heat. Loam, with a little peat and sand.
L. cupula'ris (small-cupped). China.
,, ferrugi'nea (rusty). Malaya and Java.
„ genicula'ta (kneed). 4-6. Yellow. April. N. Amer.

1759. Hardy. " Pond Spice."
„ glau'ca (glaucous). 10-20. White or pale yellow.

Japan. 1800.

„ japo'nica (Japanese). 2-4. White. Japan. 1843.
„ Sebi'fera (Sebifera). 10. Yellow, green. May. E.

Ind. ; Malaya. 1820.
„ Tetranthe'ra (tetranthera). 4-8. Yellow. Malaya.

1824.

„ tomento'sa (felted). 3-4. India.
,, zeyla'nica (Cingalese). Trop. Asia and Australia.

LITT2E/A GEMINIFLO RA. See AGAVE GEMINIFLORA.
LITTO'NIA. (In honour of Dr. S. Litton, professor
of botany, Dublin. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

A stove bulb. Offsets. Light garden soil.
L. mode'sta (unassuming). 2^. Orange. April. S.

Africa. 1853.
„ „ Kei'tii (Keit's). A stronger growing plant.

LIVERY. Soil that is dug or moved about whilst wet
is liable to set close together like mortar, and is said to
be livery, or like liver.

LTVISTO'NA. (Named after P. Murray, of Livingston,
near Edinburgh. Nat. ord. Palms [Falmaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, %-Trigynia. Allied to Corypha.)

Greenhouse and stove Palms. Seeds in a hotbed ;
rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter,
50° to 60°.

L. alti'ssima (tallest). Java. 1868.
„ austra'lis (southern). 80. White. Australia. 1824.
,, borbo'nica (Bourbon). See L. CHINENSIS.
,, chine'nsis (Chinese). 8-40. China and Japan. 1816.
„ Dru'dei (Drude's). Country unknown.
„ ene'rvis (nerveless). Appears a mistake for L. ine'rmis.
,, Hoogendo'rpii (Hoogendorp's). Java. 1874.
, hu'milis (humble). 6. Australia. 1824.
, ine'rmis (unarmed). See L. HUMILIS.
, jenkinsia'na (Jenkinsian). Assam. 1845.
, Leicha'rdtii (Leichardt's). See L. HUMILIS.
, Mari'ce (Maria's). Young leaves and stalks copper-
red. S. Australia- 1908.
,, mauritia'na (Mauritian). See L. CHINENSIS.
,, olivafo'rmis (olive-shaped). Java.
,, Ramsa'yi (Ramsay's). See LICUALA MUELLERI.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). Leaves small, round.

Java.

,, subglobo'sa (subglobose). Leaves rounded. Java.
,, Woga'nii (Wogan's). Country unknown.
„ Woodfo'rdii (Woodford's). 40. Polynesia. 1898.

LLA'VEA. (Commemorative of M. la Have, its dis-
coverer. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-Crypto-
gamia, i-Filices.)

A stove fern. Spores. Loam, peat, and sand.
L. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 2-3. Mexico, at an altitude
of 7500 ft. 1858.

LLOYDIA. (Named after Mr. Lloyd, an English
botanist. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-
Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Calochortus.)

Hardy biennial. Division of the bulbs in spring ; a
dry, sandy loam, in front of a border of flowers.
LI. alpi'na (alpine). £. White, streaked purple. May.

Europe (Wales). 1789.
„ sero'tina, (late) and LI. stria'ta. See LL. ALPINA.

LOAM is a very indefinite term, almost every culti-
vator of the soil associating it with a different explana-
tion. In some parts of England clay is so called, and
in others it is employed to designate brick-earth! As
usually employed, it really is only synonymous with
the word soil ; for it has to be qualified by the terms
turfy, sandy, clayey, and chalky, just as turf, sand, clay,
or chalk predominates. Hazel loam is a rich, friable soil,
having a dark brown, or hazel colour, owing to the
predominance of decaying vegetable matters.

In this work we use the term loam to describe a soil
that is easily worked at any season, being sufficiently
retentive, yet not too retentive, of water. Maiden loam
is used often among gardeners to describe the fat earth
forming the top spit of pasture-ground, and used by them
for composts : that with a yellowish-brown colour is
most preferred. Sandy loams are the easiest worked,
and yield the earliest produce ; chalky loams, if the chalk
does not abound too much, are early and fertile ; in
fact, no soil will continue fertile without calcareous
matter ; and clayey loams are bad to work, either in
wet or dry weather, being wet and sticky in the one case,
and hard and cracking in the other. Fine late crops,
however, are produced from such soils, especially when
the surface is moved to prevent cracking in hot weather.

LOA'SA. (Meaning unknown ; probably a commemo-
rative name. Nat. ord. Loasads [Loasacea?]. Linn.
iS-Polyadelphia, 2-Polyandria.)

Curious flowers, that would be very interesting were
it not for the poisonous, stinging property possessed by
the leaves. The annoyance and danger combined have
limited their culture. They will all fare the better by
being raised in a gentle hotbed in April, though most
of them will flower freely if sown in a warm place the
end of that month ; but in a cold autumn they would be
cut down in their prime ; light soil.

ANNUALS.

L. acanthifo'lia (spiny-leaved) of Lindley. See L. PLACEI.
„ a'lba (white), i. WMte. July. Chili. 1831.
,, ambrosi&fo'lia (Ambrosia- leaved). See L. HISPID A.
„ bi' color (two-coloured). White, red. July, August

Trop. Amer. 1852.
„ bryoniafo'lia (bryony-leaved). Chili.
„ cocci' nea (scarlet). See L. LATERITIA.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See BLUMENBACHIA

GRANDIFLORA.

„ hi'spida (roughly-hairy). 2. Yellow. July, August.

Peru. 1830.

„ mura'lis (wall). See BLUMENBACHIA INSIGNIS.
,, ni'tida (shining). 2. Yellow. July. Chili. 1822.
„ palma'ta (hand-shaped). See BLUMENBACHIA INSIGNIS.
„ pa'tula (spreading). See BLUMENBACHIA INSIGNIS.
„ pi'cta (painted). \Vhite, yellow. July, August. Peru.

1848.

„ Pla'cei (Place's). 4. Yellow. July. Chili. 1822.
„ prostra'ta (prostrate). Yellow, red. Chili. 1879.
„ schlimia'na (Schlimian). 2. Yellow. Venezuela.

1854.
„ tri' color (three-coloured). 2. White, red, yellow.

Chili.

,, volu'bilis (twining). See GRAMMATOCARPUS VOLUBILIS.
„ vulca'nica (volcanic). 2. White, yellow, red. July

to September. Colombia. 1877.
„ Walli'sii (Wallis's). See L. VULCANICA.

GREENHOUSE BIENNIALS.

L lateri'tia (red). 20. Red. May. Tucuman. 1835.
„ Pentla'ndii (Mr. Pentland's). 4. Orange. August.
Peru. 1840.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

L. inca'na (hoary). z\. White. October. Peru. 1820.
„ lu'cida (bright-team*). White. June.

LOAVING. See HEADING.

LOBELIA. (Named after M. Label, a botanist,
physician to James I. Nat. ord. Bellfiowers [Campanu-
laceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Seeds of hardy kinds in open border, in April ; green-
house annuals and biennials, by seed in hotbed, in April ;

LOBELIA

LOBELIA

herbaceous kinds, whether hardy or requiring protection,
by dividing the roots or suckers in spring, after growth
has commenced ; shrubby kinds, by small cuttings of
the young shoots ; indeed, all of them may be so propa-
gated ; sandy loam, leaf-mould, and a little peat suit
the tenderest kinds, and for the strong-growing, her-
baceous sorts, such as sple'ndens and cardinal Us, it is
scarcely possible to make the soil too rich by top-dressings
of rotten dung ; the soil itself should be light. The
finest of the species must be kept in a cold pit or green-
house during the winter ; Dortmanna has been grown in
peat and gravel, in a pot, plunged in a cistern or slowly
running stream.

HARDY ANNUALS.

L. a'nceps (two-edged). J. Blue. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1818.
„ campanula' ta (beU- flowered). J. Blue. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1821.

„ cliffortia'na (Clifford's), i£. Pink. July. N. Amer.
„ feneslra'lis (windowed). \. Blue. July. Mexico.

1824.

„ serrula'ta (saw-edged). See L. URENS.
„ u'rens (stinging). J. Blue. June. Europe

(England). 1820.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.

L. bi'color (two-coloured). See L. ERINUS.
„ gra'cilis (slender), i. Dark blue. July. N.S.Wales.

1801.

„ Laure'ntia (Laurentian). See LAURENTIA MICHELII.
„ simplex (simple-stalked). See L. DEBILIS.
„ de'bilis (weak). J. Blue. July. S. Africa. 1794.
Biennial.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

L. ala'ta (winged-stalked). See L. ANCEPS.
„ argu'ta (sharp-notched). See L. SALICIFOLIA.
,, bellidiflo'ra (daisy-flowered), i. Blue. S. Africa.

1790.

,, bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). See L. BELLIDIFLORA.
„ Bridge' sii (Mr. Bridges'). 4. Pink. June. Chili.

1836.

„ cceru'lea (blue). See L. CORONOPIFOLIA.
„ campanuloi' des (Campanula-like). See L. RADICANS.
,, capita'ta (headed). See L. TRIQUETRA.
,, cardina'lis (cardinal- flower). 3. Scarlet. July. Vir-
ginia. 1629.
„ Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles'). 3. Red. June. Chili.

1825.

„ „ lu'tea (yellow). Yellow. 1903.
„ coronopifo lia (Coronopus- leaved). J. Blue. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1752.
„ crena'ta (scolloped-leaved). |. Blue. April. Cape

of Good Hope. 1794.

,, decu'mbens (lying-down). See L. ANCEPS.
„ denta'ta (toothed), x. Blue. June. N. Holland.

1824.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). Blue. August. Swan

River. 1818.

„ erinoi'des (Erinus-like). See LAURENTIA ERINOIDES.
„ Eri'nus (Erinus). £. Blue. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1752.

„ „ compa'cta (compact). J. Blue. June. Gardens.
„ „ compa'cta a' lba( white-compact). |. White. June.

Gardens. 1847.
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). J. Blue. June.

Gardens. 1841.

„ „ lu'cida (shining). Blue, white. June. Gardens.
„ exce'lsa (tall). 4-6. India.

,, fu'lgens (shining). 3. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1809.
„ „ Marrya'ttce (Mrs. Marryatt's). 3. Crimson, purple.

May. 1847.
„ „ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 4. Scarlet. May.

1847.
„ „ pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Scarlet. May.

1847.
„ heterodo'nta (various-toothed). 3. Pale green.

Colombia. 1904.
„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. Blue. September.

Van Diemen's Land. 1837.
„ ,, ma'jor (larger). 3. Blue. June. Swan River.

1840.

Blue. July. Cape of Good
See ISOTOMA

L. hirsu'ta (hairy).

Hope. 1759.
,, hypocraterifo'rmis (salver-shaped).

BROWNII.
, i'gnea (fiery). See L. FULGENS.
, iltcifo'lia (holly-leaved). See L. PURPURASCENS.
, infla'ta (inflated). N. Amer. " Indian Tobacco."
, interte'xta (interwoven). Central Africa.
, A>aw'ssn(Krauss's). i£. Blue. January. Dominica.

1828.
„ laxifto'ra (lax-flowered). iJ-3. Red, yellow. April.

Mexico. 1835.

,, littora'lis (shore). See PRATIA ANGULATA.
,, longiflo'ra (long-flowered). See ISOTOMA LONGIFLORA.
„ lu'tea (yellow). £. Yellow. S. Africa. 1774.
,, mi'nima (least). See LAURENTIA MINUTA.
,, minu'ta (minute). See LAURENTIA MINUTA.
,, mo'llis (soft). Purple. June. Dominica. 1828.
,, monta'na (mountain). See PRATIA MONTANA.
,, mucrona'ta (spine-pointed-leaved). 3. Bright crimson.

August. Chili. 1831.
„ multifto'ra (many-flowered). Purple. June. Swan

River. 1838.
,, nicotianafo'lia (Nicotiana-leaved). White. India.

1866.
,, peduncula'ta(long-novfer-stalk.ed). i. Blue. October.

N. S. Wales. 1819.
,, persiccefo'lia (peach-leaved). i. Purple. June.

W. Ind. 1824. Stove.
,, physaloi'des (Physalis-like). See COLENSOA PHYSAL-

OIDES.
„ pube'scens (downy), i- Blue. September. Cape of

Good Hope. 1780.
„ purpura 'scens (purpUsh). i. Blue. July. N. S.

Wales. 1809.

,, purpu'rea (purple). August. Valparaiso. 1825.
„ pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Blue. September.

Nepaul. 1822.
,, radi'cans (rooting). J. White. June. Himalaya ;

China. 1820.

„ Rhynchope'talum (beak-petaled). Trop. Africa.
,, rugulo'sa (wrinkled). See PRATIA ANGULATA.
,, salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 2. Blue. September.

Chili. 1824.
„ secu'nda (one-sided). £. White. May. S. Africa.

1794.

,, senecioi'des (Senecio-like). See ISOTOMA AXILLARIS.
,, seta'cea (short-bristled). |. Blue. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1816.
„ Si'msii (Sims's). i. Blue. October. Cape of Good

Hope. 1819.
„ sple'ndens (shining). 3. Scarlet. June. Mexico.

1814.
„ „ Kerne'ri (Kerner's). Violet-purple. Costa Rica.

1889.
„ tene'lla (slender) of Linnaeus. £. Blue. July. S.

Africa. 1794.
„ tenu'ior (more slender), i-ij. Blue. July, August.

Australia. 1838.

„ texe'nsis (Texan). See L. FULGENS.
,, thapsoi'dea (mullein- like). See HAYNALDIA THAP-

SOIDEA.

„ Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). See L. CORONOPIFOLIA.
,, trigo'na (three-angled). India.
„ trigonocau'lis ( three- angled-stemmed). i. Blue. July.

Australia. 1858.
„ trique'tra (triangular), x. Blue. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1774.

,, umbella'ta (umbelled). i. Blue. June. 1818.
„ variifo'lia (variable- leaved), i. Yellow. S. Africa.

1812.
,, zey la' nica (Ceylon), i. Blue. June. India; Ceylon.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
L. assu'rgens (rising). 3. Scarlet. August. W. Ind.

1787.
,, begonicefo'lia (Begonia- leaved). See PRATIA BEGONI-

FOLIA.

„ corymbo'sa (corymbose). White. June. S. Africa.

1824. Trailer.
,, decu'rrens (running-down). 3. Purple. July. Chili.

1826.
,, gigante'a (gigantic). See SIPHOCAMPYLUS GIGANTEUS.

LOBLOLLY-BAY

LOMARIA

L. heteroma'lla (diversely-haired). See L. TRIQUETRA.
„ linea'ris (nano\v-leaved) . |. Blue. Cape of Good

Hope. 1791.

„ macula' ta (spotted). See PRATIA ANGULATA.
„ odora'ta (fragrant). See PRATIA HEDERACEA.
„ pinifo'lia (pine- leaved), ij. Blue. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1782.
„ purpu'rea (purple), i. Purple. June. Valparaiso.

1825. Stove.
„ robu'sta (robust). 3. Blue. August. Hayti. 1830.

Stove.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

L. amce'na (pleasing). 3. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1812.
, claytonia'na (Clayton's). See L. SPICATA.
, ccele'stis (heavenly). See L. FENESTRALIS.
, colora'ta (coloured-leaved). See L. AMCENA.
, cri'spa (curled). See L. FENESTRALIS.
, Dortma'nna (Dortmanna). i. Pale blue. July.

Britain. " Water Lobelia."
„ glandulo'sa (glanded). 2^. Blue. September. New

Carolina. 1840.

„ Ka'lmii (Kalm's). i. Blue. July. Carolina. 1820.
„ lacu'stris (lake). See L. DORTMANNA.
,, linnceoi'des (Linnaea-like). \. White, purple beneath.

New Zealand. 1910.

„ Nutta'llii (Nuttall's). i. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1824.
„ paludo'sa (marsh). Pale blue. July. N. Amer.
,, polyphy'lla (many- leaved). 4^. Purple. August.

Valparaiso. 1829.
„ pube'rula (mossy), i. Pale blue. June. N. Amer.

1800.
» >t glabe'lla (smoothish). £. Purple, blue. July.

Louisiana. 1832.

„ ramo'sa (branching). See L. TENUIOR.
„ sessilifo'lia (stalkless-leaved). 3. Violet-blue. Man-
churia. 1882.

„ spica' ta (spiked). 2. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1824.
„ syphyli'tica (syphilitic). 2. Light blue. September.

Virginia. 1665.

,, ,, a'lba (white). 3. White. August.
„ ten'ella (delicate) of Bivona. See LAURENTIA TENELLA.
„ Tu'pa (Tupa). 3-5. Red. July, August. Chili.

1824.

LOBLOLLY-BAY. Gordo'nia lasia'nthus.

LOBOSTE MON. (From lobos, the lower part or lobe
of the ear, and stemon, a stamen ; in allusion to the
scale or pencil of hairs at the base of the stamens. Nat.
ord. Boraginaceae. Allied to Echium.)

Greenhouse evergreens or subshrubby plants. Seeds ;
layers ; cuttings in sand under a hand-light, in April
and May, but not kept very close. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand.

L. arge'nteus (silvery). 3. Blue. June. S.Africa. 1789.
„ capita tus (headed). 2. Red. June. S.Africa. 1819.
„ cauda'tus (tailed), i. Red. July. S. Africa. 1819.
„ feroci'ssimus (fiercest). 6. Blue. June. S. Africa.

1794.

„ formo'sus (beautiful). 3-5. Pale indigo-blue; fila-
ments rose-pink. Canaries. 1787.
„ frutico'sus (shrubby). 3. Pink. May. S. Africa.

1759-
„ glaucophy'llus (glaucous- leaved). 2. White or violet.

May. S. Africa. 1791.

„ hi'spidus (hispid). 2. White. June. S.Africa. 1818.
„ laviga' tus (smooth). 2. Blue. July. S.Africa. 1774.
„ spharpce'phalus (globe- headed). White. July. S.

Africa. 1824.

„ spica tus (spiked). J. White. July. S.Africa. 1791.
„ strigo'sus (soft- haired). 2. Violet. August. S.

Africa. 1821.

„ verruca' sus (warty). 3. White. July. S. Africa.
1822.

LOCHERIA. SeeAcHiMENES.

LOCKHA'RTIA. (Commemorative of David Lockhart,
a traveller and collector. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical Orchids. Offsets. Should be grown
on rafts or blocks. Summer temp., 65° to 90° ; winter,
60° and drier.

L. acu'ia (acute). |. Yellow. Trinidad. 1834.
„ amce'na (lovely). $. Yellow, purple. Costa Rica.

L. e'legans (elegant). £. Yellow, purple. Trinidad.

1817.

,, luni'fera (moon- bearing). £. Yellow. Mexico. 1839.
„ pa'llida (pale). £. Pale orange. Panama. 1854.
„ verruco'sa (warty), i. Yellow, red. Guatemala.

1841.

LOCUST-TREE. Hymenee'a and Cerato'nia Si'liqua.

LODDIGE SIA. (Named after Conrad Loddiges, the
founder of the well-known nursery at Hackney. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. i6-Mona-
delphia, 6-Decandria. Allied to Hypocalyptus.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of the points of the
shoots in April, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; sandy
peat and a little loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; a
cool place in summer.

L. oxalidifo'lia (Oxalis-leaved). ij. Pale purple. June.
S. Africa. 1802.

LODOICEA. (Named after Laodice, the daughter of
Priam and Hecuba. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn.
22-Dicecia, i2-Polyandria.)

Stove Palm. Seeds in a strong, moist heat ; loam and
peat. Summer temp., 6o8 to 90°, with much moisture
in the atmosphere ; winter, 58° to 60°.
L. sechella'rum (Seychelles'). 80. S«ychelle Islands.
" Double Cocoa-nut."

LCESELIA. (Commemorative of John Lcesel, a
botanist. Nat. ord. Polemoniaceae. Allied to Pole-
monium.)

Shrubby or subshrubby greenhouse plants. Cuttings
in sand under a hand-light. Fibrous loam, peat, and
sand.

L. caru'lea (blue). 1-2. Blue. Mexico. 1824.
„ cocci 'ma (scarlet). 2-3. Scarlet. Mexico. 1824.
„ glandulo'sa (glandular). 2-3. Red. Mexico. 1825.

LOGA'NIA. (Named after /. Logan, a distinguished
botanist. Nat. ord. Loganiads [Loganiaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Fargaea.)

Greenhouse evergreens, with white flowers, from
Australia. Stiff side-shoots, getting well ripened at the
base, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in summer ; sandy
loam and fibrous peat, kept more open still by pieces of
charcoal. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. In summer the
pots protected from strong sunshine.
L. floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 2. April. 1797.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. 1816.

,, revolu'ta (rolled-back-/#n>«i). See L. FLORIBUNDA.

LOGWOOD. Hamato'xylon.

LOISELEU'RIA. (Commemorative of Loiseleur-Des-
longchamps, a French botanist. Nat. ord. Ericaceae.)

A diminutive, hardy, evergreen shrub, suitable for
the rockery. Divisions, layers ; cuttings in sandy peat
under a hand-light. Peat and sand.
L. procu'mbens (procumbent). J. White and pink.
May and June. Arctic and Alpine Europe (Scot-
land). " Alpine Azalea."

LOMAGRA MME. (From loma, an edge, and gramme,
writing ; referring to the appearance and position of the
spore or seed-cases on the leaves. Nat. ord. Ferns
[Filices]. Linn. 24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove fern. See FERNS.

L. pteroi'des (brake-like). Brown. May. Isle of Luzon.
1840.

LOMA'RIA. (From loma, an edge ; referring to the
position of the spore or seed-cases on the leaves. Nat.
ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

All brown-spored. See FERNS.

HARDV.
L. alpi'na (alpine). Temperate S. Amer., New Zealand,

Falkland Isles, &c. 1843.
„ Spi'cant (spiked), i. June. Britain.

GREENHOUSE.

L. anta'rctica (antarctic). Magellan. 1843.
„ attenua'ta (thin), i. August. 1838.
„ austra'lis (southern). See BLECHNUM AUSTRALE.

LOMARIOPSIS

512

LONICERA

Ba'nksii (Banks's). Pinnae oblong, obtuse. New

Zealand.

Be'llii (Bell's). New Caledonia. 1865.
blechnoi'des (Blechnum-like). £. Chili. Allied to

L. lanceola'ta.
borya'na (Boryan). W. Ind. to Falkland Islands.

1843.

„ cycadioi'des (cycad-like). S. Africa. 1875.
cilia'ta (eye-lashed). New Caledonia. Allied to

L. gi'bba. 1866.
„ gra'ndis (grand). Pinnae as wide as in Blechnum

brasiliense. 1897.

„ Ma'yi (May's). Soon forms a stem. 1904.
costarice'nsis (Costa Rican). 2-3. Mountains of

Costa Rica. 1909.

crenula'ta (finely- notched). Chili. 1862.
cycadifo'lia (cycad-leaved). Juan Fernandez.
Dalgai'rnsia; (Mrs. Dalgairn's). Tree Fern, with

blackish trunk. S. Africa. 1877.
di'scolor (two-coloured). Australia to New Zealand.

„ bipinnati'fida (twice-cut). Australia. 1878.
dobroydefnsis (Dobroydan). Australia. 1875.
drapsia'na (Drapsian). 1905.

du'ra (hard). Chatham Islands. Allied to L. lanceo-
la'ta. 1866.

elonga'ta (elongated). See L. PATERSONI ELONGATA.
falca'ia (sickle-shaped). 2. July. Van Diemen's

Land. 1823.
fluvia'tilis multi'fida (much-cut). New Zealand to

S. Australia. 1879.

Fra'seri (Fraser's). New Zealand. 1843.
gi'bba (swollen). 2-3. Stem 1-3. New Caledonia ;

Aneitum. 1862.

Gillie' sii (Gillies's). See L. PROCERA.
lanceola'ta (spear-head-shaped). £. September.

N. Holland. 1830.

Lechlefri (Lechler's). See L. PROCERA LECHLERI.
magella'nica (Magellan). See L. BORYANA.
nu'da (naked). 2. June. Van Diemen's Land. 1822.
Paterso'ni (Paterson's). J. September. N. Holland.

1830.
„ elonga'ta (elongated). Barren and fertile frond

deeply cut. Neilgherries to New Zealand.
pro'cera (tall). 3. July. New Zealand. 1822.
„ chile' nsis (Chilian). 3- Chili.
„ Lechle'ri (Lechler's). 3. Chili. 1866.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. June. W. Ind. 1810.
„ vesti'ta (clothed). Midribs densely clothed with

scales. Isle of Luzon.

punctula'ta (finely-dotted). IJ-2J. S. Africa.
„ Kre'bsii (Kreb's). Natal. 1854.

STOVE.

L. chile' nsis (Chilian). See L. PROCERA CHILENSIS.
„ longifo'lia (long- leaved). See L. PROCERA LONGIFOLIA.
„ onocleoi'des (Onoclea-h'ke). July. Jamaica. 1824.
„ sorbifo'lia (Sorbus-leaved). August. W. Ind. 1793.
„ vesti'ta (clothed). See L. PROCERA VESTITA.

LOMARIOPSIS. (Derived from Lomaria, and opsis,
resemblance. Nat. ord. Filices.)

Greenhouse fern. Division ; spores. Loam, peat,
and sand.
L. heteromo' rpha (various- formed). New Zealand.

LOMA'TIA. (From loma, an edge ; referring to the
winged edge of the seeds. Nat. ord. Proteads [Proteaceas].
Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Telopea.)

Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of firm young shoots
early in spring, or late in summer, in sand, under a bell-
glass ; sandy peat, with a little loam. Winter temp.,
38° to 40°.

L. Bidwi'llii (Bidwill's). 6-8. Australia.
„ denta'ta (toothed). 3. Chili. 1824.
„ eleganti' ssima (most-elegant). 3. New Zealand. 1862.
„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). 6-8. Green, red. China.
„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). See L. SILAIFOLIA.
„ ilicifo'lia (holly- leaved). 3. July. N.Holland. 1824.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 6-9. White. Australia.

1816.

„ obli'qua (oblique). 5-10. White. Chili. 1909.
„ pinnatifo'lia (pinnate- leaved). See L. FERRUGINEA.
„ quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). See L. LONGIFOLIA.

L. silaifo'lia (Silaus- leaved). 2. Orange. July. N. S.

Wales. 1792.
,, tincto'ria (dyer's). 2. N. Holland. 1822.

LOMATOPHY LLUM. (From loma, an edge or margin,
and phullon, a leaf ; in allusion to the cartilaginous often
coloured edges of the leaves. Nat. ord. Liliacea?. Allied
to Haworthia.)

Warm greenhouse evergreen succulents. Offsets.
Fibrous loam and peat, with some lime rubbish and sand,
enriched with a little well-decayed manure.
L. borbo'nicum (Bourbon). 2-3. Yellow, rusty-red.

Bourbon and Mauritius. 1766.
„ ma'crum (long). Yellow-red. Mauritius.
„ rufoci'nctum (red-edged). Yellow-red. Mauritius.
„ Saunde'rsii (Saunders's). Mauritius. 1871.

LONCHI'TIS. (From lonche, a lance ; the shape of the
leaves, or fronds. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-
Cryptogamia, I'Filices.)

Stove Ferns, with brown spores, from the Tropics.
Some species are now joined to Litobrochia. See FERNS.
L. auri'ta (eared). See L. PUBESCENS.
,, gla'bra (smooth). See L. PUBESCENS GLABRA.
„ lindenia'na (Lindenian). See L. PUBESCENS.
,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). Trop. Amer.
„ pube'scens (downy). July. Mauritius.
,, „ gla'bra (smooth). Frond thinner, less hairy.

S. Africa.
„ sorbifo'lia (Sorbus-leaved). W. Ind.

LO'NAS. (Derivation obscure. Nat. ord. Compositae.)
A hardy, branching annual with dense corymbs of

rayless flowers. Seeds. Ordinary garden soil.

L. inodo'ra (scentless), i. Bright yellow. Mediter-
ranean region.

LONCHOCA'RPUS. (From lonche, a lance, and carpos,
a fruit ; shape of seed-pod. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria.
Allied to Dalbergia.)

Stove evergreen trees, with purple flowers, except
where specified otherwise. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a sweet bottom-
heat, in May ; turfy loam and fibrous peat, with sand and
charcoal to keep it open, though pressed firmly together.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
L. Barte'ri (Barter's). 15. Pale rose. Trop. Africa.

„ Bla'ckii (Black's). Australia.

„ cyane'scens (bluish). Pale blue. Trop. Africa.
" Yoruba Indigo."

, dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). See L. SERICEUS.

, latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 20. Trop. Amer. 1808.

, macrophy'llus (large-leaved). See L. SERICEUS.

, pube'scens (downy). 25. Purple. Caracas. 1824.

, pyxida'rius (box). See L. SERICEUS.

, ro'seus (rosy). 16. Red. S. Amer. 1700.

, se'pium (hedge). 30. S. Amer. 1820.

, seri'ceus (silky). 20. Red. Trop. Amer. 1820.

,, specio'sus (showy). S. Africa.

„ viola'ceus (violet). 12. S. Amer. 1759.

LONDON PRIDE. Saxi'fraga umbro'sa.

LONICE'RA. (Named after Adam Lonicer, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Caprifoils [Caprifoliaceae]. Linn.
yPeniandria, i-Monogynia. Includes Caprifolium.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs. By cuttings and layers in
the autumn ; with all the succulent, pithy-stemmed
kinds, the latter mode is the best, as cuttings are apt to
rot ; when planted they should have a shady, sheltered
situation ; good, loamy soil.

L. affinis (allied). 10. White, changing to yellow.

China; Japan. 1904.
„ Albe'rtii (Albert's). See L. SPINOSA.
„ alpi'gena (alpine). 6. Yellow. April. European

Alps; Himalaya. 1596.
„ ,, na'na (dwarf). 2.
„ „ sibi'rica (Siberian). 5. Yellow. April. Siberia.

1810.

,, Altma'nni (Altmann's). Turkestan.
,, Amhe'rstii (Amherst's). Himalaya.

angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 5. Pale yellow. April.

N. India. 1847.

LONICERA

513

LONICERA

L. arizo'nica (Arizonian). 2. Yellow, tinged scarlet.

Mountains of Arizona. 1909.
„ brachy'poda (short-stalked). See L. JAPONICA

FLEXUOSA.

„ ceeru'lea (blue-berried). 4. Yellow. May. Switzer-
land. 1629.

„ canade'nsis (Canadian). See L. CILIATA.
„ cane'scens (hoary). 10. April. Europe.
„ Caprifo'lium (goat-leaf). 6-ro. Yellowish. May

to June. Europe (Britain).

„ „ ru'bra (red). 10. Red. May, June. S. Europe.
„ chine'nsis (Chinese). See L. JAPONICA CHINENSIS.
„ chrysa'nfha (yellow-flowered). Yellow. Amurland.
„ cilia' ta (hair-fringed). 4. White, red. April. N.

Amer. 1824. " Fly Honeysuckle."
„ „ a'lba (white-berried). 4. White, red. April.

N. Amer. 1824.
„ cilio'sa (eye-lashed). 20. Orange. July. W.N.

Amer. 1824.
„ confu'sa (confused). 10-14. Red. June. China.

1806.

„ conjuga'lis (yoked). W.N. Amer.
„ deflexi'calyx (deflexed-calyxed). 3. Yellow. China.

1904.

„ depre'ssa (depressed). 1-2. Alpine Himalaya.
„ „ Myrti'llus (Whortleberry-Uke).
„ dioi'ca (dicecious). 6. Purple. June. N. Amer.

1776.

„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See L. ORIENTALIS.
„ diversifo'lia (various- leaved). See L. QUINQUELOCU-

LARIS.
„ Dougla'sii (Douglas's). 20. Orange. July. N.

Amer. 1824. Climber.
„ etru'sca (Etruscan). 10-15. Yellow. May. S.

Europe.

,, „ supe'rba (superb). 20-30. Larger and finer. 1903.
„ Ferdina'ndi (Ferdinand's). 4-8. Pale yellow. Mon-
golia ; China. 1905.
„ „ beissneria'na (Beissnerian). Fruit red. Leaves

larger. China. 1908.
„ fia'va (yellow). 8-10. Yellow. June. S. Carolina.

1810.

,, flave'scens (yellowish). 3-5. Sulphur to citron-
yellow. British Columbia. 1888.
„ flexuo'sa (zigzag). See L. JAPONICA FLEXUOSA.
„ ftoribu'nda (free-flowering). 3. Pale rose. Turkestan.

1889.

„ fragranti' ssima (very- fragrant) . 6-10. White. Feb-
ruary. China. 1845.

„ gibbifto'ra (bulging-flowered). Manchuria. 1889.
„ gigante'a (giant). 4-6. Yellow. August. 1882.
„ Gira'ldii (Girald's). 10-15. Dull red. Western

China. 1907.

„ glabra'ta (smooth). Himalaya.
,, glau'ca (sea-green). 4-6. Purple. June. N. Amer.

1776.

„ graci'lipes (slender-stalked). Japan.
„ gra'ta (pleasing). 10-20. Red. July. N. Amer.

1730. Evergreen.

„ He'nryi (Dr. Henry's). Creamy- yellow, reddish,

bronze. Hupeh, China. 1911. Evergreen climber.

„ kildebrandia'na (Hildebrandian). 10. Crimson.

Upper Burma. 1893. Greenhouse.
,, hirsu'ta (hairy). 10. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1822.
„ hi'spida (hispid). 3-6. Yellow. May. Turkestan ;

Siberia.
„ hispi'dtda (rather hispid) . Rose. July. N.W. Amer.

1833.
„ ibe'rica (Iberian). 6. Orange. April. Iberia.

1824.
„ imple'xa (interwoven). 8. Red, yellow. July.

Minorca. 1772. Evergreen.

„ „ balea'rica (Balearic). 8. Cream. June. Minorca.
„ involucra'ta (involucred). 3. Yellow. April. Hud-
son Bay. 1824.
„ „ hu'milis (dwarf). Flowers smaller. Plant dwarfer.

Colorado. 1900.

„ „ sero'tina (late). Mountains of California. 1906.
„ ita'lica (Italian). 10. Purple, yellow. June. Garden

origin.

„ „ ru'bra (red). 10. Red. June.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). 15. Red. June. China and

Japan. 1806. Evergreen.

„ „ au'reo-relicula' ta (golden- netted). Leaves netted
with yellow.

L. japo'nica chine'nsis (Chinese). 15. Yellow, red.

China. 1869.
„ „ ftexuo'sa (flexuous). 15. Yellow, red. Leaves

more pointed. Japan. 1806.

„ „ hallia'na (Hallian). 10-15. Yellow, floriferous.
„ Kareli'ni (Karelin's). Central Asia.
„ Kcsselri'ngii (Kesselring's). 2-3. Red, white.

Kamtschatka. 1890.
„ Korolko'wii (Korolkow's). 3-4. Yellowish- white.

Berries orange-red. Turkestan. 1894.
„ „ auro'ra (aurora). 3-4. Rose. 1910.
,, Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's). See L. INVOLUCRATA.
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 10. Yellow, white. July.

China. 1826. Climber.
„ Maa'cki (Maack's). 4-10. White. Manchuria.

1884.
„ macra'ntha (large-flowered). 15. Orange. July.

Himalaya. 1806. Evergreen.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved).
„ „ ru'bra (red). Dull red. 1870.
„ Maximowi'czii (Maximowicz's). 10. Purple. Amur-
land. 1869.

,, micra'ntha (small-flowered). 4-6. Pale pink, yellow-
ish. 1889.

„ microphyila (small-leaved). 4. Siberia. 1818.
„ Morro'wi (Morrow's). Japan.
„ myrtilloi'des (Myrtillus-like). 3-5. White, reddish.

Himalaya. 1907.
„ nervo'sa (nerved). China.
„ ni'gra (black). 4. Pale yellow. April. Switzerland.

1597-
„ „ campaniflo'ra (beU-flowered). 4. Yellow. May.

N. Amer.

,, nummularicefo'lia (money-leaved). Orient.
„ oblongifo'lia (oblong- leaved). 3. White. April.

N. Amer. 1823.
„ orienta'lis (eastern). 16. Yellow. June. Iberia.

1825.
,, „ puni'ceus (crimson). Crimson. May. N. Amer.

1822.

,, parviflo'ra (small-flowered). See L. GLAUCA of Hill.
„ pilea'ta (thinly-hairy), i. Cream, greenish. Central

and W. China. 1904.

,, Pericly'menum (woodbine). 20. Yellow. May to
June. Europe (Britain). "Woodbine; Honey-
suckle."
„ „ be'lgica (Dutch). 20. Yellow. June. " Dutch

Honeysuckle."

„ „ quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). 20. Yellow, red. June.
„ „ sero'tina (late). 20. Yellow, red. June. " Late

Red Honeysuckle."
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). 15. Yellow, red. June.

Britain.

„ pube'scens (downy). See L. HIRSUTA.
„ puni'cea (scarlet). See SYMPHORICARPUS PUNICEUS.
„ purpura' 'scens (purplish). Pale purple. Subalpine

Himalaya.

„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 4. White. Pyrenees. 1739.
„ quinquelocula'ris (five-celled). 4. Yellow. May.

Himalaya. 1843.

„ regelia'na (Regelian). Amurland.
„ retu'sa (blunt-end-leaved). 6. White, becoming

yellowish. Western China. 1907.
,, rupi'cola (rock-inhabiting). Himalaya.
„ ruprechtia'na (Ruprechtian). Light yellow. Man-
churia. 1870.
„ segrezie'nsis (Segrezian). The L. diversifolia of

gardens. Origin uncertain. 1889.
,, sempervi'rens (evergreen). 20. Scarlet. Early
summer. S. United States. 1656. " Trumpet
Honeysuckle."

„ „ Bro'wnii (Brown's). 20. Bright scarlet. May.
„ „ ma'jor (larger). 20. Scarlet. May.
„ ,, mi'nor (smaller). 15. Scarlet. June. Carolina.

1656.

„ spino'sa (spiny). 3-4. Rosy-lilac. Turkestan. 1882.
„ sple'ndida (splendid). 4-6. Yellowish-white. Spain.

1890.

„ Standi'shii (Standish's). 3-6. White. China. 1860.
„ stipula'ta (stipuled). See PENTAPYXIS STIPULATA.
„ Sulliva'ntii (Sullivant's). N.E. United States.
„ syringa'ntha (Syringa-flowered). 3-4. Pale pink.

China. 1892.

„ tangu'tica (Tangutic). 3-4. Yellowish. N. China.
1891.

2 K

LOOKING-GLASS PLANT 514

LORANTHUS

L. tata'rica (Tartarian). 10. Pink. April. Russia.

1752.
„ „ albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 10. White. May.

Pyrenees. 1739.
„ „ grandibractea'ta (large- bracted). Seedling with

large bracts. 1891.

„ ,, latifo'lia (broad- leaved). 10. Pink. April.
„ „ lu'tea (yellow- flowered). 10. Yellow. April.
„ ,, rubrifto'ra (red-flowered). 10. Red. April.

Russia. 1752.

„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). 1889.
„ thibe'tica (Tibetan). 3. Rose-tinted. Tibet. 1897.
„ tomente'lla (finely- felted). 10-12. White, tinted pink.

Temperate Himalaya. 1849.

„ tragophy'lla. (goat- leaved). 10. Golden- yellow, be-
coming reddish. Central China. 1908. Twiner.
„ translu' ccns (translucent). 3-4. Yellow. Himalaya.

1889.
„ utahe'nsis (Utah). 3-5. Greenish-yellow. Utah.

1907.

,, villo'sa (shaggy). See L. HIRSUTA.
„ webbia'na (webbian). See L. ALPIGENA.
„ Xylo'steum (fly). 8. Yellow. June. England.
„ „ leucoca'rpum (white-berried). 8. Yellow. June.

Britain.
„ „ tnelanoca'rpum (black-berried). 8. Yellow. June.

Britain.
„ „ xanthoca'rpum (yellow-berried). 8. Yellow. June.

Britain.

LOOKING-GLASS PLANT. Heritie'ra.
LOOSESTRIFE. Lysima'chia and Ly'thrum.

LOPE ZIA. (Named after / . Lopez, a Spanish botanist .
Nat. ord. Onagrads [Onagraceae]. Linn. i-Monandria,
•i-Monogynia. Allied to Circaea.)

Annuals, from Mexico, all of which thrive the better
if sown on a light hotbed in the middle of March, and
are transplanted in the middle of May ; light soil.

L. corda'ta (heart-leaved), ij. Purple. August. 1821.
„ corona'ta (coroneted). if. Red. August. 1805.
„ Galeo'ttii (Galeott's). Red. Mexico.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2-3. Carmine-rose.

Mexico. 1879.

,, hirsu'ta (hairy), ij. Red. August. 1796.
„ linea'ta (streaked-teat^). 3. Rose. February. 1839.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 2. Red. Guatemala.

Greenhouse.

„ mexica'na (Mexican). See L. RACEMOSA.
„ minia'ta (vermilion). 2. Red, rose, violet. Mexico ;

Guatemala. 1907. Greenhouse. Shrub.
„ pu'mila (dwarf). $. Red. August. 1824.
,, racemo'sa (racemed). ij. Red. August. 1792.

LOPHA'NTHUS. (From lophos, a crest, and anthos, a
flower ; referring to the middle lobe of the flower. Nat.
ord. Labiates, or Lipworts [Labiatae]. Linn. i^-Didy-
namia, i-Gymnospermia. Allied to Mentha.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North America,
except one. Seeds sown in April ; cuttings of the young
shoots at the same time, in a shady place, in sandy soil,
under a hand-light ; division of the plant in spring ;
good garden soil.

L. anisa'tus (anise-scented). 3. Blue. July. 1826.
„ chine'nsis (Chinese). i£. Purple. Northern Asia.
„ nepetoi'des (Nepeta-like). 5. Yellow, white. July.

1692.
„ scrophulari(efo'lius(G.g\vort-leiived). 5. Pink. July.

1800.
„ urticcefo'lius (nettle- leaved). 2. Blue. July. 1826.

LO'PHIOLA. (A diminutive of lophos, a crest; re-
ferring to the crested sepals, or flower-leaves. Nat. ord.
Haemadoraceae. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Anigozanthos.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the roots
in autumn or spring ; peaty soil, in a damp, shady
situation.

L. au'rea (golden-flowered). i£. Yellow. June. N.
Amer. 1811.

LOPHI'RA. (From lophos, a crest ; referring to two
of the sepals finally expanding into crested wings. Nat.
ofd. Dip terocar pads [Dipterocarpacea?]. Lum. iz-Ico-
sandria, i-Monogynia.)

This is the Scrubby Oak of Sierra Leone, a handsome
tree, with panicled yellow flowers. Endlicher founded
the order on it because it is "allied to nothing yet known."
A tropical evergreen shrub ; cuttings of firm young
wood m sand, under a bell-glass, and in a sweet bottom-
heat ; sandy loam and fibrous peat. Summer temp.,
60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 60°.

L. africa'na (African). See L. ALATA.
„ ala'ta (winged). 10. Yellow. June. Sierra Leone.

1822.

LOPHO'LEPIS PILOSELLOI'DES. See POLYPODIUM

PILOSELLOIDES.

LOPHOSO'BUS PRUINA'TA (frosted). See ALSOPHILA

PRUINATA.

LOPHOSPE'RMUM. ( From lophos, a crest, and sperma,
a seed ; the seeds are furnished with a crested wing.
Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn. i4-Didy~
namia, i-Gymnospermia. Mostly now referred to
Maurandia.)
L. a'tro-sangui'neum (dark-bloody). See RHODOCHITON

VOLUBILE.

„ erube'scens (blushing). See MAURANDIA ERUBESCENS.
„ sca'ndens (climbing) of D. Don. See MAURANDIA

SCANDENS.
„ sca'ndens (climbing) of Sweet. See MAURANDIA

ERUBESCENS.

LOPHY'RUS. PineSawfly. The caterpillars of LopTiy
rus Pint sometimes do a great deal of damage to young
woods of Scotch Fir, by eating the leaves and bark
of the young shoots. The sawflies make their ap-
pearance early in the summer, and the females lay
their eggs in the leaves by cutting a slit, laying a few
eggs and covering them with resinous matter. The
caterpillars hatch in three weeks and proceed to devour
the leaves, on which they feed for eight weeks. When
full fed they form cocoons in crevices of the bark, and
amongst moss and leaves beneath the trees. The cater-
pillars hibernate in the cocoons, but ultimately pupate
and again attain the winged state early in summer.
The easiest remedy is to rake up the leaves and moss
beneath the trees in winter, and burn the same to destroy
the cocoons, with the caterpillars in them. They are
often found in enormous numbers amongst the fallen
pine needles. Another species, L. rufus, has also been
known to attack Scotch Firs. The winged insect
appears in August, but similar remedies would apply to
both. On young trees the caterpillars may be squeezed
in the hand, wearing gloves, or they may be sprinkled
with naphtha.

LOPI'MIA MALACOPHY'LLA. See PAVONIA VELUTINA.

LOQUAT, or JAPAN QUINCE. (Eriobo'trya japo'nica.)
It ripens its fruit with a moderate amount of heat in
this country. Some varieties are said to succeed on the
open wall ; but it must be in such mild localities as the
warmer parts of Devon or Cornwall. The temperature
of the peach-house — or what is sometimes called the
intermediate-house — will, however, suit it ; and as to
wintering, it requires little more than the exclusion of
frost. As the growth of this, for dessert purposes, has
never been, as far as we are aware, systemised in this
country, we can only offer a few general hints as to its
culture. It has been affirmed that it succeeds best
grafted on the quince, and it is very probable ; for it
belongs to the same natural order, Appleworts, in ad-
dition to which, individuals from the genera Pyrus,
Amelanchier, Mespilus, and even the Photi'nia serrula'ta,
being itself an evergreen, present most likely stocks.

Grafting is recommended, in order to check its exces-
sively robust character ; for in its natural growth it
would be too coarse for ordinary hothouses. Grafting,
therefore, or any of the expedients resorted to in pear
culture, may be had recourse to. It may be readily
propagated from seed, and doubtless by cuttings, and
will grow in any ordinary soil. We would, however,
use no manurial matters, but simply peat and strong
loam, the latter predominating.

LORA'NTHUS. (From lorum, a thong, and anthos, a
flower, in allusion to the leathery leaves. Nat. ord.
Loranthaceas.)

LORD ANSON'S PEA

515

LOVE-APPLE

Evergreen, parasitical shrub, of the Mistletoe family,
which may be grown by sowing or fixing the berries
on the roots of Beech trees, where they are not covered
with soil.

L. fla'vidus (yellowish). 1-2. Yellowish. New Zealand.

1885.

„ floribu'ndus (free-flowering). See NUYTSIA FLORI-
BUNDA.

LORD ANSON'S PEA. La'thyrus nervo'sus.

LORD HARRINGTON'S YEW. Cephalota' xus pedun-
cula'ta.

LORDS AND LADIES. A' rum macula' turn.

LORE YA. (Named after M . Lorey, a botanist, author
of the Flora of Burgundy. Nat. ord. Melastomads [Mela-
stomaceae]. Linn. io-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Miconia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young shoots in
April, in sand, over sandy peat, and that extra well
drained; sandy peat, a little fibrous loam, and pieces
of charcoal and broken freestone. Summer temp., 60°
to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

L. arbore'scens (tree-like). 30. White. July. Guiana.
1822.

LORINSE'RIA AREOLA'TA. See WOODWARDIA AREO-

LATA.

LOROPE TALUM. (From lorum, a thong, and petalon,
a petal, in allusion to the long, strap-shaped petals.
Nat. ord. Hamamelidaceae.)

A deciduous, ornamental, hardy or half-hardy shrub,
well suited for pot culture for conservatory and green-
house decoration. Seeds ; cuttings in sandy soil in a
gentle heat. Any light rich soil.

L, chine'nse (Chinese). 3-5. White. Spring. China.
1881.

LOTE. Zi'zyphus Lo'tus.

LO'TUS. Bird's-foot Trefoil. (From the lotus of
Theophrastus, which is Zi'zyphus Lo'tus. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia,
\-Decandria. Allied to Trifolium.)

Annuals, by seed at the beginning of April ; a very
few require the assistance of a gentle hotbed, and trans-
planting afterwards ; herbaceous and semi-shrubby, low-
trailing plants, by division, and cuttings in summer
under a hand-light, in a shady place. These are very
useful for banks and rock-works. Greenhouse and
frame kinds, by cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil,
under a hand-light or frame ; light, sandy soil for all.

STOVE ANNUAL.
L. i'ndicus (Indian). See ROTHIA TRIFOLIATA.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

L. arge'nteus (silvery). J. June. N. Africa. 1827.
„ „ angusfifo'lius (narrow-leaved). $. July. 1827.
„ austra'lis (southern). Pink. July. Australia. 1800.
„ glau'cus (milky-green), i. June. Madeira. 1777.
„ microphy'llus (small- leaved). See INDIGOFERA GRA-

CILIS.
„ sessilifo'lius (stalkless- leaved), i. July. Teneriffe.

1820.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

L. anthylloi' des (Anthyllis-like). |. Dark purple. June.

S. Africa. 1812.

a'tro-purpu'reus (dark purple). See L. ANTHYLLOIDES.
Berthole'tii (Bertholet's). 1-2. Scarlet. May.

Canaries. 1881. Pendulous.
cre'ticus (Cretan), ij. June. Levant. 1680.
gebe'lia (mountain), i. May. Aleppo. 1816.
Jacobce'us (St. James's Island). 2. Dark brown.

July. Cape de Verd Islands. 1714.
„ lu'teus (yellow- flowered). 2. July.
peliorhy'nchus (stork's-beak). See L. BERTHOLETII.
specta'bilis (showy). See DORYCNIUM SPECTABILE.

HARDY ANNUALS.

L. angusti'ssimus (narrowest-podded), i. May. Britain.

„ ora'bicus (Arabian). £. Pink. July. Arabia. 1773.

„ arena'rius (sand). £. April. Teneriffe. 1831.

„ bifto'rus (two-flowered). J. Yellow. July. Italy.
1818.

„ cilia' tus (hair-fringed). J. July. Sicily. 1812.

„ coimbrice'nsis (Coimbra). \. White, red. June.
Portugal. 1800.

„ cytisoi'des (Cytisus-like). i. June. S. Europe. 1752.

„ decu'mbens (lying-down). See L. TENUIFOLIUS.

„ Diosco'ridis (Dioscorides'). See L. PEREGRINUS.

„ edu'lis (eatable). £. July. Italy. 1759.

„ globe" rrimus (very smooth). See L. COIMBRICENSIS.

„ gra'cilis (slender). See L. ANGUSTISSIMUS.

„ hi'spidus (hispid). ii. Yellow. June. Europe
(England). 1804.

„ odor a' tus (sweet-scented). See L. HISPIDUS.

„ ornithopodioi'des (bird's- foot-Ike). J. Yellow. Medi-
terranean region.

„ peregri'nus (spreading). \. July. S. Europe. 1658.

„ pusi'llus (small). J. July. S. Europe. 1816.

,, tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). J. Yellow. July.
Europe. 1816.

„ Tetragono'lobus (Tetragonolobus). i. Dark brown-
purple. July. Mediterranean region. 1769.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

L. conjuga'tus (joined). £. Purple. July. Mediter-
ranean region. 1759.

„ cornicula' tus (small- horned), ij. June. Britain.

„ „ alpi'nus (alpine). \. June. Switzerland. 1819.

„ „ crassifo'lius (thick-leaved). $. August. S.
Europe. 1812.

„ „ flo' re-pie" no (double-flowered). |. July. Gardens.

„ depre'ssus (depressed). See L. CORNICULATUS.

„ flexuo'sus (zigzag), £. July. Europe. 1816.

„ Forste'ri (Forster's). See L. CORNICULATUS.

,, hirsu'tus (hairy). This is Dorycnium hirsutum.

„ ma'jor (greater). See L. ULIGINOSUS.

„ mari'timus (maritime). See L. SILIQUOSUS.

„ palu'stris (marsh). £. June. Crete. 1821.

„ peduncula' tus (/ong-flower-stalked). See L. ULIGI-
NOSUS.

„ pinna' tus (pinnate). See HOSACKIA BICOLOR.

„ portosancta'nus (Porto Santo). July. Porto Santo.
1789. Evergreen shrub.

„ Requie'ni (Requien's). i. Yellow. July. Italy.
1837-

„ siliquo'sus (long-podded). J. Yellow. July. Medi-
terranean region. 1836.

„ suave' olens (sweet-scented). J. July. S. France.
1816.

„ tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). July. Europe. 1837.

„ te'nuis (slender), i. July. Britain. 1816.

,, uligino'sus (bog). June. Europe (Britain). 1836.

„ „ villo'sus (shaggy), i. June. Switzerland. 1817.

LOTUS, SACRED. Nelu'mbium.
LOTUS-TREE. Diospy'ros Lo'tus.

LOU'REA. (Named in commemoration of Professor
Loureiro of Portugal. Nat. ord. Leguminosas.)

A stove herb. Seeds. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
L. Vespertilio'nis (bat- winged) . Pale purple. Trop.
regions.

LOU'RYA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Liliacea;.)

Stove evergreen herbs with the habit of Aspidistra.
Seeds, divisions. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, a little
well-rotted manure and sand.
L. campanula' ta (bell-shaped). 2. Yellow- white, with

black disc. Cochin-China. 1889.
„ Panicula'ta (panicled). Yellowish. Cambodia. 1888.

LOUSE. See APHIS.
LOUSEWORT. Pedicula'ris.

LOVE-APPLE, or TOMATO. Lycope'rsicum escule'n-
tum.

Varieties.— Of the Red— Earliest of All, Chemin Rouge,

LOVE GRASS

LUDIA

Early Ruby, Duke of York, Winter Beauty, Pear-shaped,
Cherry-shaped. Of the Yellow— Sunbeam, Golden Nug-
get, Golden Perfection, Large Yellow, Cherry Yellow.

Soil. — Rich, light, and on a dry subsoil. Sea-weed
may be applied with advantage to the border on which
it is grown, as may kelp, or common salt in small quan-
tities. The situation must be sheltered.

Sowing. — Sow at the close of March or early in April,
in a hotbed or stove. The hotbed must be of a moderate
durability, earthed about six inches deep. In a hot-
house, sow in pots or boxes set on the flues, or round the
edges of the pits.

In whatever situation, sow thin, and not buried more
than a quarter of an inch. The plants, when two or
three inches high, must be thinned to three inches apart,
and those removed pricked at the same distances, in a
similar bed to that from which they were removed.
Another plan more frequently pursued is to sow seeds
in pots or pans of light soil, and to place them in any
warm house with a night temperature of 55° to 60°.
When the seedlings are 2 in. or 3 in. high they are
potted off singly in thumb pots, watered and shaded
till established. They must afterwards have plenty of
light to prevent drawing, and before the roots get pot
bound they are placed in 3 in. pots, and later on may get
another shift into 4$ in. pots, if the weather is too cold
to plant out immediately. About the end of May or
beginning of June they are planted out against walls,
fences, or in the open, 2 ft. to 3 ft. apart in the lines,
and 4 ft. between the lines. Water and shade during
midday must be afforded until they are established ;
and if the nights are cold during the first week or two,
the shelter of a hand-glass, or even of a garden-pot,
is advantageous.

The training may commence as soon as the plants
are a foot long, and continued throughout their growth.
Tomatoes, whether outdoors or under glass, give most
satisfaction when restricted to one stem. Throughout
the summer clear away all lateral shoots, as well as thin
the leaves, so as to expose the fruit to the full influence
of the sun.

The berries begin to ripen about the middle of August,
and continue to dp so until October, or the arrival of
the first frosts, which always destroy the plants.

To obtain Seed. — Some of the forwardest berries must
be left until perfectly ripe. It must be separated from
the pulp by washing, as directed for the Cucumber.

LOVE GRASS. Eragro'stis.
LOVE-IN-A-MIST. Nige'lla.
LOVE-IN-IDLENESS. Vi'ola tricolor.
LOVE-LIES-BLEEDING. Amara'ntus cauda'tus.
LOVE-TREE. Ce'rcis Siliqua' strum.

LOWEA. (Named after Rev. Mr. Lowe, travelling
Bachelor of the University of Cambridge. Nat. ord.
Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. iz-Icosandria, 3-Trigynia.
Now united to Rosa.)

L. berberifo'lia (berberry-leaved). See ROSA SIMPUCI-
FOLIA.

LOW'IA. (Commemorative of Mr. H. Low, a
traveller and collector. Nat. ord. Scitaminaceae.)

Stove herbs grown for their flowers and foliage. Seeds
and divisions. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, some decayed
cow manure and sand.
L. longiflq'ra (long-flowered). 3. Purplish, white. Perak.

Purple, green.

1896.

maxillarioi'des (Maxillaria-like).

Malay Peninsula.

LOXOCO'CCUS. (From loxos, slanting, and kokkos, a
berry ; in allusion to the shape of the fruit. Nat. ord.
Palmaceae.)

A stove Palm. Seeds. Fibrous loam, with a third
of peat and sand.

L. rupi'cola (rock- loving) . 20-40. Blood-red. Leaves
5 ft. to 6 ft. Ceylon. 1878.

LOXOGRA MMA. (From loxos, slanting, and gramma,

writing ; referring to the spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord.
Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove Fern. See FERNS.
L. lanceola' ta (spezT-head-leaved) . Yellow. May. E. Ind.

LOXSO'MA. (From loxos, slanting or oblique, and
soma, a body ; in allusion to the short, oblique ring to
the sporangia or spore-cases. Nat. ord. Filices.)

Greenhouse fern, with evergreen fronds. See FERNS.
L. Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). i-ij. Fronds
leathery. New Zealand.

LOZOTENIA ROSARIA is a small moth, of which the
caterpillar feeds upon the leaves of the rose-tree. Mr.
Curtis says that " the eggs are laid in the summer or
autumn, and hatch with the opening leaves ; and the
little caterpillar begins at once to form a residence by
drawing two or more leaflets together, on which it feeds.
This operation soon points out where the caterpillar is ;
and the best method which we know of getting rid of it
is hand-picking, which should be practised as soon as
the operation of the caterpillar becomes visible."

LUBI'NIA. (Named after M. St. Lubin, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Primeworts [Primulaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. United to Lysimachia.)

L. a'tro'purpu'rea (dark purple). See LYSIMACHIA

NUTANS.

„ spathula'ta (spathulate). See LYSIMACHIA MAURITIANA.

LU'CANUS CE'RVUS. The Stag Beetle may easily
be recognised by its long, bony jaws, which are toothed
and resemble the horns of the stag. Large numbers
may sometimes be seen flying amongst trees during May
and June evenings. They are mostly black, but some
are reddish-brown. The female is smaller, with shorter
jaws. The larvae live in decaying wood, but rarely, if
ever, do harm to the live wood of healthy trees.

LUCU'LIA. (From luculi swa, the native name. Nat.
ord. Cinchonads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Hymenodictyon.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from the Himalayas. Cuttings
of the young shoots getting a little firm, about Mid-
summer, in sand, over sandy peat, well drained, and
covered with a bell-glass, set in a close pit or frame,
and in a fortnight supplied with a little bottom-heat ;
peat and loam, both fibrous, with sand and pieces of char-
coal to keep it open. As soon as established as a little
plant, which it will be by the following spring, to be
transferred at once to a good large pot ; a conservatory-
bed, however, is the place where it flourishes and shows
off to the best advantage, blooming in the autumn,
winter, and spring months. It should also be tried
against a conservative wall.

L. grati'ssima (most-welcome). 9. Pink. 1823.
„ pincia'na (Pince's). 5. White. 1843.

LUCU'MA. (The Peruvian name. Nat. ord. Sapotads
[Sapotaceas]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Sapota.)

Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. Cuttings
of the ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat ;
rich, fibrous, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
L. Bonpla'ndia (Bpnpland's). 40. Cuba. 1822.

„ delicio'sa (delicious). 25-30. Green. Colombia. 1855.

„ Ha'rtii (Hart's). Trinidad.

„ mammo'sa (nippled). 50. S. Amer. 1739.

„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). W. Indies.

„ obova'ta (reversed-egg-teau&i). 40. Peru. 1822.

„ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 40. Mexico. 1823.

„ seri'cea (silky). Australia.

LU'DIA. (From ludo, to sport ; referring to the vari-
ous forms of leaf of L. heterophy'lla. Nat. ord. Bixads
[Bixaceas]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Prockia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers, from
Mauritius. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; fibrous loam, with a
little peat, and dried cow-dung. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

L. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). See L. SESSILIFLORA.
„ sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). 4. July. 1820.

LUDOVIA

LUPINUS

LUDO'VIA. (Commemorative of Louisa, a Queen of
Spain. Nat. ord. Cyclanthacea*.)

Stove evergreens resembling dwarf Palms. Seeds,
divisions. Loam, peat, and sand.
L. crenifo'lia (notched-leaved). White. Leaves plaited,

leathery. Brazil. 1893.
„ fvni'fera (cord-bearing). See CARLUDOVICA FUNI-

FERA.
„ lanazfo'lia (lance- leaved). Pale yellow. Guiana.

1862.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See CARLUDOVICA LATI-
FOLIA.

LUEDDEMA'NNIA. (Commemorative of Herr Luedde-
mann. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Warm house Orchids. Divisions. Sphagnum, fibrous
peat, leaf-mould, some nodules of charcoal, and a little
sand, in baskets.
L. Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). Salmon, orange. Colombia.

1880.

„ Pescato'rei (Pescatore's). Yellow, red. July. Colom-
bia. 1848.
„ sanderia'na (Sanderian). Cream, white, with purple

blotches. Colombia. 1897.
„ ,, a'lba (white). See LACUNA BICOLOR ALBA.
„ tri'loba (three-lobed). i. Yellow, spotted madder
brown. S. Amer. 1895.

LUE HEA. (Named after Luehe, a German botanist.
Nat. ord. Lindenblooms [Tiliaceaj]. Linn. i8-Poly-
adelphia, 2-Polyandria. Allied to Sparmannia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
two inches in length, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
plunged in bottom-heat ; fibrous peat and sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
L. caracasa'na (Caracasan). Caracas. 1847. Shrub.
,, panicula'ta (panicled). 10. Rosy. April. Brazil.
1828 Climber.

LU'FFA. Towel Gourds. (From the Arabic louff,
the native name being adopted for Luff a czgypliaca. Nat.
ord. Cucurbitaceae.)

Climbing, stove, ornamental gourds, the fibrous tissue
of the fruit being used as scrubbing brushes, washing
sponges, and ornamental articles. The seeds are purga-
tive and used in medicine. Seeds. Loam, leaf-mould, a
little manure and sand.
L. acuta'ngula (acute-angled). Yellow. India and

Malaya.
„ cegypti'aca (Egyptian). Yellow. July, August.

Tropics.

„ cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). See L. ^GYPTIACA.
„ echina'ta (hedgehog). Yellow. July. S. Africa.
„ For ska' Hi (Forskal's). Sulphur - yellow. July.

Arabia. 1893.

„ macroca'rpa (large- fruited). See L. JEGYPTIACA.
„ penta'ndra (five-stamened) . See L. ^EGYPTIACA.
„ pu'rgans (purging). Yellow. July, August. Trop.

Amer.
„ sph&'rica (spherical). Yellow. July. S. Africa.

LU HEA, See LUEHEA.

LUI'SIA. (Name not explained. Nat. ord. Orchids
[Orchidacea?]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied
to Vanda.)

Stove orchids. Detaching the side-shoots ; a block of
wood covered with moss, or elevated above a pot, with
sphagnum, peat, crocks, &c. Temperature, 60° to 90°,
when growing in summer, with a moist atmosphere ;
50° to 60° in winter, and dry ; 60° to 90° in spring, and
rather dry, to start the flower-buds, kept cooler after-
wards, and excited again when the flowering is over.
L. alpi'na (alpine). See VANDA ALPINA.
„ amesia'na (Amesian). Greenish- yellow, spotted dull

red. Burma. 1890.

„ brachy' stachys (short-spiked). Yellowish. N. India.
„ Ca'ntharis (Cantharis). Green and purple. Lip like

a small beetle. Burma. 1895.

„ macro 'tis (large-eared). Yellow-green, violet. Hima-
laya. 1869.
„ micro'ptera (small- winged). Straw-coloured, purple.

Himalaya. 1870.
„ plaiyglo'ssa (flat-lipped). See L. TERETIFOLIA.

L. Psy'che (Psyche). Green, purple. Burma. 1865.

„ tefres (round). Greenish, lined purple, dark purple.
Japan. 1903.

,, teretifo'ha (round- leaved). Purple, white. Trop.
Asia.

„ trichorhi'za (hair-rooted). Himalaya.

„ vo'lucris (winged). Yellow, brown-purple. Hima-
laya. 1893.

„ zeyla'nica (Cingalese). Ceylon.
LU'MA. SeeMYRTus.

LUMNITZERA. (Named after Lumnitzer, a botanical
author. Nat. ord. Labiata?.)

Lumnitzera proper is maintained as a genus, but is
not in cultivation.
L. tenuifto'ra (slender-flowered). See OCIMUM SANCTUM.

LUNA'RIA. Moonwort, or Honesty. (From luna, the
moon ; referring to the shape of the seed-vessels. Nat.
ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. i$-Tetradynamia. Allied
to Alyssum.)

Hardy plants, and flowering in May; seeds and divi-
sions in spring. Common garden soil.
L, a'nnua (annual). 2-4. Light purple. Europe. 1570.
Biennial.

„ albifto'ra (white-flowered). White. 1570.
„ corcyre'nsis (Corfu). Blue. Corfu. 1910.
„ variega'ta (variegated). Variegated yellow- white.
1894.

bie'nnis (biennial). See L. ANNUA.
redivi'va (revived). 3. Light purple. 1596. Her-
baceous perennial.

LUNGWORT. Pulmona'ria.

LUPINA'STEK PENTAPHY LLUS. See TRIFOLIUM

LUPINASTER.

LUPINE. Lupi'nus.

LUPI'NUS. Lupine. (From lupus, a wolf; devas-
tates land as the wolf does the fold ; literally, destroyer.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa?]. Linn. 16-
Monadelphia, 6-Decandria.)

They are generally arranged into annuals, perennials,
and frame evergreen shrubs ; but they all produce seed
so freely that it is easiest to propagate them by that
means, only the evergreens, instead of being sown in
the open ground, should have the assistance of a gentle
hotbed to rear them before planting them out. If such
kinds as muta'bilis and Crucksha'nkii are sown in August,
and kept in pots all the winter in a pit, they make splendid
specimens on a lawn the following summer.

HALF-HARDY EVERGREEKS.

L. a'lbifrons (white-countenanced. Herbage hoary). See

L. CHAMISSONIS.

„ arbo'reus (tree). 6. Yellow. July. California. 1793.
„ arbu'stus (shrub). See L. LAXIFLORUS.
,, arve'nsis (field), ij. Lilac. April. Peru. 1843.

Biennial.

„ bimacula'tus (twin-spotted). See L. SUBCARNOSUS.
„ canalicula'tus (channelled). 4. Blue. July. Buenos

Ayres. 1828.
,, Chamisso'nis (Chamisso's). i. Blue. September.

N.W. Amer. 1833.
„ Crucksha'nkii (Cruckshank's). 5. Variegated. July.

Peru. 1829.

„ fa'llax (deceiving). 3-5. Violet. August. Cali-
fornia. 1894.
„ inca'nus (hozry-herbaged). Pale lilac. July. Buenos

Ayres. 1830.

,, macroca'rpus (large- fruited). See L. ARBOREUS.
,, mexica'nus (Mexican). 2. Blue. February. Mexico.

1819. Biennial.
,, multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 4. Blue. July. Monte

Video, i 8 10.
,, muta'bilis (changeable). 5. Blue, yellow. July.

Bogota. 1819.
,, pulche'llus (pretty). 3. Blue, purple. July. Mexico.

1828.
„ tomento'sus (thick-downed). 6. Pink, white. July.

Peru. 1825.
,, versi color (party-coloured). 2. Pink, blue. July.

Mexico. 1825.

LUPINUS

LYCASTE

HARDY ANNUALS.
L. affifnis (related), f. Deep blue. June. California.

1848.

„ a'lbus (white). 3. White. July. Levant. 1596.
„ angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 2. Blue. July.

Spain. 1686.
„ Barke'ri (Mr. Barker's). 3. Blue, pink. July.

Mexico. 1839.

„ bi'color (two-coloured). See L. MICRANTHUS.
„ bracteola'ris (bracted). i£. Blue. July. Monte

Video. 1820.

„ Cosenti'ni (Cosen tin's). Sicily.
„ densifto'rus (dense-flowered). |. White, pink. July.

California. 1833.
„ Ehrenbe'rgii (Ehrenberg's). 3. Blue. June. Mexico.

1843. Biennial.

„ e'legans (elegant). 2. Violet, rose. June. Mexico.

1831.

„ exalta'tus (tall). Mexico. 1832.
„ Hartwe'gii (Mr. Hartweg's). 3. Blue, pink. July.

Mexico. 1838.

„ hilaria'nus (Hilarian). Brazil.

„ hirsuti' ssimus (most-hairy), J. Red. July. Cali-
fornia. 1838.

„ hirsu'tus (hairy). 2. Blue. July. S. Europe. 1629.
„ leptoca'rpus (slender- fruited). 3. Purple. June.

Mexico. 1839. Biennial.
„ leptophy'llus (slender-leaved). 2. Blue, lilac. July.

California. 1833.

„ linifo'lius (flax-leaved). See L. RETICULATUS.
„ lu'teus (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1596.
„ Menzie'sii (Menzies*). See L. DENSIFLORUS.
„ micra'nthus (small-flowered). J. Purple, blue. May.

N. Amer. 1826.
„ microca'rpus (small-podded). ij. Blue. April.

N.W. Amer. 1821.
„ muta'bilis (changeable). Blue, purple, white.

Colombia.

„ na'nus (dwarf), i. Blue. July. California. 1833.
„ pilo'sus( shaggy). 3. Flesh. July. S.Europe. 1710.
„ platte'nsis (Plattan). N.W. Amer.
„ pube'scens (downy). 2. Violet, blue. June. Quito.

1844. Biennial.

„ pusi'llus (little). J. Pale blue. July. N.W. Amer.

1817.
„ ramosi' ssimus (much-branched). 3. Crimson, blue.

Chimborazo.

„ reticula'tus (netted). 2. Blue. July. Europe.
„ Te'rmis (Tennis). 3. White. June. Egypt.
„ iexe'nsis (Texan). See L. SUBCARNOSUS.
„ va'rius (variable). 3. Blue, white. July. S.Europe.

1596.

1799-
1802.

HARDY PERENNIALS.
arge'nteus (silvery). White. June. N.W. Amer.

1826.
a'ridus (dry), i. Purple, blue. August. N.W. Amer.

1827.

grandifp'lius (large-leaved). See L. POLYPHYLLUS.
latifo'lius (broad- leaved). See L. RIVULARIS.
laxiflo'rus (loose-flowered), i. Blue, pink. N.W.

Amer. 1826.
le'pidus (pretty). J. Blue, pink. August. British

Columbia. 1826.
leucophy'llus (white-leaved). 2. Pink. July. N.W.

Amer. 1826.
littora'lis (shore), i. Blue, pink. July. British

Columbia. 1826.
lu'cidus (shining-leaved). 2. Purple. July. N.W.

Amer.

macrophy' 'Hits (large-leaved). See L. POI.YPHYLLUS.
Michene'ri (Michener's). J. Dull purple or brown-
green. California. 1894.
moritzia'nus (Moritzian). See L. ELEGANS.
nootkate'nsis (Nootka Sound). 2. Purple. July.

Nootka Sound. 1794.
orna'tus (ornamented). 2. Blue, pink. May.

British Columbia. 1826.
pere' tints (stnootft-perennial). 2. Blue. June. N.

Amer. 1658.

plumo'sus (feathery). See L. LEUCOPHYLLUS.
polyphy'llus (many-leaved). 4. Blue. June.

California. 1826.

L. polyphy'llus albiflo'rus (white-flowered). 4. White.

July. California. 1826.
„ „ Moerhei'mi (Moerheim's). Rose to deep rose.

1908.

„ ,, ro'seus (rosy). Pale to deep pink. 1904.
,, rivula'ris (river-side). 3. White, purple. April.

California. 1831.

„ Sabi'nii (Sabine's). 3. Yellow. N.W. Amer. 1827.
„ seri'ceus (silky), i. Purple. May. N.W. Amer.

1826.
„ subcarno'susfieshyish-leaved). i. Blue, white. July.

Texas. 1835.
„ tri'stis (sad-coloured). 4. Pale brown. July. N.

Amer.
„ villo'sus (shaggy). J. Pink. July. Carolina. 1787.

LUVU'NGA. (The Sanskrit name. Nat. ord. Rutaceae.)
Greenhouse climber. Cuttings in sand in a close case,

with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.

L. sca'ndens (climbing). 6. India ; Malaya. 1800.

LUXEMBE RGIA. (Named after the Duke of Luxem-
berg. Nat. ord. Ochnads [Ochnacea?]. Linn. i6-Mona-
delphia, 8-Polyandria.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, yellow-flowered, from Brazil.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in a gentle bottom-heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55°. They
require a constant liberal supply of moisture.
L. cilio'sa (hair-fringed-/«ai;«2). 4. June. 1841.

,, cormybo'sa (corymbed). See L. POLYANDRA.

,, polya'ndra (many-stamened). 5. May. Brazil.

LUZURIA'GA. (Commemorative of /. M. Ruiz de
Luzuriaga, a Professor of Botany. Nat. ord. Liliacea?.)
Greenhouse shrubs, but L. radicans is half-hardy.
Divisions. Loam, peat, and sand.
L. ere'cta (erect), i*. White. Chili.
„ margina'ta (margined), ij. White. Chili. Fragrant.
,, radi'cans (rooting). 1-3. White. June to August.
Chili. 1878.

LYCA'STE. (Named after a beautiful woman of
Sicily. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceas]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Maxillaria.)

Stove orchids. Division of the plant, as growth is
commencing ; open baskets, in sphagnum, fibrous peat,
and pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ;
winter, 50° to 60°.

L. aroma'tica (aromatic). Orange. May. Mexico. 1828.
„ „ retu's* (blunt-lipped), i. Yellow. May. Brazil.
,, ayeria'na (Ayerian). Green, drooping. Peru. 1895.
,, Barringto'nias (Barrington's). Yellow, brown. April.

Jamaica. 1790.

„ brevispa'tha (short-spathed). See L. CANDIDA.
„ ca'ndida( white). White, green. Central Amer. 1852.
,, chryso'ptera (golden-winged). Orange, yellow.

Mexico. 1850.

„ cilia' ta (hair-fringed). July. Brazil. 1838.
„ cinnabari'na (cinnabar). White, apricot-red. Peru.

1893.

„ cochlea' ta (shell- Uke). Orange. Trop. Amer.
„ Colle'yi (Colley's). Brown. July. Demerara. 1836.
,, consobri'na ( cousin- german). Mexico.
„ (Paphi'nia) crista'ta (crested). White, purple. British

Guiana. 1843.

„ „ modiglia'na (Modigh'an). White. Brazil. 1888.
„ costa'ta (ribbed). Peru. 1842.
„ crini'ta (hairy), i. Yellow, brown. March. Mexico.

1840.
„ crue'nta (blood-coloured), i. Orange, crimson.

March. Guatemala. 1841.
„ denningia'na (Denningian). White-green, red- brown.

S. Amer. 1876.
„ De'ppei (Deppe's). i. Yellow, brown. June.

Xalapa. 1828.
„ „ prafstans (exceUing). Large, finely-coloured.

1898.
„ „ punctatt 'ssima (much-spotted). Lip with five

purple blotches. 1882.
„ dowiana (Dowian). Brown, yellow- white. Costa

Rica. 1874.
„ (Paphi'nia) gra'ndis (grand). Red-purple. October.

Brazil.
„ fulve'scens (tawny). 2. Brown, orange. Colombia.

LYCHNIS

519

LYCHNIS

L. gigante'a (gigantic). 2. Greenish. August. Guaya-
quil. 1848.
„ Harriso'nia (Mrs. Harrison's). See BIFRENARIA

HARRISONI.*.
„ hennisia'na (Hennisian). Green, white. Colombia.

1906.
„ imschootia' 'na (Imschootian). Pale brown, yellow,

red. 1893.
„ (Co'lax) jugo'sa (joined). White, purple. Brazil.

1867.
„ la'nipes (woolly-flower-stalked). Purple, green.

Guayaquil. 1848.

„ lasioglo' ssa (woolly-lipped). Green, yellow. Guate-
mala. 1872.

„ la'ta (broad). Green, white. Peru. 1910.
„ lawrencea'na (Lawrencean). See L. CANDIDA.
„ leuca'ntha (white-flowered). White, green. Central

Amer. 1850.
„ lindenia'na (Lindenian). White, red-purple. S.

Amer.
„ Lingue'lla (small- tongued). Green- white. Peru.

1871.

„ Locu'sta (Locust). Green, white. Peru. 1879.
„ Lucia'ni (Lucian's). Pale brown, pink, white. 1893.
„ macrobu'lbon (large-bulbed). Yellow, crimson.

Colombia. 1850.
„ macrophy'lla (large- leaved). Green, brown, white.

December. Mexico. 1837.
„ „ measuresia'na (Measuresian). Richly-spotted with

purple. Bolivia. 1887.
„ macropo'gon (large-bearded). Orange. Costa Rica.

1888.

„ mesochlce'na (middle- robed). Green. Peru. 1853.
„ michelia'na (Michelian). Yellow. Segments broader

than L. aromatica. Mexico. 1900.
„ peruvia'na (Peruvian). Tawny-brown, white. Peru.

IQIO.

„ plana (flat- flowered). See L. MACROPHYLLA.
„ Puy'dtii (Puydt's). Green, brown, violet. Brazil.

1880.

„ Ra'ndi (Rand's). Purple-red, barred with white.
,, Roger so' ni (Rogerson's). White, rose- pink, ruby-red.

1901.
„ rossia'na (Rossian). Green-yellow, orange-yellow,

brown. Trop. Amer. 1893.
„ (Paphi'nia) rugo'sa (wrinkled). Yellow, purple.

Colombia. 1879.
„ „ Kalbre'yeri (Kalbreyer*s). Yellow, brown-purple.

Colombia. 1880.
„ „ sanderia'na (Sanderian). Soft yellow, brown,

white. Colombia. 1879.
„ schilleria'na (Schillerian). Green, white. Central

Amer.

„ „ Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). Lip spotted with rosy-
carmine. Colombia. 1890.
„ „ magni'fica (magnificent). Sepals olive; petals

and lip white. 1904.
„ Ski'nneri (Skinner's), i. White, crimson. October.

Guatemala. 1842.
„ „ a'lba (white). White. October. Guatemala.

1841.

„ smeea'na (Smeean). White, purple. 1883.
„ sulphu'rea (sulphur). Sulphur, spotted with red and

purple. 1882.

„ tetrago'na (four-angled). J. Greenish. Brazil. 1842.
„ tricolor (three-coloured). Pale rose. Guatemala.

1852.
„ „ a'lbens (whitish). Sepals pale green; petals

white. 1906.
„ Tunsti'lli (Tunstill's). Sepals rose; petals white;

lip ruby-red. 1901.
„ tyriaJ 'nthina (bright violet). See BIFRENARIA TYRIAN-

THINA.

,, (Co'lax) vi'ridis (green). Green. Brazil.

„ Witti'gii (Wittig's). White, purple, violet-purple.

Brazil. 1878.
„ xytrio'phora (pot-bearing). Brown, yellow, purple.

Ecuador. 1868.

LY'CHNIS. (From luchnos, a lamp ; referring to the
brilliancy of the flowers. Nat. ord. Cloveworts [Caryo-
phyllaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, ^-Pentagynia.)

The hardy herbaceous are chiefly cultivated ; seed,
division, and cuttings under a hand-light of the young
shoots, as growth commences, in spring. Small side-

shoots may be obtained from flowering stems, but they
dp not answer so well ; rich, sandy loam. They require
dividing often in spring, and fresh soil to grow in. Grandi-
flo'ra requires protection in a cold pit in winter ; double
flowers require more attention in changing the soil than
single ones.

TENDER KINDS.

L. corona' ta (crowned). See L. GRANDIFLORA.
„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered), ij. Red. July. China.

1774. Greenhouse herbaceous.

„ muta'bilis (changeable). Pink. June. Andes. 1844.
Stove evergreen.

HARDY ANNUALS.

L. CoJli-ro'sa (rose of heaven). i. Flesh. July.

Levant. 1713.
„ Githa'go (Githago). 1-2. Purple. July, August.

Britain. " Corn Cockle."

„ nicae'nsis (Nicean). 3. White, red. June. Nice,
1796.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

L. a'lba (white). 1^-2. White. June to September.

Britain. " White Campion."
„ „ multiplex (double). White. June to July.
,, „ ro'sea (rosy). White, red. June to September.

Britain.

„ alpi'na (alpine). J. Pink. April. Europe (Scotland).
„ ape'tala (petal-less). i$. White. June. Lapland.

1810.
„ „ pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). White. June. Siberia.

1817.
„ bungea'na (Bungean). i. Scarlet. July, August.

China. 1834.
„ chalcedo'nica (Chalcedonian). 2. Scarlet. June,

Russia. 1596.

„ „ a'lba (white). 2. White. June. Russia.
,i » flo're-a'lbo-ple'no (double- white -flowered). 2.

White. June. Gardens.
„ „ flo' re-pie" no (double-flowered). Scarlet. June.

Russia.

,, corona'ria (crowned). 3. Red. July. Italy. 1596.
„ „ a'lba (white). 3. White. July.
„ „ ple'na (double), ij. Red. July.
„ „ ru'bra (red). Red. July.

„ co'rsica (Corsican). J. Red. June. Corsica. 1818.
„ dioi'ca (dioecious). 1-2. Rose-purple. June to

August. Britain. " Red Campion."
ii n ple'na (double). 1-2. Rose-purple. June, July.

Britain.

„ diu'rna (day-flowering). See L. DIOICA and variety.
„ Flo's-cu'culi (cuckoo-flower), ij. Pink. July.

Britain.
„ „ olbiflo'ra (white-flowered), ij. White. July.

Britain.

„ „ ple'na (double), i. Pink. July.
„ „ ru'bra-ple'na (double-red). Red.
„ Flo's-Jo'vis (flower-of-Jove). ij. Red. July.

Europe. 1726.

,, Fortu'nei (Fortune's). See SILENE FORTUNEI.
„ fu'lgens (shining), ij. Scarlet. June. Siberia. 1822.
,, fu'lgida (shining). See L. CHALCEDONICA.
„ haagea'na (Haagean). i-i^. Scarlet. July. Japan.

1859. Hybrid.

„ helve' tica (Svfiss-alpine). See L. ALPINA.
,, himalaye? 'nsis (Himalayan). Himalaya.
,, l&'ta (joyful). See SILENE L.CTA.
„ Laga'scce (Lagasca's). £. Purple-rose. Spain. 1867.
,, negle'cta (neglected). See L. VISCARIA.
,, nijftans (nodding). Sikkim.
,, pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). Siberia.
„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). |. White. June. Pyrenees.

1819.

,, Sarto'ri (Sartor's), i. Purple. China (?). 1906.
„ Se'nno (Senno). ij. Deep red. Japan.
„ sibi'rica (Siberian). J. White. June. Siberia. 1817.
„ Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). See L. FULGENS.
„ specio'sa (showy). Soft orange-scarlet. Japan. 1870.
,, vesperti'na (evening- flowering). See L. ALBA and

varieties.
„ Visca'ria (clammy). I. Pink. May. Britain.

LYCIOPLESIUM PUBERULUM 520

LYCOPODIUM

L. Visca'ria a'lba (white). Pure white. An old plant

reintroduced. 1908.

„ „ ple'na (double), i. Red. May. Britain.
„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). Double, deep rose.
„ yunnane'nsis (Yunnan). £-£• White. Yunnan,

China. 1903.

LYCIOPLE'SIUM PUBE'RULUM and L. PUBIFLO'-
RUM. See LATUA VENENOSA.

LY'CIUM. Box Thorn. (From lukion, an ancient
name of no meaning. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solanacea?].
Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Juanulloa.)

Cuttings of ripened shoots in autumn or spring, under
a hand-light ; common, sandy loam. The tender kinds
require protection. They are mostly of a free, rambling,
half-climbing character; and europce'um and its con-
geners are thus well fitted for covering arbours, unsightly
walls, &c. ; a'frum does well on a conservatory wall,
and its fruit is pretty, and it blooms very freely.

EVERGREENS.
L. carolinia'num (Carolina). 4. Blue. July. Carolina.

1806. Hardy shrub.
„ cine'reum (ash-coloured). 5. Violet. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1818. Greenhouse shrub.
„ ho'rridum (horrid. Very prickly). 3. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1791. Greenhouse shrub.
„ te'nue (slender). 4. Violet. June. Cape of Good
Hope. 1819. Greenhouse shrub.

DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS.

L. a'frum (African Tea Tree). 10. Violet. June-
Cape of Good Hope. 1712. Tree.

„ ba'rbarum (Barbary). 12. Violet. June. Barbary.
1696.

„ carno'sum (fleshy). 4. Violet. April. S. Africa.
1795. Shrub.

„ cMe'nse (Chilian). Chili.

„ chine'nse (Chinese). 6. Purple. July. China.

„ „ ine'rme (unarmed). Spineless. 1908.

„ „ variega'tum (variegated). Leaves variegated
with yellow.

„ europce'um (European). 12. Pink. June. S.
Europe. 1730.

„ „ chrysoca'rpum (yellow-fruited). 12. May.

„ ,, sphceroca'rpum (round- fruited). 12. May.

„ fuchsioi'des (Fuchsia-like). See IOCHROMA FUCH-
SIOIDES.

„ gesneroi'des (Gesnera-like) . See IOCHROMA GES-

NEROIDES.

„ grevillea'num (Grevillean). Argentina.

„ halimifo'lium (Halamus-leaved). Origin unknown.

„ japo'nicum (Japanese). See SERISSA FCETIDA.

„ lanceola'tum (spear- head-leaved). See L. CHINENSE.

„ microphy'llum (small-leaved). 4. Violet. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1795.

„ pa'llidum (pale). Green, tinged purple. Berries red.
New Mexico. 1888.

„ rhombifo'lium (diamond-leaved). China.

„ Ri'chii (Rich's). California.

„ ri'gidum (stiff). See L. CARNOSUM.

„ rutke'nicum (Russian). 6. White. Siberia. 1804.

„ ,, ca'spicum (Caspian). July. Caspian Sea.

„ Sha'wii (Shaw's). 8. Pink. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1700. Greenhouse climber.

„ subglobo'sum (subglobular). Violet. Country un-
known.

„ tetra'ndrum (four-stamened). 4. Violet. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1810.

„ trewia'num (Trew's). See L. CHINENSE.

„ turbina'tum (top-shaped). See L. CHINENSE.

,, vulga're (common). 8-15. Pink. June. Temperate
parts of Old World. 1730.

LYCOMO'RMIUM. (From mormolukeion, a hideous
spectre or mask, the roots of the word being transposed.
Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Warm house Orchids. Division when young roots

are just commencing. Sphagnum, fibre of peat and sand.

L. ceri'num (waxy), i. Yellow. Central Amer. 1835.

„ gutta'tum (spotted). Yellow, purple. S. Amer. 1837.

LYCOPE'RDON. Puffballs. A genus of fungi, more
or less globular, white and fleshy in the early stages of

growth. The Giant Puffball (L. giganteum) in this stage
is eaten by some, and considered a dainty, but is doubt-
fully wholesome after it matures and the spores ripen.
Finally they become brown, burst, and give off clouds
of spores, like puffs of smoke, when struck.

LYCOPE'RSICUM. Love-apple, or Tomato. (From
lukos, a wolf, and persicum, a peach. Nat. ord. Night-
shades [Solanaceae], Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)
See LOVE-APPLE.

All annuals, except peruvia'num, and natives of

South America. Seeds in a hotbed, in March, potted

once or twice, and planted out in May ; escule'ntum

generally against walls or palings, in order that the

fruit may be ripened for sauce and soups ; rich soil ; the

plant must be well thinned by stopping all the laterals,

and finally the top, when all the fruit that will ripen has

been set. To have the fruit is the object.

L. cerasifo'r me (cherry-shaped). 3. Green. July. 1800.

„ ,, lu'teum (yellow- fruited). 3. Green. July. 1596.

„ commuta'tum (changed). See L. PERUVIANUM.

„ escule'ntum (eatable). 3. Green. July. S. Amer.

1596.
„ „ chrysoca'rpum (yellow- fruited). 3. Green. July

1596.
„ „ erythroca'rpum (red-fruited). 3. Green. July.

1596.
„ „ leucoca'rpum (white-fruited). 3. Green. July.

1596.
„ Humbo'ldtii (Humboldt's). 3. Yellow. August.

Brazil. 1822.
„ peruvia'num (Peruvian). 3. Yellow. May. 1818.

Stove herbaceous.

„ procu'mbens (lying-down), r. Cream. July. 1700.
„ pyrifo'rme (pear-shaped). 3. Yellow. August.

1823.

„ racemi'gerum (raceme- bearing). 3-4. Yellow-green.
N. Amer. " Red Currant Tomato."

LYCOPO'DIUM. Club Moss. (From lukos, a wolf,
and pous, a foot ; the roots having a resemblance to
that animal's paw. Nat. ord. Lycopods [Lycopodiaceagj.
Linn. 24-Cryptogamia, ^-Lycopodinece.)

Stove, greenhouse or hardy, evergreen perennials,
very suitable for Wardian cases, and the native, hardy
ones for peaty spots on the rockery. All delight in loose,
fibrous, or spongy peat. The stove and greenhouse
species should be shaded. Divisions or cuttings in
spring. A large number of species, formerly included
in the genus, are now referred to Selaginella, which see.
L. aloifo'lium (Aloe-leaved). E. Ind.

,, alpi'num (alpine). $. Europe (Britain).

„ anno'tinum (year-old). J. Europe (Britain).

„ a'podum (stemless). See SELAGINELLA APUS.

„ brasilie'nse ( Brazilian). See SELAGINELLA FLEXUOSA.

„ cce'sium (blue). See SELAGINELLA UNCINATA.

„ ,, arbo'reum (tree). See SELAGINELLA WILDENOVII.

„ circina'le (circular). See SELAGINELLA INVOLVENS.

,, clava'tum (clubbed). Stems trailing, 2-4 ft. long.
Europe (Britain).

„ complana'tum (flattened). Europe.

„ corda'tum (heart-shaped). See SELAGINELLA CORDI-

FOLIA.

,, cra'ssum (thick). Peru.

,, denticula'tum (toothletted). See SELAGINELLA DENTI-

CULATA.

,, dicho'tomum (forked). W. Ind.

„ flabella'tum (fan-shaped). See SELAGINELLA FLABEL-

LATA.

,, Galeo'tti (Galeott's). See SELAGINELLA GALEOTTII.
„ gnidioi'des (Gnidium-like). i. S. Africa.
„ innunda'tum (flooded). -fa. Europe (Britain).
„ lepidophy'llum (slender-leaved). See SELAGINELLA

LEPIDOPHYLLA.

,, luci'dulum (shining). |. N. Amer.
„ mandiocca' num (Mandioccan). Mexico. 1871.
, moorea'num (Moorean). i. Brazil. 1892.
, numularifo'lium (money- wort-leaved). 3. Malaya,

&c.

, peruvia'num (Peruvian). Peru.
, Phlegma'ria (Phlegmaria). 3. Tropics.
, plumo'sum (plumose). See SELAGINELLA PLUMOSA.
, pseu'do-squarro'sum (false-spreading). i~3i- Trop.

Polynesia (?). 1908.

LYCOPSIS

521

LYSIMACHIA

L. Scho'ttii (Schott's).

„ selaginoi'des (Selago-like). SeeSELAGixELLASPiNOSA.
„ Sela'go (Selago). \. Europe (Britain).
„ serra'tum (sawed). Japan.
„ squarro'sum (spreading). Leaves spreading. * Trop.

Asia. 1 88 1.
„ stoloni'ferum (stolon-bearing). See SELAGINELLA

FLEXUOSA.

„ stri'ctum (upright). Madagascar.

„ taxifo'lium (yew-leaved). 2. Trop. Amer.

„ tetrago'num (four-angled). J. Peru.

,, telra' stichum (four- ranked). Java. 1869.

„ ulicifo'lium (Ulex-leaved). 2. Stems pendulous.

Himalaya. 1880.
„ va'rium (varying). Tasmania.
„ volu'bile (twining). New Zealand.
„ Willdeno'vii (Wildenow's). See SELAGINELLA WILL-

DENOVII.

LYCOPSIS. (From lukos, a wolf, and ops, the eye;
a fanciful comparison of the blue flowers to the eye of
a wolf. Nat. ord. Boraginaceae.)

Hardy annuals, easily reared from seeds in ordinary
garden soil.
L. arve'nsis (field). 1-2. Blue. July, August Europe

(Britain).
„ orienta'lis (oriental). 2. Blue. July, August. S.

Europe. 1796.
,, variega'ta (variegated). i. Blue. June, July.

Caucasus. 1683.

LYCO'RIS. (The name of a woman in Roman history.
Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hex-
andria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Vallota.)

Hardy bulbs, from China and Japan. L. au'rea is a
pretty bulb, with greyish leaves, requiring a deep, sandy-
soiled border ; but, as it grows all the winter, it is best
kept in a pot. Radio.' ta is a shy bloomer. For culture,
see AMARY'LLIS.

L au'rea (golden), i. Yellow. August. 1777.
„ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). i-if. Pale flesh to

bright rose, fragrant. Central China. 1906.
„ radia'ta (rayed), ij. Pink. June. 1758.
„ „ pu'mila (dwarf). £. Pink. Central China. 1902.
„ sangui'nea (blood-coloured), i-il. Carmine. Japan.

1888.

„ Sewerzo'wi (Sewerzow's). See UNGERNIA TRISPH^RA.
„ Sprenge'ri (Sprenger's). Rose-pink to purple-rose.

Japan (?). 1902.
„ squami'gera (scale-bearing). 2-3. Rose. Japan.

1888.
„ strami'nea (straw-coloured-/Zoi£'cr^d). Striped. June.

1847.

„ IVrract'a'rtufTerracian's). Crimson, edged white when
fading. 1889.

LYGrODI'CTYON. (From Lygodium and diciuon, a
net ; in allusion to the net ted veins. Nat. ord. Filices.)
A handsome, climbing fern, requiring stove treatment.
Divisions. Loam, peat, and sand, with plenty of
moisture in summer.
L. Forste'ri (Forster*s). Fronds pinnate. Polynesia.

1882.

LYG(yDnJM. Snake's Tongue. (From lugodes, flex-
ible ; referring to the twining habit. Nat. ord. Ferns
[Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove climbing Ferns. See FERNS.
L. articula'tum (jointed). Brown, yellow. May. New

Zealand. 1844.
„ circina'tum (curled). 6. Brown. August. E. Ind.

1823.
„ fiexuo'sum (zigzag). Brown, yellow. May. E. Ind.

1834.

„ hasta'tum (halbert-shaped). See L. VOLUBILE.
„ japo'nicum (Japanese). Brown, yellow. May. Japan.

1830.

„ mexica'num (Mexican). Brown. Mexico. 1831.
„ palma'tum (hand-shaped). 6. Brown. August.

N. Amer.

„ polymo'rphum (many-form). See L. VENUSTUM.
„ reticula'tum (netted). See LYGODICTYON FORSTERI.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Brown. May. E. Ind.

1793.

„ „ Fulche'ri (Fulcher's). Pinna? larger. Polynesia.
1882.

L. venu'stum (pleasing). Brown, yellow. May. S.

Amer. 1820.

„ volu'bile (twining). 6. Brown. August. W. Ind.
i8ro.

LIMNOPHY'TON. (From limnos, a brook, and phuton,
a plant ; the habitat of the plant. Nat. ord. Alismaceae.
Allied to Sagittaria.)

Stove aquatic herb with arrow-shaped leaves and
persistent sepals. Seeds, divisions in spring. Rich,
loamy soil in a tank or tub.

L, obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 2. White. July. Trop.
Asia and Africa. 1804.

LYO'NIA. (Named, by Nuttall, after /. Lyon, an
American collector of plants. Nat. ord. Heaihworts
[Ericaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Andromeda.)

Hardy white-flowered evergreens, from North America.
Chiefly by layers, in a damp, peat border ; also by seeds
in sandy peat, best under hand-lights, and sparingly
covered ; sandy peat, and cool situation. Several species
of Andromeda should be moved to this genus.
L. capreczfo'lia (tendril-leaved). See L. LIGUSTRINA.
,, fascicula'ta (bundled). 20. White. April. Jamaica.

1824. Stove.

„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3. June. 1734.
,, frondo'sa (leafy). See L. LIGUSTRINA.
„ jamaice'nsis (Jamaican). 2-6. White. June.

Jamaica. 1793. Stove.
„ ligustri'na (privet-leaved). 3-8. White. June.

N. Amer. 1746.

„ „ pube'scens (downy). Leaves downy. June.
„ „ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). See L. LIGUSTRINA.
,, multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See L. LIGUSTRINA.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). See L. LIGUSTRINA.
„ ri'gida (stiff). See L. FERRUGINEA.
„ rubigino'sa (rusty). 5-8. White. July. W. Ind.

1736. Stove.
,, salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). See L. LIGUSTRINA.

LYO'NSIA. (Named after /. Lyons, who first taught
botany to Sir Joseph Banks. Nat. ord. Dogbanes
[Apocynaceas]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Parsonsia.)

Greenhouse evergreen twiner. Cuttings of the young
shoots in sand, under a glass, and in a close frame, in
April ; sandy peat, with a little fibrous loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.

L. strami'nea (straw-coloured). 6. Striped. June.
Australia. 1820.

LYPE'RIA. (From luperos, sad; from the dullness
of some of the flowers. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophu-
lariaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied
to Manulea.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. By seed
in a slight hotbed, in March and April, and cuttings of
young shoots in spring and autumn, in sandy soil, under
a hand-glass ; sandy loam ; the protection of a cold
pit or greenhouse in winter.
L. arge'ntea (silvery), ij. White. August. 1801.

Annual.

»» fra'grans (fragrant). $. White, purple. June. 1776.
„ peduncula'ta (Jong-flower-stalked). ij. White.

August. 1790.
„ pinnati'fida (leaflet-like-/«M;#i). f. Purple. July.

1840.

„ tri'stis (sad), i. Dull purple. May. 1825.
„ viola' cea (violet). 2. Violet. July. 1816.

LYSrCHTTDM. (From lusis, the act of loosing or
freeing, and chiton, a tunic ; the spathe is spread open
so that the spadix is exposed. Nat. ord. Araceas.)

Hardy Aroid, and perennial. Seeds ; divisions in
spring. Any good loamy, well-drained soil in a shady
situation, and moist soil. It is highly interesting and
ornamental.
L. camtschatce'nse (Kamtschatkan). 1-2 J. Yellow.

May. Asia ; N. Amer. 1903.
„ „ album (white). Pure white. 1909.

LYSIMA'CHIA. Loosestrife. ( From lusis, concluding,
and mache, strife; supposed soothing qualities. Nat.
ord. Primeworts [PrimulaceaB]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia.)

LYSINEMA

522

MACADAMIA

All yellow-flowered, except where otherwise men-
tioned. Division in spring, and cuttings of the young
shoots under a hand-light, in sandy loam, in a shady
corner. There are a few annuals and biennials not worth
culture.

GREENHOUSE.
L. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). i. Dark purple.

August. Levant. 1820. Herbaceous.
„ ca'ndida (whtte). See L. OBOVATA.
„ macula'ta (spotted). £. June. N. Holland. 1822.

Evergreen trailer.
„ nu'tans (nodding). 2. Red or purple. July. S.

Africa. 1820.
„ obova'ta (obovate). i. White. June. India; China.

1846. Herbaceous.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

L. acroade'nia (top-glanded). See L. DECURRENS.
„ affi'nis (related). 2$. July.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See L. STRICTA.
„ azo'rica (Azorean). See L. NEMORUM.
„ bary'stachys (dense-spiked). 1-2. White. Japan.

1881.

„ brachy' stachys (short-spiked). See L. BARYSTACHYS.
„ bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing). See L. STRICTA.
„ capita' ta (headed). See L. THYRSIFLORA.
„ cilia to, (hair-fringed). See STEIRONEMA CILIATUM.
„ clethroi'des (Clethra-like). 2-3. White. Japan. 1869.
„ cri'spidens (crisped- toothed). J. Rose- pink. Central

China. 1903.

„ davu'rica, (Dahurian). Siberia.
„ decu'rrens (decurrent). China and Japan.
„ du'bia (doubtful), i. Purple. Asia Minor, Persia, &c.
„ EphSmerum (transient). 2. White. August. Spain.

1730.

„ Fortu'nei (Fortune's). China and Japan.
„ Fra'seri (Eraser's), i. Yellow. July. N. Amer.
„ He'nryi (Dr. Henry's), £. YeUow. Central China.

1903.

„ hy'brida (hybrid). See STEIRONEMA HETEROPHYLLUM.
,, java'nica (Javanese). See L. DECURRENS.
„ lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). See L. FRASERI.
„ Leschenau' Itii (Leschenault's). India.
„ lineari'loba (linear-lobed). See L. MAURITIANA.
„ lobelioi'des (Lobelia-like), x. White. July. North

of India. 1840.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See STEIRONEMA LONGI-

FOLIUM.

„ mauritia'na (Mauritian). 2. White. China. 1856.
„ nemo'rum (grove). $. Yellow. June to August.

Europe (Britain). " Yellow Pimpernel."
„ Nummula'ria (moneywort-like). J. June. Britain.

Evergreen. " Creeping Jenny."
„ paludo'sa (marsh). See L. VULGARIS.
„ paridifo'rmis (Paris-Uke). i. Bright yellow. July.

Central China. 1891.

„ puncta'ta (dotted), ij. July. Europe. 1658.
„ quadrifo'lia (four-leaved). 2. July. N. Amer. 1794.
„ ramo'sa (branched). Himalaya.
„ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). See L. EPHEMERUM.
„ stenose'pala (narrow-sepaled). 2-3. White. Central

China. 1903.

„ stri'cta (erect). i\. July. N. Amer. 1781.
„ thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). i£. June. England.

Aquatic.

„ verticilla'ta (whorled). See L. PUNCTATA.
„ vulga'ris (common). 2-4. Yellow. July, August.

Europe (Britain).

LYSINE'MA. (From lusis, freeing, and nema, a fila-
ment. The stamens not adhering to the sides of the
corolla, as is usual in this Nat. ord. Epacrids [Epa-
cridaceas]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Alh'ed to
Epacris.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Cut-
tings of the young shoots, getting firm at the base — short
shoots a couple of inches in length are the best — in sand,
under a bell-glass, in the beginning of summer ; rough,
sandy peat, with pieces of charcoal, broken bricks, and
freestone, and well-drained. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
L. attenua'tum (thin). See L. PUNGENS.
„ cilia'tum (eye-lashed). 2. Pink. March. 1823.

L. conspi'cuum (conspicuous). 3. March. 1824.
„ lasia'nthum (hairy-flowered). 2. Pink. March. 1820.
„ pentape'talum (five-petaled). See L. CILIATUM.
„ pu'ngens (pungent). 2. White. March. 1804.
„ „ ru'brum (red). 2. Red. March. 1804.

LYSIONO'TUS. (From lusis, freeing, and notes, the
back ; seed-vessel opening from the back. Nat. ord.
Gesnerworts [Gesneraceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-
Gymnospermia. Allied to Agalmyla.)

Stove herbaceous. Seeds in light, sandy soil, in a hot-
bed, in spring ; division of the plant at the same time ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter,
45° to 50°.
L. carno'sa (fleshy). i$. White, tinged with lilac.

China. 1900.
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). See ^SCHYNANTHUS

LONGIFLORUS.

„ serra'ta (sawed). 1-2. Pale lilac or pale blue.

Subtropical Himalayas.
„ ternifo'lia (three-leaved). See L. SERRATA.

LYSISTTGMA. (From lusis, freeing or separation, and
stigma, the stigma ; in allusion to the stigmas being free
or 3-6 lobed. Nat. ord. Araceas. Referred by the
genera Plantarum to Taccarum.)
L. pcregri'num (foreign). See TACCARUM CYLINDRICUM.

LY'THRUM. (From luthron, black-blood ; the pre-
vailing purple colour of the flowers. Nat. ord. Loose-
strifes [Lythraceae]. Linn. n~Dodecandria, i-Monogynia.)
All purple-flowered, except linea're. Seeds of annuals,
in the common border, in spring ; perennials, by division
at the same time. Ala'tum is an old resident of the
greenhouse, propagated by division and cuttings of the
young shoots, or the points of old ones, and forms a
fair bed of purple for the flower-garden in summer, re-
quiring the greenhouse or cold frame in winter. The
following are all hardy herbaceous, except ala'tum, just
mentioned, and Hyssopifo'lia and Gra. ' (feri, which are
hardy annuals.
L. ala' turn (wing-stalked). 3. July. N. Amer. 1800.

„ diffu'sum (spreading). See L. SALICARIA.

,, frutico'sum (shrubby). See WOODFORDIAFLORIBUNDA.

„ Grcz'fferi (Graaffer's). ij. July. Italy. 1800.

,, Hyssopifo'lia (hyssop-leaved), £-1$. Pink. June
to September. Temperate regions (England).

,, lanceola' turn ( spear- head-leaved). See L. ALATUM.

,, linea're (narrow-leaved). i$. White. July. N.
Amer. 1812.

,, myrtifo'lium (myrtle-leaved). 2. July. N. Amer.
1820.

,, Salica'ria (willow-like). 4. July. Britain.

,, „ ro'sea (rosy). Deep, bright rose.

,, thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved) of Allioni. See L.
FFERI.

,, tomento'sum (woolly). See L. SALICARIA.

,, virga'tum (twiggy). 3. July. Austria. 1776.

,, Vulnera'ria ( Vulneraria). See L. ALATUM.

M

See CLADRASTIS AMUR-

MAA'CKIA AMURE'NSIS.

ENSIS.

MA'BA. (From the native name. Nat. ord. Ebenads
[Ebenaceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, 6-Hexandria. Allied to
Diospyros.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in May, under a glass, in sand, over fibrous peat,
and a very slight bottom-heat ; peat and loam.
M. buxifo'lia (box-leaved), ij. Yellow. Asia and Trop.

Africa. 1810. Stove.

„ lauri'na (laurel-like). 3. July. Australia. 1824.
„ natale'nsis (Natal). S. Africa.

MACADA'MIA. (Commemorative of John Macadam
of Victoria. Nat. ord. Proteaces.)

Greenhouse, evergreen tree of economic importance
in Queensland. Cuttings of mature shoots in peat and
sand, under a bell-glass, and kept covered till the callus
forms, when a gentle bottom-heat may be given. Peat,
loam, and sand.

Af. ternifo'lia (three-leaved). 5-30. Australia. 1869.
" Queensland Nut."

MACARANGA

523

MACROMERIA

MACARA'NGA. (The native name of the plant. Nat.
ord. Euphorbiaceae.)

Stove trees with large leaves. Cuttings in sand, in a
close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould,
and plenty of sand.
Af. kilimandscha'rica (Kilimandjaran). Leaves bronze

when young. German E. Africa. 1904.
„ occidenta' Us (western). S. Africa.
„ portea'na (Portean). 10-30. Philippines. 1888.
„ Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). India.
„ sacci'fera (sack-bearing). Branches covered with
tawny-yellow hairs. Congo. 1910.

MACBRI'DEA. (Named after Dr. Macbride, of S.
Carolina. Nat. ord. Labiates, or Lipworts [Labiatas].
Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia. Allied toMelittis.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots,
getting firm at their base, in May ; loam and a little
sandy peat, well drained.
Af. pu'lchra (pretty). Red-striped. July. Carolina. 1804.

MACFADYE'NA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Bignoniaceae.)

Vigorous evergreen stove climbers, with showy flowers.
Seeds ; cuttings of short, stiff side-shoots in summer,
inserted in sand and placed in a close case with bottom-
heat. Loam, peat, and sand.

Af. &rocfeo'sa(large-bracted). 8. White. Guiana. 1823.
„ cory?n6o'sa(corymbed). 6. Yellow. Trinidad. 1824.
„ denta'ta (toothed). Known in gardens as Bignonia

Fraseri. 1903.
,, uncina'ta (hooked). Panama.

MACHZERANTHE'RA. (From makaira, a bent sword,
and anther a, an anther ; alluding to the shape of that
part of the flower. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superftua.)

Af. tanacetifo'lia (tansy-leaved), i. Purple. July. New
Mexico. 1851. This is A'ster tanacetifo'lius.

MACHJE'RIUM. (From makaira, a bent pod ; in
allusion to the shape of the winged pod. Nat. ord.
LeguminosaB.)

Tall evergreen shrubs or trees, requiring stove treat-
ment. Cuttings of half-ripe wood, in sand, placed in a
close case with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
The trees are the rosewoods of Southern Brazil.
Af . aculea'tum (prickly). 12. Brazil. 1824.
„ arbo'reum (tree). 6. White. S. Amer. 1823.
„ fi'rmum (firm). 40-60. Leaves finely divided. Brazil.
„ micro' pterum (small- winged). 10. White. July.

Gardens of Teneriffe. 1820.
„ robinicefo'lium (Robinia-leaved). 6. St. Vincent.

1824.

„ r»"£a(Tipa). 40-80. Leaves light, elegant. Southern
Brazil. 1900.

MACKA'YA. (Commemorative of Dr. /. F. Mackay,
a superintendent of the Dublin University Botanic
Garden. Nat. ord. Acanthaceas. Now referred to
Asystasia.)
Af. be'lla (pretty). See ASYSTASIA BELLA.

MACLEA'NIA. (Named after John Maclean, Esq., of
Luna, a British merchant, and a distinguished patron
of botany. Nat. ord. Cranberries [Vacciniaceaa]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Thibaudia.)

Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings under a hand-light
or bell-glass of the points of the shoots, when getting
firm at their base, in sand, and kept close in a cold pit,
a little air left under the glass, if placed in a slight
hotbed ; sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter temp.,
40° to 48°.

Af . angula'ta (angled). 3. Red, yellow. June. Peru. 1842.
,, cocci' nea (scarlet). 2-3. Scarlet, yellow. Mexico

and Peru. 1851.

„ corda'ta (he&it-leaved). Orange. Peru. 1848.
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 5. Red. May. Peru.

1844.
„ pu'lchra (beautiful). Scarlet, yellow. Colombia.

1874. Stove.

„ puncta'ta (spotted). Red, yellow. Ecuador. 1848.
„ speciosi' ssima (very showy). Scarlet, yellow. Colom-
bia. 1864. Stove.
„ tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). See M. LONGIFLORA.

MACLEA'YA. (Named after A. Macleay, a British
naturalist. Nat. ord. Poppyworts [PapaveraceasJ. Linn.
n-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia. United to Bocconia.)
Af. corda'ta (heart-leaved). See BOCCONIA CORDATA.

MACLU'RA. (Named after W. Maclure, a North
American geologist. Nat. ord. Nettleworts [Urticaceae].
Linn. zi-Moncecia, 4-Tetrandria. Allied to Broussonetia.)
Cuttings of ripe shoots under a glass, in heat ; auran-
ti'aca by cuttings of the root and layers ; soil, peat and
loam. Although auranti'aca is hardy it requires a
warm situation.
Af. auranti'aca (Osagc-orange). 20. N. Amer. 1818.

Hardy deciduous.

„ „ inefrmis (unarmed). A spineless variety. 1896.
„ Plumie'ri (Plumier's). See CHLOROPHORA TINCTORIA

PLUMIERI.

„ tincto'ria (dyer's). See CHLOROPHORA TINCTORIA.
„ tricuspida' ta (three-pointed). China. 1864.

MACO'DES. (Derivation not very clear. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Terrestrial stove orchids with very handsome foliage.
Divisions or cuttings when growth is commencing, under
a bell-glass in the stove. Fibrous peat, sphagnum, bits
of charcoal, and sand.
Af. java'nica (Javanese). Orange-red, yellow. Leaves

velvety olive, with green veins. Java. 1888.
„ Peto'la (Petola). Leaves velvety olive, with yellow

netting. Java. 1859.
„ sanderia'na (Sanderian). Leaves dark olive-green,

netted yellow. Sunda Islands.
„ Vei'tchii (Veitch's). Philippine Islands.

MACRADE'NIA. (From makros, long, and aden, a
gland ; referring to the long process of the pollen-masses.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn. zo-Gynandria,
i-Monandria. Allied to Notylia.)

Stove orchids. Division when growth is commencing ;
fibrous peat, charcoal, and broken pots and sphagnum ;
the plants raised above the pot requiring a strong, moist
heat in the orchid-house when growth is proceeding, and
cooler and drier when resting.
Af. firo5sa't;o/<z(Brassavola-like). White, yellow, purple.

Guatemala. 1864.
„ lute'scens (clay-coloured). J. Olive. November.

Trinidad. 1821.

„ tria'ndra (three-anthered). Pale green, red inside.
Guiana ; Cuba.

MACR2E'A. See VIVIANIA.

MACRA'NTHUS. (From makros, long, and anthos, a
flower. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. iJ-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria. See MUCUNA.
Af. cochinchine'nsis (Cochin-China). See MDCDNA

COCHINCHINENSIS.

MACROCffl'LUS FRYA'NTJS. See MILTONIA SPECTA-

BILIS.

MACROCHO-RDIUM. See ^CHMEA.

MACRO ONE 'MUM. (From makros, long, and kneme,
a leg ; referring to the flower-stalks. Nat. ord. Rubiads
[Rubiaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Portlandia.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat ;
peat and fibrous loam, well drained. Winter temp.,
55° to 60* ; summer, 60* to 85*.
Af. cocci'neum (scarlet). See WARSCEWICZIA COCCINEA.

„ jamaicef nse( Jamaica). 14. White. Jamaica. 1806.

,, tincto'rium (dyeing). See CONDAMINEA INCTORIA.

MACROLO'BIUM. (From makros, long, and lobos, a
pod ; it has long pods. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Stove evergreen tree or shrub. Cuttings in sand in a
dose frame, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
Af. Vua'pa ( Vuapa). 10. Violet. May. Trop. Amer.
1823.

MACROME'RIA. (From makros, long, and metis, a
part ; referring to the unusual length of the stamens. Nat.
ord. Borageworts [Boraginaceae]. Ljnn. ^-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

MACROPIPER EXCELSUM 524

MAGNOLIA

Half-hardy evergreen shrub, requiring the protection
of a cold pit in winter ; seeds and divisions in spring ;
sandy loam and fibrous peat.

M. exse'rta (pro)ecting-stamened). 3. Yellow. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1846.

MACRO PIPER EXCELSUM. See PIPER EXCELSUM.

MACROPO'DIA. (From makros, large, and pous,
podos, a foot ; in allusion to the thick rhizomes. Macro-
pidia is considered the correct spelling of the word.
Nat. ord. Haemodoraceae.)

A greenhouse herb, with the habit of Anigozanthus.
Divisions in spring. Fibrous loam and peat in equal
parts, with sand.

M. fuligino'sa (sooty). See M. FUMOSA.
„ fumo'sa (smoky). 2-3. Dusky yellow. June.
Australia.

MACROS CE'PIS. (From makros, large, and skepe, a
wrapper. Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceae.)

Evergreen stove twiners. Seeds ; cuttings of side-
shoots in sand, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
M. elli'ptica (elliptic). Olive-green. Brazil. 1898.
,, obova'ta (obovate). Brownish. Autumn. Mexico ;
Trop. Amer.

MACROSPHY'RA. (From makros, large, and sphura,
a hammer ; in allusion to the large stigma. Nat. ord.
Rubiaceae.)

Evergreen, stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
M. longi'styla (long-styled). 3-5. Green, white. Trop.
Africa. 1845.

MACROSTI'GMA TUPISTROI'DES. See TUPISTRA

SQUALIDA.

MACRO'STYLIS. (From makros, long, and stulis, a
style, or female organ. Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutaceae].
Linn. 5-Penta.ndria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Agathosma.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South Africa.
Cuttings of young shoots getting firm, in April or May,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept in a close place,
but without bottom-heat ; sandy peat and fibrous loam,
but most of the former. Winter temp., 40* to 48°.
M. barba'ta (bearded). See M. LANCEOLATA.

„ barbi'gera (beard-bearing). Lilac. April. 1826.

„ corda'ta (heart-leaved). See AGATHOSMA IMBRICATA.

„ lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). 2. White. May. 1810.

„ obiu'sa (blunt-leaved). See M. SQUARROSA.

„ ova'ta (egg-shaped). 2. Purple. May. 1774.

„ squarro'sa (spreading). Lilac. April. 1774.

,, „ oblo'nga (oblong). 2. Purple. May. 1774.

MACROTO'MIA. (From makros, large, and tomion, a
piece cut off. Nat. ord. Boraginaceae.)

Hardy and half-hardy perennials suitable for the
rockery. Seeds ; cuttings in sand in a cold frame kept
close during July and August. Loam, leaf-mould, and
sand, or any rich light soil.
Af. Bentha'mi (Bentham's). 1-3. Brownish-purple.

Himalaya. 1888.
„ Cephalo'tes (Cephalotes). Golden-yellow. Greece ;

Asia Minor. 1896.

„ echioi'des (Echium-like). J-f . Yellow, with five dark
spots. June. Orient.

MACRO'TROPIS. (From makros, long, and tropis, a
keel ; referring to the length and name of the lower part
of a pea-flower. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Sophora.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from China. Cuttings
of small side-shoots, taken off in spring, in sand, under
a bell-glass ; seeds sown in a slight hotbed, and potted
off when up ; peat and loam, in equal divisions. Winter
temp., 40* to 48*.

M. fce'tida (fetid). See ANAGYRIS SINENSIS.
,, inodo'ra (scentless). See ANAGYRIS INODORA.

MACROZA'MIA. (From makros, large, and Zamia.
Nat. ord. Cycadaceae.)

Stove or greenhouse evergreens, preferring a moist
atmosphere when making their young leaves. Imported
seeds or plants ; occasionally offsets may be detached.
Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.

M. calo'coma (beautiful- haired). See MICROCYCAS CALO-
COMA.

,, cora'llipes (red-stalked). See M. SPIRALIS CORALLIPES.

„ ,, gyra'ta (twisted). See M. SPIRALIS.

,, cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). Australia. 1874.

,, Deniso'ni (Denison's). See M. PEROFFSKYANA.

„ eleganti' ssima (very elegant). Australia. 1873.

„ erio'lepis (woolly-scaled). See M. PEROFFSKYANA.

„ exce'lsa (tall). S. Africa. 1869.

„ Fra'seri (Fraser's). Stem 4-5 ft. in girth. Australia.
1846.

„ Ho'pei (Hope's). 40-60. Australia. 1865.

,, Macdonne'lli (Macdonnell's). See M. FRASERI.

„ Macke'nzii (Mackenzie's). Trunk thick. Australia.
1877.

,, Maclea'yi (Macleay's). See M. SPIRALIS.

,, magni'fica (magnificent). Australia. 1870.

„ Mique'lii (Miquel's). Australia. 1876.

,, ,, oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). Leaflets broader.

„ Moo'rei (Moore's). Australia.

„ Pau'li-Guilie'lmi (Paul- William's). Australia. 1874.

„ peroffskya'na (Peroffskyan). Australia. 1870.

„ perowskia'na (Perowskian). See M. PEROFFSKYANA.

„ plumo'sa (plumy). See M. PAULI-GUILIELMI.

,, spira'lis (spiral). 2-3. July. Australia. 1796.

„ ,, cora'llipes (coral-stalked). Leaf-stalk reddish-
brown near the base. 1872.

„ ,, ebu'rnea (ivory). Australia. 1873.

,, tridenta'ta (three-toothed). See M. MIQUELII.

„ „ oblongifo'lia (oblong- leaved). See M. MIQUELII

OBLONGIFOLIA.

MADAGASCAR NUTMEG. Agathophy'llum.
MADAGASCAR POTATO. Sola'num Angui'vi.
MAD-APPLE. Sola'num Melonge'na.
MADA'RIA. See MADIA.
MADDER. Ru'bia tincto'rum.

MA'DIA. (The Chilian name of M. sati'va. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Super-
ftua. AUied to Layia.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in March
or April, and afterwards transplanted or sown in the
middle of May, on a warm border, where they are to
bloom ; any garden soil, if not fully exposed to the
midday sun, for then there will be no danger of a rusty
appearance.

M. capita'ta (headed). See M. SATIVA CONGESTA.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbed). See M. ELEGANS.
„ e'legans (elegant), ij. Yellow. August. N.W.

Amer. 1831.
„ sati'va (cultivated). Yellow. July. Chili. 1794.

" Madia Oil Plant."

„ „ conge' sta (crowded). Flowers in a head.
„ ,, racemo'sa (racemed). Flowers in a raceme.
„ visco'sa (clammy). See M. SATIVA.

MADWORT. Aly'ssum.

M^E'SA. (From maas, the Arabic name of one of the
species. Nat. ord. Ardisiads [Myrsinaceae]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria, i-Monogynia. AUied to Ardisia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with white blossoms. By
seeds, which are a considerable time in vegetating ; by
cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in sand, over sandy
peat, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 50* to 60* ; summer, 60* to 85*.
M. arge'ntea (silvery). 5. April. Himalaya. 1818.

„ Bceobo'trys (Baeobotrys). 5. White. March. 1830.

,, i'ndica (Indian). 5. November. India. 1817.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 12. June. Himalaya.
1818.

„ nemora'lis (wood). See M. B^OBOTRYS.

,, piibe'scens (downy). 4. June. India. 1824.

„ rugo'sa (wrinkled). 3-4. White. Himalaya.

„ tomento'sa (felted). See M. MACROPHYLLA.

MAGNO'LIA. (Named after Professor Magnol, of
Montpelier. Nat. ord. Magnoliads [Magnoliaceae]. Linn.
i^-Polyandria, 6-Polygynia.)

A noble genus, all white-flowered, except where other-
wise mentioned. Propagated by seeds, layers, grafting,
and budding ; and each of these modes best suits different
kinds. Seeds of most of the American kinds are easily

MAGNOLIA

525

MAHERNIA

procured thence, and from France, where, in their clearer
sky, the trees thrive better, and ripen their seeds, which
they seldom do with us. The seeds should be sown in a
hotbed, in spring, and a little patience should be exer-
cised until the seedlings make their appearance, when
they must be successively potted, and kept several years
in a cold pit in winter. Though the most vigorous
plants are thus raised, yet, as they are long in blooming,
preference is usually given to plants raised from layers of
all the stronger-growing kinds. These are generally laid
down in the autumn, and the best part of two years
generally elapses before they are fit to be moved, when they
should be potted, and kept in a pit until well established.
No one should purchase a young plant, except in a pot,
as the few, but large, fleshy roots are easily injured.
Some of the more succulent-stemmed kinds, with large
pith, can neither be easily layered nor grafted — such as
tripe'iala and macrophy'lla. For these seedlings are the
best, and the seed ripens freely in different parts of
France. Most of the varieties and the weaker species
may be budded, and grafted, and inarched on the stronger-
growing, more easily reared kinds. Obova'ta and acumi-
na'ta are much used for this purpose. In most cases it
requires a considerable time to effect the union. In
many cases, where inarching is resorted to, two years
must elapse before the separation can be effected safely.
The tenderer Chinese and Asiatic species require, in
general, protection in winter ; the former a cold pit or
greenhouse, the latter a wall, &c. They are propagated
by layers, and also by cuttings, as well as seeds. The
cuttings should be of ripe shoots, and inserted in sand,
under a glass. Many kinds, however, will propagate by
the herbaceous-like young shoots ; but more attention
to shading, &c., is required. All delight, when planted
out, in a deep, sandy soil, quite dry, and enriched with
peat and a little leaf-mould. Glau'ca, however, generally
thrives best in a peaty soil rather retentive of moisture.

TENDER EVERGREENS.

M. Champio'ni (Champion's). See M. PUMILA.
„ compre'ssa (compressed). See MICHELIA COMPRESSA.
,, fusca'ta (brovm-stalked). See MICHELIA FUSCATA.
„ „ anonafo'lia (Anona- leaved). See MICHELIA FUS-
CATA ANON^EFOLIA.

„ odorati' 'ssima (sweetest-scented). See TALAUMA CAN-

DOLLEI.

„ pu'mila (dwarf). 3. White. China and Java. 1786.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

M. Delava'yi (Delavay's). Pure white, egg-shaped.

Yunnan, China. 1903.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 20. August. Carolina.

1734-
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 20. July. Paris.

1825.
„ „ biflo'ra (two-flowered). Flowers in pairs, opening

in succession. 1885.

„ „ cri'spa (curled). 20. June. N. Amer.
,, „ elli'ptica (oval). 20. August. Carolina. 1734.
,, „ exonie'nsis (Exeter). 20. August. N. Amer.
» » ferrugi'nea (rusty). 20. August. N. Amer.
„ ,, lanceola'ta (spear- bead-leaved). 20. August.

Carolina. 1734.
„ „ obova'ta (reversed-egg-leaved). 20. August.

Carolina. 1734.

„ „ prof cox (early). 20. August. N. Amer.
„ „ pravertia'na (Pravertian). Habit pyramidal ;

fruits red. 1903.
„ „ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 20. August. N.

Amer.

„ #V&Ms(Kobus). Purple, white. July. Japan. 1804.
,, ,, borea'lis (northern). Leaves, flowers, and fruits

larger than the type. Japan. 1908.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.
M. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). 60. Yellow, green.

June. N. Amer. 1736. " Cucumber Tree."
„ „ Cando'llii (De Candolle's). 60. June. N. Amer.

1736.
„ „ corda'ta (heart-shaped). 40. June. S. United

States. 1 80 1.

„ ,, ma' xima (largest-leaved). 60. June. N. Amer. 1736.
„ auricula' ta (ess-leaved). See M. FRASERI.

M. Campbe'llii (Campbell's). 40-50. Rose-pink, white

withni. E. Himalaya. 1868.
,, conspt' cua (conspicuous). 5-30. White. March.

China and Japan. 1789. " Yulan."
„ „ di' scalar (two-coloured). See M. OBOVATA DIS-
COLOR.

,, „ obova'ta (obovate). See M. OBOVATA.
„ „ soulangea'na (Soulangean). See M. SODLANGEANA.
„ corda'ta (heart-leaved). See M. ACUMINATA CORDATA.
„ Fra'seri (Eraser's). 20-50. Pale yellow. April, May.

S. United States. 1786.

,, „ pyramida'ta (pyramidal). See M. FRASERI.
„ glau'ca (milky-green). 20. July. N. Amer. 1688.

" Swamp Bay."

„ „ burchelliana (Burchell's-do able). 20. June.
„ „ gordonia'na (Gordon* s-double) . 20. June. 1750.
„ ,, ma'jor (larger). See M. THOMPSONIANA.
„ globo'sa (globose). 6-15. White, fragrant. Stamens

bright red. Sikkim and W. China. 1906.
„ gra'cilis (slender). See M. KOBUS.
„ hallia'na (Hallian). See M. STELLATA.
„ hypoleu'ca (white beneath). 40-60. Creamy. Japan.

1865.
„ Le'nnei (Lome's). 4-8. Deep rose. (M. conspicua

XM. obova'ta.)
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 30. July. N. Amer.

1800.

„ Norbe'rtii (Norbert's). (M. conspicuaxM. obovata.)
„ obova'ta (obovate). 6. Purple. May. China. 1790.
,, „ di'scolor (two-coloured). 6. Purple outside, white

within. May. China. 1790-
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). White, marked with

crimson. Japan. 1888.
„ „ mi' nor (lesser). Smaller in all its parts. Japan.

1888.

„ purpu'rea (purple). See M. OBOVATA DISCOLOR.
,, pyramida'ta (pyramidal). See M. FRASERI.
,, salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 10-20. Leaves silvery-
white beneath. N. Japan. 1902.
,, soulangea'na (Soulangean). 10-30. White, tinted

purple. (M. conspicua x M. obovata.)
„ „ Nieme'tzi (Niemetz's). An erect-branched variety.

1907.
„ „ ni'gra (black). Dark crimson-purple. (M. con-

spicuaxM. obovata.)
„ stella' ta (starry). 2-6. White; petals numerous.

March, April. Japan. 1878.
„ supe'rba (superb). (M. conspicua x M. obovata.)
„ thompsonia'na (Thompsonian). Cream. June. 1808.

(M. glaucaxM. tripetala ?).
„ tripe'iala (three-petaled). 30. May. N. Amer.

" Umbrella Tree."

„ Umbre'lla (Umbrella). See M. TRIPETALA.
„ Watso'ni (Watson's). 4-8. Creamy-white ; filaments

blood-red. Japan. 1891.
„ Wiesne'ri (Wiesner's). 8-10. Pure white, fragrant.

Japan. 1890.
„ Yulan (Yulan). See M. CONSPICUA.

MAGPIE MOTH. See ABRAXAS GROSSULARIJE.
MAHARA'NGA EMO'DL See ONOSMA EMODI.

MAKE RNIA. (An anagram of Hermannia, an alh'ed
genus. Nat. ord. Sterculiads [Sterculiaceas]. Linn. 16-
Monadelphia, 2-Pentandria.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, about two feet high,
from South Africa. Cuttings of young shoots, an inch
or two in length, in sandy soil, under a glass any time in
summer ; fibrous loam and sandy peat, with lumps of
charcoal and broken pots, intermixed when grown in
pots. In summer they will do in the flower-garden, and
did the flowers look up a little more, they would be very
interesting ; from their habit they are seen to best
advantage in a pot.

M. chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered), i. Yellow. S. Africa.
1868. Decumbent.

„ diffu'sa (spread-put). i. Yellow. May. Cape
Colony. Trailing.

„ glabra'ta (smooth). Yellow. June. 1789.

,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Red. June. 1791.

„ „ Burche'llii (Burchell's). Leaves less divided.

„ heterophy'lla (various- leaved). Yellow. May. 1731.

,, inci'sa (cut-leaved). Yellow, white. July. 1792.

„ oxalidiflo'ra (Oxalis-flowered). Yellow. June. 1817.

„ pulche'lla (neat). Reddish. July. 1792.

MAHOGANY-TREE

526

MALLOW ROSE

M. ru'tila (red). Orange-red. August. S. Africa. Pro-
cumbent.

„ vernica'ta (varnished). Vermilion. July. 1816.
„ verticilla'ta (whorled). Yellow. July. 1820.
„ vesica'ria (bladdery). Yellow. June. 1818.

BIAHOGANY-TREE. Swiete'nia Mahago'ni.
MAHO'NIA. A synonym of Be'rberis.

M. Aquifo'lium. See BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM.
„ argu'ta (acute). See BERBERIS ARGUTA.
„ diversifo'lia (divers-leaved). See BERBERIS AQUI-
FOLIUM.
„ fascicula'ris (bundled). See BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM

FASCICULARIS.

„ gluma'cea (scaly). See BERBERIS NERVOSA.
„ re' pens (creeping). See BERBERIS REPENS.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). See BERBERIS AQUI-
FOLIUM ROTUNDIFOLIA.

MAHU'REA. (The native name. Nat. ord. Theads
[Ternstromiaceae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 8-Polyandria.
Allied to Stuartia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a moderate bottom-
heat, any time in summer ; sandy peat and fibrous
loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60* ; summer, 60* to 80".
M. palu'stris (marsh). 15. Purple. May. Guiana.

MAIDEN-HAIR. Passifto'ra Adia'ntum, and Adi-
a'ntum Capi'llus-Ve'neris, &c.

MAIDEN-HAIK-TREE. Gi'nkgo bi'loba.
MAIDEN PLUM. Comocla'dia.

MAIDEN TREE is a seedling tree which has not been
grafted. The term is also applied to fruit-trees and
roses, during the first year from the graft or bud.

The time which elapses before seedlings attain a bearing
age is very various. The pear requires from twelve to
eighteen years ; the apple, five to thirteen ; plum and
cherry, four to five ; vine, three to four ; raspberry, two ;
and the strawberry, one.

MAIA'NTHEMUM. (From maios, May, and anthemon,
a flower. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

A dwarf fibrous-rooted creeping herb, suitable for the
rockery. Divisions in spring. Ordinary garden soil.
M. bifo'lium (two-leaved). See M. CONVALLARIA.
„ Convalla'ria (Lilyof-the-Valley-like). $. White.
May. N. temperate regions (England). " Two-
leaved Lily of the Valley."

MATE TA. (The native name. Nat. ord. Melastomads
[Melastomaceaej. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Medinilla.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots,
getting a little firm, in sandy soil, and in bottom-heat, in
April and May ; peat and loam, with a little charcoal
and brick-rubbish. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer,
6oe to 80".
M. guiane'nsis (Guianan). 2. White. Guiana. 1824.

MAI'RIA. (Derivation not explained. Nat. ord.
Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-JEqualis.
Allied to Aster.)

Half-hardy herbaceous plants, from South Africa ;
seeds, and division in spring ; requiring the protection
of a dry, cold pit in winter ; sandy loam and a little peat.
M. crena'ta (scolloped-leaved) . J. Lilac or purple. April

to July. 1820.

„ taxifo'lia( yew-leaved). J-iJ. Yellow, purple. July.
1816.

MAJE'TA. See MAIETA.
MAJORA'NA. See ORIGANUM.

MALABAI'LA. (Commemorative of Count Malabaila
von Canal, of Prague, in the kingdom of Bohemia. Nat
ord. Umbelliferas.)

Hardy border perennials. Seeds. Ordinary garden
soil.
Af. obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved), x. Green. July. Greece;

Asia Minor. 1819.

„ Opo'ponax (Opoponax). See OPOPONAX CHIRONIUM.
„ pimpinellcefo'lia (Pimpinella-leaved). 2. Yellow.
July. Caucasus. 1818

MALABAR LEAF. Cinnamo'mum ine'rs.
MALABAR NIGHTSHADE. Base'lla.

MALABAR ROSE. Hibi'scus Ro'sa-malaba'rica, which
is H. hi'rtus.

MALACHADE'NIA. (From malache, a mallow, and
aden, a gland. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae. Properly it is a
Bulbophyllum.)
M . clava'ta (clubbed). Green, brown. Brazil. 1839.

MALACHODE'NDRON. See STUARTIA.

MALA'XIS. (From mala'xis, delicate ; referring to
the whole plant. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn.
2o-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Calypso.)

Terrestrial orchids, growing in sandy peat, and in moist
places ; division of the roots.
Af. cauda'ta (tailed). See BRASSIA CAUDATA.
,, liliifo'lia (Lily- leaved). See LIPARIS LILIIFOLIA.
„ ophioglossoi' des (Ophioglossum-like). See MICRO-

STYLIS OPHIOGLOSSOIDES.

,, paludo'sa (marsh). J. Yellow, green. July. England.

Hardy.
„ Partho'ni (Parthon's). See MICROSTYLIS HISTION-

ANTHA.

MALAY APPLE. Euge'nia malacce'nsis.

MALCO LMIA. (Named after W. Malcolm, mentioned
by Ray. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. 15-
Tctradynamia. Allied to Hesperis.)

Hardy annuals, blooming in June, if sown early in
April ; but a succession may be kept up by sowing in
the three following months ; common garden soil.
Arena' ria, chi'a, incrassa'ta, and mari'tima are the hand-
somest.
Af. africa'na (African). |. Purple. Africa. 1744.

,, arena'ria (sand). Violet. Algiers. 1804.

,, bi' color (two- coloured). Greece.

,, chi'a (Chian. Dwarf -branching), i. Purple. Chio.
1732.

,, ero'sa (gnavred-leaved). J. Portugal. 1818.

,, ftexuo'sa (flexuous). i. Purple. Greece. 1820.

,, incrassa'ta (thick-leaf -stalked). See M. FLEXUOSA.

,, interme'dia (intermediate). See M. AFRICANA.

„ la'cera (torn-leaved). White, yellow. S. Europe.
1780.

„ la'xa (loose). 2. Purple. Siberia. 1820.

„ litto'rea (shore), x. White, yellow. S. Europe. 1683.

,, lyra'ta (lyre-shaped). J. Purple. Cyprus. 1820.
„ mari'tima (sea.-side). J.
" Virginian Stock."

Violet. S. Europe. 1713.

,, parvifto'ra (small-flowered). J. Lilac. S. Europe.

1823.

„ pulche'lla (pretty), i. Red. July. Syria. 1827.
,, runcina'ta (runcinate). Purple. Caspian Sea. 1795.
,, taraxacifo'lia (dandelion-leaved). See M. RUNCINATA.

MALE FERN. La'strea Fi'lix-ma's.

MALESHE'RBIA. (Named after a French patron of
botany. Nat. ord. Passion-flowers [Passifloraceae], Linn.
S-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse annuals, from Chili. Seeds sown in a
hotbed, in March, seedlings pricked off, potted, and
flowered in the greenhouse ; sandy peat and fibrous
loam, with a little very reduced leaf-mould.
Af. fascicula' ta (fascicled). See GYNOPLEURA FASCICU-

LATA.

„ hu'milis (humble). See GYNOPLEURA HUMILIS.

„ linearifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See GYNOPLEURA

LINEARIFOLIA.

,, thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). Yellow. July. 1832.

MALLO'TUS. (From mallotos, fleecy, or woolly;

alluding to the woolly fruit. Nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae.)

Stove and greenhouse evergreen shrubs or small trees.

Cuttings in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat.

Loam, peat, and sand.

Af. cochinchine' nsis (Cochin-chinese). India and

,, japo'nicus (Japanese). China and Japan, i!

,, panicula'tus (panicled). See M. COCHINCHIN^NSIS.

,, Philippine' nsis (Philippines). Trop. Asia.. J

MALLOW. Ma'lva.

MALLOW ROSE. Hibi'scus Moscheu'tos.

MALOPE

527

MALVA

MA'LOPE. (From malos, soft, or tender ; referring to
the texture of the leaves. Nat. ord. Mallowworts [Mal-
vaceae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 8-Polyandria.)

Hardy annuals, with purple flowers. Seeds sown under
a glass, in March, or in the open border towards the end
of April ; earlier, if the ground is sandy and early.
M. malacoi'des (mallow-like), x. June. S. Europe.

1710.

„ „ sinua'ta. (wavy-edged). July. 1710.
„ tri'fida (three-cleft). 2. July. Spain; N.Africa.

1808.

„ „ a'lba (white). White.

„ „ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). Flowers larger.
MALOBTI'EA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Palmaceae.)

Stove Palms. Seeds. Loam, peat, and sand, with
plenty of water in summer and a moist atmosphere.
M. gra'cilis (graceful). 2. Costa Rica. 1862.
„ koschnya'na (Koschnyan). Spadix not branched.

Costa Rica. 1901.
„ simplex (simple). 2. Spadix branched. Costa Rica.

1861.

MALQUE TIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Apocynaceas.)

Stove evergreen shrubs or trees, with white or greenish
yellow flowers. Cuttings in sand, in a dose case, with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
M. asia'iica (Asiatic). Japan.
„ Tamaquari'na (Tamaquarina). 4. Yellow. October.

Brazil. 1793.

MALPI GHIA. (Named after Professor Malpighi, of
Pisa. Nat. ord. Malpighiads [Mapighiaceas]. Linn. 10-
Decandria, $-Trigynia. Allied to Galphimia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young shoots
almost ripe, but with leaves attached, except at the
joint cut through, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom-heat, in summer ; sandy peat and fibrous loam.
Winter temp., 50* to 55° ; summer, 60* to 85°.
M. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6-9. Pale rose. July.

W. Ind.
„ aquifo'lia (holly-leaved). 7. Pink. August. S.

Amer. 1759.

„ biflo'ra (two-flowered). See M. PUNICIFOLIA.
„ cocci' gera (berry-bearing). 2. Pink. W. Ind.
„ gla'bra (smooth-Jeai;^) . 16. Rose. May. W. Ind.

1755- " Barbados Cherry."
inca'n<

,'na (hoary). Rose. Campeachy. 1742.
macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Red, pink. July. Brazil.
1820.

„ me'dia (medium). W. Ind. This is Bunchosia media.

„ ni'tida (glossy-leaved). See BUNCHOSIA NITIDA.

„ polysta'chya (many-spiked). W. Ind. This is Bun-
chosia polystachya.

„ punicifolia (pomegranate-leaved). 12. Rose. W.
Ind. 1690.

„ u'rens (stinging). 6-8. Pale rose. W. Ind.

MA'LUS. See PY'RUS.

MALVA. Mallow. (From malacho, to soften; re-
ferring to their emollient qualities. Nat. ord. Mallow-
worts [Malvaceae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 8-Polyandria.)

Hardy annuals, by seeds in the open border in April ;
perennial herbaceous, such as monroa'na, &c., by seeds
under a hand-light, by division in spring, and by cuttings
of the young shoots under a hand-light ; stove and
greenhouse species, by cuttings, generally inserted in
sandy soil, under a hand-light ; these last are best grown
in rich, fibrous loam and peat, and require merely the
common treatment suitable to greenhouse and stove.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

M. angula'ta (angled), i. Purple. July. 1830.
„ campanuloi' des (Campanula-like). $. Blush. October.

N. Amer. 1825.
„ purpura'ta (purpled). See MALVASTRUM CAMPANU-

LATUM.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

M. amce'na (pleasing). See MALVASTRUM CALYCINUM.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See SPH^CRALCEA

ANGUSTIFOLIA.

M. aspe'rrima (roughest). See MALVASTRUM ASPERRI-

MUM.

,, balsa' mica (balsamic). See MALVASTRUM CAPENSE

BALSAMICUM.

,, bryonifo' lia (bryony-leaved). See MALVASTRUM

BRYONIFOLIUM.

,, calyci'na (large-calyxed). See MALVASTRUM CALY-
CINUM.
,, campanula 'ta (bell-flowered). See MALVASTRUM CAM-

PANULATUM.

,, cape'nsis (Cape). See MALVASTRUM CAPENSE.
„ capita' ta (headed). See MALVASTRUM CAPITATUM.
„ creea'na (Creean). See MALVASTRUM COCCINEUM

GROSSULARI.SFOLIUM.

„ divarica'ta (divaricate). See MALVASTRUM DIVARI-

CATUM.

„ fra'grans (fragrant). See MALVASTRUM FRAGRANS.
,, fra'grans (fragrant) of Bot. Mag. See MALVASTRUM

CAPENSE BALSAMICUM.

„ grossulariafo'lia (gooseberry-leaved). See MALVAS-
TRUM GROSSULARI^FOLIUM.

„ la'ctea (milk-coloured). See MALVASTRUM VITIFOLIUM.
,, later i'tia (brick-red) of Hooker. See MALVASTRUM

LATERITIUM.

,, lime'nsis (Liman). See MALVASTRUM LIMENSE.

,, martensia'na (Martensian). Rose-coloured. Australia.
1864.

„ fntma'ta(red). 4. Red veins. June. S. Amer. 1698.

„ obtusi'loba (blunt-lobed). See SPH^ERALCEA OBTUSI-
LOBA.

,, odora'ta (scented). See MALVASTRUM CAPENSB.

,, peruvia'na (Peruvian). See MALVASTRUM PERU-
VIANUM.

,, prostra'ta (prostrate). See MODIOLA MULTIFIDA.

„ refte'xa (reflexed). See MALVASTRUM TRIDACTYLITES.

,, retu'sa (bent-back-leaved). See MALVASTRUM CALY-
CINUM.

,, sherardia'na (Sherardian) . See SIDA SHERARDIANA.

,, stri'cta (erect). See MALVASTRUM STRICTUM.

„ tridactyli'tes (three-fingered). See MALVASTRUM

TRIDACTYLITES.

„ wnbella'ta (umbelled). See SPHL^RALCEA UMBELLATA.

STOVE HERBACEOUS.
M. dominge'nsis (Domingo). See MALVASTRUM TRICUS-

PIDATUM.

,, tricuspida' ta (three-spined). See MALVASTRUM TRI-
CUSPIDATUM.

STOVE EVERGREENS.
M. abutiloi'des (Abutilon-like). See SPH^ERALCEA ABUTI-

LOIDES.
,, borbo'nica (Bourbon). See MALVASTRUM TRICUSPI-

DATUM.

,, cocci'nea (scarlet). See MALVASTRUM COCCINEUM.
„ conci'nna (neat). 5. Lilac. May. S. Amer. 1835.
„ sca'bra (rough-stemmed). See MALVASTRUM SCABRUM.
,, scopa'ria (broom-like). See MALVASTRUM RUGELII.
,, spica'ta (simple- spiked). See MALVASTRUM SPICATUM.
„ tomento'sa( woolly). 3. Yellow. July E. Ind. 1820.

HARDY ANNUALS.

M. cri'spa (curled). 5. White. June. Syria. 1573.
,, Duria'i (Duriae's). Purple. Algeria.
,, hasta'ta (halbert-shaped). iJ-2. Rose-violet.

Mexico. 1893.

,, lu'cida (shining). See M. SYLVESTRIS.
,, mauritia'na (Mauritanian). See M. SYLVESTRIS.
„ Mulle'rii (Muller's). See LAVATERA TRILOBA.

, HARDY HERBACEOUS.

M. A'lcea(Alcea). 2-3. Soft rose. July. Europe. 1829.
,, „ fostigia' ta (upright). 3. Red. July. Italy. 1820.
„ alceoi'des (Alcea-like). See M. ALCEA.
,, arbo'rea (tree). See LAVATERA ARBOREA.
„ auranti'aco-ru'bra (orange-red). 3. Orange-red.

N.W. Amer. 1871.
„ borea'lis (northern). 3. White, red. June. Europe;

N. Asia. 1820.

,, carolinia'na (Carolinian). See MODIOLA MULTIFIDA.
„ geranioi'des (Geranium-like). See MODIOLASTRUM

GERANIOIDES.

„ Henni'ngii (Henning's). See M. BOREAIIS.

MALVASTRUM

528

MAMILLARIA

M. involucra'la (involucrated). See CALLIRHOE INVOLU-

CRATA.

„ ita'lica (Italian). See M. ALCEA.

„ lateri'tia (brick-coloured). See MALVASTRUM LATERI-

TIUM.

„ monroa'na (Monro's). See SPH^RALCEA MUNROANA.
„ More'nii (Moreni's). See M. ALCEA FASTIGIATA.
„ moscha'ta (musk). 2. Flesh. June. Britain.
, „ a'lba (white). 2. White. June. Britain. 1881.
, „ undula'ta (waved). 2. White. July.
, oxy'loba (sharp-lobed). Orient.
, Papa'ver (Papaver). See CALLIRHO£ PAPAVER.
, parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Pink. Europe.
, punciu la (dotted). See LAVATERA PUNCTATA.
„ rivularis (stream-bank). See SPH^ERALCEA ACERI-

FOLIA.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). J. Pale pink. Europe

(Britain).
„ sylve'stris (wild). 2-5. Purple. June to September.

Europe (Britain). " Mallow."
„ zebri'na (zebra-striped). See M. SYLVESTRIS.

MALVA'STRUM. (From Malva, and astrum, a star ;
literally, star Malva. Nat. ord. Malvaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen herbs or subshrubs, and hardy
herbs. Greenhouse species by cuttings in light sandy
soil under a bell-glass or hand-light, and the hardy ones
by division in spring or seeds. Loam, leaf-mould, and
sand for the greenhouse ones; ordinary soil or the
rockery for the hardy ones.
M. aspe'rrimum (very rough). 3. Red. July. S.

Africa. 1796.
„ bryonifo'lium (bryony-leaved). 4. Purple. July.

S. Africa. 1731.
„ calyci'num (large-calyxed). 3-4. Purple or pink.

April. S. Africa. 1796.
„ campanula' turn (bell-shaped), i-ij. Pink, lilac, or

pale red. Chili. 1825.
„ cape'nse (Cape). 3-10. Red, white, or purple. June.

S. Africa. 1713. Plant aromatic.
„ „ balsa'micum (balsamic). 4. Pink or red. July.

S. Africa. 1759.
„ „ Lindemu'thii (Lindemuth's). Rose-red, shaded

violet. Leaves variegated with yellow. 1903.
„ capita' turn ( headed). 2. Red. April. Argentina. 1798.
„ cocci'neum (scarlet). £. Scarlet. July. N.W. Amer.

1811. Hardy.
„ „ grossulariafo'lium (gooseberry-leaved). 1$. Red.

July to September. United States. 1835.
„ divarica'tum (spreading). White, with a purple spot

on each petal. June. S. Africa.
„ fra'grans (fragrant). 3. Scarlet. June. S. Africa.

r759- Plant with balsamic odour.
„ Gillie' sii (Gillies'). £. Bright red. June to Sep-
tember. Parana. 1885. Hardy.
„ grossularitzfo'lium (gooseberry-leaved). 3-6. Rose.

June. S. Africa.

„ hypoma'darum (bald-beneath). 2-10. White, with
five rose blotches. February, March. S. Africa.
1808.
„ lateri'tium (brick-red). J. Red. September.

Uruguay. 1840. Hardy.

„ lime'nse (Liman). i. Pink. Chili. Hardy.
„ muwoa'nttw(Munroan). See SPH^ERALCEA MUNROANA.
„ peruvia'num (Peruvian). 2-3. Pink. June to

October. Mexico.
„ Ruge'lii (Rugel's). 6. YeUow. April. N. Amer.

1782.

„ sca'brum (rough). 4. Yellow. June. Peru. 1798.
„ spica'tum (spiked). 2. Orange. July. Tropics.
„ stri'ctutn (upright). 3. White. April. S. Africa.

1805.
„ tricuspida'tum (three-pointed), i. Yellow. July.

Tropics of both Worlds. 1726. Biennial.
„ tridactyli' tes (three-fingered). 3. Pink. July. S.

Africa. 1791.
» » gla'bra (smooth). Pink or rosy-purple. April.

S. Africa. 1794.
„ vitifo'lium (vine-leaved). 4. White. January.

Mexico. 1780.

MALVAVTSCUS. (From malva, the Mallow, and
viscus, glue; referring to the mucilage with which it
abounds. Nat. ord. Mallowworts [Malvaceae]. Linn.
i6-Monadelphia, 8-Polyandria.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of the somewhat
stubby side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
heat ; but the bell-glass must be elevated at night, to

?revent damping ; fibrous peat, and sandy, lumpy loam.
Winter temp., 50" ; summer, 60* to 85*.
M. arbo'reus (tree). 12. Scarlet. S. Amer. 1714.
,, mo'llis (soft). 12. Scarlet. August. Mexico. 1780.
,, pilo'sus (shaggy). See M. ARBOREUS.

MAMESTRA. Cabbage Moths. The winged form of
Mamestra Brassicce makes its appearance in May and
J une, during the evenings, flying about in gardens, and
laying its eggs on a great variety of plants, but preferring
Cabbages, Cauliflowers, and other vegetables of that
class. The caterpillars hatch in a few days, and are at
first green, but may become more or less shaded with
black on the back, or variegated with flesh-coloured
markings. If numerous they are very destructive, de-
vouring the leaves and penetrating into the heart of
Cabbages and Cauliflowers, which they render useless
by their excrement. The moth is if-ij in. in expanse.
The fore-wings are dark grey, much marked with black,
with two spots near the edges and a very wavy white
line near the end of each. The moth continues on the
wing from May till J uly.

Another species, Mamestra oleracea, more correctly
named Hadena oleracea, makes its appearance in June,
and lays its eggs on a great variety of low-growing plants,
including such vegetables as Cabbages, Lettuces, Broccoli,
and whatever may be in the ground at the time. The
caterpillar is ochreous-brown, dotted with white, with a
brown line on the back, and a bright yellow line on either
side, edged with a dark colour. It feeds during August
and September, and passes into the soil, where its
cocoon may be found during the winter while digging.
The moth is a little under to a little over ij in. in expanse.
The fore-wings are dull, dark red, with two deep orange
spots near the edges, and a pale wavy line near the ends.

Needless to say, the Cabbage ground and that near the
vegetable quarters should be kept perfectly clear of
weeds that would afford food and shelter to the cater-
pillars. Hand-picking when they appear on the leaves
is a tedious but very effective remedy, and if children
were employed to collect the caterpillars it could be done
at moderate cost, and thus save a vast amount of trouble
in the following year. After attaining a certain size
the caterpillars often go down to the ground by day and
feed at night. A ring of gas-lime, that has been exposed
to the air for two months before being put round the
base of the stem, has been found serviceable in pre-
venting the caterpillars from crawling up again.

MAMILLARIA. (From mamilla, the diminutive of
mamma, a teat ; in allusion to the prominences on the
angles of the stem. Nat. ord. Cactaceae.)

Dwarf plants, composed of an assemblage of tubercles,
somewhat resembling the teats of animals ; these are
generally terminated with bunches of hairy bristles, and
between them the flowers appear. To grow them success-
fully, they should be fresh dressed, or repotted, in sandy
loam and peat, with a fair portion of brick rubbish and
cow-dung, old and dried, in April or May ; afterwards
kept in a temperature of from 75* to 90°, with plenty of
atmospheric moisture, but little or no water given to
the roots until they are rooting freely ; then water may
be given, and the stimulus to growth continued for two
or three months, when moisture must be gradually with-
drawn, even when the sun heat is allowed to remain in
as great a degree to consolidate the tissues ; and in the
end of autumn the atmosphere must be gradually cooled,
to enable the plants to stand dry, and in a dry atmosphere,
and a temperature of from 45° to 50° during the winter.
No shade will be required, unless just after potting,
before fresh growth is made. Those who try them in
windows may easily give them the above treatment by
placing them in a dose box or pit for two months in
summer. Easily propagated by offsets and protuberances.
Their greatest enemy is the red spider ; plenty of syring-
ing when growing in summer, and steaming with sulphur
from the hot-water pipes at other times, is the best
remedy. Water somewhat liberally in summer, when in
flower and growing ; little or none must be given at
other times.

M. acanthophle'gma (flame-spined). Pink. Mexico. 1846.
„ aloi'des (Aloe-like). See ANHALONIUM PRISMATICUM.

MAMILLARIA

529

MAMILLARIA

M. angui'nea (snake-like). Mexico.
„ angula'ris (angled). See M. COMPRESSA.
,, arizo'nica (Arizonan). See M. RADIOSA ARIZONICA.
, atra'ta (dark). See M. RHODANTHA.
, aulacothe'le (furrow- nippled). Mexico.
, auriceps (golden- headed). Mexico.
, autumna'lis (autumnal). Country unknown.
, barba'ta (bearded). Pale red, with central violet

stripes. Mexico.
,, Berge'nii (Bergen's). Mexico.
„ bi'color^ (two-coloured). Purple or red. June.

Mexico. 1823.

„ bocasa'na (Bocasan). Mexico.
„ Bo'ckii (Bock's). Mexico.
„ bcedekeria'na (Boedekerian). White, with tawny

stripes. Country unknown. 1910.
„ bombyci'na (silken). Radial spines silky. Mexico.

1910.

„ Brandege'ei (Brandege's). Greenish- yellow. Cali-
fornia. 1901.

„ Bussle'ri (Bussler's). White. Mexico. 1902.
,, calcara'ta (spurred). Yellow, red. Texas.
„ campto'tricha (curved- haired). Yellowish- white.

Mexico. 1905.

„ ca'ndida (white). See M. SPH^ROTRICHA.
,, Ca'put-Medu'sa (Medusa's-head). See M. SEMPER-

vrvi.

„ celsia'na (Celsian). Red. July. Mexico.
„ centrici'rrha (spur-tendrilled). Apricot. July.

Mexico. 1844.
„ „ glabre' scens (smoothish).
,, „ hopferia'na (Hopferian).
„ „ macrothe'le (long-nippled).
„ cerati'tes (horned). Carmine. Mexico. 1909.
„ chionoce'phala (snowy- headed). Rose- red. Mexico.

1906.

„ chlora'ntha (green-flowered). Greenish. Texas. 1883.
„ chrysaca'nfha (golden-spined). Yellow. Mexico.

1827.

„ chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). See M. CHRYSACANTHA.
„ cirrhi'fera (tendril-bearing). Mexico.
,, ,, dive' r gens (diverging).
„ ,, glabre'scens (smoothish).
„ Cla'va (nail). Yellow. Mexico.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. May. Chili. 1827.
„ columna'ris (columnar). See M. POLYTHELE.
„ compre'ssa (compressed). Mexico.
„ co'nica (conical). July. S. Amer. 1808.
„ cono'psea (cone-like). Mexico.
,, cordi'gera (heart-bearing). Areoles heart-shaped.

1910.

„ corni'fera (horn-bearing). Mexico. 1845.
„ cornima'mma (horn-teated). Light yellow, purple,

orange-red. 1887.

„ corona'ria (garland). Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1817.
„ crassispi'na (thick-spined). Mexico.
„ crocida'ta (saffron). Mexico.
„ cruci'gera (cross-bearing). Beautiful purple. Mexico.

1832.

,, decdba'ta (whitened). Mexico. 1872.
„ deci'piens (deceiving). White. July. Mexico. 1845.
„ <&teft'a'na(Delaetian). Pale yellow. California. 1908.
„ de'nsa (dense). See M. ECHINATA.
„ depre'ssa (depressed) of Decandolle. See M. DISCOLOR.
„ Dese'rti (Desert's). California.
,, diffi'cilis (difficult). Flowers and fruits unknown.

Mexico. 1908.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). Red, green. July. S. Amer.

1800.

„ dolichoce' ntra (long-spurred). Purple. Mexico.
„ „ Galeo'tti (Galeott's).
,, „ nigrispi'na (black-spined).
„ durange'nsis (Durangan). Mexico.
„ echina'ta (hedgehog-spined). Reddish, white ; fruit

bright red. June. Mexico. 1830.
,, Ehrenbe'rgii (Ehrenberg's). Mexico.
„ e'legans (elegant). Mexico.
„ elephari 'tidens (elephant- toothed). Mexico.
„ elonga'ta (elongated). Mexico.
„ ,, subcro'cea (yellowish). Buff yellow. Mexico.
„ emskcetteria'na (Emskoatterian). Tawny-yellow.

Mexico. 1910.

„ Fische'ri (Fischer's). Yellow. Mexico.
„ fiave'scens (yellowish). Yellow. Trop. Amer. 1811.
„ floribu'nda (free-flowering). Pink. Chili.

M. Foerste'ri (Fcerster's). Mexico.
„ for mo' so. (beautiful). Bright red. June. Mexico.

1847.

„ fulvispi'na (tawny-spined). Mexico.
,, fusca'ta (brown). Mexico.
„ geminispi'na (twin-spined). See M. ACANTHOPHLEGMA

and M. BICOLOR.

„ gigante'a (giant). Greenish- yellow. Mexico. 1898.
,, gladia'ta (sword-shaped). Mexico. 1845.
„ glau'ca (glaucous). Mexico.
,, glochidia'ta (barbed). Mexico. 1829.
„ glomera'ta (crowded). Red. Island of St. Domingo.

1825.

,, Goodri'chii (Goodrich' s). California and Mexico.
,, gra'cilis (graceful). Mexico.
„ „ pulche'lla (pretty).
,, Gra'hami (Graham's). Mexico.
,, Gruso'ni (Gruson's). Yellow. Mexico. 1889.
,, guilleminia'na (Williamina's). See M. DECIPIENS.
,, haagea'na (Haagean). Pink. July. Mexico.
„ Ha'lei (Kale's). California.

,, heesea'na (Heesean). Carmine-red. Mexico. 1896.
„ Helicte'res (bracelet). Rose. June. Mexico. 1827.
„ Heyde'ri (Heyder's). Mexico. 1880.
„ hidalge'nsis (Hidalgan). i. Carmine. Mexico. 1907.

Spines 4.

,, „ bispi'na (two-spined). Spines 2. 1907.
,, hirsichtia'na (Hirsichtian). Rose to dark red. 1897.
,, hopferia'na (Hopferian). Mexico.
„ Hy'strix (Hystrix). Mexico.

,, impexi'coma (uncombed- haired). See M. CORNIFERA.
,, joosensia'na (Joosensian). Small, yellow. Mexico.

1908.

,, karwinskia'na (Karwinskian). Mexico.
„ kleinschmidtia'na (Kleinschmidtian). Flowers un-
known. Mexico. 1898.
„ knippelia'na (Knippelian). J. Flowers and native

country unknown. 1907.
,, Krame'ri (Kramer's). Mexico.
„ lani'fera (wool-bearing). Red. Mexico. 1823.
,, lasiaca'ntha (woolly-spined). Texas.
„ lasia'ndra (woolly-anthered). Green, white, striped

red. Mexico.
,, „ denuda'ta (denuded). Green, white, striped red.

Mexico. 1909.

,, latima'mma (broad-tea ted). See M. PYCNACANTHA.
,, Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). See M. RECURVA.
,, Wnta (slow). Stems haH-globose. Mexico. 1906.
,, littora'lis (shore). Spines darker brown than in

M . matzatlanensis. California (?). 1907.
,, longima'mma (long- tea ted). Yellow. June. Mexico.
,, „ hexaca'ntha (six-spined).
„ longise'ta (long-bristled). Mexico.
„ macro' meris (long-parted). Mexico.
„ macrothe'le (long-nippled). Yellow and violet.

Mexico.

„ magnima'mma (large- tea ted). Mexico.
,, ,, arieti'na (ram-horned).

,, matzatlane'nsis (Matzatlan). Brown, white, carmine-
red. 1901.

,, megaca'ntha (great-spined). Mexico.
„ meiaca'ntha (smaller-spined). Mexico.
„ „ longispi'na (long-spined).
„ micro' meris (small-parted). Mexico.
,, microthe'le (small-nippled). Yellow and violet.

Mexico.

„ mi'nima (smallest). Mexico.
„ missourie'nsis (Missourian). White. June, July.

S. United States. 1818.
,, mu'lticeps (many-headed). Mexico.
,, Mu'ndtii (Mundt's). Brown-red, rose, carmine.

Country unknown. 1903.

, muta'bilis (changeable). Purple. June. Mexico.
, neumannia'na (Neumannian). Mexico. 1845.
, ni'vea (snowy). Mexico.
, „ longise'ta (long-bristled).
, no'bilis (noble). Mexico.
, nogale'nsis (Nogalan). See M. RECURVATA.
, obcone'lla (reverse-small-coned). See M. DOLICHO-

CENTRA.

,, odieria'na (Odierian). Mexico.
„ (Ettinge'nii ((Ettingen's). Flowers unknown. Mexico.

1898.

„ Parkinso'nii (Parkinson's). Yellow. June. Mexico.
„ Peaco'ckii (Peacock's). See M. DEALBATA.

2L

MAMILLARIA

530

MANETTIA

M. pectina'ta (comb-like). Texas.
„ Perri'ngii (Perring's). See M. CELSIANA.
„ petro'phila (rock-loving). £. Greenish-gold. Lower

California. 1907.

„ Pfeiffe'ri (PfeifEer's). See M. RHODANTHA.
„ phaaca'ntha (dusky-spined). Mexico.
„ phellospe'rma (cork- seeded). Arizona and Mexico.
„ phymatothe'le (bud-nippled). Mexico. 1846.
„ plumo'sa (plumy). Mexico. 1901.
„ polye'dr a (many-seated). Pink. June, July. Mexico.
„ poly 'go 'na (many-angled). Mexico.
„ polythe'le (many-nippled). Red. August. Mexico.

1838.

„ Po'ndii (Pond's). California.
„ prisma'tica (prismatic). See ANHALONIUM PRISMATI-

CUM.
„ proli'fera (proliferous). White. June, July. S.

Amer. 1800.
„ pseudoperbe'lla (false- very-pretty). Flowers solitary.

Fruit deep red. Mexico. 1909.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). Purple. June, July. Mexico.
„ pu'lchra (beautiful). Rose. June, July. Mexico.

1826.
„ Purpu'si (Purpus's). Coral-red. Mountains of

Colorado. 1894.

„ pusi'lla (puny). See M. STKLLATA.
„ pycnaca'ntha (dense-spined). £. Pale yellow. June,

July. Mexico.

„ pyramida'lis (pyramidal). See M. RHODANTHA.
„ pyrrhoce'phala (fire- headed). Red. June, July.

Mexico.

„ „ Donkela'rii (Donkelar's).
„ quadra' ta (four-sided). Chili. 1827.
„ quadrispi'na (four-spined). Mexico. 1838.
„ ra'dians (radiating). Mexico. 1845.
„ radio' sa (radiating). Arizona and California.
„ ,, arizo'nica (Arizonan).
„ ramosi'ssima (much-branched). Flowers unknown.

Country unknown. 1908.
„ recu'rva (recurved), £. Straw-coloured. Mexico.

1836.

„ recurva'ta (recurvate). Mexico.

„ rhodaca'ntha(Ted-spined). Red. June, July. Mexico (?).
„ rhoda'ntha (red-flowered). Mexico. 1835.
„ Ru'stii (Rust's). Spines 20-22. Honduras. 1905.
„ sangui'nea (blood-red). Dark red. Mexico. 1883.
„ Schee'rii (Scheer's). Texas and Mexico.
„ Schelha'sii(Schelhas's). White. June, July. Mexico.
„ schiedea'na (Schiedean). White. June, July. Mexico.

1845.

„ Schmi'dtii (Schmidt's). Country unknown.
„ scolymoi'des (Scolymus-like). Yellow and purple.

July. Mexico-

„ seitzia'na (Seitzian). Mexico.
„ Sempervi'vi (Sempervivum-like). Mexico.
„ „ tetraca'ntha (four-spined).
„ sSnilis (old). Orange-red, flushed with violet. June.

Mexico.

„ Se'nkii (Senk's). See M. MUTABILIS.
„ spathia'na (Spaethian). Rose-red. Mountains of

Colorado. 1894.

„ specio'sa (showy) of G. Don. Red. Chili. 1827.
„ sphcero'tricha (spherical- haired). Red. June, July.

Mexico.
„ spinosi' ssima (very-spiny). Red. June, July.

Mexico.

„ ,, bru'nnea (brown).
„ ste'lla-aura'ta (golden-starred). Yellow. June, July.

Mexco.
„ stella' ta (starry). Pink or pale red. May. S. Amer.

1815.

„ „ elonga'ta (elongated).
„ „ te'nuis (slender).
„ „ texa'na (Texan).

„ strami'nea (straw-coloured). See M. FLAVESCENS.
„ strobilifo'rmis (cone- formed). Mexico.
„ „ ccespiti'tia (tufted). Habit tufted. 1909.
„ „ durispi'na (hard-spined). Mexico. 1907.
„ ,, pube'scens (downy). Spines 30 or more, snow-
white. Mexico. 1907.

„ ,, rufispi'na (red-spined). Brownish. Mexico. 1907.
„ subechina'ta (somewhat-spiny). Mexico.
„ ,, intermedia (intermediate).
„ te'nuis (slender), White. May, June, S. Mexico.

1830,

M. texa'na (Texan). See M. STELLATA TEXANA.
„ tetraca'ntha (four-spined). Warm rose. June, July.

Mexico.
,, trichaca'ntha (hairy-spined). Spines hairy. Mexico.

1904.

,, tuberculo'sa (tubercled). Texas and Mexico.
„ turbina'ta (top-shaped). Pale yellow, with red points.

July. Mexico.
,, uberifo'rmis (teat-formed). White. June, July.

Mexico. 1846.
,, uncina' ta (hooked). Red, white. June, July. Mexico.

1846.
„ unise'ta (one-bristled). Flowers not seen. Country

unknown. 1904.

„ ve'tula (oldish). Pale scarlet. Mexico. 1835.
,, villi'fera (long-hair-bearing). Mexico.
,, vi'ridis (green). Mexico.
„ „ Prof Hi (Prael's).

,, vivi'para (viviparous). Red. N. Amer. 1811.
„ webbia'na (Webbian). Mexico.
,, Wilco'xii (Wilcox's). Arizona.

„ wildia'na (Wildian). Rose. July, August. Mexico.
„ ,, crista'ta (crested).
„ Willia'msii (Williams'). See ANHALONIUM WIL-

LIAMSII.

„ xantho' tricha (yellow-haired). Rosy-purple. Mexico.
,, zephyranthoi'des (Zephyranthes-like). Mexico.
,, zuccarinia'na (Zuccarinian). Mexico. 1845.
MAMME'A. Mammee-tree. (The native name. Nat.
ord. Guttifers [Guttiferaceje]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Garcinia.)

Cultivated in the West Indies and South America for
its fruit, called the Mammee Apple, or Wild Apricot,
said to rival the Mangosteen. Stove evergreen tree,
with white flowers. Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; fibrous,
sandy loam, and a little dried leaf-mould. Winter temp.,
50* to 55° ; summer, 60* to 80*.

M. africa'na (African). See OCHROCARPUS AFRICANUS.
,, america'na (American). 60. S. Amer. 1730.
MANCINE'LLA. See HIPPOMANE MANCINELLA.
MANDARIN ORANGE. Ci'trus no'bilis.

MANDEVTLLA. (Named after H. J. Mandeville, Esq.,
our minister at Buenos Ayres. Nat ord. Dogbanes
[Apocynaceae]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Echites.)

Half-hardy evergreen climber. Generally by cuttings
of the small, stiff side-shoots, when about three inches
in length, taken off close to the old wood, and inserted in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-heat ; peat
and loam. Winter temp., 40* to 48* ; does little good
as a pot-plant, but is splendid when planted out and
allowed room in a greenhouse or conservatory, where
fine climbers are prized.

M. suave'olens (sweet-scented). 20. White. June.
Buenos Ayres. 1837.

MANDIRO'LA. See ACHIMENES.

MANDRAGO'RA. (From mandragoras, an herb pos-
sessing narcotic properties, a mandrake. Nat. ord.
Solanaceae.)

Hardy perennial herbs of more interest than beauty.
Seeds ; offsets are not readily obtainable. Ordinary
garden soil.
M. autumna'lis (autumnal). £. Pale blue. September.

Mediterranean region.
,, interme'dia (intermediate). Intermediate between

M. autumnalis and M . officinarum.
,, officina' rum (officinal). J. Pale blue. April and May.

Mediterranean region. " Medicinal Mandrake."
,, prce'cox (early), i. Yellow. Spring. S. Europe.

1819.
„ verna'lis (spring). See M. OFFICINARUM.

MANE'TTIA. (Named after X. Manetti, an Italian
botanist. Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceas]. Linn. 4-
Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Bouvardia.)

Stove evergreen climbers. In a cool greenhouse they
thrive only in summer ; cuttings of the young shoots in
sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; such kinds as cocci' 'nea
also by division of the fleshy, tubercled-like roots as
growth is commencing ; sandy peat and fibrous loam.
Winter temp., 45° to 50° .; summer, 60* to 85*.

MANGIFERA

531

MANURES

M. bi'color (two-coloured). See M. LUTEO-RUBRA.
„ cocci' nea (scarlet). See M. LYGISTUM.
„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 5. Scarlet. August.

Brazil.

,, gla'bra (smooth-surfaced). See M. CORDIFOLIA.
„ infla'ta (inflated). 3-5. Scarlet, yellow. S. Brazil.

1904. Closely allied to M. luteo-rubra.
„ lu'teo-ru'bra (yellow-red). 3-4. Scarlet, yellow.

March. Brazil. 1843.
„ Lygi'stum (Lygistum). 20. Pink to scarlet. March.

Cuba. 1822.

„ mi'cans (glittering). 3-5. Scarlet. Brazil. 1880.
„ splt'ndcns (splendid). Crimson. May. Caracas.

1840.
„ uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 3. Rose. November. St.

Martha. 1844.

MANGI'FERA. Mango-tree. (From mango, the
Hindoo name of the fruit, and fero, to bear. Nat. ord.
Anacards [Anacardiaceae]. Linn. 2^-Polygamia, i-
Moncecia.)

The Mango is the most esteemed fruit in India, having
a grateful perfumed flavour. Stove evergreen trees.
Cuttings of the nearly ripe shoots in sand, under a glass,
and in heat ; peat and rich loam. Winter temp., 50* to
60° ; summer, 60* to 90°.
M. fce'tida (fetid). 20. Red. Malaya. 1824.

July. India and

See BOUEA BUR-

„ i'ndica (Indian). 20. White.

Malaya. 1690. " Mango."
„ oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved).

HANICA.

MANGLE SIA. (Named after Captain Mangles, and
his brother, Robert Mangles, Esq., of Sunning Hill, dis-
tinguished patrons of botany. Nat. ord. Proteads [Pro-
teaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. United to
Grevillea.)
M. cunea'ta (wedge-shaped). See GREVILLEA GLABRATA.

„ glabra'ia (smooth). See GREVILLEA GLABRATA.

„ vesti'ta (clothed). See GREVILLEA VESTITA.

MANGLI'LLA. See MYRSINE.

MANGO GINGER. Cu'rcuma ama'da.

MANGOSTEEN. Garci'nia.

MANGO- TREE. See MANGI'FERA.

MANGROVE. Rhizo'phora.

MANIC A'RIA. (From manica, a glove, referring to
the spathe, or rolling leaf which surrounds the flower-
stem. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn. zi-Monoecia,
g-Enneandria.)

Stove Palm. Seeds in a strong heat, in a hotbed ;
rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 55* to 65* ; summer,
65* to 90*.
M. sacci'fera (bag- bearing). 30. S. Amer. 1823.

MA NIHOT. (The Brazilian name of the root. Nat.
ord. Spurgeworts [Euphorbiaceae]. Linn. zi-Monoecia,
•j-Heptandria. Allied to Jatropha.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, except digita'ta, which only
requires a greenhouse. Cuttings of mature wood in
sand and placed in a close case with bottom- heat.
Fibrous loam, peat, some nodules of charcoal and sand.
M. (Bsculifo'lia (chestnut- leaved). 3. Mexico. 1826.
„ Ai'pi (Aipi). Trop. Amer. " Sweet Cassava."
„ carthagine' nsis (Carthaginian). 3. July. Carthagena.

1820.
,, digita' ta (forges-leaved) . Blue, green. July. Australia.

1820.

„ fce'tida (fetid). 3. Brown. Mexico. 1824.
„ Glazio'vii (Glaziou's). Brazil. " Ceara Rubber."
„ gra'cilis (slender). Brown, green. July. Brazil.

1822.
„ „ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). Blue, brown. June.

Brazil. 1822.

„ palma'ta (hand-shaped). Brazil.
„ sinua'ta (-wavy-edged). Brown. July. Brazil. 1824.
„ tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). See M. GRACILIS TENUI-

FOLIA.

„ utili'ssima (most-useful). 3. July. Brazil. 1739.
" Bitter Cassava."

MANNA. Alha'gi.

MANNA ASH. Fra'xinus (Xfimi.

MANTI SIA. Opera Girls. (Named after an insect,
Mantis, to which the flowers have been compared. Nat.
ord. Ginger-worts [Scitaminaceae], Linn. i~Monandriat
i-Monogynia. Allied to Ginger.)

Stove herbaceous evergreens, from the East Indies.
Division of the roots, as growth commences ; sandy peat
and fibrous loam, well drained. Winter temp., 48" to
55* ; summer, 60* to 85*.

M. saltato'ria (dancing), i. Purple. July. 1808.
„ spathula'ta (spathulate). i. Blue. June. 1823.

MANU'LEA. (From manus, the hand ; from a faint
resemblance in the divisions of the flower. Nat. ord.
Figwprts [Scrophulariaceae]. T.inn- i^-Didynamia, 2-
Angiospermia. Allied to Chaenostoma.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. Several
species are taken from this genus and added to Lyperia.
Seeds, sown in spring, in a slight hotbed ; cuttings of the
young shoots, firm at their base, in sand, under a bell-
glass, but without bottom-heat ; sandy loam and peat,
and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 38* to 48*.
M. Cheira'nthus (wallflower), i. Orange. August. 1795.

„ corda'ta (heart-leaved). See CILENOSTOMA CORDATUM.

„ fce'tiaa (fetid). See CH^ENOSTOMA FCETIDUM.

„ hi'spida (roughly- hairy). See CH.SNOSTOMA HISPIDUM.

„ oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). See CH/ENOSTOMA
HISPIDUM.

„ peduncula'ta (long-stalked). See LYPERIA PEDUNCU-

LATA.

„ pinnati'fida (pinnately-cut). See LYPERIA PINNATI-

FIDA.

,, ru'bra (red), ij. Red. June. 1790.
„ viola'cea (violet). See LYPERIA VIOLACEA.
„ visco'sa (clammy). See SPHENANDRA VISCOSA.

MANURES are either animal, vegetable, or mineral.
They directly assist the growth of plants, by entering
into their composition, by absorbing and retaining
moisture from the atmosphere, by absorbing the gases
of the atmosphere, and by stimulating the vascular
system of the plants. Manures indirectly assist vegeta-
tion, by killing predatory vermin and weeds, by pro-
moting the decomposition of stubborn organic remains
in the soil, and by protecting plants from violent changes
of temperature.

All these properties seldom, if ever, occur in one species
of manure ; but each is usually particularised by possess-
ing one or more in a superior degree. That is the most
generally applicable manure which is composed of matters
essential to the growth of plants : the chief of these
are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ; therefore all animal
and vegetable substances are excellent manures. It
would evidently be of great benefit if every plant could
be manured with the decaying parts of its own species.
This rule might be so far followed as that the stems of
potatoes, peas, &c., could be dug respectively into the
compartments where those crops are intended to be
grown in the following year ; but such manure requires
the addition of ammoniacal salts.

Some manures ameliorate a soil by absorbing moisture
from the atmosphere. This property is, at least, as
beneficial to ground that is aluminous as to that which
is siliceous ; for it is equally useless to either during
periods of plentiful rain ; but in the drought of summer,
when moisture is much wanting to plants, it is beneficial
to both ; in very dry seasons it is even of greater im-
portance to clayey than to light soils ; for vegetation on
the former suffers more from long-continued drought
than on the latter, the surface of the clayey soil becoming
caked and impervious to air, the only grand source of
compensatory moisture that is available to the languish-
ing plants, and which is more open to those which grow
on light, and, consequently, more pervious soils.

The following table of the comparative absorbent
powers of many manures is extracted chiefly from An
Essay on the Use of Salt in Agriculture, by Mr. Cuthbert
J ohnson : —

Horse-dung evaporated previously to dryness, at a
temperature of too", absorbed during an exposure of
three hours to air saturated with moisture at 62", 145
parts ; putrefied tanners' bark, under similar circum-
stances (66°), r45 parts; unputrefied tanners' bark,
115 parts; cow-dung, 130 parts ; pig-dung, 120; sheep-
dung, 81 ; pigeon-dung, 50 ; refuse marine salt (60°),
49j ; soot (68*), 36 ; burnt clay, 29 ; the richest soU

MANURES

532

MARANTA

(in one hour), 23 ; coal-ashes, 14 ; lime (part carbonate),
ii ; crushed rock-salt, 10 ; gypsum, 9 ; chalk, 4.

The absorbing power of a manure is much influenced
by the state in which it is presented to the atmosphere.
In a finely divided state mere capillary attraction assists
it ; hence the importance of keeping the soil frequently
stirred by hoeing, &c. But a mere mass of cotton, by
means of capillary attraction, will absorb moisture from
the air ; yet it parts with it at a very slight elevation
of temperature. It is of importance, therefore, to ascer-
tain which are the manures that not only absorb but
retain moisture powerfully. The following results of
our experiments throw some light on this point : —

Pig-dung evaporated to dryness at a temperature of
106*, and then moistened with six parts of water, re-
quired for being reduced to dryness again, at the above
temperature, 135 minutes ; horse-dung under similar
circumstances, 90 ; common salt, 75 ; soot, 75 ; rich
soil, 32 ; chalk, 29 ; poor soil (siliceous), 23 ; gypsum, 18.

These experiments point out a criterion by which we
easily ascertain the comparative richness of any two
given soils or manures : the most fertile will be most
absorbent and retentive.

Some manures increase the growth and vigour of
plants by stimulating their absorbent and assimilating
organs. The stimulating powers of excrementitious
manures arise from the salts of ammonia they contain.

Sir H. Davy found vegetation assisted by solutions
of muriate of ammonia (sal-ammoniac), carbonate of
ammonia (volatile salt), and acetate of ammonia. Night
soil, one of the most beneficial of manures, surpasses all
others in the abundance of its ammoniacal constituents
in the proportion of three to one. It may be observed,
that the nearer any animal approaches to man in the
nature of its food, the more fertilising is the manure it
affords. We have no doubt that a languishing plant —
one, for example, that has been kept very long with its
roots out of the earth, as an orange- tree recently im-
ported from Italy— might be most rapidly recovered, if
its stem and branches were steeped in a tepid, weak
solution of carbonate of ammonia ; and when planted,
an uncorked phial of the solution were suspended to one
of the branches, to impregnate the atmosphere slightly
with its stimulating fumes.

Manures are also of benefit to plants by affording
some of the gases of the atmosphere to their roots in a
concentrated form. A soil, when first turned up by the
spade or plough, has generally a red tint, of various
intensity, which, by a few hours' exposure to the air,
subsides into a grey or black hue. The first colour
appears to arise from the oxide of iron which all soils
contain, being in the state of the red or protoxide ; by
absorbing more oxygen during the exposure, it is con-
verted into the black or peroxide. Hence one of the
benefits of frequently stirring soils ; the roots of in-
cumbent plants abstract the extra dose of oxygen, and
reconvert it to the protoxide. Coal-ashes, in common
with all carbonaceous matters, have the power of strongly
attracting oxygen. Every gardener may have observed
how rapidly a bright spade of iron left foul with coal-
ashes becomes covered with rust or red oxide.

Manures assist plants by destroying predatory vermin
and weeds. This is not a property of animal and vege-
table manures — they foster both these enemies of our
crops. Salt and lime are very efficient destroyers of
slugs, snails, grubs, &c.

Stable-manure, and all decomposing animal and
vegetable substances, have a tendency to promote the
decay of stubborn organic remains in the soil, on the
principle that putrescent substances hasten the process
of putrefaction in other organic bodies with which they
come in contact. Salt, in a small proportion, has been
demonstrated by Sir J. Pringle to be gifted with a
similar septic property ; and that lime rapidly breaks
down the texture of organised matters is well known.

There is no doubt that rich soils, or those abounding
in animal and vegetable remains, are less liable to change
in temperature with that of the incumbent atmosphere
than those of a poorer constitution. This partly arises
from the colour of the soils. Some manures, as salt,
protect plants from suffering by sudden reductions of
temperature, by entering into their system, stimulating
and rendering them more vigorous, impregnating their
sap, and, consequently, rendering it less liable to be
congealed .

MAPA'NIA. (Derivation not explained. Nat. ord.
Cyperaceae.)

A stove sedge used as a fine foliage plant. Seeds;
divisions. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, or peat and sand.
M. hu'milis (low). Leaves dark green above, tinged

with purple beneath. Malaya. 1879.
„ lu'cida (shining). See M. HUMILIS.
„ pandanifo'lia (Pandanus-leaved). 4. Leaves arching,
green, 2 ft. long. 1897.

MAPLE. A'cer.

MA'PPA PORTEA'NA. See MACARANGA PORTEANA.

MARANHAO NUTS. BertkollStia.

MARA'NTA. Arrow-root. (Named after B. Maranti,
an Italian botanist. Nat. ord. Marants [Scitaminaceae].
Linn. I'Monandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Canna.)

A kind of arrow-root is obtained from the rhizomes,
or fleshy roots, of some of the species. Stove evergreens ;
division of the roots in spring ; rich, sandy loam, with
nodules of peat. Winter temp., 50* to 60* ; summer,
60° to 85°.
M. Albe'rti (Albert's). Leaves peculiarly variegated.

1906.

„ ama'bilis (lovely). Brazil.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See STROMANTHE

TONCKAT.
,, arge'ntea, (silvery). Leaves silvery-grey, with deep

green lines. Brazil. 1884.
„ argyra'a (silvery). See CALATHEA ARGYR.SA.
„ arundina'cea (reed-like). 4-8. White. S. Amer.

" Arrowroot."
,, „ variega'ta (variegated). 2. Leaves banded with

green and white. 1886.
„ asymme'trica (unsymmetrical). Leaves dark green,

with silvery-grey bands. 1882.
„ Baraqui'nii (Baraquin's). See CALATHEA BARA-

QUINIANA.

,, be'llula (little-pretty). See CALATHEA BELLULA.

„ bi 'color (two- coloured). $. White. July. Brazil.

1823.

,, ,, devosia'na (Devosian).
,, „ kerchovea'na (Kerchovian). J. Leaves with 4-5

brown blotches. Brazil. 1879.
„ ,, makoya'na (Makoyan). $. Leaves pale green,

with dark green blotches.
,, „ massangea'na (Massangean). Leaves bluish-green,

purple.
„ „ mi' nor (smaller). J. White. April. S. Amer.

1828.

„ Bino'ti (Binot's). See CALATHEA ZEBRINA BINOTI.
„ Chantrie'ri (Chantrier's). Leaves grey-green, with

oval-oblong bands of deep green. Brazil. 1897.
,, chimborace'nsis (Chimboracan). See CALATHEA CHIM-

BORACENSIS.

„ Closo'nii (Closon's). Leaves dark green, variegated
with pale yellow. Brazil. 1908.

„ conci'nna (neat). See CALATHEA LEOPARDINA.

„ conspi'cua (conspicuous). Leaves small, with yellow-
green bands. Brazil. 1885.

„ depre'ssa (depressed). J. Leaves with chocolate-
brown blotches. Brazil. 1880.

„ fascia'ta (bundled). See CALATHEA FASCIATA.

„ Fascinator (Fascinator). J. Leaves silvery in the
centre, purple beneath. Brazil. 1894.

,, Gla'dioli (Gladiolus). See MYROSMA GLADIOLI.

,, gratio'sa (favoured). Leaves silvery-grey, with green
bands. Brazil. 1884.

,, iconi'fera (image-bearing). Foliage plant. 1887.

,, illu'stris (lustrous). See CALATHEA ILLUSTRIS.

„ i'ndica (Indian). See M. ARUNDIKACEA.

,, insi'gnis (remarkable). ij. Leaves bright-green,
with olive-green markings. Brazil. 1902.

,, Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). See STROMANTHE LUTEA.

„ Kegelja'ni (Kegeljan's). See CALATHEA KEGELJANI.

„ kerchovea'na (Kerchovean). See M. BICOLOR KEF-
CHOVEANA.

„ kummeria'na (Kummerian). See MYROSMA KUM-

MERIANUM.

„ legrellia'na (Legrellian). See CALATHEA LEGRELLIANA.
„ Leo' nee (Leona's). J. Leaves green, with grey

variegation. 1893.
„ leopardi'na (leopard-spotted). See CALATHEA LEO

PARDINA.

MARANTA

533

MARIANTHUS

, leptosia'chya (slender-spiked). Brazil.
leuconeu'ra (white-nerved). Leaves with light green

midrib, purple beneath. Brazil. 1874.
liebrechtsia'na (Liebrechtsian). 3- Leaves large,

green. Congo Free State. 1900.
lindenia'na (Lindenian). See CALATHEA LINDENIANA.
linea'ta (lined). See CALATHEA ORNATA ALBO-LINEATA.
„ ro'sea (rosy). See CALATHEA ORNATA ROSEO-

LINEATA.

lujaia'na (Lujaian). 3-4. Leaves large, green, purple

beneath. Congo Free State. 1900.
luschnathia'na, (Luschnathian). Brazil. 1857. This

is Ctenanihe lushnathiana.
maje'stica (majestic). See CALATHEA ORNATA MAJES-

TICA.

ma'jor (greater). 3. Leaves green. 1896.
makoya'na (Makoyan). See C. BICOLOR MAKOYANA.
malacce'nsis (Malacca). See ALPINIA MALACCENSIS.
massangea'na (Massangean). See M. BICOLOR MASSAN-

GEANA.

Maze'llii (Mazell's). Leaves with two wide grey

bands. Peru. 1871.
mi' nor (smaller). Leaves with six distant blotches of

red-brown. Brazil. 1897.
musa'ica (mosaic). Leaves glossy green, with

numerous veins. Brazil. 1884.
niqrocosta'ta (black-ribbed). See CALATHEA NIGRO-

COSTATA.

ni'tens (shining). Leaves pale green, barred with

dark green lines. Brazil. 1880.
ni'tida (shining). £-J. Leaves pale green, with dark

green patches. Brazil. 1884.
obli'qua (twisted-leaved). 2. Red. July. Guiana.

1803. See ISCHNOSIPHON OBLIQUUS.
oliva'ris (olive-coloured). See M. BICOLOR MAKOYANA.
Oppenhei'mii (Oppenheim's). Gardens.
orbifo'lia (round-leaved). See CALATHEA ORBICU-

LATA.

orna'ta (adorned). See CALATHEA ORNATA.

paci'fica (pacific). See CALATHEA PACIFICA.

pardi'na (pard-Uke). See CALATHEA VILLOSA.

pi' eta (painted). Leaves with greenish- yellow area
above, purple beneath. 1897.

pictura'ta (pictured). See CALATHEA PICTURATA.

poli'ta (polished), f. Leaves pale green, with dark
green blotches. Brazil. 1884.

pcrtea'na (Portean). See STROMANTHE PORTEANA.

prasi'na (Leek-green). See CALATHEA MEDIO-PICTA.

Pri'nceps (chief). See CALATHEA PRINCEPS.

pulche'lla (pretty). See CALATHEA PULCHELLA.

rega'lis (royal). See CALATHEA ORNATA REGALIS.

rieddia'na (Riedelian). Brazil. 1858.

ro'seo-pi'cta (rosy-painted). See CALATHEA ROSEO-
PICTA.

sagorea'na (Sagorean). Leaves banded with deep
green. 1862.

sanderia'na (Sanderian). See CALATHEA SANDERIANA.

sangui'nea (blood-red). See STROMANTHE SANGUINEA.

Seema'nni (Seemann's). Leaves satiny emerald-
green, midrib white. 1872.

smara'gdina (emerald-green). See ISCHNOSIPHON

SMARAGDINUS.

specio'sa (showy). Leaves bright green, banded with
greenish-white. Brazil. 1884.

specta'bilis (showy). See STROMANTHE SANGUINEA.

sple'ndida (splendid). See CALATHEA SPLENDIDA.

stria'ta (striped). Leaves lined with white. Philip-
pines. 1864.

tigri'na (tiger-striped), i. Leaves rich olive-green,
with grey midrib. Brazil. 1904.

Tou'chat (Touchat). See STROMANTHE TONCKAT.

undula'ta (wavy). See CALATHEA UNDULATA.

Va'nden HSckei (Van den Hecke's). See CALATHEA
VANDENHECKEI.

variega'ta (variegated), i. July. S. Amer. 1825.

Vei'tchii (Veitch's). See CALATHEA VEITCHIANA.

virgina'lis (virginal). See CALATHEA VIRGINALIS.

vitta'ta (striped). See CALATHEA VITTATA.

Wagne'ri (Wagner's). See CALATHEA ROSEO-PICTA
WAGNERI.

Walli'sii (Wallis's). See CALATHEA WALLISII.

Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). See CALATHEA WAR-
SCEWICZII.

Wio'ti (Wiot's). See CALATHEA WIOTIANA.

zebri'na (zebra-striped). See CALATHEA ZEBRINA.

MARA'TTIA. (Commemorative of /. F. Maratti, an
Italian botanist. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-
Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove evergreen ferns. Division in spring or by spores.
Fibrous loam, fibrous peat, and sand. Winter temp.,
55° to 60* ; summer, 60° to 85".
M. ala'ta (winged), ij. Brown. August. Jamaica.

1793-
„ „ Ice' vis (smooth). Rachis smooth ; teeth blunt.

Jamaica. 1793.

„ attenua'ta (attenuated). New Caledonia. 1863.
„ Bu'rkei (Burke's). 2-2 J. Stem prickly. Colombia.

1897.
„ cicutafo'lia (Cicuta-leaved). Brown, yellow. Brazil.

1843.

„ „ raddia'na (Raddian). Brazil. 1878.
,, Coope'ri (Cooper's). See M. ATTENUATA.
,, e'legans (elegant). See M. FRAXINEA.
,, fraxi'nea (ash-Uke). 8. Brown, yellow. Trop. and

subtrop. Africa.
„ „ purpura'scens (purplish). 6. A reduced fleshy

form. Ascension Island.
„ „ purpura'scens crista'ta (crested). See M. FRAXINEA

PURPURASCENS.

„ Kaulfu'ssii (Kaulfuss's). 5-7. Fronds four times
divided. W. Ind. to Brazil.

„ la'vis (smooth). See M. ALATA LJEVIS.

,, la'xa (loose). Mexico.

,, purpura'scens (purplish). See M. FRAXINEA PUR-
PURASCENS.

„ raddia'na (Raddian). See M. CICUT^FOLIA RAD DIANA.

,, Stanley a' na (Stanleyan). Leaf-stalks with brown-red
pubescence. Congo. 1903.

MARCGRA VIA. (Commemorative of Georg Marc-
graf, a writer on natural history. Nat. ord. Ternstrce-
miacese.)

Stove climbing and self-clinging shrub. Cuttings in
sand in a warm case. Loam, peat, and sand.
M. du'bia (doubtful). See M. UMBELLATA.
„ i'ndica (Indian). Probably a species of Pothos.

1884.

„ parado'xa (paradoxical). See MONSTERA TENUIS.
„ umbella'ta (umbelled). Leaves of two forms. Trop.
Amer.

MARGINS of streams and other waters must always
accord with the pleasure-grounds in which they are
placed. Art, therefore, must imitate each in its proper
place, not always by a studious picturesque arrange-
ment of the marginal accompaniments in each case, but
by excavating the groundwork, planting the trees and
shrubs, and leaving the rest to the motion of the waves
of the water. After the effects of one winter, stones or
gravel may be deposited in spots suitable for stony or
gravelly shores.

MARGYRICA RPUS. (From margaron, a pearl, and
karpos, a seed-vessel ; referring to the pearly succulent
fruit. Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Agrimonia and Aca?na.)

Hardy or half-hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
half -ripened shoots in April or May, in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy peat, with pieces of
charcoal. Winter temp., 48 to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85*.
M. seto'sus (bristly). 2. Green. Chili. 1829. " Pearl
Berry."

MARIA'LIA. See TOVOMI'TA.

MARIA NTHUS. (From Maria, Mary, and anthos, a
flower ; dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Nat. ord.
Pitiosporads [Pittosporaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Sollya.)

Greenhouse deciduous climbers. Cuttings of young
side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; sandy
loam, fibrous peat, with potsherds and charcoal, to keep
the soil rather open. Winter temp., 40" to 45*.
M. caru'leo'puncia'tus (orang«-blue-spotted). 4. Blue.

April. Swan River. 1840.
„ drummondia'nus (Drummondian). Lilac. Australia.

1865.

„ frutico'sus (shrubby). Swan River. 1841.
,, ri'ngens (gaping). Yellow-red. November. Australia.
„ te'nuis (slender). 12. Blue. July. Australia. 1825.

MAR1CA

534

MARRUBIUM

MA'RICA. (From maraino, to flag ; referring to the
ephemeral nature of the flowers, which last hardly a
day. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn. %-Triandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Iris.)

Greenhouse herbaceous evergreens. By seed, sown in
a slight hotbed in spring ; by offsets, in abundance,
though seed ripens very freely ; sandy loam, peat, and
leaf -mould.

M. aphy'lla (leafless). See BOBARTIA APHYLLA.
„ br achy' pus (short-stalked). ij. Bright yellow,

banded brown. Trinidad. 1871.
„ cceru'lea (blue). 2. Blue. May. Brazil. 1818.
„ ccele'stis (sky-blue). 3. Blue. Brazil. 1829.
„ gladia'ta (sword-shaped). See BOBARTIA GLADJATA.
„ gra'cilis (slender). 2. Yellow, blue. August. Brazil.

1830.
„ Helc'na (Helen's). Blue and white, 5 in. across.

Brazil. 1905.

„ hu'milis (low), i-ij. Yellowish-white, barred red-
brown. S. Brazil. 1825.
„ „ lu'tea (yellow). See M. LUTEA.
„ iridifo'lia (Iris-leaved). See SISYRINCHIUM IRIDI-

FOLIUM.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). Striped. August. Brazil.

1830.
„ lu'tea (yellow), ij. Bright yellow, barred red-brown.

S. Brazil. 1840.

„ tnartinice'nsis (Martinique). See TRIMEZA LURIDA.
„ northia'na (North's). 4. Yellow. June. Brazil.

1789.
„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). More brightly coloured.

Brazil. 1895.
„ occidenta'lis (western). Flowers smaller and leaves

shorter than M. northiana. Peru. 1892.
„ paludo'sa (marsh), i. White. July. Guiana. 1792.
„ plica'ta (plaited). See ELEUTHERINE PLICATA.
„ Sabi'ni (Captain Sabine's). See M. C^ERULEA.
,, spatha'cea (large-spathed). See BOBARTIA SPATHACEA.

MARIGOLD. Cale'ndula officina'lis.

Varieties, — Single, Common double, Largest very
double, Double lemon-coloured, Great Childing, Small
Childing. The single-flowered, and those which have
the darkest orange colour, possess the most flavour.

Soil. — Light, dry, poor, and unshaded. In rich ground
they grow larger, but lose much of their flavour.

Sow any time from the close of February until June ;
or in autumn, during September. If left to themselves,
they multiply from the self-sown seed. Sow in drills,
ten inches apart ; the plants to be left where raised,
being thinned to ten or twelve inches asunder ; but
when the seedlings are two or three inches in height,
they may be removed into rows at similar distances as
above. Water must be given moderately every other
day in dry weather until established.

Gathering. — The flowers, which the spring-raised plants
will produce in the June of the same year, but those
of autumn not until that of the following one, will be fit
to gather for keeping in July, when they are fully ex-
panded, as well as for use when required. Before storing,
they must be dried perfectly.

MARIGOLD, AFRICAN. Tage'tes ere'cta.

MARIGOLD, FRENCH. Tage'tes pa'tula.

MARIGOLD, GREAT CAPE. Dimorphothe ca hy'brida.

MARIGOLD, MARSH. Ca'ltha palu'stris.

MA'RILA. (From marile, live embers, or sparks ; re-
ferring to pellucid dots on the leaves, or yellow fringe
round the seed-pod. Nat. ord. Theads [Ternstromiacea?].
Linn. i^-Polyandria, 5-Pentagynia. Allied to Mahurea.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of shoots, when short,
and getting firm at their base ; sandy peat and loam,
well-drained, and open. Winter temp., 50* to 55° ;
summer, 60* to 80*.

Af. racemo'sa (racemed). 12. Yellow, green. August.
W. Ind. 1827.

MARI'SCUS. (From mar, a swamp ; in allusion to
the place where it grows. Nat. ord. Cyperaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen herb. Divisions. Loam, leaf-
mould, sand.
Af. Gra'ntii (Grant's). Flower-heads globular. Natal.

1898.
„ umbile'nsis (Umbilian). See M. GRANTII.

MARJORAM. (Ori'ganum.) 0. Majora'na, Sweet or
Summer Marjoram. 0. heracleo'ticum, Winter Marjoram.
0. Oni'tes, Common or Pot Marjoram.

Soil.— Light, dry, and moderately fertile. The situa-
tion cannot be too open.

Propagation. — The Sweet Marjoram is propagated
solely by seeds ; the others by seed, as well as by parting
their roots, and slips of their branches. Sow from the
end of February, if open weather, to the commencement
of June ; but the early part of April is best. Portions of
the rooted plants, slips, &c., may be planted from Feb-
ruary until May, and during September and October.

Sow in drills, six inches apart, the seed being buried
not more than a quarter of an inch deep. When the
seedlings are two or three inches high, thin to six inches,
and those removed may be pricked in rows at a similar
distance. Those of the annual species (0. Major a' na)
are to remain ; but those of the perennials, to be finally
removed during September, water being given at every
removal, and until the plants are established.

Plant slips, &c., in rows ten or twelve inches apart,
where they are to remain ; they must be watered mode-
rately every evening, and shaded during the day until
they have taken root. In October the decayed parts of
the perennials are cut away, and some soil from the
alleys scattered over the bed about half an inch in depth,
the surface of the earth between the stools being previ-
ously stirred gently. The tops and leaves of all the
species are gathered when green, in summer and autumn,
for use, in soups, &c. ; and a store of the branches are
cut and dried in July or August, just before the flowers
open, for winter's supply.

Seed. — If a plant or two are left ungathered from the
Pot Marjoram, the seed ripens in the course of the autumn.
But the others seldom ripen their seed in this country ;
consequently it is usually obtained from the south of
France or Italy.

Forcing.— When the green tops are much in request, a
small quantity of seed of the Summer Marjoram is sown
in January or February, in a moderate hotbed.

MARKET-GARDENER, one who grows garden produce
for sale.

MARKING FRUIT. Anaca'rdium.

MARL is a compound of chalk (carbonate of lime)
with either siliceous sand or alumina. In the first
instance it is a siliceous marl, best applied to heavy
soils ; and in the latter a clayey marl, adapted for light
lauds. Slaty and shell-marls are varieties of the siliceous.
The relative proportions of the constituents vary in-
definitely, the chalk amounting to from 15 to 75 per
cent. The quantity applied per acre must also vary
greatly, according to the object to be attained. To
render a light soil more tenacious, 100 tons per acre of
clayey marl are not too much ; neither is the same
quantity of siliceous marl an excess, if applied to a heavy
soil to render it more friable.

MA'RLEA. (From marlija, the Indian name. Nat.
ord. Dogwoods [Cornaceas]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Nyssa.)

Greenhouse evergreen and hardy shrubs. Cuttings of
shoots, or rather, short, stubby side-shoots, taken off
with a heel, in sand, under glass ; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.
Af. begonicefo'lia (Begonia-leaved). 4-6. Yellowish.

China. 1824.

,, „ platanifo'lia (Platanus-leaved). 5-6. White.
China and Japan. Hardy, deciduous.

MARRU'BIUM. Horehound. (From the Hebrew
marrob, bitter juice. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiatae].
Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the roots
in spring ; by slips, in a shady place, or shaded for a
time, and by seeds ; common garden soil.
M. affi'ne (related). See M. LEONUROIDES.
,, Aly'sson (Alysson). i|. Purple. July. Spain. 1597.
,, a'pulum (not-closed). See M. VULGARE LAN ATOM.
,, astraca'nicum (Astrachan). i. Blue. Asia Minor.
„ candidi'ssimum (whitest). 2. White. July. Levant.

1732.

„ cataricefo'lium (catmint-leaved), ij. Purple. July.
Levant. 1819.

MARSCHALLIA

535

MASDEVALLIA

Af . lana'tum (woolly), i. Purple. July. Altaic Siberia.

1820.
„ leonuroi'des (Leonurus-like). ij. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1819.

„ panno'nicum (Pannonian). Eastern Europe.
„ peregri'num (foreign). Europe ; Asia Minor.
„ propi'nquum (related). White. June. Caucasus.

1836.
„ Pseu'do-dicta'mnus (false dittany). See BALLOTA

PSEUDO-DICTAMNUS.

„ remo'tum (remote). See M. PANNONICUM.

„ vulga're (common). 2. White. July. Britain.

„ „ lana'tum (woolly). White. August. Britain.

MARSCHAXLIA. (Named after H. Marschall, a
botanical author. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-jEqualis.)

Half-hardy herbaceous plants, with purplish flowers,
from Carolina. Division of the plants in spring, or slips
of the shoots hi sandy soil, under a hand-fight, in April
and May ; common, sandy loam ; angustifo'lia likes the
addition of peat ; they require a dry, elevated place in
winter, and the protection of an evergreen bough, or a
cold, dry pit, with plenty of air.
Af. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. 1800.

„ ccsspito'sa (tufted), i. Purple, white. July. Texas.
1837-

„ lanceola'ta (spear-hezd-leaved). i$. June. 1812.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). if. June. 1806.

MARSDETOA. (Named after W. Mardsen, author of
a History of Sumatra. Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepia-
daceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Pergularia.)

Stove evergreen or hardy shrubs ; flave'scens is a
pretty climber ; M . ere' eta is hardy on a wall. Cuttings
in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May, and a very
slight bottom-heat ; sandy loam, with a little leaf-mould
or peat. Winter temp., 45° to 55* ; summer, 60° to 75*.
Af. Cundura'ngo (Cundurango). White. Colombia.

" Condor Vine."

„ ere'cta (upright). 10. White. July. Syria. 1597.
„ flave'scens (yellowish). 20. Yellowish. August.

Australia. 1830.
„ Imthu'rnii (Imthurn's). Purple. British Guiana.

1904.
loniceroi'des (honeysuckle-like). 8. Scarlet. July.

Brazil 1825.
„ macula' ta (spotted-leaved). 20. Green, purple. June.

New Grenada. 1834.
„ suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2. White. July.

Australia. 1816.
„ tenaci'ssima (toughest). Yellow. June. E. Ind.

1806.
„ tincto'ria (dyer's). Yellow. Trop. Africa.

MARSH CINQUEFOIL. Potenti'lla p alu'stris.
MARSH MALLOW. AltJue'a.
MARSH MARIGOLD. C a' I tha p alu'stris.
MARSIXEA. (Commemorative of Count L. F. Mar-
sigli, of the Bologne Academy of Sciences. Nat. ord.
Marsileaceae.)

Half-hardy aquatics, most often grown in stove and
greenhouse tanks. Divisions. Loam, leaf-mould, and
sand.

Af. Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). Australia.
„ ,, sa'lvatrix (safe).
„ hirsu'ta (hairy). Australia.
„ ma'cropus (long-stalked). Texas.
„ quadrifolia'ta (four-leaVed). Europe and Asia.
,, sa'lvatrix (safe). See M. DROMMONDII SALVATRIX.

MARTAGON. Li'lium Ma'rtagon.

MARTINE'ZIA. (Commemorative of Balthassar Mar-
tinez, a Spaniard. Nat. ord. Palmaceje.)

Stove Palms. Seeds. Loam, peat, and a little sand.
Af. Aipha'nes (Aiphanes). Venezuela.
„ caryotefo'lia (Caryota-leaved). 30-50. Colombia.

1845.

„ coralli'na (coral-red). Martinique.
„ ero'sa (gnawed). W. Ind. 1871.
„ granate'nsis (New-Grenadan). Colombia. 1874.
„ leucopha'a (dusky-white). Colombia. 1875.
„ lindenia'na (Lindenian). 15. Colombia. 1869.

MARTYWA. (Named after Dr. Martyn, once pro-
fessor of botany at Cambridge. Nat. ord. Pedaliads
[Pedaliacece]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.
Alh'ed to Pedalium.)

Greenhouse or half-hardy annuals. Seeds, sown in a
strong but sweet bottom-heat, in March ; plants pricked
off as soon as they can be handled, kept close and warm,
and, when increasing in size, shifted and hardened off by
degrees, to enable them to bloom in a cool stove, a warm
greenhouse, or in the open garden.
Af. a'nnua (annual). See M. PROBOSCIDEA.
,, Craniola'ria (Craniolarian). See CRANIOLARIA ANNUA.
„ dia'ndra (two-anthered). ij. Red. July. New

Spain. 1731.
„ fra 'grans (fragrant). 2. Crimson. June. Mexico.

1840.

,, hirtila'bia (hairy-lipped). Yellow, purple. Colombia.
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). See ROGERIA LONGIFLORA.
„ lu'tea (yellow), ij. Yellow. July. Brazil. 1825.
„ probosci'dea (proboscis-like). |. Light blue. July.

N. Amer. 1738. " Elephant's Trunk."
„ viola 'cea (violet). See M. FRAGRANS.

MARVEL OF PERU. Mira'bilis.

MASCARENHA'SIA. (Commemorative of Don Mas-
carenhas, the discoverer of Bourbon in 1545. Nat. ord.
Apocynaceae.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings of side-shoots, get-
ting firm, in sand, and placed in a close case with bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
Af. cwrnowia'na (Curnowian). Bright carmine. Mada-
gascar. 1881.

MASDEVAXLIA. (Named after /. MascLevatt, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord. Orchids [OrchidaceaB].
Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Alh'ed to Octomeria.)
Stove orchids. Division in spring ; peat, sphagnum,
rotten wood, and charcoal ; plants elevated above the
pots or baskets. Winter temp., 55* to 60*; summer,
60* to 90*.
Af. abbrevia'ta (shortened). White, with fewer violet

specks than Af. polysticta. Peru. 1878.
„ acrochordo'nia (top-string-toothed). Inner face of

sepals waited. Ecuador. 1885.
„ aqui'loba (equal-lobed). Pale red. Peru. 1860.
,, ama'bilis (lovely). J. Crimson. Colombia. 1874.
„ „ linea'to-stria'ta (tine-striped). Pink, orange, purple.

1875-
„ anchor i'f era (anchor-bearing). See SCAPHOSEPALUM

ANCHOR1FERUM.

,, angula'ta (angled). Yellowish, chocolate-brown.

Ecuador. 1898.
„ Armi'nii (Armin's). Rose, shaded with purple.

Colombia. 1882.

„ astu'ta (artful). See M. ERYTHROCH^ETE.
,, attenua'ta (attenuated). Greenish-white, yellow.

Costa Rica. 1871.

„ a'viceps (bird's-head). Green, yellow. Brazil. 1871.
,, backhousea'na (Backhousean). See M. CHIMERA

BACKHOUSEAXA.

„ barlcea'na (Barlaean). Bright red. Peru. 1876.

„ be'lla (pretty). Purple-brown, creamy-yellow.

Colombia. 1878.

„ Benedi'cti (Benedict's). See M. HOUTTEANA.
„ biflo'ra (two-flowered). White, with blackish-purple

spot, and purple rib. 1890.
„ bogote'nsis (Bogotan) of gardens.
„ Bonpla'ndii (Bonpland's). Colombia.
,, bre'vis (short). See SCAPHOSEPALUM BREVE.
„ Bruchmti'lleri (Bruchmuller's). See M. CORIACEA.
„ burbidgea'na (Burbidgean). Greenish-yellow, with

brown spots, yellow. Colombia. 1893.
„ burfordie'nsis (Burfordian). White, dotted claret,

purple. 1900.

„ calo'ptera (beautiful- winged). Peru.
„ calu'ra (beautiful- tailed). Bluish-purple, with obtuse

warts. Costa Rica. 1883.
„ campyloglo'ssa (curved-tongued). Greenish-white,

with nine purple dots. Colombia. 1878.
„ ca'ndida (white). See M. TOVARENSIS.
„ Carde'ri (Carder's), £. Whitish, with dark purple

spots. Colombia. 1883.
„ cauda'ta (tailed). |. Pale yellow, spotted with

purple. Colombia. 1875.

MASDEVALLIA

536

MASDEVALLIA

M. cauda'ta xantho'corys (yeUow-helmeted). Yellow,

brown. 1882.
„ Chesterto'ni (Chesterton's). Greenish-yellow, orange,

with black spots. Colombia. 1883.
„ Chima'ra (Chimaera). 1-2. Blackish, dotted, hairy.

Colombia. 1880.
„ „ backhousea'na (Backhousean). Large, bright

purple-brown. Colombia. 1879.
„ „ ere'cta (erect). Flower-scape erect.
„ ,, Gorgo'na (Gorgon). Canary-yellow, spotted with

red-purple ; lip tinted orange-red.
„ „ R&'zlii (Roezl's). Blackish India-purple, smooth.

Colombia. 1880.

„ „ se'nilis (old-man). Red-brown, white, with mauve-
brown spots. 1886.
„ „ seve'ra (grave). Maroon, pale yellow. Colombia.

1875.

„ spe'ctrum (spectre). Colombia. 1875.
„ „ WaWt's«(Wallis's). i. Yellow, spotted dull blood-
red. Colombia. 1872.
„ „ Walli'sii discoi'dea (disc-like). Sepals with a white

disc near their apices. 1881.
„ ci'vilis (civil). Yellow, brown, and purple. Peru.

1864.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet), i. Scarlet, with violet gloss.

April. Colombia.

,, ,, armeni'aca (apricot). Apricot, veined with flame-
red. Colombia.
„ „ conchifto'ra (shell-flowered). A large flowered

form, with concave lateral sepals.
„ „ denisonia'na (Denisonian).
„ „ Henderso'ni (Henderson's).

, ,, lilaci'na (lilac), i. Pale purple, with darker veins.
, ,, Linde'ni (Linden's), i. Magenta. Colombia. 1871.
, ,, rosa'cea (rosy), i. Rosy.
, „ walkeria'na (Walkerian).
, „ Wi'nnii (Winn's).
, conchifto'ra (shell-flowered). See M. COCCINEA CONCHI-

FLO'RA.
„ coria'cea (leathery). ^. Pale yellow, brown-purple.

Colombia. 1872.

„ cornicula'ta (small- horned). i. Dark cinnamon-
brown. Colombia. 1878.
,, costarice'nsis (Costa-Rican). J. White, with yellow

tails. Costa Rica. 1890.
„ cuculla'la (hooded). Blackish-purple, whitish, yellow.

Colombia. 1883.

„ Cu'lex (flea). See PLEUROTHALLIS MACROBLEPHARIS.
„ cupula'ris (cup-like). Light brown, dark brown,

ochrepus. Costa Rica. 1888.

„ Davi'sii (Davis's). i. Bright yellow. Peru. 1874.
„ daya'na (Dayan). See CRYPTOPHORANTHUS DAYANUS.
,, demi'ssa (drooping). Yellow, with brownish-purple

lines. Costa Rica. 1887.

,, Dem'so'm'(Denison's). SeeM. COCCINEA DENISONIANA.
,, deo'rsa (turned- down wards). Light yellow, blotched

purple-brown, purple. Colombia. 1900.
„ edyptra'ta (shieldless). Rich orange-yellow. 1895.
„ Edua'rdi (Eduard's). £. Red. Colombia. 1880.
„ elepha'nticeps (elephant-headed). Yellow, purple.

Colombia.
„ Ephi'ppium (Ephippium). i. Pale yellow, dark

purple-brown. Colombia. 1874.
„ erina'cea (prickly). Ochre, dark purple, orange.

Colombia. 1881.
„ erythrochcz'te (red-cloaked), i. White, light yellow,

reddish-purple. Colombia. 1882.
„ Estra'dce (Estrada). Yellow-white, violet-purple.
„ „ delica'ta (pale). Yellow and pale purple. 1882.
„ fascia' ta (bundled). Top sepal hooded. Colombia.

1881.
„ fenestra'ta (windowed). See CRYPTOPHORANTHUS

ATROPURPUREUS.

„ fla'veola (yellowish). Light yellow. Costa Rica. 1884.
„ forgetia'na (Forgetian). Flowers small. Northern

Brazil. 1895.
„ floribu'nda (many-flowered). J. Brownish-yellow.

November. Brazil. 1843.
,, fra'grans (fragrant). Flowers cupped, yellowish.

Colombia. 1893.
„ fulve'scens . (tawny). Buff, brown, orange-yellow,

white. Colombia. 1890.

„ galeottia'na (Galeottian). See M. FLORIBUNDA.
„ Garga'ntua (Gargantua). Leather yellow, purple,

white. Colombia. 1876.

M. gaskellia'na (Gaskellian). See M. ERYTHROCH^ETA.

,, gemma'ta (gemmed). J. Ochreous, with orange tails.
Colombia. 1883.

,, gibbero'sa (hump-backed). See SCAPHOSEPALUM GIB-
BEROSUM.

,, gracile'nta (somewhat-graceful). See CRYPTOPHOR-
ANTHUS GRACILENTUS.

„ Gusta'vi (Gustav's). Pale yellow, dark purple.

Colombia. 1875.
,, guttula'ta (small-spotted). J. Yellow-white, spotted

with purple. Ecuador (?). 1890.
,, „ acanihifo'lia (spiny- leaved). Rich violet-rose.

1883.
,, „ atrosangui'nea (dark- blood-red). Glowing crimson.

Colombia.

,, ,, Grave'sice (Mrs. Graves's). Pure white. 1892.
,, „ imperia'lis (imperial). Crimson-magenta. 1882.
,, ,, minia'ta (vermilion). Vermilion, flushed scarlet.

Colombia.

,, „ rega'lis (royal). Glowing crimson. 1883.
,, harrya'na (Harryan). See M. COCCINEA.
,, Henderso'ni (Henderson's). See M. COCCINEA HEN-

DERSONI.
,, hetero'ptera (various- winged). Yellow, black-purple.

Colombia. 1875.
,, hierogly'phica (hieroglyphical). Brown, purple-brown.

Colombia. 1882.
„ houttea'na (Houttean). f. White, brown-purple.

Colombia. 1874.

,, Hu'bschii (Hubsch's). See MAXILLARIA HUBSCHII.
„ Hypodi'scus (Hypodiscus). Purple-violet ; white

crests on veins. 1878.
,, i'gnea (fiery), i. Glowing orange-red. Colombia.

1871.

,, „ auranti'aca (golden). Orange-red.
„ „ Boddcz'rti (Bodda?rt's). Yellow, crimson-red.

Colombia. 1879.
,, „ marshallia'na (Marshallian). Glowing red, yellow.

Colombia. 1872.
,, ,, massangea'na (Massangean). Darker scarlet.

Colombia.
„ „ stobartia'na (Stobartian). Nerves mauve-purple.

1881.
,, inaqua'lis (unequal). £. Pale, nearly white.

Colombia. 1874.

,, infta'ta (inflated). Orange-yellow. Colombia. 1881.
„ infra' eta (broken). Whitish-yellow. April. Brazil.

1835.

,, ,, purpu'rea (purple). Rich purple-mauve. 1883.
„ iono'charis (violet-elegance). J. White, purple.

Peru. 1875.
„ Klabocho'rum (The Klabochs'). Blackish-grey,

white inside. S.W. Amer. 1876.
„ la'ta (broad). Reddish-brown, with yellowish tails.

Central Amer. 1877.
,, lauchea'na (Lauchean) of gardens.
,, Lawre'ncei (Lawrence's). See M. GUTTULATA.
„ Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). f. Orange-yellow. Ecuador.

1877.
„ leontoglo'ssa (lion-tongued). Lemon, ochre, dark

purple, white. Colombia. 1881.
,, Linde'ni (Linden's). See M. COCCINEA LINDENI.
,, livingstonea'na (Livingstonian). Pale yellow, purple-
brown. Panama. 1874.

,, longicauda'ta (long-tailed). See M. INFRACTA.
,, longise'pala (long-sepaled). See M. MACRURA.
„ Lo'wii (Low's). White, spotted purple, maroon-
purple. Colombia. 1890.
,, ludibu'nda (playful). Light yellow, spotted purple,

dark yellow. Colombia. 1882.
,, macrochi'la (long-lipped). Yellow-green, spotted

black, orange. Colombia. 1890.

„ macroda'ctyla (long-fingered). Yellowish, black-
purple. Colombia. 1872.

„ macru'ra (long-tailed), i. Light brown, with purple-
brown markings. Colombia. 1877.
„ ,, ma'xima (largest). Flowers larger and darker.

Colombia. 1903.
,, macula' ta (spotted). Yellow, purple. Colombia.

1873-

,, ,, fia'va (yellow). Tawny yellow tailed.
,, margine'lla (small-edged). White, green, orange.

1883.

„ mela'nopus (black-stalked). White, purple, yellow.
Peru. 1874.

MASDEVALLIA

537

MASSONIA

M. melanoxa'ntha (black-yellow). Yellow, brown.
Colombia. 1875.

„ milita'ris (military). Yellow, cinnabar. Colombia.
1880.

„ moorea'na (Moorean). Yellowish, reddish, chocolate-
brown. Venezuela. 1884.

„ musco'sa (mossy). Pale buff-yellow; lip sensitive.
Colombia. 1875.

„ myriosti'gma (myriad-spotted). See M. FLORIBUNDA.

„ nidi'fica (nest-making). J. YeUow, tinted purple.
Ecuador. 1880.

,, Norma'nni (Norman's). See M. REICHENBACHIANA.

„ Nycteri'na (Nycterina). Yellow, red-brown. Colom-
bia. 1873.

„ obrienia'na (O'Brienian). Yellow, spotted with
maroon. 1890.

„ ochtho'des (protuberanced). See SCAPHOSEPALUM

OCHTHODES.

„ ortgiesia'na (Ortgiesian). J. Greenish-white, with
purple nerves. 1908.

„ pachya'ntha (thick-flowered). Ochre or greenish-
brown. Colombia. 1884.

„ pachyu'ra (thick- tailed). Yellow, brown-red. West
S. Amer. 1874.

„ parlatorea'na (Parlatorean). Salmon outside, scarlet
within. Colombia. 1879.

„ Periste'ria (Peristeria). j. Yellow, purple-brown.
Colombia. 1873.

„ peruvia'na (Peruvian). Red-purple, white, h'lac.
Peru. 1906.

„ pictura'ia (ornamented). Whitish, with green veins
and tails, spotted. Venezuela. 1882.

„ platyglo'ssa (broad- tongued). Light yellow. Colom-
bia. 1882.

„ platyra'chis (broad-rachised). See PLEUROTHALLIS

PLATYRACHIS.

„ polysti'cta (many-speckled). |. White, speckled

with violet. N. Peru. 1874.
,, „ crassicauda'ta (thick- tailed). Tails short, stout.

1882.
„ polysti'cta (many-speckled) of Hooker f. See M.

MELANOPUS.
„ porce'lliceps (small pig-headed). Yellowish, speckled

brown, white. Colombia. 1883.
„ psittaci'na (parrot-h'ke). See M. HOUTTEANA.
,, pulvina'ris (cushioned). See SCAPHOSEPALUM PUL-

VINARE.

,, pu'mila (dwarf). Peru.

„ puncta'ta (spotted). See SCAPHOSEPALUM PUNCTATUM.
,, pusi'lla (puny). Yellowish, with purple-brown

blotches. Colombia. 1893.
,, Pusi'ola (Pusiola). ^. Flowers small, yellow.

Colombia. 1887.

,, racemo'sa (racemed). Colombia.
„ radio'sa (radiating). Brown, yellow, blackish-purple.

Colombia. 1877.

„ reichenbachia'na (Reichenbachian). Yellow, purple-
brown. Costa Rica. 1875.
„ „ auranti'aca (orange). Lateral sepals rich orange.

1883.

„ Rce'zlii (Roezl's). See M. CHIMERA RCEZLII.
„ rolfea'na (Rolfean). Crimson-brown, with yellow

tails. Costa Rica. 1890.

„ ro'sea (rosy). Rich rose-purple. Peru. 1880.
„ Schli'mii (Schlim's). 2. Yellow, mottled with

brownish-red. Venezuela. 1883.
„ schrcederia'na (Schrcederian) of gardens. Dark purple,

white. 1890.

,, se'nilis (old-man). See M. CHIM^ERA SENILIS.
,, seve'ra (grave). See M. CHIMERA SEVERA.
,, Shuttlewo'rthii (Shuttleworth's). See M. CAUDATA.
,, si'rmda (flat-nosed). Pale purple. Colombia. 1875.
„ soro'rcula (somewhat-sisterly). Greenish, purple,

white, dark purple. 1887.

„ spe'ctrum (spectre). See M. CHIMERA SPECTRUM.
,, sple'ndida (splendid). Rich scarlet, with a violet

tinge, white. Andes. 1878.
,, striate'lla (finely-striated). White, striped cinnamon,

yellow. Colombia. 1886.
„ swertiafo'lia (Swertia-leaved). See SCAPHOSEPALUM

SWERTLSFOLIUM.

„ Tondu'zii (Tonduz's). Citron, white ; tails yellow.

1906.
„ to'rta (twisted). Ochre, spotted and striped purple ;

tails twisted. Colombia. 1883.

M. tovare'nsis (Tovaran). $. White. Venezuela. 1865.
,, „ moorea'na (Moorean). Tails orange-red. 1895.
,, triangula'ris (triangular). Ochreous, with brownish

purple spots. Colombia. 1882.
,, triariste'lla ( three- awned). Brown and yellow,

whitish. Costa Rica. 1876.
„ trichce'te (three-cloaked). See M. GEMMATA.
„ tri'color (three-coloured). Purple. Colombia. 1882.
„ tridactyli'tes (three-fingered). Yellow, brownish-
purple ; tails orange. Colombia. 1883.
„ Triglo'chin (three-barbed). J. Red, pale yellow ; tails

yellow. Ecuador. 1878.
„ Trochi'lus (wren). See M. EPHIPPIUM.
,, Troglody'tes (Troglodytes). Whitish, purple- brown,

yellow. Colombia. 1877.
„ tubea'na (Tubean). i. Violet-brown, yellow.

Ecuador. 1878.

„ tubulo'sa (tubular). White. July. Venezuela.
„ urosta'chya (tail-spiked). Dark brown, with orange

markings. 1882.
„ veitchia'na (Veitchian). Orange-scarlet, flushed

violet. Peru. 1867.

„ „ biflo'ra (two-flowered). Twin-flowered. 1883.
„ „ grandifio'ra (large-flowered). Flowers much larger.

1882.
„ veli'fera (sail-bearing). Green, brown, yellow; tails

yellow. Colombia (?). 1874.
„ veluti'na (velvety). J. Rose- violet, white. Colombia.

1875.
,, veno'sa (veiny). Straw-yellow, spotted with dull

purple. Colombia. 1901.

„ Vesperti'lio (bat). Pale yellow, spotted brownish-
purple ; tails yellow. Colombia. 1877.
„ wageneria'na (Wagenerian). J. Yellow. Venezuela.

1852.

„ Walli'sii (Wallis's). See M. CHIMERA WALLISII.
„ „ discoi'dea (discoid). See M. CHIMERA WALLISII

DISCOIDEA.

„ Wendla'ndii (Wendland's). White, with 2-3 mauve

lines outside. Colombia. 1887.
,, winnia'na (Winnian). India-purple. 1881.
„ zanthi'na (yellow). J. Yellow, dark violet, whitish.

Colombia. 1880.

,, „ a'lbida (whitish). White. 1900.
„ xanthoda'ctyla (yellow-fingered). Greenish-white,

violet ; tails yellow. 1877.
„ xiphe'res (sword- wearing). |. Greenish- brown : tails

purple-brown. Colombia. 1902.

MASSA'NGEA. (Commemorative of M. Massange de
Louvrex, a notable horticulturist of Belgium. Nat. ord.
Bromeliaceae.) Now referred to Caraguata.
M. hierogly'phica (hieroglyphical). See TILLANDSIA

HIEROGLYPHICA.

,, Linde'ni (Linden's). See CARAGUATA LINDENI.

,, morrenia'na (Morrenian). See CARAGUATA MORRE-

NIANA.

,, musa'ica (mosaic). See CARAGUATA MUSAICA.
„ santovie'nsis (Santovian). Brazil. 1882.
„ tigri'na (tiger-striped). See TILLANDSIA HIERO-
GLYPHICA.

„ vitta'ta (striped). See CARAGUATA VITTATA.

MASSOTHA. (Named after F. Masson, a botanical
traveller in South Africa. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Alh'ed to Lachenah'a.)
Very small bulbs, with white flowers, from South
Africa. Seeds or offsets, in spring ; sandy loam, and a
little peat or leaf-mould ; grown in a pit, or in a warm
border, the bulbs being taken up when ripened, and kept
in bags or drawers ; if in pots, kept dry until vegetation
commences.
M . amygdali'na (Almond-scented). 1889.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). J. April. 1775.

„ brachy'pus (short-stalked). 1874.

„ ca'ndida (white). |. April.

„ corda'ta (heart-shaped). White, with pale red throat.
December.

„ corona'ta (crowned). See M. SANGUINEA.

„ corymbo'sa (corymbose). See HYACINTHUS CORYM-
BOSUS.

,, echina'ta (prickly-leaved). J. May. 1790.

,, ensifo'lia (sword- leaved). See POLYXENE PYGM/EA.

,, grandifio'ra (large-flowered). See M. OBOVATA.

„ jasminiflo'ra (jasmine-flowered). S. Africa.

MASSOWIA GARDNERI 538

MAURANDIA

Af. lanceafo'lia (lance-leaved). White, with pale red

throat. December.

latifo'lia (broad-leaved) of Linnaeus. £. March. 1775.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved) of Ker-Gawler. See M.

SANGUINEA.

longifo'lia (long-leaved). $. March.

murica'ta (warted). April. 1790.

obova'ta (obovate). J. October. 1725.

odora'ta (scented). £-£. White, fragrant. 1871.

pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). S- Africa.

pustula'ta (pustuled). J. February. 1790.

sangui'nea (blood-red). J. White; filaments suffused

with red. 1775-

sea' bra (rough). See M. PUSTULATA.
undula'ta (wavy-leaved). See LACHENALIA PUSILLA.
uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 1870.
viola' cea (violet). See POLYXENE PYGMJEA.

MASSO'WIA GAEDNE'RI. See SPATHIPHYLLDM GARD-
NERI.
MAST. The fruit of the Beech (F'agus sylva'tica).

MASTACA'NTHUS SINE'NSIS. See CARYOPTERIS
MASTACANTHUS.

MAT. See BASS.

MATHTOLA. See MATTHIOLA.

MATO'NIA. (Commemorative of Dr. Maton. Nat.
ord. Filices.)

Stove evergreen fern of great beauty. Spores. Fibrous
loam, peat, charcoal, and sand.

Af. pectina'ta (comb-like). iJ-2. Frond fan-shaped.
Mount Ophir, Malacca. 1839.

MATRICA'BIA. (From matrix, matricis, a female ; in
reference to its former use in uterine affections. Nat.
ord. Composite.)

Hardy annual or evergreen perennial herb. Seeds ;
divisions and cuttings of the perennials. Ordinary
garden soil.
Af. cauca'sica (Caucasian). See CHRYSANTHEMUM CAU-

CASICUM.
„ exi'mia grandifto'ra au'rea (golden). Garden variety of

Chrysa'nthemum Parthe'nium.
„ » pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Garden variety of

Chrysa'nthemum Parthe'nium.
„ gla'bra (smooth). Morocco.
„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered), ij. Yellow. June.

S. Africa. 1820. Greenhouse.
„ inodo'ra (scentless). i-i£. White, with yellow disc.

Summer. Europe (Britain).
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1-2. Double

white, highly ornamental. 1880.
„ mari'tima (maritime), x. White. July. Europe

(Britain). Biennial.
„ Parthe'nium (Parthenium). See CHRYSANTHEMUM

PARTHENIUM.

„ „ au'reum (golden). Leaves yellow. See CHRYSAN-
THEMUM PARTHENIUM AUREUM.
„ prce'cox (early), i. White. June. Asia Minor ;

Persia. 1818.

„ Tchihatche'wii (Tchihatcheff's). J-i. White, with
yellow disc. Turkish Armenia. 1869. Evergreen.

MATTHTOLA. Stock Gilliflower. (Named after P.
Matthioli, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord. Crucifers
[Cruciferae]. Linn. i$-Tetradynamia.)

The annuals, such as the Ten-week Stocks, may be
sown from March to May for summer decoration, and in
August and September, to stand over the winter for
spring early flowering. For the latter purpose, none
beat the Intermediate, Queens, Bromptons, and other
biennials. Sow in June, plant in sheltered places, and
in pots, to be kept in cold pits, and turned out early in
spring. Seeds are recommended to be saved from the
neighbourhood of double flowers, which we consider of
no importance. The only true theory to get double
flowers is to leave few seeds on a plant, and give it very
high cultivation, and as much sunshine as possible. For
fine flowering, all these prefer rich, light soil. The best
of them may be successfully preserved by cuttings under
a hand-light, and then kept in a cold pit in winter.
The shrubby greenhouse kinds are easily propagated by
cuttings, and delight in a rich, sandy soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.

M. acau'lis (stemless). See M. HUMILIS.
„ a'nnua (annual. Ten-week Slock). 2. Various.

August. S. Europe. 1731. This is a garden race

of M . inca'na.

„ „ a'lba (white), ij. White. July. S. Europe.
„ „ fto're-ple'no (double-flowered). i£. Red. July.
,, bico'rnis (two- horned), i. Pink. Summer. Greece ;

Asia Minor.
„ gra'ca (Grecian. Wallflower-leaved). See M. INCANA

GLABRATA.

„ hu'milis (dwarf). ^. Red. June. Egypt. 1823.
,, li'vida (livid). Livid, purple. July. Egypt. 1820.
„ longipe'tala (long-petaled). See M. OXYCERAS.
,, oxy'ceras (sharp- horned), i. Red, yellow. June.

Syria and Persia. 1818.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). $. Purple. July.

Morocco. 1799.
,, tricuspida'ta(three-pointed-leaved). $. Purple. July.

Barbary. 1739-

HARDY BIENNIALS.
Af. chine'nsis (Chinese). See M. SINUATA GLABRA ALBI-

FLORA.

„ coronopifo'lia (buckhorn-leaved). i. Purple or
violet. June. Sicily. 1819.

,, fenestra'lis (window), i. Purple. July. Crete. 1759.

„ oye'nsis (Oyan). See M. SINUATA GLABRA ALBIFLORA.

„ si'cula (Sicilian). See M. INCANA.

,, simplicicau'lis (single-stemmed). See M. INCANA.

„ sinua'ta (scollop-leaved), i. Dingy red. July.
England.

„ „ gla'bra albifto'ra (smooth, white-flowered). N.W.
France. 1900.

,, ,, oye'nsis (Oyan). See M. SINUATA GLABRA ALBI-
FLORA.

„ tata'rica (Tartarian), i. Red, yellow. July. Tar-
tary. 1820.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

Af. fra'grans (fragrant). 2. Livid. June. Crimea. 1823.
„ glabra'ta (smooth). See M. INCANA GLABRATA.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). See M. INCANA

GLABRATA FLORE-PLENO.

,, „ purpu'rea (purple). See M. INCANA GLABRATA

PURPUREA.
„ inca'na (hoary. Queen's Stock), i. Purple. August.

England.

„ „ a'lba (white-fcrancAtng). i. August.
,, ,, cocci'nea (scarlet), i. Scarlet. August. England.

" Brompton Stock."

„ „ glabra'ta (smooth). 2. White. August.
„ „ glabra'ta flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. White,

purple. August.
„ ,, glabra'ta purpu'rea (smooth-purple). 2. Purple.

August.
„ „ multiplex (double), i. Variegated. August.

England.

„ madere'nsis (Madeira). Violet. May. Madeira.
,, odorati' ssima (sweetest-scented). 2. Livid. June.

Persia. 1795.

„ „ fra'grans (fragrant). See M. FRAGRANS.
„ torulo'sa (twisted). Purple. July. S. Africa. 1816.
,, tri'stis (dark-flowered), if. Livid. June. S. Europe.

1768. " Night-scented Stock."
,, va'ria (variable). S. Europe.

MAURA'NDIA. (Named after Professor Maurandy,
of Carthagena. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae].
Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from Mexico. Seeds
sown in a slight hotbed, in spring ; and cuttings of shoots
in sandy soil, in spring or autumn ; rich, sandy loam,
with a little peat or leaf-mould ; will flourish in a cool
greenhouse, and in summer on wires, and fences, and
pillars in the open air.

M. aniirrhiniflo'ra (snapdragon-flowered). See ANTIRR-
HINUM MAURANDIOIDES.

„ barclaya'na (Barclay's). 10. Blue, white. July.

1825.

„ „ a'lba (white- flowered). 10. White. Year. 1842.
„ ,, semperflo'rens (ever-flowering). See M. SEMPER-

FLORENS.

MAURIA

539

MAXILLARIA

Af. ere'cta (erect). Mexico. 1882.
„ erube'scens (reddish). 8-12. Rosy. August. Mexico.

1830.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). 8-12. Purple, violet. July,

August. Mexico.

„ „ Henderso'ni (Henderson's). Violet-purple, white.
„ semperflo'rens (ever-flowering). 10. Purple or violet.

July. Mexico. 1796.

MAITEIA. (Named after A. Mauri, an Italian
botanist. Nat. ord. Anacards or Terebinths [Anacar-
diaceae]. Linn. zi-Mon&cia, j-Octandria. Allied to
Duvaua.)

Stove evergreen trees, with pinkish flowers, from Peru.
Cuttings of ripe shoots in heat, under a hand-glass;
common loam and a little peat ; usual stove treatment.
M. heterophy'lla (variously-leaved). 20. 1822.
„ simplicifo'lia (plain-leaved). 20. 1822.

MAURI'TIA. (Named after Prince Maurice, of
Nassau. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceas]. Linn. 22-
Dicecia, 6-Hexandria.)

Stove Palms. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; rich,
fibrous, sandy loam. Winter temp., 55° ; summer, 60°
to 90°.

M. arma'ta (armed). 40. Brazil. 1824.
„ fiexuo'sa (zigzag-spiked). 40. White, green. Surinam.

1816.
„ vini'fera (wine-bearing). 40. Maranham. 1823.

MAXELLA'RIA. (From maxilla, the jaws of an insect ;
referring to a resemblance of the columns and labellum.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria,
i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids. Divisions of the plant in spring ;
fastened on wood covered with sphagnum, or raised in
baskets filled with sphagnum, old wood, turfy peat, and
charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to 65° ; summer, 60° to
90°. Dry in winter ; moist when growing.
Af. acia'ntha (acute-flowered). Costa Rica.

,, acicula'ris (needle-shaped). Brown-red. Brazil. 1837.

„ acutipe'tala (acute-petaled). Central Amer.

„ a'lba (white). White. W. Ind.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See M. VARIABILIS.

„ arachni'tes (spider). Yellowish, ochre. Colombia.
1880.

„ aroma' 'tica (aromatic). See LYCASTE AROMATICA.

„ a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). See BIFRENARIA ATRO-

PURPUREA.

„ a'tro-ru'bens (dark red). Dark red. July.

„ Augu'sta-Victo'ria (Augusta- Victoria). White ; lip

yellow, marked with purple. 1898.
„ au'reo-fu'lva (golden brown). See BIFRENARIA AUREO-

FULVA.

,, barba'ta (bearded). See BIFRENARIA VITELLINA.
„ Barringto' nice (Mrs. Barrington's). See LYCASTE

BARRINGTONI.S.
„ Bino'ti (Binot's). Yellow; lip dotted with purple.

Brazil. 1906.
„ bracte'scens (large-bracted). See XYLOBIUM BRACTE-

SCENS.
,, brocklehurstia'na (Brocklehurstian). See HOULLKTIA

BROCKLEHURSTIANA.

„ callichro'ma (beautiful-coloured). Venezuela.

,, Camari'dii (Camarid's). Costa Rica. 1863.

,, ca'ndida (whitened). White. April. Brazil. 1840.

„ Copula (Cepula). See M. MADIDA.

,, cilia'ta (eye-lashed). See LYCASTE BARRINGTONI^B.

„ citri'na (citron-coloured). Yellow. May. Mexico.

1840.

,, conca'va (concave). See XYLOBIUM INCANUM.
,, crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Brazil. 1836.
,, crista'ta (crested-lipped). See LYCASTE CRISTATA.
„ cro'cea (saffron). $. Saffron. Rio Janeiro.
„ „ Lie'tzei (Lietze's). Yellow, purple-brown outside.

Brazil.

„ crue'nta (blood-coloured). See LYCASTE CRUENTA.
„ cteno'stachys (draught-oxen-spiked). Ochre. Costa

Rica. 1870.

„ cuculla'ta (hooded). J. Red-brown. Mexico. 1840.
,, cunea'ta (wedge-shaped). White, pink. 1844.
„ de'nsa (dense). See ORNITHIDIUM DENSUM.
„ De'ppii (Deppe's). See LYCASTE DEPPEI.
„ dichro'ma (two- coloured). White ; lip brown-purple.

Peru. 1898.

Af. di'scolor (two-coloured). British Guiana.

„ elega'ntula (somewhat-elegant). Yellow, white,
spotted with brown. 1897.

„ elonga'ta (elongated). See XYLOBIUM ELONGATUM.

„ Endre'sii (Endres's). Pale ochre, yellow, purple.
1886.

,, ferdinandia'na (Ferdinandian). Brazil.

„ „ lu'teola (yellowish). Larger, yellow. Brazil. 1906.

„ fractiflSxa (broken-bent). Purple, white, red.
Ecuador. 1881.

„ fuca'ta (dyed). White, purple, yellow. 1886.

„ fune'rea (funeral). Purple-brown. Brazil. 1903.

,, fusca'ta (swarthy). See M. FUCATA.

„ galea'ta (helmeted). See GONGORA GALEATA.

,, gra'cilis (graceful). }. Yellow, purple. Brazil.

,, grami'nea (grass-leaved). Yellow, red. Demerara.

„ grandifio'ra (large-flowered). White, yellow. August.
Peru. 1870.

„ Harriso'niee (Mrs. Harrison's). See BIFRENARIA
HARRISONI.B.

„ „ a'lba (white). See BIFRENARIA HARRISONL* ALBA.

„ houttea'na (Houttean). Trop. Amer. 1858.

„ Hue'bschii (Huebsch's). White, yellow, mauve-
purple. Ecuador. 1888.

„ hyaci'nthina (hyacinth-scented). See XYLOBIUM HYA-

CINTHINUM.

„ hypo'crita (hypocritical) See XYLOBIUM HYPOCRITUM.

„ iridifo'lia (Iris-leaved). W. Ind.

„ irrora'ta (besprinkled). White, bordered and blotched

purple, ochre. Andes. 1883.
„ johnia'na (Johnian). White, lilac, yellowish. Andes

of Peru. 1910.

,. jugo'sa (ridged). See LYCASTE JUGOSA.
„ Kalbre'yeri (Kalbreyer's). Greenish- white, purple.

Colombia. 1885.
„ Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). White, reddish-brown,

chestnut. Ecuador. 1886.
„ leontoglo'ssa (lion's-tongue). See XYLOBIUM LEONTO-

GLOSSUM.

„ lepido'ta (scaly). Light yellow. Colombia. 1878.
,, leptose'pala (slender-sepaled). See M. SETIGERA.
„ Linde'nice (Mme. Linden's). Milk-white, rose, yellow,

reddish. 1894.
„ longise'pala (long-sepaled) . Purple-green, greenish.

Venezuela. 1890.
„ lu'teo-a'lba (yellowish- white). Yellow, white. June.

Colombia.

,, Lyo'nii (Mrs. Lyon's). Purple, brown. Mexico. 1845.
„ Maclea'ii (MacLeay's). White, maroon. Guatemala.

1839.
„ macrobu'lbon (long-bulbed). See LYCASTE MACROBUL-

BON.

,, macrophy'lla (long-leaved). See LYCASTE MACRO*
PHYLLA.

,, macru'ra (long-tailed). See M. LONGISEPALA.

,, ma'dida (wet). £. Pale brown. Brazil.

„ margina'ta (bordered). Dark yellow. June. Brazil.

„ Melea'gris (Guinea-fowl). Yellow, brown. May.
Mexico.

„ mira'bilis (wonderful). Orange, crimson, brown,
yellow. 1894.

„ Mo'litor (Molitor). Yellow, brown. 1887.

„ moorea'na (Moorean). Cream, maroon-purple. Guate-
mala. 1895.

„ Muelle'ri (Mueller's). Clear yellow ; lip dotted with
purple. 1890.

„ nasa'lis (nosed). Yellow, spotted with brown.
Colombia. 1870.

„ neophy'lla (new-leaved). Yellow, spotted with brown.
Colombia. 1878.

„ nigre'scens (blackish). Blackish. Colombia.

„ obscu'ra (obscure). See M. CUCULLATA.

„ ochroleu'ca (pale yellow), f. Yellowish. July. Rio
Janeiro.

,, „ lo'ngipes (long-stalked).

,, ornithoglo' ssa (bird's- tongue). White. Mexico. 1842.

„ pallidifto'ra (pale-flowered). See XYLOBIUM PALLIDI-
FLORUM.

,, palmifo'lia (palm-leaved). See XYLOBIUM DECOLOR.

„ Parke'rii (Parker's). }. Buff, white. April. Deme-
rara. 1826.

„ pa'rva (small). Yellow. Brazil. 1895.

„ pa'rvula (very small). See BIFRENARIA PARVULA.

,, phcenicanthe'ra (purple-anthered). White or pale
yellow, spotted purple. Brazil. 1908.

MAXIMILIANA

540

MEASURES

M. pi'cta (painted). }. Orange, red. December. Brazil.

„ „ ma'jor (larger). Yellow, white. December.
Brazil. 1837.

„ placanthe'ra (couch-anthered). See M. VIRIDIS.

„ porphyroste'le (purple-handled). J. YeUow, deep
purple. Brazil. 1873.

„ prce'sians (excelling). Dull yellow, with brown spots.
Guatemala. 1885.

„ psittaci'na (parrot-like), i. Red, yellow. October.
Mexico. 1835.

„ pu'lla (blackish). £-}. Straw-yellow, striped red-
brown. Colombia. 1903.

„ pu'mila (dwarf). J. Deep purple. British Guiana.

„ puncta'ta (spotted). \. White-spotted. October.
Brazil.

„ „ a'lba (white). White-spotted. October. Brazil.
1838.

„ „ purpu'rea (purple). Purple-spotted. October.
Brazil. 1839.

„ pu'ncto-stria'ta (dotted-striated). Spotted and lined

brown-red. Guatemala.

pu'ngens (prickly). See BIFRENARIA HARRISONS.
pusi'lla (puny). Brownish-green, dark purple. 1908.
racemo'sa (racemed). See BIFRENARIA RACEMOSA.
reichenheimia'na (Reichenheimian). Pale yellow,

purple. Costa Rica. 1871.
revoluta (revolute). See M. VARIABILIS.
Rollisso'nii (RoUisson's). See ZYGOPETALUM ROLLIS-
SONII.

„ rufe'scens (reddish). Reddish-brown. Trinidad. 1836.

„ „ fia'vida (yellow). Yellow, red. Trinidad. 1869.

„ sanderia'na (Sanderian). Ivory-white, vinous-crim-
son, yellowish. Ecuador. 1887.

,, „ fuerstenbergia'na (Fuerstenbergian). Ivory-white,
with few purple spots. 1894.

„ ,, *<zrttftog/o'ssa(yellow-tongued). Spots very numer-
ous ; lip yellowish. 1893.

„ sangui'nea (blood-red). Red-brown, yellow, purple-
crimson. Central Amer. 1895.

„ scabrili'nguis (rough- tongued). See XVLOBIUM

SCABRILINGUE.

„ scu'rrilis (buffoon-like). Sepals and petals blotched
with blackish-brown. 1900.

„ seti'gera (bristle-bearing), i. White, yellow. July.
Colombia. 1846.

„ „ pa'llida (pale).

„ Skinne'ri (Skinner's). See LYCASTE SKINNERI.

„ specio'sa (showy). Yellowish, spotted with black-
purple. Colombia. 1876.

„ sple'ndens (splendid). White, yellow. Peru. 1870.

„ squa'lens (dirty). See XYLOBIUM SQUALENS.

„ squama'ta (scaly) of gardens. See M. MUELLERI.

„ stapelioi'des (Stapelia-like). See ZYGOPETALUM STAPE-
LIOIDES.

„ Stee'lii (Steel's). See SCUTICARIA STHELII.

„ strict 'ta (striated). Greenish-yellow, striped brownish-
purple ; lip white. Peru. 1893.

„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Larger, white, lined
purple. 1896.

„ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved), i. Purple, yellow. June.
Vera Cruz. 1837.

„ tetrago'na (four-angled). See LYCASTE TETRAGONA.

„ triangula'ris (three-angled). Brown, crimson. Guate-
mala.

„ trilo'ris (three- thonged). Dusky-brown. S. Amer.
1870.

„ varia'bilis (variable). Brownish- yellow. Mexico.
1852.

„ „ lu'tea (yellow). Yellow. Mexico.

„ „ me' diet (intermediate).

„ varico'sa (varicose). Bolivia. 1883.

„ venu'sta (lovely). Yellow, white, red. Colombia.
1862.

„ vi'fidis (green). £. Green. May. Brazil. 1835.

„ vittelli'na (yolk-of-egg-coloured). See BIFRENARIA

VITELLINA.

„ Wagene'ri (Wagener's). See XYLOBIUM CORRUGATUM.

„ warrea'na (Warre's). See WARREA TRICOLOR.

„ xa'nthina (yellow). See ZYGOPETALUM XANTHINUM.

MAXIMILIA'NA. (Named after Prince Maximilian.
Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn. 2$-Polygamia, i-
Moncecia. Allied to Cocos.)

Stove Palms. Seeds, in a hotbed ; rich, sandy loam.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

M. cariba'a (Caribaean). W. Ind.
,, insi'gnis (remarkable). Brazil.
» Ja'gua (Jagua). Colombia.
,, martia'na (Martian). Brazil and Guiana.
,, re'gia (royal). See M. MARTIANA.

MAY. Cratcz'gus Oxyaca'ntha.

MAY APPLE. Podophy'llum pelta'tum.

MAY BUG. Melolo'ntha vulga'ris.

MAY FLOWER. Convalla'ria tnaja'lis and Lce'lia
maja'lis.

MAYTE'NUS. (From maiten, the Chilian name. Nat.
ord. Spindle-trees [Celastraceae]. Linn. 2^-Polygamia,
2-Dioecia. Allied to Celastrus.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in May ; sandy
peat and fibrous loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
M. Boa'ria (Boaria). 10. White. Chili. 1822.
„ chile'nsis (Chilian). 12. Green, yellow. May. Chili. 1829.
„ octogo'na (eight-angle-stemmed). 6. White. October.

Peru. 1786.
„ verticilla'ta (whorled). 6. White. October. Peru. 1823.

MAZE. See LABYRINTH.

MA'ZUS. (From mazos, a teat ; referring to the
tubercles in the opening or mouth of the flower. Nat.
ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia,
z-Angiospermia. Allied to Dodartia.)

Hardy and half-hardy perennials, with runners, below
ground in the case of M. Pumi'lio, and above, in the case
of M. rugo'sus. Seeds in hotbed, in March ; seedlings
hardened off, and transferred to the open ground in May.
M. Pumi'lio (dwarf). J. Pale purple. June. Van

Diemen's Land ; New Zealand. 1823.
„ rugo'sus (wrinkly). J. Yellow. Spring and summer.
Himalaya ; Malaya ; China. 1780.

MEADOW-RUE. Thali'ctrum.
MEADOW-SAFFRON. Co'lchicutn.
MEADOW-SWEET. Spirce'a Ulma'ria.

MEASURES.

CORN MEASURE.

4 Gills .

Pint . containing 34! Ct

bic Incli

2 Pints .

§uart „ 6gJ

»

4 Quarts

allon

277i

2 Gallons

Peck

554i

|

4 Pecks

Bushel „

22I8J

4 Bushels

Sack

5iCt

Me Fee

8 Bushels

Quarter ,,

t

5 Quarters

Load

5ii

»

TIMBER MEASURE.

A load of timber, unhewn, is 40 cubic feet.

„ „ squared, „ 50 „

i inch plank 600 square feet.

i£ , 400 ,

2 i 300 ,

2j , 240 ,

3 » 200 ,

3t » 170 ,

4 » 150 „

LAND MEASURE.

The English statute acre contains 4840 square yards ;
the Scotch, 5760 ; the Irish, 7840 ; the Devonshire,
customary, 4000 ; the Cornish, 5760 ; the Lancashire,
7840 ; the Cheshire and Staffordshire, 10,240 ; the Wilt-
shire tenantry, 3630. The French arpent is an English
acre and three-fourths of a rood. The Strasburg acre
is nearly half an English acre ; the Prussian morgen is
not quite three-fourths of an acre.

LONG MEASURE.

12 Inches i Foot

3 Feet i Yard

6 Feet i Fathom

5i Yards i Pole

40 Poles i Furlong

8 Furlongs i Mile

3 Miles i League

69i Miles i Degree

MECONOPSIS

MEDICAGO

SQUARE MEASURE.

Inches.

H4

1,296

39,204

1,568,160

6,272,640

Feet. Poles,

i Yards. Rods, or

9 i Perches.

272* 30* i

10,890 1 210 40

43,560 4840 160

30 acres are i yard of land. 100 acres are i hide of land

640 acres are i square mile.

Roods.

i
4

Acre.

i

CUBIC MEASURE.

1728 Cubic Inches make ....

27 „ Feet

40 „ „ of Rough Timber
50 „ „ of Hewn „
108 „
128 ....

i Cubic Foot
i „ Yard

}i Load

r Stack of Wood
i Cord

HEAPED MEASURES.

Our market-gardeners, and retailers of fruit, potatoes,
&c., generally vend their commodities as if the Act of
Parliament, 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 63, did not exist. By
this statute selling by heaped measure is forbidden under
a penalty of not more than 405. for every such sale.
Section 8 provides that, as some articles heretofore sold
by heaped measure are incapable of being stricken, and
may not inconveniently be sold by weight, it is enacted,
that all such articles may henceforth be sold by a bushel-
measure, corresponding in shape with the bushel pre-
scribed by the 5 Geo. IV. c. 74, for the sale of heaped
measure, or by any multiple or aliquot part thereof,
filled in all parts as nearly to the level of the brim as
the size and shape of the articles will admit ; but no-
thing herein shall prevent the sale by weight of any
article heretofore sold by heaped measure. The
5 Geo. IV. c. 74, thus referred to, enacts, by section 7,
that for potatoes, fruit, &c., the bushel shall be made
round, with a plain and even bottom, be 19$ inches
from outside to outside, and capable of containing 80 Ib.
weight of water.

WOOD FUEL.

English Measure. — Wood-fuel is assized into shids,
billets, faggots, fall-wood, and cord-wood. A shid is of
fall-wood and cord-wood.

A shid is to be 4 feet long, and according as they are
marked and notched, their proportion must be in the
girth — viz. if they have but one notch, they must be
16 inches in the girth ; if two notches, 23 inches ; if
three notches, 28 inches ; if four notches, 33 inches ;
and if five notches, 38 inches about.

Billets are to be 3 feet long, of which there should be
three sorts, namely, a single cask, and a cask of two.
The first is 7 inches, the second 10 inches, and the third
14 inches about. They are sold by the hundred of five
score.

Faggots are to be 3 feet long, and, at the band, of
24 inches about, besides the knot ; of such faggots fifty
go to the load.

Bavins and spray-wood are sold by the hundred,
which are accounted a load. Cord-wood is the bigger
sort of firewood ; and it is measured by a cord or line,
whereof there are two measures — that of 14 feet in length,
3 feet in breadth, and 3 feet in height ; the other is
8 feet in length, 4 feet in height, and 4 feet in breadth.

MEASURE OF WOOD.

1000 Billets of Wood= i Cord.

10 Cwt. of Wood = i Cord.

i Cord of Wood = \ Chaldron of Coals.

100 Ib. of Wood = i Quintal of Wood.

MECONO'PSIS. (From mekon, the poppy, and opsis,
like. Nat. ord. Poppyworts [Papaveraceas]. Linn. 13-
Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions of the plant
in spring, and seeds (which ripen freely), at the same
time ; rich, sandy soil.
Af. aculea'ta (prickly). i|-2. Blue-purple. Himalaya.

1864.
„ be'lla (pretty). J-£. Blue. Sikkim. 1904.

Af. ca'mbrica (Welsh), i. Yellow. June. England.
" Welsh Poppy."

„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). See M. HETEROPHYLLA.

,, diphy'lla (two-leaved). See STYLOPHORUM DIPHYL-
LUM.

„ disci' gera (disc-bearing), i. Sepals and petals un-
known. W. Sikkim. 1906.

,, gra'ndis (grand), i. Purple. Himalaya. 1900.

,, Henri'ci (Henric's). Purple-violet. Western China.
1906.

,, heterophy'lla (various-leaved). i. Orange, red.
California. 1833.

,, integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). $—2j. Sulphur-yellow.
W. China. 1895. Biennial.

„ nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 2-3. Pale yellow. Himalaya.
1866.

,, panicula'ta (panicled). Himalaya.

,, petiola'ta (leaf-stalked). See STYLOPHORUM DIPHYL-
LUM.

„ pseu'dointegrifo'lia (false-entire-leaved), i. Sulphur-
yellow. S.W. Tibet. 1904. Biennial.

„ puni'cea (scarlet). £-2. Carmine or reddish-purple.
W. China. 1904.

„ quintupline'rvia (five-nerved). $-}. Violet. Man-
churia. 1876.

,, racemo'sa (racemed). i}-2. Deep purple to pale
lilac. W. China ; Tibet. 1904.

„ simplicifo'lia (simple-leaved). 2-3. Blue. June,
July. Himalaya. 1855.

„ sinua'ta (sinuate). Not in cultivation.

„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1-4. Blue. Himalaya.

„ VraW'cJmfDr.Wallich's). 2}. Blue. June. Sikkim,
Himalaya. 1876. " Satin Poppywort," " Blue
Poppy."

„ ,, fu'sco-purpu'rea( dusky-purple). Brownish-purple.
Eastern Himalaya. 1884.

MECRA'NIUM. (Derivation not obvious. Nat. ord.
Melastomaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of stubby side-shoots
in sand in a close propagating case. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand.
Af. purpuraf scens (purplish). 3. Purple. March.

Jamaica. 1822.

MEDE OLA. (Named after Medea, the sorceress.
Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliacea?]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, 3-
Trigynia. Allied to Trillium.)

Hardy herbaceous. Division of the plant in spring ;
rich, sandy soil.
Af. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved) of Redoute. See

GEITONOPLESIUM CYMOSUM.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved) of Miller. See ASPARA-
GUS MEDEOLOIDES.

„ asparagot'des (Asparagus-like). See ASPARAGUS

MEDEOLOIDES.

„ „ myrtifo'lia (Myrtle-leaved). Leaves very small.

A variety of Asparagus medeoloides.
„ virgi'nica (Virginian), f. Yellow. June. Virginia.

1759. " Indian Cucumber Root."

MEDIAN APPLE, or CITRON. Ci'trus Me'dica.

MEDICA'GO. Medick. (From medike, a name from
Dioscorides. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa?].
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria. Allied to Trifolium.)

Hardy, and all yellow-flowered, except where other-
wise mentioned. Annuals, by seeds, in open border, in
April ; perennials, by seeds, division of the plant, and
slips under a hand-light ; shrubs, by cuttings of young
shoots under a band-light.

HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUB.

Af. arbo'rea (tree. Moon-trefoil). 8. May. S. Europe.
1596. '

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
Af. carstie'nsis (Carst). i. July. Carinthia. 1789.
„ creta'cea, (chalky). 4. July. Tauria. 1805.
„ falca'ta (sickle-podded). 2. July. England.
„ glomera'ta (clustered), i. June. Italy. 1817.
„ glutino'sa (sticky), i. June. Caucasus. 1817.
„ mari'na (sea), i. July. S. Europe. 1596.
„ procu'mbens (trailing). See M. FALCATA.

MEDICOSMA

542

MEGACLINIUM

M. prostra'ta (lying-down), f. June. Hungary. 1793.
„ ruthe'nica (Russian), ij. Yellow. June. Siberia.

1759-
„ sati'va (cultivated). 2. Violet. June. England.

" Lucerne."
,, ,, versi'color (various-coloured). 2. Yellow, blue.

J une. Britain.
„ suffrutico'sa (sub-shrubby). 2. Violet, yellow. June.

Pyrenees. 1820.

HARDY ANNUALS.

M. aculea'ta (prickly). See M. TURBINATA.
„ agre'stis (field). £. S. Europe.
„ apicula'ta (small-pointed). J. Europe.
„ ara'bica (Arabic). See M. MACULATA.
„ brachyca'rpa (short-podded). See TRIGONELLA

BRACHYCARPA.

„ cancella'ta (latticed), i. July. Caucasus. 1818.
„ catalo'nica (Catalonian). J. July. Catalonia. 1820.
„ cilia'ris (hair-fringed), i. July. S. Europe. 1686.
,, corona'ta (crowned), i. June. S. Europe. 1660.
„ denticula'to(toothletted). $. July. Europe (Britain).
„ discifo'rmis (disc- formed). J. July. S.France. 1822.
„ Echi'nus (hedgehog), £. July. S. France. 1818.

" Calvary Clover."

,, ftexuo'sa (zigzag). See M. DENTICULATA.
„ Gera'rdi (Gerard's). See M. RIGIDULA.
„ He'lix (Helix). *. July. S. Europe. 1816.
„ hi'spida (coarsely-hairy). £. S. Europe.
„ hornemannia'na (Hornemann's). J. June. Morocco.

1818.

„ interte'xta (interwoven), i. July. S. Europe. 1629.
„ lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved), £. July. S.Europe. 1683.
„ Ice'vis (smooth). See M. HELIX.
„ lappa'cea (burdock-like). See M. DENTICULATA.
,, liltora'lis (shore). ^. Mediterranean region.
„ lupuli'na (hop-like), i. June. Britain. "Black

Medick."

» » polysta'chya (many-spiked). Switzerland.
„ „ unguicula'ta (clawed), i. July. Switzerland.

1816.

„ „ Willdeno'vii (Wildenow's). J. Europe.
„ macula'ta (spotted). i£. May. England. " Heart

Clover."

„ margina'ta (bordered). See M. ORBICULARIS.
„ mari'na (marine). £. July. Mediterranean region.
„ mi'nima (smallest). $. July. Europe (Britain).
„ minoca'rpa (moss- fruited). See M. LUPULINA UNGUI-

CULATA.

„ molli'ssima (softest). See M. MINIMA.

„ Mu'rex (Murex). J. S.W. Europe. " Mollusk

Medick."

„ tnurica'ta (point-covered), i. June. England.
„ orbicula'ris (round-podded), i. July. S. Europe.

1688.

„ prce'cox (early). J. July. Provence. 1820.
„ radia'ta (radiating). See TRIGONELLA RADIATA.
„ re'cta (upright). See M. MINIMA.
„ rigi'dula (somewhat rigid), i. July. Europe.

1816.

„ rupe'stris (rock), i. June. Tauria. 1820.
„ scutella'ta (little-shield). *. S. Europe. " Snail

Medick."

„ sibi'rica (Siberian), i. June. Siberia. 1817.
„ sphceroca'rpa (round-fruited). \. July. Italy. 1818.
„ spinulo'sa (small-spined). See M. TUBERCULATA.
„ stria' ta (channelled). £. July. S. France. 1820.
,, tenorea'na (Tenorean). f. July. Italy. 1820.
„ tentacula'ta (tentaculated). See M. TRUNCATULA.
„ tricy'cla (three-cycled). See M. STRIATA.
„ trunca'tula (somewhat truncate), i. June. Europe.

1800.
„ tubercula'ta (tuberculate). J. July. Mediterranean

region. 1820.
„ turbina'ta (top-shaped), i. July. S. Europe. 1680.

MEDICO'SMA. (From medica, the Citron, and osme,
smell; in allusion to the smell of the flowers. Nat.
ord. Rutaceae.)

Greenhouse, evergreen tree, with Orange-scented
flowers. Cuttings of side-shoots in sand in a gentle heat
under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
M. Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). White. Tulv
Austral. 1838.

MEDINI'LLA. (Named after /. de Medinilla y Pineda,
governor of the Marianne Islands. Nat. prd. Melas-
tomads [Melastomaceas]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with rosy flowers. Cuttings
of stumpy side-shoots root the safest, though cuttings
of the young shoots root freely, when damping is avoided,
in sand, with a little peat, under a bell-glass, and in a
bottom-heat ; peat and loam, fibrous and sandy. Winter
temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. ama'bilis (lovely). Rose. Java. 1874.
,, chiona'ntha (snowy- flowered). Snow-white. Perak.

1906.

,, Cutnmi'ngii (Cumming's). Pink. Philippines.
„ Curti'sii (Curtis's). 2$. White, with purple anthers.

March. Sumatra. 1883.

,, erythrophy'lla (red-leaved). See M. RUBICUNDA.
,, exi'mia (choice) of Siebold. See M. SIEBOLDIANA.
,, farino'sa (mealy). See M. VENOSA.
,, javane'nsis (Javanese). 4. December. Java. 1850.
,, magni'fica (magnificent). 3-5. Rosy-pink. May.

Philippines.

,, „ ru'bra (red). Deep red. 1888.
„ rubicu'nda (red). 2. Rose. Leaves red. Malaya.

1837-

„ sieboldia'na (Siebold's). 3$. Rose. April. Moluccas.
„ specio'sa (showy). 4. July. Java. 1845.
„ spedlo'sa (showy) of Hooker. See M. CUMMINGII.
„ Teysma'nni (Teysman's) of gardens. See M. AMABILIS.
„ veno'sa (veiny). Pink. Leaves mealy when young.
Malaya. 1865.

MEDLAR. Py'rus germa'nica.

Varieties.— Blake's Large ; Dutch, largest fruit ;
Nottingham, small, but best flavoured ; Stoneless, in-
ferior, but keeps longer than others.

Propagation: by Seed. — This is a tedious mode, the
seed usually lying two years before it germinates. Sow,
immediately the fruit containing the seed decays, in
common, light soil. Water the seedlings frequently in
dry weather ; thin them to two feet apart ; and when
four or five years old they will be fit for final planting.

By Layers. — This may be done in February and March,
making use of shoots of the previous year. They will
have rooted by the autumn.

Grafting and Budding may be done on the White
Thorn ; but the Pear is a better stock for the Medlar.

Soil. — A well-drained, but retentive loam suits it best.

Planting, Pruning, &c.— See the directions given for
the PEAR.

Storing. — The fruit ought not to be gathered until
November, for if the gathering is made before the fruit
is fully matured, it shrivels without ripening in its decay.
Spread them singly upon sand, the calyx, or open side
downwards, and dipping the stalk end in a strong brine
of common salt and water, which is said to check the
occurrence of mouldiness.

MEDLAR, JAPANESE. Eriobo'trya japo'nica.
MEDUSA' S-HEAD. Eupho'rbia Ca'put-Medu'sa.

MEGACLI'NIUM. (From megas, large, and Kline, a
bed ; referring to the axis, or rachis, on which the flowers
are borne. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceas], Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Cirrhopetalum.)

Stove orchids. Division of the plant in spring ; shallow
baskets in sphagnum, rotten wood, charcoal, and fibrous
peat. Winter temp., 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
M. arnoldia'num (Arnoldian). 1905.
„ Bu'fo (toad). Brown, purple. Summer. W. Trop.

Africa. 1839.
„ Cla'rkei (Clarke's). Green and purple. W. Trop.

Africa. 1891.
„ ebu'rneunt (ivory). Yellowish-white, yellow. W.

Africa. 1908.
„ falca'tum (sickle-shaped), i. Yellow, red. March.

W. Trop. Africa. 1824.

„ „ ma'jus (large). Yellow, red. March. 1833.
,, fu'scum (brown). Brownish-purple. 1910.
„ imschootia'num (Imschootian). i. Yellow-green,

spotted brown. Trop. Africa (?). 1895.
,, leucorrha'chis (white-rachised). Deep yellow. Trop.

Africa (?). 1891.
„ lute'scens (yellowish). Honey-yellow. Gold Coast.

MEGARRHIZA

543

MELANTHIUM

M. ma'ximum (largest), i. Yellow, green. W. Trop.
Africa. 1836.

„ melanorrha'chis (black-rachised). Brown, pale
yellow. W. Trop. Africa. 1875.

„ minu'tum (minute). J. Orange-red. Sierra Leone.
1893.

„ Nummula'ria (Nummularia). J. Purplish. Came-
roons. 1894.

„ oxy'odon (sharp-toothed), i. Yellow, red. Mada-
gascar. 1888.

„ platyrha'chis (broad-rachised). Greenish dotted

with brown. British Central Africa. 1903.
A'frica. 1871.

„ purpura'tum (purple). Greenish, purple.

Trop.

„ purpu'reo-rha'chis (purple-rachised). Dark brown.

Congo. 1909.
„ pusi'llum (puny). Green and purple. E. Trop.

Africa. 1894.

„ Sanderso'ni (Sanderson's). S. Africa.
„ scabe'rulum (finely-scabrous). J. Dull purple,

whitish- green. Pondoland. 1888.
„ tri'sU (sad), i. Black-purple. Trop. Africa. 1894.
„ veluti'num (velvety). Purple. Yellow. W. Trop.

Africa. 1845.

MEGARRHTZA. (From megas, great, and rhiza, a
root ; in allusion to the large, tuberous root. Nat. ord.
Cucurbitacea?. Now referred to Echinocystis.)

Hardy tuberous-rooted perennial. Seeds in gentle
heat in spring. Rich, light soil.

M. califo'rnica (Calif ornian). Yellow. Stems 20-30 ft.
long. California. 1881. Now referred to Echino-
cy'stis faba'cea.

MEGA'SEA. See SAXIFRAGA.

MEIRACY LLIUM. (From meirakullion, a little boy,
the diminutive of meirax ; in allusion to the small size
of the plants. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytes, best grown on blocks. Divisions.
Sphagnum.
M. Ge'mma (Gemma). Amethyst. Mexico. 1869.

MELALEU'CA. (From melas, black, and leukos, white ;
referring to the colours of the old and young bark. Nat.
ord. Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn. i8-Polyadelphia,
2-Polyandria.)

Evergreen shrubs, from Australia, except where other-
wise mentioned. Cuttings of the shoots in May, as they
are getting firm at their base, and not more than three
inches in length, in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and
loam, most of the latter, with a fair portion of sand, and
nodules of charcoal. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Many
are about as hardy as a myrtle, and will stand against a
conservatory wall with a little protection.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

M. Leucade'ndron (white tree). 15. White. Australia.

1796. " Cajeputi."

„ mi' nor (smaller). White. Australia. 1800. " Smaller
Cajeputi."

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

M. acero'sa (sharp-pointed). Purple. June.
„ acumina'ta (long-pointed). Australia.
„ armilla'ris (braceleted). 3-6. White. June. 1788.
„ austra'lis (southern) of gardens.
,, callistemo' 'nea (beautiful-stamened). See M. LATE-

RITIA.
„ calyci'na (/afg«-calyxed). 3. Purple. July. N.

Amer. 1803.

,, culicula'ris (cuticled). Australia.
„ decussa'ta (decussate-leaved). 4. Lilac. August.

1803.

„ de'nsa (thickly-leaved). 2. Purple. 1803.
„ diosmifo'lia (Diosma-leaved). 4. Reddish. June.

1794.

„ dump'sa (bushy). 2.

„ ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). Yellow. June. Australia.
„ erube'scens (blushing-stamened). See M. ERICIFOLIA.
„ exara'ta (furrowed). Australia.
„ Fra'seri (Eraser's). See M. STRIATA.
„ fu'lgens (splendid). 6. Scarlet. August. 1803.
„ genistifo'lia (broom-leaved). 4. Red. 1793.

M. gibbo'sa (humped). Australia.
globe1 rrima (smoothest). Australia.
globi'fera (globe-bearing). 20-25. Australia.
gra'ndis (grand). 4.
Huege'lii (Huegel's). 1832.
hypericifo'lia (St. John's- wort- leaved). 3. Scarlet.

July. 1792.

imbrica'ta (overlapping). Australia.
inca'na (hoary). 3. Yellow. July. 1817.
juniperoi'des (juniper-like). See M. NODOSA.
lanceola'ta (speai-hend-leaved). See M. LEUCADEN-

DRON.

Uteri 'tia (brick-red). Purple, rose. June.
linea'ris (linear). See CALLISTEMON LINEARIS.
micro' mera (small-parted). Australia.
neriifo'lia (Nerium-leaved). See TRISTANIA NERII-

FOLIA.

neso'phila (island-loving). Australia.
nodo'sa (thick-noded) of Smith. 3. Striped. June.

1830.

nodo'sa (thick-noded) of Link. See. M. ERICIFOLIA.
paludo'sa (marsh). See CALLISTBHON SPECIOSUS.
parviflo'ra (small-flowered). See M. PREISSIANA.
pretssia'na (Preiss's). Australia.
pulche'lla (neat). 2. Purple. July. 1803.
Ra'dula (file-like). Pink. May.
salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). See TRISTANIA NERII-

FOLIA.

sca'bra (rough-leaved). 3. Purple. May. 1803.
seria'ta (row-ranged). Rose. June.
spino'sa (spiny). See M. THYMOIDES.
squa'mea (scaly-calyxed). 4. Lilac. June. 1805.
squarro'sa (spreading). 2. White. 1794.
stria' ta (channeUed-leaved). 4. Purple. June. 1803.
slyphelioi'des (Styphelia-like). 4. White. June.

1793-

tetrago'na (four-angled). See M. DECUSSATA.
thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 2. Purple. August.

1792.

thymoi 'des (thyme-like). Yellow. June. Australia.
thyoi'des (Thuya-like). Australia.
trichophy'lla (hair-leaved). Pink. May.
trine 'rtria (three-nerved). 3. 1816.
uncina'ta (hooked). Australia.
vimi'nea (twiggy). Australia.
virga'ta (twiggy). See B^ECKEA VIRGATA.
Wilso'nii (Wilson's). Reddish-purple. Australia.

1874.

MELAMPO'DIUM. (From melas, black, pous, a foot ;
in allusion to the black flower-stalks. Nat. ord. Com-
positae.)

Hardy annual. Seeds. Ordinary soil.
M. divarica'tum (spreading), and M. ovatifo'lium (egg-
shaped-leaved). See M. PALUDOSUM.
,, paludo'sum (marshy). Yellow. S. Amer. 1891.

MELANORRHCE'A. (From melas, black, and rheo, to
flow ; referring to the juice becoming black varnish.
Nat. ord. Anacards [Anacardiaceae]. Linn. 2$-Polygynia,
2-Dioecia.)

The black poisonous varnish of Martaban is the produce
of this tree, the Theet-see, or Kheu of India. Stove ever-
green tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots, with the leaves on,
in sand, under a glass, and in heat ; peat and loam.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. gla'bra (smooth). Burma.
,, usita'ta (common). 100. Red. Burma. 1829.

"Black Varnish."
„ usitati'ssima (most useful). See M. USITA'TA.

MELANTHE'RA. (From melas, black, and anther a,
an anther. Nat. ord. Comppsitae.)

Stove herbs. Seeds and divisions. Loam, leaf-mould,
and a little sand.
M. deltoi'dea (delta-like). 3. Yellow. July. Trop.

Amer. 1799.
„ hasta'ta (halbert-shaped). 3-5. White. June.

Trop. Amer. 1732.
,, ,, pandura'ta (fiddle-shaped-leaved).

MELA'NTHTUM. (From melas, black, and anthos, a
flower ; referring to the dusky blossoms. Nat. ord.
Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, 3~Trigynia.
Allied to Veratrum.)

MELASPH^RULA

544

MELICHRUS

The Melanths are all more or less poisonous. Half-
hardy bulbs, requiring the greenhouse or cold pit in
winter, or the bulbs to be kept dry and at rest ; propa-
gated by offsets and seeds ; sandy loam and peat.
M . cape'nse (Cape). See ANDROCYMBIUM LEUCANTHUM.

„ cilia'tum (hair- fringed). See DIPIDAX CILIATA.

„ eucomoi'des (Eucomus-like). See ANDROCYMBIUM

EUCOMOIDES.

„ grami'neum (grassy). See ANDROCYMBIUM PUNCTA-

TUM.

„ hy'bridum (hybrid). See M. VIRGINICUM.
„ ju'nceum (rush-leaved). See DIPIDAX TRIQUETRA.
„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). See M. VIRGINICUM.
„ massoniafo'lium (Massonia-leaved). See WHITE-

HEADIA LATIFOLIA.

„ monoi'cunv (monoecious). See M. VIRGINICUM.

„ tnonope'talum (one-petaled) . See WURMBEA CAP-

ENSIS.
„ parvifto'rum (small-flowered). 2. Brown. June.

N. Amer. 1811.
„ phalangioi'des (Phalangium-like). See ZYGADENUS

MUSCITOXICUM.

„ secu'ndum (side-flowering). See DIPIDAX CILIATA.
,, sibi'ricum (Siberian), i. Siberia. 1823.
„ spica'tum (spicate). See WURMBEA CAPENSIS.
„ trique'trum (three-sided). See DIPIDAX TRIQUETRA.
„ uniflo'rum (one-flowered). See B<EOMETRA COLUMEL-

LARIS.
„ virgi'nicum (Virginian). 3-5. Creamy- white, fading

to brown. July. N. Amer. 1768. " Bunch

Flower."

„ vi'ride (green). See ORNITHOGLOSSUM GLAUCUM.
„ wu'rmbeum (Wurmbean). See WURMBEA CAPENSIS.

MELASPHffi'RULA. (From melas, black, and the
diminutive of sphaira, a globe ; literally, a little black
ball, in allusion to the small black bulbs. Nat. ord.
Iridaceae.)

An ornamental, free-flowering greenhouse bulb. Seeds
and offsets. Light, rich compost of loam, leaf-mould,
some well-rotted cow manure and sand.
M. grami'nea (grass-like). White, pale purple. April.

S. Africa. 1786.

„ interme'dia (intermediate), iridifo'lia (Iris-leaved), and
parviflo'ra (small-flowered). See M. GRAMINEA.

MELA'STOMA. (From melas, black, and stoma, a
mouth; the eatable berries stain the mouth a dark
purple. Nat. ord. Melastomads [Melastomaceas]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Osbeckia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of the shoots in sandy
peat, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat and loam, sandy
and lumpy. Winter temp., 45° to 60° ; summer, 60°
to 85°.
M. affi'ne (related). See M. MALABATHRICUM.

„ afzelia'num (Afzelius's). See OSBECKIA MULTIFLORA.

,, a'sperum (rough). 6. Purple. June. E. Ind. 1815.

„ Ba'nksii (Sir J. Banks'). See M. MALABATHRICUM.

„ ca'ndidum (white). 4. Purple. China. 1824.

„ coryw6o's«m(corymbed). SCCAMPHIBLEMMACYMOSUM.

„ cymo'sum (cymed). See AMPHIBLEMMA CYMOSUM.

„ dcce'mfidum (ten-cut). See M. SANGUINEUM.

„ denticula turn (toothletted). See M. MALABATHRICUM.

,, ecosta'tum (rib less). See MICONIA ECOSTATA.

,, elonga'tum (elongated), i. Purple. May. Sierra
Leone. 1823.

,, granulo' sum (granular). See TIBOUCHINA GRANULOSA.

,, heteroma'llum (variable-haired). See TIBOUCHINA

HETEROMALLA.

„ hi'rtum (hairy). See CLIDEMIA HIRTA.

„ Itzviga'tum (smooth). See MICONIA L^VIGATA.

„ macroca'rpum (large-fruited). See M. MALABATHRICUM.

„ malaba' thricum (Malabar). 6. Purple. June. E.

Ind. 1793.

,, napale'nse (Nepaul). See M. NORMALE.
„ norma'le (normal). 5. Lilac-rose. India, Malaya,

and Polynesia. 1820.

„ osbeckioi'des (Osbeckia-like). See OSBECKIA OCTANDRA.
„ pulverule'ntum (powdered). Red. March. Sumatra.

1823.

„ robu'stum (robust) of gardens. Possibly a Miconia.
„ sangui'neum (bloody). 6. Purple. September.

China. 1793.
„ villo'sum (shaggy). 3. White. July. Cochin-China.

1820.

MELHA'NIA. (After Mount Melhan, in Arabia Felix,
where the first of them was discovered. Nat. ord.
Sterculiads [Sterculiacese]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, z-
Pentandria. Allied to Pentapetes.)

Stove evergreen trees, with white or scarlet flowers.
Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in sandy peat, in a
little bottom-heat, and under a bell-glass ; sandy peat
and a little loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 85°.
M. dbyssi'nica (Abyssinian). 2. Scarlet. Abyssinia.

1805.

„ Burche'llii (Burcbell's). 15 S. Africa. 1818.
„ Erythro xylon (red-wood). 15. July. St. Helena.

1772.

„ Melano'xylon (black-wood). 2. July. St. Helena.
Now extinct.

ME'LIA. Bead-tree. (Melia, the Manna Ash ; re-
ferring to the resemblance of the leaves. Nat. ord.
Meliads [MeUaceae]. Linn. lo-Dccandria, i-Monogynia.)

Seeds and cuttings of the ripe shoots in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-heat ; sandy loam and
fibrous peat. Aze'darach and austra'lis will stand against
a wall in the south of the island. The monks formerly
strung the fruit as beads.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

M. austra'lis (southern). See AZEDARACH.
„ Aze'darach (Azedarach). 45. Blue. July. India

and China. 1656.
,, ,, umbraculi'fera (umbrella-bearing). Tree with a

drooping compact head. 1894.
„ floribu'nda (free-flowering). White. 1872.
,, japo'nica (Japanese). See M. AZEDARACH.

STOVE EVERGREENS.
60.

White. July.

M. Azadira'chta (Azadirachta).

E. Ind. 1759.
„ compo'sita (compound-leaved). 20. White, red. July.

E. Ind. 1870.
„ du'bia (doubtful). 20-30. White, red. Trop. Asia,

Africa, &c. 1810.

„ exce'lsa (lofty). 40. White. July. Malaya. 1819.
„ guinee'nsis (Guinea). See M. AZEDARACH.
,, robu'sta (robust). See M. DUBIA.
„ sempervi'rens (evergreen). See M. AZEDARACH.
,, supe'rba (superb). See M. DUBIA.

MELIA'NTHUS. Honey Flower. (From melt, honey,
and anthos, a flower ; the tubes contain a copious supply
of honey-like juice. Nat. ord. Soapworts .[Sapinda.cGse'].
Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

The natives obtain honey for food by shaking the
branches of Melia'nthus ma'jor when in blossom. Ever-
greens, from South Africa. Cuttings of young shoots in
sandy soil, under a hand-light ; rich, sandy soil ; require
the protection of a greenhouse, cold pit, or a protective
wall in winter.
M. como'sus (tufted). 3. Yellow. 1820.

,, ma'jor (greater). 10. Brown. June. 1688.

„ mi'nor (smaller). 2. Brown. June. 1696.

„ pectina'tus (comb-like). 3-6. Scarlet. S. Africa.

,, trimenia'nus (Trimenian). See M. PECTINATUS.

ME'LICA. Melic Grass. (An old name. Nat. ord.
Gramineae.)

Hardy perennial grasses, except M. papilionacea, which
is half-hardy. The flower spikes may be cut and dried.
Divisions. Ordinary soil.
M. alti'ssima (tallest). Spikelets green to purplish.

S. Europe.

„ ,, atropurpu'rea( dark purple). Spikelets dark purple.
„ cilia' ta (eye-lashed). Spikelets green or purple.

Europe.
,, papiliona' cea (butterfly-like). Spikelets purplish.

Argentina; Brazil. _i8go.

,, unifto'ra variega'ta (variegated). Leaves striped with
creamy-yellow.

MELI'CHRUS. (From melichros, honey-coloured ; re-
ferring to glands on the flowers. Nat. ord. Epacrids
[Epacridacea?]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, \-Monogynia. Allied
to Styphelia.)

MELICOCCA

545

MELOLONTHA

Greenhouse scarlet-flowered evergreens, from Australia.
Cuttings of the shoots when two inches long, and a little
hard at their base ; side-cuttings, after pruning down,
are the best ; sandy peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
M. me'dius (middle). See M- URCEOLATUS.
„ rota'lus (wheel-shaped). i£. June. 1824.
,, urceola'tus (urn-shaped). 2. May. 1824.
HELICO'CCA. Honey-berry. (From meli, honey, and
kokkos, a berry ; referring to the sweetness of the fruit.
Nat. ord. Soapworts [Sapindaceae]. Linn. 8-Ocfandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Talisia.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
M. austra'lis (southern). Australia. Greenhouse.
„ bi'juga (two-paired). 16. Yellow. Antilles. 1778.

" Genip Tree."
„ olivczfo'rmis (olive-shaped). See TALISIA OLIV.E-

FORMIS.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). See HYPELATE PANICULATA.
,, tri'juga (three-paired). See SCHLEICHERA TRIJUGA.

MELI' COPE. (From meli, honey, and hope, an incision ;
referring to the nectary of notched glands. Nat. ord.
Rueworts [Rutaceas]. Linn. S-Octandria, i-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of small side-shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; sandy loam, with a
little peat and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
M. Mante'llii (Mantell's). White. New Zealand.
„ terna'ta (three-leafleted). 6. White. New Zealand.

1822.

MELTCYTUS. (From meli, honey, and kutos, a cavity ;
referring to the cavity at the bottom of the stamens.
Nat. ord. Violads [Violaceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, 6-
Hexandria. Allied to Hymenanthera.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of shoots
getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; sandy
peat, and a little loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
Af. lanceola' tus (lance-shaped). White. New Zealand.
„ ramiflo'rus (branch-flowered). 6. White. New
Zealand. 1822.

MELILO'TTJS. Melilot. (From meli, honey.and lotos,
the honey-lotus. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosae]. Linn. iJ-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria. Allied to
Trifolium.)

Seed in common soil ; alba, by seed and by cuttings,
does best in a sheltered place, and is deserving of more
cultivation.
M. alba (white). 2-10. White. July. Europe, &c.

1826.

„ arbo'rea (tree). See M. ALBA.
„ brachy'loba (short-podded). See TRIGONELLA BRACHY-

CARPA.

, ccBfu'lea (sky-blue). See TRIGOXELLA C^RULEA.

, leuca'niha (white-flowered). 4. White. July.

Europe.

, officina'lis (shop). 1-4. Yellow. July. Britain.
, sibi'rica (Siberian). See MEDICAGO SIBIRICA.
, suave' olens (sweet-smelling). 3. Yellow. July.

Dahuria. 1824.

MELJO'SMA. (From meli, honey, and osme, smell ; in
allusion to the scent of the flowers. Nat. ord. Sabiacese.
Allied to Sabia).

Hardy and half-hardy, or greenhouse trees or shrubs.
Suckers; and perhaps cuttings of the roots. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand for the greenhouse ones ; well-
drained soil for the hardy ones.
M. myria'ntha (myriad-flowered). 10-15. White. China

and Japan. Hardy.

„ pu'ngens (prickly). 5-10. India and Japan.
„ Veitchio'rum (Messrs. Veitch's). 40-50. White, in
large panicles. Central China. 1910. Hardy.

MELISSA. Baku. (From melissa, a bee ; literally, a
bee-flower. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiate]. Linn. 14-
Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Dividing the roots in
spring ; common garden soil. See BALM.
M. A'cinos (Acinos). See CALAMINTHA ACINOS.
„ a'lba (white). See MICROMERIA RUPESTRIS.
„ alpi'na (alpine). See CALAMINTHA ALPINA.
„ alti'ssima (tallest). See M. OFFICINALIS.

M. cocci' nea (scarlet). See CALAMINTHA COCCINEA.
,, cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). See M. OFFICINALIS.
„ crJtica (Cretan). See CALAMINTHA CRETICA.
,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See CALAMINTHA GRAN-
DIFLORA.

(small-leaved). SeeCALAMiNTHACORSicA.
„ officina'lis (shop), i. White. July. S. Europe.

1573-

„ „ avfrea (golden). Leaves variegated with yellow.
„ „ variega'ta (striped-leaved), i. White. June.

Gardens.

„ „ villo'sa (shaggy). White. August. Italy. 1573.
,, polya'nthos (many-flowered), i. White. July. 1820.
,, pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). See HORMINUM PYRENAICUM.

MELTTTIS. Bastard Balm. (The same derivation as
Melissa. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiate]. Linn. i^-Didy-
namia, i-Gymnospermia.)
Same culture as BALM.
M. Mclissophy'llum (balm-leaved), i. Flesh. May.

England. " Honey Baku."
„ „ a'lba (white). White.

,, „ alpi'na (alpine). }. Flesh. May. Switzerland.
,, „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), i. White, yellow.
May. England.

ME LLOCA TUBERO'SA. See ULLUCUS TUBEROSA.

MELOCA'CTUS. Melon Cactus, Melon Thistle. (From
melon, a melon, and kaktos, a thorny plant, according to
Theocritus. Nat. ord. Cactaceae.)

The genus differs from Echinocactus by producing its
flowers on a terminal branch or offset, like a Turk's Cap,
the cap being covered with a dense mass of bristly hairs.
Seeds, offsets. Loam, peat, bricks broken finely, old
mortar treated in a similar way, and sand.
Af. commu'nis (common). 1-2. Rose-red. W. Ind.

1788. " Turk's Cap."

,, depre'ssus (depressed). Rose. July. Brazil.
,, Ellemee'tii (Ellemeet's). Rose. Brazil. 1872.
„ hu'milis (dwarf). J. Carmine-red. Venezuela. 1897.
„ Negry'i (Negry's). Small, pink. Has no cap. Brazil.

1901.
,, Riistii (Riist's). Armature dense. Cap large. Hon-

duras. 1901.

„ Salvato'ris (Salvator's) of gardens. Mexico.
,, schlumbergeria'nus (Schlumbergerian). Island of St.
Thomas. z86x.

MELODI'NTTS. (From melon, an apple, and dineo, to
turn round ; referring to the shape of the fruit. Nat.
ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, 2-
Digynia. Allied to Carissa.)

The fruit of this and some other allied genera are
eatable, but not of much merit. Stove evergreen twiners,
with whhe flowers, blooming in July. Cuttings of half-
ripened side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ;
peat and loam, with a little sand. Winter temp., 50° to
60° ; summer, 68° to 85°.
Af. mono'gynus (one-pistiled). 10. E. Ind. 1820.

„ parvifo'lius (small-leaved). E. Ind. 1775.

„ sca'ndens (climbing). 15. New Caledonia. 1775.

,, undula'tus (wave -.-leaved) . E. Ind.

MELOLONTHA. Everyone knows the common May-
bug, or Cockchafer (Melolontha vulgaris) ; a drawing
and a description of its grub are given at p. 15, voi. v.,
of The Cottage Gardener. This grub very closely resembles
that of another species, M . horticola, Garden Beetle, or
Brackenclock — Phyllopertha of some entomologists. The
latter beetl- (ibid., ii. 171) is found in June and July,
among the petals of white roses. It is nearly half an
inch long, and rather less than a quarter of an inch
broad. Its wing-cases are reddish-brown, shining, and
shorter than the body ; the body and head are dark
green, and the antennae reddish, having at their ends a
dark-green club. It also feeds on the leaves of apples,
pears, and roses, gnawing them full of small holes, and
even transferring its attacks to the young fruit of the
apple. During the latter part of July the female retires
into the earth for the purpose of there depositing her
e^gs, from which the grubs speedily are produced, and
feed upon the roots of plants, especially of grass. The
only mode of reducing the number of these beetles is
by scathing for them during the evening, when, if
detected, they stiffen their outstretched legs, and feign

2 M

MELON

546

MELON

death ; but in the day they fly about swiftly, and are
captured with great difficulty. It is said that when
grass suffers from the grubs of either of these beetles,
they may be extirpated by watering with the ammoniacal
liquor from gas-works.

ME'LON. (Cu'cumis Me'lo.)

Varieties. — These are so numerous that we must be
very severe in our selection, confining ourselves to such
as are most generally useful in Britain; and these we
must classify according to their habits.

Cantaloups, the Rocks, the Green-fleshed, the Valentia,
or Winter, and the Persians, with their various hybrids.
Amongst the Cantaloups we have both round and oblong,
plain and netted, the Orange, the Montagnes, &c. In
the Rocks we have the Small Scarlet-fleshed, the Black,
the Large, and the Early, &c. In the Green-flesh class
we may point to the Beech-wood, which may almost be
considered the type of this section, the Small Green-
fleshed Egyptian, of exquisite flavour, and thin rind ;
these, with the various varieties known by the name of
Snow's, Terry's, the Kew-green-flesh, &c. These are
the most generally useful melons, being hardy, free-
setters, and not liable to rot or canker.

Next we may advert to the Winter Melons, a class
which will keep a long time after they are cut ; and the
Valentia may be placed amongst this division. Lastly,
are the Persians, with their useful hybrids. The types
of these Persian hybrids are, principally, the Ispahan,
the Dampsha, the Germek, and the Hoosainee.

Propagation : by Seed. — Most practical men prefer old
seed to new, as running less to bine. A bottom-heat of
from 75° to 85° is essential ; and when the seedlings are
up, and just before the second set of leaves begin to
appear, the young plants may be potted into s-inch
pots, two in a pot, in a soil of three parts strong loam,
enriched with manure. A temperature of 70° to 80°
must be secured to them, and the pots should be plunged.
As soon as the central shoot begins to sprout from be-
tween the seed-leaves it may be pinched off ; and this,
if other points be right, will cause the protrusion of a
pair, or more, of shoots, more fruitful in character, and
these are enough as " leaders." In about a fortnight
afterwards they will be fit for the fruiting-bed.

By Cuttings. — This mode of culture has been recom-
mended by some, as serving to restrict that excessive
luxuriance which is frequently inimical to fertile blossom-
ing. Under proper culture the plan answers ; but, on
the whole, the seedling plan is the better. It is, how-
ever, a certain mode of perpetuating choice kinds, and
as such should not be lost sight of. Healthy, free-
growing, yet short-jointed shoots, should be selected,
and the usual bottom-heat and atmospheric temperature
must be secured ; in addition to this, there must be a
liberal amount of atmospheric moisture, and the close
treatment, with shading incidental to the growth of
cuttings. When established, the plants will need no
" stopping " ; and they require a more generous soil
when finally planted.

Subsequent CvMure. — The melon is fruited by a variety
of modes, but in all a certain amount of bottom-heat,
as well as atmospheric, is absolutely necessary. The
bottom-heat should never descend below 70°, nor range
above 90°, whilst an atmosphere not below 65°, nor above
80°, will be most suitable, permitting, however, a rise
of eight or ten degrees from sunshine. In no situation
can the melon endure shade.

Culture in the Dung-bed. (For preparation of this see
HOTBED.) — The earliest melons are generally sown about
the middle of January, in a seed-bed specially prepared.
Great caution is necessary ; and when the plants are up,
and the two seed-leaves fully developed, they may be
planted out singly in 5-inch pots, in rich soil. About
this time the ridging-out bed must be got up for their
reception, and this must be composed of materials per-
fectly sweet. Regular ventilation and frequent water-
ings will soon render the air within perfectly sweet ;
and then the hills of soil may be introduced ; in doing
which it is good practice to form hollows two-thirds the
depth of the bed, and to fill them to the ordinary surface
with brickbats or rubble, laying a turf with the grass
downwards on the top, and on thi; the hillocks may be
placed. The young plants will, by this time, have pro-
duced three or four shoots each, and it is advisable to
retain two of the best on each. They may now be ridged

out, and must afterwards be occasionally watered when
dry ; watering, according to the weather, also the sides
of the frame and the uncovered dung almost daily.
Henceforth, regular linings must be supplied, and those
often turned and watered ; maintaining steadily the
temperatures, and taking care that the bottom-heat in
no part of the interior exceeds 90°. As strong linings
will be requisite at this early period, much water will be
necessary twice or thrice a week, round the insides of
the frames, and next to the linings, to prevent burning.
As soon as the plants begin to spread, the remaining soil
must be added ; each light requiring, in the whole, from
two or three barrowfuls. The surface of the bed must
be formed convex, the plants occupying the highest
point. Two plants are enough for each light, and a shoot
may be led to each angle of the light, and then the main
shoots, taking the whole light, will form the letter X,
the centre of the letter indicating the ridging-out point.
As soon as each of these shoots reaches to within from
6 to 9 inches of the frame side, it must be pinched,
and the laterals forced out by this pinching will produce
blossoms, some males, others females ; the former
generally preponderating.

The female blossoms must be carefully " set " or
mpregnated daily, choosing about two o'clock P.M. for
the op 'ration, when the farina will be dry. As soon as
from three to four fruit are secured on each plant, and
these are as large as a pigeon's ege, all the blossoms must
be kept cut away, male and female, as they appear.
Each axillary shoot with a fruit must be pinched or
stopped three or four eyes beyond the fruit ; and fre-
quent stopping practised with all the other portions,
removing at all times coarse shoots which threaten to
overpower the bearing portions. The chief object should
be to expose as much healthy foliage as possible, and that
connected with bearing portions, to the light, not suffer-
ing late-formed leaves to overshadow the older healthy
leaves. Still, the sides of the frame must be occasionally
watered ; and when the fruit is as large as a hen's egg,
a liberal watering of liquid-manure may be given, avoid-
ing, however, wetting the collars of the plants at all times.
Ventilation must be daily had, but much caution is
necessary ; good linings must be maintained, in order to
support the necessary temperature with ventilation. By
these means, fine, ripe Cantaloups or Beechwoods may
be cut by the middle of May. We may add that the
root-watering may require to be repeated, but water
must be entirely withheld a week or two before they
commence ripening, and an extra amount of ventilation
used during the ripening period.

The main features of their culture in houses or pits,
or on trellises, are precisely the same, except that, having
a greater depth of soil, and more room to ramble, a
much greater length of main shoot may be allowed
before stopping. In whatever situation, about 80° of
bottom-heat, and an average of 75° atmospheric, will be
found to suit them best, except that in proportion as
the sunlight increases they will readily bear an increase
of from 5° to 10°, both to the roots and branches.

Bed. — Although a common hotbed is generally used
for this plant, yet a pit is more economical of heat, and,
by enabling a more regular temperature to be sustained,
renders the fruit in greater perfection. The pit is a
rectangular frame or bin, built of 9-inch brick-work,
and enclosed by a glass case of the necessary dimensions.
Mr. Smith, gardener to A. Keith, Esq., of Ravelstone,
N.B., has suggested a mode of building a pit which
renders the renewal of the heat in it easy ; and, as the
committee appointed to examine it report, is the means
of considerable saving compared with the common mode
of forming an open bed. But the facility with which
linings may be applied is its best feature.

Mr. Smith's mode of applying the linings is simple.
There is a pit, the sides of which, instead of being a
continuous piece of brick-work, are merely rows of pillars
6 feet apart ; and the brick-work of the frame above
is supported by bars of iron reaching from pillar to
pillar. An outer brick wall is constructed at 2j feet
distance from the pillars on each side ; thus two bins
are formed in which the linings are inserted, as is
found necessary, and are kept close covered with thick
boards ; ordinary lights are used, being laid on the top
without any wooden frames. For other modes of con-
struction, see HOTBED, PITS, &c. If a common hotbed
is employed, fifteen barrow-loads of dung is the usual

MELON PUMPKIN

547

MENODORA

allowance to each light, which make it about 6 inches
higher than is allowed for the cucumber bed of largest
dimensions.

// a melon- Jiouse be employed, the following is the
form and mode adopted by Mr. Fleming :

*• The house is 28 feet long, and 15 wide, and is heated
by means of a saddle boiler, with 4-inch pipes pass-
ing round the outside of the pit, which pipes are fitted
with cast-iron troughs, for holding water to regulate the
moisture of the atmosphere. Beneath the pit is an
arched chamber, along the front of which runs the
flue, imparting a slight degree of heat to the soil above,
and also serving to heat a series of arches, which run
along beneath the path, and are entered from a house
in front, and which are used for forcing rhubarb, &c.,
in the winter."— Cantors' Chronicle.

Culture of the Persian Kinds. — These are much more
tender than the ordinary green-fleshed melons ; they
will not endure so low a temperature, and neither will
they thrive in so moist an atmosphere. A high autho-
rity, speaking of the Persian melons, has thus observed :
" They are found to require a very high temperature,
a dry atmosphere, and an extremely humid soil, while
they are at the same time impatient of an undue supply
of moisture, which causes spottings and decay long
before the fruit is ripe."

We are informed that in Persia, where the melon
grows in the open fields, that the ground where they are
cultivated is crossed hi various ways by streams, between
which the melons are placed on raised beds highly
manured. It would seem, therefore, that in order to
excel in their culture, the following may be taken as
maxims : ist. The brightest of glass is requisite, to
admit every ray possible of the sunlight. 2nd. A very
high atmospheric temperature must be sustained, and
especially in order that the cultivator may be enabled
to ventilate freely, to prevent the accumulation of damp.
3rd. A rich soil, dry in its upper surface, but rather
moist beneath. It is urged by those who have been
successful in their culture, that they should be trained
on trellises ; and there is no doubt the opinion is correct.
They may, however, be trained against the back walls of
stoves, or grown in large pots, to which in due tune a
dish of water may be affixed, and the shoots trained on
portable trelhses.

We will conclude with a few general remarks. The
foliage of melons, of whatever kind, should never be
ruffled or disturbed; training and stopping, therefore,
must be attended to in due time. Melons should not
be encouraged to become luxuriant until a crop of fruit
commences swelling ; after this it is almost impossible
to encourage them too much. Again, they should never
be watered indiscriminately overhead, after the manner
of cucumbers, unless it be some of the ordinary green-
flesh kinds, during periods of continued heat and a dry
atmosphere.

Diseases. — These are few properly so called except the
gum and canker, and those are mostly engendered by
wounds or bruises on gross subjects, producing a sort of
vegetable gangrene. When such occurs, it is a good
plan to place a slate, tile, or piece of glass beneath the
affected part, and to pile a mixture of quick-lime three
parts, and charcoal-dust one part, in a hillock around
and above the wound, changing the same when it be-
comes damp.

Canker is a term applied to the effect of eelworms at
the collar of the plant, and which gain an entrance owing
to bruises or to careless watering, by which the collar of
the plant is kept wet, thus enabling the eelworms to attack
the plants there. Akin to this are the unnatural swell-
ings or nodules on the roots, also caused by eelworms,
for which there is no cure when once the plants are
attacked. The pest is introduced by the soil, manure,
or water, and care should be exercised to guard against
it as much as possible. The sterilisation of the soil and
manure before making up the bed is the best preventive.
This can be done by heating the soil to a temperature of
150° or thereby, by steaming it, and, possibly in the
near future by chemicals.

Insects. — See ACARUS, APHIS, and THRIPS.

MELON PUMPKIN. Cucu'rbita Pe'po.

MELON THISTLE. Meloca'ctus.

MELON TURK'S-CAP. Meloca'ctus commu'nis.

MELON WATER. Citru'llus vulga'ris.

MELO'THRIA. (From melon, a melon, and thrion, a
fig-leaf ; in allusion to the leaves resembling those of
both the plants named. Nat. ord. Cucurbitaceae.)

Prostrate or climbing stove perennial herbs, bearing
small yellow or orange fruits. Seeds ; cuttings in sand
in a close case. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
M. abyssi'nica (Abyssinian). Small, yellowish. Fruits

orange. Abyssinia. 1893.
„ heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). Yellow. Leaves with

silvery veins. Trop. Asia. 1866.
„ i'ndica (Indian). Yellow. Cochin-China.
„ puncta'ta (dotted). Yellow. S. Africa. 1889.

MELVTLLA SPECIO'SA. See CUPHEA MELVILLA.

MEME'CYLON. (Dioscorides' name for the fruit of
the Arbutus. Nat. ord. M elastomads [Melastomaceae].
Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Mouriria.)

The berries of M . edu'le are eatable, but not very good.
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of shoots in sand, under a
glass, in heat ; loam and peat, with a good portion of
sand, and pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.
M. angula'tum (angled). 3. Purple. May. Mauritius.

1826.

„ capitella'tum (small-headed). 4. July. Ceylon. 1796.
„ edu'le (eatable). 10. Purple. Malaya; India. 1820.
,, gra'nde( large). Blue. May. Ceylon, Malaya. 1824.

MENTNIA TURGLDA. See CYSTACANTHUS TURGIDUS.

MENIO'CUS. (From mene, the moon, and okos, the
eye ; referring to the shape of the seed-pod. Nat. ord.
Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. i^-Tetr adynamia. Allied
to Aubrietia. Now referred to Alyssum.)
M. linifo'lius (flax-leaved). See ALYSSUM LINIFOLIUM.

MENTSCIUM. (From meniskos, a crescent ; referring
to the shape of the spore, or seed-cases. Nat. ord. Ferns
[Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove Ferns, with brown spores. See FERNS.
.Yf. cuspida'tum (sharp-pointed). May. Isle of Luzon.
,, denta'tum (toothed). 3-4. Brazil.
,, palu'stre (marsh). See M. SERRATOM.
,, proli'ferum (proliferous). May. E. Ind. 1820.
„ reticula' 'turn (netted), f. May. Martinique. 1793.
„ serra'tum (sawed). 4. May. Mexico, W. Ind., &c.
,, simplex (simple). 1-2. Chusan, Hong- Kong, &c.

1850.
„ sorbifo'lium (Sorbus-leaved). Pinnae narrower than

those of M. reticulatum. Brazil. 1823.
,, triphy'llum (three-leaved). i-i£. June. Himalayas
to Ceylon. 1828.

MENISPE'RMUM. Moonseed. (From mene, the moon,
and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord. Menispermads [Meni-
spermaceas]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, lo-Decandria. Allied to
Cocculus.)

Chiefly hardy deciduous twining plants. Division of
the roots ; cuttings in spring under a hand-light, and by
seeds sown at the same time ; common garden soil.
M. amari'ssimum (most-bitter). Yellow. E. Ind. 1804.

Stove evergreen climber.
,, canade'nse (Canadian). 10. Green, white. June.

N. Amer. 1691.
„ „ loba'tum (lobe-leaved). Green, yellow. June.

N. Amer. 1732.

,, Co'cculus (Cocculus). See ANAMIRTA COCCULUS.
„ dau'ricum (Dahurian). 6-12. Green, white. Siberia,

China and Japan.
,, fenestra'tum (windowed). See COSCINIUM FENESTRA-

TUM.

,, Lyo'nii (Lyon's). See CALYCOCARPUM LYONII.
,, smilaci'num (Smilax-like). See M. CANADENSE.
„ virgi'nicum (Virginian). See COCCULUS CAROLINUS.

MENODO'RA. (Derivation not quite clear. Nat. ord.
Oleaceae.)

Evergreen shrub requiring greenhouse protection.
Cuttings of nearly mature shoots, in sand, in gentle heat
and cov red with a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand.
M. tri'fida (three-cut). 1-2. Yellow. Brazil. 1828.

MENONVILLEA

548

MERENDERA

MENONVILLEA. (Named after T. de Menonville, a
French naturalist. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae].
Linn. is-Tetradynamia.)

Hardy annual. Seeds ; common garden soil.
M. ftlifo'lia (thread- leaved), i. Greenish-white. August.
Chili. 1836.

ME'NTHA. Mint. (Mentha is the Latin name of the
herb. Nat. ord. Labiates, or Lipworts [Labiatae]. Linn.
14-Didynantia, \-Gymnospermia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, purple-flowered, except
where otherwise mentioned. Division of the plant or
roots in spring and autumn — the first period is the best
in stiff, clayey soils ; common garden soil.
M. alopecuroi'des (Alopecurus-like). See M. SYLVESTRIS

ALOPECUROIDES.

„ aqua'tica (aquatic). The varieties are the forms of the

" Water Mint."
„ „ citra'ta (citron-scented). 1-2. August. England.

" Bergamot Mint."
„ „ hirsu'ta (hairy). 1-2. Very hairy. August.

Britain. The typical or common form.
„ „ subgla'bra (nearly smooth). 1-2. Nearly smooth.

August. Britain.

„ arve'nsis (field). }. August. Britain. " Corn Mint."
„ austra'lis (southern), i. Purple. Australia.
„ balsa' mea (balsam-scented). See M. SUAVIS.
„ bla'nda (mild). 2. White. September. Nepaul.

1824. This is Elsholtzia incisa.

„ canade'nsis (Canadian), i. August. N. Amer. 1800.
„ „ glabra'ta (smoothed), i. July. N. Amer. 1800.
„ citra'ta (citron-scented). See M. AQUATICA CITRATA.
„ cocci' nea (scarlet), i. Scarlet. July. E. Ind. 1823.
„ cri'spa (crisped). See M. VIRIDIS CRISPA.
„ dofcM'nca(Dahurian). \. Red. July. Siberia. 1818.
„ denta'ta (toothed). See M. GENTILIS.
„ glabra'ta (smoothed). See M. PIPERITA.
„ ge'ntilis (related), x. Purple. August. England.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with

yellow.

„ gra'cilis (graceful), i-ij. August. England.
„ „ cardi'aca (stomach), 1-1$. August. England.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy). See M. AQUATICA HIRSUTA.
„ inca'na (hoary). See M. SYLVESTRIS CANDICANS.
„ lavandula'cca (lavender-leaved). See M. SYLVESTRIS.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See M. SYLVESTRIS.
„ piperi' ta (pepper). 2. August. England. "Pepper-
mint."

„ pratt'nsis (meadow). See M. GENTILIS.
„ Pule'gium (pennyroyal). J. August. Britain.

" Penny-royal."
„ Requie'ni (Requien's). A- Lilac. August. Corsica.

1829.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved), i J-2. August. Britain.

" Apple Mint."

„ ru'bra (red). 1-4. August. England.
„ salicfna (vrillow-leaved). S. Africa.
„ sati'va (cultivated). The varieties are the forms of this.
„ „ paludo'sa (marsh). i$-2. Upper whorls forming

a spike. August. Britain.

„ „ riva'lis (river-bank). iJ-2. August. Britain.
„ „ subgla'bra (subglabrous). 1^-2. Nearly smooth.

August. Britain.

„ spica'ta (spiked). See M. VIRIDIS.
„ sua'vis (sweet). Red. July. France.
„ sylve'stris (wild), ii-2. August. Britain. " Horse

Mint."
„ „ alopecuroi'des (Alopecurus-like). iJ-2. August.

England.
„ „ ca'ndicans (whitish). iJ-2. Leaves felted with

grey hairs.

„ vi'ridis (green). 2. August. Britain. " Spearmint."
„ „ cri'spa (curled). 2. July. 1807.

MENTZELIA. (Named after G. Mentzel, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Loasads [Loasaceae]. Linn. iz-Ico-
sandria, i-Monogynia. Includes Bartonia of Sims.)

Easily raised from seed, and stipita'ta from shoots in
sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy loam and peat.
M. a'spera (rough). 2. Yellow. July. N.W. Amer.

1733. Hardy annual.
„ Barto'nia (Bartonia). See M. LINDLEYI.
„ bartonioi 'des (Bartonia-like). See M. GRONOVI/EFOLIA.
„ gronoyicefo'lia (Gronovia-leaved). i. Sulphur-yellow,
white beneath. Summer. Mexico. 1849. Annual.

M. hi'spida (hispid). ij. Yellow. Mexico. 1820.

Perennial.

„ Icevicau'lis (smooth-stemmed), i£. Yellow. Cali-
fornia. 1890. Annual.
„ Lindle'yi (Lindley's). iJ-2. Golden yellow. July.

California. 1834. Annual.
,, loba'ta (lobed). Mexico. Annual.
„ nu'da (naked). iJ-2. White. July. N. Amer. 1811.

Biennial.
,, oligospe'rma (few-seeded), ij. Rich orange. July.

Louisiana. 1812. Perennial.
„ orna' ta (adorned), i. White. July. N. Amer. 1811

Annual.
„ stipita'ta (stained-flowered). 2. Yellow. October.

Mexico. 1835. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
MENYA'NTHES. Buck Bean, Bog Bean. (Frommen,
a month, and anthos, a flower ; the time of duration. Nat.
ord. Gentianworts [Gentianaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Villarsia.)

Hardy perennial aquatics. Division of the plant, and
by seed in spring ; moist situation.
M. Cri'sta-ga'lli (Cock's-crest). 1-2. Yellow. April.

N.W. Amer.

,, exalta'ta (tall). See VILLARSIA PARNASSIFOLIA.
,, i'ttdica (Indian). See LIMNANTHEMUM INDICUM.
„ nymphaoi' des (Nymphaea-like). See LIMNANTHEMUM

PELTATUM.

,, ova'ta (egg-shaped). See VILLARSIA OVATA.
„ sarmento'sa (trailing). See VILLARSIA RENIFORMIS.
„ trifolia'ta (three-leaved), i. White. July. Britain.
,, ,, america'na (American). i. Pale red. July.

N. Amer. 1818.

MENZIE'SIA. (Named after A. Menzies, surgeon and
naturalist to the expedition under Vancouver. Nat.
ord. Heathworts [Ericaceas]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Andromeda.)

Chiefly by layers early in autumn, and by cuttings
under a hand-light ; sandy peat, with a little loam.

HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.
M. ere' eta (upright), i. Red. April. Siberia.
„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). J. Brown. May. N. Amer. 1811.
,, glabe'lla (smooth). Purple. N.W. Amer. 1888.
,, globula'ris (globular- flowered). £. Brown. May.

N. Amer. 1806.

,, penta'ndra (five-anthered). 3. Greenish-white.
Japan. 1909.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

M. cezru'leus (sky-blue). See BRYANTHUS TAXIFOLIUS.
„ empetrifo'lia (Empetrum-leaved). See BRYANTHUS

EMPETRIFORMIS.

„ empetrifo'rmis (Empetrum-like). See BRYANTHUS

EMPETRIFORMIS.

,, polifo'lia (Polium-leaved). See DABO£CIA POLIFOLIA

and its varieties.

„ ,, taxifo'lia (yew-leaved). See BRYANTHUS TAXI-
FOLIUS.

MERCURY. (Chenopo' 'dium Bo'nus-Henri'cus.) This
perennial plant is known by the various names of
Angular-leaved Goosefoot, English Mercury, or Allgood,
Good Henry, Good King Henry, and Wild Spinach. In
many parts of Lincolnshire, as about Boston, it is culti-
vated to use as spinach ; the young shoots are also
peeled, boiled, and eaten as asparagus. Sow the seed
in March — but in October is better — in a well-manured
bed, prepared as for asparagus ; in the middle of Sep-
tember plant the seedlings, during rainy weather, in a
similar bed, in rows a foot apart each way. Hoe fre-
quently, and use the shoots or tops as required. Dress
the beds with manure the same as for asparagus ; they
will continue in production many years.

This must not be mistaken for Mercuria'lis, or Mercury,
one of our common hedge-weeds ; for this is poisonous.
Mercuria'lis is a dioecious plant, and belongs to the Nat.
ord. Spurgeworts ; but the Chenopo' dium belongs to the
Nat. ord. Chenopods, and to the Linnaean class and order
Pentandria Monogynia.

MERENDE'RA. (The Spanish name for Colchicum.
Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Hardy bulbous plants. Offsets and seeds. Light rich,
well-drained soil.

MERIANIA

549

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM

M. Aitchiso'ni (Aitchison's). See M. PERSICA.
„ bulbocodioi'des (Bulbocodium-like). See M. BULBO-

CODIUM BULBOCODIOIDES.

„ Bulboco'dium (Bulbocodium). i- Rose-lilac. Spain.
„ „ bulbocodioi'des (Bulbocodium-like). ±, Pale

purple. Autumn. 1882.
„ cauca'sica (Caucasian). ±. Light rose-purple. May.

Caucasus; Persia. 1823.
„ „ ruthe'nica (Russian). See BULBOCODIUM VERNUM

VERSICOLOR.

„ Eichle'ri (Eichler's). J. Purple. Caucasus.

„ monta'na (mountain). See M. BULBOCODIUM.

„ pe'rsica (Persian). J. Lilac. Autumn. Persia ;

Afghanistan. 1872.
„ soboli'fera (rhizome-bearing). Purple. Asia Minor

and Persia.

MERIA'NIA. (Commemorative of Sibylle de Merian,
a Dutch lady naturalist. Nat. ord. Melastomaceae.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings of side-shoots in
sand in"a close case. Loam, peat, and sand.
M. Karste'nii (Karsten's). Crimson-purple. Venezuela.

1852.

MERODON EQUESTRIS. Narcissus Fly. The bulbs
of the daffodil and of other species of the narcissus fre-
quently refuse to vegetate ; and the usual cause is, that
their interiors have been eaten by the grub of this two-
winged fly. This disappointment may be avoided if
these bulbs are examined before being planted. It also
destroys the bulbs of Habranthus pratensis, Hippeastrums,
Liliums, and Valletta purpurea much in the same way.

In the month of November, says Mr. Curtis, one or
two large, roundish holes are sometimes found on the
outsides of the bulbs of the daffodil and narcissus. The
bulbs are more or less decayed within, where a maggot
will generally be found, which, by feeding in the heart
during the summer and autumn months, has been the
sole author of the mischief. This larva is somewhat
like the flesh-maggot, and not unlike a bot, only that
it is not jagged with spines, and instead of being whitish,
its natural colour, is changed to brown by its living
amongst the slimy matter which has been discharged
from its own body, causing the gradual rotting of the
bulb. Towards the end of November the maggot is
transformed into a pupa, to accomplish which it eats
its way out of the bulb near the roots, and buries itself
in the surrounding earth. The pupae are dull brown,
egg-shaped, rough, and strongly wrinkled. In this state
they remain until the following spring, when the flies
issue from them. Their eggs are then deposited, but
upon what part of the plant they are laid has not been
observed, but probably upon the bulb near the base of
the leaves. April seems to be the month when most of
the flies hatch ; and they have been compared to small
humble-bees, from the disposition of the colours, which
are, for the most part, yellow, orange, and black ; but
they certainly bear a greater resemblance to some of
the' bot-flies. From bees they are readily distinguished
by having only two wings, the horns and proboscis are
totally different, and they have no stings.

MERTE'NSIA. (Commemorative of Professor F. C.
Mertens, a German botanist. Nat. ord. Borageworts
[Boraginacea?]. Allied to Pulmonaria.)

Beautiful hardy perennial herbs for the border and
rockery. Seeds ; divisions in spring, and cuttings in
sand in a cold frame during summer. Ordinary, well-
drained garden soil.

M. alpi'na (alpine). $. Blue. May. N.W. Amer. 1875.
„ dahu'rica (Dahurian). i. Sky-blue. June. Dahuria.

1812.
„ echioi'des (Echium-like). J. Blue. May to August.

Himalayas.

„ „ elonga'ia (elongated). See M. ELOXGATA.
,, donga ta (elongated), f-i. Gentian blue. May, June.

Himalaya. 1910.
„ lanceola'ta. (lance-shaped). J-i. Blue. May. N.W.

Amer. 1813.
„ mar i'tima, (maritime) . \. Blue. July. Sea-shores of

Britain. " Oyster Plant."

„ oblongifo'lia (oblong- leaved), i. Blue. N. Amer.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). iJ-2. Blue-purple. July.

N. Amer. 1778.

: primuloi'des (Primula- like). £. Indigo-blue, fading
to white and yellow. Himalaya. 1902.

M. pulmonarioi'des (Pulmonaria-like). iJ-2. Blue-
purple. April, May. N. Amer. 1799-

,, ,, rubra (red). Pink. 1900.

„ sibi'rica (Siberian). Pale blue and white. Siberia
and N.W. Amer. 1800.

,, virgi'nica (Virginian). See M. PULMONARIOIDES.

,, „ ru'bra (red). See M. PULMONARIOIDES RUBRA.

ME'RYTA. (From meruo, to unroll. Nat. ord.
Araliaceae.)

Stove or greenhouse evergreen trees or shrubs. Seeds ;
grafting on roots. Loam and peat, both fibrous, and
sand.
M. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. Yellow. Norfolk Island.

1831. Greenhouse.
,, Sinclai'rii (Sinclair's). 12-25. Leaves 9-20 inches

long. New Zealand. 1903. Greenhouse.
,, sonchifo'lia (Spnchus-leaved). Leaves much cut.
New Caledonia. 1878.

MESEMBEYA'NTHEMUM. Fig-Marigold. (Fiommes-
embria, mid-day, and anthemon, a flower ; referring to
the flowers opening better on sunny days. Nat. ord.
Ficoids [Ficoidaceae]. Linn. 12-Icosandria, 2-Di-penta-
gynia.)

Greenhouse succulent plants, from South Africa, except
when otherwise mentioned. All by seeds, and most of
them by cuttings, dried at the base, before inserting
them in sandy soil, peat, loam, lime-rubbish, and old cow-
dung, well-drained. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Well
suited for window-plants and rough rock-work, out of
doors, in summer. Seeds should be sown in a hotbed,
and plants gradually hardened off before planting out.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.

3/. cadu'cum (deciduous), i. Pink. July. 1774.
,, calendula ceum (marigold-flowered). See M. POMERI-

DIANUM.

,, calif o'rnicum (Calif ornian). See M. CRYSTALLINUM.
„ crysfalli'num (crystalline). White or rose. July.

Greece ; S. Africa, &c. 1775. " Ice Plant."
,, fia'ccidum (feeble), i. Yellow. Biennial.
„ geniculiflo'rum (joint-flowering), i. White. August.

1727.

,, gla'brum (smooth). |. Yellow. August. 1787.
,, helianthoi 'des (sunflower-like). Yellow. September.

1774-

,, pilo'sum (shaggy). See M. HELIANTHOIDES.
„ pinnati'fidum (leaf-cleft), i. Yellow. July. 1774.
,, pomeridia' num (afternoon), i. Yellow. July. 1774.
„ „ Andre'wsii (Andrew's), i. Yellow. July.
,, pube'rulum (rather-downy). White. 1829. Biennial.
>» pyro'peum (flame-coloured). Rose, white. June.
„ „ a'lbum (white). White.
„ ,, ro'seum (rosy). Rose, white. June. " Common

Fig Marigold."

„ tricolor (three-coloured). See M. PYROPEUM.
„ Tripo'lium (Asler-leaved). J. Pale yellow. August.

1700. Biennial.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TRAILERS.
M. abbrevia'tum (short-jointed). £. 1825.
,, acinacifo'rme (scimitar- formed). |. Pink. 1714.
„ „ lo'ngum (long). £. Pink. August.
„ aqvilatera'le ( equal-sided), f. Pink. June. Australia.

1791.

„ attenua'tum (thin). $. White. July. 1821.
,, austra'le (southern). J. Yellow July. Australia.

1733-
,» „ aggrega'tum (crowded-leaved). J. Pink. June.

Australia. 1803.

„ „ mi'nus (smaller). }. Pink. Australia. 1810.
,, barba'tum (bearded), f. Pink. July. 1705.
,, calyci'num (fo»g-calyxed). f. White. July. 1819.
„ ca'ndens (glittering). J. White. June. 1820.
viri'dius (greener). White. September.

'turn (sma.H-c\ub-leaved). See M. AUSTRALE.
, crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). J. Pink. June. 1727.
, de'bile (weak). See M. REPTANS.
, de'nsum (dense-bearded). J. Pink. June. 1732.
, edu'le (eatable). J. Pink. July. 1690. "Hottentot

Fig."

, filamento'sum (thready). J. Pink. May. 1732.
, floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). J. Pink. July.
1704.

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM 550 MESEMBRYANTHEMUM

M. furfu'reum (branny-twigged). See M. FLORIBUNDUM.
„ gemina'tum (twin). |. Pink. 1792.
„ glauce'scens (milky-greenish). See M. ^.QUILATERALE.
„ hirte'llum (dwarf-bristly). J. Pink. August. 1792.
„ hi'spidum (bristly), f. Purple. July. 1704.
„ „ platype'talum (broad-petaled). J. Purple. July.

1820.
„ hispifo'lium (bristly-leaved). See M. STRIATUM HISPI-

FOLIUM.

„ „ ro'seum (rosy). See M. STRIATUM ROSEUM.
„ la'cerum (jagged). £. Pink. July. 1811.
,, Iceviga'tum (polished). See M. ACINACIFORME.
„ re' plans (creeping). \. Pink. July. 1774-
„ rigidicau'le (stiff-stemmed). £. Pink. May. 1819.
„ Ro'ssi (Ross's). See M. ^EQUILATERALE.
„ rubricau'le (red-stalked). J. Pale purple. June.

1802.
„ „ de'nsius (denser). \. Pink. 1818.

, „ subvi'rens (greenish). £. Pink. 1818.

, rubroci'nctum (red-bordered). \. Pink. 1811.

, „ compre'ssum (compressed). J. Pink. August.

, „ te'nerum (tender). £. Pink. August.

, sannento' sum (twiggy). i£. Red. April. 1805.

, Scho'llii (Scholl's). i. Pink. May. 1810.

, serrula' turn (saw -leaved). £. Pink. November. 1795.

, „ viri'dius (greener). \. Pink. November.

, si'mile (similar), i. Pink. 1819.

, stria'tum (channelled-ons//y). }. Pink. July. 1727-
„ hispifo'lium (bristly-leaved). Leaves with re-
versed hairs.
„ „ pa'llidum (pale). \. White. July.
„ „ ro'seum (rosy). $. Pale rose. July. 1818.
„ „ subhi'spidum (slightly-bristly), f. Purple. July.

1704.

„ subula'tum (awl-leaved). See M. BELLIDIFLORUM.
„ torqua'tum (torqued). See M. FLORIBUNDUM.
„ va'lidum (strong). £. Pink. May. 1824.
„ virga'tum (twiggy). 3. Pink. March. 1793.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
M. abyssi'nicum (Abyssinian). Purple. Abyssinia. 1873.

„ acumina'tum (pointed-leaved). 2. White. August.
1820.

„ atuia'ngulum (acute-angled), ij. White. 1821.

„ acu'tum (great-acute-leaved). $. Red. July. 1793.

„ adsce'ndens ( ascending- tongue), f. Yellow. Sep-
tember. 1805.

„ adu'ncum (hook-leaved), i. Pink. February. 1795.

„ agni'num (lamb). {. Yellow. June. 1824.

„ „ erectiu' 'sculum (more-erect-leaved). $. Yellow.
May. 1824.

„ „ mi'nus (less). $. Yellow. May. 1824.

„ albicau'le (white-stemmed), i. White. August.
1824.

„ a'lbidum (whitish). J. Yellow. July. 1714.

„ albino'tum (white-marked). J. Yellow. September.
1823.

„ albipuncta' turn (white-dotted). See M. ALBINOTUM.

„ aloi'des (Aloe-like). J. Yellow. 1819.

„ amce'num (lovely). J-i. Purplish ; filaments white.

„ anato'micum (skeleton-leaved). }. White. Sep-
tember. 1803.

„ „ fra'gile (brittle). J. White. 1803.

„ a'nceps (two-edged), ij. Pink. June. 1811.

„ „ pa'llidum (pale), i£. Pale pink. June. 1819.

„ angu'stum (narrow-tongued). £ Yellow. July 1790.

„ ,, heterophy'llum( various-leaved). £. Yellow. July.
1790.

„ „ pa'llidum (pale). J. Yellow. July. 1790.

„ aristula turn (small-bristled). &. Pale red. Creeping.

„ a'sperum (rough). i|. 1818.

„ ,, carule' scens (bluish). i£. 1820.

„ aura'ntium (orange). See M. AURANTIACUM.

„ auranti'acum (orange), ij. Orange. July. 1793.

„ au'reum (golden), i. Yellow. June. 1750.

,, bellidiflo'rum (daisy-flowered). J. Red, white. July.
1717.

„ „ subula'ium (awl-shaped-teave^). J. Red. July.
1717.

„ ,, vi'ride (pea-e.reen) . J. Red. July. 1717.

„ bibractea' turn (double-bracted). See M. ROSTRATUM.

„ bi'color (two-coloured). i|. Orange. July. 1732.

„ „ mi'nus (smaller). £. Orange. July.

„ „ pa'tulum (spreading), i. Orange. July.

M. bicolo'rum (two-coloured). See M. BICOLOR.
,, bidenta'tum (two- toothed). i. Yellow. August.

1818.

,, „ ma'jus (larger), ij. Yellow. August. 1818.
,, bi'fidum (two-cleft). J. Yellow. November. 1795.
,, bigibbera'tum (two-bunched). J. Yellow. August.

1820.

„ blandum (mild), i£. White. June. 1810.
,, Bolu'sii (Bolus's). fV- Petals yellow, with red outer

half. July. 1877.

„ bosschea'num (Bosschean). J. Golden- yellow. 1908.
,, brachia'tum (forked). See M. DECUSSATUM.
,, bractea'tum (bracted). ij. Yellow. August. 1774-
,, brevicau'le (short-stemmed). J. Pale yellow. August.

1820.
,, brevifo'lium (short- leaved), i. Pale yellow. August.

,, Brow' nii (Brown's). Brilliant orange- red or purple.

1888.

„ bulbo'sum (bulbous-rooted). J. Pink. August. 1820.
,, cccspito'sum (tufted). S. Africa.
,, calamifo'rme (reed-shaped), i. White. August. 1717-
,, canalicula' turn (small-channel-leaved). 2. Pink.

August. 1794.

,, cani'num (dog). £. Yellow. September. 1717.
,, ca'num (hoary). J. Yellow. 1795.
,, capiia'tum (headed), i. Pale yellow. August. 1717.
,, ,, rami'gerum (branchy), i. Pale yellow. August.

1816.

,, cari'nans (keeling). £. 1818.
,, caule'scens (stemmed-delta-leaved) . ij. Pink. June.

1731.

,, clandesti'num (secret). £. White. June. 1822.
,, clava'tum (clubbed). 2. Straw yellow. July. 1795.
,, cocci 'neum (scarlet). i£. Scarlet. July. 1696.
,, „ acu'tius (acuter-calyxed). ij. Scarlet. July.
,, ,, mi'nus (smaller). i£. Scarlet. July.
„ compa'ctum (compact). \. Yellow. November.

1780.

,, co mpre'ssum (compressed). i£. Red. August. 1792.
,, confe'rtum (crowded-leaved). See M. ROSEUM.
„ conge'stum (congested). 2-3. Reddish.
„ conspi'cuum (conspicuous), i. Red. September.

1806.
,, Coope'ri (Cooper's). J. Rose-purple; stamens

yellow. 1862.

„ coralliflo'rum (coral-flowered), r. Pink. May. 1820.
,, cor alii' num (coral), i. Pink. May. 1820.
,, cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). {-. Pink. July 1774.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated). Leaves variegated with

creamy- yellow. Used in carpet bedding. 1862.
„ cornicula'tum (small-horned), i. Pale yellow. April.

1732.
„ ,, isophy'llum (equal-leaved). i. Pale yellow.

April. " 1732.
,, coru'scans (glittering), i. Pale yellow. August.

1812.
,, crassicau'le (thick-stemmed). |. Pale yellow. July.

1815.

,, crassuli'num (thick). |. Pink. July. 1819.
„ crassuloi' des (Crassula-like). See M. CRASSULINUM.
,, criniflo'rum (Crinum-flowered). £-J. Pale rose, red

or whitish. July. 1774.

,, cro'ceum (saffron). 1-2. Croceous or saffron. Sep-
tember. 1790.
,, ,, fla'vo-cro'ceum (yellow-saffron), i. Yellow and

saffron. September. 1816.
,, ,, mi'nus (lesser), f. Yellow. September.
,, crucia'tum (cross-leaved). $. Yellow. May. 1792.
,, cultra'tum (pruning-kniie-leaved). $. Yellow. Sep-
tember. 1820.

,, cuneifo'lium (wedge-leaved). See M. CRINIFLORUM.
„ cu'rtum (short- sheathed). ij. White.
,, ,, ma'jus (larger), ij. White.
,, „ minus (smaller), ij. White.
„ „ ppli' turn (polished), ij. White.
„ curviflo'rum (curved-flowered). 2. White. June.

1818.
,, citrvifo'lium (curved-leaved), i. Pink. October.

1792.
,, ,, l&tevi'rcns (bright-green), ij. Pink. October.

1818.

,, cyli'ndricum (cylindrical). J. Red. May. 1792.
,, cymbifo'lium (boat-leaved), "r. Yellow. 1822.
„ cymbifo'rme (boat-shaped). See M. SESSILE.

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM 551 MESEMBRYANTHEMUM

M. deci'piens (deceiving). See M. THUNBERGII.
„ decu'mbens (lying-down), i. Pale red. July. 1759.
„ decussa'tum (decussate), i£. Yellow. July. 1774.
„ defle'xum (bent-down), i. Pink. August. 1774.
„ defolia'tum (leafless). See M. CLAVATUM.
„ deltoi'des (delta-leaved), i£. Pink. May. 1731-
„ denticula'tum (small- toothed) . {. Yellow. April.

1793-

„ „ candidi'ssimum (whitest). J. Yellow. April.
„ „ glau'cum (milky-green). {. Yellow. April.
„ depre'ssum (depressed-tongue). f. Yellow. October.

1795.

„ „ li'vidum (livid). J. Yellow. October. 1819.
,, diffo'rme (irregular). }. Yellow. August. 1732.
„ dilata'tum (dilated). 3. White. July. 1820.
,, diminu'tum (diminished). See M. LOREUM.
„ „ caulicula'tum (small-stemmed). See M. LOREUM

CAULICULATUM.

„ diversifo'lium (various- leaved), i. Pale yellow. June.

1726.
„ „ a'tro-vi'rens (dark green). i. Pale yellow.

August.
„ „ brevifo'liunt (short-leaved). i. Pale yellow.

August.
„ ,, glau'cum (milky-green), i. Pale yellow. August.

1726.
„ „ Ice'te-vi'rens (bright green), i. Pale yellow.

August.
„ dolabrifo'rme (hatchet- formed). $. Yellow. June.

1795-

,, du'bium (doubtful). See M. THUNBERGII.
„ echina'tum (hedgehog), i. Yellow. August. 1774.
„ ,, a'lbum (white). £. White. August. 1774.
„ EckLo'nis (Ecklon's). i£. White.
„ e'legans (elegant). i-i£. Pink. July. 1724.
„ elonga'tum (elongated-ft*&woMs). i. Pale yellow.

May. 1793.

,, „ fusifo'rme (fusiform), i. Pale yellow. May. 1793.
„ ,, mi'nus (smaller), i. Pale yellow. May. 1793.
„ emargina' turn (notch-flowered). 2. Pink. July. 1732.
„ equilatera' turn (equal-sided). S. Africa.
„ erigeriflo'rum (wool-bearing-flowered). See M. BREVI-

FOLTUM.

,, ermini'nutn (ermine). $. Yellow. May. 1824.
„ expa'nsum (expanded-leaved). £. Pale yellow. July.

1705-

„ falca'lum (sickle-leaved), i. Pink. July. 1727.
„ falcifo'rme (sickle- shaped), i£. Pink. July. 1805.
„ fastigia'tum (peaked), ij. \Vhite. August. 1794.
„ ,, refle'xum (bent-back), ij. White. August. 1792.
„ feli'num (cat). ^. Yellow. September. 1730.
„ fibulifo'rme (button-shaped). J. 1795.
„ ficifo'rme (fig-shaped), ^y. Bright pink, fragrant.

July. 1819.
„ filicau'le (thread-stalked), ij. Pink. September.

1800.

,, fi'ssum (cleit-leaved). J. 1776.
„ fla'vum (yellow). £. Yellow. August. 1820.
„ fle'xile (pliant). See M. POLYANTHOK.
,, flexifo'lium (pliant-leaved). See M. CURVIFOLIUM.
„ „ la'te-vi'rens (lively-green). See M. CURVIFOLIUM

L^TEVIRENS.

„ flexuo'sum (zigzag). if. White. July. 1795.

„ folio' sum (leafy). See M. TUMIDULUM.

„ forfica'tum (scissor-leaved). ij. Pink. September.

1758.

„ formo'sum (beautiful), i. Crimson. August. 1820.
„ fra'grans (fragrant). f . Yellow.
„ fu'lvum (tawny). 2. Tawny. July. 1820.
„ geminiflo'rum (twin-flowered). 2. White or rose.

May. ^1826.

„ gemmiflo'rum (bud-flowered). See M. GEMINIFLORUM.
„ gibbo'sum (swollen), f . Red. February. 1780.
„ gladia'tum (purple-svrorded) . See M. LACERUM.
„ glauci'num (milkyish-green). See M. MUTABILE.
„ ,, cra'ssum (thick-leaved). See M. MUTABILE CRASSUM.
„ glau'cum (nalky-green-leaved). if. Orange. June.

1696.

„ glomera'tum (clustered), if. Pink. July. 1732.
„ gra'cile (slender). if. Red. September. 1794.
„ » graci'lius (slenderer), i. Red. September.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). J. Yellow. July.

1824.
„ grani fo'rme (grain-shaped). |. Yellow. September.

1727.

A/, gro'ssum (gross). J. Pale red or rosy.
,, Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). i. Brown. March. 1793.
,, heterope' 'talum (various-petaled). 2. Pink. June.

1794.
,, heterophy'llum (various-leaved). See M. ANGUSTUM

HETEROPHYLLUM.

„ hi'rtum (hairy), f . Bright purple ; stamens yellow.

June to September. 1862.

„ horizonia'le (horizontal-Z<sai;ed). See M. CLAVATUM.
,, hu'mile (dwarf). S. Africa.
,, hy'bridum (hybrid). J. Yellow.
,, i'mbricans (imbricating). See M. POLYANTHON.
„ imbrica'tum (imbricated). See M. MULTIFLORUM and

varieties.

,, imbrica'tum (imbricated) of E. and Z. See M. CURTUM.
„ incequa'le(unequal-calyxed). i. Orange. July. 1716.
„ inclau'dens (not-closing), ij. Pink. June. 1805.
,, inco'mptum (untrimmed). |. White. July. 1819.
,, inconspi'cuum (inconspicuous), i. Red. July. 1823.
„ tncw'rvttw^curled-in). xi. Pink. July. 1802.
,, ,, densifo'lium (dense-leaved), ij. Pink. June.

1809.

,, ,, dila'tans (spreading-keeled) . ij. Pink. June.
„ ,, pa'llidus (pale), ij. Pink. June.
,, ,, ro'seum (rosy), ij. Pink. June.
,, infle'xum (bent-in). i. Pink. June. 1819.
,, insti'tium (grafted). See M. CROCEUM.
,, ,, fla'vo-cro'ceum (yellow and saffron). See M.

CROCEUM FLAVO-CROCEUM.

,, ,, mi'nus (smaller). See M. CROCEUM MINUS.

„ into'nsum (unshaved). J. Pink. July. 1824.

, „ a'lbum (white). |. Pink. July. 1824.
, intro'rsum (turned-inwards). See M. INTONSUM.

, ju'nceum (rush-leaved), i. Pink. September. 1800.

, Ice've (smooth-white-wood), ij. August. 1774.

, lanceola'tum (spear-head-leaved). }. White. August.
1795-

,, „ ro'seum (rosy), f. Pink. May. 1813.

„ la'tum (broad-tongued). |. Yellow. July. 1620.

,, „ bre've (short). |. Yellow. July. 1802.

,, Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). f . Whitish-yellow. 1908.

„ le'pidum (slender). S. Africa. 1826.

,, lepta'leum (slender). See M. ELEGANS.

„ lineola'tum (smaU-lined). |. Pink. August. 1819.

„ „ la've (smooth). |. July. 1819.

„ „ mi'nus (smaller). " J. July. 1819.

,, ,, ni'tens (shining). £. August. 1819.

„ linguifo'rme (tongue-shaped). J. Yellow. July.
1714.

,, „ assu'rgens (rising). $. Yellow. July. 1819.

„ „ prostra'tum (lying-flat). J. Yellow. July.

M » purpu'reum (purple), i. Purple. July. 1731.

,, „ rvfe'scens (reddish), i. Yellow. July. 1732.

„ ,, subcrucia turn (slightly-crossed). £. Yellow. 1820.

„ longispi'nulum (long-spined). i. Pale yellow. Sep-
tember. 1820.

,, lo'ngum (long-tongued). f. Yellow. September.
1725-

„ ,, angus'tus (narrower), f . Yellow. September.

„ „ atto'llens (elevating). |. Yellow. September.
1819.

„ „ decli've (sloping). J. Yellow. September.

„ „ depre'ssum (depressed), f. Yellow. September.

„ „ purpura' scens (purplish), f . Yellow. September.
1819.

„ ,, unca'tum (hooked), f. Yellow. September.
1819.

„ lora'tum (strap-shaped). See M. FALLENS.

,, lo'reum (strap- stalked), i. Pale yellow. September.
1732.

,, „ caulicula'tum (small-stemmed). J. Red. April.
1789.

„ „ conge'stum (crowded), i. Pale yeUow. Sep-
tember. 1805.

„ lu'cidum (shining). £. Yellow. September. 1732.

„ luna'tum (crescent-leaved), i. Pink. July. 1812.

„ lupi'num (wolf). J. Yellow.

„ lu 'tedium (yellowish). £. Pale yellow. June. 1820.

„ lu'teum (yellow). ii. Pale yellow. June. 1824.

„ macrorhi'zum (large-rooted). See M. MEGARHIZUM.

„ macula' turn (spotted-stalked), if. Scarlet. 1732.

„ magnipuncta'tum (large-dotted). J. Yellow. 1822.

„ „ uncia'le (inch-flowered). J. Yellow. 1822.

„ Maho'ni (Mahon's). J Bright violet-purple. S.
Rhodesia. 1902.

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM 552 MESEMBRYANTHEMUM

M. margina'tum (white-edged), i. White. May. 1793-
„ ma'ximum ( largest- moon-leaved). i£. Pink. Sep-
tember. 1787.

„ me'dium (intermediate). $. Yellow. June.
„ megarhi'zum (large-rooted). J. White. Stem erect.
„ mi'cans (glittering), ij. Scarlet. 1704.
„ micra'nthum (small-flowered). i. Pure white.

October, November. 1819.

„ microphy'llum (small-leaved). J. Pink. May. 1795-
„ minimum (smallest). £. Pale yellow. October.

1796.

„ minu'tum (minute). J. Pink. October. 1795-
„ mira'bile (wonderful). A. White. 1903.
„ mo'lle (soil-leaved}, i. Pink. October. 1774.
„ monilifo'rme (bracelet-shaped). |. White. May.

1791.

„ mucrona'tum (spine-pointed). J. Pink. 1794-
„ mucroni'ferum (mucro-bearing). i. Yellow. July.

1821.
„ mu'lticeps (many- headed). J. Yellow. July to

December.
„ multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 3. White. August.

1792.

„ „ me'dium (intermediate). 3. White. July.
, mi'mts (smaller). 3. White. August.
, ni'tens (shining). 3.

, pa' tens (spreading). 3. White. August. 1820.
, ru'brum (red). 3. Red. August.
, vi'ride (green). 3. White. July.
multipuncta' turn (many-spotted). J. Yellow.
murica'tum (point-covered-delta-leaved). ij. Pink.
May. 1731.

„ mi'nus (small), ij. Pink. May.
miiri'num (mouse). J. Yellow. September. :7go.
musculi'num (little-mouse). £. Yellow. June. 1820.
muslelli'num (weasel). J. Yellow. June. 1820.
muta'bile (changeable), ij. Pink. August. 1792.

„ cra'ssum (thick), ij. Pink. July.
ni'tidum (bright). 2. Yellow. August. 1790.
no'bile (noble). |. YeUow. July. 1822.
noctiflo'rum (night-flowering). 2. White. July.
1714-

,, ela'tum (tall). 3. Scarlet. July. 1714.
,, fu'lvum (tawny). Tawny or buff-orange.
„ strami'neum (straw-coloured). 2. Straw. July.
1732.

nodiflo'rum (knot-flowered), i. September. Medi-
terranean region ; Persia. 1739.
nucifo'rme (nut-shaped). See M. MINUTUM.
obcone'llum (small-conical). $. White. June. 1786.
obcorde'llum (small-reversed-egg-shaped). J. White.

June. 1796.

obli'quum (twisted), i. Purple. August. 1819.
obsubula'tum (small-awl-shaped), i. White. 1796.
obtu'sum (blunt-c/cwen). £. Pale red. March. 1792.
octophy'llum (eight-leaved). See M. TESTICULATUM

and varieties.

pa'llens (pale). £. White. July. 1819.
parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 3. Purple. August.

1800.
parvifo'lium (small-leaved). £. White. August.

1820.

pa'tulum (spreading), i£. Pink. October. 1811.
perfolia'tum (leaf-stem-pierced), i. Purple. July.
1714-

„ monaca'nthum (one-spined). i. Purple. July.
pervi'ride (very-green). £. Red. February. 1792.
pisifo'rme (pea-shaped). J. White. 1796.
polya'nthon (many-flowered), i. Pink. August.
1803.

,, e'legans (elegant).

polyphy'llum (many-leaved). See M. VIOLACEUM.
prczpi'ngue (very-fat). £. Yellow. September. 1792.
procu'mbens (lying-down), i. Pale yellow. April.

1820.

produ'ctum (prolonged-calyxed). i. Rose. May. 1822.
pube'scens (downy). £. Red. February. 1792.
pugionifo'rme (dagger-shaped). i. Pale yellow.
August. 1714.

„ bie'nne (biennial), i. Pale yellow. August. 1714.
„ ca'rneum (flesh-coloured), i. Pink. August.
1714-

„ purpu'reum (purple), i. Purple. August. 1714.
pulche'llum (pretty). J. Pink. April. 1793.
„ revolu'tum (rolled-back). J. Pink. April.

M. pulverule'ntum (powdery). £. Pink. May. 1792.
,, puncta'tum (dotted-awl-shaped). ±. Red. July.

\Vhite.

1818.

purpu'reo-a'lbum (purplish- white).

August. 1824.

pustula'tum (blistered), f. Yellow. August.
pygma'um (pigmy), i- Pink. 1805.
quadri'fidum (four-cleft). J. Yellow. November.

*795-

racemo'sum (racemose), ij. Deep rose-pink. 1902.
radia'tum (rayed). £. Red. September. 1732.
ramulo'sum (branchy). |. Deep yellow. June. 1791.
re'ctum (straight), f. White. July. 1819.
relaxa'tum (relaxed), i. Pink. July. 1815.
retrofte'xum (bent-back). See M. ELEGANS.
rhomboi'deum (lozenge-shaped). ^,~i. Yellow.
ri'gidum (stiff). i£. White. August. 1793.
robu'stum (robust). ^. Yellow. 1795.
ro'seum (rosy)- i- Pink. July. 1795.
„ a'lbum ( white- flowered). J. White. July. 1819.
„ confe'rtum (clustered).

,, linea're (narrow-/mv«rf). }. White. July. 1819.
Roste'llum (little-beaked), i. White, pink. June.

1820.

rostra'tum (beaked). \. Yellow. April. 1732.
Sa'lmii (Salm's). }. Yellow. October. 1818.
„ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved), i. Yellow. Oc-

tober. 1823.
„ semicrucia'tum (half-crossed), i. Yellow. Oc-

tober. 1818.
salmo'neum (salmon-coloured). 3. White. Sep-

tember. 1819.

sca'brum (rough). See M. LINGUIFORME and varieties.
sca'brum (rough) of Thunberg. See M. RADIATUM.
scalpra'tum (gmz/-knife-shaped). See M. LINGUIFORME.
sca'piger (scape-bearing). £-£. Yellow. August.

1723-

scapi'gerum (scape-bearing). See M. SCAPIGER.
semicyli'ndricum (half-cylindric) . }. Yellow. June.

1732.

serra'tum (saw-keeled) . 2. Pink. June. 1707.
se'ssile (stalkless). ij. Yellow. 1792.
setuli'ferum (small-bristle-bearing), i. Bright violet-

purple. 1876.

sexparti'tum (six-parted). See M. LEHMANNI.
specio'sum (showy), ij. Scarlet. July. 1793.
specta'bile (striking), i. Purplish ; filaments white.

June. 1787.
spinifo'rme (thorn-shaped), i. Pink. September.

1793-
„ subadu'ncum (rather-hooked), i. Pink. Sep-

tember.

spino'sum (thorny), ij. Pink. July. 1714.
spinuli'ferum (spinule-bearing). i. Pale yellow.

August. 1794.

sple'ndens (shining). i£. White. July. 1716.
stella'tum (starry-bearded). }. Pink. September.

1716.

stelli'gerum (star-bearing). See M. BARBATUM.
stipula'ceum (stipuled). ij. Pink. May. 1723.
stri'ctum (erect). 3. Yellow. 1795.
subcompre' ssum (sub-compressed). i£. Purple. July.

1823.

„ mi'nus (smaller), i. Purple. July. 1823.
subglobo'sum (sub- globular). See M. BREVIFOLIUM.
subinca'num (somewhat-grey), ij. White. Novem-

ber to April. 1824.

, svlca'tum (furrowed). 3. White. August. 1819.
, surre'ctum (very-erect), i. Yellow. October. 1819.
, ,, brevifo'lium (short-leaved), f. Yellow. October.

1819.
Sutherla'ndii (Sutherland's). i-J. Pale purple ;

stamens yellow. Natal. 1870.

, tauri'num (bull's-horn). |. Yellow. October. 1795.
lene'llum (delicate-per foliate), i^. White. August.

1792.

te'nue (slender). See M. MICRANTHUM.
, tenuiflo'rum (slender-flowered). SeeM. VIRIDIFLORUM.
tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). i. Scarlet. July.

1700.

„ ere'ctum (erect). li. Scarlet. July.
ieretifo'lium (round-leaved). £. Pink. June. 1794.
, teretiu'sculum (rather-rounder), i. Pink. 1794.

testa' ceum (tile-coloured). 3. Ora"nge. August. 1820.
, teslicula're (testicular). J. White. October. 1774.

MESOCHL^NA

553

METROSIDEROS

Af. iesticula'tum (testicled). i. Yellow. November.
1819.

„ „ longiu'sculum (rather-longer). J. Yellow. Novem-
ber. 1774.

,, ,, ro'seum (rosy). J. Red. November. 1774.

„ Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). i. Pale yellow. August.
1800.

„ tigri'num (tiger). J. Yellow. October. 1790.

„ tortuo'sum (twisted-leaved). J. Pale yellow. August.
1705.

„ tricolo'rum (three-coloured). i. Yellow, red.
October. 1794.

„ truncate'llum (small-truncated). J. Pale yellow.
July. 1795.

„ tubero'sum (tuberous-roofed). 3. Orange. April.

1714-

,, „ minus (smaller), ij. Orange. August. 1714.

„ temt'dtdufw (rather-swollen). 3. Pink. March. 1802.

,, „ mi'nus (smaller). 3. Pink. March. 1820.

,, turbina'tum (top-shaped), i. Reddish.

„ umbella'tum (umbelled). 3. White. July. 1727.

,, „ ano'malum (anomalous). 3. White. July.

, umbellifto'rum (umbel-flowered), ij. August. 1820.

, unca'ium (hooked). J. Yellow or reddish.

, uncina' turn (hooked). 1-2. Red. 1725.

, uncine'llum (small- hooked). J. Reddish.

, vagina'tum (sheathed), ij. White. July. 1802.

, „ parviflo'rum (small-flowered), ij. White. July.

, varia'bile (variable), ij. Yellow. July. 1796.

, „ la'vius (smoother), if. YeUow. July. 1796.

, va'rians (varying). See M. TORTUOSUM.

„ verrucula'tum (small- warted). i£. Yellow. May.
i73i.

„ „ Cando'llii (De CandoUe's). ij. Yellow. May.

,, versi' color (changeable-coloured). Pink. June. 1795.

,, villo'sum (shaggy), i. July. 1759.

,, viola'ceum (violet). 2. Purple. July. 1820.

,, vi'rens (upright-green). J. Pink. June. 1821.

,, vi' ride (green- per foliate), i. Pale purple. July. 1792.

„ viridiflo'rum( green-flowered). 1-2. Green or greenish-
red. September. 1774.

,, vitta'lum (striped). tS~i- Petals bright yellow, with
red midrib ; stamens white. 1876.

,, vulpi'num (fox). See M. CANINUM.

„ Ze'yheri (Zeyher's). i$. Purplish or purplish- violet.

MESOCHLffi'NA. (From ntesos, the middle or half,
and Maina, a cloak ; the indusium appears cut in half.
Nat. ord. Ferns or Filices.)

Af. java'nica (Javanese). See DIDYMOCHL.SNA POLY-
CARPA.

MESOSPINI'DIUM. (From mesas, the middle, and
spinidion, a small bird ; in allusion to the beak-like
rostellum in the middle of the flower. Nat. ord. Orchi-
daceae. The species are now referred to Odontoglossum
and Cochlioda.)

Cool stove Orchids. Offsets and divisions. Fibrous
peat, sphagnum, and crocks.

M. Bowma'ni (Bowman's). $. Green and rose. Colom-
bia. 1869.
„ inca'ntans (enchanting). Ochre and brown. Colombia.

1878.
„ jucu'ndum (joyous). Bright green and brown.

Brazil. 1877.

,, sangui'neum (blood-red). See COCHLIODA SANGUINEA.
,, vulca'nicum (volcanic). See COCHLIODA VULCANICA.
,, Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). See MILTONIA WAR-
SCEWICZII.

ME SPILUS. Medlar. (From mesos, half, and pilos, a
ball ; referring to the shape of the medlar fruit. Nat.
crd. Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, z-Di-
pentagynia. Now referred to Pyrus.) See MEDLAR.
M. Amela'nchier (Amelanchier). See AMELANCHIER

VULGARIS.
,, germa'nica (German). See PYRUS GERMANICA and

varieties.

„ grandiflo'ra. (large-flowered). See PYRUS LOBATA.
,, japo'nica (Japanese). See ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA.
„ loba'ta (lobed-leaved). See PYRUS LOBATA.

MESSERSCHMI'DIA, MESSERSCHMI'DTIA,
MESSERSMI'DIA. See TOURNEFORTIA.

and

ME'SUA. (Named after Mesue, an Arabian botanist.
Nat. ord. Guttifers [Guttiferaceas]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia,
7-Dodecandria. Allied to CalophyUum.)

The sweet-scented flowers of Me'sua fe'rrea are sold
in all the Indian bazaars by the name of Nagksur, and
are as much esteemed as orange flowers are with us.
Stove evergreen tree. Seeds in a hotbed, in March ;
cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass, in May, and with a little bottom-heat ; loam and
peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. fe'rrea (don-wooded). 40. White. July. E. Ind.
1837.

METALA'SIA. (From meta, a change, lasios, hairy ;
referring to the older leaves losing their downy covering.
Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. T.inn. ig-Syngenesia,
2-Superflua. Allied to Gnaphalium.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa, and with
white flowers, except where otherwise stated. Cuttings
in spring, in sandy peat ; sandy peat, loam, and charcoal
nodules, to keep the soil open. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
Af. au'rea (golden). Y'ellow. June. 1816.

,, Cephalo'tes (large-head). 4. Pink. June. 1789.

„ diver gens (widely-parted). 2. July. 1816.

,, fastigia'ta (peaked). See M. MURICATA.

,, imbrica'ta (overlapping). See M. UNIFLORA.

„ mucrona'ta (pointed). See HELICHRYSUM MUCROK-
ATUM.

,, murica'ta (point-covered). 2. June. 1812.

,, phylicoi'des (Phylica-like). See M. MURICATA.

,, pu'ngens (stinging). See M. MURICATA.

,, seriphioi' des (Seriphium-like). See TRICHOGYNE
SERIPHIOIDES.

,, umbella'ta (umbelled). 3. Rose. May. 1816.

,, uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 2. May. 1816.

METAPLE XIS. (From meta, together, and pleko, to
twine ; in allusion to the shoots twining together. Nat.
ord. Asclepiadaceae.)

Evergreen stove twiner. Cuttings of side-shoots in
sand in bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
Af. fimbria'ta (fringed). 10. Purple. July. Venezuela.
1826.

METASTELMA. (From meta, with, and stelma, a
crown ; in allusion to the structure of the flower. Nat.
ord. Asclepiadaceae.)

Evergreen stove twiner. Cuttings of side-shoots in a
close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and
sand.

Af. parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 6. Green, white.
Trop. Amer.

METHONICA GRANDIFLO RA. See GLORIOSA

SIMPLEX.

METRODO REA. (Commemorative of Metrodorus
Sabinus, a plant draughtsman. Nat. ord. Rutaceas.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in a close
case with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
Af. atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). See M. NIGRA.
„ ni'gra (black). 5. Dark purple. Brazil. 1851.

METROSIDEROS. (From metra, heart-wood, and
sideros, iron ; referring to the hardness of the wood.
Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn. iz-Icosandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Callistemon.)

Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of small young side-
shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a close pit
or frame, but without heat ; peat and loam, equal pro-
portions, with a little white sand and sifted, broken
crocks. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. Most of them should
be tried on a wall.
M. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 20. Yellow. S. Africa.

1787-
„ ano'mala (anomalous). See ANGOPHORA CORDIFOLIA.

, a'spera (rough). Australia. 1824.

, buxifo'lia (box-leaved). See M. SCANDEXS.

, capita,' to. (headed). See KUNZEA CAPITATA.

, citri'na (lemon). See CALLISTEMON LANCEOLATUS.

, corifo'lia. (Cons-leaved). See KUNZEA CORIFOLIA.

„ fioribu'nda (free-flowering). See CALLISTEMON SALIG-
NUS.

„ ,, a'lba (white). See CALLISTEMON SALIGNUS ALBI/S.

„ fio'rida (florid). See M. ROBUSTA.

,, glau'ca (sea-green). See CALLISTEMON SPECIOSUS.

METROXYLON

554

MICONIA

M. glomuli'fera (heaped- flowered) . See SYNCARPIA LAURI-

FOLIA.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). See ANGOPHORA CORDIFOLIA.
„ hypericifo'lia (Hypericum-leaved). New Zealand.
„ lanceola to, (lance-shaped). See CALLISTEMON LANCEO-

LATUS.
,, linearifo'lia (linear-leaved) . See CALLISTEMON RIGIDUS

LINEARIFOLIUS.

„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved). See CALLISTEMON RIGIDUS.
„ robu'sta (robust). 80. Scarlet. June. New Zealand.

1845.

„ sali'gna (willow-leaved). See CALLISTEMON SALIGNUS.
„ sea' ndens (climbing). White.. August. New Zealand.
„ semperflo'rens (ever-flowering). See CALLISTEMON

LANCEOLATUS.

„ specio'sa (showy). See CALLISTEMON SPECIOSUS.
„ tomento'sa (felted). 40-50. Red. July. New Zealand.
„ ve'ra (true. Iron-wood). 20. Yellow, green. April.

E. Ind. 1819.
„ viridifto'ra (green-flowered). See CALLISTEMON

SALIGNUS VIRIDIFLORUS.

METRO'XYLON. (From metro., heart-wood, and xulon,
wood ; in allusion to the hardness of the wood, and its
colour. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove Palms. Seeds. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
M. amica'rum (Friendly Islands'). 30. Friendly Islands.
„ Ru'mphii(Rumph's). 40-50. Green. Malaya. 1.800.
,, Sa'gu (Sagu). 40-50. Moluccas. " Sago Palm."
„ vitie'nse (Fijian). 30. Fiji.

METTERNI'CHIA. (In honour of the Austrian Prince
Metternich-Winneburg. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solan-
aceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Evergreen greenhouse shrubs. For culture, see culture
of the evergreen species of LISIA'NTHUS.
M. pri'ncipis (princely). 3. White. August. Brazil.

1854.

„ We'rcklei(Werc]de's). 3-4. White, fading to sulphur
yellow, fragrant. Costa Rica. 1910.

ME'UM. Meu, Bald-money. Spignel. (From melon,
very small ; in allusion to the fine, hair-like divisions of
the leaves. Nat. ord. Umbelliferae.)

A hardy, perennial herb, with a remarkably fragrant
rootstock at one time eaten in the Highlands. The
foliage is finely divided and suitable for mixing with cut
flowers. Seeds and divisions. Ordinary garden soil.
M. athama'nticum (Mount Athamas). i-i£. White,
pinkish. Britain.

MEXICAN LILY. Hippea strum Regi'na.

MEXICAN POPPY. Arge'mone mexica'na.

MEXICAN TEA. Chenopo'dium ambrosioi'des-

MEXICAN THISTLE. Cni'cus conspi'cuus.

MEXICAN TIGER-FLOWER. Tigri'diaPavo'nia.

MEYE'NIA. (Commemorative of M. Meyen. Nat.
ord. Acanthaceae.) Now referred to Thunbergia.
M. ere' eta. (erect). See THUNBERGIA ERECTA.

„ hawtaynea'na^ (Hawtaynean). See THUNBERGIA

HAWTAYNEANA.

,, vogelia'na (Vogelian). See THUNBERGIA VOGELIANA.
See DAPHNE MEZEREUM.

MICE. Various plans have been suggested to preserve
peas and beans when sown from the ravages of mice.
We believe we have tried them all. Dipping the seeds
in oil, and then rolling them in powdered resin ; putting
small pieces of furze in the drills and over the rows after
the seed has been sown, but before covering with the
earth — were both partially successful ; but the mode
attended with the most complete safety has always been
that of covering the surface of the soil over the rows, to
the depth of full an inch, and six inches wide, with finely-
sifted coal-ashes. The mice will not scratch through
this ; and it has the additional advantage, by its black
colour absorbing the solar heat, of promoting the early
vegetation of the crop.

MICHAELMAS DAISY. A'ster.

MICHAU'XIA. (Named after A. Michaux, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Bellworts [Campanulacea?]. Linn.
%'Octandria,, i-Mon-ogynia. Allied to Campanula.)

Hardy biennials. Seeds in the open border ; in damp
situations they are apt to fog off in winter; a dry,
elevated situation is the best remedy ; even there, in
very severe weather, an evergreen branch stuck beside
them will be an advantage.
M. campanula? des (Campanula-like) . 4. Pale red. July.

Levant. 1787.

„ deca'ndra (ten-stamened). See M. L^VIGATA.
„ IcEviga'ta (smooth-stemmed). 3. White or light blue.

July. Persia. 1827.

„ Tchihatche'ffi (Tchihatcheff's). 3-6. White. July.
Asia Minor. 1896.

MICHE'UA. (Named after P. A. Micheli, an Italian
botanist. Nat. ord. Magnoliads [Magnoliaceaa]. Linn.
i^-Polyandria, 6-Polygynia.)

Stove or greenhouse evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in summer, in sand, under a glass, and in
heat ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48° to
60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. Champa'ca (Champaca). 20-40. Yellow. E. Ind.

1779.
,, compre'ssa (compressed). Japan. 1893. Hardy in

the South.
,, fusca'ta (dusky). 2-5. Dusky purple, fragrant.

China. 1789-
,, ,, anomzfo'lia (Anona- leaved). 2. Red. June.

China. 1789.

„ lanugino'sa (woolly). Pale yellow. March, April.
Himalaya. 1865.

MICHOLI'TZIA. (Commemorative of M. Micholitz,
a plant collector. Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceae. Allied to
Marsdenia.)

Small, stove shrub. Seeds; cuttings in sand, in a
close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and
sand.

M. obcordata (obyersely-heart-shaped). Olive-green,
reddish. India. 1909.

MICO'NIA. (Named after D. Micon, a Spanish
botanist. Nat. ord. Melastomads [Melastomaceaej. Linn.
lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Blakea.)

Stove evergreens, with white flowers, unless otherwise
specified. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass, and in heat ; sandy peat and loam,
with a few bits of cow-dung and charcoal. Winter temp.,
48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. Acinode'ndron(Acinodendron). 6. Purple. Jamaica.

1804.

,, a'lbicans (whitening). See M. HOLOSERICEA.
,, angusta'ta (narrow). 5. Trinidad. 1820.
,, calve' scens (becoming-bald). Brazil.
,, desma'ntha (bunch-flowered). Colombia.
,, ecosta'ta(ribless). 4. Purple. July. Jamaica. 1793-
,, fla'mmea (flame-coloured). Brazil. 1865.
,, Fothergi'lla (Fothergilla). 10-15. White, purple.

May. Mexico. 1815.

,, grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 20. Trinidad. 1820.
,, holoseri'cea (wholly-silky). 10. White. W. Ind.

1815.
,, hookeria'na (Hookerian). Pale green. July. S.

Amer. 1863.
„ ,, trifascia'ta (three-bundled). White. Leaves with

three white ribs. S. Amer. 1874.
,, impetiola ris (stalkless-leaved). 4. W. Ind. 1822.
,, laviga'ta (smooth). 6. W. Ind. 1815.
,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. Guiana. 1817.
,, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6-10. Rose. May.

1820.
,, magnified (magnificent). Leaves very large, rusty

red. Mexico. 1858.

,, meta'll ica (metallic). Pale purple. Venezuela. 1852.
,, pulverule'nta (dusty). See M. HOOKERIANA.
,, purpura' scens (purplish-berried). See ACIOTIS PUR-

PURASCENS.

,, pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 3. White. July. Porto

'Rico. 1815.

„ rube' scens (ruddy). 6. S. Amer. 1818.
„ semicrena'ta (half-notched). 20. White. April.

Guadeloupe Islands. 1823.

„ stami'nea (long-stamened). White. Brazil. 1867.
,, swartzia'na (Swartzian). See M. FOTHERGILLA.
,, tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 6. S. Amer. 1818.
„ tetra'ndra (four-stamened). 2. Jamaica. 1815.

MICRANTHELLA CANDOLLEI 555

MICROMERIA

Af. teysmannia' na (Teysmannian). See M. STAMINEA.
,, trine'rvia (three-nerved). 4. July. Jamaica. 1795.
„ veluti'na (velvety). Leaves large, green, purple-red

beneath. Colombia. 1894.

„ vesica'ria (bladdery). Leaves deep green, shaded
violet. Peru. 1895.

MICRANTHELLA CANDOLLEI. See PLEROMA EX-

APPEXDICULATUM.

MICRA NTHEMUM. (From mikros, small, and anthos,
a flower. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceaej. Linn.
2-Diandria, \-Monogynia.)

Evergreen perennial. Cuttings under a hand-light ;
division of the plant in spring ; sandy peat, and a little
loam ; requires a pit or a dry, sheltered place in winter.
A/, orbiculd 'turn (round-leaved). £. White. May. Caro-
lina. 1826.

MICRA'NTHUS. (From mikros, small, and anthos, a
flower. Nat. ord. Iridacea?. Allied to Watsonia.)

Greenhouse bulbous plants. Seeds and offsets. Light,
rich, sandy soil and leaf-mould.
M. cepa'ceus (onion-like). See M. FISTULOSUS.
,, fistula' sus (hollow-stemmed). £-1. Red. Leaves

3-6 in. long. S. Africa. 1774.
„ plantagi'neus (plantain-like), $-1. Red. Leaves

6-12 in. long. S. Africa. 1774.
,, ,, junceus (rush-like). Leaves nearly round.

MICROCA'CHRYS. (From mikros, small, and kachrus,
a cone ; in reference to the small cones. Nat. ord.
Coniferae.)

Greenhouse evergreen Conifer allied to Saxegothea.
Seeds ; cuttings in sand under a bell-glass. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.
.!/. tetrago'na (four-angled). 3-15. Tasmania. 1857.

MICROCO DON. (From mikros, small, and kodon, a
bell ; in allusion to the small bell-shaped flowers. Nat.
ord. Campanulacea?.)

Greenhouse, dwarf annual herbs. Seeds. Sandy loam
and leaf-mould.
A/, depre'ssum (depressed). J-i. Blue. July. S.

Africa. 1816.
„ linea're (linear). J-i. White. June, July. S.Africa.

1822.

„ „ diffu'sa (diffuse). Much branched. S. Africa.
1787.

MICROCY'CAS. (From mikros, small, and Cycas, a
Cycad. Nat. ord. Cycadacea?.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Seeds and imported stems.
Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
Af. calo'coma (beautiful-haired). 2. Cuba.

MTCEODON. (From mikros, small, and odous,
odontos, a tooth. Nat. ord. Selaginacea?.)

Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of short side-shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass. Sandy loam and leaf-mould.
M. cyli'ndricus (cylindrical). }. Purple. August. S.

Africa. 1807.
„ lu'cidus (shining), i£. Purple. June. S. Africa.

1812.
„ ova'tus (ovate), i. Dark purple. August. S. Africa-

1774-
MICROGA'STER. See ICHNEUMON FLIES.

MICROGLO'SSA. (From mikros, small, and glossa, a
tongue ; in allusion to the small rays of the heads. Nat.
ord. Composite.)

Hardy, deciduous shrub. Cuttings of shoots in sand
under a hand-light. Ordinary soil.
M. albe'scens (whitish). 2-3. Small, blue. Himalaya.
1842.

MICROLEPIA. (From mikros, small, and lepis, a
scale ; the appearance of the spore, or seed-cases. Nat.
ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.
Now referred to Davallia.)

Stove Ferns, with brown spores. See FERNS.
Af. ala'ta (winged). April. Jamaica.
„ anthriscifo'lia (Anthriscus-leaved). S. Africa. 1878.
„ crista'ta (crested). April. Isle of Luzon.

M. hi'rta (hairy). 3-4. N. India, Ceylon, &c. 1878.
,, „ cristx'ta (crested). 3-4. Fronds crested. Poly-
„ nesian Islands. 1878.
„ No'v&-Zda'ndi<z (New-Zealand), i. New Zealand.

Grsenhouse.

„ pinna' ta (leafleted). May. Isle of Luzon.
„ platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 2-4. Ceylon to the

Himalayas.

,, polypodioi'des (Polypodium-like). 3-4. E. Ind. 1836.
,, rhomboi'dea (diamond-shaped). April. Australia.

1836.

„ sea bra (rough). 2. Japan. 1862- Greenhouse.
„ strigo'sa (fine-haired). 3-4. N. India. 1862.
,, tricho 'sticha (hairy-spiked). April. Samaria.

MICROLI'CIA. (From mikros, small, and hdikia,
stature; dwarf plants. Nat. ord. Mdastomads [Melas-
tomaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Now re-
ferred to Acisanthera.)
M. biva'lvis (two-valved). See ACISANTHERA BREVIFOLIA.

,, brevifo'lia( short-leaved). SeeAciSAXTHERATRivALvis.

„ recu'rva (curled-back). See ACISANTHERA RECURVA.

MICROLO MA. (From mikros, small, and loma, a
fringe ; flowers fringed. Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepia-
dacea?]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. AUied to
Asclepias.)

Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from South Africa.
Stiff little shoots, but young, as cuttings, in sand, under
a bell-glass, in a close pit, in May ; sandy loam, a little
fibrous peat, and dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40°
to 50°.
Af. linea're (narrow-tew;**). 3. White or pale red. July.

1818.

„ sagitta'tum (arrow-leaved). Green, purple. July.
1775-

HICROME'LES. (From mikros, small, and melon, an
apple or quince ; the fruit resembles a small quince.
Xat. ord. Rosacea?.)

A hardy tree or shrub. Seeds, budding and grafting.
Ordinary soil.

Af . caloneu'ra (beautiful-nerved). 10-20. White ; fruit
brown. W. China. 1910.

MICROME LUM. (From mikros, small, and melon, an
apple ; in allusion to the small berried fruits. Nat ord.
Rutaceae.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
Af. pube'scens (downy). 3-4. White. June. Trop.
Asia, &c. 1823.

MICROME'RIA. (From mikros, small, and meris, a
part ; referring to the flowers. Nat. ord. Labiates
[Labiatae]. Linn. n-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia. Allied
to Melissa.)

Evergreen shrubs, with purple blossoms, except where
otherwise specified. Cuttings under hand-lights, in
sandy soil, in a shady place, in May ; common garden,
light soil ; a high, sheltered position, or the protection
of a cold pit, in winter.
Af. approxima'ta (close-leaved). June. Mediterranean.

1822.

„ austra'lis (southern). See MENTHA AUSTRALIS.
,, croa'tica (Croatian). J-i. Purple. Croatia. 1802.
„ Dougla'sii (Douglas's), i. Purple. N.W. Amer.
,, gra'ca (Grecian). }. June. Greece. 1759.
,, ,, densiflo'ra (thickly -flowered). June. S. Europe.

1822.

„ Juliana (St. Julian's). £. Pale red. July. Mediter-
ranean. 1596.

,, ,, hirsu'ta (hairy). June. Sicily. 1822.
„ marifo'lia (cat- thyme-leaved). i. Blue. June.

Spain. 1800.

,, monta'na (mountain). See SATUREIA MONTANA.
„ nerao'sa (nerved), i. Purple. Mediterranean region.

1820.
,, obova'ta (reversed-egg-kauai). 2. July. Jamaica.

1783-
„ rupe'stris (rock), i. Purple. June. S. Europe.

1798.

,, Teneri'ffa (Teneriffe). i. May. Teneriffe.
„ va'ria (various). July. Canaries. 1806.

MICROMYRTUS

556

MIGNONETTE

MICROMY'RTUS. (From mikros, small, and Myrlus,
a myrtle ; the shrubs of the genus resemble small
myrtles. Nat. ord. Myrtacea?.)

A small bushy shrub, resembling a heath and re-
quiring greenhouse protection. Cuttings of hatf-ripe
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in gentle heat.
Fibrous loam and peat, in equal parts, with a good dash
of sand.

M. microphy'lla (small-leaved). 1-2. White. Australia.
1870.

MICROPE'RA. (From mikros, small, and per a, a
pouch; the pouch-like labellum, or lip. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Monandria.
Now referred to Sarcochilus.)

Stove orchids. The ground species require to be grown
in loose, open soil, in a pot ; the others in a shallow
basket, or on a moss-covered block of wood. Winter
temp., 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

TERRESTRIAL, OR GROUND.

M. Ba'nksii (Banks'). New Zealand.
„ me'dia (middle-sized). 2. Pale green, white. King

George's Sound. 1823.

„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). See SARCOCHILUS PARVI-
FLORUS.

EPIPHYTAL.
M. pa'llida (pale). Pale yellow. Sylhet.

MICROPHCE'NIX. (From mikros, small, and Phcenix ;
it resembles a small Phoenix. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

A greenhouse Palm, a hybrid between Microph&nix
decipiens and Trachycarpus excelsa. It has the habit
and foliage of the former, and the petioles and fruit of
the latter. Loam, peat, and a little sand.
M. Sahu'ti (Sahut's). Fruits reddish-brown. 1885.

MICROSE'CHIUM. (From mikros, small, and Sechium ;
the fruit being smaller than that of Sechium.' Nat ord.
Cucurbitaceae.)

Stove annual. Seeds. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and
sand.

M. palma'tum (hand-shaped). Yellow. June. Mexico.
1827.

MICRO'SERIS. (From mikros, small, and seris, wild
chicory ; in allusion to the appearance of the plant.
Nat. ord. Compositae.)

A hardy annual. Seeds. Ordinary garden soil.
M. Li'ndleyi (Lindley's). Yellow. May, June. Cali-
fornia. 1833.

MICROSO'RIUM. (From mikros, small, and soros, a
heap, a cluster of spore-cases. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices].
Now mostly referred to Nephrodium.)

Stove ferns. Spores and offsets. Loam, peat, and
sand.

M. iridioides (Iris-like). 2. E. Ind. 1828.
,, irregula're (irregular). See NEPHRODIUM IRREGULARE.

MICROSPE'RMA BARTONIOI'DES. See MENTZELIA

GRONOVLSFOLIA.

MICROSPE'RMA LOBA'TA. See MENZELIA LOBATA.
MICROSTE'PfflUM NI'VEUM. See CRYPTOSTEMMA

MICRO'STYLIS. (From mikros, small, and stulis, a
style; in allusion to the small column. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Stove terrestrial Orchids. Offsets. Fibrous peat,
sphagnum, charcoal, and finely-broken crocks, in pots or
small baskets.

M. be'lla (pretty). See M. PLANTAGINEA.
„ calophy'lla (beautiful- leaved). Yellow. Malaya.

1879.

„ chloro'phrys (green-leaved). Purple. Borneo. 1881.
„ commelyncefo'lia (Commelyna- leaved). Jaya.
„ conge'sta (congested). 2. Brown-purple, green.

Trop. Asia. 1886.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). Yellow, fading to orange.

Ceylon. 1863.

„ histiona' ntha (sail-flowered). Brown-green. Nicar-
agua. 1842.

M. josephia'na (Josephian, or Sir Joseph Hooker's).

Yellow. Leaves greenish-brown. Himalaya. 1877.
,, Lo'wi (Low's). Purple. Borneo. 1884.
,, lu'teola, (little-yellow). Neilgherries.
,, macrochi'la (large-lipped). J. Green and purple.

Malaya. 1895.
„ metallica (metallic). Yellow top sepal, the rest rose.

Borneo. 1880.

,, micra'ntha (small-flowered). Perak.
„ monophy'llos (one-leaved). Northern and temperate

regions. Hardy. " Adder's Mouth."
,, ocula'ta (eyed). Java.
,, ophioglossoi'des (Ophioglossum-like). J. Green.

N. Amer.

,, „ mexica'na (Mexican). J. Green. Mexico.
,, Philippine' nsis (Philippine), f. Yellow or purplish.

Philippine Islands. 1907.
,, plantagi'nea (plantain-like). 2. Light purple, green.

Malaya. 1886.

,, purpu'rea (purple). Purple. Ceylon.
„ Rhee'dii (Rheed's). S. India.
,, Sco'ttii (Scott's). 4. Green and purple. Leaves

brown, with green edge. Malaya.
,, trilobula'ta (three-small-lobed). See M. CONGESTA.
,, Ventila'brwn (wind-lipped). Yellow. Sunda Islands.

1881.
,, versi' color (variable-coloured), i. Variable in colour.

S. India. 1830.

,, Walli'chii (Wallich's). India.
,, „ bi'loba (two-lobed). Lip two-lobed. Nepal.

MIGNONETTE. Restfda odora'ta.

Soil. — Light loam, well drained, and manured with
leaf-mould.

Sowing in the open ground, from the end of April to
the beginning of July, will produce a sure succession of
blooms through the year. If allowed to seed, and the
soil suits it, mignonette will continue to propagate itself.
If not allowed to ripen its seed, the same plants will
bloom for two or more seasons, being a perennial in its
native country.

For Pot-Culture and the production of flowers to
succeed those of the open-ground plants, and to bloom
in winter, sow once in August, and again in September.
The soil as above, well drained, and pressed into 5-inch
pots ; cover the seed a fourth of an inch. Thin the
seedlings to three in a pot. Water sparingly. When
mignonette is deficient of perfume, it is because the
temperature is too low.

Tree- Mignonette. — About the end of April is the best
time to sow seeds for this purpose ; and as the little tree
of mignonette will be expected to last in good health
for half a dozen years at least, lay a good foundation
to begin with. A rich compost of mellow loam, and one-
third very rotten cow-dung, with a little sand ; and to
keep this from getting too close, a handful of dry lime-
mortar added to each pot of 6-inch diameter, and so
in proportion for larger or smaller pots ; the mortar to
be in lumps of the size of peas. Bones, charcoal, or
even powdered crocks would answer the same purpose,
only the mignonette is so much sweeter from the lime-
rubbish or dry mortar. Cow-dung being very liable to
turn sour, the mortar is a better corrector of this than
even the charcoal. Take as many 3-inch pots as you
want plants ; drain them with pieces of mortar, and
over that a little of the roughest of your compost ; fill
up nearly level with the top of the pot, and place three
seeds in the very middle of each pot, and nine or ten
seeds all over the surface ; if you just cover them with
earth it is enough, and press them down very tight.
Water them, and put them up in the window, or green-
house, and if the seeds are good they will be up in less
than ten days ; give them abundance of air, and no
forcing. When the day is at all fine, put them outside
the window from ten to three in the afternoon. They
will not stand much water; a gentle shower with a
rose would suit them very well, and the best time to give
it them is in the morning, when you turn them outside,
as they will have time to drain and dry properly before
you take them in for the night. If the three seeds in the
centre come up, the weakest of the three must be pulled
out as soon as you can get hold of it ; the rest to be
thinned one-half. The reason for sowing so many seeds
in one pot, and for thus thinning them out afterwards,
is to make sure of one good plant ; if the middle one

MIKANIA

557

MILTONIA

turns out to be so, that must be selected ; but if not,
you must choose the strongest and most promising from
among the rest ; yet be in no great hurry to pull them all
out but one ; as long as three or four have room, leave
them. When you have fixed on the one that is to form
the future tree, place a neat little stick down by the
side of it, a foot long, and pushed down to the bottom of
the pot. When the plant is 2 inches long, tie it loosely
to this stick with a piece of worsted thread. Keep
tying it as regularly as it grows, and when it reaches
the top of the stick give it a longer one, that is, if you
wish a long stem. Some people grow them up to 3, or
even 4, feet and more. Suppose we say only a foot
high for a couple of them, as they must all go in pairs ;
1 8 inches for the next couple, and 2 feet for a third lot ;
you would then be better able to judge which size would
suit your window best ; and as soon and as often as
side-branches issue forth from the stem of your tree,
you must stop them at the second joint. Some people,
who do not know the value of leaves, cut off the side-
shoots close to the stem at once ; but the substance of
the stems and trunks of all trees, and mignonette-trees
among the rest, is first formed by the leaves. In the
second year you will cut off more than the half of these
side-spurs, beginning at the bottom, and only taking off
a pair at a time, and in ten days or a fortnight another
couple, and so on progressively.

There must be no flowers the first season, at least as
long as there are some out in the borders. After the
middle of October you may let your trees bloom all the
winter, but before that nip them off as fast as they
appear. When the first little pots are full of roots,
say about Midsummer, shift the plants into 5-inch pots,
which is the next larger size ; and if they have done
well they may want another shift by the end of July,
but never shift them after the middle of August, because,
if we should have a cold autumn, they would not fill
the pots with strong, healthy roots.

MIKA'NIA. (Named after /. Mikan, professor of
botany at Prague. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-^Equalis. Allied to Eupatorium.)
Stove evergreen twiners, with white flowers, blooming
in August, except where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
heat ; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 48° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.

M. ama'ra (bitter). 6. Pale blue. S. Amer. 1813.
„ apiifolia (celery-leaved).
„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 2-6. White. Central

Amer. 1823. Tuberous.
„ Eckhiu'tii (Eckhaut's). White.
, Gua'co (Guaco). See M. AMARA.
opi'fera (eye-bearing). See M. CORDIFOLIA.
phyllo'podon (leaf-stalk). White. Argentina.
pnh'erule'nta (dusty). See M. APIIFOLIA.
Sande'ri (Sander's). Flowers unknown. Leaves green

and purple. 1898.

sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Trop. Amer. 1714.
suave' olens (sweet-scented). See M. CORDIFOLIA.

MILDEW, whether on the stems of the wheat, or on
the leaves of the chrysanthemum, pea, rose, or peach,
appears in the form of minute fungi, the roots of which
penetrate the pores of the epidermis, rob the plant of its
juices, and interrupt its respiration. Every specimen
of these fungi emits annually myriads of minute spores,
and these are wafted over the soil by every wind, vege-
tating and reproducing the funsri, if they have happened
to be deposited in a favourable place, or remaining until
the following spring without germinating. These fungi
have the power of spreading also by stooling, or throwing
out offsets. They are never absent from a soil, and at
some period of its growth are annually to be found upon
the plants liable to their inroads. They are more
observed in cold, damp, muggy seasons, because such
seasons are peculiarly favourable to the growth of all
fungi. The best of all cures is afforded by the applica-
tion of flowers of sulphur in some form, either by dusting
the sulphur over the parts affected, or a sulphur paint,
for which a recipe is given at page 225 ; merely clay,
water, and flowers of sulphur, however, are sufficient,
and not so injurious to leaves. Sphczrotheca pannosa
(which see) and Cladosporium herbarwn are the mildew
fungi of the rose-tree, and Phragmidium subcorticatum is

rose rust ; Oidium erysiphoidts, of the peach-tree ;
Oidium Tuckeri, of the vine ; Gl&osporium concentricum,
of the cabbage ; and Erysiphe communis, of the pea. Of
course there are many others.

The most important point for subduing the mildew
fungus is to apply the sulphur immediately it appears.
To prevent its occurrence, nothing is so effectual as
keeping the roots and the leaves equally active by a
due amount of warmth and moisture.

MILFOIL. Achilla.

MHJU'SA. (Possibly a commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Anonaceae.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in a close
frame, with bottom-heat.
M. veluti'na (velvety). 6. Brown. India. 1823.

MILK-VETCH. A sir a' gains.

MILK-WOOD. Bro'simum spu'rium.

MELKWORT. Poly'gala.

MTLLA. (Named after /. Milla, a gardener to the
Spanish court. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Caloscordium.)

Half-hardy little bulbs, with white flowers, which
succeed in a deep, front border of light soil ; offsets
when in a dormant state.
M. au'rea (golden), i. Yellow. April. Argentina.

1838.

„ bifto'ra (two-flowered). i$. May. Mexico. 1826.
,, capita' to, (headed). See BRODI^A CAPITATA.
-,, conspi'cua (conspicuous). See BRODUEA UNIFLORA

CONSPICUA.
„ hyaci'nthina (hyacin thine). See BRODI.EA HYACIN-

THINA.

„ ixioi'des (Ixia-Uke). See BRODI^A IXIOIDES.
„ Leichtli'nii (Leichtlin's). See BRODI^A LEICHTLINII.
,, maeroste'mon (long-stamened). i. Pale lilac. Argen-
tina. 1875.

„ porrifo'lia (leek-leaved). See BRODI^A PORRIFOLIA.
„ uniflo'ra (one-flowered). See BRODI^EA UNIFLORA.

MILLE'TTIA. (Commemorative of /. A. Millett, of
the early eighteenth century. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Evergreen stove climber. Seeds and layers. Loam,
peat, and sand.
M. megaspe'rma (large-seeded). Purple. Australia.

MILLINGTO NIA. (Named after Sir T. Millingion,
professor of botany at Oxford. Nat. ord. Bignoniads
[Bignoniaceae]. Linn. i+'Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy
loam and peat. Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; summer,
60° to 85°.

M. horte'nsis (garden). 30. White. Burma. 1820.
„ simplicifo'lia (simple-leaved). 20. Yellow. E. Ind.
1828.

MILLIPEDE. See JULUS.

MILTO'NIA. (Named after the Earl Fitnrilliam.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2O-Gynandria,
i-Monandria. Allied to Brassia.)

Stove orchids, from Brazil, except where otherwise
mentioned. Divisions in spring ; shallow baskets in
moss, sphagnum, &c., or fixed to a block of wood, and
then this block fastened across the top, inside of a pot.
Winter temp., 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
M. a'nceps (two-edged). Yellow, purple, white. Brazil.

1851.

,, bi'color (two-coloured). White, red. 1839.
„ Bino'ti (Binot's). Sepals and petals cinnamon ; lip

violet-purple. Brazil. 1897.

„ Blu'ntii (Blunt's). Whitish-yellow, blotched cinna-
mon ; lip white, purple. Brazil. 1879.
„ „ lubbersia'na (Lubbersian). Sepals and petals

spotted with brown ; lip purple. 1887.
,, ca'ndida (vflnte-lipped). 2. Yellow and brown.

March. 1830.

,, ce'reola (small- waxen). White, purple. Brazil. 1865.
„ Clowe' sii (Rev. J.Clowes's). i. Yellow, brown. 1840.
>» ,1 gigante'a (giant). Flowers larger. 1892.
„ „ pa'llida (pale). Yellow, brown. 1839.

MILTONIA

558

MIMOSA

M. Clowe'sii rosefielde' nsis (Roseneld). Indian-yellow,

with chestnut-bars. 1906.
„ cunea'ta (wedge-lipped), i. Yellow, purple. March.

1843.
,, Endre'sii (Endres's). Creamy-white, with rose blotch

at base of segments. Central Amer.
„ festi'va (joyous). Pale yellow, purple. Brazil.

1868.

„ fla'va (yellow- flowered). Yellow. July. 1848.
„ ftave'scens (yellowish). 2. White, yellow. June.

1837.
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Larger, paler

yellow. December. Brazil. 1837.
„ „ stella'ta (starry). Bracts reddish ; lip white.

Brazil.
„ joiceya'na (Joiceyan). Yellow, with brown blotches.

Brazil. 1893.
„ Karwi'nskii (Karwinski's). See ODONTOGLOSSUM

„ lamarckea'na (Lamarckean). Sepals and petals

yellow, barred cinnamon. 1876.
„ leopoldia'na (Leopoldian). See M. VEXILLARIA LEO-

POLDII.

„ wtor^t'a'na(Morelian). See M. SPECTABILIS MORELIANA.
„ odora'ta (sweet-scented). 1843.
„ petersia'na (Petersian). Brown-purple ; lip rich

purple, and blotched. 1886.
„ „ co'ncolor (one-coloured). Paler, without spots.

1886.
„ Phalano'psis (Phalaenopsis). White, with purple-

crimson area on the lip. Colombia. 1850.
„ ,, luxu'rians (luxuriating). Lip with two large

crimson blotches. 1881.
„ ,, sola're (solar). Base of lip yellow, with purple

rays. 1879.
„ Regne'lli (Regnell's). i. White, rose, lilac. Brazil.

1864.
,, ,. purpu'rea (purple). Bright purple; lip with

darker veins. Brazil. 1869.
„ ,, travassosia'na (Travassosian). Sepals and petals

yellow. 1901.
„ Rce'dii (Rcezl's). White, with dark purple blotch at

base of petals. Colombia. 1873.
„ „ a'lba (white). White ; lip with small yellow crest.
„ russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). Brown, lilac.

December. Rio Janeiro. 1835.
„ schroederia'na (Schrcederian). Yellow, barred brown ;

lip crimson-purple. 1889.

„ specta'bilis (showy), i. White, violet. July. 1835.
„ ,, aspe'rsa (scattered). Sepals and petals cream,

washed mauve-lilac. 1885.

„ „ a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). Rio Janeiro.
„ „ bi 'color (two-coloured). White, violet. 1839.
„ „ colora'ta (high-coloured). Rose. 1838.
„ „ linea'ta (lined). Buff- white, purple.
„ ,, morelia'na (Morelian). Rich violet-purple. Brazil.

1851.
„ ,, ra'dians (radiating). Purple, pale yellow. Brazil.

1880.

„ ,, ro'sea (rosy). Rose, purple. 1867.
» i> virgina'lis (virginal). White, with rose spot.

Brazil. 1869.

,, stella'ta (starry). See M. FLAVESCENS STELLATA.
„ travassosia'na (Travassosian). See M. REGNELLI

TRAVASSOSIAN A.

„ vexilla'ria (standard), i. Rose, white, with yellow

crest. Colombia. 1872.

„ „ a'lba (white). White ; crest pale yellow. Colombia.
„ „ bousiesia'na (Bousiesian). Flowers large deep

purplish-red. 1897.
„ „ chelsonie'nsis (Chelsea). Lip with rich brown

blotch and radiating lines. 1901.
„ „ Kirstei'nice (Miss Kirstein's). Rose, rose-purple ;

lip white ; disc yellow. 1897.
„ „ Klabocho'rum (the Messrs. Klaboch's).
„ „ lambeauia'na (Lambeauian). Pure white, with

lemon-yellow crest. 1907.
„ „ Lau'rce (Laura's). Very dark, almost purple.

1910.
„ „ lawrencea'num (Lawrencean). Pink ; lip dark

crimson. 1884.
„ ,, Leopo'ldii (Leopold's). Richly coloured, with a

dark crimson triangular blotch on lip. 1889.
„ ,, measuresia'num (Measuresian). Smaller and purer

white than M. v. alba.

M. vexilla'ria Metno'ria Linde'ni (in memory of Linden).

Large and richly coloured. 1900.
,, ,, purpu'rea (purple). Deep rose-purple. 1889.
,, ,, quadri'color (four-coloured). Rose, edged white,

deep purple ; disc yellow. 1897.
„ „ sanderia'na (Sanderian). See M. VEXILLARIA

LEOPOLDII.
,, ,, supe'rbum (superb). Lip dark purple, with a

rayed, blackish zone, edged white. 1881.
,, ,, vitta'ta (striped). Deep rose, pale rose, tipped

white. 1897.

,, virgina'lis (virginal). See M. SPECTABILIS VIRGINALIS.
„ Warne'ri (Warner's). See M. SPECTABILIS ROSEA.
„ Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). Brown, yellow ; lip

violet-purple, white. Colombia. 1869.
,, ,, cethe'ria (ethereal). Lip white, with yellow area

edged lilac. 1881.
,, ,, leucochi'la (white-lipped). Pale purple, edged

white ; lip red-purple, translucent. 1910.
„ „ Welto'ni (Welton's). See M. WARSCEWICZII.
„ „ xa'nthina (yellow). Sepals and petals deep yellow ;

lip yellow, white. 1884.

MIME'TES. (From mitnos, a mimic ; referring to its
resemblance to allied genera. Nat. ord. Proteads [Pro-
teaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Leucospermum . )

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South Africa.
Cuttings of the ripened shoots towards autumn, or in
the spring, before fresh growth commences, in sand,
under a glass, but without bottom- heat, at least until a
swelling takes place at their base ; peat and a little
loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
M. capilula'ia (small-headed). Red. June. 1822.

, cuculla'ta (booded-leaved). See M. LYRIGERA.

, divarica'ta (spreading). 2^. White. July. 1795.

, Harto'gii (Hartoge's). 5. July. 1824.

, hi'rta (hairy). 3$. Red. July. 1774.

, lyri'gera (lyre-bearing). 2. Purple. 1789.

, palu'stris (marsh), i. Purple. July. 1802.
„ paiiciflo'ra (few-flowered). 3$. Red. July. 1818.
,, purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. November. 1789.
,, vacciniifo' lia (whortleberry-leaved). 3. 1800.
,, Ze'yheri (Zeyher's). 5-8. Rose-red. July.

MIMO'SA. (From mimos, a mimic ; referring to the
irritability of the leaves, as if imitating animal sensibility.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. 23-
Polygamia, i-Monacia.)

Stove evergreens, except pu'dica, commonly called the
Sensitive Plant, which is an annual, and viva, which is
herbaceous. Seeds sown in a hotbed, in the spring ;
cuttings also of young shoots, getting rather firm at the
base, in sandy soil, and in heat ; sandy loam, leaf-mould,
and a little peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer,
60° to 85°. The foliage of most is beautifully leafleted,
and many species more or less sensitive to the touch ;
most of them furnish fine examples of what is termed
sleep in plants, as the leaflets fold together at night.
M. acanthoca'rpa (spiny-fruited). 8-10. Red. Mexico.

1822.
,, angula'ta (angled-branched) . White. June. Brazil.

1826.

,, arge'ntea (silvery). A garden name.
„ bardaya'na (Barclay's), i. Madagascar. 1824.
,, ca'sta (chaste). 2. Pale yellow. July. Trop. Amer.

1741.
,, Cerato'nia (Ceratonia). 3. White. Trop. Amer.

1800.

,, cilia ta (hair-fringed). White. June. Brazil. 1824.
,, Denha'rdti (Denhardt's). Leaves nearly as sensitive

as those of M. pudica. 1906.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See ACACIA DISCOLOR.
,, do'rmiens (sleeping). Rose. April. S. Amer. 1825.
,, e'legans (elegant). See ALBIZZIA LOPHANTHA.
,, ferrugi'nea (rusty). See ACACIA FERRUGINEA.
,, floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). i. Pink. June.

Trop. Amer. 1818.

,, frutico'sa (shrubby). 4. E. Ind. 1820.
,, guayaquile'nsis (Guayaquil). 10. Guayaquil. 1818.
,, interme'dia (intermediate). See M. DORMIENS.
,, kermesi'na (carmine). See M. LUCIDULA.
„ latispino'sa (broad-spined). 3. White. September.

Madagascar. 1823.
„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved). See ACACIA LINIFOLIA.

MIMULUS

559

MIRABILIS

M. longifo'lia (long-leaved). See ACACIA LONGIFOLIA.
„ luci'dula (somewhat-shining). Purple. Brazil.
„ margina'ta (bordered). Pink. Brazil. 1838.
„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). See ACACIA MYRTIFOLIA.
„ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 3. Red. June. Brazil.

1816.
„ polydactyla (many-fingered), i£. Purple. June.

Guiana. 1822.

„ pube'scens (downy). See ACACIA PUBESCENS.
,, pudibu'nda (blushing). See M. PUDICA PUDIBUNDA.
„ pu'dica (chaste), i. White. June. Brazil. 1638.

" Sensitive Plant."

„ „ pudibu'nda (blushing). 2. Pale red. Bahia. 1818.
,, purpu'rea (purple). 5-8. Purple. Trop. Amer.

This is Calliandra purpurea.
„ quite'nsis (Quito). Ecuador.
„ rubricau'lis (red-stalked). 3. Pale yellow. June.

India. 1799.

„ sensiti'va (sensitive), ij. Pink. June. Brazil. 1648.
„ Spegazzi'nii (Spegazzini's). White, with violet

stamens. Argentina. 1892.
„ „ glau'ca (glaucous). Whitish. Leaves glaucous.

1903.

„ stri'cta (upright). See ACACIA STRICTA.
„ strigo'sa (bristled). See M. FLORIBUNDA.
,, urague'nsis (Uraguay). 2. Red. June. Buenos

Ayres. 1840.

,, verticilla'ta (whorled). See ACACIA VERTICILLATA.
,, vi'scida (clammy). 2. Red. Brazil. 1825.
„ vi'va (lively). i£. Purple. August. Jamaica. 1739.
MI'MULUS. Monkey-Flower. (From mimo, an ape ;
in reference to the ringent or gaping mouth of the flower.
Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn. i^-Didy-
namia, z-An^iospermia.)

Common soil, provided it be moist ; divisions, cuttings,
and seeds. A few, like ro'seus, require the protection
of a pit in winter ; but where that is not available, seeds
of them, sown in March or April, will bloom in summer
and autumn.

HARDY ANNUALS.

M. floribu'ndus (bundle- flowered) . J. Yellow. August.

California. 1826.
„ tnohave'nsis (Mohavan). J. Whitish, with crimson.

eye. California. 1886.

„ parviflo'rus (small-flowered). See M. PILOSIUSCULUS.
,, pilosiu'sculus (rather- hairy). $. Yellow. Peru. 1824.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.

M. auranti'acus (orange). See M. GLUTINOSUS.
„ Clevela'ndi (Cleveland's). Golden-yellow. S. Cali-
fornia. 1895. Woody at base.
,, Fremo'nti (Fremont's). $-J. Crimson. California.

1882.
,, glutino'sus (clammy). 2-5. Salmon. California.

1794. Shrubby.
„ „ cocci'neus (scarlet). 2-5. Scarlet. California.

Shrubby.
,, „ puni'ceus (purple). 2-5. Orange-red. California.

1837. Shrubby.
„ lana'tus (woolly), if. Yellow. June. N. Amer.

1826.

„ perfolia'tus (stem-pierced). See LEUCOCARPUS ALATUS.
,, re'pens (creeping). Lilac, yellow. Australia. 1864.
„ Rce'zlii (Rcezl's). Yellow. California. 1882.
,, tomento'sus (felted). Salmon. California. 1897.
„ tri'color (three-coloured). Pink, crimson. June.

California. 1848.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

M. ala'tus (winged), i. Light blue. July. N. Amer.
1783-

„ cardina'lis (cardinal-like). 2. Scarlet. June. Cali-
fornia. 1835.

„ cu'preus (copper). See M. LUTEUS ALPINUS.

,, glabra' tus (smoothed). Yellow. June. Mexico. 1827.

„ graci'lipes (slender- stalked). Carmine-red, with white
throat. California. 1898.

„ gutta'tus (spotted- flowered). See M. LUTEUS GUTTATUS.

„ Lewi'sii (Lewis's). f. Pale purple. August. Mis-
souri. 1824.

„ lu'teus (yeUow). f. Yellow. July. Chili. 1826.

M . lu'teus alpi'nus (Alpine). £. Coppery-orange. Chili.

1861.

„ ,, cu'preus (copper). See M. LUTEUS ALPINUS.
„ ,, gutta'tus (spotted). ij. Yellow, blotched

maroon. July. N. Amer. 1812.
„ „ Langsdo'rffii (Langsdorff's). i-i£. Yellow, finely

spotted in the throat. Britain.

, Neube'rti (Neubert's). Double.

, no'bilis (noble). Hose-in-hose variety.

, rivula'ris (rivulet). J. Yellow. July. Chili. 1826.

, Smi'thii (Smith's).

, younga'nus (Mr. Young's). See M. LUTEUS

GUTTATUS.
„ moscha'tus (musk-plant), f. YeUow. August. N.W.

Amer. 1826.
„ primuloi'des (Primula-like). J. Yellow. N.W.

Amer. 1873.

„ propi'nquus (related). See M. GLABRATUS.
„ radi'cans (rooting). ,V. White, with a violet blotch.

New Zealand. 1883.
„ ri'ngens (gaping), i. Light blue. July. N. Amer.

1759-

,, ro'seus (rosy). See M. LEWISII.
,, Smi'thii (Smith's). See M. LUTEUS SMITHII.
„ Tili'ngii (Tiling's). See M. LUTEUS.
„ variega' tus (variegated). See M. LUTEUS GUTTATUS.

MTMUSOPS. (From mimo, an ape, and ops, a face ;
fancied resemblance of the flowers. Nat. ord. Sapotads
[Sapotaceae], Linn. &-Octandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Bassia.)

Mi'musops Ele'ngi is an Indian fruit-tree ; and the
sweetish gum of the M. Kau'ki is eaten by the natives.
Stove, white-flowered evergreen trees, from the East
Indies. Cuttings of half- ripened shoots in sand, under
a glass, and in heat ; sandy loam and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
M. Bala'ta (Balata). See M. GLOBOSA.

„ disse'cta (dissected). See M. KAUKI.

,, Ele'ngi (Elengi). 15. 1796.

,, globo'sa (globose). Tropics. " Gum Balata."

,, hexa'ndra (six-stamened). 10. 1804.

„ Kau'ki (Kauki). 10. 1796.

,, parvifo'lia (small-leaved). Australia.

MTNA. (Named after F. X. Mina, a Mexican
minister. Nat. ord. Bindweeds [Convolvulaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Ipomoea.)
M. corda'ta (heart-shaped). See IPOMCEA VERSICOLOR.
,, loba'ta (lobed). See IPOMOSA VERSICOLOR.

MINKELE'RSIA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Leguminosae.)

A greenhouse twiner with a tuberous rootstock. Cut-
tings of shoots from the base, in sand, under a bell-glass.
Loam, peat, and sand.

M. biflo'ra (two-flowered). Pale red-purple. Mexico.
1902.

See ME' NTH A.

MIRA'BILIS. Marvel of Peru. (From mirabilis,
wonderful ; as everything was at first considered that
came from America. Nat. ord. Nyctagos [Nyctaginaceae].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. By seeds sown in
a hotbed, in spring, and plants hardened off by degrees
to stand in the open border ; by their fusiform (carrot-
shaped) roots, taken up and preserved in sand or dry
moss during the winter; rich, sandy loam. May be
managed similarly to a Dahlia.

M. dicho'toma (forked). 2. YeUow. July. Mexico.

1640.

,, divarica'ta (spreading). 2-3. White. Madeira.
,, hy'brida (hybrid). 2. White. July. Mexico. 1813.
„ Jala'pa (jalap). 2. Red. July. W. Ind. 1596.
„ „ a'lba (white). 2. White. July. W. Ind. 1596.
„ „ fla'va (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 1596.
„ „ ru'bro-a'lba (red and white). 2. Red, white. July.

W. Ind. 1596.
„ „ ru'bro-fla'va (red and yellow). 2. Red, yellow.

July. W. Ind. 1596.
,, lepto' siphon (slender- tubed). 2. White. July,

August.
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. White. July. Mexico.

1759-

MIRBELIA

56o

MIXTURE OF SOILS

M. longifto'r a ca'rnea, (flesh-coloured). 2. Pink. August.

Germany.
„ „ viola' cea (violet-coloured). 2. Pink. August.

Germany.
,, multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 2-3. Bright purple.

N.W. Amcr. 1876.
„ suave'olens (sweet-scented). See M. LONGIFLORA.

MIRBE'LIA. (Named after C. F. B. Mirbel, a physio-
logical botanist of Paris. Nat. prd. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Oxylobium.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cuttings of
the half-ripened shoots in May, under a bell-glass, and in
sand, over well-drained, sandy peat ; sandy peat, with
a few nodules of fibrous loam and charcoal. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.

M. Baxte'ri (Baxter's). See OXYLOBIUM SCANDENS.
„ dilata'ta (wide-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. 1803.
„ floribu'nda (many-flowered). 2. Purple. March.

1838.
„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. June.

1825.

Meissne'ri (Meissner's). See M. DILATATA.
oxylobioi'des (Oxylobium-like). Yellow. Australia.
pu'ngens (stinging). 2. Yellow. June. 1824.
reticula'ta (netted). 3. Yellow. June. 1792.
specio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. June. 1824.

MISCA'NTHUS. (From mischos, a fruit-stalk, and
anthos, a flower ; the spikelets of flowers are stalked.
Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Hardy ornamental grasses. Divisions and seeds.
Ordinary soil.
M. japo'nicus (Japanese). 3-6. August, September.

Japan.
„ „ variega'tus (variegated). Leaves striped with

cream.
,, ,, zebri'nus (zebra-striped). Leaves transversely

barred with yellow.

,, saccha'rifer (sugar-bearing). 6-8. Japan.
„ sine'nsis (Chinese). 3-5. September. China and
Japan.

MISTLETOE. (Vi'scum a'lbum.) Name derived from
the Saxon for the same plant, Miselta. The best months
for sowing it are February and March. Make two cuts
in the shape of the letter V, on the under-side of the
branch of an apple-tree. Make the cuts quite down to
the wood of the branch ; raise the tongue of bark made
by the cuts, but not so as to break it, and put underneath
one or two seeds freshly squeezed from the Mistletoe
berry. Let the tongue back into its place, and the
process is completed. If the seed is good, the seedlings,
not unlike cucumber plants, soon appear. They remain
attached to the branch, and do not seem to injure the
tree.

Open the bark underneath the branch to receive the
seed, because it is thus preserved from an accumulation
of rain water, and is shaded from the sun.

There is really no necessity, however, for opening the
bark at all, if the berries are rubbed upon a piece of smooth
and healthy live bark, preferably young, till they adhere
by their own viscid juice. The berries should be pro-
tected from birds till they germinate.

The Mistletoe may also be propagated by grafts ; and
it is said that it will succeed upon any tree. It is cer-
tainly found upon the pine in Germany ; and we have
seen it on the common walnut and black walnut in
Buckinghamshire. It will grow, yet with difficulty,
upon the oak ; but it readily takes upon the apple, pear,
poplar, and willow. Mr. Beaton says (Card. Mag., iii.
207, N.S.), the first weeks of May are best for grafting
the Mistletoe, and it should never be inserted less than
five nor more than ten feet from the ground. Make an
incision in the bark of the tree, and insert into it a thin
slice of Mistletoe, having a bud and one leaf at the end.
Grafts larger than half an inch in diameter require a
notch to be cut out of the branch, the incision to receive
the scion being made below this notch, and a shoulder
left on the scion to rest on the notch, as in crown-grafting.
Budding the Mistletoe may also be practised in the middle
of May. Mr. Beaton says it is only a modification of
grafting, a heel of wood being retained below the bud
for insertion.

MITCHE'LLA. (Named after Dr. Mitchell, of Virginia.
Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceaa]. Linn. 4-Tetrandria, i-
Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous creeper. Division, cuttings under
a hand-light, and layering the running stems; sandy,
fibrous peat, either in a sheltered American border, or
in a pot protected like the generality of alpine plants.
M. re' pens (creeping). J. White. June. N. Amer.
1731. " Partridge Berry."

BUTE. See ACARUS.

MITE'LLA. (The diminutive of mitra, a mitre ; re-
ferring to the shape of the seed-pods. Nat. ord. Saxi-
frages [Saxifragaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, z-Digynia.
Allied to Heuchera.)

Hardy, white-flowered, herbaceous perennials, from
North America. Division of the roots in spring ; com-
mon garden soil. Pretty for border or rock-work.
M. Brewe'ri (Brewer's). £. White. California.
cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). See M. NUDA.
diphy'lla (two-leaved). J. April. 1731.
nu'da (naked-stemmed). J. July. 1758.
penta'ndra (five-stamened). £. Yellow. June. N.W.

Amer. 1827.

prostra'ta (lying-down). See M. NUDA.
renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped). See M. NUDA.
tri'fida ( three-clef i-petaled). J. May. 1827.

MITRA CA'RPUM. (From mitra, a mitre, and karpos,
a fruit. Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceasj. Linn. 4-
Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Richardsonia.)

Stove annuals, with white flowers. Seeds in a hotbed,
in March, potted and hardened off to bloom in the stove
and greenhouse during the summer.
M. Fische'ri (Fischer's), i. July. Jamaica. 1821.

,, hi'rtum (hairy). See M. VILLOSUM.

,, stylo'sum (long-styled), i. August. Manilla. 1819.

,, villo'sum (shaggy). J. July. Jamaica. 1816.

MITRA RIA. (From mitra, a mitre ; referring to the
seed-pod. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneraceae]. Linn.
i4-Didynamiat 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Columnea.)

Evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in summer ; better-ripened
shoots under a hand-light, in a shady place. A beautiful
spring plant for the greenhouse, and supposed to be hardy
enough for all sheltered places out of doors ; sandy peat
and fibrous loam.

M. cocci'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. July. San Carlo de
Chiloe. 1848.

MITRIOSTI GMA. (From mitra, a mitre, and stigma ;
in allusion to the club-shaped or spindle-shaped stigma.
Nat. ord. Rubiaceas.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings in sand, in bottom-
heat, and kept close. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
M. axilla're (axillary). 2-5. White, sweet-scented.
March. S. Africa.

MIXTURE OP SOILS is one of the most ready and
cheapest modes of improving their staple, and thus
rendering them more fertile ; and upon the subject we
have nothing to add to the following excellent remarks
of Mr. Cuthbert Johnson :

" I have witnessed, even in soils to all appearance
similar in composition, some very extraordinary results
from their mere mixture. Thus, in the gravelly soils of
Spring Park, near Croydon, the ground is often excavated
to a depth of many feet, through strata of barren gravel
and red sand, for the purpose of obtaining the white or
silver sand which exists beneath them. When this fine
sand is removed, the gravel and red sand are thrown
back into the pit, the ground merely levelled, and then
either let to cottagers for gardens, or planted with forest
trees. In either case the effect is remarkable ; all kinds
of either fir or deciduous trees will now vegetate with
increased luxuriance ; and in the cottage-gardens thus
formed several species of vegetables, such as beans and
potatoes, will produce very excellent crops, in the very
soils in which they would have perished previous to
their mixture. The permanent advantage of mixing
soils, too, is not confined to merely those entirely of an
earthy composition : earths which contain inert organic
matter, such as peat or moss earth, are highly valuable
additions to some soils. Thus, peat earth was success-

MODECCA

MOLINIA

fully added to the sandy soils of Merionethshire by Sir
Robert Vaughan. The Cheshire farmers add a mixture
of moss and calcareous earth to their tight-bound earths,
the effect of which they describe as having ' a loosening
operation ' ; that is, it renders the soil of their strong
clays less tenacious, and, consequently, promotes the
ready access of the moisture and gases of the atmosphere
to the roots. The cultivator sometimes deludes himself
with the conclusion that applying sand, or marl, or clay,
to a poor soil, merely serves to freshen it for a time,
and that the effects of such applications are apparent
for only a limited period. Some comparative experi-
ments, however, which were made sixteen years since,
on some poor, hungry heath-land, in Norfolk, have up
to this time served to demonstrate the error of such a
conclusion. In these experiments the ground was
marled with twenty cubic yards only per acre, and the
same compost ; it was then planted with a proper
mixture of forest trees, and by the side of it a portion of
the heath, in a state of nature, was also planted with
the same mixture of deciduous and fir- trees.

" Sixteen years have annually served to demonstrate,
by the luxuriance of the marled wood, the permanent
effect produced by a mixture of soils. The growth of
the trees has been there rapid and permanent ; but on the
adjoining soil the trees have been stunted in their growth,
miserable in appearance, and profitless to their owner.

" Another, but the least commonly practised mode of
improving the staple of a soil by earthy addition, is
claying ; a system of fertilising, the good effects of which
are much less immediately apparent than chalking, and
hence one of the chief causes of its disuse. It requires
some little time to elapse, and some stirring of the soil,
before the clay is so well mixed with a sandy soil as to
produce that general increased attraction and retentive
power for the atmospheric moisture, which ever consti-
tutes the chief good result of claying poor soils. Clay
must be, moreover, applied in rather larger proportions
to the soil than chalk ; for not only is its application
rarely required as a direct food for plants for the mere
alumina which it contains, since this earth enters into
the composition of plants in very small proportion, but
there is also another reason for a more liberal addition
of clay being required, which is the impure state in which
the alumina exists in what are commonly called clay
soils." — Farm Encyc.

MODE'CCA. (The Indian name. Nat. ord. Passion-
flowers [Passifloraceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, $-Pentandria.
Allied to Carica.)

Stove evergreen climbing plants, resembling Passion-
flowers. Cuttings of young shoots in May, in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass, and in heat ; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 75°.
M. loba'ta (lobed). Yellow-green. W. Trop. Africa.
palma'ta (hand-shaped). 10. August. India. 1822.
senefnsis (Senan). 10-18. Pale yellow. Trop. Africa.

1901.

triloba'ta (three-lobed). 10. August. India. 1818.
tubero'sa (tuberous). See M. PALMATA.
vrightia'na (Wightian). 10-15. Pale yellow. India.

MO'DIOLA. (From modiolus, the nave of a wheel ;
referring to the formation of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord.
Mallow-worts [Malvaceae]. Linn. ib-Monadelphia, 8-
Polygynia. Allied to the Mallow.)

Seeds in spring ; division of the herbaceous kinds at
the same time, and by cuttings of the young shoots
under a hand-light ; common, sandy loam. The her-
baceous require a dry, sheltered place, or the protection
of a cold pit during the winter.
M. carolinia'na (Carolina). See M. MULTIFIDA.
„ decu'mbens (lying-down). See M. MULTIFIDA.
„ geranioi'des (Geranium-like). See MODIOLASTRUM

GERANIOIDES.

„ multi'fida (much-cut), i. Red or scarlet. June.

N.W. Amer. 1723. Hardy annual.
,, prostra'ta (lying-flat). See M. MULTIFIDA.

MODIOLA'STRUM. (From modiolus, the nave of a
wheel, and astron, a star; literally, "Star Modiola."
Nat. ord. Malvaceae.)

A handsome, hardy herb for the rockery. Divisions
and seed. Light rich soil.

M. geranioi'des (Geranium-like). £. Deep red. June
to August. Chili. 1882.

MOEHEI'NGIA. (Named after P. Mdehring, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Cloveworts [Caryophyllaceae]. Linn.
S-Octandria, 2-Digynia. United to Arenaria.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, from south of Europe.
Division of the plant in spring ; common, sandy soil, and
dry, elevated positions ; suited for steep rock-works.
M. musco'sa (mossy). £. Purple. June. 1775.
„ s^/o7w(Sedum-leaved). J. White, red. June. 1823.

MOGIPHANES. (From mogis, scarcely, and phaino,
to show; the small flowers scarcely show themselves.
Nat. ord. Amarantaceae.)

A stove plant allied to Gomphrena. Seeds. Loam,
leaf-mould, and sand.
M. strami'nea (straw-coloured). Trop. Amer. 1774.

MOHLA'NA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Phytolaccaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and
sand.

M. latifo'lia (broad- leaved). 2-3. Purple. July. Mada-
gascar. 1826.

MO'HRIA. (Named after M . Mohr, a German botanist.
Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z\-Cryptogamia, i-
Filices.)

Greenhouse Fern. See FERNS.
M. caffro'rum(Cz5ec). Brown, yellow. June. S.Africa.

1842.
„ thuri'fraga (frankincense). See M. CAFFRORUM.

MOIST STOVE. A stove with a moist atmosphere.
See STOVE.

MOLDAVIAN PALM. DracocSphalum Molda'vica.

MOLDENHAU'ERA. (Named after I. J. Moldenhauer,
a German botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosas]. Linn. lo-Decandria, -L-Monogynia. Allied
to Swartzia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened shoots in
sand, under a glass, in heat ; rich, sandy loam. Winter
temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 75°.
M . floribu'nda (many-flowered). Yellow. May. Brazil.
1828.

MOLE CRICKET. One of the most curious, and
often most destructive to our kitchen-garden crops of
all the subterranean vermin, is the Mole-cricket, known,
in different parts of England, by the various names of
Earth-crab, Jarr-worm, Churr-worm, and Eve-churr. It
is the Gryllotalpa vulgaris and europaa of some naturalists,
and the Gryllus Gryllotalpa of others. It rarely appears
upon the surface of the soil, but makes burrows, like the
mole, and destroys all roots which interrupt him in
forming these passages. When full-grown, it is nearly
two inches long, and four lines broad ; colour, dark
brown ; antennas, bristle-shaped, and in front of its
black eyes ; thorax, hairy ; wings, broad, large, and
triangular when fully opened; abdomen, nine or ten-
jointed, furnished at the end with two hairy, awl-shaped
filaments. The two fore-feet are broad, like those of
the mole, and similarly intended for digging. The
female hollows out a place, about half a foot from the
surface, in the month of June, and lays her eggs in a
heap, from two to three hundred. They are shining
yellowish-brown, and like grains of millet. The young,
which are hatched in July or August, greatly resemble
black ants, and feed, like the old ones, on the tender
roots of grass, corn, and various culinary vegetables.
They betray their presence under the earth by the
withered decay of culinary vegetables in the garden.
In October and November they bury themselves deeper
in the earth, as a protection from cold, and come again
to the surface in the warmer days in March. Their
presence is discovered by their throwing up the earth
like moles. The surest of remedies is destroying the
brood in June or July. Gardeners know, from experi-
ence, where the nest of the Mole-cricket is situated ; they
dig it out with their spades, and destroy hundreds in
the egg state with little trouble. — Kollar.

MOLI'NIA. (Commemorative of G. J. Molini, a
writer on Chilian botany. Nat. ord. Gramineas.)

Hardy perennial grass. Seeds and divisions. Ordi-
nary soil.

2 N

MOLOPOSPERMUM

562

MONOCH^TUM

M. cceru'lea (blue). 1-3- Purple or green. July,

August. Britain.
„' „ Berti'ni (Bertin's). A variegated variety that

occurred amongst seedlings. 1890.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with

creamy-yellow. 1880.
„ va'ria (variable). See M. C^RULEA.
MOLOPOSPE'RMUM. (Derived from molops, a stripe,
and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord. Umbelliferae.)

Hardy perennial with finely divided leaves. Seeds,
divisions. Ordinary soil.
M. cicuta'rium (Cicuta-like). 3-5. Whitish. Mountains

of Middle and S. Europe. 1596.
„ peloponnesi'acum(Peloponnesa.n). SeeM. CICUTARIUM.

MO'LTKIA. (Named after Count Moltke, a Danish
noble. Nat. ord. Borageworts [Boraginaceae]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Echium.)

Hardy herbaceous and shrubby perennials. Division
of the plant in spring ; rich, sandy loam.
M. cceru'lea (blue), i. Blue. April. Persia. 1829.
„ petra'a (rock). 1-2. Blue. June, July. Eastern
Europe. 1843.

MOLUCCE'LLA. Molucca Balm. (From Molucca,
where the plants were supposed to be natives. Nat. ord.
Labiates [Labiate]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-Gymno-
spermia. Allied to Phlomis.)

Hardy plants, with purple flowers, flowering in July.
Tubero'sa, by dividing the tubers in spring and autumn.
This, and also the others, which are annuals, by seed in
a hotbed, in spring ; potted, hardened off, and trans-
ferred to the flower-border in the middle of May ; sandy
loam.

M. Ice.' vis (smooth), ij. Syria. 1570. " Shell Flower."
„ Marrubia strum (Marrubiastrum) . See MARRUBIUM

LANATUM.

„ spino'sa (spiny). Purple. S. Europe.

„ tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted). See EREMOSTACHYS

MOLUCCELLOIDES.

MO'LY. A' Ilium Mo'ly.

MOMO RDICA. (From mordeo, momordi, to bite ; in
allusion to the bitten appearance of the seeds. Nat.
ord. Cucurbitaceas.)

Stove climbers, with ornamental fruits and seeds,
treated as annuals. Seeds. Loam, leaf-mould, some
well-decayed cow manure, and sand.
M. Balsami'na (Balsamina). Yellow. July, August.

Tropics of Old World. 1568. " Balsam Apple."
„ Chara'ntia (Charantia). Yellow. July. Tropics of

Old World. 1710.
„ chine' nsis (Chinese). Yellow. Fruits larger and

longer than M. Charantia. China. 1893.
„ cochinchine'nsis (Cochin-China). Yellow. July.

Trop. Asia.

„ dioi'ca (dioecious). Yellow. July. India and Malaya.
„ Elate'rium (Elaterium). See ECBALIUM ELATERIUM.
„ fce'tida (fetid). Yellow. July. Trop. Africa.
„ involucra'ta (involucred). Creamy-yellow. July.

S. Africa. 1862.

„ mar tinice' nsis (Martinique). Yellow. July. Mar-
tinique. 1888.

„ mi'xta (mixed). See M. COCHINCHINENSIS.
„ murica'ta (warted). See M. CHARANTIA.

MONA'NTHES. (Derived from monos, one, and anthos,
a flower ; the flowers of the first-named species being
solitary. Nat. ord. Crassulaceae.)

Greenhouse perennial succulents. Seeds, divisions or
cuttings. Loam, leaf-mould, finely-broken bricks, and
sand.

M. atla'ntica (Atlantic). \. Yellow. Morocco. 1871.
„ mura'lis (wall). See M. ATLANTICA.

MONA'RDA. Horsemint. (Named after N. Mon-
ardez, a physician of Seville. Nat. ord. Labiates
[Labiatae]. Linn. z-Diandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Salvia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, all natives of North
America. Division of the plant in spring ; common soil.
M. amplexicau'lis (stem-embraced). See M. BRAD-

BURIANA.

„ arista' ta (awned). See M. CLINOPODIOIDES.

„ bradburia'na (Bradbury's). Pale red or white. June.

M. citriodo'ra (lemon-scented). Purple. N.W. Amer.
„ dinopo'dia (basil-leaved). 2. Purple, white. July

1771.
„ clinopodioi' des (Clinopodium-like). 2. Yellow.

August. Texas.

„ di'dyma (twin). 3. Scarlet. July. 1752. " Oswego
Tea."

„ a'lba (white). White.
,, kalmia'na (Kalmian).

fistula' sa (hollow-stalked). 3. Purple. July. 1656.
„ flo' re-macula' to (spotted-flowered). 3. Rose-
spotted. June. 1832.
„ media (intermediate). Dark purple.
„ mo'llis (soft). 2. Lilac. July. 1656.
„ ru'bra (red). Rose-red.
gra'cilis (slender), ij. Purple. July. 1820.
menthafo'lia (mint-leaved). See M. FISTULOSA MOLLIS.
puncta'ia (dotted). 2. Yellow, brown. August. 1714.
russellia'na ( Russell's). 2. White. September. 1823.
MONARDE'LLA. (A diminutive of Monarda. Nat.
ord. Labiates or Lipworts [Labiatae]. Linn. n-Didy-
namia, \-Gymnospermia. Allied to Origanum.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the plants
in spring ; common, sandy soil, with a little peat or
leaf-mould.

M. ca'ndicans (white), i. White. California. 1853.
,, macra'ntha (large-flowered), £. Bright scarlet. Sep-
tember. California. 1877.
„ undula'ta (wavy). f. Violet. June. California.

1848.

MONE'SES. (From monos, solitary, and esis, desire ;

theflowersaresolitary on thestems. Nat. ord. Ericaceae.)

Hardy evergreen herb for a moist, shady position on

the rockery. Plants from their wild habitat. Loam,

plenty of leaf-mould and sand.

M. grandifio'ra (large-flowered). J. White, with pink
veins. July. Northern and Arctic regions (Scot-
land).
„ uniflo'ra (one-flowered). See M. GRANDIFLORA.

MONE'TIA. (Named after Monet de la March, a
French botanist. Nat. ord. Salvadoracea?. Linn. 4-
Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Azima.)
M. barlerioi'des (Barleria-like). See AZIMA TETRACANTHA.

MONEYWORT. Lysima'chia Nummula'ria. Cornisi
Moneywort. Sibtho'rpia europa'a.

MONI'ZIA EDU'LIS. See THAPSIA EDULIS.
MONKEY-BREAD. Adanso'nia.
MONKEY-FLOWER. Mi'mulus.
MONK'S HOOD. Aconi'tum.

MONNI'NA. (Named after Monnino, Count de Flora
Blanca, a Spanish patron of botany. Nat. ord. Milk-
worts [Polygalaceae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, •$-Octandria.
Allied to Muraltia.)

The bark of the root is used in Peru for soap, and the
Peruvian ladies ascribe the beauty of their hair to the
use of it. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Seeds in March,
in a gentle hotbed ; cuttings of young side-shoots iu
April, under a bell-glass, and kept close, but damp pre-
vented ; sandy peat and fibrous loam. Winter temp.,
40° to 45°-
M. crotalarioi' des (Crotalaria-like). 2. Purple. August

1840.
,, obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 12. Violet and white.

June. Colombia. 1830.
„ xalape'nsis (Xalapan). Bright blue, with yellow keel.

Mexico. 1879.
MONO'CERA GRANDIFLO'RA. See EL^OCARPUS

GRANDIFLORUS.

MONOCEZE'TUM. (From monos, one, and chaitc,
long flowing hair. Nat. ord. Melastomaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in bottom-
heat, and kept close. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
M. alpe'stre (alpine). Rich red. Mexico.
„ Bonpla'ndii (Bonpland's). 2. Pink. Trop. Amer.

1858.
,, ,, multiflo'rum (many -flowered). Rich mauve.

Spring.
„ dicrananthe'rum (two-head-anthered). See M. HART-

WEGIANUM.

MONOCHILUS

563

MONSTERA

M. ensi'ferum (sword-bearing). See M. ALPESTRE.

,, hartwegia'num (Hartwegian). 2. Rose. Winter.
Colombia. 1865.

„ humboldtia'num (Humboldtian). 2-3. Rosy-purple.
Autumn. Venezuela. 1863.

,, lemoinia? num (Lemoinean). 2. Rose. Winter and
spring.

„ ni'tidum (shining), i. Pink. Colombia.

„ quadrangula're (four-angled). Rose. Colombia. 1872.

,, seri'ceum (silky). See M. BONPLANDII.

„ Une'llum (slender). 1-2. Purple. October. Guate-
mala.

MONOCHI LUS. (From monos, one, and cheilos, a lip ;
the formation of the flower. Nat. ord. Verbenas [Ver-
benaceae]. Linn. \\-Didynamia, z-Angiospermia. Allied
to Verbena.)

Stove tuber. Division of the tubers when in a dormant
state ; sandy loam, a little fibrous peat, and leaf-mould.
Temp, when growing, 55° to 75°.

M. gloxinifo'lius (Gloxinia-leaved). White. Brazil.
1838.

MONOCHO'RIA. (From monos, one, and chorizo, to
set apart ; one filament is often broader than the rest.
Nat. ord. Pontederiaceae.)

Stove perennial herbs to be grown in shallow water or
mud. Divisions. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
M, cya'nea (blue). 2. Blue. Australia. 1883.
,, hastafo'lia (halbert- leaved). 2. Blue. July. Trop.

Asia. 1806.

,, hasta'ta (halbert-shaped). See M. HAST.-EFOLIA.
„ vagina'lis (sheathing). 2. Blue. June to September.

Trop. Asia and Africa.
„ „ Korsako'wii (Korsakow's). 1-2. Violet. 1862.

MONOCOTYLEDONS. This is one of the two great
classes into which flowering plants, having their seeds
enclosed in a seed-vessel, are divided. They are charac-
terised by having their woody bundles scattered through
the ground tissue, and the stem does not lengthen till
the leaves are as large and numerous as they will ulti-
mately be, consequently the stem rarely thickens after
this base or foundation has been formed in the woody
species. New closed fibro-vascular bundles are formed,
while the base is thickening, so that there is no continuous
cambium and no bark as in a Dicotyledon. The leaves
are parallel veined in most cases, and the flowers have
their parts in threes or multiples of three, and the
embryo has only one cotyledon ; hence the name of the
class, Monocotyledons. Lilies, Irises, Amaryllis, Orchids,
sedges, and grasses are familiar examples.

MONODO'RA. (From monos, one, and dora, a hide
or skin ; in allusion to the one-celled fruit. Nat. ord.
Anonaceae.)

Stove trees rarely seen outside of botanic gardens.
Cuttings of ripened wood in sand, in a close case with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
M. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Trop. Africa. B.M.,

t. 7260.

„ Myri'stica (Myristica). 8-20. Yellow, spotted with
purple, white. Trop. Africa. 1843. " Calabash
Nutmeg."

,, tenuifo'lia (slender leaved). Trop. Africa.
MONOGRA'MME. (From monos, one, and gramme,
writing ; referring to the spore, or seed-cases. Nat. ord.
Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-Filtces.)

Stove Ferns, from the West Indies, with brownish-
yellow spores. See FERNS.

M. furca'ta (forked-teat^). See M. GRAMINOIDES.
,, grami'nea (grass-leaved). June. S. Africa; Mauri-
tius ; Bourbon. 1823.
„ graminoi'des (grass-like). f,. June. Jamaica;

Brazil. 1825.

,, trichoi'dea (hair-like). June. Philippines.
MONO LENA. (From monos, one, and olene, the arm ;
in allusion to one branch of the anther being developed
into a barren appendage. Nat. ord. Melastomacea?.)

Evergreen, stove perennial herb. Seeds, or cuttings
of the fleshy rootstock, in sand in a close case. Fibrous
loam, peat, and plenty of sand.

M. primulceflo'ra (Primula-flowered). J. Rich pink,
white eye. Autumn. Colombia. 1869.

MONO'LOPHTJS SECTJ'NDA. See K.EMPFERIASECDNDA.

MONOLO'PIA. (From monolopus, one covering ; re-
ferring to the flower-covering. Nat. ord. Composites
[Compositas]. Linn. iq-Syngenesia, 2-Superftua. Allied
to Lasthenia.)

A pretty, hardy annual, once called Hele'nium Dou-
gla'sii. Seeds in mellow soil, in April.
M. major (greater). 3. Yellow. July. California.
1834.

MONOME'RIA. (From monos, one, and meris, a part.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria,
i-Monandria. Allied to Bulbophyllum.)

Stove orchids. Division in spring or autumn ; fibrous
peat, broken pots, and sphagnum. Winter temp., 55°
to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
M. barba'ta (bearded). Spotted. India. 1841.
,, ni'tida (shining). Mexico. 1841.

MONO'PANAX GfflESBEE'GHTn. See OREOPANAX

GHIESBREGHTII.

MONO'PSIS. (From monos, one, and opsis, a face ;
the flowers being more regular than is usual in the Nat.
ord. Bellflowers [Campanulaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia. Now referred to Lobelia.)
M. conspi'cva (conspicuous). See LOBELIA DEBILIS.

MONOPY'LE. (From monos, one, and pule, a gate;
the capsule opens by one dorsal fissure below the sepals.
Xat. ord. Gesneraceas.)

Stove perennial herb. Seeds. Loam, peat, or leaf-
mould, and sand.

M. raccmo'sa (racemed). J. White, faintly spotted.
July. Colombia. 1875.

MONO TOGA. (From monos, one, and tokos, a birth ;
the fruit, which is eatable, having only one seed. Nat.
ord. Epacrids [Epacridaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Leucopogon.)

Greenhouse white-flowered evergreens, from New
South Wales. Cuttings of the points of young shoots in
sand, over sandy soil, and covered with a bell-glass, in
May ; sandy peat, and a little fibrous loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.
M. a'lba (white). 6. June. 1824.

,, elli'ptica (oval-leaved). 8. June. 1802.

,, linea'ta (narrow-leaved). 6. June. 1804.

,, scopa'ria (broom). 5. June. 1825.

MONSO'NIA. (Named after Lady A. Monson. Nat.
ord Cranesbills [Geraniaceas]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia,
•j-Dodecandria. Allied to Geranium.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, except ova'ta, which
is biennial. All from South Africa. Seeds in a slight
hotbed, in spring, and transplanted ; cuttings in spring
and autumn, under a hand-light ; division and cuttings
of the roots in summer and autumn ; sandy loam, and a
little peat and leaf-mould ; a cold pit or greenhouse in
winter.
M. bifto'ra (two-flowered), i. Purplish- blue. 1869.

„ Heritie'ri (L'Heritier's). See SARCOCAULON L'HERI-
TIERI.

„ loba'ta (lobed-leaved). i. Purple. May. 1774.

„ ova'ta (egg-leaved), i. White. August. 1774.

„ „ bifto'ra (two-flowered).

,, Paterso'nii (Paterson's) See SARCOCAULON PATER-
SONII.

,, pilo'sa (long- haired), i. White. July. 1778.

„ „ Co'lla, (Colla's). i. Pale red. July. 1820.

,, specio'sa (showy), i. Red. May. 1774.

„ „ pa'llida (pale), i. Pale red. May.

MO'NSTERA. (From monos, alone, and ster or stear,
fat ; in allusion to the fruiting spadix being wholly
pulpy. Nat. ord. Araceae.)

Evergreen climbing stove plants. Cuttings of short
side-shoots, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, peat, lumpy charcoal, and sand.
M. acumina'ta (long-pointed). Yellow. Trop. Amer.

1884.

,, Adanso'nii (Adanson's). See M. PERTUSA.
,, borsigia'na (Borsigian). Yellow. Mexico.
„ canncefo'lia (Canna-leaved). See SPATHIPHYLLUM

CANN^EFOLIUM.

MONTAGN^A

564 MORETON-BAY CHESTNUT

A/, decursi'va (running-down). See RHAPHIDOPHORA DE-

CURSIVA.
„ delicio'sa (delicious). Greenish-yellow. Mexico.

Fruit edible.

„ dimidia'ia (halved). See M. ACUMINATA.
„ holtonia'na (Holtonian). See M. PERTUSA.
„ Ungula'ta (tongue-shaped). W. Ind. 1793.
„ obli'qua (oblique). Brazil and Guiana.
„ pertu'sa (perforated). Yellow, white. May. Trop.

Araer. 1752.

„ pinna'ta (pinnate). See EPIPREMNUM MIRABILE.
„ te'nuis (slender). Central Amer. 1855.

MONTAGNffi'A. See MONTANOA.

MONTANO'A. (Commemorative of Montana, a
Mexican politician. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Seeds ; cuttings in
sand, under a bell-glass. Loam, leaf- mould, and sand.
M. bipinnati'fida is a bold and handsome subject for
subtropical gardening in summer.
M. arbore'scens (tree-like). 3. Yellow. July. Mexico.

1823.
„ bipinnati'fida (twice-pinnately-cut). 5-8. White,

with yellow disc. November. Mexico. 1863.
„ fioribu'nda (free-flowering). 3. White, yellow.

October. Mexico. 1828.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 5-10. Rays 8-10,

white. Mexico. 1910.
„ heracleifo'lia (Heracleum-leaved). See M. BIPINNATI-

FIDA.
„ molli'ssi-ma (softest). 3. White, yellow. October,

November. Mexico. 1857.
„ tomento'sa (felted). 3. White, yellow. September.

Mexico. 1828.
„ ,, cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 7. White rays five.

Mexico. 1908.

„ We'rcklei (Werckle's). 15-18. White, with yellow
disc. December, January. Costa Rica. 1905.

MONTBRE'TIA PO'TTSH. See TRITONIA POTTSII.

MONTEZU'MA. (Named after a king of Mexico. Nat.
ord. Mallow-worts [Malvaceae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia,
7-Dodecandria. Allied to Cheirostemon.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of shoots, getting
firm, in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy
loam and lumpy peat. Winter temp., 48° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.
M. speciosi' ssima (showiest). 30. Red. Mexico. 1827.

MONTRICHA'RDLA. (Commemorative of Gabriel
Montrichard, of Trinidad. Nat. ord. Aracea?.)

Stove aquatic shrubs, with stout, ringed stems, con-
taining a milky juice. Leaves arrow-shaped. Seeds,
offsets, and divisions. Good loam and leaf-mould under
water.

M. aculea' ta (prickly). 8. White. June. Brazil. 1759.
„ arbore'scens (tree-like). See M. ACULEATA.
„ lini'fera (thread-bearing). 5-10. Green, creamy-
white. Brazil. 1860.

MOON CREEPER. Ipomce'a Bo'na-no'x.
MOON DAISY. Chrysanthemum Leuca'nthemum.
MOON-SEED. Menispe'rmum.
MOON-TREFOIL. Medica'go arbo'rea.
MOONWORT. Botry'chium.

MOO'REA. (Commemorative of Sir Frederick W.
Moore, M.A., V.M.H., Keeper, Royal Botanic Garden,
Glasnevin. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove Orchid. Offsets and divisions. Fibrous peat,
sphagnum, charcoal, and broken pots, well elevated in
pots or baskets.

M. irrora'la (besprinkled). i£. Reddish-brown, spotted.
S. Amer. 1890.

MORJE'A. (Named after R. Moore, an English
botanist. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceas]. Linn. 3-Triandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Iris.)

These pretty bulbs, all from South Africa, except
where otherwise mentioned, require the same treatment
as I'XIA, which see.

M. angu'sta (narrow-leaved). }. Lilac. May. 1790.
,, barbi'gera (bearded). See M. CILIATA BARBIGERA.
,, bi 'color (two-coloured). 2. Yellow, dark. June.
„ bitumino'sa (bituminous). See M. VISCARIA BITU-

MINOSA.

,, bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing). See M. RAMOSA.
,, candollea'na (Candollean). S. Africa.
,, catenula'ta (chain-dotted). See M. IRIDIOIDES CATENU-

LATA.

,, cilia ta (hair-leaved). J. Yellow. September. 1587.
„ „ barbi'gera (beard-bearing). J. Bright red. May.

1587.

,, ,, minu'ta (minute). J. Yellow. June. 1825.
,, „ tri'color (three-coloured). See M. CILIATA BARBI-
GERA.

„ colli'na (hill). See HOMERIA COLLINA.
,, cri'spa (curled). £. Blue. May. 1803.
,, edu'lis (eatable). 4. Fulvous. May. 1792.
,, „ glauco'psis (glaucous-aspect). See M. GLAUCOPIS.
,, „ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Yellow. May.

1808.

,, ,, odo'ra (scented). 2. White. May. 1799.
„ e'legans (elegant). See HOMERIA ELEGANS.
, exalta'ta (tall). See HOMERIA COLLINA.
, fla'ccida (limp). See HOMERIA COLLLINA.
, flexuo'sa (zigzag). See HEXAGLOTTIS LONGIFOLIA.
, glauco'pis (glaucous-aspect), i. Red, brown. June.

1776.

, iridioi'des (Iris-like). J. White, brown. July. 1758.
, ,, catenula'ta (chain-dotted). Two rows of yellow

dots on the claw. 1826.
„ „ fohnso'nii (Johnson's). 2\. White, 4 inches

across. 1908.
„ iriope'tala (Iris-petaled). i. Lilac, rarely yellow.

May. 1825.

,, ju'ncea (rush-like). i~f. Lilac. 1897.
, linea'ta (narrow-leaved). See HOMERIA LINEATA.
, longifto'ra (long-flowered). J. Yellow. May. 1811.
, longifo'lia (long-leaved). See M. EDULIS LONGIFOLIA.
, lu'rida (lurid). $. Bright red-brown. June. 1817.
, minia'ta (vermilion). See HOMERIA COLLINA MINIATA.
, minu'ta (small). See M. CILIATA MINUTA.
, odo'ra (sweet-scented). See M. EDULIS ODORA.
„ papiliona'cea (butterfly). J. Variegated. May.

1795-
,, Pavo'nia (peacock). 1-2. Bright red, with blue-black

blotch. May. 1790.
„ ,, lu'tea (yellow). 1-2. Yellow, without blotch,

June. 1803.
„ „ villo'sa (long-haired). 1-2. Bright purple, with

blue-black blotch. July. 1789.
„ pluma'ria (feathered). See M. IRIOPETALA.
,, polysta'chya (many-spiked), i. Yellow. June. 1825.
,, porrifo'lia (leek-leaved). See HOMERIA LINEATA.
,, ramo'sa (branched). 3. Yellow. May. 1789.
„ robinsonia'na (Robinsonian). 4-6. White. June.
Lord Howe's Island. 1877. " Wedding Flower."
,, seta'cea (bristly). J. Yellow. June. 1825.
,, Sisyri' nchium (Sisyrinchium). See IRIS SISYRINCHIUM.
„ spatha'cea (large-spathed). i. Bright yellow. March.

1875-

„ spica'ta (spiked). See HOMERIA ELEGANS.
,, sulphu'rea (sulphur). |. Sulphur-yellow, with orange

and brown markings. 1899.
,, tenoria'na (Tenore's). See IRIS SISYRINCHIUM.
„ te'nuis (slender), i. Yellow-brown. May. 1807.
„ Thomso'ni (Thomson's), i. Pale lilac, yellow at
base, spotted with brown. E. Trop. Africa. 1904.
„ tricu'spis (three-pointed). 1-2. Whitish or lilac.

May. 1776.
„ „ Bellende'ni (Bellenden's). i. Yellow. June.

1803.
„ tripe' tola (three-petaled). 1-2. Lilac, rarely blue

or reddish. 1802.

,, tri'stis (dull-coloured), i. Blue. June. 1768.
„ unguicula'ris (clawed). i-i£. White. May. 1802.
,, villo'sa (long-haired). See M. PAVONIA VILLOSA.
„ virga'ta (twiggy). See HEXAGLOTTIS VIRGATA.
,, visca'ria (clammy), i. Lilac. May. 1800.
„ ,, bitumino'sa (bituminous), i-ij. Bright yellow.
May. 1787.

MORE'NIA FRA'GRANS. See CHAM^DOREA FRA-

GRANS.

MORETON-BAY CHESTNUT. Castanospe'rmum.

MORICANDIA

565

MORMODES

MORICA'NDIA. ( Named after S. M oricand, an Italian
botanist. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. 15-
Tetrady nam i a. )

Simple-looking hardy plants, but useful for cut flowers
in winter. Seed sown in the open border, in April.
M. arve'nsis (field. Cabbage- flowered). i£. Violet. July.

Europe. 1739. Biennial.
„ hespendiflo'ra (Hesperis-flowered). See DIPLOTAXIS

SIEBERI.
„ Rambu'rii (Rambur's). iJ-2. Purple. Spain.

Biennial.

„ sonchifo'lia (Sonchus-leaved). 1-2. Light violet-blue.
March. China. 1876. Annual.

MORI NA. (Named after L. Morin, a French botanist.
Nat. ord. Teaselworts [Dipsaceas]. Linn. 2-Diandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Strong, hardy or half-hardy, herbaceous plants, suited
for borders in summer. Seed in a slight hotbed, in April,
and hardened off to suit a cool greenhouse or sheltered
borders ; also by divisions, if the plant is saved over the
winter.
A/, betonicoi'des (Betonica-like). x-ij. Rosy-purple,

with crimson markings. Himalaya.
„ brevifo'lia (short-leaved). See M. COULTERIANA.
„ coulteria'na (Coulterian). i-i£. Pale yellow. Hima-
laya. 1883.

„ e'legans (elegant). See M. LONGIFOLIA.
„ koka'nica (Kokanian). i. July, August. Turkestan.

1911.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Purple. July. Hima-
laya. 1839. " Whorl-flower."
„ pefrsica (Persian). 3. Red, white. July. Persia ;

Himalaya. 1740.
,, wallichia'na (Wallichian). See M. PERSICA.

MORI'NDA. (From a corruption of Morus indicus,
Indian Mulberry ; in reference to its fruit. Nat. ord.
Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Guettarda.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with white flowers. Cuttings
of shoots nearly stopped growing, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in summer, and in a nice bottom-heat ; sandy
loam, peat, and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48° to 58° ;
summer, 70° to 80°.
M. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. May. E. Ind.

1816.

„ bractea'ta (bracted). 6. May. E. Ind. 1816.
„ citrifo'lia (citron- leaved). 8. Trop. Asia. 1793.
„ jasminoi'des (jasmine-like). Pale buff. April. Point

Jackson. 1823.

„ .Royo'c(Royoc). 10. August. W. Ind. 1793.
,, tincto'ria (dyer's). June. Otaheite. 1826.
„ umbella'ta (umbelled). June. Trop. Asia and
Australia. 1822.

MORINGA. Horse-radish-tree. (From moringo, the
Indian name. Nat. ord. Moringads [Moringacea]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

The roots are used in India for horse-radish. Stove
evergreen, yellow-flowered trees, from the East Indies.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in heat, in April or May ; sandy loam, and a
little peat and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.

M. a'ptera (wingless). 15. May. 1838.
„ polygo'na (many-Single- fruited). See M. PTERYGO-

SPERMA.

„ pterygospe'rma (winged-seeded). 20. 1759.

MORI'SIA. (Named after Professor Moris. Nat. ord.
Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. i^-Tetrodynamia.)

Seed sown where it is to remain ; cuttings under a
hand-light, in summer, and division in spring ; a pretty
little thing for a knoll, or for rock-work.
A/, hvpogce'a (fruit-burying). J. Yellow. May. Sardinia.
1833-

MORISO NIA. (Named after Professor Morison, of
Oxford. Nat. ord. Capparids [Capparidaceae]. Linn.
i6-.\Ionadelphia, 8-Polyandria. Allied to Capparis.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of the ripened shoots
early in spring, under a glass, in sandy soil and bottom-
heat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. america'na (American). 15. White. S. Amer. 1824.

MORMO'DES. (From mormo, a goblin ; referring to
the strange appearance of the flowers. Nat. ord. Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied
to Catasetum.)

Stove orchids. Division, and pieces cut off; rough
peat, moss, and crocks, in shallow baskets, or raised
well above a pot. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 90°.

M. aroma.' tica (aromatic), f. Pink. July. Mexico.

1838.

,, „ o'leo-auranti'aca (oily-orange). Orange, black-
purple. Colombia. 1880.
,, atropurpu'rea (dark purple). f. Purple - red.

October. E. Ind. 1834.
,, atropurpu'rea (dark purple) of Hooker. See M.

HOOKERI.

„ barba'ta, (bearded). See M. HOOKERI.
„ Buccina'tor (trumpeter). Yellowish-green. April.

Mexico. 1835.
„ „ auranti'aca (orange). Orange ; lip yellow. Peru.

1892.

,, „ fla'vida (yellowish). Yellow. Central Amer. 1852.
„ „ ma'jor (larger). Ochre, dotted with cinnamon.

1880.
„ „ Ro'lfei (Rolfe's). Bronzy-green ; lip rosy-crimson.

1900.
,, ,, stena'ntha (narrow-flowered). Ochre, striped with

sepia-brown. Colombia. 1881.
,, „ theiochlo'ra (sulphur-green). Light green ; lip

sulphur. Colombia. 1881.

„ Carto'ni (Carton's), i. Straw. July. Santa Martha.
,, „ auranti'aca (orange). Orange; lip sulphur.

Colombia. 1881.

,, citri'na (yellow). Yellow. Mexico. 1837.
„ Cogniau'xii (Cogniaux's). Flowers larger than those

of M. rolfeana. Colombia. 1894.
„ Colo'ssus (Colossus). Pink, yellow. Central Amer.

1870. Flowers 5-6 in. across.
„ convolu'ta (rolled- together). Yellow. January.

Brazil. 1852.
„ daya'na (Dayan). Ochre, with red lines; lip white.

Mexico. 1885.

,, fla'vida (yellowish). See M. BUCCINATOR FLAVIDA.
„ fractifle'xa (broken- bent). Pale green, white, purple.

Costa Rica. 1872.
,, Gree'nii (Green's). See M. UNCIA.
,, Hoo'keri (Hooker's). Dark purple. January.

Panama. 1851.
,, i'gnea (fiery). Red, purple. January. Colombia.

1852.
„ „ macula'ta (spotted). Yellow-brown, spotted

purple-brown ; lip coppery-red.
„ la'dia (ladia). i. Dull red ; lip yellow-brown. Peru.

1897.
,, lawrencea'na (Lawrencean). Yellow; lip speckled

with brown. Colombia.

„ lentigino'sa (freckled). See M. BUCCINATOR.
„ linea'ta, (streaked), i. Yellow, crimson. March.

Guatemala. 1836.

„ luxa' ta (dislocated), i. Straw. August. Mexico. 1842.
„ „ ebu'rnea (ivory). White. 1882.
„ „ puncta'ta (spotted). Whitish, with reddish spots.

1885.
„ ,, purpura'ta (purple). Mauve-purple, with purple

lines and spots. 1886.
„ oberlanderia'na (Oberlanderian). Lemon-yellow,

spotted rose; lip apricot. 1900.
,, Oca' no. (Ocana). Dull yellow, densely spotted with

red-brown. Colombia. 1879.
„ „ brachy'loba (short-lobed). Lip with short lateral

lobes.

,, cena'ntha (wine-flowered). Claret-purple. 1898.
„ pardi'na (panther). Yellow, red. July. Oaxaca.

1837.
,, „ armeni'aca (apricot). Deep apricot, washed with

deep red. 1879.
„ „ aspe'rsa (speckled). Pale sulphur, speckled with

brown. 1881.
„ „ me'lanops (black-eyed). Dark brownish-purple.

1886.
„ „ uni'color (one-coloured). Yellow. September.

Mexico. 1843.
,, platychi'la (broad-lipped). Pale buff; lip striped

purple. 1887.

MORMOLYCE

566

MOSS FIBRE

M. puncta'ta (spotted), i. Yellow-brown, spotted with

chestnut. 1891.
„ revolu'lum (revolute). i. Deep buff-yellow ; lip

reddish-brown. Peru. 1909.
„ rolfea'na (Rolfean). Green, tinted brown; lip

brownish-crimson. Peru. 1891.
„ ro'seo-a'lba (rose and white). White, rose.
„ russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). Green. August.

Guatemala. 1838.
„ Skinne'ri (Skinner's). Tawny, crimson, yellow, red.

Guatemala. 1869.

„ specio'sa( showy). Yellow, crimson. Colombia. 1852.
„ Ti'bicen (flute-player). Yellow, purple, white.

Colombia. 1870.
„ U'ncia (inch). Yellow, violet-red, purple. Mexico.

1869.

„ varia'bilis (variable). Purplish and yellow. S. Amer.
„ ,, atropurpu' rea (dark-purple). Purple. S. Amer.

1868.

„ „ auranti'aca (orange). Orange. S. Amer. 1868.
„ verni'xia (varnished). Shining blackish-purple.

British Guiana. 1887.
„ Willia'msii (Williams's). See M. LUXATA.
„ wolteria'na (Wolterian). £. Orange-brown. Peru.

1910.

MORMO LYCE. (From mormo, a goblin, and luke, a
wolf's skin, or helmet made of it ; a fanciful resemblance
in the flower. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae. Allied to Maxil-
laria.)

Stove epiphytal Orchid. Divisions. Fibre of peat,
sphagnum, crocks.
M. lineola'ia (finely-lined). Yellow, green. Mexico.

1839-

MO'RNA. (Named after Morna, one of Ossian's
heroines. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, \-/Equalis. Now referred to Waitzia.)
M. ni'tida (beautiful). See WAITZIA CORYMBOSA.
„ ni'vea (snowy). See WAITZIA NIVEA.

MORNING GLORY. Ipom&'a purpurea.

MORONO'BEA. (From moronobo, the native name.
Nat. ord. Guttifers [Guttifera;]. Linn. iB-Polyaddphia,
2-Polyandria.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of the ripened shoots,
with all the leaves except those at the lower joint, in
sand, in heat, and under a bell-glass ; sandy loam, and
lumpy, dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.
M. cocci'nea (scarlet- flowered). 40. Guiana. 1825.

MORPffl'XIA. SeelxiA.

MORRE'NIA. (Commemorative of M. Morren. Nat.
ord. Asclepiadacea?.)

Tall stove twiners, the flowers of which are scented
like Vanilla. Cuttings of short side-shoots in sand in
gentle heat, and covered with a bell-glass. Loam, peat,
and sand.
M. brochyste'phana (short-crowned). Small, white.

Argentina. 1903.

,, odora'ta (scented). Flowers twice as large, white.
Argentina. 1838.

MO'RUS. Mulberry. (From mor, the Celtic for black ;
referrring to the colour of the fruit. Nat. ord. Nettle-
worts [Urticaceae]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, 4-Tetrandria.)

Seeds, layers, cuttings, and truncheons ; in fact, you
can scarcely fail to propagate the Mulberry, as pieces of
the roots, branches, and even the stem, if stuck into the
ground in a deciduous state, will grow more easily than
a gooseberry-cutting ; deep, sandy, or calcareous loam.
Of the hardy kinds, ni'gra is the hardiest, grown chiefly
for its fruit. A'lba is more tender, grown chiefly for
its leaves for feeding the silkworm.

STOVE EVERGREEN TREES.
Af. i'ndica (Indian). 20. Trop. Asia. 1820.
„ mauritia'na (Mauritian). See AMPALIS MADAGAS-
CARIENSIS.

HARDY DECIDUOUS TREES, &c.

M. a'lba (white). 30. June. China. 1596. " White
Mulberry."

M. a'lba au'rea (golden). Leaves and branches golden-
yellow. 1896.

,, ,, Colombo,' ssa (Colombo).
M „ constantinopolita'na (Constantinople). 15. June.

Constantinople. 1818.
,, ,, Gaspari'ni (Gasparin's). June.
,, ,, heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). June. Leaves

cut in a variety of ways.

M „ ita'lica (Italian). 20. June. Italy. 1817.
,, ,, lacinia' ta (cut-leaved). 30. June. Leaves deeply
cut.

,, laiifo'lia (broad- leaved). 20. June. China.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 30. June. China.

„ membrana'cea (membranous).

,, morettia'na (Moretti's). See M. ALBA MACROPHYLLA.

„ multicau'lis (many-stemmed). See M. ALBA LATI-
FOLIA.

,, ,, nervo'sa (nerved). See M. ALBA VENOSA.
„ „ pe'ndula (pendulous). June. Weeping variety.
„ ,, pu'mila (dwarf). 10. June. China.
„ ,, roma'na (Roman).
„ „ ro'sea (rose-like). 20. June. China.
„ ,, sinefnsis (Chinese). See M. ALBA LATIFOLIA.
,, „ stylo'sa (long-styled). June. Japan.
„ „ To'kwa (Tokwa). June. Japan.
„ ,, urticafo' lia (nettle-leaved). June.
,, ,, veno'sa (veiny). June. China.
,, Ca'lcar-ga'lli (cock-spur). SeeCuDRANiA JAVANENSIS.
,, Cedro'na (Cedrona). June. Garden origin.
„ constantinopolita'na (Constantinople). See M. ALBA

CONSTANTINOPOLITANA.

„ globo'sa (globose). Of hemispherical habit. 1896.

(M. albaxrubra?)

„ ni'gra (comwton-black). 20. June. Italy. 1548.
,, „ globo'sa (globose). See M. GLOBOSA.
„ ,, lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). See M. ALBA LACINIATA.
,, ru'bra (red). 10. June. N. Amer. 1629.
„ sca'bra (rough). See M. RUBRA.
,, tata'rica (Tartarian). See M. ALBA LATIFOLIA.

MOSCHARIA. (From moschos, musk; a musk-
smelling plant. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-ALqualis.)

Hardy annual. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in April ;
seedlings harden off, and transplant in open borders, in
May.
M. pinnati'fida (cut-leaved). \. July. Chili. 1823.

MOSCHOSMA. (From moschos, musk, and oswe,
smell. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiatae]. Linn. i^-Didy-
namia, i-Gymnospermia. Allied to Ocimum.)

Tender annual and greenhouse shrub. Seeds in a
hotbed, in beginning of April ; seedlings potted and
grown in greenhouse in summer, or placed in the open
border in June, in a sheltered situation. Cuttings of the
shrub in sand in a close case with gentle heat, or covered
by a bell-glass in spring. Light, rich, sandy soil for the
annual ; loam, a little leaf-soil and sand for the shrub.
M. ocymoi'des (Ocimum-like). i£. White. August.

1823.

„ ripa'rium (river- bank). 1-2. Cream. Winter.
Trop. S. Africa. 1902. Shrub.

MOSS is useful to the gardener for packing round the
roots of plants ; and even some bulbous roots and orchids
are cultivated in it. The kind known as Sphagnum is
that used for orchids. When it infests the trunks of
trees, or our lawns, it is one of the gardener's pests.

MOSS FIBRE is a fibrous form of peat now largely used
for growing Dutch and other bulbs, as a substitute for
soil or compost, in ornamental pots, vases, and bowls.
It is specially prepared for the purpose by the addition
of chemical manures or fertilisers, and is also mixed with
ground oyster shells and charcoal to render it more
porous. The pots and bowls have no drainage holes
and are impervious to moisture, to avoid wetting the
furniture, as this method of culture is carried on chiefly
in the rooms and windows of dwelling-houses. The
moss fibre, when obtained, is dry, and has to be spread
out on a stone floor or other hard surface and watered
till it becomes uniformly soft and moist, without drip
when squeezed in the hand. The bulbs are buried in
this to the neck, but not pressed very firmly in the pots,
otherwise the roots would have difficulty in penetrating
it. When the moss is getting dry more water is applied

MOSSES

567

:\IUEHLENBECKIA

in the usual way, and after an hour or two all pots
are turned or tipped to one side to let the free water
run out, if too much has been applied. Water must
not be allowed to stand in the pots.

MOSSES are leafy plants, with simple or branching
stems, mostly of very dwarf stature, but, as they possess
no true fibre-vascular tissue, they take rank below the
Ferns in the vegetable kingdom. Like the Ferns they
are flowerless plants, reproducing themselves by spores,
and vegetatively in some cases by means of buds. Most
of them are of no economic importance, but the larger
ones which form broad green tufts of interlacing stems
become useful for packing, for placing over the drainage
of pots, and sometimes for surfacing pots containing
Palms, Ferns, or other decorative plants. These belong
to the true mosses, which produce a theca or capsule,
opening at the top by means of a lid and containing
within them the spores or reproductive bodies. A small
section, termed Alpine Mosses, has a fruit that splits
open by four valves. The Bog or Peat Mosses, best
known as Sphagnum, have a spherical fruit. They are
highly serviceable to the orchid grower, being extensively
used for cultivating orchids, mixed with peat fibre and
charcoal. Where it is plentiful it is used over the
drainage of flower-pots, and is occasionally used in the
compost for ferns. The Earth Mosses are a small and
unimportant group, whose fruit does not burst.

MOSSY LAWNS are on a soil which is unable to support
a green sward of grass. When soil is exhausted, grasses
begin to die off, and their place is taken by moss. The
obvious mode, then, of proceeding is to give the lawn
a good top-dressing in winter, either of malt-dust, or
nitrate of soda, or soot, or any manure containing an
abundance of alkali. The gardener finds the growth of
moss arrested by frequent raking in wet weather, or by
the application of pounded oyster-shells ; but these are
mere palliatives, and not remedies. Make your grass
healthy, and it will soon smother the moss. Drainage
may be necessary, if the lawn is naturally soft and wet.
Top-dressings of rich soil, lime, and even manures are
given to make the grass grow and crowd out the moss.
These remedies are very effective.

The most effectual, most salutary, and least disagree-
able remedy for moss on trees is of trivial expense, and
which a gardener need but try upon one individual to
insure its adoption. It is with a hard scrubbing-brush,
dipped in a strong brine of common salt as often as
necessary, to insure each portion of the bark being
moistened with k, to scrub the trunks and branches of
his trees at least every second year. It most effectually
destroys insects of all kinds, and moss ; and the stimu-
lating influence of the application, and the friction, are
productive of the most beneficial effects. The expense
is not so much as that of dressing the trunks with a solu-
tion of lime, which, however efficient in the destruction
of moss, is not so in the removal of insects, and is highly
injurious to the trees, by filling up the respiratory pores
of the epidermis, and is decidedly a promoter of canker.

On gravel walks, a strong solution of sulphate of copper
(blue vitriol) has been found the most effectual destroyer
of moss.

MOTH. Verba'scum Blatta'ria.

MOTHER OF THOUSANDS. Lina'ria Cymbala'ria
and Saxi'fraga sarmento'sa.

MOTHERWORT. Leono'tis.

MOTHS of most kinds are the parents of caterpillars
preying upon some plant under the gardener's care, and
should be destroyed whenever discovered.

MOTTLED UMBER-MOTH. Hybe'rnia defolia'ria.

MOULDINESS is the common term applied to that
crop of fungi which appears on moist, putrescent vegetable
matters. These fungi are Mucores, and are effectually
destroyed whenever common salt or sulphur can be
applied.

MOUNTAIN ASH. Py'rus Aucupa'ria.

MOUNTAIN EBONY. Bauhi'nia.

MOUNTAIN TOBACCO. A'rnica monta'na.

MOUSE-EAR. Hiera'cium stoloni'ferum.

MOUSE THORN. Centau'rea myaca'ntha.
MOUSSO'NIA. SeelsoLOMA.

MOWING is, next to digging, the most laborious of
the gardener's employments, and requires much prac-
tice, as well as an extremely sharp scythe, before he
can attain to the art of shaving the lawn or grass-
plot smoothly and equally. A mowing machine was
invented by Mr. Budding and others, but has now been
vastly improved. It cuts, collects, and rolls the grass at
the same time, and is better than the scythe for mossy
lawns.

Mowing is most easily performed whilst the blades of
grass are wet, as they then cling to the scythe, and are
consequently erect against its cutting edge. The opera-
tion, therefore, should be performed early in the morning,
before the dew has evaporated, or whilst the grass is wet
from rain or artificial watering. See SCYTHE.

MUCU'NA. Cow-itch. (The Brazilian name. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa?]. Linn. i7-Dia-
delphia, 4-Decandria. Allied to Erythrina.)

The hairs on the seed-pods of M . pru'riens is the Cow-
itch. Stove climbers, with purple flowers, which open
in July. Cuttings of half -ripened shoots in sandy soil,
under glass, in heat ; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp.,
55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

Af. alti'ssima (tallest). 50. Martinique. 1779.
,, a'iro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 10. E. Ind. 1820.
,, capita' ta (headed). Flowers crowded in heads.

Himalaya and Malaya.
,, cochinchine'nsis (Cochin-Chinese). White. June.

Cochin-China. 1826.
„ imbrica'ta (overlapping). 20-30. Dark purple.

Himalaya. 1879.

,, macroca'rpa (large-fruited). India.
„ macro'botrys (large-bunched). Hong-Kong.
,, ni'vea, (snowy). India.

,, pru'riens (common-stinging). 12. E. Ind. 1680.
„ „ u'tilis (useful). " Velvet Bean."
„ pruri'ta (stinging) of B.M., t. 4945. See M. IMBRICATA.

Of Bot. Misc., ii. 348. See M. PRURIENS.
,, sempervi'rens (evergreen). China. 1816.
,, u'tilis (useful). See M. PRURIENS UTILIS.

MUDAR PLANT. Calo'tropis gigantefa.

MUDDING, or PUDDLING, is dipping the roots of trees,
shrubs, and seedlings in a thin mud or puddle, and re-
taining them there until again planted, whenever they
are removed. It is one of the best aids to success, and
should be universally adopted ; for it is a rule without
exception, that the less the roots of a plant are injured,
and the moister they are kept during its removal, the
less does it suffer by the transplanting. The best of all
muds for the purpose is formed of three pounds of garden
soil, one ounce of salt, eight ounces of soot, and one
gallon of water.

MUEHLENBE'CKLA. (Commemorative of Dr. G.
Muehlenbeck. Nat. ord. Polygonaceae.)

Slender and usually much branched trailers or climbers,
but Af. platydada is erect. They are fairly hardy, with
the exception of Af . platydada and Af . sagittifolia. Cut-
tings of short side-shoots in sand in a close cold frame
during summer, and the greenhouse ones in heat. Ordi-
nary soil ; peat, loam, and sand for the greenhouse ones.
M. adpre'ssa (adpressed). 2. Pink to red. Australia.

1822.

„ axilla'ris (axillary). New Zealand, &c.
„ chile' nsis (Chilian). 2. Pale green. May. Chili.

1828.

, cample' xa (encircling). Green. July. New Zealand.
, depre'ssa (depressed). See M. ADPRESSA.
, injucu'nda (unpleasing). See M. CHILEXSIS.
, na'na (dwarf). See M. AXILLARIS.
, orbicula'ris (orbicular). 15. White, green. S. Amer.

1825.
„ platydada (flat-branched). 1-3. White. Solomon

Islands. 1863.

„ sagittifo'lia (arrow-leaved). S. Amer.
,, va'rians (varying). Origin doubtful.
„ vulca'nica (volcanic). Mexico. 1831. Evergreen
trailer.

MUELLERA

568

MURALTIA

MUE'LLERA. (Commemorative of the Danish
botanist, O. F. Mueller. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe wood in
sand and placed in a close case with bottom-heat. Loam,
peat, and sand.

M. monilifo'rmis ( necklace- f ormed) . 6. Yellow. Nicar-
agua. 1792-

MULBERRY. Mo'rus.

MULBERRY (M. ni'gra) CULTURE.— Propagation : by
Cuttings. — In former days this operation was much
circumscribed, being limited to the cuttings of the young
shoots, as in currants. Truncheons of considerable size
may, and, indeed, ought to be used. These strike with
facility by ordinary means, especially in the deciduous
state, and put in the soil in the autumn, leaving only a
bud or two exposed.

If Truncheons of some size are used, let them be taken
from the tree in the beginning of February ; and being
inserted a foot deep, in a situation where neither direct
sunshine nor wind can freely penetrate, envelop their
stems above the ground-level with moss, all but the upper
pair of buds, in order to prevent evaporation.

By Layers.— The shoots of the previous year arc
generally selected for this purpose, and may be either
slit or ringed, although they will root without. This
being performed in November, or in February, the young
plants will be ready to be removed from the parent
plant in twelve months, when they may be placed in
the nursery for two years, by which time they will be
fit for their permanent situations, care being taken to
train them to stems, as ordinary standard fruit-
trees.

By Grafting. — Ordinary grafting, as in the apple, is
not a very safe mode ; but inarching, or grafting by
approach, is quite eligible. This is performed exactly
as in other trees, and will produce strong plants in a
short time.

By Seeds. — This practice is seldom resorted to, but
may prove interesting to some. The seed being washed
from the pulp as soon as ripe, and dried, may be pre-
served through the winter in dry sand, and sown in
the succeeding February. A slight bottom-heat will
facilitate the progress of the seedlings ; but they may
be safely reared without, by affording a regular but not
excessive supply of moisture, with a partial deprivation
of light for awhile. They will need the ordinary routine
of transplanting, &c., afterwards.

Culture during the Growing Period. — In the standard
state little or nothing can be done ; but those trained
on walls or fences must have some assistance. It must
be kept in view, that the mulberry produces fruit both
on short-jointed young wood and on spurs, and that
fruit must not be looked for from luxuriant shoots. The
summer's dressing must consist in thinning-out and
stopping the grosser shoots in crowded situations, ob-
serving a regularity in their distances for the admission
of sunlight. We would advise much stopping in pre-
ference to much disbudding, as such parts may form a
nucleus for future spurs ; and if they turn out barren
it will be easy to remove them totally in the succeeding
year. The mulberry, when trained, will extend a great
way ; and regular training, as the shoots extend, must
be practised.

Culture during the Rest Period.— Some pruning is occa-
sionally of benefit, even to standard trees, but it can be
merely thinning out cross-shoots on those parts of the
tree which are too crowded. The shady side of the tree,
too, may be kept thinner than the sunny side ; and watery
spray springing from the branches in the interior may be
removed. Those trained must have superfluous shoots
and barren snags or spurs removed ; but no shortening
back is necessary.

Soil. — Any ordinary garden or field-soil will do for
them, if not too clayey ; for they rather prefer an upland
or mellow soil, which should be of a generous character,
but not enriched with manures until they get rather old
and cease producing luxuriant wood, when a rich, mellow
compost, as top-dressing occasionally, will much benefit
them.

Forcing. — The mulberry bears forcing excellently, and
will ripen its fruit early in June. It will bear a very
high temperature. It may also be grown of a dwarf
size in pots, and be thus forced.

MULCHING is placing mulch, or long, moist stable
litter, upon the surface of the soil over the roots of newly
planted trees and shrubs. The best mode is to form a
trench about six inches deep, to put in the mulch, and
cover it with the earth. This prevents the mulch being
dried or scattered by the winds, and is more neat than
exposing it on the surface. Mulching keeps the moisture
from evaporating, and prevents frost penetrating to the
roots, straw being one of the worst conductors of heat.
When rapid growth is desirable, the mulch should be
kept on the surface, and removed at times in bright
sunshine, that the soil may be heated; for, if deeply
mulched, the leaves may be enjoying the climate of
India, and the roots be nearly as cold as if in Siberia.

MULE, or HYBRID, is a plant raised from seed gene-
rated by parents of distinct species, and sometimes, but
not always, unfertile. See HYBRIDISING.

MULGE'DIUM. (Derivation not known. Nat. ord.
Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, z-Super-
flua. Now referred to Lactuca.)

Hardy herbaceous plants. Seeds and divisions in
spring ; dry, sandy soil.
M. acumina' turn (long-pointed). See LACTUCA ACUMI-

NATA.

alba'num (Mount-Alban). See LACTUCA RACEMOSA.
alpi'num (alpine). See LACTUCA ALPINA.
cacaliafo'lium (Cacalia-leaved). 4-5. Blue. Cau-
casus. 1899.

giganie'um (giant). 6-8. Blue-violet. 1889.
macrorhi'zum (large-rooted). See LACTUCA MACROR-
HIZA.

MULLEIN. Verba'scum.

MU'NDTIA. (Commemorative of Herr Heinrich Mundt,
a German botanist. Nat. ord. Milkworts [Polygalacea].
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, 3-Octandria. Allied to Muraltia.)

The fruit is eatable. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs,
from South Africa. Cuttings of stiff young side-shoots
in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a close, cold
pit or frame ; sandy peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
M. spino'sa (spiny). 3. White. March. 1780.
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Purple. March.

1800.

,, ,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Lilac. February.
1800.

MUNRO'NIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Meliaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand under
a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand.
M. Walli'chii (Wallich's). 15. Pale rose. March.
Himalaya. 1828.

MUNTTNGIA. (Named after A. Munting, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Lindenblooms [Tiliacea;]. Linn.
i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Tilia.)

Stove evergreen shrub, known as the Calabu'ra in
South America. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand,
under a glass, in heat ; sandy, fibrous loam and leaf-
mould. Winter temp., 48° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. Calabu'ra (Calabura). 3. White. June. Jamaica.
1690.

MURA'LTIA. (Named after /. V. Muralt, a Swiss
botanist. Nat. ord. Milkworts [Polygalaceae]. Linn.
i7-Diadelphia, ^-Oclandria. Allied to Polygala.)

Greenhouse evergreens, all but one purple-flowered,
and all from South Africa. Cuttings of short young
shoots in sandy peat, under a glass ; chiefly peat earth,
with a good portion of sand. Winter temp., 40° to 48*.
M. alopecuroi' des (foxtail-like). 3. June. 1800.
„ cilia'ris (hair-f ringed-tea^). 3. May. 1824.
, diffu'sa (straggling). See M. STIPULACEA.
, filifo'rmis(ihTead.-foTm-branched). ij. August. 1812.
Heiste'ria (Heisteria). 6. January. 1787.
hu'milis (humble), i. June. 1818.
juniperifo'lia (juniper-leaved). 3. June. 1810.
linophy'lla, (flax-leaved). See M. FILIFORMIS.
macro'ceras (large-horned). 3. 1812.
micra'ntha (small-flowered), ij. 1800.
mi'xta (mixed). 3. 1791.
squarro'sa (spreading). 3. May. 1820.
siipula'cei (stipuled). 3. Red. June. iSor.
virga'ta (twiggy). See M. FILIFORMIS.

MURICE

569

MUSCARI

MU RICE. See BYRSO'NIMA.

MURRA'YA. (Named after Professor Murray, editor
of Linnaeus's works. Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn.
lO-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Limonia.)

Stove evergreen, white-flowered trees, from the East
Indies. Cuttings of shoots, getting firm at their base,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a bottom-heat of about
90°. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. exo'tica (exotic). 10. August. 1771.
„ Kceni'gii (Koenig's). 30-40. Light yellow. June.

India. 1820.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). See M. EXOTICA.

MURUCU'JA. (The native name. Nat. ord. Passion-
worts [PassifloracecB]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 2-Pen-
tandria. Now referred to Passiflora.)
M. adiantifo'lia (Adiantum-leaved). See PASSIFLORA

GLABRA.

„ Baue'ri (Bauer's). See PASSIFLORA BAUERIANA.

„ herbertia'na (Herbertian). See PASSIFLORA HERBER-

TIANA.

„ ocella'ta (small-eyed). See PASSIFLORA MURUCUJA.
,, perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). See PASSIFLORA PER-

FOLIATA.

MUSA. Plantain- tree. (From mauz, the Egyptian
name. Nat. ord. Scitaminads [Scitaminaceas]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

The fruit of the Musa is called Bananas and Plantains.
Stove evergreens. Chiefly by suckers ; rich, loamy soil,
with abundance of water when growing freely. Winter
temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°, with plenty of
atmospheric moisture. Cavendi'shii, from fruiting at a
small size, is the most valuable.
M. africa'na (African). Angola. 1871.
„ arrtoWta'na(Arnoldian). Leaves with reddish midribs.

Central Trop. Africa. 1901.
„ assa'mica (Assam). Assam. 1871.
„ auranti'aca (orange). Flowers and bracts bright

yellow. Assam. 1894.
„ Ba'keri (Baker's). 10. Pink ; bracts crimson inside.

Cochin-China ( ? ) . 1898.
„ Ba'sjoo (Basjoo). Japan. 1889.
„ Cavendi'shii (Cavendish's). 4. Scarlet. China. 1829.
„ Cha'mpa (Champa). See M. SAPIENTUM CHAMPA.
„ cinefrea (grey). See M. SAPIENTUM.
„ cocci' 'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. July. China.

1792.

„ Da'cca (Dacca). See M. SAPIENTUM DACCA.
„ dis 'color (two-coloured). New Caledonia.
„ Ense'te (Ensete). 20-35. Greenish-brown. August.

Abyssinia. 1853.
„ Fe'hi (Feh's). 15-20. Stem banded with violet;

juice violet. New Caledonia. 1888.
„ Gile'ttii (Gillett's). 4-6. Fruit angular, pear-shaped.

Lower Congo. 1901.

„ glau'ca (milky- green). 10. Pink. Burma. 1824.
„ Hi'llii (Hill's). White, on erect stalks. Queensland.

1893.
„ Ho'lstii (Hoist's). Leaves with a green midrib.

German E. Africa. 1904.

„ imperia'lis (imperial). AUied to M. Ensete, with under-
ground perennial stem. Cameroons. 1902.
,, japo'nica (Japanese). See M. BASJOO.
„ kewe'nsis (Kew). The first garden hybrid Musa.

(Mannii x rosacea.)

„ La'caian (Lacatan). See M. SAPIENTUM.
„ livingstonea'na (Livingstonian). E. Tr9p. Africa.
„ macula' ta (spotted). 10. Pink. Mauritius. 1818.
„ Ma'nnii (Mann's). 4. Yellow ; bracts rose-crimson.

Assam. 1894.
„ martaka'nica (Martaban). See M. SAPIENTCM MARTA-

BANICA.
„ Marti'nii (Martin's). Bright rose. Leaves with

reddish stalks. Cultivated in Teneriffe. 1892.
,, ne£a/e'ns«(Nepaul). 6. Yellow. February. Nepaul.

1823.

„ orna'ta (ornamented). See M. ROSACEA.
,, paradisi'aca (paradise). See M. SAPIENTUM PARA-

DISIACA.
,, religio'sa (religious). Stem with bulbous base.

Fruits dry. Trop. Africa. 1900.

,, rosa'cea (rosy). 15. Pink. March. Mauritius. 1805.
(rosy). 4. Rose. India.

M. r«'6ra(red). 7. Pale yellow; bracts rose-red. India.

1894.
,, sangui'nea (blood- red). 4. Yellow ; bracts red.

Himalaya. 1872.
,, sapie'ntum (wise-men's). 20. Pink. June. Tropics.

1729. " Banana."
„ „ Cha'mpa (Champa).
„ „ Da'cca (Dacca).
„ „ martaba'nica (Martaban).
,, ,, olera'cea (pot-herb).
,, „ paradisi'aca (paradise). 20. Pink. November.

Tropics. 1690. " Plantain."
„ „ re'gia (royal). " Pisang Radji."
,, „ ru'bra (red). " Ram-Kela."
,, „ sangui'nea (blood-red). Leaves brown velvety

red. French Congo. 1901.
,, „ semini'fera (seed-bearing). Fruits containing

,, „ vitta'ta (striped). Leaves striped with white.

Trop. Africa. 1862.
„ semini'fera (seed-bearing). See M. SAPIENTUM SEMINI-

FERA.
„ Seema'nni (Seemann's). Flower racemes erect. Fiji.

1890.

„ sumatra'na (Sumatra). Leaves marked with trans-
verse spots. Sumatra. 1880.

„ supe'rba (superb). 14. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1820.
,, te'xtilis (textile). Philippines.
., Troglodyta'rum (Troglodytes'). See M. SAPIENTUM.
,, Urano'scopus (Uranoscopus). Racemes of flowers

and fruits erect. Queensland. 1881.
,, veluti'na (velvety). 8. Yellow. Himalaya. 1875.
,, viola' scens (violet). Malaya.
„ vitta'ta (striped). See M. SAPIENTUM VITTATA.
„ zebri'na (zebra). 10. Purple. Java. 1820.

BANANA AND PLANTAIN CULTURE. — Propagation. — Sir
J. Paxton has suggested, that immediately the fruit is
cut from the old plants, these be taken out of their tubs,
partially disrooted, and placed in pots to produce suckers,
which they will do readily, especially if plunged in a
bottom- heat of about 85°. These suckers are removed
into smaller pots, and cultivated from pot to pot, and
thence to the tub, in which they are fruited.

Soil. — The soil must be exceedingly rich, and by no
means adhesive ; rather of a light character, and well-
drained, in order that copious supplies of water may be
given.

Culture. — A lively heat is the great essential, with a
liberal amount of atmospheric moisture. A thermo-
meter ranging from 70° to 90° during the bright part of
the year, and from 60° to 70° during the duller portion,
will be requisite.

Suckers will produce fruit within the year ; and if one
be approaching too close on the heels of another in ripen-
ing, the whole spadix of fruit of the one may be cut off,
with a portion of the stem, just where the upper tier of
fruit is ripening, and suspended in a dry and airy room,
after the manner of late grapes. Sir J. Paxton observes,
that " he has had capital fruit from a spadix two months
after it was cut." The produce of one plant will weigh
from 15 to 30 pounds.

MUSA'NGA. (Probably a native name. Nat. ord.
Urticacea;.)

A tall stove tree allied to Cecropia, with leaves deeply
divided into eleven to fifteen radiating segments. It is
recommended as a shade tree in Coffee and Cocoa planta-
tions, and in European gardens as a fine foliage plant.
Cuttings in sand in a close case with bottom-heat. Loam,
peat, and sand.

M. Smi'thii (Smith's). 10-60. Leaves suborbicular,
deeply divided. W. Trop. Africa. 1901.

MUSCA'RI. Grape Hyacinth. (From moschos, musk ;
the smell of the flowers. Nat. ord. Lilyworts fLiliaceaB].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Hyacin-
thus.)

Hardy bulbs. For culture, see HYACINTHUS.
M. eestiva'le (summer). £. Yellow, green. June.

Orient. 1877.

„ alpi'num (alpine). £. Violet. Asia Minor.
„ ambrosi'acum (ambrosial). See M. MOSCHATUM.
„ Argafi (Arga's). Greece (?). 1883.
„ armeni'acum (Armenian). J-}. Brilliant blue. Asia
Minor. 1876.

MUSCARI

570

MUSHROOM-BEDS

M, atla'nticum (Atlantic), i-f . Bright blue. Spain ;

N. Africa. 1902.
,, azu'reum (azure). See HYACINTHUS AZUREUS.

bosni'acum (Bosnian). J. Blue. S.E. Europe.
„ bolryoi'des (bunch-like), $. Blue. April. Italy.

* a'lbum (white). \. White. April. Italy. 1596.
„ „ ca'ndidum (white). White, delicately tinted with

flesh.
„ „ Lelie'vrii (Lelievr's). Flowers larger, earlier.

Western France.
„ „ pa'llidum (pale). £. Pale blue. April. Italy.

1596.

„ Bourga'i (Bourga's). \. Blue-violet. Asia Minor.
,, brevisca'pum (short-scaped). J. Dark blue. Europe.

1876.

„ cilia'tum (hair-fringed). See HYACINTHUS CILIATUS.
,, commuta 'turn (changed). £. Blue. Italy. 1836.
„ como'sum (tufted). $. Blue. April. S. Europe.

1596. " Tassel Hyacinth."
„ „ monstro' sum (monstrous). J. Pale blue. April.

S. Europe. 1596. " Feathered Hyacinth."
„ compa'ctum (compact), f. Dark violet. Asia Minor.

1878.

,, conci'nnum (neat). $. Rich blue. 1878.
„ co'nicum (conical), i. Brilliant blue, fragrant. 1877.

" Heavenly Blue."
„ cre'licum (Cretan). $. Green and purple. Crete.

1875-

„ dilu'lum (diluted). J. Lively blue. 1878.
„ e'legans (elegant). $. Bright blue, large. 1896.
„ £/t»e'.w(Elwes's). £. Bright blue. April. Caria. 1878.
„ glau'cum (milky-green), f. Purple, green. May.

Persia. 1825.
,, grandifo'lium (large-leaved). £. Dull glaucous blue.

1869.
„ Heldrei'chii (Heldreich's). 4-i. Amethyst blue.

Greece. 1869.
,, hymeno'phorum (membrane- bearing). See M. HELD-

REICHII.
„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved), i-ij. Blackish- violet.

April, May. Asia Minor.
„ leucophee'um (dusky- white). See HVACINTHUS LEUCO-

PHMUS.

„ lu'teum (yellow). See M. MOSCHATUM FLAVUM.
„ macroca'rpum (large- fruited). See M. MOSCHATUM

FLAVUM.

„ mawea'num (Mawean). J. Lively light blue. Ar-
menia. 1889.
,, micra'nthum (small-flowered). J-£. Rich clear blue.

April. 1877.
„ moscha'tum (musky). |. Blue, yellow. April.

Levant. 1596.

„ „ fla'vum( yellow). }. Yellow. April. Levant. 1596.
,, Motela'yi (Motelay's). France.

„ negle'ctum (neglected). J-f. Violet. April. Medi-
terranean region. 1884.
„ pa'llens (pallid). J. Pale blue. May. Caucasus.

1822.
,, pArado'xum (paradoxical). J-i. Dull blue. April.

Armenia.
„ parviflo'rum ((small-flowered). Blue. April. Sicily.

1827.
„ peduncula're (king-flower-stalked). See M. BOTRY-

OIDES.
„ polya'nlhum (many-flowered). J-f. Violet-blue.

Asia Minor. 1896.

,, prce'cox (early). See HYACINTHUS AZUREUS.
„ pulche'llum (pretty). $-\. Dull blue-violet. March.

Greece. 1876.
„ racemo'sum (racemed). J. Blue. April. Europe.

1780. " Starch Hyacinth."
„ „ brackya'nthum (short-flowered). See M. SZOVIT-

ZIANUM.

„ „ mi'nus (smaller). }. Blue. April. Europe. 1780.
„ sartoria'num (Sartorian). J. Pale dusky yellow.

April. Greece.
„ Schliema'nni (Schliemann's). |. Light purple-blue.

April and May. Asia Minor.
„ sesstlifio'rum (stalkless-flowered). See HYACINTHUS

SESSILIFLORUS.

„ Strangwa'ysii (Strangway's). £. Blue. S. Europe.

1837.
„ suave' olens (sweet-smelling). £. Deep blue, fading

light blue. Siberia. 1902.

M. szovitsia'num (Szovitsian). £. Rich bright blue.

March, April. Caucasus.
,, tenuiflo'rum (slender-flowered), i. Lower flowers

olive-green, upper violet-blue. 1889.
,, /ransst7t>a'm'cwm(Transsilvanian). See M. BOTRYOIDES.

MUSHROOM. Aga'ricus campe'slris.

MUSHROOM-BEDS, for winter production, should be
formed in August, and once in two months after, of
dry materials, such as four or five barrowfuls of horse-
droppings, which have been saved for the purpose, four
or five barrowfuls of road-sweepings, and four or five
barrowfuls of dry, husky dung from the stable dun^i-
heap. Let these be all well turned over three or four
times to sweeten in some dry place. If the mixturf
should be found top dry to ferment sufficiently, then
sprinkle it with a little water at the time of its being
turned over. Shake it and mix it well together. The
quantity of materials depends on the size of the beds
required. The place where the beds are to be made
should be dry at bottom. The materials being in good
condition, proceed to make up your bed as solid and
firm as it can be beat together with the fork, whether in
ridges or half -ridges, or whatever shape may be thought
most convenient. Let the outside be beaten smooth and
well with a shovel or spade. Then insert a stick to prove
the temperature of the bed by. In about ten days after
the bed has been made it will be fit for spawning, if all
has gone on well, and the heat be found about that of
cows' milk ; but if the heat be too great, defer it for
another week, and shake open the bed a little to let off
the rank heat. If too cold, add a little fresh materials,
and work it up well together. Before putting in the
spawn make the beds firm, smooth, and even ; then
open holes with the hand about an inch below the sur-
face, and eight inches apart every way. Place in each
hole a moderate-sized lump or handful of bits of spawn,
and cover it over again with the same dry materials of
the bed. If there is no fear of the bed being too hot,
it may be covered over at the same time, about an inch
and a half thick, with good turfy loam, rather dry, and
run through a sieve first. When all is regularly covered
over, sprinkle the whole with water from a fine rose
waterpot, and pat the whole surface down level, leaving
it as smooth as a fresh-plastered wall. Let it remain
to dry off, giving plenty of air to dry it off the quicker.
After this, the bed should have a covering of anything
like mouldy hay, such as tops and bottoms from the
hay-rick, or hay-bands untwisted, or the like. Cover up
according to the heat of the beds. If you have any doubt
whether it is too hot, let the covering be light ; and at all
times the short mulch, when gathering the mushrooms,
should be cleared off from the bed's surface, or it will
exhaust the bed by the encouragement it gives to the
spawn to run out. A little additional litter may be added
as required, so as to keep the beds in regular and uniform
bearing, and gentle applications of tepid liquid-manure
will be found of great benefit to those beds that have
been well gathered from. Where the convenience of
hot-water pipes, or other artificial means, can be com-
manded for mushroom culture, so that the right tempera-
ture can be at all times maintained, no kind of litter-
covering need be applied. Mushroom-beds are always
best made under cover, and even a cart-shed can be
very easily converted into an excellent mushroom-house.
Warm and gentle moisture has much to do with the
growth of the mushrooms ; therefore, if the shed is
covered in with slate or tiles, the space between the
rafters inside should be well stuffed with straw of any
kind, which can be fastened up by nailing cross strips
of boards from rafter to rafter. Then, after the bed
is made, spawned, and finished, the front of the shed
may be stopped up with thick and well-thatched hurdles,
which would be warmer and better than any other thin
permanent enclosure. These hurdles can be readily
opened whenever light is wanting, either to examine
the beds, or to cover, or to uncover, or to collect, the
mushrooms. It is also convenient to be able to open the
house opposite where you wish, either to get in fresh
materials to make a new bed with, or to take out an old
one. If the length of the shed be from 21 to 30 feet,
it should give a large supply of mushrooms during the
winter and spring months. The beds should be made
along the back of the house.

Previously to making up the beds, a board about

MUSHROOM-BEDS

MUSHROOM-BEDS

9 inches high should be placed as a frontage-board,
from 3 to 4 feet distant from the wall, which is a good
width for the bottom of the bed. This front board may
be supported upright by driving three or four short stakes
into the floor. The bed may be from 2 to 3 feet high
at the back, sloping down to 9 inches in front,.:which will
give a very convenient width to reach over for all neces-
sary purposes. Have the materials ready to make the
first bed about the last week in August. Let this occupy
one-third of the length of the shed. Make up another
of the same size about the last week in October, and the
remaining third about the ist of January.

In four or five weeks after spawning, in spring
and autumn, the bed should begin to produce, but not
until much later in summer and winter ; and if
kept dry and warm, it will continue to do so for several
months.

A gathering may take place two or three times a week,
according to the productiveness of the bed. It some-
times happens that beds will not come into production
for five or six months ; they should not, therefore, be
impatiently destroyed.

Watering. — In autumn, the bed will not require water
until the first crop is gathered, but it is then to be re-
peated after every gathering ; a sprinkling only is neces-
sary. In spring and summer, during dry weather, the
same course is to be pursued. As excessive or unequal
moisture is studiously to be avoided, the best mode of
applying the water is to pour it through a rose-pan on
to a thin layer of hay, which has previously been spread
over the bed, and thus allow it to percolate by degrees.
In winter, waterings are not allowable ; to keep the
mould moist, hot fermenting mulch may be put on
outside the covering. If the bed is in the open ground,
on a warm day succeeding to wet weather, it may be
left uncovered 'for not more than two or three hours.
During excessive rains, the additional covering of
mats, &c., must be afforded ; and, on the other hand, if
a moderate, warm shower occurs during summer, after
excessive droughts, it may be fully admitted, by taking
off the covering.

Mode of Gathering.— In gathering, the covering being
carefully turned off, only such are to be taken as are
half an inch or more in diameter before they become
flat, but are compact and firm. Old mushrooms,
especially, should be rejected for the table, as it is found
that some which are innoxious when young become
dangerous when tending to decay ; they also then lose
much of their flavour.

Each mushroom is detached by a gentle twist com-
pletely to the root ; a knife must never be employed,
for the stumps left in the ground decay, and become
the nursery of maggots, which are liable to infect the
succeeding crop.

Other Modes of Cultivation.— Some gardeners merely
vary from the preceding by building entirely of dung,
without any layers of earth. Many gardeners grow
mushrooms in the same bed with their melons and
cucumbers. The spawn is inserted in the mould, and
on the hills of the beds, as soon as the burning heat is
passed. In September or October, when the bines of
the plants decay, the bed is carefully cleaned, the glasses
put on and kept close, and when the earth becomes
dry, water is frequently but moderately given, as well
as every gentle shower admitted when necessary. A
gentle heat is thus caused, and the produce is often
extraordinarily abundant, frequently two bushels, from
a frame 10 feet by 6, and mushrooms have been produced
two pounds in weight.

Hampers or boxes containing about 4 inches depth
of fresh, dry stable-dung, or, in preference, of a mixture
of three barrow-loads of horse-dung, and one perfectly
dry cow-dung, well pressed in, may be set in some
situation where neither damp nor frost can enter. After
two or three days, or as soon as heat is generated, the
spawn may be inserted ; a mushroom brick is to be
broken into three equal parts, and each fragment to be
laid 4 inches asunder on the surface of the dung ; after
six days, ij inch depth of fresh dung to be beaten down
as before. In the course of a fortnight, or as soon as it
is found that the spawn has run nearly through the
whole of the dung, fine earth must be applied 2\ inches
thick, and the surface made level. In five or six weeks
the mushrooms will begin to come up, and if the mould
appear dry, may then be gently watered, the water

being slightly heated. Each box will continue in pro-
duction six or eight weeks.

Mr. J. Oldaker, late gardener to the Emperor of
Russia, introduced a house purposely constructed for
the growth of the mushroom. The house is found of
great use in storing broccoli during the winter. It is
usually built against the back wall of a forcing-house,
or wherever convenient ; but if built unconnected with
another building, the only necessary alteration is to
have a hipped instead of a lean-to roof. The outside
wall should be 8£ feet high for four heights, the width
10 feet within the walls, which is most convenient, as it
admits shelves 3$ feet wide on each side, and a space up
the middle 3 feet wide, for a double flue, and wall upon it.

When the outside of the house is finished, a floor or
ceiling is made over it, as high as the top of the outside
walls, of boards i inch thick, and plastered on the upper
side, with road-sand, well wrought together, an inch
thick ; square trunks being left in the ceiling, 9 inches
in diameter, up the middle of the house, at 6 feet apart,
with slides to ventilate with when necessary.

Two single brick walls, each five bricks high, are
then to be erected at 3^ feet from the outside walls, to
hold up the sides of the floor-beds, and form at the
same time one side of the air flues. Upon these low walls
are to be laid planks 4^ inches wide, and 3 inches
thick, in which are to be mortised the standards, which
support the shelves. These standards to be 3^ inches
square, and 4^ feet asunder, fastened at the top, into
the wooden ceiling. The cross bearers, which support
the shelves, must be mortised into the bearers and
into the walls; the first set of bearers being 2 feet
from the floor, and each succeeding one to be at the same
distance from the one below it. The shelves ought
to be of boards ij inch thick, each shelf having a ledge
in front, of boards i inch thick and 8 inches deep, to
support the front of the beds, fastened outside the
standards. The flue to commence at the end of the
house next the door, and running the whole length, to
return back parallel, and communicate with the chimney ;
the walls of the insides to be the height of four bricks
laid flat, and 6 inches wide ; this will allow a cavity
on each side betwixt the flues, 2 inches wide, to admit
the heat from their sides into the house. The middle
cavity itself should be covered with tiles, leaving a space
of i inch betwixt each. The top of the flue, including
the covering, should not be higher than the walls that
form the fronts of the floor-beds. The wall itself is
covered with three rows of tiles, the centre one covering
the cavity, as before mentioned ; the outside cavities
are left uncovered.

As the compost, the formation of the beds, &c., are
very different from the common practice, we will give
Mr. Oldaker*s directions. The compost employed is
fresh horse-dung, which has been subject neither to wet
nor fermentation, cleared of the long straw, but one-
fourth of the short litter allowed to remain, with one-
fourth of dry turf-mould, or other fresh earth.

The beds are to be made by placing a layer of the
above compost, 3 inches thick, on the shelves and floor,
which must be beaten as close as possible with a flat
mallet, fresh layers being added and consolidated until
the bed is 7 inches thick, and its surface as level as
possible. If the beds are thicker, the fermentation
caused will be too powerful ; or if much less, the heat
will be insufficient for the nourishment of the spawn.
As soon as the beds intimate a warmth of 80° or 90°,
they are to be beaten a second time, to render them still
more solid, and holes made with a dibble, 3 inches in
diameter and 9 apart, through the compost, in every
part of the beds ; these prevent too great a degree of
heat arising and causing rottenness.

If the beds do not attain a proper heat in four or five
days after being put together, another layer, 2 inches
thick, must be added. If this does not increase the
heat, part of the beds must be removed, and fresh horse-
droppings mixed with the remainder. The spawn is
to be inserted in three or four days after making the
holes, when the thermometer indicates the desired degree
of heat ; the insides of the holes are dry ; and while
the heat is on the decline every hole is to be filled,
either with lumps or fragments of spawn, well beaten in,
and the surface made level.

In a fortnight, if the spawn is vegetating freely, and
the beds are required for immediate production, they

MUSHROOM-BEDS

572

MUSS^NDA

may be earthed over ; but those for succession left un-
earthed, three or four weeks in summer, and four or
five in winter. If the spawn is introduced in hot weather,
air must be admitted as freely as possible until the
spawn has spread itself through the beds.

The soil employed should be maiden earth, with turf
well reduced ; neither too dry nor too wet, otherwise it
will not be capable of being beaten solid. It must be
laid regularly over the beds 2 inches thick. From the
time of earthing, the room is to be kept at a temperature
of 50° or 55°. If higher, it will weaken or destroy the
spawn ; if lower, it will vegetate slowly ; and if watered
in that state, numbers of mushrooms will be prevented
attaining perfection. Water must be applied with
extreme caution, being nearly as warm as new milk,
and sprinkled over the beds with a syringe or small
watering-pot. Cold water destroys both the crop and
the beds. If suffered to become dry, it is better to give
several light than one heavy watering.

Beds thus managed will bear for several months ; and
a constant supply of mushrooms kept up by earthing
but one bed or more every two or three months.

If, when in full production, the mushrooms become
long-stemmed and weak, the temperature is certainly
too high, and air must be proportionately admitted. As
the beds decline, to renovate them the earth must be
taken off clean, and if the dung is decayed they must be
reformed, any good spawn being preserved that may
appear ; but if the beds are dry, solid, and full of good
spawn, a fresh layer of compost, 3 or 4 inches thick,
must be added, mixed a little with the old, and beaten
solid as before.

Mushrooms may be grown in a cellar, or other vaulted
place, with equal success, and not unfrequently with a
greater advantage, the same rules being adopted ; but
no fire is necessary, and less water.

Spawn: where to be found. — Spawn is constituted of
masses of white fibres, arising from the spores of mush-
rooms that have fallen into situations suitable for their
germination, from which it is to be obtained : such
places are stable dung-hills, dungy horse-rides in stable-
yards, horse mill-tracks, dry spongy composts: the
droppings of hard-fed horses also produce it in greater
abundance than the dung of any other animal, and more
sparingly under sheds, where horses, oxen, or sheep
have been kept. The dung of the two latter affords it
in greater perfection than that of grass-fed horses. It
has also been found in pigeons' dung ; but the most
certain mode of obtaining it is to open the ground about
mushrooms growing in pastures, though it is said not
to be so productive.

Time of Collecting. — July, August, and September, it
being reckoned in the greatest perfection in this last
month. It may be found, however, and should be col-
lected, when it appears in the spring. It generally occurs
spread through the texture of cakes, or lumps of dry,
rotted dung. Put it in a heap under a dry shed ; and
a current of air, passing through the shed, is of great
utility. If kept dry, spawn may be preserved three or
four years ; if damp, it will either vegetate before being
planted or putrefy.

Spawn must not be so far advanced in vegetation as
to appear in threads or fibres ; for, when in this state,
it is no longer applicable to a mushroom-bed ; it may
produce a mushroom if left to itself, but otherwise is
useless. Spawn proper for inserting in a bed should
have the appearance of indistinct white mould.

May be raised. — Spawn is capable of being raised
artificially. The following is the manner : Two barrow-
loads of cow-dung, not grass-fed, one load of sheep's-
dung, and one of horses', well dried and broken so small
as to pass through a coarse sieve, are well mixed, and laid
in a conical heap during March, in a dry shed, being
well trod as it is formed, to check its heating excessively.
This heap is covered with hot dung, 4 inches thick, or
only with mats if the shed is warm ; for here, as in all the
stages of growth, the heat should only range between
55° and 60°. In about a month the heap is examined ;
and if the spawn has not begun to run, which is shown
by indistinct white fibres pervading its texture, another
covering, of equal thickness to the first, is applied over
the old one ; in another month it will indubitably make
its appearance. The time varies from three to ten
weeks.

May be increased. — If a small quantity of spawn only-

can be collected, it may be increased in the following
methods, the first of which is chiefly recommendable on
account of its simplicity and facility of adoption :

Small pieces of the spawn may be planted a foot
asunder, just beneath the surface of the mould of a
cucumber- bed constructed in the spring. In about two
months the surface of the spawn will assume a mouldy
appearance ; it may then be taken up, with the earth
adhering to it, and! when dried stored as before directed.

The second mode is variously practised. In the course
of May a heap of the droppings of cows, sheep, and
horses, or any one or two of them, without the admixture
of any undecomposed straw, is to be collected, and one-
fifth of road-scraping with one-twentieth of coal-ashes
added, the whole beins mixed together with as much
of the drainings from a dunghill as will make it of the
consistency of mortar. Being well incorporated, it is
then to be spread in a dry, sheltered, airy place, on a
smooth surface, and beaten flat with a spade. When
become of the consistency of clay, it is to be cut into
slabs about 8 inches square, a hole punched half through
the middle of each, and piled to dry, an opening being
left between every two bricks. When perfectly dry, a
fragment of the spawn is to be buried in the hole pre-
viously made : it will shortly spread through the whole
texture of the slabs, if kept in a warm, dry place, when
each may be broken into four pieces, and when quite
dry laid on shelves — separate, and not in heaps, other-
wise a bed will be formed for the spawn to run in. Mr.
Wales recommends the composition to consist of three-
parts horse-dung without litter, two of rotten tree-leaves,
two of cow-duns, one of rotten tanner's bark, and one
of sheep's dung, mixed to the consistency of mortar,
and moulded in small frames like those used by brick-
makers, 6 inches long, 4 broad, and 3 deep. Three
holes to be made half through the bricks, an inch apart,
with a blunt dibble, for the reception of the spawn.
They should be put on boards for the convenience of
moving abroad during fine days, as they must be made
perfectly dry, which they often appear to be on the
outside when they are far otherwise internally. Before
they are perfectly dry they require great care in handling
and turning, from their aptitude to break ; but in about
three weeks, if dry weather, when perfectly dried, they
become quite firm. To pervade them with the spawn,
a layer of fresh horse-litter, which has laid in a heap to
sweeten, as for a hotbed, must be formed, 6 inches thick,
in a dry shed. On this a course of the bricks is to be
laid, and their holes completely filled with spawn ; and,
as the bricks are laid in rows upon each other, the upper
side of each is to be scattered over with some of the
same. The bricks are not placed so as to touch, so that
the heat and steam of the dung may circulate equally
and freely. The heap is to terminate with a single
brick, and when completed, covered with a layer, 6 inches
thick, of hot dung, to be reinforced with an additional
3 inches after a lapse of two weeks. The spawn will
generally have thoroughly run through the bricks after
another fortnight. If, however, upon examination this
is not found to be the case, they must remain for ten
days longer. The bricks being allowed to dry for a
few days before they are stored, will then keep for many
years.

Mr. Oldaker recommends the bricks to be made of
fresh horse-droppings, mixed with short litter, to which
must be added one-third of cow-dung, and a small
portion of earth, to cement them together. The spawn
to be inserted when they are half dry.

Quantity required. — One bushel of spawn is required
for a bed 5 feet by 10 ; two bushels for one double that
length ; and so on in proportion.

MUSK-AKRO or OCHRO. Hibiscus Abelmo'schus.
MUSK-FLOWER. Mi'mulus moschatus.

MUSS2E NDA. (The Cingalese name of M. frondo'sa,
Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria.
i-Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sandy soil, in heat,
under a glass, in May ; loam and peat. Winter temp.,
50° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. capsuli'fera (capsule-bearing). 2. White. Socotra.

1899.
,, cocci'nea (scarlet). See WARSZEWICZIA COCCINEA.

MUSSCHIA

573

MYOPORUM

M. corymbo'sa (corymbed). Orange. May. E. Ind.

1827.

„ erythrophy'lla (red-leaved). 30-40. Yellow, changing
to red,' centre crimson. Sepal crimson. Trop.
Africa. 1863.

„ frondo'sa (leafy). 8. Yellow. August. E. Ind. 1814.
„ gla'bra (smooth). 6. Orange. July. Himalaya;

Malaya. 1820.
„ lu'teola (pale-yellow). 3-6. Primrose; large sepal

white. Arabia ; Nubia.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 8. Orange. May.

Nepaul. 1827.

„ pube'scens (downy). 2-6. Yellow. China.
„ rufine'rva (rusty- red- nerved). 6-8. Large sepal

white. Sumatra.
,, sanderia'na (Sanderian). 5-6. Yellow ; large sepal

white. Indo-China. 1909.
„ specio'sa (showy). 6. Red. August. Venezuela.

1820.

„ thei'fera (tea-bearing). See M. UNIFLORA.
,, Treutle'ri (Treutler's). 2-8. Orange ; large sepals

white. July. India. 1840 and 1909.
„ unifto'ra (one-flowered). 2-4. White, fragrant.

Burma ; Cochin-China. 1883.

MU'SSCHIA. (Commemorative of /. H. Mussche, of
the Ghent Botanic Garden. Nat. ord. Campanulaceae.
Allied to Michauxia.)

Greenhouse subshrubs or herbs with rough stems and
leaves. Seeds ; cuttings of short side-shoots in sand,
covered with a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and a liberal
use of sand.
M. au'rea (golden). 2-3. Yellow. August. Madeira.

1777. Evergreen shrub.
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow. August.

Madeira. 1777.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Yellow. August.

Madeira. 1777.

„ Wollasio'ni (Wollaston's). 2-6. Purple. Madeira.
1857.

MUSSEL SCALE. See SCALE INSECTS.

MUSTARD (Bra'ssica a'lba) succeeds best in a fine,
rich, mouldy loam. In early spring, and late in autumn,
the situation should be sheltered, and, during the height
of summer, shaded from the meridian sun.

Sowing, for salading, may be throughout the year.
From the beginning of November to the same period of
March, in a gentle hotbed, or in the corner of a stove.
From the close of February to the close of April it may
be sown in the open ground, on a warm, sheltered
border, and from thence to the middle of September in
a shady one. For salading, sow in flat-bottomed drills,
about i inch deep, and 6 inches apart. The seed cannot
well be sown too thick. The earth which covers the
seed should be very fine. Water must be given in dry
weather, as a due supply of moisture is the chief induce-
ment to a quick vegetation. The sowings are to be
performed once or twice in a fortnight, according to the
demand. Cress (Lepi'dium sati'vum) is the most con-
stant accompaniment of this salad-herb; and as the
mode of cultivation for each is the same, it is only neces-
sary to remark that, as cress is rather slower in vegetating
than mustard, it must, for the obtaining them in per-
fection at the same time, be sown five or six days earlier.
Cut for use whilst young, and before the rough leaves
appear.

To obtain Seed, sow thin. When the seedlings have
attained four leaves, thin them to 8 or 9 inches apart.
If dry weather occurs at the time of flowering, water
may be applied with great advantage to their roots.
The plants flower in June, and are fit for cutting when
their pods are brown. They must be thoroughly dried
before threshing and storing.

Forcing. — For forcing, sow in boxes or pans, even if a
hotbed is appropriated to the purpose. Pans of rotten
tan are to be preferred to pots or boxes of mould ; but
whichever is employed, the seed must be sown thick,
and other directions attended to, as for the open-ground
crops. The hotbed need only be moderate.

MUSTARD BEETLE. PTiafdon Be'tulif.

MUTTSIA. (Named after C. Mutis, a South American
botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua. Allied to Barnadesia.)

Stove climbers. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in
May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a gentle bottom-
heat. Common stove temp. M. latifo'lia should be
tried against a wall.

M. arachnoi'dfs (cobweb-like). See M. SPECIOSA.
„ itrevifto'ra (short-flowered). Deep orange ; disc

yellow. Juan Fernandez.
„ Cle'matis (Clematis). Scarlet; disc yellow. Peru.

1859.

„ decu'rrens (decurrent). Deep orange. Chili. Half-
hardy.

„ ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 10. S. Amer. 1832.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Pink, yellow. Sep-
tember. Valparaiso. 1832.

„ specio'sa (showy). 6. Red. July. Brazil. 1823.
„ versi'color (changing-coloured). Orange, banded with

brown. Tuan Fernandez.
„ viciafo'lia ( Vicia- leaved) . Orange. Chili. 1887.

MYA'GRUM. (From muia, a fly, and agra, capture ;
referring to the clamminess of the plant. Nat. ord.
Crucifers [Crucifera]. Linn. i^-Telr adynamia. Allied
to Isatis.)

Hardy annual. Seeds in open border, in April.
M. perfolia'tum (leaf-stem-pierced). £. Pale yellow.
June. France. 1648.

MYA'NTHUS. Fly wort. (From muia, a fly, and
anthos, a flower ; its appearance when dried. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Flowers of M . barba'tus and Monacha'nthus vi'ridis have
been produced on a spike of Catase'tum, showing the un-
certainty of the laws on which genera and species are
founded in Orchids. Catase'tum being the older name,
Monachanthus and Myanthus have been united to it.
See CATASE'TUM.

MYCARA'NTHES. (Same derivation as Myanthus.
Nat. ord. Orchidacea?. Now referred to Eria.)
M. obli'qua (twisted-leaved). See ERIA OBLIQUA.

MYGI'NDA. (Named after C. Mygind, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Spindle-trees [Celastraceae]. Linn.
4-Tetrandria, $-Tetragynia. Allied to Elasodendron.)

Evergreen shrubs, all white-flowered but one. M.
myrtifo'lia is hardy ; propagated by cuttings of the
ripened shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in autumn ;
the others require stove-treatment, and are propagated
by ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; loam
and peat, sandy and fibrous.

M. integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). 4. Martinique. 1826.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. April. W. Ind. 1795.
„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). See PACHISTIMA MYR-

SINITES.

„ Rhaco'ma (Rhacoma). 4. Jamaica. 1798.
,, Urago'ga (diuretic). 4. Purple. August. S. Amer.
1790.

MYLOCA'RYUM. Buckwheat-tree. (From mule, a
mill, and karyon, a nut ; having four-winged seeds. Nat.
ord. Cyrillads [Cyrillaceae]. Linn. \o-Decandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Now referred to Cliftonia.)
M. ligustri'num (privet-like). See CLIFTONIA NITIDA.

MYO'PORUM. (From muo, to shut, and poros, a pore,
or opening ; referring to the transparent spots on the
leaves. Nat. ord. Myoporads [Myoporaceje]. Linn.
i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Greenhouse, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs, from
New South Wales. Cuttings of the points of shoots,
getting firm at their base, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in April ; loam and peat, fibrous and sandy, with pieces
of charcoal intermixed. Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
Af. parvifo'lium and others would, no doubt, succeed
against a wall, where protection could be given in winter.
Af. acumina'tum (point-leaved). 3. 1812.

„ crassifo'lium( thick-leaved), ij. New Zealand. 1822.

„ de'bile (weak). 3. White. April.

„ Dese'rtii (Desert's). White. Australia.

„ diffu'sum (spreading). See M. DEBILE.

„ elli'pticum (oval-leaved). See M. ACUMINATUM.

„ insula're (island). See M. SERRATUM.

„ la' turn (bright). White. New Zealand.

„ monta'num (mountain). See M. ACUMINATUM.

„ oppositifo'lium (opposite-leaved). 3. 1803.

MYOSOTIDIUM

574

MYRICA

M. parvi/o'lium (small-leaved). 1803.
„ rosmarinifo'lium (rosemary-leaved). See M. PARVI-

FOLIUM.

„ serra'tum (saw-leaved). 6. White, purple. May.
„ „ tubercula' turn (tubercled). 3. 1803.

tasma'nicum (Tasmanian). See M. SERRATUM.
„ tubercula'tum (tubercled). See M. SERRATUM TUBER-

CULATUM.

MYOSOTI'DIUM. (From Myosotis, and eidos, appear-
ance or look ; in reference to the flowers, which look like
those of a Myosotis. Nat. ord. Boraginacea?.)

Hardy perennial herb, resembling a huge Forget-me-
not. It likes a moist, cool, but sheltered place in the
open air, and must not be disturbed when established.
Seeds. Good, rich but open soil.

M. no' bile (noble). 1-2. Blue, with white edges. Spring.
Chatham Island. 1858. " Chatham Island
Forget-me-not."

MYOSO TIS. Forget-me-not. (From mus, a mouse,
and ous, otis, an ear ; resemblance of the leaves. Nat.
ord. Borageworts [Boragiiiace®]. Linn. ^-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Seeds for annuals, and also for the perennial herba-
ceous species ; most of the latter freely, by dividing the
root in spring ; the scarcer ones by cuttings in a shady
place, in summer, under a hand-light ; moist places, by
the side of ditches and ponds, suit most of them. M.
palu'stris is the true Forget-me-not. It, as well as others,
may be treated like alpine plants in winter, and have a
saucer of water below the pot in summer, when they
will bloom long and well. M. alpe'stris, M. dissitifio'ra,
M. sylva'tica, and their varieties are much used in spring
bedding.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

M. alpe'stris (alpine). £. Blue. July. Europe. 1818.
„ „ eleganti'ssima (very-elegant). White, rose, and

blue, free flowering. 1882.
„ azo'rica (Azorean). i. Dark blue. August. Azores.

1846.

„ azu'rea (light blue). Blue. June. Corvo. 1842.
„ ccespito'sa (tufted). }. Blue. June. Britain.
„ ,, macroca'lyx (large-calyxed). J. Blue. June.

Britain.
„ „ Rehstei'neri (Rehsteiner's). £. Clear blue

Summer. Lake of Geneva.
„ dissitifto'ra (scattered-flowered). J-i. Blue, with

yellow eye. Switzerland. 1868.
„ , a'lba (white). White. 1883.
„ , Dye'ra (Lady Dyer's).
„ , eleganti'ssima (very-elegant). Leaves edged with

creamy-white.
„ , grandifio'ra (large-flowered). Flowers large. 1886.

, sple'ndens (splendid). Flowers very large.

1881.

„ horte'nsis (garden). See MYOSOTIDIUM MOBILE.
„ interme'dia (intermediate). J. Blue. April. Europe,

&c. 1800.
„ lithospermifo'lia (Lithospermum-leaved). See M.

SYLVATICA.
„ macro,' ntha (large-flowered). Flowers yellow, \ in.

long. New Zealand.
„ na'na (dwarf). See M. INTERMEDIA.
„ na'na (dwarf) of Vill. See ERITRICHIUM NANUM.
„ obtu'sutn (blunt). See ANCHUSA BARRELIERI.
„ palu'stris (marsh), i. Blue, yellow. July. Britain.

" Common Forget-me-not."
„ Rehstei'neri, M. Reichsteineri, and M. Reichensteineri.

See M. C^ESPITOSA REHSTEINERI.
„ re'pens (creeping), i. Pale blue. June. Britain.

" Blue Eyebright."
,, rupi'cola (rock). See M. ALPESTRIS.
„ semperflo'rens (ever-blooming). |-i. Blue. Garden

origin.

„ seri'cea (silky). See ERITRICHIUM SERICEUM.
„ sparsiflo'ra (scattered-flowered), ij. Blue. May.

S. France. 1822.
„ sylva'tica (wood). I. Blue, yellow. May to July.

Britain.

„ „ alpe'stris (alpine). See M. ALPESTRIS.
„ Trave'rsii (Travers's). $. Yellow. New Zealand.

1894-

HARDY ANNUALS.
M. arve'nsis a'lba (white-corn-field), i. White. June.

Britain.

,, auslra'lis (southern). Blue. June. N.S. Wales. 1824.
„ califo'rnica (Calif ornian). See KRYNIT/KIA CALI-

FORNICA.

„ Ci'ntra (Cintra). See M. WELWITSCHII.
,, clava'ta (club-leaved). See TRIGONOTIS CLAVATA.
,, colli'na (hill), i- Blue. May. Britain.
,, commuta'ta (changed). See M. ™;SPITOSA.
,, littora'lis (sea-shore). Blue, yellow. April. Caspian

Sea. 1836.
,, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See ANCHUSA MYOSOTI-

DIFLORA.

„ peduncula'ris (/ong-flower-stalked). See TRIGONOTIS

CLAVATA.

„ ungula'ta (clawed). Blue. June. Siberia. 1822.
,, versi'color (changing-coloured). J-J. Yellow, then

blue. June, July. Britain.
„ Welwi'tschii (Welwitsch's). |. Bright blue, with

yellow-white eye. Spain. 1890.
MY'RCIA. (A name of Venus. Nat. ord. Myrtle-
blooms [Myrtacea?]. Linn. iz-Icosandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Myrtus.)

Stove white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of stubby
young shoots, getting a little firm at their base, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-heat, in May ;
sandy peat and fibrous loam, with charcoal nodules to
keep it open. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60°
to 80°.

M. a'cris (sharp-flavoured). See PIMENTA ACRIS.
,, amplexicaulis (stem-clasping). 4-5. White. Brazil.

1869.

„ bractea'ta (bracted). 4. May. Brazil. 1824.
„ coria'cea (leathery -leaved). 4. Caribbean Isles. 1759.
, crassine'rvia (thick-nerved). May. Guiana. 1780.
, pimentoi'des (allspice-like). See EUGENIA ACRIS.
, Pseu'dp-Mi'ni (false-mini). May. Brazil. 1822.
, soro'ria (sister). 5. May. Trinidad. 1822.
, sple'ndens (shining). 12. May. Hispaniola. 1822.
MYRIA'CTIS. (From murios, a myriad, and aktin, a
sunbeam ; referring to the florets. Nat. ord. Composites
[Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua. Allied
to Bellis.)

Half-hardy annuals. Seeds in spring, in a gentle heat ;
division of the plant as growth commences ; sandy loam ;
the protection of a cold pit will generally be necessary
in whiter.

M. Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). White. June. Persia. 1836.
„ nepale'nsis (Nepaulese). White ; disc yellow.

Himalaya. 1900.
„ Wi'ghtii( Wight's). White; disc yellow. India. 1900.

MYRIADE'NUS. (From murios, a myriad, and aden,
a gland ; the leaves are thickly beset with glands. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]W Linn. ly-Dia-
delphia, 4-Decandria. See ZORNIA.)
M. tetraphy'llus (four-leaved). See ZORNIA MYRIADENA.

MYEI'CA. Caudleberry Myrtle. (From murike, a
shrub, a tamarisk ; inhabiting the banks of rivers. Nat.
ord. Galeworts [Myricaceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, 4-Tet-
randria.)

The berries of M. ceri'fera yield a large proportion
of wax, of which candles are made ; hence the name.
Greenhouse kinds, by cuttings under glass, in a shady
place, in autumn and spring, but without bottom-heat ;
peat, moist and sandy. Hardy kinds, by seeds sown as
soon as ripe, by layers, by cuttings, and by suckers and
division. The Ga'le is one of our hardiest plants, and is
used for many purposes, such as placing its leafy, dried
twigs among clothes to give them an agreeable scent,
and keep away moths, and to banish vermin from beds.
The berries put into beer render it as intoxicating as
those of the Anami'rta Co'cculus, and, when distilled while
they are fresh, they yield an essential oil. All like rather
moist, sandy peat.

HARDY SHRUBS.
M. asplenifo'lia (Asplenium-leaved). 4. May. N.

Amer. I7r4.

,, califo'rnica (Californian). 4. Green. June. Cali-
fornia. 1848.

MYRICARIA

575

MYRRHIS

M. Caroline' nsis (Carolinian). 4-5. Green. June.

United States. 1894.
„ ceri'fera (wax-bearing). 8. May. N. Amer. 1699.

Deciduous.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. May. N. Amer. 1730.

Evergreen.

„ Ga'le (sweet-gale). 4. May. Britain. Deciduous.
„ „ tomenio'sa (felted). Leaves silky, with hairs.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

M. escule'nta (eatable-berried). See M. NAGI.

,, hirsu'to. (hairy). See M. QUERCIFOLIA.

,, mexica'na (Mexican). 8. February. Mexico. 1823.

,, Na'gi (Nagi). 20. May. Nepaul. 1817.

„ quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). 3. June. S.Africa. 1752.

„ ru'bra (red). See M. NAGI.

MYRICA'RIA. (From tnurike, the Greek name of
the Tamarisk. Nat. ord. Tamarisks [Tamaricaceae]. Linn.
i6-Monadelphia, s-Octandria.)

Hardy, pink-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
young shoots in spring or autumn, in sandy soil, under
a bell-glass ; or, if under a hand-light, all the better ; sandy
loam and leaf-mould, and all the better for a little peat.
M. dahu'rica (Dahurian). See M. DAVURICA.

,, davu'rica (Davurian). 6. Siberia. 1816.

„ germa'nica (German). 8-12. July. Europe. 1582.

MYRIOCA'RPA. (From murios, a myriad or large
number, and karpos, a fruit. Nat. ord. Urticaceae.)

A stove shrub, with leaves 2-3 feet long, including the
stalks. Cuttings of young wood getting firm, in sand
in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.

M. colipe'nsis (Colipan). See M. LONGIPES COLIPENSIS.
,, lo'ngipes (long-stalked).
„ „ colipe'nsis (Colipan). Small flowers in spikes

iJ-2 feet long. Mexico. 1887.
,, stipita'ta (stalked). Green. Trop. Amer.

MYRIOCE'PHALUS. (From murios, a myriad, and
kephale, a head ; the heads are numerous in each cluster.
Nat. ord. Composite.)

Half-hardy, herbaceous perennial. Seeds; cuttings
in sand under a hand-light in summer ; divisions. Ordi-
nary soil, with a cold frame in winter.
M . Stua'rtH (Stuart's), i. White bracts ; yellow disc.
Australia.

MYRIOPHY LLUM. Water-Milfoil. (From murios, a
myriad, and phullon, a leaf. Nat. ord. Hippurids
[Haloragaceae]. Linn. 2i-Monoecia, g-Polyandria. Allied
to Hippuris.)

Hardy perennial, British water-plants, except where
otherwise stated, suitable for the margins of lakes,
ponds, &c. Chiefly by division ; ponds and ditches ;
interesting little aquatics.

M. alterniflo'rum (alternate-flowered), i. July.
,, pectina'tum (comb-leaved). See M. VERTICILLATUM

PECTINATUM.

„ proserpinacoi'des(PTOserpina.ca-ljke). i. Green. July.

Brazil and Chili. 1878.
,, spica'tum (spiked), i. Red. July.
„ verticilla'tum (whorled). i. White. July.
„ „ pectina'tum (comb-leaved). White. July.

MYRIO'PTERIS. (From murios, a myriad, and pteris,
a fern. Nat. ord. Filices. Now referred to Cheilanthes,
which see.)
M. e'legans (elegant). See CHEILANTHES MYRIOPHYLLA

ELEGANS.

» fri'gida (frigid). See CHEILANTHES FRIGIDA.

„ lendi'gera (maggot-bearing). See CHEILANTHES LENDI-

GERA.
„ myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved). See CHEILANTHES

MYRIOPHYLLA.

,, tomento'sa (felted). See CHEILANTHES TOMENTOSA.
„ vesti'ta (clothed). See CHEILANTHES LANUGINOSA.
MYRTSTICA. Nutmeg. (From muristikos, sweet-
smelling. Nat. ord. Nutmegs [Myristicaceae]. Linn.
22-Dicecia, i^-Monadelphia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in a sweet bottom-heat ; sandy
loam and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.

M. fa'tua (tasteless). 30. Green, white. Surinam. 1812.
,, fra' grans (fragrant). 30. Pale yellow. Moluccas.

1795- " Nutmeg."
„ Horsfie'ldii (Horsfield's). Ceylon.
,, magni'fica (magnificent). Travancore.
„ moscha'ta (musky). See M. FRAGRANS.
„ sebi'fera (wax-bearing). 10. Yellow, green. Guiana.
MYRMECO'DIA. (From murmekodes, abounding in
ants ; ants take up their abode in the tuberous bole of
the plant. Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

Interesting stove plants, from the fact that ants, in
the native country, take up their abode in holes of the
short, tuberous stem. Seeds ; imported plants, and
cuttings in sand in a close case, with bottom-heat.
Loam, peat, and sand.
M. Antoi'nei (Antoine's). i-ij. Flowers small, white.

Torres Straits. 1897.

„ Becca'ri (Beccar's). i-ij. White. Trop. Australia.
MTRO'BALAN PLUM. Pru'nus cerasi'fera.

MYRO'DIA. (From muron, fragrant balsam, and
odme, smell. Nat. ord. Sterculiads [Sterculiaceae]. Linn.
i6-Monadelphia, &-Polyandria. Allied to Helicteres.)
M. turbina'ta (top-shzped-calyxed). See QUARARIBEA

TURBINATA.

MYRO'SMA. (From muron, fragrant balsam, and
osme, smell. Nat. ord. Scitaminaceae.)

Evergreen stove herbs with tuberous roots, with fine
foliage. Divisions and suckers. Fibrous loam, peat
plenty of sand, and some nodules of charcoal.
M. canncejo'lium (Canna-leaved). White, small. Guiana

1820.

,, Gla'dioli (Gladiolus-leaved). Trop. Amer.
,, Hemisphafricum (hemispherical). Trop. Amer.
„ kummeria'num (Kummerian). Leaves dark green,

with silvery bands. Trop. Amer. 1875.
„ Lubbe'rsii (Lubbers's). Leaves marbled with yellow.

Trop. Amer. 1880.
„ madagascarie'nse (Madagascar). White. Madagascar.

1872.
„ na'num (dwarf). $. White. Leaves with a yellow

median band. Trop. Amer. 1894.
„ seto'sum (bristly). 2. Purple or white. Brazil
1824.

MYROSPE'RMUM. (From muron, myrrh, or aromatic
balsam, and sperma, a seed ; the seeds yield a strong-
smelling resin. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Sophora.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand, in summer, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-
heat ; loam and peat, with an addition of silver sand
and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 55° ; summer, 60°
to 85°.
M. frute'scens (shrubby). 10. Rose. May. Caracas,

1824.
„ peruiferum (Peru-io/sam-bearing). See MYROXYLON

PERUIFERUM.

,, pube'scens (downy). See MYROXYLON PUBESCENS.
„ tolui'ferum (Tolu-bearing). See MYROXYLON TOLUI-

FERUM.

MYROXYLON. (From muron, myrrh, and xulon
wood ; in allusion to the fragrant balsam contained in
the wood. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

This is the genus which produces the Balsam of Peru
and Balsam of Tolu, used in perfumery and in the pre-
paration of lozenges. See MYROSPERMUM FOR CULTURE.
M. Perei'rcz (Pereira's). Central Amer.
„ perui'ferum (Peru-bearing). 40. White. Brazil

1824.

,, pube'scens (downy). 40. White. Colombia. 1820.
,, tolui'ferum (Tolu-bearing). 40. Cream. Trop. Amer.

1733-

MY RRB3S. Myrrh. (From murrha, myrrh, or peir
fumed balsam. Nat. ord. Umbellifers [Umbelliferae].
Linn. 5-Pentandria, -z-Digynia. Allied to Scandix.)

This is the British Myrrh, formerly used in variouj
ways. Hardy herbaceous. Seeds, dividing at the root,
and slips inserted early in spring in a shady place,
common garden soil.
M. odora'ta (sweet-scented). 2$. White. May. Britain.

MYRSINE

576

NAILS

MY RSINE. (The ancient name of myrrh. Nat. ord.
Arditiadl [Myrsinaceaej. Linn. 2^-Polygamia, 2-Dioecia.
Allied to Ardisia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, but M. africa'na is hardy in the
southern and more favoured parts of England and Ireland.
Cuttings of stubby shoots before they are quite ripe, in
sand, under a glass, in heat ; fibrous loam and sandy
peat. Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
M. africa'na (African). 4. Brown. May. S. Africa.

1691.
„ „ bifa'ria (two-rowed-leaved). 20. White, pink.

January. Nepaul. 1822.
,, ,, retu'saibent-bsick-leaved). 2. White, green. June.

S. Africa. 1788.
„ canarie'nsis (Canary-Island). 30. Whitish. Tene-

riffe. 1820.
„ capitella'ta (small-headed). 30. Green. January.

Nepaul. 1822.

„ coria'cea (leathery). 8. December. Jamaica. 1770.
„ Heberde'nia (Heberdenia). See ARDISIA EXCELSA.
„ howittia'na (Howittian). Australia.
„ ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). Australia. 1826.
„ melano'phleos (black-paper). 3. White, green. Cape

of Good Hope. 1783.

„ mi' Us (mild). 6. White. July. S. Africa. 1692.
„ penduliflo'ra (drooping-flowered). Mexico.
„ penta'ndra (five-anthered). 3. White. S. Africa.

1770.

,, solid' na (willow-like). New Zealand.
,, Sa'mara (Samara). See M. PENTANDRA.
„ semiserra'ta (hali-sa\v-edged). 30. Pink. January.

Nepaul. 1822.

,, ,, subspino'sa (slightly-spined). 20. Nepaul. 1823.
„ Urvi'llei (Urville's). 10. New Zealand.
„ varia'bilis (variable). 3. July. N.S. Wales. 1824.

MYBSIPHY'LLUM. (From mursine, myrtle, and
phullon, a leaf ; aromatic leaves. Nat. ord. the Aspara-
gus section of Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria,
i-Monogynia. Now referred to Asparagus.)
M. angustifo' Hum (narrow-leaved). See ASPARAGUS

MEDIOLOIDES ANGUSTIFOLIUS.

,, asparagoi' des (Asparagus-like). See ASPARAGUS

MEDEOLOIDES.

„ „ myrtifo'lius (myrtle-leaved). See ASPARAGUS

MEDEOLOIDES MYRTIFOLIUS.

„ falcifo'rme (sickle-shaped). See ASPARAGUS MEDEO-
LOIDES FALCIFORMIS.

MYHTUS. The Myrtle. (From muron, signifying
perfume, and murtos is the myrtle-tree. Nat. ord.
Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceas]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

The French perfume called Eau d'Ange is obtained
from the distilled water of myrtle-flowers ; and myrtle-
berries and flower-buds are eaten in Italy for pepper.
Evergreens, and all white-flowered but two. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots in sandy soil, under a glass ; sandy
loam and a little peat or leaf-mould, or very old, rather
dry cow-dung. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. The stove
kinds merely require a higher temperature. The varieties
of commu'nis are propagated by cuttings, or by grafting
and budding on the commoner kinds. In the south of
England the myrtle flourishes against a wall ; but north
of London, in such a position, it requires protection in
winter.

STOVE EVERGREENS.
M. biflo'ra (two-flowered). See EUGENIA BIFLORA.

„ buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 6. Isle of Bourbon. 1826.

„ dumo'sa (bushy). 3. June. W. Ind. 1793.

, Gre'gii (Greg's). See EUGENIA GREGII.

, mespiloi'des (medlar-like). See EUGENIA COTINIFOLIA.

, mucrona'ta (small-pointed). Brazil.

, obscu'ra (doubtful). See EUGENIA OBSCURA.

, orbicula'ta (round-leaved). See EUGENIA COTINIFOLIA.

, Pime'nta (Pimenta). See PIMENTA OFFICINALIS.

„ ru'fa (brown-red). See EUGENIA FERRUGINEA.
„ virgulto'sa (twiggy). See EUGENIA VIRGULTOSA.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

M. affi'nis (kindred). 6. Purple. June. China. 1823.
„ apicula'ta (small-apexed). See M. LUMA.
„ bulla'ta (blistered-leaved). 18. White. July. New
Zealand.

M. Che'ken (Cheken). See EUGENIA CHEQUEN.
,, ,, apicula'ta (small-apexed). See M. LUMA.
,, commu'nis (common). 6. June. S. Europe. 1597.
,, ,, be'lgica (broad-leaved-Dutca). 6. July. S.

Europe. 1597.

,, „ bce'tica (Beetle). 6. July. S. Europe. 1597.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 6. July. S.

Europe. 1597.

„ „ ita'lica (Italian). 6. July. S. Europe. 1597.
„ „ lusita'nica (Portuguese). 6. July. S. Europe.

1597-

„ „ macula' ta (spotted). 6. July. S. Europe. 1597.
„ „ mucrona' la (pointed-leaved) . 2. July. S.Europe.

1597-

„ „ roma'na (Roman). 6. July. S. Europe. 1597.
„ ,, tarenti'na (Tarentine). 6. July. S.Europe. 1597.
,, ,, variega'ta (variegated). 6. July. S. Europe.

1597-

„ Lu'ma (Luma). 3. White. Chili. B.M., t. 5040.
,, melastomoi'des (Melastoma-like). See RHODAMNIA

TRINERVIA.

,, myrsinoi'des (Myrsine). Peru.

,, obcorda'ta (reversely-egg-shaped). New Zealand.

„ Ra'lphii (Ralph's). New Zealand.

,, rhytispe'rma (wrinkled-seeded). Australia.

,, tarenti'na (Tarentine). See M. COMMUNIS TARENTINA.

, tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 5. N. Holland. 1824.

, tomento'sa (woolly-leaved). See RHODOMYRTUS

TOMENTOSA.

, trine'rvia( three-nerved). See RHODAMNIA TRINERVIA.
, U'gni (Ugni). 3-5. Pink. July. Chili. 1845.
, ,, variega'ta (variegated).

MYSTACI'DIUM. (From mustax, a moustache ; in
allusion to the hairs on the apex of the column. Nat.
ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove orchids allied to Angraecum. Offsets in spring.
Sphagnum, broken potsherds, and nodules of charcoal.
M. caule'scens (stemmed), i|. Green. White. Sep-
tember. Madagascar. 1834.

„ di'stichum (two-ranked). See ANGR/ECUM DISTICHU.M.
,, dolabrifo'rme (hatchet-shaped). W. Trop. Africa.
,, filico'rne (thread- horned), j. White. July. S.

Africa. 1825.

„ hariotia'num (Hariotian). \. White, minute. Mada-
gascar. 1897.

MYXOPY'RUM. (From muxa, a kind of plum, and
pyrum (more correctly pirum), a pear ; in allusion to the
plum-like fruit and its colour. Nat. ord. Oleaceae.)

Tall, twining stove shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots
in sand, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
M. smilacifo'lium (Smilax-leaved). Flowers very small,
yellow ; fruit nearly round. Malaya.

N

N^GEXIA. (Commemorative of Dr. Ncegeli, of
Munich. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae.)

Stove perennial herbs. Seed ; cuttings of the young
stems, and of mature leaves later on, and by the increase
of the tuberous or fleshy rhizomes. Peat, leaf-mould, a
small quantity of loam, and plenty of sand.
N. ama'bilis (lovely). See N. MULTIFLORA.
„ cinnabari'na (cinnabar). 2. Scarlet. Mexico. 1856.
„ fu'lgida (shining). i£. Vermilion. Mexico. 1867.
,, ,, bi'color (two-coloured), ij. Vermilion, white.
„ geroltia'na (Geroltian). 1^-2. Orange-scarlet. Mexico.

1844.
,, multifto'ra (many-flowered). ij. Creamy- white.

Mexico.

„ zebri'na (zebra-striped), ij. Orange-scarlet, yellow.
Leaves marbled with violet-purple. Mexico. 1840.

NAGE'LIA. (Named after Nageli, a German botanist.
Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. iz-Icosandria, 2-Di-
pentagynia. United to Cotoneaster.)
N. denticula'ta (toothleted). See COTONEASTER DENTI-

CULATA.

NAILS for training wall-trees are best made of cast
iron, being the cheapest, stoutest, and most enduring.
Before using they should be heated almost to redness,
and then be thrown into cold linseed-oil. When dry,

NAMA

577

NARCISSUS

they have a varnish upon them which preserves them
from rusting, and prevents the mortar of the wall sticking
to them so corrosively as it does if they are un-oiled.
In drawing old nails from walls, the mortar is not so
much disturbed if the nails are driven in a little further
before they are extracted. Old nails may be renovated
by being heated to redness, and then thrown into water :
this removes from them the mortar, and then they may be
again heated and put into oil as before directed. The
cast iron nails used by gardeners are known to the iron-
monger as wall-nails, and are described as 2\, 3, 4, and
5 Ib. wall-nails, accordingly as 1000 of them are of those
weights. Nails, in most cases, require to be driven only
a very little way into the mortar, and walls then do not
become defaced by them for many years. In all summer
nailing of peach-trees, roses, &c., the point only requires
to be driven in, so that the nail may be easily withdrawn
by the fingers.

NA'MA. (From nama, a stream of water ; the natural
place of growth. Nat. ord. Hydrophyls [Hy drophyllaceae] .
Linn. 5-Pentandria, 2-Digynia. Allied to Hydrolea.)

Seeds sown in a hotbed, in March and April, and
bloomed in the greenhouse, after being hardened ;
divisions and cuttings of the plant in spring ; sandy loam
and fibrous peat, with sand and charcoal to keep it open.
Common stove and greenhouse temperature.
N. jamaice'nse( Jamaica). White, blue. June. Jamaica.

1812. Stove annual.
„ Pa'rryi (Parry's). 4-5. Lilac-purple. N.W. Amer.

1 88 1. Half-hardy perennial.

„ undula'tum (waved-leaved). i. Violet. June.
Mexico. 1826. Greenhouse herbaceous.

NANA NTHEA. (From nanos, a dwarf, and anihe, a
flower ; the only known species being a dwarf annual.
Nat. ord. Composite.)

Hardy annual. Seeds. Ordinary well-tilled garden
soil.

N. perpusi'lla (very-dwarf). £. White; disc yellow.
Corsica and Sardinia. 1825.

NANDI'NA. (From nandin, the Japanese name. Nat.
ord. Berberids [Berberidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, 2-
Digynia. Allied to Leontice.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripened
shoots in sand, under a hand-light, and not hurried ; loam
and sandy peat ; a sheltered place, a cold pit, or a green-
house in winter. An interesting plant, with white petals,
yellow anthers, and red fruit.
N, denuda'ta (denuded). 6. 1879.
„ dome'stica (domestic). 6. White. July. China.
1804.

NA'NNORRHOPS. (From nanos, dwarf, and rhops, a
bush ; in allusion to the dwarf, branching, and bushy
habit. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

A small greenhouse palm. Seeds; suckers. Loam,
peat, sand, and some nodules of charcoal.
N. ritchiea'na (Ritchiean). 3-18. N.W. India and
Afghanistan. 1886. Reintroduced 1912.

NANO'DES. (From nanodes, dwarfish. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae. Now referred to Epidendrum.)
N. discolor (two-coloured). See EPIDENDRUM DISCOLOR.
„ Medu'scz (Medusa's). See EPIDENDRUM MEDUSAE.

NAP2E'A. (From ne, not, and paio, to wound;
literally, not poisonous. Nat. ord. Malvaceae.)

Hardy, perennial herb. Seeds ; divisions and cuttings
in summer, under a hand-light. Ordinary garden soil.
N. dioi'ca (dioecious). 5-6. Rosy-purple. July, August.
N. Amer.

NAPOLEO'NA. (Named after Napoleon Buonaparte.
Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Dr. Lindley has it
in the Myrtle alliance, next to the Mangroves.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, two to four inches long, in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in a mild bottom-heat, giving air at night,
to prevent damping ; sandy peat and fibrous loam.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90° ; and
moist.

N. cuspida'ia (short-pointed). 6. Cream, with crimson
centre. Trop. Africa. 1886.

N. imperia'lis (imperial). 6. Apricot, crimson. May.

Sierra Leone. 1844.

„ Mie'rsii (Miers's). 5. Trop. Africa. 1843.
„ WHitfie'ldii (Whitfield's). See N. MIERSII.

NAPOLEON'S WEEPING WILLOW. Sa'lix babylo'nica.

NARAVE'UA. (From narawcel, its Cingalese name.
Nat. ord. Crowfoots [Ranunculaceae]. Linn. i^-Poly-
andria, 6-Polygynia. Allied to Clematis.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy peat and
fibrous loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60°
to 85°.
.V. zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 12. Yellow. Ceylon. 1796.

NARCISSUS. Daffodil. (Name of a youth, said to
have been changed into this flower. Nat. ord. Amaryllids
[Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

This genus of hardy bulbs, like the Rhododendron, has
so multiplied from seeds, that it is utterly impossible to
make out what are, and what are not, true species.
Salisbury and Haworth gave generic names to the
different groups ; but their definitions have broken down.
For all practical purposes, the whole may be included
under the old name Narcissus. Seeds, but chiefly by
offsets from the bulbs, which, in most kinds, are freely
produced ; rich, sandy loam, with a little leaf-mould.
Those to be forced early should be removed out of the
ground as soon as the leaves decay, and be kept dry
and cool until potting- time, in autumn.
N. absci'ssus (cut-off). See N. MUTICUS.

,, a'lbicans (whitening). See N. MOSCHATUS ALBICANS.

,, a'lbus (white). See N. BIFLORUS and N. MOSCHATUS.

„ angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). See N. POETICUS

RADIIFLORUS.

„ aperticoro'na (open-crowned). See N. TAZETTA

CUPULARIS.
„ apoda'nthus (stalkless-flowered). See N. JUNCIFOLIUS

RUPICOLA.
„ aura'ntius (orange). See N. INCOMPARABILIS AURAN-

TIUS.

„ Backhou'sei (Backhouse's). Segments sulphur;
trumpet lemon. Garden origin.

„ Ba'rlcz (Barla's). See N. TAZETTA POLYANTHOS.

„ Ba'rrii (Barr's). Segments lemon; cup orange and
yellow. Garden origin.

„ Berna'rdi (Bernard's). White ; cup yellow to orange-
scarlet. Pyrenees. Natural hybrid.

„ bi'color (two-coloured). See N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS

BICOLOR.

„ bicrena'tus (twice-notched). See N. INTERMEDIUS.
„ biflo'rus (two-flowered), i. White. March. Europe

(Britain).
„ bifrons (two-faced). See N. INTERMEDIUS, of which

it is a variety.
„ bre'viflos (short-flowered). See N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS

BICOLOR.

,, Broussone'tii (Broussonet's). i. White; cup rudi-
mentary. April. Morocco. 1888.

„ Bulboco'dium (bulbous). J. Yellow. April. Portu-
gal. 1629. " Hoop-petticoat Daffodil."

,, „ citri'nus (lemon). |. Pale lemon-yellow, large.
1880.

„ ,, conspi'cuus (conspicuous), f. Flowers large,
bright yellow. March, April.

„ „ Gra'llsii (Graell's). £. Primrose-yellow. Moun-
tains of Castile. 1879.

„ „ mi'nor (lesser). \. Pale sulphur. March. Spain.
1696.

„ „ monophy'llus (one-leaved). £. White. December
to February. Algeria. 1870.

„ „ niva'lis (snowy). J. Orange-yellow. Mountains
of Central Spain and Asturias. 1879.

„ „ tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved), i. Yellow; trumpet
6-lobed.

,, Burbi'dgei (Burbidge's). i. White ; crown yellow
and red. Garden origin.

,, calathi'nus (cup-shaped) of Linnaeus. See N. ODORUS.

,, ca'mbricus (Welsh). See N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS and
its forms.

,, Camperne'Ui (Campernelle). See N. ODORUS.

„ candidi'ssimus (whitest). See N. MOSCHATUS.

,, ca'pax (capacious). £. Pale yellow. May. France.

,, ceri'nus (wax-coloured). See N. TAZETTA PATULUS.

2 O

NARCISSUS

578

NARCISSUS

N. ce'rnuus (pate-drooping). J. Lemon, white. March.

Pyrenees.
„ „ coro'na ple'na (full-crowned), i. Lemon, white.

March.
„ citri'nus (citron-coloured). See N. BULBOCODIUM

CITRINUS.
,, compre'ssus (fiat-stalked). See N. INTERMEDIUS, of

which it is a variety.
,, co'ncolor (one-coloured). See N. INCOMPARABILIS

CONCOLOR.
„ conspi'cuus (conspicuous). See N. BULBOCODIUM

CONSPICUUS.
„ crenula'tus (scoUoped-petaled). See N. TAZETTA LACTI-

COLOR.

„ Curti'sii (Curtis's). See N. ODORUS TRILOBUS.
„ cyclami'neus (Cyclamen-like), i. Lemon ; trumpet

orange-yellow. Portugal. " Cyclamen-flowered

Daffodil."

„ Cy'pri (Cyprian). See N. TAZETTA LACTICOLOR.
„ defi'ciens (deficient). See N. SEROTINUS DEFICIENS.
„ du'bius (doubtful). See N. TAZETTA DUBIUS.
„ e'legans (elegant). $. White ; cup saucer-shaped,

yellow. September, October. Italy.
„ „ obsole'tus (obsolete). Segments broader; cup

rudimentary.
„ eystette'nsis (Eystettan). See N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS

EYSTETTENSIS.

„ fistula' sus (hollow-stalked). See N. TAZETTA PATULUS.

„ floribu'ndus (many-flowered). See N. TAZETTA LACTI-
COLOR.

„ galanthifo'lius (snowdrop-leaved), J. White. May.
Pyrenees.

,, Goua'ni (Gouan's). See N. INCOMPARABILIS.

„ gra'cilis (slender). i£. Yellow. April. Bordeaux.

„ „ tenu'ior (more-slender). Flowers smaller, paler,
changing to white. 1789.

„ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). See N. TAZETTA LACTI-
COLOR.

„ Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). See N. TRIANDRUS.

» » ple'nus sulphu'reus (double-sulphur). See N. IN-
COMPARABILIS PLENUS SULPHUREUS.

„ hemina'lis (lesser-curled-cup). See N. ODORUS TRI-
LOBUS and forms.

„ Horsfie'ldii (Horsfield's). See N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS

BICOLOR.

„ Hu'mei (Hume's), i. Sulphur ; trumpet lemon.

Garden origin.

„ „ a'lbidus (whitish), i. White ; trumpet lemon.
„ incompara'bilis (incomparable), i. Yellow. April.

Portugal. 1629.

„ „ a'lbus (white), i. White ; cup lemon-yellow.
„ „ a'lbus ple'nus (double white), i. Double white

and lemon-yellow. " Orange Phoenix."
„ „ aura'ntius (orange), i. Pale yellow ; cup with an

orange rim.
„ ,, aura'ntius ple'nus lu'teus (double-yellow). i.

Pale yellow ; cup with orange rim.
„ „ aura'ntius ple'nus (double orange). " Orange

Phoenix."

„ „ co'ncolor (one-coloured). Wholly pale lemon-
yellow.
„ „ ple'nus sulphu'reus (double-sulphur), i. Sulphur.

April. 1629. " Sulphur Phoenix."
„ ,, semiparti'tus (half-parted). Pale yellow ; cup

lemon-yellow, deeply lobed.
„ „ semiparti'tus ple'nus (double-half-parted). Soft

lemon-yellow ; many pointed segments.
„ infta'tus (swollen). See N. BULBOCODIUM.
„ infundibula'ris (tunnel- flowered). See N. ODORUS

TRILOBUS.

„ interje'ctus (interjected). See N. ODORUS INTERJECTUS.
„ interme'dius (intermediate). ij. Pale yellow.

March. Pyrenees. Forms of this are N. bi'frons,

N. biscrena'tus, N. compre'ssus, and N. pritnu-

li'nus.

„ ita'licus (Italian). See N. TAZETTA ITALICUS.
„ Johnsto'ni (Johnston's), i. Wholly clear lemon-
yellow. Portugal. 1887.
„ Jonqui'lla (jonquil), f . Pale yellow. April. Spain.

1596. " Jonquil."

„ „ Burbi'dgei (Burbidge's). Cup 6-parted. 1885.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered), i. Yellow. April.

Spain. 1596.
„ juncifo'lius (rush-leaved). Yellow. S. Europe.

" Rush-leaved Daffodil."

N. juncifo'lius rupi'cola (rock-dwelling). J. Yellow ;

cup distinctly 6-lobed. April. Spain.
,, „ scabe'rulus (rather-rough). J. Yellow. Portugal.

1888.
,, latifo'lius (broad-leaved-orang*). See N. TAZETTA

CUPULARIS.
,, Lee'dsii (Leeds's). i. White ; cup lemon. Garden

origin.
,, lobula'ris (small-lobed). See N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS

LOBULARIS.

„ lobula'tus (small-lobed). See N. BULBOCODIUM, of
which it is a variety.

„ longiflo'rus (long-flowered). See N. MOSCHATUS TOR-
TUOSUS.

,, lorifo'lius (strap-leaved). See N. MAJOR LORIFOLIUS.

,, lu'na (moon). See N. TAZETTA POLYANTHOS.

,, Mac^'j'i(MacLeay's). $. Cream. March. Smyrna.
1815.

„ „ Nelso'ni (Nelson's), i. White ; trumpet narrow,
yellow.

,, „ Sabi'ni (Sabine's). i. White larger; trumpet
yellow, longer.

,, ,, tri'dymus (three-flowered), i. Yellow, fragrant.

,, maja'lis (May) of Curtis. See N. POETICUS RADII-
FLORUS.

,, ma'jor (larger), i. Yellow. March. Spain. 1629.
N. pri'nceps, N. propi'nquus (1629), and N. spu'rius
are allied forms.

,, ,, lorifo'lius (strap-leaved). 1^-2. White ; trumpet
yellow. March. N. tubaflo'rus is an allied form.

„ „ Telamo'nius (Telamonian). i. Sulphur-yellow ;
trumpet yellow. April.

,, ,, Telamo'nius grandiple'nus (large-double). i.
Yellow. April.

,, „ Telamo'nius ple'nus (double), i. Greenish-yel-
low, ultimately golden-yellow. " Wilmer's Great
Double Golden-yellow Daffodil."

,, ma'ximus (largest), i. Yellow. April. Europe.

„ me'dio-lu'teus (yellow-centred). See N. BIFLORUS.

„ mi'nor (smaller). |. Yellow. March. Spain. 1629.

,, ,, mi'nimus (least). J. Yellow ; segments not over-
lapping. March. Europe.

,, ,, na'nus (dwarf). 4. Yellow, with overlapping
segments longer than the trumpet. March.

„ „ ple'nus (double). £. Yellow, with twisting seg-
ments. March. " Rip Van Winkle."

,, „ pu'milus (dwarf). J. Yellow; segments wedge-
shaped at base. March. Spain.

,, monophy'llus (one-leaved). See N. BULBOCODIUM

MONOPHYLLUS.

,, monta'nus (mountain). See N. POCULIFORMIS.

,, moscha'tus (musky), i. White. April. Pyrenees.
1759. " Musk Daffodil."

,, „ a' Means (whitening). Flowers larger ; segments
more overlapping. March. 1789.

ff ,, tortuo'sus (twisted). Segments twisted, shorter
than the trumpet. Spain. 1629.

„ multiflo'rus (taW-many-flowered). See N. TAZETTA
CUPULARIS.

„ „ au'reus (golden-many-flowered). See N. TAZETTA
AUREUS.

,, mu'ticus (snipped), i. Yellow. May. Pyrenees.

,, na'nus (dwarf). See N. MINOR NANUS.

,, negle'ctus (neglected). See N. TAZETTA LACTICOLOR.

„ Nelso'ni (Nelson's). See N. MACLEAYI NELSONI.

„ ni'veus (snowy). See N. TAZETTA PAPYRACEUS.

„ no'bilis (noble). See N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS NOBILIS.

,, nu'tans (nodding). See N. TRIANDRUS NUTANS.

,, obsole'tus (obsolete). See N. ELEGANS OBSOLETUS.

,, obvalla'ris (trenched-round). See N. PSEUDO-NAR-
CISSUS OBVALLARIS.

,, odo'rus (sweet-scented). r. Yellow. May. S.
Europe. 1629. " Campernel."

,, „ Icz'tus (bright). See N. ODORUS TRILOBUS.

,, ,, mi' nor (lesser). J. Cup smaller than in any other
form. " Small Jonquil."

,, „ mi'nor ple'nus (lesser-double). f. Yellow,
fragrant. April. " Queen Anne's Double Jonquil."

„ „ ple'nus (double), i. Yellow, fragrant. " Double
Campernel."

,, „ rugulo'sus (wrinkled). Segments shorter, broader,
overlapping. N. calathi'nus (1629) and N. inter-
je'ctus are allied forms.

,, „ rugulo'sus ma'ximus (largest). Flowers golden-
yellow, twice as large. 1905.

NARCISSUS

579

NARCISSUS

N. odo'rus in'lobus ( three- lobed). Flowers smaller ; seg-
ments half as long again as the cup. N. Curii'sii
and N. hemina'lis are allied forms.

„ orienta'lis (eastern), i. White. April. Levant.

„ orna'tus (adorned) of Haworth. See N. POETICUS

TRIPODALIS.

„ pachybo'lbos (thick-bulbed). See N. TAZETTA PACHY-

BOLBOS.

„ palli'dulus (rather-pale). See N. TRIANDRUS PALLI-
DULUS.

„ pa'llidus pr&'cox (pale-early). See N. PSEUDO-NAR-
CISSUS PALLIDUS PRJECOX.

„ papyra'ceus (paper). See N. TAZETTA PAPYRACEUS.
„ „ jasmi'neus (jasmine-like). See N. TAZETTA

PAPYRACEUS.

„ patella'ris (basin-flowered). See N. POETICUS PATEL-

LARIS and forms.
„ pa'tulus (spreading. White Musk). See N. TAZETTA

PATULUS.
„ poculifo'rmis (bowl-shaped), i. Pure white. April.

Pyrenees.

„ poe'ticus (poet's), i. White. May. S. Europe.
„ „ angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). See N. POETICUS

RADIIFLORUS.

„ „ maja'lis (May). See N. POETICUS RECURVUS.

„ „ orna'tus (adorned). See N. POETICUS TRIPODALIS.

„ ,, patella'ris (basin-cupped), i. White; segments
imbricated. May.

„ „ patella'ris ple'nus (double), i. White. May.

„ „ poeta'rum (Poets'), i. White; cup orange-
scarlet. April.

„ „ radiiflo'rus (ray-flowered), i. White ; segments
very narrow, not overlapping. March. 1570.

„ „ recu'rvus (recurved), i. White; segments in-
curved at the sides. May. S. Europe. "Phea-
sant's Eye."

„ „ recu'rvus ple'nus (double), i. White. May, June.
" Gardenia-flowered Narcissus."

„ „ stella'ris (starry), i. White ; segments not over-
lapping.

„ „ tripoda'lis (three-stalked), i. White; segments
narrow, reflexing. March.

„ „ verbane'nsis (Verbanian). J. White ; segments
lanceolate, reflexing.

„ primiM nus (cowslip-cupped). See N. INTERMEDIUS,
of which it is a variety.

„ pri'nceps (chief). See N. MAJOR, of which it is a form.

,, propi'nquus (allied). See N. MAJOR PROPINQUUS.

„ Pseu'do-narci'ssus (bastard Narcissus). i. Pale
yellow. March. England. " Daffodil or English
Lent Lily."

„ „ bi' color (two-coloured). i. White ; trumpet
bright lemon-yellow. April. Spain. 1629. Varies
in size from N. bre'viflos to N. Horsfie'ldi, which
are forms.

„ „ ca'pax ple'nus (double-capacious). See N. PSEUDO-
NARCISSUS EYSTETTENSIS.

„ „ eystette'nsis (Eystettan). $. Segments pale lemon
in six overlapping rows. " Queen Anne's Double
Daffodil."

„ „ lobula'ris (small-lobed). i. Yellow, with over-
lapping segments, and 6-lobed trumpet. March.

„ „ lobula'ris ple'nus (double), i. Large, yellow,
fragrant. " Dwarf Double Scented Daffodil."

„ „ no'bilis (noble), i. Yellow ; trumpet spreading
at the rim.

„ ,, obvalla'ris (trenched-round). i. Bright yellow ;
segments overlapping ; trumpet wide. March.
" Tenby Daffodil." N. ca'mbricus is an allied form.

„ „ pa'llidus pm'cox (pale-early), i. Pale sulphur.
March. Pyrenees.

„ ,, pleni'ssimus (most-double), i. Yellow. March.
" Parkinson's Rose-flowered Daffodil."

„ „ ple'nus (double), i. Yellow. March. France.
" Gerard's Double-flowered English Lent Lily."

„ „ rugi'lobus (plaited-lobed). i. Yellow; trumpet
6-lobed, plaited.

„ „ sco'ticus (Scotch), i. Yellow. May. Scotland.

„ „ sco'ticus ple'nus (double), i. White and golden-
yellow. " Double Scotch Garland Lily."

„ „ serra'tus (sawed). i. Pale yellow; trumpet
longer than the segments. March. S. Europe.

„ „ variifo'rmis (variable-shaped), i. Pale sulphur
and white. It tends towards AT. moschalus. March.
Pyrenees.

N. pulche'llus (pretty). See N. TRIANDRUS PULCHELLUS.
„ pu'milus (dwarfish). See N. MINOR PUMILUS.
,, pusi'llus (small. Jonquil). See N. ODORUS MINOR.
» >» ple'nus (double. Queen Anne's Jonquil). See N.

ODORUS MINOR PLENUS.

„ radia'tus (rayed). See N. TAZETTA.
,, recu'rvus (curled-back-leaved). See N. POETICUS RE-
CURVUS.
„ rugi'lobus (plaited-lobed). See N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS

RUGILOBUS.

„ rugulo'sus (wrinkled-cu£). See N. ODORUS RUGULOSUS.

„ Sabi'ni (Sabine's). See N. MACLEAYI SABINI.

„ scabe'rulus (rather-rough). See N. JUNCIFOLIUS

SCABERULUS.

„ semiparti' tus (cloven-cupped). See N. INCOMPARA-

BILIS SEMIPARTITUS.

„ sero'tinus (late). $. White ; cup lemon-yellow.
October, November. S. Europe ; Palestine. 1629.
„ „ defi'ciens (deficient). Crown nearly obsolete.
,, serra'tus (saw-edged). See N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS

SERRATUS.

,, si'milis (similar. Jonquil). See N. JONQUILLA.

,, spu'rius (bastard). See N. MAJOR SPURIUS.

,, stella'ris (stairy-sepaled). See N. POETICUS STELLARIS.

,, striate'llus (small-channelled). See N. TRIANDRUS.

„ syri'acus (Syrian). See N. TAZETTA LACTICOLOR.

„ Taz<;'#a (Tazetta). i. White. March. Spain. 1759.

" Polyanthes Daffodil."

,, „ au'reus (golden). Lemon-yellow ; cup darker.
„ „ Bertolo'nii (Bertoloni's). Wholly bright yellow.
„ „ canarie'nsis (Canary-Island). Wholly white, £ in.

„ „ citri'nus (lemon-yellow). White, iJ-2 in. across ;

cup yellow.

„ „ cupula'ris (cup-shaped). Lemon-yellow, over-
lapping ; cup orange. Allied forms are N. multi-

flo'rus, N. latifo'lia, and N. aperticoro'na.
y, »» Cy'pri (Cyprus). White, 1^-2 in. across; cup

yellow.

„ „ du'bius (doubtful). Wholly white, $-J in. across.
„ „ etru'scus (Etruscan). Pure white, f-J in. across ;

cup lemon-yellow.
,, „ ita'licus (Italian). Creamy-white, i£ -2 in. across;

cup lemon-yellow. Forms of this are ple'nus,

double, and semiple'nus, semi-double.
„ „ la'cticolor (milk-white). White, 1^-2 in. across;

cup yellow. Allied forms are N. syri'acus, N.

Cy'pri, N. citri'nus, N. crenula'tus, N. ftoribu'ndus,

N. negle'ctus, N. trewia'nus.
„ „ ochroleu'cus (yellow- white). Pale yellow, i-ij in.

across ; cup lemon-yellow.
„ „ pachybo'lbos (thick-bulbed). Wholly white, f-

$ in. across. Bulb very large. Algeria.
„ „ panizzia'nus (Panizzian). Wholly white, j-J in.

across.
,, „ papyra'ceus (paper-white). Wholly white, ij in.

across. " Paper White Narcissus."
,, „ pa'tulus (spreading). J. Pure white, f-f in.

across ; cup lemon-yellow. Allied forms are N.

etru'scus and N. ceri'nus.
». ii polya'nthos (many-flowered). Wholly white, i-

ij in. across ; cup faintly tinted sulphur, finally

white. Allied forms are N. Ba'rla and N. Lu'na.
„ „ syri'acus (Syrian). White, 1^-2 in. across ; cup

pale yellow. 1890.
„ Telamo'nius (Telamon's). See N. MAJOR TELAMONIUS

and forms.

,, tenu'ior (slenderer). See N. GRACILIS TENUIOR.
„ tereticau'lis (round-stalked), ij. Pale yellow. March

Spain.
,, tortuo'sus (twisied-petaled). See N. MOSCHATUS TOR-

TUOSUS.

,, trewia'nus (Trewian). See N. TAZETTA LACTICOLOR.
„ tria'ndrus (three-stamened). i. White. April.

Portugal. 1629. " Angel's Tears."
„ „ calathi'nus (cup-shaped). |. Pale sulphur-
yellow ; cup nearly as long as segments. Isle of

Glenans, Brittany.
,, „ ce'rnuus (drooping), f-i. Pale yellow ; cup

deeper yellow. Many flowered.

,, „ co'ncolor (one-coloured). £. Wholly pale yellow.
„ „ nu'tans (nodding). J. Pale yellow ; cup notched

deeper yellow. 1789.
„ „ palli'dulus (rather pale). J-i. Wholly primrose'

yellow.

NARCISSUS FLY

NECTRIA

N. triand'rus pulche'llus (pretty). J-i. Yellow ; cup
white.

,, tri'lobus (three-lobed-/ottjwt7). See N. ODORUS TRI-
LOBUS.

„ tri'lobus (three-lobed) of Sims. See N. TRIANDRUS
NUTANS.

„ tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). See N. MAJOR TUB^-
FLORUS.

„ variifo' rmis (various-formed). See N. PSEUDO-NAR-
CISSUS VARIIFORMIS.

„ viridiflo'rus (green-flowered). |. Green. September.
Morocco and Gibraltar. 1629.

NARCISSUS FLY. M e'rodon equSstris.

NARDO'STACHYS. (From nardos, the Celtic for
spikenard, and stachus, a spike. Nat.ord. Valerianaceae.)

Hardy perennial herb, suitable for the rockery, and
according to " Asiatic Researches " considered the
spikenard of the ancients. Seeds ; cuttings in summer
under a hand-light. Ordinary soil.
N. Jatama'nsi (J atamans'). i-ij. Pink. August.
Himalayas. 1878. " Spikenard."

NARTHE'CrUM. (From narthex, a rod ; referring to
the flower-stems. Nat. prd. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous, Iris-like plant, adapted for mixed
borders of herbaceous plants. Divisions of the plant in
spring ; a cool border, and supplied with sandy peat,
or sand and leaf-mould.

N. america'num (American). See N. OSSIFRAGUM.
„ ossi'fragum (bone-breaking). J. Yellow. July.
Britain.

NA'RTHEX ASAFffi'TTOA. See FERULA NARTHEX.
NA'RTHEX POLLA'KI. See FERULA NARTHEX.

NASO'NIA CINNABARrNAandN.PUNCTA'TA. See

CENTROPETALUM PUNCTATUM.

NASTU'RTTQM. (From nasus, the nose, and tortus,
tormented ; referring to the hot, acrid smell. Nat. ord.
Crucifers [Crucifera?]. Linn. is-Tetradynamia. Allied to
the Wallflower.)

Simple-looking plants, of no great beauty. We intro-
duce the genus to correct the common error of calling
the Indian Cress (Trop&'olum) Nasturtiums. Hardy
aquatics, with yellow flowers, except where otherwise
mentioned ; seeds and division of the plant in common
soil ; but none are worth growing for their beauty.
N. a'nceps (two-edged-£od). See N. SYLVESTRE.
„ ere'ctum (upright). June. Chili. 1837.
„ na'tans (floating). 4. July. Siberia. 1827.
„ officina'le (officinal). 1-6. White. Summer. Britain.

" Water Cress."

„ sylve'stre (wood). i. July. August. Britain.
" Water Rocket."

NATIVE OAK. Casuari'na.

NAU'CLEA. (From naus, a ship, and kleio, to inclose ;
the half-capsule, or seed-pod, in the form of a ship's hull.
Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Cinchona.)

Stove evergreens, from the East Indies ; cuttings of
half -ripe shoots in sandy loam, under a glass, in heat ;
loam, sand, and peat. Usual stove temperatures.
N. A'dina (Adina). See ADINA GLOBIFLORA.

„ Cada'mba (Cadamba). See ANTHOCEPHALUS MORIN-
D.EFOLIUS.

, cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). See ADIKA CORDIFOLIA.

, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Yellow. 1829.

, orienta'lis (eastern). 30. Yellow.

, purpu'rea (purple), to. Purple. China.

, undula'ta (waved-leaved). 20. Yellow. 1820.

NAUMBU'RGIA THYRSIFLO'RA. See LYSIMACHIA

THYRSIFLORA.

NAUTILO'CALYX HASTA'TUS. See EPISCIA BRACTE-

SCENS.

NAVARRE'TTIA. (Named after a Spaniard. Nat.
ord. Phloxworts [Polemoniaceas]. Linn. 5-Pentandria,
l-Monogynia. Now referred to Gilia.)

N. coiulcefo'lia(Cotu\a- leaved). See GILIA COTUL^FOLIA.
, eryngioi' des (Eryngium-\ike) . See GILIA ERYNGIOIDES.
, interte'xta (interwoven). See GILIA INTERTEXTA.
, pube'scens (downy). See GILIA PUBESCENS.
, pu'ngens (prickly-leaved). See GILIA PUNGENS.
, squarro'sa (spreading). See GILIA SQUARROSA.

NAVELWORT. Cotyle'don Umbilicus.

NAVET, or NAVEW. (Bra'ssica Na'pus.) The Cole-
sat, or Rape.

NEAPOLITAN VIOLET. Vi'ola odora'ia pa'llida
ple'na.

NEBE'LIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Bruniaceae.)

Evergreen greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings in sand under
a bell-glass. Loam, peat, or leaf-mould and sand.
N. affi'nis (allied). 2. White. July. S. Africa.
,, palea'cea (scaly). 2. White. July. S. Africa. 1791.
„ phylicoi'des (Phylica-like). See RASPALIA PASSERI-
NOIDES.

NECKE'RIA. See CORYDALIS.

NECTARINE. (Pru'nus Pe'rsica ispahane'nsis.) The
following are the best varieties, and all require a south-
aspect wall. We add the months in which the fruit
ripens. Early Rivers, end of July ; Lord Napier, early
August ; Dryden, early August ; Rivers Early Orange,
mid-August ; Hardwick Seedling, August ; Elruge,
August ; Violette h&tive, August, September ; Stanwick
Elruge, early in September ; Humboldt, end of August ;
Pine Apple, beginning of September; Victoria, end of
September ; Pitmaston Orange, September. For culture,
see PEACH.

NECTA'NDRA. (From nektar, nectar, and aner,
andros, a male or stamen ; in allusion to the three nectar-
bearing, barren stamens of the third series in the flower.
Nat. ord. Lauraceas.)

Stove, evergreen trees with leathery leaves. Cuttings
of mature wood in sand in a close case, with bottom-heat.
Loam, with a little peat and sand.

N. angustifo' lia (narrow-leaved). 6-12. Yellow. Brazil.
„ Rodice'i (Rodioe's). 60-70. Yellow. Guiana. 1844.

" Bibisi-tree " or " Greenheart."
„ sangui'nea (blood-coloured). 40. Yellow-green. S.

Amer. 1800.

„ willdenovia'na (Willdenow's). 6. Yellow. April.
W. Ind. 1775.

NECTAROSCO'RDUM. Honey Garlic. (From nectar,
honey, and skorodon, garlic ; referring to honey pores in
the flower of this onion-like flower. Nat. ord. Lilyworts
[Liliacea]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. United
to Allium.)
N. si'culum (Sicilian). See ALLIUM SICULUM.

NECTOU'XIA. (Commemorative of M. Nectoux, a
German author. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solanacea].
Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Nicotiana.)

Half-hardy, perennial herb. Divisions in spring ;
cuttings in summer. Good but light soil.
N. formo'sa (beautiful), i. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1826.

NE'CTRIA. A genus of parasitic fungi, living on trees
and shrubs. They are often wound-parasites, gaining an
entrance to large limbs and branches after pruning, and
as a result of the attacks of American Blight, and injury
from hail and frost, the latter in the case of badly ripened,
late growths. N. diti'ssima, which is the cause of Apple-
tree canker, is one of the most common. The spores,
gaining an entrance, live on the decaying wood, and
killing live wood, are thus able to extend their work of
destructiveness, until the diseased part completely sur-
rounds the twig or branch, which then dies. The spores
are of two forms, namely, threads of conidia, which
break up into single cells or spores at the joints, and
ascospores, to the number of eight in asci or large cells.
Both of these forms are produced on and in the small
knobs which appear on the surface of the wounds, when
the fungus has reached the fruiting stage. This fungus
also attacks various forest and ornamental trees. More
common, perhaps, and more conspicuous is the coral
spot disease (Ne'ctria cinnabari'na), frequently seen on
dead and dying wood of red currants, sycamores, elms,
and other trees. The fungus is very noticeable on account

NECTRIS AQUATICA

NEMATUS

of the bright red, coral, or scarlet colour of the knob- like
warts of the fruiting portion in the autumn and early
winter. All diseased wood should be cut off some dis-
tance below the visible portions of the fungus and burned
to destroy the myriads of spores present. Dead wood
lying on the ground should be served in the same way.
Old, much-cankered Apple trees, when practically useless,
should be uprooted and burned.

NE'CTRIS AQUA'TICA. See CABOMBA AQUATICA.
NE'CTRIS PELTA'TA. See CABOMBA CAROLINIANA.
NVKllT/p. FURZE. See GENISTA ANGLICA.
NEGRO FLY. Atha'lia.

NEGTJ'NDrUM AMERICA 'NUM. See ACER NEGUNDO.
NEGU'NDO. Box Elder. (Derivation is not known.
Nat. ord. Maples [Sapindaceaej. Linn. 22-Dicecia, $-Pen-
tandria. United to Acer.)

N. cissifo'lium (Cissus-leaved). See ACER CISSIFOLIUM.
„ fraxinifo'lium (ash-leaved). See ACER NEGUNDO.
„ nikoe'nse (Niko). See ACER NIKOENSE.
NETLLIA. (Commemorative of Patrick Neitt, of
Edinburgh. Nat. ord. Rosaceae.)

Hardy, deciduous shrubs. Cuttings of ripe wood in
autumn in cold frames ; seeds. Ordinary soil.
2V. amure'nsis (Amurland). 4-6. White. July, August.

Amurland.

„ capita'ta (headed). 3-5. White. California.
„ malva'cea (mallow-like). 3-4. White. Rocky

Mountains.
„ opulifo'lia (Opulus-leaved). 4-6. White. June.

N. Amer. 1690. " Nine-Bark."
„ „ ine'brians (inebriating).

„ „ lu'tea (yellow). Foliage yellow, best in spring.
„ rubiflo'ra (Rubus-flowered). 6. White. Himalaya.
„ sine'nsis (Chinese). 4. Rosy-pink. June. Central

China. 1902.

„ thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). 3-5. White. Himalaya.
„ Torre'yi (Torrey's). 2-3. White. June. Rocky
Mountains. 1889.

NE JA. (A name invented by Don, who wrote the
letters of the alphabet on slips of paper, threw them up,
and took those for the name which fell uppermost. Nat.
ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-
Superflua. Referred to Hysterionica.)
N. falca' ta (sickle-shaped). See HYSTERIONICA PINIFOLIA.
,, gra'cilis (slender). See HYSTERIONICA PINIFOLIA.

NELTTRIS. (From ne, not, and elutron, a seed-case ;
referring to the berry having no partitions. Nat. ord.
Myrtleblooms [Myrtacea?]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Stove white-flowered, evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
half-ripened short shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in a gentle heat, in April or May ; fibrous loam, leaf-
mould, peat, and sand, and a little charcoal to keep all
open. Winter temp., 45° to 50° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
N. Jambose'lla (Jambosella). See TIMONIUS JAMBOSELLA.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). See DECASPERMUM PANICULA-
TUM.

NELSO'NIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Acanthaceae.)

Stove herbaceous perennial. Cuttings in sand in a
close case. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
N. campe'stris (field). Violet. June. Tropics of both

Worlds. 1827.
„ tomento'sa (felted). See N. CAMPESTRIS.

NELU'MBIUM. Sacred or Water Bean. (From
nelumbo, the Indian name. Nat. ord. Water-lilies
[Nymphaeaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, 6-Polygynia.)

These handsome plants are natives of still waters.
The nuts of all the species are eatable and wholesome ;
and the North American Indians eat the root-stocks of
lu'teum, which are not unlike the sweet potato. Division
of the root, either just before, but better just after,
growth has commenced, and better still by seeds ; fresh
warm water must often be supplied when the plants are
growing, removing some out of the tub, and placing more
in; when at rest, the soil, rich loam, may be allowed
to get quite dry. Temp., when at rest, 48° to 55° ;
when growing and approaching flowering, 70° to 95°.

N. ca'spicum (Caspian). See N. SPECIOSUM.
„ flave'scens (yellowish). Yellowish. June. Egypt.

1847.

, jamaice'nse (Jamaica). Blue. Jamaica. 1824.
, lu'teum (yellow). Yellow. Carolina. 1810.
, nuci'ferum (nut-bearing). See N. SPECIOSUM.
, specio'sum (showy). Pink. July. India. 1787.
, „ a'lbum (white). White.

, „ ro'seum (rose-coloured). 3. Rose. June. India.
, Tama'ra (Tamara). See N. SPECIOSUM.

NEMA'STYLIS. (From nema, a thread, and stulis, the
diminutive of stulos, a column or style for writing with ;
in allusion to the long, slender style.)

Half-hardy bulbs. Offsets and seeds. Loam, with a
little leaf-mould, and plenty of sand.
N. acu'ta (acute). J-r. Bright blue. Texas and

Arkansas. 1875.

„ ccelesti'na (sky-blue). i\-2. Sky-blue. March.
Southern United States. 1818.

NEMATA'NTHUS. (From nema, a thread, and anthos,
a flower ; the flowers of lo'ngipes hanging down from
long, thread-like foot-stalks. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts
[Gesneraceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.
Allied to Columnea.)

Stove evergreen cumbers of considerable beauty, easily
managed, still easier to increase, and offering strong
inducements to the cross-breeder. Cuttings in sandy
soil, kept rather dry ; leaves, also, will strike ; sandy
peat and turfy loam, with charcoal and dried cow-dung.
Winter temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
N. chlorone'ma (greea-filamented). See N. LONCIPES.

„ corti'cola (bark-loving). Deep crimson. Brazil. 1848.

„ guilleminia'na (Guilleminian). See N. LONGIPES.

„ ionf'ma (violet-stemmed). See N. CORTICOLA.

„ lo'ngipes (long-flower-stalked). 2. Scarlet. December.
Brazil. 1841.

NEMATOID WORMS. A large group of minute worms
belonging to the order Anguillulideae or eelworms. They
are minute, or in many cases microscopical in size, white
or colourless, and thread-like, though in the case of
Heterodera radicicola the full-grown female, when filled
with eggs, swells out into lemon-shape many times her
original size. Tylenchus devastatrix, like the previous
one, enters the roots of various wild and cultivated
plants, causing galls upon them. Plants, once attacked
by them, are in most cases incurable, and should be
burnt. Eelworms may be introduced with soil, manure,
or water, and the best preventative would be to sterilise
the soil in which the plants are to be grown. This may
be done by baking or steaming soil for pot plants, by
adding lime, gas-lime, &c., to garden soils.

NEMA'TUS. A very large genus of Sawflies, the larvae
of which are destructive to gooseberries, red currants,
and willows. As many as 107 have been described as
British. N. Ribesii, N. consobrinus, and N. appendicu-
latus attack the gooseberry, but the first named, which
is very destructive to both gooseberries and red currants
is best known, under the name of Gooseberry and Currant
Sawfly. The larvae or caterpillars are bluish-green,
with black head, feet, and tail, and several rows of black
spots. They are also readily distinguished by having
fourteen sucker-feet and six proper feet, or an aggregate
of twenty. The perfect sawfly has four wings, with
yellow and orange body, with black markings, but does
not feed on the foliage. Remedies may be commenced
in winter by removing 4 inches of soil from beneath the
bushes and burying it in deep holes between the rows of
bushes. Give a sprinkling of lime, and then cover the
roots with soil taken from the holes. The eggs are laid
upon the young leaves, some time in April, the cater-
pillars hatch out in seven days and commence feeding.
If attacked at this early stage they are easily destroyed
by means of flowers of sulphur dusted on the dewy
leaves, early in the morning, with a pepper-box or special
sulphur distributor. This is a non-poisonous remedy.
Another useful remedy is to syringe the bushes with a
mixture, consisting of three gallons of soapy water, $ lb.
of soda in solution, the same weight of table salt, and a
handful of soot. If this is done on a dull day or after
sundown, the mixture may be used lukewarm, and washed
off with clean water half an hour later.

NEMESIA

582

NEOTTIA

NEME'SIA. (Name of a plant in Dioscorides. Nat.
ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia,
2-Angiospermia. Allied to Hemimeris.)

Natives of South Africa. Seeds sown in a slight hot-
bed in spring, and transplanted in May or June, or sown
in May ; the perennials, also, by divisions in spring, and
by cuttings under a hand-light in summer ; sandy loam ;
a cold pit, and dry in winter.

ANNUALS.

N. affi'nis (allied). See N. FLORIBUNDA.
, bico'rnis (two-horned). 2. Purple. July. 1774-
, cynanchifo'lia (Cynanchum-leaved). $-1. Bright

blue, yellow. Natal. 1879. Greenhouse.
, floribu'nda (many-flowered), x. White, yellow. July.
, lilaci'na (lilac). i~ij. Lilac, striped purple. German

S.W. Africa. 1909.

linea'ris (narrow-leaved), i. Rose. April. 1822.
, pv.be' 'scens (downy), i. White. July, August.
, strumo'sa (tumoured). 1-2. White, ochreous, yellow,

orange, scarlet, &c. 1892.

„ versi'color (changeable-coloured), i. White, purple.
July, August.

HERBACEOUS.

N. chamadrifo'lia (Chamajdrys-leaved). 2. Purple-
June. 1787.

„ fattens (stinking). 2. Purple. June. 1798.

„ frute'scens (shrubby). See LINARIA FRUTICOSA.

„ fru'ticans (shrubby). i. Yellow. June. 1822.

Evergreen.

NEMOPA'NTHES. (From nemos, a grove, and anihos,
a flower ; it being generally found in groves. Nat. ord.
Hollyworts [Aquifoliaceae]. Linn. 2^-Polygamia, 2-
Dicecia. Allied to Prinos.)

An ornamental, hardy, deciduous, upright-growing
shrub, very little known in England, but very desirable.
It was called I' lex canade'nsis and Pri'nos lu'cida. The
flowers are small and white ; but the berries are large,
beautiful crimson, and very ornamental. Layers in
autumn ; seeds then, and in spring ; common shrubbery
soil, but it will do better with an addition of sandy peat
or leaf-mould.
N. canade'nsis (Canadian). See N. FASCICULARIS.

„ fascicula'ris (bundled). 3. May. N. Amer. 1812.
NEMO'PHILA. (From netnos, a grove, and phileo, to
love ; from their place of growth. Nat. ord. Hydrophyls
[Hydrophyllaceae]. Linn. s-Pcntandria, i-Monogynia.)

Like all the Californian annuals, well-adapted to be
sown in September ; the seedlings to stand over the
winter, and be protected at times with evergreen boughs,
to flower where sown, or to be raised in patches, and thus
transplanted in spring ; sown thickly in March, on a
rough, rich soil, consisting of leaf-mould, rotten dung,
and coarse loam, laid on a hard bottom, protected by
glass or mats, and transferred to the flower-garden in
April and May. Sown in April and May, in the open
border, they will flower most of the summer. A few
grown in pots will ornament a house or window in winter
and spring. A rich, light soil suits them best, and a
moist, shady situation. In watering, avoid wetting the
collar of the plant.

ANNUALS.

N. atoma'ria (speckled). See N. MENZJESII.
„ auri'ia (ear-leaved). i£. Purple. June. California.

1831.
„ insi'gnis (showy). if. Blue. August. California.

1833. " Californian Bluebell."
„ „ a'lba (white). White.
„ macula' ta (blotched- flowered), f. White, purple.

June. California. 1848.
,, Menzie'sii (Menzies"). f. White, speckled with

purple. June to August. California. 1836.
„ „ discoida'lis (disc-like). f. White, with heavy

purple zone. June to August. 1843.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
N. panicula'ta (panicled). See HYDROPHYLLUM APPENDI-

CULATUM.

,, parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Blue. N.W. Amer. 1826.
„ phacelioi'des (Phacelia-like). i. Blue. July. N.W.
Amer. 1822.

NEOBENTHA MIA. (From neos, new, and Benthamia ;
the latter genus is now referred to Cornus. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceas.)

Stove orchid with thin bamboo-like stems and narrow
leaves. Divisions when growth commences. Sphagnum,
fibrous peat, and potsherds in pots.
N. gra'cilis (slender). 2-3. Pure white. E. Trop. Africa.

1891.

NEODRY'AS. (From neo, to come or arrive, and drus,
druos, an oak, or trees in general ; the species grow
amongst trees. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical Orchids. Divisions at the recom-
mencement of growth. Fibrous peat, sphagnum, and
potsherds.
N. densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). Pale purple. Peru.

1875.
„ saccia'na (Saccian). Dull purple; lip yellow. Bolivia.

1893.

NEOGLAZIO'VIA. (From neos, new, and Glaziovia ;
to distinguish it from that doubtful genus. Nat. ord.
Bromeliaceae.)

Stove, evergreen herbs. Suckers or offsets. Fibrous
loam, one part ; fibrous peat, two parts ; some nodules of
charcoal and sand.
N. co'ncolor (one-coloured). i J-2. Calyx scarlet ; petals

violet. Brazil. 1910.
„ variega'ta (variegated). 2. Calyx scarlet ; petals

violet. Leaves not scaly. Brazil. 1910.
NEOLAU'CHEA. (From neos, new, and Lauchea ; to
distinguish it from Lauchea, which has been reduced to
Begonia. Nat. ord. Orchidaceee.)

Stove Orchid. Divisions when growth commences.
Fibrous peat, sphagnum, and potsherds.
N. pulche'lla (pretty). J. Bright purple. Trop. Amer. (?)

1897. Reintroduced 1910.

NEONICHOLSO'NIA. (From neos, new, and Nichol-
sonia ; to distinguish it from Nichplsonia or Nicolsonia,
which has been reduced to Desmodium ; also commemo-
rative of George Nicholson, curator of the Royal Gardens,
Kew, from 1886 to 1901. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)
Stove Palm. Seeds. Loam, peat, and sand.
N. Geo'rgei (George Nicholson's). Plant stemless.
Leaves 4$ ft. long, pinnate. 1901.

NEO'TTIA. (From neotiia, a bird's-nest ; referring to
the interlacing of the numerous roots. Nat. ord. Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied
to Listera.)

Ground orchids. Even the hardy kinds are interesting ;
division in spring ; sandy peat, loam, and charcoal.
Temp., for stove kinds, winter, 50° to 60° ; summer, 60°
to 80°.

HARDY.

N. cestiva'lis (summer). See SPIRANTHES ^STIVALIS.
„ autumna'lis (autumnal). See SPIRANTHES AUTUM-

NALIS.

„ ce'rnua (drooping-flowered) . See SPIRANTHES CERNUA.
„ Ni'dus-a'vis (bird's-nest). i. Brown. May. Britain.

GREENHOUSE.

N. auslra'lis (southern). See SPIRANTHES AUSTRALIS.
„ plantagi'nea (plantain-/mt^d). See SPIRANTHES

PLANTAGINEA.

STOVE.

N. aphy'lla (leafless). See SPIRANTHES ORCHIOIDES.
,, bi 'color (two-coloured). See SPIRANTHES BICOLOR.
„ calcara'ta (spurred). See PELEXIA SETACEA.
„ ela'ta (tall). See SPIRANTHES ELATA.
,, glandulo'sa (glanded). See PONTHIEVA GLANDULOSA.
„ grandifio'ra (large-flowered). See SPIRANTHES GRANDI-

FLORA.
,, macra'ntha (long-flowered). See SPIRANTHES GRANDI-

FLORA.

,, orchioi'des (Orchis-like). See SPIRANTHFS ORCHIOIDES.

,, pi' eta (painted). See SPIRANTHES PICTA.

,, pro'cera (tall). See GOODYERA PROCERA.

,, pube'scens (downy). See GOODYERA PUBESCENS.

„ pu'dica (modest). See SPIRANTHES AUSTRALIS.

,, specio'sa (showy). See SPIRANTHES COLORATA.

„ spira'lis (spiral). See SPIRANTHES AUTUMNALIS.

NEOTTOPTERIS

583

NEPETA

NEOTTO'PTEKIS. (From neotiia, a bird's-nest, and
pteris, a fern ; founded on the Bird's-nest, or Spleenwort
Fern. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Cryptogamia,
i-Filices. Now referred to Asplenium.)

GREENHOUSE.
N. australa'sica (Australasian). See ASPLENIUM NIDUS

AUSTRALASICUM.

„ Ni'dus (bird's-nest). See ASPLENIUM NIDUS.

„ stipita'ta (/ong-stalked). May. E. Ind.

„ wlga'ris (common). See ASPLENIUM NIDUS.

STOVE.

N. Grevi'llei (Greville's). See ASPLENIUM GREVILLEI.
„ muscefo'lia (Musa-leaved). See ASPLENIUM NIDUS

MUS.EFOLIUM.

„ Philliti'dis (hart's-tongue). See ASPLENIUM NIDUS
PHYLLITIDIS.

NEPENTHES. Pitcher Plant. ( From nepenthes, grief -
assuaging ; its supposed medicinal quality. Nat. ord.
Nepenihs [Nepenthaceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, i$-Mona-
delphia.)

Stove evergreen climbers. Seeds, when they can be
obtained, which require a strong, moist heat to vegetate
them in ; but chiefly by little offsets, which come from
near the base of the shoots; very fibrous peat, old
sphagnum, charcoal, and broken potsherds, particularly
well-drained ; the pot to be then plunged in moss, and
at all times supplied, less or more, with bottom-heat and
abundance of moisture. Where there are tanks or beds
heated by hot water, one chief element to successful
culture is obtained. Even in winter the bottom-heat
should not be lower than 75°. Winter temp., 60° to 65° ;
summer, 60° to 90°.
N. a'lbo margina'ta (white-margined). Singapore.

1848.
„ ampulla'ria (bottle-like). Green. June. Malaya.

1840.
„ „ pi' eta (painted). Pitchers pale green, striped with

brown.
„ „ vitta'ta ma'jor (larger-striped). Pitchers mottled

with red-brown. E. Ind. 1877.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Pitchers green, spotted

with red. Malaya. 1881.
„ bicalcara'ta (two-spurred). Pitchers covered with

rusty down. Borneo. 1880.
„ Bu'rkei (Burke's). Pitchers wingless, green, blotched

with red. Borneo. 1889.
„ ,, exce 'liens (excelling). Pitchers larger, with larger

blotches. 1890.
„ „ proli'fica (prolific). Pitchers smaller than in the

type. 1890.
„ ci'ncta (girt). Pitchers green, flushed with red,

blotched with purple. Borneo. 1884.
„ Curti'sii (Curtis's). Pitchers dull green, mottled with

purple, with three small horns. Borneo. 1887.
„ „ supe'rba (superb). Pitchers almost wholly purple.
„ distillate' ria (distilling). 6. Green, yellow. Ceylon.

1789.

„ gra'cilis (slender). Borneo.
„ hirsu'fa (hairy). Pitchers reddish, with green veins.

Borneo.
„ „ glabre'scens (smooth). Pitchers reddish or wholly

green. Borneo. 1882.
„ Ttookeria'na (Sir W. J. Hooker's). See N. RAFFLESIANA

HOOKERIANA.

„ kenntdya'na (Kennedyan). Pitchers reddish. N.

Australia. 1882.
„ khasia'na (Khasian). Pale green and yellow. Pitchers

green, marked purple. Himalaya. 1789.
„ Ice'vis (smooth). Malaya. 1848.
„ lana'ta (woolly). Pitchers pale green. Borneo. 1876.
„ lindleya'na (Dr. Lindley's). 8. Purple. Borneo.

1847.

,, Loddige'sii (Loddiges'). Borneo. 1847.
„ madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). Pitcher crimson,

4-6 in. long. Madagascar. 1881.
„ northia'na (Miss North's). Pitchers greenish-red with

purple spots, 12 in. long. Borneo. 1881.
„ obrienia'na (O'Brienian). Pitchers green, red up-
wards. Borneo. 1890.
„ Pervi'llei (Perville's). Pitchers dull crimson, 2-8 in.

long. Seychelles. 1896.

N. Phylla'mphora (pitcher-leaved). 6. Green, yellow.

July. Cochin-China. 1820.
„ rafflesia'na (Sir Stamford Raffles'). Yellow, brown.

September. India. 1845.
„ „ elonga'ta (elongated).

„ „ hookeria'na (Hookerian). 20. Borneo. 1847.
„ „ insi'gnis (remarkable). Pitchers 9 in. long,

mottled with purplish-brown. Borneo. 1882.
„ „ nigropurpu'rea (black-purple). Pitchers 6 in.

long, dull purple-brown. Borneo. 1882.
„ Ra'jah (Rajah). Pitchers dull purple, 3 in. to 12 in.

long in the wild state. Borneo. 1881.
„ ru'bra (red). See N. KHASIAN A.
„ sanderia'na (Sanderian). See N. RAFFLESIANA.
„ sangui'nea (blood-red). Pitchers deep blood-red.

Malaya. 1849.
„ stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). Pitchers green, with

reddish-purple blotches. Borneo. 1890.
„ Vei'tchii (Veitch's). Pitchers pale green, with a

broad collar. Borneo. 1881.
„ ventrico'sa, (inflated). Pitchers green, with red collar,

wingless. Philippines. 1898.
„ Vieilla'rdi (Vieillard's). Pitchers inflated. New

Caledonia. 1876.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). Pitchers pale green, blotched with

reddish-brown. Borneo. 1855.

NE PETA. Cat Mint. (Named from Nepet, a town in
Tuscany. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiate]. Linn. 14-
Didynamia, \-Gymnospermia. Allied to Dracocephalum.)
A genus of hardy herbaceous plants, comprehending a
few ornamental, with a large number of weeds ; the latter
we have omitted. The Ground Ivy, Ne'peia Glecho'ma, is
still held in high estimation as a pectoral medicine in
some parts of the country, and also several others of
this order. Seeds, sown in spring, but chiefly by dividing
the plants in the spring as growth commences ; also, in
rare kinds, by cuttings in summer, under a hand-light ;
light, sandy soil; some of the more trailing kinds do
well for rock-work.
N. ameihysii'na (amethystine), ij. Blue. July. S.

Europe. 1816.

„ azu'rea (azure), i. Blue. Abyssinia.
„ caru'lea (blue). i|. Blue. May. 1777.
„ ctzsarefa (Caesarean). Cappadocia.
„ Cata'ria (Cataria). 2-3. White, spotted with purple.

July. Europe (Britain).
„ co'ncolor (one-coloured). Asia Minor.
,, croa'tica (Croatian). See MICROMERIA RUPESTRIS.
„ diffu'sa (spreading). See N. MUSSINI.
,, dis' color carule" scens (bluish- two-coloured). Himalaya.
„ Glecho'ma (Glechoma). £. Blue. May. Britain.

" Ground Ivy."

„ „ ro'sea (rosy). £. Rose. May. England.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). $. Blue. Leaves varie-
gated. May. England. " Variegated Ground Ivy."
,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Blue. July.

Caucasus. 1817.

,, grave'olens (heavy-smelling). See N. NEPETELLA.
„ hedera'cea (ivy-like). See N. GLECHOMA and varieties.
,, hirsu'ta (hairy). See N. SCORDOTIS.
,, imbrica'ta (imbricated). See N. ITALICA.
„ ita'lica (Italian). 1^-2. Reddish-purple. July.

S. Europe. 1820.
,, kokami'rica (Kokamirian). i. Blue. Turkestan.

1879.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. Purple. July. Pyrenees.

1816.
„ longifto'ra (long-flowered). 2. Violet. July. Persia.

1802.

„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered) of Sims. See N. MUSSINI.
,, macra'ntha (large-flowered). 1-2. Blue. August.

Siberia. 1769.

„ macru'ra (long-tailed). See N. CATARIA.
,, malaba'r tea (Malabar). See ANISOMELES MALABARICA.
,, marifo'lia (Marum-leaved). See MICROMERIA MARI-

FOLIA.

,, marrubioi' 'des (horehound-like). See N. ITALICA.
„ multibractea'ta (many-bracted). 3. Purple. July.

Algiers. 1817.

,, Mussi'ni (Mussin's). 2. Violet. July. Caucasus.
„ Nepete'lla( small Nepeta). i. Red. July. S.Europe.

1758. " Small Cat-mint."

„ nu'da (naked). 2-4. Red. September. S. Europe.
1683.

NEPHELAPHYLLUM

584

NEPHRODIUM

N. panno'nica (Hungarian). See N. NUDA.
„ Scordo'tis (Scordotis). i£. Blue. July. Crete. 1817.
,, sibi'rica (Siberian), i. Purple. July. Siberia. 1804.
„ spica'ta (spiked). J-i. Purple; lower lip white.

September. Himalaya. 1878.

„ suave'olens (sweet-scented), i^. Blue. July. 1817.
„ sua'vts (sweet). N.W. Himalaya.
„ teucriifo'lia (Teucrium-leaved). ij. Purple. July.

Armenia. 1816.
„ tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted). 2. Violet. July. Spain.

1683.
„ Vei'tchii (Veitch's). ij. Light blue. Western China.

1906.

„ viola'cea (violet). 2. Blue. August. Spain. 1723.
„ Wilso'nii (Wilson's). 2-2*. Violet. Western China.

1906.

NEPHELAPHY'LLUM. (From nephele, a cloud, and
phullon, a leaf ; in reference to the leaf-markings. Nat.
ord. Orchidaceae.]

Stove orchids. Divisions when growth is commencing.
Fibrous peat, sphagnum, and potsherds.
N. crista'tum (crested). Green, with purple lines ; lip

white in front. Hong-Kong. 1896.
„ pu'lchrum (pretty). Brown and yellow. Java. 1860.
„ scapi'gerum (scape-bearing). Yellow and purple.
Borneo. 1863.

NEPHE LIUM. (An ancient name for Burdock ; ap-
plied in reference to the similarity of the heads of the
flowers and seeds. Nat. ord. Soapworts [Sapindaceae].
Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Mpnogynia. Allied to Cupania.)

Stove evergreen fruit-trees. Seed sown in a hotbed
in spring ; layers and cuttings of half-ripened shoots in
sandy soil, in a close case, with bottom-heat ; sandy
loam and dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 45° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.
N. lappa'ceum (burdock-like). Malaya.

,, leioca'rpum (smooth-fruited). Australia.

„ Li'ichi (Lee Chee). 15. White. May. China. 1786.
" Litchi."

„ Longa'na (Longan). 20. White. May. India. 1786.

„ verticilla' ta (whorled). See SAPINDUS DANURA.

NEPHRA'NDRA. See VITEX.
NEPHRANTHE'RA. See RENANTHERA.

NEPHRO'DIUM. (From nephros, a kidney ; the shape
of the involucre or indusium. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices].
Linn. z^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices. The species of Nephro-
dium are characterised by having a kidney-shaped
indusium attached by the sinus or notch. Lastrea is a
section of this, with the veins of the frond all free.
Nephrodium proper has some of the veins united, form-
ing a network. Aspidium has an orbicular indusium
attached by the middle, like a miniature umbrella.
Polystichum is a section of Aspidium with free veins.
These remarks will explain the cross references.)

See FERNS for cultivation.

HARDY.

N. aculea'tum (cowtwon-prickly). 2. Brown. June.

Britain. See ASPIDIUM ACULEATUM.
„ acrostichoi' des (Acrostichum-like). See ASPIDIUM

ACROSTICHOIDES.

„ ce'mulum (emulous), i. July. Britain, Madeira,

Azores. " Hay-scented Fern."
„ angula're (angular). £. Brown. July. Britain.

1819. See ASPIDIUM ANGULARE.
„ atra'tum (dark). See N. HIRTIPES.
,, Ba'rometz(Barometz). See DICKSONIA BAROMETZ, the

" Scythian Lamb."
„ crista'tum (lesser-crested). ij. Brown. June.

England.
„ „ clintonia'num (Clintonian). A larger plant. N.

Amer. 1888.

„ „ uligino'sum (marsh). Pinnules more deeply cut.
„ decursi'vo-pinna' turn (decurrent-pinnate). i. Japan,

China, Formosa.

„ dilata'tum (dilated). See N. SPINOSULUM DILATATUM.
„ erythrostfrum (red-sprused). 2. Japan and China.
„ „ proli'ficum (prolific).

„ Fi'lix-ma's (male fern). 3. Brown. June. Britain.
„ F&nise'cii (Foenisec's). See N.

N. fra' grans (fragrant). $. Brown. July. Siberia.
1820.

„ goldiea'nunt (Goldie's). 2. Brown. August. N.
Amer.

,, hi'rtipes (hairy-stalked). 2-3. Himalayas to Ceylon.
Alt. up to 6000 ft.

„ lancastrie' 'nse (Lancaster). Yellow. July. N. Amer.
1825.

„ loba'tum (lobed). See ASPIDIUM LOBATUM.

,, Lonchi'tis (Lonchitis). See ASPIDIUM LONCHITIS.

„ „ aspe'rrimum (very rough). See ASPIDIUM LON-
CHITIS ASPERRIMUM.

,, margina'le (marginal). 2-3. Son marginal. Canada

and United States. 1772.
,, monta'num (mountain). ij~3. July. Europe

(Britain).
„ noveborace'nse (New- York). 2-3. July. Canada and

United States. 1812.

„ obtu'sum (obtuse). Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1827.
,, Oreo'pteris (mountain- fern). See N. MONTANUM.
,, spinulo'sum (finely-spiny). 1-2. Brown. July.

Europe (Britain).
„ „ BoJtii (Boot's). 1-2. Scales of stalk pale.

Pinnae distant.
„ „ dilata'tum (dilated). 2-3. Brown. July. Britain.

" Broad Buckler Shield Fern."

,, „ dumeto'rum (thicket). A slight variety. Britain.
„ „ glandulo'sum (glandular). Fronds glandular be-
neath. England.

„ „ lepido'tum (scaly). Rachis chestnut-brown, scaly.
„ „ remo'tum (remote). Scales extending to the rachis.

Pinnae close.
„ Thely'pteris (lady-fern). 1-2. July. Europe (Britain).

" Marsh Shield Fern."

GREENHOUSE.

N. atrovi'rens (dark green). See N. DECOMPOSITUM.
„ Blu'mei (Blume's). See N. INTERMEDIUM.
„ borya'num (Boryan). 8-n. Himalaya, Madras, &c.
„ ca'num (hoary). i-i$. Brown. July. Himalaya.
,, cato'pteron (down-winged). 7-10. Brown. July.

Rachis winged. S. Africa.

,, chine'nse (Chinese). iJ-2. China and Japan.
„ coria'ceum (leathery), i. Brown. June. Van

Diemen's Land. 1821.
,, Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's), ij. Brown. July.

New Zealand.
„ decompo' situm (decomposed). J. Brown. June.

N. Holland. 1820.
„ „ glabe'llum (small-smooth), i. Frond more finely

cut, with spiny teeth. Australia.
,, ,, gract'llimum (very-slender), i. Pinnules finely

divided. Australia. 1908.
„ „ Shephe'rdi (Shepherd's). i. Frond narrower

than in the type. Australia.
„ dre'panum (sickle-like). 2. Brown. July. Madeira.

1837-
„ elonga'tum (elongated). 2. Brown. July. Madeira.

1779.
„ florida'num (Florida). 2-2$. Fertile fronds more

divided than the barren ones. Florida.
„ glabe'llum (small-smooth). See N. DECOMPOSITUM

GLABELLUM.

„ graci'llimum (very-slender). See N. DECOMPOSITUM

GRACILLIMUM.

„ hi'spidum (roughly-hairy). 2-3. New Zealand,

Australia, &c.

„ inequa'le (unequal). 2-3. Scales at the base reddish-
brown. S. Africa.
„ intermedium (intermediate). 2-4. Brown. June.

N. India. 1825.

„ la'cerum (torn). i§-2. Japan and Tsus-Sima.
„ latevi'rens (lively-green). 3. Brown. Madeira.
,, lu'cens (shining), i. Brown. August. Mauritius.

1831.

,, mo' lie (soft). 1-2. Yellow. July. Ubiquitous. 1820.
,, ,, corymbi'ferum (corymb-bearing). 1-2. Apex of

frond with a large crest, pinnae with smaller crests.
»» » polyda' ctylon (many-fingered). Apex of frond

much divided and crested.

,, ,, viola' scens (violet). Stalk and rachis violet.
,, nevade'nse (Nevada). N. Amer.
„ podophv'llum (leaf-stalked). 2-2$. Scales black and

nbrillose. Chusan ; Hong- Kong.

NEPHRODIUM

585

NEPHROJLEPIS

N. proli'ficum (prolific). See N. ERYTHROSORUM PROLI-

FICUM.

„ recu'rvum (recurved). See N. ^MULUM.

„ ri'gidum (stiff). J. Brown. July. S. Europe

(Britain). 1816.

„ Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). 1-2. Scales brown. Pinnae

fewer than in N. podophyllum. Japan.

„ uni'tum (joined). 2. Brown. August. Australia.

1793.

STOVE.
N. dborti'vum (prematurely-born). 1^-3. Penang, Java,

Ceylon.

„ abru'ptum (abrupt). Yellow. July. Peru.
„ albopuncta'lum (white-dotted). i-i|. Guinea, Mas-

carene Isles, &c.
„ amboine'nse (Amboynan). 2^-3. Philippines, N.

India, &c.

„ a'mplum (ample). 5-7. W. Ind. to Ecuador.
„ Arbu'scula (little- tree). i$-2. Mascarene Isles,

Ceylon, &c.

„ articula'tum (jointed). See N. PENNIGERUM.
„ auge'scens (increasing). See N. SERRA.
„ auricula' turn (eared). £. Brown. July. E. Ind.

I793-

„ calcara'tum (spurred), i-ij. N. India to Ceylon, &c.
„ cane'scens (hoary). See N. CTJCULLATUM.
„ caripe'nse (Caripa). 2-3. Guatemala to Brazil and

Peru.

„ caudicula'tvm (tailed). YeUow. July. Isle of Luzon.
„ chryso'lobum (yellow-lobed). i. Brazil and

Colombia. 1840.

„ cicuta'rium (Cicuta-like). 2-3. Tropics everywhere.
„ co'nfluens (running- together). Queensland.
„ cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). i. Brown. July.

Jamaica. 1824.

„ coru'scum (glittering). See ASPIDIUM VARIUM.
„ crini'tum (haired), i. Brown. August. Mauritius.

1831.

„ cuculla'tum (hooded). 2^-3. N. India, Ceylon, &c.
„ cumingia'num (Cumingian). 3. Yellow. February.

Panama. 1839.

„ cuspida'tum (short-pointed). 3. W. Ind. and Ceylon.
„ cyaiheoi'des (Cyathea-like). 4. Brown. July. Trop.

Asia.

„ decu'rrens (running-down). 2-4. Trop. Asia.
„ deltoi'deum (delta-shaped). 2-3. Trop. Amer.
„ denticula'tum (toothletted). 2-3. W. Ind. and

Guatemala to S. Brazil.
„ disse'ctum (cut). 2^-3. Polynesia.
„ „ membranifo'lium (membranous-leaved).
„ dive'rgens (divergent). See N. EFFUSUM DIVERGENS.
„ edu'le (eatable-rooted). Yellow. July. Nepaul. 1826.
„ effu'sum (spread-out). 5-6. Cuba and Mexico to

Brazil and Peru.

„ „ dive' r gens (divergent). Fronds more divided.
„ erwca'rpum (woolly-fruited). See N. ODORATUM.
„ exte'nsum (extended). 3-6. Ceylon, India.
„ glandulo'sum (glanded). Yellow. July. Isle of

Luzon. 1840.

„ Griseba'chii (Grisebach's). 5-7. Cuba.
„ Hippocre'pis (horse-shoe). 2. Brown. May. Jamaica.
„ hirsu'tum (hairy). Brown, yellow. May. Philippines.

1842.

„ Hoo'keri (Hooker's). See N. ARBUSCULA.
„ inci'sum (incised), ij. W. Ind. and Colombia.
„ interne1 dium (intermediate). 2-5. N. India to

Ceylon, &c.
„ invi'sum (unseen). 4-6. Mexico and Cuba to Brazil.

1830.
„ irregula're (irregular). 3-4. Stem black. Polynesia.

1824.

„ irri'guum (watery). 2. Brown. July. Philippines.
„ Jenma'ni (Jenman's^ Jamaica.
„ Kaulfu'ssii (Kaulfuss's). 2-2^. W. Ind. to Brazil.
„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3-5. Polynesia, Ecuador,

&c. 1823.

„ lawrencea'num (Lawrencean). 2. Madagascar. 1881.
,, le'pidum (slender). 2-2$. Polynesia.
„ leuzea'num (Leuzean). 6-9. ' N. India, Philip-
pines, &c.

„ longicau'le (long-stemmed). Colombia. 1881.
„ lu'cidum (shining), i-ij. Fronds smooth. Mada-
gascar. 1877.

N. macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 3-5. Trop. Amer.
„ „ calva'tum (bald). Without scales.
,, mamillo'sum (nippled). 1-2. Moluccas. 1886.
,, membranifo'lium (membranous-leaved). See N. DIS-

SECTUM MEMBRANIFOLIUM.

„ mucrona'tum (sharp-pointed). 2. Brown. July.
Jamaica. 1820.

,, odora'tum (scented). 2-2^. Brown. Trop. Asia.

„ Ota'ria (Otaria). 1^-2. Philippines, Neilghemes, and
Ceylon.

„ pachyphy'llum (thick-leaved). 3-4. Philippines,
Malaya, Fiji, &c.

„ pallidive'nium (pale- veined). 3-4. Guinea.

„ pa'llidum (pale).

„ „ crista'tum (crested). Fronds crested, fragrant.
1889.

„ palu'stre (marsh). 3-4. Brazil.

„ parasi'ticum (parasitical), i. Brown. June. E. Ind.
1824.

,, pa'tens (spreading). Tropics, &c. 1784.

„ penni'gerum( winged). 6. Yellow. January. W.Ind.

„ platyphy'llum (flat-leaved). Yellow. June. S. Amer.
1826.

„ polymo'rphum (many-shaped). 3-5. Himalaya to
Ceylon, &c.

„ Pre'slii (Presl's). 2. Brown. August. Philippines
1793-

„ proli'ferum (proliferous), i. Brown. Brazil.

„ propi'nquvm (related). See N. PRESLII.

„ pteroi'des (wing-like). 3. Yellow, brown. July.
Himalayas, Ceylon, &c. 1847.

„ pube'scens (downy). Brown. July. Jamaica. 1817.

„ pu'ngens (stinging), i. Yellow. January. W. Ind.

,, raddia'num (Raddian). See N. VESTITUM.

„ rece'dens (receding). 2^-3. Ceylon, Philippines, &c.

„ refra'ctum (broken-back). 2-2$. Lower pinna3 de-
flected. Brazil.

„ Richa'rdsi (Richard's). 3. New Caledonia.

„ „ multi'fidum (many-cut). 3. New Caledonia. 1881.

,, rodigasia'num (Rodigasian). 3-4. Fronds lanceo-
late, pinnate. Samoa. 1882.

„ sagittafo'lium (arrow-leaved). 4-6. Java.

,, sa'nctum (sacred). }-i. W. Ind. and Guatemala.

,, scabro'sum (rough). 2^-3^. Neilghemes.

,, Se'rra (saw-like). 2. Brown. July. Jamaica.

1819.
,, seti'gerum (bristle-bearing). 2-5. Rhizome creeping.

Japan and Trop. Asia.
„ „ crista'tum (crested). Fronds crested.
,, seto'sum (bristly). iJ-2. Java.
,, simplicifo'lium (simple-leaved). See POLYPODIUM

SIMPLICIFOLIUM.

,, singaporia'num (Singaporean). 1^-2. Malaya.

,, Sloa'nei (Sloan's). Trop. Amer.

„ spa'rsum (scattered). iJ-3. Trop. Asia.

„ subquinque'fidum (nearly-five-divided). 1^-3. Frond

triangular. W. Ind. to Brazil.
,, subtriphy'llum (almost- three-leaved). Trop. Asia.
,, tenericau'le (slender-stemmed). See N. SETIGERUM.
„ te'rminans (ending). See N. PTEROIDES.
,, Thwaite'sii (Thwaites's). 2-2^. Ceylon.
„ Trime'ni (Trimen's). Ceylon.
„ trunca'tum (cut-short). Fronds wavy, pale green.

E. Ind., &c. 1869.
„ tubero'sum (tuberous), ij. Yellow. January. W.

Ind.

„ va'lde-pilo'sum (strongly-hairy). Colombia. 1881.
„ va'rians (varying). 2. Trinidad.
„ variolo'sum (variable). 2-2^. N. Ind. and Malaya.
„ va'siwn (vast). 2-4. Himalaya and Malaya.
„ venulo'sum (finely- veined). 4-5. Fernando Po.
,, venu'stum (lovely). 3-3 J. Plant tufted. Jamaica.
„ vesti'tum (clothed). 1^-3. S. Brazil.
,, villo'sum (shaggy). 3-9. Brown. July. W. Ind.

1793.
„ „ lachnopo'dium (woolly-footed). Stalks densely

covered with spreading scales.
„ „ specta'bile (showy). A nearly smooth form.
„ Voge'lii (Vogel's). See N. SUBQUINQUEFIDUM.

NEPHRO'LEPIS. (From nephros, a kidney, and lepis,
a scale ; referring to the covering of the seed, or spore-
cases. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-Cryptogamia,
i-Filices.)

Stove Ferns, with yellow spores. See FERNS.

NEPHROLEPIS

586

NERINE

acumina'la (pointed). June. W. Ind.
acu'ia (acute). 2^-4$. Tropics of both Worlds.
„ Westo'ni (Weston's). Pinnas, but not apex of
frond, crested. 1903.

ama'bilis (lovely). See N. RUFESCENS AMABILIS.
Bau'sei (Bause's). i-ij. Of dense, dwarf habit.

Garden origin. 1885.

biserra'ta (double-saw-edged). See N. ACUTA.
corda'ta (heart-shaped). See N. CORDIFOLIA.
cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 1-2. September. Tropics
of both Worlds. 1841.

„ compa'cta (compact). iJ-2. Pinnules compactly
placed. 1890.

„ crispa' to-conge' sta (crisped-crowded). J-J. Pinnae
twisted and curled. 1903.

„ pectina'ta (comb-like). Pinnae closely placed.
Tropics of New World. 1841.
„ philippine'nsis (Philippine). Philippines.
„ tessella'ta (tessellated). Some of the pinnae are
pinnate. 1906.

„ tuber o' so, (tuberous). Wiry rhizomes bearing
tubers. Jamaica. 1841.

davallioi'des (Davallia-like). Fertile pinnae pinnatifid.
Java. 1852.

„ fu'rcans (forking). Pinnae forked at the tips.
Polynesia. 1873.

„ mu'lticeps (many-headed). Pinnae crested. 1892.
Du'ffi (Grant-Duff's), 1-1$. Australia. 1878.

ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). See N. ACUTA.

*<** _ . .:. .. ......

93-
Amerpo'htii (Amerpohl's). Pinnae finely divided.

exalta'ta (tall). 1^-3. Very variable in habit and
form. Tropics of bot

5th Worlds. 1793.

1905.

„ Barro'wsii (Barrow's). Pinnae bipinnatisect dark

green. 1908.

„ Barte'ri (Barter's). W. Trop. Africa.
„ eanalicula'ta (channelled). Frond and pinnae with

curly, much-cut tassels. 1906.
„ Foste'ri (Foster's), ii-3- Pinna?, except the

basal ones, much divided. 1903.
„ hirsu'tula (finely-hairy). Covered all over with

rusty down. June.
„ lycopodioi'des (lycopod-like). Fronds small,

densely plumose. 1909.
„ magni'fica (magnificent). Fronds more finely cut

than N. e. Amerpohlii.
„ Marsha'lli (Marshall's). 1-2. The most finely

divided, and most densely plumose form. 1909.
„ Neube'rtii (Neubert's). Plant dwarf; fronds very

finely divided.

„ Pearso'ni (Pearson's). Pinnae much divided. 1902.
„ Pearso'ni compa'cta (Pearson's compact). Pinnae

much divided, compact. 1905.
„ Pearso'ni eleganti' ssima (Pearson's most elegant).

Pinnae much divided, dense. 1905.
„ pe'ndula (pendulous). 4. Fronds long, pendulous.

June. W. Ind.
„ Schcelze'li (Schoelzel's) . Fronds very plumose.

1909.

„ Sco'ttii (Scott's). A dwarf variety. 1904.
„ supe'rba (superb). 1^-2. Pinnae waved, cut,

crested. 1906.
„ superb? ssima (most superb), i. Pinnae nearly at

right angles to the frond. 1907.
„ todeaoi'des (Todea-like). Fronds plumose, like

Todea superba. 1906.

„ volu'bilis (twining). Fronds straggling, flexuose.
„ Whitma'ni (Whitman's). Intermediate between

the varieties elegantissima and todeaoides. 1907.
falcifo'rmis (sickle-shaped). i£-2. Borneo.
Hesto'ni (Heston's). Intermediate between N. acuta

and N. rufescens. 1903.

hirsu'tula (small-haired). See N. EXALT ATA HIRSUTULA.
oblitera'ta (obliterated). See N. RAMOSA.
orna'ta (adorned). Distinct and compact in habit.

1909.

pectina'ta (comb-like). See N. CORDIFOLIA PECTINATA.
pe'ndula (drooping). See N. EXALTATA PENDULA.
philippine'nsis (Philippine). See N. CORDIFOLIA

PHILIPPINENSIS.

Plu'ma (Pluma). 4-5. Fronds pendulous, deciduous.

Madagascar. 1878.

punclula'ta (small-dotted). See N. ACUTA.
ramo'sa (branched). J-i. June. Tropics of Old

World. 1839.

N. recurva'ta (recurved). See N. EXALTATA.

,, rufe'scens (reddish), ij-z. Felted with rusty hairs.
Tropics.

„ ,, ama'bilis (lovely). 2-2 J. Fronds gracefully arch-
ing, crested. 1908.

,, „ Ma'yi (May's). 2-2$. Pinnae close, much waved
and twisted. 1903.

„ „ tripinnati' fida (three- times-cut). Pinnae deeply
divided, overlapping. Trop. Amer. 1887.

,, sple'ndens (shining). See N. ACUTA.

„ sple'ndens (shining) of gardens. z\. Pinnae overlap-
ping, deep green. Chance sporeling. 1909.

,, trichomanoi' des (Trichomanes-like). See N. RAMOSA.

„ tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted). See N. CORDIFOLIA

TUBEROSA.

„ undula'ta (wavy). See N. CORDIFOLIA.

„ volu'bilis (twining). See N. EXALTATA VOLUBILIS.

NEPHROSPE RMA. (From nephros, a kidney, and
sperma, a seed ; in allusion to the shape of the seed.
Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

A stove palm with deeply pinnatisect leaves, with
broad and narrow pinnae. Seeds. Loam, with a little
peat and sand.

N. Va'n-houttea'num (Van Houtte's). 20-25. Fruit
red. Seychelle Islands. 1868.

NE'PHTHYTIS. (Named after Nephtkys, a mythical
goddess. Nat. ord. Araceae. Allied to Richardia.)

Stove herbs with a thick tuberous rootstock and large,
triangular, arrow-shaped leaves. Offsets. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, charcoal, and sand.
N. libe'rica (Liberian). 2-3. Spathe green. Spadix

cream in upper part. W. Trop. Africa. 1881.
„ pictura'ta (ornamented). 2. Leaves variegated with
white. Congo. 1887.

NEPTU'NIA. (After Neptune, the mythological deity
of the sea ; a water-plant. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosae]. Linn. 2^-Polygamia, i-Monoxia. Allied
to Desmanthus.)

Stove water-plant, with pinnated, sensitive leaves like
a Mimosa ; seeds in strong heat ; cuttings and divisions.
Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
N. olera'cea (pot-herb). White, yellow. August. Tropics.

1733-
„ ple'na (full). See N. OLERACEA.

NERI'NE. (The daughter of Nerius. Nat. ord.
Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Brunsvigia.)

Greenhouse bulbs, from South Africa. The Guernsey
lily is a Nerine, and, like it, all the species flower in the
autumn — some before the growth of the leaves, and
others with the leaves coming up. Like the Amaryllis,
they grow from September to May, and delight in strong,
yellow loam ; a vigorous growth of the leaves is requisite
to cause them to flower the following autumn. Many
attempts have been made to cross them with Amaryllis
and other allied families without success ; but they pro-
duce fine crosses among themselves. Seeds sown in
heat, in spring, or as soon as ripe, but chiefly by offsets
from the bulbs ; rich, sandy loam, with a little peat ;
deeply planted, and a dry situation in winter ; or pro-
tected in a cold pit or greenhouse, and kept dry until
vegetation commences.
N. anguslifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See N. FLEXUOSA

ANGUSTIFOLIA.

„ appendicula' ta (appendaged). i. Pink ; filaments

appendaged. Natal. 1894.
„ Bowde'ni (Bowden's). ij. Flowers pink, larger than

those of any other species. 1904.
, coru'sca (glittering). See N. SARNIENSIS CORUSCA.
, cri'spa (crisped). See N. UNDULATA.
curvifo'lia (curve-leaved), i. Scarlet. July. 1777

„ Fothergi'llii (Fothergill's). Crimson or scarlet.
Elwe'sii (Elwes's). See N. PUDICA ELWESII.
„ filifo'lia (thread-leaved). Pale and deep rose ; fila-
ments and style red. 1879.

,, flexuo'sa (zigzag), i. Pink. September. 1795.
„ „ a'lba (white), i. White. 1902.
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), i. Pink. 1885.
„ „ pulche'lla (pretty). 1-2. Pink, rose. July. 1820.
„ ,, Sanderso'ni (Sanderson's). 1-2. Segments less
crisped, cupped at base. 1885.

NERIUM

587

NEVIUSIA

N. Pother gi'llii (Fothergill's). See N. CURVIFOLIA

FOTHERGILLII.

„ hu'milis (low). 2. Red. June. 1795.

„ japo'nica (Japanese). See LYCORIS RADIATA.

,, lu'cida (shining). Red.

„ margina'ta (margined). \. Scarlet.

„ Moo'rei (Moore's), i-i*. Bright scarlet ; segments

crisped. 1886.
„ pancratioi'des (Pancratium-like). 2. White, with

bifid scales between the filaments. 1891.
„ Plan'tii (Plant's). See N. SARNIENSIS PLANTII.
„ pu'dica (bashful), i-ij. White, pink. October.

1868.

„ „ a'lba (white). Snow-white. 1904.
„ „ Elwe'sii (Elwes's). Pale rose.
,, pulche'lla (pretty). See N. FLEXUOSA PULCHELLA.
„ pu'mila (dwarf), i. Brilliant scarlet, with golden

sheen. 1890.

„ ro sea (rosy). See N. SARNIENSIS ROSEA.
„ sctrnie'nsis (Guernsey Lily), i. Red. September.

„ , AUe'ni (Allen's). Garden variety. 1895.

coru'sca (glittering), i. Scarlet. July. 1809.

Gaimi'ni (Gaimin's). Flowers erect. 1905.

Pla'ntii (Plant's). I. Dull crimson. 1885.

profu'sa (profuse). Bright scarlet. September.

ro'sea (rosy), i. Pink. July. 1818.
,, , venu'sta (lovely), i. Scarlet. June. 1806.
„ undula'ta (waved-flower ed ) . f. Pink. May. 1767.
,, ,, ma' for (greater). Flowers larger.
,, Vei'tchii (Veitch's). i. Pale pink, with wavy seg-
ments. S. Africa. 1911.
„ venu'sta (beautiful). See N. SARNIENSIS VENUSTA.

NE'RTUM. Oleander. (From neros, moist ; referring
to their native places of growth. Nat. ord. Dogbanes
[Apocynaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Notwithstanding the beauty of the Oleander, it is one
of the most virulent of vegetable poisons. Beautiful
greenhouse plants, but which require a higher tempera-
ture to start them in the spring. Cuttings of shoots,
getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept warm ;
cuttings a little older do well in phials of water, also
kept warm ; peat and loam, enriched with cow-dung and
leaf-mould. Winter temp., 35° to 48° ; summer, 60°
to 75°. The shoots made this season should bloom the
next, if well ripened.
N. corona'rium (garland). See TABERN/EMONTANA CORO-

NARIA.

„ japo'nicum (Japanese). See N. OLEANDER.

„ odo'rum (sweet-scented). 6. Pale red. July. E. Ind.

1683.

„ „ ca'rneum (fleshy). 6. Pink. July. E. Ind. 1683.
„ „ ple'num (double-flowered). 5. Pale red. July.

E. Ind. 1683.
„ Olea'nder (oleander). 8. Red. August. S. Europe.

1596.
„ „ a'lbum (white- flowered). 8. White. August.

S. Europe. 1596.
„ „ sple'ndens (shining). 7. Red. August. S.

Europe. 1814.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated). 8. Striped. August.

S. Europe.
„ Ihyrsiflo'rum (thyrse-flowered). 5. Pink. July.

Nepaul. 1830.
„ tincto'rium (dyer's). See ALLAMANDA VERTICILLATA.

NE'RTERA. (From nertcros, low down ; in reference
to the very dwarf habit of the plant. Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

A genus of puny, perennial herbs, with stalkless, in-
conspicuous flowers, followed by red berries. Seeds;
divisions. Loam, leaf-mould, and plenty of sand.
N. depre'ssa (depressed). ^. Green; berries orange-red.
S. Amer. ; N. Zealand, &c. 1868. " Coral-berried
Duckweed."
,, re'pens (creeping). See N. DEPRESSA.

NESTS' A. (The name of a sea-nymph. Nat. ord.
Loosestrifes [Lythraceae]. Linn. n-Dodecandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Includes Heimia.)

Nearly hardy, evergreen shrubs, except AT. triftora, a
stove perennial herb. Divisions in spring, as fresh growth
commences ; cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter
temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°. The half-hardy
ones require the protection of a wall or pit in winter.

N. linaricefo'lia (Linaria-leaved). 5. Yellow. S. Amer.
1829.

„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 3-5. Yellow. Brazil.
1826.

„ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 3-5. Yellow. August.
Trop. Amer. 1821.

„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 3-5. Yellow. Sep-
tember.

„ triftp'ra (three-flowered). 2. Blue. August. Mau-
ritius. 1802.

NESO'PANAZ VITIENSIS. See PLERANDRA vm-

ENSIS.

NETOU'XIA FORMO'SA. See NECTOUXIA FORMOSA.

NETTING is employed to prevent the radiation of heat
from walls, and the rude access of wind to trees grown
upon them, as well as to prevent the ravages of birds.

Netting is a very effectual preventive of cooling, for
reasons which will be stated when considering Screens
generally ; and in connection with that, it may be ob-
served, that it is not altogether immaterial of what sub-
stance netting is formed. Worsted is to be preferred,
not only because it is the most durable, but because it is
the best preventive of a wall's cooling. We have found
the thermometer under a hemp net sink, during the night,
from 2° to 4° lower than that under a net of worsted,
the meshes being small and of equal size in both nets.
This can only be because worsted is known to be a worse
conductor of heat than hemp ; and, not absorbing
moisture so easily, is not so liable to the cold always
produced by its drying. Netting will also exclude flies
and other winged insects from the fruit against walls,
although the meshes are more than large enough to
permit their passage. Why this is the case is not very
apparent ; but the netting is equally efficient in keeping
similar insects from intruding into rooms if there are no
cross lights. If there are windows on different sides of
the room, and it is to be presumed, therefore, also in a
green or hothouse, nets would not be so efficient.

One hundred square yards of netting, according to
some merchants' mode of measuring, will not cover
more than fifty square yards of wall, for they stretch the
net, first longitudinally, and then laterally, when making
their measurement, and not in both directions at once,
as the gardener must when covering his trees. Dis-
appointment, therefore, should be avoided, when order-
ing new nets, by stating the size of the surface which
has to be covered. This may be done without any fear
of imposition.

Mr. Richardson, net-maker, New Road, London, in-
forms us that one cwt. of old mackerel-net, weighed
when quite dry, will cover 800 square yards ; and one cwt.
of old herring-net (smaller meshes) will cover 600 square
yards.

NETTLE-TREE. Ce'ltis.

NEUMA'NNIA AKCUA'TA. See PITCAIRNIA ARCU-

ATA.

NEUMA'NNIA NI'GRA. See PITCAIRNIA NIGRA.
NEURO'DIUM LANCEOLA'TUM. See T^NITIS LAN-

CEOLATA.

NEURpL2E'NA. (From neuros, a nerve, and laina, a
cloak ; in allusion to the three nerves of the bracts.
Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Stove, evergreen, tall subshrub. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass. Loam, leaf-mould,
and sand.

N. loba'ta (lobed). 2-3. Flowers white, rayless in
panicles. June. Trop. Amer.

NEUWIE'DIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Stove terrestrial orchids, with a short rhizome and a
simple, erect leafy stem. Divisions in spring. Fibrous
loam, fibrous peat, sphagnum, charcoal, and sand.
N. Griffi'thii (Griffith's), i. Flowers small, pure white,

in spikes 3 in. long. Malaya. 1894.
„ Li'nd'eyi (Lindley's). 3-4. Golden-yellow, in spikes
i in. long. Malaya. 1894.

NEVIU'SIA. (Derivation not explained. Nat. ord.
Rosaceae.)
Half-hardy shrub, requiring a wall in the south, and

NEWBOULDIA

588

NIDULARIUM

the protection of a greenhouse in colder parts. Cuttings
of half-ripe wood in sand under a hand-light. Well-
drained soil.

N. alabame'nsis (Alabama). 3-6. Petals absent ;
stamens white. Alabama. 1881.

NEWBOU'LDIA. (Commemorative of the Rev. W. W.
Newbould, a British botanist. Nat. ord. Bignoniaceae.)

Stove tree. Cuttings of half-ripe wood in sand in a
close case with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and
sand.
N. Ice'vis (smooth). Rose or purple. Trop. Africa.

NEW JERSEY TEA. Ceano'thus america'nus.

NEW ZEALAND SPINACH (Tetrago'nia expa'nsa) is
much admired as a substitute for summer spinach, being
of more delicate flavour, and continues available the
whole summer.

Sow, at the latter end of March, in the seed-vessel, as
gathered in the preceding autumn, in a pot, and placed
in a melon-frame. The seedlings to be pricked while
small singly into pots, to be kept under a frame without
bottom-heat until the third week in May, or until the
danger of frost is past. Plant in rows, in a rich, light
soil, at three or four feet apart each way. Twenty plants
will afford an abundant supply daily for a large family.

In five or six weeks after planting, the young shoots
may be gathered, these being pinched off. They are
productive until a late period of the year, as they survive
the frosts that kill nasturtiums and potatoes.

To obtain Seed. — A plantation must be made on a
poorer soil, or kept stunted and dry in pots, as ice-plants
are when seed is required of them.

NICA'NDRA. (Commemorative of Nicander, a
botanist about the period A.D. 150. Nat. ord. Solanaceae.)
Half-hardy annual herbs. Seeds sown under glass in
March, grown on and planted put in May, or sown in
the open border in, April, and thinned out to 12 in. apart.
Ordinary garden soil.
N. physaloi'des (Physalis-Hke). i$-4- Blue. August

to October. Peru. 1759. " Apple of Sodom."
„ „ yiola'cea (violet). 1^-3. White in lower half,
violet-blue above. S. Amer. (?) 1906.

NICKER-TREE. Guilandi'na.

NICODE'MIA. (The commemorative name, Nico-
demus. Nat. ord. Loganiaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
N. diver sifo'lia (various-leaved). 6. Mascarene Islands.
1823.

NICOTIA'NA. Tobacco. (Named after Nicot, a
French ambassador in Portugal, who first obtained seeds
from a Dutch merchant. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Sola-
nacea?]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Tobacco was first introduced either from Tobago, in
the West Indies, or Tobasco, in Mexico — hence the name.
Shrubby and perennial kinds require the warm green-
house in winter, and may be propagated by divisions
and cuttings, and also freely by seeds ; all the annuals
are raised by seed sown in a hotbed, in March or April ;
seedlings pricked off, potted, and transplanted in rich
soil towards the end of May, when the ornamental ones
will adorn the flower-border, and the useful ones, such
as Taba'cum and the variety macrophy'lla, will yield
their large leaves for fumigating purposes ; glau'ca makes
a fine appearance against a wall. N. ala'ta, fr a' grans,
nocliflo'ra, and pe'rsica are perennial herbs, and wigandi-
oi'des a shrub, although often grown as annuals in the
flower-garden or subtropical garden during summer.

ANNUALS.

AT. acutifto'ra (acute-flowered). 1-2. White. June to

October. Brazil.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. Pink. August

Chili. 1819.

„ Bigelo'vii (Bigelow's). 3. White. N. Amer. 1898.
,, brasilie' 'nsis (Brazilian). See N. ALATA.
„ chine'nsis (Chinese). 6. Pink. August. China. 1819.
„ dilata' ta (spread). 3. Pink. August. S. Amer. 1820.
„ glutino'sa (clammy). 4. Scarlet. August. Peru.

1759-

N. longiflo'ra (k>ng-/wi*i-flowered). 3. White. August.

Buenos Ayres. 1832.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See N. TABACUM MACRO-

PHYLLA.

, micra'ntha (small-flowered), i. Green, white. July.
, multiva'lvis (many-valved). See N. QUADRIVALVIS.
, na'na (dwarf). See HESPEROCHIRON CALIFORNICUS.
, nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 4. Rose. July. Nepaul. 1829.
, panicula'ta (panicled). 2-3. Flowers small, greenish-

yellow. S. Amer. \,
,, petiola'ta (Jong-leaf -stalked). 4. Rose. July. S.

Amer. 1829.
,, plumb aginifo'lia (Plumbago-leaved). 2. White.

May. Trop. and N. Amer. 1816.
„ quadriva'lis (four-valved). i. White. July. N.

Amer. 1811.

,, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). See N. SUAVEOLENS.
,, ru'stica (rustic). 3-4. Greenish-white. Mexico.

" Turkish Tobacco."
,, sangui'nea (crimson). 4. Crimson. July. S. Brazil.

1829.
,, Taba'cum (tobacco). 4. Pink. July. S. Amer.

1570. " Virginian Tobacco."
„ „ a'l ipes (wing-stalked). 4. Pink. July. S. Amer.

1570.

„ „ attenua'ta (thin). 4. Pink. July. S. Amer. 1570.
„ „ graci'lipes (slender-stalked). 4. Pink. July.

S. Amer. 1570.
,, „ Li'ngua (tongue-leaved). 4. Pink. July. S.

Amer. 1750.
„ „ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 7. Pink. July. S.

Amer. 1570.
„ „ palle'scens (pale). 4. Pink. July. S. Amer.

1570.

„ „ sero'tina (late). 4. Pink. July. S. Amer. 1570.
„ „ Ve'rdan (Verdan). 4. Pink. July. S. Amer.

„ „ ybarre'nsis (Ybarra). 2. Pink. August. S.

Amer. 1823.
„ visco'sa (clammy). 3. Pink. July. Buenos Ayres.

1824.

PERENNIALS.

N. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 2-3. Pale green. July

to September. S. Amer.
„ affi'nis (allied). See N. ALATA.
„ ala'ta (winged). 2-3. White, green outside. July

to October. S. Brazil. 1829. "Night-scented

Tobacco."

,, colo'ssea (colossal). See N. TOMENTOSA.
,, forgetia'na (Forgetian). 1-2. Red or deep rose.

July to October. Brazil. 1903.
,, fra' grans (fragrant). 3-4. White. New Caledonia.
,, frutico'sa (shrubby). 4. Pink. July. China. 1699.

Evergreen.
„ glau'ca (milky-green). 20. Yellow. August. Buenos

Ayres. 1827. Evergreen.
„ Langsdo'rffi (Langsdorff's). 4-6. Yellow-green.

August. Brazil. 1819.
„ noctiflo'ra (night-flowering). 2. Pink. August.

Chili. 1826.

,, „ albiflo'ra (white-flowered). White. 1898.
,, pe'rsica (Persian). See N. ALATA.
„ suave'olens (sweet-smelling). 2. White. July to

September. Australia. 1800.
„ sylve'stris (wood). 3-6. White. July to October.

Argentina. 1898.
„ tomento'sa (felted). 7-10. Leaves reddish-violet

when unfolding. Peru. 1888.
,, „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with

creamy- white.

,, undula'ta (wave-leaved). See N. SUAVEOLENS.
„ vincceflo'ra (Vinca-flowered). 2. White. August.

S. Amer. 1820.
„ wigandioi'des (Wigandia-like). 3-7. Yellow- white.

Colombia. 1873. Shrubby.

NIDTJLA'RnJM. (From nidus, a nest ; the leaves
being disposed in the form of a bird's nest. Nat. ord.
BromeliaceaB. Most of them are now referred to Karatas. )

Moist stove perennial herbs. Suckers. Fibrous loam,
peat, some nodules of charcoal and sand.
N. acanthocra' ter (spiny-basined). See KARATAS ACAN-

THOCRATER.

NIEREMBERGIA

589

NIPHOBOLUS

N. amazo'nicwn (Amazonian). See KARAT AS AMAZONICA.

„ ampulla' ceum (flagon-shaped). Brazil. 1880. Blue,
white. Brazil. 1880.

„ Bino'ti (Binot's). White. Rosette flat. November.
Brazil. 1877.

„ bivitta'ta (two-striped). See CRVPTANTHUS BIVITTA-
TUS.

„ Carolina (Caroline's). See KARATAS CAROLINA.

„ cya'neum (blue). Blue, violet. Brazil. 1874.

„ fu'lgens (shining). See KARATAS FULGENS.

„ InnocJntii (Innocenti's). See KARATAS INNOCENTII.

„ Joha'nnis (John's). White. Brazil. 1884.

„ Laure'ntii (Laurent's). Blue. Brazil. 1867.

„ Linde'ni (Linden's). See CANISTRUM EBURNEUM.

„ makoya'num (Makoyan). White, violet. Brazil.
1887.

„ marmora'tum (marbled). See KARATAS MARMORATA.

„ Meyendo'rffi(Meyendor8's). See KARATAS CAROLINA.

„ paxia'num (Paxian). See KARATAS PAXIAKA.

„ pictu'ra (painted). Brazil. 1859.

„ pinelia'num (Pinelian). Blue. Brazil. 1860.

„ pri'nceps magni'ficum (magnificent-chief). See KARA-
TAS PRINCEPS.

„ ru'tilans (glowing-red). See KARATAS RUTILANS.

„ Scher emetie'wii (Scheremetiew's). See KARATAS

SCHEREMETIEWII.

„ specta'bile (showy). See KARATAS SPECTABILIS.

„ stria' turn (striped). See KARATAS INNOCENTII STRIATA.

NIEREMBE RGIA. (Named after /. E. Nieremberg, a
Spanish Jesuit. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solanaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Petunia.)

Pretty half-hardy plants for flower-beds. Cuttings
root freely under a hand-light in summer, if kept shaded ;
and very freely in deep pits, in autumn, without shading,
if the glass is from 18 to 24 inches from the cuttings ;
and most freely in a slight hotbed in spring, from plants
commencing to grow after being kept rather cool over
the winter. Sandy loam and a little peat, and, when
quick growth is wanted, a little cow-dung ; kept in a
cool greenhouse, or a dry, cold pit in winter, where frost
can be excluded ; the soil in winter should be poor, and
kept rather dry ; propagated, also, easily by sowing in
a slight hotbed in March and April, potting and turning
out the seedlings into the flower-garden in the middle
of May.
N. arista' ta (awned-leaved). £. White, purple. July.

Argentina. 1832. Annual.
„ atkinsia'na (Atkinsian). Garden form.
„ calyci'na (/argc-calyxed). J. White. July. Uruguay.

1834. Herbaceous.

„ filicau'lis (thread-stemmed). See N. LINARI^EFOLIA.
„ frute'scens (shrubby). Blue, white. Chili. 1867.
„ gra'cilis (slender). White, purple. July. Uruguay.

1831. Herbaceous.
„ intermedia (intermediate). See SALPIGLOSSIS

LINEARIS.
„ linariaio'lia (toadflax-leaved). \. Whitish. July.

Uruguay. 1831. Evergreen.
„ ph&ni'cea (purple). See PETUNIA VIOLACEA.
„ rivula'ris (river). J. Creamy-white. July. Argen-
tina. 1866. " Trailing Cup-flower."
„ Vei'tchii (Veitch's). Pale lilac. Trop. Amer. 1866.

NIGE LLA. Fennel-Flower. (From niger, black ; the

colour of the seeds. Nat. ord. Crowfoots [Ranunculaceae].

Linn. i^-Polyandria, 5-Pentagynia. Allied to Aquilegia.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open ground any time

after the middle of March.

N. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See N. DAMASCENA.
„ arista'ta (awned). See N. ARVENSIS.
„ arve'nsis (field). 2. Blue. August. Europe.
„ cilia 'ris (hair-fringed), i. Yellow. July. Levant.
„ cornicvla'ta (small-horned), i. Yellow. July. 1820.
,, damasce'na (damask). i$. Lilac, blue.* July. S.

Europe. 1570. " Love-in-a-Mist."
,, „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered), i$. Lilac, blue.

July. S. Europe. 1570.

,, diversifo'lia (diverse-leaved). See N. INTEGRIFOLIA.
„ hispa'nica (Spanish). i£. Brown, white. July.

Spain. 1629.
„ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved), i. Blue. Turkestan.

1908.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See N. HISPANICA.
„ or ienta'lis (eastern), ij. Yellow. July. Syria. 1699.

N. sati'va (cultivated). i£. Yellow. July. Egypt.

1548. " Black Cumin."
„ „ citri'na (citron-colouied-seeded). ij. Pale blue.

July. S. Europe.

„ „ erotica (Cretan), ij. Pale blue. July. Crete.
„ „ i'ndica (Indian), i. Pale blue. July. E. Ind.

NIGHTSHADE. Sola'num.
NIGHTSHADE, ENCHANTER'S. CirctSa.
NIGHT-SOIL. See DUNG.

NIGHT TEMPERATURE in hothouses, greenhouses,
and frames should always average from 10° to 20° lower
than the temperature in which the plants are grown
during the day. It is in the night that the individual
functions are renovated by a temporary repose, and if
left to the dictates of healthy nature, the sap, like the
blood, rises at night with a much diminished velocity.
That plants do become exhausted by too unremitting
excitement, is proved to every gardener who has peach-
houses under his rule ; for if the greatest care be not
taken to rfpen the wood by exposure to the air and light
during the summer, no peach-tree will be fruitful if
forced during a second successive winter, but will require
a much more increased temperature than at first to
excite it even to any advance in vegetation.

The experiments of Harting and Munter upon vines
growing in the open air, and those of Dr. Lindley upon
vines in a hothouse, coincide in testifying that this
tree grows most during the less light and cooler hours of
the twenty-four ; but the hours of total darkness were
the period when the vine grew slowest. This, observes
Dr. Lindley, seems to show the danger of employing a
high night temperature, which forces such plants into
growing fast at a time when nature bids them repose.

That the elevation of temperature at night does hurt-
fully excite plants is proved by the fact, that the branch
of a vine, kept at that period of the day in temperature
not higher than 50°, inhales from one-sixteenth to one-
tenth less oxygen than a similar branch of the same
vine, during the same night, in a temperature of 75°.
The exhalation of moisture and carbonic acid is also
proportionably increased by the higher temperature.

NI'PA. (The Moluccan name. Nat. ord. Palms [Pal-
macea?]. Linn. 2i-Monoecia, io-Monadelphia.)

Stove Palm. Seeds in a strong, moist heat, not giving
too much moisture to the seed at first ; rich loam.
Winter temp., 60° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 90°, and
moist atmosphere.
N. fru'ticans (shrubby). 10. White. E. Ind. 1822.

NIPH2E'A. (From niphos, snow ; snow-white flowers.
Nat. ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneraceae]. Linn. i4-Didy-
namia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Achimenes.)

Stove herbaceous, white-flowered perennials. Divisions
of the roots, as growth commences, in the spring ; sandy
loam and peat, enriched with leaf-mould or rotten cow-
dung. Temp, when at rest, 40° to 45° ; when starting
and potted, 55° to 70° ; when growing, 60° to 75° ; when
flowering, rather less ; until after flowering they are
allowed to become nearly dry, when a low temperature
suits them.
N. a'lbo-linea'ta (•white-lined-leaved). See PHIN^EA ALBO-

LINEATA.

„ argyroneu'ra (silver-nerved). See PHIN^A RETICU-

LATA.

cu'preo-vi'rens (coppery- green). September. 1860.

gra'cilis (slender). S. Amer. 1868.

oblo'nga (oblong). $. September. Guatemala. 1841.

Rae'dii (Rcezl's). Trop. Amer. 1877.

ru'bida (red), j. November. Guatemala. 1846.

rtt'bra (red-haired). See N. RUBIDA.

NIPHO'BOLUS. (From niphobolus, covered with
snow ; referring to the white covering of the spore-cases.
Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-Cryptogamia, i-
Filices. Now referred to Polypodium, which see.)

Stove Ferns, with brown spores. See FERNS.
N. acrostichoi'des (Acrostichum-like). September. Isle

of Luzon.
,, adna'scens (stem-leaf-pressed). f. May. E. Ind.

1824.

„ „ va'rius (variable). Larger variety. July. Malacca.
1845.

NIPHOPSIS ANGUSTATUS 590 NORDMANNIA CORDIFOLIA

N. a'lbicans (whitish), i. July. Ceylon.
„ bi'color (two-coloured). August. Malacca.
„ co'nfluens (running- together). £. May. N. Holland.

1820.

„ costa'tus (ribbed-leaved). July. Ceylon. 1824.
„ ftocculo'sus (woolly-tufted). August. Manilla. 1841.
„ gla'ber (smooth). July. Malacca.
„ linea're (narrow-leaved). $. May. Japan. 1822.
„ Lingua (tongue-like). May. Japan. 1817.
„ nummularifo'lius (moon wort-leaved). May. Isle of

Luzon.

„ pertu'sus (bored). |. May. China. 1821.
„ rupe'stris (rock). £. May. N. Holland. 1824.
„ sine'nsis (Chinese). \. September. China.
„ sphceroce' 'phalits (round-headed). July. Malacca.
„ sple'ndens (shining). July. E. Ind.
„ va'rius (variable). See N. ADNASCENS VARIUS.

NIPHO'PSIS ANGUSTA'TUS. See POLYPODIUM AN-

GUSTATUM.

NISSO'LIA. (Named after W. Nissole, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria. Allied to Amicia.)

Cuttings of short, stubby, half-ripened shoots in spring
and summer, in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 85°.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

N. glabra'ta (polished). See MACH^ERIUM ARBOREUM.
„ micro' ptera (small- winged). 10. White. July. See

MACH^RIUM MICROPTERUM.
„ robinicefo'lia (Robinia-leaved). See MACHJERIUM

ROBINLEFOLIUM.

STOVE EVERGREEN CUMBERS.

N. aculea'ta (prickly). See MACHARIUM ACULEATUM.
„ frutico'sa (shrubby). 15. Yellow. August. S. Amer.

1766.

„ racemo'sa (racemed). See N. FRUTICOSA.
„ retu'sa (abrupt-ended-leafleted) . 6. S. Amer. 1819.

NITRATES. See SALTS.
NITTA-TREE. Pa'rkia africa'na.

NIVE'NIA. (Named after /. Niven, a botanical col-
lector. Nat. ord. Proteads [Proteaceae]. Linn. 4-Tet-
randria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Protea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South Africa,
bearing, in July, purple flowers. Seeds when obtainable ;
cuttings of young, stiff, half-ripened shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, in May, and without bottom-heat ;
sandy peat and fibrous loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
N. crithmifo'lia (Crithmum-leaved). 4. July. 1810.

„ Lago'pus (hare's-foot). 4. 1810.

„ me'dia (middle). 2-2 J. July. 1786.

„ Sce'ptrum (sceptre-like). 2. 1790.

„ spathula'ta (spathulate-leaved) . 2$. 1790.

„ spica'ta (spiked). 2*. 1786.

NOCC2E'A. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. is-Tetradynamia. Allied
to lonopsidium.)

Dwarf, hardy perennials for the rock-garden. Seeds ;
cuttings. Light, well-drained soil.

N. alpi'na (alpine). J. White. May. Europe. 1775.
„ „ Auerswa'ldii (Auerswald's). Spain.
„ Auerswa'ldii (Auerswald's). See N. ALPINA AUERS-

WALDII.

„ stylo' sa (long-styled). \. White, pink. June. S.
Europe. 1825.

NOHL KOHL. See KNOHL KOHL.

NOISE'TTIA. (Named after L. C. Noisette, a French
nurseryman. Nat. ord. Violetworts [Violacea?]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. AUied to Viola.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots in April,
in sand, under a glass, in heat ; rich, sandy loam'
Winter temp., 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
N. longifo'lia (long-leaved), i. Cream. Cayenne. 1824.

NOLA'NA. Chilian Bellflower. (From nola, a little
bell ; the form of the flowers. Nat. ord. Bindweeds
[Convolvulaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy trailing annuals, mostly all blue-flowered.
Seeds in a gentle hotbed, in spring ; seedlings transplanted
in May, or sown in May where they are to grow. A
border where the soil is rather stiff answers well for
sowing all such plants in March, provided you can cover
them with a little finer soil, and lay a glass frame over
them, until they are fairly up, when they may be pro-
tected with a few branches, and then be removed in
large patches.

N. atriplicifo' lia (Atriplex-leaved). $. White, yellow.
July. Peru. 1834.

„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). J. July. Chili.
1829.

„ lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). Blue, white. Chili. 1862.

„ parado'xa (paradoxical), ij. August. Chili. 1825.

„ prostra'ta (trailing). J. August. Peru. 1761.

„ tene'lla (slender). J. August. Chili. 1824.

NOLI'NA. (Named after P. C. Nolin, an American
botanist. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-
Hexandria, $-Trigynia. Allied to Dasylirion.)

Interesting, half-hardy, peat-border bulbs. Offsets
and cuttings ; sandy, moist peat.
N. georgia'na (Georgian). 2$. White. July. Georgia.

1812.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 10. White. Mexico. 1830.
„ Palme' ri (Palmer's). California.

NO'LTEA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Rhamnaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand.

N. africa'na (African). 12. Pale yellow or white.
March to May. S. Africa. 1712.

NOMA'PHILA. (From nomos, a pasture, and phileo, to
love ; in allusion to the habitat of the plants. Nat. ord.
Acanthaceaa.)

A stove perennial herb. Divisions in spring. Loam,
leaf-mould, and sand.
N. corymbo'sa (level-topped). Java.

NONATELJA. (From the South American name.
Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia. See PALICOUREA.)
N. lu'tea (yellow), i. Yellow. June. Guiana. 1823.

„ officina'lis (shop). See PSYCHOTRIA OFFICINALIS.

„ racemo'sa (racemed). See PSYCHOTRIA RACEMOSA.

„ viola'cea (violet-berried). See PALICOUREA VIOLACEA.

NO'NNEA. (Commemorative of /. P. Nonne, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Boraginaceaj.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds. Ordinary garden soil.
N. a'lba (white). $• White. July to September.
„ decu'mbens (lying-down). J. Pale blue. Western

Mediterranean region.

,, ni'gricans (blackening). See N. DECUMBENS.
„ ro'sea (rosy). $-1. Rose, with yellow eye changing

to white. July to September. Caucasus. 1826.
„ „ versi'color (changing-colour). i-i. Red, changing
to blue.

NOPA'LEA. (From Nopal, the native Mexican name.
Nat. ord. Cactaceae.)

Warm greenhouse or dry stove succulents. Cuttings in
sand, drying them a few days before inserting them in
sand. Loam, old mortar, and bricks, finely broken and
sand. Full exposure to sunlight is necessary.
N. coccinelli'fera (cochineal-bearing). 5-10. Scarlet.

August. Mexico. 1688. " Cochineal Plant."
„ deje'cta (cast-down). Yellow. Cuba. 1836.
„ guatemale'nsis (Guatemalan). 15-22. Reddish (?).
Guatemala. 1907.

NORA'NTEA. (From its Guianan name. Nat. ord.
Ternstrcemiads [Ternstrcemiaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandrta,
i-Monogynia.)

Handsome stove evergreen shrubs, remarkable for
their singular bracts. Cuttings in sand in a close case
with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
N. brasilie'nsis (Brazil). 4. Brazil. 1820.
„ guiane'nsis (Guiana). 4. Violet. Guiana. 1818.
,, i'ndica (Indian). White. Mauritius. 1822.

NORDMA'NNIA CORDIFO'LIA (heart-leaved). See
TRACHYSTEMON ORIENTALS.

NORFOLK ISLAND PINE 591

NUPHAR

NORFOLK ISLAND PINE. Arauca'ria exce'lsa.
NORMANDY CRESS. See AMERICAN CRESS.
NORWAY MAPLE. A'cer platanoi'des.
NORWAY SPRUCE. Pi' cea exce'lsa.

NOTEL2E A. (From notos, south, and elaia, the olive ;
literally, the Australian Olive. Nat. ord. Oliveworts
[Oleaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia.)

AU the species in this order will graft on each other,
as the Lilac on the Ash, the Olive on the Privet and
Phillyrea, and so forth. Greenhouse, white-flowered,
evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Cuttings of firm, side,
stubby shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass,
without bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with a little sand
and charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 50°.
N. exce'lsa (tall). 15. May. Canary Islands. 1784.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. April. 1790.

„ ova'ta (egg-leaved). 2. June. 1824.

„ puncta'ta (doited-leaved). 3. June. 1826.

NOTHOCHL2E'NA. (From nothos, spurious, and
chlaina, a cloak ; some of the species appearing to have
an involucre. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-
Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove Ferns, all but one with brown spores. See
FERNS.

N. affi'nis (allied). £-£. Mexico and Guatemala.
» argyrosti'gma (silver-dotted). July. E. Ind.
,, canarie'nsis (Canary). Teneriffe.
„ ca'ndida (white). See N. SULPHUREA.
„ cane'scens (grey). Mexico.
„ chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). See N. FLAVENS.
„ de'nsa (dense). July. Isle of Luzon. 1840.
,, di'stans (distant), f. July. Australia. 1823.
„ ecklonia'na (Ecklon's). £. August. S. Africa. 1838.
„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). \-i\. Sori black. W. Ind. and

Mexico to Chili.
„ fla'vens (yeUow). J-iJ. Powder bright yellow.

Central Amer.

„ Hoo'keri (Hooker's). See N. NIVEA HOOKERI.
„ hypoleu'ca (white-beneath). J-i. Felted, with white

hairs beneath. Chili.
„ lee,' vis (smooth). See N. SINUATA.
,, lanugino'sa (woolly). f. August. Madeira. 1778.
„ lenti'gera (pea-spored). May. S. Amer. 1822.
„ Mara'nta (Maranta's). \. July. N. Africa, Hima-
layas, &c. 1820.
„ mo'llis (soft). J-iJ. Powder silvery. Chili and

Guatemala. 1892.

„ Muelle'ri (Mueller's), i. Frond olive-green. 1888.
„ Newbe'rryi (Newberry*s). $-1. Frond covered with

white felt on both sides. California.
„ ni'vea (snowy). £. White. July. Mexico to Peru.
„ „ Hoo'keri (Hooker's). Pinnules sessile.
„ piloselloi'des (Pilosella-like). J. July. E. Ind. 1822.
„ pulvera'cea (dusty). See N. SULPHUREA.
„ pu'mila (dwarf). £. August. N. Holland.
„ ru'fa (reddish). See N. FERRUGINEA.
„ sinua'ta (wavy-edged). Peru. 1831.
„ sinua'ta (sinuated). 1-2 J. Rhizome bearing bulbs.

New Mexico to Chili. 1831.
„ squamo'sa (scaly). J-J. Mexico to Argentina.
„ sulphu'rea (sulphur). |-J. Fronds with white or

yellow powder beneath. California, &c.
„ te'nera (tender-textured). J. Chili.
„ tomento'sa (downy). May. Mexico. 1841.
„ trichomanoi'des (Trichomanes-like). June. Jamaica.

1844.
„ vesti'ta (clothed). July. N. Amer. 1812.

NOTHOCLE'NA and NOTHOLZE'NA. See NOTHO-

CHL^NA.

NOTHOS CO'RDUM. (From nothos, spurious, and
skordon, a contraction of skorodon, garlic. Nat. ord.
Liliaceae. Allied to Allium.)

Hardy and half-hardy bulbs. Offsets and seeds.
Rich, light soil.

N. au'reum (golden). See BLOOMERIA AUREA.
„ fra' grans (fragrant), ij. White. Mexico. 1822.

Hardy.

„ inodo'rum (scentless), ij. White. June, July.
Carolina. 1770.

N. macroste'mon (long-stamened). See MILLA MACRO

STEMON.
,, nerinifio'rum (Nerine-flowered). i. Rose, purple.

China. 1843.
,, striate'llum (finely-lined). See N. STRIATUM STRIA-

TELLUM.

„ stria'tum (lined), i. White, lined greenish-purple.

June. N. Amer. Hardy.
„ „ striate'llum (finely- lined). i. Greenish-yellow.

June. Chili. Half-hardy.

NOTHOSPA'RTITJM and NOTHOSPE'RMUM. See

NOTOSPARTIUM.

NOTO'BASIS SYRI'ACA, or "Syrian Thistle." See
CNICUS SYRIACUS.

NOTO'NIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Composite.)

Stove succulents with spathulate, fleshy leaves.
Cuttings, allowed to dry for some days and then inserted
in sand. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, some finely broken
bricks, and sand.
N. amanie'nsis (Amanian). 4. Yellow ; scapes reddish.

E. Trop. Africa. 1905.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). India.
„ Gra'ntii (Grant's). Trop. Africa.
„ sempervi'va (Sempervivum-like). See N. GRANTII.
„ trachyca'rpa (rough-fruited). Trop. Africa.

NOTOSPA'RTIUM. (From notos, southern, and
spartium, broom ; the plant has the habit of broom.
Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Half-hardy shrub, requiring a wall, except in the
warmer parts of the country. Seeds. Loam and peat
or leaf-mould.

N. Carmichce'licB (like Carmichaelia). 2-15. Pink. New
Zealand. 1883. " Makaka."

NOTY'IIA. (From notos, the back, and tulos, a hump ;
referring to a singular lump on the column. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Monan-
dria. Allied to Cirrhasa.)

Stove orchids. For culture, see CIRRH^'A.
N. a'lbida (whitish). White. March. Central Amer.

1851.

„ Barke'ri (Barker's). Straw. Mexico. 1837.
„ bi'color (two-coloured). Lilac, whitish. Guatemala.

1866.

„ biparti'ta (two-parted). Straw. Mexico. 1880.
„ bre'vis (short). White and yellow. S. Amer. 1895
,, Bungero'thii (Bungeroth's). Yellowish-green. Trop.

Amer. 1887.

,, incu'rva (curled-in). Pale straw. Trinidad.
„ la'xa (loose). Greenish, spotted with orange. Brazil.

1882.
,, laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). ±. Pale yellow. Para.

1839.

„ micra'ntha (small-flowered). Pale green. Demerara.
„ puncta'ta (dotted). J. YeUow, green. Trinidad.

1822.

„ te'nuis (slender). Pale straw. Demerara. 1836.
„ trise'pala (three-sepaled). J. Pale green. Mexico.
1850.

NOUEIIA. (Commemorative of M. A. A. Novel, of
the Orleans Museum. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Half-hardy or greenhouse shrub or small tree. Seeds.
Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
N. insi'gnis (remarkable). White. Yunnan, China.
1889.

NUNNEZHA'RIA TENEXLA. See CHAM.CDOREA

TENELLA.

NU'PHAR. (From neufar, the Arabic for water-lily.
Nat. ord. Water-lilies [Nymphasacea?]. Linn. r$-Poly-
andria, i-Monogynia.)

A beautiful family of hardy, yellow-flowered water-
plants. Seeds merely thrown in the pond where it is
desired to grow them, and divisions of the roots.
N. a'dvena (stranger). July. N. Amer. 1772.
„ halmia'num (Kalmian). See N. MINIMUM.
„ lu'teum (cowmen-yellow). June. Britain. " Brandy

Bottle."

„ lu'teum kalmia'num (Kalmian-yellow). See N.
MINIMUM.

NURSERY

592

NYMPH^A

N. mi'nimum (smallest). Yellow. July. Europe (Scot-
land).
„ polyse'palum (many-sepaled). Yellow. July, August.

N. Amer.

„ pu'milum (dwarf-yellow). See N. MINIMUM.
„ sagittcefo'lium (arrow-leaved). July. N. Amer.

1824.

NURSERY, or RESERVE GARDEN, is a garden, or
portion of a garden, devoted to the rearing of trees,
shrubs, and hardy plants, during their early stages of
growth, before they are desired for the fruit or pleasure-
grounds.

NURSERYMAN is one who raises fruit and ornamental
trees and plants for sale.

NUTMEG. Myri'stica fro,' grans.

NUTMEG, CALABASH. Mono'dora Myri'stica.

NUTTA'LLIA. (Commemorative of Thomas Nuitall, a
North American botanist. Nat. ord. Rosaceae. Allied
to Prunus.)

A deciduous shrub, hardy in the more favoured parts
of the country, but liable to get injured by late frosts,
because it commences growth too early. Some plants
are male only, but others have hermaphrodite flowers,
and bear fruits like small cherries. Seeds, suckers,
layers, and cuttings of half-ripe wood under a hand-
light. Light, well-drained garden soil.
N. cerasifo'rmis (cherry-shaped). 3-6. White. March.
N.W. Amer. 1848. " Oso Berry."

NUTTA'LLIA, of Barton. See CALLIRHOE.
N. corda'ta (heart-shaped). See CALLIRHOE DIGITATA.
„ digita'ta (digitate). See CALLIRHO& DIGITATA.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See CALLIRHO& PA-
PAVER.
„ malvcEflo'r a (mallow-flowered). See SIDALCEA MALVJE-

FLORA.

„ papavera'cea (poppy-like). See CALLIRHOE* PAP AVER.
,, peda'ta (pedate). See CALLIRHOE PEDATA.

NUT TREE. Co'rylus.

NUT WEEVIL. BALA'NINUS NU'CUM.

NUY'TSIA. Fire-tree. (Called after T. Nuyts, a
Dutch navigator. Nat. ord. Loranths [Loranthaceae].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Very handsome shrubs, from Swan River, with such
abundance of bright orange-coloured blossoms, that the
colonists at King George's Sound compare it to a tree
on fire ; and it is also singular as being the only plant
in this order of parasites which grows on the ground.
Seeds ; cuttings of firm side-shoots in May, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and placed in a cold frame ; 'sandy
peat and fibrous loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
N. flpribu'nda (many-flowered). 15. Orange. 1837.
„ ligustri'na (privet-like). Orange. 1837. This is
Loranlhus epigaus.

NYCTA'NTHES. (From nuctos, night, and anthos, a
flower ; the flowers open in the evening. Nat. ord.
Oliveworts [Oleaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Jasminum.)

This is the Hursingar of India, whose blossoms perfume
the air at night, and cover the ground in the morning,
when they are gathered and worn as necklaces, or in
the hair of the native women. Stove evergreen shrub.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in May, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy loam and
fibrous peat, kept open by sand and charcoal. Winter
temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 70° to 90°. A moist atmos-
phere when growing.

N. A'rbor-tri'stis (tree-of-sadness). 15. White. India.
1781.

NYCTERI'NIA. See ZALUZIANSKYA.
NYCTE'RIUM. See SOLANUM.

NYCTO'CALOS. (From nux, nuktos, night, and kalos,
beautiful ; the flowers of some species open at night
and wither in the morning. Nat. ord. Bignoniaceae.)

An ornamental stove climber. Short side-shoots
getting firm, in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat.
Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
N. Thomso'ni (Thomson's). White. Assam. 1868.

NYMPHffi A. Water-Lily. (From nymphe, a water-
nymph. Nat. ord. Water-lilies [Nymphaeaceae]. Linn.
i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

All most beautiful water-plants ; all like a rich, loamy
soil, and plenty of water above it. Propagated by seeds,
dividing the roots in some, and separating the tuber-like
bottoms of others. The stove kinds should be kept
cooler and drier in winter, and receive fresh soil before
starting them in spring. They much delight in a supply
of fresh-heated water when growing, and then the
atmosphere can be scarcely too hot and moist. Temp,
for stove kinds, winter, 48° to 55° ; summer, 70° to 90°.

HARDY.

N. a'dvena (stranger). See NUPHAR ADVENA.
„ a'lba (white). White. June. Britain.
,, „ canade'nsis (Canadian). White. June. Canada.

1820.

„ „ candidi'ssima (whitest). Flowers very large, white.
,, ,, ro'sea (rosy). See N. ALBA RUBRA.
,, ,, ru'bra (red). Rosy-pink. Sweden. 1878.
„ biradia'ta (double-rayed). See N. ALBA.
,, Caspa'ryi (Caspary's). See N. ALBA RUBRA.
,, „ a'lba (white). See N. ALBA.
„ fe'nnica (Finland). White. July. E. Finland.

1899.

,, kalmia'na (Kalmian). See NUPHAR MINIMUM.
,, lu'tea (yellow). See NUPHAR LUTEUM.
,, mi' nor (smaller). See N. ODORATA MINOR.
,, ni'tida (sb Ding-cup- flowered). White. July. Siberia.

1809.
,, odora'ta (sweet-scented). White. July, August. N.

Amer. 1786.
,, „ mi'nor (smaller). Flowers and leaves smaller than

in the type. N. Amer. 1812.
,, „ ro'sea (rosy). Pink.
„ „ ru'bra (red). See N. ODORATA ROSEA.
,, ,, sulphu'rea (sulphur). Sulphur-yellow.
,, orienta'lis (oriental). See N. TETRAGONA.
,, polyse'pala (many-sepaled). See NUPHAR POLYSE-

PALUM.

» Pygmaa'a (pigmy). See N. TETRAGONA.

,, renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped). See N. TUBEROSA.

,, sphceroca'rpa ro'sea (rosy-spherical-fruited). See N.

ALBA RUBRA.

,, tubero'sa (tuberous). White. July. N. Amer. 1823
Rootstock tuberous.

„ „ flave'scens (yellowish). Creamy-white; stamens
bright yellow.

,, tetrago'na (square). Small, white, fragrant. Hima-
laya, China, &c. 1805.

,, ,, he'lvola (helvola). Sulphur-yellow. Leaves
blotched with bronze.

,, ,, himalaye'nsis (Himalayan). Snow-white, smaller
than the type. Himalaya. 1904.

„ ,, orienta'lis (oriental). Pure white. Leaves
coppery-green. Japan. 1904.

GREENHOUSE.

N. amazo'num (Amazon). Yellowish- white, fragrant

Brazil.

„ fla'va (yellow). Pale yellow July. Florida. 1884.
,, mexica'na (Mexican). Shining yellow. July. Mexico.

1889.
,, mooria'na (Moorian). Yellow. July. Australia.

1903.

STOVE.

N. a'mpla (large-tea^). White. July. W. Ind. 1801.
„ „ gerardia'na (Gerardian). White, or creamy- white,

with yellow anthers. Mexico. 1906.
„ „ specio'sa (showy). White. July. Jamaica. 1801.
„ Bau'mii (Baum's). White, slightly fragrant. The

smallest species known. S.W. Trop. Africa. 1907.
„ bla'nda (charming). White. July. S. Amer. 1820.
,, cceru'lea (blue). See N. STELLATA C^CRULEA.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). See N. STELLATA.
„ Caspa'ryi (Caspary's) of Henkel. See N. GIGANTEA

CASPAR YI.

,, cya'nea (Indian-blue). See N. STELLATA.
„ denta'ta (toothed-leaved). See N. LOTUS DENTATA.
„ devonie'nsis (Duke of Devonshire's). See N. LOTUS

DEVONIENSIS.

NYSSA

593

OCHROPTERIS

N. edu'lis (eatable). See N. LOTUS.
,, e'legans (elegant). Bluish- white. June. New

Mexico. 1850.

„ flavovi'rens (yellow-green). Country unknown.
„ gigante'a (gigantic). Blue. Australia. 1852.
„ „ Caspa'ryi (Caspary's). Flowers smaller, paler.

Australia. 1907.
„ gra'cilis (slender). Mexico.
„ heakelia'na (Henkelian). White or pale rose. Eastern

India (?). 1907.
„ Ho'ltzei (Holtze's). Pale blue, flat, scented like

violets. Australia. 1907.
„ „ albiflo'ra (white-flowered). Pure white. Melville

Island, N. Australia. 1907.
„ „ Eleono'rce (Eleonora's). See N. HOLTZEI ALBI-

FLORA.
„ Lo'tus (Egyptian-lotus). Pink. July. Egypt.

1802.
„ „ denta'ta (toothed). White. W. Trop. Africa.

1845.
„ „ devonie'nsis (Duke of Devonshire's). Rosy-red.

June to September.
„ „ magni'fica (magnificent). White flowers 10-12 in.

across. 1906.

„ ,, monstro'sa (monstrous).
„ „ ortgiesia'na (Ortgiesian).
„ „ pube'scens (downy). White. June to September.

India. 1803. " Indian Lotus."
„ „ ru'bra (red). Red. July to September. E. Ind.

1803.
„ „ ru'bra Krunibiege'lii (Krumbiegel's). Large,

bright red ; stamens dark red. E. Ind. 1907.
„ „ therma'lis (warm-bath). White. July, August.

Hungary. 1800. " Hungarian Lotus."
„ micra'ntha (small-flowered). See N. STELLATA ALBI-

FLORA.
„ parkeria'na (Parkerian). Pure white, large, fragrant.

British Guiana. 1894.

„ pube'scens (downy). See N. LOTUS PUBESCENS.
„ rehneltia'na (Rehneltian). Pale blue, tips darker.

S. Australia. 1910.
„ ru'bra (red). See N. LOTUS RUBRA.
„ „ ro'sea (flpsy). See N. LOTUS.
„ scutifo'lia (^hield-leaved). See N. STELLATA SCUTI-

FOLIA.
„ Stella 'ta (starred- flowered). Blue. July. Trop. Africa

and Asia. 1803.

„ „ albiflo'ra (white-flowered). White.
„ „ cceru'lea (blue). Blue. July to September.

Egypt. 1792.

„ „ Liste'ri (Lister's). Bright gentian blue. 1911.
tt » purpu'rea (purple). Purple.
„ ,, ro'sea (rosea). Rose. 1911.
„ „ scutifo'lia (shield-leaved). Blue. July, August.

S. Africa. 1792.
„ „ ver si' color (various-coloured). White deepening

to red. July to September. India. 1807.
„ „ Zanzibar e'nsis (Zanzibar). Violet-blue. June to Sep-
tember. Zanzibar. 1880.

„ „ Zanzibar e'nsis azu'rea (azure). Blue-violet ; fila-
ments yellow ; anthers violet. 1897.
„ „ Zanzibar e'nsis ru'bra (red). Rose-purple. 1887.
,, tnerrna'lis (warm-bath). See N. LOTUS THERMALIS.
„ versi' 'color (various-coloured). See N. STELLATA

VERSICOLOR.
,, voalefo'ka (voalefoka). Seems to be N. stellata albi-

flora.
„ tanzibar e'nsis (Zanzibar). See N. STELLATA ZANZI-

BARENSIS.

„ Zenke'ri (Zenker's). White, with reddish tint and
green tips. Cameroons. 1906.

NY'SSA. Tupelo-tree. (From Nyssa, a water-nymph
so called. Nat. ord. Dogwoods [Cornacea?]. Linn. 23-
Polygamia, 2-Dicecia.)

Deciduous, green-flowered natives of the southern
states of North America, where they attain the size of
large trees, growing in watery places. They succeed best
in peat swamps, and are highly deserving of cultivation,
on account of their leaves dying off of an intensely
deep scarlet ; they are propagated from American seeds,
also rather freely by layers ; low, damp, moist situations
suit them best. We are not aware that any seeds have
been produced in England, as the male varieties only
have bloomed, so far as we know.

.V. aqua'tica (aquatic). May. 1735. " Tupelo Gum."
,, biflo'ra (two-flowered. Mountain). See N. SYLVATICA.
,, ca'ndicans (whitish). See N. OGECHE.
„ grandidenta'ta (large-toothed). See N. AQUATICA.
,, Oge'che (Ogeche). 20. 1806. " Ogeechee Lime";

" Sour Toupelo."
„ sylva'tica (wood). 6-10. May. N. Amer. 1739.

" Tupelo " ; " Pepperidge."
„ villo'sa (shaggy. Sour Gum). See N. SYLVATICA.

OAK. Que'rcus.
OAT. Ave'na.

OBERO'NIA. (Oberon, the Fairy King in "Mid-
summer Night's Dream." Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Epiphytical stove orchids. Offsets and divisions.
Fibrous peat, sphagnum, potsherds and sand, kept on
the top of pots.

0. acau'lis (stemless). See O. ENSIFORMIS.
„ ensifo'rmis (sword-shaped). Orange. March. Hima-
laya ; Burma.

„ iridifo'lia (Iris-leaved). Yellow. India.
„ Myosu 'rus (mouse- tail). Buff-coloured. Burma. 1896.
„ orbicula'ris (orbicular). Sikkim.
„ rufda'bris (red-lipped). Yellow, changing to pale red.

Burma. 1881.

„ tahite'nsis (Tahiti). Yellow. June. Tahiti. 1840.
„ umbrati' cola (shade-loving). £. Orange. Siam. 1909.

OBLIONKER TREE. AZsculus Hippoca'stanum.
O'CA. A name given to the tubers of Oxaflis tubero'sa.

O'CHNA. (From ochne, the wild pear-tree ; resem-
blance of the leaves. Nat. ord. Ochnads [Ochnacea?].
Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreens, all but one yellow-flowered. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots in summer, under a bell-glass, in
sand, and in bottom-heat ; sandy peat and fibrous loam,
with pieces of broken charcoal and crocks to keep the soil
open. Winter temp., 48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
0. arbo'rea (tree). 20. S. Africa. 1832.

„ a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 4. Purple. S. Africa.
1816.

„ Ki'rkii (Kirk's). Trop. Africa.

„ lu'cida (bright). See O. SQUARROSA.

,, mauritia'na (Mauritian). 8. Mauritius. 1822.

,, multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 8. Sierra Leone. 1820.

„ ni'tida (shining). See O. SQUARROSA.

,, obtusa'ta (blunted). See O. SQUARROSA.

,, pu'mila (dwarf). India.

„ squarro'sa (spreading). 3-6. India. 1790.

,, zeyla'nica (Cingalese). See GOMPHIA ANGUSTIFOLIA.

OCHRA'NTHE ARGU'TA. See TURPINIA ARGUTA.

OCHROCA'RPOS. (From ochros, yellowish, and
karpos, a fruit ; in reference to the colour of the fruit.
Nat. ord. Guttifera.)

Stove tree, with berried fruits. Cuttings of mature
wood, in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Loam
and sand.
O. africa'na (African). 50-60. Pale green. Trop.

Africa. 1823.
„ siame'nsis (Siamese). 40-50. Green. Burma.

OCHRO'MA. (From ochros, pale ; referring to the
flowers. Nat. ord. Mallow-worts [Malvaceae]. Linn. 16-
Monadelphia, 2-Pentagynia. Allied to Cheirostemon.)

The wood of O. Lago'pus is so light that it is used in
the West Indies for corks. Stove, white-flowered, ever-
green trees. Cuttings of stubby, side, half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; rich, sandy
loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
0. Lago'pus (hare's-foot). 40. Jamaica. 1804.
,, tomento'sa (woolly-leaved). 20. S. Amer. 1816.

OCHRO'PTERIS. (From ochros, yellowish, and pteris,
a fern ; in allusion to the straw-coloured stalks of the
frond. Nat. ord. Filices.)

A stove fern, requiring a moist atmosphere. Spores.
Fibrous peat, one-fourth loam, and sand.
0. pa' liens (pale). 4. Frond four times divided.
Mauritius.

2 P

OCHROSIA

594

ODONTOGLOSSUM

OCHRO'SIA. (From ochros, pale yellow. Nat. ord.
Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Cerbera.)

Stove evergreen shrubs or trees. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots ; treatment similar to Ochroma.
0. borbo'nica (Bourbon). 4-10. Cream. Bourbon. 1828.

cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. Moluccas.
„ elli'ptica (elliptic). Yellow. New Caledonia.
„ tnacula'ta (blotched). See O. BORBONICA.

O'CIMUM. Basil. (From ozo, smell; the powerful
odour of the plant. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiate]. Linn.
H-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia.)

All but two are white-flowered ; and most of them re-
quire to be treated as tender and half-hardy annuals.
To be sown in a slight hotbed, and transplanted after-
wards ; the border kinds sown where they are to grow,
in warm places and light, rich soil, late in May. See
BA'SIL.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, &c.

O. Boje'ri (Bojer's). 2. Madagascar. 1825. Her-
baceous.
„ ca'num (grey), i. July. Trop. Asia and Africa.

1822.

„ febri'fugum (febrifuge). See O. VIRIDE.
„ filamento'sum (thready). 2. September. Africa.

1802.
„ grati' ssimum (most agreeable). 2. July. India.

„ menthoi'des (mint-like). See GENIOSPORUM PRO-

„ micra'nthum (small-flowered). J. May. N. and S.

Amer. 1825. Annual.

„ monta'num (mountain). See O. MICRANTHUM.
„ sa'nctum (holy), i. Pale purple. July. E. Ind.

1703. Annual.
„ sc«fc//anot'd«(Scutellaria-like). SeeCoLEUs SCUTEL-

LARIOIDES.

„ vi'ride (green). 2-3. Greenish- white. September.

Trop. Africa. 1816.
„ visco'sum (clammy), ij. Blue. August. E. Ind.

1826.

HARDY ANNUALS, &c.
0. Basi'licum (basil), x. August. E. Ind. 1548.

" Sweet Basil."

„ „ glabra'tum (smooth). July. E. Ind. 1817.
„ „ pilo'sum (soft-haired), i. July.

„ thyrsiflo'rum (thyrse-flowered). ij. June. E.

Ind. 1806.
„ bi'color (two-coloured). 2. October. Abyssinia.

1842. Deciduous shrub.

„ como'sum (tufted), i. July. Blackish-purple. 1889.
„ mi'nimum (least). See O. BASILICUM.
OCOTE'A. (The native name of some of the S.
American species. Nat. ord. Lauraceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen trees. Cuttings of mature wood
in sand, under a hand-light in gentle heat. Loam, a
little peat, and sand.

0. botryophy'lla (bunch-leaved). 40-60. Yellow. Co-
lombia. 1800.

„ bulla'ta (blistered). Green. S. Africa.
„ calif o'rnica (Calif ornian). See UMBELLULARIA CALI-

FORNICA.
„ floribu'nda (free-flowering). 60. White, yellow.

Brazil. 1800. Stove.
„ fee' tens (stinking). 20. Green, yellow. Canaries.

1760.

„ pube'rula (finely-downy). 40. White. S. Amer.
1800. Stove.

OCTADE'SMIA. (From okto, eight, and desme, a
cluster ; in allusion to the eight masses of pollen in the
anther. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical orchids. Divisions at the com-
mencement of growth. Fibrous peat, sphagnum, lumps
of charcoal, and crocks.

0. monta'na (mountain). See O. SERRATIFOLIA.
„ serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). $. White. Autumn. W
Ind. 1826.

OCTOME'RIA. (From okto, eight, and meris, a part
in allusion to the eight masses of pollen. Nat. ord
Orchidacese.)

Cool house orchids of epiphytical habit. Divisions in
pring. Fibrous peat, sphagnum, lumpy charcoal, and
crocks.
0. arcua'ta (curved). *-*. Light yellow, red-purple.

Brazil. 1909.

„ Baue'ri (Bauer's). W. Ind.
„ cochlea' ris (shell-shaped). Whitish ochre, purple.

Brazil. 1881.

crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Brazil.
deci'piens (deceiving). J. Pale yellow. Brazil. 1910.
dia'phana (transparent). BraziL
gra'cilis (slender). Brazil.
graminifo'lia (grass-leaved), £. Light yellow, red.

W. Ind. 1793.

grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Brazil.
juncifo'lia (rush-leaved). Brazil.
Loddige'sii (Loddiges's). W. Ind.
Oppenhei'mii (Oppenheim's). *. White. Brazil.

IQOQ.

„ saundersia'na (Saundersian). Pale yellow, striped
purple. Brazil. 1880.

„ serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). See OCTADESMIA SERRATI-
FOLIA.

„ supraglau'ca (glaucous-above). i. Glassy-green,
purple, yellow. Brazil. 1887.

„ tricolor (three-coloured). White. Brazil. 1872.

O'CYMUM. See OCIMUM.

ODONTADE'NIA. (From odous, odontos, a tooth, and
aden, a gland ; in reference to the toothed glands. Nat.
ord. Apocynaceae.)

Stove climbing shrub. Seeds ; cuttings of short,
mature shoots in sand, kept in a close case, with bottom-
heat.
0. specio'sa (showy). Rich yellow. S. Amer. 1854.

ODONTOGLO'SSUM. (From odous, odontos, a tooth,
and glossa, a tongue ; tooth-like processes on the lip, or
labellum. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Oncidium.)

Stove orchids. Division of pseudo-bulbs, when growth
is commencing. The pots are three-parts filled with
crocks and the pseudo-bulbs firmly fixed in position with
fibrous peat, sphagnum, and potsherds placed round
them. Winter temp., 55° to 65° ; summer, 65° to 90°.
0. acuminati ssimum (longest-pointed). Orange, blotched

crimson and brown. 1882.

„ acumina'tum (long-pointed). See O. APTERUM.
„ Alexa'ndrce (Princess Alexandra's). See O. CRISPUM.
,, a'nceps (two-edged). Yellow, white. July. Mexico.

1852.
„ andersonia'num (Andersonian). Blotched or spotted

with brown on a cream ground. Colombia. 1868.
„ „ baphica'nthum (dyed-flowered). Soft yellow,

finely spotted with purple. Colombia. 1876.
,, „ deltoglo' ssum (triangular- lipped). Sulphur, orange,

brown. 1881.
„ „ grusonia'num (Grusonian). Pale yellow, with

nearly black spots.
„ „ guttula'tum (finely-spotted). Finely spotted with

brown ; lip white. 1882.
„ „ hebra'icum (Hebraic). Pale yellow, with red-brown

spots and markings. 1879.
„ „ hebra'icum lineoli'gerum (line-bearing). More

copiously spotted and marked. 1883.
„ „ immacula'tum (unspotted). Primrose-yellow,

without spots. 1893.

,, „ imperia'le (imperial). Blotches large, chestnut-
red. 1891.
„ „ jenningsia'num (Jenningsian). Creamy-white,

spotted cinnamon. 1878.
„ „ leea'num (Leean). Bright yellow, with many

brown spots. 1882.

„ „ limba'tum (bordered). White, lilac, violet. 1870.
„ „ Marsha'lli (Marshall's). Spotted with violet-
purple. 1895.
„ „ pulve'reum (dusty). Closely marked with red

spots. 1895.
„ ,, ruckeria'num (Ruckerian). White, shaded rose,

purple or violet, and spotted brown.
„ „ warocquea'num (Warocquean). White, blotched

brownish-purple.
„ angusta'tum (narrow) of Bateman. See O. RAMOSIS-

SIMUM.

ODONTOGLOSSUM

595

ODONTOGLOSSUM

0. angusta'tum (nanovt-leaved) of Lindley. See O.
CLAVICEPS.

„ a'pierum (wingless). Green and white, spotted brown.
Mexico.

„ „ candi'dulum (white). White.

„ aspe'rsum (besprinkled). See O. HUMEANUM.

,, aspirki'num (approaching). Clear yellow, blotched
with red- brown. Colombia. 1895.

„ astra'nthum (star-flowered). Yellow, red-brown.
Ecuador. 1867.

„ auricula' turn (auricled). Colombia.

„ au'ro-purpu'reum( golden-purple). Yellow and purple.
Venezuela.

,, bi'cloor (two-coloured). See ONCIDIUM AUREUM.

„ bictonie'nse (Bicton). Lilac, green. April. Guate-
mala. 1837.

„ „ a'lbum (white-lipped). Brown, white. April.

Guatemala. 1843.
„ ru'brum (red-lipped).

Dark purple, banded with

Brown, red. April.

Oaxaca. 1843.
,, ,, specio'sum (showy).

yellow. 1887.
„ „ sulphu'reum (sulphur). Yellow ; lip white.
,, bla'ndum (charming). White, spotted with crimson.

Colombia. 1873.

,, „ albocu'preum (white-copper). Banded with red-
brown. 1893.

„ Blu'ntii (Blunt's). See O. CRISPUM.
,, boddxrtia'num (Boddaertian). Yellow, with brown

blotches. Venezuela. 1888.
,, Bra'ndtii (Brandt's). Yellow, spotted with brown ;

lip white, spotted. Colombia. 1889.
,, brevifo'lium (short- leaved). Purple. Loxa.
,, ca'ndidum (white). Guatemala. 1840.
,, carini'ferum (keel-bearing). Brown, yellow, white.

Central Amer. 1870.
„ Cervante'sii (Cervantes'). }. White, yellow. June.

Oaxaca. 1845.
„ „ punctati' ssimum (most-spotted). Spotted all over

with purple. 1878.
„ „ ro'seum (rosy). Pale rose.
„ cirrho'sum (tendriled). Milk-white, spotted with

purple-violet. Ecuador. 1876.
,, ,, hrubya'num (Hrubyan). Nearly without spots.

1885.

„ „ ma'ximum (largest). Much larger than the type.
,, citro'smum (lemon-scented), i. White, rose. March.

Guatemala. 1840.
„ „ a'lbum (white). White.
„ „ puncta'tum (spotted). Pale rose, spotted with

purple.

„ „ roseum (rosy). Lip warm rose.
,, cla'viceps (club-headed). Cinnamon, edged with

yellow. Ecuador. 1876.

,, Clowe'sii (Clowes's). See MILTONIA CLOWESII.
,, ctzrule 'sctns (bluish). White, blue. May. Mexico.
,, compa'ctum (compact). Yellow, purple. Peru. 1875.
,, confe'rtum (crowded). Cinnamon, ochre, brown,

violet-purple. Ecuador. 1879.
,, constri'ctum (constrained). Yellow, brown, green.

January. La Guayra. 1841.
„ „ casta'neum (chestnut). Brown, with one or two

white lines. 1886.
„ „ ma'jus (larger). Yellow, brown. May. La

Guayra. 1843.

,, ,, pollens (pale). Sulphur ; lip palest yellow.
,, ,, sanderia'num (Sanderian). Flowers much larger.
,, Coradi'nei (Coradine's). i. Sulphur-yellow, marked

with brown. Colombia. 1872.
» „ grandifto' rum (large-flowered). Large yellow, with

chestnut spots. Colombia. 1887.
„ „ hemileu'cum (half-white). White, striped and

spotted brown. 1883.
„ „ kinlesidia'num (Kinlesidian). White, edged

yellow. 1885.
.) »f ligula're (tongue-shaped). Orange-yellow, with

2-3 large brown blotches. 1882.
„ corda'tum (heart-lipped), i. Greenish-yellow, brown.

January. Mexico. 1837.
,, corona' rium (garland), i. Reddish coppery-brown ;

lip bright yellow. Colombia. 1868.
,, „ chirique'nse (Chiriquan). Sepals chestnut-brown ;

petals and lip yellow. Chiriqui.
„ „ minia'tum (vermilion). Chestnut-brown; lip

yellow. Ecuador.

0. costa'tum (ribbed). Yellow and brown. Venezuela.
„ crini' turn (bristly). Striped and blotched ; Up covered

with fringes. Colombia. 1882.
,, „ sapphira' turn (sapphirated). Lip white, spotted

with mauve. 1886.
,, cri' spurn (curled). Yellow, purple. May. Colombia.

1844.
,, ,, andersonia'num (Andersonjan). See O. ANDER-

SONIANUM.
„ „ apia'tum (remote). Segments with one large and

two smaller brown blotches. 1886.
,, ,, au'reum magni'ficum (magnificent - golden).

Creamy-yellow, blotched chocolate-brown. 1883.
„ „ au'reum-rosefielde'nse (Rosefield-golden). Bright

canary-yellow. 1900.
,, „ bluthia'num (Bluthjan). Pale mauve, without

spots.
„ „ citra'tum (lemon). Citron-yellow ; lip blotched

with brown-purple.
„ „ citri'num (lemon). Sepals bright yellow ; the rest

pale yellow. 1901.
„ „ Cookso'nia (Mrs. Cqokson's). White, heavily

blotched purple- red, 4 in. across. 1903.
„ „ fastuo'sum (proud). Bluish lilac, with brown-
violet blotches on white. 1878.
„ ,. fla'veolum (small- yellow). Yellow, with few red

spots and lines. 1880.
„ „ gutta'tum (spotted). White, closely spotted with

brown or purple. Colombia. 1867.
„ „ hyperxa'nthum (yellow above). White, with few

yellow spots ; lip yellow. 1887.
„ „ kinlesidia'num (Kinlesidian). Petals with three

sets of crest-like teeth. 1888.
„ „ Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). Flowers numerous,

purple, tinted with brown. 1880.
,, ,, lu teo~radia' turn (yellowish-rayed). Segments each

with a yellow radiating band.
„ „ Mari'a (Maria's). Pure white, with two red spots

at base of lower sepals. 1878.
„ „ moorea'num (Moorean). Flushed rose-purple,

edged yellow ; lip white. 1898.
„ „ oakwoodie'nse (Oakwood). Primrose-yellow,

heavily blotched rose-purple. 1900.
„ „ ocella'tum (smaU-eyed). Speckled freely all

over.
„ „ ruckeria'num (Ruckerian). See O. ANDERSONI-

ANUM RUCKERIANUM.

„ „ Steve'nsii (Stevens's). White, heavily barred light

brown. 1882.
„ „ sulphu'reum (sulphur). Uniform sulphur-yellow.

1882.
„ „ trilabe'llum (three-lipped). Sepals fringed, with

yellow lip-like crests on the lateral ones. 1910.
„ „ veitchia'num (Veitchian). White, with a zone of

mauve and a few brown blotches. 1884.
„ „ Victo'ria Regi'na (Queen Victoria). White, tinted

rose-purple, with purple blotches. 1900.
„ „ xanthoglo' ssum (yellow-tongued). Lip yellow,

with a large brown blotch. 1883.
„ „ xantho'tes (yellowness). White, with a few yellow

spots.
„ cristate'llum (small-crested). Rich brown and yellow.

Ecuador. 1878.

„ crista'tum (crested). Brown-spotted. Peru.
,, „ Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). Yellow, marked with

brown. Ecuador. 1890.

„ croca'tum (Crocus-like). Rich yellow. Peru. 1867.
,, crocidi'pterum (thrum- winged). Colombia. 1871.
„ cuspida'tum (sharp-pointed-leaved). Green, brown.

May. Colombia.
„ „ xanthoglo' ssum (yellow-tongued). Lip yellow.

Colombia. 1881.

,, dawsonia'num (Dawsonian). See O. Rossn.
„ daya'num (Dayan). Cream-white, closely spotted

cinnamon ; lip white, mauve. 1897.
,, delle'nse (Dell). See O. EXCELLENS.
„ deltoglo'ssum (triangular-lipped). See O. ANDER-

SONIANUM DELTOGLOSSUM.

„ Deniso'nice (Mrs. Denison's). White, blotched with

yellow. Colombia. 1872.
„ „ leroya'num (Leroyan). 1890.
,» ,» lyroglo'ssum (lyre-tongued). Yellow, spotted with

brown. 1885.
„ „ macrospi'lum (large-blotched). Blotched with

dark cinnamon. 1885.

ODONTOGLOSSUM

596

ODONTOGLOSSUM

0. Deniso'nice schrcedericinum (Schrcederian). White,

spotted with purple. 1882.
„ „ wilckea'num (Wilckean). Pale yellow, blotched

with brown. Colombia. 1880.
densiflo'rum (thickly-flowered). Yellow, red. March.

Tanja.
„ dicrano 'phorum (two- head-bearing). Sepals yellow,

with two large brown spots. 1888.
„ di'stans (distant). Greenish-yellow ; lip tinged rose.

Colombia. 1909.

„ donnia'num (Donnian). See O. MACULATUM.
„ dormannia'num (Dormannian). Whitish, with

numerous dark spots, yellow. 1884.
„ Edwa'rdii (Edward's). 3-4. Purple-violet; lip

yellow. Ecuador. 1878.

„ Eg«-to'm(Egerton's). White. April. Guatemala. 1840.
„ Ehrenbe'rgii(Ehrenberg's). SeeO. Rossn.
„ e'legans (elegant). Pale yellow, with narrow brown

blotches ; lip yellow, white. Ecuador. 1879.
„ elega'ntius (more elegant). Pale yellow, marked

brown ; lip pale yellow. Colombia. 1888.
„ epidendroi'des (Epidendrum-like). Yellow, purple.

November. New Grenada.
„ eua' 'strum (beautiful-star). White, marked with

mauve and brown. Colombia. 1887.
„ euge'nes (distinguished). White and yellow, blotched

brown. Colombia.
„ exce 'liens (excellent). Yellow and white, blotched

with brown-purple. 1881.
„ „ chrysome'lanum (yellow-black). Yellow, spotted

all over. 1888.
„ „ harvengtffnse (Harvengtan). Large, pale yellow,

with many brown spots. 1894.

„ „ lu'teolum (small-yellow). Sulphur-yellow, un-
spotted. 1896.

„ „ macula' turn (blotched). Richly-spotted. 1884.
„ „ stelli'micans (star-glittering). Y'ellow, reddish,

purple. 1884.
„ face' turn (elegant). Pale yellow, spotted cinnamon ;

lip with curved brown blotch. 1881.
„ ferrugi'neum (rusty). Brown, with yellow tips ; lip

whitish-yellow. 1883.
„ galeottia'num (Galeotti's). White. April. Mexico.

1843.

„ ghiesbreghtia'nurn (Ghiesbreght's). Mexico.
„ glorio'swn (glorious). Yellow, thickly spotted with

brown. Colombia. 1865.

„ godseffia'num (Godseffian). See O. DICRANOPHORUM.
„ gra'cile (slender). Reddish-brown, with white crests.

Pseudo-bulbs blackish. Ecuador.
„ gra'nde (magnificent), i. Cream, brown. March.

Mexico. 1839.
„ „ labe'llo-a'lbum (white-lipped), i. Yellow, white.

December. Guatemala.
„ „ Sande'ra (Mrs. Sander's). Lemon-yellow; lip

white. 1898.
„ „ sple'ndens (shining). Lip white, barred with

purple. 1872.
„ ,, unlliamsia'num (Williamsian). A small variety.

1881.
„ grusonia'num (Grusonian) See O. ANDERSONIANUM

GRUSONIANUM.

„ gutta'tum (spotted). Colombia.

„ Ha'llii (Hall's). Yellow, purple. November. Peru.

„ harrya'num (Harry Veitch's). Brown, with yellow
bars and margins ; lip yellow, white, blotched
with mauve. Colombia. 1886.

„ „ flave'scens (yellow). Wholly yellow. 1889.

„ „ pavo'nium (peacocks'). Richly blotched and
marked, fragrant. 1889.

„ hasta'tum (halbert-like). See ONCIDIUM HASTATUM.

„ hastila'bium (halbert-lipped). i. White, yellow,
brown. August. Guatemala. 1848.

„ hebra'icum (Hebraic). See O. ANDERSONIANUM HE-
BRAICUM.

„ „ lineoli'gerum (line-bearing). See O. ANDERSONI-
ANUM HEBRAICUM LINEOLIGERUM.

„ Henni'sii (Hennis's). Yellow, with brown spots ; lip

white, brown. Peru or Ecuador. 1891.
„ Hi'nnus (hinny). Wholly yellow, with brown spots.

Ecuador. 1887.
„ histrio'nicum (stage-playing). Light sulphur, with

brown cross-bars. 1887.
„ „ be'llum (pretty). Yellow, with chocolate bars.

1882,

O. Horsma'ni (Horsrnan's). Sulphur, blotched cinnamon.

Colombia. 1880.
,, hrubya'num (Hrubyan). Brown, with yellow tips ;

lip yellow with brown blotch. Peru. 1888.
,, humea'num (Humean). Pale yellow and white-,

blotched brown. 1876.
,, „ spiloglo ssum (spotted-lip). Lip lobed, with brown

blotches. 1886.
,, „ You'ngii (Young's). Yellow, blotched with

brown. 1890.
„ /twHH£u>e/^'a'nww(Hunnewellian). Yellow, with brown

blotches ; lip white, spotted brown. Colombia.

1889.
„ ,, grandifto'rum (large-flowered). Larger ; lip with

brighter spots.

„ hy'strix (hedgehog). See O. LUTEO-PURPUREUM.
„ imschootia'num (Imschootian). Yellow, with brown-
purple markings. 1891.
„ Inslea'yi (Insleay's). Brown, yellow, orange. July.

Mexico. 1840.
„ „ leopardi'num (leopard-spotted). Heavily spotted

with purple-brown. 1876.
„ io'plocon (violet-braided). Mauve ; lip tipped white.

Ecuador. 1884.

„ jenningsia'num (Jenningsian). See O. ANDERSONI-
ANUM JENNINGSIANUM.

„ Kegelja'ni (Kegeljan's). Yellow, with 2-3 red-brown
blotches; lip concave, reddish-brown. Ecuador.
1877.

„ Krame'ri (Kramer's). Yellow, marked rose-purple or
violet. Costa Rica. 1868.

„ „ a'lbum (white). White. Costa Rica. 1893.

„ „ smithia'num (Smithian). Ivory-white ; lip sul-
phur, red, and orange. 1883.

„ Kr&nzli'nii (Kraenzlin's). Pale yellow, with brown
blotches ; lip white, brown. Colombia. 1893.

,, la'cerum (torn). Yellow, spotted with brown.
Peru.

,, Ice've (smooth). White, yellow, marked with brown.

,, Ice've (smooth-lipped). White, yellow, brown. June.
Guatemala. 1841.

,, lawrencea'num (Lawrencean). See O. INSLEAYI.

,, leea'num (Leean). See O. ANDERSONIANUM LEEANUM

„ le'pidum (neat). Yellow, with 2-3 brown spots on
sepals. Colombia. 1884.

,, leroya'num (Leroyan). See O. DENISONLE LEROYANUM.

,, ligula're (tongue-shaped). See O. CORADINEI LIGU-

LARE.

„ lintba'tum (bordered). See O. ANDERSONIANUM LIM-
BATUM.

„ Linde'ni (Linden's). Yellow. Colombia. 1852.

,, lindleya'num (Lindleyan). Yellow and white, with
brown markings. Colombia. 1865.

„ „ au'reum (golden). Yellow, without blotches. 1901.

,, „ Coradi'nei (Coradine's). See O. CORADINEI.

,, ,, mira'ndum (wonderful). Yellow, suffused and
lined with brown. Colombia. 1882.

,, londesboroughia'num (Lord Londesborough's). Yellow,
marked brown. Mexico. 1877.

,, longifo'lium (long-leaved). Peru.

„ luciania'num (Lucianian). White, spotted with
reddish-brown ; lip with a curved blotch. Vene-
zuela. 1887.

„ lu'teo-purpu'reum (yellow-purple). Yellow, purple.
February. Colombia.

„ „ amesia'num (Amesian). Pale yellow-preen. 1891.

„ „ ampli'ssimum (most-ampliate). Clear light yellow,
with few large brown blotches. 1882.

„ „ face' turn (elegant). See O. FACETUM.

,, „ Hi'nnus (hinny). See O. HINNUS.

„ „ Mu'lus (mule). See O. MULUS.

,, „ radia'tum (rayed). Front lobe of lip broad, much
dilated. 1900.

,, „ Sce'ptrum (sceptre). Small round, chocolate-
brown on yellow. Colombia. 1872.

,, „ Sce'ptrum masereelia'num (Masereelian). Yellow.
1888.

,, „ vuylstekea' 'num (Vuylstekean). Deep yellow,
blotched with orange. 1884.

„ lyroglo' ssum (lyre-lipped). See O. DENISONI^E

LYROGLOSSUM.

,, macrospi'lum (large-blotched). See O. DENISONI^E

macrospilum.
„ macula'tum (spotted). 2. Yellow, brown. May.

Mexjco. 1838,

ODONTOGLOSSUM 597

ODONTOGLOSSUM

macula' turn ero'sum (erose). Lip erose-toothed with

dark blotches.
, „ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Much larger than

the type.
, madre'nse (Madran). White, marked reddish-brown,

yellow. Mexico. 1877.
, margine'llum (narrow-edged). Ochre, spotted brown ;

lip reddish-brown. 1882.
, marriottia'num (Marriottian). White, finely spotted

with purple ; lip yellow. Ecuador. 1881.
, „ Victor ; (conqueror). Yellow, marked with brown

and white. 1883.

maxilla're (jaw-bone). Flesh, red, yellow. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1846.
membrana' ceum (membrane-sheathed). See O. CER-

VANTESII.

minia'tum (vermilion). See O. CORONARIUM MINI-

ATUM.
mira'ndum (wonderful). See O. LINDLEYANUM

MIRANDUM.

Mu'lus (mule). Yellow, with cinnamon brown spots
or blotches. Colombia. 1878.
„ tentacula'tum (tentacled). Yellow and white.
1883.

murrellia'num (Murrellian). White ; lip with purple
spots. Colombia. 1875.
„ ci'nctum (engirdled). White ; Up with lilac spots.

1883.

mya'nthum (fly-flowered). Peru.
mystaci'num (whiskered). i£. Yellowish. October.

Peru. 1836.

nce'vium (spotted or inoled). i. White, densely
spotted with purple. June. Colombia.
,, ma' jus (larger). Flowers larger.
nebulo'sum (clouded). See O. APTERUM.
nevade'nse (Nevadan). Chocolate-brown and yellow.

Colombia. 1870.
odor a' turn (sweet-scented). Yellow, red. July.

Venezuela.

„ latimacula'tum (broad-blotched). Deep yellow,
blotched brown-crimson. 1871.
„ ortgiesia 'num (Ortgiesian). White edged yellow,
red. Colombia. 1891.
„ stria' turn (lined). Markings elongated. Venezuela.

1872.

Oerste'dii (Oersted's). White, with a few red spots.
Costa Rica. 1877.

„ ma' jus (larger). Flowers larger. Costa Rica.
oliga'nthum (few-flowered). Yellow, speckled
brown ; lip yellow, edged brown. Guatemala.
1879.
oncidioi'des (Oncidium-like). See O. LOXDES-

BOROUGHIANUM.

orienta'le (oriental). 2-3. Yellow, with dark spots.

Eastern Andes of Ecuador. 1879.
orna'tum (adorned). Creamy-white, speckled with

red. Colombia. 1891.
ortgiesia'num (Ortgiesian). See O. ODORATUM ORT-

GIESIANUM.

ou>en:a'num (Owenian). White blotched brown ; lip

white. Colombia. 1892.

pardi'num (panther-like). Yellow, brown. Peru.
parvifl-o'rum (small-flowered). Dark purple, white.

August. Mexico.

pe'ndulum (pendulous). See O. CITROSMUM.
Pescato'rei (Pescatore's). White, with purple spots.
Colombia. 1852.

„ auranti'acum (orange). Base of lip orange-yellow.
1883.

„ limbo'sum (bordered). Lip bordered with a line
of mauve spots. 1880.

„ Linde'nice (Mme. Linden's). White, with one
large purple blotch on each segment.
„ veitchia'num (Veitchian). White, with broad
mauve zones ; lip yellow at the base.
,, melanoce' ntrum (black-spurred). Column and base
of lip blackish-purple. 1885.

„ schrcederia'num (Schrcederian). White, with broad
purple zones. 1883.

,, thorn sonia' 'num (Thomsonian). Richly spotted
with purple. 1889.

„ veitchia'num (Veitchian). White, with two broad
mauve zones. 1882.

Phalczno'psis (Phalaenopsis). See MILTONIA PHAL^N-
OPSIS.

O. piciura'tum (painted). Yellow, speckled with brown.

1891.

,, platy'odon (broad- toothed). See O. LIXDEXI.
,, platychi'lum (broad-lipped). Creamy-white ; lip

pink, spotted purple. Central Amer. (?)

1892.

,, polyxa'nthum (much-yellow). See O. KEGELJANI.
„ prczni'tens (very-shiny). Yellow, spotted brown.

Colombia. 1875.
„ pra'stans (excelling). Yellow, blotched brown.

Colombia. 1854.
,, prasi'num (leek-green). Green, white, violet, and pale

yellow. Ecuador. 1870.
„ pulche'llum (pretty). i. White, yellow. June.

Guatemala. 1839.

,, ,, candidulum (whitish). Creamy-white.
„ pu'rum (pure). Yellow, brown, purple. Colombia.

1872.
,, radia'tum (rayed). See O. LUTEO-PURPUREUM

RADIATUM.

„ ramosi' ssimum (much-branched). White, spotted

with purple, violet, or lilac. Colombia. 1875.
„ „ ccde'ste (sky-blue). White, shaded with mauve.

Colombia. 1893.
„ „ xanthi'num (yellow). Yellow, spotted with mauve.

1880.
„ ramulo'sum (branched). Pale yellow, spotted dark

purple. Colombia. 1855.
„ Reichenhei'mii (Reichenheim's). Mexico.
,, retu'sum (bent-back). Deep yellow. March. Peru.
,, „ la'tro (soldier). Bright red. Ecuador. 1868.
,, rhyncha'nthum (beak-flowered). Yellow, marked

brown. 1887.

,, ri'gidum (stiff). Yellow. Peru.
,, ri'ngens (gaping). Pale yellow, marked purple. Peru.

1870.

„ Rce'dii (Roezl's). See MILLONIA ROSZLII.
„ Ro'llia (Lady Rolle's). July. Guatemala. 1841.
,, ro'seum (rosy). See COCHLIODA ROSEA.
,, Ro'ssii (Ross's). Yellow, brown, white. March.

Mexico. 1839.

,, „ aspe'rsum (besprinkled). See O. HUMEANUM.
„ „ carulefscens (bluish). White, marked blue.

Mexico.
„ „ Ehrenbe'rgii (Ehrenberg's). White, marked rose

and crimson. Mexico. 1842.
,, „ humea'num (Humean). See O. HUMEANUM.
„ „ immacula'tum (unspotted). Sepals pale pink, the

rest white. 1894.
„ „ rube'scens (reddish). Pale rose, blotched purple.

Nicaragua. 1849.

,, ,, vire'scens (greenish). White, blotched green.
„ rube'scens (reddish). See O. Rossn RUBESCENS.
,, rubigino'sum (rusty). Pale yellow, with large choco-
late blotches.
„ ruckeria'num (ruckerian). See O. ANDERSONIANUM

RUCKERIANUM.

„ sanderia'num (Sanderian). See O. CONSTRICTUM

SANDERIANUM.

,, Sce'ptrum (sceptre). See O. LUTEO-PURPUREUM

SCEPTRUM.

,, schilleria'num (Schillerian). Yellow, brown, purple.
Venezuela. 1884.

,, schlieperia'num (Schlieperian). Yellow, with orange-
brown spots. Costa Rica. 1856.

,, schrcederia'na (SchroBderian) . See O. DENISONLS

SCHRCEDERIANA.

„ Seri'nga (Seringa). White, edged yellow, spotted

brown-red. Seringa, Colombia. 1891.
„ Shuttlewo'rthii (Shuttleworth's). White, marked with

red-brown. 1884.
,, spilota'nthum (blotched-flowered). Creamy- white,

blotched brown. Colombia. 1872.
„ Staura'strum (false-cross). Yellow-green, blotched

brown ; lip white. 1887.
,, stauroi'des gravesia'num (Gravesian). Ochre, spotted

brown ; lip white. 1887.
,, stella'tum (starry- flowered). White, green. April.

Mexico. 1839.
,, stelli'micans (star-glittering). See O. EXCELLENS

STELLIMICANS.

„ stenochi'lum (narrow-lipped). Yellow, spotted brown.

Ecuador. 1872.
„ Untacula'tum (tentacled). See O. MULUS TENTA-

CULATUM.

ODONTOLOMA

598

CENOTHERA

O. tetrapla'sium (four-formed). White, marked purple.

Peru. 1875.
„ tripu'dians (thrice-modest). Yellowish, blotched

brown and violet. Colombia. 1871.
„ „ harrya'num (Harry Veitch's). Sepals and petals

almost black, tipped yellow. 1883.
„ „ xanthoglo'ssum (yellow-lipped). Lip yellow,

blotched mauve. 1881.
„ triu'mphans (triumphant). Golden-yellow, boldly

blotched with brown. Colombia. 1867.
„ „ au'reum (golden). Yellow, blotched with orange-
yellow. Colombia.
„ „ volu'bile (twining). Paler. Flower stem 4! feet

long, twining. Colombia. 1888.
„ ulo'pterum (wood- winged). Yellow, marked brown and

white. Ecuador. 1872.
„ Uroski'nneri (Ure - Skinner's). Greenish - brown,

spotted purple. Guatemala. 1859.
„ „ a'lbum (white). Lip pure white. 1893.
„ ve'lleum (woolly). Yellow, marked with brown and

violet. Ecuador. 1874.
„ vexati'vum (provocative). Greenish-yellow, blotched

chestnut-brown. Mexico. 1876.
„ vexilla'rium (standard). See MILTONIA VKXILLARIA.
„ Vi'ctor (conqueror). See O. MARRIOTTIANUM VICTOR.
„ vimina'le (twiggy), i. Brown, edged yellow ; lip

sulphur, deep yellow. Colombia. 1885.
„ vuylstekea'num (Vuylstekean). See O. LUTEO-PUR-

PUREUM VUYLSTEKEANUM.

„ Walli'sii (Wallis's). Reddish-brown, marked yellow.

Colombia. 1870.

„ Warne'ri (Warner's). See ONCIDIUM WARNERI.
» ii Purpura'tum (purplish). See ONCIDIUM WARNERI

PURPURATUM.

,, warocquea'num (Warocquean). See O. ANDER-

SONIANUM WAROCQUEANUM.

„ Warszewi'czii (Warszewicz's). See MILTONIA WAR-

SCEWICZII.
„ wattia'num (Wattian). Yellow, marked with purple

and claret. 1890.
„ Wei'rii (Weir's). White, marked with purple.

Colombia. 1875.

„ Welto'ni (Welton's). See MILTONIA WARSCEWICZII.
,, wendlandia'num (Wendlandian). Yellow, with brown

spots. Colombia. 1889.
„ wilckea'num (Wilckean). See O. DENISONI^

WILCKEANUM.

,, You'ngii (Young's). See O. HUMEANUM YOUNGII.

ODONTOLO'MA. (From odous, odontos, a tooth, and
lama, an edge ; fronds or leaves tooth-notched. Nat.
ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.
Now referred to Davallia.)
0. borya'num (Bory's). See DAVALLIA REPENS.
„ pulche'llum (neat). See DAVALLIA PULCHELLA.
„ Unuifo'lium (slender-leaved). See DAVALLIA TENDI-
FOLIA.

ODONTOSO'RIA ACULEA'TA. See DAVALLIA

ACULEATA.

ODONTOSO'RIA TENUIFO'LIA. See DAVALLIA

TENUIFOLIA.

ODONTOSPE'RMUM. (From odous, odontos, a tooth,
and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Hardy, half-hardy, and greenhouse annuals or peren-
nials, rarely shrubby. Seeds ; cuttings under a hand-
light in summer. Light soil ; for the greenhouse ones
loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

0. aqua'ticum (aquatic). $. Yellow. July. Mediter-
ranean region. 1731. Hardy annual.
„ tnari'timum (maritime), i. Yellow. July. Medi-
terranean region. 1640. Perennial.
„ pygmce'um (pigmy). \. Yellow. July. Mediter-
ranean region. 1892.
„ seri'ceum (silky). 3-4. Yellow. June. Canaries.

1779. Greenhouse shrub.

„ stenophy'llum (narrow-leaved). 2-3. Yellow. June.
Canaries. 1818. Greenhouse shrub.

CECEO' GLADES. (From oikeo, to inhabit, and klados,
a branch. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceas]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Referred to Angraecum.)
(E. falca'ta (sickle-shaped). See ANGRAECUM FALCATUM.

CEDE MONE. See HERMINIERA.

(ENOCA'RPUS. (From oinos, wine, and karpos, a
fruit ; yields palm-wine and oil. Nat. ord. Palms
[Palmaceae]. Linn. zi-Moncccia, 6-Hexandria. Allied
to Areca.)

Stove Palms. Seeds, but generally suckers ; rich,
loamy soil. Winter temp., 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
(E. Baca'ba (Bacaba). 60. Guiana. 1849.
„ Batau'a (Bataua). 40. S. Amer. 1820. " Patana

Palm."

„ caracasa'nus (Caracasan). Venezuela. 1849.
„ mi' nor (smaller). 8-10. Fruit purple-black. Brazil.
,, rube'scens (reddish). Colombia. 1846.

CENO'PLEA LINEA'TA. See BERCHEMIA RACEMOSA.
CENO'PLEA VOLU'BDLIS (twining). See BERCHEMIA

VOLUBILIS.

(ENOTHERA. Evening Primrose. (From oinos, wine,
and thera, imbibing ; the roots of bie'nnis supposed to
be an incentive to drinking wine. Nat. ord. Onagrads
[Onagraceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

Annuals and biennials, by seed in the open border, in
April ; also in the autumn, to stand over the winter,
and bloom early ; perennials, by seeds also, by divisions
of the plants in spring, and the more rare and tender by
cuttings of the young shoots under a hand-light, in early

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
(E. acau'lis (stemless). $. White. J une to September.

Chili. 1821.
,, albicau'lis (white-stemmed). J-i. White, changing

to red. June. N. Amer. 1826.
„ aniso'loba( unequal- lobed). 2. White. June. Chiloe.

1828.
„ caspito'sa (tufted), i. White. June. N. Amer.

i8ir.

„ califo'rnica (Calif ornian). White to pale pink, frag-
rant. J uly. California.
„ cardiophy'lla (heart-leaved). i. Yellow. July,

August. N.W. Amer. 1883.
,, caule'scens (stem-forming). See (E. CJESPITOSA.
„ cheiranthifo'lia (wallflower-leaved). Yellow. June.

Chili. 1820. Half-hardy.
„ Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). J. Yellow. August.

N. Amer. 1833.

,, exi'mia (choice). See (E. C^SPITOSA.
,, formo'sa (beautiful). J-x. Pure white. 1899.
,, Fra'seri (Fraser's). See (E. GLAUCA FRASERI.
„ frutico'sa (shrubby). 3. Yellow. August. N. Amer.

1737-
„ ,, ambi'gua (doubtful), i. Yellow. July. N. Amer.

1813.

„ „ i'ndica (Indian), ij. Yellow. July. India.
„ ,, You'ngii (Young's), ij. Yellow. July, August.
,, glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Yellow. June. N. Amer.

1812.
„ „ Fra'seri (Fraser's). i-ij. Yellow. June to

September. S. Carolina. 1811.

,, ,, variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
„ gra'cilis (slender). See CE. PUMILA.
„ Hava'rdi (Havard's). £. Deep yellow. July.

Nevada and Texas. 1907.

,, hy'brida (hybrid). See CE. FRUTICOSA AMBIGUA.
„ linea'ris (linear). See CE. FRUTICOSA.
„ macroca'rpa (large-fruited). See CE. MISSOURIENSIS

LATI FOLIA.

,, margina'ta (margined). See CE. C^SPITOSA.

„ missourie'nsis (Missouri), i. Yellow. June. N.

Amer. 1818.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved), i. Yellow. Leaves

broader. N. Amer. 1811.

„ nervo'sa (large-nerved). 2. Yellow. July. 1827.
„ nivertia'na (Nivertian). Blush-white, tinted carmine.

1872.

Nutta'llii (Nuttall's). White. June. N. Amer. 1811.
pa'llida (pale). See CE. ALBICAULIS.
pu'mila (dwarf). J. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1757.
pusi'lla (small). See CE. PUMILA.
ripa'ria (river-bank). See CE. PUMILA.
ro'sea (rosy), i. Pink. June. N. Amer.; Peru.

1783-

saxo'sa (stony). See CE. C^SPITOSA.
Sello'wii (Sellow's). Montevideo. 1831.

(ENOTHERA

599

OIDIUM

CE. sero'tina (late- flowering') . ij. Yellow. September.

N. Amer. 1820.
„ serrula'ta (small- toothed), i. Yellow. June. N.

Amer. 1824.

„ specio'sa (showy), i. White. June. N. Amer. 1821.
„ „ ma'jor (larger). 6. White. July. N. Amer.
„ tanacetifo'lia (tansy-leaved). See CE. NUTTALLII.
„ taraxacifo'lia (dandelion-leaved). See CE. ACAULIS.
„ tetrago'na (iour-angled-poddfd). See CE. FRUTICOSA.
„ Utra'ptera (four-winged), i. White or blush. July

to September. Mexico.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). Rosy, with darker veins.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

CE. a'lbicans( whitish). 2. Whitish. June. Peru. 1823.
„ biSnnis (biennial). 4. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1629.

" Common Evening Primrose."
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2-4. Very large,

yellow. July to September.
„ bi'frons (two-faced). See CE. AMCEXA.
„ crucia'ta (cross-flow ered). See CE. BIENNIS.
„ ela'ta (tall). 2. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1824.
„ ero'sa (jagged). 2. Citron-coloured. July. S.Africa.

1828.

„ globula'ris (globular). 3. Yellow. July. 1824.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See CE. BIENNIS GRANDI-

FLORA.

„ hi'rta (hairy). J. Yellow. August. N. and S. Amer.

1836.

,, inca'na (hoary). See CE. FRUTICOSA.
„ lamarckia'na (Lamarckian). See CE. BIENNIS GRANDI-

FLORA.
„ longifto'ra (long-flowered). 3. Yellow. August.

Buenos Ayres. 1776.

,, me'dia (intermediate). See CE. FRUTICOSA.
„ noctu'rna (night-sm«//tng). 2. Yellow. July. S.

Africa. 1790.
„ odora'ta (sweet-scented). 2. Yellow. June. S. Amer.

1790.
„ „ vire'scens (greenish). 2. Yellow. June. S. Amer.

1790.
„ pube'scens (downy), x. White. July. S. Amer.

1825.

„ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). See CE. ELATA.
„ simsia'na (Sims' s). 3. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1816.
„ stria'ta (streaked). Yellow. July. 1822.
„ vtilo'sa (shaggy). 2. Yellow. July. S. Africa. 1791.

HARDY ANNUALS.

CE. albe'scens (whitish), ij. Purple to white. June.

Columbia River. 1841.
„ amce'na (pleasing). 2. Purple. July. N. Amer

1825.
„ „ rubicu'nda (ruddy). Lilac-purple, with four

blotches. California. 1834.
„ „ vino'sa (claret-coloured). White, with four purple

splashes. California. 1835.
,, berteria'na (Berterian). Chili.
„ bisto'rta (twice- twisted). i. Yellow. Summer.

N.W. Amer.
„ „ veitchia'na (Veitchian). $-1. Yellow, with four

blood-red spots. S. California.
„ dava'ta (club-leaved), i. White. July. Mexico.

1827.
„ conci'nna (neat), i-it. Pink. July to September.

Chili.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbose). 2-3. Yellow. August,

September. Mexico. 1816.
„ decu'mbens (lying-down). i$. Purple. August.

California. 1827.
„ densiflo'ra (close-flowered). 3. Purple. August.

California. 1830.
„ denta'ta (toothed), i. Yellow. August. N. and S.

Amer. 1837.
„ humifu'sa (prostrate). Pink. Steins flat on the soil.

N. Amer.
„ Johnso'ni (Johnson's). 2-3. Citron-yellow. July,

August. N.W. Amer. 1898.
„ le'pida (pleasant). See CE. DECUMBENS.
„ Li'ndleyii (Lindley's). See CE. AMCENA.
„ minutiflo'ra (minute-flowered), i. Yellow. July,

August. Chili. 1837.

„ ova' fa (egg-shaped). Yellow. July, August. Cali-
fornia.

CE. pinnati'fida (deeply-lobed). White. July. N. Amer.

1811.

,, purpu'rea (purple) of Bentham. See CE. ALBESCENS.
„ purpu'rea (purple) of Curtis, i. Purple. June,

July. N. Amer. 1794.
„ Pu'rshii (Pursh's). See CE. PINNATIFIDA.
„ quadrivu'lnera (four-blotched). i-i£. Pink, with

four crimson spots. N. Amer. 1826.
„ Romanzo'wii (Romanzow's). i-ij. Purple. June

to August. N. Amer. 1817.
„ sinua'ta (scoHoped-leavett). 3. Yellow. July. N.

Amer. 1770.
„ „ mi'nima (smallest). J. Yellow. July. N. Amer.

1825.

„ stri'cta (erect). See CE. STRIATA.
„ tene'lla (slender). *. Purple. June, July. Chili.

1823.
„ tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). it. Purple. August.

Chili. 1828.
„ tri'loba (three-lobed). *. Yellow. June. N.W. Amer.

1822.

„ vimi'nea( twiggy). 2. Purple. July. California. 1826.
,, vino'sa (claret-coloured). See CE. AMCENA.
„ virga'ta (rod-shaped), ij. Purple, white. July.

Peru. 1823.
„ WhitnSyi (Whitney's). iJ-2*. Rosy, with four

crimson blotches. J uly, August. Columbia River.

1831.
„ Williamso'ni (Williamson's). 1-2. Western United

States.

OFFSETS are side bulbs produced by some bulbous
roots, and by which the species can be propagated.
Whatever checks the upward growth of the parent plant,
as an early breaking down of the stem, compels the sap
to find other organs for its reception, and, consequently,
promotes the production of offsets. " The practice,"
says Dr. Lindley, " of scarring the centre of bulbs, the
heads of echino-cacti, and such plants, and the crown of
the stem of species like Aga've geminiflo'ra, in all which
cases suckers are the result, is explicable on the fore-
going principle."

(yFTIA. (Derivation not clear. Nat. ord. Myo-
poraceae.)

Evergreen shrub for the greenhouse. Cuttings of half-
mature shoots in sand, covered with a bell-glass in
summer. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
0. africa'na (African). 2-3. White. July. S. Africa.
1710.

OGEECHEE LIME. Ny'ssa Oge'che.
OfflGGI'NSIA. See HOFFMANNIA.

OHLENDO'RFFIA. (Commemorative of Dr. C. F.
Ollendorff, of Holstein. Nat. ord. Scrophulariaceae.)

A small greenhouse shrub now generally referred to
Apto'simum depre'ssum. Seeds ; cuttings of half-mature
shoots in sand under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam and
peat in equal proportions and sand.
0. procu'mbens (lying-down). 1-2. Blue. July, August.
S. Africa. 1836.

OIDIUM. The name given to a group of allied fungi
that attack the leaves, flowers, fruits, and other parts of
plants. They appear to the naked eye as a white coat-
ing covering the parts of plants affected, and are generally
known amongst gardeners and farmers as mildew. Under
the microscope they are seen to consist of an interlacing
mass of jointed filaments or fine threads, sending small
rounded suckers into the tissues of the plants affected,
and by means of which they absorb food to the great
injury of the host-plants. Other branches of the fungi
grow erect, forming rows of globular, barrel-shaped, or
cylindrical cells (conidia), which fall off at maturity
and spread the fungus on healthy plants with remarkable
rapidity. The conidial form is merely the earlier stage
of various higher fungi. Two of the most common are
Oidium Balsamii, on turnips all over Britain, and O.
Tuckeri on the grape vine, both under glass and out-
doors. The higher stage of this latter is Uncinula
spiralis, bearing numerous spirally coiled filaments on
its perithecia, which are the fruit-producing bodies, and
contain ascospores. Other well-known fungi of the group
are Erysiphf graminis, on grass ; E. Martii, on peas ;
Microsphara grossularice, on gooseberries; Spharoiheca

OIL NUT

600

OLEARIA

mors-uva, the American gooseberry mildew ; and S.
castagnei, the hop mildew.

All are easily recognised, and as they are very de-
structive prompt measures should be taken to prevent
them from spreading. Flowers of sulphur will destroy
all these fungi, if dusted on the affected parts, and this
should be done with vines before the mildew gets upon the
berries. Sulphide of potassium, at the rate of one ounce
to three gallons of water, sprayed on affected plants, is
a very effective cure, and will act as a preventive, used
before mildew appears.

OIL NUT. Ri'cinus commu'nis.

OIL PALM. Elce'is guinee'nsis.

0 LAX. (From olax, furrowed ; flowers partially fur-
rowed, or imbricated. Nat. ord. Olacinacea?. Linn.
3-Triandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove, white-flowered, evergreen climbers, from the
East Indies. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand, under
a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy peat, fibrous loam, and a
little dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.

O. imbrica'ta (imbricated). 8. December. 1820.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). 8. December. 1820.
„ stri'cia (upright). 4. White. Australia. 1820.

OLDENBURGIA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Compositae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub, with a stout, unbranched
stem. Seeds ; cuttings of half-ripe wood in sand, under
a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
0. Arbu'scula (little- tree). 3-6. Purple and white. S.
Africa. 1903.

OLDENLA'NDIA. (Named after H. B. Oldenland, a
Danish plant-collector. Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiacea?].
Linn. 4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynta. Allied to Hedyotis.)
Cuttings of half-ripened snoots of deppia'na in April,
in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; peat and loam.
Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. The
annuals sow in a gentle hotbed, in March ; prick out the
seedlings in the bed, and move them to the open border,
after gradually hardening them, at the end of May.
O. cape'nsis (Cape). White. July. S. Africa. 1824.

Annual.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbed). White. June. Jamaica.

1739. Annual.
„ deppea'na (Deppe's). i. White. June. Mexico.

1835. Stove evergreen.

„ dolicha' ntha (long-flowered), i. White, green, frag-
rant ; tube 4 in. long. E. Trop. Africa. 1907.
„ umbella'ta (umbelled). |. White. July. E. Ind.
1792.

OLDFIELDIA. (Commemorative of R. A. Oldfield, a
trader at Sierra Leone. Nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae.)

Evergreen stove tree. Seeds ; cuttings of ripe wood
in sand, in a close case with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, and sand.

O. africa'na (African). W. Trop. Africa. " African
Teak." It affords valuable timber for the ship-
builder.

OLD MAN. Artemi'sia Abro'ianum and Rosmari'nus
officina'lis.

OLD MAN'S BEARD. Geropo'gon, Cle'matis Vita'lba,
and Tilla'ndsia usneoi'des.

OLEA. Olive. (From elaia, the olive. Nat. ord.
Oliveworts [Oleacea?]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia.)

The Olive will graft on the Privet, Phillyrea, Ash,
Lilac, and others of the order. Evergreens, all white-
flowered, except O. fro! grans. Cuttings of ripened shoots
in spring, in sand, under a hand-light, in a close frame
or pit ; also, when procurable, by seeds and grafting ;
loam and peat, of an open, fibrous character. Winter
temp., 38° to 48°. O. sati'va has stood for years against
south walls near London. The scent of fra'grans is
sufficient to perfume a large conservatory ; where only
one of the genus can be grown, this should be fixed upon.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

O. america'na (American). See OSMANTHUS AMERICANUS.
„ ape'tala (without petals). See NOTEL^EA LONGIFOLIA.
„ arbo'rea (tree). 20. August. 1825.

O. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). See O. EUROP^A.
,, cape'nsis (Cape). 5. July. S. Africa. 1730.
,, ,, undula'ta (-wave-leaved). See O. LAURII-OLIA.
„ chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 15. July. Mascarene

Islands ; Trop. Africa.
„ europa'a (European). 5. July. Portugal. 1821.

" Wild Olive."
,, ,, sati'va. (cultivated). August. S. Europe. 1570.

" Olive."

,, exce'lsa (tall). See NOTELJEA EXCELSA.
,, fra'grans (fragrant). See OSMANTHUS FRAGRANS.
,, ferrugi'nea (rusty-leaved). See O. CHRYSOPHYLLA.
,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See PHILLYREA LATIFOLJA.
,, laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 6. July. S.Africa. 1730.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See O. EUROP^A.
„ cbli'qua (twisted-leaved). See O. EUROP^EA.
,, Olea'ster (oleaster). See O. EUROP^A.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). 10. July. Australia. 1825.
,, sati'va (cultivated). See O. EUROP/EA SATIVA.
,, verruco'sa (warted). 6. April. S. Africa. 1814.
„ undula'ta (waved). See O. LAURIFOLIA.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

0. dioi'ca (dioecious). 30. March. E. Ind. 1818.
„ la'ncea (spear- head-leaved). 20. August. Isle of

France. 1819.

„ robu'sta (robust). See LIGUSTRUM ROBUSTUM.
,, roxburghia'na (Dr. Roxburgh's). See LIGUSTRUM

NEILGHERRENSE.

OLEANDER. SeeNERiUM OLEANDER.

OLEA'NDRA. (The genus is founded on neriifo'rmis,
or oleander-like. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-
Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove Ferns, with yellow spores. See FERNS.
0. articula'ta (jointed). June. Natal. 1837.
„ Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). June. Isle of Luzon.
,, neriifo'rmis (oleander-like). May. Amer.
„ nodo'sa (knotty). May. S. Amer. 1840.
„ Walli'chii (Wallich's). May. Nepaul.

OLEA RIA. (From olea, an olive, and that from the

Greek elaia, an olive ; in allusion to the olive-like leaves

of some species. Nat. ord. Compositae. Allied to Aster.)

Hardy, half-hardy, and greenhouse evergreen shrubs

of considerable beauty. Seeds ; cuttings in sandy soil

under hand-lights in a gentle heat. Light, well-drained

soil. Winter temp., 35° to 50° ; summer, 50° to 65°, for

the greenhouse species.

O. alpi'na (alpine). See O. NITIDA.

„ argophy'lla (silvery-leaved). 4-10. White. March

to May. Australia. 1804. " Musk Tree."
,, chata'mica (Chatham Island). 2-4. White ; disc

violet-purple. Chatham Island. 1907.
„ chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 3-10. White. Aus-
tralia.
„ chryso' tricha (golden-haired). 2-3. White. Australia.

1841.
,, cilia'ta (eye-lashed). 1-2. Lilac. W. Australia.

1908. Greenhouse.

„ denta'ta (toothed). 3-4. Rose. Australia. 1872.
,, Forste'ri (Forster's). 3-6. White. New Zealand.

1866.

,, furfura'cea (scurfy). 6-10. White. New Zealand.
,, glutino'sa (clammy). Pale violet. Australia. 1839.
,, gummo'sa (gummy). 2-3. 1889.
„ gunnia'na (Gunnian). See O. STELLULATA.
,, Haa'stii (Haast's). 2-4. White. July, August.
New Zealand. 1872. " New Zealand Daisy Bush."
Hardy.
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). 2. White. New Zealand.

Greenhouse.

„ lira'ta (lyre-formed). See O. STELLULATA LIRATA.
„ „ quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). See O. STELLULATA

QUERCIFOLIA.

„ lyra'ta (lyre-formed). See O. STELLULATA LIRATA.
„ tnacrodo'nta (large-toothed). 3-4. White. August.

New Zealand. 1884. Half-hardy.
„ myrsinoi'des (Myrsine-like). 2-4. Light purple.

May. Australia. 1835.
„ „ erube'scens (reddish). 2-3. Light purple-red.

May. Australia and Tasmania. Half-hardy.
„ ni'iida (shining). 2-3. White. New Zealand. 1851.

Half-hardy.

OLEASTER

601

ONCIDIUM

0. nummularifzfo'lia (Nummularia-leaved). i. White.

New Zealand. 1899. Hardy.

„ panno'sa (woolly). 2-4. White. Australia. 1852.
„ persoonoi'des(Persoon-like). 2-3. White. Tasmania.
„ quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). See O. STELLULATA QUERCI-

FOLIA.
„ ramulo'sa (finely-branched). 2-3. White. March.

Australia. 1818. Greenhouse.
„ ,, commu'nis (common). Flower-heads fewer,

smaller. 1908.
„ specio'sa (showy). 3. White. Australia. 1907.

Half-hardy.
„ stellula'ta (small-starry). 2-4. White. June, July.

Australia. 1823. Half-hardy.
„ „ lira'ta (lyre-formed). 2-3. White. July. Australia.

1812.
,, „ quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). 2-3. White. Australia.

1877.
„ Trave'rsii (Travers's). 2-4. White. New Zealand.

1887. Half-hardy.

OLEASTER or WILD OLIVE. See O'LEA EUROPE' A
and EL^EA'GNUS.

OLEOBA'CHIA MACROPHY'LLA. See STERCULIA

RUPESTRIS.

OLEOBA'CHIA PALU'STRIS. A corruption of Dela-
be'chia rupe'stris. See STERCULIA RUPESTRIS.

OLFE'RSIA. (Named after Olfers, a German botanist.
Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-Cryptogamia, i-
Filices. Now referred to Acrostichum.)

Stove Ferns, with yellowish-brown spores. See FERNS.
O. a'podum (stemless). June. W. Ind. 1824.
„ blumea'num (Blume's). April. Isle of Luzon.
„ calltzfo'lium (Calla-leaved). August. Java. 1840.
„ cervi'na (stag-horned). May. W. Ind. 1840.
„ confo'rme (conformed). August. Cape of Good

Hope. 1841.

„ corcovode'nsis (Corcovado). May. Brazil. 1837.
„ longifp'liunt (long-leaved), i. W. Ind. 1841.
„ obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). June. Isle of Luzon.
„ scolopendrifo'lium (Scolopendrium-leaved). August.

Brazil. 1841.

„ si'mplex (simple), i. July. Jamaica. 1793.
,, squamo'sum (scaly). July. W. Ind.
,, villo'sum (shaggy), i. July. Jamaica. 1843.
,, visco'sum (clammy). August. W. Ind. 1826.

OLIBA'NUM. Boswe'llia.

OLIGOEO'TRYA. (From oligos, few, and bofrus, a
cluster of grapes ; in allusion to the few clusters of
flowers. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Hardy herbs with simple or slightly branched racemes
of flowers. Offsets in spring; seeds. Good, well-
drained soil.
0. He'nryi (Dr. Henry's). 3. White or pale yellow.

Central China. 1909.

„ „ viola'cea (violet). 3. White ; tube violet outside.
Central China. 1909.

OLIVE. O'lea.

OLIVE-PARK-TREE. Termina'lia Cata'ppa.

OLIVERE'LLA E'LEGANS. (A plant found in cultiva-
tion at Amacamaca, near the city of Mexico, and de-
scribed as a new genus of Crassulaceae.)

OLIVE-WOOD. Elaode'ndron.

OLO'STYLA. (From olos, entire, and stulos, a style ;
the style being undivided. Nat. ord. Rubiacea?.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and
sand.

O. corymbo'sa (corymbose). 5. White. New Caledonia.
1759-

OLY'RA. (From olura, a kind of corn grown in Egypt.
Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Stove, ornamental, with short closely overlapping
leaves. Seeds ; divisions. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
O. conci'nna (neat). $. Green. Costa Rica.

OMALA'NTHUS POPULIFO'LIUS. See HOMALANTHUS

LESCHENAULTIANUS.

OMIME PLANT. Plecta'nthrus.

OMPHALO EIUM. (From omphalos, the navel, and
lobos, a pod. Nat. ord. Connarads [Connaraceae]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Connarus.)
0. africa'num (African). See CONNARUS AFRICANUS.
„ i'ndicum (Indian). See CONNARUS MONOCARPUS.

OMPHALO DES. Navel-wort. (From omphales,
the navel, and eidos, like ; referring to the seed. Nat.
ord. Borageworis [Boraginaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Seeds of annuals in open border, in March, and once
or twice more during the summer ; the perennials, by
division. O. ve'rna is a beautiful plant in the recesses of
rock-works, in shady corners, thriving as well in shade
as the interesting Periwinkles.

HARDY ANNUALS.

O. intermedia (intermediate). See O. PAPILLOSA.
„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved), i. White. July. Portugal.

1748. " Venus's Navel-wort."

„ littora'lis (shore), i. White. July. France. 1826.
„ papillo'sa (nippled). i. Blue. April. Asia Minor.

1836. Biennial.
„ scorpioi'des (scorpion-like), i. Blue. July. Bohemia.

1825.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

O. amplexicmt'lis (stem-clasping), i. White. July.

Spain. 1823.
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). See LINDELOFIA SPECTA-

BILIS.
,, Luci'lice (Lucilia's). \. Pink, changing to blue.

Asia Minor. 1873. " Rock Navel-wort."
,, myosotoi' des (mouse-ear-like). See O. RUGULOSA.
„ ni'tida (shining). 2. White. May. Portugal. 1812.
„ rugulo'sa (finely- wrinkled), ij. Blush. September.

Asia Minor. 1838.
„ sempervi'rens (evergreen). See ANCHUSA SEMPER-

VIRENS.
„ ve'rna (spring). £. Blue. March. S. Europe. 1633.

" Creeping Forget-me-not."
„ „ a'lba (white). White. March. 1884.

ONCI'DIUM. (From ogkos, a tumour; referring to
excrescences on the base of the lip, or labellum. Nat.
ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. -zo-Gynandria, i-
Monandria. Allied to Odontoglossum.)

Stove orchids. Divisions as growth is commencing in
spring ; very shallow baskets suit all the largest-leaved
kinds, or they may be fastened to a block of wood, that
fastened across the mouth of a pot, the pot filled loosely
with pieces of wood and charcoal, to insure perfect
drainage, and then rotten wood, sphagnum, and fibrous
peat laid round the lower part of the plants, provided
the base of the leaves is not covered. Hardy kinds, as
flexuo'sum, require more packing ; small, tender kinds
must be carefully treated, to prevent damping, especially
when not growing. Winter temp., 58° to 65° ; summer,
60° to 90°.

0. aborti'wm (arrested). Pale yellow, with chestnut-
brown markings. Venezuela. 1909.
„ acina'ceum (sabre-shaped). Violet, white, red. Peru.

1866.
„ cz'rnulum (rivalling). Red-brown, yellow-brown.

Colombia. 1872.
„ a'lbo-verruco'sum (white-warted). Bright yellow,

barred brown ; crest white. 1898.
„ alcico'rne (stag's-horn). Yellow. Colombia. 1872.
„ alti'ssimum (tallest). 4. Yellow, brown. March.

Panama. 1793.
„ ami'ctum (frilled). i. Yellow, brown-blotched.

April. Brazil. 1846.
„ amplia'tum (broad-lipped). 2. Yellow, brown.

March. Central Amer. 1832.

„ „ citri'num (citron). Citron yellow, unspotted. 1899.
„ ,, ma' jus (larger-flowered). |. Yellow. March.

Guatemala. 1840.
,, andi'genum (Andes-bom). Pale yellow, violet, and

orange. Ecuador. 1869.
,, anfra'ctum (broken). Bright-yellow, with brown bars.

Venezuela. 1909.

„ annula're (annular). Yellow, marked brown. Colom-
bia. 1875.
„ ano'malum (anomalous). See O PANCHRYSUM.

ONCIDIUM

602

ONCIDIUM

0. asce'ndens (ascending). Yellow. April. Guatemala.

1837.
„ aura'rium (golden). 4-5. Fine yellow, spotted brown.

Bolivia. 1884.

„ au'reum (golden). Violet, yellow. Peru.
„ auri'ferum (gold-bearing). Bright yellow. Colombia.
„ auro'sum (golden). See O. EXCAVATUM AUROSUM.
„ Baldevia'mce (Mrs. Baldeviam's). Yellow, marked

with brown. Colombia. 1873. Also written

Balderrama.

„ Ba'llii (Ball's), i. Bright yellow, with brown mark-
ings. 1910.
„ barba'tum (bearded), ij. Yellow. April. Brazil.

1818.
„ „ cilia'tum (eye-lashed). J. Yellow, red. January.

Brazil. 1818.

„ Barke'ri (Barker's). See O. TIGRINUM.
„ batemania'num (Bateman's). Yellow. April. Brazil.

1838.

„ „ ramo'sum (branched). Yellow. Brazil.
„ „ spilo'pterum (spotted- winged). Brown, with

yellow markings. Brazil. 1844.
„ Baue'ri (Bauer's). Yellow, brown. April. W. Ind.
„ beyrodtia'num (Beyrodtian). ij-ij. Golden-yellow.

Brazil. 1910.
„ bicallo'sum (two-warted). i. Orange, brown. July.

Panama. 1842.

„ bi'color (ivfo-coloured-flowered). J. Yellow. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1841.
„ bicornu'tum (two-horned). See O. PUBES.
„ bifo'lium (two-leaved), f. Yellow, purple. July.

Monte Video. 1811.
„ „ pa'llidum (pale-yellow). }. Pale yellow. July.

Monte Video. 1832.
„ brochya'ndrum (short-anthered). Brown, marked

yellow. Mexico. 1871.

„ br achy phy' Hum (short-leaved). See O. CEBOLETTA.
„ bractea'tum (large-brae ted). Yellow, brown. Central

Amer.
„ Brau'nii (Braun's). Yellow, marked brown, small.

1886.
„ brcvila'brum (short-lipped). Bright yellow, barred

with brown. 1894.
„ brienia'num (O'Brienian). Bright sulphur, with

cinnamon bars. Paraguay. 1881.
„ „ fla'vida (yellowish). Yellow. Paraguay. 1881.
„ „ ru'fida (reddish). Nearly covered with cinnamon.

1881.
„ &fMnte«ta'nwtn(Brunleesian). Greenish-yellow, brown ;

lip purple-brown. Brazil. 1883.
„ bryolo'photum (mossy-crested). Imperfect flowers

greenish ; perfect, golden. Central Amer. 1871.
„ ces'sium (grey). See O. GEERTIANUM.
„ cala'nthum (beautiful-flowered). Yellow. Ecuador

or Peru. 1870.
„ caloglo'ssum (beautiful-tongued). Yellow, marked

brown ; calli reddish. Brazil. 1885.
„ ,, co'ncolor (one-coloured). Yellow. 1905.
„ caminio'phorum (furnace-bearing). Yellow, red.

Venezuela.

„ ca'ndidum (white). White, yellow. March. Guate-
mala. 1843.
„ Carde'ri (Carder's). Brown, white, and yellow.

Colombia. 1875.

„ carina'tum (keeled). See LEOCHILUS CARINATUS.
„ carthagine'nse (Carthaginian). 4. Olive. May. Trop.

Amer. 1791.
„ „ ma'jus (larger). Flowers larger, rose. March.

Honduras. 1839.
„ „ pa'llidum (pale). Pale rose. March. Honduras.

1839.

„ „ ro'seum (rosy). Rose. July. Mexico. 1838.
„ „ sangui'neum (blood-red). Crimson, red. La

Guayra.

,, ,, Swa'rtzii (Swartz's). White, purple. Jamaica.
„ cavendishia'num (Cavendishian). Yellow. Guate-
mala.
„ Cebolle'ta (Cebolleta). i. Yellow. April. Brazil.

1825.
„ cheiro'phorum (hand-bearing). Yellow, marked with

white. Colombia. 1860.
,, chry'sops (golden-eye). Light brown ; lip yellow.

1888.

„ chrysopy'ramis (golden-pyramid). Yellow. Colombia.
„ chrysorha'phis (golden-needle). Pale yellow, nearly

covered with brown spots. Brazil. 1888.

O. chryso'rnis (golden-bird). See O. OCHTHODES.
„ chrysothy'rsus ( golden- thyrsed). Yellow, brown.

Brazil. 1867.

„ cilia'tum (iringed-lipped). See O. BARBATUM CILIATOM.
„ citri'num (lemon-coloured). 5. Yellow. August.

Trinidad.
„ Clce'sii (Class's). Chocolate-red ; lip deep carmine,

shaded violet. Colombia. 1906.
„ co'ncolor (one-coloured). J. Lemon. May. Organ

Mountains. 1839.

„ confrago'sum (uneven). See O. VIPERINUM.
„ corni'gerum (horn-bearing). $. Yellow. July.

Brazil. 1829.
„ coryne'phorum (club-bearing). 5. Rosy-violet, edged

white ; lip purple. Peru. 1905.

„ cri' 'spurn (curled-petaled), 3. Orange. June. Brazil.
„ ,, lu'teum (yellow). Yellow. May. Organ Moun-
tains. 1838.

„ ,, ochra'ceum (ochre). Ochre-brown. 1888.
„ ,, oliva'ceum (olive). Olive, yellow, purple-black.

Brazil. 1877.
„ Cri'sta-ga'lli (cock's-crest). Lemon and pink.

Mexico and Peru. 1870.
„ crista'tum (crested). J-j. Bright yellow, with few

red spots. Brazil. 1892.
„ CTOcodiliceps (crocodile-headed). \. Greenish-sulphur,

blotched brown. Mexico. 1885.
„ Crce'sus (Croesus). Yellow, heavily blotched with

dark brown. Trop. Amer. 1872.
„ crucia'tum (crossed). Yellow, marked red and white.

Brazil. 1878.
„ cryptoco'pis (hidden-dagger). Brown, yellow, grey.

Colombia. 1870.

„ cuculla'tum (hooded). See O. OLIVACEUM.
„ cu'rtum (curtailed). Brown, yellow. Brazil. 1846.
„ dactylo'pterum (finger- winged). Yellow, marked with

brown. Colombia. 1875.
„ dasysta'lix (thick-styled). Yellow and brown.

Colombia. 1879.

„ dasysty'le( thick-styled), i. Pale yellow, with brown-
purple blotch. Brazil. 1873.
„ deltoideum (triangular-lipped), i. Yellow. October.

Luna. 1836.
„ deio'rtum (twisted-down). Light brown, marked with

yellow. 1888.
„ devonia'num (Duke of Devonshire's). 2. Yellow,

brown. January. Guatemala. 1836.
„ Diode' ma (diadem). Chocolate-brown, marked yellow.

Ecuador. 1866.
„ dichro'mum (two-coloured). Reddish-purple ; lip

bright yellow. Peru. 1895.
„ dimo'rphum (two-formed). Yellow, marked with

brown. Brazil. 1870.
„ dio'don (two-toothed). Brown ; lip with yellow

callus. 1880.
„ divarica'tum (spreading), ij. Yellow, orange, brown.

December. Brazil. 1826.
ii » cu'preum (copper-coloured), ij. Yellow, copper.

December. Brazil. 1836.
„ d u'bium (dubious). Brown, marked white and purple.

1873-

„ echina'tum (spiny). See ERYCINA ECHINATA.
„ „ backhousea'num (Backhousean). See ERYCINA

ECHINATA BACKHOUSEANA.

„ eleganti' ssimum (very-elegant). Brown, with yellow

bands and spots ; lip yellow. Brazil. 1887.
,, endo'charis (beautiful-within). Bright orange. 1884.
„ Eurycli'ne (Eurycline). Reddish-ochre ; lip yellow.

1883.
„ cuxanthi'num (beautiful-yellow). Yellow and red.

Brazil. 1869.

„ exaspera'tum (exasperating). Brown, yellow. Colom-
bia. 1871.
,, excava'tum (hollowed). Yellow. May. Peru.

1840.
„ „ auro'sum (golden). 3. Golden-yellow, brown.

Peru. 1866.
„ falcipe'talum (sickle-petaled). Brown. August.

Venezuela.

„ fimbria'tum (iringed-flowered). Yellow. Brazil.
„ flabelli'ferum (fan-bearing). Brown, purple. July.

Brazil. 1843.
„ ftexuo'sum (zigzag), ij. Yellow, brown. June.

Brazil. 1818.
„ „ ma'jor (larger- flowered), ij. Yellow. June.

Brazil. 1839.

ONCIDIUM

603

ONCIDIUM

O. ftexno'sum radia'tum (rayed). Yellow, purple-brown.

Brazil. 1872.
„ „ uni 'color (one-coloured). Clear yellow, unspotted.

1900.
„ Forbe'sii (Forbes's). i. Scarlet, yellow. September.

Organ Mountains. 1837.
„ „ Bradsha'wce (Mrs. Bradshaw's). Pale yellow, with

bright yellow spots. 1902.
„ „ borwickia'num (Borwickian). Lip covered with

blotches. 1879.

„ ,, ma'ximum (largest). Flowers very large.
„ „ measuresia'num (Measuresian). Golden-yellow,

with purple-brown edge. 1891.
„ Forke'lii :(Forkel's). Yellow, crimson. June. Mexico.

1844.

„ fusca'tum (fuscous). See MILTONIA WARSCEWICZII.
,, Gardne'n : (Gardner's). Yellow, reddish-brown. Brazil.

1879.
„ „ flave'scens (yellowish). Yellowish, unspotted.

1895.

,, Gautie'ri (Gautier's). See O. UNICORNE.
,, geeriia'num (Geertian). Yellow, grey. Mexico. 1854.
„ globuli'ferum (small-globe-bearing). Yellow, with red

marks. Colombia.
„ „ costarice'nse (Costa Rican). Yellow, with red

marks. Costa Rica. 1871.
„ glossomy' siax (moustache- lipped). J. Light yellow,

with brown spots. Mexico. 1879.
,, godseffia'num (Godseffian). Flowers smaller than

0. pubes, and lateral sepals free. 1896.
„ graci llimum (very-slender). Small yellow, with few

brown marks. Peru. 1898.
,, graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). i. Yellow, red.

Mexico and Guatemala. 1838.

,, ,, fi'lipes (thread-stalked). Brown, yellow. Guate-
mala.
„ „ Wra'ya (Mrs. Wray's). 2. Yellow, brown.

Guatemala. 1838.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Brown, yellow.

Colombia. 1881.
„ gravesia'num (Gravesian). Yellow, brown, 2 in.

across. S. Brazil. 1892.

„ gutta'tum (spotted). See O. LURIDUM GUTTATUM.
„ gyrobu'lbon (curved-bulbed). Yellow, marked with

brown. Central Amer. (?) 1869.
„ kamatochi'lum (blood-red-lip). Green, blotched with

red. Trinidad. 1857.
„ harrisonia'num (Harrison's). i. Yellow-spotted.

October. Brazil. 1830.

„ Hartwefgii (Hartweg's). Brown. Ecuador and Peru.
„ „ parviflo'rum (small-flowered). Flowers smaller.

Ecuador. 1870.
„ hasta'tum (hzlbert-lipped). Brown, yellow. August.

Mexico. 1840.
„ „ hemimelee'num (half-black). Black-purple.

Mexico. 1887.
„ „ Rce'zlii (Roezl's). Yellow, brown. Guatemala.

1876.
„ hasti'ferum (halbert-bearing). See O. MACRANTHUM

HASTIFERUM.

„ hebra'icum (Hebraic). Yellow, with maroon mark-
ings. Colombia. 1876.

„ Henchma'nni (Henchman's). See O. CARTHAGINENSE.

„ hetera'nthum (various-flowered). Flowers of various
forms, yellow. Peru.

„ hi'ans (gaping-flowered) . Brown, yellow. May.
Brazil. 1837.

,, holochry'sum (wholly-yellow). See O. ONUSTUM.

„ Hoo'keri (Hooker's). Yellow ; sepals united half their
length. Brazil. 1887.

„ hrubya'num (Hrubyan). Brown, barred yellow. 1883.

„ Hue'bschii (Huebsch's). Brownish-yellow. Ecuador.
1885.

„ huntia'num (Hunt's). See O. CARTHAGINENSE.

„ hyphama'ticum (interwoven). Yellow, marked with
brown. Colombia (?). 1869.

„ incu'num( curled-back). Bluish-white. July. Mexico.

„ „ a'lbum (white). White. Mexico. 1882.

„ inscu'lptum (sculptured). Cinnamon and yellow.

Trop. Amer.

„ Inslea'yi (Insleay's). See ODONTOGLOSSUM INSLEAYI.
„ intermedium (intermediate). See O. LURIDUM.
„ iridifo'lium (Iris-leaved). J. Yellow. June. Trop.

Amer. 1835.
„ iso'pterwn (equal- winged). Brazil.

0. Jamieso'ni (Jamieson's). YeUow, blotched with

violet-purple. Peru. 1877.
„ janeire'nse (Rio-Janeiran). See O. LONGIPES.
„ johnia'tium (Johnian). Yellow and crimson blotches.

Brazil. 1906.
„ jonesia'num (Jonesian). Whitish ochre, with brown

blotches. Paraguay. 1883.
„ „ fla'vum (yellow). Whitish, with yellow-green spots.

1888.
„ „ phaa'nthum (dusky-flowered). Brownish, without

spots. Paraguay.

„ juncifo'lium (rush-leaved). See O. CEBOLLETA.
„ Kapple'ri (Kappler's). Yellow, with brown markings.

Guiana. 1880.
„ kienasiia'num (Kienastian). Yellow-brown, and yellow

with brown bars. Peru. 1878.
„ krameria'num (Kramerian). Yellow, beautifully

spotted with brown. Ecuador. 1873.
„ „ resple'ndens (resplendent). Bright yellow, spotted

purple-mauve and purple-brown. 1888.
„ la'cerum (cut-lipped). See O. STIPITATUM.
„ lamelli'gerum (plate-bearing). Deep brown, edged

yellow. Ecuador. 1876.
„ lancea'num (Lance's), ij. Yellow, purple. August.

Surinam. 1834.
„ „ louvrexia'num (Louvrexian). Yellow, red-brown ;

lip white. 1882.
„ „ ma'jus (larger). Green, purple. August. Guiana.

1836.
„ lancifo'lium (lance-leaved). i. Yellow. May.

Ecuador. 1848.

„ Lansbe'rgii (Lansberg's). Yellow-green, with chest-
nut blotches. Venezuela. 1876.
„ larkinia'num (Larkinian). Chocolate-brown, bright

yellow. Brazil. 1890.
„ lemonia'num (Sir C. Lemon's), J. Yellow-spotted.

March. Havannah. 1836.
„ leopoldia'num (Leopoldian). White, with purple disc ;

lip violet-purple. Andes. 1890.
„ le'pidum (neat). Yellow, marked with brown and

purple. Ecuador. 1870.
,, leptu'rum (slender- tailed). Flowers of many forms ;

perfect ones light yellow. Bolivia. 1886.
„ leucochi'lum (white-lipped). i. Yellow, brown.

August. Guatemala. 1835.

„ „ dawsonia'num (Dawsonian). Yellowish, black-
purple. Mexico. 1873.
„ „ specio'sum (showy). Yellow-green, brown.

Mexico. 1874.
„ leuco'tis (white-eared). Wholly yellow. Colombia.

1880.

„ LiSlzei (Lietze's). Dull yellow. Brazil.
„ „ au'reo-macula'tum (golden-blotched). Yellow,

spotted and barred with brown. 1888.
„ „ bi' color (two-coloured). Brown, marked with

yellow. 1888.
„ Limmi'nghei (Limminghe's). Yellow, blotched brown.

Venezuela. 1868.

„ Linde'nii (Linden's). See O. LURIDUM.
„ linguifo'rme (tongue-shaped). Yellow, rose. July.

Merida.
„ li'tum (anointed). Brown, yellow; lip yellow,

blotched brown. Brazil. 1883.
„ longico'rnu (long-horned). Yellow-green. Brazil.
„ „ Grossma'nni (Grossmann's). Pale yellow-green ;

lip straw-coloured). S. Brazil. 1907.
„ longifo'lium (long-leaved). See O. CEBOLLETA.
„ lo'ngipes (long-stalked). J. Yellow, blotched brown.

April, May. Brazil.
„ loxe'nse (Loxan). Olive, with cinnamon bars ; lip

orange. Loxa, Peru. 1884.
„ lucasia'num (Lucasian). Large golden-yellow, spotted

brown. 1894.
„ lu'dens (playful). Brown, yellow-brown, cinnamon

brown. 1885.
„ luna'tum (crescent-lipped). i. Orange. June.

Demerara. 1836.
„ lu'ridum (lurid). 2. Olive, brown. March. Jamaica.

1822.

„ „ atra'tum (dark). Olive-green, brown. Mexico.
» •» fu'lgens (shining). Jamaica. 1838.
„ „ guttftum (speckled). 2. Yellow, red. July.

Jamaica. 1837.
„ „ interme'dium (intermediate). 2. Orange. March.

Cuba.
„ „ ma'jus (greater). Jamaica. 1838.

ONCIDIUM

604

ONCIDIUM

O. lu'ridum Morre'ni (Morren's). Rose, crimson, yellow.
ii i, purpura'tum (purple-stained). 2. Crimson,

purple-speckled. September.
„ lule'scens (yellowish). Dark brown, greenish-brown,

edged yellow. 1887.

„ lu'tcum (yellow). i$. Light yellow. 1893.
,, macranthe'rum (large-anthered). See LEOCHILUS

ONCIDIOIDES.
„ macro,' nthum (large-flowered). Yellow, shaded purple.

April. Trop. Amer. 1867.

„ „ hasti'ferum (halbert-bearing). Lip with longer
auricles.

Colours brighter.
Yellow, brown-spotted.

i. Green, purple. Vera
i. Yellow, purple. March.

sple'ndens (splendid).
, ma'cropus (long- footed).

Ecuador. 1868.
, macula' turn (blotched).

Cruz. 1837.
, „ ecornu'tum (hornless).

Mexico.
, „ parviflo'rum (small-flowered), i. White, yellow,

purple. February. Guatemala. 1839.
, ,, psittaci'num (parrot-like). Yellow, much blotched.

1888.
, „ russellia'num (Russelh'an). Spotted. March.

Guatemala.
, Manti'ni (Mantin's). Chocolate-brown, yellow ; lip

yellow, reddish-brown. Brazil. 1888.
, „ Lo'wii (Low's). Citron-yellow, with pale olive

marks. 1910.
, marshallia'num (Marshallian). Yellow, crimson.

Brazil. 1866.
, „ sulphu'reum (sulphur). Yellow, almost unspotted.

1901.

, martia'num (Martian). Yellow. Brazil.
, ,, bi' color (two-coloured). Yellow, brown. Autumn.

1841.

, Massa'ngei (Massange's). Yellow, blotched purple-
brown. Central Amer. 1877.
, Mei'rax (boy). Spotted with small yellow and brown

spots. Venezuela. 1880.

, me'lanops (black-eye). Light yellow and blackish-
purple in the centre. Ecuador. 1880.
melio'smum (honey-scented). Rich yellow, blotched

cinnamon. 1882.
meta'llicum (metallic). Chestnut-brown, blotched

yellow. Colombia. 1876.

micra'nthum (small-flowered). See O. HARTWEGII.
microchi'lum (small-lipped). Yellow, crimson. Sep-
tember. Guatemala. 1838.
micropo'gon (small-bearded). Brazil. 1854.
millia'num (Millian). Yellow, mottled with brown.

Colombia. 1878.
mona'chicum (monastic). Chocolate-brown, edged

yellow. Colombia. 1883.
mono'ceras (one-horned). See O. UNICORNE.
muri'num (wall). Yellow ; column crimson-purple.

Ecuador. 1888.

na'num (dwarf). White. La Guayra. 1842.
nebulo'sum (cloudy). Yellow, brown. Guatemala.
nigra'ium (darkened). Yellow, blackish-purple.

British Guiana.

nodo'sum (knotty). See O. KRAMERIANUM.
nubi'genum (cloud-begotten). See O. OLIVACEUM

NUBIGENUM.

nu'dum (naked). Yellow, crimson. July. Caracas.

1834.

oblonga'tum (obtong). Yellow. July. Mexico. 1844.
obryza'tum (rooting). Yellow. Peru. 1863.
„ dasysta'lix (thick-styled). Base of lip velvety.
Colombia.
octho'des (bank-like). Yellow, marked cinnamon.

Ecuador. 1871.

oliva'ceum (olive). Red, purple. February. Colombia.
„ Chester to' ni (Chesterton's). Olive, blotched with
brown.

„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Flowers larger.
1882.

„ lawrencea'num (Lawrencean).
„ nubi'genum (cloud-begotten). White, spotted
with purple. June. Ecuador. 1867.
onu'stum (loaded). 2. Yellow. October. Panama.

1848.
ornithopo'dum (bird's-foot). Much like O. ansiferum.

Trop. Amer. 1879.

ornithorhy'nchum (bird's-beak). 1-2. White and
pink. Autumn. Mexico. 1826.

British Guiana.
Yellow, barred with

Yellow, marked red
Yellow. Colombia

O. ornithorhy'nchum a'lbum (white). White, with yellow

crest, fragrant. Mexico. 1873.
„ „ pa'llidum (pale). Markings pale. Guatemala.

1835-

,, orthosta'tes (standing-straight).
,, ortho'tis (straight-eared), f.

brown. 1888.
„ pachyphy'llum (thick-leaved).

Mexico.
,, panchry'sum (wholly yellow).

1849.
,, pandura'tum (fiddle-shaped). Red-brown and yellow.

Colombia. 1895.
„ Papi'lio (butterfly-£/an/). ij. Yellow, purple. June.

Trinidad. 1823.

„ „ Eckha'rdtii (Eckhardt's). Flowers larger.
,, „ limba'tum (bordered). i\. Crimson, brown,

yellow. October. Trinidad. 1823.
,, pardoglo' ssum (pard-lipped). Chestnut ; lip much

marked with yellow. 1886.
„ pectora'le (breast-plate). Brown, crimson. April.

Brazil. 1842.

„ pelica'num (pelican-beaked). See O. REKLEXUM.
,, peliogra'mma (pelican-marking). Pale yellow, shaded

brown. Central Amer. 1871.

„ pe'ndulum (drooping-flowered). Brown, yellow. Sep-
tember. Guatemala. 1840.
„ pergami'neum (parchment). Yellow. August.

Guatemala. 1839.
,, Phalceno'psis (Phalaenopsis). Cream and violet.

Ecuador. 1869.
„ „ exce'llens (excellent). Deeper violet, with larger

blotches. 1897.
,, phylloglo' ssum (leaf-tongued). Light brown, edged

yellow. Colombia. 1881.
,, phymatochi'lum (long-lipped). 2. White, yellow.

April. Mexico. 1844.
„ pi'ctum (painted). Yellow, blotched with brown.

Colombia.

,, pinellia'num (Pinelli's). See O. BATEMANNIANUM.
,, plagia'nthum (oblique-flowered). Brown. Colombia.

1873-
„ planila'bre (flat-lipped). Yellow and brown. Brazil.

1851.
„ platybu'lbon (flat-bulbed). $. Olive-yellow; lip

yellow. Brazil. 1903.

„ plici'gerum (fold-bearing). Brown. Ecuador. 1873.
„ pollettia'num (Pollettian). Rowers large brown,

barred yellow. 1886.
„ po'rrigens (extended). Brown, amber, orange.

Colombia. 1868.

,, pr<z'stans (excelling). Yellow and brown. 1880.
„ prcete'xtum (toga- wearing). Yellow, brown ; lip lobed

in front. Brazil. 1873.

„ „ be' Hum (pretty). Lip bordered with brown mark-
ings. 1884.

„ „ leea'num (Leean). Yellow, brown. 1882.
„ Pu'bes (downy), i. Green, red. April. Brazil. 1824.
„ „ flave'scens (yellowish), i. Red, yellow. October.

Brazil. 1839.
„ pulche'llum (neat). J. White-spotted. May.

Jamaica.
,, pulvina'tum (cushion-like). 8. Yellow, brown. June.

Brazil. 1836.

,, pu'milwn (dwarf). J. Yellow. May. Brazil. 1824.
„ „ pa'llidum (pale). J. Pale yellow. May. Brazil.

1840.
„ pyramida'le (pyramidal). Yellow, brown. Peru.

1845.
,, pyxido'phorum (box-bearing).

box at base of lip. 1879.
,, quadripe' talum (four-petaled).

Yellow, with small

i. Yellow, brown.

April. Mexico and Jamaica. 1843.
rani'ferum (frog-bearing). i. Yellow. August.

Brazil. 1838.
„ ma'jus (larger-flowered), i. Yellow. August.

Brazil.
refle'xum (bent-back). Yellow. October. Mexico.

1836.
refra'ctum (broken-back). Greenish-yellow, with

brown bars. Colombia. 1894.
retemeyeria'num (Retemeyerian). Yellow, brown,

violet. Mexico. 1870.

retu'sum (blunt-ended). Yellow and brown. Peru.
rivieria'num (Rivierian). z\. White, spotted brick-
red and black. Brazil. 1904.

ONCIDIUM

605

ONCOSPERMA

). rigbya'num (Rigbyan). See O. SARCODES.

„ robusti' ssimum (very robust). Browii, yellow ; lip
yellow, striped brown. Brazil. 1888.

„ Roge'rsii (Rogers's). See O. VARICOSUM ROGERSII.

„ rolfea'num (Rolfean). Yellow and brown. Colombia.
1892.

„ ro'seum (rosy). See O. CARTHAGINENSE ROSEUM.

„ ro'strans (beaked). Yellow. Colombia. 1875-

„ rotunda' turn, (rounded). Yellow and brown. 1873.

,, „ rupe'stre (rock). Yellow and brown. Peru.

„ „ Ski'nneri (Skinner's). Peru. 1859.

„ russellia'num( Russell's). SeeMiLTONiARUssELLiANA.

„ ru'sticum (rustic). Brown, yellow, and orange.
Ecuador. 1870.

„ saintlegeria'num (Saintlegerian). See O. SPILOPTERUM.

„ saltabu'ndum (dancing-freely). Pale yellow, blotched
brown. Colombia. 1882.

„ Sande'rcz (Mrs. Sander's). Clear yellow, with brown
bars. Peru. 1910.

„ sanderia'num (Sanderian). Rosy-red or chocolate-
brown. Peru. 1893.

„ sangui'neum (crimson-blotched). See O. CARTHAGI-
NENSE SANGUINEUM.

„ sarco'des (flesh-like). Yellow, banded with red.

Brazil. 1849.

„ „ discoida'le (discoid). Lip without spots. 1886.
,, ,, punctula' turn (finely-spotted). Lip finely-dotted

with red-brown. 1897.
,, schilleria'num (Schillerian). Yellow, brown. Trop.

Amer.
„ Schli'mii (Schlim's). Yellow, marked brown.

Colombia.
„ Se'mele (Semele). Yellow, marked purple. Ecuador.

1870.
„ serra'ium (sawed). Brown, spotted yellow. Peru.

1850.

„ se'ssile (stalkless). See O. LANCIFOLIUM.
,, sphacdaf turn (scorched). 2. Yellow, brown. Febru-
ary. Mexico. 1838.
„ ,, grandifto'rum (large-flowered). Yellow, brown.

February. Mexico. 1840.
„ sphegi'ferum (wasp- bearing). Yellow, brown; lip

with a wasp-like blotch. Brazil. 1843.
„ spilopterum (spotted-winged). J. Brown, yellow.

February. Brazil. 1844.
„ sple'ndidum (splendid). Yellow, barred with brown.

Guatemala. 1862.

„ Spru'cei (Spruce's). Yellow, brown. Brazil.
„ stelli'gerum (star-bearing). Pale yellow, brown.

Mexico. 1873.
„ ,, Erne'sti (Ernest's). Pale yellow, with large brown

spots ; lip red-purple. Mexico. 1887.
„ stipita'tum (stalked). Yellow, spotted with crimson.

Panama. 1844.
„ „ pla'tyonyx (flat-nail). Nail of lip broader than in

type. Panama. 1878.
„ strami'neum (straw-coloured). Straw, crimson. Vera

Cruz. 1837.

„ sua've (sweet-scented). Yellow. April. Mexico. 1835.
„ ,, Tayleu'rii (Tayleur's). 2. Brown. August.

Mexico. 1837.
„ supe'rbiens (superb). Chocolate, marked yellow.

Colombia. 1872.
„ Sutto'ni (Sutton's). Brown, yellow. August. Central

Amer. 1842.

„ Tayleu'rii (Tayleur's). See O. SUAVE TAYLEURH.
„ te'ctum (covered). Yellow, marked brown. Colombia.

i875-
„ ie'nue (slender). J. Yellow, brown-spotted. August.

Guatemala. 1841.
„ teretifo'lium (round-leaved). Small, bright yellow.

1882.

„ „ a'lbens (whitening). Pale yellow-white. 1877.
» »> lu'gens (shining). Dark red-brown, yellow, green.

1886.
„ tetra'copis (four-daggered). Brown, marked yellow.

Colombia. 1873.

,, tetrape'talum (four-petaled). See O. QUADRIPETALUM.
„ tigri'num (tiger-striped). 2. Yellow, barred brown.

Mexico. 1840.
„ „ leopardi'num (leopard-like). 3. Yellow, barred

brown.

„ „ sple'ndidum (splendid). See O. SPLENDIDUM.
„ „ unguicula'tum (long-clawed). 3. Yellow. Octo-
ber. Mexico. 1846.
,, tricho'des (hair-like). Yellow, brown. BraziJ.

O. tri'color (three-colowced- flowered). See O. QUADRI-
PETALUM.

,, tricuspida' turn (ihree-cusped) . Orange, brown, yellow.
Cos'ta Rica. 1884.

,, trifurca' turn (three-forked). Pale yellow, purple-red.
Peru. 1845.

,, trili'ngue ( three- tongued). Brown and yellow. Peru.
1850.

„ trique'trum (triangular-tea^). |. White, purple.
September. Jamaica. 1793.

„ Tru'lla( trowel). Small, brown and yellow. Colombia.

„ trulli'ferum (trowel-lipped). Brown, yellow. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1838.

„ unguicula'tum (nail-bearing). See O. TIGRINUM

UNGUICULATUM.

„ uni' color (one-coloured). Uniform yellow. Brazil. 1893.

„ unico'rne (one-horned). Pale yellow. January. Rio
Janeiro. 1839.

„ „ la'tum (bright). Lip white, marked purple. 1882.

,, ,, pi'ctum (painted). Lip white, purple, yellow.
1881.

„ uniflo'rum (one-flowered). J. Brown, yellow.
November. Organ Mountains. i84r.

„ urophy'llum (tail-leaved). 4. Clear yellow, with few
brown markings. Brazil. i84r. Antigua. 1891.

„ ustula'tum (burned). Brown, yellow ; lip reddish-
purple. Colombia. 1883.

„ varico'sum (varicose). Greenish-yellow, brown ; lip
yellow. Autumn. Brazil.

„ „ Roge'rsii (Rogers's). Yellow, blotched brown ; lip
yellow, four-lobed. 1869.

„ variega'tum (variegated). 2. Yellow. July. W. Ind.
1824.

„ verni'xum (varnished). Brown, yellow, glossy.
Ecuador. 1870.

„ viperi'num (poisonous). Pale yellow. July. Brazil.
1836.

„ virgiUa'tum (finely- twiggy). Yellow, brown, of many
forms. Colombia. 1876.

„ volu'bile (twining). Yellow, brown. December.
Brazil.

„ Vo'lvox( turning-round). YeUow, brown. Venezuela.

„ Warnefri (Warner's). \. Yellow, crimson. April.
Mexico. 1844.

„ „ purpura'tum (purple). Purple, yellow. May.
Mexico. 1845.

„ Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). Yellow and white,
marked brown. Costa Rica. 1870.

„ Welto'ni (Welton's). See MILTONIA WARSCEWICZII.

„ wentworthia'num (Earl Fitzwilliam's). Yellow, crim-
son. March. Central Amer. 1839.

„ wheatleya'num (Wheatleyan). Purple-brown, yellow,
purple. 1893.

„ Widgre'ni(Widgren's). Bright yellow, barred reddish-
brown. Brazil. 1889.

„ Wra'yce (Mrs. Wray's). See O. GRAMINIFOLIUM
WRAYJE.

„ xanthoce'ntron (yellow-spurred). Lip chocolate, with
rhomboid yellow centre. Andes. 1880.

,, xa'nthodon (yellow-toothed). Yellow, brown. Autumn.
S. Amer. 1868.

„ zebri'num (zebra-striped). White, marked with violet-
purple. Venezuela. 1872.

„ „ bru'nneum (brown). White, marked with brown.
1876.

,, zona'tum (zoned). Varied in form, white, yellow,
zoned with brown. Colombia. 1893.

ONCO'BA. (From ogkos, a protuberance. Nat. ord.
Bixaceae.)

A small evergreen stove tree. Seeds ; cuttings in sand
in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.

O. arista' ta (bearded). White or pale yellow. Trop.
Africa. 1895. First flowered in 1900.

ONCOCY'CLTJS. A section of Iris.

ONCOSPE'RMA. (From ogkos, a protuberance, and
sperma, a seed. Nat. ord. Palmacea?.)

Small stove Palms. Seeds. Fibrous loam, one-third
peat and sand.

0. fascicula' turn (bundled). Ceylon.
,, fdamento' sum (thready). Malaya. 1847.
„ tigilla'rium (little-stem). Singapore.
„ van-houttea'num (Van Houttean). See NEPHRO

SPERMA VAN-HOUTTEANUM.

ONE-SHIFT SYSTEM

606

ONION

ONE-SHIFT SYSTEM OF POTTING is giving a plant
in a pot one large shift, instead of frequent small ones.
Thus, instead of moving a plant successively from a
three to a five-inch pot, thence to a seven or an eight,
and thence again to a ten or a twelve, allowing the roots
to become matted at the sides of the pot, or merely to
reach there, according as flowering or growing is the
object aimed at, the plant is moved at once from a
three, four, or five-inch pot into one of eight, twelve, or
sixteen inches in diameter. It is seldom that a cutting,
or a seedling, or a very small plant, is at once moved
into a large one, as during its very small state it can be
more safely, easily, and economically attended to in a
small pot. The one-shift system requires room for its
adoption. Striking individual, rather than mere general
results are its characteristics ; and, therefore, where a
constant show of bloom and considerable variety in a
small space are chiefly desired, it should only be sparingly
adopted. The chief object aimed at is rapidity of
growth, and thus obtaining a beautiful specimen in a
much shorter period than could easily be realised by the
succession-shift system. By the one-shift system we
obtain a vigorous growth ; but yet, from being in a
pot, luxuriance may be so controlled as not to interfere
with the flowering. In fact, with the extra care and
trouble involved, we obtain the advantage without the
disadvantages of the planting-out system. For the one-
shift system, as well as in every other case where a fine
specimen is desired, a young plant must be commenced
with that has never had its roots matted round the pot.
Such a plant will soon overtake one four times its size,
but which has several times densely filled its pot with
roots.

The freely-growing plants, and whose existence is short,
are the best to commence with. Many of them are best
managed upon this system. Wherever rapidity and
strength of growth are an object, annuals intended to
flower in pots, after being once pricked off into small
pots or preparatory beds, and thus established, can
scarcely be too soon afterwards transferred to their
blooming pots. Where double flowers, as in the Balsam,
or swelling-off part of the flower, as the receptacle in the
case of the Cockscomb, are wished for, then different
methods may be adopted to secure a desired end. With
such hard-wooded plants as Heaths and Epacrises the
most striking results are obtained by the one-shift
system ; but as greater care is necessary to success with
such plants, we would advise young beginners to try
some of the above soft-wooded plants in the first place,
and to keep in view, for all the cases they may try,
whether the plants are soft-wooded or hard.

In common with other modes of potting, the pots
should be sound, fairly burned, dry, and either new or
thoroughly clean, outside and inside. Secondly, good
drainage — always essential — must here form a chief
element of success. In all plants intended to remain in
the same pot for years, it cannot be too particularly
attended to. Green moss, or chopped wheat-straw,
strewed over the drainage, is a good thing for preventing
the earthy particles above being washed into and choking
it up. Broken charcoal, from whence the dust has been
extracted, is also very useful for this purpose. Indeed,
larger pieces of charcoal may constitute the chief part
of the drainage, which will be lighter than most things
that could be used— a matter of considerable importance.
On this account alone it is valuable for mixing with the
compost to keep it open, independently of any chemical
properties it may possess. Thirdly, soil. This, what-
ever may be its constituents, should be rough and lumpy ;
the bulk, in general cases, consisting of pieces from the
size of peas up to that of beans and walnuts ; and in
cases of larger pots, a few pieces may be as large as
hens' eggs. In such compost the plants will grow
rapidly ; and even in the case of Heaths, &c., they will
maintain a healthy appearance for years. Should much
of the compost be in larger pieces, the plant will not at
all be greatly injured for the first season, or more, nor
yet as long as the roots are contented to crawl around
the surface of the lumps ; but when they have reached
the side of the pot, and necessity leads them to penetrate
the large pieces, a declining appearance is apt to present
itself. Hence the complaints against the system, that
though plants grow vigorously at first, they were short-
lived. Such large shifts, in the fine-sifted soil of old,
could not succeed, unless in potted specimens that re-
ceived more care than can, in general, be given to plants.

Using huge lumps of loam or peat would tend to produce
a similar evil, though from causes apparently different.
The middle course is the safe one ; but with rough soil,
it is necessary to surface with a little that is finer, that
the air may not enter too freely. Fourthly. A plant
never thrives well when the surface of the ball is sunk
several inches below the rim of the pot ; and there is
something uncouth in observing the centre of the ball
sticking up in the centre of the pot, like a molehill. In
all cases, therefore, but especially where it is intended
for a plant to continue for years, the compost should
be pressed firmly before the young plant is set in the
centre of the pot ; and as, nevertheless, it will gradually
sink a little, the surface of the old soil may just be a
little below the rim of the pot. If the roots are the least
matted, they should now be gently disentangled, and
packed carefully with the hand in layers, putting the
finest of the rough soil over the young rootlets, and the
coarser towards the outside, next the side of the pot,
and squeezing all rather firmly together with the hand,
taking care, however, that the soil is in that happy
medium that may be termed neither dry nor wet, and
yet sufficiently heated to occasion no immediate check
by cold. Fifthly. Watering is the most important of
all points, and, where it cannot be properly attended to,
the one-shift system should not be attempted. For
some time you must merely water as far as the roots
extend — the unappropriated soil must not be soaked, or
it will become sour and unhealthy for the roots even
before they get to it. No regular routine dash or dribble
from the water-pot will do with the one-shift system.
Sixthly. Temperature. On this system, for some time
after potting, the plants should have from 5° to 10°
more heat than they otherwise would require, and a
close atmosphere until fresh growth is proceeding freely.
A dash from the syringe frequently, in hot days, will be
of great importance. Every incitement to growth must
thus be given ; and, when that has been accomplished,
then air must be freely imparted, and a drier atmosphere
maintained, that the fresh wood so freely made may be
thoroughly matured. Seventhly. Time of Potting.
Upon this system, in the case of all lasting plants intended
to be our companions for years, this should take place
in spring and early summer, in order, first, that growth
may be quickly made, and then maturation of the wood
be effected before the dark days come, when, in the
generality of cases, the low temperature of winter will
give them the rest they require before breaking and
flowering vigorously and profusely the following season.

ONION. A' Ilium Ce'pa.

Soil, rich, open, and well-drained, in a situation en-
tirely free from trees ; if the soil be poor, abundance of
dung should be applied in the preceding autumn or
winter. Sea-sand, particularly if the ground is at all
tenacious, is advantageously employed ; coal-ashes, and
especially soot, are applied with particular benefit. In
digging over the ground, small spits only should be
turned over at a time, that the texture may be well
broken and pulverised.

Varieties. — (i) Silver-skinned Onion, hardiest ; (2)
Early Silver-skinned ; (3) True Portugal ; (4) Spanish ;
(5) Strasburg ; (6) Deptford ; (7) Globe (white or red) ;
(8) James's Keeping Onion ; (9) Pale Red ; (10) Yellow;
(n) Blood-red; (12) Tripoli; (13) Two-bladed; (14)
Lisbon ; (15) Ailsa Craig, Cranston's Excelsior, Rousham
Park Jrlero, "and Record (4$ lb.). These are some of the
largest exhibition Onions, which are sown in heat early
in February, grown on, and finally planted outside in
April.

Sow for the main crop during March. Main crops
may even be inserted as late as the beginning of April,
and at its close a small sowing to draw young in summer,
and for small bulbs to pickle ; again in J uly and early
in August, for salads in autumn ; and finally in the last
week of August, or early in September, to stand the
winter, for spring and beginning of summer. Sow thinly
in drills, eight inches apart. An ounce of seed is sufficient
for a rood of ground, especially for the main crops, as
they should never be allowed to grow to a size fit for
salads without thinning. The beds should be about
four feet wide, for the convenience of cultivation.

Cultivation. — In about six weeks after sowing, the
plants will be of sufficient size to allow the first thinning
and small hoeing, by which they are to be set out about
two inches apart. If this is performed in dry weather,

ONION

607

ONOCLEA

it will keep the beds free from weeds for six weeks longer,
when they must be hoed a second time, and thinned to
four inches apart ; and now, where they have failed, the
vacancies may be filled up by transplanting there some
of those thinned out. The best time for doing this is
in the evening, and water must be given for several
successive nights. In transplanting, the root only is to
be inserted, and no part of the stem buried. No plant
is more benefited by liquid-manure being given twice a
week. After the lapse of another month they must be
thoroughly gone over for the last time, and the plants
thinned to six inches asunder. After this they require
only occasionally the stirring of the surface, which the
hoe effects. In order to prevent their running too much
to blade, it is a good practice, in July, before the tips
change to a yellow hue, to bend the stems down flat
upon the bed, which not only prevents it, but causes
the bulbs to become much larger than they otherwise
would. The bend should be made about two inches up
the neck.

Storing. — About the close of August the onions will
have arrived at their full growth, which may be known
by the withering of the foliage, by the shrinking of the
necks, and by the ease with which they may be pulled
up. As soon as these symptoms appear, they must be
taken up, the bed being frequently looked over ; for if
the whole crop is waited for, the forwardest, especially
in moist situations or seasons, are apt again to strike root.

Spread on mats in the sun, frequently turn, and remove
under shelter at night. In two or three weeks, when
the roots and blades are perfectly withered, and the
bulbs become firm, they are fit for storing, being housed
in dry weather, and carefully preserved from bruising.
Previously to doing this, all soil and refuse must be
removed from them ; for these are apt to induce decay ;
to prevent this as much as possible, all faulty ones should
be rejected. In the store-house they must be laid as
thin as may be, or hung up in ropes, and looked over at
least once a month. To preserve some from sprouting,
for late use, it is useful to sear the roots and the summits
with a hot iron, care being taken not to scorch the bulb.

Additional Modes of Cultivation. — For the winter-
standing crop the only additional directions necessary
are to tread in the seed regularly before raking, if the
soil, as it ought to be, is dry and light. They must be
kept constantly clear of weeds, as well as of the fallen
leaves of trees, but they need not be thinned. Early in
spring they are to be transplanted for bulbing. Sow in
May. Cultivate the plants as in the other crops ; and
in October the bulbs, being of the size of nuts, are to be
taken up, dried, and housed, as directed for the full-
grown bulbs. About the middle of the following March
they must be planted out in rows, six inches apart each
way, and cultivated the same as the other crops. If
sown earlier than May they run to seed when trans-
planted. Another mode, nearly as efficacious, is to sow
in the latter part of August, to stand the winter, and in
March, early or late, according to the forward growth of
the seedlings, to be planted out in rows at the before-
directed distance, and cultivated as usual.

In Portugal they sow in a moderate hotbed during
November or December, in a warm situation, with a
few inches of mould upon it ; and the plants are pro-
tected from frost by hoops and mats. In April or May,
when of the size of a swan's quill, they are transplanted
into a light, rich loam, well manured with old-rotten
dung, to bulb. Transplanting alone is of great benefit.

To save Seed, some old onions must be planted early
in March, the finest and firmest bulbs being selected, and
planted in rows ten inches apart each way, either in
drills or by a blunt-ended dibble, the soil to be rather
poorer, if it differs at all from that in which they are
cultivated for bulbing. They must be buried so deep
that the mould just covers the crown. If grown in large
quantities, a path must be left two feet wide between
every three or four rows, to allow the necessary cultiva-
tion. They must be kept thoroughly clear from weeds,
and, when in flower, have stakes driven at intervals of
five or six feet on each side of every two rows, to which
a string is to be fastened throughout the whole length,
a few inches below the heads, to serve as a support, and
prevent their being broken down. The seeds are ripe
in August, which is intimated by the husks becoming
brownish; the heads must then be immediately cut,
otherwise the receptacles will open and shed their con-
tents. Being spread on cloths in the sun, they soon

become perfectly dry, when the seed may be rubbed out,
cleaned of the chaff, and, after remaining another day
or two, finally stored. It is of the utmost consequence
to employ seed of not more than one year old, otherwise
scarcely one in fifty will vegetate. The goodness of
seed may be easily discovered by forcing a little of it
in a hotbed or warm water a day before it is employed ;
a small white point will soon protrude if it is fertile.

ONION-FLY. See ANTHOMTIA CEPARUM and Eu-

MERUS .SNEUS.

ONI'SCUS. O.asSllus.O.armadi'llo. Woodlice. The
first is most easily distinguished from the second by its
not rolling up in a globular form when at rest. They
are found in old, dry dunghills, cucumber-frames, &c.,
and they are injurious to many plants, fruits, &c., by
gnawing off the outer skin. Gas-lime will expel them
from their haunts, and two boards or tiles kept one-eighth
of an inch apart form an excellent trap.

ONOBRO'MA. (From onos, the ass, and broma, food.
Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
i-&qualis. Now referred to Carduncellus and Carthamus. )
0. arbore'scens (tree-like). See CARTHAMUS ARBORESCENS.

„ cceru'leum (blue). See CARDUNCELLUS CSRULEUS.

,, cynaroi des (Cynara-like). See COUSINIA CYNAROIDES.

,, glau'cum (glaucous). See CARTHAMUS GLAUCUS.

„ leucocau'lon (white-stemmed). See CARTHAMUS LEU-

COCAULOS.

ONO'BRYCfflS. Hen's-bill. (From onos, the ass, and
bruko, to tgnaw ; favourite food of the ass. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia,
4-Decandria. Allied to Hedysarum.)

Best by seeds in spring, where they are to remain
and bloom, as all move badly. Sandy, deep loam.

HARDY ANNUAL.

0. Ca'put-ga'lli (cock's-head). ij. Flesh. July. Medi-
terranean region. 1731.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

0. arena'ria (sand), x. Red. July. Siberia. 1818.
„ carpa'tica (Carpathian), i. Purple. July. Car-

pathia. 1818.

„ confSrta (crowded). See O. GRACILIS.
„ cornu'ta (horned), i. Red. July. Asia Minor.

1816. Evergreen.

„ crini'ta (haired). Lilac. June. Levant. 1837.
„ echina'ta (hedgehog). Flesh. June. Calabria. 1831.
„ Fontane'sii (Fontaine's). See HEDYSARUM HUMILE,
„ gla'bra (smooth). See O. VICI^FOLIA.
„ gra'cilis (slender), i. Pale red. July. Greece;

Asia Minor. 1817.
„ laco'nica (Lacedasmonian). Bright pink. Greece ;

Servia. 1892.

„ lasiosta'chya (woolly-spiked). Asia Minor.
„ Michau'xii (Michaux's). Pale red. July. Levant.

1820.

„ monta'na (mountain). See O. VICIJBFOLIA.
„ Palla'sii (Pallas's). i. Pale yellow. Iberia. 1820.
, petrafa (rock), i. White, red. Caucasus. 1818.
, pilo'sa (thinly-hairy). See O. TOURNEFORTII.
, procu'mbens (lying-down). See O. VICI.SFOLIA.
, ptolema'ica (Ptolemais). i. Yellow. Egypt. 1816.
, radia'ta (rayed), i$. Pale yellow. Iberia. 1818.
, sati'va (cultivated). See O. VICI^FOLIA.
, saxa'tilis (rock), i. Lilac, yellow. S. Europe. 1790.
, supi'na (supine). $. Pale red. Switzerland. 1819.
, tanai'tica (Tanais). See O. VICLSFOLIA.
, Tournefo'rtii (Tpurnefort's). Asia Minor, &c.
, vicicefo'lia (Vicia-leaved). 1-2$. Rose, with red
veins. Europe (England), &c. " Sainfoin."

ONOCLE'A. (Onocleia was the Greek name of a plant.
Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z\-Cryptogamiat i-
Filices.)

Hardy Ferns. See FERNS.

0. germa'nica (German). 2-3. July. Northern Hemi-
sphere. 1760.

„ obtusiloba' ta (blunt-lobed). See O. SENSIBILIS.
„ orienta'lis (oriental). 1-2. Sikkim ; Assam ; Japan.

1869.

„ pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). See O. GERMANICA.
„ sensi'bilis (sensitive), if. Brown. August. Virginia.
1799-

ONONIS

608

ONOSMA

o.

ONO'NIS. Restharrow. (From onos, an ass, and
onemi, to delight ; the ass delights to browse on the
herbage. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosas].
Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. Allied to Paro-
chetus.)

Annuals, by seeds in April, in sandy, deep soil ;
perennials and creeping shrubs, by division in spring,
and cuttings under a hand-light, in sand, in summer;
deep, sandy loam for most of them. Hardy under-
shmb kinds, if of a creeping nature, answer well for rock-
works. The tenderer species require a cold pit or a cool
greenhouse in winter, and most of these like a little peat
added to the sandy loam.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

arbore'scens (tree- like). 2. Red. June. Algeria.

1826.

arena'ria (sand). See O. NATRIX.
arragone'nsis (Arragonese). See O. REUTERI.
arve'nsis (field), i. Purple. July. Europe, &c.

1820.

„ re'pens (creeping). See O. REPENS.
campe stris (field). See O. SPINOSA.
capita' ta (r ownd-headed) . See O. COLUMNS.
Colu'mna (Columna's). J. Yellow. August. Medi-
terranean region. 1820.
frutico'sa (shrubby). 2. Pink. May. Europe.

1680.
„ microphy'lla (small- leafleted). 4. Purple, red.

June. Arragon.
Na'trix (Natrix). 1-2. Yellow, with red veins. July.

Mediterranean region. 1819. " Goat-root."
procu'rrens (procurrent). See O. ARVENSIS.
re'pens (creeping), i. Rosy-purple. July. Europe

(Britain).

Reute'ri (Renter's), ij. Yellow. July. Spain. 1816.
rotundifo'lia (round- leaved). 2. Pink. May. S.

Europe. 1570.

„ arista'ta (bearded). 2. Pink. June.
spino'sa (spiny), i. Rosy-purple. July. Europe

(Britain).

„ a'lba (white), i. White. July. Britain.
tribractea'ta (three-bracted). ij. Pink. June. S.

Europe. 1800.
tridenta ta (three-toothed), ij. Purple. June Spain.

1752.

TENDER PERENNIALS.

O.

J. Pink.

Yellow.

June.
June.

See CROTALARIA

0.

angusti'ssima (narrowest-leaved) .

Spain. 1825.
cuspida'ta (pointed-leaved), ij

Algeria. 1818.
emargina'ta (notched-leaved).

SPINOSA.

falca'ta (sickle-podded). See O. ANGUSTISSIMA.
gla'bra (smooth). See LOTONONIS TRICHOPODA.
hispa'nica (Spanish). See O. NATRIX.
hi'spida (bristly), i£. July. Algeria. 1818.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). See O. ANGUSTISSIMA.
peduncula'ris (/ong-flower-stalked). i. White, rose.

Aprl. Teneriffe. 1829.
pi' eta (painted). See O. NATRIX.
ramosi'ssima (branchiest). See O. NATRIX.

ANNUALS.

a'lba (white), i. White. July. Barbary. 1823.
A'pula (Apulian). i. Yellow. September. Naples

1834. Biennial.
biflo'ra (two-flowered). J. Yellow, purple. July.

Barbary. 1818.
brachyca'rpa (short-podded). J. Yellow. June.

Spain. 1823.

brevifto'ra (short-flowered). See O. VISCOSA.
cape'nsis (Cape). J. Purple. Cape of Good Hope.

1800.
Denha'rdtii (Denhardt's). See O. SERRATA DEN-

HARDTII.

diffu'sa (spreading). See O. SERRATA.
fce'tida (fetid). See O. PORRIGENS.
geminifto'ra (twin-flowered). See O. BIFLORA.
minuti' ssima (smallest). J. Yellow. June. France

1818. Biennial.
oligophy'lla (few-leaved). i$. White. July. Naples.

1823.

0. pe'ndula (drooping), ij. Purple. July. S. Europe.

1818.
„ po'rrigens (extended). J. Pink. June. Morocco.

1818.
,, serra'ta (sawed). J. Purple. July. Mediterranean

region. 1820.
„ „ Denha'rdtii (Denhardt's). i. Yellow. August.

Naples. 1832. Biennial.
„ visco'sa (clammy), $. Yellow. August. S. Europe.

1800.

ONOPO'RDON. Cotton Thistle. (From onos, an ass,
and perdo, to consume ; eaten by the animal. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-jEqualis.
Allied to the Thistle.)

Hardy biennials, the seeds of which merely require
sowing in the commonest soil, either in the autumn or
early spring.
O. Aca'nthium (Acanthium). 4-7. Purple. July,

August. Europe (England).
„ acau'lon (stemless). ±. White. July. Pyrenees.

1739-

„ alexandri'num (Alexandrian) . SeeO. SIBTHORPIANUM.
„ ara'bicum (Arabian). 8. Purple. July. S. Europe.

1686.
„ bractea'tum (large-bracted). 4-5. Lilac-purple. Asia

Minor. 1901.
„ cynaroi'des (artichoke- like). See COUSINEA CYNA-

ROIDES.
„ deltoi'des (delta-like). See SERRATULA ATRIPLICI-

FOLIA.

„ ela'tum (tall). See O. TAURICUM.
„ elonga'tum (elongated). See O. ILLYRICUM.
„ illy'ricum (Illyrian). 6. Purple. July. S. Europe.

1640.
„ macraca'nthum (long-spined). 6. Purple. July.

W. Mediterranean region. 1798. Annual.
„ polyce'phalum (many-headed). 5-8. Rich pink-
purple. Asia Minor; Turkestan. 1904. *
,, pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). See O. ACAULON.
„ Salte'ri (Salter's). 5. Country not stated. 1909.
„ sibthorpia' 'num (Sibthorpian). 4-6. Purple. Asia

Minor, &c.
„ tau'ricum (Taurian). 7. Purple. July. S. Europe.

1816.

„ tomento'sum (felted). See O. ACANTHIUM.
„ uniflo'rum (one-flowered). See O. ACAULON.
„ vi'rens (green). See O. TAURICUM.
„ visco'sum (clammy). See O. TAURICUM.

ONO'SERIS. (From onos, an ass, and seris, chicory ;
considered a favourite plant of the ass. Nat. ord.
Compositae.)

Stove shrubs, or greenhouse in the case of O. drakea'na.
Seeds ; cuttings in sand in a close case. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, and sand.

0. adpre'ssa (adpressed). 2. Rose. Peru. 1826. Ever-
green.
„ drakea'na (Drakean). 2-3. Bright purple. Colombia.

1882.
„ refle'xa (reflexed). 2. Rose. August. Peru.

1830.

„ ros-iflo'ra (rose-flowered). 2-3. Rosy. Colombia.
1859.

ONO'SMA. (From onos, an ass, and osme, smell;
said to be grateful to the animal. Nat. ord. Borageworts
[Boraginaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Echium.)

Herbaceous perennials or subshrubs, yellow-flowered,
except where otherwise mentioned. Small, pretty plants
for mounds, rock-work, and old walls, where, if once
established, they will maintain themselves by seeds ;
seeds and divisions ; sandy loam and sandy peat, and
thin layers of decomposed vegetable matter; a few
tender kinds require a cold frame, and trine'rvium a
warm greenhouse in the winter.

HALF-HARDY.
0. pyramida'le (pyramidal). 1^-2. Bright scarlet.

Himalaya. 1888.

„ ri'gidum (stiff). See O. STELLULATUM.
„ rupe'stre (rock). £. May. Iberia. 1819.
„ trine'rvium (three-nerved). See ONOSMODIUM
STRIGOSUM.

ONOSMODIUM

609

OPHRYS

HARDY.
0. a'lbo-ro'seum (white-rosy). White, changing to rose.

Asia Minor. 1890.

„ a'lbum (white). See O. ALBO-ROSEUM.
„ arena'rium (sand). Europe.
„ Bourga'i (Bourgae's). Armenia.
„ bulbotri' chium (bulbous-haired). Persia.
„ calyci'num (large-calyxed). See O. VISIANII.
„ circina'tum (coiled). See O. BOURG^I.
„ conge' stum (crowded). See O. ALBO-ROSEUM.
„ divarica'tum (spreading). See ARNEBIA CORNUTA.
„ echioi'des (Echium-like). i. White. May. S.Europe.

1683. " Golden Drop."

„ „ arena'rium (sand), i. June. Hungary. 1804.
„ Emo'di (Mount Emodus). Pink. May. Himalaya.

1851.

,, frute'scens (shrubby). Greece.
„ gigante'um (giant). 3. April. Tauria. 1818.
„ Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). See O. ECHIOIDES.
„ laco'nicum (Lacedaemonian). See O. STELLULATUM.
megalospe'rmum (large-seeded). See MEGACARYON

ARMENUM.

,, monta'num (mountain). See O. STELLULATUM.

„ orienta'le (eastern). J. May. Levant. 1752.

,, polyphy'llum (many- leaved), i. July. Tauria. 1829.

„ seri'ceum (silky-leaved), £ June. Iberia. 1752.

„ simplici' ssimum (simplest), i. April. Siberia. 1768.

„ stellula'tum (small-starred). £. April. Europe. 1819.

„ ,, helve' ticum (Swiss).

„ tau'ricum (Taurian). See O. ECHIOIDES.

„ Thompso'ni (Thompson's). See ECHIUM RUBRUM.

,, vaude'nse (Vaudan). See O. ARENARIUM.

„ vesti'tum (clothed). See O. EMODI.

„ Visia'nii (Visiani's). Eastern Europe.

ONOSMO'DIUM. (From Onosma, the last genus, and
eidos, like. Nat. ord. Borageworts [Boraginaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Echium.)

Hardy herbaceous North American perennials, except
one, flowering in June ; thriving in sandy loam, and
propagated by seeds and division.
O. carolinia'num (Carolinian). See O. MOLLE.
,, hi'spidum (bristly), i. Yellow. 1759.
„ mo'lle (soft). J. White. 1812.
„ strigo'sum (strigose). i. Yellow. Mexico. 1824.

Half-hardy.
„ virginia'num (Virginian). See O. HISPIDUM.

ONY'CHIUM. (From onux, a claw ; shape of the lobes
of the fronds. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-
Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove Ferns, with yellowish-brown spores. See FERNS.
0. aura' turn (golden). July. Himalaya ; Malaya.
„ cape'nse (Cape). See O. JAPONICUM.
„ japo'nicum( Japanese). 1^-2. Brown. July. Japan;

China ; N. India. 1844.
„ lu'cidum (shining). See O. JAPONICUM.

OPERA GIRLS. Manti'sia saltato'r ia.

OPERCULA'RIA. (From operctUum, a lid ; shape of
calyx. Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. $-Pen-
landria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Pomax.)

Greenhouse herbaceous, white-flowered perennials.
Seeds in spring, in a mild hotbed ; division of some of
the plants as growth commences ; cuttings of the young
shoots, best when several inches long ; sandy loam and
a little fibrous peat, and dried pieces of leaf -mould, and
a few pieces of charcoal ; a dry, cold pit or greenhouse
in winter.
0. a'spera (rough-seeded), i. June. Australia. 1790.

„ diphy'lla (two-leaved). £. June. Australia. 1824.

„ hi'spida (bristly), i. July. Australia. 1790.

„ ocymifo'lia (basil-leaved). See O. ASPERA.

„ sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). See O. DIPHYLLA.

OPHE'LIA. (From opheleia, serviceable ; medicinal.
Nat. ord. Gentianworts [Gentianaceae]. Linn. $-Pen-
tandria, 2-Digynia. See SWERTIA.)
0. ala'ta (winged). See SWERTIA ALATA.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See SWERTIA ANGUSTI-
FOLIA.

„ corymbo'sa (flat-topped). See SWERTIA CORYMBOSA.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). See SWERTIA PANICULATA.

„ purpura'scens (purplish). See SWERTIA PURPURASCENS.

„ umbella'ta (umbelled). See SWERTIA CORYMBOSA.

OPfflOCAU LON. (From ophis, a snake, and kaulos,
a stem ; in allusion to the twining stems. Nat. ord.
Passifloraceae.)

Evergreen stove climber. Seeds ; cuttings of half-
ripe wood in sand, placed in a close case, with bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam, one-third peat or leaf-mould, and
sand.

0. cissampeloi'desfcissampelos-Uke). Yellow-green. Trop.
Africa. 1871.

OPHIOGLO'SSUM. (From ophis, a snake, and glossa,
a tongue ; in allusion to the tongue-like, fertile branch
of the frond. Nat. ord. Filices.)

Hardy and stove ferns. See FER.VS.
0. bulbo'sum (bulbous). ±-\. N. Amer. Half-hardy.
„ lusita'nicum (Portuguese). J. Shores of Mediter-
ranean ; Guernsey. Hardy.

„ palma'tum (hand-shaped). 1-2. Cuba to S. Brazil.
„ pendulum (drooping). Frond ribbon-like, pendulous,

1-15. Polynesia to N.S. Wales.

„ reticula'tum (netted). J-i. Tropics of both Worlds.
„ vulga'tum (common). J-f. Old and New World
(Britain). " Adder's Tongue."

OPHIOPO'GON. (From ophis, a serpent, and pogon,
a beard. Nat. ord. Bloodworts [Haemodoraceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Herbaceous, white-flowered perennials, except where
otherwise mentioned. Division of the plant at the roots,
in spring, as vegetation is commencing ; also by seed ;
sandy loam and a little peat ; requires the protection
of a cold pit, or a very dry, sheltered place in winter in
cold parts of Britain, but hardy in the south, except
0. pro' lifer and 0. Regnie'ri.

0. interme'dius (intermediate). August. NepauL 1824.
„ „ wallichia'nus (Wallichian).
,, Jabu'ran (Jaburan). i. July. Japan. 1830.
„ „ variega'tus (variegated), i. Violet-blue. Leaves

edged creamy-white. Japan. 1863.
„ japo'nicus( Japan). i£. Lilac, yellow. June. Japan.

1784.
„ „ arge'nteo-margina'tus (silvery-edged). White.

Leaves edged with white.
„ pro'lifer (proliferous), ij. July. Penang. 1844.

Greenhouse.

„ Regnie'ri (Regnier's). i. Violet-white, tipped green.
Leaves marbled with yellow. Cochin-China. 1906:
„ spica'tus (spiked). See LIRIOPE SPICATA.

OPHIO'PTERIS VERTICILLA'TA. See OLEANDRA

NERIIFORMIS.

OPHIORRHTZA. (From ophis, a snake, and rhiza, a
root, reputed cure for snake-bite. Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

Greenhouse perennial herb. Seeds ; cuttings in sand
under a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand.
0. Mu'ngps (Mungos). 1-3. White, green, or rose.
India; Malaya.

OPHIO'XYLON. (From ophis, a serpent, and xulon,
wood ; referring to its twisted roots. Nat. ord. Dog-
banes [Apocynaceae]. Linn. 2^-Polygamia, z-Dicecia. See
RAUWOLFIA.)

O. ma' jus (larger). See RAUWOLFIA MAJOR.
„ serpenti'num (serpentine). See RAUWOLFIA SERPEN-

TINA.

O'PHRYS. (From ophrus, eyebrows ; referring to the
fringe of the inner sepals. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae].
Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Elegant little ground-orchids, chiefly natives of Eng-
land, but difficult to keep alive under cultivation.
Division of the tuberous-like roots ; also, most of the
hardy ones by seed, which should be sown as soon as
ripe, or permitted to sow itself by falling on loose, damp
moss, whence it may be moved, and finally planted after
growth has taken place. Api'fera prefers rich, heavy
soil ; most of the others, sandy, chalky loam, and a little
peat. Considering their interesting appearance, they
well deserve a frame or cold pit from amateurs, so that
they might receive similar attention to small alpines.

HALF-HARDY.
0. arani'fera-limba'ta (bordered -spider -bearing). i.

Brown. April. Rome. 1826.

„ atra'ta (dark). J. Green, brown. May. Gibraltar.
1825.

2Q

OPLISMENUS

610

OPUNTIA

O. fe'rrunt-equi'ntim (horse-shoe). J. Brown, rose.

April. Corfu.

„ fvciflo'ra (drone-flowered.) See O. ARANIFERA.
,, ftt'sca (brown). f . Brown. June. Gibraltar. 1825.
„ liliifo'lia (lily- leaved). See LIPARIS LILIIFOLTA.
„ lu'tea (yellow). J. Yellow. April. Spain. 1818.
,, mammo'sa (nippled). See O. ARANIFERA.
„ Sco'lopax (woodcock), *. Purple. May. Italy. 1825.

" Woodcock Orchis.'7
„ ienthredini' fera (saw-fly-bearing). J. Yellow, brown .

April. Barbary. 1815.
„ „ mi'nor (smaller). J. Yellow, brown. April. N.

Africa. 1824.
„ vespi'fera( wasp-bearing). Yellow and brown. Barbary.

HARDY.

O. alpi'na (alpine). See HERMINIUM ALPINUM.
„ api'fera (bee-bearing). J. Rose. June. England.

" Bee Orchis."

„ „ Tro'llii (Troll's). Switzerland ; England.
„ Arachni'tes (cobweb). J. Brown. June. England.

" Black Spider Orchis."
„ „ exalta'ta (lofty). Rose, brown. April. Italy.

1825.
„ arachnoi'des (spider- like). Brown, rose. April. Italy.

1805.

„ arani'fera (spider-bearing). J. Green. May. Eng-
land. " Common Spider Orchis."
„ Bertolo'nii (Bertoloni's). r. Italy.
„ bombyliflo'ra (humble-bee-flowered). J. Chocolate,

rose. April. Mediterranean region.
,, cilia'ta (hair- fringed). See O SPECULUM.
„ cornu'ta (horned). See O. CESTRIFERA.
„ exalta'ta (lofty). See O. ARACHNITES EX ALT ATA.
„ fuci'fera (drone-bearing). See O. ARANIFERA.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See O. TENTHREDINI-

FERA.

„ Mono'rchis (Monorchis). See HERMINIUM MONORCHIS.
„ musci'fera (fly-bearing). J. Purple. May. England.

" Fly Orchis."
„ ce stri'fera (gad-fly-bearing). $. White, purple. June.

S. Europe. 1844.
„ Spe'culum (looking-glass). Brown, white. April.

Mediterranean region. 1826.
„ spira'lis (spiral). See SPIRANTHES AUTUMNALIS.
„ tabani'fera (dun-fly-bearing). See O. BOMBYLIFLORA.

OPLI SMENUS. (From hoplismenos, armed, or bristle-
bearing ; the glumes being awned. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)
Stove or greenhouse grasses, of which 0. Burmanni
variegatus is the best known, under the name of Panicum
variegatum. Seeds; cuttings in spring in a moist,
heated house. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
O. Burtna'nni (Burmann's). J. Green, purple. Tropics.
„ „ albi'dulus (white). $. Leaves white, with green

midrib. India. 1886.
„ ,, variega'tus (variegated). Leaves striped with

white, often changing to red.

„ compo'situs (compound). June, July. Tropics every-
where. 1795.

„ hirte'llus (slightly hairy) and 0. lolia'ceus (Lolium-
like). See O. COMPOSITUS.

OPO'PONAX. (From opos, sap or juice, and ponax or
panax, all-heal ; in allusion to its supposed medicinal
properties. Nat. ord. Umbelliferae.)

Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds and divisions in spring.
Well-drained soil.

O. Chiro'nium (Chironium). 6. Yellow. June. Medi-
terranean region. 1640. " Opoponax Plant."
„ ki'spidum (hairy). 4. Yellow. Greece ; Asia Minor.
„ orienta'le (oriental). See O. HISPIDUM.

OPORA'NTHUS LU'TEUS. See STERN BERGIA LUTEA.
O'PULUS VTJLGA'RIS. See VIBURNUM OPULUS.

OPU'NTIA. Indian Fig. (A Latin name, of which
the derivation is not applicable to the species now placed
under it. Nat. ord. Indian Figs [Cactaceae]. Linn. 12-
Icosandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen succulents, with yellow flowers,
when not otherwise mentioned. Cuttings, by taking
pieces off at the joints, and drying them a little before
inserting them in sandy loam, and giving them a brisk
bottom-heat. The great point is to give them a high
temperature and a moist atmosphere when growing in

summer, say from 65° to 85° or 90° ; to reduce the
moisture gradually as autumn approaches, but not the
temperature, until autumn is on the wane ; and then to
keep them in a low temperature (40° or 50°), and dry
during the winter ; sandy loam, fibrous peat, each one
part ; lime-rubbish, cow-dung, and charcoal, one-third
part each. Vulga'ris has stood in dry situations out of
doors near London, and has been unhurt when planted
at the foot of a wall, and wet excluded during winter.
All species of which we know nothing but the names
have been omitted.

0. acanthoca' rpa (spiny- fruited). S. United States.
,, a'lbicans (whitish-seined). Mexico. 1835.
,, albifto'ra (white-flowered). See O. SPEGAZZINII.
„ Alca'hes (Alcahes). California.
„ alpi'na (alpine). See O. PLATYACANTHA.
, america'na (American). S. Amer. 1835.
, Amycla'a (Amyclean). Mexico. 1825.
, andi'cola (Andes-dwelling). Andes of Chili.
, aoraca'ntha (sword-spined). Argentina. 1901.
, arbore'scens (tree-like). 5. Purple. S. United States.
, articula'ta (jointed). See CEREUS ARTICULATUS.
, Aube'ri (Auber's). Spines white. Cuba.
, auranti'aca (orange-flowered). 3. Orange, yellow.

Chili. 1824.

„ bosila'ris (basal). Rose-purple. S. United States.
„ bergeria'na (Bergerian). 5-10. Greenish-red, bright

red. 1904.

„ Bigelo'vii (Bigelow's). 10-12. California.
„ bolivia'na (Bolivian), ij. Spines 3-4 in. long.

Bolivia.

„ Bonpla'ndi (Bonpland's). See O. TUNA.
,, brasilie' nsis (Brazilian). 25. July. Brazil. 1816.
„ cama'ttchica (Camanha). S. United States.
,, „ orbicula'ris (orbicular). Strong growing, with

brown spines. Colorado. 1899.
,, candelabrifo'rmis( candelabra-formed). Prickles white.

Mexico.
„ can tabrigie'nsis (Cambridge). Spines whitish. Country

unknown. 1901.
,, cervico'rnis (stag's-horn). Yellow, changing to

chamois. Colorado. 1906.
,, chloro'tica (greenish). California.
„ Cho'lla (Cholla). California.
,, clavarioi'des (Clavaria-like). Mexico.
,, clava'ta (clubbed). Yellow. Mexico. 1854.
,, cochinilli'fera (cochineal-bearing). See NOPALEA

COCCINELLIFERA.

„ corruga'la (wrinkled). Chili. 1824.

„ cra'ssa (ihick-lobed) . 2. Mexico. 1817.

,, crini'jera (bristle- bearing). Spines reddish. Brazil.

1837-

,, curassa'vica (Curassoa). 6. June. W. Ind. 1690.
„ „ donga 'ta (elongated). 3.
,, ,, lo'nga (long). 6. June. Curassoa. 1690.
„ cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). 3. Scarlet. Peru. 1799.
„ Davi'sii (Davis's). Bronzy-green. New Mexico

1883.

„ deci'piens (deceiving). See O. IMBRICATA.
„ decutna'na (great-oblong). 10. S. Amer. 1768.
„ decu'mbens (lying-down). }. June. Mexico. 1835.
,, deje'cta (dejected). See NOPALEA DEJECTA.
,, diadema'ta (daidemed). Argentina. 1814.
,, dicho'toma (two-rowed). Buenos Ayres. 1836.
,, Dille'nii (Dillenius's). 5. September. S. Amer.

1810.

„ du'lcis (sweet). See O. ENGELMANNI.
,, echinoca'rpa (hedgehog-fruited). Greenish-yellow.

S. United States.

„ ela'tior(taller-black-spined). 6. July. S. Amer. 1731.
,, Engelma'nni (Engelmann's). 4-6. Yellow, with red

centre. S. United States. 1854.
,, exte'nsa (outspread). Lilac, yellow. 1824.
„ exuvia'ta (cast-forth). See O. TUNICATA.
„ fe'rox (fierce). 3. S. Amer. 1817.
„ Fi'cus-i'ndica (Indian fig). 2. June. Trop. Amer.

I731-

„ filipe'ndula (thread-drooping). Texas.
„ flocco'sa (woolly). £. Peru and Bolivia.
,, folio'sa (leafy). S. Amer. 1805.
,, formida'bilis (formidable). See O. AORACANTHA.
„ fra'gilis (brittle). 2. N. Amer. 1814.
,, „ brachya'rthra (short-jointed). Small, yellow.
„ ,, ccespito'sa (tufted). Bright yellow, with red-brown

centre ; filaments red. Colorado. 1900.

OPUNTIA

611

ORACH

0. fra'gilis tuberifo'rmis (tuber- formed). Bright yellow,

greenish ; filaments red. Colorado. 1900.
„ frute'scens (shrubby). See O. LEPTOCAULIS.
„ fu'lgida (shining}. 10-15. Bright pink, fading to

purple. S. United States. 1895.
„ ,, mamilla'ta (nippled).
„ Gei'ssii (Geiss's). Chili.
,, glaucophy'lla (glaucous- leaved). Mexico.
„ glomera'ta (round-headed). Argentina. 1829.
„ gosselinia'na (Gosselinian). 3-4. Flowers unknown.

Lower California. 1907.
,, gra'cilis (slender). Mexico.
„ Gra'hami (Graham's). S. United States.
„ %ra'ndis (great). Yellow. Mexico.
„ haitie'nsis (Haiti). 10-13. Yellow to orange. Spines

5 in. long. Haiti. 1908.
,, hanburya'na (Hanburyan). 3-5. Canary-yellow.

Gardens of Riviera. 1904.
„ Hernande'zii (Hernandez's). Variegated. Mexico.

1827.

„ ho'rrida (horrid). See O. TUNA.
„ imbrica'ta (imbricated). 3. Scarlet. June. Mexico.

1820.

„ ine'rmis (unarmed). See O. STRICTA.
„ interme'dia (intermediate). See O. MESACANTHA

GRANDIFLORA.

„ invi'cta (unconquered). California.

„ karwinskia'na ( Karwinskian) . Mexico. 1838.

„ Klei'nia (Mrs. Klein's). S. United States.

„ labour etia'na (Labouretian). S. Arner. (?)

„ lanceola'ta (spear- head-shaped). 2. July. S. Amer.

1796.

„ leptocau'lis (slender-stemmed). Mexico. 1845.
„ leucaca'ntha (white-flowered). See O. MEGACANTHA.
„ leuco' 'tricha (white-haired). 4. White. Mexico.

1836.

„ Lindhei'meri (Lindheimer's). N.W. Amer.
,, ,, littora'lis (shore). California.
„ littora'lis (shore). See O. LIXDHEIMERI LITTORALIS.
„ longispi'na (long-spined). Chili. 1829.
„ lu'cida (shining). 3-4. Yellow, fragrant. 1889.
„ macrorhi'za (large-rooted). See O. MESACANTHA

MACRORHIZA.

„ maculaca'ntha (spotted-spined). Argentina.

„ mamilla'ta (nippled). See O. FULGIDA MAMILLATA.

„ ma'xima (largest). See O. DECUMAN A.

„ me'dia (middle-many-spined). See O. POLYACANTHA.

,, megaca'ntha (large-spined). Mexico. 1835.

„ mesaca'ntha (middle-spined). 2. July. United

States. 1596.

„ „ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). N.W. Amer.
„ ,, macrorhi'za (large-rooted). N.W. Amer. 1850.
,, mexica'na (Mexican). See O. MEGACANTHA.
„ micro' dasys (small-cushioned). June. Mexico. 1836.
,, ,, mi'nor (lesser).
„ Millspau'ghii (Millspaugh's). 2. Crimson-lake.

Spines 4-6 in. long. Bahamas. 1908.
„ missourie'nsis (Missouri). See O. POLYACANTHA.
„ monaca'ntha (single-spined). i. S. Amer. 1816.
„ ., variega'ta, (variegated).
„ myriaca'ntha (myriad-spined). Mexico. 1830.
„ ni'gricans (blackish-sained). 3. Pink. August. S.

Amer. 1795.

„ Nopali'lla (small nopal). See O. KARWINSKIANA.
„ Otto'nis (Otto's). See ECHINOCACTUS OTTONIS.
„ ova'ta (egg-shaped). Chili. 1840.
„ pachya'rthra fla'va (thick-jointed-yellow). Bright

yellow. Colorado. 1900.

,, pachy'clada (thick-branched). Colorado. 1899.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). Rose. Plant small- join ted, dwarf.

Colorado. 1899.
„ „ sptzthia'na, (Spaethian). Yellow, changing to

brownish-salmon. Colorado. 1900.
„ papyraca'ntha (paper-spined). Flowers not seen.

Stem short. Argentina. 1872.

„ Parmentie'ri (Parmentier's). Spines pale straw-
coloured. Paraguay.
„ pa'rvula (least). Chili. 1825.
„ Pentla'ndii (Pentland's). Bolivia.
„ Pe's-co'rvi (crow's-foot). 1-2. Yellow. S. United

States.
„ phaaca'niha (dusky-spined). 3. Yellow. June.

Mexico. 1811.
„ platyaca'ntha (broad-spined) of gardens. See O.

DIADEMATA.

„ Pasppi'gii (Pceppig's). Pale yellow. Chili. 1884.

O. polyaca'ntha (many-spined). i. S. United States.

1814.

„ ,, albispi'na (white-spined).
„ „ tricho' phora (hair-bearing).
„ polya'ntha (many-flowered). 3. S. Amer. 1811.
„ Pscu'do-tu'na (false-tuna). S. Amer. 1811.
„ pube'scens (downy). June. Mexico. 1836.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). N.W. Amer.
„ pulverule'nta (powdery). S. Amer. 1850.
„ pulvina'ta (powdered). See O. MICRODASYS.
„ pusi'lla, (small). See O. FOI.IOSA.
,, Rafme'squii (Rafinesque's). See O. MESACANTHA.
„ ramosi'ssima (much-branched). S. United States.
„ ramuli'fera (branched). June. Mexico. 1836.
„ re'ptans (creeping). Mexico. 1838.
„ rhoda'ntha (red-flowered). Corolla and filaments red.

Colorado. 1896.
„ „ brevispi'na (short-spined) . Spines short, reddish

when young. Colorado. 1899.
„ ,, flavispi'na (yellow-spined). Spines longer, yellow

when young. Colorado. 1899.

„ ,, piscifo' rmis (fish-formed). Bright carmine ; fila-
ments vivid red. Colorado. 1900.
„ ,, robu'sta (robust). Mexico.
„ „ schumannia'na (Schumannian). Shell-shaped,

dark carmine. Colorado. 1900.
„ ro'sea (rosy). Rose. June. Mexico. 1830.
„ rube'scens (red-stemmed). Brazil. 1828.
„ ru'ftda. (reddish). Mexico.

,, salmia'na (Salmian). 2. Yellow, red. Brazil. 1850.
„ sa'nta-n'to(Santa-rita). Deep yellow. Joints reddish.

Spines often wanting. S.W. United States. 1909.
„ Scho'ttii (Schott's). Texas.
„ Schuma'nni (Schumann's). 4-5. Yellowish, changing

to dull red. 1904.
„ Schweri'ni (Schwerin's). Greenish-yellow. Spines

white. Colorado. 1899.

„ Sege'thi (Segeth's). Light pink. Chili. 1883.
„ seni'lis (old-man) of Farm. See O. CRINIFERA.
„ seri'cea (silky), i. Chili. 1827.
„ Spegazzi'nii (Spegazzin's). Small, white ; fruit

crimson. Paraguay. 1908.

„ spinau'rea (golden-spined). See O. PSEUDO-TUNA.
„ spinosi' ssima (spiniest). 20. July. Jamaica. 1732.
,, spinuli'fera (small-spine-bearing). Mexico. 1836.
„ Stapt'licE (Stapelia-like). June. Mexico. 1830.
„ stenope'tala (narrow-petaled). Yellow. Mexico.

1835.

,, streptaca'ntha (twisted-spined). Mexico.
„ stri'cta (upright). July. S. Amer. 1796.
„ subine'rmis (few-spined). 2. S. Amer. 1819.
„ subula'ta (awl-shaped). S. Amer. 1883.
,, sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 2. Argentina. 1827.
„ Taylo'ri (Taylor's). Small, yellow. Haiti. 1908.
„ Tesa'jo (Tesajo). California.
„ tessela'ta (chequered). See O. RAMOSISSIMA.
,, tetraca'ntha (four-spined). 2-5. Greenish-purple.

Arizona. 1896.

„ tomento'sa (shaggy). 2. S. Amer. 1820.
„ triaca'ntha (three-spined). See O. CURASSAVICA.
,, hibcrcula'ta (warted). i. S. Amer. 1818.
„ Tu'na (Tuna). 3. July. S. Amer. 1731.
,, tunica' ta (tunicated). June. Mexico. 1830.
,, Turpi'nii (Turpin's). Argentina. 1844.
„ Twee'diei (Tweedie's). See O. SULPHUREA.
„ utahe'nsis (Utah). Carmine. Utah, United States.

1909.

„ wlga'ris (common). See O. MESACANTHA.
„ Whi'pplei (Whipple's). S. United States.
„ xanthoso'ma (yellow-bodied). 2. Colorado. 1898.
„ „ e'legans (elegant). Soft rose. Colorado. 1898.
„ „ gra'cilis (slender). 2. Small, carmine-red.

Colorado. 1900.

„ xanthoste'ma (yellow-stamened). Carmine-red ; fila-
ments dark yellow. Colorado. 1896.
„ ,, orbicula'ris (orbicular). Carmine-red. Spines

brown when young. Colorado. 1899.

ORACH. (A' triplex horte'nsis.) This is cooked and
eaten in the same manner as spinach, to which it is much
preferred by many persons, although it belongs to a
tribe whose wholesomeness is very suspicious.

Soil. — It flourishes best in a rich, moist soil, and in
an open part of the garden.

Sow about the end of September, and again in the
spring for succession, in drills 6 inches apart. When

ORANGE

612

ORCHARD HOUSE

the seedlings are about an inch high, thin to 6 inches
asunder, and those removed may be planted out at the
same distance in a similar situation, and watered occa-
sionally until established. For early production sow in
a moderate hotbed at the same time as those in the
natural ground. The leaves must be gathered for use
whilst young, otherwise they become stringy and worth-
less.

To save Seed. — Some plants of the spring sowing must
be left ungathered from, and thinned to about 8 inches
apart. The seeds ripen about the end of August, when
the plants must be pulled up, and, when perfectly dry,
the seed rubbed out for use.
ORANGE. (Ci'trus Aura'niium.) See CI'TRUS.
ORANGE THORN. Citrio'batus.
ORA'NIA. (From ouranos, the heavens, the visible
space above the earth. Nat. ord. Palmacea?.)

Large, stove Palms. Seeds. Fibrous loam, one-third
peat and sand.

O. macro' dado, (long-branched). 40. Malaya. 1847.
„ ni'vea (snowy). Leaves white underneath. 1886.
„ Philippine' nsis (Philippine). Philippines.
„ porphyroca'rpa (purple-fruited). See DIDYMOSPERMA

PORPHYROCARPON.

„ rega'lis (royal). 7-10. Java. 1847.

O'RBEA. See STAPELIA.

ORCHARD is an enclosure devoted to the cultivation
of hardy fruit-trees. With respect to the situation and
aspect for an orchard, avoid very low, damp situations
as much as the nature of the place will admit ; for in
very wet soils no fruit-trees will prosper, nor the fruit
be fine ; but a moderately low situation, free from
copious wet, may be more eligible than an elevated
ground, as being less exposed to tempestuous winds ;
though a situation having a small declivity is very
desirable, especially if its aspect incline towards the
east, south-east, or south, which are rather more eligible
than a westerly aspect ; but a north aspect is the worst
of all for an orchard, unless particularly compensated
by the peculiar temperament or good quality of the soil.
Any common field or pasture that produces good crops
of corn, grass, or kitchen-garden vegetables is suitable
for an orchard ; if it should prove of a loamy nature, it
will be a particular advantage. Any soil, however, of
a good quality, not too light and dry, nor too heavy,
stubborn, or wet, but of a medium nature, friable and
open, with not less than one spade deep of good staple,
will be proper.

Drain thoroughly, and trench before planting. Plant
in October, or, at the latest, in November. Trees will
succeed if planted later ; but those are the best months.
Plant on stations (see STATIONS) ; and the following is
a good selection : — Of Apples, plant for Kitchen use
Keswick Codling, Mank's Codling, Blenheim Pippin,
Dumelow's Seedling, Minshall Crab, Bedfordshire Found-
ling, Norfolk Beaufin, Hawthomden, Stirling Castle,
Golden Noble, Warner's King, Lane's Prince Albert,
Bramley's Seedling, Newton Wonder, and Northern
Greening. For Dessert: Early Harvest, Early Red
Margaret, Kerry Pippin, Beauty of Bath, Mr. Gladstone,
Lady Sudeley, James Grieve, American Mother, King of
the Pippins, Cox's Orange Pippin, Scarlet Nonpareil,
Cockle's Pippin, Lord Burghley, Ribston Pippin, Ross
Nonpareil, Old Nonpareil. Lamb-Abbey Pearmain,
Sturmer Pippin, and Court Pendu Plat. Of Cherries :
Early Purple Griotte, Early May Duke, Black Eagle,
Elton, Bigarreau, Florence, Late Duke, Morello, and
Buttner's October Morello. Of Plums : Early Prolific,
Orleans, Drap d'Or, Greengage, Victoria, Kirke's, Reine
Claude de Bavay, Jefferson, Denniston's Superb, Dia-
mond, Rivers' Czar, Pond's Seedling, Reine Claude
Violette, Coe's Golden Drop, St. Martin's Quetsche,
Washington, Monarch, Magnum Bonum, and Ickworth
Imp6ratrice. In the preceding lists we have named the
varieties in their order of ripening ; but in this of Pears
the months named are those in which the fruit is ripe
July, Doyenne d'Ete. August, Jargonelle. Sept.,
Williams' Bon Chr6tien, Beurre d'Amanlis, Dr. Jules
Guyot, Marguerite Marillat, Souvenir du Congres. Oct.,
Beurre Hardy, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Marie Louise,
Fondante d'Automne. Nov., Beurre Bosc, Thompson's
Doyenne du Cornice, Glou Morceau. Dec., Hacon's In-
comparable, Triomphe de Jodoigne. Jan., Beurre

Sterckmans, Easter Beurre, Knight's Monarch. Feb.,
Josephine de Malines, Marie Benoist, Nouvelle Fulvie.
March, Olivier des Serres, Nee Plus Meuris. April,
Beurr£ Ranee, Bergamote d'Esperen.

ORCHARD HOUSE. This is the name applied by
Mr. Rivers, nurseryman, Sawbridgeworth, to cheap
glazed structures, in which he grows hardy fruits in pots,
and planted in the borders.

We have found that such a greenhouse, without any
heating apparatus, is most useful, not only for growing
Grapes, Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots, but early
Peas, Radishes, Strawberries, Lettuces, small Salading,
and Potatoes. Such a structure is the following, de-
scribed by Mr. Rivers, in his highly useful work, The
Orchard House.

We will suppose that an orchard house 30 feet long is
required. A ground-plan, 30 feet long and 12 feet wide,
must be marked out, ten posts or studs of good yellow
deal, 4 inches by 3, and 9 feet in length, or if larch poles,
16 inches in girth, can be procured, they are quite equal
in durability ; these latter must be cut in two, and the
flat sides placed outwards ; these posts, or studs, whether
larch or deal, must be fixed 2 feet in the ground firmly,
and the ground ends must be charred 2 feet 4 inches
from the bottom, which adds much to their durability :
it will thus be seen that this, the back line of studs,
will stand 7 feet in height clear from the surface. For
the front wall, ten studs, 4 feet long, must be inserted
in the ground ij feet, so that they stand 2 feet 6 inches
clear from the surface ; on these studs, both at front
and back, must be nailed a plate 4 inches by 2$, on
which the rafters are to rest ; the studs are thus far
arranged in two lines. Now, then, for the rafters : these
must be 14 feet long, and 4 inches by 2 in thickness,
placed with the narrow surface upwards, to spare the
trouble of " ploughing," to make the rebate for the
glass, which is great labour and waste of material. On
the upper side of each rafter, exactly in the centre,
must be nailed a slip of J-inch board, J of an inch wide ;
this will leave $ an inch and & on each side for the glass
to rest on — not too much when the width of the glass
is given. We have thus the rafters so far prepared for
glazing, but not yet fitted on the plates at top and
bottom : they must never be morticed, but let in at
top by cutting out a piece, and sloped off at bottom.

To receive the glass at the top of the rafters, a piece
of j -inch deal board, 6 inches wide, must be nailed
along the top to the end of each rafter, so as to be even
with the surface, and in this should be a groove to
receive the upper end of each piece of glass ; at the
bottom, a piece of board, i inch thick and 6 inches
wide, must be let in for the glass to rest on, and to carry
off the water. We have thus so far a sloping roof,
7 feet 3 inches (with the plate) high at back, and 2 feet
9 inches high in front ; but the glass is not yet in. The
most economical glass is sixteen-ounce British sheet, which
can be bought at 2±d. or $d. per foot, and the best size
20 inches by 12 ; puttying the laps, as it prevents
breakage by frost ; placing it cross-wise, so that the
rafters must be about 20 inches asunder. On and out-
side the back studs, J-inch boards must be nailed, well
seasoned, so that they do not shrink too much ; these
must be painted white. In the back wall, sliding
shutters, 2 feet 6 inches by i foot, in grooves, must be
fixed, for complete ventilation ; two close to the roof,
and two about 18 inches from it.

The front must have, also, i-inch boards nailed on
outside the studs ; one of them, the upper one, to be
on hinges, so as to let down the whole length of the
house ; these, when all open in hot weather, ventilate
thoroughly. To add to this (and it is all required in
summer), the boards will shrink and let in air : a fierce
sunlight is thus admitted by the large glass, and abund-
ance of air, in which all fruit-trees thrive to admiration.
So much for the timber and glass ; but when one sees
that to walk along the centre of the building, which is
about 4 feet 9 inches in height, a person must be of
very diminutive stature, the inquiry arises, How is head-
room to be made ? How simple is the answer ! Make
a trench 2 feet 6 inches wide, and 2 feet deep, in the
centre of the ground-plan ; this will leave a border on
each side 4 feet 9 inches wide. The bottom of this
trench forms the footpath ; its sides must be supported
with boards, or with 4-inch brick-work. Now, as every-
thing depends on these borders— for there must be no

ORCHIASTRUM

613

ORCHIDS

benches and no shelves — care must be taken to make
their surface loose and open : loose materials, such as
coarse cinders, lime-rubbish from old walls, or bricks
broken into pieces in size from a nut to a walnut, may be
laid on them about 4 inches deep ; they may then be
forked over to about 9 inches in depth, well mixing the
above materials with the soil; you thus have two
borders not too far from the glass, and on which your
orchard will thrive admirably. It will appear odd to
read about trees thriving on instead of in a border ;
but when explained that this is to be an orchard in pots,
it will not seem so contrary to our usual garden-culture.

ORCHIA'STRUM. See LACHENALIA.

ORCHIDS are divisible into two classes, the Epiphytes,
or those growing upon trees, and Terrestrial, or ground-
orchids, which grow upon the earth. The two classes
require some difference as to the mode in which they are
grown, a difference pointed out in this work under each
genus in its alphabetical order. At present we shall
confine ourselves to such general directions as are applic-
able to the cultivation of both classes of Orchids requiring
Stove treatment.

House for Orchids.— As they require great light, the
house ought to be so placed as to catch all the rays of
light from the sun. A span-roofed one will do so, or
to the greatest degree ; and so low in the angle, that
the plants, whether in pots or baskets, or on logs of
wood, will all be near to the glass. We find the best
aspect is for the roof to fall due east and west ; then
the lengthway of the house will, of course, be north and
south. By this means the heat and light of the sun are
more equalised. In the cold mornings of early spring
the sun will sooner give light and heat on the east side,
and will be at noon in such a position that his beams
will be slanting to the angle of the roof, whilst in the
afternoon his power to give light and heat will be con-
siderably prolonged. Every plant in this house will
thus have its due share of light and heat. During the
hot months of May, June, July, and August, the shade
or blind can be let down on the morning side of the
house, drawn up at noon, and let down on the afternoon
side just as the sun shines ; thus giving the plants all
the light possible, and at the same time protecting them
from the burning rays of the sun. There need not be
any upright glass at the sides or ends of the house.
The walls ought to rise high enough to allow a comfort-
able walk and head-room. The rafters and lights ought
to be fixed, and to give air a few openings may be easily
contrived in the highest part of the house, and a few
sliding panels near the floor in the walls. This cold air
ought to flow in over the hot pipes, and to become
heated before it comes in contact with the plants. In
summer, when there is no heat in the pipes, the external
air is naturally so warm that no injury will accrue to
the plants by admitting it into the house without being
artificially heated. It is almost absolutely necessary to
have more than one house. However small the collection
may be, there will be some that require more heat than
the others. The orchids of South America will flourish
far better in a house of moderate temperature than in
a house highly heated. This house we would distinguish
by the name of " the Mexican house." The orchids,
natives of Java, Borneo, Singapore, the Philippine
Islands, and the hot jungles of India, require, on the
other hand, a much higher temperature, and close, moist
atmosphere. The house for these plants we would
designate " the East Indian house." By having two
houses a considerable number of advantages will be
secured. The Indian tribes, as soon as they have made
their growth for the year, where there are two houses,
may be removed into the cooler or Mexican house ;
and that removal or change of temperature will harden
their pseudo-bulbs, and concentrate the sap, causing
them thereby to become more healthy, robust, and free
to flower. Should any of the South American species
require a little more heat, they could be conveniently
removed into the Indian house to make their growth.
The cooler house will also be useful to place any of the
Indian species in when in flower, which change will con-
siderably prolong their season of blooming. The two
houses may join each other, divided by a partition either
of brick or glass. We should prefer glass, as being
neater, and showing off the plants, in both houses, to
greater advantage.
Heating. — As these plants require, during the seasons

of growth, a larger amount of moisture than most other
plants, the plan to effect this is to heat the houses with
, hot-water pipes, laid in tanks. The water in these
tanks should be deep enough to cover the pipes about
I an inch with water. The tanks need not be more than
i 10 inches wide, inside measure. The diameter of the
pipes should be 4 inches. At some convenient place
there ought to be a tap to let off the water out of the
tanks. This ought to be done frequently, in order to
obtain a sweet moisture. If the water be allowed to
remain in the tanks for a length of time it becomes foul,
and then, when heated, sends forth a disagreeable smell,
which is very unhealthy both to plants and persons. In
winter, when the plants are, or ought to be, mostly at
rest, they require a drier atmosphere. In order to induce
this, the tanks ought to be emptied during the winter
months, from the middle of October to the middle of
February. Should the plants appear to shrivel too much,
the pipes may be occasionally syringed early in the
morning of fine days. The number of pipes and tanks
required depends, of course, upon the size of the houses.
The large house at Messrs. Henderson's, of Pine-Apple
Place, has four tanks in it ; the width of the house is
18 feet. Two of those tanks are open, that is, have no
cover, and are placed under a platform formed with large,
thick slates, spaces being left between each to allow
the moisture to ascend amongst the plants. The other
tanks have covers to them, with holes to let out the
moisture. These holes have brass lids to them, so that
the moisture can be confined as circumstances require.
Now, this answers the purpose well during the months
of spring ; but we have too much moisture during
winter, so that the plants grow more than they flower.
Supposing, then, a house 18 feet wide requires four
tanks, a house 14 feet will require three ; 9 feet, two ;
and less than that, only one. The return-pipes may run
under the tanks to the boiler, or, if the tanks are placed
so near the floor that the return-pipes cannot be placed
under, they may be arranged to run on one side. The
best kind of boiler we know is one formed of several
round pipes, connected at each end by a square one.
From this square pipe the hot water rises into the tanks,
and the return-pipes bring the water back to it to be
reheated. Mr. Taylor, the hothouse builder at Kensal
New Town, is in the habit of putting up these boilers,
and they answer admirably.

Shelves. — In any convenient part of the house where
a shelf can be put so near the glass as to allow plants in
pots to be placed upon it, it is desirable to have them.
We have always found small plants in pots, that have
made a good start, do well in such a situation. The
plants, however, should not be too near the glass. The
extremity of the leaves should be at least 9 inches from
it. The shelves, also, should not be placed where the
water that overflows or runs through the pots will drop
upon any plants.

Stages. — The arrangement of these will depend upon
the width of the house. If the house is wide enough to
allow a walk all round it, and a walk in the centre, there
will be two stages. The centre walk should be elevated
as high as possible, to allow head-room for the manager
and visitors to walk comfortably. This elevated walk
is of considerable use, affording a good opportunity to
watch the progress and state of the plants, and to observe
when they require watering, repotting, and cleaning
from insects. An example of this arrangement may be
seen in the orchid-house at Kew.

Shelves of the Stage. — Every shelf ought to be a shallow
cistern to hold water. Blue slate is the best material
to form each shelf on the stage. The upright slate
forming the sides of each ought to be elevated at least
2 inches, and made water-tight. These cistern-shelves
may either be filled with small, pebbly gravel, all the
sand or other binding material being washed out of it,
to prevent its setting hard, or they may be left empty,
and shallow pots turned upside down, just high enough
to allow the plants to stand clear of the water ; for it
is intended that these cistern-shelves should be, during
summer, kept full of water. These shelves of the stage
must be as near the glass as the size of the plant will
allow. Several advantages to the health of the orchids
accrue from this arrangement. The most important is
a constant supply of moisture to the air, at a time when
the heat of summer renders the application of heat to
the tanks un advisable. Another advantage is the pre-
vention of the attacks of insects, such as woodlice and

ORCHIDS

614

ORCHIDS

slugs. These destructives cannot travel through water ;
and as the plant stands, as it were, upon a number
of little islands, they are protected both day and night
from these devouring enemies. Care, however, must be
taken that the citadel itself does not harbour them.
The cockroach and woodlouse often secrete themselves
during the day amongst the rough pieces of turf and
broken pots used as drainage. If there is any suspicion
that these enemies are in these secret places, they must
be diligently sought for, by visiting the houses with a
bull's-eye lantern by night, and catching them at their
depredations. Pursue them with all your diligence.
Should the tender roots, or flower-shoots, still appear to
be eaten occasionally, take the severe measure of turning
the plants out of the pots, and search for the vermin
amongst the peat and potsherds, and when they are
once entirely got rid of, take care to place the plants so
that their leaves do not come in contact with anything
that will form a bridge for the insects to travel on.

Hanging up Plants on Logs or in Baskets. — Large-
headed nails, or hooks, may be driven Into the rafters,
or strong iron rods, well painted, may be suspended
along the roof over the walks, and strong iron hooks,
shaped like the letter S, placed at proper distances to
hang up the various kinds of plants that require such
situations. We recommend the situation for these to
be over the walks, to prevent the water, when applied
upon the plants, falling on the stages or shelves.

Where these plants are numerous, it is advisable to
devote a part of the house to them. Underneath would
be a convenient situation for a cistern to contain the
rain water that falls upon the roof— the best of all water
for watering purposes.

Cistern. — This is almost indispensable. The one in
the orchid-house at Messrs. Henderson's is formed with
slate i inch thick. The great use is the heating the water
for syringing and watering purposes. Another use, and
an important one too, is for dipping the blocks with
the plants on them ; also to dip the Stanho'peas, Gon~
go'ras, and other plants in baskets. When those plants
begin to grow in the spring they require a good steeping,
and the cistern offers a proper place for that purpose.
Two or three hours will not be too much to steep them.
The peat during the time of rest becomes dry and hard,
and requires this wetting to soften it, especially if the
plants are to be shifted into new baskets.

As orchids require frequent syringing, sometimes twice
or thrice a day, we have made use of pots — garden-pots,
in fact, without holes. These are placed round the
house, near the hot-water pipes, at a small distance,
about 6 or 9 feet apart. Our readers that are in the
habit of syringing will immediately perceive the great
saving of time and labour by having these pots so handy.
Instead of having the water to carry in garden watering-
pans, these pots, being kept constantly full of warm
water, are always ready.

Syringing in Winter. — During the dark days of winter
the operation of syringing requires considerable judg-
ment. A large number of orchids will be at rest, re-
quiring but little water, especially those in pots. Others,
on logs, must be syringed on such mornings as the sun
is likely to shine. There are, however, a few plants,
even in pots, that are much benefited by the free use of
the syringe at all seasons of the year. Huntle'ya vio-
la'cea and H. Melea'gris are two plants much improved
by this mode of treatment ; and the reason they are
so improved is evident enough, when we consider the
situation in which they grow naturally. Dr. Schom-
burgh found them growing on moist rocks, near to a cata-
ract, on a river (Essequibo, we believe) in British
Guiana.

All the warm house orchids that have no pseudo-bulbs
require more syringing in winter than those that have
such reservoirs of vegetable life to sustain them. The
generic or family names of such as we mean are : Ae'rides,
Angra'cum,Phalceno'psis, Renanthe'ra, Saccola'bium, Sar-
ca'nthus, and Va'nda. All these have a simple stem,
clothed with leaves. If exposed to a high, dry heat, the
leaves and stems will shrivel much more than is bene-
ficial to their health ; therefore, whenever a shrivelling
is perceived, let them have a gentle syringing, thoroughly
wetting the whole plant. This will revive them, and
keep them fresh and healthy.

Syringing in Spring and Summer.— It is during these
two growing seasons that the syringe is most beneficial,
and then they should be deluged almost with showers

from the syringe, taking the precaution to allow them to
become dry once a day. They are sure to become dry
enough during the night. Let the water from the
syringe be milk-warm rain water, and let it fall gently
upon the plants, thus imitating natural showers of rain
as much as possible. We have found the plants much
refreshed in summer by a gentle syringing, when it was
actually raining out of doors. In truth, if such a thing
could be managed, we should be glad to expose them,
during the gentle, warm showers of April, to the rain
that falls from the clouds. We are quite sure it would
do them good. It is, however, the plants on logs that
benefit most by the use of the syringe, both in winter
and summer. Of course, they require the most when
they are making fresh roots and growths ; but even
when at rest they must be syringed occasionally, to
prevent the roots and pseudo-bulbs from shrinking too
much. In that state, the finest-rosed syringe must be
used, to prevent so much water falling upon the plants
(if any) below.

During the seasons when the syringe is used most
freely, should any of the plants have perfected their
growth, and consequently require less water, place such
in a corner of the house by themselves, and syringe
them less frequently. Towards the end of summer the
whole of the plants ought to be perfecting their growths,
excepting the Indian ones above mentioned and the
Hunlle'yas. These grow, more or less, all the year, but
others must have an entire rest ; therefore, cease
syringing so much as soon as you think there is a fullness
and ripeness about the pseudo-bulbs, showing that they
have made the growth for the year. If you continue
syringing as much as ever, there is danger of starting
them again into growing prematurely, and then you
will have weak, puny shoots, and injure both the flower-
ing and growth for the ensuing season. It is impossible
to give any particular time when to cease syringing, or
watering at the root with a garden-pot ; experience and
observation must guide the cultivator. In general, we
may say the quantity of water, whether applied with
the garden-pot or syringe, ought to be considerably
lessened towards the end of summer — that is, about the
end of August. The pseudo-bulbs ought to be then
fully formed ; and, whenever that is the case, they
require much less water. By the middle of October
the water ought to be entirely withheld, excepting just
enough to prevent the plants from shrivelling.

Shading. — We use a kind of canvas called " bunting."
It is thin and open in the mesh, yet just close enough to
prevent the rays of the sun striking through the glass,
and injuring the flowers and leaves. We shall try to
describe how it is applied. First, a pole about 2 inches
in diameter, of the length of the house, or rather longer,
is made of deal, and quite round. At one end a kind
of wheel is fixed, of larger diameter than the pole (about
one- third). On each side of this wheel a round board
is nailed, projecting beyond it about 3 inches. These
boards are about j of an inch thick, and are bevelled off
from the inside. When this is done, it forms a groove.
This is intended to receive the cord, it being nailed to the
wheel. The canvas is then nailed to the long pole, it
having first been sewn together of the size of the house.
The pole, with the canvas attached to it, is then laid
upon the house, a flat piece of wood 2$ inches wide, and
i inch thick, is nailed to the highest point of the house,
and the canvas is tightly stretched and nailed to the
flat piece of wood, using some narrow woollen lists,
stretched along it previously to driving in the tacks.
This prevents, in a great measure, the canvas from
tearing off with the winds. Then, taking hold of the cord
now wrapped round the wheel, and pulling at it, the
wheel turns round, and, of course, the pole also ; the
canvas wraps round it, and, at last, is rolled up at the
top ; the cord is then fastened to a long kind of button,
and there remains till shade is required. The cord is
then unfolded, and the pole let gradually down to the
bottom, where some pieces of wood stop it from going
off the house, or tearing away the canvas from tin-
top. It may be made to last longer, by having weather-
boards fixed on the top of the house to receive the canvas
when rolled up under it, thus sheltering it from the rain,
which is the great cause of its decay. Care must be
taken, when it is rolled up, that it is perfectly dry.
During the dark, short days of winter, when the sun has
not power to injure the plants, the blind may be stored
away in some dry shed or room till the days lengthen,

ORCHIDS

6i5

ORCHIDS

and the sunshine becomes dangerous to the well-being
of the plants.

The Proper Amount of Heat, Moisture, and Air the
Plants require at All Times of the Year. — The power of heat-
ing should be more than is required in ordinary winters,
in order to be prepared for those very severe ones that
sometimes occur. It is always easy enough to give less
heat in moderate weather by having less fire applied
under the boiler. The degrees of heat required we shall
now give for all the year.

FAHRENHEIT.

INDIAN
HOUSE.

Day with

Day
without

Night.

Morn.

Sun.

Spring . . .
Summer .

75
85 or 90

70
70

60

65

55
60

Autumn . . .

70

65

60

55

Winter . . .

65

60

55

50

MEXICAN

HOUSE.

Spring . . .

70

65

60

55

Summer .

75

65

60

55

Autumn .

60

55

50

50

Winter . . .

55

50

50

45

Our readers will perceive that the lowest temperature
at all seasons is in the morning ; that is, before the fires
are stirred. The heat in the mornings in summer will
depend upon the heat of the atmosphere out of doors ;
the rest of the day may be regulated by giving air.
The principle of having a lower temperature during the
night is perfectly natural. The variations even in
tropical countries, in that respect, are great.

Watering with the Garden-pot. — As a general rule, let
it be laid down never to water an orchid except it re-
quires it ; therefore, in commencing to water, observe
each plant well, but quickly, and water accordingly.
An orchid requires watering when it is growing and dry.
The quantity to be given depends, again, upon the stage
of its growth. If the young shoots and new roots are
just beginning only to make their appearance, they
require a very moderate quantity ; but, as then the
plant ought to be repotted, and the new, fresh compost
is, or should be, moist of itself, the water must be with-
held until the surface, at least, feels quite dry to the
touch. Again, the water should be applied at a small
distance from the young shoots, which ought never to
be saturated, or even wetted, especially either in the
dark, cloudy days of winter or of early spring. In
summer, when the heat is increased, the sun shining,
and air given, the operator need not be so nice, as the
extra water will soon evaporate, and dry up even from
the young and tender shoots. When the young shoots
begin to form pseudo-bulbs, the quantity of water may
be increased, care being taken that it does not lodge in
the leafy sheaths which surround the green or young
bulbs, especially of Ca'ttleyas. We have often seen a
year's growth destroyed by allowing the water to lodge
in those tender parts. The way to remedy this is with
a sharp knife, or a small pair of scissors, to slit open to
the bottom the sheaths that hold the water ; but this is
an operation that must be done very carefully, without
injuring the young pseudo-bulb, or the cure will be as
bad as the disease ; for, if you wound a pseudo-bulb,
ten to one it will perish. As soon as these sheaths turn
yellow, and not before, they may be entirely removed
safely. When in that state they will easily part from
the bulb without injuring it, if carefully pulled off. When
the growths are young, whether the water is applied
with the rose or spout alone, it will generally be quite
sufficient to wet the earth or compost only round near
the edge of each pot. If the water is poured indiscrimi-
nately all over the surface of the compost, especially in
the early season of the year, the consequence will be to
endanger the young shoots. At that season, and in
that state, if the water is slushed upon the plants, it
will cause several, if not all of the tender young growths
to perish ; but as those growths begin to approach their
usual size, and the warm, long, sunshiny days prevail,

that is the critical or very time orchids require an
abundance of water.

Giving Air. — The method we recommend to give air
by is with wooden shutters, let into the wall at intervals
of 4 feet between each, on each side of the house. The
•wooden shutters, or doors, should be ai feet long by
15 inches broad. A frame of wood ought to be fitted
into the opening in the wall, to hang the shutters on.
These should swing on the centre with two iron pins, so
that when they open they will be horizontal, and let
the air into the house plentifully. When less air is re-
quired, every other aperture need only be opened, or
the shutters may be propped only half open. When they
are opened, the fresh air will rush in, and, meeting with
the pipes in its progress, will be partially heated and
softened before it comes in contact with the plants — a
point worth attending to. For nine months in the year
this way of giving air to the Indian house will be found
all that is wanted. During the three hot months of
summer, it will be necessary to give some air at the
highest part of the roof. The ridge of the house should
be made flat, about 9 inches broad, and parts of it made
movable, to lift up with an iron rod whenever the heat
of the internal air exceeds the proper degree. This is
the guide on all occasions and all seasons. When the
heat is too much, give air.

It will be found that the Mexican house requires more
frequently to have air given to it than the other, because
the plants in it do not require so much heat. To know,
at all times, when to give air, have a copy of the table
of heat for the orchid-house copied, and hung up in a
convenient place to refer to.

Resting. — To know when the bulbs are in a proper
state to go to rest may be, to our readers, of some
consequence. They ought to be strong, and, if expected
to flower, at least 3 feet high, stout, and firm, quite
to the apex. All the leaves ought to turn yellow, and
drop off in the same manner as any other annually leaf-
shedding plant ; and all this ought to take place early
in autumn. As soon as it does so, remove the plant, or
plants, into a drier and cooler house, and keep them
there until the buds at the bottom of each pseudo-bulb
begin to appear.

Cleansing the Leaves. — Take down the plant from its
high position ; if the moss or peat, whichever it may
happen to be growing in, is dry, give it a good soaking
in the cistern, the water of which is at a temperature of
70°. Whilst it is soaking, all dead leaves are to be care-
fully removed, and every part of the plant thoroughly
washed with a sponge. If the leaves are thick and
leathery, the sponge is to be rubbed over them several
times with a heavy hand. In fact, it might be called
a good scrubbing ; being careful, of course, not to injure
it. For more tender leaves we have, very lately, used
something else. We observed that the sponge, though
used ever so lightly on these tender, thin leaves, injured
them slightly. Happening to observe a piece of thick
leather, such as soldiers' belts are made of, it was taken
and wrapped round the end of a small stick, fastening
it firmly to it with some small copper wire, leaving half
an inch of it projecting beyond the stick ; it had then
the appearance of a brush made of leather. With this
instrument the leaves were washed, and it was so soft
and pliable that it did not injure the youngest or tenderest
leaf, yet effectually washed the dust and dirt off from
the leaves. This washing not only clears off the parasites
and any other obstruction, but also destroys insects,
particularly the red spider and black thrip, two of the
most pernicious enemies to orchids. Let every part of
the plants be well cleansed — leaves, stems, and pseudo-
bulbs. Not only will the plants look better, but they
will be greatly benefited in their health.

Potting. — Generally speaking, the months of January,
February, and March are the proper times ; but as there
is no rule without exceptions, some orchids require
potting at all seasons of the year. The beginner may
know when to pot his plants by this observation : When-
ever they are determined to grow, they must be potted.
The only precaution necessary to observe, in the dark
seasons, will be to use the stuff you pot them in (for it
can hardly be called soil) in a moderately dry state,
and give no water excepting a sprinkling to settle the
compost.

In the first place, have ready a quantity of broken
pots or potsherds of several sizes ; next, procure some
good turfy peat, knock it into pieces with a heavy

ORCHIDS

616

ORCHIDS

hammer, crushing the finer soil entirely out of it ; then
pass it through a fine sieve, and what remains in the
sieve is the best stuff for orchids : it is light, open, and
porous. Next, have some charcoal at hand, broken
into pieces no larger than a hen's egg, nor smaller than
a hazel nut. Another article, and you will have all you
need for pots and baskets ; this is white bog-moss, or
sphagnum, which should be partially chopped with a
sharp hatchet, and the dust also sifted out of it. We
have a great abhorrence for anything close or fine about
orchids, excepting terrestrial ones.

Having all in readiness, take your plant, turn it out
of the pot carefully, be mindful of the roots, and bruise
or injure them as little as possible. Perhaps some roots
will be found adhering very firmly to the sides of the
pot, to part them from which we have used a long, thin-
bladed knife, thrusting it carefully down between the
root and the pot. In very bad cases we have found it
necessary to break the pot ; but this must be done very
gently, or the very act of breaking may destroy the roots.
The plant being cleared from the pot, shake away all
the old compost ; then examine the roots closely, and
cut off all the dead ones. This is a convenient oppor-
tunity, also, to look after insects, especially the white
scale, the most pernicious of all vermin to orchids,
excepting, perhaps, the black thrip. With a brush clean
them all off, and wash the whole plant with strong soap-
water. Your plant is now ready for potting. Choose
a pot of the proper size : generally speaking, orchids,
to grow them well, take larger pots in proportion to
their size than any other class of plants. Let your pots
be perfectly clean both inside and out. Lay a large piece
of potsherd over the hole at the bottom of the pot ;
then place some rather smaller pieces of the same, and
over these the smallest ones. Altogether the pot ought
to be three-parts filled with this drainage. This point is
of the utmost importance, for if the plants are not super-
latively well-drained they will not thrive long or satis-
factorily. Over this drainage place a thin layer of
charcoal, and then a layer of the turfy peat, mixing with
it some broken pots and charcoal. Introduce the plant
now, and spread the roots, if many, all over the surface
of the compost, working it amongst them, gradually
filling it in till the pot is full, and keeping the body of the
plant well up ; raise the compost up about 2 or 3 inches
above the level of the edge of the pot in proportion to
its width. A small pot need not have the plant above
i inch raised, a middling plant 2 inches, and for the
largest-sized plant 3 inches will be sufficient. The whole
of the plant, pseudo-bulbs and all, excepting the roots,
ought to stand clear up above the compost. It will be
loose and ready to tumble over if of such kinds as
Caltle'yas or Dendro'biums ; to prevent which, thrust
into the compost some stout sticks, and tie each pseudo-
bulb to each stick firmly. These will secure the plant,
and give it a neat, tidy appearance.

Orchids in Baskets. — A considerable number of species
require baskets, because the flower-stems are pendent,
and, consequently, naturally require a position to allow
the flowers to grow down. In fact, some send the
flower-stems perpendicularly down through the soil or
compost. Now, if these are grown in pots, the flower-
stems run down into the soil, and there perish. It is
true they have been grown in pots on a hillock built
up 6 inches or a foot above the rim of the pot, and then
part of the flower-stems manage to find their way to
the outside of the little mound ; but a considerable
number descend straight downwards, and soon rot for
want of air and light. By growing them in baskets this
evil is prevented, and every raceme (bunch) of flowers
arrives at perfection.

The baskets should be of a size suitable for small
plants— small ones requiring only small baskets, middling
ones the middle-sized, and large ones in proportion.
The way to basket the plants is this : Have the peat or
compost prepared exactly as for potting above mentioned;
cover the bottom of the basket with a thin layer of moss-
green would do, though we prefer white, or sphagnum.
This moss is to prevent the peat from dropping through
the openings between the rods forming the bottom.
Then place a portion of peat upon the moss. In the
next place, prepare the plant by taking it out of the old
basket or pot, or perhaps off from a log. Do this as
carefully as possible, without injuring the living roots.
If the old peat, in which it has been growing, perhaps,
for years, is very hard, and the living roots are so firmly

attached to it that they cannot be detached without
breaking them, take the plant and put it into the cistern,
and let it remain there till the peat is thoroughly soaked.
Take it out, and set in some convenient place to drain
off the water. If this is done a full week before you
intend to re-basket the plant, it will be all the easier to
do ; the object being to soften the peat so as to be able
to pick away, with a small-pointed stick, as much of
the old peat as possible. Examine, also, the pseudo-
bulbs and leaves, and clean them thoroughly from dirt
and insects. Prune away all dead roots, and then the
plant will be ready to be put in its new habitation.
Place it in the middle of the basket, and fill in all round
it with the new compost. Set the basket then on the
floor, and, with the syringe held pretty close to the peat,
give it a good watering, forcing the water out of the
syringe pretty strongly : this will be found to make the
compost firm, so that future waterings will not wash it
off the basket on to the floor, or plants underneath.
One thing we would especially guard our readers against,
and that is, having the baskets made deep. Some may
have an idea that if the plants have a large lot of stuff
to grow in they will thrive better, and produce more
flowers ; but this is a mistaken notion. The roots of
orchids of this class run on the surface, or, at least, very
closely beneath it ; in truth, if the air is properly sur-
charged with moisture, the roots will prefer running
out of the compost. Frequently the long roots of Stan-
ho'peas, that push strongly, and run along the surface
of the compost, send forth fibres, not into the compost,
but, strange to say, upwards into the congenial air,
gathering, as it were, aerial food to support and feed the
plant they belong to. This proves satisfactorily enough
that deep baskets are no advantage even to the growth
of the plant, but to the flower-stems of some kinds of
Stanhopeas they are certainly injurious. We say some
kinds, such as Stanho'pea insi'gnis and its varieties,
S. tigri'na and its varieties, and all that have, like these,
short and few-flowered racemes. Such kinds as 5.
ocula'ta, Wa'rdii, and quadrico'rnisy which have long
flower-stems, may find their way through a deep basket,
but would do so easier and safer through a shallow one.

Pots.— The kind we use and prefer may be described
as a shallow, wide pot, the proportions of which are as
two, three, and five ; that is, 2 inches wide at the bottom,
3 inches deep, and 5 inches wide at the top, all inside
measure. Larger pots to be in the same proportions.
Small ones need only have one hole at the bottom ; but
it should be larger than those generally made. For
the 2-inch-wide pots at the bottom, the hole ought to be
J of an inch in diameter, the great object being to allow
the escape of water quickly. Larger pots must have
three holes, each of the same diameter. Hard-burnt
ones must be avoided for these plants, as well as for
any other. The reason why we prefer these wide, shallow
pots is, that the roots of orchids are, generally speaking,
either on the surface or very near it ; besides, a large
proportionate surface is exposed to the benefit of air
and moisture, both of which are beneficial to the roots
of an epiphyte. Terrestrial orchids, whose roots descend
deeper, will be better in the ordinary-shaped pot.

Baskets. — Various materials and forms have been used
in this necessary article. The first probably was made
of common iron wire, painted green, and the form round,
deep, and with a flat bottom. This material is almost
entirely disused, for, although the paint for a time pre-
vented them from rusting, the great moisture and heat
soon decomposed the paint, and then the wire became
oxidised, or rusty, and is then very injurious to the
roots, as well as being unsightly. Those made with
copper wire are much better, lasting longer, and are not
so injurious to the plants. The only objection we know
of is the expense. Where that is no consideration, we
should have no great objection to their adoption. Baskets
have also been made of earthenware ; but, if there was
no other objection, their great weight would be sufficient
to set them aside as bad. We have tried all these, and
have come to the conclusion that baskets made of
wooden rods are the best for this purpose. We mentioned
before, that the most ornamental are made of corrugated
or rough-barked maple rods ; but, as these are not always
to be met with, hazel rods may be used, and make excel-
lent baskets. Teak wood baskets are the most durable,
and are now very extensively employed. The way we
make them is simple enough. First, the rods are sawn
into proper lengths. The smallest we use are about the

ORCHIDS

617

ORCHIS

thickness of a man's middle finger. With this size, the
smallest baskets are made. These are 7 inches wide,
and three rods deep. In this size, small Stanho'peas,
and small plants of Ae' rides, Saccola'biums, Va'ndas,
Gongo'ros, &c., are grown. For larger plants, larger
baskets are made, and thicker rods used. The largest
we ever had occasion to make was for a fine plant of
Ae' rides odora'ta. This plant is 4 feet high, and 2$ feet
through. The rods used for it are nearly as thick as a
moderate-sized man's wrist. The basket is 2 feet square,
which is the shape we prefer, as being the most simple
and easiest made. When the rods are sawn into lengths,
the ends are pared smooth with a knife ; then small
holes are bored through each, one at each end, as near
it as possible without splitting. The instrument used to
bore the holes with is a very small steel rod, about
6 inches long, with a wooden handle ; it is filed to a
point at the end intended to bore the hole with. We
find it convenient to have two or three, for a reason we
shall state presently. After a certain number of rods
are cut and smoothened, they are taken to a place
where there is a small, clear, red fire ; the sharp end of
one of the borers is put into it about i inch. As soon
as that is red hot, the other is put in, the heated one
drawn and thrust into the rod very near the end, and
held there as long as it continues to burn its way without
much pressure. If too much force is used, the wood
will be apt to split. As soon, therefore, as the instrument
ceases to burn its way through, it is replaced in the fire.
The other by this time will be red also ; this is then
taken out of the fire, and applied to the hole. This
operation is thus performed with each bore alternately
till the hole is made through the rod. The description
of this operation takes up considerably more time than
the operation itself. It is quickly and easily done, as
any of our readers may prove on trial. After as many
rods are bored as may be wanted at one time, the next
thing is to put them together. The articles necessary
for this are some copper wire and a few flat-headed
copper nails. Each basket will require four lengths of
wire, the length of each to be in proportion to the size
of the basket they are intended for. They should be
long enough to meet at least 8 inches above the top of
the smaller-sized baskets, and from a foot to 18 inches
above the larger ones. At the end of each piece of wire
make a loop so large that it will not draw through the
holes ; then lay the first two rods, and upon them, for
the smallest basket, lay three others ; nail these three
to the two outside rods, thus forming a sort of raft, to
use a nautical term for want of a better ; turn this over,
and underneath it put two other rods, to form the other
two sides of the basket ; then draw the four pieces of
wire through the holes at each corner, the looped end
being underneath. Continue to lay a pair of rods alter-
nately, drawing the wire through each till the basket
is of the required depth. The smallest size, three rods
deep ; the two next, four deep, and so on. When that
is done, make four small pointed pegs, and drive them
into each hole at the four corners. This will fasten the
rods in their places, and prevent them from ever starting
upwards ; then draw the wires together at the top,
twisting each pair over each other, and fasten them with
a piece of fine wire. Your basket is now complete and
ready for use.

Logs. — None are so good as the wood of the Acacia,
commonly so called, but which really is the Robi'nia
Pseu'd-aca'cia. Its wood is firm, and does not soon
decay. The next best is the oak, and teak is equally or
more durable. In all cases we strongly recommend the
removal of the bark ; our objection to retaining it being,
that it only serves as a hiding-place for wood-lice, small
snails, and various destructive insects, besides retaining
in winter too great a quantity of moisture. The wood
should be procured a year before it is used, and then the
bark will come off very easily. We except cork wood,
which we think very good when it can be procured
readily for this purpose ; and the bark of cork suits the
orchids well, and, unlike the others, does not rot so
soon, and, consequently, has not the objection to its
use of being a receptacle for vermin. The best wood for
baskets is the rough-barked, common maple. The
branches of this tree make the handsomest baskets ; but
as it is not so plentiful as the hazel, the latter is the sort
we recommend. Some object to baskets of this descrip-
tion on account of their soon perishing. This we con-
sider no objection at all, but rather an advantage ; for

as soon as the basket is decayed the plant has grown so
large that it requires a new one, and the rotten sticks
of which the old basket is made are more easily broken
and removed than sounder ones.

ORCHIDA'NTHA. (From orchis, and anthos, a flower ;
the flowers resemble those of an Orchis. Nat. ord.
ScitaminaceaB.)

Dwarf stove perennial herb. Divisions in spring.
Fibrous loam, peat, or leaf-mould, some nodules of
charcoal and sand.

O. bornee'nsis (Bornean). i-ij. Sepals yellowish,
purplish ; petals blackish-violet. Borneo. 1886.

ORCffl'DIUM AMERICA'NTJM, 0. A'RCTICTJM, and
0. BOREA'LE. See CALYPSO BOREALIS.

O'RCHIS. (From orchis, testiculate ; referring to the
two oblong, bulb-like tubers of many of the species.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria,
i-Monandria.)

Chiefly an European genus of ground-orchids. Seeds,
as in Ophrys, when obtainable ; division of the clumps of
tuberous roots, though they do not relish transplanting
well ; it should be done when the plants are in a dormant
state or just commencing to grow. The British species
are chiefly found on chalky hills, and in pastures where
calcareous matter abounds. The exotic kinds like an
addition of fibrous peat. The tender ones, in fact all,
when cultivated, should be treated as alpines ; those
found in rich pastures require a moister situation.
0. acumina'ta (pointed- flowered). See O. TRIDENTATA.
„ anato'lica (Anatolian). Asia Minor, &c.
,, bifo'lia (two-leaved). See HABENARIA BIFOLIA.
„ cilia'ris (eye-lashed). See HABENARIA CILIARIS.
,, cine'rea (grey). See O. MILITARIS.
„ comperia'na (Comperian). Taurus.
„ corio'phora (bug-bearing), i. Brown. June. Swit-
zerland. 1825. " Bug Orchis."
„ ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). See O. LAXIFLORA.
,, folio'sa (leafy-spiked), i. Purple. May. Madeira.
„ fra'grans (fragrant). See O. CORIOPHORA.
,, fu'sca (dusky). See O. PURPUREA.
,, fusce'scens (drying-brown) See HABENARIA HER-

BIOLA.
„ globo'sa (round-sorted). |. Purple. June. Austria.

1792.

„ Halle'ri (Haller's). See O. GLOBOSA.
„ hirci'na (goat's). 1-2. Dull green, white, purple.

June. Europe (England). " Lizard Orchis."
„ „ roma'na( Roman). Lip rosy-purple. Rome. 1871.
„ ibe'rica (Iberian). White. June. Caucasus. 1819.
„ incarna' ta (flesh-coloured), i. Flesh-coloured. June.

Europe (Britain).

„ la'ctea (milky). See O. TRIDENTATA.
„ Lago'tis (hare's-ear). See O. LATIFOLIA LAGOTIS.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved), i. Pink. June. Britain.

" Marsh Orchis."

„ „ Barto'ni (Barton's). Ireland. 1880.
,, „ Lago'tis (hare's-ear). Purple. Piedmont. 1869.
„ laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). J. Purple. June.

Europe. 1820.
„ longibractea' ta (long-brae ted), il. Purple. May.

Sicily. 1818.
„ longico'rnu (long-horned). J. Purple. May. Bar-

bary. 1815.

„ longicru'ris (long-shanked) . Pale purple. May. Medi-
terranean region.
„ ma' era (lean). See O. SIMIA.
„ macula'ta (spotted). i£. Flesh. June. Britain,

" Spotted Orchis."
„ maja'lis (May). See O. LATIFOLIA.
„ ma'scula (male-early) . i. Purple. May. Britain.
„ „ a'lba (white). White. Europe (Britain).
„ milita'ris (military), i. Purple. May. Switzerland

(England). 1825.

„ „ ve'ra (true). Purple. May. Switzerland. 1825.
,, monophyila (one-leaved), i. Pale purple with darker

spots. Burma. 1898.

, Mo'rio (buffoon). J. Purple. May. Britain.
, NicodSmi (Nicodemus's). See O. MORIO.
, pa' liens (pale). Light yellow. May. Europe. 1825.
, palma'ta (hand). See O. LATIFOLIA.
, papiliona' cea (butterfly), ij. Purple. April. Rome.

1788.

„ pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). Yellow ; lip sometimes
spotted. Italy.

ORCHIS, BEE

618 ORITHYIA OXYPETALA

O. provincia'lis (province). J. Purple, yellow. June.

Mediterranean region. 1825.
„ „ pauciflo'ra. (few-flowered). }. Purple. July.

Italy. 1825.
„ pseu'do-sambu'cina (false-elder-swt^/mg). J. Purple.

April. Italy. 1828.
„ „ lute'scens (pale yellow), f. Yellow. June. Italy.

1828.
„ purpu'rea (purple), i. Purple. June. Europe

(England).
„ quadripuncta'ta (four-spotted). J. Purple. April.

Italy. 1828.

„ robertia'na (Robertian^. See O. LONGIBRACTEATA.
,, ru'bra (red). See O. PAPILIONACEA.
„ sacca'ta (pouched). \. Purple. April. Sicily. 1828.
„ satnbu'cina (elder-scented). |. Yellow. April.

Switzerland. 1825.

„ sepulchra'lis (sepulchral). Asia Minor.
„ Si'mia (Simla), ij. Pale purple. May. Europe

(England).
„ „ densiflo'ra (dense-flowered), i. Purple, white.

May. Europe.

„ specta'bilis (showy). Pink. June. N. Amer. 1801.
„ stabia'na a'lba (Stabian- white). See O. MASCULA

ALBA.

„ sulphu'rea (sulphur). See O. FALLENS.
,, tephrosa'nthos (ash-coloured-flowered). See O. SIMIA.
„ tridenta'ta, (three-toothed). i. Purple. May.

Europe. 1815.
„ undula'ta (wavy), i. Pale purple. December.

Sicily. 1818.

,, undulatifo'lia (wavy-leaved). See O. LONGICRURIS.
„ ustula'ia (scorched). \. Purple. May. England.
„ variega'ta (variegated). See O. TRIDENTATA.

ORCHIS, BEE. O'phrys api'fera.

ORCHIS, BUG. O'rchis corio'phora.

ORCHIS, FLY. O'phrys musci'fera.

ORCHIS, GREEN-WINGED. O'rchis Mo' rio.

ORCHIS, HUMBLE-BEE. O'phrys bombyliflo'ra.

ORCHIS, LIZARD. O'rchis hirci'na.

ORCHIS, MADEIRA. O'rchis folio's*.

ORCHIS, MARSH. O'rchis latifo'lia.

ORCHIS, MILITARY. O'rchis mili la' r is.

ORCHIS, SPIDER. O'phrys arani'fera.

ORCHIS, SPOTTED. O'rchis macula' ta.

ORKLIA GRANDIFLORA. See ALLAMANDACATHAR-

TICA.

OREO'COME CANDO LLII. See SELINUM CANDOLLII.
OREODA'PHNE BULLA'TA. See OCOTEA BULLATA.

OREODO'XA. (From oros, oreos, a mountain, and
doxa, glory ; in allusion to the stately character of the
trees and their habitat. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove Palms, with pinnate leaves. Seeds. Fibrous
loam, one-third peat and sand.

O. acumina'ta (long-pointed). See EUTERPE ACUMINATA.
„ borinque'na (Borinquen). 50-80. Trunk slender,

ivory-white. Porto Rico. 1908.
,, granate'nsis (New Granadan). Colombia. 1880.
„ olera' cea (pot-herb). 100. W. Ind. 1656. "Cabbage

Palm."

,, re'gia (royal). 50. Cuba and Panama. 1836.
„ Sanco'na (Sancona). 100. Colombia. 1847.
,, ventrico'sa (swollen). See GAUSSIA GHIESBREGHTII.

OREO PANAX. (From oros, oreos, a mountain, and
partake or panakeia, a panacea, or universal medicine ;
literally, the mountain Panax. Nat. ord. Araliaceae.)

Evergreen stove or greenhouse trees of moderate
stature with palmate leaves. Cuttings in sand in a close
case with bottom-heat, or by grafting on roots. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.
O. andrea'num (Andrean). Green. Andes of Ecuador.

1882. Greenhouse.
,, argenta'tum (silvery). Colombia.
„ capita'tum (headed). Green. August. S. Amer.

1779.

„ caialpcefo'lium (Catalpa-leaved). See O. CAPITATUM.
„ dactylifo'lium (finger-leaved). Mexico (?). 1864.

0. epremesnilia'num (Epremesnilian). Country un-
known. 1882. Greenhouse.

„ Linde'nii (Linden's). Green. September. Colombia.
1854.

,, peduncula' turn (stalked). Country unknown.

,, pelta'tum (shield-shaped). Mexico. 1859.

,, platanifo'lium (plane-leaved). White. S. Amer.

,, reticula'ta (netted). Leaves dark green, with lighter
veins. S. Amer.

,, sanderia'num (Sanderian). Small, green. Leaves
three-lobed. Guatemala. 1892.

„ Thibau'tii (Thibaut's). Greenish, in small globose
heads. Mexico. 1862.

„ xalape'nse (Xalapan). White. Mexico. 1817.

ORGYI'A ANTTQUA. Vapourer Moth. The cater-
pillars of this moth feed on the leaves of cherries, pears,
hawthorn, roses, and many other trees belonging to the
rose family, and are exceedingly destructive, defoliating
the trees when present in large numbers. The singular-
looking caterpillar may readily be recognised by the
brushes of long hairs, extending forwards and backwards
on its back, recalling the hop-dog, but smaller. The male
is a small reddish-brown moth, with a white spot near
the hinder angle of each fore-wing, and may often, even
in the streets of London, be seen flitting about in a
desultory manner looking at brightly coloured flowers.
The female has only rudimentary wings. The conspicu-
ous caterpillars may readily be hand-picked. Spraying
with arsenate of lead is also a sure remedy. The yellowish
cocoons may be found attached to a great variety of
plants in the garden during winter, and, as they are
usually covered with woolly matter and a mass of eggs,
they should be collected and burnt.

ORI'GANUM. Marjoram. (From oros, mountain, and
ganos, beauty ; referring to the natural places of growth.
Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiatae]. Linn. \\-Didynamia, i-
Gymnospermia.)

The following are all hardy herbaceous perennials.
Seeds, division of the roots, and cuttings ; sandy soil.
See MARJORAM.

0. eegypti'acum (Egyptian). See O. MARU.
„ crassifo'liumi thick-leaved). Purplish. June. Levant.
„ Dicta'mnus (Dictamnus). i. Pink. July. Candia.

1551. " Dittany of Crete."
„ heracleo' ticum (bastard- winter-sweet). i. White.

August. S.Europe. 1640. " Winter Marjoram."
,, horte'nse (garden). See O. MAJORANA.
„ hy'bridum (hybrid). $-1. Pink. July, August. Asia

Minor. 1770.

,, libano' ticum (Lebanon), i. Pink. Syria.
„ Majora'na (marjoram). 1-2. Pale purple. June,

July. Europe. 1573. " Sweet or Summer Mar-
joram."

„ majoranoi'des (Majorana-like). See O. MAJORANA.
„ Ma'ru (mastic), i. Pink. June. Syria and Arabia.

i73i-
„ microphy'llum (small-leaved), i. Pink. June, July.

Crete.

„ nervo'sum (large-nerved). See O. MARU.
,, norma'le (normal). See O. VULGARE.
„ Oni'tes (Onites). i. Whitish. August. Mediter-
ranean. 1759. " Pot Marjoram."
,, pulche'llum (pretty) of gardens. See O. HYBRIDUM.
,, pu'lchrum (beautiful). J-i. Pink. June, July.

Greece.
,, sipy'leum (Mount Sipylus). i. Pink. August.

Levant. 1699.

,, stoloni' ferum (runner-bearing). See O. VULGARE.
„ Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). i. Pink. August.

Grecian Archipelago. 1788.
„ vulga're (common). 2. Pink. August. Britain.

" Common Marjoram," or " Wild Marjoram."
„ ,, flo're a'lbo (white-flowered), i. White. June.

Britain.

„ ,, hu' mile (dwarf), i. Purple. June. Asia. 1818.
,, ,, megasta'chyum (long-spiked). 1-2. Spikes

oblong. Bracts dark purple. England.
„ „ prisma' ticum (prism -shaped). White. July.

Mediterranean.
,, „ vi'rens (green), i. Purple. June. Portugal.

ORITHALI'A. SeeAGALMYLA.

ORITHYI'A OXYPE'TALA. See TULJPA UNIFLORA.

ORIXA JAPONICA

619

ORNITHOGALUM

ORI'XA JAPO'NICA. See CELASTRUS ORIXA.

ORMOCA'RPUM. (From ormos, a necklace, and
karpos, a fruit ; in allusion to the beaded character of
the pods. Nat. ord. Leguminosas.)

Stove shrub. Cuttings of young shoots getting firm
at the base, in sand, in a close case. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand.

O. coronilloi'des (Coronilla-like). See O. SENNOIDES.
„ sennoi'des (Senna-like). 3. White or pale yellow.
May. Asia and Trop. Africa.

ORMO'SIA. Bead-tree. (From ormos, a necklace ;
referring to the seeds of 0. cocci'nea, which are scarlet,
with a dark spot, which are strung for necklaces. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. lo-De-
candria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Sophora.)

Stove evergreen trees, blue-flowered. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-
heat, in May ; sandy, fibrous peat, and a little loam.
Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
0. cocci'nea (scailet-seeded) . 10. July. Guiana. 1823.
„ dasyca'rpa( thick- fruited). 10. June. W. Ind. 1793.

ORNITHA'RIUM STRIA'TDLUM. See SARCOCHILUS

TERES.

ORNITHTDIUM. (From ornis, ornithos, a bird, and
eidos, like. Nat. ord. Orchidacea.)

Stove epiphytical orchids, with small flowers of no
great beauty, though interesting. Division at the com-
mencement of growth. Fibre of peat, sphagnum, and
crocks in baskets.

0. a'lbum (white). See CAMARIDIUM OCHROLEUCUM.
„ bi' color (two-coloured). J-i. Bright yellow; lip with

crimson blotch. Colombia. 1909.
„ cocci'neum (scarlet). J-i. Deep red. June. W. Ind.

1790.

„ confe'rtum (crowded). £. W. Ind.
„ de'nsum (dense). £. White, pale purple. Mexico.

1836.

,, fra'grans (fragrant). Whitish, suffused purple, frag-
rant. 1894.

„ parviflo'rum (small-flowered). £. Venezuela.
,, na'num (dwarf). ^. Yellowish, small. W. Ind.

1894.
„ ochra'ceum (ochre). Ochraceous, with a few purple

spots. Colombia. 1887.

,, Sophroni'tis (Sophronitis) . $. Scarlet. Colombia.
„ struma'tum (tubered). White. Costa Rica. 1874.

ORNITHOCE'PHALUS. (From ornis, ornithos, a bird,
and kephale, a head ; the column, anther, and rostellum
resembling a bird's head. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical orchids. Divisions at the com-
mencement of growth. Peat-fibre, sphagnum, and crocks
in small baskets.
0. grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). J. White, green.

Brazil. 1882.
,, multiflo'rus (many-flowered). £. White; crest bright

green. Brazil. 1901.

„ Obero'nia (Oberonia). i. Yellow, white. Trinidad.
1869.

ORNITHOCHTLUS. (From ornis, ornithos, a bird,
and cheilos, a lip ; the lip being like the tongue of a bird.
Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical orchid. Divisions in spring. Peat-
fibre, sphagnum, and crocks in small baskets.
0. fu'scus (dusky). Dusky-yellow, reddish-purple.
Burma. 1865.

ORNITHO GALUM. Star of Bethlehem. ( From ornis,
a bird, and gala, milk. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Pretty bulbous plants, white-flowered, where not
otherwise specified. Offsets; sandy loam and a little
leaf-mould for the hardy kinds ; a little peat added for
those that require a cold pit in winter. If the latter are
planted out in a dry border, the border must be protected
from wet and frost during winter, or the bulbs taken up,
and kept in drawers or bags where no frost will reach
them.

HARDY BULBS.
0. arcua'tum (arched). White. Caucasus.

0.

armeni'acum (Armenian).
Minor. 1879.

White, green. Asia

Bert-olo'nii (Bertoloni's). See O. EXSCAPUM.
bouchea'num (Bouchean). See O. NUTANS BOUCHB-

ANUM.

brachy' stachys (short-spiked). March. Dahuria. 1821.
bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). See GAGE A BULBIFERA.
como'sum (tufted). ^. July. Austria. 1596.
conci'nnum (neat). See O. UNIFOLIUM.
cuspida'tum (short-pointed). J. Greenish- white.

March. Mesopotamia. 1843.
divaricaf turn (spreading). See CHLOROGALUM POMERI-

DIANUM.

dive' r gens (diverging). White. Europe.
exsca'pum (stemless). £. May. Italy. 1824.
fimbria' turn (fringed). £. February. Asia Minor.

1820.
glaucophy'llum (sea-green-leaved). White. Asia

Minor. 1875.

Gusso'nii (Gusson's). See O. TENUIFOLIUM.
Hausskne'chtii (Haussknecht's). J. White, green.

Asia Minor. 1897.

horte'nse (garden). " See O. UMBELLATUM.
la'cteum (milky) of Vill. See O. NARBONENSE.
lanceola' turn (lance-shaped). White. Syria.

„ oliga'nfha (few-flowered). Flowers few.
latifo'lium (broad- leaved). 3. White. June.

Egypt, &c. 1629.

margina'tum (white-edged). See O. CUSPIDATUM.
monta'num (mountain), j. May. Italy. 1824.
na'num (dwarf). £. White, green on the back.

March. Greece and Asia Minor. 1843.
narbone'nse(Narbonue). i£. July. S.Europe. 1810.
„ pyramida'le (pyramidal). 2-3. White, green.

June. Spain. 1752.
nu'tans (nodding). |. June. Britain.

,, bouchea'num (Bouchean).
oligophy'llum (few-leaved). J. White, green. Greece,

Asia Minor, &c.

orthophy'llum (straight-leaved). White, green. Italy.
pa'tulum (spreading). See O. MONTANUM.
paucifto'rum (few-flowered). See O. EXSCAPUM.
pyramida'le (pyramidal). See O. NARBONENSE PYRA-

M I DALE.

pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 2. Green. June. England.

" Bath Asparagus."

„ flave'scens (yellowish). Pale yellow. July. Hun-
gary. 1823.

refra'ctum (broken-back). See O. DIVERGENS.

roegneria'num (Rregnerian). See O. FIMBRIATUM.

soro'rium (sisterly). White. Cilicia. 1875.

squamo'sum (scaly). See SCILLA LILIO-HYACINTHUS.

Squi'lla (SquiUa). See URGINEA SCILLA.

stachyoi'des (Stachys-like). See O. NARBONENSE.

sulfu'reum (sulphur). See O. PYRENAICUM FLAVESCENS.

tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). i. White. April.
S. Europe. &c. 1819.

tri'gynum (three-styled). See O. NARBONENSE.

umbella'tum (umbelled). i. May. England.
,, Leichtli'nii (Leichth'n's).

unifo'lium (one-leaved), i- Green. June. Spain
and Portugal. 1797.

GREENHOUSE BULBS.
acumina'tum (long-pointed). See O. ECKLOXI

ACUMINATUM.

albovi'rens (whitish-green), i-ij. Dull white, with

green rib on back. Natal. 1878.
allia'ceum (onion-Uke). £. September. Chili. 1821.
ano'malum (anomalous). See DRIMIA ANOMALA.
apertiflo'rum (open-flowered). i£. Greenish-white.

Orient. 1889.

ara'bicum (Arabian), i^. May. Egypt. 1629.
auranti'acum (orange). |. Bright orange-yellow.

S. Africa. 1878.

au'reum (golden). See O. THYRSOIDES AUREUM.
barba'tum (bearded), i. June. S. Africa. 1795.
Be'rgii (Bergius). White, green. March. S. Africa.

1816.
bifio'rum (twin-flowered). i^. April. Peru and

Chili. 1831.

bifo'lium (two-leaved). See O. BIFLORUM.
calcara'tum (spurred), i. White, green on back.

September. S. Africa. 1874.

capi ta' turn (headed). White, purple. S.Africa. 1863.
cauda'tum (tailed). 3. White, green. May. S.

Africa. 1774.

ORNITHOGLOSSUM

620

OROBUS

O. chlora'nthum (green-flowered), i. Dull green. S.

Africa. 1875.

„ chloral eu' cum (greenish- white) . See O. BIFLORUM.
„ cilia' turn (hair-fringed). See URGINEA CILIATA.
„ coarcta' turn (compressed- flowered) . ij. White, green.

June. S. Africa. 1804.
„ co'nicum (conical). See O. COARCTATUM.
„ corymbo'sum (corymbed). See O. ARABICUM.
„ crenula'tum (scolloped). £. April. S. Africa. 1816.
„ Ecklo'ni (Ecklon's). 2. White, green on back. Trop.

and S. Africa.
„ „ acumina'tum (long-pointed). 2. White, green on

back. Algoa Bay. 1862.
„ ela'tum (tall). 3. March. Egypt. 1804.
„ flavi'ssimum (yellowest). See O. THYRSOIDES.
,, fusca'tum (dull). J. Grey. June. S. Africa. 1820.
„ geminifio'rum (twin-flowered). See O. BIFLORUM.
,, gra'cile (slender). See O. LACTEUM.
,, grami'neum (grassy). See NOTHOSCORDUM STRIATUM

STRIATELLUM.

„ graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). J. White. July.

S. Africa.

„ hi'spidum (bristly). J. June. S. Africa. 1824.
„ humifufsum (spread-on-ground). $. White, green on

back. S. Africa. 1874.

„ ixioi'des (Ixia-like). See BRODI^EA IXIOIDES.
„ iuncifo'lium (rush-leaved) of Jacquin. J. July.

S. Africa. 1794.
„ iuncifo'lium (rush-leaved) of Ker-Gawler. See O.

GRAMINIFOLIUM.

„ la'cteum (milk-white) of Jacquin. i. June. S.

Africa. 1796.
„ longebractea' turn (long-bracted) . 2. May. S. Africa.

1817. " Onion Plant " of windows.
„ „ variega' turn ( variegated). Greenish. Leaves varie-
gated.

„ macula'tum (spotted). 4. May. S. Africa. 1823.
„ Melle'ri (Meller's). See ALBWA MELLERI.
„ minia'tum (red-stained). See O. THYRSOIDES.
„ natale'nse (Natal). £. White. Natal, at altitude of

6800 feet. 1893.

„ ni'veum (snowy). J. May. S. Africa. 1774.
„ nota'tum (brown-marked). See O. MACULATUM.
„ odora'tum (sweet-scented). See O. SUAVEOLENS.
„ ova'tum (egg-shaped), i. May. S. Africa. 1824.
„ Pater f ami' lias (father-of-family). White. S. France.
„ pilo'sum (shaggy), i. May. S. Africa. 1826.
» Polyphy'llum (many-leaved). See O. TUBEROSUM.
„ prasi'num (leek-green). Leek-green. S. Africa.
„ revolu'tum (rolled-backwards). i. White; centre

olive-brown. March. S. Africa.
„ ,, ma'jor (larger). Flowers larger. S. Africa.
„ rupe'stre (rock). \. May. S. Africa. 1795.
„ Saunde'rsice (Mrs. Saunders's). 3. White, tinted

green on back. S. Africa. 1891.
„ schlechteria'num (Schlechterian). S. Africa.
„ scilloi'des (Scilla-like). i. White. S. Africa.
„ secu'ndum (side-flowering). See URGINEA SECUNDA.
„ Squi'lla (squill-like). See URGINEA SCILLA.
„ Sternbe'rgii (Sternberg's). See GAGEA MINIMA.
„ suave'olens( sweet-seen ted). £. June. S.Africa. 1788.
,, subula'tum (awl-shaped). £. White, green on back.

September. S. Africa. 1874.
„ tene'llum (delicate). \. June. S. Africa. 1818.
„ thyrsoi'des (thyrse-like). ij. Yellow. June. S.

Africa. 1757.
„ „ au'reum (golden), i. Golden-yellow. June. S.

Africa. 1790.
„ „ flaye'scens (yellowish), ij. Yellow. June. S.

Africa. 1800.
„ tubero'sum (tuberous). £. White. June. S. Africa.

1824.

„ vi'rens (green). i-iL White. June. S.Africa. 1823.
„ vitta'tum (striped). J-i. Yellow, with green ribs.

June. S. Africa. 1802.

ORNITHOGLO'SSUM. (From ornis, ornithos, a bird,
and glossa, a tongue; the petals being shaped like a
bird's tongue. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Greenhouse bulbs. Seeds; offsets. Loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.

0. glau'cum (sea-green). £. Green, edged brownish-
purple. December. S. Africa. 1824.
„ „ undula'tum (wavy), i. Green and purple edge.

July. S. Africa. 1814.
„ „ vi'ride (green) J. Green. S. Africa.

ORNITHO'PTERIS. See PTERIS.

ORNI'THOPUS. Bird's-foot. (From ornis, a bird, and
POUS, a foot ; referring to the claw-like seed-pods. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. iJ-Dia-
delphia, 4-Decandria.)

Low-growing, yellow, pea-blossomed, hardy annuals.
Seed, sown in the garden-border in March.
O. du'rus (hard). $. July. Portugal. 1816.
„ ebractea'tus (bractless). $. July. S.Europe. 1700.
„ perpusi'llus (very-small). |. White, red. June.

Britain.
„ „ nodo'sus (very-small-knotted). J. White, red.

May. France.

„ repa'ndus (wavy-leaved). See CORONILLA REPANDA.
„ sati'vus (cultivated), i. June. Spain. " Serra-

della."
„ scnrpioi'des (scorpion-like). See CORONILLA SCOR-

PIOIDES.
„ tetraphy'llus (four-leaved). See ZORNIA BRACTEATA.

ORNITHOXA'NTHUM. See GAGEA.
ORNI'TROPHE. See SCHMIDELIA.

O'RNUS. Flowering Ash. (From oreinos, ancient
name of the Ash ; applied on account of the resemblance
and affinity. Nat. ord. Oliveworts [Oleaceae]. Linn.
z-Diandria, i-Monogynia. See FRAXINUS.)
O. america'na (American). See FRAXINUS ORNUS.
„ europa'a (European). See FRAXINUS ORNUS.
„ floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). See FRAXINUS FLORI-

BUNDA.
,, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). See FRAXINUS ROTUNDI-

FOLIA.
„ stria' ta (channelled). See FRAXINUS STRIGATA.

O'ROBUS. Bitter Vetch. (From oro, to excite, and
bous, an ox ; nourishing food. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria.
See LATHYRUS.)

O. a'lbus (white- flowered) . See LATHYRUS PANNONICUS.
,, alpe'stris (rock). See LATHYRUS ALPESTRIS.
„ america'nus (American). See ABRUS PRECATORIUS.
„ angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). See LATHYRUS ANGUS-

TIFOLIUS.

, a'tro-purpu'reus (dark purple). See VICIA SICULA.
, aura'ntius (orange). See VICIA AURANTIA.
, cane'scens (hoary). See LATHYRUS FILIFORMIS.
, cocci'neus (scarlet). See LATHYRUS SPH^ERICUS.
„ uni'jugus (paired). See LATHYRUS SPH^RICDS
UNIJUGUS.

,, divarica'tus (spreading). See LATHYRUS MONTANUS.
,, ere'ctus (erect). See VICIA TRUNCATULA.
„ filifo'rmis (thread-formed). See LATHYRUS FILI-
FORMIS.

,, Fische'ri (Fischer's). See VICIA SICULA.
„ formo'sus (beautiful). See PISUM FORMOSUM.
„ hirsu'tus (hairy). See LATHYRUS HIRSUTUS.
,, hu'milis (humble). See LATHYRUS ALTAICUS.
„ Jorda'ni (Jordan's). See LATHYRUS JORDANI.
,, la'cteus (milk-white). See LATHYRUS PANNONICUS.
„ Iceviga'tus (smooth). See LATHYRUS MONTANUS.
„ lathyroi'des (Lathyrus-like). See VICIA UNIJUGA.
„ laxifio'rus (loose-flowered). SeeLATHYRos HIRSUTUS.
„ longifo'lius (long- leaved) . See ASTRAGALUS PICTUS.
„ lu'teus (yellow). See LATHYRUS LUTEUS.
„ macrorrhi'zus (large-rooted). See LATHYRUS MON-
TANUS.

,, multiflo'rus (many-flowered). See LATHYRUS VENOSUS.
,, ni'ger (black). See LATHYRUS NIGER.
„ ochroleu'cus (yellowish- white). See LATHYRUS

OCHROLEUCUS.

„ palle'scens (palish). See LATHYRUS FILIFORMIS.

„ pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). See LATHYRUS PAUCI-

FLORUS.

„ pisifo'rmis (pea-formed). See LATHYRUS PISIFORMIS.
„ pyrena'icus (Pyrenean). See LATHYRUS MONTANUS.
„ saxa'tilis (rock). See LATHYRUS CILIATUS.
„ sessilifo'lius (stalkless- leaved). See LATHYRUS SES-

SIL1FOLIUS.

„ stipula'ceus (stipuled). See LATHYRUS VENOSUS.

,, sylva'ticus (wood). See VICIA OROBUS.

„ tenuifo'lius (fine-leaved). See LATHYRUS MONTANUS

TENUIFOLIUS.

„ Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). See LATHYRUS MON-
TANUS (?).

ORONTIUM

621

OSMANTHUS

O. tubero'sus (tuberous). See LATHYRUS MONTANUS.
„ variega'tus (variegated). See LATHYRUS VARIEGATUS.
„ va'rius (various). See LATHYRUS PANNONICUS.
„ vene'tus (Venetian). See LATHYRUS VENETUS.
,, veno'sus (veiny). See LATHYRUS VENOSUS.
„ ve'rnus (spring). See LATHYRUS VERNUS.
„ „ ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). See LATHYRUS VERNUS

CARNEUS.

„ vicioi'des (vetch-like). See VICIA OROBOIDES.

ORO'NTTUM. (An old Greek name for a plant that
grew on the banks of the Orontes. Nat. ord.
Araceas.)

Perennial, aquatic or bog plant. Divisions. Good
loamy soil and leaf-mould.
O. aqua'ticum (aquatic). Spathe pale green; spadix

yellow. May, June. N. Amer. " Golden Club."
„ japo'nicum (Japanese). See ROHDEA JAPONICA.

OROTHA'MNUS ZE'YHERI. See MIMETES ZEYHERI.

ORO'XYLTJM. (From oros, a mountain, and xulon,
wood. Nat. ord. Bignoniaceas.)

Stove and greenhouse trees with handsome foliage and
flowers. Seeds ; cuttings in sand in a close case, with
bottom-heat for 0. i'ndicum. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould,
and sand.
0. fla'vum (yellow). 20-50. Yellow, in panicles. China.

„ i'ndicum (Indian). 40. White, purple. Trop. Asia.

1775-

ORPHANIDE'SIA. (A commemorative name, Orphan-
ides. Nat. ord. Ericaceae. Allied to Epigaea.)

A dwarf, prostrate leafy, hardy shrub. Layers. Loam
and peat.
0. gaultherioi'des (Gaultheria-like). White. Asia Minor.

1891.

O'RPHIUM. (From Orpheus, of Greek mythology.
Nat. ord. Gentianaceag.)

A dwarf, evergreen greenhouse shrub. Cuttings in
sand, under a bell-glass, with gentle heat. Loam, peat,
and sand.
0. frute'scens (shrubby). 1-2. Red. S. Africa. 1756.

ORTGIE'SIA. (Ortgies, a commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Bromeliaceas.)

Stove herbs, with stiff, or rigid leaves in vasiform tufts.
Seeds ; suckers. Fibrous loam, peat, both turfy, some
nodules of charcoal, and sand.
0. legrellia'na (Legrellian). £. Red, purple. S. Amer.

1865.

„ tillandsioi'des (Tillandsia-like). |. Red. Brazil and
Uruguay. 1860.

ORTHOCA'RPUS. (From orthos, straight, and karpos,
a fruit. Nat. ord. Scrophulariacea?.)

Half-hardy annuals. Seeds. Sow in a frame in light
soil and plant out in May.

0. eria'nthus (woolly), i. Cream. June. N. Amer.
„ „ ro'seus (rosy), i. Purple.

„ purpura' scens (purple). J. Bracts, calyx and corolla
purple. California.

ORTHO'CERAS. (From orthos, straight, and keras, a
horn. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Greenhouse terrestrial orchid. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand.

0. Sola'ndri (Solander's). See O. STRICTUM.
,, stri'ctum (upright). 1-2. Greenish-yellow. Australia
and New Zealand.

ORTHOCHTLUS. See EULOPHIA.

ORTHOPO'GON HIRTE'LLUS and 0. LOLIA'CEUS.

See OPLISMENUS COMPOSITUS.

ORTHO'SIPHON. (From orthos, straight, and siphon,
a tube ; referring to the tube of the flower. Nat. ord.
Labiates [Labiatae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-Gymno-
spermia. Allied to Ocimum.)

Division of herbaceous, or cuttings of the young shoots,
when growth is commencing ; cuttings of half-ripened
shoots of the evergreens ; sandy loam and fibrous peat ;
common stove and greenhouse treatment.
O. a'sperus (rough). See COLEUS BARBATUS.
„ incu'rvus (bent-in). i. Pale scarlet. May. Hima-
laya. 1839. Stove evergreen.

0. rubicu'ndus (ruddy). Purple. June. India and
Burma. 1826. Greenhouse evergreen.

ii ii virga'tus (twiggy). Blue. June. India. 1826.
Greenhouse evergreen.

„ stami'neus (long-stamened). 2. Lilac. July. E. Ind.;
Malaya. 1869.

ORTHOSTE'MMA. See PENTAS.

ORTHOTffi'NIA TDRIONA'NA. See RETINIA TURIO-

NANA.

ORTHROSA'NTHTJS. (From orthros, morning, and
anthos, a flower ; flowers expand early in the day. Nat.
ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, $-Trian-
dria. Allied to Sisyrinchium.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Seeds, and division
of the plant in spring ; sandy loam and leaf-mould ; a
cold pit in winter, to exclude the frost.
0. chimborace'nsis (Ckuxaborazo) . i-ij. Peruvian Andes.

1876.

„ multiflo'rus (many-flowered). i. Blue. June.
Australia. 1820.

ORVA'LA LAMIOI'DES. See LAMIUM ORVALA.

ORY'ZA. Rice. (From the Arabic ar-roz, and Greek
oruza. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Stove grass from swampy parts of Tropical Asia.
Seeds. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand. It thrives
best if the base of the pot dips into a tank of warm water.
It is extensively cultivated in warm countries for the
grain, which is often the principal food of the natives.
0. sati'va (cultivated). 2-3. Green. September. Trop
Asia.

OSAGE APPLE. Maclu'ra.

OS AGE ORANGE. See MACLURA AURAKTIACA.

OSBE CKIA. (Named after P. Osbeck, a Swedish
naturalist. Nat. ord. Melastomads [Melastomaceae].
Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Melastoma.)

Cuttings of side, firm, stubby shoots in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy loam, fibrous peat,
a little dried cow-dung, and charcoal. Winter temp.,
48° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

STOVE DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.

0. cane' scens (hoary). See DISSOTIS INCANA.

,, glomera'ta (crowded). See PTEROLEPIS GLOMERATA.

„ nepale'nsis (Nepaulese). ij. Purple. June. Hima-
laya ; Burma. 1821.

„ „ albiflo'ra (Nepaul- white-flowered), ij. White.
August. Nepaul. 1829.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

0. angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). See O. CHINENSIS.
„ a'spera (rough). 2. Purple. July. India.
„ chine'nsis (Chinese). 2. Purple. July. China. 1818.
,, cupula'ris (cup-shaped). 2. Red. India.
„ erythroce'phala (red-headed). See O. CUPULARIS.
„ glomera'ta. albiflo'ra (crowded- white-flowered). See

PTEROLEPIS GLOMERATA ALBIFLORA.
„ octo'ndra(eight-stamened). i. Rose. April. Ceylon.

1815.
„ parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 1-2. Rose. July, August.

Ceylon.
„ rostra'ia (beaked). 2-3. Pink or mauve-purple.

May. Himalaya. 1825.

„ rubicu'nda (red). 3. Purple. Ceylon. 1865.
„ stella'ta (starred), i. Pinkv July. Nepaul. 1820.
„ ternifo'lia (three-leafleted). See O. ROSTRATA.
„ umlaasia'na (Umlaasian). See DISSOTIS INCANA.
„ wightia'na (Wightian). 2. Purple. E. Ind. 1863.
„ zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 2. Yellow. August. Ceylon.

1799.

Any species of Willow, used in basket-making,
Salix viminalis being the common osier.

OSMA'NTHUS. (From osme, smell, and anthos, a
flower ; the flowers being fragrant, particularly those of
0. fragrans. Nat. ord. Oleaceae.)

Hardy, evergreen shrubs. Layers in July. Ordinary
soil.

0. america'nus (American). 4-6. White. June. N.
Amer. 1758.

OSMITES

622

OTHERA JAPONICA

0. Aquifo'lium (holly- leaved). 4-6. White. Japan.

1877.

„ ,, heterophy'llus variega'tus (various-leaved-varie-
gated).

,, „ ilicifo'lius (holly-leaved). A dwarfer, more com-
pact bush, with spiny leaves.
ilicifo'lius latifo'lius (broad-leaved).
ilicifo'lius latifo'lius variega'tus (variegated).
ilicifo'lius purpu'reus (purple-leaved).
ilicifo'lius variega'tus (variegated).
myrtifo'lius (myrtle-leaved). Leaves small, spine-
less.

„ „ roiundifo'lius (round-leaved).
„ Delava'yi (Delavay's). Large pure white. February,

March. Yunnan, China. 1904.

„ fra'grans (fragrant). 4-10. Pale yellow or white.
Autumn. China and Japan. 1771.

OSMI'TES. (From osme, perfume ; smells like cam-
phor. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. 19-
Syngentsia, s-Frustranea. Allied to Relhania.)

Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from South
Africa. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a
bell-glass, in April or May, and without bottom-heat.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
0. Bellidia' strum (Bellidiastrum). i. June. 1816.

,, camphori'na (camphor-scented). i£. May. 1794.

„ denta'ta (toothed). 1$. May. 1820.

OSMO'DIUM. See ONOSMODIUM.

OSMU'NDA. (The name of a Celtic deity. Others say
Osmunder, one of the names of the god Thor. Nat. ord.
Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Hardy brown-spored Ferns, except 0. javanica. See
FERNS.

0. cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). 2. June. N. Amer. 1772.
„ claytonia'na (Clayton's). 2. August. N. Amer. 1772.
,, gra'cilis (slender). See O. REGALIS GRACILIS.
„ hu'milis (humble). June. N. Amer. 1823.
„ interru'pta (interrupted). See O. CLAYTONIANA.
,, japo'nica (Japanese). See O. REGALIS JAPONICA.
„ java'nica (Javanese). 1^-4. June. Kamtschatka to

Java. 1882.

,, palu'stris (marsh). See O. REGALIS PALUSTRIS.
,, preslia'na (Presl's). See O. JAVANICA.
,, rega'lis (royal). 2-6. July. N. and S. temperate

regions (Britain).
„ „ corymbi'fera (corymb-bearing). Frond much

divided at the apex. 1882.
„ „ crista'ta (crested). Fronds slightly crested.
,, „ gra'cilis (graceful), i. June. N. Amer. 1827.
„ „ japo'nica (Japanese), i. Fertile and barren

fronds dissimilar. Japan and Himalaya.
„ ,, palu'stris (marsh). 2$. Young fronds purplish,

slender. 1831.
„ ,, palu'stris crispa' to-conge' sta (crisped-crowded). \.

Fronds dense, crested, bronzy- green.
„ „ palu'stris Ma'yi (May's), i-ij. Pinnae crested ;

pinnules crisped, with creamy lines. 1906.
,, ,, purpura' scens (purple).
„ specta'bilis (showy). See O. REGALIS.
„ Vache'llii (Vachell's). See O. JAVANICA.

OSSJE'A. (Named after Ossa, curator of the Havannah
Botanic Garden. Nat. ord. Melastomads [Melastomaceae].
Linn. S-Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young, side,
stubby shoots, or the points of main ones, when a little
firm, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in heat ; sandy
peat and loam ; common plant-stove treatment.
0. fascicula'ris (bundled). See HENRIETELLA FASCICU-

LARIS.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). 6. White. May. Jamaica. 1823.
„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. White. May.

Jamaica. 1820.
„ purpura' scens (purplish). See MECRANIUM PURPURA-

SCENS.

OSTEOCA'RPUS. (From osteon, a bone, or stone of
certain fruits, and karpos, a fruit ; in allusion to the
hard fruit. Nat. ord. Solanaceae.)

A shrubby greenhouse plant. Seeds ; cuttings of
wood getting firm in sand in gentle heat. Loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.
O. rostra' tus (beaked). 2. Blue. July. Chili.

OSTEOMFLES. (From osteon, bone, and melon, apple ;
the fruit. Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. 12-
Icosandria, 2-Di-pentagynia. Allied to Amelanchier.)

Half-hardy evergreen trees, requiring the shelter of a
wall. For culture, see MEDLAR.

0. anthyllidifo'lia (Anthvllis-lcaved). 4-6. White,
fragrant, like hawthorn. Pacific Islands; China.
1893.

,, ferrugi'nea (rusty). July. Ecuador. 1847.
„ glabra'ta (smooth). White. Colombia.
„ obtusifo'lia (obtuse-leaved). See O. GLABRATA.

OSTEOSPE'RMUM. (From osteon, a bone, and sperma,
a seed. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, 4-Necessaria. Allied to Calendula.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from South
Africa. Cuttinrrs of small, half-ripened snoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy loam and a
little fibrous peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
0. cceru'leum (blue-flowered). See GARULEUM VISCOSUM.

„ calendula' ceutn (marigold-like). 2. July.

„ corymbo'sum (corymbed). 3. August. 1822.

„ ilicifo'lium (holly-leaved). 4. July. 1816.

„ inca'num (hoary). 3. August. 1815.

„ monili'ferum (necklace-bearing). 3. July. 1714.

OSTRICH FERN. See ONOCLEA GERMANICA.

OSTROW'SKIA. (Commemorative of Ostrowsky, a
Russian botanist. Nat. ord. Campanulaceae.)

Hardy perennial herb, requiring a cool situation for
its roots, or an eastern aspect. Seeds ; divisions in
spring. Well-drained soil.

0. magni'ftca (magnificent). 2-4. Pale lilac blue. Central
Asia. 1887.

O'STRYA. Hop Hornbeam. (From ostrua, a scale ;
scaly catkins. Nat. ord. Mashvorts [Cupuliferae]. Linn.
21-Monacia, q-Polyandria. Allied to the Hornbeam.)

Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds, which, if sown in the
spring, the season after being gathered in the autumn,
and kept in a rot-heap during winter, will make their
appearance the year following ; layers, cuttings, and
grafting on the common Hornbeam ; good, deep, moist
soil.
O. carpinifo'lia (Carpinus-leaved) . 20. May. Europe;

Orient. 1724. " Hop Hornbeam."
„ japo'nica (Japanese). 10-15. May. Japan. 1893.
„ virgi'nica (Virginian). 20. April. N. Amer. 1622.

" Ironwood."
„ vulga'ris (common). See O. CARPINIFOLIA.

OSTRYO'PSIS. (From Ostrya, and opsis, resemblance.
Nat. ord. Cupuliferae.)

Hardy tree, requiring treatment similar to that given
Ostrya.
0. davidia'na (Davidian). 6. May. Eastern Asia.

OSWEGO TEA. Mona'rda di'dyma.

OSY'RIS. Poet's Cassia. (From ozos, a branch ; re-
ferring to the numerous pliant branches. Nat. ord.
Sandalworts [Santalaceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, ^-Triandria.
Allied to Santalum.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened
shoots under a hand-light in spring ; sandy loam ; re-
quires the protection of a cold pit in winter, or a pro-
tective wall.

0. abyssi'nica (Abyssinian). 3. White. Abyssinia.
„ a'lba (white). 3. White. S. Europe. 1739.
„ compre'ssa (compressed). 3-4. S. Africa.

OTACA'NTHUS. (From ote, occasionally, and acantha,
a thorn. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in a propagating case.
Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
0. cceru'leus (blue). Violet, blue. Brazil. 1862.

OTAHEITE CHESTNUT. Inoca'rpus edu'lis.

OTAHEITE MYRTLE. Securi'nega ni'tida.

OTAHEITE ORANGE. Citrus Aura'ntium japo'nica.

OTA'NDRA. See GEODO'RUM.

OTHE'RA JAPO'NICA, of Thunberg. See ILEX
OTHERA.

OTHE'RA JAPO'NICA, of gardens. See I'LEX INTEGRA,

OTHONNA

623

OURISIA

OTHO'NNA. Ragwort. (From othone, linen; refer-
ring to the soft, downy clothing of the leaves, ^,'at. ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, ^-Neces-
saria.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered plants, from South Africa,
except where otherwise mentioned. Seeds in a mild
hotbed, in spring ; annuals may be hardened off after-
wards ; perennials, by division of the plant ; tuberous-
rooted, by dividing them ; shrubs, by cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in May ; sandy
loam, and a little fibrous peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

ANNUAL.
O. Tage'tes (marigold-leaved). See GAMOLEPIS ANNUA.

HERBACEOUS.

O. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Yellow. 1870. A pendent

basket plant.

„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. July. 1824.
„ pinna'ta (leafleted). 3. May. 1759.
„ pinnati'fida (leaflet-like). See CINERARIA OTHON-
NOIDES.

TUBEROUS-ROOTED.

0. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). See O. AMPLEXIFOLIA.
„ am£/fc«7o'/ta(clasping-leaved). i. Yellow. S.Africa.
,, bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2. May. 1774.
,, ftlicau'lis (thread-stemmed). i$. April. 1791.
„ iubero'sa (tuberous). August. 1842.

EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
0. abrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). See EURYOPS

ABROTANIFOLIUS.

,, arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. July. 1723.

„ Athana'sice (Athanasia-like). See EURYOPS ATHAN-

ASUE.

„ carno'sa (fleshy). J. Yellow. 1867.
,, cheirifo'lia (wallflower- leaved). See OTHONNOPSIS

CHEIRIFOLIA.

„ corono/>t'/o'/ia(buckhorn-leaved). 2. August. 1731.

„ cyli'ndrica (cylindrical), i. Yellow.

„ denticula'ta (tooth-leaved). 2. June. 1774.

„ digita'ta (finger-leaved), ij. July. 1824.

., ftabellifo'lia (fan-leaved). See EURYOPS VIRGINEUS.

„ frute'scens (shrubby). 2-3. Yellow. August, Sep-
tember. S. Africa.

furca'ta (forked). Light yellow. January. Ichaboe,
S. Africa. 1845.

„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. May. 1812.

„ pectina'ta (comb- like). See EURYOPS PECTINATUS.

„ perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced), i£. June. 1789.

„ tenui'ssima (finest-leaved). See EURYOPS TENUISSI-
MUS.

„ trine'rvia (three- nerved). 1-2. Yellow. S. Africa.

„ tripline'rvia (triple-nerved). 4-5. Yellow. 1862.

,, virgi'nea (virgin-like). See EURYOPS VIRGINEUS.

OTHONNOTSIS. (From Othonna, and opsis, resem-
blance ; it resembles some of the species of Othonna.
Nat. ord. Composite.)

Greenhouse subshrub, but hardy in the southern and
more favoured parts of the British Islands. Cuttings in
sand under a hand-light in summer. Loam, leaf-mould,
and sand ; light soil outdoors.

0. cheirifo'lia (wallflower-leaved). if. Yellow. July.
Algeria. 1752. " Barbary Ragwort."

OTTDIA. See PELARGONIUM.

OTIORHY'NCHUS. (A genus of weevils, three of which
are very destructive in gardens. The Clay-coloured
Weevil (0. picipes) is the most common, and destroys
the foliage, young shoots, and flowers of wall-trees, vines,
and raspberries. It is clay-coloured, with darker spots
on the wing-cases. The Black Vine Weevil (0. sulcatus)
is dull black, with furrowed wing-cases. It destroys
vines and strawberries. The Red-legged Garden Weevil
(O. tenebricosus) when newly developed has the wing-cases
covered with small patches or spots of silky yellow hairs,
but these soon rub off, when it assumes a shining black or
reddish-black colour. It attacks the buds, young shoots,
and leaves of Peaches, Nectarines, Plums, Apricots, and
other fruit-trees. All have short stout beaks, compared
with many other hurtful weevils. The eggs are laid in
the soil, and the legless white maggots prey on the ropts

of a great variety of garden plants. Those of O. picipes
destroy the roots of Maidenhair and other Ferns,
Echeverias, Chinese Primulas, and many other garden
plants. The maggots of the Red-legged Garden Weevil
destroy the roots of Raspberries, Strawberries, Goose-
berries, Currants, vegetables, &c. Their habits are
nocturnal, and the wing-cases being fixed they cannot
fly. When their presence is detected in a house, a white
sheet should be laid under the plants or trees infested,
and a visit paid at night with a dark lantern. If this is
suddenly flashed upon the infested plants the weevils
will drop on the sheet. The plants may also be smartly
tapped with the same object. The weevils can then be
quickly gathered up and destroyed. All unnecessary
rubbish should be cleared out of infested houses, and the
cracks and crevices of walls cemented to destroy hiding-
places. Traps, consisting of pieces of board, slates, and
tiles can be laid about the house and examined in the
morning to destroy the weevils found hiding there.

OTOCHTLUS. (From ous, otos, an ear, and cheilos, a
lip ; the lip having ear-like lobes. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)
Intermediate-house ephytical Orchids. Division when
growth commences Peat fibre, sphagnum, potsherds,
and some lumps of charcoal.
0. fra' grans (fragrant). See O. PORRECTUS.
„ fu'scus (dusky). f-J. Dusky-brown ; lip deep yellow,

rose. August. Himalaya. 1840.
„ porre'ctus (porrect). J. White. June. Himalaya.
1836.

OTO'PTERA. (From ous, an ear, and pieron, a wing ;
referring to an ear-like process on the wing-petals. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae], Linn. if-Dia-
delphia, 4-Decandria. See VIGNA.)
0. Burche'llii (BurchelTs). See VIGNA BURCHELLI.

OTOSTE'GIA. (From ous, otos, an ear, and stegos, a
covering. Nat. ord. Labiate.)

Half-hardy or greenhouse evergreen. Seeds, divisions ;
cuttings in sand under a hand-light in summer.
0. scario'sa (dry). J. Purple. August. Arabia ;
Abyssinia. 1752.

OTOSTE'MMA LACUNO'SA. See HOYA LACUNOSA.

OTTE'LIA. (The native name in Malabar. Nat. ord.
HydrocharidaceaE.)

Stove aquatic herbs. Seeds, offsets. Fibrous loam,
peat, and sand.
0. alismoi'des (Alisma-like). White. Trop. Asia and

Australia. 1806.

„ i'ndica. (Indian). See O. OVALIFOLIA.
„ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). J. White, pale yellow.
Summer. Australia. 1883.

OTTER MOTH. (Hepialus humuli.) This insect is
also known as the Ghost Moth, from the colour of the
male, and Ghost Swift, on account of its rapid flight in
the evening. The caterpillars eat the roots of Hop and
other plants, are cream with brown heads, and if inch
long or more. The male is 2 inches in expanse, and the
wings are white above, the rest being tawny. The female
is 3 inches in expanse ; the fore wings are yellow above,
with orange, wavy lines, while the hind wings are dusky
or tawny. They rest among rank herbage and hedges
during the day, and fly by night. The remedy, when
plants are infested and drooping is to examine the roots
and pick out the large caterpillars. Burdocks, Nettles,
and other rank herbage in the neighbourhood should
be cleared away, as the moths also feed on such plants.

OUGETNIA. (From a place named Ougeine. Nat.
ord. Leguminosae.)

Evergreen stove tree. Cuttings of half-ripe wood in
sand in a close case, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat,
and sand.
O. dalbergioi'des (Dalbergia-like). White. E. Ind.

OURA'TEA CUSPIDA'TA. See GOMPHIA CUSPIDATA.

OURTSIA. (From ouros, a mountain; natives of
mountains. Nat. ord. Scrophulariaceae.)

Hardy or half-hardy herbs, best in a cold frame. Seeds ;
divisions in spring. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
O. ccespito'sa (tufted). White. New Zealand.
„ cocci 'nea (scarlet), i. Scarlet. June. Island of
Chiloe. 1862.

OUVIRANDRA

624

OXALIS

O. cockaynia'na (Cockaynian). J-J. Pure white. New

Zealand. 1910.
„ macrophyila (large-leaved). J. White, sometimes

streaked purple. New Zealand. 1909.
„ Pea'rcei(Peaice's). £. Crimson, scarlet. Chili. 1863.

OUVIRA'NDRA. (From ouvirandrano, the water-yam
of the natives. Nat. ord. Naiadacea;.)

Stove aquatic herbs, with submerged or floating leaves,
reduced, as a rule, to the venation and skeleton-like.
The common one is known as the Lattice Leaf or Lace-
leaved Plant, from this circumstance. Seeds and
divisions. Loam and sand. The water should be kept
at a temperature of 70° to 75°, and, if a small, dripping
current of water is allowed to run constantly into the
tank it will serve to keep the leaves clean.
O. berneria'na (Bernerian). 2. Pink. August. Mada-
gascar. 1858.

„ fencstra'lis (window-like). 2. White. August.
Madagascar. 1855.

OVARY. The central organ or part of a flower, which
contains the ovules or young seeds before fertilisation.
In the pea this consists of a single leaf, infolded and bear-
ing the seeds on its margins. In the Aquilegia there
are five of these ovaries or modified leaves ; in the
Pansy there are only three, but they are united in one
piece, with the ovules on their sides ; and in the Lily
there are three, with their edges turned inwards and
meeting in the centre, forming a three-celled ovary, with
the ovules attached to the axis. Thus there are many
modifications, which serve as characters for distinguish-
ing natural orders and genera. The ovary becomes the
young fruit immediately fertilisation has been effected.
The ovary consists of an ordinary leaf or leaves modified
for the purpose of bearing ovules and seeds. In double
flowers the leaves forming the ovary often revert to an
ordinary green leaf, as in the double cherry, or to a petal
in the tuberous Begonia.

OVULE. The small structures in young ovaries, and
which become the seeds, after fertilisation. It usually
consists of two coats, and after fertilisation it contains
the embryo, which, in the bean, consists of two seed
leaves, the radicle, or primary root, and plumule, or
primary stem, with its leaves.

O'XALIS. Wood Sorrel. (From oxus, acid ; the acid
taste of the leaves. Nat. ord. Oxalids [Geraniaceae].
Linn. \o-Decandria, 4-Pentagynia.)

Natives of South Africa, except where otherwise stated.
Hardy annuals, seed in open border, in April, in a shady
place ; perennials, by division and by seeds ; tuberous
and bulbous ones, by offsets ; the tender ones succeed in
a cool temperature in winter, if dry, and frost excluded ;
shrubby species, by seeds and cuttings in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass, and grown in sandy loam and fibrous
peat ; all the bulbous kinds the least tender should be
kept dry in winter, and the shrubby have the greenhouse.

HARDY ANNUALS.

O. cornicula'ta (small-horned). J. Yellow. August.

Temperate and tropical regions (Britain).
„ ,, atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). Leaves dark purple.
„ ,, ru'bra (red). SeeO. CORNICULATA ATROPURPUREA.
„ Dille'nii (Dillenius's). See O. CORNICULATA.
„ Iciviga'ta (smooth), j. Purple. June. 1818.
„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). See O. CORNICULATA.
„ proli'ferum (proliferous). See BIOPHYTUM PROLI-

FERUM.

„ sensiti'va (sensitive). See BIOPHYTUM SENSITIVUM.
„ stri'cta (erect). J-i. Yellow. July. N. Amer.

(England). 1658.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

O. Acetose'lla (Acetosella). $. White, with purple veins.
May and June. N. temperate regions (Britain).
" Wood Sorrel "

„ „ ro'sea (rosy). J. Rose. May and June.
„ Lyo'nii (Lyon's). See O. CORNICULATA.

HARDY BULBS.

0. adenophy'lla( gland-leaved). £. Rosy-purple, crimson.

Chili. 1906.

„ a'lba (white- ftowgred). }. White. May. S. Amer.
1836.

O america'na (American). See O. ACETOSELLA.
Bowie 'i (Bowie's). See O. PURPURATA.
crena'ta (notched). 3. Yellow. September. Peru.

1829.

e'legans (elegant). £. Purple. July. Peru.
enneaphy'lla (nine-leaved). ^. White, or tinted pink.

June. Falkland Islands. 1876.
,, hi'rta (hairy). J. Lilac. October. 1787.
i> » fv'lgida (fulgid). £. Crimson. October. 1820.
„ ,, rosa'cea (rose). ±. Rose. October. 1793.
„ loba'ta (lobed). ±. Yellow. October. Chili. 1823.
,, orega'na (Oregon). N.W. Amer.
,, purpura'ta (purple). J. Purple to crimson. August.

1822.

,, rube'lla (small-red). See O. HIRTA ROSACEA.
„ smt/Atfl'na(Smithian). i~J. Bluish or lilac. S.Africa.
„ vesper tilio'nis (bat's). J. Mexico.
„ viola'cea (violet-coloured). ±. Violet. May. N.
Amer. 1772.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

0. alsinoi'des (Alsine-like). Chili.
„ Andrieu'xii (Andrieux's). Gardens.
,, anthelmi'nthica (anthelmintic). Purple or lilac.

Abyssinia. 1893.

„ arena'ria (sand). J. Purple. Chili. 1875.
,, articula'ta (jointed). Bright mauve-pink. Argentina.

1870.

,, bine'rvis (two-nerved). White. Root tuberous.
„ bipuncta'ta (two-spotted). See O. CORYMBOSA.
„ Catherine1 nsis (Santa Catherina). White. Santa

Catherina, Brazil. 1887.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbose). White. July, August.

Mascarene Islands. 1828.
„ „ martia'na (Martian). Yellow. July. Brazil.

1829. Stove.

„ crassicau'lis (thick-stemmed). Peru and Mexico.
„ Cummi'ngii (Cumming's). J. Golden. September.

Chili. 1831.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). Violet, crimson. July.

Mexico. 1844.
„ floribu'nda (bundle-flowered), ij. Red. July. S.

Amer. 1827.
„ „ a'lba (white), i. White.

„ carule'scens (bluish), i. Pale blue.
„ „ lilaci'na (lilac), i. Lilac.
„ isope'tala (equal-petaled). S. Amer. (?).
„ lasia'ndra (downy-stamened) of Graham. See O.

FLORIBUNDA.

,, lasia'ndra (downy-stamened) of Zuccarini. ij. Pink.

May. Mexico. 1840.

„ latifo'lia (broad- leaved). $. Violet. Mexico.
„ martia'na (Martin's). See O. CORYMBOSA MARTIANA.
,, mojave'nsis (Mojavan). Gardens.
„ na'tans (floating). £. White. October. 1795.

Aquatic.
„ Nece'i (Nea's).

„ ,, glabrci'ta (smooth). White. Trop. Amer. 1872.
„ Otto'nis (Otto's). See O. LOBATA.
„ palu'stris (marsh). Lilac. May. Brazil. 1828.

Stove.

, peduncula'ris (long-stalked). Ecuador.
, pere'nnans (perennial). See O. CORNICULATA.
, pube'scens (downy). Peru.
, racemo'sa (racemose). See O. ROSEA.
, re' pens (creeping- stalked). See O. CORNICULATA.
,, ro'sea (rosy). £. Rose. March. Chili. 1826.
,, ru'bro-ci'ncta (red-edged), i. Yellow. September.

Guatemala. 1841.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). Colombia.
„ Si'msii (Sims's). $. Crimson. April. Chili. 1822.
„ tubero'sa (tuberous). 3-5. Chili. 1853. Root

tuberous.

„ u'rbica (city). See O. CORYMBOSA.
„ valdivia'na (Valdivian). J— I. Yellow. Chili. 1862.

GREENHOUSE BULBS.

0. ambi'gua (ambiguous) of Jacquin. See O. MUTABILIS.
,, arcua'ta (bowed). See O. LINEARIS.
,, asini'na (ass' s-eared) . J. Yellow. November. 1792.
,, bi'fida (cloven-leaved), f . Violet. September. 1791.
„ bifu'rca (two-forked). f-i. Pink. S. Africa.
,, brasilie'nsis (Brazih'an). J. Rose. October. Brazil.

1829.
„ Burma'nni (Burmann's). J. Purple. June. 1820,

OXALIS

625 OXALIS DEPPEI CULTURE

cane'scens (hoary). See O. TUBIFLORA.

capri'na (goat's- foot). See O. CERNUA.

carno'sa (fleshy). J. Yellow. October. Chili. 1826.

ce'rnua (drooping). J. Yellow. March. 1757.

„ fto're-ple'no (double-flowered). £. Yellow, double.
cilia'ris (hair-fringed-leaved) . £. Purple. October.

J793-
Commerso'nii (Commerson's). J. Yellow. October.

Argentina.
compre'ssa (compressed). £. Yellow. December.

1794.

conci'nna (neat). See O. CERNUA.
Conso'lei (Console's). J. White. October. 1795.
conve'xula (small-convex). £. Pink. June. 1789.
Coppole'rii (Coppoler's) . S. Africa (?).
cri'spa (curled). See O. FAB^EFOLIA.
cruenta'ta (bloodied). \. Purple. October. 1826.
cunea'ta (v/edge-petaled) . J. Yellow, white. July.

I793-

cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). See O. CUNEATA.
cu'prea (copper-coloured). See O. OBTUSA.
darvallia'na (Darvallian). |. Pale crimson. July.
denta'ta (toothed). £. Flesh. October. 1793.
De'ppei(Deppe's). £. Red. March. S.Amer. 1827.
digita'ta (fingered). See O. PENTAPHYLLA.
di'sticha (two-rowed). J. Pale yellow. May. 1818.
dive'rgens (wide-spaced). £. White. July. Mexico.

1829.
elonga'ta (elongated). See O. VERSICOLOR ELOXGATA.

„ amce'na (fine-red). See O. VERSICOLOR AMCENA.
escule'nta (esculent). See O. TETRAPHYLLA.
fabafo'lia (bean-leaved). ±. Red. October. 1794.
fa'llax (deceptive). See O. LUTEOLA.
ferrugina'ta (rusty). See O. MUTABILIS.
filicau'lis (thread-stemmed). See O. BIFIDA.
filifo'lia (thread- leaved). See O. POLYPHYLLA.
ftabellifo'lia (fan-leaved). J. YeUow, red. August.

1789.

fta'ccida (feeble). See O. MUTABILIS FLACCIDA.
fla'va (yellow). £. Yellow. March. 1775.

,, fio'r e-ple' no (double-flowered). £. Yellow. March.
fu'lgida (fulgid). See O. HIRTA FULGIDA.
f urea' to. (fork-leaved). See O. CORNICULATA.
fusca'ta (brown-spotted). £. Yellow. May. 1795.
genicula'ta (kneed). %. Yellow. October. Brazil.

1837.

gla'bra (smooth). £. Purple. May. 1795.
,, veno'sa (veiny). J. Violet, yellow. October.

1823.

glandule' sa (glanded). \. White. October. 1822.
gra'cilis (slender). J. Pink to vermilion. May. 1795.
grandifto'ra (large-flowered) . See O. VARIABILIS ALBA.
hirte'lla (small-hairy). See O. PARVIFOLIA.
imbrica'ta (overlapping). £. Rose-pink. S. Africa.
,, fto're-ple'no (double-flowered). $. Rose-pink,

double. 1887.

incarna'ta (flesh). £. Flesh. May. 1739.
jacquinia'na (Jacquinian). £. Pink. May. Mexico.
laburnifo'lia (Laburnum-leaved). J. Yellow. Sep-
tember. 1793.

lana'ta (\\oolly-leaved). }. White. October. 1791.
lancecefo'lia (spear-head-leaved). See O. ASININA.
lasiope'tala (downy-petaled). £. Pink. July.

Buenos Ayres. 1841.
laterifto'ra (lateral-flowered). £. Purple. March.

1824.

la'xula (loose). See O. VARIABILIS ALBA.
le'pida (pretty). See O. MONOPHYLLA.
lepori'na (hare' s-eared) . See O. CONSOLEI.
linea'ris (narrow-leaved). £. Violet. October. 1795.
li'vida (livid). J. Flesh. October. 1793.
longisep'ala (long-sepalled). S. Africa.
lupinifo'lia (lupine- leaved). J. Yellow. September.

1791.

lu'teola (yellowish). \. Yellow. May. 1823.
macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See O. PES-CAPR^.
macro 'siylis (large-styled). See O. TUBIFLORA.
margina'ta (green-edged). See O. PULCHELLA.
mauritia'na (Mauritian). J. Pale rose. September.

Isle of France. 1810.
minia'ta (vermilion). See O. GRACILIS.
monophylla (one-leaved). J. Yellow. October.

1774-

multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See O. HIRTA.
muta'bilis (changeable) J. White, with yellow tube.

S. Africa. 1794.

Pale purple. May.

October. 1795.
May.
October. 1812.

O. muta'bilis fia'ccida (feeble). }. White, with red border

outside. September. 1812.

„ obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). |. White. September. 1812.
„ papiliona'cea (butterfly). £. Variegated. Brazil.

1819.

„ parvifo'lia (small-leaved) . \. Red. March. 1823.
„ pectina'ta (comb-leaved). See O. FLAVA.
„ pentaphy'lla. (five-leaved). J. Pink. June. 1800.
Pe's-ca'prce (goafs-foot). J. Yellow. June. 1820.
Pio'ttce (Piotta's). i. Orange. June. 1816.
polyphy'lla (many-leaved). £.

1791.

pulche'lla (pretty). J. White.
puncta'ta (dotted). J. Purple.
purpu'rea (purple). J. Purple.
reclina'ta (reclining). See O. GRACILIS.
repta'trix (creeping-roofed). See O. VARIABILIS.
rigi'dula (stiffish). See O. VARIABILIS.
rosa'cea (rosyish). See O. HIRTA ROSACEA.
rostra' ta (beaked). See O. MONOPHYLLA.
ru'bro-fta'va (red and yellow). See O. MUTABILIS.
sangvi'nea (bloody-leaved). See O. LABURNIFOLIA.
secu'nda (side-flou'ering) . See O. TUBIFLORA.
seri'cea (silky). J. Yellow. May. 1794.
specio'sa (showy). See O. VARIABILIS RUBRA.
strumo'sa (swollen-s/y/ed). See O. MUTABILIS.
„ sulphtt'rea (sulphur-coloured). J. Pale yellow.

October. 1795.

,, sylve'stris (wood). See O. VERSICOLOR.
„ tenJlla (delicate). J. Lilac. May. 1793.
„ ttfnera (tender). J. Yellow. May. Brazil. 1826.
„ tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). J. White, red. October.

1790.
„ tetraphy'lla (four-leaved). J. Purple. June. Mexico.

1823.
„ tomento'sa (felted), i. White, with yellow base.

S. Africa.

„ tortuo'sa (tortuous). £. Yellow. June. Chih'. 1826.
„ tricolor (three-coloured). See O. MUTABILIS.
„ tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). i. Pink. November.

1790.

,, undula'ta (wave-leaved). See O. MUTABILIS.
„ varia'bilis (variable). J. White, red. November.

1795-

„ „ a'lba (white), i. White. November. 1790.
» >, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See O. VARIABILIS

ALBA.

„ „ ru'bra (red). J. Red. October. 1690.
„ „ Si'msii (Sims's). J. White. November. 1790.
„ ,, venu'sta (lovely). See O. PURPUREA.
,, veno'sa (veiny). See O. GLABRA VENOSA.
„ versi' color ( various-coloured). J. Crimson. February.

1774-

„ „ amce'na (lovely). \. Copper. September. 1810.
„ „ elonga'ta (elongated). \. White. June. 1791.
„ virgi'nea (virgin-like). J. White. September. S.
Africa.

GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREENS.
O. Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). ij. Pale red. September.

Caracas. 1824. Stove.
„ buple .rifo'lia (Bupleurum-leaved). i. Yellow.

Summer. Brazil. Stove.

„ chine'nsis (Chinese). J. Yellow. August. China.
,, di'spar (unequal). 2. Golden-yellow. British

Guiana. 1901.

„ frutico'sa (shrubby). See O. RUSCIFORMIS.
„ Ortgie'sii (Ortgies's). i. Yellow. Leaves purple

beneath. Peru. 1875. Stove.
„ Plumie'ri (Plunder's). 2. Yellow. S. Amer. 1823.

Stove.
„ fusct'/o'rfnis(Ruscus-formed). i. Yellow. December.

Brazil. 1817. Stove.

O'XALIS DE'PPEI CULTURE.— Plant bulbs of this
in pots at the beginning of March, and shelter in a cold
pit or greenhouse. When all fear of frost is passed,
plant them in a light soil, and in a southern aspect,
about 12 inches apart each way ; or the bulbs may be
kept out of the ground altogether until the middle of
April, and then be planted at once in the open soil. It
should be trenched, and a little manure turned in with
the bottom spit, as for other tap-rooted crops. The
scaly bulbs, from which it is propagated, grow in a cluster
round the crown of the root. The only cultivation re-
quired is to keep the crop free from weeds, and to water

2 R

OXERA

626

OXYPETALUM

plentifully in dry weather ; otherwise, if the roots are
allowed to become dry, they split upon the occurrence
of moist weather. Protect from early frosts, in October
or November, by a mat covering.

About ten roots are enough for a dish. They are very
useful as a vegetable from early in October to the end of
December. An inferior kind has often been substituted
for it, viz. the O'xalis jacqiiinia'na ; but this is distin-
guished by having pink flowers. In Belgium, the leaves,
being gratefully acid, are used for the same purposes as
sorrel, and the flowers are mixed with other salad-herbs.

As it is not a very common vegetable, it may be useful
to state, as an improved mode of cooking, that after
peeling the tubers, and cleaning out their hollow centres,
they must be well boiled in rich stock (gravy), skimming
off the fat, and then be served up hot, with a sauce
made of a little butter heated until brown, with a
spoonful of flour, and a little of the stock.

OXE'RA. (From oxeros, tasting like vinegar; in
allusion to the taste. Nat. ord. Verbenaceaj.)

A very ornamental stove climber, flowering profusely.
Cuttings of half-ripe wood in sand, in a close propagating
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, a little peat, and
sand.

O. pulche'lla (pretty). Greenish- white, funnel-shaped.
New Caledonia. 1886.

OX-EYE. Buphtha'lmum.

OX-EYE-DAISY. Chrysanthemum Leuca'nthemum.

OX-LIP. Pri'mula ela'tior.

OXYA'NTHUS. (From oxus, sharp, and anthos, a
flower ; referring to the sharp-toothed calyx and corolla.
Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiacea?]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.)

Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs, from Sierra
Leone. Cuttings of young shoots, a little firm, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat, in May ; sandy loam,
fibrous peat, and a little dried cow-dung. Winter temp.,
45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
0. hirsu'tus (hairy). See O. TUBIPLORUS.
„ specio'sus (showy). 3. July. 1789.
„ tubifio'rus (tube-flowered). 3. July.
„ versi'color (various-coloured). July. Cuba. 1839.

OXYBA'PHUS. Umbrellawort. (From oxus, acid,
and baphe, dyer's colour ; referring to the coloured juice
of the roots. Nat. ord. Nyciagos [Nyctaginaceae]. Linn.
3-Triandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to the Marvel of
Peru.)

All purple-flowered, except where otherwise stated.
Seeds in May, in the open border, but better in mild
hotbed, in March, and planted put in the end of April ;
also, by division of the plant in spring ; sandy loam ;
they all require dry places, and protection from ievere
frost in winter.

0. aggrega'tus (aggregate), i. Pink. Mexico. i«n.
„ a'lbidus (whitish). iJ-2. White. N. Amer.
„ angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved), i. August. Louisiana.

1812.
„ califo'rnicus (Californian) . 1-2. Purple. California.

1888.

„ Cervante'sii (Cervantes'). See O. NYCTAGINEUS.
„ chile'nsis (Chilian), i. Lilac. September. Chili.

1832.

„ decu'mbens (lying-down). See O. ANGUSTIFOLIUS.
„ expa'nsus (expanded). 2. July. Peru. 1819.
„ ftoribu'ndus (free-flowering). i. Purple. July.

N. Amer.
„ glabrifo'lius (smooth-leaved). 3. July. Mexico.

1811.

„ hirsu'tus (hairy), i. August. Louisiana. 1812.
„ multiflo'rus (many-flowered). See MIRABILIS MULTI-
FLORA.

„ nyctagi'neus (nocturnal), i. August. Missouri. 1823.
„ ova'tus (egg-leaved). 2. Aus^ist. Peru. 1820.
„ pilo'sus (shaggy), i. August. Missouri. 1812.
,, viola'ceus (violet), i. Violet. July. Colombia.

1820.
,, visco'sus (clammy). 6. July. Peru. 1793.

OXYCO'CCUS. Cranberry. (From oxus, acid, and
kokkos, a berry. Nat. ord. Cranberries [Vacciniaceae],
Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy, pink-flowered evergreens. Seeds, but gene-
rally by dividing the plants, by layering the shoots, by
merely placing sandy peat around them, and by cutting
off the points of shoots, and inserting them in sandy
peat, under a hand-light, in summer. Marshy, peaty
soil, such as a bed surrounded with water. The Cran-
berry, however, has been grown successfully in a bed on
a north border, without any water round it, and the
produce was good and plentiful. O. macroca'rpus pro-
duces the largest fruit. See AMERICAN CRANBERRY.
O. ere'ctus (upright). See VACCINIUM ERYTHROCARPUM.

„ macroca'rpus (large- fruited). J. May. N. Amer.
1760. " American Cranberry."

„ ,, variega'tus (variegated-/tfaverf). J. May.

„ palu'str is (marsh). J. May, Britain. "Cranberry."

OXYDE'NDRON. (From oxus, acid, and dendron, a
tree ; the taste of the tree. Nat. ord. Ericaceaa.)

Hardy shrub or small tree. Imported seeds. Peaty
and sandy moist soil.

0. arbo'reum (tree). 10-40. White. June, July. N.
Amer. 1752. " Sorrel Tree," " Sourwood."

OXYGO'NFUM. (From oxus, sharp, and gonos, an
angle ; referring to the divisions of the leaf, or frond.
Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-Cryptogamia, i-
Filices. Now referred to Asplenium.)

Stove, brown-spored Ferns, from the East Indies. See
FERNS.
0. alismcefo'lium (Alisma-leaved). April.

„ e'legans (elegant). June. 1842.

„ ova'tum (egg-shaped). May. 1842.

„ vittafo'rme (band-like). June. 1840.

OXYLO'BIUM. (From oxus, sharp, and lobos, a pod ;
the seed-pods ending in a sharp point. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. io-Decandria,
i-Monogynia. Includes Podolobium.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs, from
Australia. Seeds sown in a mild hotbed in April, after
being soaked in warm water ; cuttings of vomit; shoots,
not too firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May ;
sandy peat, a few bits of fibrous loam, a greater quantity
of charcoal, broken crocks, &c., and abundant drainage.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
0. acu'tum (acute). 1-2. Yellow, red. March. 1842.

„ arbore'scens (tree-like). See O. ELLIPTICUM ANGUSTI-
FOLIUM.

„ berberifo'lium (Berberis- leaved) 2. Yellow. April.
Australia. 1836.

„ Calli'stachys (beautiful-spike). 3-4. Australia. 1815.

, capita' turn (round- headed).

, cordifo'lium (heart- leaved). 3. June. 1807.

, cunea'tum (wedge-shaped). 2. March. 1840.

,, obova'tum (reverse-egg-shaped). 2. March. 1840.

', dilata'tum (spread). See O. CUNEATUM.

, elli'pticum (oval-leaved). 3. July. 1805.

„ angustifo' Hum (narrow-leaved). 6. May. 1805.

,, ferrugi'neum (rusty). 2. May. 1820.

,, heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 2-3. June. 1824.

„ Huege'lii (Baron Huegel's). 1845.

„ linea're (linear). 2. Yellow or reddish. 1838.

„ obova'tum (reversed-egg-shaped). See O. CUNEATUM

OBOVATUM.

„ obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 2. Scarlet. May. 1824.
„ ovalifo'lium (oval-leaved) of Meissner. See O. RE-

TUSUM.
„ ovalifo'lium (oval-leaved) of Lindley and Paxton.

See GASTROLOBIUM PYRAMIDALE.
„ parvifto'rum (small-flowered). 1840.
„ Pultene'ce (Pulteney's). 2. Dark orange. March.

1824.

„ retu'sum (jagged-Jftzvaf). 2. Orange. May. 1823.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). 3. Golden-yellow. April. 1824.
,, specta'bile (showy). 2. May. 1847.
,, spino'sum (spiny). See PULTEN^A TERNATA.
„ staurophy'llum (cross- leaved). 2. Yellow. April.

1822.

„ triloba'tum (three-lobed). 2. Yellow. April. 1791-
,, virga'tum (twiggy). 2. Orange and red. April, May.

1830.

OXYPE'TALUM. (From oxus, sharp, and petalon, a
petal ; petals sharp-pointed. Nat. ord. Asclepiads
[Asclepiadaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, 2-Digynia. Allied
to Asclepias.)

OXYRAMPHIS

627

PACHISTIMA

Stove evergreen climbers, from Brazil. Cuttings in
sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy loam
and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 85°.
O. appendicula'tum (appendaged). 6. Yellow. 1823.

,, Ba'nksii (Banks's). Cream. June. 1826.

„ cceru'leum (sky-blue). 3-4. Light blue. Argentina.
1836.

„ naudinia'num (Naudinian). Country unknown.

,, so/a*KH'rf«(Solanum-like). 3. Purplish-scarlet. 1838.

,, u'tile (useful). Gardens.

OXYRA'MPHIS. (From oxus, sharp, and rhamphos, a
beak ; shape of the seed-pod. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ly-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria.
Now referred to Lespedeza.)
O. macro'styla (long-styled). See LESPEDEZA ERIOCARPA.

OXYSPO'RA. (From oxus, sharp, and spora, a seed,
which is here awned at both ends. Nat. ord. Melastomads
[Melastomaceae], Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Rhexia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots in
sandy soil, under a glass, in bottom-heat, in April ; sandy
peat, fibrous loam, and nodules of charcoal. Winter
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
0. panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Red. June. Nepaul.
1826.

OXYSTELMA. (From oxus, sharp, and stelma, a
crown ; referring to the acute little leaves accompanying
the flower-head, or crown. Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Ascle-
piadaceae]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, i-Digynia. Allied to
Araujia.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat,
in May ; sandy peat and fibrous loam. Winter temp.,
50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
O. escule'ntum (eatable). 4. Yellow. Australia. 1816.

OXYTENANTHE'RA. (From oxuUnos, extended to a
point, and anthera, flowery ; in allusion to the elongated
and pointed character of the spikelets and flowers. Nat.
ord. Gramineae.)

A tall stove bamboo. Seeds and suckers. Good
fibrous loam and sand.

O. abyssi'nica (Abyssinian). Stem 3 in. thick at base.
Leaves 6 in. long. Trop. Africa. 1893.

OXY'TROPIS. (From oxus, sharp, and tropis, a keel ;
the keel-petals end in a sharp point. Nat. ord. Legumi-
nous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. iJ-Didaelphia, 4-
Decandria. Allied to Astragalus.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, from Siberia, except
where otherwise stated. Chiefly by seeds, sown where
the plants are intended to remain, as they do not trans-
plant well ; though, also, by dividing the plants in spring,
and by cuttings of young shoots under a hand-light, in
a shady place, in summer ; dry, sandy loam.
O. ambi'gua (ambiguous). |. Purple. June. 1817.

„ argenta'ta (silvery). Pale. June. 1827.

„ ar«yrophy'lla (silvery-leaved). See O. ARGENTATA.

,, baicale'nsis (Baicalian). Siberia.

„ breviro'stra( short-beaked). \. Blue. August. 1802.

„ cachemiria'na (Cashmir). Himalaya.

„ cceru'lea (blue). Blue. June. 1827.

„ campe'stris (field). £. Pale yellow. June. Scotland.

„ ca'ndicans (whitish). Pale. June. 1827.

„ cya'nea (azure. Caucasian). J. Blue. July.
Caucasus. 1818.

,, dealba'ta (whited). See ASTRAGALUS ALBICAULIS.

„ defte'xa (bent-down). £. Purple. June. 1800.

„ dicho'ptera (doubly- winged). See O. TRIPHYLLA.

,, Fische'ri (Fischer's). See O. VAGINATA.

,, ftoribu'nda (bundle-flowered) . Purple. May. Turkes-
tan. 1827.

„ fce'tida (fetid). J. Pale yellow or white. July.
Switzerland. 1817.

„ fri'gida racemo'sa (frigid racemose). $. Purple.
Turkestan.

„ gla'bra (smooth). \. Purple. July. Dahuria. 1823.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), t. Red. June. 1820.

„ ,, lepto'ptera (narrow- winged). £. Blue. June.
1818.

„ Halle'ri (Haller's). See O. URALENSIS.

O. Lambe'rtii (Lambert's). i. Purple. August.
Missouri. 1811.

,, lappo'nica (Lapland). Europe, N. Asia.

„ leptophy'lla (fine-leaved). J. Red. July. 1818.

„ longicu'spis (long-pointed). See O. VAGINATA.

„ longiro'stra (long-beaked). J. Purple. 1820.

,, microphy'lla (small-leaved). J. Pale yellow. July.
1810.

„ monta'na (mountain). \. Purple, yellow. Austria.
1581.

„ myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved). J. Purple, white.
July. 1818.

„ ochroleu'ca (yellow-white), i. Yellow- white. Turkes-
tan; Siberia.

„ oxyphy'lla (sharp-leaved). £. Purple. July. 1816.

„ Pa//a'stt(Pallas's). i. Pale yellow. July. Caucasus.
1818.

„ pilo'sa (long-haired). J. Pale yellow. July. 1732.

„ prostra'ta (prostrate). \. Blue, white. July. 1820.

„ seto'sa (bristly). Purple. June. 1828.

„ songa'rica (Songarian). £. Violet. June. Altai.
1824.

„ sple'ndens (splendid). Deep rose. Leaves silvery-
white. N.W. Amer. 1900.

,, strobila'cea (cone-like). China.

,, sulphu'rea (sulphury). £. Cream. July. 1820.

,, sylva'tica (wood). Purple. May. 1820.

„ tene'lla (tender). See O. FLORIBUNDA.

„ triphy'lla (three-leaved). £. Blue. June. 1815.

,, unca'ta (hooked). See ASTRAGALUS UNCATUS.

,, urale'nsis (Uralian). J. Purple. July. Europe
(Scotland), N. Asia. 1800.

„ vagina? to, (sheathed). £. Blue. July. Altai. 1817.

,, vertidlla'ris (whorl-leaved) . |. Blue, white. July.
1819.

,, visco'sa (clammy). See O. FCETIDA.

OXYU'RA CHRYSANTHEMOI'DES. (A synonym of
a low yellow-flowering, composite, hardy annual from
California, first named by Endlicher, Tollatia, but now
referred to Layia calliglossa, which see.)

OYED2E'A. (From the Peruvian name. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia Frus-
tranea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; same culture as for
Buphthalmum.

0. buphthalmoi' des (ox-eye-like). Yellow. September.
Peru. 1848.

OYSTER-PLANT. MerU'nsia mari'tima.

OZOTHA'MNUS. (From ozos, a branch, and thamnos,
a shrub. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, i-&qualis. Now referred to Helichrysum.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from Tas-
mania and Australia. Cuttings of young shoots in sand,
with a little peat in it, under a bell-glass, in spring or
summer ; loam and peat. Require the greenhouse in
winter.

0. cine'reus (grey). See HELICHRYSUM CINEREUM.
,, ferrugi'neus (rusty). See HELIPTERUM COTULA.
„ rosmarinifo'lius (rosemary-leaved). See HELICHRY-
SUM ROSMARINIFOLIUM.

„ thyrsoi'deus (thyrse-like). See HELICHRYSUM DIOS-

M^EFOLIUM.

PACHTRA. (The native name of some of the species
in South America. Nat. ord. Malvaceae.)

Stove trees with large digitate leaves. Cuttings of
mature wood in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat.
Loam, with a little peat and sand.
P. a'lba (white). 20. July. Colombia. 1817.
„ aqua'tica (aquatic). 30. Red, yellow, green. Trop.

Amer. 1787.

„ insi'gnis (remarkable) . 20-25. Red. Mexico. 1796.
„ macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 20-30. Red, yellow,

green. Mexico.

„ mi' nor (smaller). 15-20. Red, yellow, green. Mexico.
1798.

PACHISTTMA. (From pachus, thick, and stigma.
Nat. ord. Celastraceae.'

PACHYCHILUS

628

P^ONIA

Hardy, much-branched, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings
in a cold frame in summer or autumn. Ordinary garden
soil.

P. Ca'nbyi (Canby's). Greenish. N. Carolina and Vir-
ginia. 1889.

Myrsini'ies (Myrsinites). 4. Greenish-white. June.
Western N. Amer. 1818.

PACHYCHTLUS. See PACHYSTOMA.

PACHY'GONE. (From pachus, thick, and gone, a
seed ; in allusion to the thick seed. Nat. ord. Meni-
spermaceae.)

Stove climbing shrub, with large kidney-shaped seeds.
Seeds ; cuttings in sand, in a close case, with bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
P. ova' ta (egg-shaped). 10. Green, yellow. India and
Malaya. 1790.

PACHY'LOPHUS NUTTA'LLII. See CENOTHERA c^s-

PITOSA.

PACHYNE'MA. (From pachus, thick, and nema, a
filament ; filaments thick. Nat. ord. Dilleniaceae.)

Half-hardy or greenhouse herb, with scale- like leaves.
Seeds. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
P. complana'tum (flattened). Yellow. Australia.
„ di'stichum (two-ranked). See P. COMPLANATUM.

PACHYPHY'LLUM. (From pachus, thick, and phullon,
a leaf. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceaa], Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Brassia and Maxil-
laria.)

Cuttings of the young shoots any time during spring
and summer, drying them at the base, and inserting
them in sandy loam ; saady loam, a little brick-rubbish,
and dried cow-dung ; little water and plenty of light
are required in winter. See ORCHIDS.
P. procu'mbens (lying-down). Green, blue. May.
Mexico. 1836.

PACHYPHY'TUM BRACTEO'SUM. See COTYLEDON
PACHYPHYTUM.

PACHYPO'DIUM. (From pachus, thick, and podion,
a foot ; referring to the stalks of the flowers. Nat. ord.
Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Neriuin.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa, with white
and red flowers. Cuttings of young shoots in spring,
base dried before inserting in dryish, sandy soil ; sandy
loam, a little brick-rubbish and peat, but little water
in winter. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. Propagated also
by a division of the fleshy, tuber-like roots.
P. bispino'sum (two-spined). i. Pink. September.
S. Africa. 1795.

„ Gea'yi (Geay's). 30-36. A tree, branched and leafy
at the top only. Madagascar. 1907.

„ Saunde'rsii (Saunders's). Red. S. Africa.

„ succule'ntum (succulent). See P. TOMENTOSUM.

„ tomento'swn (felted), i. Red. May. S.Africa. 1823.

„ tubero'sum (tuberous), i. August. 1813.

PACHYRHTZUS. (From pachus, thick, and rhiza, a
root ; roots tuberous. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Stove twining, perennial herbs. Cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass in summer ; also sprouts with a piece
of tuber and seeds. Loam, leaf -mould, and sand.
P. angula'tus is cultivated in the tropics for its tuberous,
edible roots.
P. angula'(us( angled). 8-12. Violet-purple. July. Trop.

Asia. 1781.
„ thunbergia'nus (Thunbergian) . See PUERARIA THUN-

BERGIANA.

„ tubero'sus (tuberous). 6-10. Purple. W. Ind.

PACHYSA'NDRA. (From pachus, thick, and aner, a
stamen. Nat. ord. Spurgeivorts [Euphorbiaceae]. Linn.
2i-Moncecia, 4-Tetrandn'a. Allied to Buxus.)

Division and suckers ; common, sandy loam. The
stove under-shrub, by cuttings in a little heat, but
otherwise requiring no particular treatment. The her-
baceous, by division in spring ; sandy loam and peat.
P. coria'cea (leathery-leaved). See SARCOCOCCA PRUNI-

FORMIS.

„ ere' eta. (erect). See P. PROCUMBENS.

P. procu'mbens (trailing). J. White. April. N. Amer.
1800. Hardy herbaceous. " Alleghany Mountain
Spurge."
„ termina'lis (terminal). $-J. Leaves with a white

border. Japan. 1882.
PACHYSTTGMA PTELEOIDES. See PELTOSTIGMA

PTELEOIDES.

PACHYSTI'MA. See PACHISTIMA.

PACHYSTO'MA. (From pachus, thick, and stoma, a
mouth; in allusion to the thick lip. Nat. ord. Orchi-
daceae.)

Stove terrestrial orchid that may be grown in pans or
small baskets in sandy, turfy loam, and finely broken
bricks. Introduced rhizomes.
P. pubc'scens (downy). Java.

„ specio'sum (showy). See IPSEA SPECIOSA.

,, thompsonia' num (Thompsonian). See ANCISTRO-

CHILUS THOMPSONIANUS.

„ „ punctula'tum (finely-pointed). See ANCISTROCHI-

LUS THOMPSONIANUS PUNCTULATUS.

PA'DUS. See PRUNUS PADUS.

P/EDE'RIA. (From paideros, opal, or a kind of paint
for the face ; referring to its transparent berries. Nat.
ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, in summer,
in a little bottom-heat, under a glass ; sandy loam and
leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48° to 55° I summer, 60°
to 80°.

P. fce'tida (stinking). 6. Purple. India and Malaya.
1806.

PflSDERO'TA. (From paideros, paiderotos, bear's
breech, or Acanthus mollis ; an old adopted name. Nat.
ord. Scrophulariaceae.)

Hardy, perennial herbs. Seeds ; divisions in spring.
Light, well-drained soil.

P. Age'ria (Ageria). £. Yellow. May. Europe. 1824.
„ amherstia'na (Amherstiau). See WULFENIA AM-

HERSTIANA.

„ Bonaro'ta (Bonarota). J. Blue. May. Europe.

1818.

„ ,, chamadrifo'lia (Chamaedrys- leaved) . \. Blue.
„ Churchi'llii (Churchill's). Eastern Europe.
„ multicau'lis (many-stemmed). See WULFENIA CARIN-

THIACA.
„ urticcelo'lia (nettle- leaved). See P. AGERIA.

P/EO'NIA. Paeony. (Named after P<zon, a physician,
who first used it medicinally. Nat. ord. Crmi'foots
[Ranunculaceac]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, z-Digynia.)

Seeds for raising varieties, sown in September, in a
cold pit, will appear some the first, and others the second,
spring. Herbaceous kinds, by division of the roots.
Tree, or Moutan, by division ; by grafting on the her-
baceous roots ; by cuttings of the young shoots in spring,
under a glass, and in a little heat ; by layers and suckers ;
by layering young shoots, after ringing round each bud,
so that each bud forms a plant ; deep, good loam. The
Moutans require a little protection in spring ; do well for
forcing, and for the borders of large, cool conservatories,
where the temperature is not kept high in winter.

HARDY SHRUBS.

P. lu'tea (yellow). 2-3. Bright yellow. May. Yunnan,

China. 1893.

,, ,, supe'rba (superb). Flowers larger. 1905.
„ Mou'tan (Moutan). 3. Purple. May. China. 1789.

" Tree Paeony."
„ „ a'lbida-ple'na (double- white) . 2. White. May.

China.

„ ,, Anne'slei (Annesley's). 3. Pink. May. China.
„ „ a'tro-purpu'rea (dark-purple-/Z<K£W<;d). 4. Purple.

April. China. 1846.
„ „ Ba'nksii (Banks's). 3. Purple. May. China.

1794.
,, „ ca'rnea-ple'na (double-flesh-coloured). 2. Flesh.

May. China.
„ „ globo'sa (globular-flowered). 3. White, purple.

April. Shanghai. 1845.
„ „ lilaci'na (lilac-coloured). 3. Lilac. April. China.

1845.

P^ONIA

629

PALICOUREA

Mou'tan Hu'mei (Sir Abercrombie Hume's). 2.

Purple. May. China. 1817.
„ papavera'cea (poppy-like). 3. White. May. China.

1789.
„ parmflo'ra (small-flowered). 3. Pale rose. April.

Shanghai. 1845.
„ pi' eta (painted). 3. Pale and deep-rose-stnped.

April. Canton. 1845.
„ Rawe'sii (Rawes's). 2. Pale pink. May. China.

1820.

„ ro'sea (rosy). 3. Pink. May. China.
,, ro' sea-plena (double-rose). 2. Red. May.

China. 1804.
„ ro'sea-se' mi-pie' na (semi-double-rose). 2. Red.

May. China. 1794.
„ sdlmo'nea (salmon-coloured). 3. Pale salmon.

April. China. 1846.
, „ specio'sa (showy). 2. Pink. May. China. 1825.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
albiflo'ra( white-flowered). 2. White. May. Siberia.

1548.

„ ca'ndida (white). 2. Flesh. May. Siberia.
„ fe'sta (pleasant). 2. White, pink. June.
„ fra' grans (fragrant). 2. Red. May. China.

1805.

„ Hu'mei (Hume's double-crimson). 2. Red. May.
China. 1808.
„ Po'ttsii (Potts' s). 3. Crimson. June. China.

1822.

„ reevesia'na (Reevesian). 3. Crimson. May.
China.

„ Reeve'sii ( Reeves' s-double). 2. Pink. June.
China. 1822.

,, rube'scens (ruddy). 2. Pink. May. Siberia.
„ sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. White. May. Siberia.
„ tata'rica (Tartarian). 2. Flesh. May. Siberia.
„ uniflo'r a (one-flowered) . 2. Pink. May. Siberia.
„ vesta'lis (virgin). 2. White. May. Siberia.
„ Whitle'ji (Whitley's double). 2. Blush. May.
China. 1808.
ano'mala (anomalous), ij. Crimson. May. Siberia.

1788.

arieti'na (ram). 2. Purple. Levant.
, Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Rose. June.
, Ba'rri (Barr's).

, Baxte'ri (Baxter's). 3. Crimson. Oxford.
, cre'tica (Cretan). 2. White or blush. May. Crete.
, . oxonie'nsis (Oxford). 2. Pale blush. June.
Ba'keri (Baker's). 2. Deep rose, 4$ in. across.
Bro'leri (Broter's). 2. Crimson. Spain and Portugal.

1884.
Bro'wnii (Brown's). Red. May. N. Amer. 1826.

,, calif o'rnica (Calif ornian).
Cambessede' sii (Cambessedes's). Deep rose-pink.

May. Balearic Isles and Corsica. 1907.
coralli'na (coralline). 3. Crimson. May. England.
, coria'cea (leathery). Spain.
, co'rsica (Corsican). See P. CORALLINA.
, cre'tica (Cretan). See P. ARIETINA CRETICA.
, dau'rica (Dahurian). See P. TRITERNATA.
, deco'ra (comely). 2. Purple. May. Asia Minor.
, „ a'lba (white). White, slightly tinted with pink.

1908.

, „ ela'tior (taller). 2. Purple. May. Crimea.
, „ Palla'sii (Pallas's) 2. Purple. May. Crimea.
, edu'lis (edible). See P. ALBIFLORA.
, ,, sine'nsis (Chinese). See P. ALBIFLORA HUMEI.
, Emo'di (Mount Emodus). 2-3. White. March.

Himalaya. 1868. Half-hardy.
, ficifo'lia (fig- leaved). See P. TENUIFOLIA.
, Fische'ri (Fischer's). See P. ANOMALA.
, hu'milis (dwarf). 2. Purple. May. Spain. 1633.
, hy'brida (hybrid). See P. TENUIFOLIA.
, intermedia (intermediate). See P. ANOMALA.
, lacinia' ta (cut-leaved). See P. TENUIFOLIA LATIFOLIA.
, loba'ta (lobed). See P. OFFICINALIS LOBATA.
, lusita'nica (Portuguese). See P. BROTERI.
, ma'scula (male). See P. CORALLINA.
, microca'rpa (small- fruited). 1^-2 Purple. Spain.
, Mlokosewi' tschii (Mlokosewitsch's). 2. Yellow;

stamens deeper yellow. Caucasus. 1908.
, mo'llis (soft), ij. Purple. May. Siberia.
, officina'lis (shop). 3. Red. May. Europe. 1548.
a'lbicans (whitening). 3. White. May.

P. officina'lis anemoncrflo'ra (Anemone-flowered). 3.

Pink. May. 1830.

| „ „ Baxte'ri (Baxter's). See P. ARIETINA BAXTERI.
„ „ bla'nda (bland). 3. White. May.
„ „ cane'scens (hoary). 3. White. May.
„ „ loba'ta (lobed). 2. Purple. May. Spain. 1821.
„ „ multipe'tala (many-petaled) . 3. ' Crimson. May.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). 3. Red. May.
„ „ ru'bra (double-red). 3. Red. May.
„ „ variega' ta (variegated-leaved) . 3. Crimson. June.
„ parado'xa (paradoxical). 2. Purple. May. S.

Europe.

„ „ compa'cta (compact). See P. PEREGRINA COMPACTA.
,, ,, fimbria'ta (double-fringed). 2. Purple. May.
„ „ Grevi'llei (Greville's) . See P. PEREGRINA GREVI'LLEI.
„ „ peregri'na (straggling). See P. PEREGRINA.
„ peregri'na (outlandish). 2. Deep purple. May.
,, „ byzanti'na (Byzantine). 2. Crimson.
„ „ compa'cta (compact), ij. Deep purple or crimson.

May.

„ „ Grevi'llei (GreviUe's). 2. Purple. May.
„ „ leioca'rpa (smooth-fruited). See P. MICROCARPA.
„ pu'bens (downy). See P. OFFICIXALIS.
,, reevesia'na (Reeves' s). See P. ALBIFLORA REEVESIANA.
„ Ru'ssi (Russ's). 2. Crimson. May. Sicily.
,, sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). See P. VILLOSA.
„ simplicifto'ra (simple-flowered). Red. May. Levant.
,, tata'rica (Tartarian). See P. ARIETINA.
„ ienuifo'lia (fine-leaved), ij. Red. May. Siberia.

1765-
„ „ fio're-ple'no (double-flowered), ij. Red. May.

Russia. 1831.

,, ,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Crimson. June.
„ triterna'ia ( thrice- three-leafleted). 3. Purple. May.

Siberia. 1790.
„ Vei'tchii (Veitch's). 2-2}. Purple-crimson, nearly

4 in. across, several on stem. W. China. 1909.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). 2. Red. May. S. Europe. 1816.
,, witmannia'na (Witmann's). 2. Greenish-yellow.

May. Orient. 1842.

PAGLE, PAIGLE, and PAGIL. The Cowslip. Pri'mula
officina'lis.

PAGODA TREE. Fi'cus i'ndica, Plume'ria a'lba, and
So'phora japo'nica.

PAINTED CUP. Castille'ja.
PAINTED GRASS. Aru'ndo.

PALAFO'XIA. (Named after Palafox, a Spanish

feneral. Nat. ord. Composites [Composit*]. Linn. 19-
yngenesia, i-sEqualis. Allied to Stevia.)
Herbaceous perennial, with white flowers. Seeds,
divisions, and cuttings of the young shoots in spring ;
sandy loam. A cool greenhouse or cold pit in winter for
linea'ris.

P. fastigia'ta (tapering). See POLYPTERIS INTEGRIFOLIA^.
,, hookeria'na (Hookerian). See POLYPTERIS HOOKERI-

ANA.

„ linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 2. June. Mexico. 1821.

Greenhouse.
„ texa'na (Texan) of De Candolle. See POLYPTERIS

TEX AN A.
„ texa'na (Texan) of Hooker. See POLYPTERIS

HOOKERIANA.

PALAU' A. (Commemorative of A . Palau of Verdera,

a botanical professor at Madrid. Nat. ord. Malvaceae)

Hardy or half-hardy annuals. Seeds in heat, and

planted out in May. Ordinary soil.

P. disse'cta (cut). f. Mauve. June, July. Peru, &c.

1866.

„ flexuo'sa (flexuous). See P. DISSECTA.
„ malvcefo'lia (mallow-leaved), i. Pink. S. Amer.
„ rhombifo'lia (diamond-leaved), i. Rose. June to
August. Peru. 1830.

PALA'VA. See PALAUA.

PALE-BRINDLED BEAUTY MOTH. Phigalia Pilo-
saria.

PALICOU'REA. (Named after Le Palicour, of Guiana.
Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Psychotria.)

PALISOTA

630

PANAX

Some of the species are used for killing rats and mice
in Brazil. Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in spring,
in sand, under a glass, in a gentle hotbed ; sandy loam
and peat.
P. apica'ta (crowned- fruited) . 4. Yellow. July.

Caracas. 1824.
„ cro'cea (saffron-coloured) 4. Orange. July. W. Ind.

1823.

„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See P. NICOTIAN^F.KOLIA.
„ gardenioi des (Gardenia-like). 2. White, almost per-
petual flowering. Mexico. 1845.
„ jugo'sa (joined). Leaves shining green above, purple

beneath. S. Amer. 1886.
„ lu'tea (yellow), i. Yellow. Guiana. 1823.
„ nicotianafo'lia (Nicotiana-leaved). Greenish-yellow.

September. Brazil. 1888.
„ ornata (adorned). Leaves olive-green, with red

veins. S. Amer. 1875.
„ Pave'tta (Pavetta-like). 2. White. August. W. Ind.

1823.
„ racemo'sa (racemed). 2-3. White. June. Guiana.

1818.
„ ri'gida (stiff). 3. Yellow. August. Caracas.

1820.
„ viola' cea( violet). 3-4. White. June. Guiana. 1824.

PALISO'TA. (Commemorative of the traveller, Palisoi
de Beauvois. Nat. ord. Commelinaceae.)

Evergreen, perennial, stove herbs. Seeds ; divisions.
Loam, 'peat, or leaf-mould and sand. Most of them
will thrive in shady situations.

P. Albe'rtii (Albert's). 1^-3. Leaves silvery-white be-
neath. Belgian Congo. 1910.

„ Barte'ri (Barter's), i. Purple. Fernando Po. 1862.
„ bi 'color (two-coloured). 1-1$. Leaves with greenish-
yellow central area. Fernando Po. 1878.
„ bracteo'sa (large-bracted). i-ij. White. Trop.

Africa. 1879.

„ Elizabc'lha (Elizabeth's). 2-3. Leaves with greenish-
yellow centre. Belgian Congo. 1910.
„ Maclau'dii (Maclaud's). Hairs on sheaths and stalks

black. Upper Guinea. 1896.
„ Pyna'rti (Pynaert's). i. Pure white. Congo Free

State. 1906.
„ „ fo'liis variega'tis (leaves- variegated). Leaves

variegated. 1909.

PALIU'RUS. Christ's Thorn. (Name of a plant used
by Dioscorides. Nat. ord. Rhamnads [Rhamnaceae].
Linn. *,-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Zizyphus.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs, with greenish-yellow flowers.
Suckers, which come freely ; layers, and cuttings, and
seeds. P. austra'lis, from its abundance in Judca, is
supposed to be the plant from which our Saviour's
crown of thorns was made ; common garden soil.
P. aculea'tus (sharp-thorned). See P. AUSTRALIS.
„ Auble'tia (Aublet's). See P. RAMOSISSIMUS.
„ austra'lis (southern). 4-8. Greenish-yellow. June
to September. S. Europe, Western Asia. 1596.
" Christ's Thorn."

„ orienta'lis (oriental). 8-10. Yellow. Fruits larger

than those of P. austra'lis. Central China. 1910.

„ ramosi' ssimus ( much-branched). 6. Yellow. August.

China. 1817.
„ virga'tus (twiggy). See ZIZYPHUS INCURVA.

PALLA'SIA GRANDIFLO'RA. See ENCELIA HALIMI-

FOLIA.

PALLA'SIA HALIMIFO'LIA. See ENCELIA CANESCENS.

PA'LLENIS. (From pallens, pale-coloured ; in allusion
to the pale, chaffy scales of the receptacle. Nat. ord.
Composite.)

Hardy annual. Seeds in April in the open ground.
Ordinary garden soil.

P. spino'sa (spiny). 2-2 J. Yellow. July. Mediter-
ranean region ; Orient. 1570.

PALM. Any species of the order Palmaceae.
PA'LMA CHRI'STI. Ri'cinus commu'nis.
PALM, CABBAGE. Oreodo'xa olera'cea.
PALM, DATE. Phce'nix dactylifera.
PALMET10 PALM. Sa'bal Palmetto.
PALM, FAN. Any Palm with fan-shaped leaves.

PA'LMIA BI'COLOR. See HEWI'TTIA BI'COLOR.
PALMI'TE. Prio'nium Palmi'ta.
PALM OIL. Elce'is guinee'nsis.
PALM, PATANA. (Enoca'rpus Batau'a.
PALM, SAVANAH. Sa'bal maurituefo'rmis.
PALM, THATCH. Sa'bal blackurnia'na.
PALMYRAS TREE. Bora'ssus ftabe'llifer.
PALUMBI'NA CA'NDIDA. SeeONCi'oiuM CA'NDIDUM.
PAMPAS GRASS. Cortade'ria arge'ntea.
PAN^E'TIA LESSO'NH. See PODOLEPIS LESSONII.

PA'NAX. ( From pan, all, and akos, remedy ; referring
to the stimulant drug, Ginseng, to which miraculous
virtue is ascribed by the Chinese. Nat. ord. Ivyivorts
[Araliaceae]. Linn. 2^-Polygamia, 2-Dicecia.)

Cuttings of young shoots under a hancl-li^ht, in spring
and summer ; sandy loam and fibrous rcat- Of all the
species the following are most worth notice :
P. arbo'reum (tree). New Zealand.
,, arma'ium (armed). Leaves bipinnate. India. 1876.
,, au'reum (golden). See P. FRUTICOSUM AUREUM.
„ Balfou'rii (Balfour's). Leaflets orbicular, blotched
and edged with creamy-white. New Caledonia.
1899.
„ cochlea' turn (shell-formed). 10. White. Malaya.

1820.
„ conchifo'lium (shell-leaved). 10. Yellow. India.

1820. Stove evergreen.
„ crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). See PSEUDOPANAX

CRASSIFOLIUM.

„ crispa'tum (crisped). Leaves pinnate, deeply cut.

Brazil. 1888.

,, diffi'ssum (twice-cut). See P. FRUTICOSUM DIFFISSUM.
,, dissc'ctum (dissected). Leaves bipinnate, drooping.

1882.
„ divarica'tum (spreading). See ACANTHOPANAX DI-

VARICATUM.

„ dumo'sutn (bushy). Leaves pinnate and cut. Prob-
ably a form of P. frutico'sum. 1883.
,, e'legans (elegant). Leaves finely divided. 1880.
,, fe'rox (fierce). See PSEUDOPANAX FEROX.
„ fi'ssum (split). Leaves tripinnate. Polynesia. 1884.
,, frutico'sum (shrubby). 4-8. Trop. Asia.
„ ,, au'reum (golden). Leaves variegated with yellow.

W. Ind. 1899.
,, „ deleaua'num (Deleauan). Leaves much divided.

Polynesia. 1883.
,, „ diffi'ssum (twice-cut). Leaves bipinnate, crisped.

Polynesia. 1883.
,, ,, Guilfo'ylei (Guilfoyle's). Leaves variegated with

white. Polynesia. 1876.
,, ,, lacinia'tum (cut-leaved). Leaves deeply cut.

South Sea Islands. 1887.
,, „ multi'fidum (much-cut). Leaves three times

divided. 1887.
„ ,, Victo'ria (Queen Victoria's). Leaves variegated

with white. Polynesia. 1883.
,, ho'rridum (horrid). See FATSIA HORRIDA.
„ le'pidum (neat). Leaves bi tern a tely divided. Brazil.

1888.

„ Lesso'nii (Lesson's). See PSEUDOPANAX LESSONII.
„ longi' 'ssimum (longest). 10. Leaves very long and

narrow. New Zealand. 1866.
,, mastersia'num (Mastersian). Leaves pinnate, 3 ft.

long ; leaflets 10 in. Solomon Islands. 1898.
„ Murra'yi (Murray's). 50. Leaves drooping, pinnate,

3-4 ft. long. Polynesia. 1874.
,, ni'tidum (shining). 3. Leaves roundish. Brazil.

1888.

„ obtu'sum (blunt). Java. 1875.

,, orna'tum (adorned). Leaves pinnate. Brazil. 1888.
„ pluma'tum (plumed). Leaves bipinnate. South Sea

Islands. 1879.
„ quinquefo'lium (five- leaved) . See ARALIA QUINQUE-

FOLIA.

„ rotunda'tum (rounded). Polynesia. 1879.
„ sambucifo'lium (elder- leaved) . Green. Australia.

l873-,

,, serratifo'lium (serrate- leaved). Leaves pinnate. Prob-
ably a form of P. frutico'sum. Polynesia.
1883.

PANCRATIUM

631

PANDANUS

P. sessiliflo'rum (stalkless-flowered). See P. MURRAYI.

„ sple'ndens (splendid). 40. White. Trinidad. 1846.

„ spino'sum (spiny). See ACANTHOPANAX SPINOSUM.

„ Victo'ria (Queen Victoria's). See P. FRUTICOSUM

VICTORIA.

PANCRA'TIUM. (From pan, all, and kratos, potent ;
supposed medicinal qualities. Nat. ord. Amaryllids
[Amaryllidacea?]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Hymenocallis.)

Handsome bulbs, and white-flowered, except where
otherwise mentioned. Seeds for new varieties, as well
as for perpetuating the older ; chiefly by offset-bulbs ;
sandy loam, fibrous peat, and rotten cow-dung. Temp,
for stove kinds, winter, 50° ; summer, 60° to 90°. Even
the hardy require a little protection in severe weather.

HARDY.

P. carolinia'num (Carolina). See P. MARITIMUM.
„ illy'ricum (Illyrian). i£. May. S. Europe. 1615.
„ mari'timum (sea). 2. June. S. Europe. 1579.
„ rota turn (-wheel-crowned). SeeHYMENOCALLiSLACERA.
„ siella' re (starry). See P. ILLYRICUM.

STOVE.
P. aculifo'lium (sharp- leaved). See HYMENOCALLIS

LITTORALIS.

,, agypti'acum (Egyptian). White. Egypt.

„ Ama'ncces (Hill of Amancaes). See HYMENOCALLIS
AMANOES.

„ amboine'nse (Amboynan). See EURYCLES SYLVES-
TRIS.

„ america'num (American). See HYMENOCALLIS LIT-
TORALIS.

„ amae'num (lovely) of Andrews. See HYMENOCALLIS
OVATA.

„ amce'num (handsome) of Salisbury. See HYMENO-
CALLIS CARIB^A.

„ angu'slum (narrow-leaved). See HYMENOCALLIS
CARIB^A.

,, ara'bicum (Arabian). White. Egypt and Arabia.

„ auranti'acum (orange). See STENOMESSON AURANTI-
ACUM.

„ australa'sicum (Australasian). See EURYCLES

SYLVESTRIS.

„ bifio'rum (two-flowered). See P. VERECUNDUM.

„ calathi'num (cup-shaped). See HYMENOCALLIS

CALATHINA.

„ canarie'nse (Canary), i£. June. Canaries. 1815.

,, cariba'um (Caribaean). i£. June. W. Ind. 1730.

„ caribar'um (Caribaean) of Curtis. See HYMENOCALLIS
SPECIOSA.

,, cariba'um (Caribaean) of Linnaeus. See HYMENO-
CALLIS CARIByEA.

,, cocci 'neum (scarlet). See STEXOMESSON COCCINEUM.

„ colli'num (hill), i-ij. White. Algeria.

,, corona' rium (garland). See HYMENOCALLIS CRASSI-

FOLIA.

„ crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). See HYMENOCALLIS

CRASSIFOLIA.

,, declina'tum (leaning). See HYMENOCALLIS CARIB^A.
„ di'stichum (two-ranked). See HYMENOCALLIS LITTO-
RALIS.

„ Drya'ndri (Dryander's). See HYMENOCALLIS LITTO-
RALIS.

expa'nsum (expanded). See HYMENOCALLIS EXPANSA.
, fce'tidum (fetid) of gardens. White.
, fra' grans (fragrant). See HYMENOCALLIS OVATA.
, glau'cum (sea-green). See HYMENOCALLIS GLAUCA.
, guiane'nse (Guiana). See HYMENOCALLIS TUBIFLORA.
, hu'mile (humble). See TAPEINANTHUS HUMILIS.
, incarna'tum (flesh-coloured). See STENOMESSON IN-

CARNATUM.

„ latifo'liwn (broad-leaved) of Miller. See HYMENO-
CALLIS SPECIOSA.

„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved) of Ruiz and Pavon. See
URCEOLINA LATIFOLIA.

„ littora'le (sea-side). See HYMENOCALLIS LITTORALIS.

,, longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 2. June. E. Ind. 1810.

,, mexica'num (Mexican) of Lindley. See HYMENO-
CALLIS LITTORALIS.

„ mexica'num (Mexican) of Linnaeus. See HYMENO-
CALLIS LACERA.

„ narcissi fto'rwn (Narcissus-flowered). See HYMENO-
CALLIS CALATHINA.

P. nervifo'lium (nerved- leaved) . See EURYCLES SYLVES-
TRIS.

„ MM' tons (nodding). See HYMENOCALLIS NUTANS.
,, ova' turn (egg-leaved). See HYMENOCALLIS OVATA.
,, parviflo'rum (small-flowered). See VAGARIA PARVI-

FLORA.

„ pa'tens (spreading) of Lindley. See HYMENOCALLIS

CAYMANENSIS.

„ pa'tens (spreading) of Redout6. See HYMENOCALLIS

CARIByEA PATENS.

„ peda'le (foot). See HYMENOCALLIS PEDALIS.

„ petiola'tum (stalked). See HYMENOCALLIS TUBIFLORA.

,, plica'tum (plaited). July. Macao. 1827.

„ Saha'rai (Sahara). White. Sahara.

„ Sickenbe'rgeri (Sickenberger's) . i. White. Egypt
and Arabia. 1883.

,, specio'sum (showy). See HYMENOCALLIS SPECIOSA.

,, liar czflo' rum (tiara-flowered). See P. ZEYLANICUM.

,, tortuo'sum (twisted), i. Greenish. Arabia and
Egypt.

„ Iria'nthum (three-flowered), i. White. Spring and
summer. Trop. Africa. 1894.

„ tubiflo'rum( tube-flowered). See HYMENOCALLIS TUBI-
FLORA.

„ undula'tum (wave-leaved). See HYMENOCALLIS UN-

DULATA.

„ verecu'ndum (ruddy), ij. July. N. India. 1776.
,, varitga'tum (variegated). A slight variety of Steno-

messon incarnatum.
„ viridiflo'rum (green-flowered). See STENOMESSON

VIRIDIFLORUM.

,, zeyla'nicum (Ceylon), i. June. Ceylon. 1752.

PANDANOPHYXLUM HU'MILE and P. WEND-
LA'NDI. See MAPANIA HUMILIS.

PANDA'NUS. Screw-Pine. (From pandang, the Malay
name. Nat. ord. Screw-Pines [Pandanaceae]. Linn. 22-
Dioecia, i-Monandria.)

Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. Chiefly by
suckers ; sandy loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.
P. amaryllidifo'lius (Amaryllis-leaved) of gardens. See

P. L^VIS.
,, amaryllifo'lius (Amaryllis-leaved). 20. Amboyna.

1820.

,, aqua'ticus (aquatic). N. Australia.
,, augustia'nus (Augustian). Leaves broad, densely

toothed. New Guinea. 1866.

„ Bapti'sti (Baptist's). Leaves narrow. New Cale-
donia. 1892.

„ Barkly'i (Barkly's). Mascarene Islands.
„ Blanco'i (Blanco's). See P. ODORATISSIMUS.
,, bouchea'nus (Bouchean). Madagascar. 1820.
,, Buto'yei (Butoye's). Leaves broad with claw-like

prickles. Congo. 1903.

,, Candela'brum (candlestick). 60. Guinea. 1826.
„ carico'sus (sedge-Uke). 2-3. Yellow- white. Moluccas.

1878.

,, cerame'nsis (Ceram Island). See P. LABYRINTHICUS.
,, cera'micus (Ceram Island). See P. LABYRINTHICUS.
„ conoi'deus (cone-shaped). Malaya. 1872.
„ dtco'rus (befitting). New Caledonia. 1870.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). Leaves bronzy when young.

India. 1884.

„ doornia'nus (Doprnian). Mascarene Islands.
„ dyeria'nus (Dyerian). See P. BAPTISTI.
„ edu'lis (eatable). Madagascar. 1824.
, e'legans (elegant). See P. SYLVESTRIS.
, eleganti' ssimus (most-elegant). See P. UTILIS.
, Eydou'xia (Eydouxia). Mascarene Islands.
, fascicula'ris (fascicled). 20. E. Ind. 1822.
, flabellifo'rmis (fan-shaped). See P. UTILIS.
, fa'tidus (fetid). 5-10. India. 1842.
,, Forste'ri (Forster's). Lord Howe's Island.
„ furca'tus (forked). India and Malaya. 1824.
,, glance' scens (sea-green). India. 1865.
„ graminifo'lius (grass- leaved). 1-2. Leaves very

narrow, recurved. Tenasserim.
,, grusonia'nus (Grusonian). Leaves 3 ft. long, with

red spines. Admiralty Isles. 1887.
,, heteroca'rpus (various-fruited). Leaves 3-6 ft. long,

armed with white spines. Philippines. 1866.
„ Houlle'tii (Houllet's). Coppery-rose. Singapore.

1868.
„ hu'milis (dwarf). See P. SYLVESTRIS.

PANDOREA

632

PANSY

ine'rmis (unarmed) of Blanco. Philippines.
, ine'rmis (unarmed) of Roxburgh. See P. L^VIS.
, iniegrifo lius (entire-leaved). E. Ind. 1823.
, java'nicus (Javan). Country unknown. 1854.
, „ variega'tus (variegated). Leaves prickly, ecl.^cd
with white.

„ Kercho'vei ( Kerchove's) . Leaves long, narrow, with
white spines. Admiralty Isles. 1886.

„ kurzea'nus (Kurzean). See P. POLYCEPHALUS.

„ labyri'nlhicus (labyrinthic). Fruit cone-like, scarlet
when ripe. Malaya. 1888.

„ l&'vis (smooth). India; Cochin-China. 1823.

,, La'is (Lais). Malaya.

,, latifo'lius (broad- leaved). See P. BOUCHEANUS.

„ longifp'lius (long- leaved). E. Ind. 1829.

„ tnargina'tus (margined). Mauritius. 1823.

,, mauritia'nus (Mauritian). See P. UTILIS.

,, microca'rpus (small- fruited). Mascarene Islands.

„ Millo're (Millore). Nicobar Islands.

„ mi' nor (smaller). Fruits yellow, with a claw-like
spine. Stems 3 ft. long, prostrate. India. 1873.

„ murica'tus (point-covered). Madagascar. 1826.

„ ni'tidus (shining). See P. STENOPHYLLUS.

„ odorati'ssimus (sweetest-scented). 20. Trop. Asia.
1771.

„ paci'ficus (Pacific). Leaves broad. Pacific Islands.
1892.

„ Panche'ri (Pancher's). Leaves linear, prickly, 3-5 ft.
long. New Caledonia. 1877.

„ polyce'phalus (many-headed). Leaves glaucus.
Malaya. 1866.

„ portea'nus (Portean). Philippines. 1866.

»» pygnKz'us (dwarf). January. Mauritius. 1830.

,, refle'xus (bent-back). Mascarene Islands. 1818.

„ Sande'ri (Sander's). Habit of P. Veitchi, but leaves
edged with yellow. 1898.

„ sc'ssths(stalkless). Trop. Africa. 1820.

„ spec-ta'bilis (showy). Gardens.

„ spharoi'deus (sphere-like). Mascarene Islands.

„ spira'lis (spiral). See P. ODORATISSIMUS.

„ stenophyllus (narrow-leaved). Java.

„ sylve'stris (wood). 8. Mascarene Islands.

„ tenuifo'lius (slender- leaved). Trop. Amer. 1873.

„ ungu'ifer (nail-bearing). See P. MINOR.

„ u' tilts (useful. Red-spined). 20-60. Madagascar.

„ Vandermee'schii (Van-der-Meesch's). 10-20. Mas-
carene Islands.

„ ,, mari'timus (maritime).

„ Vei'tchi (Veitch's). 2-30. Leaves edged with white.
Polynesia. 1868.

„ wavrinia'nus (Wavrinian). Leaves narrow, strap-
shaped. Seedling form. 1903.

„ zeyla'nicus (Cingalese). Ceylon.

PANDO'REA. SeeTECOMA.

PANICLE is a loose, branching bunch of flowers, as in
the Oat (Ave'na) and London Pride (Saxi'fraga).

PA'NICTJM. Panic Grass. (An old Latin name for a
kind of millet. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

A large and very varied genus of grasses, some of
which are hardy or tender, while the perennials require
a greenhouse or stove. Seeds, or divisions of the peren-
nials. Ordinary soil for the hardy annuals ; loam, leaf-
mould, and sand for the tender species.
P. alti'ssimum (tallest). 6-25. Guiana.
„ bulbo'sum (bulbous). Mexico. Half-hardy perennial.
„ capilla're (hair-like). 2. Summer. Western hemi-
sphere. 1758. Hardy.
„ colo'num (colonist). iA-2. Tropics. " Millet Rice."

Half-hardy.

„ Cru's-ga'lli (cock's-foot). i. S. Europe, &c. "Barn-
yard Grass." Hardy.
„ i'ndicum (Indian). 2-3. Tropics of the Old World.

1818. Half-hardy.

„ insi'gne (remarkable). Abyssinia. Half-hardy.
„ 7sa'c&H£(Isachne). Mediterranean region, &c. Hardy.
„ iia'licum (Italian). See SETARIA ITALICA.
„ „ japo'nicum (Japanese). A cultivated variety of

Setaria italica. 1887.

,, ma'ximum (largest). 5-10. Trop. Amer. Stove.
„ milia'cfum (millet-like). 2. Tropical regions.

Annual. "Millet."

„ obtu'sum (blunt). Mexico. Half-hardy.
„ plica'twn (plaited). 2-3. Summer. Tropics. 1821.
Stove.

P. plica'lum ni'veo-vitta'lum (snowy- striped). Leaves
striped with white. 1868. Stove.

„ proli'ferum (proliferous). N. Amer. Hardy.

,, sanguina'le (blood-red) . Spikelets purple-red. Cosmo-
politan. Hardy.

,, specta'bile (showy). Trop. Africa and Amer. Stove.

„ Teneri'ffce (Teneriffe). Mediterranean region, &c.
Hardy.

„ Uxa'num (Texan). Texas. Hardy.

„ to'nsum (shorn). Inflorescence feathery, silvery. S.
Africa. 1895. Greenhouse.

„ variega'tum (variegated). See OPLISMENUS BUR-

MANNI VARIEGATUS.

,, virga'tum (twiggy). 2. August. N. Amer. 1781.

PANT SEA. (From pan, all, and isos, equal; in
allusion to the parts of the flower. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)
Stove epiphytical orchid. Offsets at the commence-
ment of growth. Fibrous peat, sphagnum, and pot-
sherds.
P. tricallo'sa (three-callused). Yellow-green; calli

yellow, tipped with brown. Assam. 1901.
,, unifio'ra (one-flowered). See COILOGYNE UNIFLORA.

PANNING is forming a pan or basin in the soil round
the stem of a tree or shrub, in which to pour water.

PANO'PSIS. (From pan, all, and opsis, resemblance ;
possibly from its resemblance to various plants. Nat.
ord. Proteaceae. Allied to Roupala.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-
glass, and after a time put in bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, fibrous peat, and sand.

P. hamelicefo'lia (Hamelia-leaved). 10. Green. Guiana.
1803.

PANSY. (Viola iri' color.) The native situation of
the wild Pansy is generally in fields of growing corn, where
it is partially shaded from the wind and the heat of the
midday sun. To grow the Pansy for the purpose of
exhibition, the situation for the plants should also be one
sheltered from all cutting winds, as these are very
destructive, often injuring, and even killing, the plants
close to the soil, by twisting them about. The situation
should be open to the free circulation of the air, and
exposed to the morning sun, but protected from the full
influence of the midday sun, which injures the colour of
the blooms. The plants should be placed together in
beds made for the purpose. The situation should be
cool and moist, but thoroughly drained ; for although
the Pansy requires considerable moisture during the
blooming 'season, and through the summer months, yet
it is very impatient of superabundant moisture, and the
plants will be found never to do well \vhen the soil
becomes in any degree sodden.

The Soil should be rich and tolerably light. Decayed
cucumber-bed dung is the best manure, and the soil a
light, hazel loam, with a good portion of decayed turf
from pasture land, thoroughly intermixed by frequent
stirring and digging, and to three barrow-loads of this
soil add one of the cucumber-bed manure two years old.
Manure-water, particularly guano-water, applied during
the blooming season, is very beneficial.

The Plants should be carefully selected for the purpose
of producing blooms for exhibition, as it will be always
found that when they have flowered well through one
season, they never produce so fine blooms the second.
Those who intend to grow the Pansy for exhibition
should select young plants well established from cuttings
for the purpose. For the spring exhibitions in May and
June, select plants struck the previous autumn, in August
and September ; and for the autumn exhibitions in
September, select plants struck early in the spring ; and
after these have produced their blooms, save them for
store plants, to produce cuttings, always having a
constant succession of young plants for the purpose of
blooming.

Propagation. — The young side-shoots are to be pre-
pared for cuttings, as the old, hollow stems seldom strike
freely, and do not grow so strong for spring blooming.
Take off a sufficient quantity of these side-shoots in
August, or the beginning of September, and for autumn-
blooming in April and May ; these insert either under
hand-glasses, or in pots placed in a cool frame in some
good, light compost, mixed with a good quantity of

PANSY FLY

633

PAPHINIA

silver-sand, taking care to keep them moderately moist,
and shading them from hot suns.

The Disease to which the Pansy is most subject is a
withering away suddenly, as if struck by something at
the root. This disease has received various names, as
root-rot, decline, &c. ; but both cause and remedy are
unknown. Old plants are much more subject to it than
young ones, and it appears to be most prevalent during
hot and dry seasons. When a plant is thus struck,
which is indicated by a withering of the foliage, if it be
rare and choice kind, immediately take all the cuttings
you can get, and strike them, as almost invariably the
old plants die. Strong, stimulating manures are pro-
ductive of this disease. As a preventive keep the surface
of the soil frequently stirred.

Insects. — The worst foes of the Pansy are the slug
and the snail. To destroy and keep away these vermin,
water the bed late of an evening, in moist weather, with
lime-water, and sprinkle the surface pretty thickly with
fresh wood-ashes. See AGROMYZA.

Box for exhibiting Blooms.— Dr. Lindley says, that the
best-constructed box for exhibiting twenty-four Heart's-
ease is made of deal, of the following dimensions :
20 inches long, i foot wide, and 5 inches deep ; the lid
made to unhinge ; a sheet of zinc fitted inside, resting
upon a rim ; four rows of six holes each cut in the zinc
at 3 inches apart : under each hole a zinc tube soldered
to the plate, and intended to contain the water ; the
apertures to admit the flower made in the form of a
key-hole, as it will admit part of the calyx, and keep the
flower in a flat position. The outside may be painted
green ; but the zinc plate should be painted of a dead
white.

PANSY FLY. Agromyza.
PANTILES. See BRICKS.

PAPA'VER. Poppy. (From papa, pap, or thick
milk ; referring to the juice. Nat. ord. Poppyicorts
[Papaveraceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Seeds in March and April, where the plants are to
remain ; division of the roots of the perennial ones ;
light, rich, sandy soil.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

P. aculea'tum (prickly) . 2. Brick-red. S.Africa. 1825.
„ alpi'num (alpine), f. White. July. Arctic and

alpine regions. 1759.

„ „ puni'ceum (red), i. Red. June. Switzerland.
„ ,, ru'bro-auranti'acum (red-orange), i. Orange-red.

Dahuria. 1822.

„ armeni'acum (Armenian). See P. CAUCASICUM.
„ atla'nticum (Atlantic). See P. RUPIFRAGUM ATLANTI-

CUM.

„ bractea'tum (bracted) . See P. ORIENTALS BRACTEATUM.
„ Burse'ri (Burser's). See P. ALPINUM.
„ cauca'sicum (Caucasian). 1-2. Red. June. Cauca-
sus. 1813.

„ cro'ceum (saffron-coloured). See P. NUDICAULE.
,, floribu'ndum (free-flowering). See P. CAUCASICUM.
„ fu'gax (fugaceous). See P. CAUCASICUM.
„ garie'pinum (Gariepinan). See P. ACULEATUM.
„ Heldrei'chii (Heldreich's). See P. SCHINZIANUM.
„ lateri'tium (brick-red), i|. Brick-red. Armenia.
„ nudicau'le (naked-stalked), ij. Yellow. July. 1730.

Arctic and alpine regions. " Iceland Poppy."
„ ,, glabra'tum (smooth). $. Yellow. July. Siberia.

1800.
„ ,, lu' team (yellow-flowered), ij. Yellow. July.

Siberia. 1730.
,, ,, radica'tum (rooted). £. Yellow. July. Norway.

1800.

„ oly'mpicum (Olympic). See P. PILOSUM.
„ or ien.ta'le (eastern). 3. Red. May. Armenia. 1714.
„ „ bractea'tum (large-brae ted). 3-4. Red. May.

Siberia. 1817.
„ ,, co'ncolor (one-coloured). 3. Scarlet. June. S.

Europe. 1714-
„ „ macula'tum (spotted). 3. Scarlet. June. S.

Europe. 1714.

,, pe'rsicum (Persian). i|. Brick. June. Persia. 1830.
„ pilo'sum (long-hairy). Red. 2|. Bithynia.
„ Polla'ki (Pollak's). 3. Dark cherry-red. Persia.

1888.

„ pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). See P. ALPINUM.
„ „ puni'ceum (red). See P. ALPINUM PUNICEUM.

P. radica'tum (rooting). See P. NUDICAULE.
„ ru'bro-auranti'acum (red-orange). See P. ALPINUM

RUBRO-AURANTIACUM.

,, rupi'fragum (rock- breaking). i£-2. Salmon. April.

Spain ; Morocco. 1890.
„ ,, alla'nticum (Atlantic). 1-2. Orange-red or

scarlet. Morocco. 1890.
„ schinzia'num (Schinzian). 1-2. Brick-red. Probably

a hybrid. 1910.
,, villo'sum (villous). See P. PILOSUM.

HARDY ANNUALS.

P. amce'num (lovely). See P. SOMNIFERUM.
,, a'pulum (not-closed). S. Europe, &c.
„ arena'rium(sa.nd). i. Red. June. Caucasus. 1828.
„ Argemo'ne(Arg,emone). i$. Scarlet. June. Britain.
,, argemonoi'des ( Argemone-like) . See P. APULUM.
„ calif o'rnicum (Calif ornian). i. Clear orange, with

yellow centre.
„ commuia' turn (changeable), i. Scarlet. July. Siberia.

1839.

„ corni'gerum (horn-bearing). See P. PAVONINUM.
„ du'bium (doubtful). 2. Scarlet. June. Britain.
„ „ flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). White. June.

Tauria.
„ glau'cum (sea-green), i. Deep scarlet-red. July.

Armenia. 1891. " Tulip Poppy."
,, Hoo'keri (Hooker's). See P. RHOZAS LATIFOLIUM.
,, ho'rridum (horrid). See P. ACULEATUM.
„ hy'bridum (hybrid), i*. Scarlet. June. England.
„ Iceviga'tum (smooth-leaved). ij. Red. June.

Caucasus. 1823.
„ Mone'ti (Monet's). Natural hybrid between P.

glaucum and P. Rhoeas.
„ pavoni'num (peacock-like), i. Scarlet, with grey

blotch, bordered by a black, horse-shoe shaped one

on each petal. Afghanistan, &c. 1883.
„ Rhoz'as (Rhceas). 1-2. Bright red. June to August.

Britain. " Corn Poppy," " Shirley Poppy."
„ ,, latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3-4. Pale rose to

crimson-scarlet, with white or blue-black blotch at

the base. India.
„ „ umbro'sum (shady). 1-2. Scarlet, with four large

black blotches. 1877.
„ Roubice'i (Roubieus's). See P. RHCEAS.
,, seti'gerum (bristly). See P. SOMNIFERUM.
„ somnfferum (sleep-causing). 4. White. July.

Greece ; Orient (England) .

„ „ a'lbo-ple'num (dpuble-white-seeded). 5. Varie-
gated. July. Britain.

,, „ a'lbum (white-seeded). 5. White. July. Britain.
„ „ fimbria'tum (fringed). 4. Variegated. July.

Britain.

„ „ ni'grum (black-seeded). 4. Purple. July. Britain.
„ „ ru'bro-ple'num (double-red). 5. Variegated.

July. Britain.
„ ,, variega'tum (variegated). 4. Variegated. July.

Britain.

,, spica'tum (spiked), ii-2. Salmon. Asia Minor.
„ stri'ctum (upright). Phrygia.
,, tri'lobum (three-lobed). See P. RHCEAS.
,, umbro'sum (shady). See P. RHCEAS UMBROSUM.

PAPA'YA, PAPAW-TREE. See CARICA PAPAYA.
PAPA'YA GRA'CILIS. See CARICA GRACILIS.

PAPER LIGHTS were never much employed, and, since
the introduction of Whitney's and other compositions
for rendering cloth semi-transparent, are still less likely
to be employed. Cartridge paper is the best for the
purpose. It should be damped before it is nailed upon
the frame, because when dry it becomes taut. It may
then be painted over with boiled linseed oil, in which a
little white lead has been incorporated. In nailing on
the paper, a strip of tape should be placed between the
heads of the tacks and the paper, to check the tearing
to which the paper is so subject.

PAPER MULBERRY. Broussone tia papyri'fera.

PAPHTNIA. (Paphia, a surname of Venus. Nat.

ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2O-Gynandria, i-

Monandria. Now referred to Lycaste.)

P. crista'ta (crested). See LYCASTE (PAPHINIA) CRIST ATA.

„ „ modiglia'na (Modiglian). See LYCASTE CRIST ATA

MODIGLIANA.

PAPPERITZIA

634

PARKERIA

1'. gra'ndis (grand). See LYCASTE (PAPHINIA) GRANDIS.
„ lindenia'na (Lindenian). See LVCASTE LINDENIANA.
„ Ra'ndi (Rand's). See LYCASTE RANDI.
„ rugo'sa (wrinkled). See LYCASTE (PAPHINIA) RUGOSA.
„ ,, Kalbre'yeri ( Kalbreyer's) . See LYCASTE RUGOSA

KALBREYERI.
„ ,, sanderia'na (Sanderian). See LYCASTE RUGOSA

SANDERIANA.

PAPPERI'TZIA. (Commemorative of W. Papperitz.
Nat. ord. Orchidacese.)

Stove epiphytical orchid. See ORCHIDS FOR CULTURE.
P. Leibo'ldi (Leibold's). Green. Mexico. 1886.

PAPY'RUS. (From babeer, pronounced papeer, Syrian ;
hence papyrus, paper of the Egyptians. Nat. ord. Scde.es
[Cyperaceae]. Linn. s-Triandria, i-Monogynia. Now
referred to Cyperus.)

P. antique' rum (ancient). See CYPERUS PAPYRUS.
„ e'legans (elegant). See CYPERUS ELEGANS.
„ laxifto'rus (loose-flowered). See CYPERUS LAXIFLORUS .
„ odora'lus (sweet-scented). See CYPERUS GIGANTEUS.

PARACA'RYUM. (From para, with, and karuon, a
nut ; the fruit is nut-like. Nat. ord. Boraginaceae.)

Hardy or half-hardy biennials or perennials. Seeds ;
division of perennials. Well-drained garden soil.
P. anchusoi'des (Anchusa-like). See P. HELIOCARPUM.
„ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). i. Sky-blue.

Greece ; Asia Minor. 1899.
„ azu'reum (azure). See P. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.
„ ccelesti'num (sky-blue). 1-2. Blue. July, August.

Himalaya. 1837.

„ corymbiforme (corymb- formed). See P. ANGUSTI-
FOLIUM.
„ helioca'rpum (sun-fruited). 1-2. Blue or purple-blue.

May. Himalaya. 1840.

„ rnyosotoi'des (Myosotis-like). i£. Blue. August,
September. Greece ; Asia Minor. 1838.

PARADISA'NTHUS. (From paradeisos, a park, Garden
of Eden or Paradise, and anthos, a flower ; in allusion to
the handsome or striking combination of colours of the
flower. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Cool stove, epiphytical orchids. Offsets. Fibre of
peat, sphagnum, charcoal, and crocks.
P. bahie'nsis (Bahian). White and purple. Bahia,

Brazil.

„ Mose'ni (Mosen's). Green, brown, mauve, purple,
white. Brazil. 1881.

PARADISE, GRAINS OF. The pungent seeds of
Amomum Melegueta. They are also known as Guinea
Grains and Melegueta Pepper.

PARADI'SIA. St. Bruno's Lily. (From paradeisos, a
park, or Paradise. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Hardy border perennial. Divisions and seeds. Ordi-
nary garden soil.
P. Lilia'strum (star-lily), i-ij. White. June. Europe.

1629.
,, ,, ma'jor (larger). Flowers larger.

PARAGRA'MMA. See POLYPODIUM.
PARAGUAY TEA or MATE. I'lex parague'nsis.
PARANEPHE'LIUS UNIFLO'RUS. See LIABUM UNI-

FLORUM.

PARA NUT. Bertholle'tia exce'lsa.
PARA RUBBER. Heve'a brasilie'nsis.

PARASITIC PLANTS are such as derive their nourish-
ment from other living plants by rooting into their sap-
vessels. Examples are— the Mistletoe and Dodder, which
attach themselves to the stem and branches of some
plants; the Hypocistus and the Orobanche, or Broom
Rape, affix themselves to the roots of others. The
minute fungi which constitute the mildew are also para-
sites. There is some doubt whether the Ivy is at all
parasitical ; but whether it derives nourishment or not
from trees, it certainly checks the respiration, and
prevents the free access of light and air to those upon
which it attaches. The orchidaceous plants which grow
upon dead wood as readily as upon living timber are not
parasites; they are termed epiphytes, that is, plants
which attach themselves to others, merely to hold them
in position, where they can get sufficient light, air, and
nourishment. See SAPROPHYTES.

PARASTRA'NTHUS. (From parastrepho, to invert,
and anthos, a flower ; referring to the inverted position
of the flowers. Nat. ord. Bellftowers [Campanulaceag].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Referred to Lobelia.)
P. si'mplex (simple-stalked). See LOBELIA LUTEA.
„ unidenta'tus (one-toothed). See LOBELIA TENELLA.
„ variifo'lius (various- leaved). See LOBELIA VARII-
FOLIA.

PARATRO'PIA TEIJSMANIA'NA. See HEPTAPLEU-

RUM TOMENTOSUM.

PARATRO'PIA VENULO'SA. See HEPTAPLEURUM

VENULOSUM.

PARDA'NTHUS. (From pardos, a leopard, and
anthos, a flower ; referring to the spotted flowers. Nat.
ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn. $-Triandria, i-Monogynia.
Referred to Belamcanda.)
P. chine' 'rtsis (Chinese). See BELAMCANDA PUNCTATA.

„ nepale'nsis (Nepanlese). See BELAMCANDA PUNCTATA.

,, sine'nsis (Chinese). See BELAMCANDA PUNCTATA.

PARECHTTES THUNBE RGII. See TRACHELOSPER-

MUM JASMINOIDES.

PAREIRA BRAVA ROOT. Chondrode'ndron tomen-
to'sum.

PARINA'RIUM. (From parinari, the Guianan name.
Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. 7-Heptandria, i-
Monogynia.)

The rough-skinned or grey plum is the produce of
P. exce'lsum. Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in spring, in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy
loam and dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.

P. campe'strc (field). 6. Yellow. Guiana. 1824.
„ exce'lsum (tall). 60. White. Sierra Leone. 1822.
„ macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 3. White. Sierra
Leone. 1822. " Gingerbread Plum."

PARING and BURNING are never to be practised by
the gardener, except for the purpose of charring the turf,
and rendering porous the soil cut from the banks of
clayey ditches. When this is carefully done, a service-
able dressing is obtained. But paring and burning, as a
general practice, is extremely wasteful ; and, though it
may give a good crop immediately afterwards, never
fails, by speedy exhaustion, to demonstrate how great
has been the dispersion of carbonaceous matter.

PA'RIS. (From par, equal ; in allusion to the equal
number of leaves, sepals, petals, stamens, and styles.
Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Hardy border perennials for shady situations. Seeds ;
divisions. Ordinary soil.
P. polyphy'lla( many- leaved). J-2. Green, yellow. May.

Himalaya ; China. 1826.

„ quadrifo'lia (four- leaved), i. Yellow-green. May,
June. Europe, N. Asia (England).

PARITTUM ELA'TUM. Cuba Bast. See HIBISCUS

ELATUS.

PARIVO'A. (The name in Guiana. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosas]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia,
^-Decandria. Referred to Eperua.)
P. grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See EPERUA GRANDI-
FLORA.

PARK, in the modern acceptation of the word, is an
extensive adorned inclosure surrounding the house and
gardens, and affording pasturage, either to deer or
cattle. But a park, strictly and legally, is a large extent
of a man's own ground inclosed and privileged for wild
beasts of chase by prescription or by royal grant.

PARKERIA. (Named after C. S. Parker, its dis-
coverer. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Crypto-
gamia, i-Filices. See CERATOPTERIS.)

Stove Ferns. See FERNS.
P. acroslichoi' des (Acrostichum-like) . See CRYPTOGRAMME

CRISPA ACROSTICHOIDES.

,, Lockha'rti (Lockhart's). See CERATOPTERIS THALIC-

TROIDES.
„ pteroi'des (Pteris-like). See CERATOPTERIS THALIC-

TROIDES PTEROIDES.

PARKIA

635

PARSNIP

PA'RKIA. Nitta-tree. (Named after Mungo Park,
the African traveller. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosa?]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria.
Allied to Mimosa.)

Stove evergreen trees, with crimson flowers. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots in sand, in heat, under a ibell-
glass, in May ; sandy peat and loam. Winter temp.,
48° to 50° ; summer, 60° to 80°.

P. africa'na( African). 30. March. Trop. Africa. 1822.
„ biglandulo'sa (two-glanded). Brown-yellow, white.

Malaya.

„ biglobo'sa (two-globed). See P. AFRICANA.
„ Roxbu'rghii (Roxburg's). Trop. Asia.
„ uniglobo'sa (one-globed- flowered) . See P. AFRICANA.

PARKINSO'NIA. (Named after /. Parkinson, a
botanical author. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Poinciana.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Seeds, when obtainable;
cuttings of half -ripened shoots, treated like Parkia.
P. aculea'ta (prickly). 12. Yellow. Trop. Amer. 1739.

PARMENTIE'RA. (Commemorative of A. Parmentier,
who wrote about esculent plants. Nat. ord. Bignoniacea?.)

Evergreen stove tree. Cuttings of half-ripe wood in
sand in a propagating case, with bottom-heat. Loam,
peat, and sand.

P. ccrei'fera (wax-bearing). White. Fruit waxy-yellow,
2-3 ft. long. Panama. 1866. " Candle Tree."

PARNA'SSIA. Grass of Parnassus. (Named after
Mount Parnassus, where, from the elegance of these
plants, they were fabulously said to have first sprung.
Nat. ord. Saxifrages [Saxifragacea?]. Linn. s-Pentandria,
3-Tetragynia.)

P. palu'stris is one of our prettiest British marsh plants.
Hardy, herbaceous, white-flowered perennials. Seeds
and divisions in spring ; shady, marshy places.
P. america'na (American). See P. CAROLINIANA.
„ asarifo'lia ( Asarum- leaved) . £. July. N. Amer.

1812.

„ carolinia'na (Carolina). 4. May. N. Amer. 1802.
„ fimbria'ta, (fringed). £. "July. N. Amer.
„ nubi'cola (cloud-dwelling). |— i. White and green ;
fringe of glands yellow. July. Himalaya. 1881.
„ nuda'ta (naked). See P. ASARIFOLIA.
„ palu'stris (marsh). \. July. Britain. "Common

Grass of Parnassus."
„ ,, califo'rnica (Californian). $. White. July.

California.
„ parvifio'ra (small-flowered). £. June. N. Amer.

1820.

„ specio'sa (showy). See P. CAROLINIANA.
„ vulga'ris (common). See P. PALUSTRIS.

PARNASSUS, GRASS OF. See PARXASSIA PALUSTRIS.

PARO'CHETUS. (From para, near, and ochetos, a
brook ; its habitat. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosa3]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria. Allied
to Ononis.)

Half-hardy, evergreen, Nepaulese creepers. Division
in spring ; cuttings under a hand-light, in summer ;
loam and leaf-mould. The protection of a cold pit in
winter.

P. commu'nis (common). Purple. July. 1820. " Blue-
flowered Shamrock."
„ ma'jor (larger). Lilac. June. 1827.
„ oxalidifo'lius (Oxalis-leaved). See P. COMMUNIS.

PARONY'CHIA. Nail-wort. (From paronuchia, an
old Greek name for a whitlow, which it was supposed
to cure. Nat. ord. Illecebracea?.)

Low, creeping, perennial herbs, suitable for the rockery
or for carpeting the ground beneath taller plants. Seeds
and divisions. Ordinary soil, well-drained.
P. arge'ntea (silvery). J. Silvery- white. Mediterranean

region. 1879.

„ capita' ta (headed). J. Green. S. Europe, &c.
„ chioncz'a (Chioan). See P. CAPITATA.
„ frutico'sa (shrubby). {. Green. July. Western

Mediterranean region.

„ Ka'pela (Kapela). J. Green. S. Europe.
„ serpyllifo'lia (thyme- leaved). J. Silvery-green.
Summer. S. Europe. 1882.

PARROT-BEAK PLANT. Clia'nthus.

PARRO'TIA. (Named after M. Parrot. Nat. ord.
Witch-Hazels [Hamamelidaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, 2-
Digynia. Allied to Fothergilla.)

Hardy, deciduous trees of small size. Cuttings of
young shoots getting firm, in sand, under a glass, in
spring ; peat and loam. Should be tried in well-drained
light soil.

P. jacquemontia'na (Jacquemontian). 5-12. Himalaya.
„ pe'rsica (Persian). 10-18. Scarlet or red. Persia.
1848.

PA'RRYA. (Named after Captain Parry, the arctic
navigator. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Crucifera?]. Linn. 15-
Tetradynamia. Allied to Arabis.)

Hardy, dwarf, perennial herbs. Seeds ; common
garden soil.
P. arabidiflo'rum (Arabis-flowered). 1. Purple. May.

Siberia. 1800.
„ a'rctica (arctic). J. Purple. Melville Island. 1820.

Annual.
„ intege'rrima (very-entire-/eav<?d). \. Rose, purple.

April. Siberia. 1829. Evergreen.
„ macroca'rpa (large-fruited), £. Lilac. June. Arctic

regions. 1883.
„ Menzie'sii (Menzies1). J-i. Purple or rose-purple.

California. 1906.
„ microca'rpa (small-fruited). J. White. May. Altai.

1832.
„ nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). See P. MACROCARPA.

PARSLEY. (Ca'rum Pctroseli'num.) There are two
varieties, the Common Plain-leaved and the Curly- leaved.

Sow annually, once in February, and again in the end
of June. Sow moderately thick, in narrow drills barely
J inch deep, 12 inches apart if in a bed by itself, or in a
single one round the edge of a bed, the soil being raked
level, and the stones immediately over the seed gathered
off. The plants make their appearance in from two to
six weeks. When i or 3 inches high, they may be
gathered from as required. In early June, when they
make a show for seed, the stems should be cut down
close to the bottom, and again in September, if they have
acquired a straggling, rank growth. This will' cause
them to shoot afresh, and acquire a strong growth before
the arrival of severe weather. On the approach of frost,
if protection is afforded to the plants by means of haulm
or reed panels, so supported as not to touch them, it
will preserve them in a much better state for use in winter
and spring. But a still more effectual plan is to take up
some of the strongest and best-curled plants in September,
and plant them in pots, two or three plants in each,
using a rich soil. If these be placed in a pit or green-
house, and abundance of liquid-manure given, they will
be very superiorly productive throughout the winter.

To obtain Seed. — Allow some of the plants to run up
in J une ; they should not, however, be allowed to stand
nearer than 18 inches to each other. The seed ripens in
early autumn, and, when perfectly dry, may be beaten
out and stored. Soot is an excellent manure for parsley,
and preserves it from root-canker, the only disease
affecting it.

PARSLEY FERN. Cryptogra'mme cri'spa.

PARSNIP (Peuce'danumsati'vum.) The two varieties,
Hollow-crowned and Guernsey, are nearly alike.

Soil. — A rich, dry, sandy loam, and the deeper the
better. The most inimical to it is gravel or clay. Trench
the ground three spades deep, a little manure being
turned in with the bottom spit. In the Isle of Guernsey,
which has long been celebrated for the fineness of its
parsnips, sea-weed is the manure chiefly employed. Of
dung, that of pigeons is the best. Decayed leaves are
also very favourable to its growth. The situation cannot
be too open.

Son' from the end of February to the beginning of
April, but the earlier the better. It has been recom-
mended, in field cultivation, to sow them in September ;
in the garden, when sown at this season, they also obtain
a finer size, but many of them run to seed. In the Isle
of Guernsey they regulate their time of sowing according
to the soil : in the most favourable soils they sow in
J anuary, or, if the soil is wet or stiff, they do not insert
the seed until the latter end of March.

Sow in drills 10 inches apart, and i inch deep ; the
compartment beini; l.-id out in beds not more than
4 feet wide, for the convenience of weeding, &c. When

PARSNIP FLY

636

PASSIFLORA

the seedlings are 2 or 3 inches high, thin to 10 inches
apart, and remove the weeds both by hand and small
hoeing. The beds require to be frequently looked over,
to remove all seedlings that may spring up afresh, as
well as to be frequently hoed until the plants so cover
the ground as to render it impracticable.

The roots may be taken up as wanted in September,
but they do not attain maturity till October, which is
intimated by the decay of the leaves.

In November, part of the crop may be taken up, and,
the tops being cut close off, layed in alternate layers with
sand, for use in frosty weather. The remainder may be
left in the ground, and taken up as required, as they are
never injured by the most intense frost, but, on the
contrary, are rendered sweeter. In February or March,
however, any remaining must be taken up, otherwise
they will vegetate. Being preserved in sand, they con-
tinue good until the end of April or May.

To obtain Seed.— Some of the finest roots are best
allowed to remain where grown ; or else, being taken up
in February, planted in a situation open, but sheltered
from violent winds. If of necessity some of those are
employed which have been preserved in sand, such
should be selected as have not had their tops cut off
very close.

In dry weather water plentifully twice a week. At the
end of August the seed is usually ripe ; the umbels may
then be cut, and when thoroughly dried on cloths, the
seed beaten out and stored.

Seed should never be employed that is more than a
twelvemonth old.

PARSNIP FLY. Tephritis onopordinis, the Celery Fly,
also attacks the Parsnip. See CELERY FLY. The flowers
and fruits of the Parsnip are consumed by the cater-
pillars of a small moth, Depressaria Pastinacella ; also by
the carrot-seed moth, Depressaria depressella. In both
cases the caterpillars may be shaken down into tarred
trays.

PARSO'NSIA, of P. Brown. See CUPHEA.
PARSO'NSIA. (Commemorative of Dr. J. Parsons,
noted for his work with the microscope. Nat. ord.
Apocynacea3.)

Woody greenhouse climbers. Cuttings of short side-
shoots getting firm at the base, in sand, under a hand-
light in gentle heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
P. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). Creamy- white. May.

New Zealand. Nearly hardy.

„ heterophy' lla (variable-leaved). See P. ALBIFLORA.
„ linea'ris (linear). New Caledonia.
„ Paddiso'ni (Paddison's). 15. Root tuberous, eaten

in New South Wales. 1901.
„ ro'sea (rosy). Rose. New Zealand. 1850.
„ varia'bilis (variable). See P. ROSEA.
,, veluti'na (velvety). Australia.

PARTERRE. Another name for the summer Flower
Garden.

PARTHE'NIUM. (From partlienos, a virgin ; an old
Greek name for a plant. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Nearly hardy or greenhouse annual, to be raised in
gentle heat and plan ted out in May. Seeds. Ordinary soil.
P. Hystero'phorus (Hysterophorus). White. July. N.
and S. Amer. " Bastard Feverfew."

PARTHENOCI'SSUS QUINQUEFO'LIA. See VITIS

QUINQUEFOLIA.

PARTHENOCI'SSUS TRICUSPIDA'TA. See VITIS IN-

CONSTANS.

PARTING the roots is a mode of propagation available
with some plants ; and where a large increase of an
individual specimen by this mode is desired, its flower-
stems should be removed as fast as they are produced.
This makes the plant stool, for whatever prevents the
formation of seed, promotes the development of root.

PARTRIDGE BERRY. Mitche'llare'pens.
PARTRIDGE PEA. Heisie'ria.

PASCA'LIA. (Named after Dr. Pascal, professor at
Parma. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, 2-Superftua. Allied to Heliopsis.)

Half-hardy herbaceous. Division in spring ; cuttings
under a hand-light, in summer ; should have a dry,
warm spot, or the protection of a frame, in winter.

P. glau'ca (milky-green), ij. Yellow. July. Chili.
1799.

PA'SITHEA. (The mythological nymph, Pasithea.
Nat. ord. Liliacea?.)

A beautiful, half-hardy or greenhouse plant with the
habit of a Hemerocallis. Seeds ; divisions in spring.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
P. caru'lea (sky-blue), x. Blue. May. Chili.

PASQUE-FLOWER. Ane'mone Pulsati'lla.

PASSERI NA. Sparrowwort. ( From passer, a sparrow ;
referring to the beaked seeds. Nat. ord. Daphnads
[Thymeleaceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Dais.)

Greenhouse evergreens, white-flowered, and from South
Africa, except where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of
the young shoots, half-ripe, in sand, under a glass, in
April or May ; sandy peat, with a few nodules of fibrous
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; summer, a rather
shady place after the wood is ripe. P. filifo'rmis might
be tried against a protective wall.
P. cilia' ta (hair- fringed). See CRYPTADENIA CILIATA.

„ empetrifo'lia (Empetrum-leaved). See THYMEL^A
DIOICA.

„ ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. May. 1810.

,, filifo'rmis (thread-shaped), i. July. 1752.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See CRYPTADENIA

BREVIFLORA.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy), ij. White. July. Mediterranean

region. 1759.

,, la'xa (loose). See ARTHROSOLEN LAXUS.
„ linearifo'lia (narrow- leaved). See GNIDIA LINOIDES.
„ ri'gida (stiff). 2. May. 1817.
,, spica'ta (spiked). See ARTHROSOLEN SPICATUS.
„ Stelle'ri (Steller's). See STELLERA CHAM.F.JASME.
„ tenuiflo'ra (slender-flowered). See ARTHROSOLEN

LAXUS.

„ Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). See GNIDIA SERICEA.
,, uniflo'ra (one-flowered). SeeCRYPTADENiAUNiFLORA.

PASSIFLO'RA. Passion-Flower. (From passio, suffer-
ing, and flos, a flower ; referring to the filaments, or rays,
and other parts, being likened to the circumstances of
Chirst's crucifixion. Nat. ord. Passionworts [Passi-
floracea?]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 2-Pentandria.)

Cuttings of young wood, in almost any stage during
summer, in sand, under a bell-glass or hand-light ; peat
and loam. P. cczru'lea and its varieties are the hardiest.
It not only (lowers freely, but ripens fruit against a wall
round London. P. incarna'ta is a pretty thing, of semi-
herbaceous habit, which has also, in a few cases, been
tried against a wall. The shoots of the cceru'lea group
might easily be wrapped together, and defended in winter
by a mat. The fruit of many is very pleasant and re-
freshing to most palates. The edu'lis fruits very freely
in a stove, but the flower has no great beauty ; it fruited
a number of years with us in a cool conservatory, but it
died at last. We found it hardier than the newest one,
Bello'ttii. The quadrangula'ris, to be fruited, must be
grown in a good, light situation, in a warm stove, and be
artificially impregnated. See GRANADI'LLA.

HALF-HARDY CLIMBERS.

P. cczru'lea (common-blue). 30. White, blue. August.

Brazil. 1699.
„ „ a'lba (white). White.
,, „ Colvi'llei (Col ville's). White, blue, purple.
„ „ glaucophy'lla (milky-green-leaved). 20. Blue.

August. Brazil.
,, incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 30. Pink. June. Trop.

and N. Amer. 1629.

STOVE CLIMBERS.

P. acerifo'lia (Acer- leaved). See P. SICYOIDES.

„ acti'nia (sea-anemone-like). 10. Whitish. Novem-
ber. Organ Mountains. 1842.

„ adenophy'lla (glanded- leaved). See P. ALBA.

„ adiantifo'lia ( Adiantum-leaved) . 15-20. Orange.
July. Norfolk Island. 1792.

„ ala'ta (winged-stalked). 20. Green, blue, red. June.
Peru. 1772.

„ „ phceni'cea (red) . 20. Crimson. September. 1831

„ a'lba (white). White. August. Brazil. 1830.

PASSIFLORA

637

PASSIFLORA

P, a'lbo-ni'gra (white-black). White, maroon-purple.

Hybrid. 1852.

„ ama'bilis (lovely). 10. Scarlet, white. May. Brazil.
„ ambi'gua (doubtful). White, pale pink, dotted with

rose-purple, red, violet. Nicaragua. 1902.
„ amethysti'na (amethyst). 10. Purplish. November.

Brazil. 1827.
„ Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Striped. August. Saint

Lucia. 1823.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). See P. SUBEROSA

ANGUSTIFOLIA.

„ arbo'rea (tree). 10-14. White, yellow. July.

Colombia and Ecuador. 1877.
„ atoma'ria (speckled). See P. ALBA.
„ atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). Reddish- violet, deep

red. Hybrid, racemosaxLoudoni. 1883.
„ aura'niia (orange). 10-15. White, red. July. New

Caledonia.

„ Ba'nksii (Banks's). Purple. Australia. 1867.
„ baueria'na (Bauerian). Norfolk Island. 1871.
„ baraquinia'na (Baraquinian). See P. FCETIDA.
„ Bello'ttii (Bellotti's). White, pink. July. 1848.

Garden Hybrid. 1850.
„ bifto'ra (two-flowered). See P. LUNATA.
„ biloba'ta (two-lobed). Greenish. St. Domingo.
„ Buonapa'rtea( Buonaparte's). Red, blue, white. June.

Garden Hybrid.
„ capsula'ris (capsular). Yellow, green. June. Trop.

Amer. 1820.

„ „ acuti'loba (acute- lobed). Leaves bifid.
„ ,, geminiflo'ra (twin-flowered). Flowers twin.
„ caracasa'na (Caracas). 15. Pink. June. Caracas.

1821.

„ cardina'lis (scarlet). See P. AMABILIS.
„ Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles* ) . See P. CUPREA.
„ chelido'nea (swallow-like). Greenish. Leaves swallow-
tailed. Ecuador. 1879.
„ chine' nsis (Chinese). 30. White, blue. August.

China. Greenhouse.

„ cilia' to, (hair- fringed). See P. FOZTIDA CILIATA.
„ ctnctnna'to(ringletted). Violet, white. Brazil. 1868.
„ cinnabari'na (cinnabar-red). Cinnabar. Australia.

1855.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet). 20. Scarlet. September. Guiana.

1820.
,, coria'cea (leathery). Green, black. September.

Brazil. 1844.

„ cornu'ta (horned). Brazil.

„ cunea'ta (wedged). 10. July. Caracas. 1816.
„ cu'prea (copper-coloured). 20. Orange. July.

Bahama Islands. 1724.

„ decaisnea'na(Decaisnean). Carmine, white. Hybrid.
„ diffo'rmis (deformed). See P. CORIACEA.
,, digita'ta (finger-leaved). See P. SERRATA.
,, di'scolor (two-coloured). See P. MAXIMILIAXA.
„ edu'lis (eatable). 30. White. July. Brazil.

" Granadilla."
„ „ verruci'fera( wart-bearing). White, purple. Brazil.

1837.
„ europhy'lla (broad- leaved). Whitish. British Guiana.

1900.
„ filamento'sa (thready). 20. White, blue. August.

S. Amer. 1817.
„ fce'tida (fetid). White, purple, blue. Summer.

Brazil. 1731.

„ „ cilia' to. (eye-lashed). 6. Pink. August, Sep-
tember. Jamaica. 1783.
„ „ nigelliflo'ra (Nigella-flowered). 10. White, green.

September. Brazil. 1835.
„ fu'lgens (shining). See P. COCCINEA.
„ galba'na (greenish-yellow). Greenish-yellow, 3 in.

across. Brazil. 1896.
„ gla'bra (smooth). 20. Orange. July. Norfolk

Island. 1792.

„ glau'ca (sea-green). White. Mexico.
„ gossypiifo'lia (Gossypium- leaved). Green, white,

purple. W. Ind. ; Mexico.
„ gra'cilis (slender). 6. White. August. Brazil.

1823.

„ Ho'fom (Hahn*s). White, yellow. Trop. Amer. 1870.
„ helleborifo'lia (Helleborus- leaved). Rose, purple.

Trop. Amer. 1866.
„ herbertia'na (Herbertian). 20-30. Green, white.

July. Australia. 1821.
„ heterdphy'lla (various-leaved). 15. Yellowish. St.

Domingo. 1817.

P. hirsu'ta (hairy) of Linnaeus. See P. SUBEROSA.
,, hirsu'ta (hairy) of Loddiges. See P. FOETIDA.
„ hispi'dula (bristly). See P. SUBEROSA.
„ holoseri'cea (wholly-silky). White, red. June to

August. Mexico. 1733.
„ Hulle'iii (Hullett's). See P. MACROCARPA.
„ I'm-Thu'rnii (Im-Thurn's). Sepals scarlet, petals

rose or nearly white. Guiana. 1898.
„ Inne'sii (Innes's). White, red. Hybrid. 1870.
,, insi'gnis (remarkable). See TACSONIA INSIGNIS.
„ Jenma'ni (Jenman's). Guiana.
,, jorulle'nsis (Jorrulan). Yellow, orange. Guatemala.

1850.

„ kermesi'na (carmine). See P. RADDIANA.
„ kewe'nsis (Kew). Hybrid between P. raddiana and

P. carvlea. 1888.
„ laurifo'lia (laurel- leaved) . 20. Red, violet. August.

W. Ind. 1690.
„ lawsonia'na (Lawsonian). Pale red. June to August.

Hybrid. 1868.

„ ligula'ris (strap-shaped). 20. Green, purple. Sep-
tember. Trop. Amer. 1819.
„ Loudo'ni (Loudon's). 20. Purple. 1838. Garden

Hybrid.
„ luna'ta (crescent-shaped). White, yellow. June to

September. Trop. Amer. 1800.
„ lu'tea (yellow). 4. Yellow. May. W. Ind. 1714.
„ macroca'rpa (large-fruited). White, purple. Brazil.

1866.

„ macula' ta (blotched). See P. SUBEROSA.
„ maculifo'lia (blotched- leaved). Cream. Leaves

blotched with yellow. Venezuela. 1902.
„ Mado'nna (Madonna) . Hybrid between P. racemosa

and P. Buonapartea.

„ malifo'rmis (apple- formed). 20. Green, red. Sep-
tember. W. Ind. 1731.

„ manica'ta (sleeved). See TACSONIA MANICATA.
„ marmo'rea (marbled). See OPHIOCAULON CISSAM-

PELOIDES.
„ maximilia'na (Maximilian). Green, white. Brazil.

1800.

„ Medu'sa (Medusa's). See P. JORULLENSIS.
,, middletonia'na (Middleton's). 6. Rose, blue. June.

S. Amer. 1837.
„ Mie'rsii (Miers's). White, pink; corona white,

purple, violet. Brazil. 1888.
,, moorea'na (Mr. Moore's). 20. Whitish. July.

Buenos Ayres. 1837.
„ Munro'i (Munro's). Garden hybrid between P. alata

and P. carulea. 1889.
,, Murucu'ja (Murucuja). 12. Scarlet. July. W. Ind.

1780.
„ nigelliflo'ra (Nigella-flowered). See P. FOETIDA

NIGELLIFLORA.

„ oblonga'ta (oblong). 10. Apetal. July. Jamaica.

1816.

„ any' china (Lieutenant Sulivan' s) . See P. AMETHYSTINA.
,, organe'nsis (Organ-Mountains) . Green, violet. Brazil.

1869.

,, pa'llida (pale). See P. SUBEROSA PALLIDA.
„ palma'ta (hand-shaped). See P. FILAMENTOSA.
,, peltafta (shield-shaped) See P. SUBEROSA.
„ penduliflo'ra (drooping-flowered). 20. Green. May.

Jamaica. 1849.
„ perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 15. Crimson. July.

Jamaica. 1800.

„ Pfor'dtii (Pfordt's). See P. MUNROI.
,, phcenicea (crimson). See P. ALATA PHOSNICEA.
,, pictura'ta (painted). 15. Red. September. Brazil.

1820.

,, pri'nceps (chief). See P. RACEMOSA.
„ pruino'sa (frosted). White; corona white, yellow,

blue. British Guiana. 1897.

„ puncta'ta (dotted) of Loddiges. See P. TUBEROSA.
,, puncta'ta (dotted) of Linnaeus. Pale yellow ; corona

yellow and violet. S. Amer. Reintroduced 1906.
,, quadrangula'ris (square-staged). 20. Green, blue.

August. Jamaica. 1763.
„ „ aucub&fo'lia (Aucuba- leaved) . Leaves marbled.

Nicaragua. 1875.

„ quadriglandulo' sa (four-glanded). Trop. Amer.
,, racemo'sa (racemed). 20. Scarlet. June. Brazil.

1815.
„ f«<Wta'Ma(Raddian). 20. Crimson or carmine. July.

Brazil. 1831.
„ reflexiflo'ra (reflexed-flowered). Ecuador.

PASSION FLOWER

638

PAVETTA

P. rolundifo'lia (round- leaved) . 8. White. June.

Antilles. 1779-

„ rn' bra (red- fruited). 15. Red. June. W. Ind. 1831.
,, sanguinole'n ta (blood-red). Red-violet. Colombia (?).

Peru. 1868.
serra ta (sawed). 12. Blue. Trinidad and Martinique.

1820.

„ serratifo'lia (serrate-leaved). S. Amer.
„ sicyoi'des (Sicy os-like). Green. July. Mexico. 1839.
„ stipula'ta (stipuled). White. August. Cayenne.

1779.
„ subero'sa (corky). Greenish-yellow, purple. June to

September. W. Ind. 1759.
„ „ angustifo'lia( narrow-leaved). Pale yellow, purple.

July to September. W. Ind. 1773.
„ „ mi'nima (smallest). Flowers smaller. July,

August. Trop. Amer. 1690.
„ „ pa'llida (pale). 20. Yellow, green. August.

St. Domingo.
„ tilicefo'lia (lime-tree-leaved). 10. Green, red, blue.

July. Peru. 1823.

,, tinifo'lia (Tinus- leaved) . See P. LAURIFOLIA.
„ irifasciaf to. (three-banded). Leaves having three

purple bands. Brazil. 1868.
„ tri'loba (three-lobed). Violet ; corona violet, banded

with white. Peru. 1889.
„ tubero'sa (tuberous). Green, white, purple. June to

August. Trop. Amer. 1810.
„ tucumane'nsis (Tucuman). 10. White, green July.

Chili. 1836.
,, verruci' fera (wart-bearing). See P. EDULIS VERRUCI-

FERA.

„ Vesperti'lio (bat) of Ker-Gawler. See P. MAXIMILIANA.
„ Vesperti'lio (bat) of Linnaeus. Trop. Amer.
„ viola' cea (violet). Pale lilac; corona blue, white,

violet. Brazil. 1885.
„ vitifo'lia (vine- leaved). Vermilion-red. Panama;

S. Amer. 1851.
„ watsonia'na (Watsonian). White, flushed violet, lilac ;

corona violet, white. Brazil. 1886.
„ weberia'na (Weberian). White; corona banded with

white. Summer. Argentina. 1885.

PASSION FLOWER. Passiflo'ra.

PASTINA'CA. Parsnip. (From pastinum, a dibble ;
referring to the shape of the root. Nat. ord. Umbellifers
[Umbelliferae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, •z-Digynia.)
P. Opo'ponax (Opoponax). See OPOPONAX CHIRONIUM.
,, sati'va (cultivated). See PEUCEDANUM SATIVUM.
See PARSNIP.

PATAGO'NULA. (From Patagonia, its native country.
Nat. ord. Borageworts [Boraginacea]. Linn. s-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand, under a glass,
in May ; sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter temp.,
50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. america'na (American). 20. White. July. S. Amer.

1732.

PATERSO'NIA. (Named after Col. W. Paterson, a
botanist. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn. i6~Mona-
delphia, i-Triandria. Allied to Sisyrinchium.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from New South
Wales, and blue-flowered, except where otherwise men-
tioned. For culture, see I'RIS.
P. glabra'ta (smooth), i£. Purple. June. 1814.
„ glau'ca (milky-green), i. June. 1820.
„ lana'ia (woolly), i. June. 1824.
,, longifo'lia (long-leaved), i. June. 1818.
„ longisca'pa (long-stalked), ij. June.
„ me'dia (intermediate). See P. GLABRATA.
„ occidenta'lis (western), i. June. 1824.
fi pygntce'a( dwarf). May.

„ sapphiri'na (sapphire). See P. OCCIDENTALS.
„ seri'cea (silky). i£. June. 1803.
PATIENCE, HERB. Ru'mexPatie'ntia.
PATRI'NIA. (Named after M. Patrin, a Siberian
traveller. Nat. ord. Valerianivorts [Valerianacea?]. Linn.
^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy biennials, except heterophy'lla, and all yellow-
flowered. Seed in March, in light soil.
P. gibbo'sa (gibbous). J. Japan. 1907.
,, heterophy'lla (various-leaved). May. China. 1837.
Hardy herbaceous.

P. interme'dia (intermediate). i. June. Siberia.

1801.
,, Jatama'nsi (Jatamans'). See NARDOSTACHYS JATA-

MANSI.

,, palma'ta (hand-shaped), ^-I. Golden-yellow, frag-
rant, japan. 1909.

,, rupe'stris (rock). See P. INTERMEDIA.

„ scabiosafo' lia (scabious- leaved), i. June. Dahuria.
1817.

„ sibi'rica (Siberian), i. June. Siberia. 1751.

„ villo'sa (shaggy). Japan.

PAULLI'NIA. (Named after S. Piullii, a Danish
botanist. Nat. ord. Soapworts [Sapindaceae]. Linn. 8-
Octandria, ^-Trigynia. Allied to Sapindus.)

Stove evergreen, white-flowered twiners. Cuttings of
ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-
heat ; loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 60° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.
P. asia'tica (Asiatic). See TODDALIA ACULEATA.

„ bipinna'ta (doubly- leafleted). 20. Brazil. 1816.

„ carthagine 'nsis (Carthagena). See SERJANIA CURAS-

SAVICA.

,, cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 18. Caracas. 1822.

„ Cupa'na (Cupana). 20. Venezuela. 1818.

„ hi'spida (bristly). 20. S. Amer. 1825.

„ ocea'nica (ocean). Pacific Isles. 1875.

„ pinna' ta (pinnate). See SERJANIA CURASSAVICA.

,, pube'scens (downy). 16. S. Amer. 1820.

„ senegale'nsis (Senegal). See SERJANIA CURASSAVICA.

„ so'rbilis (little-Sorbus), See P. CUPANA.

,, tetrago'na (square-stemmed). 20. Cayenne. 1825.

„ thalictrifo'lia (Thalictrum-leaved). 2-4. Pale pink.

S. Amer. 1871.
„ Vesperti'lio (bat). 20. W. Ind. 1823.

PAULOWUHE'LMIA. (Commemorative of Paul
Wilhelm. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

A greenhouse evergreen subshrub allied to Ruellia.
Cuttings in sand under a bell-glass. Loam, leaf-mould,
and sand.
P. specio'sa (showy). 2. Blue. Abyssinia. 1889.

PAULO'WNIA. (Named after the hereditary princess
of the Netherlands, daughter to the Emperor of Russia.
Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn. i^-Didy-
nam ia, 2- A ngiospermia . )

Cuttings of young shoots, when a little firm, under a
hand-light. P. imperia'lis is deciduous, with beautiful foli-
age, quick growing, somewhat resembling a Catalpa, and
said to be hardy, and has not only stood the winter, but
flowered in England, though with us it has been killed
nearly to the ground every season ; deep, good loam ;
might stand better if starved in summer.
P. Dwlou'xii (Ducloux's). 30-50. White, pale rose

inside. Yunnan, China. 1908.
„ Farge'sii (Farges's). 20-30. White. Central China.

1908.
,, imperia'lis (imperial). 30. Lilac. June. Japan.

1840.

„ „ a'lba (white). White. China. 1905.
„ „ lana'ta (woolly). Plant more woolly-downy than
in the type. Central China. 1908.

PAVE'TTA. (The East Indian name. Nat. ord.
Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. 4~Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Ixora.)

Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring ;
sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 45° to 48° ;
summer, 60° to 75°.

P abyssi'nica (Abyssinian). 2. Abyssinia.
, a'lba (white). See P. INDICA.
, angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). See P. HISPIDULA.
, areno'sa (sandy-leaved). 3. June. China. 1799.
, borbo'nica (Bourbon). 3. Leaves blotched with white

and red. Bourbon. 1878.
„ brachia'ta (shouldered). 2-3. S. Africa.
,, ca'ffra (Caffrarian). 3. August. S. Africa. 1823.
„ fcetidi' 'ssima (most-fetid). See PUTORIA CALABRICA.
,, gardenicefo'lia (Gardenia-leaved). 1-3. Abyssinia.
,, hispi'dula (rather-rough). 2-3. India.
„ i'ndica (Indian). 3. September. E. Ind. 1791.
„ java'nica (Javanese). See IXORA JAVANICA.
„ madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar).
„ monta'na (mountain). iJ-2. Java.

PAVIA

639

PEA

P natale'nsis (Natalese). 2-3. S. Africa. 1888.

„ odora'ta (scented). i|-3. White, fragrant. Java.

,, specio'sa (showy), ij— 2. Gardens.

,, tomento'sa (woolly). See P. INDICA.

PA' VIA. (Named after P. Paw, a Dutch botanist.
Nat. ord. Soapworts [Sapindaceae]. Linn. y-Heptandria,
i-Monogynia. Now referred to /Esculus.)
P. califo'rnica, ( Calif ornian). See /ESCULUS CAI.IFORNICA.
ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). See yEscuLus CARNEA.

„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See /ESCULUS FLAVA PUR-

PURASCENS.

„ fla'va (yellow). See /ESCULUS FLAVA.

t'ndica (Indian). See yEscuLus INDICA.
, macroca'rpa (large-fruited). See .ESCULUS PAVIA.
, macrosta'ckya (large-spiked). See yEscuLus PARVI-

FLORA.

, negle'cta (neglected). See yEscuLus NEGLECTA.

, ru'bra (red- flowered). See yEscuLus PAVIA.

PAVO'NIA. (Named after /. Pawn, a Spanish
botanist. Nat. ord. Mallowworts [Malvaceae]. Linn. 16-
Monadelphia, 8-Polyandria. Allied to Malvaviscus.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sand, under a glass,
in heat ; sandy loam. Stove temperature.
P. cocci 'nea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. St. Domingo. 1816.

„ makoya'na (Makoyan). See GCETHEA MAKOYANA.

„ ntalacophy'lla (soft-leaved). See P. VELUTINA.

„ multiflo'r a (many-flowered). Purple. August. Brazil.
1878.

„ Schra'nkii (Schrank's). 2. Orange, yellow. July.
Brazil. 1823.

„ veluti'na (velvety). 3. Red. August. Brazil. 1823.

„ Wio'ti (Wiot's). See P. MULTIFLORA.
PAXTO'NIA. (Named after Sir J. Paxton, the cele-
brated gardener to the Duke of Devonshire. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, \-Monan-
dria. Referred to Spathoglottis.)
P. ro'sea (rosy). See SPATHOGLOTTIS ROSEA.

PEA. (Pi' sum sati'vum.) There are many varieties,
but a few will serve for gardens of small or moderate
size. The earliest white round Peas are Lightning, 3 ft. ;
Giant Lightning, 4 ft. ; and a very early blue round pea
is Bountiful, 3^ ft., which may be sown in autumn.
First-class, first-early Marrowfat Peas are Edward VII,
15 in. ; William Hurst, 18 in. ; Witham Wonder, 21 in. ;
Little Marvel, 15 in. ; Ideal, 2\ ft. ; May Queen, 2$ ft. ;
and Gradus, 4 ft., with rich Ne Plus Ultra flavour.
Favourite, second-early round Peas are Pride of the
Market, 2 ft. ; and Telegraph, 2$ ft. Fine Marrowfat
Peas of this class are Duke of Albany, 5 ft. ; Edwin
Beckett, 5^ ft. ; Daisy, 2 ft. ; Centenary, 5 ft. ; Tele-
phone, 5 ft. ; and Duke of York, 5 ft. Marrowfat,
maincrop Peas of first quality are Eureka, 3 ft. ; Best of
All, 4 ft. ; Glory of Devon, 4 ft. ; Alderman, 5 ft. ; Quite
Content, 5-6 ft. ; Stratagem, 2^ ft. ; Prizewinner,
2i ft. ; and Peerless, 3 ft- The best late Marrowfat
Peas are Autocrat, 4 ft. ; Ne Plus Ultra, 6 ft. ; and
Veitch's Perfection, 3 ft. Favourite exhibition Peas
amongst the above are Duke of Albany, Centenary,
Edwin Beckett, Telephone, Duke of York, Alderman,
Best of All, Peerless, Stratagem, Quite Content, and
Prizewinner.

One quart of an early variety of pea is quite sufficient
for sowing a row 100 feet in length ; half a pint less sown
in the same distance of the blue varieties, and one pint
of the large and tall kinds, are sufficient where the soil
is rich, well pulverised, and pretty free from slugs, &c.

Soil. — A soil moderately rich and open is best, rather
inclining to strong for the lofty growers and main crops,
but for the early and late ones, light and dry. Dwarf
varieties will grow on poorer and lighter soils than the
others.

Early Peas. — The best mode of obtaining these is
according to the following plan, suggested by Mr. Bishop,
gardener to C. Baldwin, Esq., of Camberwell :

In the last week of January, cut some turf in strips
of 3 inches in width, the length depending on the width
of the hotbed in which they are to be placed. Lay the
pieces of turf in the frame, grass downwards, close to-
gether ; then make in the centre of each piece of turf,
by pressing it with the edge of a board, a drill, in which
sow the peas, which soon come up ; and then take the
lights entirely off in the daytime unless very cold, and
shut them down at night. Keep them close till the

beginning of March. When the peas are to be planted in
the border, lift the box entirely off, and the strips of turf,
in which the peas will be well rooted, and place them on
a hand-barrow, and take them to the border for planting,
which do in a drill cut so deep that they shall be about
an inch lower than they were in the box. It may be
necessary to protect them from frost and cool winds at
first, and this may be done by putting some short sticks
along the rows, and laying some long litter or cuttings
of evergreens over them. — Card. Chron.

Sowing. — In January they may be sown in sheltered
borders, and larger supplies in an open compartment,
and thence continued throughout February and until
the end of May once every two or three weeks.

For the first production in the following year, a small
sowing may be made at the close of October, and repeated
about the middle of November and December, though
it often happens that these are scarcely a week forwarder
than those inserted in the following February.

Sow in drills, or by the dibble in rows, at a distance
proportionate to the height to which the variety grows,
as well as according to the season ; Dwarfs at 2 feet,
for the early and late crops, but 3 feet for the main ones ;
Marrowfats at 3$ or 4$ feet ; Knight's Marrowfats and
other gigantic varieties at 6 or 8 feet. Peas not intended
to be supported require the least room. At the early and
late sowings the seed should be buried i inch deep, but
for the main crops ij in. With respect to the dis-
tances, it may be inserted in the row, of the Dwarfs,
two in i inch ; Blues and other middle-sized varieties
for the main crops, three in 2 inches ; the tall and Ne
Plus Ultra, as well as others of similar stature, full
i inch apart. The best mode is to sow in single rows,
ranging north and south, and the sticks alternately on
each side of the row. If the rows range east and west,
put the sticks on the south side.

When the summer sowings are made, if dry weather is
prevalent, the seed should be soaked in water for two
or three hours previous, and the drills well watered.

When the plants have advanced to a height of 2 or
3 inches, they are to be hoed, and earth drawn around
their stems. This should be done twice or three times
gradually as they ascend, previous to the sticks being
placed. It should be performed in dry weather ; for
the winter-standing crops it should be especially attended
to, as it protects them greatly from frost.

Sticking is not required until the plants show their
tendrils. If, during the time of blossoming or swelling
of the fruit, continued drought should occur, water may
very beneficially be applied, it being poured between
the rows, if they are in pairs, or otherwise in a shallow
trench, on one side of each. Watering the leaves is
rather injurious. Failures in the rows of the earliest
crops may be rectified by transplanting. This is best
performed in March : the plants thus removed must be
watered until they have taken root, and also shaded if
the weather is hot. It is a good practice to nip off the
top of the leading shoots of the early and late crops as
soon as they are in blossom, as it greatly accelerates the
setting and maturity of the fruit. Too much care cannot
be taken, when the pods are gathered, not to injure the
stems. We know, from lengthened experience, that if
the pods are cut off with scissors, the plants produce
one-fourth more than when roughly gathered from.

The more regularly the plants are gathered from, the
longer they continue in production, as the later pods
never attain maturity if the earlier ones are allowed to
grow old before they are gathered. In very severe
weather, the winter-standing crops require the shelter of
litter or other light covering, supported as much as
possible from the plants by means of branches ; ropes
or twisted straw-bands are good for this purpose, to be
fixed along each side of the rows with wooden pins
driven into the ground. Whichever mode of shelter is
adopted, it must be always removed in mild weather,
otherwise the plants will be spindled and rendered weaker.
To obtain Seed, leave some rows that are in production
during July, or sow purposely in March. Care must be
taken, however, that no two varieties are in blossom
near each other at the same time. The plants intended
for seed ought never to be gathered from. When in
blossom, all plants which do not appear to belong to
the variety among which they are growing should be
removed. They are fit for harvesting as soon as the
pods become brownish and dry. When perfectly free
from moisture, they should be beaten out, otherwise, if

PEA WEEVILS

640

PEACH

hot, showery weather occurs, they will open and shed
their seed.

Forcing commences in December, in the early part of
which month they may be sown in a hotbed to remain,
or thick to transplant, during the succeeding month, into
others for production. These may be repeated in J anuary,
and the transplanting takes place in February. It is
also a common practice to sow in a warm border during
October, and the plants being cultivated as a natural
ground crop, are removed into a hotbed during J anuary.

The hotbed must be moderate, and earthed equally
over the depth of 6 or 8 inches with light, fresh mould
not particularly rich. The seed must be buried i£ inch
deep. The frame, which is required to be 2$ feet high
behind, and i£ in front, ought to be put on three or four
days before the crop is sown, that the steam and heat
may abate. Seed may likewise be sown at the above
times in pots or pans, and placed round the binns of the
stove. At the close of September, also, some peas may
be sown in pots, and sunk in the earth of any open
compartment ; when the frost commences, to be re-
moved into the greenhouse. A border of fresh earth
being made in the front of it early in December, the
plants are removed into it, in rows 2 feet asunder, or,
still better, in pairs, with 10 inches interval, and 2$ feet
between each pair. These will come into production
about the middle of March.

In every instance, as stated above, the rows should be
2 feet, the seed or plants being set an inch asunder. The
plants are ready for moving when an inch or two high.
They must be shaded and gently watered until they have
taken root. Preserve as much earth about their roots
at the time of removal as possible.

Transplanted peas are most productive, and run the
least to straw in the forcing frames. Air must be ad-
mitted as freely as circumstances permit, the same pre-
cautions being necessary as for Cucumbers. Water must
be given at first sparingly, otherwise decay or super-
luxuriance will be occasioned ; but when they are in
blossom, and during the succeeding stages of growth, it
may be applied oftener and more abundantly, as it is
necessary for the setting and swelling of the fruit.

The shading during hot days, and covering at night,
must also be particularly attended to. From three to
five months elapse between the times of sowing and pro-
duction, according to the fineness of the season, length
of the days, &c.

The temperature may be uniformly kept up throughout
their growth, having 50° for the minimum at night, and
70° for their maximum by day.

PEA WEEVILS. SeeSixoNA.

PEACH. Pru'nus Pe'rsica.

Select Varieties in the Order of their Ripening. — Those in
italics are good forcing peaches. Early Alexander, Hole's
Early, Dr. Hogg, Grosse Mignonne, Dymond, Royal
George, Alexandra, Noblesse, Bellegarde, or Galande, Bar-
rington, Late Admirable, Walburton Admirable, and
Princess of Wales.

Propagation: Budding.-1— This is performed during
July. (See BUDDING.) Some persons plant the stock
against the wall in its permanent situation, and bud it
there ; but peaches are principally budded in the nursery.
The bud is introduced at about 6 inches from the ground.
It remains dormant until the succeeding spring, when
the head of the stock is cut off close above the bud, and
the wound pared off particularly neat, in order that the
returning sap may heal and skin it over. It is a good
practice to apply some white lead, or a similar material,
in order to exclude the air and moisture. During this
summer the young bud will produce a shoot of some 2
or 3 feet in length, and this is headed back in the suc-
ceeding spring to about five or six eyes, thus leaving
about 5 or 6 inches of the base of the shoot. The bud
generally produces laterals during the first summer,
especially towards the upper end ; and the point where
these commence branching generally dictates the point
to which they are cut back. In the summer following
they will produce four or five shoots, which must be
carefully trained, and kept totally free from insects,
and in the succeeding autumn the tree is fit for removal
to a wall. Plants with one shoot, or of the season next
after the budding, are termed by our nurserymen maidens;
but in the succeeding summer they are termed trained
trees. There is no better stock for general peach-budding
than the Plum, a kind called the Muscle being very

generally used. Some persons advocate the use of either
Almond stocks or Peaches raised from the stone ; but it
is scarcely safe to recommend the practice. The Ameri-
cans, to be sure, raise many of their orchards from the
stone ; but they have a very different climate to deal
with, and we hear, moreover, many complaints of the
short-lived character of their trees. The peach stones
may either be sown in heat to expedite them, or other-
wise. They should be cleansed and dried at the ripening
period, and may be sown late in the autumn, care being
taken to preserve them from the mice. The seedlings
must be carefully transplanted like other shrubs ; those
raised in heat in pots, and those in the open ground to
the nursery immediately after one summer's growth,
unless sowed to remain. Their pruning must be per-
formed as other stocks, and their subsequent culture
similar.

Soils, 6-c.— The selection of a proper soil, and the
securing a sound and dry subsoil, are of as much import-
ance with the peach as with the vine. Three- fourths
of the trees in this kingdom have been ruined by borders
too deep, too damp, and too rich. Unless proper means
be taken to ripen the wood, all other labours are vain.
The first step in root culture is to examine the subsoil ;
if this is not sound and dry, it must at once be thoroughly
drained. As to depth of soil, we do not exceed 2 feet,
and nobody has had greater success for many years.
How much, however, that depth is above the ground-
level must depend on the character of the locality : if
a low and damp district, we would have nearly half the
volume of the soil above the front walk ; if a very dry
and elevated spot, not more than a third. The latitude
of the place should also have an influence ; and in many
parts of Scotland and the north of Ireland we should
raise nearly the whole border above the ordinary level.
No soil is fitter than a good, sound, hazel loam ; but,
whatever be the colour, it is absolutely essential that it
be of a texture slightly adhesive. We introduce no
manure with such a soil, but generally mix with it about
one-third of ordinary dark, light garden soil, adding
about one-sixth of ordinary tree or shrub leaves with the
whole. We generally make an artificial subsoil, planting
on what we term " prepared stations." The site being
drained, and the excavations formed, brick-bats, or any
imperishable rubbish, is strewed over the bottom, and
then covered with cinders ; the latter have a couple of
barrows of half-decayed leaves spread over them. This
comprises the whole of our preparations. As for manures,
we top-dress systematically every year in May : this
forms an essential accompaniment of the shallow border
system.

Culture during the Growing Period. — Protection to the
blossoms is the first thing in early spring. (See PRO-
TECTION.) The next point is disbudding. Healthy trees
are sure to produce a host of little shoots, which must
not be retained. Disbudding is best performed by
degrees, and about three periods two or three weeks
apart suffice. At the first, which should be when the
young shoots are from 2 to 3 inches in length, those
shoots only need be removed which project nearly at
right angles from the wall ; as, also, those which shoot
between the wall and the branch. Nothing can justify
the reservation of any of these but bare spaces of walling ;
such should be covered, even if by shoots of inferior
character. At the second disbudding a sort of "singling
out " may be practised. At the third thinning a clever
selection should be made, and in doing so we would
direct especial attention to the preservation of the lowest-
placed young shoots all over the tree, for on these mainly
depends the supply of successional wood. By the fan
mode of training, which is at least equal to any other
mode, acute angles, of course, are formed by every two
branches when they meet. The lowest shoot in this
angle, then, must be carefully preserved, and if over-
topping the next shoot ahead, it may at once be pinched.
Our practice is to turn next to all the extreme points,
and to set the leading shoot free. It is of no use suffering
any side-shoots to compete with the leading ones ; there-
fore, all within 4 or 5 inches may be stripped away, or, if
doubtful, pinched. And now a regular thinning or dis-
budding must be carried out between the bole and the
extremities of the branches ; and the only requisite is
not to suffer, if possible, two young shoots to proceed
side by side from any given point. Thus, training from
any young shoot at the base, we would not reserve
another nearer than 4 or 5 inches up any given line, and

PEACH

641

PEACH BLISTER

so on, all over the tree. One thing may be observed ;
if the operator is at any time doubtful about a young
shoot, let him merely pinch the point instead of totally
removing it ; at the finishing disbudding he will perceive
whether it may be entirely stripped away. Disbudding
should be completed a little before Midsummer. During
this period the fruit must be thinned, if too thick, and
this may be done at three different periods ; the first,
when the fruit is as large as a marble, when all mal-
formations, and those crowded behind the shoots, may
be taken away. The remaining, if too thick, must be
singled out, leaving none in pairs or touching each other.
At this period, they may average 3 inches apart all over
the tree. In about three weeks, another slight thinning
may be made, taking away a few where crowded ; and
now the remainder may be reserved until the stoning is
nearly completed, which will be in the course of July,
when all not wanted may be plucked away. It is difficult
to give any set rule as to distance, so much depends on
the powers of the trees ; from 6 to 8 inches apart, finally,
may be considered a fair crop. Water should be liberally
supplied during their swelling, if the weather is dry. All
gross shoots, or robbers, should be pinched when about
6 inches in length, throughout all the growing season.

Culture during the Rest Period. — Do not brush off the
foliage of peaches in the autumn ; the practice is not
only unscientific, but really absurd. If the summer's
management has been right, the pruning will be but a
small affair. It consists of thinning out the shoots
which had escaped notice in summer, and shortening
back as much of the point of each shoot as appears
immature : this is readily told by its colour and general
character. These things done, the trees must be neatly
trained, and such should be completed by the beginning
of February, about which time we cover ours to retard
the blossom-bud. Before covering them we apply a
sulphur-paint, as a preventive of the red spider. This
is simply sulphur beaten up in soap-water, four ounces of
soft soap to a gallon, adding nearly as much sulphur
as it will carry, and plenty of clay to give it a body.
This is applied in all directions, between the shoots,
with a painter's brush. In order to soften the colour,
it is well to add plenty of soot to the mixture.

Diseases. — The Gum is the principal ; and as a gum-
ming habit is readily induced by wounds, especially if
the tree be growing in a deep and rich soil, great care
must be exercised at all times not to wound them.
Rich soils, also, must be avoided, and manurial matters
applied, for the most part, on the surface. The Mildew
is a great annoyance to some cultivators. Sulphur is
the best remedy, and an avoidance of extremes of wet
and dry at the root the best preventive. Blistered leaves
are said to be caused by cold at the germinating period ;
but this we much doubt. It probably arises from im-
perfect ripening of the wood in the preceding season,
caused by ungenial soil and ill-training ; indeed, it would
not be difficult to trace three-fourths of the evils to which
the peach is liable to ill-conditioned wood. The imme-
diate cause is the fungus, Exoascus deformans.

Insects. — See APHIS and ACARUS.

Forcing : Form of House. — The best form for a peach-
house is that thus described by the late T. E. Knight,
Esq.:

As the lights, to be moved to the required extent with
facility, must necessarily be short, the back wall of the
house must scarcely extend 9 feet in height, and this
height raises the rafters sufficiently high to permit the
tallest person to walk with perfect convenience under
them. The lights are divided in the middle, and
the lower are made to slide down to the ground, and
the upper to the middle. The flue, or hot-water
pipe, enters on the east or west end as most convenient,
and passes within 6 inches of the east and west wall,
but not within less than 2 feet of the low front wall,
and it returns in a parallel line through the middle of
the house, in the direction either east or west, and goes
out at the point at which it entered. The house takes
two rows of peach or nectarine trees, one of which is
trained on trellises, with intervals between for the gar-
dener to pass, parallel with the two end walls. These
trees must be planted between the flue and the front
wall, and the other row near the back wall, against which
they are to be trained.

If early varieties be planted in the front, and the
earliest where the flue first enters, these being trained
immediately over the flue, and at a small distance above

it, will ripen first ; and if the lower lights be drawn
down in fine weather to the ground, every part of the
fruit on the trees, which are trained nearly horizontally
across the peach-house, will receive the full influence of
the sun. The upper lights must be moved as usual by
cords and pulleys, and if these be let down to the middle,
after the fruit in the front tree is gathered, every part of
the trees on the back wall will be fully exposed to the
sun, at any period of the spring and summer after the
middle of April, without the intervention of the glass.
A single fireplace will be sufficient for a house 50 feet
long, and the foregoing plan and dimensions mil be found
to combine more advantages than can ever be obtained
in a higher or wider house. Both the walls and the flue
must stand on arches, to permit the roots of the trees
to extend themselves in every direction beyond the
limits of the walls, for whatever be the more remote
causes of mildew, the immediate cause generally appears
to be want of moisture beneath the soil, combined with
excess of moisture or dampness above it. A bar of wood
must extend from the wall to the ground, opposite the
middle of each lower light, to support it when drawn
down. — Knight's Select Papers.

The soil, culture, and pruning are the same as required
for those trees grown on walls.

Forcing in Pots is a very excellent mode, and enables
the peach to be thus grown in establishments where there
is no regular peach-house. Pot a three-years'-old tree
in a i2-inch pot, cutting it back to four buds, and shift
every year until it has attained an i8-inch pot, a size
which need never be exceeded. Let the soil be turfy,
and mixed with decaying wood from the bottom of an
old wood stock.

Commencing Forcing and Temperature. — The best and
most successful directions on these points ere the follow-
ing, given by Mr. W. Hutchinson, gardener at Eatington
Park. He says : " Bring the trees into the house in
mild weather during November, a little earlier or later
according to the state of the weather; do not start
them all, however, at once ; the last lot need not be put
in until the ist of January. Any later than this would
not answer, as the weather, if clear, is then hot through
the day ; commence forcing them at 55° at night,
allowing the thermometer to fall to 50° in the morning,
if cold ; but if the weather is mild, never to fall below
55°, and from that to 60°, is the usual temperature kept
up throughout the period of forcing during the night.
During the day I make up for low night temperature,
when I have the chance, by sun heat. Do not be fas-
tidious about a few degrees: to get it high enough is
the main point, say from 70° to 85° and 90°, until the
fruit is stoned ; then keep them very hot during the
day, viz. from 95° to 105°, and sometimes even as high
as 110°. Of course a great deal of moisture is required
with this high temperature. Syringe over-head twice a
day, and sometimes oftener when the air is dry, and you
will scarcely ever be troubled with either green-fly
or red-spider. Watering at the root must be carefully
attended to ; very little is wanted until the trees get
covered with leaves, but after the fruit is stoned they
should be watered plentifully. Of course the watering
must be gradually withdrawn as the fruit approaches
maturity, in order to increase their flavour." — Card. Chron.

When the blossoms are well opened, impregnation
should be aided by applying the pollen with a camel's-
hair pencil, by lightly brushing the flowers with a
rabbit's tail, tied to a cane, and by tapping the trees
with a cane or the hands, during the middle of the day,
when the ventilators are open.

One essential for securing vigorous production in the
peach- house is to have the roots of the trees well nourished.
If these are not duly supplied with moisture and food
during the time the fruit is setting and swelling, a failure
of the crop is inevitable. To secure such a supply, it is
a most effectual treatment to give the border a top-
dressing, at the close of February, of charred turf.
Liquid-manure and water, of course, must be given also,
as the dryness of the soil and appearance of the trees
indicate is necessary.

Standards. — In Essex we have grown the peach success-
fully, both as a standard and as an espalier, in a garden
sloping to the south, and well protected from the east
and strong westerly winds.

PEACH BLISTER or LEAF CURL. It is well known
that Peach Blister is due to the work of the fungus,

2 S

PEAR

642

PECTINARIA

Exoascus deformans, which lives perennially in the young
wood, passing into the buds and the young leaves on the
resumption of growth. It also attacks the almond. The
young shoots are often swollen by the fungus. The
leaves, at first, become much curled, distorted, thickened,
and pale yellow-green, but, later on, rosy or purplish,
and often deep red on the Almond. The fungus spreads
inside the leaf, but breaks through when fruiting, and
the blistered surface then presents a velvety appearance,
due to the numerous cups or asci, containing eight
ascospores, which serve to spread the fungus. Shoots
bearing diseased leaves should be cut back beyond the
point of infection and burnt. All fallen leaves should
also be raked up and burnt. A sudden fall of the tem-
perature, after the trees are in leaf, is favourable to the
rapid spread of the fungus, while warm weather checks
it. Spraying with a dilute solution of Bordeaux mixture,
when the leaves commence to unfold, and again three
weeks afterwards, will prevent fresh attack from spores
brought by the wind.

PEAR. Py'rus cotnmu'nis.

Superior Dessert Kinds, arranged in the Order of Ripen-
ing.— i, Citron des Cannes; 2, Beurre Giffard ; 3, Jar-
gonelle ; 4, Williams's Bon Chr6tien ; 5, Souvenir du
Congres; 6, Marguerite Marillat ; 7, Dr. Jules Guyot ;
8, Beurre d'Amanlis ; 9, Fondante d'Automne ; 10,
Louise Bonne of Jersey ; n, Marie Louise ; 12, Doyennd
du Cornice (the best flavoured Pear) ; 13, Hacon's In-
comparable ; 14, Thompson's ; 15, Knight's Monarch ;
16, Glou Morceau ; 17, Nouvelle Fulyie ; 18, Easter
Beurr6; 19, Winter Nelis; 20, Josephine de Malines;

21, Olivier des Serres ; 22, Bergamote d'Esperen ; 23,
Nee plus Meuris ; 24, Beurr6 Ranee.

Kitchen Pears in the Order of their Ripening.— i, St.
Lezin ; 2, General Tottleben ; 3, Catillac ; 4, Bellissime
d'Hiver ; 5, Uvedale's St. Germain.

Useful and Profitable Orchard Pears. — i, Beurr6 de
Capiaumont; 2, Beurre Clairgeau ; 3, Louis Bonne of
Jersey, Williams's Bon Chr6tien ; 4, Jargonelle; 5, Pit-
maston Duchess ; 6, Josephine de Malines. Those living
north and south of the centre of England must make
allowance accordingly.

Of Dessert Pears, Nos. i, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, n, 12, 13,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, will succeed well, if necessary, as
espaliers, pyramids, &c. ; that is to say, they will do
very well without a wall. Of course, the orchard pears
may be added to this section, if necessary. Nos. 5, 16,

22, 23, 24, should have a wall, if possible. In cold nor-
thern districts they should have a south aspect wall.

Propagation. — Grafting is the usual mode ; and for
this purpose two distinct kinds of stocks are used — the
one called the free stock, or wild seedlings, the other
the quince. The first is the most proper for the orchard
pear, as this produces much larger trees ; the latter is
best adapted, in general, for espaliers, walls, cordons,
and pyramidal trees in gardens.

Budding is done precisely as for other fruits, and for
the same purposes as grafting. By this course, however,
one year, or nearly so, may be considered as lost, in point
of time.

Seed is resorted to, either to produce stocks, or to raise
new kinds. The seeds should be washed from the pulp
when the fruit is fully ripe, dried and preserved as other
seeds, and sown in the February following. Care must
be taken to preserve the seed from mice whilst germinating.
Those who wish to expedite the process, for the sake of
gaining time, with fancy seedlings, may sow and rear the
young plants in a moderate bottom-warmth, sowing in
January or February, potting off the plants when up,
and hardening them off by the beginning of June, when
they may be planted out in a warm spot. The best way
to prove such seedlings is to graft them on a good bearing
old tree, on a quince stock, if possible ; they will thus
fruit in half the time. Our nurserymen, who rear
immense quantities for stocks, bury the pears in a pit
in autumn, and take them up in the February following
to sow, mixing abundance of sand with the mass, to
separate the seeds from the pulp ; the whole is then
sown together.

Soil. — The pear delights in a sound loam, rather in-
clining to clayey than sandy. It will, however, grow
freely in sandy loams ; but the fruit is very apt to crack,
or become otherwise disfigured, through their impatience
of drought. Any ordinary soil of a sound texture will
do for their culture ; and if what is termed " in good

heart," no manures are necessary. For standard trees
in orchards, the soil should be at least 2 feet deep ; but
for espaliers, walls, pyramids, &c., half a yard may
suffice, if sound. A dry subsoil is particularly necessary,
especially for garden pears.

Culture during the Growing Period.— The chief point is
to keep down watery spray, which is generally produced
in abundance. Caution must be exercised in not doing
this too early, or the embryo blossom-buds may be
driven into growth. Our practice is to commence by
disbudding ; this is generally in the beginning of May.
All gross foreright shoots are stripped away, and several
of the more luxuriant shoots, where too thick. In a
few weeks the shoots begin to lengthen considerably,
and their character, as to fruitfulness, is in some degree
determinable. Very few of our pears bear on wood of
the previous year, but a great many shoots plainly show
betimes that their tendencies are towards fructification ;
such should, by all means, be encouraged. About Mid-
summer, a selection may be made ; most of those which
look browner than the rest, and are shorter jointed, must
be reserved ; and much of the paler, longer-jointed, and
more succulent-looking spray may be cut or pinched
back, leaving about 4 inches at the base. Those reserved
we tie down to the older branches, sometimes in a re-
verse position— indeed, just as they happen to lay. In
about a month or so from this operation we pinch the
points from all growing shoots, or nearly so. This is
generally done about the middle of August, and has a
tendency to cause the wood to become highly solidified,
and thus induces fruitfulness. After this period, the
only care is to pinch the points of all succulent spray
which may arise.

Culture' during the Rest Period. — When the summer
culture of the pear is properly attended to, but little is
left for the winter pruner. Nevertheless, there is still
something to do. Some shoots will have escaped the
summer dresser, and many " snags " must be cut entirely
away. Most of those which had been pinched back to
3 inches at Midsummer, or after, must be pruned closely
off. No stump or spur must be left, unless a blank
space occur ; as these, by what used to be termed spurring
back, only produced their like again. These snags re-
moved, the young shoots tied or nailed down must be
examined, and all considered superfluous cut away.
Those reserved must be tied down on the old stems, or
nailed between them, and little more is necessary until
the growing period returns.

Storing.— The conditions requisite for keeping pears
are a rather cool room, and one that is dry. It is well
known, however, that several of our superior pears re-
quire a certain amount of warmth when near the period
of use, to give them their proper flavour. We, there-
fore, in advising a somewhat cool room, refer to one of
the most important objects connected with the dessert-
table — the providing a long and continuous succession.
Still it has been generally found, that in proportion as
any given kind has been kept past its natural period, it
has, in like proportion, lost flavour, as, also, that buttery
texture for which a ripe pear is so much esteemed. What
is the best temperature is not quite certain ; it probably
differs somewhat in different kinds. We should say
55° to 60° ; not more than the latter ; probably, a con-
dition of air similar to a fine, mild, October day.

Diseases. — (See CANKER.) They are also liable to
decay at the points of the shoots in some soils, which,
we think, generally arises from the roots entering im-
proper subsoils.

Insects. — See ACARUS, ASPIDIOTUS, and SELANDRIA.

PEA'RCEA HYPOCYRTIFLO'RA. See ISOLOMA HVPO-

CYRTIFLORUM.

PEAT EARTH. See BOG EARTH.
PEAT PLANTS. See AMERICAN PLANTS.
PECTIA'NTIA MITELLOI'DES. See MITELLA PEN-

TANDRA.

PECTINA'RIA. (From peclen, a comb ; in allusion to
the comb-like form of the plant with its short branches
radiating on the ground. Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceae.)

Small, succulent plants for dry, greenhouse culture.
Seeds ; cuttings allowed to dry 'for some days before
insertion in sand. Loam, peat, finely broken bricks,
and sand.

PECTIS

643

PELARGONIUM

P. articula'ta (jointed). J. Purple. S. Africa.
„ asperiflo'ra (rough-flowered), i- Dull purple, inside

white, dotted with crimson. S. Africa. 1910.
„ mammilla'ris (teated). See BOUCEROSIA MAMMIL-

LARIS.
„ saxa'tilis (rock). ^j. Blackish-purple. S. Africa.

1904.

PE'CTIS. (From pecten, a comb; referring to the
pappus teeth. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Half-hardy annual. Seeds in% gentle heat, and the
seedlings planted out in May. Ordinary soil.
P. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Yellow, fragrant. N.W.
Amer. 1865.

PEDA'LTUM. (From pedalion, a rudder ; in allusion
to the spreading spines on the fruit. Nat. ord. Pedali-
aceas.)

A slightly branched stove annual, producing large
flowers, singly, in the axils of the leaves. Seeds. Fibrous
loam, leaf -mould, and sand.

P. Mu'rex (purple-fish). 1-2. Yellow. India and Trop.
Africa.

PEDICULA'RIS. Lousewort. (From pediculus, a
louse ; supposed effect on sheep eating it. Nat. ord.
Fi«ivorts [Scrophulariacea?). Linn, i \-Didynamia, 2-
Angiospermia. Allied to Melampyrum.)

Seeds and cuttings. Loam and peat ; the great pro-
portion require the cold pit in winter. Sce'ptrum-Caroli'-
num is a giant among them, and one of the most beauti-
ful. Most or all of them are half parasitical and might
be sown amongst grass in the bog garden, in the case
of the hardy species.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. adsce'ndens (ascending). J. Red. July. Switzer-
land. 1819.
„ a'tro-ru'bens (dark red). i. Dark red. July.

Switzerland. 1819.
„ ccinade'nsis (Canadian). \. Yellow. July. N. Amer.

1780.

„ como'sa (tufted), i. Yellow. July. Italy. 1775.
,, compa'cta (closQ-headed). i. Yellow. July. Siberia.

1815.
„ cu'rvipes (curved-stalked). £. Rose. Himalaya.

1900.
„ dolichorrhi'za (long-rooted). Golden-yellow. Central

Asia. 1884.

„ e'legans (elegant). Purple. June. Siberia. 1827.
„ fla'va. (yellow). J. Yellow, with red stripes. July.

Siberia. 1828.
„ Hoffmei'steri (Hoffmeister's). i. Bright yellow.

Himalaya, &c. 1836.
„ incarna' ta (flesh-coloured). J. Pink. June. Austria.

1796.
„ megala'ntha (large-flowered). 1-2. Rose-purple.

Himalaya.

„ Oe'.deri (06der's). Yellow. July. N. Europe. 1827.
„ pa'llida (pale). Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1826.
„ palu'stris (marsh). 2. Purple. June. Britain.
„ probosci'dea (nosed). Purple. June. Siberia. 1827.
„ ro'sea (rosy). Rose. July. S. Europe. 1825.
„ ru'bens (ruddy). See P. ULIGINOSA.
„ specio'sa (showy). Purple. June. Siberia. 1827.
„ sp ica 'ta (spiked), i Purple. June. Dahuria. 1827.
„ stria' ta (channelled). Yellow, crimson. June.

Dahuria. 1826.

„ sylva'tica (wood), i. Pink. August. Britain.
„ uligino'sa (marshy). Red. May. Altai Mountains.

1827. Annual.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. a£r0fam7o'/z'a(Abrotanum-leaved). i. Yellow. June.

Siberia. 1816.

euphrasioi' des (eyebright-like). ij. Purple. Siberia.
1816.

„ /fo'wwtftz (flame), i. Yellow, scarlet. July. Switzer-
land. 1775-

„ folio'sa. (leafy), i. Cream. July. Austria. 1785.

„ gyrofle'xa. (circular). £. Purple. July. Switzerland.
1819.

„ mo' His (soft-leaved), i. Purple. June. Nepaul.
1850.

,, myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved) . See P. ABROTANIFOLIA.

P. recuti'ta (circumcised), f. Purple. June. Austria.

1787.
„ resupina'ta (lying-back), i. Purple. July. Siberia.

1816.
„ rostra'ta (beaked). J. Purple. June. Switzerland.

1819.
„ Sce'ptrum-Caroli'num (Charles' s-sceptre). 5. Yellow.

July. Sweden. 1793.
„ tuberd'sa( tuberous), i. Yellow. June. Switzerland.

1799.
„ uncina'ta(hook-flou'ered). i. Yellow. July. Siberia.

1815.

,, versi 'color (party-coloured). See P. OEDERI.
„ verticilla'ta (whorled). i. Rose. July. Austria.

1790.

PEDILA'NTHUS. (From pedilon, a shoe, and antftos, a
flower ; in allusion to the form of the flower. Nat. ord.
Euphorbiaceae.)

Dry stove succulent shrubs. Cuttings allowed to dry
! for some days before insertion in sand, kept very mode-
rately moist. When rooted they may be potted in loam,
i some well-decayed and dried cow manure, with a large
j proportion of finely broken bricks and sand, kept very
1 dry in winter. Winter temp., 60° to 65° ; summer, 65°
i to 80°.

j P. bractea'tus (large-bracted). ij. August. 1809.
„ padifo'lius (Padus-leaved). i. S. Amer.
„ tithymaloi'des (Tithymalus-leaved) . 2-3. Red. S.

Amer. 1874.

„ ,, varifga'tusi variegated). Leaves edged with white.
„ „ variega'tus cuculla'tvs (hooded). Leaves hooded
or cupped.

PE'GANTJM. (From peganon, rue, and Peganon agrion

1 is Peganum Harmala, of Linnasus. Nat. ord. Rutaceae.)

Hardy, evergreen herb. Cuttings in sand in a cold

frame during summer. Ordinary garden soil, of a light

character.

P. crithmifo'lium (Crithmum-leaved) . See C. HARMALA.
„ Ha'rmala (Harmala). i. White, with green veins.
July, August. Mediterranean region. 1570.
" Syrian Rue."

PEG-WOOD. Co'rnus sangui'nea, and Euo'nymus euro-
pa'us.

PEIRE'SCIA. See PERESKIA.

PELARGO'NIUM. Stork's-bill. (From pelargos, a
stork ; referring to the beak-like formation of the ripe
seed-pod. Nat. ord. Cranesbills [Geraniaceae]. Linn.
i6-Monadelphia, ^-Heptandria.)

All natives of South Africa, except where otherwise
mentioned. Seeds ; cuttings in light soil. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, well-rotted cow manure, and sand.

GREENHOUSE BIENNIALS AND ANNUALS.
P. anemonifo'lium (Anemone- leaved). See P. MYRRHI-

FOLIUM BETONICUM.

„ canarie'nse (Canary), ij. White, red. August.

Canaries. 1802.
„ caucalifo'lium (Caucalis-leaved) . J. White or flesh,

with red veins. July. 1812. Biennial.
„ chamadrifo'liwn (Chamaedrys-leaved) of Harvey. J.

Purple. May. Annual or biennial.
„ coriandrifo'lium (coriander-leaved). See P. MYRRHI-

FOLIUM CORIANDRIFOLIUM.

„ fumarioi'des (Fumaria-like). J-i. Bright crimson.

July. 1862. Annual or biennial.
,, humifu'sum (trailing). See P. PARVULUM.
,, pa'rvidum (very-small), i- Red. June. 1801.

Annual or biennial.
„ senedoi'des (groundsel-like). }. White. June. 1775.

Annual.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

P. alchemilloi'des (AlchemUla-like). i. Pink. June.

1693.
„ althizoi'des (marsh-mallow-like). J. White. May.

1724.

„ Andre'wsii (Andrews's). Blush. June. 1802.
„ bla'ndum (soft). Blush. 1801.
,, chamtzdrifo'lium (Chamaedr\^s-leaved) of Jacquin. i.

White. May. 1812.

„ ci'nctum (girt). \. White, crimson. 1862.
„ columbi'num (dove's- foot). \ Purple. August. 1795.

PELARGONIUM

644

PELARGONIUM

P. donga' turn (elongated). See P. TABULARE.
„ endlicheria'num (Endlicherian). 1-2. Rose. July,

August. Orient. 1855. Hardy on south and

west coasts of Britain.

„ fi'ssum (split), i-i. Pink. Summer. 1862.
„ la' cerum (torn-leaved). See P.MYRRHIFOLIUM LACERUM.
„ lu'ridum (lurid). Straw. August. 1811.
„ multicau'le (many-stalked), i- Pale violet. July.

1802.
„ myrrhifo'lium (myrrh- leaved) . The type of many

forms.
„ ,, beto'nicum (Betonica-like). i-H. Rose or white,

with dark streaks. July. Subshrubby at base.
„ „ coriandrifo'lium (coriander-leaved), i-ii- White,

lined with purple. June. 1724.
„ „ frutico'sum (shrubby), i-ij. Pale purple or

white, with purple lines. June. 1696. Subshrubby.
„ „ la'cerum (torn), i-ij. Small, rosy-purple, with

dark lines. July. 1731.
„ „ pe'ndulum (drooping). Petals 4, rosy-purple, with

red lines. 1805.
„ „ Synno'ti (Synnot's). i. Petals 4, lilac. August.

Leaves broader and less deeply cut than in P. m.

lacerum. 1825.
„ (Enothe'rce (CEnothera-like). i. Rose. April. Trop.

Africa. 1812.

„ ova'le (oval), ij. Purple. June. 1774.
„ parviflo'rum (small-flowered). Purple, red. June.

1800.
„ petroselinifo'lium (parsley-leaved). Blush. July.

1802.

„ procu'mbens (lying-down). J. Purple. April. 1801.
„ ranunculophy'llum (Ranunculus-leaved), i. Pale

pink. 1862.

„ recurva'tum (curled-back). White. July. 1790.
„ iabula're (tabular). J. Pale yellow. June. 1775.

GREENHOUSE TDBEROUS-ROOTED.

P. affi'ne (kindred). \. Purple. June. 1800.
„ apiifo'lium (celery-leaved). $. Black, green. June.

1800.

„ arista'tum (awned). |. White, red. June. 1800.
„ asarifo'lium (Asarum-leaved). J. Dark purple.

December. 1821.

„ a'trum (dark brown). J. Dark brown. June. 1788.
,, auricula' turn, (ear-leaved). See P. LONGIFOLIUM.
„ barba'lum (bearded). J. Flesh. July. 1790.
„ Bou'he'ri (Bowker's). i-ij. Yellow, with purple

lines deeply fringed. 1864.

„ brevipe'talum(short-petaled). \-\. Pale yellow. 1909.
„ bubonifo'lium (bubon- leaved) . i. White, purple.

May. 1800.

„ ca'rneum (flesh-coloured). |. Pink. May. 1812.
„ carotcefo'lium (carrot- leaved). See P. FLAVUM.
„ cilia'tum (hair- fringed). See P. LONGIFOLIUM CILI-

ATUM.

„ conge'stum (crowded). $. Lilac. June. 1824.
„ conspi'cuum (conspicuous), i. Crimson. July.

Africa. 1810.
„ coronillcefo'lium (Coronilla-leaved) . J. Brown. June.

1795-
„ coryda/i/Zo'fMw (Corydalis-flowered). See P. RAPACEUM

CORYDALIFLORUM.

„ crassicau'le (thick-stalked), f . White, with a purple
spot on petals. July. Africa. 1786.

„ depre'ssum (depressed). See P. LONGIFOLIUM LONGI-
FLORUM.

„ dioi'cum (dioecious). See P. ATRUM.

„ dipe'talutn (two petaled). J. Pale purple. May.
1795-

„ filipendulifo'lium (dropwort-leaved) . See P. TRISTE

FILIPENDULIFOLIUM.

„ fissifo'lium (cloven-leaved). $. White, red. June.
1795-

„ fia'vum (yellow. Carrot-leaved). J. Yellow, brown.
August. 1724.

„ floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). J. White. April.
1800.

„ folio' sum (leafy), £. Yellow, red. May. Hybrid.
1800.

>, geifo'lium (Geum- leaved). See P. HERACLEIFOLIUM.

„ glauciifo'lium (horned poppy- leaved). Blackish-
purple, fragrant. Summer. Hybrid. 1823.

fl heracleifo'lium (Heracleum- leaved). J. Greenish-
yellow. July. 1800.

P. heterophy'llum (various- leaved). J. White, red.

May. 1800.
hirsu'lw

tm (shaggy). See P. ATRUM.
incrassa'tum (thickened). J. Pale rose. May. 1801.
lacinia'tum (jagged-teav^f). See P. LONGIFOLIUM

LACINIATUM.

leea'num (Lee's). J. White. May. 1823.
linca're(na.rrow-petaled). $. Yellow. June. 1800.
loba'tum (lobed). i. Yellow, brown. July. 1710.

" Cow-parsnip-leaved."
longiflo'rum (long-flowered). See P. LONGIFOLIUM

LONGIFLORUM.

longifo'lium (long- leaved). J. Flesh, or white and
veiny. May. 1812.

„ cilia'tum (eye-lashed). J. Flesh. May. 1795.
,, lacinia'tum (laciniate). |. Flesh, or white, with
dark lines or spots. May. 1800.
,, longiflo'rum (long-flowered). J. Primrose- yellow.
May. 1812.

lu'teum (yellow). J. Yellow. May. 1802.
melana'nthum (black-flowered). See P. ATRUM.
millefolia'tum (milfoil-leaved). See P. TRISTE MILLE-

FOLIATUM.

multiradia' turn (many-rayed), r. Dark brown. May.

1800.
nervifo'lium (nerved- leaved). J. Variegated. June.

1812.

ni'veum (snowy). }. White. June. 1821.
nummularifo'lium (moneywort-leaved). See P. AUS-

TRALE.

nu'tans (nodding). See P. RAPACEUM.

oblonga'tum (obversely-egg-shaped). |. Cream ; two

upper petals with purple veins. 1872.
obtusa'tum (obtuse). Pale yellow. Namaqualand.

1881.

orobifo'lium (Orobus-leaved). J. Blood. June. 1824.
ovalifo'lium (oval- leaved). J. White. May. 1820.
oxalidifo'lium(vrood-sorrel-leaved). J. Yellow. June.

1801.

pa'llens (pzle-floit'ercd). See P. STIPULACEUM.
pennifo'rme (wing-formed). J. Yellow. May. 1800.
pi'ctum (painted). See P. PULCHELLUM.
pilo'sum (long-haired). $. Pink. June. 1801.
pinna' turn (pinnate). J. White or flesh, veiny or

with a spot on each petal. May. 1779.
pulche'llum (neat), f. White. April. 1795.
pulverule'ntum (powdery), i. Grey, blood. July.

1822.
,, pedicella'tum (long-stalked), i. Green, brown.

1822. Pedicels longer than bracts.
puncta' turn (doited-flowered). ±. Cream. May. 1794.
purpura'scens (purplish). See P. LONGIFOLIUM

LACINIATUM.

radica'tum (large-rooted). \. Yellow. June. 1802.

rapa'ceum (rape). J. Purple. May. 1788. " Fumi-
tory-flowered."

,, corydaliflo'rum (Corydalis-flowered). Primrose-
yellow; upper petals red at base. May. 1821.
,, lu'teum (yellow). Pale sulphur-yellow ; upper
petals with a dark spot . 1822.
„ Seli'num (Selinum-like). Rosy- white or flesh ;
upper petals mottled at base.

refle' xum (bent-back-leaved) . |. White. June. 1800.

reticula'tum (netted), f. Pink. May. 1820.

retu'sum (bitten), j. Dark crimson. June. 1824.

revolu'tum (rolled-back). J. Purple. July. 1800.

ro'seum (rosy) of Aiton. J. Rosy-red. April. 1792.

ro'seum (rosy) of Willdenow. See P. RADULA ROSEUM.

rumicifo'lium (dock-leaved). £. Yellow. June. 1823.

rutafo'lium (rue- leaved). J. Y'ellow. 1869.

schitope'talum (cut-petaled). i. Yellow, brown.
June. 1821.

Scho'ttii (Schott's). i-ij. Crimson, with irregular
black blotches, extending down on the veins.
Hybrid. 1869.

sele'ctum (select). Hybrid (P. lobatum and unknown
species). 1823.

se to' sum (bristly). £. Rose. May. 1821.

spathula'tum (spathula-/mi;^). J. Yellow. May.

1800.
„ affi'ne (kindred). J. Yellow. April. 1794.

stipula'ceum (large-stipuled). J-i. Cream-coloured.
May. 1800.

tene'llum (slender), i. Yellow. June. 1802.

testa'ceum (reddish-yellow). See P. PULVERULENTUM.

triphy'llum (three-leaved). $. Flesh. May. 1812.

PELARGONIUM

645

PELARGONIUM

P. tri'ste (sad. Night-smelling}, i. Green, yellow. July.
1632.

„ „ filipendulifo'lium (dropwort-leaved) . \. Brownish-
yellow, with dark spots. July. 1812.

„ „ millefolia'tum (milfoil-leaved). £. Yellow, brown.
July. 1824.

„ undulafto'rum (wavy-flowered). J. Black. June.
Hybrid. 1821.

„ undula'tum (wavy-/ eaved) of Aiton. }. White. June.
1795-

„ undula'tum (waved) of Harvey. See P. LONGIFOLIUM.

„ viciafo'lium (vetch- leaved). See P. PINNATUM.

„ violaflo'rum (violet-flowered), i. White. May.
1810.

„ virgi'neum (virgin). See P. LONGIFOLIUM.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

P. abrotanifo'lium (southernwood-leaved) . 3. Red. May.

1791.
„ acerifo'lium (maple-leaved). 3. Pale purple. April.

1784. One of parents of show and fancy Pelar-
goniums.

„ aceto'sum (sorrel-leaved). 3. Pink. July. 1710.
„ acugna'ticum (d'Acunha). See P. GROSSULARIOIDES.
,, adulteri'num (counterfeit). 3. Purple. May. 1785.
„ alnifo'lium (alder-leaved). 2. Pink- veined. May.
„ alte'rnans (alternate), i. White, purple. June.

1791. " Parsley-leaved Geranium."
„ am&'num (lovely). See P. ZONALE.
„ ampli'ssimum (largest). 2. Purple. May.
„ a' nceps (two-edged). See P. GROSSULARIOIDES.
„ angulo'sum (angled). 3. Purple. August. 1724.

One of parents of show and fancy Pelargoniums.
„ a'rdens (burning). Red. June. Hybrid. 1807.
„ „ supe'rbum (superb). Flowers larger.
„ arma'tum (armed). Purple. May. Hybrid (P.

echinatumxreniforme). 1824.
„ artemisiafo'lium (worm wood- leaved). White. June.

1817.

„ a'sperum (rough). Garden variety of P. quercifolium.
„ astragali fo' Hum (Astragalus-leaved). $. White,

purple. July. 1788.

„ athamanthoi'des ( Athamanta-like) . Leaves grey-
felted, twice deeply cut.
„ austra'le (southern), $—1$. White or rose, with

violet lines. Southern regions. 1792.
M „ acugna'ticum (d'Acunha). See P. GROSSULARIOIDES.
„ „ glomera'tum (clustered), $-1. White, lined with

violet-purple. July. Australia. 1792. >
„ „ inodo'rum (scentless). See P. INODORUM.
„ „ litipra'le (shore). W. Australia. 1837.
„ balbisia'num (Balbisian). 1-2. Soft silvery-lilac,

with maroon nerves. S. Africa. 1818.
„ balsa'meum (balsamic). See P. SCABRUM BALSAMEUM.
,, Barringtp'nii (Barrington's). 3. Purple. May.
„ beauforlia'num (Beaufort's). 3. Lilac. June.
„ Bella'rdii (Bellard's). White. June. 1818.
„ bentinckia'num (Bentinck's). 2. Scarlet. May.
„ betultzfo'lium (birch-leaved). See P. CORDATUM.
„ betuli'num (birch-leaved). 3. White, red. July. 1759.
„ bi' color (two-coloured), ij. Purple, white. July.

1778.
„ blandfordia' num (Blandfordian). 2. Blush-pink

(P. graveolens X echinatum) . 1805.
„ blatta'rium (moth mullein). See P. OVALE BLATTA-

RIUM.
„ bulla'tum (blistered). See P. MYRRHIFOLIUM BETONI-

CUM.

„ cant'scens (hoary). See P. INCISUM.
„ ca'num (hoary). See P. OVALE.
„ capita' turn (round-headed). 3. Purple. June. 1690.

" Attar of Rose Geranium."
„ carduifo'lium (thistle-leaved). 3. Pale purple. July.

1816.

„ carina'tum (keeled). £. White, purple. July. 1820.
„ carno'sum (Qeshy-stalked) . i. Purple, white. May.

1724-
„ cercitophy'llum (horn- leaved). i. White. June.

Africa. 1786.

„ ceri'num (wax-like). See P. INQUINANS.
,, citriodo'rum (citron-scented). 3. White. July. 1800.
,, ,, mi'nimum (smallest). Leaves very small.
,, dim' sum (lemon-scented). See P. CITRIODORUM.
„ cochlea' turn (twisted-shell-/^aved). See P. ACERI-

FOLIUH.

P. co'mptum (decked). Pink, with purple centre, and

numerous lines. June to November. Hybrid. 1825.
„ conduplica' turn (double. Heart-leaved). 3. Purple,

white. May. 1774.

„ consangui'neum (kindred). 2. Pink. June.
„ corda'tum (heaxt-leaved) . 3. Purple, white. May.

1774-
„ „ rubroci nctum (red-edged). 3. Purple, white.

May. 1774.

,, cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). See P. CORDATUM.
„ coronopifo'lium (buckhorn- leaved) . ij. Pale red.

August. 1791.
„ cortuscefo'lium (Cortusa-leaved). 2. Pink. July.

Africa. 1786.

„ corymbo'sum (corymbose). See P. TOMENTOSUM.
„ Cotyle'donis (navelwort-Zeat'«f). |. White. June.

St. Helena. 1765. " Hollyhock-leaved Geranium."
„ crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). See P. CRISPUM.
,, crena'tum (scolloped-/«at;ed). 2. July. 1800.
„ cri'spum (curl-leaved). 3. Purple. September. 1774.
„ „ ma' jus (larger). Leaves larger.
„ „ pustulo'sum (pimply). 3. White, pink. June.

Hybrid. 1820.
„ crithmifo'lium (samphke-leaved). i. White, purple.

May. 1790.
„ cuculla'tum(booded-leaved). 3. Purple. May. 1690.

Parent of show, fancy, and regal Pelargoniums.
„ „ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 4. Purple. May.

„ „ ma'jor (greater. Royal George). 4. Purple. May.

1812.

„ „ paryifp'lium (small-leaved). Purple.
„ ,, striatiflo'rum (streaked-flowered). 4. Purple.

May. 1810.

„ cuspida'tum (sharp-pointed). See P. GLAUCUM.
„ cynosbatifo'lium (eglantine-leaved). See P. MALV.C-

FOLIUM.
„ dasycau'lon (thick-stemmed), i. White, purple.

September. 1795.

„ dasyphy'llum (thick-leaved). See P. CRITHMIFOLIUM.
„ deco'rum (comely). Lilac. July. Hybrid. 1825.
„ delphinifo'lium (larkspur-leaved). 3. Pink. June.
„ denticula'tum (tooth-leaved). 3.' Pink. June. 1789.
„ „ filicifo'lium (fern-leaved). Leaves more finely cut.
„ ,, ma' jus (larger). Leaves larger.
„ di'sdpes (disk-stalked). 3. Africa. 1808.
„ diver sifo' Hum (different-leaved). See P. GLAUCUM.
„ Drummo'ndii (Drummond's) . See P. CAPITATUM.
, echina'tum (bristly or prickly), i. White, with dark

red spot on upper petals. June. 1789.
„ ela'tum (tall). 2. White, purple. August. 1795.
„ ele'ctum (select). White. July. Hybrid.
,, e'legans (elegant). 3. White, red. April. 1795.
„ „ ma'jus (larger- flowered). 3. White, red. June.

1795-
„ „ mi'nus (smaller- flowered) . 3. White, red. June.

1795-
„ ere'ctum (erect). Hybrid (P. particeps x cortuscefolium).

1823.

„ erioste'mon (coolly-stemmed). See P. OVALE.
„ exstipula'tum (unstipuled). 3. Violet. July. 1779.
„ ferula' ceum (combustible). Stem succulent, swollen

at the joints. Flowers very small.
„ formosi' ssimum (handsomest). 2. White, red. July.

1759-

„ Fothergi'llii (Fothergill's). 2. Scarlet. August.
„ ,, purpu'reum (purple). 3. Purple. August. 1810.
,, fra' grans (fragrant). 2. White, with red lines on

upper petals. July. " Nutmeg-scented Geranium,"

" Penny-royal Scented Geranium."
„ fu'lgidum (shining. Celandine-leaved). i|. Scarlet.

May. 1723. " Celandine-leaved Geranium."
„ „ igne'scens (fiery). Scarlet. Summer and autumn.

Hybrid. 1812.

„ fusca'tum (clouded). See P. FUSCIFLORUM.
„ fusciflo'rum (dusky-flowered). 3. Purple, red. May.

1812.

„ gibbo'sum (swollen), ij. Green, yellow. June. 1712.
,, glaucophy Hum (glaucus-leaved). See P. GLAUCUM.
„ glau'cum (milky-green-^av^). 3. White, red. July.

1775-

,, glomera'tum (heaped). See P. AUSTRALE GLOMERATUM.
,, glutinp'sum (sticky). 3. Pale rose. May. 1777.
„ „ nigre'scens (blackish). 4. Pale purple. May. 1777.
„ grandifto'rum (large-flowered). 3. White, red. May.

1794-

PELARGONIUM

646 PELARGONIUM CULTURE

P. grn'tum (grateful). 2. Pink. June. "Citron-scented

Geranium."
„ grave'oletts (strong-smelling). 3. Purple. May. 1774.

" Rose-scented Geranium."
„ „ variega'tum (variegated-leaved). 3. Purple. May.

1804. " Lady Plymouth."
„ grossularioi'des (gooseberry-like). J-i. Pink. June.

1788. Annual.

„ /t«£a/ic<z/o7ittm(Hepatica-leaved). Rose. July. 1791.
„ hermanniafo' Hum (Hermannia- leaved). 3. Pink.

May.

„ hetero' gamum (dissimilar). 2. Pink. July. 1876.
„ hi'rtum (hairy). See P. TENUIKOLIUM.
„ hi'spidum (bristly). 3. Purple. June. 1790.
,, holoseri' ceum (velvety). See P. OVALE.
„ hy'bridum (hybrid). 2. Lilac. July. 1732.
„ imbrica'tum (imbricated). 3. Lilac, purple. June.

Hybrid. 1800.
„ intzqui'lobum (unequal-lobed). Greenish-yellow, with

purplish spot on each petal. E. Trop. Africa.

1901.

„ inci'sum (cut-leaved). 3. White, red. June. 1791.
„ inodo'rum (scentless). J-i. Pale purple. July.

Australia. 1796. Trailer.

„ i'nquinans (dyed-flowered). 2. Scarlet. July. 1714.
,, ionidiflo'rum (violet-flowered). Purple, with darker

lines on upper petals.
,, jatrophcefo'lium (Jatropha- leaved). Rose. Leaves

with five finger-like lobes.
„ laviga'ium (smooth. Three-leafletcd). 3. White, red.

June. " Three-leafleted Geranium."
ii » oxyphy'llum (sharp-leaved). Leaflets quite entire.

1800.
„ lanceola' 'turn (spear-head-leaved) . White, purple.

July. I775-
„ late'ripes (side-stalked). 2. Pale purple. July. 1787.

" Ivy- leaved Geranium."
„ „ a'lbo-margina'tum (white-margined). 2. Pale red.

August. 1787.

„ „ ro'seum (rose-coloured). 2. Red. August. 1787.
„ ,, zona' turn (zoned). 2. Pale purple. August. 1787.
„ lateri'tium (brick-coloured). See P. MALV^.FOLIUM.
„ la'xum (loose-panic led). See P. CRITHMIFOLIUM.
„ leptope' talum (slender-petaled) . 2. Red. June. 1800.
„ leuca'nlhum (white-flowered). See P. ZONALE.
„ littora'le (shore). See P. AUSTRALE LITTORALE.
„ longicau'le (long-stemmed), i. Pale rose. June.

Trailer.

„ macula' (tint (spotted). Blush. July. 1796.
„ malvafo' Hum (mallow-leaved). 2. Pale red. July.

1811.

„ micra'nthum (small-flowered). Scarlet. September.
„ mo'nstrum (monstrous). 2. Red. July. 1784.
„ multibracted 'turn (many-bracted) White. Leaves

with a dark zone. Abyssinia to German E. Africa.

1892.

„ nigre'scens (dark). See P. GLUTINOSUM NIGRESCENS.
„ no'thum (spurious). 2. Pink. May.
„ obtusifo'lium (blunt- leaved). 3. Purple. June.

Hybrid. 1820.
„ odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 2. Pink. July.

1724-
„ ova'le (oval), ij. White, with dark blotches to deep

purple, with blotches. August. 1794.
„ „ blatta'rium (moth-mullein). J. Deep purple.

Leaves white-felted. July. 1720.
„ oxyphy'llum (sharp-leaved). See P. L^VIGATUM

OXYPHYLLUM.

„ pa'llidum (pale-flowered). 3. Pink. June.

„ papiliona'ceum (butterfly). 3. Pale white. June.

1724.
,, patenti' ssimum (most-spreading). 3. Lilac, white.

June. 1820.

,, pa'tulum (spreading). 3. Pale blood. June. 1812.
„ pedicella'tum (Jong-flower-stalked). See P. PULVERU-

LENTUM PEDICELLATUM.

„ pelta'tum (shield-like). 2. Purple. July. 1701.

" Ivy-leaved Geranium."

„ „ variega'tum ( variegated). 2. Purple. July. 1701.
„ pe'ndulum (weeping). £. Red. May. Trailer.
„ penicilla' turn (pencilled). See P. BETULINUM.
„ primuli'num (primrose-flowered). See P. CRASSICAULE.
„ principi' ssce (princess's). 3. Dark pink. August.

1820.

„ pu'milum (dwarf). See P. SCANDENS.
„ puslulo'sum (pimply). See P. CRISPUM PUSTULOSUM.

P. quercifo'lium (oak-leaved). 3. Purple. May. 1774.
„ „ bipinnati'fidum (doubly- leafleted). 4. " Purple.

May. 1774.
„ quina'ium (five-fingered), i. Pale yellow. May.

1793-

,, quinque'lobum (five-lobed). 3. Red. July. 1820.
,, quinquevu'lnerum (five-spotted), ij. Dark purple.

July. 1796.

,, radia'tum (ray-leaved). J. Dark purple. July. 1790.
„ Ra'dula (file- or rasp-). 2-5. Pale purple, with dark

lines. Plant balsamic scented. June. 1774.
,, ,, ro'seum (rosy). Rose.

,, r enifo 'rme (kidney-shaped). 2. Purple. July. 1791.
,, ribifp'lium (currant- leaved). 3. White. May. 1798
„ ri'gidum (stiff). See P. CRISPUM.
,, ro'seum (rosy) of Willdenow. See P. RADULA ROSEUM.
,, ru'bens (red-flowered). 3. Purple. June.
,, rubroci'nctum (red-edged). See P. CORDATUM RUBRO-

CINCTUM.

„ rugo'sum (wrinkly). 3. Pink, lilac. July. 1800.
,, sangui'neum (blood-red), i. Scarlet. July. 1810.
„ saniculce.fo'lium (sanicle- leaved). 3. Pale red. July.

1806.
„ saxifragoi'des (Saxifraga-like). i. Pink and purple.

1890. Belongs to Ivy-leaved section.
,, sca'brum (rough-wedge-leaved). 3. White, red. June.

1775-
„ ,, balsa'meum (balsamic). Leaves 3-5 lobed, or 3-5

parted. Pink. 1790.

,, sca'ndens (climbing). 3. Rose. July. 1800.
„ scula'tum (shield). White. August. 1701.
„ stfmt/ri70&ww(half-three-lobed). See P. ADULTERINUM.
,, sisonifo'lium (Sison-leaved). White, with red veins.

1868.

„ Ske'lii (Skel's). S. Africa.

,, soro'rium (sisters'). 3. White, red. May. Hybrid.
„ specio'sum (showy). 3. Purple. May. 1794.
,, spino'sum (thorny). 3. Pink. May. 1795.
,, spu'rium (spurious). 2. Violet. May.
,, staphisagrioi'des (staves-acre-like), ij. Purple. July.

1825.
,, stenope' talum (narrow-petaled) . See P. ZONALE STENO-

PETALUM.

„ Synno'/w (Synnot's). See P.MYRRHIFOLIUMSYNNOTII.
,, tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). 3. Purple. June. 1768.
,, terna'tum (three-leafleted). 3. Pink. June. 1789.
,, tetrago'num (square-stalked). 2. Pink. July. 1774.
,, „ variega'tum (variegated). 2. Pink. July. 1774.
,, tomento'sum (downy). 3. White. June. 1790.
,, tricolor (three-coloured). See P. VIOLARIUM.
„ tricuspida'tum (three-pointed). 3. White, purple.

June. 1780.
„ triparti'tum (three-lobed-/«ivfti). 3. Pale yellow.

June. 1789.

„ unicolo'rum (one-coloured). See P. WILLDENOVII.
,, uniflo'rum (one-flowered). 3. June. 1800.
„ variega'tum (variegated-flowered). 3. White, red.

June. 1812.

„ verbosciflo'rum (Verbascum-flowered). See P. OVALE.
„ viola'rium (Viola-like), i. Two upper petals dark

red, three lower white. July. 1791.
,, tOscasi'tsimHm (clammiest). 3. Lilac, white. June.

1820.

,, vitifo'lium (vine- leaved). 3. Purple. July. 1724.
„ Watso'nii (Watson's). 3. Purple. May. 1822.
„ Willdeno'vii (Wildenow's). 2. White- veiny or crim-
son. June.

„ zona'le (zoned). 2. Scarlet. August. 1710.
„ „ cocci'neum (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. August. 1710.
„ ,, crystalli'num (crystalline). 3. Scarlet. August.

1710.
„ ,, marfiina'tum (t^Ai^-margined) . 2. Scarlet.

August.
„ „ stenope' talum (narrow-petaled). ij. Scarlet.

June. 1800.

PELARGONIUM CULTURE. — Propagation by Seed is
the only way to raise superior varieties. The first and
most important of their qualities is form, the next is
substance, the next size, and the last colour. To these
may be added habit and truss. Save seed only from such
as possess already these points approaching to perfection.
In all attempts to hybridise, let the one to bear the seed
possess the property of form. In order to obtain the other
properties wanting, cut off the anthers of the well-formed
variety before the pollen-cases shed their contents ; and

PELARGONIUM CULTURE 647 PELARGONIUM CULTURE

the moment the hybridising is performed, cover the
flowers with a close-fitting cap of fine muslin-net, to
prevent insects from carrying strange pollen to the
stigma dusted with pollen from such varieties as have
the desirable properties. When the seed is ripe, gather
it carefully, and divest it of its arils, or feather-like
appendages, wrap it up in paper, and keep it in a dry
drawer, in a cool room, till spring. Sow it early in
March, and place it in a gentle heat ; a hotbed that has
been at work for a few weeks will answer admirably.
Sow in wide, shallow pots, well-drained, in a light, rich
compost, press the seed down gently, and cover it about
i inch. If the seed is good, it will quickly germinate,
and should then be removed from the hotbed, and placed
upon a shelf in the greenhouse near to the glass. Water
very moderately, or the plants will be apt to damp off.
As soon as the seedlings have made their second leaf,
pot them off singly into 2-inch pots, in a compost of loam
and leaf-mould, in equal parts, with a liberal addition
of river-sand, finely sifted. Replace them on the shelf,
and shade for a time from hot sunshine. The seedlings
will soon fill these small pots with roots. They must
then be re-potted into a size larger pot, and subsequently
be treated in the same way as such as have been propa-
gated by cuttings. Keep" them close to the glass, and
give abundance of air on all favourable occasions. As
soon as the weather will permit, place them out of doors,
upon a bed of ashes of sufficient thickness to prevent
worms from entering the pots. The situation should be
an open one, the grand object being to ripen the wood,
and induce a stocky or bushy habit, so as to insure
their flowering the following season. The size of pots
to flower them in need not be more than 4^ inches.
When there is a fear of autumnal frosts, remove them
into the greenhouse, and place them on a shelf, at such
a distance from the glass as will serve to keep them
dwarf and bushy. There is no need to top them in the
manner recommended hereafter for plants raised from
cuttings the object being not to make fine specimens,
but to get them to flower as quickly as possible the
spring following.

By Cuttings .—Cuttings may be put in and struck from
February to September; the general time, however, is when
the plants have done flowering, and require cutting down
to make bushy plants for the next season. This generally
happens from the end of June to the beginning of August.

The best place to strike the cuttings in is a well-con-
structed propagating-house ; but, as every one has not
such a convenience, they may be very successfully
propagated in a frame set upon a spent hotbed, first
removing the soil, and replacing it upon a thick coat of
coal-ashes, to keep out the worms. Upon this coat
place another of dry sawdust, to plunge the cutting- pots.
This dry sawdust will serve to absorb the moisture from
the earth in the pots and the necessary waterings. The
best soil is pure loam, mixed with silver sand. The size
of the pots should neither be too large, nor too small —
5 inches wide at the top is the most proper. Some use
small pots, and only place one cutting in each. This,
where the cuttings are few and the convenience small,
will be suitable enough. It has this advantage, also,
that the cuttings are, after being rooted, more con-
veniently repotted, without in the least injuring the
young and tender roots ; but where the quantity to be
increased is large, the former method of putting several
cuttings in 5-inch pots will be more convenient, and,
with care, equally as successful. Whichever method is
adopted, the pots must be well drained with broken
potsherds, the larger pieces at the bottom, and smaller
at the top. Fill them to the top with the prepared loam,
which should be put through a rather coarse sieve to
take out the stones, roots of grain, and other extraneous
matter. It should not be pressed down too hard, but
made firm enough to hold the cuttings fast. Another
point is to use it in a state neither wet nor dry. The
side-shoots which have not flowered, and are not more
than 2 inches long, make the best cuttings. These should
be cut off close to the stem from whence they spring with
a sharp knife. Cut off the bottom leaves close to the
stem, leaving only two of the uppermost. Place the
cuttings, after they are made, in a shady situation, upon
a dry board or slate, to dry up the wound. This will
take an hour on a dry day, or two hours on a dull, cloudy
one. Then put them in the prepared pots round the
edge, inclining the leaves inwards, so that they may not
touch the leaves of those in the contiguous pots when

they are placed in the frames, or set upon the heated
material in the propagating-house. When a pot is filled,
give it a gentle watering, and set it on one side to dry up
the moisture on the leaves and surface of the soil. Then
plunge them in the frame, and shade them carefully
and effectually from the sun, or even from the light.
Reduce the shade gradually, using it only during bright
sunshine. A little air may also be given every day, by
tilting up the lights behind, if in a frame. The propa-
gating-house will only require air when the heat is too
great, to reduce the temperature to 55° or 60°. The
cuttings must be frequently examined, to see if roots
are formed ; and as soon as they are an inch long, pot
them off immediately into the smallest 6o-pots, which
are generally about 2" inches diameter. A small addition
of well-decomposed leaf-mould may be mixed amongst
the loam with advantage. When they are finished
potting off, give another gentle watering, and replace
them in the frame or propagating-house until fresh roots
are formed ; renew the shading, but disuse it as soon as
it is safe to do so, and then give plenty of air, to prevent
them being drawn up and spindly. To cause them to
become bushy plants furnished with branches close to
the pot, nip off the top bud ; the lower side buds will
then break and push forth, and these must be again
stopped as soon as they have made three leaves. The
plants will then be ready to receive a second potting,
and should be removed into the open air.

The above remarks and directions, so far as the cuttings
are concerned, relate only to the (as they are called)
show varieties. There is another class of pelargoniums,
which are denominated fancy varieties. These are more
difficult to increase by cuttings. Place the cuttings in
shallow pans, ii inch only deep, with a hole in the centre,
in the usual loam and sand, placing them on a shelf in
the propagating-house, or in the frame, close to the
glass, upon topsy-turned pots. The cuttings are made
very short, with a portion of the old wood at the bottom
of each. Very little water is given till the callosities are
formed, when it is given more freely, and then roots
make their appearance, when they are immediately
potted off, and the usual treatment followed.

By Buds. — Make a shallow pan ready for them, by first
putting in a portion of pure loam and sand, then a
covering of pure sand alone, give a gentle watering to
settle it, and then prepare the buds. Take a shoot of
moderate strength, cut off the leaves, but not quite close
to the stem, then cut off the two lowest buds, leaving
about J inch of wood below each bud. After that, split
the shoot containing the two buds down the centre. If
the two buds are not exactly opposite, but one a little
below the other, the upper one must be shortened below
the bud to the proper length. The upper cut should be
very nearly close to the bud. Make a sufficient number
ready at once to fill the pan or pot, and plant them, using
a short, blunt stick a degree thicker than the bud-cutting.
Insert them so as only to leave the bud just above the
sand. Plant them close to, and round the edge of the
pan, placing the cut side close against the pot, which
will, of course, place the bud side inwards. Then fill up
the holes with a little dry sand, and water gently again.
Place them either in a propagating-house, a shady part
of a stove near the glass roof, or in a frame. Shade from
bright sunshine in whatever situation they are placed,
and water as required. The buds will soon break and
show leaves, shortly to be followed by a shoot.

By Roots. — Some kinds of Fancy Pelargoniums, and
most of the Cape original species, are difficult to increase
by any of the above methods. In such cases there is
left the mode of increase by cuttings of the roots. This is
almost certain of success. Take an old plant, shake off
carefully all the soil, and cut the roots into short pieces,
retaining as many fibres as possible to each. Put each
root-cutting singly into as small pots as they can be got
into, leaving the top just visible. Place them in the
house, or frame, appropriated to propagation ; give a
gentle watering, and shade effectually. New roots will
soon push forth, and then shoots will appear, generally
in clusters. When that takes place, reduce the shade,
to give colour to the leaves and strength to the shoots.
As these advance in growth, thin them gradually, by
slipping one or two off at a time, till finally they are
reduced to one which is to form the future plant. As
soon as this shoot attains the height of 2 or 3 inches,
nip off the top to cause side-shoots to grow, and so form
a neat, bushy plant.

PELECYPHORA

648

PELL^A

General Culture: the House. — Pelargoniums, like all
other large families of plants, require a house to them-
selves, and one peculiarly adapted to produce fine
specimens. The span-roofed form is the best, and for
this satisfactory reason— that the plants in such a house
grow on all sides alike. The sides of the house should
be of glass, the side windows should move up and down,
to allow a large circulation of air, and the top lights
should also be movable, to let out the upper stratum
of heated air. The plants should be placed upon stages
near to the glass. These stages ought to be broad
enough to allow large specimens to stand clear of each
other upon them. The size of the house will depend
upon the means of cultivation, and the number intended
to be grown. To exhibit collections of ten or twelve
in number, three or four times during the season, the
house should be at least 50 feet long, and 20 feet wide.
This will allow a stage in the centre 10 feet wide, walks
round it 2 j feet wide, and a platform all round t\ feet
broad. This will leave the stage 10 feet wide, and 40 feet
long, which will be ample space for three rows of twelve
plants in each, full-sized and well-grown specimens. On
the platforms next the front light smaller-sized plants
may be placed, to succeed the others when they become
unsightly through the bloom being over.

The only heat wanted is just enough to keep out the
frost, and the best mode of obtaining that heat is by hot
water circulating in cast-iron pipes. (See GREENHOUSE.)

Compost. — Procure from an old pasture, where the
grass is of a fine texture, as much turf, 3 or 4 inches
thick, as will serve to pot the collection for one year ;
cast it into the compost-yard, and have it immediately
chopped up into small pieces, and. as it is done, lay it
up in a long ridge, facing east and west, so that the sun
can shine upon each side morning and evening. The
ridge or bank should not exceed 2 feet high, on a base of
3 feet wide. The grassy surface and green roots will
soon begin to ferment during the process of decomposi-
tion, and the gases arising will penetrate to every particle
of soil, and moderately enrich it, quite sufficient to grow
geraniums. Let it be turned over every three months for
a year, and then it will be fit for use. Unless it be very
heavy, or of a close texture, it will not require any addition.
If too heavy, add sand to render it of an open texture.

Culture of Established Plants. — Cut them down in July,
leave them in a cold pit, and in eight or ten days after
being cut down, and receiving moisture about the tops
rather than among the roots, the pots may receive a fair
watering — as much as will reach every good root. When
the buds break, gradually give air. When i inch in
length or so, take the plants to the potting-bench, shake
the soil from the roots, examine and prune the roots a
little, re-shift into similar, or, what in general will answer
better, smaller-sized pots ; place them again in the cold
pit, and keep close until the fresh roots are running in
the new soil; then give air gradually, until at length
you expose them entirely to the atmosphere, steering
clear, however, of cold rains and anything like frost.
Plants cut down in June and July, if transferred to small
pots, will require to be placed in blooming-pots in the
end of October. Those cut down in the end of July, or
during August, will not want repotting until the new
year has brought lengthened sunshine ; and from these
different successions of bloom may be expected. To have
it fine, cleanliness, air, light, room, and a temperature
seldom below 45*, must be leading considerations.
Through the winter, unless during sunshine, the tempera-
ture should never be higher. After a sunny day it may
be from five to eight degrees lower at night with impunity.
In the case of large plants, little stopping will be required
after repotting. Thinning instead will often be neces-
sary. Hence old plants generally produce the earliest
bloom, as every general stopping of the shoots, as well
as every shift given, retards the blooming period.

PELECY'PHORA. (From pelekiK, an axe, and phoreo,
to bear ; in allusion to the form of the tubercles. Nat.
ord. Cactaceas.)

Greenhouse succulent perennials. Cuttings and offsets
allowed to get dry for some days before insertion in sand.
Loam, leaf-mould, or peat, with one-fourth finely broken
bricks, and sand.

P. asellifo'rmis (little-ass-formed). $. White, rose. June.
Mexico. 1843.

„ „ co'ncolor (one-coloured). $. Purple. Mexico. 1873.

i, peclina'ia (comb-like). £. Rose. Mexico.

PELE'XIA. (From pelex, a helmet; the dorsal sepal
and the petals are united in the form of a helmet. Nat.
ord. Orchidaceae.)

Terrestrial stove orchids. Divisions. Fibrous peat,,
fibrous loam, sphagnum, some charcoal and sand.
P. adna'ta (adnate). 1-3. Pale green. White. W. Ind.

1823.
„ macula'ta, (spotted), i. Green, tipped with pink.

1893.
„ oliva'cea (olive-coloured). Sepals olive- green, the rest

white. Andes. 1891.

„ ro'seo-a'lba (rosy-white), i. White. Brazil. 1892.
„ sacca'ta (sack-like). $. Green; lip white. Guate-
mala.

„ seta'cea (bristly). 1-2. Pale green. Brazil. 1834.
„ spiranthoi'des (Spirantbes-like). See P. ADNATA.
„ Travasso'sii (Travasoss's). See P. ROSEO-ALRA
,, tri'loba (three-lobed). Green. Brazil. 1870.
„ wendlandia'na (Wendlandian). 2. Greenish-brown;

lip white. 1892.

PELICAN FLOWER. Aristolo'chia grandiflo'ra, Lo'tut
Berthole'tii, and Securi'gera Coroni'lla.

PELIOSA'NTHES. (From pelios, livid, and anihos, a
flower; the colour of the flowers. Nat ord. Haemodo-
raceas.)

Stove perennial herbs of tufted, grass-like habit.
Divisions or suckers. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand
P. a'lbida (white). x. White Malay Peninsula.

1885.

„ Ba'keri (Baker's), i. Himalaya.
„ hu'milis (low), i. Pale green. May. Penang. 1809.
„ javn'nica (Javanese), x. Java.
„ lu'rida (lurid), x. Lurid purple. Penaog.
„ stella' ta (starry). Penang.

„ Te'ta (Teta). x. Pale green. April. India. 1807.
„ „ mantegazzia'na (Mantegazzian). Leaves less rigid.

Malaya. 1905.

„ viola' cea (violet), x. Deep violet. India.
„ ,, Cla'rkei (Clarke's), x. Dark purple. Assam to
Malay Peninsula. 1909.

PELL^E'A. (From pelios, brownish or tawny ; in
allusion to the dark leaf-stalks. Nat. ord. Filices.)
Stove and greenhouse ferns. See FERNS.

GREENHOUSE.

P. adiantifo'lia (Adiantum- leaved). See P. HASTATA.

„ andromedafo'lia (Andromeda-leaved). May. Cali-
fornia and S. Africa. 1840.

„ atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). $. May. N. Amer.
1770.

„ be'llum (pretty). California. 1873.

„ brachy'ptera (short- winged). California. 1873.

„ Bridge' sii (Bridges'). California. 1875.

„ calome'lanos (beautiful-black). Cape Colony to Zam-
besi Land ; Himalaya. 1830.

,, de'nsa (dense). N. Amer.

,, falca'ta (sickle-shaped), i. May. Australia. 1820.

,, gra'cil is (slender). North temperate zone, 9-10,000 ft.

„ hasta'ta (halbert-shaped). Fronds twice or three
times pinnate. S. Africa. 1822.

„ „ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Fronds once pinnate ;
pinnae much broader.

„ mucrona,' to, (mucronate). California, &c. 1865.
Almost hardy.

„ orni'lhopus (bird's-foot). California. 1875.

„ parado'xa (paradoxical), i. May. Australia.

„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved), ij. New Zealand and
Norfolk Island. 1824.

„ „ robu'sta (robust). Fronds very dark shining green,
1904.

„ wrightia'na (Wrightian). See P. MUCRONATA.

STOVE.

P. alabame'nsis (Alabama). Alabama, Georgia, and

Tenessee.
„ corda'ta (heart-shaped), ij. May. Mexico to Peru.

1820.
, „ flexuo'sa (flexuous). Stalk zigzag. May. Peru.

1838.
„ „ sagitta'ta (arrow-shaped). Segments narrowed to

the point. S. Amer. 1826.
„ geraniafo'lia (Geranium-leaved). Tropics.

PELLIONIA

649

PENTAPANAX

P. intramargina'lis (intramarginal) . i. Mexico. 1828.
„ involu'ia (rolled-inward). E. Africa.
,, sagitta'ta (arrow-shaped). See P. CORDATA SAGITTATA.
„ ternifo'lia (three- leafleted). i-i|. Trop.Amer. 1838.

PELLIO'NIA. (Commemorative of A.M. J.Alphonse
Pellion. Nat. ord. Urticacese.)

Perennial, creeping stove herbs, with handsome
foliage. Divisions or cuttings at various times. Loam,
leaf-mould, or peat and sand. They succeed best in a
moist atmosphere, in pots, or planted out in borders of
the stove.
P. daveaita'na (Daveauan) . -fa. Leaves bronzy, with pale

markings. Cochin-China . 1880.
„ ,, vi'ridis (green). ^. Leaves clear green, with

indistinct white markings. 1882.
„ java'nica (Javanese). Malaya.
„ pu'lchra (beautiful). •&. Leaves dark bronzy-brown,
with green markings. Cochin-China. 1883.

PELLITORY Parieta'na offlcina'lis.
PELLJTORY of Spain. Anacy'dus Pyre' thrum.

PELTA'NDRA. (From peltc, a little buckler, and aner ,
a stamen ; in allusion to the form of the united stamens
Nat. ord. Araceae.)

Hardy, perennial herb for the bog garden. Offsets.
Loam and leaf -mould.

P. virgi'nica (Virginian), i. June. N. Amer. 1759.
" Arrow Arum."

PELTA'RIA. (From pelte, a little buckler ; referring
to the shape of the seed-pod. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruci-
ferae]. Linn. Tetradynamia. Allied to Isatis.)

Hardy, perennial herb. Seeds; divisions. Common
soil.
P. allia'cea (garlic-scented), i. White June. Austria.

1601
„ glastifo'lia (woad- leaved). See TEXIERA GLASTIFOLIA.

PELTO'PHORUM. (From pelte, a small buckler, and
phorto, to bear; the stigma is shield-like. Nat. ord.
Leguminosae.)

Stove tree. Seeds ; cuttings in sand in a close case,
with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat one-third, and
sand.

P. africa'num (African). Trop. Africa.
„ ferrugi'neum (rusty). Australia.
„ Linnce'i (Linnaeus'). 18-20. Yellow. Jamaica

PELTOSTI'GMA. (From pelte, a little shield, and
stigma; in reference to the large stigma. Nat. ord.
Rutaceae.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a close
case, with bottom heat. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
P. pteleoi'dts (Ptelea-like). 10. Green. February.
Jamaica. 1844.

PENJE'A. (Named after P. Pcna, a German botanist.
Nat. ord. Sarcocolads [Penaeacea?) . Linn. ^-Tetrandria,
I'Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa, and red-
flowered, except where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings
of stubby side-shoots in summer in sand, under a bell-
glass ; sandy peat and a little charcoal. Winter temp.,
40° to 45°.
P. fruttculo'sa (small-shrubby), i. June. 1822.

„ ftica'ta (dusky}, i. Red. June. 1825.

„ imbrica'ta (imbricated). See SARCOCOLLA IMBRICATA.

,, lateriflo'ra (side-flowering), i. June. 1825.

,, margina'ta (bordered). if. June. 1816.

„ mucrona'ta (pointed-leaved) . 2. Yellow. June. 1787.

„ myrtoi'des (myrtle-like). 2. June. 1816.

„ Sarcoco'lla (thick-neck). See P. FUCATA.

„ squamo'sa, (scaly), i. Red. June. 1787.

PENICILLA'RIA. See PENNISETUM.

PENNISE'TUM. (From penna, a feather, and seta, a
bristle ; the bristles surrounding the flower glumes are
feathery in some species. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Hardy, half-hardy, and greenhouse grasses, annual or
perennial. Seeds. Ordinary soil.
P. barba'tum (bearded), i. E. Ind. 1823. Stove.
„ cenchroi'des (Cenchrus-like). ij. Tropical and sub-
tropical regions. 1777.

P. compre'ssum (compressed) . 2-3. Spikes reddish-
violet, white at apex. Japan. 1908. Hardy
perennial.

,, dicho'tomum (forked). 2. Egypt, Arabia, &c. 1823.

„ holcoi'des (Holcus-like). i. India. 1816.

„ gigante'um (giant). 5-6. Flower spikes nodding.
Country unknown. 1884. Stove.

;, japo'nicum (Japanese).

„ latifo'lium (broad- leaved). 10. Argentina. 1869.

„ longi'stylum (long-styled), if. Pale purple. Abys-
sinia. Annual.

„ „ viola'ceum (violet). Violet, with metallic sheen.
1888.

„ macrophy'llum (long-leaved)

„ „ atropurpu'reum (dark-purple). Spikes silvery-rose.
Leaves red-brown. 1906. Half-hardy.

„ macrou'rum (long-tailed). 2-3. S. Africa.

„ nepale'nse (Nepaulese). 2. Himalaya. 1822.

„ orienta'le (oriental). White or purple tails i foot
long. India. 1891. Greenhouse.

„ polysta'chyum (many-spiked). See P. HOLCOIDES.

„ ruppelia'num (Ruppelian). See P. RUPPKLLII.

„ Ruppe'Uii (Ruppell's). 3. Green. Abyssinia. 1894.
Annual.

,, seto'sum (bristly). 2. Tropical regions. 1817.

„ triflo'rum (three-flowered). See P. ORIF.NTALE.

„ typhoi'deum (Typha-like). 2. June to September.
Tropical regions. 1592.

„ villo'sum (shaggy). Spikes long, white. Abyssinia.
1891. Stove perennial.

„ viola'ceum (violet). See P. TYPHOIDEUM.

PENNY GRASS. Khina'nthus Cri'sta-ga'lli.
PENNY ROYAL. Me'ntha Pule-gium.
PENNY-CRESS. Thla'spi arve'nse.

PENNY-WORT or PENNY LEAF. Cotyle'don Umbili'cus,
Hydroco'tyle vulga'ris, Lina'ria Cymbala'rui. and Sib-
tho'rpia europce'a.

PENTACHJE'TA. (From pente, five, and chaita, a
bristle ; in allusion to the five bristles forming the
pappus. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

A dwarf, hardy annual. Seeds. Light soil in a
sheltered situation.

P. au'rea (golden). See P. BELLIDIFLORA.
„ bellidifto'ra (Daisy-flowered). J. Golden-yellow.
California. 1883.

PENTADE'SMA. (From pente, five, and desma, a
bundle; referring to the disposition of the stamens.
Nat. ord. Guttifers [Gutfiferae]. Linn. iB-Polyadelphia,
2-Polyandria. Allied to Garcinia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand,

under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; fibrous loam

and sandy peat. Winter temp., 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.

P. butyra'cea (butter). 30. November. Sierra Leone.

1822. " Butter and Tallow Tree."

PENTAGO'NIA. (From pente, five, and gonia, an
angle ; in allusion to the angular structure of the corolla.
Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Loam, leaf -mould or peat, and
sand.

P. Wendla'ndi (Wendland's). Yellow. Mexico. 1861.
Fine foliage plant.

PENTA'LOPHTJS LONGIFLO'RUS. See LITHOSPERMUM

ANGUSTIFOLIUJC.

PENTA'LOPHUS MANDANE'NSIS. See LITHOSPER-
MUM ANGUSTI FOLIUM.

PENTAMO'RPHA GRAVE'OLENS. See ERYTHRO-

CHITON BRASILIENSIS.

PENTA'PANAX. (From pente, five, and Panax ; all
parts of the flower and fruit are in fives. Nat. ord.
Araliacea.)

Stove, evergreen climber of woody character. Seeds ;
cuttings in heat or by grafting. Fibrous loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.

P. Leschenau'ltii (Leschenault's). White. India and
Burma. 1816.

PENTAPERA

650

PENTSTEMON

PENTAPE'RA. (From penie, five, and pera, a pouch ;
the fruit being five-celled. Nat. ord. Ericaceae.)

Nearly hardy evergreen shrub. Layers ; seeds.
Peaty, sandy soil.
P. si'cula (Sicilian). 1-2. White. Sicily. 1888.

PENTATETES. (From penie, five, and petalon, a
petal ; five petals in the flower. Nat. ord. Sterculiads
[Sterculiacea?]. Linn. id-Monadelphia, j-Dodecandria.
Allied to Dombeya.)

Stove, scarlet-flowered plants, flowering in July.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass,
in moist heat ; also by seeds in a hotbed, in spring ;
sandy loam and leaf -mould. Stove temperatures.
P. Erythro' xylon . See MELHANIA MFLANOXYLON.

,, ova'ta (egg-leaved). See MELHANIA ABYSSINICA.

„ phceni'cea (scarlet). 2. India. 1690.

PENTAPTERY GIUM. ( From pente, five, and pterugion,
a small wing ; the calyx is five-winged. Nat. ord.
Vacciniaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs with small leaves and
handsome flowers. Cuttings in sandy peat under a
hand-light, shaded from sunshine. Peat and sand.
P. fla'vvm (yellow). Yellow. Himalaya.
„ rugo'sum (wrinkled), ij. White, red, green. May.

Himalaya.

„ se'rpens( creeping), 2-2J. Red or scarlet, with darker
V-shaped lines. May. Himalaya. 1884.

PENTA'PYXIS. (From pente, five, and puxis, a small
box ; the ovary and fruit are five-celled. Nat. ord.
Caprifoliaceae.)

Greenhouse shrub allied to Diervilla. Seeds ; cuttings
of half-ripe wood in sand, under a bell-glass. Fibrous
loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

P. slipula'ta (stipuled). White or cream. Himalaya.
1858.

PENTARHA'PHIA. (From penie, five, and rhaphis, a
needle ; alluding to the form of the open calyx. Nat.
ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneraceae]. Linn. \\-Didynamia,
z- A ngiosperntia.)

Warm greenhouse plants. For cultivation, see
GF/SNERA.
P. calyci'na (large-calyxed). ij. Red, white. Jamaica.

1824..

„ calyco'sa (large-calyxed). i£. Red. Jamaica. 1824.
„ caialpccflo' ra (Catalpa-flowered). W. Ind.
„ cube'nsis (Cuban). 2. Scarlet. July. Cuba. 1854.
„ ftoribu'nda (free-flowering). Red. June to September.

Cuba. 1878.

„ hu'milis (low). J. Cuba.
„ libane'nsis (Lebanon). $. Crimson. June. W. Ind.

1847.

„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered), i*. June. W. Ind. 1823.
„ negle'cta (neglected). $. Scarlet. August. Jamaica.

1847.

„ sca'bra (rough). 1-2. Scarlet. July. Jamaica. 1820.
„ Slca'nei (Sloane's). i. June. Jamaica. 1793.
„ verruco'sa (warty). Scarlet. June. Cuba.

PE'NTAS. (From pente, five ; referring to the number
of petals and stamens. Nat. prd. Rubiads [Rubiaceag].
Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynta.)

Stove evergreens, from Tropical Africa, with pink
flowers. Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, in a
hotbed; sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter temp.,
45° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 75°. Propagated in spring,
in a hotbed, the plants so raised will bloom freely in the
greenhouse during the summer.
P. ca'rnea (flesh-coloured), ij. May. 1842.
„ „ kermesi'na (carmine). Carmine-rose. 1870.
„ ,, qi.iartinia'na (Quartinian). More floriferous. Abys-

sinia. 1893.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. May.

PENTHO'RUM. (From pente, five ; in allusion to the
five angles formed by the carpels. Nat. ord. Crassu-

Succulent marsh or bog plant. Divisions in spring.
Loam and peat.

P. sedoi'des (Sedum-like). i. Greenish- yellow. July
and August. N. Amer. 1768. " Ditch Stonecrop."

PENTLA'NDIA MINIA'TA. See URCEOLINA MINIATA.

PENTLA'NDIA SULIVA'NICA. See URCEOLINA

MINIATA SULIVANICA.

PENTSTE'MON. " Beard Tongue." (From pente, five,
and stemon, a stamen ; four fertile and one abortive
stamen. Nat. ord Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn.
i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Chelone.)

Seeds sown in a hotbed, in spring, the plants will
bloom in the flower-garden the same summer ; division
of the plant in spring, as growth commences ; cuttings
of the young shoots any time in spring, summer, or
autumn, under a hand-light, in sandy soil ; sandy loam
and leaf-mould. P. Hariwe'gii and its varieties, cocci 'neus
and a'lbus, require a little protection in winter, whni
north of London ; a few fir-boughs and some moss
among the plants will generally be sufficient ; but, to
make sure, a few cuttings should be kept over the winter
in a cold pit.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. a' tro-purpu'reus (dark purple). See P. CAMPANULATUS.
„ azu'reus (blue-flowered). $. Blue. June. Mexico.

1848.
„ baccharifo'lius (Bacr.haris- leaved), ij. Crimson.

August. Texas. 1851.
., campanula' 'tus (bell-flowered). ij. Lilac, purple.

June. Mexico. 1794.
„ Cobce'a (Cobaea- flowered). 2j. Pale purple. Texas.

1835.

„ ,, purpu'reus (purple). Rich purple, violet. 1882.
,, gcntianoi'des (Gentian-like) of Poir. 4. Purplish-
blue. July. Mexico. 1846.
„ Hariwe'gii (Hartweg's). 2j. Crimson. June.

Mexico. 1825.
„ „ a'lbus (white). White.
„ ,, dia'phanus (transparent). 2j. Rose. Scarlet.

July. Mexico. 1843.

,, Ku'nthii (Kunth's). See P. CAMPANULATUS.
,, minia'tus (vermilion), i. Vermilion, rose. July.

Mexico. 1846.

,, pulche'llus (pretty). See P. CAMPANULATUS.
,, ro'seus (rosy). See P. CAMPANULATUS.
„ Wri'ghtii( Wright's). 2. Rose. June. Texas. 1850

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. acumina'tus (pointed-leaved). Purple. July. N.
Amer. 1827.

„ a'lbidns( whitish). J. White. July. Missouri. 1823.

,, angustifo'lius (narrow- leaved). See P. C.SRULEUS.

„ aniirrhinoi' des (Antirrhinum-like). 2. Yellow. Cali-
fornia. 1861.

,, argu'tus (neat). 3. Blue. N.W. Amer. 1825.

„ atlenua' tus (wasted). Cream. July. N. Amer. 1827.

,, barba' /MS (bearded). 2. Light scarlet. July. Western
United States. 1794.

„ ,, ca'rneus (flesh). 2. Flesh. July. 1839.

,, „ mn'jor (larger). 2^. Orange. July.

,, „ Torre'yi (Torrey's). 2-3. Scarlet. 1861.

,, Bane'ta (Mrs. Barret's). N. Amer.

,, breviflo'rus (short-flowered). 2. White, pink. Sep-
tember. California.

„ Bridge' sii (Bridges'). 2j. Bright scarlet. Cali-
fornia. 1904.

,, caru'leus (sky-blue). }.

Blue. Western United

,, carina'tus (keeled). See P. BREVIFLORUS.

,, centranthifo'lius (Centranthus-leaved). 5-6. Scarlet.
September. California. 1824.

,, confe'rtus (crowded-flowered). 2. Pale yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1827.

„ ,, ccsru'leo-purpu'reus (blue-purple). i. Blue-
purple. July. N. Amer. 1827.

„ cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). i. Scarlet. June.
California. 1848.

„ crassifo' lius (thick-leaved). See P. MENZIESII.

„ crista'tus (crested). zi. Violet. North-Western
Amer. 1813.

,, cyana'nthus (blue-flowered). See P. GLABER CYAN-
ANTHUS.

,, deu'stus (blasted), i. Cream. N. Amer. 1827.

„ diffu'sus (spreading), ij. Ptuple. September. N.
Amer. 1826.

„ Digita'tis (foxglove-like). See P. L^VIGATUS.

„ Ealo'ni (Eaton's). i£. Crimson-scarlet. North-
Western Amer. 1883.

PENTSTEMON

651

PEPPER VINE

P. erianthe'ra (woolly-anthered). See P. GLABER.
,, Fcndleri (Fendler's). See P. ACUMINATUS.
„ gentianoi'des (Gentian-like) of Lindley. See P.

HARTWEGII.
„ gla'ber (smooth). ij. Dark purple. August.

Louisiana. 1811.
„ „ Brande'gii (Brandeg's).
„ ,, cyana' nthus (blue-flowered). Light blue. May.

Western United States.

„ „ sple'ndens (splendid) . Dark blue. N. Amer. 1895.
„ ,, stenose'palus (narrow-sepaled). See P. GLAUCUS

STENOSEPALUS.

„ glabe'rrimus( smoothest). 2. Blue. N.W.Amer. 1835.
„ glandulo'sus (glanded). 2. Pale blue. June. N.

Amer. 1827.
„ glau'cus (milky-green), i. Pale lilac. July. N.

Amer. 1827.
„ ,, stenose'palus (narrow-sepaled). Violet-purple. N.

Amer. 1875.

,, Gordo'ni (Gordon's). See P. GLABER.
„ gracile'ntus (rather-slender). N.W. Amer.
„ gra'cilis( slender), i. Blue. August. N. Amer. 1824.
„ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). Purple. July. N.

Amer. 1811.
„ grandifo'lius (large-leaved). 2-3. Lilac. Rocky

Mountains. 1865.

„ Ha'llii (Hall's). Rocky Mountains, Colorado.
„ heterophy'llus (various-leaved). i£. Red. July.

California. 1834.

,, hirsu'tus (narrow-leaved-ha.iry). See P. PUBESCENS.
„ hu'milis (low). £. Blue, red. June. N.W. Amer.

1874.

„ jeffreya'nus (Jeffreyan). See P. AZUREUS.
„ labro'sus (large-lipped). 3-5. Scarlet-red. August.

California. 1883.
,, lerviza' tus (smooth). 2. Lilac. August. N. Amer.

1776.

„ Leivi'sii (Lewis's). See P. MENZIESII LEWISII.
,, iM'bbii (Lobb's). See P. ANTIRRHIXOIDES.
,, mackaya'nus (Sir W. Mackay's). See P. PUBESCENS.
„ Menzie'sii (Menzies'). i. ' Blue. June. North-

Western Amer. 1838.

„ „ Dougla'sii (Douglas's), i. Lilac-purple. June.
,, „ Lewi'sii (Lewis's).
„ „ Newbe'rryi (Newberry's).
„ „ Robinso'ni (Robinson's). Lilac-rose. North-

Western Amer. 1872.
„ „ Scou'leri (Scouler's). 3. Purple. May. North-

Western Amer. 1827.
„ murraya'nus (Murray's. Scarlet). 3. Scarlet. August.

St. Felipe. 1835.

„ AT<JwVrryt(Newberry). See P. MF.NZIESII NEWBERRYI.
,, ni'tidus (shining). See P. ACUMINATUS.
„ ova' tus (egg-leaved) 4. Blue. July. N.Amer. 1826.
„ Palme' ri (Palmer's). 3-5. Lilac, purple. Western

United States. 1873.
„ perfolia'tus (stem-pierced). Mexico.
„ pro'cerus (tall). See P. CONFERTUS CJVRULEO-PUR-

PUREUS.

„ pruino'sus (frosted), i. Blue. June. N.Amer. 1827.
„ pube'scens (broad-leaved-downy) . i£. Pale purple.

August. N. Amer. 1758.
» •> gra'cilis (slender). See P. GRACILIS.
,, „ multiflo'rus (many-flowered). See P. L/EVIGATUS.
„ puni'ceus (scarlet). 2$. Scarlet. Arizona. 1889.
„ R\chardso'nii( Richardson's), i£. Dark purple. July.

N.W. Amer. 1825.
„ Rce'zlii (Rcezl's). 1$. Lilac. North-Western Amer.

1782.
„ rotundtfo'lius (round-leaved). 2. Bright brick-red.

Mexico. 1888.

„ Scou'leri (Scouler's). See P. MENZIESII SCOULERI.
„ sccundifto'rus (side-flowered). Blue, suffused with

bronze. Colorado. 1896.
„ serrula'tus (finely-sawed). See P. DIFFUSUS.
„ specio'sus (showy). See P. GLABER.
„ specta'bilis (showy). 2-3. Blue, purple. California.

1861.

„ staticifo'lius (Statice- leaved). See P. GLANDULOSUS.
„ stri'ctus (erect). North- Western Amer.
„ trifto'rtts (three-flowered). 3. Coral-red. Mexico.

1910.
„ triphy'llus (three-leaved). ij. Pale red. July.

California. 1827.
„ venu'slus (graceful). 2. Purple. June. N. Amer.

1827.

P. virga'tus (twiggy). 1^-2. Pale lilac. Mexico. 1901.
„ Watso'ni (Watson's). |. Blackish-blue. North-
Western Amer. 1896.

PE'NTZIA. (Commemorative of Charles John Pentz.
Nat. ord. Composite.)

Greenhouse shrub. Cuttings in sand under a bell-
glass. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand
P. crena'ta (crenate). 2$. Yellow. June to August.

S. Africa. 1774.
„ ftabellifo'rmis (fan-shaped). See P. CRENATA.

PEPERO'MIA. (From piperis, the pepper bush, and
homoios, like. Nat. ord. Piperaceae.)

Mostly dwarf, evergreen, fine foliaged stove plants.
Cuttings in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
P. acumina'ta (long-pointed). Leaf ribs red beneath.

Peru. 1865.
„ argyrei'a (silvery). Leaves with silvery markings.

S. Amer. 1867.
„ „ fo'liis variega'tis (leaves variegated). Variegated.

1888.
„ arifo'lia (Arum- leaved). Leaves marked with grey

and green. Brazil. 1864.
„ bla'nda (pleasant). Venezuela.
,. Botte'rii (Better's). Green. Mexico. 1869.
„ bre'vipes (short-stalked). Trop. Amer.
,,. clusiafo'lia (Clusia-leaved) . See P. OBTUSIFOLIA.
„ coria'cea (leathery). Green. E. Ind. 1815.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). 4. July. Jamaica. 1821.
„ ebu'rnea (ivory). Leaves with ivory-white stalks.

Colombia. 1871.
,, emargina'ta (notched). Peru.
,, Fe'nzlii (Feud's). Country unknown. 1879.
,, galioi'des (Gah'um-like) . Colombia.
„ heterosta' chya (various-spiked). Leaves with grey

ribs. Peru. 1869.
„ incdna (hoary). Brazil.
„ inquili'na (foreign). Leaves green, orbicular. Stems

red. Central Amer. 1892.
,, Langsdo'rffi (Langsdorff's). Brazil.
„ maculo'sa (blotched). Leaves with grey ribs and

spotted stalks. W. Ind.
„ magnolia 'fo 'Ha (Magnolia-leaved), ij. Green. S.

Amer. 1868.
,, marmora'ta (marbled). Leaves marbled with grey.

Brazil. 1866.
,, meta'llica (metallic), i. Bronzy metallic green, with

paler markings. Peru. 1892.

„ microphy'lla( small-leaved). Green. Colombia. 1860.
„ nummulariczfo'lia (moneywort-leaved). Stems creep-
ing and pendent. Trop. Amer. 1866.
„ obli'qua (oblique). Green. September. Peru. 1815.
„ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). Trop. Amer.
„ pellu'cida (pellucid), i-ij. Green. Trop. Amer.

and Africa. 1867.
„ peltcefo' rmis (shield-shaped). Leaves banded with

light green. Brazil. 1864.
„ polysta'chya (many-spiked). W. Ind.
,, prostra'ta (prostrate). Leaves round, variegated.

Stems creeping. Colombia (?). 1879.
„ pube'rula (finely-downy). Green. Guatemala. 1870.
„ pubifo'lia (downy-leaved). Leaf rib silvery. Country

unknown. 1865.

,, pulche'lla (pretty). £. Green. Jamaica.
,, re'pens (creeping). See P. SCANDENS.
„ resedaflo'ra (mignonette-flowered), i. White. June

to August. Colombia. 1870.
„ Sande'rsii (Sanders's). Leaves with silvery curved

veins. Brazil. 1866.

„ sca'ndens (climbing). Stems climbing. Peru.
„ si4brotu'nda (subrotund). See P. MAGNOLI^EFOLIA.
„ trine* 'rvis (three-nerved). Peru.
,, uroca'rpa (stinging-fruited). Brazil.
, variega'ta (variegated). See P. MACULOSA.
,, veluti'na (velvety). Leaves with silverv-grey bands.

Ecuador. 1872.
,, verticilla'ia (whorled). See P. PULCHELLA.

PEPI'NIA APHELANDR^FLO'RA. See PITCAIRNIA

APHELANDRyEFLORA.

PEPPER. Pi'per.
PEPPERMINT. Me'ntha piperi'ta.
PEPPER VINE. Vi'tis arbo'rea.

PEPPERWORT

652

PERISTERIA

PEPPERWORT. Lepi'dium.

PERDI'CIUM BRASILIE'NSE. See TRIXIS DIVARI-

CATA.

PERDI'CIUM CHILE'NSE. See CH^TANTHERA CHIL-

ENSIS.

PERDI'CIUM RO'SEUM. See LEUCERIA RUNCINATA.
PEREI'RJA ME'DICA. See COSCINIUM FENESTRATUM.
PERENNIAL. A plant of any kind that lives for more
than two years.

PERE'SKIA. Barbadoes Gooseberry. (Named after
Pieresk, a French patron of botany. Nat. ord. Indian
Figs [Cactaceas]. Linn. iz-Icosandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Opuntia.)

Stove succulents. Cuttings in sandy loam, in heat,
at almost any time ; sandy loam, lime-rubbish, and a
little peat and old cow-dung. Winter temp., 40° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.
P. aculea'ta (prickly). 5. White. October. W. Ind.

1696.
„ „ godseffia'na (Godseffian). Young leaves crimson,

apricot and green above. 1908.
„ „ ru'bens (red).

„ B/c'o(Bleo). 5. Pale red. November. Mexico. 1827.
„ calandriniczfo'lia (Calandrinia-leaved). Mexico.
„ cr a fsicau'lis (thick-stemmed). See P. SPATHULATA.
,, fa' tens (stinking). Leaves bright green, almost

yellow-green. Argentina. 1904.
„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See P. GRANDIFOLIA.
„ grandifo'lia (large- leaved). 3. Brazil. 1818.
„ grandispi'na (large-spined). Mexico. 1818.
„ longispi'na (long-spined). See P. ACULEATA.
„ Pitita'che (Pititache). Mexico. 1838.
„ Poeppi'gii (Pceppig's). Leaves cylindrical, green.

Chili.
„ port'.ilaccrfo'lia (Portulaca-lcaved). 3. Purple. W.

Ind. 1820.

„ rotundifo'lia (round- leaved) . Mexico.
„ spaihula'ta (spathulate). Mexico. 1838.
„ subula'ta, (awl-shaped). Chili.

PERESKIO'PSIS. (From Pereskia, and opsis, like;
resembling and allied to Pereskia in habit and foliage,
but to Opuntia in the flowers. Nat. ord. Cactaceae.)

Greenhouse spiny shrub. Cuttings in sand under a
bell-glass. Loam, peat, lime-rubbish, and sand.
P. veluti'na (velvety). 3. Outer sepals green or red,
tinted with yellow. Petals blight yellow. Mexico.
1907.

PEREZIA. (Commemorative of Lazarus Perez, a
Spanish apothecary. Nat. ord. Composite?.)

Hardy annual and perennial. Seeds. Ordinary
garden soil.

P. multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Brazil.
,, sonchifo'lia (Sonchus-leaved). White, like miniature

Camellias. Uruguay. 1896.
„ visco'sa (clammy). Purple. Chili. 1863. Perennial.

PERGULA'RIA. (From pergula, trellis- work ; refer-
ring to its quick climbing growth. Nat. ord. Asclepiads
[Asclepiadaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, 2-Digynia. Allied
to Stephanotis.)

Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings of firm side-shoots
in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-heat ; fibrous loam,
sandy peat, leaf-mould, and dry cow-dung. Winter
temp., 55° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. gla'bra (smooth). See VALLARIS PERGULANA.
„ mi' nor (smaller). 8. Yellow, green. June. E. Ind.

1790.
„ odorati' ssima (sweetest-scented), is. Green. June.

E. Ind. 1784.
„ sanguinole'nta (bloody). See CRYPTOLEPIS SAN-

GUINOLENTA.

PERIANDRA. (From peri, around, and aner, andros,
a man, or stamen ; the stamens are equal all roxind the
style. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Annual and perennial herbs. Seeds. Loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.
P. berteria'na (Berterian). Yellow. June. St. Domingo.

1824. Trailing annual.

„ cocci' nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. July. Brazil. Per-
ennial.

PERICA'MPYLUS. (From peri, around, and campulos,
curved ; the seed is curved or horse-shoe shaped. Nat.
ord. Menispermaceae.)

Stove, woody climber. Seeds ; cuttings in sand in a
close case, with bottom-heat.

P. inca'nus (hoary). 10. White, green. India and
Malaya. 1820.

PERI' COME. (From peri, around, and home, hair ; in
allusion to the cup-shaped, fringed pappus. Nat. ord.
Composite.)

Half-hardy, shrubby perennial. Seeds; cuttings in
sandy soil under a hand-light. Loam, leaf-mould, and
sand.
P. cauda'ta (tailed). 3-4. Yellow. Colorado. 1880.

PERI'LLA. (Native name in India. Nat. ord.
Labiata?.)

Half-hardy annuals. Seeds in heat to be planted out
at the end of May. Ordinary soil.
P. argu'ta (acute). iJ-2. Purple. August. China.
,, „ atropurpu'rea (dark purple). Leaves blackish

bronzy purple. China. 1852.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). Leaves variegated with red, rose,

green, and whitish. 1897.

„ heteromo'rpha (various- formed). See P. OCIMOIDES.
„ nankine'nsis (Nankin). See P. ARGUTA ATROPUR-

PUREA.

„ „ ro'sea (rosy). See P. ARGUTA ROSE A.
„ ocimoi'dts(Qcim\im-like). 3. White. August. India.

1770.
„ „ cri'spa (crisped). See P. ARGUTA ATROPURPUREA.

PERILO'MJA. (From peri, around, and loma, a
margin ; referring to the membranous border of the
fruit. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiate]. Linn. n~Didy-
namia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Scutellaria.)

Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots
in sand, under a glass, in April ; sandy peat. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.

P. ocymoi'des (basil-like). See P. SCUTELLARIOIDES.
„ scutellarioi 'des (Scutellaria-like). 3. Purple. August.
Peru. 1829.

PERIPHRA'GMOS DEPE'NDENS. See CANTUA BUXI-

FOLIA.

P. flexup'sus. See CANTUA PYRIFOLIA.
„ fce'tidus. See VESTIA LYCIOIDES.
,, uniflo'rus. See CANTUA OVATA.

PERIPLA'NETA AMERICA'NA. See INSECT PESTS.

PERI'PLOCA. (From pertploke, an intertwining ; re-
ferring to the habit of the plant. Nat. ord. Asclepiads
[Asclepiadaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

Hardy deciduous twiners. Layers and cuttings under
a glass, during summer and autumn. Any good soil
will do. Gra'ca will soon cover an arbour or wall. The
tender species are not worth culture.
P. africa'na (African). Purple, white. September,

October. S. Africa. 1726.

,, anguslifo'lia (narrow- leaved). See P. L>EVIGATA.
„ gr(f'ca (Grecian). 10. Brown. July. Syria. 1^97.
„ laviga'ta (smooth). 6. Purplish. Mediterranean

region. 1800.

„ se'pium (hedge). 4. Brown. July to September.
N. China. 1909.

PERISTE'RIA. Dove Flower. (From peristera, a
dove ; dove-like appearance of the column. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Monandria.
Allied to Acineta.)

Stove orchids. Division, or separating the pseudo-
bulbs, as growth commences. See ORCHIDS.
P. aspe'rsa (besprinkled). Yellow-brown, spotted with

dull red. Venezuela.

„ Ba'rkeri (Barker's). See ACINETA BARKERI.
„ ceri'na (waxen), i. Yellow. June. Spanish Main.

1835-
„ ela'ta (lofty. Dove-plant). 4. White. July. Panama.

1826.
„ Ephi'ppium (Ephippium). Pale yellow or white.

Trop. Amer. 1883.

„ expa'nsa (broad). White. July. Panama. 1839.
„ fu'lva (tawny). See ACINETA HUMBOLDTII.
„ gutta'ta (spotted). $. Yellow, purple. August. S
Amer. 1837.

PERISTROPHE

653

PERYMENIUM

P. Humbo'ldtii (Baron Humboldf s). See ACINETA HUM-

BOLDTII.

„ la' to. (cheerful). Bright yellow, dotted with Indian

purple. 1887.
„ lentigino'sa (speckled). Yellow. May. Guiana.

1837.
„ Linde'nii (Linden's). Light yellow, washed with dark

purple, spotted with purple.
„ pendula (weeping), i. \Vhite-spotted. September.

Guiana.

„ rossia'na (Rossian). Pale whitish- yellow. 1889.
,. selli'gera (stool-bearing). Pale yellow. Demerara.

1887.
„ stapelioi'des (Stapelia-like). Yellow, brown. May.

Spanish Main. 1839.

PERISTRO'PHE. (From peri, around, and strophe, a
turning round ; the corolla is twisted round. Nat. ord.
Acanthaceae.)

Subshrubby, evergreen stove perennials. Cuttings in
sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat in spring. Fibrous
loam, leaf-mould, a little dried cow-dung and sand.
P. lanceola'ria (lance-shaped). Purple. India ; Burma.

1866.

„ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). Rose. Java.
„ „ au'reo-variega'ta (golden- variegated). Leaves

feathered with yellow. Java. 1871.
„ specio'sa (showy), iJ-2. Purple, or rosy-purple.

Autumn and winter." Himalaya. 1826.
„ tincto'ria (dyer's), i. Pale purple. August. India;

Malaya. 1815.

PERTTOMA AU'REUM. See CLEOME LUTEA.
PERIWINKLE. Vi'nca.

PERNE'TTYA. (Named after Don Pernetty, author of
A Voyage to the Falkland Islands. Nat. ord. Heath-
worts [Ericaceael. Linn. lo-Dccandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Gaultheria.)

Hardy evergreen, white-flowered shrubs. Seeds and
layers in spring ; peat border ; requires similar treatment
to Azaleas and Rhododendrons.
P. angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved) . 2. June. Valdivia.

1834.

,, cilia'ris (ciliated). 3. Peru.
„ Cummi'ngii (Cumming's). See P. MUCRONATA.
„ «n/>«/ri/o'/ta (Empetrum-leaved). 4. June. Magellan.

1825.
„ floribu'nda (free-flowering). Berries crimson, larger

than those of P. mucrona'ta. S. Amer. 1883.
„ fu'rens (raging). Prickly. March. Chili.
„ mucrona'ta (pointed-leaved). 6. May. Magellan.

1828.
„ Pentla'ndi (Pentland's). Berries blue-black. June.

Andes. 1875.

„ pilo'sa (downy). April. Mexico. 1839.
„ prostra'ta (prostrate). May.
,, pu'mila (dwarf). See P. EMPETRIFOLIA.
„ rupi'cola (rock- loving). Chili.

PERO'NIA STRI'CTA. See THALIA DEALBATA.
PERONO'SPORA. See POTATO DISEASE.

PEROV'SKIA. (Commemorative of M. Perovsky, a
Russian botanist. Nat. ord. Labiate.)

A subshrubby, hardy perennial. Seeds ; divisions in
spring ; cuttings under a hand-light in summer. Light,
well-drained soil.

P. atriplicifo'lia (Atriplex-leaved). 3-4. Violet-blue.
Himalaya ; Afghan.

PffRSEA. Avocado or Alligator Pear. (Name of a
tree from Theophrastus. Nat. prd. Laurels [Lauraceae].
Linn. g-Enneandria, i-Monosynia.)

Stove evergreen trees ; or deciduous in the case of P.
carolinensis and P. Lingue. Layers of ripened shoots in
autumn ; cuttings of firm shoots in May, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibrous
peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
P. Caroline' nsis (Carolinian). 15. Yellow, green. May.

N. Amer. 1806.
„ ,, gla'bra (smooth). Yellow, green. May. N. Amer.

1806.
„ „ obtu'sa (blunt). 15. Yellow, green. April.

Carolina. 1806.

„ n Pube'scens (downy). 15. Yellow, green. April.
N. Amer. 1806.

P. graii'ssima (most grateful). 40. Green. W. Ind.

1739. " Avocado Pear."
„ i'ndica (Indian). 20. Green, yellow. July. Canaries.

1765.
„ Li'ngue (tongue). Yellow, green. Chili.

PERSIAN SUN'S EYE. Tu'lipa (foulus-so'lis.

PE'RSICA. Peach. (From Persia, its supposed native
place. Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosaceas]. Linn. iz-Icosan-
dria, i-Monogynia.)

Should be united to Prunus, which see. See NECTA-
RINE and PEACH. All bloom in April.
P. Ice' vis (smooth). See P. VULGARIS ISPAHANENSIS.
„ vulga'ris (common). 15. Red. Persia. 1562.
" Peach."

a'lba (white). 14. White. Persia.
cotnpre'ssa (nzt-fruited) . 15. Red.
/Zo'n;-£/tf/fjo(doubled-flowered). 15. Red. Persia.
fo'liis variega'tis (variegated- leaved) . 15. Persia.
fru'ctu ple'no (double-fruited). 15. Red. China.
1845.

hispa'nica (Spanish). White. Spain. 1847.
ispahane'nsis (Ispahan). 15. Red. Ispahan,
Persia. 1562. " Nectarine."
pe'ndula (drooping). White. 1842.
sangui'nea ple"na (double-red). 15. Red. China.
1845.

PERSIMMON. Diospy'ros Virginia' na.

PERSOO'NIA. (Named after C. H. Persoon, a distin-
guished botanist. Nat. ord. Proteads [Proteaceae]. Linn.
4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New South Wales,
yellow-flowered, except where otherwise mentioned.
Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
spring, and kept in a temperate pit until roots are
formed ; fibrous loam and sandy peat. Winter temp.,
38° to 45° ; summer, 60° ; a little shaded.
P acero'sa (sharp). Orange. July. 1824.
, brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1840.
, Chama'pitys (ground-pine). 4. June. 1824.
, ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3. Yellow, red. June. 1823.
. flexifo'lia (bent- leaved). See P. NUTANS.
, Fra'seri (Eraser's). See P. SACCATA.
, heterophy'lla (various- leaved). Swan River.
, hirsu'ta (hairy). 4. June. 1800.
, juniperi'na (juniper-like). 4. June. 1826.
, lanceola'ta (spear-hezd-leaved) . 4. June. 1791.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See P. LANCEOLATA.
,, linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 5. July. 1794.
„ lu'cida (shining). June. 1824.
,, macrosta'chya (large-spiked). See P. SACCATA.
„ mo'llis (soft). 3. July. 1826.
„ myrtilloi'des (Myrtillus-like). White. 1837.
,, nu'tans (nodding). J. 1824.
„ pa'llida (pale). See P. ACEROSA.
„ pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 4. June. 1822.
,, pruino'sa (frosty). See P. LINEARIS.
„ sacca'ta (pouched). 2-6. July. 1837.
,, szlici'na (vri]lovf-leaved) . 7. Pink. July. 1795.
,, sca'bra (scurfy). 4. June. 1824.
,, spathula'ta (spzthulzte-leaved) . See P. SCABRA.
,, tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). June. 1822.
,, To'ru (Toru). June to August. New Zealand.

PE'RTYA. (Probably a commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Composita?.)

A hardy, deciduous shrub. Cuttings in summer in a
pit, cold frame, or under a hand-light. Ordinary soil.
P. sine'nsis (Chinese). 4-6. Pink. Central China. 1910.

PERU BALSAM-TREE. Myro'xylon perui'ferum.
PERUVIAN BARK. Cincho'na.
PERUVIAN DAFFODIL. Hymoca'llis Ama'ncas.
PERUVIAN MASTIC. Schi'nus.

PERYME'NTUM. (Meaning not explained. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Super-
ftua.)

Cuttings, taken from the points of shoots, or the firm
side-shoots ; sandy loam and a little peat. Winter temp.,
38° to 48°.

P. bardaya'num (Barclay's). Copper. July. Mexico.
1830

PESCATOREA

654

PETROPHILA

PESCATO'REA. (Commemorative of M. Pescaiore.
Nat. onl. Orchidaceae. Now referred to Zygopetalum.)
P. backhonsia'na (Backhousian). See ZVGOPETALUM

BACKHOUSIANUM.

„ be'lla (pretty). See ZYGOPET ALUM BELLUM.
„ cen'na (waxy). See ZYGOPETALUM CERTNUM.
„ cocMea'ris (shell-shaped). See ZYGOPETALUM COCH-
LEARE.

„ daya'na (Dayan). See ZYGOPETALUM DAYANUM.
„ </omflHnm'na(Dormannian). See ZYGOPETALUM DOR-

MANNIANtTM.

„ euglo'ssa (beautiful-tongue). See ZYGOPETALUM

RCEZI.II.

„ fimbria'ta (fringed). See ZYGOPFTALUM FIMBRIATUM.
„ gairia'na (Gairian). See ZYGOPETALUM GAIRIANUM.
„ KlabocJio 'rum (Messrs. Klaboch's). See ZYGOPETALUM

KLABOCHORUM.

„ Icmello'sa (plaited). See ZYGOPETALUM LAMELLOSUM.
„ Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). See ZYGOPETALUM LEH-

MANNI.

,, Rce'zlii (Roezl's). See ZYGOPETALUM RCEZLII.
,, ruckeria'na (Ruckerian). See ZYGOPETALUM RUCKE-

RIANUM.

„ russdia'na (Russelian). See ZYGOPETALUM RUSSELI-

ANUM.
„ triu'mphans (triumphant). See ZYGOPETALUM TRIUM-

PHANS.

„ Vervce'ti (Vervaet's). See ZYGOPETALUM VERV^TI.
„ Walli'sii (Wallis's). See ZYGOPETALUM WALLISII.

PESOME'RIA. (From pipto, peso, to fall, andnt«ros, a
part ; the sepals fall off soon after expansion. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.
See PHAIUS.)
P. tttrago'na (four-cornered-ste»j). See PHAIUS VILLOSUS.

PETALA'CTE. (From petalon, a petal, and acie, a ray.
Nat. ord. Composites [Composita?]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
z-Superflua. Allied to Antennaria.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South Africa.
Cuttings of young side-shoots, getting firm at the base,
in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; sandy loam and
fibrous peat, with pieces of charcoal, and well-drained
pots. Winter temp., 38° to 48°.

P. bi' color (two-coloured). See P. CORONATA BICOLOR.
,, corona'ta (crowned). White. May. 1816.

, „ bi' color (two-coloured). Purple, white. May.
1816.

PETALI'DIUM. (From petalon, a petal ; referring to
the conspicuous flowers. Nat. ord. Acanihads [Acan-
thaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied
to Rucllia.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of shoots in April
or May, in sandy loam, in a hotbed ; sandy, fibrous loam,
and a little peat. Winter temp., 48° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 80°.
P. barlerioi'des (Barleria-like). 4. White. June. India.

See PETALACTE CORO-

PETALO'LEPIS BI'COLOR.

NATA BICOLOR.

PETALOSTE'MON. Prairie Clover. (From petalon, a
petal, and stemon, a stamen ; stamens joined to the
bottom of the petals. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosa?"]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 2-Pentandria.
Allied to Dalea.)

Hardy North American herbaceous perennials. Divi-
sion in spring ; sandy loam, and a little, peat or leaf-
mould.
P. ca'ndidus (white), i. White. July. 1811.

„ ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). £. Flesh. July. 1811.

,, corymbo'sus (corymbed). i£. White. Axigust. 1811.

,, folio' sus (leafy). Rose-purple. 1882.

„ villo'sus (shaggy). Red. July. 1826.

,, viola'ceus (violet), i. Violet. August. 1811.

PETASI'TES. Butter Burr. (From petasos, a broad-
brimmed hat ; in reference to the broad, roundish leaves.
Nat. ord. Composita?.)

Hardy perennial herbs. Divisions in spring or autumn.
Ordinary soil.

P. africa'na (African). See GUNNERA PERPENSA.
„ a'lbus (white), i. White. March. Europe. 1683.
„ alpi'nus (Alpine). See HOMOGYNE ALPINA.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See HOMOGYNE DISCOLOR.

P. fra'zrans (fragrant). J-i. White. December to

February. Mediterranean region. 1806. "Winter

Heliotrope."
„ fri'gidus (frigid). J. White. April. Northern and

southern regions. 1710.

„ japo'nicus (Japanese). 3. White. March. Japan.
»» >, gigante' us (gigantic). 5-6. White. Japan. 1897.
„ laviga'tus (smooth), £. Yellow. May. Boheini.i ;

Siberia. 1816.

,, ni'veus (snowy), i. White. April. Europe. 1713.
„ offtcina'lis (shop). $-r. White, pink. March.

Europe (Britain). "Common Butter Hurr."
„ palma'tus (hand-shaped). J. White. April. Western

Asia ; N. Amer. 1778.

„ sagitta'tus (sagittate). J. White. April. N. Amer.
„ spu'rius (spurious). White. Europe.
„ tomento'sus (felted). See P. SPURIUS.
„ vulga'ris (common). See P. OFFICINALIS.

PETASO'STYLIS NIGRFSCENS. See LEIANTHCS

NIGRESCENS.

PETTTIA. (Possibly a commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Verbenacea?.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass in spring. Loam, peat, leaf-
mould, and half a part of sand.

P. ole'ina (olive-like). 2. Green, white. May. Mexico.
1840.

PETIVE'RIA. (Named after /. Petiver, an English
naturalist. Nat. ord. Phytolaccads [Phytolaccaceae].
Linn. j-Hepiandria, i~Mono[>vnia.)

Stove evergreen, West Indian, white-flowered shrubs.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in May, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in a sweet bottom-heat ; peat and sandy
loam. Winter temp., 48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. allia'cea (garlic-scented). 2. June. 1737.
„ octa'ndra (eight-stamened). See P. ALLIACEA.

PETRE'A. (Named after Lord Petre. Nat. ord.
Verbenas [Verbenacea?]. Linn. \\-Didynamia, 2-Angio-
spermia. Allied to Duranta.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of short, firm side-
| shoots in summer, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom-heat ; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 60° ;
summer, 60° to 90°.

P. arbo'rea (tree-like). 10. Blue. Colombia. 1823.
„ ere' eta (erect). See P. ARBOREA.
„ guiane'nsis (Guianan). 20. Lilac. June, July.

Guiana. Twiner.

„ macrostachya (large-spiked). See P. GUIANENSIS.
,, rugo'sa (wrinkly^. 10. Blue. Caracas. 1824.
„ Stape'lice (Stapelia-/Zoiwr<:d). 20. Lilac. June. S.

Amer. Twiner.

,, volu'bilis (twisting). 20. Purple. July. Vera Cruz.
1733. Twiner.

PETRO'BrUM. (From petros, a rock, and bios, life
or living ; literally, rock-dweller. Nat. ord. Composita?.)

Stove tree. Cuttings in a close case, with bottom- heat.
Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
P. arbo'reum (tree-like). Yellow. June. St. Helena.
1816.

PETROCA'LLJS PYRENA'ICA. See DRABA PYREN-

AICA.

PETROCA'RYA CAMPE STRIS. See PARINARIUM

CAMPESTRE.

PETROCO'PTIS. See LYCHNIS.

PETRO'PHILA. (From petros, a rock, or stone, and
phileo, to love ; referring to their natural habitation.
Nat. ord. Proteads [Proteacea?]. Linn. 4-Tetrandna, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Protea.)

Greenhouse, evergreen, white-flowered, Australian
shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots in spring, under a bell-
glass, and placed in a cold frame ; fibrous, rather tenaci-
ous loam, and a little peat. Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
P. acicula'ris (needle-shaped). 5. June. 1824.

,, brevifo'lia (short-leaved). See P. MEDIA.

„ divarica'ta (spreading). Australia.

„ fasligia'ta (pyramidal). 5. July. 1820.

„ filifo'lia (thread- leaved). See P. ACICULARIS.

„ glanduli' gera (gland-bearing). See P. SERRURI*.

,, heterophy'lla (various- leaved).

„ juncifo'lia (rush- leaved). See P. MEDIA.

PETROSELINUM SATIVUM 655

PHACELIA

P. me' dia (intermediate). Australia.
„ peduncula'ta (/or.g-flower-stalked). 4. July. 1824.
„ pulche'lla (neat). 5. July. 1790.
„ ri'gida (stiff). 5. June. 1823.
„ Serru'rice (Mrs. Serruria's). 3. May. 1840.
„ ieretifo'lia (round- leaved) . 4. July. 1824.
„ tri'ftda (three-cleft) of Loddiges. See ISOPOGON TRI-

LOBUS.

„ tri'fida (three-cleft) of R. Brown. 4. July. 1820.
PETROSELI'NUM SATTVTJM. See CARUM PETROSE-

LIXUM.

PETTE'RIA. (Commemorative of Franz Peiier, a
botanical traveller. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Hardy shrub, with the habit of Cytisus. Cuttings in
sand under a hand-light in summer ; grafting. Well-
drained soil.

P. r amenta? cea (chipped). 5-10. Yellow. May, June.
Dalmatia. 1840.

PETTIGREE or PETTIGRUE. Ru'scus aculea'tus.

PETTY- WHIN. Genista a'nglica.

PETU'NGA. (Its Indian name. Nat. ord. Rubiads
[Rubiaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Moncgynia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a slight bottom-heat ;
sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 80° .

P. Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 3. White. May. India;
Malaya. 1818.

PETU'NIA. (From petun, Brazilian name for tobacco,
to which Petunia is allied. Nat. ord. Nightshades
[Solanaceae]. Linn. 5-Pe:i1andria, i-Monogynia.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds sown in a
hotbed, in March ; seedlings pricked out, and finally
transplanted into the borders in May ; cuttings of the
points of shoots, or small side-shoots, in spring, in heat,
and in summer and autumn without heat, except being
covered with glass ; scarcely any of them will stand frost.
It is best to keep the plants in a cold, dry pit during the
winter ; for growing, light, rich, sandy loam. Temp.,
not below 38° in winter.
P. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). See NICOTIANA ACUMI-

NATA.
„ compa' eta eleganti'ssima (very elegant). Mauve. 1881.

Garden form.

„ intermedia (intermediate). See SALPIGLOSSIS LINE-
ARTS.

„ Melea'gris (guinea-hen). White, blue. Hybrid. 1850.
„ nyctaginiflo'ra (marvel-of-Peru-flowered). 4. White.

August. S. Amer. 1823.

,, phceni'cea, (purple-flowered). See P. VIOLACEA.
„ puncta'ta (dotted). Blue, rose, crimson, white.

Hybrid. 1842.

„ viola'cea (violet-coloured). 2-2.V. Rose, purple, or
crimson. August. Buenos Ayres. 1831.

PETJCE'DANTJM. Hog's Fennel. (From peukedanon,
an old Greek name for P. officinal!. Nat. ord. Umbelli-
ferae.)

Hardy biennials or perennials. Seeds : divisions of
the perennials. Ordinary soil.
P. au'reum (golden). Yellow. Canary Islands.
,, Cerva'ria (Cervaria) . Central Europe. ; Northern Asia.
„ Galba'num (Galbanum). S. Africa.
„ grave' 'olens (strong-smelling). 1-2. Yellow. July.

India. 1810. " Dill."
„ officina'le (shop). 2-3. Yellow. Central Europe;

N. Asia (England). " Sulphur- wort."
„ Ostru'thium (Ostruthium). 2-3. White. July,

August. Europe (Britain). " Master-wort."
„ pain' sire (marsh). 3-5. White. July, August.

Europe (England). " Milk Parsley."
„ sati'vum (cultivated). 2-3. Yellow. July, August.

Europe (England). " Wild Parsnip."
„ So'u>a (Sowa). See P. GRAVEOLEXS.

PETJ'MUS. (The Chilian name. Nat. ord. Monimiaceas.)
Greenhouse, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, under
a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
P. Bo'ldus (Boldus). 3-20. White. May. Chili. 1844.
,, fra'grans (fragrant). See P. BOLDUS.

PEYROU'SIA. (Named after La Pey rouse, the French
navigator. Nat. ord. I rids [Iridacea?]. Linn. 3-Trt-
andria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to I.apeyrousia.)

P. aculea'ta (prickly). See LAPEYROUSIA COMPRESSA

ACULEATA.

„ a'nceps (two-edged). See LAPEYROUSIA COMPRESSA.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbed). See LAPEYROUSIA CORYM-

BOSA.

,, Fabri'cii (Fabricius's). See LAPEYROUSIA FABRICII.
„ falca'ta (sickle-leaved). See LAPEYROUSIA FALCATA.
„ fascicula'la (fascicled). See LAPEYROUSIA FASCICU-

LATA.

„ fissifn'lia (cleft- leaved). See LAPEYROUSIA FISSIFOLIA.
„ silenoi'des (catchfly-like). See LAPEYROUSIA SILE-
NOIDES.

PFA'FFIA. (Commemorative of C. H. Pfaff, a pro-
fessor at Kiel. Nat. ord. Amarantaceae.)

A stove herbaceous perennial. Seeds ; divisions, and
cuttings under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould,
and sand.

P. gnaphalioi'des (Gnaphalium-like). i. White. July.
Brazil. 1822.

PFETFFERA CEREIFO'RMIS. See RHIPSALIS CEREI-

FORMIS.

PHA'CA. (Name of a plant mentioned by Dioscorides.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. 17-
Diadelphia, 4-Dccandria. Now united to Astragalus.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds sown in a little
heat, in April, and seedlings planted out, will bloom the
same season ; many will do so if sown in good places in
the open air ; division of the roots in spring ; cuttings
under a hand-Light, in summer ; sandy loam. Cane'scens
requires protection from frost in winter.
P. alpi'na (alpine). See ASTRAGALUS ALPINUS.
„ „ dahu'rica (Dahurian). See ASTRAGALUS ALPINUS

DAHURICUS.

,, arena' ria. (sand). See ASTRAGALUS CHORINENSIS.
„ astraga'lina (Astragalus-like). See ASTRAGALUS AL-
PINUS.

„ austra'lis (southern). See ASTRAGALUS LUSITANICUS.
„ bcdtica (Baetic). See ASTRAGALUS LUSITANICUS.
„ cant'scens (hoary), i. Pale rose. July. Valparaiso.

1831.
„ densiio'lia (crowded- leaved). See ASTRAGALUS MEN-

ZIESII.

„ exalta'ta (tall). See ASTRAGALUS SECUNDUS.
„ ftorida'na (Floridan). See SESBAXIA PLATYCARPA.
„ fri'gida (cold). See ASTRAGALUS FRIGIDUS.
„ gla'bra (smooth). See ASTRAGALUS AUSTRALIS.
„ lappo'nica (Lapland). See ASTRAGALUS ARCTICUS.
„ In' lea (yellow), i. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1827.
,, oroboi'des (Orobus-like). See ASTRAGALUS OROBOIDES.
„ triangula'ris (three-cornered). See ASTRAGALUS

TRIANGULARIS.

PHACE'LIA. (From phakelos, a bundle ; the disposi-
tion of the flowers. Nat. ord. Hydrophyls [Hydronhyl-
laceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Includes
Eutoca and Whitlavia.)

Annuals, by seeds ; perennials, by seed and division
in April ; sandy, common garden-soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.

P. campanula' ria (bell-shaped). £-J. Deep blue, with
five white spots. California. 1882.

„ conge' sta(crowded-racemed). i£. Purple, blue. June.
Texas. 1835.

„ divarica'ta (divaricate), i. Pale violet. May. Cali-
fornia. 1833.

„ „ wrangelia'na (Wrangelian) . i. Blue. August.
N. Amer. 1835.

„ fimbria' ta (fringed), f. Pale flesh. June. N. Amer.

„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 3-4. Sky-blue, purple-
veined. June to September. California. 1901.

„ hi'spida (roughly-hairy), ij. Lilac. California.

„ loascefo'lia (Loasa-leaved). 1-2, July. California.

„ Menzie'sii (Menzies'). Purple. June. N.W. Amer.
1826.

,, orcitttia'na (Orcuttian). White, with yellow centre.
California. 1890.

,, Pa'rryi (Parry's). Violet, with five yellow spots.
California. 1885.

,, parviflc'ra (small-flowered). Blue. June. N. Amer.
1826.

„ platyca'rpa (broad-fruited). Lilac. August. Mexico.
1827. Half-hardy.

„ ramosi'ssima hi'spida (roughly-hairy). See P. HISPIDA.

PILEDRANASSA

656

PHALJENOPSIS

P. seri'cea (silky), i-ij. Blue. N.W. Amer. 1827.

„ tanacetifo 'lia (tansy-leaved). 2. Blue. June. Cali-
fornia. 1832.

„ Whitla'via (Whitlavia). 1-2. Blue. June. Cali-
fornia. 1854.

„ vinifo'lia (vine- leaved), ij. Light blue. September.
Texas. 1834.

„ vi'scida (clammy). 1-2. Bright blue, with grey eye.
July, August. California. 1834.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. A'ldea (Aldea). See P. CIRCINATA.
„ bipinnati'fida (doubly-leafleted). 2. Blue. June.

N. Amer. 1824.
,, circina'ta (rounded), ij. Pink. June. Magellan.

1817.
„ Frankli'nii (Franklin's), i. Pink. May. N. Amer.

1827.

PH2EDRANA'SSA. (From phaidros, gay, and anassa,
queen. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Coburgia.)

Peruvian bulbs, requiring the protection of a green-
house, and succeed best in a strong, yellow loam, like
Coburgia ; they rest in winter, or may be made to rest
in summer. For culture, see COBU'RGIA.
P. Carmio'li (Canniol's). 2. Tube bright red ; limb

green, with pale edge. Costa Rica. 1867.
„ chlora'cea (greenish- yellow). i. Crimson, green.

December. 1844.

„ „ obtu'sa (obtuse). December. 1844.
„ eucrosioi'des(Eucrosia.-like). i. Green, red. Ecuador.

1878.
„ Lehnta'nni (Lehmann's). Tube green ; limb deep red.

Andes of Colombia. 1883.
„ obtu'sa (blunt). See P. CHLORACEA OBTUSA.
„ ru'bro-vi'ridis (red-green). See EUSTEPHIA COCCINEA.
„ schiza'ntha (cut-flowered), i. Tube green; limb

bright red. Andes of Ecuador. 1880.
„ iriridiflo'ra (green-flowered). i. Greenish-yellow.
Andes of Ecuador. 1877.

PHffiNOCO'DON. See LAPAGERIA.

PH2ENO'COMA. (From phaino, to shine, and konte,
hair ; colour of involucrum. Nat. ord. Composites
[Compositae], Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superfl.ua. Allied
to Helichrysum.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young side-
shoots, getting firm at the base, in sand, over peat, in
pots three-parts filled with drainage, under a bell-glass,
and kept near the glass of a house or pit in summer ;
sandy peat and a little fibrous loam. Winter temp.,
40* to 48°.

P. proli'fera (proliferous). 4. Crimson. September.
Cape of Good Hope. 1789.

PHffiNOGAMS or PHANEROGAMS. Flowering plants,
or those having stamens, pistils, and ovules, which be-
come seeds as a result of fertilisation, in contradistinction
to cryptogams, like Ferns, Selaginellas, &c., which do
not have flowers.

PH53NOSPE'RMA. (From phaino, to shine, and sperma,
a seed ; referring to the colour of the seeds. Nat. ord.
Gramineae.)

A hardy grass. Seeds in spring. Ordinary soil.
P. globo'sa (globose). China. 1874.

PHAIOCALA'NTHE. A set of hybrids between Phaius
and Calanihe.

PHAI'US. (From phaios, shinine ; referring to the
flowers. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Bletia.)

Stove orchids. Division of the pseudo-bulb-like shoots,
as growth commences, in spring ; grown in pots. See
ORCHIDS.
P. (Thu'nia) a'lbus (white). 2. White. July. Sylhet.

1836.
„ „ fia'vo-ti'nctus (yellow-tinted). Lip with a yellow

area in front. 1883.

» „ gigante'us (giant). Flowers larger; lip golden-
yellow. 1896.

., „ supe'rbus (superb). Colours richer.
„ amboine'nsis (Amboyna). White, with veins on the
lip. Malaya. 1907.

P. angustifo'lius (narrow- leaved). Green. July. Trini-
dad. 1821.
,, (Thu'nia) Benso'ncf (Mrs. Benson's). 2. Purple,

yellow. July. Burma. 1867.

,, Berna'ysii (Bernays'). See P. BLUMEI BERNAYSII.
„ bi' color (two-coloured). 2. Maroon, white. July.

Ceylon.

,, ,, Owe'nict (Mrs. Owen's). A rich dark variety. 1894.
,, Blu'mei (Blume's). 2-3. Brownish-red, white. April.

Java. 1879.
,, „ assa'micus (Assamese). Varying in colour, yellow.

with mauve or purple shades. Assam ; Burma.

1882.
,, ,, Berna'ysii (Bernay's). 2-3. Sulphur-yellow

Australia. 1873.
,, ,, sanderia' nits (Sanderian). Yellow-brown; lip

white and purple. Java. 1905.
„ (Thu'nia) brymeria'nus (Brymerian). 2. White; lip

yellow, with crimson lines. Burma. 1894.
„ callo'sus (thick-lipped). Reddish-brown. March.

Java. 1848.
„ (Thu'nia) candidi' ssimus (whitest). Wholly white.

1888.
,, Coope'ri (Cooper's). Red-brown, pale yellow; lip

white changing to light yellow. Malaya (?). 1910.
„ (Thu'nia) Dodgso'nii (Dodgson's). White ; lip yellow,

veined with red. India (?). 1877.
„ fla'vus (yellow). Yellow. India. 1837.
,, fra' grans (fragrant). Rose, white, red. Madagascar.

1901.
,, grandifo'lius (large-leaved). White, brown. April.

China. 1778.
„ Humblo'tii (Humblot's). Rose, with white and red

blotches. Madagascar. 1880.
„ inquili'nus (strange). Creamy, with yellow ridges.

Hybrid. 1867.

„ interme'dius (intermediate). India. 1839.
,, irrora'tus (besprinkled). A synonym of Phaiocalanthe

irrorata.
„ macula' tus (spotted-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.

Nepaul. 1823.

„ Ma'nnii (Mann's). See P. WALLICHII MANNII.
„ (Thu'nia) Marsha'llia (Mrs. Marshall's), a. White,

lemon. Moulmein. 1871.
„ „ a'lbus (white). White, with sulphur- yellow disc.

1906.
» ». Purpura' tus (purple). White, spotted with purple ;

lip with purple veins outside. 1888.
„ „ tri'lobus (three-lobed). Lip with reddish-brown

veins and darker crests. 1888.
„ mishmie'nsis (Mishmian). ij. Pale rose, with white

spots. Himalaya. 1893.
,, pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). Java.
„ Philippine' nsis (Philippine). Reddish orange-brown ;

lip white. Philippines. 1889.
„ Robe'rtsii (Robert's). Brownish- red, streaked yellow.

New Caledonia. 1884.
„ Rcebli'ngii (Rcebling's). Reddish Indian yellow,

fragrant. Khasia" Hills. 1895.
,, ro'seus (rosy). See P. MISHMIENSIS.
,, si'mulans (resembling), ij. White, lip yellow and

rosy, spotted with purple. Madagascar. 1881.
„ tetrago'nus (four-angled). 2. Brown. Mauritius. 1837.
,, tuberculo' sus (tubercular). Colours as in P. simulans.

Crest reduced. Madagascar. 1901.
„ (Thu'nia) veitchia'nus (Veitchian). White, mauve.

Hybrid. 1885.
„ Walli'chii (Dr. Wallich's). 2. Orange, yellow. April.

Khasia. 1837.
„ „ flave'scens (yellowish). Sepals and petals light

yellow; front of lip paler. 1900.
„ ,, Ma'nnii (Mann's). Larger and darker than the

type. Assam. 1889.
„ villa'sus (shaggy). 2. Brown. December. Mauritius.

1837-

„ Warpu'ri (Warpur's). See P. TUBERCULOSUS.
„ (Thu'nia) ivinnia'nus (Winnian). Rosy-lilac ; lip

maroon. 1895.

PHALZENO'PSIS. Butterfly-Plant. (From phalaina,
a moth, and opsis, like ; the appearance of these handsome
flowers. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids, grown in baskets or on blocks. Pieces
of offset shoots, kept dry at the base, for a day or two,
before setting them growing. See ORCHIDS.

PHAUENOPSIS

657

PHALARIS

. alcico'rnis (elk's-horn). Creamy- white, pale yellow.

Natural hybrid. 1887.
, ama'bilis (lovely) of Blume. White, pink. September.

Malaya. 1847.

, „ au'rea (golden). Disc and side lobes yellow.
., „ rimestadia'na (Rimestadian). Very large, pure

white ; lip yellow on side lobes. 1901.
„ amethysti'na (amethyst). Cream; lip amethyst.

Sunda Islands. 1865.

„ antenni'fera (antennae-bearing). See P. ESMERALDA.
„ Aphrodite (Aphrodite), ij. White, pink. June.

Manilla. 1836.
„ „ longifo'lia (long-leaved). White. Year. Manilla.

1842.
„ „ roiundifo'lia (round-leaved). White. Year.

Manilla.' 1837.
„ Boxa'llii (Boxall's). Sulphur, barred brown, white.

Philippines. 1883.
,, buyssonia' 'na (Buyssonian) . Bright purple, edged

white ; lip scarlet. August. Cochin-China. 1888.
„ ca'sta (pure). White, tinted rose. Natural hybrid.

Philippines. 1875.
„ corningia'na (Comingian). Purple-brown, striped;

lip purple violet. 1879.
„ Co'rnu-ce'rvi (stag's-horn). Green, white, purple.

Malaya. 1864.
„ Cynthia (Cynthia). White, with purple markings.

Natural hybrid. 1890.

„ delica'ia (delicate). Natural hybrid. 1882.
„ denisia'na (Denisian). i. Greenish-yellow, with red-
brown spots ; lip white. Philippines. 1899.
„ denticula'ta (finely- toothed), i. White, brown, pale

yellow. Trop. Asia. 1888.
„ eque'stris (equestrian). See P. ROSEA.
„ Esmera'lda (Esmeralda). 2. Light rose, striped ; lip

amethyst. Cochin-China. 1877.
„ „ candi'dula (whitish). White, streaked rosy-purple.

Cambodia.

„ fascia' ta (bundled). Light yellow. Philippines. 1882.
,, Fcersterma'nnii (Fcerstermann's). Small, white, with

some brown lines. 1887.

„ fu'gax (fleeting). See SARCOCHILUS UNGUICULATUS.
,, fusca'ta (dusky). Yellow, brown. Malaya. 1874.
„ gigante'a (giant). Whitish, with many brown spots.

Borneo. 1909.
„ glorio'sa (glorious). Allied to P. amabilis. Sulu

Archipelago. 1888.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered) of Lindley. See P.

AMABILIS.

„ interne' dia, (intermediate). White, pink. Hybrid.
Philippines. 1852.

„ ,, brymeria'na (Brymerian). White, purple ; lip
crimson- violet. Hybrid. 1876.

„ „ Po'rtei (Forte's). White, lilac. Philippines. 1867.

,, Kunstle'ri (Kunstler's). i. Red-brown, golden-
yellow ; lip white. Malaya. 1903.

,, leucorrko'da (white-red). White; lip spotted with
purple. Natural hybrid. Philippines. 1875.

,, Linde'ni (Linden's). Rosy. 1895.

„ Lo'bbii (Lobb's). See P. INTERMEDIA.

,, Lo'wii (Low's). Yellow, purple. Burma. 1862.

„ lueddemannia'na (Lueddemannian). White, purple.
Philippines. 1865.

„ „ A:«-og/y'/>Aica(hieroslyphical). Ochraceous, spot-
ted with brown. Philippines. 1887.

„ „ ochra'cea (ochraceous). Rosy-ochraceous, brown.
Philippines.

„ „ pu'lchra (beautiful). Dark purple, blue. Philip-
pines. 1875.

„ macula' to, (spotted). Pale, with purple-brown blotches,
purple. Borneo. 1881.

„ Mafnnii (Mann's). Yellow, brown, spotted purple.
Assam. 1871.

„ Mori' a (Mrs. Maria Burbidge's). White, barred
chocolate-red ; lip magenta-purple. Sulu Archi-
pelago. 1883.

„ Micholi'tzii (Micholitz's). Creamy- white. Philip-
pines. 1890.

„ pa'llens (pale). Green. Philippines.

,, Pari'shii( Parish's). |. White, purple. Burma. 1865.

„ ,, Lo'bbii (Lobb's). Lip white, with brown bars. 1870.

„ regneria'na (Regnerian). Rose; lip dark purple.
Siam. 1887.

„ reichenbachia' na (Reichenbachian). Whitish-green ;
lip mauve-blue. Philippines. 1882.

„ TO' sea (rosy). \\. Deep vermilion. Manilla. 1848.

P. ro'sea leuca'spis (white-asp). Callus white. 1881.
„ Rucke'ri(Ruckei's). See SARCOCHILUS UNGUICULATUS.
„ sandtria'na (Sanderian). i. Rosy; lip white, lined

brown and purple. Philippines. 1883.
„ „ marmora'ta (marbled). Yellowish- whi te ; lip

with purple spots. 1883.
„ schilleria'na (SchiUerian). 1-2*. Pale purple or pink.

Winter. Philippines. 1860".

„ „ a'dvena( stranger). Pale purple; lip white. 1885.
„ „ a'lba (white). White; callus of lip yellow. 1882.
„ „ immacula'ta (unspotted). Rose, white, violet.

Philippines. 1875.

»» » purpu'rea (purple). Dark rosy-purple. 1892.
,, ,, splefndens (splendid). Rose, washed with deeper

rose. Philippines. 1886.

„ „ vesta'lis (vestal). White. Philippines. 1882.
„ specif/ sa (showy). Purple ; lip and base of petals

white. Andamans. 1881.
„ „ christia'na (Christian). Rose-madder; lip white.

1882.

,, ,, Impera' trix (empress). Larger rose-purple. 1882.
„ s/o6af/ia'na(Stobartian). Apple-green; lip amethyst.

1877.
„ stuartia'na (Stuartian). White, yellow, spotted with

crimson ; lip white. Philippines. 1881.
„ „ bella (pretty). Lip blotched with purple-brown,

with red lines. 1888.
„ „ hrubya'na (Hrubyan). Purple on the back, edged

white. 1884.

„ „ no'bilis (noble). Creamy, orange. 1882.
„ „ punctati'ssima (much-spotted). With numerous

mauve spots. Philippines. 1882.
„ „ pvnctula'ta (finely-spotted). Dotted with red.
„ Sumatra' na (Sumatran). WTiite, barred with brown.

Sumatra. 1865.
„ „ kimballia'na (Kimballian). Bright yellow, barred

with red ; lip yellowish. 1888.
„ „ paucivitta'ta (few-striped). Brownish-purple, bars

few ; lip with mauve stripes. 1882.
„ „ sangui'nea (blood-red). Lateral sepals dark red.

1881.

„ tetra'spis (four-asp). White. Andamans. 1881.
„ Valenti'ni (Valentine's). Purple, white at base ; lip

mauve, white and yellow. Malaya. 1883.
„ veitchia'na (Veitchian). Purple, with darker spots.

Philippines. 1872.
„ „ bra'chyodon (short- toothed). White; lip purple.

1884.
„ viola' cea (violet). Rose, white, yellow. Malaya.

1861.
„ ,, bowringia'na (Bowringian) . Light yellow, with

purple marks. 1884.
,, „ murtonia'na (Murtonian). Lemon-yellow, marked

with purple. 1878.
„ „ schrcederia'na (Schroederian). Larger and more

brilliantly coloured. 1882.
„ Wi'ghtii (Wight's). See DORITIS WIGHTH.

PHALA'NGIUM. (From phalaggion, a spider. Nat.
ord. Liliaceae. Now referred to Anthericum.)
P. arge'nteo-linea're (silver-lined). See CHLOROPHYTUM

ELATUM ARGENTEO-LINEARE.

,, ela'tum (tall). See CHLOROPHYTUM ELATUM.

„ Lilia'go (Liliago). See ANTHERICUM LILIAGO.

,, Lilia'strum (Liliastrum) . SCCPARADISIA LILIASTRUM.

„ ntpaltfnse (Nepaulese). See CHLOROPHYTUM NE-

PALENSE.
„ pomeridia'num (afternoon). See CHLOROGALUM

POMERIDIANUM.

„ ramo'sum (branched). See ANTHERICUM RAMOSUM.
„ virga'tum (twiggy). See NOLINA GEORGIANA.

PHA'LARIS. Canary Grass. (From phalaros, shining,
referring to the shining seeds. Nat. ord. Grasses [Grami-
neae]. Linn. 3-Triandria, -z-Digynia.)

P. canaric'nsis produces the Canary-seeds of commerce.
Seeds ; common soil.

P. appendicula'ta (appendaged). See P. PARADOXA.
„ arundina'cea (reed). 3-5. Green or purple. July.

North temperate regions (Britain).
„ „ gigante'a (gigantic). 6-8. Green. July. France.

1877.

,, „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves striped with
creamy- white. "Ribbon Grass" or "Gardener's
Garters." A very common garden plant.
„ carule' scens (bluish), i. June. Italy. 1823.

2 T

PHALERIA

658 PHEGOPTERIS TRICHODES

P. canarie'nsis (Canary). 2. July. Europe (Britain).

" Canary Grass."

„ carolinia'na (Carolinian). See P. INTERMEDIA.
„ comnmta'ta (changed). See P. C^ERULESCENS.
„ intermedia (intennediate). 2. Green. N. Amer.

nodo'sa (large-jointed). See P. TUBEROSA.
„ paradp'xa (paradoxical), i. June. Mediterranean

region. 1820.
„ lubero'sa( tuberous). 2. June. Mediterranean region.

PHALE'RIA. (From phaleros, shining or white. Nat.
ord. Thymeleaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Seeds ; cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.

P. ambi'gua (doubtful). Pure white, fragrant. Java.
„ laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 4-6. White. Island of
Timor. 1869.

PHALEROCA'RPUS fflSPI'DULUS and P. SERPYLLI-
FO'LIA. See CHIOGENES SERPYLLIFOLIA.

PHALOCA'LLIS PLU'MBEA. See CVPELLA PLUMBEA.

PHARBI'TIS. (From pharbe, colour ; deep and varied
colours of the flowers. Nat. ord. Bindweeds [Convolvu-
laceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred
to Ipomoea.)

P. barba'ta (bearded). See IPOMCEA HEDERACEA.
„ barbi'gera (beard-bearing). See LETTSOMIA BARBI-

GERA.

„ ccerule' 'scens (bluish). See IPOMCEA HEDERACEA.
„ catha'rtica (purgative). See IPOMCEA CATHARTICA.
,, cuspida'ta (short-pointed). See IPOMCEA BICOLOR.
„ Dille'nii (Dillenius's). See IPOMCEA BICOLOR.
,, diversify' lia (diverse- leaved). See IPOMCEA HEDERACEA.
„ hedera'cea (Ivy- leaved). See IPOMCEA HEDERACEA.
„ hi'spida (roughly-hairy). See IPOMCEA PURPUREA.
„ Lea'rii (Lear's). See IPOMCEA LEARII.
„ Ni'l (Nil). See IPOMCEA HEDERACEA.
„ ostri'na (purple). 20. Purple. July. Cuba. 1840.

Stove.

„ puncta'ta (spotted). See IPOMCEA HEDERACEA.
„ sca'bra (rough). See IPOMCEA HEDERACEA.
„ tri'loba (three-lobed). See IPOMCEA HEDERACEA.
„ tyria'nthina (purple). See IPOMCEA TYRIANTHINA.
„ va'ria (variable). See IPOMCEA PUBESCEXS.

PHA'RIUM FISTULO'SUM. See BESSERA FISTULOSA.

PHARNA'CEUM. (Commemorative of Pharnaces, King
of Pontus. Nat. ord. Ficoidaceac.)

Greenhouse evergreen or subshrubby plants, which
may be used for salad, on account of the agreeably
acidulated character of their fleshy leaves. Seeds ; cut-
tings in sand, under a bell-glass, in summer. Fibrous
loam, with some finely broken bricks, and sand. Give
full exposure to sunshine and little water in winter.
P. a'cidum (acid). White. St. Helena. 1869.
„ inca'num (hoary). Pale green and white. June to

September. S. Africa. 1782.
„ linea're (linear). li. White. S. Africa. 1800.
,, refle' xum (K&exed) . i. Pale yellow. S.Africa. 1802.

PHA'RUS. (From pharos, a cloak or loose robe ; the
natives use it to thatch their huts. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Stove ornamental grass. Divisions. Fibrous loam,
leaf -mould, and sand.

P. latifo'lius (broad-leaved). Green. Trop. Amer. 1796.
„ „ vitta' (us (striped). Leaves with white bands. 1848.

PHASE'OLUS. Kidney Bean. (From phaselus, a little
boat ; fancied resemblance of the pods. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [LeguminosaeJ. Linn. ly-Diadelphia,
4-Decandria.)

For culture of annuals, see KIDNEY BEANS ; perennials,
by division and cuttings, and usual greenhouse or stove
culture.

STOVE DECIDUOUS TWINERS.

P. Caraca'lla (Caracalla). ij. Lilac. August. India.

1690.
„ dera'sus (leathery). Greenish- white. Seeds black.

Brazil. 1888.
„ loba'tus (lobed-leaved). 6. Yellow. September.

Buenos Ayres. 1843. Evergreen.
„ Mu'ngo (Mungo). Trop. regions.
„ „ au'rcus (golden). Seeds yellow. India.

P. Mu'nzo Ma'x (Max). Seeds black.
,, ,, radio,' tus (rayed). India.
,, pilo'sus (hairy). S. Amer.

„ Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). See P. MUNGO RADIATUS.
,, apecio'sus (showy). 6. Scarlet. July. Orinoco.

1820.

„ Ivbero'sus (tuberous). Cochin-China.
„ wightia'nus (Wightian). See P. MUNGO.

GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS TWINER.
P. sylve'stris (wood). 6. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1825.

HARDY DECIDUOUS TWINERS.

P. multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 12. Scarlet. July.
S. Amer. 1633. " Scarlet Runner."

„ „ albifto'r us (white-flowering). 12. White. August.
S. Amer. 1633.

„ pere'nnis (perennial). 3. Dark purple. July. Caro-
lina. 1824.

„ ricciardia'nus (Ricciardian). Origin unknown. 1833.

„ vulga'ris (common), i. White. July. India. 1597.
" Dwarf Bean," " French Bean."

„ „ fascia' tus (banded-seeded). White. July. India.
1597-

„ „ variega'tus (variegated-s* eded) . White. July.
India. 1597.

TWINING ANNUALS.

P. aconitifo'lius (aconite- leaved). 2. Pink. July.

India; Arabia. 1731.
„ adena'nthus (gland-flowered). 4. Red. July.

India, &c. 1820.

„ amce'nus (pleasing). See P. ADENANTHUS.
,, chrysa'nthos (golden-flowered). 3. Yellow. July.
„ gonospe'rmus (angled-seeded). See P. VULGARIS.
„ heterophy' llus (variable- leaved). 4. Red. June.

Mexico. 1820.

„ lathyroi'des (Lathyrus-like). See P. SEMIERECTUS.
„ luna'tus (crescent-shaped). 4. Red. July. Tropics.

1818.
„ microspe'rmus (small-seeded), i. Dark purple. June.

Cuba. 1825.

„ rostra' tus (beaked). See P. ADENANTHUS.
„ semiere'ctus (half-erect). 2. Red. July. Tropical

regions. 1781.

„ toro'sus (uneven). 4. Violet. July. Nepaul. 1818.
„ viola' cetts (violet). 3. Violet. July. Africa. 1800.
,, Xuare'zii (Xuarez's). See P. LUNATUS.

PHAYLO'PSIS. (From phaios, dusky, hide, wood, and
opsis, resemblance. Nat. ord. Acanthaceas.)

Stove perennial herbs. Seeds ; cuttings in sand in a
close case with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould,
and sand.
P. Barte'ri (Barter's). White, passing to pale pink.

Trop. Africa. igo$.
„ longifo'lia (long- leaved). Green. Trop. Africa. 1822.

PHEASANT'S EYE ADONIS. Ado'nis autumna'lis.

PHEBA'LIUM. (From phibale, a myrtle ; the appear-
ance of the plants. Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Crowea.)

Greenhouse evergreen, yellow-flowered, Australian
shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, or short, stumpy
side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; sandy
peat, with a third portion of fibrous loans. Winter temp.,
38° to 48°.
P. au'reum (golden). See P. SQUAMULOSUM.

„ Billardie'rii (Billardiere's). 10. May. 1825.

„ denta'tum (toothed). 3. June. 1825.

,, ela'tum (tall). See P. BILLARDIERII.

,, lachnoi'des (Lachnaea-like). 3. May. 1824.

,, linea're (narrow-leaved). 3. June. 1825.

„ salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). See P. DENTATUM.

,, squamulo' sum (scaly). 2\. May. 1824.

PHEGO'PTERIS. See POLYPODIUM.

PHEGO'PTERIS LACHNO'PODA. See NEPHRODIUM

AMPLUM.

PHEGOPTERIS SUBMARGINA'LIS. See NEPHRODIUM

CARIPENSE.

PHEGO'PTERIS TRICHODES. See NEPHRODIUM

SETIGERUM.

PHELLODENDRON

659

PHILODENDRON

PHELLODE'NDRON. (From phellos, cork, and den-
dron, a tree ; in allusion to the thick corky bark. Nat.
ord. Rutacea*. Allied to Ptelea, the Hop Trefoil.)

Hardy ornamental trees with long, pinnate leaves.
Seeds ; cuttings in sandy soil in a cold frame in autumn.
Ordinary soil.

P. a;;>u^'Hse(Amurland). 10-20. Green. July. Amur-
land.
„ „ a'lbo-variega'tum (white- variegated). Leaves with

large white blotches. 1907.
„ japo'nicum (Japanese). Green. Japan.
„ Lava'llei (Lavalle's). Green. Trunk corky. Japan.

1908.
„ sachaline'nse (Sachalin). Green. Japan. 1905.

PHELYPJE'A. (Commemorative of the family Pheli-
Peaux, patrons of botany. Nat. ord. Orobanchaceae.)

A parasite of the broomrape family, the seeds of which
may be sown close to the roots of Centaurea dealbata,
and if they germinate successfully, the seedlings will
attach themselves to the roots of the Centaurea.
P. folia' to. (leafy), f . Red. Leaves reduced to scales.
Asia Minor ; Caucasus. 1880.

PHENAKOSPE'RMTJM GTJYANE'NSIS. See RAVENALA

GUYANENSIS.

PHILADE'LPHUS. Syringa, or Mock Orange. (Athe-
nian name for a shrub. Nat. ord. Saxifrages [Saxi-
fragaceael. Linn. iz-Icosandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Deutzia.)

Hardy deciduous, white-flowered shrubs. Layers and
suckers, and dividing the plant in spring ; common soil ;
deep loam is best. Many of the species would present a
beautiful appearance if grown as single dwarf specimen
trees, with a clean stem.

P. acumina'tus (long-pointed). White. Origin unknown.
„ brachy'botrys (short-bunched). Large, white, fragrant.

China. 1909.

„ chine'nsis (Chinese). See P. CORONARIUS SATSUMI.
„ cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). White. Origin uncertain.
„ corona rius (garland). 8. May. S. Europe. 1596.
„ „ dianthiflo'rus ple'nus (double-Dianthus-flowered).
„ „ fto're-ple'no (double-flowered). 8. May. S.

Europe.
„ „ fo'liis arge'nteo-variega'tis (variegated- leaved) . 8.

May. S. Europe.

„ „ fo'liis au'reis (golden-leaved). Leaves yellow.
,, „ na'nus (dwarf). 2. May.
„ „ Satsu'mi (Satsumi).
, „ tomento'sus (felted). 3. June. Himalaya to

China. 1822.

,, ,, vulga'ris (common). 8. May.
,, Coulte' ri (Coulter's). White. Northern Mexico. 1888.
„ Delava'yi (Delavay's). White, fringed, often striped

purple. Yunnan, China. 1903.
„ Falcone' ri (Falconer's). White. Origin unknown.
„ floribu'ndus (bundle-flowered). See P. GRANDIFLORUS

FLORIBUNDUS.

„ gordonia'nus (Gordon). 10. July. N. Amer. 1839.
„ grandiflo' rus (large-flowered). 6. June. Carolina.

1811
„ „ floribu'ndus (free-flowering). 6. June. Southern

United States.
,, „ la'xus (loose). 4. June. Southern United States.

1830.

„ Jtirsu'tus (hairy). 3. June. N. Amer. 1820.
„ inodo'rus (scentless). 4. June. Carolina. 1738.
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). White. Garden origin.
„ latifo'lius (broad- leaved). See P. GRANDIFLORUS.
„ la'xus (loose- grounng). See P. GRANDIKLORUS LAXUS.
„ Lemoi'nei (Lemoine's). Hybrid. 1888.
„ Levri'sii (Lewis's). 6. June. N. Amer. 1739.
„ „ calif o'rnicus (Californian) . California.
„ Magdale'na (Magdalene's). Szechuen, China. 1904.
„ mexica'nus (Mexican). 2. June. Mexico. 1839.
„ microphy'llus (small-leaved). 2-3. Summer. Color-
ado. 1887.

„ parviflo'rus (small-flowered). White. China. 1870.
„ pekine'nsis (Pekin). White. China.
„ „ brachy'botrys (short-bunched). Flowers very

small. Kiangsi, China. 1004.
„ purpu'reus macula' lus (purple-blotched). White, with

a large purple blotch on each -petal. Hybrid. 1903.
,, rvbricau'lis (red-stemmed). Creamy- white. China.

1870.

P. Saisu'mi (Satsumi). 4-6. July. Japan, &c. 1851.
„ Satsuma'nus (Satsumanus). White. Japan.
„ „ nikoensis (Niko). Leaves hairy on both sides.

Japan. 1910.
,, serica'nthus (silky-flowered). Calyx and ovary covered

with grey hairs. Central China. 1896.
,, specio'sus (showy). See P. GRANDIFLORUS.
„ tomento'sus (downy). See P. CORONARIUS TOMENTOSUS.
,, triflo'rus (three-flowered). See P. CORONARIUS.
„ undula'tus (wavy). Origin unknown.
„ venu'stus (lovely). Corolla less than i in. across.

Eastern Thibet. 1906.
„ verruca' sus (warted). See P. CORONARIUS.
„ Ze'yheri (Zeyher's). See P. CORO.VARIUS.

PHILAGE'RIA. (Compounded from Philesia and
Lapageria, between which it is a hybrid. Nat. ord.
Liliaceae.)

Evergreen upright shrub. Layers. Peat, with a little
loam and sand.
P. Vei'tchii (Veitch's). Purple and warm rose. 1872.

PfflLE'SIA. (From philesios, lovely. Nat. ord. Lily-
worts [Liliacea?]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia,
Allied to Lapageria.)

This evergreen is probably hardy. Prune after it has
bloomed early in the summer. Propagated by cuttings.
Peat and loam in equal proportions ; requires to be kept
moist.
P. b uxifo'lia (box- leaved). 3. Pink. June. Chili. 1853.

PfflLIBE'RTIA. (Named after /. C. Philibert, a
botanical author. Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae],
Linn. ^-Pentandria, z-Digynia. Allied to Perarularia.)

Stove, yellowish-white-flowered, evergreen twiners,
from Buenos Ayres. Cuttings of firm side-shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, in May, and kept in a cold pit until
struck ; sandy loam and fibrous peat, well-drained.
Winter temp., 40° to 45° ; summer, 60° to 75°.
P. campanula' ta (bell-shaped). See SARCOSTEMMA CAM-
PANULA-TOM.

,, gra'cilis (slender). 6. June. 1836.
,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See P. GRACILIS.
„ vimina'lis (twiggy). 6. White. W. Ind. ; Guiana. 1820.

PHLLLY'REA. (From phullon, a leaf ; literally, a leafy
plant, the flowers being inconspicuous. Nat. ord. Olive-
worts [Oleaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, T-Monogynia.)

Of all our hardy evergreens the Phillyrea is the best
adapted for growing as dwarf standards. All white-
flowered, and natives of South of Europe. Layers in
autumn ; cuttings under a hand-light ; seeds, after being
mixed with soil in the rot-heap ; good, common garden-
soil.
P. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 8. May. 1597.

„ „ brachia'ta (forked). 8. May. 1597.

„ ., rostnarinifo'lia (rosemary- leaved). 8. May. 1597.

„ deco'ra (joyous). 2-4. Lazistan. 1885.

,, ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). See P. LATIFOLIA ILICIFOLIA.

„ la'vis (smooth-leaved). See P. LATIFOLIA.

„ lanceola'ta (spear-head-/cau«i) . See P. ANGUSTIFOLIA.

,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 15. July. 1597.

„ „ Uicifo'lia (holly-leaved). June. 1597.

„ „ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). Leaves short and
broad. July.

„ laurifo'lia, (laurel-leaved). See P. DECORA.

„ liguslrifo'lia (privet- leaved) . See P. MEDIA.

,, me'dia (mediate). 15. May. 1597.

„ „ buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 15. May. 1797.

„ ,, oleafo'lia (olive- leaved) . 15. June. 1597.

., „ pe'ndula (pendulous). 15. June. 1597.

„ obli'qua (twisted-leaved). See P. LATIFOLIA.

„ oletzfo'lia (olive-leaved). See P. MEDIA OLE/EFOLIA.

„ pe'ndula (drooping). See P. MEDIA PENDULA.

„ robu'sia (robust). See LIGUSTRUM ROBUSTUM.

,, spino'sa (spiny). See P. LATIFOLIA ILICIFOLIA.

,, vilmorinia'na (Vilmorinian). See P. DECORA.

;, virga'ta (twiggy). See P. MEDIA.

PECLLODE'NDRON. ( From phileo, to love, and dendron*
a tree ; referring to habit of the plants growing on trees.
Nat. ord. Arads [Araceae]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, ^-Trian-
dria. Allied to Caladium.)

Stove rambling evergreens. Division of the roots ;
cuttings of short, stubby side-shoots in sand, under a
bell-glass, in peat ; rich, sandy loam and fibrous pieces
of peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85*.

PHILODENDRON

660

PHLEBODIUM

P. a'lbo-vagina'tum (white-sheathed). See P. LACERUM.
„ amazo'nicum (Amazonian). See P. LACINIOSUM.
„ ambi'guum (doubtful). See P. OCHROSTEMOX.
„ am/rai'nwmfAndrean). Leaves 2-3 ft. long. Colombia.

1886.

„ arbore' scens ( tree-like). SeeMoNTRicHARDiA ACULEATA.
„ aspera'ium (rough). Brazil.
„ augusli'num (Augustinan). Trop. Amer.
„ bipennifo'lium (twice-feather- nerved). See P. PAN-

DUR/EFORME.

„ bipinnati' fidum (twice-cut). Spathe reddish-brown,
green. Brazil.

„ brevilamina' turn (short-limbed). Spathe brownish-
purple and pale green. Brazil. 1860.

„ calophy'llum (beautiful-leaved). Spathe cream out-
side, crimson inside. Brazil. 1871.

„ canncefo'lium (Canna- leaved). Spathe green and
creamy. Brazil. 1831.

„ Carde'ri (Carder's). See P. VERRUCOSUM.

,, crassine' rvium (thick-ribbed). 20. Green, white.
December. Brazil. 1835.

,, crini'tum (shortly-bristly). See P. SQUAMIFERUM.

„ cuspida'tum (cuspidate). See P. SCANDENS.

,, dague'nse (Daguan). See P. VERRUCOSUM.

„ devansaya'num (Devansayan) . Leaves blood-red
when young. Stems red. Upper Peru. 1895.

„ dilacera'tum (twice-torn). See RAPHIDOPHORA DE-
CURSIVA.

„ dispa'rile (unequal). Yellow-green, cream. Brazil.
1860.

„ dolo'sum (deceitful). Brazil.

„ Dwvm«'n'(Duvivier's). Leaves deeply lobed. Brazil.
1908.

„ Eichle'ri (Eichler's). A stately plant. Brazil. 1899.

„ e'legans (elegant). Leaves pinnatifid. 1881.

„ elonga'tum (elongated). Brazil.

„ erube'scens (reddish). Purple, scarlet, cream. Co-
lombia.

„ exi'mium (choice). Brazil.

„ fragranti' ssimum (most fragrant). 4. Red, white.
March. Demerara. 1834.

„ gigante'um (gigantic). Red. Trop. Amer. 1857.

„ G/a«'o'tn't(Glaziou's). Yellow, crimson . Brazil. 1885.

„ glorio'sum (glorious). Leaves with white veins.
Colombia. 1876.

,, grandifo'lium (large-leaved). 6. White. March.
Caracas. 1803.

„ hasta'tum (halbert-leaved). Brazil.

„ hedera'ceum (ivy-leaved). Purple. June. S. Amer.
I793-

„ Jwltonia'num (Holtonian). See P. TRIPARTITUM.

„ Hoo'keri (Hooker's). Guiana.

„ Ilsema'nii (Ilseman's). Leaves marbled with white
and tinted rose-pink. Brazil. 1908.

„ I'mbe (Imbe). Green, white, crimson. Brazil.

„ itnperia'le (imperial). Green, cream. Bahia. 1860.

„ ,, lauchea'num (Lauchean). Leaves heavily mottled
with grey. 1897.

,, karsteniaf num ( Karstenian) . Venezuela.

„ la'cerum (torn). 4. White. W. Ind. 1822.

„ lacinia'tum (deeply-cut). See P. LACINIOSUM.

„ lacinio' sum (deeply-cut). Spathe greenish outside,
purple inside. Brazil. 1824.

„ latifohum (broad-leaved). Venezuela.

„ Linde'ni (Linden's). See P. VERRUCOSUM.

„ longilamina'tum (long- limbed) . Green and cream.
Brazil. 1860.

„ Ma'mei (Mame's). Leaves beautifully variegated
with white. Ecuador. 1883.

„ Mar tine' ti (Martinet's). Leaves purplish beneath,
1895.

„ tnelanochry'sum (black-yellow). Leaves blackish grey-
green. Colombia. 1873.

„ Meliono'ni (Melionon's). Spathe reddish outside,
yellow inside. Trop. Amer. 1874.

„ mi' cans (glittering). Colombia.

„ no'bile (noble). Spathe rosy-crimson, white, with
rose spots. S. Amer. 1885.

„ noia'bile (notable). Leaves 3 ft. long. 1893.

„ Ochrosfe'mon (yellow-stamen). Green, whitish. Brazil.
1860.

„ orna'tum (adorned). Brazil.

„ oxyca'rdium sharply-heart-shaped). See P. SCANDENS.

„ pandurezfo'rme (fiddle-shaped). Brazil.

„ Pm'rc«'(Pearce's). Leaves satiny green. Peru. 1869.

„ peda'tum (pedate). See P. LACINIOSUM.

P. pertu'sum (perforated). See MONSTERA DEI.ICIOSA.

,, pinnali' fidum (pinnately-cut). 4. White. Venezuela.
1817.

,, ,, ru'bro-puncta'tum (red-spotted). 3. Spathe white,
with red spots. Brazil. 1868.

,, quercifp'lium (oak-leaved). See P. LACINIOSUM.

,, recurvifo'lium (recurved-leaved). Spathe green out-
side, scarlet inside. Brazil. 1860.

,, robu'stum (robust). Leaves emerald green. 1896.

,, Rce'zlii (Rcezl's). Colombia. 1872.

,, ru'bens (reddish). Spathe pale green outside, purple-
red inside. Venezuela. 1873.

,, ru'bro-puncta'tum (red-spotted). See P. PINNATI-

FIDUM RUBRO-PUNCTATUM.

„ sagittifo'lium (arrow-leaved). Mexico.

,, sangufneum (blood-red). Spathe green. Mexico.

1869.

„ sca'ndens (climbing). Trop. Amer.
„ Sello'um (Selloum). Spathe green, whitish inside.

Brazil. 1869.

„ sellowia'ntim (Sellowian). See P. IMBE.
„ se'rpens (creeping). Flesh, greenish-yellow, crimson,

cream. Colombia. 1877.
„ Si'ws«(Sims's). Spathe crimson and white. Guiana.

1825.
„ Sodi'roi (Sodiro's). Leaf-stalks violet, spotted with

white. Colombia. 1883.
„ specio'sum (showy). Spathe purplish-green, red inside.

Brazil.

„ specta'bile (showy). Colombia. 1869.
„ squami'ferum (scale-bearing). Brazil.
„ triparti'ium (three-parted). 3. White. Caracas.

1816.
„ triu'mphans (triumphant). Leaves twice as large as

those of P. verrucosum. 1898.
,, verruco'sum (warty). Leaves barred with maroon.

Colombia. 1866.
„ Walli'sii (Wallis's). Gardens.
„ Wendla'ndii (Wendland's). Central Amer.
,, Willia'msii (Williams's). 5-10. Spathe green ;

spadix white. Bahia. 1871.

PHILO'GYNE. See NARCISSUS.

PfflLOPO'DIUM RI'GIDUM. See MUEHLENBECKIA

ADPRESSA.

PHILOTHE'CA. (From philos, smooth, and theke, a
sheath ; smooth tube of stamens. Nat. ord. Rueu-orts
[Rutaceas]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. Allied
to Crowea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of short young
shoots, a little firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and placed in a cold frame in May ; sandy loam and
fibrous peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
P. austra'lis (southern). 2. Pale red. April. N. S.
Wales. 1822.

PHTLYDRUM. (From phileo, to love, and hudor,
water. Nat. ord. Waterviorts [PhilydraceaB]. Linn, i-
Monandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse biennial. Seeds in spring, in a warm
place, and moved to a colder when up ; sandy loam and
peat ; does best in the greenhouse.
P. glabe'rrimum (smoothest). See HELMHOLTZIA GLABER-

RIMA.

„ lanugino'sum (woolly). 3. Yellow. June. China.
1801.

PHIN.32'A. (A name constructed from Niphcza, to
which the genus is allied. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae.)

Stove herbs. Seeds ; divisions of the plant in spring.
Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
P. a'lbo-Unea'ta (white-lined). J. White. September.

Central Amer. 1844.
,, reticula'ta (netted). Leaves netted with silvery veins.

Central Amer.
„ ru'bida (reddish). See NIPH^A RUBIDA.

PHLEBO'DIUM. (From phlebs, a vein. Nat. ord.
Ferns fFilices]. Linn. 24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices. Now
referred to Polypodium.)

Stove Ferns. See FERNS.
P. areola'tum (areolate). See POLTPOOIUM AUREUM

AREOLATUM.

„ au'reum (golden). See POLYPODIUM AUREUM.

„ decuma'num (tall). See POLYPODIUM DECUMANUM.

PHLOGACANTHUS

661

PHLOX

P. dictyoca'Uis (beautifully-netted). See POLYPODIUM

DECUMANUM.

„ e'legans (elegant). See POLYPODIUM ELEGANS.

„ elonga'tum (lengthened). Brown. May. W. Ind.

1843.
„ lycopodioi'des (club-moss-like). See POLYPODIUM

LYCOPODIOIDES.

„ Ma'yii (May's). See POLYPODIUM AUREUM MAYII.
,, ni'tidum (shining). See POLYPODIUM LUCIDUM.
,, percu'ssum (struck). See POLYPODIUM PERCUSSUM.
„ pulvina'tum (cushioned). See POLYPODIUM AUREUM

PULVINATUM.
„ sporadoca'rpum ( spore- fru.ted). See POLYPODIUM

AUREUM AREOLA.TUM.

„ squamulo'sum (scaly). See POLYPODIUM SQUAMATUM.

PHLOGACA'NTHUS. (From phlox, a flame, and
Akanthus, the type of this Nat. ord. of Acanthads [Acan-
thaceae], the flowers being flame-coloured. Linn. 2-
Diandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Justicia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. For culture, see JUSTICIA.
P. aspc'rulus (roughish). i. Yellow. May. Himalaya.

1818.
„ curviflo' rus (curved-flowered). 6. Red, yellow. June.

Sylhet. 1839.
„ gutta'tus (spotted). i£. Yellow-spotted. April.

Himalaya. 1828.

„ thyrsiflo'rus (thyrse-flowered). 8. Orange or scarlet.
May. Himalaya and Burma. 1812.

PHLO'MIS. (From phlomos, a mullein; down 'used
for wicks. Nat. ord. Lipworts [LabiataeJ. Linn. 14-
Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia. Allied to Leonotis.)

Perennials, seeds, divisions, and slips planted in spring
and autumn ; shrubs, by cuttings and slips, placed in
the open air, in a shady place, or under a hand-light ;
shrubs requiring protection in winter, by cuttings under
hand-lights, in summer ; all good, mellow, well-drained
soil.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS, &c.

P. angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved) . See P. AUREA.
„ au'rea (golden). Cream. July. Levant. 1596.

Evergreen.

„ bi'color (two-coloured). See P. FLOCCOSA.
„ crini'ta (hair-bracted) . 2. Pale brown. June. Spain.

1820.
„ fiocco'sa (flocky) . 2. Yellow. August. Egypt. 1714.

Evergreen.
„ Nisso'lii (Nissole's). 2. Yellow. June. Levant.

1757-
„ orienta'lis (eastern). 3. Pale brown. July. S.

Europe. 1820.

HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

P. ferrugi'nea (rusty). 2. Yellow, brown. June. Italy;

Greece. 1823.

„ „ ere' tica (Cretan). 3. Yellow. June. Crete. 1820.
,, frutico'sa (shrubby). 3. Yellow. June. Spain.

1596. " Jerusalem Sage."

„ ita'lica (Italian). 2. Purple. July. Italy. 1661.
„ lana'ta (woolly), i£. Yellow. June. Candia. 1696.
„ Lychni'lis (Lychnitis). 2. Yellow, brown. July. S.

Europe. 1658.
„ purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. July. Spain and

Portugal. 1661.
,, visco'sa (clammy). Yellow. June. Levant.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. agra'ria (field). Purplish. July. Siberia. 1830.

,. alpi'na (alpine), i. Purple. July. Siberia. 1802.

„ anisodo'nta (unequal-toothed). Persia.

,, armeni'aca (Armenian) . i. Yellow. July. Armenia.
1834.

„ bracteo'sa (large-bracted) . Purple. May. Himalaya.
1838.

„ cashmiria'na (Cashmir). 2. Pale lilac. July. Cash-
mere. 1844.

,, chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). Syria.

„ He'rba-ve'nti (wind-herb). 2. Red. August. S.
Europe. 1596.

,, lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). See EREMOSTACHYS LACI-

NIATA.

„ lamiifo'lia (Lamium-leaved). See P. BRACTEOSA.

P. lunarifo'lia (honesty-leaved). 3. Yellow. June.

Levant. 1818.

„ „ russellia'na (Russellian). See P. VISCOSA.
„ prate'nsis (meadow). Siberia.
„ pu'ngens (stinging). See P. HERBA-VENTI.
,, russellia'na (Russellian). See P. VISCOSA.
„ sa'mia (Samian). 3. Purple. N. Africa. 1714.
„ seli'gera (bristle-bearing). Himalaya.
,, si'mplex (simple). See P. BRACTEOSA.
,, tubero sa (tuberous). 4. Purple. August. Siberia.

1759-

„ umbro'sa (shady). China.
,, visco'sa (clammy). 3. Brownish-purple. June.

Syria. 1821. "

PHLO'X. (From phlox, flame; brilliancy of the
flowers. Nat. ord. Phloxworts [Polemoniaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Herbaceous perennials, natives of North America,
except where otherwise mentioned. Divisions, and
cuttings under a hand-light, in a shady place, in summer ;
sandy loam and leaf-mould ; the low trailing ones are
beautiful on knolls and rock-works. Drummo'ndii by
seed sown in the middle of March, in gentle heat.

HALF-HARDY.

P. arista' ta (awned). See P. SUBULATA.
„ floridrfna. (Florida), i. Rose. April. 1834.
„ specio'sa (showy), i. Flesh. N.W. Amer. 1826.

HARDY.

P. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). See P. PANICULATA.
„ aci4tifo'lia( acute-leaved). 4. Purple. August. 1825.
„ adsu'rgens (rising). Rose, long- tubed. North- Western

Amer. 1888.
„ amce'na (lovely). J. Bright purple. May, June.

1809.

„ canade'nsis (Canadian). See P. DIVARICATA.
„ ca'ndida (white). See P. MACULATA CANDIDA.
,, ca'rnea (fleshy). See P. GLABERRIMA CARNEA.
„ caroli'na (Carolina). See P. OVATA CAROLINA.
„ corda'ia (heart-leaved). See P. PANICULATA.
,, corymbo'sa (corymbose). See P. PANICULATA.
„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). See P. REPTANS CRASSI-

FOLIA.

„ ciispida'ta (short-pointed). See P. PILOSA.

„ decussa'ta (decussate). See. P. PANICULATA.

„ di'sticha (two-rowed). 5. Red. August. 1826.

„ divarica'ta (spreading), i. Light blue. March. 1746.

„ „ canade'nsis (Canadian).

„ „ Lapha'mii (Lapham's). Deep blue. 1905.

„ Dougla'sii (Douglas's), j. Purple. North- Western
Amer.

„ Drummo'ndii (Drummond's) . i. Purple. July.
Texas. 1835. Annual.

„ „ cuspida'ta (short-pointed). Corolla lobes three-
toothed. Annual.

„ „ fimbria'ta (fringed). Corolla lobes shortly three-
toothed. Annual.

„ ,, flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). Flowers double.
1886.

„ ela'ta (tall). 6. Lilac. September. 1828.

,, exce'lsa (tall). 4. Purple. August. 1824.

,, f rondo' sa (leafy). See P. SUBULATA FRONDOSA.

„ glabe'rrima (smoothest). 3. Red. July. 1725.

„ ,, ca'rnea (flesh), i. Pink. August. 1816.

„ glutino'sa (clammy). See P. DIVARICATA.

„ interme'dia (intermediate). 2. Purple. July.

„ involucra'ta (involucred). i. Lilac. June. 1830.

„ l<z' to. (charming). 3$. White. August.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See P. OVATA.

,, linearifo'lia (linear-leaved), i. Flesh. July. North-
Western Amer. 1826.

,, longifio'ra( long-flowered). See P. MACULATA CANDIDA.

,, macula'ta (spotted-stalked). 4. Purple. July. 1740.
" Wild Sweet William."
„ ca'ndida (white). 2. White. July. 1766.

„ corymbo'sa (corymbose). 2. Purple. July.
„ penduliflo'ra (drooping-flowered). 2. Purple.
July to October. 1823.

„ tardiflo'ra( late-flowering). 2. White. September.

1825.

,, variega'ia (variegated) . 1-2. White. July. 1766.
na'na (dwarf). £-f. Red, white, or yellow. Texas.

1888.

PHCEBE

662

PHORMIUM

P. ni'tida (shining). Sec P. GLABERRIMA.
„ niva'lis (snowy). See P. SUBULATA NIVALIS.
„ odora'ta (scented). Lilac. August.
., ova' ta (egg-leaved) . ij. Purple. June. 1759.
„ „ caroli'na (Carolina), i. Pale purple. August.

Carolina. 1728.
„ „ listonia'na (Lady Listen's), i. Purple. July.

1816.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Pink. August. 1732.
„ ,, alba (white). 3. White. August. 1813.
„ penduliflo'ra (drooping). See P. MACULATA PENDULI-

FLORA.

„ pilo'sa (hairy-leaved), i. Purple. May. 1759.
„ ,, amce'na (pleasing). See P. AMOJNA.
„ procu'mbens (lying-down). Flesh. May. Hybrid (?).

1827.
„ pyramida'lis (pyramidal). See P. MACULATA and

varieties.

„ re' p tans (creeping). J. Blue, purple. July. 1800.
„ „ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 3. Purple. July.

1825.

„ revolu'ta (revolute). See P. GLABERRIMA.
„ sca'bra (rough). See P. PANICULATA.
„ seta'cea (bristly). See P. SUBULATA GRANDIFLORA.
„ Sickma'nni (Sickmann's). See P. PANICULATA.
„ Stella'ria (Stellaria). J-J. Light blue. Southern

Illinois. 1888.
„ „ lilaci'na (lilac). Lilac.
„ stoloni'fera (stolon-bearing). See P. RFPTAXS.
„ suave' olens (sweet-scented). See P. MACULATA CAN-
DIDA.
„ subula' to. (awl-leaved). J. Dark purple. May. 1786.

" Moss Pink."
„ „ atropurpu'rea (dark purple). Dark purple. Plant

trailing.

„ „ ccsrule'scens (bluish). J. Bluish. 1902.
„ „ frondo'sa (leafy). |. Rose. Plant dense in habit.
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Dark purple. Plant

trailing.

„ „ latifo'lia (broad- leaved) . See P. PROCUMBENS.
„ „ Nelso'ni (Nelson's). $. White, with five violet

spots. Plant compact.

„ „ niva'l is (snowy). J. Pure white. Plant compact.
„ ,, seta'cea( bristly). J. Rosy-purple. Plant trailing.
„ suffrutico'sa (shrubby), i$. Dark pui-ple. August.

1790.
„ tardiflo'ra (late-flowered). See P. MACULATA TARDI-

FLORA.

„ triflo'ra (three-flowered). See P. OVATA.
„ undula'ta (\\aved-leaved). See P. PANICULATA.
,, virgi'nica (Virginian), i. Purple. July. Virginia.
1812.

PHCE'BE. (From Phcebe, the mythical moon-goddess.
Nat. ord. Lauraceae.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings in sand, in a propa-
gating case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, a little
peat, and sand.
P. antilla'na (Antilles). 15. White, yellow. W. Ind.

1824.
„ mania 'na (mountain). 10. White, green. W. Ind.

1810.
PHCENICOPHO'RIUM SEHELLA'RUM. SCCSTEVEN-

SONIA GRANDIFOLIA.

PHGE'NIX. Date Palm. (The Greek name of the
tree. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn. zz-Dicecia,
3-Triandria.)

Dactyli'fera requires a greenhouse, but all the others a
stove. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring, or when procurable ;
rich, rather stiff loam, or good, fibrous loam, with a fourth
part of old cow-dung.

P. acau'lis (stemless). 6. White, green. E. Ind. 1816.
„ andamane' nsis (Andaman). Andaman Islands.
„ canarie'nsis -(Canary) . Canary Islands. The hardiest

species. 1869.
„ cycadifo'lia (Cycas- leaved). See P. DACTYLIFERA

CYCADIFOLIA.

„ dactyli'fcra (date-bearing). 49. White, green. Levant.

1597. " Date Palm."
„ „ cycadifo'lia (Cycas- leaved). Tnmk 2 ft. thick.

Athens. 1879.
„ farini'fera (mealy). 28. White, green. Deccan.

1800.

„ hancea'na (Hancean). See P. HUMILIS HANCEANA.
„ hu'milis (low). 3-4. India and China.

P. hu'milis hancea'na (Hancean). China.
,, ,, Lotirei'rii (Loureir's).
„ ,, ousleya'na (Ousleyan). India.
,, ,, peduncula'ta (long-stalked).
,, „ Rcebcli'ni (Rcebelin's). 2-4. A slender, graceful

palm. Siam. 1889.
„ hy'brida (hybrid). Garden hybrid.
,, Ju'bce (Juba's). See P. CANARIENSIS.
,, leone'nsis (Sierra Leone). See P. RECLINATA.
,, melanoca'rpa (black- fruited). Fruits black, edible.

Garden origin.
,, Menie'ri (Villa Menicr). A palm growing at Villa

Menier, Cannes. 1906.

„ ousleya'na (Ousleyan). See P. HUMILIS OUSLEYAN A.
,, paludo'sa (marsh). 20. India; Cochin-China. 1820.
„ peduncula'ta (long-stalked). See P. HUMILIS PEDUN-

CULATA.

„ pu'mila (dwarf). Country unknown. 1871.

,, pusi'lla (puny). See P. HUMILIS LOUREIRII.

,, Pygma'a (pigmy). 6. Mauritius. 1823.

,, reclina'ta (leaning). 10. White, green. S.E. Africa.

1792.

„ Rabe'lini (Rcebelin's). See P. HUMILIS RCSBELIM.
,, rupi'cola (rock-loving). Himalaya. 1873.
ii » fo'liis arge'nteo-var »>j?a'<ts(silver-variegated-leaved).

Leaves variegated with white. 1887.
„ spino'sa (spiny). W. Trop. Africa.
„ sylve'stris (wood). 14. Green. May. India. 1763.
,, ,, e'xilis (feeble). A slender variety.
„ tenuis (slender). See P. CANARIENSIS.
,, zanzibare'nsis (Zanzibar). See P. RECLINATA.
„ :eyla'nica (Cingalese). Ceylon.

PHOLIDOCA'RPUS. (From pholis, pholidos, the scale
of a serpent, and karpos, a fruit ; in allusion to the over-
lapping scales of the fruit. Nat. ord. Palmace.T-.)

Stove palm. Seeds. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
P. 1'hnr (Ihur). Malaya.

PHOLIDO'TA. Rattle-snake Orchid. (From pholis, a
scale, and ous, otos, an ear ; flowers arranged like an ear
of wheat, with scaly bracts, as the tail of that snake.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceaj]. Linn. 2o-Gy?uindria, i-
Monandria. Allied to Ccelogyne.)

Stove orchids. Division of the plant ; in a pot. See
ORCHIDS.
P. arlicula'ta (jointed). White, yellow. April. India.

1837.

„ assa'mica (Assam). Pale yellow. Assam. 1890.
„ chine' nsis (Chinese). J. Whitish. May. China.

1844.

„ clypea'ta (shield). Borneo. 1847.
„ conchoi'dea (shell-like). Yellow. February. Manilla.

1840.
„ imbrica'ta (overlapping), i. Pale yellow, with violet

spot. India. 1824.
„ Luga'rdii (Lugard's). White, shell-like. Western

Burma. 1893.

„ obova'ta (obversely-egg-shaped). Burma.
, pa'llida (pale). See P. IMBRICATA.
, re'pens (creeping). Flesh-pink, small. India. 1891.
, ru'bra (red). Pale red. April. Himalaya. 1828.
, undula'ta (waved-leaved). See P. RUBRA.
, ventrico'sa (swollen), i-ij. White. Java. 1889.

PHORBIA CEPETORUM. The Onion Fly. See
ANTHOMY'IA CEPA'RUM.

PHO'RMIUM. Flax Lily, or New Zealand Flax.
(From plwrmos, a basket ; one of the uses made of the
fibre. Nat. ord. Li/juw/s [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions of the root;
rich, mellow loam.

P. alpi'num (alpine). New Caledonia. 1890.
„ Cole'nsoi (Colenso's). See P. COOKIANUM.
„ cookia'num (Cookian). 3-6. Yellow. July, August.

New Zealand. 1868.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with

creamy-white. 1878.

„ fla'ccidum (feeble). New Caledonia. 1890.
„ forstcria'num (Forsterian). See P. COOKIANTM.
„ Hoo'keri (Hooker's). Yellow, greenish ; filaments red.

New Zealand. 1888.

„ Hurstho'nsii (Hursthons's). New Caledonia. 1890.
„ robu'stum (robust). New Caledonia. 1890.

PHOTINIA

663

PHYLICA

P. te'nax (tough). 6. Green, white. August. New

Zealand. 1798.
„ ,, atropurpu'reum (dark-purple). Leaves rich dark

purple.
,, ,, atropurpu'reum na'num (dwarf). Dwarf, dark

purple-leaved variety. 1908.
„ „ ni' gro-pi' ctum (black-painted). Leaves edged with

maroon-purple.
„ ,, Powerscou'rtii (Viscount Powerscourt's). Hardier

and flowers more freely. 1907.
„ „ purpu'reum (purple). Leaves purple.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated). 6. Leaves striped with

yellow and white. New Zealand.
„ „ F«'fcAii(Veitch's). Leaves short, narrow, banded

with creamy-white.

PHOTTNIA. (From phoieinos, shining ; appearance of
the leaves. Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. 12-
Icosandria, 2-Di-pentagynia. Allied to Eriobotrya.)

Half-hardy white-flowered evergreens. Seeds when
procurable, treated as the haws of the Hawthorn ; gene-
rally by budding on the Hawthorn as a stock ; rather
tender for the open air north of London, but deserve a
wall, owing to their beautiful foliage ; and where, also,
when established, they would generally flower freely.
P. arbutifo'lia (Arbutus-leaved). See HETEROMELES

ARBUTIFOLIA.

„ benihamia'na (Benthamian). White. China.

„ du'bia (doubtful). See ERIOBOTRYA BEXGALENSIS.

„ elli'pttia (elliptic). See ERIOBOTRYA ELLIPTICA.

„ intcgrifo'lia (entire- leaved). 10. Nepaul. 1820.

., notonia'na (Notonian). India and Java. Greenhouse.

„ ova' to, (egg-shaped). Gardens.

„ serrula'ta (saw-edge-leaved) . 10. May. China and

Japan. 1804.
„ „ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). Leaves short and

broad.
„ varia'bilis (variable). China and Japan.

PHRAGMTTES. (From the Greek, phragmites, any-
tliing used for making a hedge or fence. Nat. ord.
Gramineae.)

A strong-growing reed or marsh grass, with purple or
violet plumes of flowers, suitable for the margins of ponds
and ornamental water. Divisions ; seeds. Wet soil.
P. com mu'nis (common). 6-10. Purple or violet. July,
August. Temperate and cold parts of the whole
world, including Britain. " Spire Reed."

PHRY'MA. (Derivation not obvious. Nat. ord.
Verbenaceje.)

Hardy perennial herb. Division; seeds. Ordinary
soil.

P. leptosta' chya (slender-spiked). 2-3. Purple. Asia;
Himalaya ; N. Amer. 1802.

PHRY'NIUM. (From phrunos, a toad; because in-
habiting marshes. Nat. ord. Marants [Marantaceae].
Linn. i-Monandria, i-Mono°ynia. Allied to Canna.)

Stove herbaceous perennials ; yellow-flowered, where
not otherwise specified. Seeds in a hotbed in spring, or
division of the roots as fresh growth commences ; rich
loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.
P. capita' turn (headed). 5. White, purple. July. E.

Ind. 1807.

„ colora'tum (coloured). See CALATHEA COLORATA.
„ como'sum (tufted). See CALATHEA COMOSA.
„ Danie'llii (Daniell's). See THAUMATOCOCCUS

DANIELLII.

,, de'nsum (dense). Brazil. 1865.
„ exi'mium (choice). See CALATHEA PROPINQUA.
„ fiave'scens (yellowish). See CALATHEA FLAVESCENS.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). See CALATHEA

FLAVESCENS.

„ Griffi'thii (Griffith's). Malacca.

„ Lubbe'rsii (Lubbers's). See MYROSMA LUBBERSII.

,, mi' cans (glittering). See CALATHEA MICANS.

„ Micholi'tzii (Micholitz's) Leaves with broad white
stripes, and claret-red midrib. New Guinea. 1903.

„ Myro'sma (myrrh-scented). See MYROSMA CANNAE-
FOLIUM.

„ obli'quum (twisted), ij. June. E. Ind. 1824.

„ Parke'ri (Parker's). See ISCHNOSIPHON PARKERI.

„ parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 4. July. E. Ind.
1820.

P. sangui'neum (blood-coloured). See STROMANTHB

SANGUINEA.

,, seto'sum (bristly). See MYROSMA SETOSUM.

„ spica'tum (spiked), i. July. E. Ind. 1825.

„ unilatera'le (one-sided). See MYROSMA MADAGAS-

CARIENSE.

„ Fa'rt-<fe'n-//«/cfc«(Van-den-Hecke's). See CALATHEA

VANDENHECKEI.

„ va'rians (varying). See CALATHEA VARIANS.
„ variega'tum (variegated). See MARANTA ARUNDI-

NACEA VARIEGATA.

„ villo'sum (shaggy). See CALATHEA VILLOSA.

PHUO'PSIS. (From Phu, valerian, and opsis, like;
the flowers resemble those of some species of Valerian.
Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

Hardy, perennial herb. Divisions in spring. Ordinary
soil.

P. stylo'sa (long-styled), i. Purple or pink. July.
Caucasus. " Crosswort."

PHYCE'LLA, (A diminutive of phucos, Red Alkanet ;
alluding to the colour of the flowers. Nat. ord. Amaryl-
lids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.
Now referred to Hippeastrum.)

P. bifto'ra (two-flowered). See HIPPEASTRUM BICOLOR.
„ brevi'tuba (short- tubed). See HIPPEASTRUM BICOLOR.
„ Mora' era (yellow-green). See PILSDRANASSA CHLOR-

ACEA.

„ coru'sca (glittering). See HIPPEASTRUM BICOLOR.
„ cyrtanthoi'des (Cyrtanthus-like) . See HIPPEASTRUM

BICOLOR.

„ glau'ca (milky-green). See HIPPEASTRUM BICOLOR.
„ herbertia'na (Herbert's). See HIPPEASTRUM HERBER-

TIANUM.

„ i'gnea (fiery). See HIPPEASTRUM BICOLOR.

„ obtu'sa (blunt). See PH.EDRANASSA CHLORACEA.

PHYGETLIUS. (From phuge, evasion, and helios, the
sun ; because believed to love shade in its native country.
Nat. ord. Scrophulariaceae.)

An evergreen shrubby plant, grown as a herbaceous
perennial. It is hardy enough to live at the foot of a
wall, without other protection, in the far north, and
flowers freely, if the leafy stems are not cut down. In
cold districts they should be protected with a few ever-
green boughs. Seeds ; cuttings under a hand-light in
summer, and divisions in spring. Light, well-drained
soil.

P. capSnsis (Cape). 2-3. Scarlet. July to September.
S. Africa. 1855. " Cape Figwort."

PHY'IICA. (From phullikos, leafy ; abundance of
evergreen leaves. Nat. ord. Rhamnads [Rhamnacea?].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa, and all
white-flowered, unless otherwise mentioned. Cuttings
of young shoots in sand, under a glass, in spring, and kept
cool and shaded from sunshine until they have struck ;
sandy, fibrous peat, with nodules of freestone and char-
coal. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
P. bi' color (two-coloured). 2. June. 1817.
„ buxifo'lia (box- leaved). 2-10. June to August. 1759.
„ capita' ta (headed) . 2-6. June. 1800.
„ „ lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). Grey, white, or

yellowish. 1800.

„ corda'ia (heart-shaped) of Linnaeus. See P. BUXIFOLIA.
,, cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). 2. Yellow, green. June.
„ dioi'ca (dioecious). 2-3. July. 1817.
,, ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. June. 1731.
„ excf'lsa (lofty). 2-4. Floral leaves tawny or 3'ellow-

green.
„ „ papilla' sa (nippled). Leaves nippled, slightly

hairy.

„ globo'sa (globose). See STAAVIA GLOBOSA.
„ imbrica'ta (imbricated). See BRUNIA RACEMOSA.
„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle- leaved). See P. PANICULATA.
„ ni'tida (shining). November. 1774.
,, ,, erio'phora (woolly). 3. November. 1774.
„ oleafo'lia (olive-leaved). 2. Flowers in loose racemes.

March to October.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). 2-10. Flowers in panicled

racemes. 1816.

„ papillo'sa (nippled). See P. EXCELSA PAPILLOSA.
„ pi'nea (pine-like). November. 1774.
„ pimfo'lia (pine-leaved). See BRUNIA PINIFOLIA.

PHYLLAGATHIS

664 PHYLLOCALYX EDULIS

P. plumo'sa (feathered). 2. April. 1759.
,, ,, squarro'sa (spreading). Floral leaves often golden.
„ pubfscens (downy) of Alton. See P. CAPITATA

LANCEOLATA.

„ pube'scens (downy) of Loddiges. See P. PLUMOSA

SQUARROSA.

„ purpu'rea (purple). 2-3. Calyx rusty or purple on

the inside. Autumn. 1827.
,, rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary- leaved). 3. 1815.
„ ru'bra (red). 2-2$. Branches red. December. 1827.
„ spica'ia (spiked). 1-2. Blooms perennially.
,, spica'ta (spiked) of Loddiges. See P. OLE^FOLIA.
,, squarro'sa (spreading). See P. PLUMOSA SQUARROSA.
„ stipula'ris (stipuled-leaved). 2-3. March to July or

August. 1786.
„ thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 2-3. June. Pacific

Islands. 1824.

PHYLLA'GATHIS. (From phullon, a leaf, and
agatheos, quite divine ; in reference to the beauty of the
leaves. Nat. ord. Melastomaceae.)

Stove, short-stemmed, shrubby herbs, with large, thick
orbicular leaves. Cuttings in sand in a close case with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
P. gymna'ntha (naked-flowered) . i. Green. Borneo.

1884.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy), i. Pink. Leaves round, green.

Borneo. 1894.

„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 1-2. Pink. July.
Leaves bronzy purple above, red beneath. Sumatra.

PHYLLA'NTHTJS. (From phullon, a leaf, and anthps,
a flower ; flowers produced on the edges of the leaf-like
branches. Nat. ord. Spurgeu'orts [Eupnorbiaceae]. Linn.
2i-Moncecia, lo-Monadelphia.)

Annuals and biennials, by seed in a hotbed, in spring,
and then flowered in stove and greenhouse during the
summer. Shrubby species, by cuttings of the hard
shoots in sandy soil, in heat ; sandy loam and fibrous
peat, with a little broken bricks, charcoal, and dried
cow-dung. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

P. Caroline' nsis (Carolinian). J. July. N. Amer. 1803.

Hardy.
„ gra'cilis (slender), i. Green, yellow. August. Java.

1818. Biennial.

„ Niru'ri (Niruri). £. Green. July. Tropics. 1692.
„ obova'lus (reversed-egg-/0at>ed) . See P. CAROLINENSIS.
„ urina'ria (urinary). |. Green, yellow. August.
" worlds.

Tropics of both

1819.

P.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 1-2. Red. July.

W. Ind. 1789.

Arbu'scula (little- tree). See P. SPECIOSUS.
atropurpu'r eus (dark-purple). 3. Leaves dark purple.

Stems purplish. Comoro Isles. 1876.
calyci'nus (large-calyxed) . Australia.
Ca'sticum (Casticum). Mascarene Islands.
cera'mica (Ceramic). See EXOCARPUS CERAMICUS.
Chantrie'ri (Chantrier's). 2-3. Red, pale yellow.

Cochin-China. 1882.
di'stichus (two-ranked). 20-25. Green. Trop. Asia.

1796.

donga' tus (elongated). See P. ANGUSTIFOLIUS.
E'mblica (Emblica). 12. Pale yellow. July. Trop.

Asia. 1768.
cpiphylla'nthus (flowers-on-leaf). 4-6. Red. July.

Cuba. 1699.

falca'tus (sickle-shaped). See P. EPIPHYLLANTHUS.
fraxinifo'lius (ash- leaved). 4. Green. August. E.

Ind. 1819.

, glauce'scens (glaucus). See P. PULCHER.
gomphoca'rpus (Gomphus- fruited). Perak.
grandifo'lius (large-leaved). 5. S. Amer. 1771.
juglandifo'lius (walnut-leaved). See P. GRANDIFOLIUS.
Kirgane'liaCKirganelia). See P. CASTICUM.
lanceola'tus (spear-head-/eai;ed). 3. Green, yellow.

Isle of Bourbon. 1822.
lathyroi'des (Lathyrus-like). Mexico.
latifo'lius (broad- leaved) . Mexico.
linea'ris (linear), i-i£. White. August. Jamaica.

1819.
, lu'cens (shining). See ANDRACHNE FRUTICOSA.

P. mimosoi'des (Mimosa-like). 10. Green. August.

Caribbees. 1817.
,, monta'nus (mountain). 1-2. Reddish. August.

Jamaica. 1819.
„ nivo'sus (snowy). 3. Green. Leaves variegated with

white. Pacific Isles. 1873.

„ ,, ro' seo-pi' ctus (rosy-painted). 3. Leaves varie-
gated with crimson and white. 1877.
,, nu'tans (nodding). i$. Green, yellow. August.

Jamaica. 1820.

,, pallidifo'lius (pale-leaved). See P. PULCHER.
,, polyphy'llus (many- leaved). 3. Green. August.

E. Ind. 1805.
„ pu'lcher (beautiful). 1-2. Green, reddish. Malaya.

1864.

,, racemo'sus (racemed). See P. POLYPHYLLUS.
„ ramiflo'rus (branch-flowered). See SECURINEGA

RAMIFLORA.

„ reticula'tus (netted). 3. Red. August. Tropics,
Old World.

„ salviafo'lius (Salvia-leaved). Males greenish ; females
tinted red. Colombia. 1883.

„ sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Green, yellow. August.
E. Ind. 1822. Climber.

„ stemannia'nus (Seemannian). 2-3. Whitish, incon-
spicuous. New Hebrides. 1879.

„ specio'sus (showy). 1-2. Whitish. August, Sep-
tember. Jamaica. 1783.

,, turbina' tus (top-shaped). See ANDRACHNE FRUTICOSA.

,, verruca' sus (warty). S. Africa.

PHYLLA'RTHRON. (From phullon, a leaf, and arthros,
a joint ; leaflets as if jointed to the footstalks. Nat. ord.
Bignoniads [BignoniaceaeJ. Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-
Gymnospermia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of stubby side-
shoots, or pieces of the ripe young wood, in sand, under
a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibrous
peat, and a little leaf-mould and charcoal. Winter
temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
P. bojeria'num (Bojerian). 3. Rose. July. Mada-
gascar. 1844.

,, comore'nse (Comoran). 2-4. Comoro Islands.
,, noronhia'num (Noronhian). 2-4. Madagascar.

PHY'LLIS. (From Phyllis, the daughter of Scithon, a
king of Thrace. Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

A greenhouse, subshrubby plant. Cuttings in sand,

under a hand-light. Loam, peat, or leaf-mould, and sand.

P. No'bla (Nobla). 1-2. White. Canary Islands. 1699.

„ „ paucifto'ra (few-flowered). Flowers fewer in a

truss.

PHYLLOCA'CTUS. (From phullon, a leaf, and Cactus ;
in allusion to the flattened, leaf-like stems. Nat. ord.
Cactaceae.)

Dry, warm greenhouse plants, requiring plenty of sun-
shine when making their growth. Cuttings, allowed to
dry for a few days before insertion in sand. Fibrous
loam, peat, some finely-broken bricks, and sand.
P. Ackerma'nni (Ackermann's). 2. Scarlet. June to

August. Mexico. 1829.

,, „ ma'jor (larger). Scarlet. June to August.
„ angu'liger (angle-bearing). 2$. White, dusky.

Autumn. Mexico. 1851.
„ bifo'rmis (two-formed). 2-2^. Pink. Honduras.

1839.
„ caulorrhi' ziis (stem-rooting). White, greenish.

Country unknown. 1851.
„ Coope'ri (Cooper's). 2. Large yellowish- white.

Hybrid. 1883.

„ crena'tus (scolloped). 2. Pale cream. May. Hon-
duras. 1839.

,, ,, cocci' 'neus (scarlet). Scarlet.
„ Darra'hii (Darrah's). 3. Yellow, white. Mexico.

1907.

,, gra'ndis (grand). Honduras. 1847.
„ Hoo'keri (Hooker's). 2-3. White. June. Brazil.
,, la'tifrons (broad- leaved). White. August. Mexico.
„ phyllanthoi'des (Phyllanthus-like). 2-3. Rose, white.

June. Mexico. ' 1810.
„ Phylla'nthus (Phyllanthus). 2-2 J. White. June.

Trop. Amer. 1810.
„ Purpu'si (Purpus's). 3. Carmine, purple, rose, white,

or yellowish-white. Mexico. 1907.
PHYLLO'CALYX EDU'LIS. See EUGENIA SELLOI.

PHYLLOCLADUS

665

PHYSOCHLAINA

PHYLLO'CLADUS. (From phullon, a leaf, and klados,
a branch; branch-like leafleted leaves. Nat. ord.
Conifers [Coniferae]. Linn. zi-Moncecia, lo-Monadelphia.
Allied to Podocarpus.)

Greenhouse cone-bearing trees, from Tasmania, except
where otherwise stated. Cuttings of the ripe shoots in
sand, under a glass, in spring, and no artificial bottom-
heat until the cuttings swell at their base ; strong loam.
At Belfast, rhomboida'lis (Celery-topped, or Adventure
Bay Pine) bears the winter without protection ; tncho-
manoi'des would be equally hardy in the south of Ireland
and south-west of England. Winter temp., 40° to 48° ;
summer, 60° to 75°.

P. glau'ca (sea-green). Yellow. New Zealand. 1853.
Shrub.

„ hypophy'lla (under-leaf). 10-20. Borneo. Tree.

„ rhomboida'lis (diamond-leaved). 40. 1825. " Ad-
venture Bay Pine."

„ trichomanoi'des (maiden-hair-like). 60. Yellow. July.
New Zealand. 1840.

PHYLLO'DOCE C2£RU'LEA. See BRYANTHUS TAXI-

FOLIUS.

PHYLLO'DOCE EMPETRIFO'RMIS. See BRYANTHUS

EMPETRIFORMIS.

PHYLLO'DOCE TAXIFO'LIA. See BRYANTHUS TAXI-

FOLIUS.

PHYLLO'MA ALOIFLO'RUM. See LOMATOPHYLLUM

BORBONICUM.

PHYLLO'STACHYS. (From phullon, a leaf, and
stachns, a spike ; the flowers are in leafy spikes. Nat.
ord. Gramineae.)

Hardy bamboos, which are woody grasses. Seeds
when obtainable ; suckers in May. Good heavy loam,
in situations sheltered from the wind in winter.
P. au'rea ; (golden). 5-10. Stems yellow. Japan.

,, bambusoi'des (Bambusa-like). 10-12. Japan.

,, fastuo'sa (proud). 4. Japan.

„ 'flexuo'sa (flexuous). 3-4. N.China.

„ fu'lva (tawny). 4-6. Stems yellow. Japan. 1898.

„ 'Heno'nis (Henon's). 8-12. Japan.

,, mi'lis (mild). 10-15. Japan.

„ „ heterocy'da (variously-coiled). Japan. "Tor-
toise-shell Bamboo."

„ ni'gra (black). 5-8, rarely 25. Stems black. Japan.
1894.

„ „ borya'na (Boryan). 5-10. Leaves larger. Japan.

„ „ puncta'ta (spotted). 5-8. Stems spotted with
yellow on black. Japan. 1894.

„ Quilioi' (Quilio's). 5-10. Japan. 1894.

„ „ Castillo'nis (Castillon). 5-10. Japan. 1886.

,, ,, marlia'cea (Marliacan). 4-6. Japan.

„ ruscifo'lia (Ruscus-leaved). 2\. Japan. 1894.

,, sulphu'rea (sulphur). 3-4. Japan.

,, viola' scens (violet). 3. Japan(?).

„ vi' ridi-glauce' scens (greenish-glaucous). 10-15. China.
1894.

PHYLLO'TA. (From phullon, a leaf, and ous, otos, an
ear ; shape of leaves. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosae]. Linn. io-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Aotus.)

Greenhouse evergreen, yellow-flowered shrub. Cut-
tings of young shoots getting firm (the little stubby side-
shoots are best), in spring and summer, in sand, under a
bell-glass ; fibrous, sandy peat, and a few nodules of
fibrous loam, to keep the plants stubby. Winter temp.,
40° to 48°.
P. a'spera (rough), P. como'sa (tufted), and P. squarro'sa

(spreading). See P. PHYLICOIDES.
„ phylicoi'des (Phylica-like). 2. Yellow. May.
Australia. 1822.

PHYLLOTffi'NIUM LINDE NI.

LlNDENI.

PHYLLO'XERA VASTA'TRIX.

LOXERA or VINE LOUSE.

PHYMATA'NTHUS ELA'TUS.

ELA'TUM.

PHYMATA'NTHUS TRICOLOR. See PELARGONIUM

VIOLARIUM.

See XANTHOSOMA

See GRAPE PHYL-

See PELARGONIUM

PHYMATO'DES. (From phuma, a swelling or tumour,
and eidos, like ; the leaf base is thickened. Nat. ord.
Filices. Now referred to Polypodium.)
P. bi'frons (two-leaved). See POLYPODIUM BIFRONS.
„ Billardie'ri (Billardiere's). See POLYPODIUM BILLAR-

DIERI.

„ excava'ta (excavated). See POLYPODIUM LINEARE.
,, gemina'ta (twin). See POLYPODIUM GEMINATUM.
„ leiorhi'za (smooth-rooted). See POLYPODIUM LEIOR-

HIZON.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See POLYPODIUM LONGI-

FOLIUM.

„ lo'ngipes (long-stalked). Garden variety of Poly-
podium Phymatodes.

„ longi'ssima (longest). See PoLYrooiuM LONGISSIMUM.
,, nigre'scens (blackening). See POLYPODIUM NIGRE-

SCENS.

,, nu'da (naked). See POLYPODIUM LINEARE.
„ pelti'dea (scaly). Garden variety of Polypodium

Phymatodes.

„ pustula' ta (blistered). See POLYPODIUM PUSTULATUM.
,, sinuo'sa (wavy). See POLYPODIUM SINUOSUM.
„ termina'lis (terminal). Garden variety of Polypodium

Phymatodes.
„ vulga'ris (common). See POLYPODIUM PHYMATODES.

PHY'SALIS. (From phusa, a bladder ; in allusion to
the inflated calyx. Nat. ord. Solanaceae.)

Hardy or tender perennial herbs, or shrubby in the
case of P. peruviana. Seeds ; divisions of the hardy
species and cuttings of the shrub. Well-drained, rich
soil.
P. /l^^ngi(Alkekengi). i£-2. White. July, August.

Europe. 1548. " Winter Cherry."
,, Bunya'rdi (Bunyard's). Hybrid between P. Alkekengi

and P. Francheti. 1905.
,, chenopodifo'lia (Chenopodium-leaved) . 1-2. White.

Peru.
,, daturtzfo'lia (Datura-leaved). See NICANDRA PHYSA-

LOIDES.

„ edu'lis (edible). See P. PERUVIANA EDULIS.
„ FrancA<f'/i(Franchet's). if-2. White. Fruit yellow;

much the largest calyx. Japan. 1894.
„ peruvia'na (Peruvian). 3-8. Whitish ; anthers

violet. Fruit pale purple. Tropics. 1772.
,, „ edu'lis (edible). 2-6. Yellow. Fruit yellow. 1773.

" Cape Gooseberry."
„ philade'lphica (Phiiadelpbian). 1-2. White. N.

Amer.

,, prostra'ia (prostrate).
,, schraderia'na (Schraderian) .
„ somni'fera (sleep-bringing). See WITHANIA SOMNI-

FERA.
,, viola' cea (violet). Yellow, with five purple spots.

Fruit violet. Mexico. 1882.
,, visco'sa (clammy). 1-2. White. Trop. Amer.

PHYSA'RIA. (From phusa, a bladder; in reference
to the short, inflated, laterally compressed seed-pods.
Nat. ord. Cruciferae. Allied to Vesicaria.)

Hardy, dwarf perennial herb. Seeds; divisions in
spring ; cuttings in sand in a cold frame during summer.
Light, well-drained soil.

P. didymoca'r pa (paii-fruited). J. Bright yellow. N.W.
Amer. 1906.

PHYSIA'NTHUS A LBENS. See ARAUJIA SERICIFERA.
PHYSIA'NTHUS AURTCOMUS. See ARAUJIA GRANDI-

FLORA.

PHYSIC NUT. Ja'tropha.

PHYSI'DIUM CORNI'GERA. See ANGELONIA CORNI-

PHYSI'DIUM GARDNE'RI. See ANGELONIA GARDNERI.

PHYSOCHLAI'NA. (From phusa, a bladder, and
chlaina, an outer garment ; referring to the swollen calyx
of some species. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solanaceae].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous herbs. Common garden-soil. In-
creased by root division in autumn or early spring.
P. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See P. PR^EALTA.
„ orienta'lis (oriental), i-i^. Bluish-purple. March,
Orient. 1821.

PHYSOPTYCHIS GNAPHALODES 666

PHYTEUMA

P. physaloi'dfs (Physalis-like). See SCOPOLIA PHYSA-

„ praa'lta (rather-tall). ii. Green. May. Himalaya.

1850.
PHYSO'PTYCHIS GNAPHALO'DES. See VESICARIA

GNAPHALODES.

PHYSOSI'PHON. (From phusa, a bladder, and siphon,
a tube ; on account of the inflated tube of the lip. Nat.
ord Orchidaceae.)

Epiphytical stove orchids. Divisions at the com-
mencement of growth. Fibre of peat, sphagnum, broken
pots, and charcoal.
P. asaroi'des (Asarum-like). \. Green-spotted, purple,

dark purple inside. S. Brazil. 1907.
„ guatemale'nsis (Guatemala). £. Small yellow and

purple. Guatemala. 1891.
„ Li'ndleyi (Lindley's). *. Green, with red sepals.

Mexico. 1893.

„ Loddige'sii (Loddiges's) . Yellow-green, reddish-
orange. March. Mexico. 1828.
„ Moo'rei (Moore's). Country unknown.
„ punctula'tus (finely-dotted). Green-yellow, purple.

Colombia. 1870.

PHYSOSPE'RMUM. (From phusa, a bladder, and
spcrma, a seed ; in allusion to the loose outer coat of the
young fruit. Nat. ord. Umbelliferae.)

Hardy perennial herb with finely-divided radical leaves.
Seeds ; divisions in spring. Ordinary soil.
P. commuta'tum (changed). 1-2. White. July. Europe

(Cornwall). " Bladder Seed."
„ cornubie'nse (Cornish). See P. COMMUTATUM.
PHYSOSTE'GIA. (From phusa, a bladder, and siege,
a covering; formation of the calyx. Nat. ord. Lip-
worts [Labiatae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia.
Allied to Melittis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds in a little heat,
early, and then most of the plants when turned out in
May will bloom the same season ; divisions of the plants
in spring ; and cuttings, or young shoots, under a hand-
light, in sandy soil, in summer; sandy loam and a little
leaf-mould.
P. corda'ta (heart-leaved). Purple. July. N. Amer.

1824.
„ denticula'ta ( toothed-teat;^). See P. VIRGINIANA

DENTICULATA.

„ imbrica'la (imbricated-flowered). See P. VIRGINIANA.
„ interme'dia (intermediate). 2-3. July to September.

N.W. Amer.

„ specio'sa (showy). See P. VIRGINIANA SPECIOSA.
„ trunca'ta (blunt-calyxed). See BRAZORIA SCUTELLA-

RIOIDES.

„ variega'ta (variegated). See P. VIRGINIANA.
„ virginia'na ( Virginian), ij. Red. August. N.
Amer. 1683.

„ a'lba (white). 3. White. August.
„ „ denticula'ta (finely- toothed). Striped. August.

Carolina. 1787.

„ „ specio'sa (showy). Pink. July. 1822.
PHYSOSTE'LMA. (From phusa, a bladder, and
stelma, a waistcoat ; in allusion to the form of the
flower.)

Stove woody climber. Cuttings in sand in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
P. campanula' turn (bell-shaped). See P. WALLICHII.
„ Walli'chii (Wallich's). Green, yellow. Singapore.

1845.

PHYSOSTI'GMA. ( From phusa, a bladder, and stigma ;
in reference to the bladdery hood of the stigma.)

Stove herbaceous climber. Cuttings in sand in a close
case, with bottom heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
P. veneno'sum (poisonous). Pale purple. Trop. Africa.
" Ordeal Bean of Old Calabar."

PHYSU'RUS. (From phusa, a bladder, and oura, a
tail. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynan-
dria, i-Monandria. Allied to Anaectochilus.)

P. pictus rivals the far-famed Anczctochilus in the
richness of its foliage. Stove orchids, in pots. Division
in spring. See ORCHIDS.

P. arge'nteus (silvery-leaved) . J. White. June. Ceylon.
„ chine' nsis (Chine'se). £. Flowers small. Kwantung,
China. 1896.

P. deco'rus (becoming). Dirty white. Sumatra. 1873.
„ fimbrilla'ris (finely-fringed). Yellow, white. Brazil.
„ lobbia'nus (Lobb's). $. Java. 1847.
„ macula' tus (blotched). Leaves spotted with white.

Ecuador. 1862.
„ no'bilis (noble). Leaves with silvery nerves. Brazil.

1873.

„ Ortgie'sii (Ortgies's). White. Colombia. 1873.
„ pi'ctus (painted), i- White. June. Brazil. 1844.
„ „ holargy'reus (wholly silvery). Leaves silvery.
„ Pre'slei (Presley's). Yellow. February. Peru.
„ querceti' 'colus (oak-dwelling). N. Amer.
„ rariflo'rus (few-flowered). Yellow. March. Caracas.

PHYTARRHTZA A'NCEPS. See TILLANDSIA ANCEPS.

PHYTE LEPHAS. (From phuton, a plant, and elephas,
the elephant, or ivory ; in allusion to the ivory-like char-
acter of the seeds, which are made into buttons, drawer
knobs, &c. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove Palms. Seeds. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
P. macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 18. Colombia. 1846.

" Ivory-nut Palm."
,, microca'rpa (small-fruited). 10. Peru.

PHYTEU'MA. Rampion. (An ancient name of a
plant. Nat. ord. Bellworts [Campanulaceae]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Campanula.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials and alpines, with two
exceptions. Seeds and divisions in spring ; common,
light garden-soil. Pretty little things for rock works and

4. Blue. July. Asia

the front of borders.

P. amplexicau'le (stem-clasping),

Minor. 1823.
„ austri'acum (Austrian). See P. ORBICULARE AUSTRIA-

CUM.

„ Balbi'sii (Balbis's). Europe.
„ betonicifo'lium (betony-leaved). See P. MICHELII.
,, campanuloi'des (Campanula-like), i. Blue. July.

Caucasus. 1804.
„ „ sibthorpia'num (Sibthorpian) . See P. SIBTHOR-

PIANUM.

„ cane'scens( hoary). 2. Lilac. July. Hungary. 1804.
„ CarSstice (Caresta's). See P. HUMILE.
„ Charme'lii (Charmeli's) . See P. SCHEUCHZERI CHAR-

MELII.
„ como'sum( tufted). J. Blue. June. Austria. 1752.

Biennial.
„ confu'swn (confused). See P. ORBICULARE FISTU-

LOSUM.

„ corda'tum (heart-shaped). See P. ORBICULARE.
„ cordifo'lia (heart- leaved). See P. ORBICULARE.
„ cornicula' turn (little-horned). See P. SCHEUCHZERI.
„ glacia'le (glacial). See P. SIEBERI.
„ globularifo'lium (Globularia-leaved). See P. PAUCI-

FLORUM GLOBULARI.*FOLIUM.

,, gra'cile (slender). J. Pale blue. Asia Minor. 1900.
„ Halle'ri (Haller's). $. Violet. May. South of

France. 1822. " Horned Rampion."
„ hemispha'ricum (half-globed). i. Blue. July.

Switzerland. 1752.
„ hi'spidum (bristly), i. Blue. June. Switzerland.

1825.
„ hu'mile (humble). *. Blue. June. Switzerland.

1825.

„ inaqua'tum (levelled). See P. ORBICULARE.
„ lanceola'titm (spear- head-leaved), i- White. June.

Armenia. 1826.
„ ;iwtontt/o7tMm(Limonium-leaved). Switzerland. 1832.

Evergreen.
„ lobelioi'des (Lobelia-like), £. Pale blue. Asia Minor.

1900.
„ Miche'lii (Micheli's). £. Red. June. Switzerland.

1822.

„ na'num (dwarf). See P. PAUCIFLORUM.
„ ni'grum (black). $. Red. July. Bohemia. 1820.
„ orbicula're(Tound-headed). i. Violet. July. England.
,, „ austri'acum (Austrian). Austria.
„ „ deci'piens (deceiving). Blue. July. Switzerland.

1819.

„ „ fistula' sum (hollow). S. Europe.
,, ,, gigante'um( gigantic). Blue. July. France. 1817.
„ paucifto'rum (few-flowered). |. Blue. May. Swit-

zerland. 1823.
„ „ globular iafo' Hum (Globularia-leaved). J. Blue.

June. 1820.
„ pulche'llum (pretty). Asia Minor. 1836.

PHYTOLACCA

667

PICEA

P. sali'gnum (willow- leaved). See P. CAXESCEXS.

„ Scheuchze'ri(Scheucbzei's). |. Blue. May. Switzer-
land. 1813.

„ ,, Charme'lii (Channel's). I. Blue. June. Pyrenees.
1823.

„ scorzonerifo'liunt (Scorzonera- leaved). See P. MICHELII.

„ serra'tum (saw-edged). Corsica.

„ sibi'ricum (Siberian), i. Blue. July. Siberia. 1817.

„ sibthorpia'num (Sibthorpian). i. Blue. July.
Greece. 1804.

„ Siebe'ri (Sieber's). i. Blue. June. Pyrenees. 1826.

„ spica'tum (spiked). 2. Blue. May. Europe (Eng-
land). 1597. " Spiked Rampion."

„ stri'ctum (upright). See P. LIMOXIIFOLIUM.

„ tetrame'ricum (four-parted). See P. SPICATUM.

„ transsilva'nicum (Transsilvanian) . See P. HEMI-

SPHERICUM.

„ urlicifo'lium (nettle-leaved). See P. HALLERI.
„ virga'tum (twiggy). See P. LIMONIIFO'LIUM.

PHYTOLA'CCA. (From phuton, a plant, and lacca,
lac ; the crimson colour of the fruit. Nat. ord. Phyto-
laccads [Phytolacaceae]. Linn. io-Decandria, $-Deca-
gynia.)

There are many tender species, but the following hardy
herbaceous ones are all that are deserving of notice. Seeds
and divisions in spring ; light, sandy soil and leaf-mould.
P. acino'sa (grape-Like). N. India. 1844. " Indian

Poke."

„ abyssi'nica (Abyssinian). 1-2. Trop. Africa. Green-
house.

„ bogote'nsis (Bogota). White, green. Colombia.
„ deca'ndra (ten-stamened). 5. White, green. August.

Florida. 1768. " Virginian Poke."
,, „ a' Ibo-variega' ta (white- variegated). Leaves varie-
gated. 1887.

„ dioi'ca (dioecious). S. Amer. Greenhouse.
„ esculefnia (esculent). See P. ACINOSA.
„ icosa'ndra (twenty-stamened). 3. Green, purple.

July. India.
„ octo'nira(eight-stamened). 2-3. White, green. July.

Japan.

„ purpura' scens (purplish). See P. ICOSAXDRA.
,, vulga'ris (common). See P. DECANDRA.

PHYTOMY'ZA I'LICIS. See HOLLY-LEAF FLV.

PHYTOMY'ZA NIGRICO'RNIS. The Chrysanthemum
Leaf-miner.

PHYTOTHTHORA INFE'STANS. See POTATO DISEASE.

PIARA'NTHUS. (From piar, fatness, and anthos, a
flower ; the flowers being succulent, as in Stapelia. Nat.
ord. Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandrta,
2-Digynia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. Cuttings,
dried some days at their base before inserting them in
sandy loam ; sandy loam, lime-rubbish, leaf-mould, and
a little dried cow-dung. Winter temp., 48° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 90° ; dry in winter.
P. a'ridus (dry). J. Pale yellow. August. 1795.

zemina'tus (twin). Orange-yellow, deep red.
to September. S. Africa.

,, dcco'rus (graceful). J. Yellow-striped. March. 1795.

i. June

1795-

„ gussonea'nus (Gussone's). See BOUCEROSIA EUROP.EA.
„ incarna'tus (flesh-coloured). See BOUCEROSIA m-

CARNATA.

„ mammilla' ris (nippled). See BOUCEROSIA MAMMIL-

LARIS.
„ parviflo'rus (small-flowered). J. Yellow. August.

1795-

„ pu'llus (dark). See BOUCEROSIA MAMMILLARIS.
„ puncta'tns (dotted). £. Dark purple. August. 1795.
„ serrula'tus (saw-edged). £. Purple. July. 1805.
„ Sprengc'ri (Sprenger's). See CARALLUMA SPRENGERI.

PI'CEA. Spruce Firs. (From pix, picis, pitch ; in
allusion to the resin which pervades the wood, leaves,
and cones. Nat. ord. Coniferae.)

Hardy, evergreen trees allied to Abies, and both were
formerly included under Pinus, though all are readily
distinguishable from one another. Chiefly by seeds ;
varieties by cuttings, layers, inarching, and grafting.
Deep rich loam, or even peaty soil, with a good supply
of moisture rather than dry soils. Lowland and sheltered
situations, rather than exposure, are favourable to the
growth of fine trees and the production of timber.

P. ajane'nsis (Ajona). 80. Japan, and Amoor. 1861.
„ „ microspe rma (small-seeded). Seeds small. Japan.

1861.
„ a'lba (white). 30-40. N.E. Amer. and British

Columbia. 1700. " White Spruce."
„ ,, au'rea (golden). Leaves yellow.
„ ,, cteru'lea (blue). Leaves bluish or glaucous.
„ „ cceru'lea Henderso'ni (Henderson's blue).
„ ,, nn'na (dwarf). A low bush.
„ albertia'na (Albertian). See TSUGA MERTEXSIAXA.
„ alcockia'na (Alcockian). 120. Japan. 1861.
„ alpe'stris (alpine). See P. EXCELSA ALPESTRIS.
„ bi' color (two-coloured). Japan.
„ &rft£?erta'na(Brewerian). 70-90. N.California. 1886.

" Weeping Spruce."

„ canade'nsis (Canadian). See TSUGA CANADENSIS.
„ commu'nis (common). See P. EXCELSA.
„ complanafta (flattened). 100. Leaves flattened.

W. China. 1906.

„ co'ncolor (one-coloured). See ABIES CONCOLOR.
„ Engelma'nni (Engelman's). 80-100. British Colum-
bia, Oregon to Arizona. 1864.
„ ,, candidi' ssima (whitest). A deeper blue than P.

EXGELMAXXI GLAUCA.
„ „ glau'ca (sea-green). Leaves sea-green. " Engel-

mann's Blue Spruce."

„ eremi'ta (low). See P. EXCELSA EREMITA.
„ ericoi'des (heath-like). A variety of doubtful origin.
„ exce'lsa (lofty). 150. May. Mountains of northern

and central Europe. 1548. " Common Spruce,"

" Norway Spruce," " Burgundy Pitch-tree."
„ „ aero' coma (apex-tuf ted) . Cones with a tuft of

short, hard leaves at the apex. 1909.
„ ,, alpe'stris (alpine). Swiss mountains. 1887.
„ „ Apo'llinis (Apollo's).
„ „ arge'nteo-spi'ca (silvery-spiked). Points of young

shoots silvery.

„ „ attenua'ta (attenuated). Habit very slender.
„ „ au'rea (golden). Leaves tipped with yellow.
„ „ brevifo'lia (short-leaved). Leaves very short.
„ ,, capita'ta (headed). Tree forming a globular mass,

with headed masses of leaves. 1889.
„ „ clanbrasilia'na (Clanbrasilian). 1-4. "LordClan-

brasil's Spruce."
„ „ clanbrasilia'na e'legans (elegant). 2-6. " Knight's

Dwarf Spruce."
„ „ cupre'ssina (Cypress-like). Erect habit Like a

Cypress. 1907.

„ „ e'legans (elegant). " Knight's Dwarf Spruce."
„ „ eremi'ta (low). Bark red. Branches short, thick.
„ „ finedone'nsis (Finedon). Shoots pale yellow,

changing to bronze and green. " Finedon Spruce."
i> »» gregorya'na (Gregorian). Dwarf, dense bush.

" Gregory's Dwarf Spruce."

„ „ horizonta'lis (horizontal). Branches horizontal.
„ „ inve'rta (inverted). 50-80. Branches drooping,

snake-like.

„ ,, leiocla'da (smooth-branched). Branches glabrous.
„ „ MaxwSUi (Maxwell's). " MaxweU's Dwarf

Spruce."
„ ,, monstro'sa (monstrous). Branches long and very

little branched, snake-like.
„ ,, mucrona'ta (short-pointed). 180. Oregon. "Spike

leaved Spruce."

„ ,, muta'bilis (changeable). Garden variety. 1888.
„ „ na'na (dwarf). See P. EXCELSA PYGM.EA.
,, ,, parvifo'rmis (small-formed). A very small variety.
„ „ pu'mila (low). Very low and spreading.
» „ pygma'a (pigmy), i. Of upright growth, but

very dwarf.
ii „ pygma'a glau'ca (sea-green). " Blue Pigmy

Spruce."

ii » pyramida'lis (pyramidal). " PjTamidal Spruce."
„ „ refte'xa (reflexed). Branches pendulous. 1890.
„ „ stri'cta (upright). "Upright Clanbrasil Spruce."
„ „ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). Leaves very slender.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves with yellow

variegation.

»• i» virga'ta (twiggy). See P. EXCELSA MONSTROSA.
„ Gle'hni (Glehn's). A low tree. Island of Sachalin.

1880.

„ hondoe'nsis (Hondoan). Japan.
„ jezoe'nsis (Jezpan). See P. AJAXEXSIS MICROSPERMA.
„ Maximowi'czii (Maximowicz's). Japan. 1880.
„ Menzie'sii (Menzies'). See P. SITCHEXSIS.
„ minia'ta (red-barked). See P. EXCELSA EREMITA.

PICK-AXE

668

PILEANTHUS

P. monti'gena (mountain-begot). 60. W. China. 1906.
„ Mori'nda (Morinda). 60-120. Himalaya. 1818.

A noble spruce.
„ morindoi'des (Morinda-like). Branches spreading;

branchlets drooping. E. Asia(?). 1903.
„ Neovei'tckii (new-Veitch's). 25. Central China.

1003 ,
„ ni'gra (black). 50-80. N.E. Amer. 1700. " Black

Spruce."

„ „ au'reo-margina'ta (golden-edged).
„ ,, Doume'ttii (Doumett's).

,, pu'mila (dwarf).
„ obova'ta (reverse-egg-shaped). N.E. Europe and N.

Asia.

.) i) japo'nica (Japanese). Japan. 1868.
„ „ schrenkia'na (Schrenkian). 60. " Schrenk's

Spruce." Altai Mountains.
„ „ schrenkia'na globo'sa ( globose). 6. Plant globose.

1908.
„ Owo'nca(Omorica). Leaves flat. Servia and Bosnia.

1884. " Servian Spruce."
„ orienta'lis (oriental). 25-30. Mountains of Taurus

and Caucasus. 1825. " Oriental Spruce."
„ „ au'rea (golden). Leaves yellow.
„ „ na'na (dwarf). Pyramidal. 1891.
„ „ nu'tans (nodding). Branches drooping gracefully.

1905.

,, „ pygma'a (pigmy). Very dwarf.
„ „ semivirga'ta (half- twiggy). Branches slightly

branched, ic/io.

„ parrya'na (Parryan). See P. PUNGENS.
„ poli'ta (polished). 40-50. Mountains of Japan.
„ pu'ngens (prickly). 80. Utah and California.
„ „ arge'ntea (silvery). See P. PUNGENS GLAUCA.
„ „ au'rea (golden). Leaves constantly golden-yellow.

1905.
„ „ ftave'scens (yellowish). Leaves whitish-yellow

where exposed . 1905 .

„ „ glau'ca (sea-green). Blue-green. " Blue Spruce."
„ „ glau'ca pe'ndula (pendulous). 1901. " Weeping

Blue Spruce."

„ ,, kosteria'na (Kosterian).
„ ru'bra (red). 40-50. N. Amer. 1755.
„ „ a'rctica (arctic). A low northern form.
„ ,, mpnstro'sa (monstrous).
„ ,> viola' cea (violet). Bluish.

„ schrenkia'na (Schrenkian). See P. OBOVATA SCHREN-
KIAN A.
„ sitche'nsis (Sitka). 60-80. N.W. Amer. 1831.

" Sitka Spruce."

„ smithia'na (Smithian). See P. MORINDA.
„ Tsu'ga (Tsuga). See TSUGA SIEBOLDI.
„ Wilso'ni( Wilson's). Cones 2 in. long. Central China.

1903.

PICK- AXE should have a handle 3 J feet long, made of
ash ; and the points or edges of the head should be of
well-steeled iron. There are three varieties : (i) The
pick with two points, for loosening hard surfaces. (2) The
pick-axe, for cutting through roots of trees when felling.
(3) The mattock, with one pointed and one flat edge,
for loosening surfaces and grubbing up roots.
PICOTEE. See CARNATION and PINK.

PICR2E'NA. (From pikros, bitter; the wood and
leaves are very bitter. Nat. ord. Simarubacea?.)

Evergreen stove tree. Cuttings in sand with bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam, a little peat, and sand.
P. cxce'lsa (lofty). White. W. Ind. " Jamaica Quassia."

PICRI'DIUM. (From Picris, and eidos, like; the
plants resemble species of Picris. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Hardy border perennial. Seeds ; divisions in spring.
Ordinary soil.

P. tingita'num (Tangiers). 1-2. Yellow. July. Medi-
terranean regions. 1882.

PI'CRIS. (From pikros, bitter; the plants have a
bitter taste. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Hardy perennial herb. Divisions. Ordinary garden
soil.

P. sprengeria'na (Sprengerian) . 2. Yellow. July. S.
Europe ; Asia Minor. 1824.

PICRORHTZA. (From pikros, sour, or bitter, and
r hiza, a root ; the root being bitter and used medicinally
in India. Nat. ord. Scrophulariacea?.)

Hardy perennial herb. Seeds, divisions or cuttings
in summer. Ordinary soil.

P. Kurro'a (Kurroa). £. Green. July, August. Hima-
laya. 1879.
,, lindleya'na (Lindleyan). See P. KURROA.

PICTE'TIA. (Named after A. Pictet, a physician.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa?]. Linn.
17-Diadelphia, \-Decandria. Allied to Hedysarum.)

Stove evergreen, yellow-flowered shrub, from the West
Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under
a glass, in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp.,
50° to 55° ; summer, 6o8 to 90°.
P. arista'ta (awned). 4. June. 1816.
„ squama' ta (scaled). See ORMOCARPUM SENNOIDES.

PIERA'RDIA DU'LCIS. See BACCAUREA DULCIS.

PI'ERIS. (From Pieria, a district of Macedonia, the
supposed abode of the Muses. Nat. ord. Ericaceae.)

Hardy and greenhouse evergreen shrubs of great beauty.
Seeds ; layers in autumn. A peaty soil is best, but
many will grow if leaf-mould and sand are used freely.
P. fioribu'nda (free-flowering). 2-6. White. May.

Virginia to Georgia. 1812.
„ for mo' sa (beautiful). 3-6. White. Himalaya; China.

1881. Greenhouse.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). 1-3. White. March to June.

Japan. 1806.
„ ,, eleganti' ssima (very-elegant). See P. JAPONICA

VARIEGATA.

,, „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves bordered with

white. 1887.
„ maria'na (Maryland). 2. White. June. N. Amer.

1763. " Stagger-bush."
„ „ oblo'nga (oblong). 2. White. June. N. Amer.

1736.

„ „ oi>a7is(oval). 2. White. June. N. Amer. 1736.
„ ni'tida (shining). 2-6. White, pink, red, or purple.

March to May. N. Amer. 1765.
„ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 20-40. White or flesh.

May, June. Himalaya. 1825.

„ ,, densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). White. Assam. 1879.
„ phillyreafo'lia (Phillyrea-leaved). 1-2. White.

January to March. W.Florida. 1842. Greenhouse.

PI'ERIS CRAT^E'GI. Hawthorn, or Black-veined
Butterfly. Is white, with black ribs or veins on the
j wings. It is very much like Pieris brassica. The cater-
pillar is dirty yellow, hairy, black-headed, and a brown
stripe down its sides. The caterpillars moult several
times, and they are usually found on the apple-tree,
where both the yellow eggs and caterpillars may be found
in June. The caterpillars draw two or three leaves
together with a web. These should be sedulously sought
for and destroyed.

PIGAFE'TTA. (Commemorative of A. Pigafetta, an
Italian. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

A stove Palm. Seeds. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand,
with moist atmosphere.
P. ela'ta (tall). 30-40. Leaves like Cocos. Celebes.

PIGEON BERRY. Phytola'cca deca'ndra.

PIGEON PEA. Caja'nus i'ndicus.

PIG NUT. Ca'rya porci'na.

PI'LEA. (From pilos, a hat or cap ; in allusion to the
hood on the larger segment of the perianth of some of
the species. Nat. ord. Urticaceae.)

Stove herbs with very small leaves, often resembling
mosses. Seeds ; cuttings in sand under a bell-glass or
divisions. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, or peat, and sand.
P. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Green. China.
„ gra'ndis (great). Green. Jamaica.
„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). See P. MUSCOSA.
„ mitsco'sa (mossy). £. Green. Summer. Trop.

Amer. 1793. " Artillery Plant."
,, pube'scens (downy), i. Green. Summer. Brazil.
,, reticula'ta (netted), i. Green. Summer. Jamaica.
,, robu'sta (robust). Green. Mexico. " Stingless

Nettle."
„ sprucea'na (Sprucean). Green. Peru and Venezuela.

PILEA'NTHUS. (From pilos, a cap, and anlhos, a
flower. Nat. ord. Fringe-Myrtles [Myrtaceae]. Linn.
i2-Icosandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Calythrix.)

PILEWORT

669

PINANGA

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of short young
shoots in sand, under a glass, in May, and placed in a
shady place in a cold pit ; sandy loam and a little peat.
Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
P. Lima'cis (Umax-like). 2. April. White. Australia.

1824.

PILEWORT. Ranu'nculus Fica'ria.
PILOCA'RPUS. (From pilos, a cap, and karpos, a
fruit ; the shape of the fruit suggesting the name. Nat.
ord. Rutaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of mature shoots
in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.

P. Jabora'ndi (Jaborandi). Purple. Pernambuco.
„ pennatifo'lius (pinnate-leaved). 4-6. Purple or red-
purple. Brazil. 1852.
„ pinnati'fidus (pinnately-cut) . See P. PENNATIFOLIUS.

PILOCE'RETJS. (From pilos, felt, and Cereus ; in
allusion to the long bristly or woolly-looking hairs with
which the species are furnished. Nat. ord. Cactaceae.
Now referred to Cereus.)

P. Bruenno'u.'ii (Bruennow's) . See CEREUS BRUEVNOWII.
„ ccerule' scens (bluish). See CEREUS C.ERULESCE.VS.
„ celsia'nus (Celsian). See CEREUS (PILOCEREUS) CEL-

SIANUS.
„ chrysoma'llus (yellow-haired). See CEREUS CHRYSO-

MALLUS.

„ CoJw'tnwa(Columna). See CEREUS COLUMN A-TRAJAXI.
„ Curti'sii (Curtis's). See CEREUS (PILOCEREUS) CUR-

TISII.

„ Dantwi'tzii (Dantwitz's). See CEREUS (PILOCEREUS)
DANTWITZII.

„ Engelma'nni (Engelmann's). See CEREUS GIGANTEUS.

„ Forste'rii (Forster's). See P. HOULLETII.

„ fossula'tus (furrowed). Bolivia. 1855.

„ Hoppenste'dti (Hoppenstedt's). See CEREUS (PILO-
CEREUS) HOPFENSTEDTI.

„ Houlleftii (Houllet's). Violet-purple. Mexico. 1861.
„ /u6a'/ws(maned). See CEREUS (PILOCEREUS) COMETES.
„ marschalleckia'nus (Marschalleckian). Mexico. 1898.
„ ni'ger (black). See CEREUS NIGER.

, polylo'phus (many-crested) . See CEREUS POLYXOPHUS.

, Robi'ni (Robin's). Cuba. 1864.

, scopa'rius (broom). New Mexico. 1853.

, seni'lis (old). See CEREUS (PILOCEREUS) SENILIS.

, Strau'sii (Straus's). 3^. Stem covered with pure

white, silky hairs. Bolivia. 1907.
„ Vello'zii (Velloz's). See CEREUS FLUMINENSIS.
„ Willin'msii (Williams's). See CEREUS (PILOCEREUS)

SENILIS.

PILO'GYNE PUNCTA'TA. See MELOTHRJA PUNCTATA.

PILULA'RIA. (From pilula, a little ball or globule.
Nat. ord. Marsileacea?.)

A small plant of botanical interest for the bog-garden,
but of no beauty. Divisions in spring.
P. globuli'fera (small-globe-bearing). J. Fruit brown.
J une to August. Europe (Britain). " Pillwort."

PILU'MNA FRA'GRANS. See TRICHOPILIA FRAGRANS.
PILU'MNA LA'XA. See TRICHOPILIA LAXA.
PILU'MNA NO'BIUS. See TRICHOPILIA FRAGRANS

NOBILIS.

PIME LEA. (From pimele, fat ; referring to the viscid
matter on the leaves of some species. Nat. ord. Daphnads
[Thymeleaceas]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Seeds
sown in a gentle hotbed, in spring ; cuttings of young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy, fibrous peat,
with a third of fibrous loam, and pieces of charcoal,
freestone, and broken pots, to keep the soil open, in
addition to good drainage. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P. affi'nis (related). See P. ROSEA AFFINIS.

,, crini'ta (hairy). See P. IMBRICATA.

„ decussata (cross-branched). See P. FERRUGINEA.

„ diosm&fo'lia (Diosma-leaved) . See P. FERRUGIXEA.

„ drupa'cea (drupe-like). 2-4. White, blush. May.
" Victorian Bird Cherry."

„ e'legans (elegant). See P. LIGUSTRINA.

„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). 1-2. Rose or red. June. 1824.

„ filamento'sa (thready). See P. LINIFOLIA.

„ g au'ca (sea-green). 2. White. June. 1825.

P. Gni'dia (Gnidia). 2-8. Red. June to August. New

Zealand.

,, graciliflo'ra (slender-calyxed) . See P. SYLVESTRIS.
„ Henderso'ni (Henderson's). See P. ROSEA.
,, hirsu'ta (hairy). 2-3. Australia.
„ hi'spida (bristly-flowered) . 2. Blush. May. 1830.
„ hu'milis (low). See P. GLAUCA.
„ hyperi'cina (Hypericum-like). See P. LIGUSTRINA.
„ imbrica'ta (overlapping), i. White. June. 1839.
„ inca'na (hoary). See P. NIVEA.
,, intermedia, (intermediate). See P. GLAUCA.
„ lana'ta (woolly). See P. SERICEA.
„ ligHstri'na (privet-like). 4-6. White. June. 1823.
„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. White. May. 1793.
, , linoi'des (flax-like) . See P . LINIFOLIA .
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 4. White. June. 1831.
„ macroce'phala (large- headed). See P. SUAVEOLENS.
„ na'na (dwarf). See P. IMBRICATA.
„ neypergia'na (Neypergian) . See P. PREISSII.
„ ni'vea(snowy-herbaged). 6. White. Tasmania. 1833.
„ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). See P. HIRSUTA.
„ paludo'sa (marsh). See P. LIXIFOLIA.
„ pauciflo'ra (few-flowered) . 5-8. White. June. 1812.
„ Prei'ssii (Preiss's). 2-3. May. 1846.
„ ro'sea (rosy). 2. Red. June. 1800.
„ „ affi'nis (related). White. May.
„ seri'cea (silky). 2-3. June. 1834.
„ specta'bilis (showy). 3. White, pink. May. 1840.
„ spica'ta (spiked). 2. White. June. 1824.
,, suave" olens (sweet-smelling). 2-3. Yellow, fragrant.

May. 1848.

„ sylve'stris (wood). 2. Blush. June. 1830.
„ Verschaffe'ltii (Verschaffelt's). See P. SPECTABILIS.

PIMETNTA. Allspice-tree. (From pimento, the Spanish
name. Nat. ord. Myrtteblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn. 12-
Icosandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Myrtus.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat, in spring ;
rich, sandy, fibrous loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ;
summer, 60* to 85°.
P. a'cris (bitter). 20-35. White, pale red. June to

August. W. Ind. 1759. " Wild Clove."
,, officina'lis (shop). 30. White. June to August.

W. Ind. 1723. " Allspice."
„ vulga'ris (common). See P. OFFICINALIS.

PIMENTO BUSH. See PIME'NTA OFFICINA'LIS.
PIMPERNEL. Anaga'llis.

PIMPnJFLLA. (Considered to be an alteration of
bipinnula, twice pinnate, because the leaves are twice
cut. Nat. ord. Umbelliferas.)

Hardy, perennial herbs, the most important of which
is P. A ni'sum, the Aniseed of commerce. Seeds ; divisions.
Ordinary soil.

P. 4m'sttm(Anisum). 1-2. White. Greece and Egypt.
„ ma'gna ro'sea (large-rosy). 2-3$. Rose-pink. July,

August. Europe (England).
,, peregri'na (foreign). 3. S.Europe; Asia Minor.

PINA'NGA. (The Malayan name. Nat. ord. Pal-

Stove Palms. Seeds. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand,
with a moist atmosphere.

P. corona' ta (crowned). 10-20. Celebes. 1848.
„ deco'ra (becoming). Leaves dark red, changing to

clouded green. Borneo. 1886.
„ Dickso'ni (Dickson's). India.

„ di'sticha (two-ranked). 6. White. Malaya. 1814.
,, globo'sa (globular). See CALYPTROCALYX SPICATUS.
„ gra'cilis (graceful). India.
„ Ku'hlii (Kuhl's). Malaya, 1873.
„ latise'cta (broadly-cut). 10-15. Sumatra.
„ le'pida (comely). Young leaves brownish-red. E.

Ind. 1888.
„ macula' ta (blotched). Leaves bright green, blotched

with dark green. Philippines. 1863.
„ malaia'na (Malayan). 6-12. Malaya.
„ Micholi'tzii (Micholitz's). 6. Young leaves tinted

with purple, blotched with yellow. Sumatra. 1908.
„ parado'xa (paradoxical). Malaya.
„ pa'tula (spreading). 5-9. Leaves 4-5 ft. long.

Sumatra.
„ sanderia'na (Sanderian). Leaves glossy, mottled

green. Indian Archipelago. 1885.

PINASTER

670

PINE-APPLES

P. specta'bilis(s\\ovfy). Leaves mottled, silvery beneath.

E. Ind. 1886.
„ icrnate'nsis (Ternate). Leaves 12 ft. long. Temate

island.

„ Vei'tchii (Veitdi's). Loaves blotched with blackish-
green. Borneo. 1880.
PINASTER. Pi' nus Pina'ster.
PINASTER BEETLE. Bostrichus.
PINCENECTTTIA GLAU'CA and P. TUBERCULA'TA.
See NOLINA RECURVATA.

PINCHING is a term applied to crushing, between the
finger and thumb, the leading bud of a shoot, so as to
prevent its increasing in length, and to force more sap
to the other buds.

PI'NCKNEYA. (Named after Mr. Pinckney, an Ameri-
can botanist. Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Bouvardia.)

Half-hardy evergreen tree. Seeds; and cuttings of
ripened shoots under a hand-light, in sandy peat. It
hardly deserves the greenhouse, and is rather tender for
exposure, but would probably flourish against a south
wall in a shallow border of loam and peat.
P. pu'bens (downy). 20. Red. June. Georgia. 1786.

PINE. See PINUS.

PINE-APPLES. Ana'nas sati'vus.

Varieties. — Queen: a free grower and an excellent
fruiter ; fit for the earliest summer fruit, and excellent
during September and October. Ripley Queen : a very
fine fruit, and by many preferred to the first. St. Vincent,
or Green Olive : an excellent winter fruit . Black Jamaica :
the best winter pine ; it is too often confounded with
the Montserrat. Black Antigua: a noble pyramidal
fruit, with large pips ; should be cut a little before it is
quite ripe. Brown Sugar-loaf : large and showy, with
a very juicy flesh ; it is said by some to swell tolerably
well in winter. White Providence: one of the largest
and noblest of pines ; flavour rather inferior. Trinidad :
large and of pyramidal shape ; flavour not first-rate.
Enville: noble-looking fruit; flavour second-rate.
Smooth-leaved Cayenne: barrel-shaped, dark orange-
yellow, rich and highly flavoured, 6 Ib. to 9 Ib. ; one of
the best for winter and spring ; leaves nearly spineless.

Culture. — This usually commences in February. Have
the upper 30 inches of the pit in which the pots are to
be plunged filled with fresh tan. Re-pot your plants,
using any turfy soil, even from a road-side, well chopped
to pieces when dry, but by no means riddled. Never-
theless, it is very good practice to have a richer and
mellower compost in a more decomposed state on the
potting bench, such as the surface of an old cucumber-
bed, chopped when dry, dung, rotten leaves, and loam
all together (but most of the loam), and then passed
through a very coarse riddle, afterwards adding one-sixth
of charred sticks, or rubbish, such as will pass readily
through a riddle of an inch mesh.

Use pots which would require but one more shift :
the size of the pot for the final shift will determine this ;
and pots of about 13 inches diameter will be sufficiently
large for any beginner to fruit in. In potting, first
place three or four large crocks in such a way as that at
least three bold apertures be formed, both for the escape
of water and the admission of gaseous matter from
below. Over this strew broken crocks and charcoal
lumps, large as horse-beans, until the large crocks at
the bottom are just concealed. Then strew a layer of
the turfy lumps, out of which the loose soil has been
ejected by shaking in a riddle. This done, the ball may
at once be inserted, first suffering such crocks as are loose
to dislodge themselves from the old ball. Next, throw
in another layer of the turfy lumps all round the ball,
and on these strew a couple of inches of the mixed com-
post in a mellow state ; then, with a blunt stick, give
the whole a slight pressure all round the ball, add another
layer of the turfy lumps, strewing a little of the compost
over them ; again press with the stick ; and now place
a final coating of the compost, nearly 2 inches in depth,
all over, and level with the rim of the pot. Let there
be no tapping or thumping the bottom of the pot on the
bench. If the balls of the pines about to be shifted
are dry, water them, at least three days before they are
to be shifted, with tepid manure-water, in order to allow
the moisture to equalise itself, and the surplus to pass

Da,

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March

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April

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October . . .

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December

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away. Thus there will be no occasion for any root-
watering for nearly a month after shifting. The plants
may be plunsed immediately they are shifted ; but let
them by no means be more than half their depth in the
tan. If any disrooting has hdoni'- rr.ilh
and the sun shines bright, a little canvas shadin : \\ill
be a benefit for a couple of hours each day ; not, how-
ever, to obstruct light, but rather to prevent the too
rapid dispersion of atmospheric moisture.

Stove.— For the construction of this, see HOTHOUSE
and PIT.

Table of Temperature as to Artificial Heat only.

Tables of this kind must not be allowed to guide the
thermometer entirely. A good cultivator will take notice
of the condition of his plants, and shape his course
accordingly. If they appear " drawn," he should at
once lower his night heat, as also that on dull days.

For bottom-heat, by adding 5° to every one of the
above artificial day temperatures, we shall be as correct
as by any tedious detail. Thus July and August should
have a bottom-heat of 85°, which ought never to be
exceeded in pine culture. If bottom-heat is supplied
by a tank or pipes heated by hot water, the directions
about renewing the tan are not needed.

Monthly Culture. — The plants being all plunged in the
new pit, trial sticks must be put in, and a bottom-heat
thermometer by all means employed. The bottom-heat
here given is meant to apply to the heat at the bottom
of the pot. Whilst practitioners are driven to capricious
fermenting materials as a source of bottom-heat, an
excess of heat will sometimes become necessary inside
the bed, in order to provide somewhat against sudden
declines. Let, then, the operator secure the bottom-
heat as per table at the bottom of the pot, and all will
be right.

If the heat rises above the desired point, let water tx
instantly employed as a cooler between the pots ; and
if this does not immediately check it sufficiently, let the
pots forthwith be rocked to and fro in the bed, until a
fair cavity is obtained between the tan and the pot
side ; and when the heat has declined to the desired
pitch the cavity may be filled up again.

Let atmospheric moisture be liberally employed, especi-
ally from three o'clock in the afternoon until eight or
nine the next morning. A slight syringing may be
applied on every afternoon about closing time, taking
care that at this time (February) it is dispersed on the
following morning by a liberal heat and a free ventila-
tion. Air must be given daily, if only for an hour ;
during all moderate weather a little may be given at
8 A.M. ; increased, if necessary, about n A.M. ; and taken
entirely away about 3 P.M.

March. — The sun will now be gaming much power,
and the amount of transpiration from the foliage will be
much increased ; let, therefore, a corresponding increase
take place in the amount of atmospheric moisture.
Shading may be employed for a couple of hours or so
in the middle of very sunny days with some benefit.
Syringing the surface of the tan is an excellent plan. If
the wind is very cutting, be very cautious in the admis-
sion of air ; the front sashes may be kept closed, and, if
sunny, the shade applied, merely letting a little of the
surplus heat escape at back.

April. — In proportion to rapidity of growth must be
the admission of air. With a little freedom in growth,
accompanied by a free transpiration, the plants will begin
to require occasional waterings ; indeed, the Queen
section will have required it before March was out.
With regard to such as the Black Jamaica, the case is
widely different ; it is astonishing how long these pines

PINE-APPLES

671

PINK

will not only subsist but thrive without water. Queens,
Envilles, Providences, &c., will require it thrice to their
once, especially the Queens.

May.— Atmospheric moisture must continue to increase
with increasing heat aiid light. The syringe may now
be plied two or three times a week, always choosing
bright afternoons for its application. The closing up,
or reducing the air, must now be deferred until four
o' clock P.M., and the giving of air must take place pro-

rtionately sooner ; indeed, such ought to be in April,
the pines are vigorous, and plenty of atmospheric
moisture can be commanded, discontinue shading at the
end of April or beginning of May, unless the roof be of
an exceedingly bright character, and the squares of glass •
very large. Rather let atmospheric moisture more
abound, accompanied by a freer ventilation still.

June. — If the pines have done well, their pots will be
filled with fine roots by the end of June, and shifting
into the fruiting-pots will become necessary. We will,
however, pass on to the next month.

July. — At whatever period the last shifting occurs, the
same routine of potting may be observed. We have
nothing new to say, except that as the size of the pot
increases, so may in proportion the size of the lumps of
turf, &c. The plunging medium, if necessary, may be
renewed ; but much caution must be exercised at this
period, when the solar heat produces so much excite-
ment. However, we advise that a foot or so of new
tan be trenched into the bottom of the bed, and a little
mixed with surface tan, and this merely to promote
durability through the ensuing winter. ' Watch daily
their bottom-heat thermometer. As before observed, if
the plants require a watering, let it be three days before
the operation of shifting.

August. — After the plants have been shifted a fortnight
or so, they will again require the water-pot. Until the
plants are beginning to root in the new soil, however,
they may be kept moist enough by copious syringings,
damping also the surface of the tan daily. All that is
further necessary is a most liberal ventilation from
eight A.M. until past four P.M., applying all the atmos-
pheric moisture possible the moment the house is closed,
and syringing just previous to closing.

September. — The August advice will do perfectly well
for this month, except that ventilation may even be
more liberal still, when the weather is fine, to put a check
on too rampant growth ; for, in order to have fine
" shows," the tissue of the plant must become highly
solidified.

October. — The light will now begin to decrease consider-
ably, and both artificial heat and atmospheric moisture
must give way in a proportionate degree. Still, however,
persist in permitting a considerable increase of heat when
the weather is bright. We need hardly say, beware of
burning at the root. The advice applies to every month
alike ; but it requires a double amount of watchful-
ness for three weeks after disturbing the fermenting
material.

November. — In proportion to the dulness of this month,
the heat and moisture must decline. The tan-bed will
require some renewal in the early part of this month,
in order to go well through the winter ; and if the tan is
mellow, or somewhat dry, let it be well watered with
tepid water, and then stirred deeply with a pointed stake,
as deep as the stake can go. The whole may then be
cased over up to, and rather above, the rim of the pot,
provided the bottom-heat has declined sufficiently to
bear it. This renewal must be watched, and water
applied to the tan if necessary.

December and January require a very similar course
of practice ; much fire-heat will at times be necessary,
and all possible means must be taken to counteract
dryness in the atmosphere. Syringing can seldom be
permitted in these two months, but sprinklings on the
surface of the tan, and once a week it may be stirred
up with a stake. Besides this, the floor may be kept
moist, evaporating pans kept in continual requisition,
and even the walks sprinkled, if necessary. If the
weather become unusually severe, rather give up five
degrees on the thermometer than continue a roasting
fire for several days. In emergencies of this kind, the
pines will take no harm at 55° ; but not a degree below
this should be permitted.

February. — The temperature will now begin to rise
again slightly ; growth recommences, and repotting
succession pines, and the renewal of bottom- heat is

needed, this brings us to the point from which we
commenced.
Insects. — Soe ACARUS and Coccus.

PINE-BUD MOTH and PINE-SHOOT MOTH. See

RETINIA.

PINE'LLIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Araceae.)

A hardy tuberous, perennial herb allied to Arisarum
and Arisaema. Divisions or offsets at the commence-
ment of growth. Well-drained soil.
P. tuberi'fera. (tuber-bearing). 1-2. Purple. July.
Japan. 1774.

PINGUTCULA. Butterwort. (From pinguis, fat ; the
greasiness of the leaves. Nat. ord. Butterworts [Lenti-
bulariaceae]. Linn. z-Diandria, i-Monogynia.)

Seeds and divisions ; chiefly requiring marshy, boggy
soil. North American species are the most tender, re-
quiring the treatment generally given to alpines, with the
addition of keeping water in the saucer below the pot
in which they are grown.
P. alpi'na (alpine). £. White, shaded with lemon.

June. Europe (Scotland).
„ bakeria'na (Bakerian). See P. CAUDATA.
„ cauda'ta (tailed), f. Bright carmine. August,

September. Mexico. 1881.
„ „ supefrba (superb). \. Rosy-carmine, with white

eye. 1903.

„ ede'ntula (toothless). See P. LUTEA.
„ flave'scens (yellowish). See P. ALPINA.
„ Flo's-mulio'nis (mule-keeper's flower). See P. CAU-
DATA.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). J. Blue. April.

Europe (Ireland).
„ gypsi'cola (gypsum-loving). Dark to light red-violet.

Summer. Mexico. 1911.
„ Gypso'phila (Gypsophila). See P. VULGARIS.
„ hirtiflo'ra (hairy-flowered). Lilac and pale yellow.

S. Europe. 1884.
„ lusiia'nica (Portuguese). J. Lilac; throat yellow.

June to October. W. Europe (England).
„ lu'tea (yellow). £. Yellow. June. Carolina. 1816.
,, orchidioi' 'des (Orchis- like). See P. CAUDATA.
„ Ro'sei (Rose's). $. Violet-purple. August, Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1908.
„ vallisncriczfo'lia (Vallisneria-leaved). J. Lilac-purple.

June to September. Spain. 1878.
„ vulga'ris (common). |. Violet. May. Europe,

Siberia (Britain). " Bog Violet."
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See P. GRANDIFLORA.

PINK. So little do the Pink, Picotee, and Carnation
differ in their botanical characteristics, that they are
all (by some writers) considered varieties of the Clove
Pink (Dia'nthus Caryophy'llus). Some think that the
j Red Pinks only are derived from this, but that the
I Pheasant's-eye Pinks are the offspring of the Feathered
I Pink (Dia'nthus pluma'rius). As florists' flowers they are
very distinct. The Carnation marks in flakes, or ribbons,
of colour, from centre to edge, and through the edge ;
and the more dense these ribbons, or stripes, or flakes
of colour are, and the more distinct the white ground
between them, the better, and the more equally divided,
as to quantity, they are, the better. As the petals are
broader as they approach the outer edge, so also are,
or should be, both the colour and the white. They are
divided into classes, called Bizarres and Flakes ; the
former having two colours of stripe besides the white,
the latter only one colour. These Bizarres and Flakes
are subdivided, there being purple flakes, rose flakes,
and scarlet flakes ; and among the bizarres, scarlet
bizarres, which have scarlet stripes, and a second colour,
which is considered better for a rich contrast of black,
and approaches to it ; then purple bizarres, which have
purple stripes, with a light pink, or rose, or some other
colour, forming a contrast. The Picotee has the colour
only on the edge, and broad or narrow, as the case may
be, but ramifying towards the centre ; any mark or
spirt of colour that does not touch the edge is a blemish.
Some, therefore, are only marked round the edge very
distinctly, but as narrow as possible ; others have a
sort of feathering, narrow or deep, as the case may be,
but feathering inwards from the edge ; the outer edge
solid, and the inner edge rough, or feathery. The Pink
is distinct from both these. The lacing, as it were, of

PIN PILLAR

672

PINUS

a Pink is rough outside and inside, with a portion of
white outside the lacing, as if a band of colour had been
laid on ; besides this, there is colour at the base of
every petal, and, perhaps, one- third of the distance along
the petal, so that it forms an eye, or centre, of colour,
which is peculiar to itself, and which never occurs in
the Carnation or Picotee. A Pink, without its lacing
all round each petal, and its narrow strip of white out-
side it, would be worthless as a show-flower. The more
distinct this lacing is, the better ; it should look like an
even piece of embroidery, just fairly within the outer
edge of the white.

The Pink may be propagated and cultivated in every
respect similarly to the Carnation. Pipings of it are
best made at the end of May, or early in June.

Growing in Beds.— By the middle of August Pinks are
all gone out of flower, except perpetual-flowering, decora-
tive varieties. The old plants are of little use to the
florist, as they seldom produce the second year first-rate
bloom ; but for ornamenting the border they are
valuable. Remove them out of the bed ; trim off all
dead flower-stems ; and plant them in the borders of
the garden rather deeper than they have been before.
They will make fresh roots higher up the stems, and form
close compact bushes, producing the next season abund-
ance of flowers. If it is intended to grow Pinks again
in the same bed, the soil ought to be taken out a foot
deep, and renewed with fresh loam and very rotten
stable-dung, in the proportion of three of the first to
one of the latter, turning it over frequently to thoroughly
mix and sweeten it. This should be done by the third
week of August. Raise the bed 6 inches above the soil
around, and form it like a low-ridded roof. The
compost should be at least a foot deep. Plant in rows,
the first week in September, and 12 inches apart each
way. Sheltering in winter, frequent stirring of the soil
in spring, and mulching with short, well-decayed stable
manure early in J une, are the chief points of after-culture.
See CARNATION for other points requiring attention.

PIN PILLAR. Opu'ntia curassa'vica.

PINNATE. A leaf is pinnate when several leaflets
grow from the sides of one foot-stalk, as in the Pea,
Acacia, Rose, &c.

PINNATIFID is when a leaf is cut across from the
edge towards the centre nerve into several oblong
parallel segments, as in Ipomopsis, Gilia, &c.

PI'NUS. Pine-tree. (A name from Theophrastus.
Nat. ord. Conifers [Conifera]. Linn. zi-Monoecia, 10-
Monadelphia.)

Hardy evergreen trees and shrubs. Chiefly by seeds ;
scarce ones by cuttings, layers, inarching, and grafting ;
deep, rich loam yields the quickest and finest timber
for bulk ; a more mountainous situation, where the soil
is neither so rich nor so deep, is supposed to yield the
most lasting timber.

P. albicau'lis (white-stemmed). N.W. Amer. 1863.
,, apulce'nsis (Apulcan). 40-50. Mexico. 1839. Half-
hardy.

„ ara'bica (Arabian). See P. HALEPEVSIS.
„ arista' to, (bearded). See P. BALFOURIANA ARISTATA.
„ arizo'nica (Arizona). Arizona. 1875.
„ Arma'ndi (Armand's). 40-50. Leaves in tufts of

five. China. 1903.

„ austra'lis (southern). See P. PALUSTRIS.
„ austri'aca (Austrian). See P. LARICIO NIGRICANS.
„ Ayacahui'te (Ayacahuite). 100-120. Mexico. 1840.

" Hickory Pine."
„ balfouria'na (Balfourian). 50. California. 1852.

" Fox-tail " or " Hickory Pine."
„ „ arista'ta (bearded). 40. California. 1863.
„ banksia'na (Banksian). 20. May. North-Eastern

United States. 1785.

„ benthamia'na (Benthamian). A form of P. ponderosa.
„ Bolande'ri (Bolander's). See P. CONTORTA.
„ Boursie'ri (Boursier's). See P. CONTORTA.
„ Bru'tia (Brutia). See P. PYRENAICA.
„ bungea'na (Buns;ean). 40-80. N. China. 1846.

" Lace Bark Pine."

„ Buonapa'rtea (Buonapartean). See P. AYACAHUITE.
„ califo'rnica (Calif ornian). See P. INSIGNIS.
„ carpa'tica (Carpathian). See P. EXCELSA.
„ canarie'nsis (Canary) . 40. Canaries. 1815. "Canary
Pine." Half-hardy.

P. Ce'mbra (Cembra). 25-30. May. Mountains of

Central Kurope. 1746. " Swiss Stone Pine."
„ ,, au'rea (golden). Leaves yellow.
,, ,, compa'cta (compact). Compact and conical. 1909.
„ „ pu'mila (dwarf). 4. Siberia.
„ „ sibi'rica (Siberian). Siberia.
„ cembroi'des (Cembra-like). 20-30. Arizona. 1845.
,, Chihuahua'na (Chihuahuana). 46-50. North-Wcstern

Amer.

„ conto'rta (twisted). 20-30. N.W. Amer. 1831.
,, ,, murraya'na (Murrayan). 50-100. Califomian

valleys.

„ Coulte'ri (Coulter's). 60-120. California. 1832.
„ cube'nsis (Cuban). S. United States ; Central Amer. ;

Bahamas.

,, defte'xa (deflexed). See P. JEFFREYI DEFLEXA.
„ densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). 30-50. Japan.
,, ,, arge'nteo-variega'ta. Variegated with silver.
„ „ au'reo-variega'ta (golden-variegated). Variegated

with yellow.
„ devonia'na (Duke of Devonshire's). See P. MONTE-

ZUM.E.

„ Do'n-Pe'dri (Don-Peter's). See P. AYACAHUITE.
,, echina'ta (prickly). 40. May. N. Amer. 1739.
„ edu'lis (edible). New Mexico. Seeds edible.
„ Ehrenbe'rgii (Ehrenberg's). See P. HARTWEGII.
„ elda'rica (Eldarian). 50. Desert of Eldar, Trans-
caucasia. 1903.
„ exce'lsa (lofty). 50-150. Temperate Himalaya. 1827.

" Bhotan Pine."

,, ,, zebri'na (zebra-striped). Leaves with white trans-
verse bands. 1889.
,, ftlifo'lia (thread-leaved). 40-60. Guatemala. 1839.

Half-hardy.

„ finlaysonia'na (Finlaysonian). See P. MERKUSII.
„ fle'xilis (flexuous). 50. N.W. Amer. to Texas. 1851.

" White Pine."

„ „ albicau'lis (white-stemmed). See P. ALBICAULIS.
,, „ a'lbo-variega'ta (white-variegated). Many of the

leaves white. 1910.

„ fremontia'na (Fremontian). See P. MONOPHYLLA.
,, gerardia'na (Gerardian). 40-50. North-Western

Himalayas, Afghanistan.

,, gordonia'na (Gordonian). See P. MONTEZUM.B.
„ Grenvi'llecK (Lady Grenville's). See P. MONTEZUM.*-.
,, halepe'nsis (Aleppo). 40-50. June. Mediterranean

region. 1683. " Jerusalem Pine."
„ „ conglomera' ta (crowded). Cones crowded. 1869.
,, „ mart' tima (maritime). 40. May. South of Greece.
„ „ proli'fera (proliferous).
,, Hartu'e'gii (Hartweg's). 40. Mexico. 1839.
„ i'nops (poor). 20-30. N.E. United States. 1789.

" New Jersey " or " Scrub Pine."
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). 60-100. California. 1833.

" Monterey Pine."
„ insula'ris (insular). Philippines.
,, Jeffre'yi (Jeffrey's). 50-150. California.
„ „ defte'xa (deflexed). Branches deflexed.
,, karama'na (Caramanan). See P. LARICIO PALLASIANA.
,, koraie'nsis (Corean). 25-35. Corea and Japan. 1861.
,, ,, variega'ta (variegated). 1887.
,, lambertia'na (Lambertian). 100-300. California and

Oregon. 1827. " Sugar Pine."
,, ,, brevifo'lia (short-leaved).
,, Lari'cio (larch-like). 80-150. S. Europe ; Levant.

1814. " Corsican Pine."
„ „ au'reo-variega'ta (golden- variegated).
,, „ austri'aca (Austrian). See P. LARICIO NIGRICANS.
,, ,, Mose'ri (Moser's). Dwarf. Leaves golden- yellow

in winter. 1900.
„ „ na'na au'rea (dwarf-golden).
,, ,, ni'gricans (blackish). 50-100. Austria. 1835.

" Austrian Pine," " Black Pine."
,, ,, pallasia'na (Pallasian). 70-80. May. Crimea ;

Asia Minor. 1790.
M » pi'ndica (Pindus). 70-80. Leaves short, pale

green. Pindus Mountains, Greece. 1902.
„ ,, prostra'ta (prostrate). Habit prostrate. 1903.
M » pygma'a (pigmy). Very dwarf, with leaves

clustered at the ends of branches.
„ ,, tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). Leaves long and slender.

S.W. Europe.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Leaves very long. Santa

Rita Mountains, Arizona. 1889.
„ latisqua'ma (broad-scaled). Mexico. 1882.

PINUS

673

PINUS

P. leiophy'lla (smooth- leaved). 80. Mexico. 1800.
,, lindleya'na (Lindleyan). See P. MONTEZUM.E.
„ llavea'na (Llavean). See P. CEMBROIDES.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 60-100. Leaves very long.

Himalaya. 1801. Half-hardy.
„ loudonia'na (Loudonian). See P. AYACAHUITE.
„ macroca'rpa (large- fruited). See P. COULTERI.
„ macrophy'lla (long-leaved). See P. MONTEZUM.E.
,, mari'tima (maritime). See P. PINA'STER.
,, massonia'na (Massonian). 60-85. Japan. 1825.
,, Merku'sii (Merkus's). 100. Sumatra.
„ mi' Us (soft). 20-50. May. Eastern United States.

1739. " Yellow Pine."
„ monophy'lla (one-leaved). 5-25. Sierra Nevada,

Utah. 1847.
,, monta'na (mountain). 5-15- Mountains of Central

and Southern Europe. 1779.
„ „ au'reo-variega'ta (golden- variegated). Some leaves

are golden-yellow. 1906.
,, ,, Fische'ri (Fischer's).
,, ,, gra'cilis (graceful). Leaves only i-ij in. long.

1906.

„ „ Mu'ghus (Mughus). 5-15- May. Austria. 1779.
„ „ Mu'ghus na'na (dwarf). 2-3. " Knee Pine."
„ „ Pumi'lio (Pumilio). 12-20. May. Europe.
„ „ Pumi'lio variega'ta (variegated). Leaves varie-
gated.

,, ,, uncina'ta (hooked). 10-20. Pyrenees.
„ Montezu'mce (Montezuma's). 40-50. Mexico. 1839.

Hardy in the south and west.
„ tnonft'co/a (mountain-dwelling). 50-100. Vancouver's

Island ; California. 1831.

„ Mu'ghus (Mughus). See P. MONTANA MUGHUS.
„ murica'ta (warted). 40-50. California. 1846.
„ mur r aya'na (Murrayan) . See P. CONTORTA MURRAYANA.
„ occidenta'lis (western). 80. W. Ind. Greenhouse.
„ ooca'rpa (egg-fruited). 40. Mexico and Guatemala.

1839. Half-hardy.

„ oocarpoi'des (oocarpa-like). See P. OOCARPA.
„ oriza'ba (Mount Orizaba). See P. PSEUDO-STROBUS.
„ osteospe'rma (bony-seeded). See P. CEMBROIDES.
„ pallasia'na (Pallasian). See P. LARICIO PALLASIANA.
„ palu'stris (marsh). 70. S. United States. 1730.

" True Pitch Pine."
„ parrya'na (Parryan). S. California.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 20-40. Japan. 1846.
„ pa'tula (spreading). 60-70. Mexico. 1826. Half-
hardy.
„ „ macroca'rpa (large-fruited). Cones large. Mexico.

" Pinus del Doctor."
,, ,, stri'cta (upright).
„ pe'rsica (Persian). See P. HALEPENSIS.
,, Peu'ke (Peuke). Macedonia.
„ Pina'ster (Pinaster). 60-80. Mediterranean region.

1596. " Cluster Pine."
„ „ Hamilto'ni (Hamilton's). Nice. 1825. " Lord

Aberdeen's Pine."

„ „ mi' nor (lesser). 60. May. France.
„ ,, variega'ta (variegated). Leaves green and yellow.

May.
„ Pi'nea (Pine). 50-60. Mediterranean region. 1548.

" Stone Pine," " Umbrella Pine."
„ ,, cre'tica (Cretan). May. Crete.
,, ,, fra'gilis (fragile). 60. Thin-shelled. May. S.

Europe.

„ pondero'sa (heavy-wooded). 50-150. British Colum-
bia to Texas. 1828.

,, ,. Jeffre'yi (Jeffrey's). See P. JEFFREYI.
„ ,, scopulo'rum (rock). Rocky Mountains. 1888.
„ Pseu'do-stro'bus (false-Strobus). 70. Mexico. 1839.

Half-hardy.

„ Pumi'lio (Pumilio). See P. MONTANA PUMILIO.
,, pu'ngens (prickly). 40. May. E. Central United

States. 1804. " Table Mountain Pine."
„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 50-80. May. S. Europe;

Levant. 1834. " Calabrian Pine."
„ radia'ta (rayed). See P. INSIGNIS.
„ reflefxa (reflexed). N.W. Amer. 1881.
„ resino'sa (resinous). 80. N. Eastern Amer. 1756.

" Canadian Red Pine."
„ ri'gida (rigid). 40-80. May. Eastern United States.

1759.

„ ru'dis (rude). See P. HARTWEGII.
„ russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). See P. MONTEZUM.E.
„ sabinia'na (Sabinian). 80-120. California. 1832.
„ sero'tina (late). 40. N. Carolina to Florida. 1713.

N.

the

sinclairia'na (Sinclairian). See P. PONDEROSA.
sine'nsis (Chinese). See P. MASSONIANA.
strobifo'rmis (cone-shaped). See P. AYACAHUITE.
Stro'bus (Strobus). 120-200. April. Canada ;
Eastern Amer. 1705. " Weymouth Pine."
„ a'lba (white). 100. May.
,, brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 100. April.
„ fastigia'ta (upright).
„ na'na (dwarf). Dwarf, bushy.
,, prostra'ta (prostrate). Branches lying on

ground.

sylvefstris (wood). 60-190. May. Northern Europe
(Scotland), Asia. " Scotch Pine," " Deal Wood,"
" Scotch Fir," " Wild Pine."

„ alta'ica (Altaian). 50. Habit pyramidal. Altai
Mountains.

„ arge'ntea (silvery). Leaves and cones silvery.
„ au'rea (golden). Leaves golden.
,, columna'ris compa'cta (columnar-compact). Of
flame-like outline. 1889.

,, fastigia'ta (upright). Branches erect, columnar.
„ globo'sa (globular). A round bush.
,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Leaves broader, longer,
more glaucous.

,, monophy'lla (one-leaved). The two leaves are
attached but separable.
,, na'na (dwarf). A low bush.
„ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with
straw colour.
Tce'da (Taeda). 80. May. S. Eastern United States.

1713. " Torch or Loblolly Pine."
Teoco'te (Teocote). 100. Mexico. 1826. " Twisted

Pine."

tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 80. Guatemala.
Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). Japan.
„ au'rea (golden).
„ variega'ta (variegated).
torreya'na (Torreyan). Southern California. 1860.

" Soledad Pine."

„ tubercula'ta (warted). 40-100. Oregon. 1847.
„ varia'bilis (variable). See P. ECHINATA.
„ wincesteria'na (Marquis of Winchester's). See P.

MONTEZUM^.

The above are the true Pines, with leaves in clusters
of two, three, four, and five. The following species
have long been separated into distinct genera, here indi-
cated by the names placed at the head of each list, and
to be found under those names in the dictionary.

Abies. SILVER FIRS.

P ama'bilis.

aroma' tica.

balsa' mea.

bractea'ta.

cephalo'nica.

co'ncolor.

falca'ta.

fi'rma.

Fra'seri.

,, na'na.
, gra'ndis.
, homo'lepis.

P. lasioca'rpa.
„ microphy'lla.
,, no'bilis.
„ nordmannia'na.
„ numi'dica.
„ pi'chta. See ABIES

SIBIRICA.

„ Pi'ndrow.
„ Pinsa'po.
„ religio'sa.
„ webbia'na

Larix. LARCHES.

P Gmeli'ni. See LARIX DAVURICA.
, griffithia'na. See LARIX GRIFFITHII.
kamtscha'tika. See LARIX DAVURICA.
La'rix. See LARIX EUROP^EA.

„ pe'ndula. See LARIX EUROP^A PENDULA.
Ledebou'rii. See LARIX EUROP^A SIBIRICA.
j lepto'lepis.

microca'rpa. See LARIX PENDULA.
, pe'ndula.
„ sibi'rica. See LARIX EUROP^A SIBIRICA.

Picea. SPRUCES.
P. ajane'nsis.
„ a'lba.
,, „ na'na.
„ exce'lsa, and varieties.

jezoe'nsis. See PICEA AJANENSIS MICROSPERMA.

Khu'tro-d-. See PICEA MORINDA.

Menzie'sii. See PICEA SITCHENSIS.

Mori'nda.

mucrona'ta. See PICEA EXCELSA MUCRONATA.

2 U

PIONANDRA FRAGRANS 674

PIPES

P. ni'gra.
„ obova'ta.
,, orienta'lis,

„ Pi'cea and varieties. See PICEA EXCELSA.
„ poli'ta.
,, ru'bra.
,, ,, a'fctica.
„ ,, viola'cea.

„ schrenkia'na. See PICEA OBOVATA SCHRF.NKIANA.
„ sitche'nsis.

Pseudotsuga. DOUGLAS FIR.
P. Dougla'sii.

Sequoia. REDWOOD CEDAR.
P. trigo'na. See SEQUOIA RAFINESQUEI.

Tsuga. HEMLOCK SPRUCES.
P. brunonia'na.
„ canadefnsis.

„ hettrophy'lla. See TSUGA MERTENSIANA.
„ mertensia'na.

„ Tsu'ga. See TSUGA SIEBOLDI.
,, ,, na'na. See TSUGA SIEBOLDI NANA.

PIONA'NDRA FRA'QBANS. See CYPHOMANDRA

FRAGRANS.

PIO'NEA FORFICA'LIS. The Garden Pebble Moth.
In certain seasons and districts this may appear in large
numbers amongst Cabbages, Turnips, and Horse-radish,
in June and July, and again in September and October.
The moth is i inch to ij inch in expanse, and the fore-
wing is whitish-yellow, tinted with pale brown. The
caterpillar is yellowish-green, with a line of darker spots
on either side. Cabbages may be hand-picked, but
Turnips and Horse-radish may be syringed with water
and dusted with hellebore powder.

PIO'PHILA A'PIL The Celery-stem Fly. The fly is
as large as the Celery Fly, of a shining black and covered
with golden-grey hairs. The maggot is yellowish-white
and penetrates the root-stock or stem and eats its way
up the leaf-stalks, giving them a rusty-red colour and
detracting from the value of the celery. This is done
during winter and spring. Plants found to be infested,
when dug up, should be burnt immediately to destroy
the maggots, not thrown on the rubbish-heap.

PIP, in floriculture, is a single corolla or flower, where
several grow upon a common stem, as in the Polyanthus
and Auricula. The pips thus growing together are
described as a Truss.

PI'PER. Pepper. (From pepto, to digest ; referring
to the stimulating power. Nat. ord. Pepperworts [Pipe-
raceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, ^-Triandria.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened wood under
a bell-glass, in sandy soil, in heat ; also by suckers from
the bottom of the plant. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 80°. The genus contains the Pepper-
plant and the Betle, of which the leaf is chewed in India
as much as tobacco is in the West.
P. acumina'tum (long-pointed). See PEPEROMIA OBLIQUA.

„ adu'ncum (hooked). Trop. Amer.

„ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). Peru. " Matico."

» ctrgyrophy'llum (silvery-leaved). Leaves silvery.
Ceylon.

„ Be'tle (Betle). 6. E. Ind. 1804.

„ bornee'nse (Bornean). i. Leaves dark green, with
faint silvery bands. Borneo. 1882.

„ Bredtme'yeri (Bredemeyer's). S. Amer.

„ Carpu'nya (Carpunya). Peru.

„ celtidifo'lium (Celtis-leaved). See P. ADUNCUM.

„ Cha'ba (Chaba). India and Malaya. " Long Pepper."

,, corcovade'nse (Corcovadan). Brazil.

„ coria'ceum (leathery). See PEPEROMIA CORIACEA.

„ Cube'ba (Cubeba). Malaya. 1887. " Cubebs."

„ decu'rrens (running-down). Leaves purple beneath.
Costa Rica. 1876.

„ dilata'tum (dilated). S. Amer.

,, di'scolor (two-coloured). See PEPEROMIA DISCOLOR.

„ exce'lsum (lofty). Australia and Pacific Islands.

„ „ au'reo-pi'ctum (golden-painted). Leaves with a
large, pale yellow blotch. New Zealand.

,, Futokadsu'r a (Futokadsura) . Pale green. Japan. 1869.

„ genicula'tum (kneed) of gardens. See P. UNGUICU-

LATUM.

P. genicula'tum (siwtften-jointed) of Swartz. 2. Jamaica,

1823.

„ gla'brum (smooth). 10. Campeachy. 1768.
,, glauce'scens (milky-green). See P. UNGUICUX.ATUM.
„ inca'num (hoary). See PEPEROMIA INCANA.
„ laurifo'lium (laurel-leaved). 10. July. Mexico. 1768.
„ lo'ngum (long). 6. June. E. Ind. 1788.
,, „ sarmenio' sum (trailing).

„ macrophy'llum (large-leaved). See P. GENICULATUM.
,, maculo' 'sum (blotched). See PEPEROMIA MACULOSA.
„ meta'llicum (metallic). Leaves round, metallic-green.

Borneo. 1882.
„ methy'sticum (intoxicating). Pacific Islands. " Kava

Root."
,, ni'grum (black). 6. E. Ind. 1790. " Black " or

" Common Pepper."
,, ni'tidum (shining). Trop. Amer.
„ obli'quum (oblique). Peru.
,, „ exi'mium (choice). Trop. S. Amer.
„ officina'rum (shop). See P. CUBEBA.
„ orna'tum (adorned). Leaves bright green, with pink

spots. Celebes. 1884.
„ ova'tum (egg-shaped). Trinidad.
,, papantle'nse (Papantlan). Mexico.
„ peepuloi'des (Peepul-like). See P. CHABA.
,, pellu'cidum (pellucid). See PEPEROMIA PELLUCIDA.
,, porphyrophy'llum (purple-leaved). Young leaves dark

purple-green. Malaya. 1883.

,, pulche'llum (pretty). See PEPEROMIA PULCHELLA.
„ rubronodo' sum (red-jointed). Leaves frosted with

silver-grey. Nodes red. Colombia. 1877.
„ rubroveno'sum (red-veined). Leaves mottled with

rose along the veins. 1887.
,, sarmento'sum (trailing). See P. LONGUU SARMEN-

TOSUM.

„ liliafo'lium (Tilia-leaved). Mexico.
„ tomcnto'sum (downy). 14. August. Mexico. 1768.
„ trioi'cum (tricecious). See P. NIGRUM.
,, tub etcula' turn (pimpled). 6. S. Amer. 1816.
,, umbella' turn (umbelled). 3. June. Tropics. 1748.
„ unguicula' 'turn (clawed). 3. Peru. 1822.
„ Veifchii (Veitch's). Gardens.

PIPERIDGE. The Barberry.

PIPES for heating horticultural structures are pre-
ferably made of cast iron, painted black. Earthenware
has been recommended for the purpose ; but they are
so much more liable to breakage and leakage, as to out-
weigh any original saving in the cost. For draining,
earthen pipes with a bore an inch in diameter are the best.

TABLE of the quantity of pipe, 4 inches diameter, which
will heat 1000 cubic feet of air per minute, any re-
quired number of degrees ; the temperature of the
pipe being 200° Fahrenheit.

Temp, of
External

Temperature at which the Room is

Air.

required to be Kept.

Fahr.
Scale.

45°|50°

55° 60° j 65°

70°J75° 80°

£

90°

10°
12

126 {150

119 142

i

174 '2OO J229

166 192 220

2591292 328
251 1283 318

367

357

409
399

14 112 135 ; 159 IS4J2I2

242; 274 309

347

388

16

18

105 127 151 176 204

98 120 j 143:168 195

233:265 300
225 256 290

337
328

378
368

2O

91 112 I35'i6o 187

216 247 281

3i8

358

22
24

83
76

105
97

128:152 ; 179
120 J 144 170

2071238 271
199 229 262

308
298

347
337

•

26

69

9°

112

136

162

190 220 253

288

327

"c5

28

61

82

I04

128)154

181 I 211 243

279

317

'o

30

54

75

97

120 145

173 202 234

269

307

ft

32

47

67

89

112

137

I64

193 225

259

296

bO

34

40

60

81

104

129

*55

184 215

249

286

'N

36

32

52

73

96

I2O

147

175 206 | 239

276

K •

38

25

45

66

88

112

138

166 196

230

266

c

to

40

18

37

58

80

I04

129

157 187

220

255

42

10

30

50

72

95

121

148 178

2IO

245

44

3

22

42

64

87

112

139 168

200

235

46

15

34

56

79

103

130 159

190

225

48

7

27

48

70

95

121 150

181

214

50

19

40

62

86

112 140

171

204

52

II

32

54

77

103 131

161

194

PIPEWORT

675

PISTIA

To ascertain by the above table the quantity of pipe
which will heat 1000 cubic feet of air per minute,
find, in the first column, the temperature corresponding
to that of the external air, and in one of the other columns
find the temperature of the room ; then, in this latter
column, and on the line which corresponds with the
external temperature, the required number of feet of
pipe will be found.

PIPEWORT. Eriocau'lon.

PIPING, a mode of propasating the Carnation, Picotee,
and Pink, is only another word for a cutting. Some
persons pull off the pipings from the plant, and stick
them in without more ado, but this is a slovenly way ;
besides, in pulling off the pipings, the main stem of the
plant is materially injured, and often destroyed. The
more correct way is, with a sharp knife, to cut off the
side-shoot close to the stem, without injuring it, leaving
a sufficient number of shoots to preserve the health of the
plant. Take off one kind at once, making the proper
number or tally at the same time ; then dress the pipings
by cutting off' the lower leaves, leaving about four at
the top. These four leaves should not be mutilated or
shortened, as they are the organs to send down sap to
form the roots. Put the pipings in pots filled with
light earth, and a covering of sand upon it. Place them
in a frame with a little bottom-heat, watering gently
when dry, and shading from the sun until they are
rooted. See CARNATION.

PIPTADE'NIA. (From pipto, to fall, and aden, a gland ;

the glands of the anthers fall. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Stove shrubs. Seeds ; cuttings in sand, in a close

case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould or

peat, with a little sand.

P. chry so' stocky s (golden-spiked). Madagascar.
„ fa-'tida (fetid). 20. Pink. Mexico. 1816.
„ guiane'nsis (Guiana). See STRYPHNODENDROK

GUIANENSE.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. Brazil. 1820.

,, macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 10. Brazil. 1820.

„ peregri'na (foreign). 10. Brazil. 1826.

PIPTA'NTHTJS. (From pipto, to fall, and anthos, a
flower; short duration of the flowers. Nat. ord. Legumin-
ous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Anagyris.)

Hardy deciduous shrub. Seeds, which ripen freely;
cuttings of ripe shoots under a hand-light ; layers ; cut-
tings, also, of roots ; rich, sandy loam ; should have the
protection of a wall in exposed, cold places, far north
of London.

P. nepale'nsis (Nepaulese). 10. Yellow. May. Tempe-
rate Himalaya. 1821. " Himalayan Laburnum."
,, ,, au'reus (golden). Bright yellow. 1879.
„ tomento'sus (felted). Yellow. Plant with silky felt.
Yunnan, China. 1887.

PIPTO'SPATHA. (From pipto, to fall, and spathe, a
spathe or sheath ; the upper part or blade of the spathe
falls away like a cap, after a time. Nat. ord. Araceae.)
A dwarf, tufted perennial herb for the stove. Seeds ;
divisions in spring. Fibrous loam, lumpy peat, leaf-
mould not too much decayed, and sand, with a warm,
moist atmosphere when growing.
P. insi'gnis (remarkable). £. Spathe white, with rosy

apex. N. Borneo. i8~79.

„ Ridle'yi (Ridley's). \. Spathe green, with pink lines
and dots. Leaves mottled with yellow. Malaya.

PIPTU'RUS. (From pipto, to fall, and aura, a tail ;

the long stigma is deciduous. Nat. ord. Urticaceae.)

A stove tree, with ornamental foliage. Cuttings of
half-mature shoots in sand, in a close case, with bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
P. arge'nteus (silvery). Green. Leaves with silvery
markings above, white beneath. Malaya, Pacific
Islands, Australia. 1904.

PIQUE'RIA. (Named after A. Piqueria, a Spanish
botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn.
ig-Syn°enesia, i-JEqualis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, but chiefly
division in spring ; common soil.

P. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See AGERATUM CONYZOIDES.
„ trine1 r-via. (three-nerved). 2. White. July. Mexico.
1798.

PIRIQUE'TA. (Apparently a native name. Nat. ord.
Turneracea?. They are included under Turnera by the
Genera Plantarum, but not in the Index Keu-ensis.)

Stove shrubs or subshrubs. Cuttings in sand, in a
propagating case. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
P. betoniccefo'lia (Betonica-leaved). See P. VILLOSA.
„ cistoi'des (Cistus-like) of Linnaeus. See P. VILLOSA.
,, fu'lva (tawny). Tawny or dusky yellow. N. Amer.
„ racemo'sa (racemed). 2. July. Yellow. Brazil.

1789.

„ villo'sa (shaggy). J. July. Yellow. Guiana. 1774.
PIRONNEA'VA. See

PISCI'DIA. Jamaica Dogwood. (From piscis, a fish,
and c<zdo, to kill ; the leaves, twigs, and bark are used
to stupefy fish. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosae]. Linn. \6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. Allied to
Andira.)

Stove evergreen, white-flowered trees. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ;
sandy, fibrous loam. Winter temp., 48° to 60° ; summer,
60' to 85°.
P. carthagine'nsis (Carthagena). See P. ERYTHRINA.

,, Erythri'na (red). 25. Trop. Amer. 1690.

,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20-30. Mexico.

,, toxica'ria (poisonous). See P. ERYTHRINA.

PISO'NIA. (Commemorative of Willem Piso, a Dutch
physician at Amsterdam. Nat. ord. Nyctaginaceae.)

Stove or greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings in sand, with
bottom-heat for the stove species, and a bell-glass for
the greenhouse ones. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
P. aculea'ta (prickly). 6-10. Green. March. Tropics

everywhere. 1806. " W. Indian Cockspur."
„ brunonia'na (Brownian). 40-48. Green. Tahiti and

Marquesas Islands. 1907.
„ gra'ndis (grand). 6-10. Green. Australia and

Pacific Islands. 1806. Greenhouse.
„ ine'rmis (unarmed). 8-10. Green. March. Trop.

Amer.

„ obtusa' ta (blunt). 3-4. Green. April. W. Ind. 1824.
PISTA'CIA. Pistachia-tree. (Altered from its Arabic
name, Foustag. Nat. ord. Terebinths [Anacardiacea?].
Linn. 22-Diacia, $-Pentandria. Allied to Schinus.)

P. atla'ntica and Lenti'scus yield the useful resin called
mastich. Seed nuts ; layers and cuttings ; rich, deep,
sandy loam. Those from Barbary and the South of
Europe require the protection of a greenhouse or a cold
pit in winter ; and even the hardiest kinds, though they
have stood out at Fulham and the Horticultural Society's
Gardens, will generally do best against a wall, when
north of London, unless the place is both sheltered from
the cold and exposed to the sun.

EVERGREEN TREES.

P. Lenti'scus (Lentiscus). 15. May. S. Europe. 1654.

" Masticb-tree."
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 10. May. S.

Europe. 1667.
„ „ Chi' a (Chian). May. Scio.

DECIDUOUS TREES.

P. america'na (American). W. Ind. This is probably

Simaruba glauca.

„ atla'ntica (Atlantic). 12. Barbary. 1790.
„ chine' nsis (Chinese). 80. Fruits red, changing to

blue. Central China. 1910.
,, tnu'tica (beardless). Eastern Mediterranean region.

1844.
,, Terebi'nthus (turpentine- tree) . 20. June. S.Europe.

1656.

,, „ sphceroca'rpa (round- fruited). May. Evergreen.
,, ve'ra (true). 20. May. Syria. 1770.
,, „ narbone'nsis (Narbonne). 20. April. Marbonne.

1752.
„ „ trifo'lia (three-leafleted). 20. May. Syria.

PI'STIA. (From pistillum, the female organ ; signify-
ing the appearance of the spathe inflorescence. Nat. ord.
Duckweeds [Pistiaceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, i-Monandria.)

Beautiful stove aquatic. Seeds and divisions ; rich,
strong loam ; a tub or tank in the plant-stove or
aquarium.

PISTORINIA

676

PITCAIRNIA

P. Stratio'les (Stratiotes). \. Greenish. Jamaica. 1843.

" Water Soldier," " Water Lettuce."
„ ,, spathula'ta (spathulate). Leaves spathulate,
velvety green. S.E. United States, Trop. Amer.
1904.

PISTORI'NIA. (Derivation not explained. Nat. ord.
Houseleeks [Crassulaceae]. Linn. io-Decandria, $-Deca-
gynia. United to Cotyledon.)
P. hispa'nica (Spanish). See COTYLEDON HISPANICA.

PI'SUM. The Pea. (From pis, the Celtic name. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosaej. Linn. i7-Dia-
delphia, ^-Decandria.)

Perennials, seeds and divisions ; annuals, seeds sown
according to the time the produce is wanted ; rich, deep
soil, where they will neither suffer from damp nor
drought. See PEA.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. america'num (American). See LATHYRUS MAGELLAN-

icus.
„ formo'sum (beautiful). J. Purple. June. Caucasus;

Persia. 1818.
„ mari'timum (sea). See LATHYRUS MARITIMUS.

HARDY ANNUALS.

P. arve'nse (field). 3. Red. S.Europe.
,, ,, quadra' turn (squared). 1-2. Purple. Leaves and

stipules serrated. Palestine. 1905.
„ ela'tius (taller). 3-5. Purple and white. June to

August. Mediterranean region. 1820.
„ ela'tum (tall). See P. ELATIUS.
„ Joma'rdi (Jomardi's). 3. White. Egypt. 1820.
„ sati'vum (common-cultivated). 3. White. S. Europe.

" Garden Pea."

„ „ hu'mile (humble), i. White.
„ „ macroca'rpum (large-podded). 4. White.
ii ii quadra' turn (squared). 3. White.
,, ,, sacchara'tum (sugared). 4. White.
„ ,, theba'icum (Theban). 3. 1825.
„ „ umbella'tum (umbelled). 4. Purple.

PIT in the Stove is the excavation, or brick inclosure,
in which is the tan, or other material for plunging the
pots ; and for Forcing, it is a structure having a glass
roof, and differing from a hotbed and frame only in being
large, and with sides fixed to the soil. (See HOTBED and
MELON for examples of various kinds of Pit.) A Cold
Pit is one where no artificial heat is used, the protection
the plants receive being given solely by coverings.
During summer and spring, these pits, when not covered,
are still a great protection to plants by their walls.
Either a Melon or Cucumber Pit unheated, or an inclosure
made with turf walls, and covered with the glass lights
of a hotbed frame, answer admirably as cold pits.

PITCAI'RNIA. (Named after Dr. Pitcairn. Nat. ord.
Bromelworts [Bromeliaceae], Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to TiUandsia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Division, and by suckers
in spring, or when they can best be obtained ; sandy,
fibrous peat, and good, mellow loam. Winter temp.,
50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. a'lbiflos (white-flowered). 3. White. September.

Brazil. 1824.

„ albuccefo'lia (Albuca-leaved). Red. W. Ind. 1837.
„ a'lta (tall). 5-6. Red. W. Ind.
„ Altenstei'nii (Altenstein's). ij. White ; bracts red.

May. Venezuela. 1836.

ii 11 gigante'a (gigantic). 5. White. February. 1845.
„ andrea'na (Andrean). i. Orange, yellow. June to

August. Venezuela and Colombia. 1872.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Scarlet. Santa

Cruz. 1777.
„ aphelandraflo'ra (Aphelandra-flowered). Vermilion.

Brazil. 1870.
„ arcua'ta (arched). Yellow ; bracts brownish-red and

carmine. Colombia. 1876.

„ atroru'bens (dark-red). 2-3. White. Panama. 1850.
„ austra'lis (southern). Brazil. 1856.
„ bractea'ta (large-red-br&cted). 2. Scarlet. April.

W. Ind. 1797-

„ „ commuta'ta (changed), ij. Scarlet. Trop. Amer.
1868.

P. bractea'ta sulphu'rea (sulphur). 2. Yellow. August.

W. Ind. 1797-
„ bromeliafo'lia (pine-apple-leaved). 2 Scarlet. June.

Jamaica. 1781.

,, „ acumina'ta (long-pointed). Scarlet.
„ cceru'lea (sky-blue). 3. Blue. June. Chili. 1826.

Greenhouse.

,, ce'rnua (drooping). See P. HETEROPHYLLA.
,, chile'nsis (Chili). See PUYA CHILENSIS.
,, cinnabari'na (cinnabar). Red. July. Brazil. 1851.
,, coarcta'ta (pressed-together). See PUYA CHILENSIS.
,, commuta'ta (changed). See P. BRACTEATA COMMUTATA.
,, coralli'na (coral-red). Red. Colombia. 1875.
,, corcovade'nsis (Corcovadan). 3-4. Red. Brazil. 1884.
„ Decai'snei (Decaisne's). See P. FULGENS.
„ echina'ta (echinated- (lowered) . Cream. Colombia.

January. 1852.
, ela'ta (tali). Mexico.
, exce'lsa (lofty). See P. PULVERULEVTA.
, exsca'pa (stemless). See P. HETEROPHYLLA.
, ferrugi'nea (rusty). 2-3. Pale yellow. Peru.
, fta'mmea (fiame-colourcd). 2. Flame. November.

Rio Janetro. 1825.

„ flave'scens (yellow). See P. XANTHOCALYX.
„ ftocco'sa (woolly). 2-3. Blue. Venezuela. 1847.
,, fu'lgens (shining). Crimson. Guadeloupe. 1851.
„ funckea'na (Funckean). Yellow, white. S. Amer.

1851.

,, furfura'cea (scurfy). See P. LATIFOLIA.
„ graminifo'lia (grass- leaved). See P. INTEGRIFOLIA.
,, heterophy'lla (various-leaved), ij. Scarlet. May to

July. Mexico. 1838.

,, hu'milis (low), i. Scarlet. July. S. Amer. 1820.
,, imbrica'ta (overlapping). Yellow. Mexico. 1868.
,, integrifo'lia (entire- leaved). 2. Red. August. W.

Ind. 1800.

,, intermedia (intermediate). See P. LATIFOLIA.
„ iridiflo'r a (Iris-flowered). 2. Scarlet. July. S. Amer.

1820.
„ Jackso'ni (Jackson's). 2-2$. Scarlet. Guatemala.

1850.
,, jalisca' na (Jaliscan). Scarlet ; bracts and calyx deep

rose. Mexico. 1888.
,, karwinskia' na (Karwinskian). 2. Red or crimson.

J une. Mexico.
„ latifo'lia (broad- leaved). 2. Scarlet. August. W.

Ind. 1785.

,, Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). 3. Deep red. S. Amer.
„ leiole'mma (smooth-scaled). See P. MUSCOSA.
,, lepidp'ta (scaly). See P. ANDREANA.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See P. PULVERULENTA.
,, lu'tea (yellow). 3. Yellow. 1853.
„ macroca'lyx (large-calyxed). See P. FUNCKEANA.
,, maidifo'lia (Mays-leaved). 2-3. Greenish- white,

yellow-red. May. S. Amer. 1848.
„ megasta'chya (great-spiked). 3. Pink, blue. Peru.

„ michelia'na (Michelian). 2. Scarlet-red. Mexico.

1901.

„ montalbe'nsis (Mount- Alban). 2-2$. Red. Mexico.
,, morelia'na (Morelian). See P. AUSTRALIS.
,, moritzia'na (Moritzian). ij. Red, yellow. Vene-
zuela. 1874.

,, Morre'nii (Morren's). See P. HETEROPHYLLA.
,, musco'sa (mossy). Red. December. Brazil. 1838.
,, ni'gra (black), i. Red, dark purple. Ecuador. 1870.
,, nubi'gena (cloud-begotten). 2-3. Red. Venezuela.

1852.

„ odora'ta (sweet-scented). See P. ALBIFLOS.
,, Olfe'rsii (Olfers's). See P. FLAMMEA.
„ Palme'ri (Palmer's), i. Light red. Mexico. 1888.
,, panicula'ta (panicled). See P. PULVERULENTA.
„ petiola'ta (long-stalked). 2-3. Greenish- white.

Guatemala. 1856.
„ Phili'ppii (Philipp's). Chili.

,, platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). See P. BROMELI^FOLIA.
„ pulverule' nta (powdery). J-i. Scarlet. December.

Peru. 1852.

,, pu'ngens (prickly). Scarlet, yellow. S. Amer. 1863.
„ punicea (red). Bright red. July. Mexico. 1857.
,, recurva'ta (recurved). 1-2. White. May, June.

Brazil. 1839.

„ ri'ngens (gaping). See P. KARWINSKIANA.
„ Rce'dii (Roszl's). 2. Scarlet-red ; stem bright red.

Peru. 1885.

PITCHER-LEAF

677

PLAGIANTHUS

P. rubigino'sa (rusty). French Guiana.
„ Ski'nneri (Skinner's). See P. ALTA.
„ spatha'cea (large-spathed) . ii-2. Dull blue ; calyx

and bracts rose. Argentina. 1904.
„ speciosi' ssima (very-showy). See P. UNDULATA.
„ sple'ndens (splendent). 2. Shining- red. Central

Amer. 1851.
„ stami'nca (Jong-stamened) . 2. Scarlet. January.

S. Amer. 1823.
„ suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2. Yellow. July.

Brazil. 1824.
„ sulphu'rea (sulphur-/tottw#2) . See P. BRACTEATA

SULPHUREA.
„ tabulcefo'rmis (table- formed). Orange. Mexico. 1862.

Leaves prostrate.

„ undula'ta (wavy). Scarlet. July. Brazil. 1843.
„ undulatifo'lia (waved- leaved). See P. ALTENSTEINII.
„ „ gigante'a (gigantic). See P. ALTENSTEINII

GIGANTEA.

„ viola'cea (violet). 6. Deep violet ; anthers yellow.

Mexico (?). 1833.
„ vire'scens (greenish). 2. Yellow-green. March.

Peru. 1857.

„ warscewiczia'na (Warscewiczian). 2. Red. Peru.
„ Wendla'ndi (Wendland's). 2-3. Sulphur. Chili.

1852.
,, xanthoca'lyx (yellow-calyxed). 2. Pale yellow. June.

Brazil. 1877.
„ zeifo'lia (Zea-leaved). See P. MAIDIFOLIA.

PITCHER-LEAF. Nepe'nihes phylla'mphora.

PITCHER-PLANTS. Nepenthes, Sarracenia, Darling-
tonia, Heliamphora, and Cephalotus.

PITCH-TREE, BURGUNDY. Pi'cea exce'lsa.

PITHECOCTFNIUM. Monkey's Comb. (From pithe-
kos, the ape, and kieis, ktenos, a comb. Nat. ord.
Bignoniaceae.)

Stove, woody climbers. Seeds ; cuttings of young
side-shoots in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat.
Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
P. Auble'tii (Aublet's). 20. Purple. Trop. Amer.

1804.
„ buccinato'rium (trumpeters'). See BIGNONIA BUCCINA-

TORIA.
„ Caroli'nce (Lady Caroline's). 10. White, yellow.

May. Trop. Amer. 1842.
„ clemati' deum (Clematis- like). White ; throat yellow.

Argentina. 1890.
„ cynanchoi' des (Cynanchum-like). Brazil.

PITHECOLO'BIUM. (From pithekos, the ape, and
lobos, the lower part or lobe of the ear ; literally, Monkey's
earring. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Stove trees, more or less evergreen. Cuttings of
mature shoots in summer, in sand, and placed in a close
case with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. brevifo'lium (short-leaved). N.W. Amer. Greenhouse.
„ Clypea'ria (shield-like). Trop. Asia.
„ du'lce (sweet). 20. Pink. Trop. Amer. 1800.
„ filicifo'lium (fern-leaved). Mexico and Jamaica.
„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 10. Purple. May. Trop.

Amer. 1768.

„ loba'tum (lobed). White. Burma ; Malaya. 1828.
„ mexica'num (Mexican). Mexico.
,, pruino'sum (frosted). White. Australia. 1869.
„ Sa'man (Saman). 60. Trop. Amer. 1826. " Rain

Tree."

„ umbella'tum (umbelled). 12. E. Ind. ; Malaya. 1818.
„ U'nguis-ca'ti (cat's-claw). 20. Pink. Trop. Amer.
1817.

PITTO'SPORUM. (From pitte, to tar or pitch, and
sporos, seed ; seeds covered with resinous pulp. Nat.
ord. Pittosporads [Pittosporaceas]. Linn. $-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in April, and kept in a close
frame, without bottom-heat ; sandy, fibrous loam and
a few nodules of fibrous peat. Winter temp., 38° to 48° ;
summer, 60° to 75°. Tobi'ra and undula'lum have de-
lightfully scented flowers, and both have stood against
walls, in the climate of London, with a little protection.

P. allicioi'des (Illicium-like). Greenish-yellow. Japan.
1905.

,, Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 4. Yellow. May. Aus-
tralia. 1820.

„ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). See P. PHILLY-

R^OIDES.

„ bi'color (two-coloured). 3. Chocolate. Tasmania. 1842.

„ bracteola'tum (small-bracted). Norfolk Island. 1837.

,, Bucha'nani (Buchanan's). New Zealand.

„ cape'nse (Cape). See P. VIRIDIFLORUM.

„ Cole'nsoi (Colenso's). See P. TENUIFOLIUM.

„ coria'ceum (leathery-leaved). 8. Blue. May.

Madeira. 1783.
„ cornifo'lium (Cornus-leaved). 3. Brown. May.

New Zealand. 1827.
,, crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 5-10. Brownish-purple.

New Zealand. 1872.

„ Ende'ri (Ender's). Blackish-purple. Australia. 1868.
,, erioca'rpum (woolly-fruited). Yellowish. Yunnan,

China. 1900.

„ eriolo'ma (woolly-fringed). Lord Howe's Island.
,, eugenioi' des (Eugenia-like). New Zealand.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated). Leaves bordered with

white. New Zealand. 1882.
„ ferrugi'neum (rusty-leaved). 6. Yellow. March.

Malaya ; Australia. 1787.
,, fla'vum (yeHow-ftou-ered). See HYMENOSPORUM

FLAVUM.

,, fu'lvum (tawny-leaved). See P. REVOLUTUM.
„ glabra'tum (smooth), ij. Bright yellow. May.

Hong- Kong. 1845.
„ heterophy'llum (various-leaved).
,, hi'rtum (hairy-branched). See P. REVOLUTUM.
,, huttonia'num (Huttonian). New Zealand.
„ ligustrifo'lium (privet-leaved). See P. PHILLY-

R,EOIDES.

„ macrocar'pum (large-fruited). See P. CRASSIFOLIUM.

„ mauritia'num (Mauritius). See P. SENACIA.

„ Ma'yii (May's). 3. 1845.

„ ni'gricans (blackening). See P. TENUIFOLIUM.

,, olecefo'lium (olive-leaved). See P. PHILLYRSOIDES.

„ phillyraoi' des (Phillyrea-leaved). 2-6. Yellow. June

to September. Australia. 1823.
„ Ra'lphii (Ralph's). New Zealand.
„ revolu'tum (cuiled-back-leaved). 6. Yellow. March.

Australia. 1795.

„ rhombifo'lium (diamond-leaved). Australia.
„ rhytidoca'rpum (wrinkled-fruited). White. Fiji

Islands. 1887.

„ ri'gidum (rigid). New Zealand.
„ Sena'cia (Senacia). 8. Yellow. May. Mascarene

Islands. 1825.

„ tenuifo'lium (thin-leaved). 4. May. New Zealand.
„ Tobi'ra (Tobira). 12. White. May. Japan. 1804.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated). Leaves edged with

cream.

„ iomento'sum (woolly-leaved). See P. REVOLUTUM.
„ undula'tum (waved-leaved). 10. White, green. April.

N.S. Wales. 1789.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated-leaved). 5. White, yellow.

April. Gardens.
„ viridiflo'rum (green-flowered). Green. May. S.

Africa. 1820.

PLA'CEA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Amaryllidaceas. )

Greenhouse bulbs, allied to Narcissus. Offsets ; seeds.
Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, a little dried cow manure
and sand.

P. A'rzce (Arza's). ij. Pale yellow, striped claret-
purple. Chili.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), ij. White, striped red.

Valparaiso. 1867.
,, lit' tea ( yellow), i. Bright yellow, veined with purple.

Chili.

„ orna'ta (adorned) J. White, striped red-purple.
Chili. 1840.

PLADE'RA DECUSSA'TA. SCCCANSCORADECUSSATA.

PLAGIA'NTHUS. (From plagios, oblique, and anthos,
a flower ; the petals are oblique. Nat. ord. Malvaceae.
Allied to Malvastrum.)

Hardy or greenhouse deciduous shrubs. Cuttings of
half-ripe wood in sand, under a hand-light. Well-
drained soil in the open or against walls.

PLAGIOLIRION

678

PLASHING

P. betuli'nus (birch-like). 12-40. White. New Zealand.

1870. " Ribbon-Tree."
„ Dampie'ri (Dampier's). See P. SIDOIDES.
„ divarica'tus (spreading). 6-10. White. June. New

Zealand. 1820.
„ Lampe'nii (Lampen's). 5-8. Pale yellow. Winter.

Tasmania. 1833.
„ Lya'llii (Lyall's). 10-20. White. New Zealand.

.. pulche'llus (pretty). 4. White. April. Australia.
„ sidoi'des (Sida-like). 5-8 White. September. Tas-
mania. 1834.

PLAGIOLI'RION. (From plagios, oblique, and leirion,
the white lily ; in reference to the colour of the flowers,
and their oblique limb. Nat. ord. Amaryllidaceae.
Allied to Eucharis and Calliphruria.)

Stove bulb. Offsets. Ftbrous loam, leaf-mould, some
well-decayed cow manure and sand.
P. Horsma'nni (Horsman's). J-J. White; tube green.
July. Colombia. 1883.

PLAGIOLO'BIUM. (From plagios, transverse, and
lobos, a pod. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosael-
Linn. ly-Diadclphia, ^-Decandria. Now referred to
Hovea.)
P. chorizemafo'lium (Chorizema-leaved). See HOVEA

CHORIZEMjEFOLIA.

„ ilicifo'lium (holly-leaved). See HOVEA CHORIZEM^-

FOLIA.

PLAGIOSPE'RMUM SINE'NSE. See PRINSEPIA

SINENSIS.

PLA GIUS GRANDIFLO'RUS. See CHRYSANTHEMUM

GRANDE.

PLANERA. (Named after /. Planer, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Nettleumts [Urticaceae]. Linn. 4-
Tetrandria, ^-Tetragynia. Allied to the Elm.)

Hardy deciduous trees. Layers, and grafting on the
elm ; common, rich loam.

P. acumina'ta (long-pointed). See ZELKOVA ACUMINATA.
„ aqua'tica (aquatic). 12. Brown. April. N. Amer.

1816.
„ carpinifo'lia (hornbeam-leaved). See ZELKOVA

CRENATA.

„ Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). See P. AQUATICA.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). See ZELKOVA ACUMINATA.
„ parvifo'lia (small- leaved). See ULMUS PARVIFOLIA.
„ Richa'rdi (Richard's). See ZELKOVA CRENATA.

PLANE-TREE. Pla'tanus.

PLANE-TREE, SCOTCH. A 'cer Pseu'do-pla'tanus.

PLANER-TREE. Pla'nera aqua'tica.

PLANK PLANT. Bossics'a scolopen'dria.

PLANTA'GO. (From the old Latin name, Planfago,
from its flat, spreading leaf. Nat. ord. Plantaginaceae.)
Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds ; sometimes by
divisions or cuttings. Ordinary soil. P. lanceola'ta,
P. ma'jor, and P. me'dia are very troublesome in lawns,
on account of their broad leaves. Spudding them out
is the most certain remedy.
P. aqua'tica (aquatic). See ALISMA PLANTAGO.
,, brasilie 'nsis (Brazilian). See P. CORIACEA.
„ coria'cea (leathery), i. Creamy-white. Summer.

Brazil. 1823. Greenhouse.
„ lanceola'ta margina'ta (edged-lance-shaped). Leaves

bordered with white. France. 1889.
„ macrophy'lla purpu'rea (large-leaved-purple). See

P. MAJOR PURPUREA.

„ ma'jor purpu'rea (larger-leaved). Leaves purple.

Britain. 1878.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated.

Hampshire. 1904.
„ ma'vima (largest). iJ-2. Cream. May, June.

Siberia. 1908.
,, uniflo'ra (one-flowered). Leaves cut, variegated.

New Zealand. 1899.

PLANTAIN. Applied to the common species of
Planta'go, but in the tropics to Mu'sa sapie'ntum para-
disi'aca.

PLA'NTIA. (Named by Dr. Herbert after Mr. Plant,
nurseryman at Cheadle, in commemoration of his success
in cross-breeding. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn.
3-Triandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Hexaglottis.
P. fla'va (yellow). See HEXAGLOTTIS LONGIFOLIA.

PLANTING. The end of October is the best time in
the whole year to plant all kinds of trees and bushes
which cast their leaves in winter, whether fruit-bearing
or ornamental ; but all the evergreen American plants,
as the Rfwdode' ndron, may be planted in October, as well
as in April, May, and June, or September — the right
months for getting in most evergreens. For directions
as to planting Fruit-trees, the reader is referred to the
article STATIONS : but much of the following directions
relative to planting ornamental trees and shrubs is
generally applicable. Wherever they are to be placed,
if the soil is at all dry at the bottom, no matter how
poor it may be, it should be stirred or trenched 3 feet
deep. In the case of single plants, where a pit or hole
only is required, the narrowest diameter ought to be
4 feet, and if the bottom soil is poor, it should be removed,
and some good added instead ; but loose soil of this
description will subside in time, and if the plants are tied
to stakes, as many need be to keep them firm the first
year or two, the sinking of the soil from under the roots
may cause them to strain, or otherwise injure them, by
cracking and letting in the dry winds to them. Another
evil is, that when trees thus planted sink down gradually,
additional soil is placed over the roots to make the
surface level, and this is equivalent to planting too deep
in the first instance, and deep planting is always to be
avoided. Therefore the loose or new soil beneath the
roots ought to be gently pressed down, and the pit filled
up to near the surface of the ground, or to within 3 or
4 inches of it, so that, when the tree or bush is planted,
the surface of the pit will appear a little mound, several
inches above the surrounding surface. Plant fruit-
trees shallow and on hard bottoms, to prevent their
getting too luxuriant ; but in gardening for ornamental
plants, the more healthy and vigorous we can grow
, them the more ornamental they will be, unless, indeed,
i they are rather tender for our climate. In that case
shallow planting on a solid or unloosed bottom suits
1 them best, as they cannot grow too strong, and the wood
will therefore ripen better. The shrub being taken up
with long, bare roots, and a host of small fibres, and a
! considerable ball of soil attached close up to the bole or
bottom of the plant, place this ball in the middle of the
! prepared pit, and fill in the loose soil under the strong
roots, so that they may lie in their natural position ;
i and in doing it, if the small fibres are pressed down
\ too much, loosen them back again, and fill in any cavities
i under the bole or main roots. When the roots, great
I and small, each of them branching out in straight lines,
' are as regular as they can be placed, some of the lower
; ones will be out of sight, but the majority are still in
' view. Over those put a little better soil, thus : take a
I spadeful, and throw it past the stem of the plant on
the roots on the opposite side to you, so that the soil
runs along in the same direction as the roots. If you
throw it on the roots next to you, it will run against their
direction and turn back their small points, which would
be nearly as bad as the old way of shaking the plant
up and down at this stage. When all the roots are
! covered an inch or two, the watering-pot must come,
j with a large rose to it, and you must water all over
: the surface heartily, even if it is a rainy day. This
; watering is to do the business of the old shaking — settle
1 the finer particles of the soil about the roots. The rest
of the soil, to the depth of 4 or 5 inches, may be thrown
j on anyhow, if the lumps are broken small, so that the
i surface is pretty smooth, and formed into a shallow
! basin to hold the future waterings. A stout stake, or
stakes, according to the size of the plant, should be
driven down before the earth is put over the roots, to
keep the plant from wind-waving. When large, bushy
evergreens are to be removed, their branches must be
i tied up towards the stem by passing a rope or strong
\ cord round them before commencing at the roots.

PLASHING is a mode of repairing or modifying a hedge

, by bending down a portion of the shoots, cutting them

half through near the ground to render them more pliable,

and twisting them among the upright stems, so as to

render the whole more effective as a fence, and, at the

PLASTER OF PARIS

679

PLATYLEPIS

same time, preserve all the branches alive. For this
purpose, the branches to be plashed, or bent down, must
not be cut more than half through, in order that a
sufficient portion of sap may rise up from the root to
keep alive the upper part of the branches. Where
hedges are properly formed and kept, they can very
seldom require to be thus maimed.
PLASTER OF PARIS. See GYPSUM.
PLATANTHE'RA. (From platus, broad, and anthera,
an anther. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacea?]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Now referred to Habenaria.)
P. cilia.' ris (hair-fringed). See HABENARIA CILIARIS.

„ crista'ta (crested). See HABENARIA CRISTATA.

„ dilata'ta (spread). See HABENARIA DILATATA.

„ fimbria'ia (fringed). See HABENARIA LACERA.

„ herbi'ola (small- herb). See HABENARIA HERBIOLA.

„ hol&pe'tala (all-petaled). See HABENARIA BLEPHARI-
GLOTTIS.

„ Hoo'keri (Hooker's). See HABENARIA HOOKERIANA.

„ hyperbo'rea (northern). See HABENARIA HYPER-
BOREA.

„ inci'sa (cut). Pale yellow. See HABENARIA INCISA.

„ psycho'des (butterfly-like). See HABENARIA LACERA.

„ Susa'nnce (Susanna). See HABENARIA SUSANNA.

PLA'TANUS. Plane-tree. (From platus, broad ; the
wide-spreading head of the trees. Nat. ord. Planes
[Platanacese]. Linn. 2i-Mono5cta, g-Polyandria.)

Hardy deciduous trees, flowering in April. Seeds in
the autumn, and preserved until spring ; cuttings, also,
in spring and autumn, but chiefly and most quickly by
layers in autumn and spring ; deep, mellow loam.
P. accrifo'lia (Acer-leaved). 70-80. Orient. " London

Plane."

„ „ fo'liis arge'nteis (silvery-leaved). Leaves varie-
gated with silvery-white. 1887.
„ cunea'ta (wedge-shaped). 15-25. Orient. 1739.
„ occidenta'lis (western). 70. N. Amer. 1636.

" Button Wood."
„ „ au'rea variega'ta (golden-variegated-/£at'«2). 70.

1846.

„ „ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Amer. 1842.
„ ,, intrgrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 70. 1845.
„ orienta'lis (eastern). 50. Levant. 1548. " Oriental

Plane."

„ „ acerifo'lia (maple-leaved). See P. ACERIFOLIA.
„ „ cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). See P. CUNEATA.
„ „ hispa'nica (Spanish). 70. Spain.
,, „ lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). 70. 1845.
„ „ monstro'sa (monstrous). 70. 1845.

PLATYCA'RPHA. (From platus, broad, and karphos,
dried straw ; in allusion to the dry-looking scales sur-
rounding the flower-head. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Half-hardy or greenhouse perennial herbs. Seeds ;
divisions in spring. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
P. glomera'ta (clustered). J. Blue or violet. August.
S. Africa. 1824.

PLATYCA'RPUM. (From platus, broad, and karpos, a
fruit ; the two halves of the fruit being broad and
flattened. Nat. ord. Rubiaceas.)

Stove tree. Cuttings of half mature wood in sand, in
a close case, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, or leaf-
mould, and sand.

P. orinoce'nse (Orinoco). 20. Light rose. March.
Venezuela. 1813.

PLATYCA'RYA. (From platus, broad, and karuon, a
nut ; in allusion to the bracts covering the fruits. Nat.
ord. Juglandaceae.)

A small tree, hardy in the more favoured parts of the
south and west of England, and in Ireland. Nuts.
Ordinary soil.

P. strobila'cea (cone-like). Yellow-green. August. Japan
and N. China. 1844.

PLATYCE'RIUM. (From platus, broad, and keras, a
horn ; form of the fertile fronds. Nat. ord. Ferns
[Filices]. Linn. z^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.]

Stove Ferns. See FERNS.
P. cethio' picum (Ethiopian). 1-2. Brown. Trop. Africa.

1822.
„ alcico'rne (elk's- horn). J. Brown. August. N.S.

Wales. 1808.
„ „ Cordre'yi (Cordrey's).

P. alcico'rne dive' r gens (diverging).

„ „ Hi'llii (Hill's). i£. Queensland. 1878.

„ ,, ma'jus (larger). Polynesia. 1870.

,, ,, Ma'yii (May's). Arching fronds more drooping,
more deeply cut. 1904.

„ angole'nse (Angolan). Fertile frond broad cuneate,
undivided. Angola. 1898.

,, bifo'rme (two-shaped). 4. Brown. April. Philip-
pines ; Malaya. 1842.

„ Ghelli'nckii (Ghellinck's). 1882.

„ gra'nde (grand). Brown. July. Moreton Bay. 1828.

,, Hi'llii (Hill's). See P. ALCICORNE HILLII.

„ Stemma'ria (Stemmaria). See P. .STHIOPICUM.

,, Va'ssei (Vasse's). Barren fronds not laciniate ;
fertile fronds regularly forked. Mozambique. 1910.

„ Vei'tchii (Veitch's). Fronds erect, leathery, dark
green. 1896.

„ Walli'chii (Wallich's). Barren frond deeply lobed ;
fertile in pairs, pendent. Malaya. 1860.

„ WilU'nckii (Willinck's). Java. 1875.

PLATYCHTLUM CELSIA'NUM. See HOVEA CELSI.

PLATYCLTNIS. (From platus, broad, and Minis,
diminutive of kline, a bed ; in reference to the broad
; axis of the spike on which the flowers are seated. Nat.
' ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical Orchids, of considerable interest,
but not very showy. Divisions at the commencement
of growth. The fibre of peat, sphagnum, bits of charcoal
and plenty of crocks.
P. abbreoia'ta (shortened). Green, white, yellow. Java.

1844.

,, arachni'tes (spider). Philippines.
„ ba'rbifrons (bearded- front). Whitish-green, fringed

with warts in front. Sumatra. 1902.
,, cobbia'na (Cobbian). i. Pale yellow, orange. Philip-
pines. 1880.

„ cucumeri'na (cucumber-like). Pale green. Philip-
pines. 1885.
,, fili fo'r mis (thread-formed), i. Pale greenish-yellow.

Philippines. 1836.
„ gluma'cea (large-glumed). i. White, fragrant.

Philippines.
„ „ va'lida (strong). A much stronger plant.

„ latifo'lia (broad- leaved). Philippines.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). Trop. Asia.
„ ru'fa (reddish), i. Reddish-brown. 1898.
„ unca'ta (hooked). Philippines.

PLATYCO'DON. (From platus, broad, and kodon, a
bell ; form of flower. Nat. ord. Bellicorts [Campanu-
laceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divisions in
spring, and cuttings of young shoots in summer, under
j a hand-light ; sandy, mellow loam.
P. autumna'le (autumnal). See P. GRANDIFLORUM.
„ chine' nse (Chinese). See P. GRANDIFLORUM.
,, grandifto'rum (large-flowered). i. Blue. June.

China and Japan. 1782. " Chinese Bellflower."
„ „ a'lbum (white), i. White. June. North of

China. 1845.
„ „ a'lbum semiple'num (semi-double- white). i.

White. June. China. 1845.

„ ,, Marie'sii (Maries's). \. Flowers larger. 1881.
,, sine'nsis (Chinese). See P. GRANDIFLORUM.

PLATYCRA TER. (From platus, broad, and krater, a
bowl ; in reference to enlarged calyx of the sterile
flowers. Nat. ord. Saxifragraceae.)

A dwarf, hardy shrub allied to Philadelphus. Cuttings
in sand, under a hand-light in summer. Ordinary
soil.
P. argu'ta (acute). 1-2. Creamy-white. Japan.

PLATY'LEPIS. (From platus, broad, and lepis, a
scale ; in allusion to the broad, overlapping bracts of the
spike. Nat. ord. Orchidaceas.)

Greenhouse terrestrial orchids, with creeping rhizomes
and ascending leafy stems. Divisions. Fibrous loam,
fibrous peat, leaf-mould, and sand.
P. austra'lis (southern). $-1. Green, with the upper

half of the lip white. Natal. 1906.
„ densifto'ra (dense-flowered). £-1. Green, white,
with narrow segments. Mascarene Islands. 1906.
„ glandule' sa (glandular). S. Africa.

PLATYLOBIUM

680

PLECTRANTHUS

PLATYLO'BIUM. Flat Pea. (From platus, broad,
and lobos, a pod. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosa3]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. Allied to
Hovea.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia, and orange-
flowered, except where otherwise mentioned. Seeds in
spring, in a slight hotbed, after placing them several
hours in water, at a temperature of 130° ; also by
cuttings of the half-ripened short shoots in sand, under
a bell-glass, in April ; fibrous, sandy peat chiefly, with
a very little fibrous loam, charcoal, and broken potsherds,
with pots extra well drained. Stagnant water, especially
in winter, destroys them. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P. formo'sum (beautiful). 4. July. 1790.
„ lanccola' turn (lance-shaped). See BOSSI^A HETERO-

PHYLLA.

„ microphy'llum (small-leaved). See BOSSLCA MICRO-

PHYLLA.

„ tnurraya'num (Murray's). See P. TRIANGULARE.

„ obtusa'ngulum (obtuse-angled). i. Yellow, red.

May. 1832.

„ ova'tum (egg-leaved). See BOSSIJEA HETEROPHYLLA.
„ parviflo'rum (small-flowered). See P. FORMOSUM.
„ scolope'ndrium (centipede-like). See BOSSI^A SCOLO-

PENDRIA.

„ triangula're (triangular) of Sims. See P. OBTUS-

ANGULUM.

„ triangula're (triangular-/«artfd) of R. Brown. 4
Yellow, red. July. 1805.

PLAtYLO'MA. (From platus, broad, and loma, an
edge. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia,
i-Filices. Now referred to Pellaea.)
P. andromedcefo'lia (Andromeda-k«wd). See PELLACA

ANDROMED/EFOLIA.

„ a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). See PELL^A ATRO-

PURPUREA.

„ Bro'wnii (Brown's). May. Australia.

„ calome'lanos (beautiful-dark). See PELL^A CALOME-

LANOS.

„ corda'ta (heart-shaped). See PELL.BA CORD ATA.
„ falca' ta (sickle-shaped). See PELL^A FALCATA.
,, flexuo'sa (zigzag). See PELL^BA CORDATA FLEXUOSA.
„ grandifp'lia (large-leaved). See PTERIS GRANDIFOLIA.
,, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). See PELL.SA ROTUNDI-

FOLIA.
„ sagitta'ta (arrow-shaped). See PELL^EA CORDATA

SAGITTATA.

„ ternifo'lia (three-leafleted). See PELL^EA TERNIFOLIA.

PLATYLO'PHUS. (From platus, broad, and lophos, a
crest ; seed-pod compressed so as to seem winged. Nat.
ord. Saxifrages [Saxifragaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, 2-
Digynia. Allied to Weinmannia.)

Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a glass, in April or May ; loam and peat.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

P. Irifolia'tus (three-leafleted). White. June. S. Africa.
1820. " White Ash."

PLATYO'SPRION. (From platus, broad, and osprion,
pulse ; in allusion to the broad pods. Nat. ord. Legumi-
nosae.)

A hardy tree, closely similar to Sophora japonica, but
very different in fruit. Seeds; grafting and layers.
Ordinary soil.
P. platyca'rpum (broad-fruited). White. Japan. 1896.

PLATYPE'TALUM PURPURA'SCENS. See BRAYA

ALPINA PURPURASCENS.

PLATY'STACHYS. See TILLANDSIA.

PLATYSTE'MMA. (From platus, broad, and sUnttna,
a crown ; in allusion to the broad, flat flower, which is
solitary. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae.)

Perennial, slender, greenhouse or half-hardy herb.
Seeds ; and leaf cuttings. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould,
and sand.
P. violoi'des (Viola-like). J. Violet. Himalaya.

PLATYSTE'MON. (From platus, broad, and stemon, a
stamen. Nat. ord. Poppyworts [Papaveraceae]. Linn.
i$-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered annual. Seeds in April ;
common, rich, light soil.

P. calif o'rnicus (Calif ornian). i. August. California.

1833. " Californian Poppy."
,, leioca'rpus (smooth- fruited). See P. CALIFORNICUS.

PLATYSTTGMA. (From platus, broad, and stigma,
the female organ. Nat. ord. Poppyivorts [Papaveraceae].
Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Platy-
stemon.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and divisions
in spring ; common, light soil ; requires a little pro-
tection in winter.
P. linea're (narrow-leaved ) . $. Yellow. California. 1833.

PLATYTHE'CA. (From platus, broad, and theke, a
case ; the anthers are broad. Nat. ord. Tremandraceae.)

Greenhouse shrub of slender habit. Cuttings of young
side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, wiped dry every
morning to prevent damping. Fibrous peat, a little
loam, some lumps of charcoal, and sand.
P. galioi'des (Galium-Uke). i-ij. Blue. June. Aus-
tralia. 1845.

PLEASURE-GROUND is a collective name for that
combination of parterres, lawns, shrubberies, waters,
arbours, &c., which are noticed individually in these
pages. One observation may be applied to all— let
congruity preside over the whole. It is a great fault
to have any one of those portions of the pleasure-ground
in excess ; and let the whole be proportioned to the
residence. It is quite as objectionable to be over-
gardened as to be over- housed.

PLECTOCETHALUS. See CENTAUREA.
PLECTOCO'MIA. (From plektos, plaited, and home,
the terminal tuft of leaves ; probably the leaves are
used for making ropes. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove palms. Seeds. Fibrous loam, one-third peat
and sand. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
P. Anaerso'ni (Anderson's). India. 1874.
„ assa'mica (Assamese). 80. Assam. 1841.
„ crini'ta (bristly). Leaf-stalks covered with white

spines. 1896.

„ donga! ta (elongated). Java ; Sumatra ; Pcnang.
„ Griffl'thii (Griffith's). Malacca.
,, himalaya'na (Himalayan). Himalaya. 1878.
„ specta'bilis (showy). Country unknown.

PLECTO'GYNE. See ASPIDISTRA.

PLECTRA'NTHUS. (From plektron, a cock's spur,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiatae].
Linn. i\*Didynamia, i-Gymnospcrmia.)

Herbaceous, by seeds and divisions ; shrubs, at times
by seeds, but chieQy by cuttings in sand, under a bell-
glass ; rich, sandy soil will suit them all. Temperature
that of the greenhouse and stove. There are many more
species beside the following :
P. a'lbo-caru'leus (white-blue). 3-5. White and bluish.

British Central Africa. 1899. Greenhouse.
„ a'sper (rough). See COLEUS BARBATUS.
„ austra'lis (southern). See P. PARVIFLORUS.
,, barba'tus (bearded). See COLEUS BARBATUS.
„ coleoi'des (Coleus-like). 1-2. Lilac. India. 1865.
,, chiradzule'nsis (Chiradzulan). 3. Light blue. Winter.

British Central Africa. 1904. Greenhouse.
„ como'sus (tufted). See COLEUS BARBATUS.
„ Coppi'ni (Cpppin's). Tubers eaten in the Soudan.

Trop. Africa. 1900. Stove.
„ cra'ssus (thick). 3. Purple-blue. British Central

Africa. 1904. Greenhouse.
,, cylindra' ceus (cylindrical). Lilac. Abyssinia. 1894.

Greenhouse.
„ f&'tidus (stinking). 3-5. Bright blue. E. Australia.

1877. Greenhouse.

„ Forska'lcei (Forskahl's). See COLEUS BARBATUS.
„ frutico'sus (shrubby). 4. Blue. July. S. Africa.

1774-

,, glaucoca'lyx (sea-green-calyxed). Amurland.
,, ftadie'nsis (Hadian). J. Lilac-purple, spotted.

Abyssinia. 1894. Greenhouse.
„ herbaceus (herbaceous). Lilac. Abyssinia. 1894.

Greenhouse.
„ inca'nus (hoary). 3. Blue. July. India. 1822.

Greenhouse herbaceous.
„ infle'xus (inflexed). Japan.

„ Maho'ni (MacMahon's). 3. Violet-blue. British
Central Africa. 1902. Greenhouse.

PLECTRITIS

681

PLEUROPETALUM

P. marrubioi'des (Marrubium-like). Small white.

Abyssinia. 1894. Greenhouse.
„ parvifto'rus (small-flowered). 2-3. Pale purple.

Summer. Australia.
„ purpura'tus (purple). Natal.

„ rubicu'ndus (red). See ORTHOSIPHON RUBICUNDUS.
„ rugo'sus (wrinkled). Himalaya.
„ sacca'tus (pouched). 3-4. Large pale blue. Natal.

1902. Greenhouse. Largest-flowered.
„ ScAtm'n/u'f/Ai (Schweinfurth's). Small, blue. Arabia.

1894.

,, scute//arwt'<&s(Scutellaria-like). See COLEUS BLUMEI.
„ terna'tus (three-leafleted). J. Purple. August.

Madagascar. 1821. Stove herbaceous. " Opime

Plant."
tl Urnifo'lius (three-leaved). 2. Blue. August.

Nepaul. 1820. Greenhouse herbaceous.
„ visco'sus (clammy). Se% OCIMUM VISCOSUM.

PLECTRI'TIS. (From plektron, a cock's spur; the
flower being swollen in front. Nat. ord. Valerianworts
[Valerianaceae]. Linn. $-Triandria, i-Monogynia. Now
referred to Valerianella.)
P. brachyste'mon (short-stamened). See VALERIANELLA

CONGESTA.

„ conge' sia (crowded-flowered). See VALERIANELLA

CONGESTA.

„ „ mi' nor (sma&er-flou'ered). See VALERIANELLA

CONGESTA MINOR.

„ samolifo'lia (Samolus-leaved) . See VALERIANELLA

SAMOLIFOLIA.

PLECTRO'NIA. (From plektron, a cock's spur; the
tree armed with large spines. Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubi-
aceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Chiococca.)

Greenhouse evergreen trees. Cuttings in sand, under
a bell-glass, in May, and placed in a cold frame ; sandy
peat and fibrous loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P. corymbo'sa (corymbed). See P. VENTOSA.
,, spino'sa (spiny). 10-10. White. S. Africa.
„ vento'sa (windy). 20. White, green. S.Africa. 1816.

PLEIOCA'RPA. (From pleios, full, and karpos, a
fruit ; the flowers are remarkable in having five, instead
of two, carpels. Nat. ord. Apocynaceze.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of short side-shoots
in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam,
peat, and sand.

P. mu'tica (snipped). 5. Pure white. W. Trop. Africa.
1910.

PLEIO'NE. See COZLOGYNE.
PLEOCNE MIA. See NEPHRODIUM.

PLEOPE'LTIS. (From pleos, full, and pelte, a shield ;
referring to the covering of the spore or seed-cases. Nat.
ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.
Referred to Polypodium.)
P. a'lbido-squama'ta (white-scaled). See POLYPODIUM

ALBO-SQUAMATUM.

„ elonga' ta (elongated). Yellow. May. S.Amer. 1843.
„ ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). See POLYPODIUM LANCEO-

LATUM.

„ fo'ssa (dug-out). See POLYPODIUM FOSSUM.
„ hasta'ta (halbert-shaped). See POLYPODIUM HASTA-

TUM.

„ incurva'ta (incurved). See POLYPODIUM INCURVATUM.
„ lanceola' turn (spear-headed). See POLYPODIUM

LANCEOLATUM.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See POLYPODIUM LATI-

FOLIUM.

„ nu'da (naked). See POLYPODIUM LINEARE.
„ percu'ssa (stricken). See POLYPODIUM PERCUSSUM.
„ pi' eta (painted). See POLYPODIUM PICTUM.
„ salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). See POLYPODIUM LYCO-

PODIOIDES SALICIFOLIUM.

„ Sci'pias (Scipias). See POLYPODIUM XIPHIAS.
„ se'rpsns (creeping). See POLYPODIUM SWARTZII.
,, Xi'phias (Xiphias). See POLYPODIUM XIPHIAS.

PUERA'NDRA. (From pleres, full, and aner, a man ;
the stamens are numerous, in two or more series. Nat.
ord. Araliacece.)

Stove trees, with digitate, compound, evergreen leaves.
Cuttings in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat.
Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

P. Gr&'ftei (Graff's). Apparently a misprint for P. Grayi.
„ Gra'yi (Gray's). Green. Leaflets 8-10. Fiji. 1887.
„ vitie'nsis (Fijian). Green. Fiji. 1887.

PLERO'MA. (From pleroma, fullness ; the cells of the
seed-vessel. Nat. ord. Melastomads [Melastomaceae].
Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to
Tibouchina.)
P. barbi'gerum (beard-bearing). See TIBOUCHINA BAR-

BIGERA.
„ benthamia'num (Bentham's). See TIBOUCHINA BEN-

THAMIANA.

„ ca'ndidum (white). Pure white. S. Australia. 1905.

„ e'legans (elegant). See TIBOUCHINA ELEGANS.

„ exappendicula' turn (unappendaged) . See TIBOUCHINA
MOLLIS.

„ gaudichaudia'num (Gaudichaudian) . See TIBOU-
CHINA GAUDICHAUDIANA.

„ gaya'num (Gayan). White, yellow. October
November. Peru. 1874.

„ glandulo' sum (glandular). J. White. March.
Guiana. 1824.

„ glomcra'tum (clustered), i. Pink. July. W. Ind. 1818.

„ granulo'sum (granular). See TIBOUCHINA GRANULOSA.

„ heteroma'llum (variable haired). See TIBOUCHINA

HETEROMALLA.

„ holoseri'ceum (wholly-silky). See TIBOUCHINA HOLO-

SERICEA.

„ kunthia'num (Kunth's). See TIBOUCHINA BENTHAMI-

ANA.

„ la'xum (loose). Violet. Peru. 1867. Greenhouse.
„ macro,' nihum (large-flowered). See TIBOUCHINA SEMI-
DECANDRA.

„ marmora'tum (marbled). Bluish-purple. Leaves
blotched with cream. 1884.

„ sarmenio'sum (twiggy). See P. LAXUM.

„ semideca'ndrum (half-ten-anthered). See TIBOU-
CHINA SEMIDECANDRA.

„ „ fioribu'ndum (free-flowering). See TIBOUCHINA

SEMIDECANDRA FLORIBUNDUM.

„ strigo'sum (strigose). See TIBOUCHINA ORNATA.
,, villo'sum (shaggy). See MELASTOMA VILLOSUM.
,, vimi'neum (twiggy). See TIBOUCHINA VIMINEA.

PLEURA'NDRA. (From pleuron, a side, and aner, an
anther ; the stamens arranged on one side of the pistil,
giving the centre of the flower a one-sided appearance.
Nat. ord. Dilleniads [Dilleniaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria,
2-Digynia. Now referred to Hibbertia.)
P. acicula'ris (needle-shaped). See HIBBERTIA ACICU-
LARIS.

„ &roctea'to(large-bracted). See HIBBERTIA BRACTEATA.

„ calyci'na (large-calyxed). See HIBBERTIA STRICTA.

,, Cneo'rum (Cneorum). See HIBBERTIA NITIDA.

„ ericcefo'lia (heath-leaved). See HIBBERTIA STRICTA.

,, ni'tida (shining). See HIBBERTIA NITIDA.

,, sca'bra (rough). See HIBBERTIA BILLARDIERI.

,, stri'cta (erect). See HIBBERTIA STRICTA.

PLEURrDIUM. (From pleuron, a side, and eidos,
aspect ; in reference to the lateral position of the spore
cases. Nat. ord. Filices or Ferns. See Polypodium.)
P. crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). See POLYPODIUM CRASSI-

FOLIUM.
„ juglandifo'lium (walnut-leaved). See POLYPODIUM

JUGLANDIFOLIUM.

„ palma'tum (hand-shaped). See POLYPODIUM PAL-

MATUM.

„ rupe'stre (rock). See POLYPODIUM RUPESTRE.
„ venu's turn (lovely). See POLYPODIUM HIMALAYENSE.

PLEUROGRA'MMA LINEA'RIS. See MONOGRAMME

GRAMINEA.

PLETJRO'GYNA. (From pleuron, a side, and gune, the
female organ ; this issuing from the side of the seed-
vessel. Nat. ord. Gentianvorts [Gentianaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, 2-Digynia. Allied to Gentian.)

Hardy annual. Seeds in April ; chalky loam, and a
small portion of peat.
P. carin/Ai'aca(Carinthian). j. Blue. August. Europe;

Northern Asia. 1827.
„ rota'ta (-wheel-shaped-flowered) . See P. CARINTHIACA.

PLEUROPE'TALUM. (From pleuron, a rib, and
petalon, a petal ; in allusion to the numerous ribs of the
petals. Nat. ord. Portulaceas.)

PLEUROSPERMUM

682

PLEUROTHALLIS

A stove half-shrubby plant. Cuttings in sand, with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, a little peat, and plenty
of sand.

P. costarice'nse (Costa Rican). Green to scarlet. Berries
bright crimson. Trop. Amer. 1883.

PLEUROSPE'RMUM. (From pleuron, a rib, and
sperma, a seed ; the fruits are strongly ribbed. Nat. ord.
Umbellifera?.)

Hardy perennial or biennial herbs. Seeds ; divisions.
Ordinary soil.

P. angelicoi' des (Angelica-like). Himalaya.
„ austri'acum (Austrian). 3. White. June to Sep-
tember. Europe. 1597.
„ Bruno'nis (Brown's). Himalaya.
„ denta'tum (toothed). Himalaya.
„ Gola'ka (Golaka). Europe.
„ pu'lchrum (beautiful). Afghanistan.
PLEUROTHA'LLIS. (From pleuron, a side, and thallo,
to bloom. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacea;]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove orchids, not possessing much beauty, but are
interesting, curious little plants. They thrive best upon
blocks of wood, with a small portion of moss tied to the
block. The best form of block is a round one, with
the top cut sloping at an angle of 45°, the plant to be
fixed on the sloping part. These blocks can then be
placed on the lower end, which should be cut horizontally,
to allow them to stand firmly in that position. They
are also grown in small pots and pans.
P. aphlho'sa (wingless). Yellow. January. Mexico.

1839.

„ apicula'ta (finely- pointed). \. Pale yellow. Vene-
zuela. 1908.
„ atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). See CRTPTOPHORANTHUS

ATROPURPUREUS.

„ attenua'ta (drawn-out). ^. Light green, purple ;

lip greenish- white. 1909.
„ auriculi'gera (auricle-bearing).
„ autrania'na (Autranian). Light yellow, spotted and

striped with purple-brown. 1895.
„ a'viceps (bird's-head). See MASDEVALLIA AVICEPS.
„ barberia'na (Barberian). Light ochre, blotched

purple ; petals whitish. S. Amer. 1881.
„ barbosa'na (Barbosan). $. Yellow. Brazil. 1906.
„ bicarina'ta (two-keeled). Brazil. 1839.
„ bilamella'ta (two-plated). Bright red. Mexico. 1870.
„ Birchena'llii (Birchenall's). $. Reddish-purple, light

green, greenish- white. Colombia. 1909.
„ Bowma'nni (Bowman's). Brazil. 1869.
„ cardiocre'pis (heart-slippered). August. 1891.
,, cilia'ta (eye-lashed). $. Yellow. Guiana. 1837.
„ circumple'xa (bound-round). Green. February.

Mexico. 1837.

„ cocci' nea (scarlet). See RODRIGUEZIA SECUNDA.
„ cogniauxia'na (Cogniauxian) . Pale, covered with

purple lines and spots. Colombia. 1907.
„ conve'rgens (converging). White, fragrant. Brazil.

1899.
„ crini'fera (hair-bearing). ,'T- Light green, brown,

red-purple ; lip whitish. Brazil. 1910.
cuneifo'lia( wedge-leaved). ,y Pale yellow, carmine-
Brazil. 1910.

Yellow. September. Trini-
Yellow ; lip orange. Mexico.

red, reddish-brown.
„ discoi'dea (discoid). £

dad. 1880.
„ du'bia (doubtful). \.

1907.

„ e'legans (elegant). Violet. New Grenada. 1842.
„ fiexuo'sa (zigzag). Purple. September. Peru. 1842.
„ ftoripe'cten (flower-comb). Yellow, purple. Colombia.

1867.
„ fra'gilis (brittle). Orange, yellow. May. Rio

Janeiro. 1839.

„ fu'lgens (shining),. Scarlet. Costa Rica. 1875.
„ ge'lida (cold). Yellowish. May. Jamaica. 1841.
„ genicula'ta (kneed). Pale yellow. Peru.
„ glanduli' gera (gland-bearing). Brazil. 1836.
„ gra'cilis (graceful). Brazil.
„ „ Bino'ti (Binot's). Lateral sepals wholly united.

Brazil. 1906.

„ grandifio'ra (large-flowered). Peru. 1842.
„ Gro'byi (Groby's). J. Yellow, spotted with crimson.

Brazil and Guiana. 1834.
„ Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). See P. GENICULATA.
„ hemirho'da (half-red). White, red. Colombia. 1852.

P. imme'rsa (immersed). Colombia.
„ infla'ta (inflated), j. Whitish, solitary. Colombia.

1894.
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). }. Whitish-green, striped

purple ; lip blackish-purple. Venezuela. 1887.
,, johanne'nsis (Johannan). Brazil.
„ Kranzli'ni (Kraenzlin's). Purple and silvery- white.

1894.
„ lancea'na (Lancean). $. Yellow, marked with

crimson. Guiana. 1831.

„ lateri'tia (brick-red). Brick-red. Costa Rica. 1872.
,, leptotifo'lia (Leptotes-leaved). Brazil.
„ Li'ngua (tongue-leaved). Purple. August. Brazil.

1842.

,, liparau'ges (brilliantly-shining). Light reddish-
ochre. Brazil. 1885.

„ longi'ssima (longest). Greenish. Mexico.
„ lepanthifo'rmis ( LepantheVf ormed) . See P. VILLOSA.
„ lu'teola (yellowish-flowered). See P. FRAGILIS.
„ macroble'pharis (long-eye-lashed). White, blackish.

Peru. 1875.
„ macula' to. (blotched). J. White and purple. Brazil.

,, malach'a'niha (soft-flowered). Brazil.

,, margina'ia (margined). Purple. April. Guatemala.

1836.

,, monophy'lla (one-leaved). White. Guiana.
,, muscoi'dea (moss-like). Pale yellow. June. Brazil.

1837.

,, mutabu'nda (much-changing). Winter. Brazil.
„ oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). Red. Cuba. 1836.
,, obova'ta (reversed-egg-leaved). Pale yellow. May.

Peru. 1834.
„ occu'lia (hidden- flowered). Brown. January. Brazil.

1837.
„ ochrea'ta (reddish-yellow). Red, yellow. September.

Brazil. 1839.
,, octomeroi' des (Octomeria-like). Autumn. Mexico.

1836.
„ ophioce'phala ( snake' s-head). See RESTREPIA OPHIO-

CEPHALA.

,, orbicula'ris (orbicular). Guiana. 1842.

,, orna'ta (adorned). Yellow, with purple markings.

April. Trop. Amer.
,, pachyglo'ssa ( thick- tongued). Purple. March.

Mexico. 1837.

,, panduri'fera (fiddle-formed). Yellow. Brazil. 1842.
„ pa'rdipes (pard- footed). Yellow-brown. Brazil.

1868.

„ pa'rva (small). }. Yellow. Brazil. 1895.
„ pectina'ia (comb-h'ke). Green, purple. July. Brazil.

1837.
„ peduncula'ta (long-stalked). Green. December.

Venezuela. 1852.
„ pergra'cilis (very-graceful) . J. Yellowish, with purple

lines. British Honduras. 1893.
,, pernambuce'nsis (Pernambucan). Green and purple.

Brazil. 1894.
„ pi'cta (painted). \. Bright yellow and red. Deme-

rara. 1887.

„ plantagi'nea (plantain-like). Peru. 1842.
,, platyra'chis (broad- rachised) . i. Yellow. Costa

Rica. 1884.
,, platy' stachys (broad-spiked). Green, dotted with

purple. Brazil. 1888.
„ plumo'sa (ienthery-petalcd). Green, purple. Costa

Rica. 1840.
„ polyli'ria (many-ridged). Greenish-white. Costa

Rica. 1871.
„ proli'fera (proliferous). |. Purple, rose. Autumn.

Brazil. 1826.
„ pube'rula (finely-downy). Green, dull yellow, fragrant.

1893.

„ pulche'lla (neat). Purple. Colombia.
„ puncta'ta (dotted) of Ker-Gawler. See NOTYLIA

PUNCTATA.

,, puncta'ta. (dotted) of Lindley. Yellow, purple. April.

Brazil. 1842.
„ punctula'ta (finely-dotted). J. Lieht yellow, spotted

purple-brown. Colombia. 1888.
„ pyrso'des (torch-like). Orange, solitary. Central

Amer. 1 876.
„ recu'rva (curled-back-s/>^^). Purple. January.

Brazil. 1841.
„ regelia'na (Reeelian). Ochreous, reddish, whitish,

purple. Minas Geraes. 1886.

PLOCAMA

683

PLUMBAGO

P. Raymo'ndi (Raymond's). Purple. Venezuela. 1863.
„ restrepioi' des (Restrepia-like). Purple, green. Peru.

1836.
„ rhombipeftala (diamond- petaled). Green and purple.

British Guiana. 1893.

„ R(B'zlii(Rcsz\'s). £. Purple-brown. Colombia. 1888.
„ ro' seo-puncta' ta (rosy-dotted). White, rose. August

Venezuela.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). J*. Yellow and purple.

Jamaica. 1895.

„ ru'bens (reddening). Reddish. June. Brazil.
„ ru'fa (reddish), i. Brown-red ; lip purple. Mexico.

1898.

„ ruscifo'lia (Ruscus-leaved). Trop. Amer. 1798.
„ saundersia'na (Saundersian). Pale brown. Brazil.

1866.
„ sauroce'phala(Saurus- headed). Yellow-green. Brazil.

1829.

„ Sca'pha (skiff). White, brownish-purple. July. 1834.
„ Scla'rea (Sclarea). Red, orange. Colombia. 1876.
„ semipellu'cida (half-pellucid). April. Venezuela.
„ seria'ta (rowed). Yellow, green. May. Brazil. 1842.
„ sertularioi' des (Sertularia-like). White. Jamaica.
„ sica'ria (dagger-shaped). Green, yellow. May.

Trop. Amer. 1841.
„ smithia'na (Smith's). Green, purple. May. Rio

Janeiro. 1842.

„ spectrili'nguis (spectre-lipped). ^. Straw, purple-
mauve ; lip olive-brown. 1883.
„ stenope' tola (narrow-petaled). Brown, yellow. July.

Trop. Amer. 1837.
„ strupifo'lia (strap-leaved). Purple, white. Year.

Brazil. 1837.
„ subulifo'lia (awl-leaved). |. Yellow, with purple

lines. Brazil. 1908.
„ tenui' ssima (most-slender). Mexico.
„ te'res (round-stemmed). Cinnamon. August. Brazil.

1842.
„ teretifo'lia (round-leaved). J. Brown, fleshy. Brazil.

1892.
„ testcifo'lia (brick- leaved), i. W. Ind. ; Venezuela.

1881.
„ tigri'na (tiger-spotted). Yellow, purple. August.

Mexico. 1838.
„ tribuloi'des (caltrop-like). *. Brick-red. W. Ind.

1887.

„ tricarina'la (three-keeled). Orange. Peru.
„ tridenta'ta (three- toothed). Venezuela. 1840.
„ unistria'ia (one-lined). }. Whitish, with purple lines.

1893.
„ velaiicau'lis (supernumerary-stemmed). August.

Venezuela.

„ vela'tipes (supernumerary-stalked). May. Venezuela.
„ veno'sa (veiny). \-\. Greenish, with dusky brown

lines. Trop. Amer. 1906.

„ villo'sa (shaggy). Purple. May. Mexico. 1838.
„ vitta'ta (branded). Purple. April. Mexico. 1837.
„ wendlandia' na (Wendlandian). November. Country

doubtful.

PLO'CAMA. (From plokamos, curled hair. Nat. ord.
Rubiaceae.)

Greenhouse shrub of drooping habit. Cuttings in
sand, under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
P. pe'ndula (drooping). 2. White. Canaries. 1772.

PLOCOGLO'TTIS. (From plokos, braided or plaited,
and glossa, a tongue; the lip is folded. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical orchids. Divisions at the com-
mencement of growth. Fibre of peat, sphagnum, bits
of charcoal and crocks.
P. acumin-z'ta (long-pointed). Malaya.
„ java'nica (Javanese). Malaya.
„ Lo'wit (Low's). Pale yellow, brown. Borneo. 1865.

PLOCOSTE'MMA. (From plokos, braided or curled,
and stemma, a crown. Nat. ord. Asclepiadace;*1. Now
referred to Hoya.)
P. lasiafnthum (woolly-flowered). See HOYA LASIANTHA.

PLOUGHMAN'S SPIKENARD. Ba'ccharis.

PLU'CHEA. (Commemorative of N. A . Pluche, author
of Spectacle de la Nature. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Greenhouse shrubs, with one exception. Cuttings in
sand, under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.

P. ca'spica (Caspian). 2-3. Purple. August. Caspian

Sea. Hardy herb.
„ Diosco'ridis (Dioscoridis's). 4. White. September.

Trop. Africa.
„ I'ndica (Indian). 3. White. October. Trop. Asia

and Australia. 1819.

„ subdecu'rrens (slightly-decurrent). 6. Purple.
August. Mexico. 1823.

PLUM. Pru'nus commu'nis or insiti'tia.

Superior Kinds. — (i) Smith's Early Orleans ; (2) Green-
gage ; (3) Brandy Gage ; (4) Washington ; (5) White
Magnum Bonum ; (6) Imperatrice ; (7) Victoria, Dennis-
ton's Superb ; (8) Coe's Golden Drop ; (9) Early Pro-
lific; (10) Ickworth Imperatrice; (n) Coe's Late Red;
(12) Pond's Seedling; (13) Reine Claude- Violette ;
(14) Kirke's; (15) Diamond; (16) Jefferson. Of these,
Nos. i, 3, and 9 are remarkable for their earliness as
table fruit. Nos. 6, 7, 8, 10, n, 13, 14, 16, for lateness
as table fruit. Nos. 4, 7, 12, 15, are adapted for the
kitchen.

Propagation: by Grafting. — The grafting of the Plum
is performed in precisely the same manner as the Pear
or the Apple, and at a similar period. The Brussels
stock is principally used by our nurserymen ; but for
such gross sorts as the Washington, the Magnum
Bonum, &c., it is a question whether the Muscle stock
would not be fitter. We need not enlarge here on the
process, which will be found in detail under the head
GRAFTING.

Budding. — The same may be said of this process. See
BUDDING.

Seed. — This is resorted to in order to procure new
varieties ; and to accomplish this, of course, seed from
choice varieties is obtained. The mode of sowing, rear-
ing, &c., will be found detailed in the articles PEACH and
PEAR.

Culture during the Growing Period. — As with the Peach,
the Nectarine, Pear, &c., so with the Plum. The first
proceeding of the season is disbudding. About the be-
ginning of May the trees burst forth into a great amount
of spray, and much of this will be ill-placed ; and,
indeed, if well-placed, much too crowded. We are, of
course, speaking of wall or espalier trees, for there the
most attention is requisite. A progressive disbudding
is best, the first consisting in merely removing the fore-
right and back shoots, unless, as observed with regard
to the other stone fruits, vacant spaces occur, when an
ill-placed shoot is better than none. Shortly after this
period, if the trees be strong, gross shoots or robbers
will show themselves, which, when about 6 inches long,
should have the points pinched off. In a few weeks
more, another disbudding will be expedient, and by this
time shoots of a proper character for final reservation
may be determined on. The latter may be carefully
tied or trained as soon as convenient, and every shoot of
a doubtful character, in the thinning out, may have
the point pinched off. The rest of the proceedings,
indeed, are so similar to the Peach, that it is scarcely
necessary to repeat them.

Culture during the Rest Period. — The trees will require
some pruning, and this consists principally in thinning
out, and reducing the snags or stumps of shoots pinched
back in the summer previous. Our practice is to tie
down on the old wood, or otherwise train in, as much
of the short-jointed wood as possible, without cramming
it too thick ; for most of this wood will become studded
with blossom-spurs in the succeeding summer. All that
is not needed may be cut clear away, as in the Pear;
and all useless stumps also. Where wood is wanting to
furnish blanks, some of the leading shoots may be
shortened back a little ; and, indeed, any points may be
shortened which appear spongy and immature. The
trees may now be carefully trained or nailed in, and, if
necessary, receive any dressing requisite for the insects.

Diseases and Insects. — See PEACH.

PLUKENE'TIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Euphorbiaceae.)

Stove, evergreen twiner. Cuttings in sand in bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam, peat, charcoal nodules, and sand.
P. volu'bHis (twining). Green. W. Ind.

PLUMBA'GO. Leadwort. (From plumbum, lead, or
a disease of the eye so called, to which a species of
Plumba'go was applied. Nat. ord. Leadworts [Plum-
baginaceaej. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i~Monogynia.)

PLUM, CHERRY

684

PODOCARPUS

Division of hardy herbaceous perennials, and also
seeds and cuttings ; cuttings of the tender kinds ; the
side, stubby shoots do best, but shoots at almost every
age and size will strike freely in sand, under a bell-
glass, in summer, and either kept cool, or with a little
bottom-heat, according to the species. The tender
species require the greenhouse or the stove. Sandy
loam, and a little fibrous peat and dried leaf-mould.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
P. cetru'lea (sky-blue). 2. Blue. June to September.

Peru. 1826. Annual.
„ capSnsis (Cape), ij. Blue. November. S. Africa.

1818.

„ „ alba (white). White. 1886.
„ tri'stis (dark-flowered), ij. Brown. May. S. Africa.
1792.

STOVE EVERGREENS.
P. ju'ncta (rush-like). Madagascar.
„ mexica'na (Mexican). See P. SCANDENS.
„ occidtnta'lis (western). See P. SCANDENS.
„ pulcke'Ua (pretty). 3. Violet. June to September.

Mexico.

„ rhomb tfo'lia (diamond-leaved). See P. C.«RULEA.
,, rhomboi'dea (diamond-shaped) of Hooker. See P.

C^RULEA.

„ rKomboi'dea (diamond-shaped) of Loddiges. See P.

PULCHELLA.

„ ro'sea (rosy). i|. Red. May. India. 1777.

„ „ supe'rba (superb). Colour richer, brighter. 1863.

„ sca'ndens (cUmbing). 3. White. July. Trop. Amer.

1699. Cumber.
„ zeyla'nica (Cingalese). 2. White. June. Tropics

of Old World. 1731-

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. europ&'a (European). 3. Blue. September. S.

Europe. 1596.
„ LarpSnUe (Lady Larpent's). See CERATOSTIGMA

PLUMBAGINOIDES.

„ micra'ntha (small-flowered). iJ-2. White. July.
Siberia. 1829.

PLUM, CHERRY. Pru'nus cerasi'fera.

PLUM, GINGERBREAD. See PARINARIUM MACRO-

PHYLLUM.

PLUMOTRIA. (Named after Plumier, a celebrated
French botanist. Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaoeae].
Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Cerbera.)

Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings of ripe
shoots in spring, in sand, under a hand-light, and in
bottom-heat ; sandy loam and a little fibrous peat.
Winter temp., 50° to 55°, and rather dry ; summer,
60° to 85°, with moist roots and atmosphere.
P. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved}. See P. ACUTIFOLIA.
„ acuti folia, (acute-leaved). 20. Red, yellow. July.

Mexico. 1790.

„ a'lba (white). White. W. Ind.
„ bi'color (two-coloured). 25. White, yellow. August.

S. Amer. 1815.
„ blandfordia'na (Blandford's). 10. July. S. Amer.

1825.

„ kypoleu'ca (white-beneath). See P. ALBA.
„ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 20. Flesh. July. Peru.

1820.
„ Jameso'ni (Jameson's). 4. Yellow and pink.

Eucador. J uly.

„ Ke'rrii (Ker's). See P. TRICOLOR.
„ lambertia'na (Lambert's). 10. White. July. Mexico.

1819.
„ leuca'ntka (white-flowered). 10. White. July. S.

Amer. 1825.
„ lu'tea (yellow). 10-18. Yellow, suffused blush.

June. Peru. 1869.

„ mexica'na (Mexican). See P. LAMBERTIANA.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 10. White. July. S.

Amer. 1825.

„ Millc'ri (Miller's). See P. INCARNATA.
„ northia'na (North's). 7. July. S. Amer. 1820.
„ obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). 10. VVhite. July. W. Ind.

1733-

„ parvtfo'lia (small-leaved). White. July. W. Ind.
1813.

P. pu'dica (chaste- flowered). 5. Yellow. July. W. Ind.
„ purpu'rea (purple). 20. Purple. July. Peru. 1820.

,, ru'bra (red). 15. Red. July. Trop. Amer. 1690.

„ tri'color (three-coloured). 15. Yellow. August.

Peru. 1815.

„ tubercula'ta (warted-stemmed) . 6. White. August.

St. Domingo. 1812.

PNEUMONA'NTHE. See GENTIANA.

PO'A, Meadow Grass. (From poa, the Greek for
grass, herbage. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

A large genus of grasses, forming a large component
of pastures, meadows, and lawns. P. trii-ialis is the
most abundant in the parks and gardens of towns.
Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary soil.
P. abyssi'nica (Abyssinian). Abyssinia. Stove.
„ flabella'ta (fan-shaped). Tufted. Magellanic region.
,, palu'stris (marsh). See LEERSIA ORYZOIDES.
„ trivia'lis (common), i-ij. Green. June. Northern

Temperate regions (Britain).

„ „ a'lbo-vitta'ta (white-striped), i. Leaves striped
with pure white. Britain. 1868.

PODAdLE'NIUM. (From POUS, podos, a foot, a, not,
and chaino, I open ; the achenes or fruits are stalked.
Nat. ord. Composite.)

A tall stove shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a close case,
with bottom- heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
P. andi'num (Andes). Rays white ; disc yellow. Colom-
bia. 1892.

PODALY RIA. (A classical name. Podalirius was
the son of /Esculapius. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosas]. Linn. io-Decandriat i-Monogynia. AUied
to Baptisia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South Africa. The
following, with a few exceptions, are purple-flowered.
Seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; cuttings of stubby side-
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May ;
sandy loam and fibrous peat, well-drained. Winter
temp., 40° to 48*.
P. a'lba (white). See BAPTISIA LEUCANTHA.

„ arge'ntea (silvery). 6. White, red. April. 1789.

,, biflo'ra (two-flowered) of Sims. See P. ARGENTEA.

„ buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. Blue. June. 1790.

„ calyplra'ta (covered). 3-5. Light purple. June to
September. 1792.

„ glau'ca (milky-green). 6. June. 1810.

„ myrtillifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 6. June. 1795.

„ ole&fo'lia (olive-leaved). 4. May. 1804.

„ seri'cea (silky). 6. June. 1778.

„ sfyracifo'lia (Styrax-leaved). See P. CALYPTRATA.

„ tincto'ria (dyer's). See BAPTISIA TINCTORIA.

PODA'NTHES GEMINA TA. See PIARANTHUS GEMI-

NATUS.

PODA NTHES IRRORA TA. See STAPELIA IRRORATA.
PODA'NTHES PU LCHRA. See STAPELIA RORIFLUA.
PODA'NTHES VERRUCO SA. See STAPELIA VERRU-

COSA.

PODA'NTHUM GRA CLLE. See PH\TEUMA GRACILE.
PODA'NTHUM LOBELIOIDES. See PHYTEUMA

LOBELIOIDES.

PODA'NTHUS. (From POUS, podos, a stalk, and
anthos, a flower ; the flowers are stalked. Nat. ord.
Composite.)

Dwarf greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings in sandy soil
under a hand-light. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and
sand.

P. gra'tus (pleasing). See P. OVATIFOLIUS.
„ Miti'qui (Mitique's). 2-3. Yellow. Chili. 1824.
,, avatifo'lius (egg-shaped-leaved). 2. Yellow. Brazil :
Chili. 1825.

PODOCARPUS. (From pous, podos, a foot, and
kzrpos, a fruit ; long footstalks. Nat. ord. Conifers
[Coniferze]. Linn. 2i--Yfonarcia, lo-Monadelphia. Allied
to the Yew.)

Evergreen cone-bearers. Cuttings of ripe shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass ; loam and peat. Winter temp.,
40° to 48°. Macrophy'lla, latifolia, spinulo'sa, and
nuci'fera have stood some time against walls in the
climate of London. They are all good things for a
winter garden.

PODOCHILUS

685

PODOTHECA

P. aJpfna (alpine). Tasmania.
„ ama'ra (bitter). Java.
„ aauU'na (Andian). See P. CHILINA.
„ eaita'rctica (antarctic). See P. CURVIFOLIA.
„ argela'nia (silver-banded). China.
„ Bidwflli (Bidwffl's). See P. TOTARA.
„ canaliada'ta (channelled). Origin doubtful.
„ ektii'na (Chilian). 40. Chili.

-,sis (Chinese). See P. MACROPHYLLA.
„ oori&'cea. (leathery). 50. W. Ind. and Colombia.

18x8.

„ cupre'ssina (Cypress-like). Burma; Malaya.
„ curvifo'lia (curved-leaved). Country doubtful.
„ dacrydiofdes (Dacrydium-like). New Zealand.
„ elot'ta (tall). Australia.
„ donga to. (elongated). E. Africa, &c.
„ endlicktria'na (End^cberian). See P. NERIIFOLIA.
„ ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). See P. ELATA.
„ faruginea (rusty-coloured). 40. New Zealand.
„ jupo'nica (Japanese). Japan.
„ koraia'na (Corean). See CEPHALOTAXUS PEDUNCU-

LATA FAST1GIATA.

„ lotifo'lia (broad-leaved). 200. March. India. 1828.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 40. July. Japan. 1804.

„ tf«ff«V(Nageia). 40. Japan.

. „ rot**dijo1i* (round-leaved).

„ nenifo'lia (Nerium-leaved). Himalaya.

„ nuin'gena (cloud-begotten). Chili. 1851.

,, nuci'lcTa (nut-bearing). See TORRE YA NUCIFERA.

„ pectina'ta (comb-like). Foliage silvery. New Cale-
donia. 1892.

„ purdiea'na (Purdiean). 80-100. Jamaica. " Yacca-
wood."

„ stdici-fo'lia (willow-leaved). Colombia.

„ spinvlo'sa, (rather-spiny). 20. Australia. 1820.
" Illawarra Pine."

„ sua'vis (oleander-leaved). 6J. Scarlet. New Zealand.

„ iaxifo'lia. (yew-leaved). See PRUMNOPITYS TAXIFOLXA.
, Tota'ra (Totara). 80. New Zealand. " Totara
Pine."

„ „ varifga' ta (variegated). Leaves striped with white.

,, vitie'nsis (Fijian). 10-50. Shrub or tree. Branches
drooping. Fiji. 1886.

„ Ya'cca. (Yaoca) of G. Don in Loudon. See P. CORI-

ACEA.

„ Ya'cca (Yaoca) of G. Don in Sweet's Hort. Brit. See
PRUMNOPJTYS TAXIFOLIA.

PODOCHI'LUS. (From pous, podos, a foot, and
cheilos, a Up; the lip is jointed with the foot of the
column. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae. Allied to Notyh'a.)

Stove epiphytical orchids, with slender, leafy stems.
Divisions at the commencement of growth. Sphagnum,
fibre of peat, charcoal, and crocks.

P. longicalcara'tus (long-spurred). 2. White and purple.
Borneo and Philippines. 1894.

PODOCY TISTJS CARAMANICUS. See LABURNUM

CARAMANICUM.

PODOLA'SIA. (From pous, podos, a foot, and Lasia ;
there is a long stalk to the spadix. Nat. ord. Araceae.)

A stove perennial. Divisions or offsets. Lumpy
fibrous peat, a little loam, some charcoal nodules, and
sand.

P. stipiia' ta (stalked), i. Spathe brownish-red ; spadix
cream changing to brown. Borneo. 1882.

PODOXEPIS. (From pous, a foot, and lepis, a scale ;
flower-stalks scaly. Nat. ord. Composites [Compo-
sita?]. Linn. ly-Syngenesia, 2-Superftua. Allied to Heli-
chrysum.)

P. gra'cilis is a half-hardy herbaceous perennial ; the
rest are hardy annuals. Seeds in a little heat, in spring ;
division in spring, as growth commences ; sandy loam,
and a little leaf-mould or peat ; the protection of a cold
pit in winter. There are several species besides the
following :
P. acumina'ta (long-pointed), i-ij. Yellow. July to

September. Australia.
„ arista la. (bearded), i. Bright j'ellow, pink. July to

September. Australia.

„ chrysa'nUia (golden-flowered). See P. ARISTATA.
„ grd'ctiis (slender). 3. Pink. August. N.S. Wales.

1826.
„ Lesso'nii (Lesson's), xj. Yellow. Australia. 1862.

(From pous, a foot, and lobos, a

pod ; the seed-pod on a foot-stalk within the calyx.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn, xo-
Decandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Oxylobium.)
P. berbaifo'lium (barberry-leaved). See OXVLOBIUM

BERBERIFOLIUM.

„ Juterophy'llum (various-leaved). See OXYLOBIUM

HETEROPHYLLUM.

„ sca'ndens (climbing). See OXYLOBIUM SCANDENS.
„ stavrophy'Uum (cross-leaved). See OXYLOBIUM STAURO-

PHYLLUM.

„ triloba'lvm (three-lobed). See OXYLOBIUM TRILO-

BATUM.

PODOPHYIXUM. Duck's-foot. (Contracted from
anapodophy'llum, or duck's-foot-leaved. Nat. ord.
Barbaryworts [Berberidaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandri*, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Jeffersonia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division at the root ;
moist, marshy peat, and a shady situation.
P. diphy'llum (two-leaved). See JEFFERSONIA BINATA.
„ Emo'di (Mt. Emodus). May. Himalaya. 1845.

" Himalaya May Apple."
„ kexa'ttdrum (six-anthered). See P. EMODI.
„ monta'num (mountain). See P. PELTATUM.
„ pdta'tum (shield-Z«K»«i). \. White. May. N. Amer.

1664. " May Apple."
„ pleia'ntiium (full-flowered). 1-2. Rich purple ; berry

purple. China. 1889.

„ versi'pdlc (turning-livid). 2-3. Deep crimson.
Central China. 1907.

PODOPTERUS. (From pous, a foot, and pteris, a
feather; the mode of growth. Nat. ord. Buckwheats
[Polygonaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, 3-Trigytua.)

Greenhouse e\Tergreen. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
under a glass, in sandy loam, in April ; sandy, fibrous
loam, and a little peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P. mexica'nus (Mexican). 2. July. Mexico. 1825.

PODORIA SENBGALENSIS. See BOSCIA SENE-

GALENSIS.

PODOSPE'RMA CHEYSA'NTHUII. See PODOTHECA

CHRYSAKTHA.

PODOSPETUIA GNAPHMJOI'DES. See PODOTHECA

GNAPHALIOIDES.

PODOSPE'RHUM. (From pous, a foot, and sperma,
a seed. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, r-Mqualis. Now referred to Scorzonera.)
P. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). See SCORZONERA

ANGUSTIFOLIA.

„ calcitrapifo'lium (caltrop-leaved). See SCORZONERA

CALCITRAPIFOLIA.

„ ca'num (hoary). See SCORZONERA JACQUINIANA.

„ coronopifo'lium (Coronopus-leaved). See SCORZONERA

CORONOPIFOLIA.

„ interme'dium (intermediate). See SCORZONERA INTER-
MEDIA.
„ lacinia'tum (jagged-leaved). See SCORZONERA LACI-

NIATA.

„ octangula're (eight- angled). See SCORZONERA JAC-
QUINIANA.

„ pu'milum (dwarf). See SCORZONERA PUMILA
„ resedifo'lium (Reseda-leaved). See SCORZONERA

LACINIATA.

„ taraxacifo'lium (dandelion-leaved). See SCORZONERA

TARAXACIFOL1A.

PODOSTIGMA. (From pous, podos, a foot, and
stigma ; the stigma is stalked. Nat. ord. Asclepia-
daceae.)

Hardy or half-hardy perennial herb, with tuberous
roots. Cuttings in sand in a cold frame during summer.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand, protected in a cold frame
during winter.

P. pube'scens (downy). J-i. Orange. July, August.
N. Amer. 1824.

PODOTHE'CA. (From pous, podos, a foot, and theke,
a seed case ; the achene or seed -case is shortly stalked.
Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Greenhouse annuals, but may be raised from seed, in
gentle heat and planted out in May. Ordinary soil.

PCECILOPTERIS CRISPATULA 686

POIT^A

P. chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). i. Golden-yellow.

June, July. Western Australia. i8<j8.
„ gnaphalioi'des (Gnaphalium-like). 1-1$. Yellow.

June, July. Australia. 1841.
PffiCILOTTERIS CRISPA'TULA. See ACROSTICHUM

VIRENS CRISPATULUM.

PCECILO'PTERIS FLAGELLTFERA. See ACROSTI-
CHUM KLAGELLIFERUM.

P(ECILO PTERIS PUNCTULA'TA. See ACROSTICHUM

PUNCTULATUM.

PCECILOPTERIS SCA'NDENS. See ACROSTICHUM

SCANDENS.

POET'S CASSIA. Osy'ris.
POET'S NARCISSUS. Narci'ssus poe'ticus.
POGO'GYNE. (From pogon, a beard, and gune, the
female organ ; fringe on the style. Nat. ord. Lalriaies
[Labiatae]. Linn. i\-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia. Al-
lied to Melissa.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds at the beginning of April in
the open garden. Ordinary soil.
P. Dougla'sii( Douglas's), i. Purple, violet. California.

1871.
„ „ multiflo'ra (many-flowered), i. Pale lilac. July,

August. California. 1836.
„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See P. DOUGLASII

MULTIFLORA.

„ nudiu'scula (nearly smooth). f-i. Bright blue.

California. 1887.

POGO'NIA. (From pogon, a beard ; in allusion to the
two to four raised, thickened lines on the lip. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae. Allied to Arethusa.)

Stove and greenhouse ground orchids, with a tuberous
rhizome. Divisions at the commencement of growth.
Fibrous peat, a little loam, with some nodules of charcoal
and sand. Water liberally when making their growth.
P. barklya'ni (Barklyan). 2. Green; lip finely netted.

Mascarene Isles. 1885.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). $. Green; lip white. Java.

1859.
„ F'ordii (Ford's). |. Yellow-ochre; Uprose. April.

Hong- Kong. 1883. Greenhouse.
„ gammiea'na (Gammiean). $. Pale lilac. N. India.

1847.
„ o/>Atog/ossot'</«(Ophioglossum-like). i. Rosy. June.

N. Amer. 1816. Greenhouse.

„ pe'ndula (drooping). £. Pink. July. N. Amer. 1824.
„ plica' to. (plaited), i. Pale green, tinted with pink.

July. India. 1806. Stove.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). See P. FORDII.
„ puncta'ta (spotted). Java.
„ ro'sea (rosy). 3-4. P«

Panama. 1844.
„ specio'sa (showy). 4. Purple. Brazil. 1894.

POGO'NOPUS. (From pogon, a beard, and POUS, a
foot or stalk ; the foot of the stamens is set in a beard
of hairs. Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

Stove shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a close case, with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, one-third peat and sand.
P. caracase'nsis (Caracas). Bright pink. June to
September. Venezuela. 1855.

POGOSTE'MON. (From pogon, a beard, and stemon,
a thread or stamen ; the stamens have long beards.
Nat. ord. Labiataj.)

Low-growing stove subshrubs. Cuttings of mature
wood in sand, in bottom-heat, and kept close till rooted.
P. Palchou'li yields Patchouli, an essential oil.
P. Patchou'li (Patchouli). 1-2. White, purple. June.

India. 1848. " Patchouli."
„ „ sua'vis (sweet).

„ £/*c/rantftoi'dcs(Plectranthus-like). 2. White. July.
India.

POINCIA'NA. Flower Fence. (Named after Poinci,
once governor of the Antilles. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosjp]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Caesalpinia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in a brisk bottom-heat,
in spring ; cuttings of stubby young shoots in sand, under
a bell-glass, in heat ; rich, sandy, fibrous loam. Winter
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to qo°.

5ale green, rosy-lilac. August.

P. ela'la (tall). 15. Yellow. Trop. Africa. 1778.
,, Gillie'sii (Gillies's). See C/KSALPINIA GILUKSU.
,, insi'gnis (noble). See C^SALPINIA INSIGNIS.
,, pulche 'rrima (very fair). See CESALPINIA PULCHER-

RIMA.

,, re'gia (royal). Crimson. Madagascar. 1828.
,, Ta'ra (Tara). See C*:SALPINIA TINCTORIA.

POINSE'TTIA. (Named after its discoverer, .If. Pnin-

setle. Nat. ord. Spurgeivorts [Euphorbiacea?]. Linn.

21-Monoecia, i-Monandria. Now referred to Euphorbia.)

P. pulche rrima (fairest). See EUPHORBIA PULCIIERRIMA.

,, ,, a'lbida (white-brartcd). See EUPHORBIA PUL-

CHERRIMA ALBIDA.

POINTING-IN is mixing manure with the top inch or
two of the soil by means of the point of a spade or fork.
This is done when roots, which ought not to be disturbed,
are near the surface.

POIRE'TIA. (Commemorative of /. L. M. Poiret, a
French botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminosa?.)

Stove perennial herbs or undershrubs. Cuttings in
sand, in a warm, close case. Fibrous loam, one-third
peat and sand.

P. puncta'ta (spotted). Yellow. Brazil.
,, sca'ndens (climbing), 6. Yellow. March. Mexico.
1823.

POISON-BULB. Brunsvi'gia cora'nica and toxica'ria,
and Cri'num asia'licum.

POISON-NUT.
POISON-OAK.

Stry'chnos Nu'x-vo'mica.
Rhu's Toxicode'ndron.

POISON-SUMACH, or POISON-WOOD. Rhu's vene-
na'ta.

POISONOUS PLANTS. Gardeners should be much
more careful than they usually are in handling the plants
they cultivate, for many of them have deadly qualities.
M. Neumann, chief gardener of the Paris Jardin des
Plantes, says that pruning-knives and hands washed in
a tank after they have been employed upon some of
the exotics will destroy the fish it contains. Hippo' mane
Mancine'lla,theManchineel,the Tanghin,Sa'piutn Lau'ro-
ce'rasus, and Comocla'dia denta'ta, are equally deleterious
to man. Gardeners who have merely rubbed the leaves
of the latter between their fingers have had swollen
bodies and temporary blindness. Wounds from pruning-
knives smeared with the juices of such plants are like
those from poisoned arrows.

POISONS. Soils containing obnoxious ingredients are
certain introducers of disease and premature death. An
excess of oxide of iron, as when the roots of the apple
and pear get into an irony-red gravelly subsoil, always
causes canker. In the neighbourhood of copper-smelting
furnaces, not only are cattle subjected to swollen joints
and other unusual diseases, causing decrepitude and
death, but the plants also around are subject to sudden
visitations, to irregular growths, and to unwarned de-
struction ; and a crop once vigorous will suddenly wither
as if swept over by a blast. There is no doubt of this
arising from the salts of copper, which impregnate the
soil irregularly, as the winds may have borne them
sublimed from the furnaces, and the experiments of
Sennebier have shown that of all salts those of copper
are the most fatal to plants. That they can be poisoned,
and by many of those substances, narcotic as well as
corrosive, which are fatal to animals, has been shown by
the experiments of M. F. Marcet and others.

The metallic poisons being absorbed are conveyed to
the different parts of the plant, and alter or destroy its
tissue. The vegetable poisons, such as opium, strychnia,
prussic acid, belladonna, alcohol, and oxalic acid, which
act fatally upon the nervous system of animals, also
cause the death of plants.

The poisonous substance is absorbed into the plant's
system, and proves injurious when merely applied to its
branches or stem, almost as much as if placed in contact
with the roots. Ulcerations and canker are exasperated
if lime be put upon the wounds, and when Dr. Hales
made a Golden Rennet Apple absorb a quart of camphor-
ated spirits of wine through one of its branches, one-half
of the tree was destroyed.

POIT^'A. (Commemorative of M. Poiteau, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

POIVREA

687

POLLEN

Stove shrub with pinnate leaves. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in sand in a close, warm case. Sandy loam and
leaf -mould.
P. galegoi'des (Galega-like). i. Pale purple. June. .St.

Domingo. 1826.

POI'VREA. (Named after N. Poivre, a Frenchman.
Nat. ord. Myrobolans [Combretaceae]. Linn. io-Decan-
dria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Combretum.)

Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings of short, stubby
side-shoots, as fresh growth commences, in spring, in
sand, under a bell-glass, and with a little bottom-heat ;
sandy loam and fibrous peat, with pieces of charcoal.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. Afze'lii (Afzelius's). See COMBRETUM GRANDIFLORUM.
„ barba'ta (beaided-petaled) . See COMBRETUM BAR-

BATUM.

„ cocci' nea (scarlet). See COMBRETUM COCCINEUM.
„ como'sa (tufted). See COMBRETUM COMOSUM.
„ deca'ndm (ten-stamened). See COMBRETUM DECAN-

DRUM.

„ grandiflo'r a (large-flowered). See COMBRETUM GRANDI-
FLORUM.

„ intermedia (intermediate). See COMBRETUM COMOSUM.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See COMBRETUM LATI-

FOLIUM.

„ pilo'sa (thinly-hairy). See COMBRETUM COMOSUM.
POKE WEED. Phytola'cca.

POL AN I SI A. (From polus, many, and anisos, un-
equal; many stamens of unequal lengths. Nat. ord.
Capparids [Capparidaceae]. Linn. u-Dodecandria, i-
Monogynia. Referred to Cleome.)
P. Chelido'nii (Chelidonium-like). See CLEOME CHELI-

DONII.

„ dodeca'ndra (twelve-anthered). See CLEOME BUR-
MAN NI.

„ grave' olens (strong-smelling). See CLEOME GRAVEO-
LENS.

„ trachyspe'rma (rough-seeded), if. Yellowish- white.
N. Amer. 1903.

„ uniglandulo'sa (single- glanded). See CLEOME UNI-

GLANDULOSA.

„ visco'sa (clammy). See CLEOME VISCOSA.
„ „ icosa'ndra (twenty-anthered). See CLEOME VIS-
COSA ICOSANDRA.

POLEMO'NIUM. Greek Valerian. Jacob's Ladder.
(From polemos, war ; according to Pliny, a dispute about
its discovery led to warfare. Nat. ord. Phloxworts
[Polemoniaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds; but generally
division of the plant ; common garden soil.
P. acutiflo'rum (acute-flowered). See P. C^CRULEUM

ACUTIFLORUM.

„ borea'le (northern). Siberia.

„ ccrruleum (blue). 2. Blue. June. North temperate
regions (Britain).

„ „ acutiflo'rum (acute-flowered). Blue.

„ „ a'lbum (white). 2. White. June. Britain.

„ ,, campanula' turn (bell-shaped). Lilac-blue, bell-
shaped. Northern Europe. 1892.

„ „ disse'ctum (dissected). See P. SIBIRICUM.

„ „ foliosi'ssimum (leafiest). See P. FOLIOSISSIMUM.

„ ,, grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Brown. June.
India. Biennial.

„ ,, himalaya'num (Himalayan). Lilac-blue, much
larger. Himalaya. 1887.

„ „ macula turn (spotted). 2. Striped. June. Britain.

„ „ pili'ferum (hairy). Blue. June. N. Amer.

„ ,, variega'tum (variegated-leaved), i. White. June.
Britain.

„ „ villo'sum (shaggy). Pale blue. August. Siberia.
1826.

„ ca'rneum (flesh). 1-3. Salmon or flesh, changing to
purple. California. 1858.

„ confe'rtum (crowded). \. Rich blue. North-western
Amer. 1885.

„ „ melli'tum (honey-coloured). $. Pale honey-
white. Rocky Mountains. 1900.

„ fla'vum (yellow). 1^-2. Pale yellow. New Mexico.

„ foliosi'ssimum (leafiest). New Mexico, Colorado, &c.

„ s,ra'cile (slender). \\. Blue. June. Dahuria. 1818.

„ hu'mile (lowly). Blue. August. N. Amer. 1826.

„ „ pulche'llum (pretty), i. Blue. June, July.
N. Amer. 1827.

P. hu'mile (lowly) of Lindley. See P. HUMILE PUL-
CHELLUM.

,, la' cteum (milky- flowered). See P. SIBIRICUM.

„ mexica'num (Mexican), i. Blue. April. Mexico.
1817.

„ moscha'tum (musky). See P. HUMILE.

„ pauciflo'rum (few-flowered), i-ij. Yellow, tinted
red. Mexico. 1889.

„ pulche'llum (pretty). See P. HUMILE PULCHELLUM.

„ „ macra'nthum (large-flowered). See P. HUMILE.

„ pulche'rrimum (prettiest). See P. HUMILE PUL-
CHELLUM.

„ re'ptans (creeping). \. Lilac, blue. April. N. Amer.
1758.

„ ,, ma' jus (larger), i. Dark blue. April.

,, Richardso'ni (Richardson's). See P. HUMILE.

„ sibi'ricum (Siberian). 2. White. June. Siberia.
1800.

„ villo'sum (shaggy). See P. C^ERULEUM VILLOSUM.

,, visco'sum (clammy). North-western Amer.

„ vulga're (common). See P. C^ERULEUM.

POLIA'NTHES. Tuberose. (From polis, a city, and
anthos, a flower ; referring to its general use in city
decoration. Nat. ord. LUyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6
Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse tubers. Offset tubers ; old tubers are gene-
rally obtained from Italy every year, and are planted in
rich, sandy loam ; and when growth has fairly com-
menced, they get the advantage of a slight hotbed to
forward them (but the tuber, and not the top, should be
kept warm), before getting them ready for rooms or
greenhouses.

P. gra'cilis (slender). See P. TUBEROSA GRACILIS.
,, tubero'sa (tuberous). 3. White. August. Mexico.

1629.

„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 3. White. August.
„ „ gra'cilis (slender). 3. Pale yellow. August.
Brazil. 1822.

POLIOTHY'RSIS. (From polios, hoary, and thursos, a
thyrse or branching inflorescence ; in allusion to the
colour of the inflorescence. Nat. ord. Bixacea?. Allied
to Idesia.)

A hardy, deciduous tree. Seeds in a gentle heat ;
cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
with gentle heat.

P. sine'nsis (Chinese). 20-70. Yellow- white or grey.
Central China. 1906.

PO'LTUM or GERMANDER. See TEUCRIUM.

POLLEN. A complete flower is made up of four sets
of floral organs : (i) The sepals or calyx outside ; (2) fol-
lowed by the petals or corolla ; (3) by the stamens
bearing anthers at their apex, or consisting of anthers
without stalks or filaments ; and (4) by the ovary bearing
a stigma which may be stalked or not, and containing
one or more ovules or unfertilised seeds. The third set,
consisting of stamens, constitutes the male organs. The
anthers produce the powdery or dust-like granules,
known as pollen. When magnified the pollen grains are
seen to be of some definite shape, according to the species
of plant. The anthers are four-celled or, in some cases,
two-celled in their early stages, but become two or one-
celled at maturity by the bursting of the partition of
two neighbouring cells. The pollen is produced in these
cells by the repeated division of the tissue in the centre,
and the cells that immediately give rise to the pollen
are known as the pollen mother-cells and divide into
four grains mostly separate, but in heaths, whortle-
berries, and some others, the four remain joined in a
mass. In Asclepiads and orchids the pollen remains
united in large masses. In most natural orders the
grains all become separate, resembling powder to the
naked eye. The most common pollen grain is elliptic
or boat-shaped, with three furrows, and one or two of
these furrows may be visible, but when only one is in
view the pollen resembles a grain of rice. Other pollens
are spherical, hemispherical, oblong, triangular, or
variously modified. The surface may be smooth,
granular, spiny, finely or strongly netted, or otherwise
beautifully marked. It may be dry, and even winged
in Conifers, in the case of pollen carried by the wind, or
more or less viscid or clammy when intended to be
carried by insects or other animals. It may be colour-
less, or most frequently of some shade of yellow, from

POLLTA

688

POLYCARP^A

the palest shade to deep orange. Occasionally it is
shaded with purple, blue, violet, or green in different
genera and families.

PO'LLIA. (Commemorative of Van der Poll, a Dutch-
man. Nat. ord. Commelinaceae. )

Stove perennial trailing herb. Seeds ; divisions and
cuttings in sand in a close case. Loam, leaf-mould,
and sand.

P. condensa'ta (condensed). Trop. Africa.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with

yellowish-white. Trop. Africa. 1908.
„ crispa'ta (crisped). Blue. Australia. 1822.

POLLINATION. The term is applied to the placing of
the pollen on the stigma of the same or a different flower
from that whence it was taken. The wind, birds, and
other animals — insects chiefly — do this in a state of
nature, effecting self or cross-pollination. It is done by
man, with the object of securing certain results. When
the pollen is applied to the stigma of the same flower
or one on the same plant, it is termed self-pollination ;
but if transferred to the stigma of another variety it
is termed cross-pollination, and is done with the object
of getting new and improved varieties. Hybrids are
obtained by cross-pollinating two different species.
Pollination is distinct from fertilisation ; the latter is
only accomplished when the pollen tube reaches the
germinal vesicle, and forms a union with it.

POLY. See FOLIUM.

POLYA'CHYRUS. (From polus, many, and achuron,
chaff. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, i-Mqualis.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Division and cut-
tings of the young shoots, in spring, in sandy soil ; the
protection of a cold frame, or some analogous place, in
winter.
P. Pceppi'gii (Poeppig's). Blue. June. Chili. 1830.

POLYA'LTHIA. (From polus, much, and altheeis,
healing ; literally, all-healing, from its supposed medicinal
qualities. Nat. ord. Anonaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrubs or small trees. Cuttings of
half-mature shoots in sand, placed in a close case with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, a little peat, and sand.
P. c«rasoi'd«(Cerasus-like). 5-60. Green. India. 1820-
„ Kori'nti (Korint's). 2-30. Green. India.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. Purple. India. 1820.
„ Sche'fferi (Scheffer's). Java.
„ simia'rum (monkeys'). Brown. Himalaya ; Burma.

1823.
„ subero'sa (corky). 3-30. White. India. 1820.

POLYA'NTHTJS. This is a variety, but a very per-
manent one, of the common Primrose (Pri'mula vulga'ris).
There are many varieties, and their excellence as florists'
flowers may be determined by the following rules :

The Pip of a Laced Polyanthus. — i. This should be
perfectly flat and round, slightly scolloped on the edge,
and three-quarters of an inch in diameter.

2. It should be divided in (five or) six places, appa-
rently forming (five or) six flower-leaves, each indented
in the centre to make it a kind of heart-shaped end ;
but the indentations must not reach the yellow eye.

3. The indenture in the centre of the apparent flower-
leaves should be exactly the same depth as the indenture
formed by the join of these flower-leaves, so that it should
not be known, by the form of the flower, which is the
actual division and which is the indenture ; in other
words, which is the side and which the centre of the flower-
leaf ; and all the indentures should be as slight as pos-
sible, to preserve the character.

4. The flower should be divided thus : the yellow tube
in the centre being measured, the yellow eye, round the
tube, should be the same width as its diameter ; and the
ground colour of the flower should be the same width ;
or draw with the compasses, opened to a sixteenth of
an inch apart, a circle for the tube or centre, open them
to three-sixteenths, and draw another circle for the eye,
then open them further to five-sixteenths, and draw a
third circle for the ground or dark colour. Beyond
these circles there is a yellow lacing, which should reach
round every flower-leaf, to the yellow eye, and down
the centre of every petal to the eye, and so much like the
edging that the flower should appear to have (ten or)
twelve similar petals. The ends of these (ten or) twelve

should be blunted, and rounded like so many snni-
circles, so that the outline of the circle should be inter-
rupted as little as possible.

5. The tube (one-fifth the width of the whole flower)
should be nearly filled up with the six anthers, which
are technically called the thrum (have an elevatc'l
rendering it trumpet-eyed), and the flower should not
exhibit the pistil.

6. The edging round and down the centre of the petals
formed by the divisions should be of oven width all the
way, and uniformly of the same shade of sulphur, lemon,
or yellow as the eye, and there must not be two shades
of yellow in the eye.

7. The ground colour may be just what anybody likes
best, but clear, well-defined, perfectly smooth at the
edges inside next the eye, so as to form a circle, and
outside, next the lacing. A black or a crimson ground,
being scarce, is desirable ; but the quality of the colour
as to clearness, rather than the colour itself, constitutes
the property.

The Plant.— i. The stem should be strong, straight,
elastic, and from four to six inches in length.

2. The footstalks of the flower should be of such length
as to bring all the flowers well together.

3. The truss should rise from the centre of the foliage,
comprise seven or more flowers, and be neatly arranged
to be seen all at once.

4. The foliage should be dark green, short, broad, thick,
and cover the pot well ; but erect and clustering round,
though lower than the truss.

The Pair, or Collection. — The Pair, or pan of more,
should comprise flowers of different and distinct colours,
either the ground colour or the yellow of each being
sufficiently different from the rest to be well distin-
guished. The whole should be so near of a height as to
range the heads of bloom well together. The great fault
of the Polyanthus now, even among the best sorts, is
that the divisions between the petals are so wide as to
make the flower look starry, whereas there should be no
more gap where the division is than is in the indentation
of the petal itself. — Glenny's Properties of Flowers, 6-c.

Culture. — The Polyanthus may be cultivated exactly
as the Auricula.

POLYBO'TRYA. (From polus, many, and bolrus, a
bunch ; the appearance of the fertile or seed-bearing
frond. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia,
i-Filiccs. Now referred to Acrostichum.)
P. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). See ACROSTICHUM

ACUMINATUM.

„ apiifo'lia (parsely-leaved) . See ACROSTICHUM APII-

FOLIUM.
„ appendicula'ta (appendaged). See ACROSTICHUM

APPENDICULATUM.

,, articula'ta (jointed). See ACROSTICHUM ARTICULATUM.
,, c«-t>t'na(hart's-tongue). See ACROSTICHUM CERVINUM.
,, corcovade'nsis (Corcovado). See ACROSTICHUM CER-
VINUM CORCOVADENSE.

„ inci'sa (cut-leaved). July. W. Ind.

„ interme'dia (intermediate). April. Isle of Luzon.

„ lechleria'na (Lechlerian). See ACROSTICHUM LECH-

LERIANUM.

„ osmunda'cea (Osmunda-like). See ACROSTICHUM

OSMUNDACEUM.

,, serrula'ta (saw-edged). July. Isle of Luzon.

,, specio'sa (showy). July. W. Ind.

,, vivi'para (viviparous). J. June. W. Ind. 1823.

POLYCALY'MMA STUA'RTn. See MYRIOCEPHALUS
STUARTII.

POLYCARE'NA. (From polus, many, and karenon, a
head ; in reference to the numerous heads or clusters
of flowers. Nat. ord. Scrophulariaceae. Allied to
Zaluzianskya.)

Half-hardy annuals with numerous clusters of flowers.
Seeds in a gentle heat, and planted out in May. Ordinary
soil.
P. cape'nsis (Cape), i. White. June. S. Africa. 1788.

POLYCA'RPA MAXIMOWTCZH. See IDESIA POLY-

CARPA.

POLYCARP-TE'A. (From polus, many, and karpos, a
fruit ; the seed-vessels are numerous. Nat. ord. Caryo-
phyllaceae. Allied to Polycarpon.)

Hardy or half-hardy perennials. Seeds ; divisions and
cuttings. Ordinary soil, with frame protection in winter.

POLYCARPON

689

POLYGONATUM

P. arista'ta (bearded). £. White. May, June. Canaries.

1780.

„ gnaphalo'des (Gnaphalium-like). See P. MICROPHYLLA.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). J. White. May, June.

Canaries. 1810.

„ memphi'tica (Memphis). See POLYCARPON LO-FLINGME:.
„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). |. White. June.

Canaries. 1818.

POLYCA'RPON. (From polus, many, and karpos, a
fruit ; alluding to the numerous small fruits. Nat. ord.
Caryophyllaceae.)

Half-hardy annual. Seeds in heat, and the seedlings
planted out in May. Ordinary soil.
P. Lcefli'ngice (Madame Loefling's). \. White. July.

Tropics of the Old World. 1828.
POLYCHTLOS CO'RNU-CE'RVI. See PHAL^ENOPSIS

CORXU-CERVI.

POLYCY'CNIS. (From polus, many, and kuknos, a
swan ; in allusion to the numerous swan-like flowers in a
raceme. Nat. ord. Orchidaceas. Allied to Cycnoches.)

Stove epiphytical orchids. Divisions at the com-
mencement of growth. Fibre of peat, sphagnum, some
nodules of charcoal, crocks, and a little sand.
P. barba'ta (bearded). White, rosy. Colombia.
„ Charleswo'rthii (Charlesworth's). Yellow, marked

with red, brown. British Guiana ? 1907.
„ gratio'sa (pleasing). Light brown, spotted with

purple. Costa Rica. 1871.
„ Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). Light brown, spotted with

purple. Colombia. 1894.
„ le'pida (charming). Light brown, cream, spotted

with purple. Colombia. 1870.
„ musci'fera (fly-bearing). Light brown. February.

Colombia. 1849.
„ vitta'ta (striped). Yellow, banded with chocolate.

Guiana. 1841.

POLY'GALA. Milkwort. (From polus, much, and
gala, milk ; supposed to increase the milk of cows. Nat.
ord. Milkworts [Polygalaceae]. Linn. ly-Diadelphia, 3-
Octandria.)

Annuals, by seed in a peaty border ; herbaceous
perennials, seeds and divisions in similar soil, or sandy
loam and leaf-mould ; hardy shrubs and under-shrubs,
as Cham&bu'xus, by cuttings and suckers, and which
species, in particular, likes a little chalk with the peat
and leaf-mould ; tender shrubs, by cuttings of the side-
shoots, when 2i niches long, taken off close to the stem,
and inserted in sand, under a bell-glass ; for all these,
peat three parts, and loam one part. Many of them,
from their beauty and comparative hardiness, should be
tried against sheltering walls, such as latifo'lia, myrtifo'lia,
grandiflo'ra, specio'sa, &c.

HARDY ANNUALS.

P. fastigia'ta (peaked). $. Red. June. N. Amer. 1824.

„ monspeli'aca (Montpelier). J. Blue. June. Medi-
terranean.

„ purpu'rea (purple). See P. SANGUINEA.

„ sangui'nea (blood- red). Purple. June. N. Amer.
1739-

„ umbella'ta (umbelled). See P. BRACTEOLATA.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. a'lba (white). White. June. Louisiana. 1827.
„ alpc'stris (alpine). See P. AMARA.
„ ama'ra (bitter). J. Blue. June. Europe (Britain).

1775-

„ austri'aca (Austrian). See P. AMARA.
„ calca'rea (chalky). J. Blue, rose, purple, or white.

May, June. Europe (Britain).
„ Chamabu'xus (bastard box). £. Yellow. May.

Austria. 1658. Evergreen.

„ purpu'rea (purple). £. Deep purple. May. 1878.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). |. Rose. May.
„ como'sa (tufted). J. Blue. May. Europe.
„ cymo'sa (cymose). J. Lilac, yellow. June. N.

Amer. 1824.

„ graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). See P. CYMOSA.
„ ma'jor (larger), i. Red. July. Austria. 1739.
„ paucifio'ra (few-flowered). See P. PAUCIFOLIA.
„ paucifo'lia (few-leaved). J. Purple. June to August.

N. Amer. 1812.

P. poly'gama (polygamous). J. Pale red. June. N.

Amer. 1828.

„ ro'sea (rosy). ±. Rose. May. Mediterranean region.
„ rubella (reddish). See P. POLYGAMA.
,, Se'nega (Seneea). i. May, June. N. Amer.
,, VayrJda (Mrs. Vayreda's). J. Purplish. Spain.

1905. Hardy or half-hardy.
„ vulga'ris (common). \-±. Blue, purple, rose, pink,

or white. June to September. Europe (Britain).

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

P. alopecuroi'des (fox- tail-like). See MURALTIA ALOPE-
CUROIDES.

„ apope'tala (turned-away-petaled). Yellow, purple,
changing to purple. California. 1900.

„ arilla'ta (arillate). India and Malaya.

„ atttnua'ta (thin). See P. OPPOSITIFOLIA.

,, borboniafo'lia (Borbonia-leaved). See P. OPPOSITI-
FOLIA.

„ brachy'poda (short-stalked). Country unknown.

„ bracteola'ia (small-bracted). 6. Purple. July. S.
Africa. 1713.

„ Burma'nni (Burmann's). 3. Purple. June. S.
Africa. 1800.

„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). See P. OPPOSITIFOLIA.

„ dalmaisia'na (Dalmaisian). See P. MYRTIFOLIA

GRANDIFLORA.

„ filifo'rmis (thread- formed). See MURALTIA FILI-

FORMIS.

„ Galpi'nii (Galpin's). 3-5. Rosy lilac. Swaziland.
„ Garci'nii (Garcin's) 3. Purple. July. S. Africa.
„ genistoi'des (broom-like). See P. VIRGATA.
,, gra'cilis (slender). Blue. May. New Zealand.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See P. MYRTIFOLIA

GRANDIFLORA.

,, grandifo'lia (large-leaved), i. White. April, May.

Brazil.

„ Heiste'ria (Heisteria). See MURALTIA HEISTERIA.
,, hilaria'na (Hilarian). See P. GRANDIFOLIA.
„ hu'milis (low). See MURALTIA HUMILIS.
„ intermedia (intermediate). See P. PEDUNCULARIS.
„ lanceola'ta (speai-head-leaved). 3. Purple. July.

S. Africa. 1820.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See P. OPPOSITIFOLIA.
„ ligula'ris (strap-leaved). See P. MYRTIFOLIA.
„ liliifo'lia (lily-leaved). 4. Purple. July. S. Africa.

1823.
„ micra'ntha (small-flowered). See MURALTIA FILI-

FORMIS.

,, mi'xta (mixed). See MURALTIA MIXTA.
„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 3. Purple. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1707.
„ ,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Purple. July.

S. Africa. 1818.

„ nutnmula'ria (moneywort-leaved). See P. OPPOSITI-
FOLIA.
„ oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 2. Purple. June.

S. Africa. 1790.

„ „ ma'jor (larger). 3. Purple. July. S. Africa.
„ peduncula'ris (long-stalked). 3. Purple. June.

S. Africa.
„ pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 3. Purple. July. S.Africa.

1823.

,, si'mplex (simple-stemmed). See P. VIRGATA.
„ specio'sa (showy). See P. VIRGATA.
„ spino'sa (spiny). See MUNDTIA SPINOSA.
„ stipula'cea (large-stipuled) . See MURALTIA STIPU-

LACEA.
„ terctifo'lia (cyUndrical-leaved). 3. Purple. August.

S. Africa. 1791.

,, tetrago'na (four-angled). See P. OPPOSITIFOLIA.
„ vimi'nea (twiggy). See MUNDTIA SPINOSA ANGUSTI-

FOLIA.

„ virga'ta (twiggy). 3-6. Purple. July. S.Africa. 1814.

POLYGONA'TUM. Solomon's Seal. (From polus,
many, and gonu, a joint, or knee ; numerous joints of
the stem. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-
Hexandria, r-Monogynia. Alh'ed to Convallaria.)

Hardy, white-flowered, herbaceous perennials. Seeds
and divisions in spring ; rich, light soil. Leptophyilum
and oppositifo'lium require protection in winter.
P. angustifo'lium (narrow- leaved). See P. BIFLORUM.
„ biflo'rum (two-flowered). 1-2. Greenish-white. May.
N. Amer. 1824.

2 X

POLYGONELLA

690

POLYGONUM

P. bractea'tum (bracted). See P. MULTIFLORUM.
„ canalicula' 'turn (channelled). See P. LATIFOLIUM COM-

MUTATUM.

„ cili'cicum (Cilician). See P. POLYANTHEMUM.

„ cirrhifo'lium (tendril-leaved). See P. SIBIRICUM.

•i gigante'um (gigantic). See P. LATIFOLIDM COMMU-

TATUM.

„ hi'rtum (hairy). See P. LATIFOLIUM.

„ japo'nicum (Japanese). 1-2. White, pale green.

May. Japan.

„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. May. Europe, &c. 1802.
„ „ commute,' turn (changed). 2-3. June. N. Amer.

1812.

„ „ Ma*tm0a>t'c«'t(Maximowicz's). Island of Sachalin.
„ leptophy'llum (fine-leaved). See P. VERTICILLATUM.
„ macrophy'llum (large-leaved). See P. VERTICILLATUM.
„ multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 2. June. Europe

(Britain). " David's Harp."

„ „ moseria'num (Moserian). Leaves variegated. 1897.
,, ,, stria' turn (striped). Leaves striped with white.
„ officina'le (shop), i-ij. White. June. Europe

(Britain), &c. " Common Solomon's Seal."
„ ,, fto're ple'no (double-flowered). 2. June. England.
„ „ macra'nthum (large-flowered). i-ij. Flowers

larger. Japan.
„ oppositifo'lium (opposite-leaved) i. April. Nepaul.

1822.
„ „ a'lbo-vitta'tum (white-striped). Leaves with white

bands. Japan. 1862.

„ orienta'le (oriental). See P. POLYANTHEMUM.
„ polya'nthemum (many-flowered), i. May. Caucasus.

1826.

,, pube'scens (downy). See P. BIFLORUM.
„ puncta'tum (dotted), ij. April. Himalaya.
„ ro'seum (rosy). iJ-2. Pink. Siberia.
„ sibi'ricum (Siberian). 2. White. Siberia, &c.
„ Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). See P. LATIFOLIUM.
„ verticilla' turn (whorled-leaved), i. May. Europe

(Britain).
„ vulga're (common). See P. OFFICINALE and varieties.

POLYGONELLA. (The diminutive of Polygonum,
Nat. ord. Polygonacea?.)

Hardy deciduous shrub. Layers in spring and autumn.
Ordinary soil with a little peat.

P. parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 2. Pink. July. N. Amer.
1810.

POLY'GONUM. Knot Grass. (From polus, many, and
gonu, a knee ; numerous joints of the stem. Nat. ord.
Buckwheats [Polygonaceae]. Linn. 8'Octandria, 3-Tft-
gynia.)

Annuals, seeds in the open border, in March and April ;
herbaceous perennials, also by seeds, as for annuals,
and division of the roots ; tender annuals require the
assistance of a hotbed before transplanting in May ;
greenhouse shrubs, by cuttings in sandy soil, under a
glass, and grown in fibrous loam, with a little peat ;
several of them, such as adpre'ssum, which sends out very
long shoots, should be tried against a wall. The fruit
of several, such as iata'ricum and Fagopy'rum, are used
for tarts.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS AND HERBACEOUS.
P. adpre'ssum (compressed). See MUEHLENBECKIA AD-

PRESSA.

„ Bruno' nis (Brown's). See P. AFFINE.

„ deci'piens (deceiving). 2. Red. July. N. Holland.

1822. Herbaceous.

„ capita' turn (headed). }. Pink. Summer. Himalaya.
„ deci'piens (deceiving). 2. Red. July. N. Holland.

1822. Herbaceous.
„ gr a' die (slender), i. Red. July. N.Holland. 1822.

Herbaceous.

„ herniarioi'des (Herniaria-like). See P. PLEBEIUM.
„ injucu'ndum. (unpleasant). See MUELENBECKIA

CHILENSIS.

„ platycla'dum (flat-branched). See MUELENBECKIA

PLATYCLADA.

„ plebei'um (plebeian). $. July. Old World, tropical

and temperate. 1827.
„ rt pens (creeping). See P. CAPITATUM.
„ tinctp'rium (dyer's). 2. Red. July. China. 1776.

Biennial.
„ tomento'sum (felted). 3-4. Pink. Tropics of Old

World. 1875.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. affi'ne (kindred). J. Red. June. Nepaul. 1822.
„ ala'tum (winged). Tropical and subtropical Asia and

Africa.
„ alpi'num (alpine). 2. White. July. Switzerland.

1816.

• t a polymo'rphum (many- formed).
,, ,, songa'ricum (Soongarian).
„ ambi'guum (doubtful). See P. AMPLEXICAULE.
„ amphi'bium (amphibious), i. Pink. July. Britain.

Aquatic.

„ „ hirsu'tum (hairy), i. Red. July. Britain.
„ amplexicau'le (stem-clasping). 2. Red. July.

Himalaya. 1837.
„ „ oxyphy'llum (sharp-leaved). 2-3. White. July.

Himalaya.

,, angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). See P. LAXMANNI.
„ Aube'rti(A.ubert's). 7-10. Greenish or rosy. Western

China. 1906. Twiner.
„ auricula'tum (eared). See P. CHINENSE.
„ baldschua'nicum (Baldschuanian). 10-30. White to

deep pink. July to September. Bokhara. 1888.

Twiner.
„ barba'tum (bearded). 2. White. July. China. 1819.

Trailer.
„ Bisto'rta (Bistorta). iJ-2. Pink to rose. June to

August. Northern regions (Britain). " Bistort."
„ bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). See P. VIVIPARUM.
„ chine'nse (Chinese). 3-4. White. October. China,

&c.
„ „ fo'liis pi'ctis (painted-leaved). Leaves with a

V-shaped white blotch. China.
„ cilino'de (hairy-jointed). N. Amer.
„ cocci' neum (scarlet). See P. AMPHIBIUM.
„ compa'ctum (compact). 2. White. July to Sep-
tember. Japan. 1870.

„ cri'spulum (crisped). See ATRAPHAXIS BUXIFOLIA.
„ cuspida'tum (short-pointed). 5-10. White. July to

September. Japan. 1825.
„ ,, compa'ctum (compact). See P. COMPACTUM.
„ cymo'sum (cymose). See P. CHINENSE.
„ divarica'tum (spreading). 2-3. White. August.

Siberia.

„ Do'nii (Don's). See P. FLACCIDUM.
„ e'legans (elegant). See P. PLEBEIUM.
„ elli'pticum (oval-leaved). See P. BISTORTA.
„ filifo'rme (thread- formed). 1-2. White. Japan.
„ ,, variega'tum (variegated). Leaves blotched with

yellow. Japan. 1865.
„ fta'ccidum( feeble). India, &c.

,, frute'scens (shrubby). See ATRAPHAXIS LANCEOLATA.
,, glau'cum (milky-green). See P. MARITIMUM.
,, graci'llimum (very-graceful). See P. SPH^ERO-

STACHYUM.

„ lana'tum (woolly). See P. LANIGERUM.
,, lani'gerum (wool-bearing). 3-10. Carnation-red.

Tropics of Old World. 1890.
,, La^fna'nni(Laxmann's). i. White. June. Dahuria.

1800.
„ macrophy'llum (large-leaved). See P. SPH^ROSTACH-

YUM.

,, mari'timum (maritime) . i. North temperate regions.
,, M aximowi' czii (Maximowicz's). Japan.
„ mo'lle (soft). 2-3. White. July, August. Himalaya.

1882.

,, multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 8-12. White. Sep-
tember. Japan ; China. 1881. Twiner.
„ petiola'tum (long-stalked). See P. AMPLEXICAULE.
„ polysta' chvum (many-spiked). 3. White. August,

September. Himalaya.
„ Posu'mbu (Posumbu). $. Rose. Eastern Asia.

1902.

,, ramosi' ssimum (much-branched). White. N. Amer.
„ ru'de (rough). Himalaya.
,, sachaline nse (Sachalin). 5-10. White. Island of

Sachalin, &c. 1869.

,, sali'gnum (willow-leaved). See P. DIVARICATUM.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). Leaves claret-coloured beneath.

1900. Twiner.

„ seri'ceum (silky). f. White. July. Siberia. 1820.
„ seto'sum (bristly), i. White. July. Asia Minor.

1817.

„ Siebo'ldti (Siebold's). See P. CUSPIDATUM.
,, Spa'thii (Spaeth's). 10-12. Carmine-red. Schantung,

China. 1900.

POLYMNIA

691

POLYPODIUM

P. specta'bile (showy). 3-5. Leaves marbled with green,

white, and red'. A form of P. sachalinense (?) . 1903.
„ spfhzrosta'chyum (spherical-spiked). $-$. Blood-red.

Himalaya. 1889.

„ Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's) . Japan.
„ vacciniifo'lium (whortleberry- leaved). Pink. July.

Himalaya. 1845. Trailing evergreen.
„ Virginia' 'num (Virginian). 3. White. August. N.

Amer. 1640.
„ vivi'parum( viviparous). J. Pink. August. Northern

Arctic regions (Britain). " Alpine Bistort."
„ volca'nicum (volcanic). See MUELENBECKIA VUL-

CANICA.
„ Weyri'chii (Weyrich's). Island of Sachalin.

HARDY ANNUALS.

P. alti'ssimum (tallest). See P. ORIENTALE.
„ arena'rium (sand), i. Purple. June. Hungary.

1807. Trailer.

„ emargina'tum (notched). See FAGOPYRUM CYMOSUM.
„ Fagopy'rum (buckwheat). See FAGOPYRUM ESCULEN-

TUM.
„ floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). 2. Red. July.

Siberia. 1818.
„ hydropiperoi'des (Hydropiper-like). i. Red. July.

N. Amer. 1800. Aquatic.
„ mi'te (mild. Water-pepper). See P. HYDROPIPER-

OIDES.
„ orienta'le (eastern). 6. Red. August. Tropics of

Old World. 1707. " Garden Persicary."
„ „ a'lbum (white). 4. White. August. E. Ind.

1781.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated). Leaves variegated.

1892.
„ pennsylva'nicunt (Pennsylvanian). i. Red. July.

N. Amer. 1800.
„ persicarioi'des (Persicaria-like). i$. Pink. July.

Mexico. 1816.

„ pilo'sum (thinly-hairy). See P. ORIENTALE.
„ salsugi'neum (briny), i. Pink. June. Caucasus.

1817. Aquatic.
„ senegale'nse (Senegal), ij. Red. July. Guinea.

1825. Aquatic.
„ tata'ricum (Tartarian). See FAGOPYRUM TATARICUM.

POLY'MNIA. (Polyhymnia was one of the Muses who
presided over singing and rhetoric. Nat. ord. Com-
positas. Allied to Silphium.)

Greenhouse and hardy herbs or shrubs. Seeds ;
divisions in spring. P. pyramidalis does best raised
from seed in heat and planted out at the end of May.
Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, some well-decayed manure,
and sand.
P. canade'nsis (Canadian). 3-6. Light yellow. July.

N. Amer. 1768.
„ edu'lis (edible). 3-4. Yellow. S. Amer. Cultivated

for the edible tubers.

„ gra'ndis (great). See MONTANOA BIPINNATIFIDA.
„ heracleifo'lia (Heracleum-leaved). See MONTANOA

BIPINNATIFIDA.

„ pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 6-10. Yellow ; disc

brown. Colombia. 1867.
„ Uveda'lia (Uvedalia). 5-10. Yellow. September.

N. Amer. 1699.

POLYPO'DIUM. Polypody. (From polus, many, and
POUS, podos, a foot ; numerous feetUke divisions of the
creeping stems. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-
Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS.

HARDY.

P. alpe'stre (alpine). £. July. Europe (Scotland). 1820.
„ „ fte1 vile (flexuous). i. July. Scotland.
„ calca'reum (spur-branched). See P. DRYOPTERIS

ROBERTIANUM.

„ conndctile (connected), i. June. Canada. 1823.
„ Dryo'pteris (Dryopteris). i. July. North temperate

zone (Britain). " Oak Fern."
„ „ robertia'num(R6bertian). J. Blade of frond erect.

England.
,1 hexagono'pterum (six-angled- winged) . i. July. N.

Amer. 1811.
„ Phego'pteris (sun-fem). J. June. Britain. " Beech

Fern."

P. Virginia! num (Virginian), i. July. N. Amer.

„ vulga're (common), i. July. Europe (Britain).
" Common Polypody."

,, „ bi'fido-crista'tum (bifid-crested). Fronds forked
and crested.

„ ,, bi'fidum (bifid). Fronds forked.

„ „ ca'mbricum (Welsh), i. July. Britain.

„ „ comubic'nse (Cornish), i. July. Cornwall. 1871.

„ „ cornubie'nseeleganti'ssimum( very-elegant). Fronds
much and finely divided.

„ „ cornubie'nse Fowle'ri (Fowler's). Fronds per-
manently much divided. 1882.

„ „ crena'tum (notched). Pinnae notched on the margin.

„ „ cri'spum (crisped). Pinnae crisped.

„ „ crista'tum (crested). Fronds branched, crested,
horned, and clustered. 1882.

„ „ divisi'lobum (deeply-cut). Frond much divided.

„ ,, multi' 'fido-crista! 'turn (much-cut-crested). Much
lobed and crested.

„ „ omnila'cerum (all-cut). Pinna? all deeply cut and
barren.

„ „ pulche'rrimum (fairest). Pinnae broad, deeply
serrated.

„ „ ramo'sum (branched). Frond branched.

,, „ semila'cerum (half-cut). Lower pinnae lobed,
barren ; upper ones not cut, but fertile.

„ „ suprasori'ferum (bearing sort above). Son mar-
ginal on the upper face.

„ „ trichomanoi'des (Trichomanes-like). Frond deeply
and finely cut.

STOVE.
P. acrosticTipi'des (Acrostichum-like). 2. Ceylon to New

Hebrides and Queensland.

„ adna'scens (attached), i. Trop. Asia. 1824.
„ „ Ice' vis (smooth).
„ „ va'rium (varying), i£. Larger. July. Malacca.

1845.

„ adna'tum (attached). 2-3. S. Amer.
,, a'lbicans (whitening). 1-2. July. Java.
„ a'lbo-punctati'ssimum (white-much-dotted). See P.

CRASSIFOLIUM ALBOPUNCTATISSIMUM.

„ albosquama'tum (white-scaled). 2. Malaya. 1864.

„ amce'num (lovely). 1^-3. N.India; Formosa.

„ amphostt'mon (double-sorus). See P. ANGUSTIFOLIUM

AMPHOSTEMON.

„ andro'gynum (male-and-female) . 2-5. Trop. Amer.

Possibly the correct name for P. tetragonum.
„ angusta'tum (narrowed). 1-2. N. India and N.S.

Wales. Greenhouse.
„ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). J. May. Trop.

Amer. 1815.
„ „ amphoste'mon (double-sorus). The broadest form.

Sori in four rows.
„ „ ensifo'lium (sword-leaved). Frond very narrow.

Sori in one row.
„ appendicula'tum (appendaged). 2^-3. E. Himalaya

to Penang.

„ areola'tum (areolated). See P. AUREUM AREOLATUM.
„ argu'tum (acute). See P. SUBAURICULATUM.
„ aspSrulum (roughish). August. Philippines. 1842.
,, asplenifo'lium (spleen wort-lea ved) . 2. July. Mar-
tinique. 1790.
„ asplenioi'des (Asplenium-Uke). See P. REPTANS

ASPLENIOIDES.

„ attenua'tum (thin). See P. BROWNII.

., au'reum (golden). 3. March. Trop. Amer. 1742.

„ „ areola'tum (areolated). i. Sori in one row. Brazil.

1824.
„ „ denticula'tum (finely- toothed). Fronds large,

finely toothed. 1904.
„ „ elonga'tum (elongated). Fronds large, with very

narrow segments. 1904.

„ „ glau'cum (sea-green). Frond of a deep sea-green.
„ „ Ma'yii (May's). Fronds undulate, serrate ; veins

purple. 1898.
„ „ pulvina'tum (cushioned). Frond green. Brazil.

1841.
„ „ sporadoca'rpon (scattered-fruited). Sori scattered

in one series.

„ auricula' turn (eared). 2. July. Himalaya. 1824.
„ bi'frons (two-fronded). f-J. Fronds barren and

fertile. Ecuador.
„ BUlardiefri (La BUlardiere's). i. May. Van Diemen's

Land. 1823.

POLYPODIUM

692

POLYPODIUM

P. biseria'le (two-serial). 3-5. Peru and Ecuador.

„ biserra'tum (twice-serrated).

„ brasilie'nse (Brazilian). Possibly the oldest name for
P. neriifolimn.

„ Bro'wnii (Brown's). £-1$. Australia ; New Cale-
donia, &c. 1823.

„ califo'micum (Californian). i. California. 1888.
Greenhouse.

„ calva'tum (bald). China.

„ cameroonia'num (Cameroon). 4-7. Cameroon Moun-
tains.

„ capitella'tum (small-headed). See P. JUGLANDIFOLIUM.

„ Cathari'nce (St. Catherine's). See P. LORICEUM.

,, cau'diceps (tail-headed). Formosa. 1886.

„ chnoo'des (shavings-like). i\-2±. W. Ind. and
Venezuela.

„ cilia'tum (eye-lashed). See P. PILOSELLOIDES CILIA-
TUM.

„ clathra'tum (lattice-like). Simla.

,, colpo'dfs (sinuous). See P. PLESIOSORUM.

,, co'nfluens (flowing- together). A. Fertile and barren
fronds different. E. Australia. 1820.

„ conjuga' turn (united). 3-4. Trop. Asia.

„ conti'guum (adjoining). See P. LO.VGIFOLIUM.

„ coro'nans (crowning). See P. CONJUGATUM.

,, corymbi'ferum (corymb-bearing). See P. LINGUA

CORYMBIFERUM.

,, costa'tum (ribbed). Frond more shortly stalked than

in P. stigmosum. Himalaya. 1824.
„ crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 3. August. Trop.

Amer.
„ „ albopunctati' ssimum (white-much-dotted). Much

dotted with white. Brazil. 1840.
„ crossing' rvium (thick- nerved). See P. PLATYPHYLLUM.
„ crena'tum (scolloped), ij. August. Jamaica. 1823.
„ curva'tum (curved), i. August. Jamaica to Peru.

1823.

„ cuspida' turn (short-pointed). See P. PERSIC.EFO'LIUM.
„ decuma'num (tall). 5. August. Brazil. 1818.
„ decussa'tum (decussate). 5-7. W. Ind. to Peru and

Brazil.

„ defle'xum (bent-down). 2. July. Colombia. 1830.
„ Dia'nce (Diana's). See P. MOLLE.
„ dictyoca'llis (beautifully-netted). See P. DECUMANUM.
„ diffo'rme (two- formed). 4-5. Pinnae often of two

shapes. Malaya.
„ „ macrophy'llum (large-leaved). Frond 5 ft. long;

pinnae 9 in. long. 1898.
„ dilata'tum (dilated). 2i-4. N. India ; Malaccas ;

Samoa.

„ dissi'mile (unlike). 2. July. Brazil. 1820.
,, dissi'mile (dissimilar) of Hooker. See P. CHNOODES.
„ di'stans (distant). 3-5. N. India to Ceylon and Java.
„ dive'rgens (spreading). See NEPHRODIUM EFPUSUM.
„ diversify' Hum (diverse- leaved). 2. Trop. Amer. 1817.
„ dre'panum (sickle). 1-2. Madeira. Greenhouse.
„ effu'sum (spreading). See NEPHRODIUM EFFUSUM.
„ ela'sticum (elastic). i-i\. July. Trop. Amer. 1824.
„ e'legans (elegant). Frond pale green. 1903.
„ ensifo'lium (sword-leaved). See P. ANGUSTIFOLIUM

ENSIFOLIUM.

„ fi'lipes (thread-stalked). See P. TENELLUM.
„ flocculo'sum (woolly). |-i$. August. N. India.

1841.

„ fo'ssum (pitted), i. Malaya. 1881.
„ frale'rnum (brotherly). iJ-2. Rhizome covered with

rusty scales. Mexico.

,, fraxinifo'lium (ash-leaved). See P. DIVERSIFOLIUM.
„ Gardnjri (Gardner's). 1-2. Ceylon.
„ gemina turn (twin). J-^. Near P. LYCOPODIOIDES.

Brazil.

„ Ghiesbre'ghtii (Ghiesbreght's). 2-2 J. S. Mexico.
„ gla'brum (smooth). f-J. July. Australia. New

Caledonia, &c.
„ glaucophy'llum (sea-green-leaved). }-i|. W. Ind.,

Colombia, &c. 1874.

„ „ glau'cum (sea-green). Fronds glaucous.
„ ,, vi'ride (green). Fronds green.
„ glau'cum (sea-green). ij-2j. Philippines.
„ ,, crista'tum (crested). Fronds crested. 1903.
„ „ Ma'yii (May's). Fronds plumose. 1903.
„ gonato'des (knotted). See P. PLESIOSORUM.
„ gra'ndiceps (large-headed). £-J. Formosa, Japan.

1885.
„ gra'ndidens (large- toothed) . See P. PERSIC^FOLIUM

GRANDIDENS.

P. grandifo'lium (large-leaved). See P. MEMBRANACEUM

GRANDIFOLIUM.

,, gri'seum (grey), ii-2^. Mexico and Guatemala.
,, guatemale' nse (Guatemalan). 2*. Trop. Amer.
,, harpeo'des (sickle-like). See P. LORICM;M LATIPES.
„ kastefo'lium (halbert-leaved). i-ii. W. In.l.
,, hasta'tum (halbert-shaped) of Fee. See P. TI-IKA-

GONUM.

,, hemioniti' deum (Hemionitis-likc). i. Trop. Asia.
,, Henchma'nni (Henchman's). See P. FRATERNUM.
,, Hera'cleum (Heracleum-like). 3-4. Trop. Asia.
,, heleroca' rpum (various-fruited). ii~2. N. India;

Ceylon, &c.

„ „ Zippe'llii (Zippell's). Sori smaller, scattered.
„ heterophy'llum (variable-leaved). ±. July. W. Ind.

1820.

„ himalaye'nse (Himalayan). 2-3. N. India.
,, hirsu'tum (hairy). Brazil.

,, hymeno'dcs (membrane-like). See P. SUPERFICIALE.
,, i'ntequa'le (unequal). See P. GUATEMALENSE.
„ inca'num (hoary). }. August. S. Amer. i8n.
,, inci'sum (cut)." i. July. W. Ind. 1810.
,, incurva'tum (incurved). $. Malaya.
,, interme'dium (intermediate). See P. CALIFORNICUM.
,, iridifo'lium (Iris-leaved), ij. September.
,, irioi'des (Iris-like). 1-3. Tropical and subtropical

Old World.
„ ,, ra'mo-crista'tum (branched-crested). Fronds much

divided towards the apex, crested. 1902.
,, irregula're (irregular). See P. DIFFORME.
,, jamaice'nse (Jamaica), ij. June. Jamaica. 1820.
,, juglandifo'lium (walnut-leaved). ij-zj. July.

Himalaya. 1822.
,, „ tenuicau'da (slender- tailed). Fronds attenuated

at the apex.

,, kanerinskia'num ( Karwinskian) . See P. PLEBEIUM.
„ Kni'ghticK (Mrs. Knight's). Fronds long, narrow,

arching. 1903.

„ Krame'ri (Kramer's), i-f. Japan. 1878. Green-
house or nearly hardy.
,, lachnopo' 'dium (downy-footed). 4. June. Jamaica.

1843.

,, la'chnopus (woolly-footed), r-ij. N. India.
,, Iceviga'tum (smooth). Trop. Amer.
„ lanceola'tum (spear- headed), i. August. S. Amer.

1812.
„ latifo'lium (broad- leaved). See NEPHRODIUM LATI-

FOLIUM.

,, la'tipes (broad-stalked). See P. LORICEUM LATIPES.
,. leiorhi'zon (smooth-rooted). 4-6. Trop. Asia. 1844.
,, lepido'pteris (scale-winged). Trop. Amer.
„ „ rufulum (reddish). Scales of rhizome red-brown.
,, ,, sepu'ltum (buried). Lower pinnae not reduced.
,, lindleya'num (Lindleyan). See P. PALMATUM ANGUS-

TATUM.

,, Unea're (linear). J. May. Japan. 1822.
„ Li'ngua (tongue). |-r. Trop. Asia. 1817. Green-
house.
» n corymbi'ferum (corymb-bearing). Fronds tasselled

at the apex.

,, „ //<:kra'c*ts(Heteractis). Fronds wider. Himalaya.
,, longifp'lium (long-leaved). 3. July. Malaccas and

Philippines. 1819.

,, lo'ngipes (long-footed). See P. PHYMATODES.
„ longi'ssimum (longest). 2-sJ. N. India ; Malaccas,

&c.
,, lori'ceum (thong-like). iJ-2. Mexico and W. Ind.

to Brazil.

,, „ la'tipes (broad- footed). Larger, less rigid.
,, ,, pinnati' fidum (deeply-cut). Fronds cut into lobes.
„ „ vaci'llans (vacillating). Variable.
,, lu'cidum (shining). J— i. Venezuela and Brazil.

1844-
,, lycopodioi' des (club-moss-like). J. July. W. Ind.

1793-

„ „ ma'ximum (largest). A large form.
,, ,, owarie'nse (Owarian). I. Fronds shorter. Trop.

Africa.
,, ,, salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). Fronds narrower ;

fertile and barren uniform. Brazil.
,, „ squamulo'sum (finely-scaly). Brazil.
„ macroca'rpum (large- fruited). ±-\. Bolivia to Chili.
,, ma'crodon (large-toothed). 3-4. Philippines, Malac-
cas, &c. 1840.

„ macro' pterum (large- winged). 5-8. Brazil.
„ tnacrou'rum (long- tailed). 2-3. Australia. 1886.

POLYPODIUM

693

POLYPODIUM

P. madre'nse (Madran). \-\. Sierra Madre, N.W.

Mexico.
„ margine'llum (small-margined). £-J. Fronds with a

black edge. W. Ind. to Peru.
„ Marte'nsii (Martens' s). f-i. Mexico.
,, meqa'lodus (large-toothed). See P. TETRAGONUM

MEGALODUS.

„ membrana' 'ceum (membranous). 1-3. N. India to

Ceylon.
„ „ grandifo'lium (large-leaved). Larger; sori more

copious.
„ menisciifo'lium (Meniscium-leaved). 2-3. July.

Brazil. 1837.
„ ineyenia'num (Meyenian). 2-3. Yellow. May.

Philippines.

„ mo'lle (soft). 2-2J. St. Helena. 1876.
„ morbillo'sum (somewhat-sickly). See P. HERACLEUM.
,, multilinea' turn (many-lined). 5-6. N. India; Fiji.
„ musafo'lium (Musa-leaved). 1-3. Malaya.
„ myrioca'rpum (myriad-fruited). See P. PELLUCIDUM

MYRIOCARPUM.

,, neriifo'lium (Xerium-leaved). July. Brazil. 1837.
„ „ crista'tum (crested). 3-4. Pinna? crested or

tasselled. 1897.

„ nigre'scens (blackening). 3. Malaya, &c. 1857.
„ ni' gripes (black-stalked), i-t^. Venezuela.
„ ni'tidum (shining) of J . Smith. See P. LYCOPODIOIDES.
„ ni'tidum (shining) of Fil. Exotica?. See P. LUCIDUM.
„ nummularitzfo'lium (moneywort-leaved). ^-J. N.

India ; Philippines, &c.
„ nu' tans (nodding). July. Malacca.
„ obliqua'tum (twisted). July. India; Philippines.

1841.

„ oliva'ceum (olive-like), i. S. Amer.
,, Oti'tes (Otites). See P. TENUIFOLIUM.
„ on-arie'nse (Owarian). See P. LYCOPODIOIDES

OWARIENSE.

„ oxy'lobum (sharp-lobed). See P. TRIFIDUM.

„ pdlma'tum (hand-shaped). 1-2$. Malaccas and

Philippines.

»» »» Angus fa' turn (narrowed). Fronds narrower.
„ papillo'sum (nippled). April. Philippines.
„ Paradises (Paradise). See P. PECTINATUM PARA-
DISES.
„ pectina'tum (comb-leaved), i£. July. Trop. Amer.

1793-

,, ,, Paradi'secB (Paradise). 4. May. Brazil. 1841.
,, „ plumo'sum (plumose). Fronds plumose.
„ ,, Schku'hrii (Schkuhr's). I. July. Frond smaller,

with black veins. Brazil. 1824.
,, pellu'cidum (pellucid), i-ij. Sandwich Isles.
„ ,, myrioca'rpum (myriad-fruited). Pinna? pinnatifid.
„ pelti'deum (scaly). See P. PHYMATODES.
„ penni'gerum (pinnae- bearing) . iJ-2. New Zealand.

1835. Greenhouse.
„ percu'ssum (pierced- through), i. Yellow. Trop.

Amer. 1841.

„ persicafo'lium (peach-leaved). 3. Trop. Asia.
„ ;, gra'ndidens (large-toothed). Pinna with large

teeth. Java.
„ Phylliti'dis (hart's- tongue). 2. July. Trop. Amer.

1793-

„ „ brevifo'lium (short-leaved). Fronds shorter.
„ „ obscu'rum (obscure).

„ Phymato'des (warted). i. July. E. Ind. 1823.
,, ,, corymbo' sum (corymbose). Fronds heavily crested.

1906.

„ ,, lo'ngipes (long-stalked). Fronds with longer stalks.
„ ,, termina'le (terminal). Apex longer.
,, Pico'ti (Picot's). 2-3. S. Amer. 1886. Greenhouse.
,, pi'ctum (painted). Polynesia. 1881.
„ piloselloi' des (mouse-ear-like). J. August. Trop.

Amer. 1793.
„ „ cilia' turn (eye-lashed). Fertile frond with sori

projecting beyond the edges.
„ plantagi'neum (plantain-like), i. July. W. Ind.

1817.
„ platyphy'llum (broad-leaved). 2-3!. Cuba to Brazil

and Peru.

„ plebei'um (common), i. Mexico.
,, plecto'lepis (twisted-scaled). 1^-3. Mexico and

Guatemala.
„ pleswso'rum (contiguous-sorused). f-ii- Mexico

to Venezuela.
„ „ appendicula' turn (appendaged! . i. Young fronds

red-veined. Mexico. Greenhouse.

P. Plu'mula (feathered). See P. ELASTICUM.
„ polya'nthum (many-flowered). Brazil. 1824
„ presliafnum (Preslian). See P. NERIIFOLIUM.
„ proli'ferum (proUferous). i. Tropics of Old World.
„ propi'nquum (related). 1^-4. N. India; Java, &c.
„ pruina'tum (trosted-leaved) . 2. September. Jamaica.

1793-

„ pulvina'tum (cushioned). See P. AUREUM.
„ puncta'tum (dotted). 2-6. Colombia to Chili ; New

Zealand, &c.
M » rugulo'sum (finely-wrinkled). 3-6. Leaves less

divided, harder. Australia. Greenhouse.
,, pustula'tum (pimpled). $-1. New Zealand and

Australia. 1820. Greenhouse.
„ quercifo'lium (oak-leaved). i$. September. Trop.

Asia. 1824.

„ rece'dens (receding). June. Isle of Luzon.
„ refra'ctum (broken). July. Brazil. 1837.
„ Reinwa'rdtii (Reinwardt's). See P. SUBAURICULATUM

REINWARDTII.
„ repa'ndum (wavy-edged), ij. August. Jamaica.

1820.

„ re'pens (creeping). 2. May. Trop. Amer. 1810.
„ „ undulaium (wavy). Fronds wavy.
„ re'ptans (creeping), i. Trop. Amer.
„ „ asplenioi'des (Asplenium-like). Fronds larger,

more erect.
„ rhodopleu'ron (red-ribbed). See P. PLESIOSORUM

APPENDICULATUM.

„ rigi'dulum (slightly-rigid). 3-4. N. Australia, &c.

„ rostra' turn (beaked). ±-|. N. India.

„ ru'bidum (reddish), i-ij. Philippines.

„ rufe'scens (reddish). 2-3. Java; Ceylon; Queens-
land, &c.

„ ru'fulum (slightly-reddish). See P. LEPIDOPTERIS
RUFULUM.

„ rugulo'sum (slightly- wrinkled). See P. PUNCTATUM
RUGULOSUM.

„ rupe'stre (rock). }-±. May. Java; Philippines;
Australia. 1824. Greenhouse.

„ salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). See P. LYCOPODIOIDES

SALICIFOLIUM.

,, samare'nse (Samaran). i-2j. Samar, Philippines.

,, sa'nctum (holy). See NEPHRODIUM SANCTUM.

,, sandviec'nse (Sandwich), of Hooker and Arnold. 5-6.

Sandwich and Society Isles.
„ sandvice'nse (Sandwich) of Hooker. See P. STEGNO-

GRAMMOIDES.

,, Schkuh'rii (Schkur's). See P. PECTINATUM SCHKUHRH.
„ scolopendrioi'des (Scolopendrium-Uke). See P. TRI-

FURCATUM.

„ Scoulc'ri (Scouler's). J-iJ. North-Western Amer.

Greenhouse.

„ sepu'ltum (buried). See P. LEPIDOPTERIS SEPULTUM.
„ se'rpens (creeping), i. Australia. 1816. Greenhouse.
„ serrafo'rme (saw-shaped). July. Philippines. 1841.
„ scrrula'tum (finely-sawed). i~i. W. Ind. to Brazil, &c.

1823.
„ ,, myosvroi'des (Myosurus-like). Fronds pinnatifid

throughout. W. Ind. 1824.

„ sertularioi'des (Sertularia-Hke). April. Malacca.
,, sieberia'num (Sieberian). 2^-3^. Mauritius and

Bourbon.

„ si' mile (similar). 2.
„ si'mplex (simple). See P. LINEARE.
,, simplicifo'lium (simple-leaved). i-ij. Yellow.

Phih'ppines. 1840.
„ sinuo'sum (sinuous). J-J. Malaccas, Amboyna, &c.

1859.

„ soro'rium (sisterly). i|-3. Cuba and Mexico to Peru.
„ specta'bile (showy). See NEPHRODIUM VILLOSUM

SPECTABILE.

„ Spe'ctrum (image). J-i. Sandwich Isles ; Sumatra.
„ spharoce'phalum (sphere- headed) See P. A.VGUSTA-

TUM.

,, sple'ndens (shining). 1^-3. July. Philippines.
,, sporadoca' rpum (scattered- fruited). See P. AUREUM

SPORADOCARPOX.

f, squama' turn (scaly). 1-2. W. Ind. and Mexico to

Peru. 1842.

„ squamulo'sum (finely-scaly). See P. LYCOPODIOIDES.
,, s/cgnogra»ifnot'<fcs(Stegnogramme-like). 3^-5. Sand-

„ stigma' ticum (stigmatic). i~^. Colombia. 1823.
„ srtgwo'sum(stigma-Uke). i. May. N.India; Malaya.
1823.

POLYPODY

694

POLYSTACHYA

P. subauricula'tum (somewhat-auricled) . 3-6. Trop.

„ Relnwd'rdtii (Reinwardfs). Edges of pinnae

notched, instead of toothed.

„ subfalca'tum (slightly-sickled). July. Malaya. 1839.
„ subpetiola'tum (short-stalked). 2. May. Mexico.

1845.
„ subserra'tum (somewhat-sawed). See P. SUBPETIOLA-

„ superficial (superficial). J-iJ. N. India ; Tsus-

Sima, &c.
„ surrucuche'nse (Surrucuchan) . iJ-3. W. Ind. to

Ecuador.
„ suspe'nsum (suspended). iJ-2. Mexico to Brazil

and Ecuador.
„ „ asplenifo'lium (Asplenium-leaved). Larger, and

covered with reddish hairs.
„ Swa'rtzii (Swartz's). J-J. May. W. Ind. and

Cayenne. 1816.

„ sylvi'colum (wood- loving). Colombia. 1881.
„ tenio'sum (banded) of gardens. See P. ANGUSTI-

FOLIUM.
„ tene'llum (slender). ij. Australia, &c. 1823.

Greenhouse.
„ lenuicau'da (slender-tailed). See P. JUGLANDIFOLIUM

TENUICAUDA.

„ tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). |-ij. W. Ind. and

Colombia. 1834.
„ terminate (terminal). See P. PHYMATODES TERMI-

NALE.

„ tetrago'num (four-angled). June. Brazil. 1827.

„ „ mega'lodus (large-toothed). Pinnae much broader.

„ thyssano'lcpis (scale- fringed), i. Trop. Amer.

„ tricho'des (hair-like). July. Philippines. 1840.

„ trichomanoi'des (Trichomanes-like). i. August. W.

Ind. 1822.

„ tricu'spe (three- pointed), J-i. Japan and Corea.
„ tri'fidum (three-cut). J-iJ. N. India to Ceylon.
„ trifurca'tum (three-forked). J. July. W. Ind.

1820.

„ triparti'tum (three-parted). 1-2. Calabar. 1865.
„ trique'trum (triquetrous). J-iJ. Java.
„ tubero'sum (tuberose). 2. W. Ind.
„ unidenta'tum (one- toothed). 2-3. Sandwich Isles.
„ vacciniifo'lium (whortleberry-leaved). J. September.

Trop. Amer.

„ „ a'lbum (white). Gardens.

„ vaci'llans (vacillating). See P. LORICEUM VACILLANS.
„ veno'sunt (veiny). See P. STIGMATICUM.
„ venu'stum (lovely). See P. HIMALAYENSE.
„ verruca' sum (warted). 4J-6. Philippines and

Malaccas.
„ Willdeno-vii ( Willdenow's) . i-2. Mauritius and

Bourbon.

„ Xi'phias (Xiphias). i. Polynesia. 1881.
„ Zippe'llii (Zippell's). See P. HETEROCARPUM.

POLYPODY. Polypo'dium.

POLYPO'GON. Beard Grass. (From polus, many,
and pogon, a beard. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Hardy annual grasses of ornamental character. Seeds
in April in any good garden soil.
P. littora'lis (shore), i. Grey. July. Europe.
„ mari'timus (maritime), i. Grey. July. S. Europe.
„ tnonspelie'nsis (Montpelier). i. Grey. July. Tem-
perate and tropical regions.

POLY'PORUS. A large genus of fungi or toadstools,
growing on the ground in woods, under trees, upon wood,
or very often upon decaying trees. They are thick,
fleshy, and may resemble a mushroom in shape, or a
bracket when growing upon the trunks of trees. They
are brown or dark greenish-yellow, and the under-surface
is full of small pores or holes, which are really fine,
cylindrical tubes, bearing spores on their sides.

POLY'PTERIS. (From polus, many, and pteris, a
feather ; in allusion to the numerous small, feathery
scales of the pappus. Nat. ord. Compositae. Allied to
Palafoxia and sometimes joined with it.)

Half-hardy, perennial herbs, that may be reared from
seeds in a gentle heat, and planted out in May like half-
hardy annuals or sown in the open in April. Well-
drained soil.

P. callo'sa (beautiful). ij. White. June. North-
Western Amer. 1824.

P. AoofcmVtta(Hookerian). i. Pale rosy-purple. July

August. Texas; Mexico. .1865.
„ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). i. White. July,

August. N. Amer. 1823.
„ texa'na .(Texan), i. Rose. July, August. Texas;

Mexico.

POLY'SCIAS. (From polus, many, and skias, an
umbel ; the umbels of flowers are numerous. Nat. ord.
Araliaceae.)

Stove shrubs or small trees. Cuttings in sand, in a
close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould,
and sand.

P. cutispo'ngia (skin-sponge). Madagascar.
„ nodo'sa (jointed). 40. White. March. Malaya.

1818.

„ £amcw/a'to(panicled). Mauritius. 1866. The correct
name for the shrub known as Terminalia elegans.

POLY'SPORA. (From polus, many, and spora, seed ;
many-seeded capsules. Nat. ord. Teaworts [Tern-
stromiacea!]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 8-Polyandria. Now
referred to Gordonia.)
P. axilla'ris(a\ittary-flowered). See GORDONIA ANOMALA.

POLYSTA'CHYA, (From polus, many, and stachus, a
spike ; spikes numerous. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical orchids with small, usually pretty
flowers. Division when about to start into fresh growth.
Small pots, pans, or baskets, three-parts filled with
crocks, the rest sphagnum and a little peat fibre.
P. abbrevia'ta (shortened). Brazil. 1874.
„ affi'nis (related). Old gold, tinted with red. Mada-
gascar. 1844 and 1896.
„ appendicula'ta (appendaged). Small yellow. Came-

roons. 1903.
„ bi' color (two-coloured). i-J. Sepals purple; the

rest white. Seychelles. 1906.
„ bracteo'sa (large-bracted) . Yellow, brown. Trop.

Africa. 1838.
„ Bucha'nani (Buchanan's), i. Yellowish and faintly

purple. E. Trop. Africa. 1893.
„ ,, vi'ridis (green). Emerald green ; lip white. W.

Trop. Africa. 1903.
„ bulbophylloi'des (Bulbophyllum-like). J. White ; lip

with orange spot. W. Trop. Africa. 1891.
„ campyloglo'ssa (curved-lipped). $-$. Green, stained

brown on column. British E. Africa. 1909.
„ dendrobiifio'ra (Dendrobium-flowered). White, suf-
fused pale rose, blood-red. German E. Africa. 1910.
„ dixa'ntha (two-yellow). Ochre ; lip deep yellow,

purple, orange. W. Trop. Africa. 1882.
,, ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). i-J. Tawny yellow. Trop.

Africa. 1905.

„ fiexuo'sa (flexuous). See EULOPHIA FLEXUOSA.
,, galea'ta (helmeted). See P. GRANDIFLORA.
,, golunge'nsis (Golungan). J. Light yellow. Trop.

Africa. 1910.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Green, spotted red ; lip

greenish-white. W. Trop. Africa. 1837.
„ haroldia'na (Haroldian). J. White, tinged with

green. Trop. Africa. 1905.
„ hypo'crita (mimic). Light green, with brown spots ;

lip whitish. W. Trop. Africa. 1881.
„ imbrica'ta (overlapping). J. Yellow and pink. E.

Trop. Africa. 1893.
„ Ki'rkii (Kirk's). J-J. White; lip edged with purple,

E. Trop. Africa. 1895.
„ Laure'nlii (Laurent's). White or cream- white. Congo.

1905. Trailer.
„ lawrencea'na (Lawrencean). Pale lilac and green.

British Central Africa. 1893.

,, laxifto'ra (lax-flowered). January. W. Trop. Africa.
„ leone'nsis (Sierra Leone). Light green ; lip white.

W. Trop. Africa. 1888.
„ linea'ta (lined). Green and lined with brown.

Guatemala. 1869.

„ ,, ela'tior (taller). Taller. Mexico. 1869.
„ lu'teola (small yellow). Yellow-green. Trop. Amer.

1818.
„ mystacidioi'des (Mystacidium-like). 3$. Lurid purple

and flesh. Congo. 1905.
„ ottonia'na (Ottonian). S. Africa. 1855.
,, panicula'ta (panicled). Coppery-yellow to reddish-
orange. Trop. Africa. 1910.
„ Polycha'te (many-long-haired). Trop. Africa. 1905.

POLYSTICHUM

695

PONDS

P. pube'rula (finely-downy). Green. Trop. Africa.

1822.
„ pube'scens (downy). YeUow, red. May. S. Africa.

1838.

„ purpu'rea (purple). Purple. July, August. India.
„ ruft'nula (reddish), £. Cinnamon-brown, greenish ;

lip yellowish, purple. Zanzibar. 1879.
„ stri'cta (erect), £-f. Greenish-yellow, with purple

streaks. British E. Africa. 1909-
„ usambare'nsis (Usambar). White, purple. German

E. Africa. 1898.
„ villa' sa (shaggy) of Rolfe. f . Pale green ; lip white.

E. Trop. Africa. 1894.
„ villo'sa (shaggy) of Journal des OrchidSes. See P.

AFFINIS.

„ Wi'ghtii (Wight's). Ceylon.
„ zambesi'aca (Zambesian). i. Yellow and brown.

Zambesi. 1895.

POLY'STICHUM. (From polus, many, and siichos, a
row ; numerous rows of spore-cases. Nat. ord. Ferns
[Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices. A section of
Aspidium.)

Stove, greenhouse, and hardy, yellow-spored Ferns.
See FERNS.
P. acrostichoi' des (Achrostichum-like). 2. N. Amer.

1820. Hardy.
„ „ gra'ndiceps (large-headed). Fronds tasselled at

the apex. N. Amer. 1882.

„ aculca'tum (prickly). 2-4. Europe (Britain). Hardy.
„ „ gra'ndiceps (large-headed). Fronds tasselled at

the apex.
„ angula're (angular). 2-4. Europe (Britain). A

variety of P. aculeatum. Hardy.
„ „ gra'ndiceps (large- headed) . Fronds tasselled at

the apex.

„ „ Ma'ya (Miss May's), i. Devon. 1881.
„ „ proli'ferum (proliferous). Fronds bearing two

rows of young plants.
„ ano'malum (anomalous). 3-4. Sori often on the

upper face. Ceylon. 1856.

„ arista' turn (awned). i. July. Norfolk Island.
„ auricula' turn (eared). July. E. Ind. 1793.
„ „ le'ntum (pliant) . Pinnae deeply cut. India. 1879.
„ Brau'nii (Braun's). Europe. Hardy.
„ cape'nse (Cape). June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
„ conca'vum (concave). See P. LASERPITIIFOLIUM.
„ coniifo'lium (hemlock-leaved), ij. June. E. Ind.

1841.

„ coria'ceum (leathery). See P. CAPENSE.
„ crena'tum (notched). Colombia. Stove.
„ denticuld 'turn (toothed). July. Jamaica.
,, discre'tum (parted). May. Nepaul.
,, dre'panum (sic&o-fronded). See POLYPODIUM DRE-

PANUM.

„ falrine* Hum (smaU-sickle). May. W. Ind.

„ fte'xum (bent). 3-4. Juan Fernandez. 1856.

„ frondo'sum (leafy). 2-3. Madeira ; Zambesi ; Natal.

„ glandulo' 'sum (glanded). June.

„ hi'spidum (bristly). July. New Zealand. 1845.

„ laserpitiifo'lium (Laserpitium-leaved). iJ-2. Japan.

1862.

,, le'ntum (pliant). See P. AURICULATUM LENTUM.
„ lepidocau'lon (scaly-stemmed). iJ-2. Japan and

Tsus-Sima. 1875.
„ loba'tum (lobed). i-ii. Europe (Britain). Hardy.

A variety of P. aculeatum.
„ Lonchi'tis fLonchitis). i-ij. Europe (Britain).

" Holly Fern." Hardy.
„ mexica'num (Mexican). ij-z. Mexico. 1857.

Greenhouse.

„ mucrona'tum (sharp-pointed). Jamaica. 1838.
„ muni' turn (armed). May. Jamaica. 1839.
„ obtu'sum (blunt). June. Isle of Luzon.
„ ordina'tum (orderly). 3-4. S. Amer. A variety of

P. aculeatum. Stove.
„ platyphy'llum (broad-leaved). See POLYPODIUM

PLATYPHYLLUM.

„ polyble'pharum (much-fringed). 2. Japan. 1883.

Greenhouse or hardy.

,, proli'ferum (proliferous). July. Australia. 1842.
„ pu'ngens( stinging). May. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
„ rhomboi'deum (diamond-teaved). April. E. Ind.
„ seto'sum (bristly). Japan. 1862. A variety of P.

aculeatum. Greenhouse.
„ specio'sum (showy). July. Nepaul.

P. tria'ngulum (triangular). i-i£. W. Ind.
„ tri'pteron (three- winged). i-ij. Japan. 1881.

Greenhouse or hardy.
„ vesti'tum (clothed). June. Van Diemen's Land.

1842. A variety of P. aculeatum. Greenhouse.
„ vivi'parum (viviparous), ij-i^. Fronds proliferous

at tip. W. Ind. 1880.

POLY'XENA. (Polyxena, a daughter of Priam. Nat.
ord. Liliaceae.)

Greenhouse bulbs. Offsets. Fibrous, mellow loam
leaf-mould, and sand.
P. odora'ta (scented). J. White. September, October.

S. Africa. 1871.

„ pygma'a (pigmy). £. Lilac to purple. May. S.
Africa. 1790.

POMADE'RRIS. (From poma, a lid, and derris, a
skin ; the membranous covering of the seed-vessel. Nat.
ord. Rhamnads [Rhamnaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia.)

Greenhouse, Australian, evergreen shrubs ; yellow-
flowered, except where otherwise stated. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots cut to a joint, dried at the base, and
inserted in sand, under a glass ; peat and sandy loam.
Winter temp., 38° to 45°. P. elli'ptica, with the exception
of having creamy-like flowers, resembles the Ceano'thus
azu'reus, and no doubt would prove almost as hardy
against a wall.

P. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). See P. ELLIPTICA.
„ andromedafo'lia (Andromeda-leaved). See P. PHILLY-

RvEOIDES.

„ ape' tola (petal-less). 3-4. Pale green. June. 1803.

" Victoria Hazel."
„ a'spera (rough). See P. APETALA.
„ betuli'na (birch-like). Light yellow.
„ ca'ndicans (whitish). See P. TAINUI.
„ cine'rea (grey). 3-4. June.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See P. ELLIPTICA.
„ elli'ptica (elliptic). 4-6. June. 1805.
,, ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). See P. PHYLIC^EFOLIA.
„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). 6. April. 1810.
,, globulo'sa (globulose). See SPYRIDIUM GLOBULOSUM.
„ lani'gera (woolly). 3. April. 1806.
„ ledifo'lia (Ledum-leaved) . 2. April. 1824.
„ ligustn'na (privet-Uke). White. June. 1826.
„ phUlyraoi'des (Phillyrea-like). 5. June. 1824.
„ phylicafo'lia (Phylica-leaved). 2-3. May. 1819.
„ racemo'sa (racemose). Yellow, in racemes.
„ „ ora'ria (maritime).
„ Tai'nui (Tainui). 2-3. New Zealand.
„ vacciniifo'lia (Vaccinium-leaved) . Creamy-yellow.

1869.

„ viridiru'fa (greenish-brown). See P. FERRUGINEA.
„ wcndlandia'na (Wendland's). See P. FERRUGINEA.

POMA'RIA. (Named after Pomar, a Spanish physician.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosie]. Linn. 10-
Decandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Caesalpinia.)
P. glandulo' sa (glanded). See CCSALPINIA BIJUGA.

PO'MAX. (From poma, a lid ; the operculum, or
covering of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubi-
aceae]. Linn. 4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Opercularia.)

Greenhouse evergreen. See OPERCULA'RIA.
P. hi'rta (hairy). See P. UMBELLATA.
„ umbella'ta (umbelled). i. White, green. July. N.
Holland. 1826.

POMEGRANATE. Pu'nica.

POMMERE'SCHEA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Scitaminaceae.)

A stove fine foliage plant. Divisions in spring.
Fibrous loam, lumpy peat, some charcoal, and sand.
P. Lackne'ri (Lackner's). 2-3. Golden-yellow. Burma.
1895.

POMPION. Cucu'rbita.

PONCELE'TIA. (Named after M. Ppncelet, author of
a treatise on Wheat. Nat. ord. Epacrids [Epacridaceae].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. See SPRENGELIA.)
P. sprengelioi'des (Sprengelia-like). See SPRENGELIA

PONCELETIA.

PONDS are reservoirs of water dug out of the soil,
and made retentive by puddling with clay their bottoms

PONERA

696

POPULUS

and sides. Puddling is necessary in almost all instances,
and the mode of proceeding is thus detailed by Mr.
Marnock, in the United Gardeners' Journal. When the
excavation is formed, or partially so, the bottom puddle
near the outer edge is formed, and upon this is raised
the upright or side puddle ; and as this proceeds, the
ordinary clay or earth is raised at the same time, by
which means the upright puddle is retained in its place ;
and ultimately the sides, being formed in a sloping
direction, admit of being covered with gravel or sand,
and may be walked upon, or stakes may be driven to a
considerable depth without reaching the puddle, or in
any way injuring it. This can never be the case if the
puddle, as is sometimes done, be laid upon the sloping
side of the pond. The sides may slope rapidly, or the
reverse. If the slope be considerable, sand or gravel,
to give a clean appearance, will be more likely to be re-
tained upon the facing ; plants can be more easily fixed
and cultivated ; goldfish, also, find in these shallow,
gravelly parts under the leaves of the plants suitable
places to deposit their spawn, and without this they are
seldom found to breed. Ponds made in this way may be
of any convenient size, from a couple of yards upwards
to as many acres on large estates. When a small
pond of this kind is to be made, and the extent of the
surface is determined upon and marked out, it will then
be necessary to form a second or outer mark, indicating
the space required for the wall or side puddle, and about
3 feet is the proper space to allow for this ; the puddle
requiring about 2 feet, and the facing which requires to
be laid upon the puddle ought to be about a foot more,
making together 3 feet. Ponds may be made very
ornamental.

PONE'RA. (From poneros, wretched ; in allusion to
the unattractive character of some of the species. Nat.
ord. Orchidaceaa.)

Stove epiphytical orchids. Division at the commence-
ment of growth. Fibre of peat, sphagnum, and crocks
in pots or pans.

P. amethysti'na (amethyst). White, purple. Guatemala.
1869.

„ juncifo'lia (rush-leaved). Mexico.

„ Ktcna's/u(Kienast's). See SCAPHYGLOTTIS KIENASTII.

„ pelli'ta (skin-clad). Yellow, lined with purple ; lip
whitish, streaked with purple. 1880.

„ proli'fera (proliferous). W. Ind.

„ stria' ta (striped). 2. Green, lined with purple.
Guatemala. 1842.

PONGA'MIA. (Pongam, its Malabar name. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Legurninosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia,
4-Decandria. Allied to Dalbergia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs and climbers, all but one white-
flowered, and from the East Indies. For culture, see
DALBE'RGIA.
P. gla'bra (smooth-leaved). 5. 1699.

„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 6. 1818.

,, margina'ta (bordered). See DERRIS CUNEIFOLIA.

„ Pisci'dia (Piscidia-like). India. 1818.

„ uligino'sa (marsh). See DERRIS ULIGINOSA.

PONTEDE'RIA. (Named after /. Pontedera, professor
of botany at Padua. Nat. ord. Pontcderiads [Ponte-
deriaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Blue-flowered aquatics. Divisions of the roots ; rich,
strong, loamy soil, in a tub of water or an aquarium.

HARDY AQUATICS.
P. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See P. CORD AT A

ANGUSTIFOLIA.

„ caru'lea (light blue). 2. July. N. Amer. 1830.

„ corda'ta (heart-leaved). 2. July. N. Amer. 1759.
" Water Plantain of Jamaica."

„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). 2. July. N. Amer.
1806.

„ lanceola'ta (spear- head). See P. COR DATA ANGUSTI-
FOLIA.

„ montevide' 'nsis (Montevidean). 2. Blue. Closely re-
lated to, or a form of P. cordata. 1899.

STOVE AQUATICS.

P. azu'rea (sky-blue). See EICHORNEA AZUREA.
„ cra'ssipes (thick- leaf-stalked) . See EICHORNIA

SPEC1OSA.

„ dilata'ta (spreading). See MONOCHORIA HAST^FOLIA.

PONTHi'E'VA. (Commemorative of M. de Ponthieu.
Nat. ord. Orchidacea?.)

Stove terrestrial orchids of considerable beauty.
Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
P. glandulo'sa (glandular). i. Green and white.

January. W. Ind. 1800.

,, macula to, (blotched). i. White, green, yellow,
spotted with pale brown. March. Colombia.
1882.
,, peliola'ta (stalked), i-ij. Cinnamon. W. Ind.

PO'NTIA or PI'ERIS. A genus of butterflies, of which
the following one is most obnoxious to the gardener :

P. brassica (Large White Cabbage Butterfly). The
wings are white ; the upper with broad black tips ; and
the female has two black spots on the middle. The
under side of the under wings is light yellow. Breadth,
when expanded, 2 inches. It appears from May to
October. The caterpillar is bluish-green, thinly haired,
and sprinkled with black dots, having a yellow stripe
on the back, and the same on the sides. These cater-
pillars are found, throughout the summer and autumn,
on all the cabbage-worts, on horse-radish, radishes,
mustard, and similar plants, as well as on water-cresses.
The pupae are yellowish-green, with black dots, with a
point on the head, and five on the back. The best
way to destroy them is picking off and killing the cater-
pillars, as well as the pupae, as far as it is possible ; the
latter are found attached to adjacent trees, hedges, and
walls. But care must be taken not to destroy those
pupae which have a brown appearance ; because they
are full of the larvae of ichneumons, and other allied
parasites, which are the great scourge of these cater-
pillars.

P. rapa (Small Cabbage Butterfly). This butterfly
resembles the foregoing, but is one-half smaller ; and the
black tinge at the points of the upper wings is fainter,
and not visible on the outer edge. The time of appear-
ance is the same as of the former. The caterpillar is of
a dull green, with fine white minute hairs, a yellow stripe
on the back, and yellow spots on the sides, on a pale
ground. In some years it is very injurious to the
cabbage and turnip plants ; it also infests mignonette,
which it strips entirely of its leaves. It is very difficult
to be discovered, from its colour. The pupa is yellowish
or greenish-grey, with three yellow stripes.— Kollar.

POPLAR. Po'pulus.
POPPY. Papa'ver.

POPPY, CALirORNIAN. Platyste' mon califo'rnicus
and Ro'mneya Cou'lteri.

POPPY, CORN. Papa'ver Rhcc'as.
POPPY GALL FLY. Au'lax rkcea'dis.
POPPY, HORNED. Glau'cium fla'vum.
POPPY-MALLOW. Calli'rhoe.
POPPY, OPIUM. Papa'ver somni'ferum.

PO'PULUS. Poplar. (From arbor-populi of the
Romans, or the tree of the public; the Turin poplar
much planted in their cities. Nat. ord. Willowworts
[Salicaceae]. Linn. 22-Dioecia, j-Octandria.)

Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds, which should be sown
in moist soil, slightly covered, but shaded as soon as the
seeds drop from the trees ; by cuttings of the ripened
shoots ; also by layers and suckers ; a deep, moist,
loamy soil suits them the best ; but they do not thrive
well either in a very dry place, or in places where there is
stagnant water.
P. a'lba (white. Abele-tree). 40-100. March. Europe

(Britain), &c.

, bollea'na (Bollean). See P. ALBA PYRAMIDALIS.

, fo'liis au'reis variega'tis (golden-variegated-leaved).

Leaves blotched with yellow.

, globo'sa (globose).

, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Leaves larger.

, ni'vea (snowy). 40-90. March. Europe. 1835.

, Pica'rti (Picart's). See P. ALBA MACROPHYLLA.

, pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 40-80. March. Tim's,

Transcaucasia. 1879.

angula'ta (angular. Carolina). See P. MONILIFERA.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). N. Amer.
balsami'fera (balsamic). 70. April. N. Amer. 1792.

" Balsam Poplar."

POPULUS

697

PORRUM COMMUNE

p.

balsami'fera ca'ndicans (whitish). 30-70. March.
N. Amer. " Broad-leaved Balsam Poplar."

„ elonga'ta (elongated).

„ fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). April.

„ intermedia (intermediate). April.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 40. April.

„ suave' olens (sweet-scented). See P. SUAVEOLENS.

„ vimina'lis (twiggy). See P. LAURIFOLIA.
beroline'nsis (Berlin). Origin doubtful.
betulifo'lia, (birch-leaved). See P. NIGRA BETUL^E-

FOLIA.
canade'nsis (Canadian). See P. DELTOIDEA.

„ au'rea (golden). See P. DELTOIDEA AUREA.
ca'ndicans (whitish-heart-leaved). See P. BALSAMIFERA

CANDICANS.

cane'scens (hoary). 40. March. England.
„ acerifo'lia (maple-leaved). See P. ALBA NIVEA.
„ cegypti'aca (Egyptian). Egypt.
,, arembe'rgica (Aremberg). See P. ALBA NIVEA.
„ be'lgica (Belgian). See P. ALBA NIVEA.
„ hy'brida (tiybrid). 40. April. Caucasus. 1816.
,, ni'vea (snow-white). See P. ALBA NIVEA.
,, pe'ndula (diooping-branched). Branches pendu-
lous. Reintroduced. 1907.
carrierea'na (Carrierean) . Leaves grey-green. Habit

broadly pyramidal. 1909.
certine"nsis (Certinan). Garden origin.
charkowie'nsis (Charkowian). P. nigraxP. nigra

pyramidalis. 1902.
comesia'na (Comesian). 70. Leaves white-felted

beneath. Italy. 1908.

deltoi'dea (deltoid). 50-120. March. N. Amer.
" Cottonwood."

„ au'rea (golden). Leaves clear yellow, tinted with
red when young. 1876.
,, ere'cta (erect).

„ Euge'nei (Eugene's). 40-80. Habit broadly
pyramidal. 1887.

dilata'ta (broadened). See P. NIGRA PVRAMIDALIS.
Euge'nei (Eugene's). See P. DELTOIDEA EUGENEI.
euphra'tica (Euphratian). Orient and Central Asia.

1881.

fastigia'ta (pyramidal). See P. NIGRA PYRAMIDALIS.
Fremo'nti (Fremont's). California, &c.
gra'ca (Greek. Athenian). See P. TREMULOIDES.
grandidenta' ta (large- toothed). 70. March. N.
Amer. 1772.

,, pe'ndula (drooping). 40. March. N. Amer. 1820.
heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 70. March. N. Amer.

1765. " Swamp Cottonwood."
lasioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). 20-40. Leaves 10 in.

long, red veined. Central China. 1903.
laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). April. Altai region of

Southern Siberia. 1772.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). See P. LAURIFOLIA.
macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See P. BALSAMIFERA

CANDICANS.

monili'fera (necklace-bearing). 70-100. April. N.
Amer. 1760.

„ lindleya'na (Lindleyan). See P. LAURIFOLIA.
,, variega'ia (variegated-/eavfta!). May.
moscovie'nsis (Moscovian). Origin doubtful.
ni'gra (black). 30. March. Europe (Britain) ; N.
Asia. " Black Poplar."

,, betulcefo'lia (birch-leaved). 30-60. March, April.
Europe (England).
„ Nole'stii (Nolest's).
„ pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 70-150. March. Italy.

1758. " Lombardy Poplar."

„ pyramida'lis gigante'a (gigantic). 70-150. March.
,, salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). April. Floetbeck.

1834.

„ sine'nsis (Chinese). China. 1867.
„ vi'ridis (green-leaved). April. Britain.
„ vistule'nsis (Vistulan). Leaves rhomboidal, dark
green. Europe. 1909.
pekine'nsis (Pekin). Leaves deltoid-ovate silvery.

X. China. 1903.

petrowskyz'na (Petrowskyan). Garden origin.
plantiere'nsis (Plantieran). Garden origin.
pseu'do-balsami'fera (bastard-balsamic). See P.

BALSAMIFERA.

rasumowskya'na (Rasumowskyan). Garden origin.
Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). Japan.
Simo'nii (Simon's). China. 1867.
stienia'na (Steinian). Garden hybrid. 1888.

P. suave' olens (sweet-smelling). 30-70. April. N.W.
India to Japan, &c. 1825.

„ subintege'rrima (nearly-entire). Leaves green above,
white- felted beneath. Spain. 1908.

„ thevesti'na (Thevestine). 90. Leaves nearly tri-
angular ; petioles carmine. Morocco. 1907.

,, tomento'sa (felted). See P. ALBA.

,, tre'mula (trembling. Aspen). 50. March. Europe
(Britain) ; N. Africa ; N. Asia. " Aspen."

,, „ laviga'ta (smooth). See P. MONILIFERA.

,, ,, pe'ndula (drooping). March. 1824.

„ ,, purpu'rea (purple). Leaves purple.

„ „ pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Habit slender, pyra-
midal. 1907.

„ „ supi'nz (lying-down). See P. TREMULA PENDULA.

„ „ villo'sa (snaggy). Leaves downy. March. Europe
(Britain).

„ tremuloi'des (P. tremula-lilie) . 30-50. April. N.
Amer. 1812. " American Aspen."

„ „ pe'ndula (pendulous). 25. April. " Parasol de
St. Julien."

„ ire'pida (trembling). See P. TREMULOIDES.

,, trichoca'rpa (hairy-fruited). 50-70. April. Western
N. Amer. " Black Cottonwood."

,, tri'stis (sad). April. North-eastern Asia. 1843.

„ ,, elonga'ta (elongated).

„ Via'dri (Viadr's). Origin doubtful. 1890. Allied to
P. nigra.

„ vistule'nsis (Vistulan). See P. NIGRA VISTULENSIS.

„ Wo'bstii (Wobst's). Garden origin.

PORA'NA. (From poreuo, to travel ; the twining
stems extending far and wide. Nat. ord. Bindweeds
[Convolvulaceaej. Linn. %-Pcntandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Convolvulus.)

Stove evergreen, white-flowered twiners. Seeds in a
hotbed, and side, stubby, short shoots in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 65°.
P. panicula'ta(pamcled). 10. August to October. India

and Malaya. 1823.
„ racemo'sa (racemose). 12. White. July, August.

India; Burma. 1823.

„ volu'bilis (twining). 50. July. Burma and Malaya.
1820.

PORANTHE'RA. (From poros, a pore, or opening,
and anthera, an anther, or pollen-bag ; anthers opening
by pores. Nat. ord. Spurgeicorts [Euphorbiaceas]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, ^-Trigynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of firm side-shoots in

sand, under a bell-glass, set in a close frame, and shaded

in May ; peat and sandy loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

P. cricifo'lia (heath-leaved), i. White. July. Australia.

1824.

PORUE'RIA. (Named after P. A . Porlier, a Spaniard.
Nat. ord. Beancapers [Zygophyllaceas]. Linn. 8-Octan-
dria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Guaicum.)

Stove evergreen shrub, with leaves which close before
rain ; hence called hygrome' trica. Cuttings of firm shoots
in spring, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a brisk
bottom-heat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60°
to 80°.
P. hygrome' trica (hygrometric) . 6. Peru and Chili. 1820.

PO'RPAX OF LINDLEY. (From porpax, a button ;
shape of pseudo-bulbs. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacese].
Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Now referred to
Eria.)
P. reticula'ta (netted). See ERIA RETICULATA.

PO'RPAX OF SALISBURY. See ASPIDISTRA.

PORPHYRO'COMA. (From porphura, purple, and
home, a head of hair ; flower-heads purple. Nat. ord.
Acanihads [Acanthaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angio-
spermia. Allied to Aphelandra.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots in
sandy soil, in a hotbed ; peat and loam. Winter temp.,
50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

P. lanceola'ta (spear- head-leaved), i. Violet. April.
Brazil. 1845.

PORRUM COMMU'NE. See ALLIUM PORRUM, the
Leek.

PORTEA

698

POTATO

PO'RTEA. (Commemorative of Marius Porte, who
discovered P. kermesina. Nat. ord. Bromeliaceae.)

Stove evergreen herbs. Suckers. Fibrous loam,
fibrous or lumpy peat, some nodules of charcoal, and
sand.
P. kermesi'na (carmine), ij. Blue; bracts rose. Trop.

Amer. 1870.
„ legrellia'na (Legrellian). ij. Bright red ; petals

reddish-purple. Brazil. 1875.

„ tillandsioi' des (Tillandsia-like). i. Red. Trop.
Amer. 1860.

PORTENSCHLA'GIA. (Commemorative of F. v.
Portenschlag-Ledemmeyer, an Austrian botanist. Nat.
ord. Umbelliferae.)

Hardy perennial herb with much divided leaves, and
whorled branches. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary soil.
P. austra'lis (southern). See EL.SODENDRON AUSTRALE.
„ ramosi'ssima (much-branched). Yellowish- white.
Dalmatia. 1888.

PORTLA'NDIA. (Named after the Duchess of Portland.
Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of rather firm
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a brisk, sweet
bottom-heat ; sandy loam, peat, and a little leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 45° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
P. cocci'nea (scarlet). 5. Scarlet. Jamaica. 1812.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 12. White. W. Ind.

1775-

„ hexa'ndra (six-anthered) . See COUTAREA SPECIOSA.
„ plata! 'ntha (flat-flowered). White. July. Trop.
Amer. 1849.

PORTUGAL LAUREL. Pru'nus lusita'nica.

PORTUGAL QUINCE. Cydo'nia vulga'ris lusita'nica.

PORTULA'CA. Purslane. (From porto, to carry, and
lac, milk ; milky juice. Nat. ord. Purslanes [Portulaceae].
Linn. n-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia. Allied toTaUnum.)

Hardy annuals, by seeds in the open border, at the
end of April ; tender annuals, by seed in hotbed, in
spring, and afterwards flowering them in the greenhouse,
as they require a very sheltered, sunny spot to do much
good in the open air ; tuberous and shrubby greenhouse
kinds, by cuttings and division of the roots ; rich, sandy
loam and peat, the loam being enriched with old leaf-
mould or cow-dung.

GREENHOUSE TUBEROUS EVERGREENS.

P. Gillie'sii (Gillies'). |. Red, pink. Chili. 1827.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow, purple. June.

Brazil. 1827. " Sun Plant."

„ „ lu'tea (yellow). Yellow. June to August. Chili. 1827.
„ „ Rege'lii (Regel's). Pink, with dark eye. Chili.

1885.
„ peruvia'na (Peruvian). 2. Purple. May. Peru.

1820. Stove herbaceous.
„ soma'lica (Somaliland). J. Yellow. Somaliland.

1886. Stove.
,, sple'ndens (shining). Crimson, purple. May. Chili.

1839. Herbaceous perennial.
„ suffrutico'sa (subshrubby). |. Pink. June. India.

1820.
„ Thellnso'nii (TheUuson's) . i. Scarlet. July. S.

Europe. 1839.

„ „ lu'tea (yellow), i. Yellow. June. 1847.
„ ,, sple'ndens (shining), i. Reddish-purple. June.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
P. Jialimoi'des (Halimus-like). J. Yellow. June. W. Ind.

1823.

,, meridia'na (noonday). See P. QUADRIFIDA.
„ olcra'cea (pot-herb). £. Yellow. June to August.

Warm regions. 1582. " Common Purslane."

Hardy.
„ ,, au'rea (golden), i. Deep yellow. June to

August. S. Amer. 1652.
„ „ parvifo'lia (small-leaved), i. Yellow. June.

Jamaica. I7Q9.
„ parvifo'lia (small-leaved). See P. OLERACEA PARVI-

FOLIA.
„ pilo'sa (shaggy). $. Pink. June. N. and S. Amer.

1690.
„ pusi'lla (weak). J Yellow. June. Venezuela. 1824.

P. quadri'fida (four-cleft). J. Yellow. May to August.

Tropics of Old World. 1773.
„ sati'va (cultivated). See P. OLERACEA.

HALF-HARDY ANNUALS.
P. folio'sa (leafy). $. Yellow. June. Trop. Africa.

1822.
,, guinee'nsis (Guinea). J. Yellow. June. Guinea.

1823.

,, involucra'ta (involucrated). See P. SUFFRUTICOSA.
,, mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). $. Yellow. June.

Brazil. 1822.
„ racemo'sa (racemose). See TALINUM TRIANGULARE.

POSOQUE'RIA. (Posoqueri, the Guianan name of
longiflora. Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. 5-Pen-
tandria, i-Monogynia. Alh'ed to Gardenia.)

Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat, in
April or May ; sandy loam, leaf-mould, and a little peat.
Winter temp., 48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. dumeto'rum (thicket). See RANDIA DUMETORUM.
,, formo'sa (beautiful). 12-20. July. Venezuela. 1815.

Fragrant.

M fra'grans (fragrant). See RANDIA MALABARICA.
,, fragranti' ssima (most-fragrant). Brazil. 1870. Very

fragrant.

„ gra'cilis (slender). 5. Guiana. 1825.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 5. September. Trop.

Amer. 1826.

,, longifto'ra (long-flowered). 5. Guiana. 1822.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See P. LATIFOLIA.
„ ma'cropus (large- footed). Brazil.
,, multifto'r a (many-flowered). Brazil. 1866. Fragrant.
,, revolu'ta (revolute). See P. LATIFOLIA.
,, specio'sa (showy). Trop. Amer.
,, versi' 'color (changeable-coloured). Pinky-white to
crimson. September. Cuba. 1839. Fragrant.

POTATO. Sola'num tubero'sum.

Soil.— A. dry, friable, fresh, and moderately rich soil
is the best for every variety of the potato.

The black-skinned and rough-red thrive better than
any other in moist, strong, cold soils. If manure is
absolutely necessary, whatever may be the one employed,
it is better spread regularly over the surface previous to
digging than put into the holes with the sets, or spread
in the trench when they are so planted ; but, if possible,
avoid manuring. Leaf-mould, or very decayed stable-
dung, is the best of all manures ; sea-weed is a very
beneficial addition to the soil ; and so is salt. Coal-ashes
and sea-sand are applied with great benefit to retentive
soils. The situation must always be open.

Propagation. — It is propagated in general by the
tubers, though the shoots arising from thence, and layers
of the stalks, may be employed. New varieties are
raised from seed.

Planting in the open ground is best done in October
and November, and may thence be continued until the
end of March. This last month is the latest in which
any considerable plantation should be made. They
will succeed if planted in May, or even J une ; yet it
ought always to be kept in mind that the earliest planted,
especially in dry soils, produce the finest, healthiest,
and most abundant crops. It is convenient to plant
early potatoes, even those that are sprouted for early
crops, in April, on account of the danger from late frosts.
In the north of Britain the main crops in the fields are
planted during the second and third week of May. In
some parts of Ireland heavy crops may be obtained by
planting at the end of J une, as a succession to some other
early crop.

Sets. — The next point for consideration is the prepara-
tion of the sets. Some gardeners recommend the largest
potatoes to be planted whole ; others, that they be
sliced into pieces containing two or three eyes ; a third
set, to cut the large tubers directly in half ; a fourth,
the employment of the shoots only, which are thrown
out if potatoes are kept in a warm, damp situation ; and
a fifth, that merely the parings be employed. Cuttings
of the stalks, 5 or 6 inches in length, or rooted suckers,
will be productive if planted, during showery weather,
in May or J une ; and during this last month, or early
in July, the potato may be propagated by layers, which
are formed by pegging down the young stalks when
about 12 inches long, they being covered 3 inches thick

POTATO

699

POTATO DISEASE

with mould at a joint. For the main crops, moderate-
sized whole potatoes are the best.

To obtain early crops where tubers are rapidly formed,
large sets must be employed. In these one or two eyes
at most should be allowed to remain. If the sets are
placed with their leading buds upwards, few and very
strong early stems will be produced ; but, if the position
is reversed, many weak and later shoots will arise, and
not only the earliness but the quality of the produce be
depreciated. For the earliest crops there are, likewise,
several modes of assisting the forward vegetation of the
sets. These should be prepared by removing every eye
but one or two ; and being placed in a layer in a warm
room, where air and light can be freely admitted, with a
covering of straw, chaff, or sand, they soon emit shoots,
which must be strengthened by exposure to the air and
light as much as possible, by taking off the cover without
injuring them. During cold weather, and at night, it
must always be removed : the leaves soon become green
and tolerably hardy. In early spring they are planted
out, the leaves being left just above the surface, and a
covering of litter afforded every night until the danger
of frost is passed.

Planting.— Insert them with the dibble, in rows ; for
the early crops 12 inches apart each way, and for the
main ones 18 inches ; the sets 6 inches beneath the
surface. The potato dibble is the best instrument that
can be employed, the earth being afterwards raked or
struck in with the spade, and the soil not trampled
upon, but planted as sufficient is dug for receiving a
row ; for the looser the soil the less does frost penetrate,
and the more readily does superfluous moisture escape.

The compartment may be laid. out level and undivided
if the soil is light ; but if heavy soil is necessarily em-
ployed, it is best disposed in beds 6 or 8 feet wide. If
the" staple of the soil be good throughout, the alleys
may be 2 feet wide, and dug deep, otherwise they must
be made broader, and only one spit taken out, the earth
removed being employed to raise the beds, which should
be in four parallel ridges, and the sets inserted along
their summits.

Hoeing. — As soon as the plants are well to be distin-
guished, they should be perfectly freed from weeds, and
of the early crops the earth drawn round each plant, so
as to form a cup as a shelter from the cold winds, which
are their chief enemy at that season ; but the main
crops should not be earthed up, for earthing up diminishes
the crop one-fourth. Throughout their growth they
should be kept perfectly clear of weeds.

It is very injurious to mow off the tops of the plants.
The foliage ought to be kept as uninjured as possible,
unless, as sometimes occurs on fresh ground, the plants
are of gigantic luxuriance, and even then the stems
should be only moderately shortened. It is, however, of
considerable advantage to remove the fruit-stalks and
immature flowers as soon as they appear, unless the
stems are very luxuriant. A potato-plant continues to
form tubers until the flowers appear, after which it is
employed in ripening those already formed.

The very earliest crops will be in production in June,
or, perhaps, towards the end of May, and may thence
be taken up as wanted until October, at the close of
which month, or during November, they may be entirely
dug up and stored. In storing, the best mode is to place
them in layers, alternately with dry coal-ashes, earth,
or sand, in a shed. The best instrument with which
they can be dug up is a three-flat-pronged fork, each
row being cleared regularly awa\. In modern times,
4-5 pronged steel forks are considered the best,
because easier to work, and not so destructive to the
tubers, when accidentally pierced by the more slender
prongs.

The tubers should be sorted at the time of taking them
up ; for, as the largest keep the best, they alone should
be stored, whilst the smaller ones are first made use of.

Potatoes should not be stored until perfectly dry, and
must also be free from earth, refuse, and wounded tubers.

To raise Varieties. — A variety of the potato is generally
considered to continue about fourteen years in perfection,
after which period it gradually loses its good qualities,
becoming of inferior flavour and unproductive ; fresh
varieties must, therefore, be occasionally raised from
seed. The berries, or apples, of the old stock, having
hung in a warm room throughout the winter, the seed
must be obtained from them by washing away the pulp
during February. The seed is then thoroughly dried

and kept until April, when it is sown in drills about
J inch deep, and 6 inches apart, in a rich, light soil.
The plants are weeded, and earth drawn up to their
steins, when an inch in height ; and as soon as the
height has increased to 3 inches, they are moved into a
similar soil, in rows 16 inches apart each way. Being
finally taken up in the course of October, they must be
preserved until the following spring, to be then re-
planted and treated as for store crops.

The tubers of every seedling should be kept separate,
as scarcely two will be of a similar habit and quality,
whilst many will be comparatively worthless, and but
few of particular excellence. If the seed is obtained
from a red potato that flowered in the neighbourhood of a
white-tubered variety, the seedlings, in all probability,
will in part resemble both their parents ; but seldom
or never does a seedling resemble exactly the original
stock. At all events, only such should be preserved as
are recommended by their superior earliness, size, flavour,
or fertility.

The early varieties, if planted on little heaps of earth,
with a stake in the middle, and when the plants are
about 4 inches high, being secured to the stakes with
shreds and nails, and the earth washed away from the
bases of the stems by means of a strong current of water,
so that the fibrous roots only enter the soil, will blossom
and perfect seed.

Forcing. — The season of forcing is from the close of
December to the middle of February, in a hotbed, and
at the close of this last month on a warm border, with
the temporary shelter of a frame. The hotbed is only
required to produce a moderate heat. The earth should
be 6 inches deep, and the sets planted in rows 6 or
8 inches apart, as the tubers are not required to be large.
The temperature ought never to sink below 65°, nor rise
above 80°.

The rank steam arising from fermenting dung is un-
doubtedly injurious to the roots of potatoes; and to
obviate this they may be planted in narrow beds, and
the dung applied in trenches on each side ; or all the
earth from an old cucumber or other hotbed being re-
moved, and an inch in depth of fresh being added, put
on the sets, and cover them with 4 inches of mould. At
the end of five days the sides of the old dung may be
cut away in an inward slanting direction, about 15 inches
from the perpendicular, and strong linings of hot dung
applied.

If the tubers are desired to be brought to maturity
as speedily as possible, instead of being planted in the
earth of the bed, each set should be placed in a pot
about 6 inches in diameter, though the produce in pots
is smaller. But young potatoes may be obtained in
the winter, by the following plan, without forcing :
Plant some late kinds, unsprouted, in a dry, rich border,
in July, and again in August, in rows 2 feet apart. They
will produce new potatoes in October, and in succession
until April, if covered with leaves or straw to exclude
frost. If old potatoes are placed in dry earth, in a shed
during August, they will emit young tubers in December.

Preparation of Sets for Forcing. — They should be of
the early varieties. To assist their forward vegetation,
plant a single potato in each of the pots intended for
forcing during January. Then place in the ground, and
protect with Utter from the frost. This renders them
very excitable by heat ; and, consequently, when plunged
in a hotbed, they vegetate rapidly and generate tubers.
The seed potatoes are equally assisted, and with less
trouble, if placed in a cellar just in contact with each
other ; and as soon as the germs are 4 inches long, they
are removed to the hotbed.

Management. — More than one stem should never be
allowed, otherwise the tubers are small, and not more
numerous.

Water must be given whenever the soil appears dry,
and in quantity proportionate to the temperature of
the air. Linings must be applied as the temperature
declines, and air admitted as freely as the temperature
of the atmosphere will allow. Coverings must be
afforded with the same regard to temperature.

From six to seven weeks usually elapse between the
time of planting and the fitness of the tubers for use.

POTATO or COLORADO BEETLE. Doryophora
decemlineata.

POTATO DISEASE or POTATO MURRAIN. Phyto'ph-
fhora inie'sians. This disease first attacked, very gene-

POTATO

700

POTENTILLA

rally, the crop of England late in the summer of 1845.
July and August were unusually wet and cold, and early
in August there were sharp morning frosts. Immediately
after, the stems began to decay ; but the weather con-
tinuing wet, instead of their decay being dry, and
attended with the usual phenomena of their reduction
to mere woody fibre, the putrefaction was moist, and the
srnell attendant upon it precisely that evolved during
the decay of dead potato haulm partly under water.
The stem decayed, whilst the fibres connecting the
tubers with them were fresh and juicy.

The disease was first noticed between 1840 and 1842,
at Boston, U.S.A., and in Norway and Denmark. By
the time it created such alarm in the British Isles, it
had established itself all over Western Europe, causing
incalculable loss. Besides the Potato, it also attacks
the Tomato, the British wild Solanum Dulcamara (Bitter
Sweet), and several exotic species of Solanum in gardens.
The nature of the disease was investigated in 1875 and
1876 by Worthington G. Smith. It is sometimes named
Peronospora infestans, but it differs from a true Perono-
spora, by each branch of the fruiting stern ending in a
conidium, or egg-shaped spore case, which is pushed on
one side by the axis of the branch continuing to grow in a
straight line, and producing other conidia, which are
in turn pushed on one side. Being considered distinct
for this reason it is now named Phytophthora infestans.

The disease usually breaks out some time in August,
and is most virulent in wet seasons, which favour the
germination of the spores upon the leaves, and their
rapid growth afterwards. The first signs of the presence
of the disease are small brownish patches on the leaves,
which rapidly increase in size and number till the whole
of the foliage becomes infested and turns black. The
disease has really been making progress, previously,
inside the leaf, till the fruiting branches emerge through
the stomata, after which the spores are wafted far and
wide by the wind. The fungus also travels down the
stem, but takes longer to effect its destruction. Spores
are also washed down through the soil, till they come in
contact with the tubers, in which the fungus continues
to grow even after they are lifted and stored. Indeed,
the fungus remains in the tubers, and may be planted
with them to continue the disease, if they are not observed
to be diseased and discarded at the time of planting.

Various remedies have been proposed and acted upon,
with greater or less success, but Potatoes enjoy greatest
immunity, when the season is relatively dry from the
end of J uly to the middle or end of September. Diseased
stems and leaves should be burned, and diseased tubers
similarly destroyed as preventive means. Wet, heavy
soils and low-lying situations should be avoided, where
possible, when planting. Protective moulding has been
of some service in preventing the spores from getting
washed down to the tubers. About the time the disease
breaks out, the Potatoes should be earthed up on one
side only, pushing the stems on one side, so that they
will hang over the furrows instead of the ridges. About
4 inches of soil should be heaped over the top of the
tubers. The most successful remedy is to spray the
foliage with Bordeaux mixture on the first appearance
of the disease and again about fourteen days later, to
destroy the spores and prevent their germination on
healthy foliage.

Fusarium Solani is considered by some authorities
(particularly the German botanists, Reinke and Berthold)
to be the cause of Dry Rot in Potatoes. The same
botanists regard Bacterium navicula and Baccillus amylo-
bacter to be the cause of Wet Rot in the tubers.

POTATO, or UNDERGROUND ONION. (Allium Cepa
proliferum.) Produces a cluster of bulbs or offsets, in
number from two to twelve, and even more, uniformly
beneath the surface of the soil. From being first intro-
duced to public notice in Scotland by Captain Burns, of
Edinburgh, it is there also known as the Burn Onion.

Varieties. — There evidently appear to be two varieties
of this vegetable, one of which bears bulbs on the summit
of its stems, like the Tree Onion, and the other never
throwing up flower-stems at all. One variety is much
larger than the other, and this vegetates again as soon
as ripe.

Both varieties are best propagated by offsets of the
root of moderate size, for if those are employed which
the one variety produces on the summit of its steins,
they seldom do more than increase in size the first year,

but are prolific the next ; this also occurs if very small
offsets of the root are employed.

Planting. — They may be planted during October . .r
November, or as early in the spring as the season will
allow, but not later than April. In the west of England,
assisted by their genial climate, they plant on the shortcut,
and take up on the longest day. They are either to be
inserted in drills, or by a blunt dibble, 8 inches apart
each way, not buried entirely, but the top of the offset
just level with the surface. Mr. Maher, gardener at
Arundel Castle, merely places the sets on the surface,
covering them with leaf-mould, rotten dung, or other
liu'ht compost. The beds they are grown in are better,
not more than 4 feet wide, for the convenience of
cultivation.

The practice of earthing over them, when the steins
have grown up, is unnatural ; and by so doing the bulbs
are blanched, and prevented ripening perfectly, on which
their keeping so much depends. So far from following
this plan, Mr. Wedgewood, of Betley, recommends the
earth always to be cleared awav down to the riim from
whence the fibres spring, as soon as the leaves have
attained their full size, and begin to be brown at the
top, so that a kind of basin is formed round the bulb.
As soon as they vegetate, they intimate the number
of offsets that will be produced by showing a shoot
for each.

They attain their full growth towards the end of July,
and become completely ripe early in September ; for
immediate use, they may be taken up as they ripen,
but for keeping, a little before they attain perfect
maturity.

POTATO, SWEET or SPANISH. Ipomoc'a Batatas.

POTENTTLLA. Cinquefoil. (From potens, powerful ;
supposed medicinal quality. Nat. ord. Roscworls
[Rosaces?]. I.inn. ii-Icosandria, $-Trigynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. P. ca'ndicans requires
protection in the winter ; seeds and division of the
plant in spring ; shrubs, by cuttings of ripe wood in
the autumn, or by cuttings in summer, under a hand-
li^ht ; good, deep, sandy loam. All yellow-flowered,
except where otherwise mentioned.
P. adsce'ndens (ascending). See P. INCLINATA.
„ a«rimonioi'dcs (agrimony- like). See P. SERICEA.
„ a'lba (white), £. White. May. Europe (Wales).
„ alchemilloi'des (Alchemilla-like). $. White. July,

August. Pyrenees.
,, alpe'siris (mountain). |. Orange. July. Europe

(Britain).
» » pyrena'ica (Pyrenean) \. Rich yellow. June to

September. Pyrenees.
,, ambi'gua (doubtful. Three-toothed Himalayan). \.

Yellow. June. Himalaya. 1851.
,, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See P. NIVEA.
,, Anseri'na (goose). J. July. Temperate regipns

(Britain). " Silver weed."
,, apenni'na (Apennine). i. White. May. Apennines.

1821.
„ arachnoi'dea (spider-web). See P. PENNSYLVANIA

ARACHNOTDEA.

,, arge'ntea (silvery-taroMf). i. June. N. temperate

regions (Britain). " Silvery Cinquefoil."
,, ,, cala'bra (Calabrian). £. Yellow. July. Southern

Italy. 1829.

,, ,, tcnui'loba (slender-lobed) . $. Yellow. England.
„ argu'ta (acute). 1^-2. Pale yellow. July. N. Amer. 1826.
,, argyrophy'lla (silvery- leaved). 1-2. Yellow. Summer.

Himalaya. 1840.
., „ atrosangui'nea (dark-blood-red). 1-2. Dark

crimson. July. Himalaya. 1822.
,, „ leucochro' a ( white-surfaced), i-ii. Yellow. July.
,, astraca'nica (Astracan). See P. RECTA.
,, astragali) o'lia (Astragalus-leaved). See P. BIFURCA.
,, a'tro-sangui'nea (dark-bloody). See P. ARGVROPHYLLA

ATROSANGUINEA.

,, au'rea (golden). }. Golden- yellow. April, May.
Europe.

,, ,, chrysocra' speda (golden- thick- footed). J. Golden-
yellow.

,, bi'color (two-coloured). See P. NEPALENSIS.

,, biflo'ra (two-flowered). J. June. Siberia. 1820.

,, bifu'rca (iorked-leaved). i. June. Siberia. 1773.

„ ,, subseri'cea (rather-silky). £. June. Astracan.
1827.

POTENTILLA

701

POTENTILLA

P. bifurca'ta (two-forked). See P. BIFURCA.
,, Bocco'ni (Boccon's). See P. APENNINA.
„ Bre'nnia (Brennian). Tyrol. Natural hybrid.
„ cala'bra (Calabrian). See P. ARGENTEA CALABRA.V
„ calyci'na (large-calyxed). See P. LIBANOTICA.
„ canade'nsis (Canadian), i. June. N. Amer. 1800.
„ ca'ndicans (-whitish-leaved), f. May. S. Amer. 1820.
„ catacli'nes (lying-down). See P. ARGYROPHYLLA

LEUCOCHROA.

„ caule'scens (stemmed), i. White. July. Austria.

1759.

„ chine' nsis (Chinese). China.
„ chrysa'ntha (golden- flowered), i. Golden. June.

Siberia. 1827.
„ cine'rea (grey). Europe.
„ clusia'na (Clusius's). £. White, yellow. June.

Austria. 1806.

„ colli'na (hill), i. June. S. Europe. 1816.
„ Co'marum (Comarum). See P. PALUSTRIS.
„ co'ncolor (one-coloured), i-ij. Deep yellow, with

&ve orange blotches. Yunnan, China. 1908.
,; confe'rta (crowded-flowered). See P. PENNSYLVANIA.
„ conge'sia (crowded). 2. White. August. California.

1826.

,, cro'cea (saffron). See P. ALPESTRIS.
„ davu'rica (Davurian). 2. July, August. China,

Siberia. 1824.

„ dealba'ta (whitened), i. July. Altai.
„ decu'mbens (decumbent). See P. ARGENTEA.
,, deserto'rum (desert), i. June. Altai. 1830.
„ Detomma'sii(DetoTomasian). |-i. July. S.Europe.

1822.

„ dicMia'na (Dichtlian). July. Europe.
,, diffu'sa (spreading). See P. NORVEGICA.
„ effu'sa (loose-flowered), i. August. N. Amer. 1826.
„ Ege'dii (Eged's). See P. ANSERINA.
,, erioca'rpa (woolly- fruited). Himalaya.
„ exalta'ta (tall). See P. CHINENSIS.
,, Fe'nzlii (Fenzl's). Asia Minor.
„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). See P. ARGUTA.
,, filipe'ndula (dropwort-like). i. June. Dahuria.

1823.

„ ftagella'ris (rod). J. June. Siberia. 1820.
,, formo'sa (beautiful). See P. NEPALENSIS.
„ Fraga'ria (strawberry). See P. FRAGARIASTRUM.
„ Fragaria' strum (false strawberry). £. White. May.

Europe (Britain).

,, fragifo'rmis (strawberry- formed). See P. GELIDA.
„ Friedrichse'ni (Friedrichsen's). Hybrid between P.

fruticosa and P. davurica. 1897. Shrub.
„ fri'gida (frigid). Europe and N. Amer.
„ frutico'sa (shrubby). 3. July. North temperate

regions (England). Shrub.
„ „ dahu'rica (Dahurian). See P. DAVURICA.
,. » gto'bra (smooth). 2. White. Siberia.
„ „ mandshu'rica (Manchurian). i£-2. Branches

spreading. Manchuria. 1910.
„ „ tenui'loba (narrow- lobed). ij. August. N.

Amer. 1811.

„ „ vilmorinia'na ( Vilmorinian) . 3. Pale sulphur-
yellow. Tibet. 1910.

,, fu'lgens (shining). J. September. Himalaya.
„ gariepe'nsis (Gariep). See P. SUPINA.
„ ge'lida (icy-cold), i. June. Europe and Northern

Asia. 1800.

„ gla'bra (smooth). See P. FRUTICOSA GLABRA.
„ glacia'lis (glacial). See P. FRIGIDA.
,, glandulo'sa (glanded). i. August. California. 1830.
,, „ inci'sa (cut-leaved). 2. July. California. 1835.
,, (rordo'ni (Gordon's). N. Amer.
„ gra'cilis (slender), i. July. N.W. Amer. 1826.
„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). i. June. Siberia.

1640.

„ Griffi'thii (Griffith's). Himalaya.
„ 6uenthe'ri (Guenther's). See P. COLLINA.
,, hczmd 'tochrus (blood-red-coloured). White. Summer.

Mexico.

„ heptaphy'lla (seven-leaved). Europe ; Orient.
„ ,, corone'nsis (Coronan).

„ 7tt^>ia'na(Hippian). ij. July. N. Amer. 1826.
,, hirsu'ta (hairy). See P". NORVEGICA.
„ hi'rta (hairy) . i. June to September. S.Europe, &c.
„ „ peda'ta(pedate). i. June to September. Europe.

1819.
„ hopwoodia'na (Hopwoodian). i-ii. Straw-yellow to

dark rose. June to August. Hybrid.

White. June. Germany.
June. Europe; N. Asia.

P. hy'brida (hybrid). £.

1820.
„ inclina'ia (inch'ned). i.

1806.

„ insi'gnis (showy). See P. ARGYROPHYLLA.
,, interme'dia (intermediate). See P. HEPTAPHYLLA.
,, jacquemontia'na (Jacquemontian). See P. ARGYRO-

PHYLLA.

„ kotschya'na (Kotschyan). Kurdistan.
,, ku'rdica (Kurdican). Kurdistan.
„ lacinio'sa (deeply-cut). See P. RECTA LACINIOSA.
,, lanugino'sa (woolly), f. Clear yellow. July, August.

Caucasus. 1902. Shrubby.
,, leschenaultia'na (Leschenaultian). India.
„ leucochro'a (white-coloured) of Lindley. See P.

VILLOSA.

„ leucono'ta (watery- white). Himalaya.
„ liba.no' tica (Lebanon). Syria.
,, linear i'loba (narrow-lobed). See P. CANDICANS.
„ Loddigefsii (Loddiges'). See P. INCLINATA.
„ lupinoi'des (lupin-h'ke). See P. NIVALIS.
,, macra'ntha (large-flowered). See P. NIVEA.
„ macula' ta (blotched). See P. ALPESTRIS.
„ micra'ndra (small-anthered) . ij. Dark yellow.

Origin unknown. 1896.

„ mi'nima (smallest). J. May, June. Europe. 1818.
„ missou'rica (Missouri). See P. PENNSYLVANICA.
„ mo'llis (soft). Ser\ia.
„ molli'ssima (sottest-leaved). i£. July. Turkestan.

1832.

„ monspelie'nsis (Montpelier). See P. NORVEGICA.
, montenegri'na (Montenegran). Montenegro.
, moonia'na (Moonian). Himalaya ; Ceylon.
, multi'fida (many-clef t-leaved). $. July. Siberia.

1759-

, „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). \. June. Siberia.
, nemora'lis (grove). See P. FLAGELLARIS.
, r.epale'nsis (Nepaulese). i£. Rosy-purple. June to

August. Himalaya. 1822.
„ „ mi'nor (smaller). |-i. Rosy-purple.
„ „ na'na (dwarf). See P. NEPALENSIS MINOR.
„ „ Willmo'ttiat (Miss Willmott's). \. BriUiant

magenta-rose. Colombia. 1904.
„ nevade'nsis (Nevadan). Spain.
„ ni'tida( shining). J. White, red. June. Switzerland.

1816.

„ „ atroru'bens (dark-red). Deep red.
„ niva'lis (snowy) of Lapeyrouse. |. White. July,

August. Pyrenees. 1739.
„ niva'lis (snowy) of Torrey. See GEUM ROSSII.
„ ni'vea (snowy-leaved). $. July. Siberia. 1816.
„ „ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). J. June. N. Amer.

1827.
„ norve'gica (Norway). |. April to July. North

temperate and Arctic regions. 1680.
„ ochrea'ta (ochreous). See P. FRUTICOSA.
,, opa'ca (opaque). See P. VERNA.
„ orega'na (Oregon). See P. GLANDULOSA.
„ palu'stris (marsh). 1-2. Purple. June to August.

Northern and Arctic regions (Britain). " Marsh

Cinquefoil."
„ parvifo'lia (small-leaved). ij. Yellow. Siberia.

1896. Shrub.

„ pa'tula (spreading). ^. June. Hungary. 1818.
„ pectina'ta (comb-leaved). See P. PENNYSLVANICA.
,, peda'ta (doubly-lobed). See P. HIRTA PEDATA.
„ peduncula'ris (long-stalked). Sikkim.
,, pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). i. July. N. Amer.

1725.

,, ,, arachnoi'dea (spider-web).
„ „ argu'ta (acute). See P. ARGUTA.
„ pigmafa (pigmy). See P. RUPESTRIS PIGM^A.
„ pimpinelloi'des (bumet-Uke). £. May. Levant.

1758.

,, procu'mbens (procumbent) of Clairv. See P. SIBBALDI.
„ procu'mbens (procumbent) of Sibthorp. J. May to

September. Europe (Britain).
„ pulche'rrima (very fair). See P. HIPPIANA.
,, pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). See P. ALPESTRIS PYRENAICA.
„ re' eta (upright), i. June. Europe, &c. 1648.
,, „ lacinia'ta (deeply-cut), i. Leaves deeply cut.
„ „ lacinio'sa (deeply-cut). i. June. Hungary.

1816.

„ „ macra'ntha (large-flowered). Flowers larger.
,, ,, palma'ia (hand-shaped). Leaves five-lobed.*
„ re'ptans (creeping). \. May. Europe (Britain).

POTERIUM

702

POTTING

P. re'ptans flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). $. July.

Britain.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated-leaved), $. July. Britain.
„ retu'sa (retuse). See P. TRIDENTATA.
„ Richardso'nii (Richardson's), i. July. N. Amer.

1826.

„ riva'lis (river-bank). N. Amer.
„ „ millegra'na (thousand-seeded).
„ rupe'stris (rock), i. White. June. Europe (Wales).
„ „ pignut a (pigmy), i- White. June, July.
„ rupi'cola (rock-loving). See P. RUPESTRIS.
„ russellia'na (Russellian). i-ij. Scarlet. June to

September. Hybrid.

,, ntihe'nica (Russian). See P. NORVEGICA.
„ salisburge'nsis (Salisburgan). See P. ALPESTRIS.
„ sa/«ovt«'na(Salesovian). i-ij. Rose-purple. Hima-
laya ; Central Asia.

„ sanguisorbifo'lia (Sanguisorba-leaved). Europe.
„ sarmento'sa (twiggy). See P. CANADENSIS.
„ Saxi'fraga (Saxifraga-like). J. White. May, June.

Europe.

„ schrenkia'na (Schrenkian). Central Asia.
„ semilacinia' ta (half-cut). Garden origin.
„ seri'cea (silky-leaved). J. July. Siberia. 1780.
„ Sibba'ldi (Sibbald's). J. July to September.

Northern and southern regions (Scotland).
„ sieversia'na (Siever's). June. Nepaul. 1822.
„ Sm0M'/«(Smout's). i. Yellow, with red eye. Hybrid.

1848.

„ specio'sa (showy), i. June. Crete. 1821.
„ sple'ndens (shining) of Buch.-Ham. See P. FULGENS.
„ sple'ndens (shining) of Ram. i. Pyrenees, &c.
,, stipula'ris (stipuled). i. July. Siberia. 1727.
„ subacau'lis (ncarly-stemless) of Jacquin. See P.

CINEREA.

„ subacau'lis (nearly-stemless) of Scop. See P. NITIDA.
„ subacau'lis (nearly-stemless) of Linnaeus. N. Asia.
„ supi'na (supine), i. White. June. Temperate and

tropical regions of Old World. 1837.
„ sylve'stris(vfood). See P. TORMENTILLA.
„ tanacetifolia (tansy-leaved). Siberia.
„ Thoma'sii (Thomas's). See P. DETOMMASII.
„ Thurbe'ri (Thurber's). 1-2. N. Amer.
„ To'nguei (Tongue's). Garden origin.
„ Tormenti'lla (TormentiUa). J-i. Europe (Britain).

" Tormentil."
„ tridenta'ta ( three- toothed-lfaved). $. White. June.

N. Amer. 1774.

„ tubero'sa (tuberous). See P. RECTA.
„ tyrole'nsis (Tyrolese). Europe.
„ umbro'sa (shady). J. White. May. Tauria.

1818.
„ unguicula'ta (clawed). J-i. White. July, August.

California. 1880.

„ uniflo'ra (one- flowered). See P. GELIDA.
„ valde'ria (Valderian). ^. Northern Italy.
„ Vei'tchii (Veitch's). 3-4. Snow-white. May to

October. Western China. 1911. Evergreen

shrub.

„ veluti'na (velvety). See P. PEDUNCULARIS.
„ ve'rna (spring). £. June. Europe (Britain).
„ verticilla'ris (whorled-leaved). See P. MULTIFIDA.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). J. June. Siberia, &c. 1820.
„ visco'sa (clammy), i. July. Dahuria. 1797.
„ wallichia'na (Wallichian). See P. ARGYROPHYLLA

ATROSANGUINEA.

„ Weinma'nnii (Weinmann's). See P. COLLINA.
„ wrangelia'na (Wrangelian). Siberia.

POTE'RIUML (From poterion, a drinking-cup ; the
leaves having been used at one time for making a
medicinal drink. Nat. ord. Rosaceae.)

Hardy herbaceous, perennials. Seeds ; divisions.
Ordinary soil.

P. alpi'num (alpine). 2-3. Purple. Siberia. 1837.
„ Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Pink. July. Siberia.
„ canade'nse (Canadian). 3-4. White. N. Amer. ;

Japan. 1633.
„ „ me'dium (intermediate). 4. Flesh. August.

Canada. 1785.

„ cauda'tum (tailed). 2-3. Greenish. January to
April. Canary Islands. 1779. Greenhouse shrub.
„ dia'ndrum (two-anthered). Purplish. July. Hima-
laya.

„ dodeca'ndrum (twelve-anthered). 2-3. Purplish.
Europe.

P. wtm'ca'/wm(warted-fruited). i-ij. Purplish. Europe

(England).
„ officina'le (shop). 2-3. Purple. July. Europe

(Britain) ; N. Asia ; N. Amer. " Great Burnet."
,, „ auricula' turn (eared). 4. Pink. July. Sicily.
,, „ ca'rneutn (flesh-coloured). 4. Red. July.

Siberia. 1823.
,, ,, negle'clum (neglected). 4. White. July. Europe.

1800.

„ „ prcz'cox (early). 3. Pink. May. Siberia. 1827.
,, Sanguiso'rba (Sanguisorba). 1-1$. Green to purplish.

May to July. N. temperate regions. "Salad

Burnet."
,, sitche'nse (Sitcha). 2-3. Purplish. North-western

Amer.
„ spino'sum (spiny). 2-3. Greenish. April to August.

S. Europe ; Syria. 1595. Hardy shrub.
,, tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). 2-3. Purplish. June

to August. Eastern Asia.

„ „ a'lbum (white). 2-3. White. June to August.
,, verruca' sum (warted). 4. Pink. July. Mediter-
ranean region. 1810.

POT-HERB MOTH. Mamestra.
POT-HERBS. See HERBARY.

PO'THOS. (The Cingalese name for one species. Nat.
ord. Arads [Araceael. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Anthurium.)

The following are stove epiphytes ; but there are
many more, and some evergreen trailers, not worth
notice. Dividing the roots in spring ; fibrous peat,
fibrous loam, rotten wood, and charcoal. Winter temp.,
55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
P. acau'lis (stemless) of Jacquin. See ANTHURIUM

ACAULE.

„ angusta'tus (narrow). See ANTHURIUM ANGUSTATUM.
„ arge'nieus (silvery). Leaves silvery-grey, showy.

Borneo. 1887. Climber.
„ argyra'a (silvery). See SCINDAPSUS PICTUS.
„ au'reus (golden). Leaves handsomely variegated
with pale yellow and white. Solomon Isles. 1880.
„ celaiocau'lis (hidden-stemmed). Leaves velvety-
green, lying flat on the flat stems. Borneo. 1880.
Climber.
„ crassinc rvius (thick- nerved) of Hooker. See

ANTHURIUM HOOKERI.

,, crassine' rvius (thick- nerved) of Jacquin. See AN-
THURIUM CRASSINERV1UM.
,, elonga'tus (elongated). Leaves long, leathery, glossy

green. 1885. Climber.
,, enderia'nus (Enderian). Leaves sombre metallic

black. Borneo. 1884. Climber.
„ flexuo'sus (flexuous). Leaves pale green, close-set

over the flat stems. India. 1884. Climber.
„ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). See ANTHURIUM

GRANDIFOLIUM.

„ grandifo'lius (large-leaved). See ANTHURIUM GRANDI-
FOLIUM.

„ Lourei'rii (Loureir's). Philippines and China.

,, macro phy'llus (large-leaved) of Swartz. See AN-
THURIUM SELLOUM.

„ macrophy'llus (large-leaved) of Willdenow. See
ANTHURIUM GRANDIFOLIUM.

,, ni'gricatrs (blackening). Leaves glossy blackish-
green. 1886.

„ ni'tens (shining). Leaves glossy, bronzy purplish-
green. Malaya. 1887.

„ ova'tus (egg-shaped). See ORONTIUM AQUATICUM.

„ rubrine" rvius (red- nerved) . See ANTHURIUM RUBRI-
NERVIUM.

„ sca'ndens (climbing). May. India. 1821. Climber.

,, Seema'nni (Seemann's). May. China. 1821. Climber.

POTHUA'VA NUDICAULIS. See .^CHMEA J«;DI-

CAULIS.

POT-MARIGOLD. Cale'ndula officina'lis.

POTTING. In performing this operation the Pots are
the first consideration, and for information relative to
these, see FLOWER-POTS.

Time of Potting. — This, when necessary, should gene-
rally be done after pruning, and when fresh growth has
taken place. The reason for this is, that it is advisable
never to give more checks to a plant at once than cannot
be avoided. The cutting down is a check, the repotting

POTTING

703

POUROUMA

or shifting is another. Therefore, in both cases, we apply
an extra stimulus for a short time immediately after,
by keeping the plants closer and warmer.

State nf the Soil.— It should neither be dry nor wet.
If very dry, it will not pack so well in the pot ; the water,
if it passes freely at all, will find chinks and crannies
for itself, and it will be long before the general mass
becomes sufficiently moist to support a healthy vegeta-
tion. On the other hand, if wet soil is used, it is apt to
pack too close ; frequent waterings are apt to puddle
it ; the very closeness, even when the drainage is all
right, prevents the air from penetrating. To know the
proper dryness, take a handful ; if by tightly squeezing it
just holds together slightly, it will do; if it forms a
compact mass, so that it might be laid on the potting-
board without any risk of tumbling to pieces, it is too
wet. It is not necessary that the whole of the material
should be in a uniform state of moisture ; for instance,
we want some rough stuff to place over the drainage,
that may be drier. The soil is rather fine ; and to
improve its mechanical texture we insert little nodules
of fibrous loam or peat, little or big, in proportion to the
size of the pot, and the smallness and largeness of the
shift given. These nodules, if not too numerous, may
be drier. So in the case of a manure, which we may wish
to act both as a mechanical agent, and to give out its
nourishment not at once, but for a long period. It
should be old ; but it should be hard and dried. When
rapid action from manure is required, it should be finely
divided, and regularly mixed with the soil, or used
largely as a mulching or top-dressing.

The Soil should be Rough and Open. — Exceptions there
are, such as a covering for small seeds, which must be
fine ; in fact, if just pressed into the appropriate soil,
a dusting of silver-sand scattered over, and then a
square of glass put over the pot, it will answer better
than the finest-sifted soil. We would not use a sieve at
all, unless a very fine one to get rid of the mere dusty
portion ; and this should always be done before adding
sand as a lightening agent. The rule to follow, for
general purposes, is to use rough and lumpy, fibrous
soil, in opposition to that which is fine and sifted ; but
let that roughness consist in numbers of small rather
than a few of larger pieces, and when the latter are used,
let them be in proportion to the size of the pot, and the
size of the shift given. For instance, for a 4-inch pot,
the largest pieces may range from the size of peas to
horse-beans ; for an 8-inch pot, the largest pieces may
be like walnuts, but not many of that size ; and for a
1 5-inch pot, a few pieces may be as large as eggs, with
every other size downwards, and well packed with the
finer soil from which the mere dust has been extracted.

Securing and Preparing suitable Soil. — Heath-soil, so
necessary for hair-like rooted plants, can only be procured
from upland commons where the heath naturally grows.
Loam of almost every quality can be procured by taking
the surface turf from pasture and the sides of roads,
and building it in narrow ridges when dry, and using it
after being so built up for six or twelve months. Failing
these sources, for all plants not requiring peat earth,
suitable soil may be obtained from the sides of highways,
and by skimming off the flaky material from the tops of
ridges that have been trenched up for some time in the
kitchen-garden. In using the latter, however, you must,
in general, be content with small shifts, as you will not
be able to get the soil rough enough for large ones. The
plants, notwithstanding, will thrive beautifully, and size
for size will often yield more bloom than if you had
used large shifts and larger pots. If the latter is your
wish, you may use pieces of charcoal, or, what will
answer extremely well, get a few fibrous sods taken
off quite thin, dry them over a furnace, or, what is better,
char the grassy sides by putting them on an old spade
or other iron, and then place them over a fire ; allow
the sods to be exposed for a few days to sweeten ; and
then, if broken into small pieces, they will not only be
useful for placing over the drainage, but also for mixing
with any, but chiefly fine soil to keep it open. Where
rough soil is wanted for large shifts, it is best to pile
the turf, when dry, in narrow stacks, through which the
air may circulate, and yet the wet be excluded. In
using such a heap, after the time specified, there is
little occasion to turn it frequently afterwards, which
would be necessary in the case of other fresh soil not so
exposed ; for we must not forget that every turning we
give, while it renders the soil more aerated and sweet,

renders it also more fine and dense, from the decomposi-
tion of its fibre. Charcoal, owing to its lightness, not
to speak of its chemical properties, is the best assistant
for rendering the soil porous ; and enough of this may
be got from every garden by charring the rubbish.
Failing that, however, broken brick, broken pots, and
lime-rubbish may be used with advantage, if there is
nothing in the peculiar plant to render one or all un-
suitable.

Draining. — A plant badly drained will never show
fine cultivation. Where worms are likely to intrude, the
convex side of the potsherd should be placed over the
hole ; but for amateurs, nothing is better than small
caps of tin or zinc to cover over the hole completely ;
and in either case, plenty of drainage placed over them,
the materials being smaller as it ascends. For anything
requiring nicety, there ought to be at least one-inch
drainage in a five-inch pot, and so in proportion. The
best covering for the drainage is a sprinkling of green
moss, to separate the drainage from the soil ; over that
some of the rougher materials should be placed, and
then some of the finer, on which the base of the ball
should rest.

Potting or Shifting. — The pots should be new or
thoroughly clean. No man deserves to have a nice
plant who would place it in a dirty pot, and rarely will
he be rewarded with one. When he attempts to shift
again, it serves him right to find that roots and soil
alike are so sticking to the sides of the pot, that he
must break the pot, or lacerate the roots, i. Before com-
mencing operations, see that the ball of the plant is
moist from the centre to the circumference. If not, you
can never moisten it afterwards without labour, which
may as well be spared. 2. If you wish to rattle your
plants on until a certain period, upon the successive
shift system, never allow the roots to mat round the
sides of the pot ; but reshift as soon as they get there.
3. If the roots should be a little matted, gently disen-
tangle them, even though in doing so you get rid of a
good quantity of the old soil, and spread these roots
out into layers, packing them as you proceed with soil
of various degrees of fineness. 4. The soil in general
should be as high in temperature, or nearly so, as the
plant enjoyed previously. Cold soil has injured many
a fine plant. We have said nothing of cutting roots,
because that chiefly applies to particular times and
instances. Generally, when after a period of rest, fresh
growth is to be induced.

Immediately-after-treatment. — Whatever system of pot-
ting has been adopted, a greater excitement to growth
than usual should be given. If well watered previously
to potting, and a largish shift given, little water will be
wanted at the root for a time; but that should be
several degrees warmer than usual ; and frequent
svringings in bright weather should be imparted, accom-
panied with shading, if necessary. If a small shift was
given, water will be wanted more freely at the root ; and
here, as well as in the other case, a higher temperature
should for a time be maintained, until fresh growth
has freely commenced, when air and exposure may be
more freely given. See ONE-SHIFT SYSTEM.

POTTING-OFF is the term applied to moving into
pots, singly, seedlings or cuttings from where they have
been grown numerously together.

POTTLE. See BASKET.

POUPA'RTIA. (Called Bois dt Poupart, in the Isle
of Bourbon. Nat. ord. Terebinths [Anacardiaceae].
Linn. lo-Decandria, 4-Pentagynia. Now referred to
Spondias.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. Winter temp.,
55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. borbo'nica (Bourbon). See SPONDIAS BORBONICA.

„ du'lcis (sweet). See SPONDIAS DULCIS.

„ tnangi'fera (mango-bearing). See DRACONTOMELON

MANGIFERUM.

POUROU'MA. (The native name. Nat. ord. Urti-
caceae.)

Greenhouse tree with evergreen foliage. Cuttings of
ripe wood in sand, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam
peat, and sand.
P. edu'lis (edible). Green. Colombia. 1873.

POURRETIA

704

PRIESTLEYA

POURRE'TIA. (Commemorative of P. A. Pourret, a
French botanist. Nat. ord. Bromeliaceae. Now re-
ferred to Puya.)
P Achupa'lla (Achupalla). See PUVA BONPLANDIANA.

coarcta'ia (contracted). See PUYA CHILENSIS.

fri'gida (cold). See DYCKIA FRIGID A.

Joinvi'llei (Joinville's). See RHODOSTACHYS ANDINA.

mexica'na (Mexican). See RHODOSTACHYS ANDINA.

POUTE'RIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Sapotaceae.)

A greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of mature
wood in sand, in gentle heat, and under a hand-light.
Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.

P. sua'vis (sweet-scented). Green. Fruit pear-shaped,
with edible, perfumed rind. Uruguay. 1906.

PRAIRIE CLOVER. Petaloste'mon.
PRASOPHY'LLUM. (From prason, a leek, and
phullon, a leaf ; in allusion to the resemblance of the
leaves to those of a leek. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Terrestrial orchids requiring greenhouse protection.
Imported roots. Fibrous peat, loam, and sand.
P. aitenua'tum (attenuated). Australia. 1882.
„ laufferia'num (Laufferian). i. Dusky green. Aus-
tralia. 1888.

„ plunuzfo'rme (plume-formed). Australia. 1882.
,, triangula're (triangular). Australia. 1882.

PRA'TIA. (Named after M. Prat, a French officer.
Nat. ord. Campanulads [Campanulaceae]. Linn. $-Pen~
tandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse or hardy herabceous perennials. Seeds in a
slight hotbed, in spring ; dividing the plants ; cuttings
of the young shoots in sandy soil, any time, but best in
autumn and spring ; sandy loam, and a little peat or
leaf-mould ; require a greenhouse or cold pit in winter.
P. angula'ta (angled). A. White. May to July. New

Zealand. 1829. Hardy, creeping.
„ areno'sa (sand) &. White. July to September.

New Zealand.
,, begonifo'lia (Begonia- leaved). J. Blue. June to

September. Himalaya. 1827. Half-hardy.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbed). See LOBELIA CORYMBOSA.
„ ere'cta (upright), r. Blue. June. Australia. 1819.
„ hedera'cea (Ivy-like). J. White. September. Brazil. 1832.
,, ma'crodon (large-toothed). J. White. July, August.

New Zealand. Half-hardy.
„ monta'na (mountain). Java.
„ physaloi'des (Physalis-like). Bot. Mag., t. 6864.
„ re'pens (creeping). J. White, violet. June to
October. Magellan regions.

PRE'MNA. (From premnon, a stock or trunk of a
tree ; in allusion to the habit of the plants. Nat. ord.
Verbenaceae.)

Stove trees or shrubs. Seeds ; cuttings in sand, in a
close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and
sand.
P. escule'nta (esculent). 6-8. Yellow-white. May. India.

1824.

„ integrifo'lia (entire- leaved). 6-10. Greenish- white.

July. India; Malaya. 1827. " Headache Tree."

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10-15. White. June.

India. 1827.

„ serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). See P. INTEGRIFOLIA.
,, spino'sa (spiny). See P. INTEGRIFOLIA.

PRENA'NTHES. (From prenes, bending downwards,
and anthos, a flower ; the flower- heads are drooping.
Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Hardy herbs. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary soil.
P. a'lba (white). 2-4. White. August to October.

N. Amer. 1762.

,, arbo'rea (tree-like). See SONCHUS ARBOREUS.
,, pinna' ta (pinnate). See SONCHUS LEPTOCEPHALUS.
„ purpii'rea (purple). 1^-3. Purple. July, August.

Europe. 1658.

„ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). See P. PURPUREA.
„ virga'ta (twiggy). 2-3. Lilac. July, August. N.
Amer. 1823.

PREPTA'NTHE. See CALANTHE.

PREPU'SA. (From prepousa, comely ; the beauty of
the flowers. Nat. ord. Gentianworts [Gentianacea?].
Linn. 5-Penfandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Leiauthus.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Seeds in a hotbed, in
spring ; division of the plant at the same time. Winter
temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
P. hookeria'na (Hooker's), i. White, crimson. March.
Brazil. 1839.

PRESCO'TTIA. (Commemorative of John Prcwtt,
a Russian botanist. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae. Allied to
1'onthieva.)

Terrestrial stove orchids. Imported roots. Fibrous
loam, fibrous peat, leaf-mould, and sand.
P. colo'rans (colouring). See P. STACHYODES.
„ densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). J. White. Brazil. 1866.
,, plantagi'nea (plantain-like). See P. PLANTAGINIFOLIA.
,, plantaginifo' lia (plantain-leaved). Greenish-white.

Brazil. 1822.

„ stachyo'des (spike-like). iJ-2. Green. W. Ind. ;
Brazil. 1834.

PRE'SLIA. (Commemorative of C. B. and /. S. Presl,
Belgian botanists. Nat. ord. Labiatae. Allied to
Mentha, and in habit like M. Pulcgium.)

Hardy perennial, prostrate herb. Seeds ; divisions in
spring. Ordinary soil.

P. cmtt'rtfl(deer). J. Pale purple. June, July. Western
Mediterranean region. 1684.

PRESTINA'RIA. See COREOPSIS.

PRESTO EA. (Commemorative of H. Prcstoe, a director
of the Botanic Gardens, Trinidad. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)
Stove Palms. Seeds. Loam, one-third peat, and sand.
P. Carde'ri (Carder's). Colombia. 1876.
„ monta'na (mountain). 30. Trop. Amer. 1820.
„ pubi'gera (down-bearing). 6-12. Trinidad.

PRESTO NIA. (Named after C. Preston, M.D. Nat.
ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Malouetia.)

Stove evergreen, white-flowered twiners. Cuttings of
half-ripened, stubby side-shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass, in heat ; sandy loam, and a little fibrous peat or
dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48° to 58° ; summer,
60° to 85°.

P. glabra'ta (smoothed). 8. July. Ecuador. 1823.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy). 5-10. Yellow, rose. August,

September. Brazil. 1843.
,, tomento'sa (downy). 8. July. Brazil. 1820.
,, veno'sa( veiny). Yellow-green. June. W. Ind. 1821.

PRICKING-OUT is transplanting seedlings from their
seed-bed more thinly that they may acquire more fibrous
roots and strength previously to their being finally
planted out.

PRICKLY CEDAR. Cyatho'des acero'sa.
PRICKLY PEAR. Opu'ntia.

PRICKWOOD, or TIMBER.

and Co'rnus sangui'nea.

Euo'nymus europa'us

PRIE'STLEYA. (Named after Dr. Priestley. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa?]. Linn. ij-Dia-
delphia, ^-Decandria. Allied to Liparia.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs, from
South Africa, all about 3 feet high. Cuttings of half-
ripened short shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy
loam and fibrous peat, and thoroughly well-drained, to
assist which charcoal and pieces of broken brick or sand-
stone may be mixed with the compost. Winter temp.,
40° to 48°. Such species as vesti'ta should be tried
against a wall.
P. axilla' ris (axillary-flowered). See AMPHITHALEA DENSA.

„ capita' ta (headed-flowered). July. 1812.

,, elli'ptica (oval-leaved). 1825.

„ ericcefo'lia (heath-leaved). See AMPHITHALEA ERICE-
FOLIA.

„ graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). June. 1800.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy-stemmed). August. 1792.

„ Iczviga'ta (smooth-leaved). See P. TEROES.

„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). June. 1823.

„ seri'cea (silky-leaved). June. 1794.

,, te'res (round-stemmed). June. 1816.

„ tomento'sa (downy). July. 1812.

,, umbelli'fera (umbelliferous). July. 1826.

„ vesti'ta (clothed). May. 1800.

„ villa' sa (woolly). June. 1774.

PRIMULA

705

PRIMULA

PRI'MULA. Primrose. (From primus, the first ;
early flowering. Nat. ord. Primeworts [Primulaceae],
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Seeds in April, in light, sandy border ; divisions of the
plant in March and April, or when the plants have done
flowering, or in the autumn. Prce'nitens, or sine'nsis,
and its varieties, generally by seed in a slight hotbed,
in spring or the beginning of autumn, according as the
plants are wanted to bloom early in winter or the follow-
ing spring. The Chinese double varieties (so useful for
nosegays in winter), by cuttings after flowering, in April
or May, and by re-potting the small plants of last year ;
sandy loam and peat, enriched with a little decayed
cow-dung, and kept open with small nodules of charcoal.
These should seldom be below 40° in winter, and the
nearer they range from 45° at night, and 50° and 55°
during the day, the better they will bloom.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

P. blattarifo'rmis (Blattaria-formed). f-i. Lilac.

Yunnan, China. 1887.
„ bovea'na (Bovean). See P. VERTICILLATA.
„ floribu'nda (free-flowering). $-£. Yellow. Winter.

Himalaya. 1883.

„ „ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). Flowers larger.
„ „ grandifto'ra isabelli'na (Isabelline). £. Yellow

fading to lemon. Winter. 1901.
„ Forbe'sii (Forbes's). i-i£. Pale lilac. Autumn and

winter. Yunnan, China. 1891. " Baby Primrose."
,, geraniifo'lia (Geranium-leaved), i. Bright purple.

Himalaya. 1888.
„ imperia'lis (imperial). 3-4. Cowslip-yellow, tinted

with orange. Java. 1890.
„ kewe'nsis (Kew). i-r£. Bright yellow. Winter.

1900. (P. floribundaxverticillata.)
„ malacoi'des (mallow-like), i. Pink, with yellow eye.

Autumn and winter. Yunnan, China. 1908.

Purple. April, May. Hima-

„ mo'llis (soft-leaved), i,

laya. 1854.
„ obco'nica (obconical).
Summer and winter.
caru'lea (sky-blue).
fimbria'ta (fringed).

i. Bright mauve or lilac.
China. 1882.
Blue. 1907.
Corolla fringed. 1897.

gigante'a (giant). Lilac-rose or carmine. 1908.
ro'sea (rosy). Rose. 1897.
semiple'na (semi-double). Deep rose, mostly
semidouble. 1902.
„ „ supe'rba (superb). Large bright rose. 1906.
„ petiola'ris (long-stalked). Pale purple. Himalaya.
„ „ na'na (dwarf). £. Lilac-purple, with white and

yellow eye. Himalaya. 1889.
„ poculifo'rmis (bowl-formed). See P. OBCONICA.
,, Poisso'ni (Poisson's). i-i. Rich purple. Yunnan,

China. 1889.

„ pra'nitens (very-glossy). See P. SINENSIS.
„ proli'fera (proliferous), i. Yellow. Himalaya. 1884.
„ pusi'lla (puny) of Wallich. J-J. Rich violet-purple.

Himalaya.
„ Ru'sbyi (Rusby's). £-f. Deep brownish-purple,

with yellow eye. Spring. New Mexico. 1881.
„ sine'nsis (Chinese). J. Pink. May. China. 1820.
„ „ fimbr ia! ta a'lba (fringed- white), j. White. June.

1833-
„ „ fimbria'ta ro'sea (fringed-rosy). i. Rose. June.

1833-
„ „ flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). |. White. May.

China.
„ „ ple'na-a'lba (double- white). White. March.

China.

„ ,, ple"na-ro'sea (double-rosy). Rose. March. China.
„ verticilla'ta (whorled). YeUow. March. Arabia.
1826. " Abyssinian Primrose."

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. acau'lis (stemless). See P. VULGARIS and varieties.
„ admonte'nsis (Admontan). Lilac. May. Upper

Styria. 1884. (P. Auricula xclusiana.)
„ a'lgida (cold). Pale purple. March, April. Siberia.
„ Allio'ni (Allioni's). \. Red. April. France. 1818.
,, alpi'na (alpine). See P. RILETICA.
„ alta'ica (Altaian), ±. Red. April. Altai. 1819.
„ alta'ica (Altaian) of Lindley. See P. VULGARIS

SIBTHORPII.
„ amethysti'na (amethyst). Reddish-purple or amethyst.

June. China.

amoe'na (pleasing). J. Purple. April. Caucasus,

1823.
, angu'stidens (narrow- toothed). Deep clear purple,

whorled. Yunnan, China. 1908.
, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). N. Amer.
, anisi'aca (anise-scented). Natural hybrid. (P.

elatiorx vulgar -is.) 1910.
, apenni'na (Apennine). Piedmont.
Arcto'tis (Arctotis). W7hite to purple. 1886. (P.

Auricula x v iscosa.)
assi'milis (similar). Europe.

Aurfcula (Auricula). J. Yellow. April. Switzer-
land. 1596. " Auricula." " Bear's Ears."
„ bellune'nsis (Bellunan). See P. BALBISII BELLU-
NENSIS.

„ brevi'sfyla (short-styled). See P. BRKVISTYLA.
„ crtZyca'n/Aa(coloured-calyxed). J. YeUow. April.
Switzerland. 1596.

„ carinthi'aca (Carinthian). Carinthia.
„ dolomi'tica (dolomitic). Funnel-shaped, lemon-
yellow. Tyrol. 1884.

„ horie'nsis (garden). J. Variegated. . April.
Europe. 1596.

„ intege'rrima (most-entire). J. Variegated. April.
Switzerland. 1596.
„ lu'tea (yellow). ±. YeUow. May. Switzerland.

1596.

„ lu'tea pltfna (double-yeUow). |. Yellow. April.
Gardens.

„ monacf'nsis (Monaco). Monaco.
auricula' ta (small-eared). £. Red. April. Asia

Minor, &c. 1790.
Balbi'sii (Balbis's). $. YeUow. April. S. Europe.

1823.

„ bellunefnsis (BeUunan). J. Bright yellow. April,
May. Europe.
beflla (pretty). Violet-purple. June, July. China.

1884.
bellune'nsis (BeUunan). See P. BALBISII BELLUK-

ENSIS.

Berni'na (Berne's). J. Rose-purple. April. Switzer-
land.
biflo'ra (two-flowered). J. Rose. March to May.

Switzerland.
bractea'ta (large-bracted) . YeUow. March, April.

Yunnan, China.
brevi'styla (short-styled). J. YeUow. June. France.

1818. Hybrid.

„ versi' 'color (party-coloured), i. YeUow, red.
June. France. 1818.

bulleya'na (BuUeyan). 1^-3. Orange-buff to reddish-
orange. S.W. China. 1909.
cadine'nsis (Cadinan). See P. CENENSIS.
calyca'ntha (coloured-calyxed). Reddish-blue in

many-flowered umbels. Yunnan, China. 1892.
calyci'na (large-calyxed). J. Pink or purple. June.

Lombardy or Italian Tyrol. 1826.
candollea'na (CandoUean). See P. INTEGRIFOLIA.
capita'ta (round- headed-mealy). J. Purple. October.

Himalaya. 1850.
capitella'ta (smaU-headed). J-i. Deep purple. Asia

Minor ; Persia ; Afghanistan. 1904.
carnio'lica (Carniolan). J. Purple. March. Car-
niola. 1826.

„ mu'lticeps (many-headed). Flowers numerous,
darker.

carpa'tica (Carpathian). See P. ELATIOR CARPATICA.
cashmiria'na (Cashmerian). See P. DENTICULATA

CASHMIRIANA.

ce'rnua (drooping). Violet. June, July. Yunnan,

China.

Churchi'llii (ChurchiU's). See P. ADMONTENSIS.
cUia'ta (hair-fringed), j. Red. April. Switzerland.
1700.

„ balfouria'na (Balfourian).
„ cocci' nea (scarlet). Deep red.
,, purpu'rea (purple). Purple.
clusia'na (Clusian). Rose. April. Tyrol. &c.
,, denta'ta (toothed). See P. ADMONTENSIS.
cockburnia'na (Cockburnian). i. Orange-scarlet, in

whorls. W. China. 1905.
cogna'ta (cognate). $-J. Pale bluish-purple, fragrant.

Western China. 1906.
Colu'mnce (Columna's). J. YeUow. April. Europe.

1824.
„ Tommasi'nii (Tommasin's).

2 Y

PRIMULA

706

PRIMULA

P. commute' ta (changed). J. Deep rose. May. Europe.

„ confi'nis (nearly- related). See P. HIRSUTA CONFINIS.

„ corona' ta (crowned). Tyrol.

„ cortusoi'des (Cortusa-like) . i. Red. June. Siberia.
1794.

„ „ a'lba (white), i. White. May. Japan. 1865.

„ „ lichiange'nsis (Lichiang). $-1$. Rose-red or
crimson. S.W. China. 1909.

„ ,, Siebo'ldi (Siebold's). See P. SIEBOLDI.

„ co'ttia (Cottian). Alps of Piedmont.

„ Cou'rtii (Court's). See P. VERTICILLATA.

„ crena'ta (notched). See P. MARGINATA.

„ cridale'nsis (Cridalan). J. Purple. May. Tyrol.
1884.

„ daone'nsis (Daonan). See P. CENE'NSIS.

„ davM'n'ca(Davurian). J. Red. May. Siberia. 1806.

„ deci'piens (deceiving). Alps.

,, deco'ra (comely). See P. HIRSUTA.

„ defte'xa (deflexed). i$-2. Dark blue or rose-purple.
Western China. 1906.

„ Delava'yii (Delavay's). i. Purple. July. Yunnan,
China.

„ denticula'ta(tootbletted-leaved). Purple. May. Hima-
laya.

„ „ a'lba (white). J-i. White. 1886.

„ „ capita'ta (headed). See P. CAPITATA.

„ „ cashmiria'na (Cashmerian). J-i. Small, purple ;
eye small, yellow. Cashmere. 1879.

„ „ cashmiria'na a'lba (white). J-i. White. 1897.

,, ,, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). Flowers twice the
usual size, white, lilac, rose, or violet. 1909.

„ „ pulche'rrima (fairest). J-i. Small, rich lilac.

» » purpu'rea (purple). J-i. Purple. Himalaya.
1873.

„ ,, ro'sea (rosy), i-i. Rose.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves edged with white.
1889.

„ dentifto'ra (toothed-flowered). See P. CORTUSOIDES.

„ deo'rum (the gods'), f. Purplish violet, 20 in an
umbel. Mt. Rilo, Bulgaria. 1905.

„ dige'nea (two-begotten), $. Yellow. May. Europe.
(P. elatior x vulgaris.)

„ dinya'na (Dinyan) . £. Dark purple. April. Switzer-
land.

„ di'scolor (two-coloured). i. Purple. April. Northern
Italy.

„ dolomi'tica (dolomitic). See P. AURICULA DOLOMITICA.

„ dryadifo'lia (Dryas-leaved). Violet. July. Yunnan,
China.

„ Dumonli'nii (Dumouh'n's). J. Rose. March, April.
Alps. 1877.

„ ela'tior (taller), i. Yellow. May. Britain. " Ox-
lip."

„ „ amce'na (lovely). See P. AMCENA.

„ „ calyca'ntha (coloured-calyxed). $. Variegated.
April. Britain.

„ „ carpa'tica (Carpathian). Soft yellow. May. Car-
pathian Alps. 1882.

„ „ flo' re-pie? no (double-flowered). J. Brown, crim-
son. April. Britain.

„ „ intrica'ta (intricate). Pale yellow. May.

„ „ polya'ntha (many-flowered). $. Variegated.
April. Britain.

„ e'legans (elegant). See P. SIBIRICA KASHMIRIANA.

„ elli'ptica (elliptic), $. Blue-purple. May, June.
Himalaya.

„ elwesia'na (Elwesian). \. Purple. May, June.
Himalaya.

„ ero'sa (eroded), i. Dark purple. June. Himalaya.

„ Escfc«'n(Escher's). J. Rosy-purple. April. Europe.

l88O.

„ Facchi'nii (Facchin's). J. Rosy-purple. April,
May. Northern Italy. 1880.

„ farino'sa (mealy). £. Lilac. June. Britain. "Bird's-
eye Primrose."

„ „ magella'nica (Magellan). Magellan regions.

„ Fedtsche'nkoi (Fedtschenko's). £-£. Violet-purple.
June to August. Turkestan. 1875.

„ finma'rchica (Finmarck). See P. SIBIRICA.

„ fiagellicau'lis (whip-stemmed). Europe.

„ flaerkea'na (Flcnrkean). |. Pale purple. April, May.
Alps of S. Europe.

„ Forre'stii (Forrest's). J-f . Deep yellow, fragrant ;
eye orange. S.W. China. 1909.

„ Forste'ri (Forster's). J. Rose, with white eye.
Tyrol. 1879.

P. Freye'ri (Freyer's). See P. CARNIOLICA.
„ frondo'sa (leafy). *-J. Bright lilac. May, June.

Thrace.

„ gambelia'na (Gambelian). Purple. Himalaya. 1884.
,, gamblea'na (Gamblean). }. Purple, with yellow eye.

Himalaya. 1901.

„ gigante'a (giant). J. Red. June. Siberia. 1820.
„ glacia'lis (glacial). Violet. June, July. China.
„ glauce'scens (milky-green). See P. CALYCINA.
„ glutino'sa (clammy). J. Red. June. S. Europe.

1824.

„ Gasbe'lii (Goebel's). \. Yellow. April, May. Tyrol.
„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See P. CARNIOLICA.
„ gra'ndis (grand), f. Yellow. Caucasus. 1878.
,, haza'rica (Hazarian). J. Purple; tube pale yellow.

Himalaya. 1906.

„ Hee'rii (Heer's). $. Purple. April. Switzerland.
„ helve' tica (Helvetian). See P. PUBESCENS and varieties.
,, hetero'donta (various- toothed). Purple. June, July.

China.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy), i. Pink. April. Europe. 1800.
„ „ confi'nis (nearly related). J. Dark rose. May.

Europe.

,, hornemannia'na (Hornemannian). See P. FARINOSA.
„ Hugueni'nii (Huguenin's). J. Purple. April.

Europe.

„ hu'milis (humble). See P. PUSILLA.
„ //ute'ft(Huter's). J. Violet. April, May. Tyrol, &c.
„ infla'ta (inflated). See P. OFFICINAUS PANNONICA.
„ integrifo' lia (entire-leaved). J. Pink. June.

Pyrenees. 1792.
„ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved) of Jacquin. See P.

CLUSIANA.

„ intermedia (intermediate). Deep purple. April,

May. Tyrol.
„ involucra'ta (ruffed). J. White. April. N. India.

1845.
„ „ M unro'i (Munro's). J. White; yellow eye. May.

Himalaya. 1845.

„ jceschkia'na (Jaeschkian). See P. NIVALIS.
„ japo'nica (Japanese), i-ij. Crimson, with darker

eye. May, July. Japan. 1871.
„ „ a'lba (white). White, with rosy zone. 1887.
„ „ pulverule'nta (powdery). 1^-2. Deep crimson.

Plant powdery. W. China. 1905.
,, jellenkia'na (Jellenkian). See P. CARNIOLICA.
„ Juribe'lla (Juribella). S. Tyrol.
„ kaufmannia' na (Kaufmannian). J-i. Violet. June,

July. Central Asia. 1875.

,, Kerne'ri (Kerner's). J. Red-violet. April. Europe.
„ *ttotbtf/ta'na(Kitaibelian). i-J. Rosy-purple. April,

May. Croatia.
„ knuthia'na (Knuthian). J. Rosy-lilac. March. N.

China. 1912.

„ kolbia'na (Kolbian). Northern Italy.
„ latifo'lia (broad- leaved). J. Red. April. Pyrenees.

1820.
„ lebelia'na (LebeUan). $. Purple. April. Europe.

1880.

„ littonia'na (Littonian). See P. VIALI.
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered), i. Red June. Europe.

1825.

„ longifo'lia (long- leaved) . See P. AURICULATA.
,, longisca'pa (long-flower-stalked). See P. FARINOSA.
„ longoba'rda (Lombardy). J. Purple. April.

Lombardy.

„ lu'tea (yellow). See P. AURICULA.
„ lu'teola (small- yellow). 1^-2. Soft yellow. June to

August. Caucasus. 1867.

,, magiasso'nica (Magiassonian). See P. FACCHINII.
,, magni'fica (magnificent). See P. ROSEA MAGNIFICA.
„ margina'ta (silver-edged). J. Pink. April. Switzer-
land. 1777.

,, „ cczru'lea (sky-blue). J. Sky-blue. April.
„ „ densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). Flowers numerous

crowded. April.
„ „ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). Flowers larger.

April.

„ „ ma' for (larger). Pink. April.
„ Maximowiczii (Maximowicz's). f-i. Dark red.

March. W. China. 1910.
„ megasecefo'lia (Megasea-leaved). J. Rosy-Ulac or

purple. February, March. Asia Minor. 1901.
„ „ supe'rba (superb). Velvety reddish-mauve ; eye

orange. 1904.
„ microca'lyx (small-calyxed). See P. MARGINATA.

PRIMULA

707

PRIMULA

P. mi'nima (least). J. Purple. April. S.Europe. 1819.
„ „ hy'brida (hybrid). See P. FLCERKEANA.
„ „ multidenta'ta (many-tcx)thed). Corolla fringed

with teeth. Europe. 1597.
„ „ pube'scens (downy). See P. STURII.
„ minuii'ssima (smallest). A. Warm purple. June.

Himalaya.
„ mistassi'nica (Lake Mistassins). i- Red. June.

N. Amer. 1818.
„ mu'lticeps (many-headed). See P. CARNIOLICA MULTI-

CEPS.
„ Munro'i (Capt. Munro's). See P. INVOLUCRATA

MUNROI.

„ muretia'na (Muretian). \. Dark purple. April.

Switzerland.
„ muscarioi'des (Muscari-like). J. Deep purple-blue.

China. 1907.

„ muscoi'des (moss-like). Purple. Himalaya. 1884.
„ „ tenui'loba (slender-lobed) . Purple. Himalaya.
„ Nelso'ni (Nelson's). See P. VISCOSA.
„ niva'lis (snowy) of gardens. See P. PUBESCENS ALBA.
„ niva'lis (snowy) of Pallas. £. Purple. April. Central

Asia. 1790.
» „ farino'sa (mealy). Leaves covered beneath with

white meal. Central Asia. 1878.
„ „ longifo'lia (long-leaved). Deep purple. Leaves

longer, narrower, mealy beneath. Central Asia.

1878.
„ „ turkesta'nica (Turkestan). \. Deep rose, in two

whorls. Central Asia. 1878.
„ ni'vea (snow-white). See P. PUBESCENS ALBA.
„ norve'gica (Norwegian). See P. SIBIRICA FINMARCHICA.
„ obova'ta (obversely-egg-shaped). £. Rosy. April.

Venetian Alps.
„ Obri'stii (Obrist's). J. Purple. April. Northern

Italy.
„ oblusifo'lia (obtuse-leaved). |. Deep claret purple.

May. Himalaya. 1887.
„ ozne'nsis (CEnan). Rose; eye white. May. S.Tyrol

and Italian Alps. 1854.
„ officina'lis (officinal), f-i. Bright yellow. April,

May. Europe (Britain). " Cowslip."
„ „ ela'tior duplex (double). Calyx like the corolla,

hose-in-hose.

„ „ macroca'lyx (large-calyxed). |-i. Yellow. May.
„ „ panno'nica (Pannonian). J. Yellow. May.

Hungary. 1825.

„ „ ru'bra (red). £. Red. May. Britain.
„ „ suave' olens (sweet-scented). See P. COLUMNS.
„ (yigte (Madame Olga's). J. Rose-lilac. April, May.

Turkestan. 1875.
„ orbicula'ris (orbicular), i. Yellow, mealy, fragrant.

Western China. 1906.
„ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). $ Blue, in umbels. Central

and Western China. 1903.

„ Pfl/m»'r»(Palinur*s). £. Yellow. April. Naples. 1816.
„ Palla'sii (Pallas's). J. Yellow. June. Altai. 1823.
„ pa'llida (pale). See P. HIRSUTA.
„ panno'nica (Pannonian). See P. OFFICINALIS PAN-

NONICA.
„ Pa'rryi (Parry's), £. Purple; eye yellow. April,

May. North-western Amer. 1865.
„ pedemonta'na (Piedmont). |. Pink. May. Pied-
mont. 1826.

„ „ ro'sea (rosy). J. Rose. May.
„ perreinia'na (Perrein's). 4. Yellow. June. Spain.
„ Peyri'tschii (Peyritsch's). £. Purple. April. Tyrol.
„ pinnati'fida (deeply-lobed). Violet. July. Yunnan,

China.
„ Pla'nta (Mrs. Plant's). J. Rose-purple. April.

Europe. 1880.
„ Po'rta (Madame Port's). \. Red. April. Europe.

1873-
„ pube'scens (downy). J. Red. April. S. Europe.

1800.

„ „ a'lba (white). J. White. March, April.
„ pu'lchra (beautiful), i. Purple. June. Himalaya.

1884.

„ pu'mila (dwarf). •&. Rose-purple. April. Europe.
,, purpu'rea (purple). " See P. NIVALIS.
„ pusi'lla (weak) of Goldie. See P. MISTASSINICA.
„ Rei'dii (Reid's). Cream. May. Himalaya. 1886.
„ reticula'ia (netted), i. Yellow. June. Himalaya.
„ rhaftica (Rhaetic). Violet-purple. May. Switzerland.
„ ro'sea (rosy). $-J. Bright rose. April, May. Hima-
laya. 1879.

P. ro'sea grandifio'ra (large-flowered). £. Bright rose,

larger.

„ „ magni'fica (magnificent). Full-grown leaves grey-
white. Seedling from P. rosea grandifhra. 1904.
,, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved) of Pallas. See P. SIBIRICA.
,, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved) of Wallich. |. Purple,

with yellow eye. June. Himalaya.
,, salisburge'nsis (Salisburgan). $. Red-purple. April.

Tyrol.
„ Sali'sii (Salis's). J. Purple. April. Switzerland.

(P. latifoliaxviscosa.)
„ sapphiri'na (sapphirine). i-4. Purple. Himalaya.

1884.

„ Saute'ri (Sauter's). See P. MINIMA.
„ sco'tica (Scotch), i. Red. June. Scotland.
„ secundiflo'ra (one-sided-flowered). Violet. July.

Yunnan, China.

„ Sendtrufri (Sendtner's). April. Tyrol.
„ septe'mloba (seven-lobed). Purple. June, July.

Yunnan, China.
„ serratifo'lia (saw-leaved), i. Bright yellow. June.

Yunnan, China.

„ sibi'rica (Siberian). J. Red. May. Siberia. 1798.
„ „ chin* 'nsis (Chinese). Lilac, larger; eye white.

China. 1909.
„ „ finma'rchica (Finmarck). J. Dark lilac. May.

Lapland. 1798.
„ „ intege'rrima (very-entire). J. Rose, lilac. April.

Altai. 1833. Half-hardy.
„ „ kashmiria'na (Cashmirian). J. Rosy-pink. May.

Himalaya.

„ Sibtho'rpii (Sibthorp's). See P. VULGARIS SIBTHORPII.
„ Siebo'ldi (Siebold's). i. Rose. April, May. Japan.

1865.
„ sikkime'nsis (Sikkim). i. Yellow. May. Himalaya

1850. " Himalayan Cowslip."
„ si'milis (similar). |. Purple. April. Tyrol. (P.

Auricula X subbalbisii.)
„ Si'msii (Sims's). See P. VILLOSA ALBA.
„ soldanelloi'des (Soldanella-like). White. Himalaya.

1884.
„ sonchifo'lia (Sonchus-leaved). J-J. Blue. N.W.

Yunnan, China. 1910.
„ specta'bilis (showy). J-$. Deep rosy-purple. July.

Tyrol, &c. 1879.

„ „ kitaibelia'na (Kitaibelian). See P. KITAIBELIANA.
,, „ teulfenia'na (Wulfenian). See P. WULFENIANA.
„ spica'ta (spiked). Violet. June, July. Yunnan,

China. 1884.
„ Stei'nii (Stein's). J. Purple. April. 1878. (P.

hirsuta x minima.)

„ stri'cta (erect). £. Pink. April. Denmark. 1822.
„ Siua'rtii (Stuart's), f. Yellow. June. Himalaya.

1845.
„ Stu'rii (Slur's). J. Rosy-purple. April. Styria, &c.

1856. (P. minima X villosa .)
,, suave'olens (sweet-scented). See P. COLUMN.*.
„ suffrute'scens (subshrubby). J— J. Maroon-purple ;

eye yellow. May. California. 1883.
„ langu'iica (Tangutic). 2-3. Brownish-purple, frag-
rant, in whorls. W. China and Tibet. 1905.
„ iene'lla (very-slender). £. Blue. June. Himalaya.

1884.
„ tenui'loba (slender-lobed). See P. MUSCOIDES TENUI-

LOBA.
„ Tra'lli (TraiU's). x. Blush, tinted white. April.

Himalaya. 1897.

„ trunca'ta (zbrupt-ended-leaved) . See P. MINIMA.
„ tyrole'nsis (Tyrolese). J. Purple ; eye white. April.

Tyrol, &c.
„ uniflo'r a (one-flowered). J. Lilac. June. Himalaya.

1884.
„ varia'bilis (variable). |. YeUow. April. Britain.

(P. officinalisxvulgaris.)
„ Vei'tchti (Veitch's). i-ij. Rosy-purple. May.

China. 1905.

„ venu'sta (neat). J. Purple. April. Hungary. 1833.
„ Venzo'i (Venzo's). Purple. April. Tyrol. 1887.

Hybrid.

,, ve'ris (spring). See P. OFFICINALIS and varieties.
„ Via'li (Vial's). 1-2. Violet-purple; bracts and

calyx blood-red. S.W. China. 1909.
„ villo'sa (shaggy-leaved). J. Purple. April. Switzer-
land. 1768.
„ „ a'lba (white). 1. White. April. Switzerland.

1768.

PRIMULINA

708

PROLIFEROUS

P. vinciflo'ra (Vinca-flowered). Purple-violet, Vinca-

like, solitary. Yunnan, China. 1887.
„ violodo'ra (violet-scented), i. Mauve, violet-scented.

May. Central China. 1902.
„ vtsco'sa (clammy). J. Purple. April. Piedmont.

1792.

„ „ a'lba (white). J. White. April.
„ vitta'ia (striped), ij. Magenta-purple, in whorls.

W.China; Tibet. 1905.
„ vochine'nsis (Vpchinan). J. Purple. April. Carin-

thia. (P. minima xwulfeniana.)
„ vulza'ris (common). J. Yellow. April. Europe

(Britain). " Primrose."

„ „ a'lba (single- white). J. White. April. Britain.
„ ,, bractea'ta (large-bracted).
„ „ cceru'lea (sky-blue). J. Blue. April.
„ „ ibe'rica (Iberian). J. Lilac. April. 1885.
„ „ ple'na a'lba (double- white). J. White. April.

Britain.
„ „ ple'na a'tro-purpu'rea (double-dark-purple). J.

Purple. April. Britain.
„ „ ple'na ca'rnea (double-flesh-coloured). J. Flesh.

April. Britain.
„ „ ple'na cu'prea (double-copper). J. Copper.

April. Britain.
„ „ ple'na ru'bra (double-red). J. Red. April.

Britain.
„ „ ple'na sulphu'rea (double-brimstone). J. Pale

yellow. April. Britain.
„ „ ple'na viola'cea (double- violet). J. Violet. April.

Britain.

„ „ polya'niha (many-flowered. "Polyanthus").
„ „ ru'bra (red). See P. VULGARIS SIBTHORPII.
„ „ Sibtho'rpii (Sibthorp's). *. Pale pink. Greece.

The first coloured Primrose.
„ ,, urale'nsis (Ural).
„ H^//s/«"nn(Wettstein's). J. Purple. April. Styria,

&c. (P. minima x subclusiana.)
„ Wilso'ni (Wilson's). 2-4. Reddish-purple to mauve,

in 5 to 6 whorls. Yunnan, China. 1902.
„ wulfenia'na (Wulfenian). J. Violet-purple. April.

Carinthia, &c.

„ yunnane'nsis (Yunnan). Violet-purple. July-
Yunnan, China.

PRIMULI'NA. (Primula-like ; it resembles a Primula.
Nat. ord. Gesneraceae.)

A hardy or half-hardy perennial alpine, with the habit
of a Primula ; the flowers have the odour of Tobacco.
Seeds; cuttings in sand. Light, well-drained soil, or
loam, leaf-mould, and sand in a cold frame.
P. sine'nsis (Chinese). See P. TABACUM.
„ Taba'cum (Tabacum). i-J. Violet-purple. China.
1889. " Shekin " or " Rock Tobacco."

PRI'NOS. Winter Berry. (The ancient name of the
Holly, which some of the species resemble. Nat. ord.
Hollyworts [Aquifoliaceac]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Now referred to Ilex.)
P. ambi'guus (ambiguous). See ILEX AMBIGUA.

„ atoma'rius (atomed). See ILEX LUCIDA.

„ coria'ceus (leather-leaved). See ILEX LUCIDA.

„ deci'duus (deciduous). See ILEX DECIDUA.

„ du'bius (doubtful). See ILEX MOLLIS.

„ gla'ber (smooth). See ILEX GLABRA.

„ IcEviga'tus (smooth). See ILEX UEVIGATA.

„ lanceola'tus (spear-head-tew^i). See ILEX LANCEO-
LATA.

„ lu'cidus (shining). See ILEX LUCIDA.

„ monta'nus (mountain). See ILEX MONTANA.

„ verticilla' tus (whorled). See ILEX VERTICILLATA.

PRINSETIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Rosaceae.)

Hardy, spiny shrub. Cuttings in sand, under a hand-
light, during summer. Ordinary soil.
P. sine'nsis (Chinese). Nankin yellow. N. China.
1897.

PRI'NTZIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Composite. Allied to Podolepis.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand under
a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
P. aroma'lica (aromatic). Yellow. S. Africa.
„ Be'rgii (Berg's), ij. Orange. August. S. Africa.
1820.

PRIO'NIUM. (From prionion, a small saw, the
diminutive of prion ; the leaves are finely sawed on the
edges. Nat. ord. Juncaceae.)

This remarkable stove aquatic is closely allied to the
Rush, and in its native country grows in swamps and in
the edges of rivers, partly choking them up. Seeds ;
offsets. Loam and leaf-mould in pots, dipping into a
warm tank.
P. Palmi'ta (Palmita). 3-6. Pale brown. S. Africa.

1857.

PRISMATOCA RPUS. (Irom firisma, prismatos, a
I>rism, and carpos, a fruit ; the fruits are angled and
prism-shaped. Nat. ord. Campanulaceae. Allied to
Specularia.)

Perennial herbs for the greenhouse. Cuttings in sand
in a gentle heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, with sand
to make it porous.
P. diffu'sus (diffuse), i. Blue. August. S. Africa.

1787. Evergreen.

„ falca'tus (sickle-shaped). See SPECULARIA FALCATA.
„ frutico'sus (shrubby), i. Blue. August. S. Africa.

1787. Evergreen.

,, hirsu'tus (hairy). See SPECULARIA SPECULUM.
„ hy'bridus (hybrid). See SPECULARIA HYBRIDA.
„ interru'ptus (interrupted). i. Blue. June. S.

Africa. 1818.
„ ni'tidus (shining). J-x. White. July, August. S.

Africa. 1787.
„ panicula'tus (panicled). Blue. June. S. Africa.

1827.
„ peniago'nius (five-angled). See SPECULARIA PENTA-

GONIA.
„ perfolia'tus (stem-pierced). See SPECULARIA PER-

FOLIATA.

,, Speculum (Speculum). See SPECULARIA SPECULUM.

PRITCHA'RDIA. (Commemorative of W. T. Frit-
chard, a traveller and writer. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Handsome stove Palms, with fan-shaped leaves.
Seeds. Fibrous loam, one-third peat and sand. Winter
temp., 60° to 65° ; summer, 70° to 90°.
P. au'rea (golden). Petioles golden. Fiji.
„ fili'fera (thread-bearing). See WASHINGTONIA FILI-

FERA.
„ Gaudichau'dii (Gaudichaud's). Sandwich Islands.

1879.

,, gra'ndis (grand). See LICUALA GRANDIS.
,, macroca'rpa (large-fruited). See P. GAUDICHAUDII.
„ Ma'rtii (Martius's). Sandwich Islands.
,, paci'fica (Pacific). Fiji. 1870.
„ pericula'rum (dangerous islands). Petioles dusky

golden. Potomou Islands. 1883.
„ Thursto'ni (Thurstou's). Inflorescence longer than

the leaves. Fiji. 1887.
„ vuylstekia'na (Vuylstekian). Trunk thick. Potomou

Islands. 1883.
„ Wri'ghtii (Wright's). Trunk barrel-shaped. Cuba.

1908.

PRI'VA. (Meaning not obvious. Nat. ord. Ver-
benaceae.)

Greenhouse perennial herb. Seeds ; cuttings in sand
under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
P. la'vis (smooth), i-rj. Deep lilac, or reddish. June
to September. Argentina. 1833.

PRIVET. Ligu' strum.

PRO'CKIA. (Probably a commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Tiliads [Tiliaceas]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ;
sandy, fibrous loam, and a little fibrous peat. Winter
temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. Cru'cis (St. Cruz). 4. July. W. Ind. 1822.

,, serra'ta (saw-leaved). See THIODIA SERRATA.

,, thetzfo'rmis (tea-shaped). 6. July. Bourbon. 1820.

PROLIFEROUS. (See DOUBLE FLOWER.) The term
is also applied to plants producing many suckers. The
term is frequently applied to plants which produce leafy
buds or young plants upon their leaves, like Bryophyllum
calycinum and many ferns. The hen-and-chicken daisy
is another type of prolincation, where numerous small
flower-heads are produced around the primary or prin-
cipal one.

PROMEN^EA

709

PROTEA

PROMENffi'A. (Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae].
Linn. zo-Gynandria i-Monandria. Now referred to
Zygopetalum.)
P. citri'na (citron-flowered). See ZYGOPETALUM XANTHI-

NUM.

„ lentigino'sa (freckled). See ZYGOPETALUM LENTI-

GIN-OSUM.
„ Rollissonii (Rollisson's). See ZYGOPETALUM ROLLIS-

SONII.
„ stapelioi'des (Stapelia-like). See ZYGOPETALUM

STAPELIOIDES and varieties.
xanthi'na ( yellow-flowered) .

XANTHINUM.

See ZYGOPETALUM

PRONA'YA. (Named after M. Pronay, a French
naturalist. Nat. ord. Pittosporads [Pittosporacecae].
Linn. *>-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Sollya.)

Greenhouse evergreen twiner. Cuttings of young
shoots in sand, under a glass ; sandy loam and peat.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

P. e'lcgans (elegant). 4. Blue. August. Australia.
1837.

PROPAGATING FRAME. Where much propagation
has to be accomplished at different periods of the year,
and especially in spring and autumn, it is necessary to
have a propagating frame or case fitted up over the hot-
water pipes in a house with a temperature similar to
that of a stove, and in which it would be easy to maintain
a bottom-heat of 60° to 80°, according to the plants
being rooted. Few stove plants would require the latter
temperature, and the atmosphere of the same house
would necessarily always be lower than that of the
frame. The frame may be of wood or bricks, with a
movable glass light on the top. The bottom of the
frame may be of wood, corrugated iron, or roofing slates,
and at least a foot above the hot-water pipes. On the
bottom, 6 inches of cocoanut fibre or fine oak tan should
be laid in which to plunge the pots containing cuttings.
In most cases the frame should be closed at night, but
as the temperature rises during the day a label may be
used to tilt up the sash for the escape of superfluous
vapour to prevent damping of the cuttings by drip from
condensation.

PROPS are the supports required by plants to sustain
them in a desired position. They must vary in height
and strength accordantly with the plant to which they
are applied, and should always be as slight as is con-
sistent with efficiency. Nothing looks worse than a
disproportioned prop ; indeed, it should be concealed
as much as possible. The props for peas should be of the
branches of the hazel, or of frames and strings, which
we prefer ; for runner kidney beans, rods of ash. For
flowers, stout iron wire, painted brown or dark green, is
to be preferred. Whenever wooden props are used,
the end thrust into the ground should be previously
charred ; if this precaution be taken, and when, no
longer required, they are stored in a dry shed, they will
last for several seasons. Props should be placed on
the south sides of the plants, as they incline in that
direction, as being most light.

The fewest possible number of props is one of the
evidences of good cultivation and good taste.

PROSERPINA' CA. Mermaid Weed. (From proser-
puzo, proserpuo, or prcserpo, to creep forward ; the
stems are creeping. Nat. ord. Haloragaceae.)

Half-hardy water plants. Cuttings in sand in a deep
pan of water. May be planted on the shallow edges of
ponds, or ornamental water in summer ; but reserve
plants should be grown in pans for preservation in a
cold frame during winter.
P. palu'stris (marsh). White. June to September. N.

Amer. 1818.

„ pectina'ta (comb-like-leaved). White. June to Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1821.

PROSO PIS. (A name of a plant employed by Dios-
corides. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa>l.
Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Aden-
anthera.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young shoots,
when a little firm, taken off close to the older stems, in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in a little bottom-heat ;
sandy loam, and sandy, fibrous peat. Winter temp.,
45° to 55°, and rather dry ; summer, 60° to 85°, and

plenty of moisture at root and top. Siliqua' strum stood
several years against a wall in the Horticultural Society's
Gardens. All the plants mentioned below, except Jacari
and strombulifera, are sometimes regarded as forms of
P. juliflora.
P. cumane'nsis (Cumana). 20. White, green. Cumana.

1822.
,, domingc'nsis (St. Domingo). 30. Yellow, green.

St. Domingo. 1818.

„ du'lcis (sweet). 20. White, green. New Spain. 1818.
,, ho'rrida (horrid). 30. Yellow. Jamaica. 1800.
„ Jaca'ri (Jacari). Gardens.
„ juliflo'ra (July-flower). 30. White. Trop. Amer.

1826. " Algarobo."
„ Siliqua'strum (silique-podded). 30. White. Chili.

1827.
,, strombvli'fera (cone-bearing). 8. S. Amer. 1825,

PROSTANTHE'RA. (From prostheke, appendage, and
anthera, anther ; connections of the anthers are spurred.
Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiatae]. Linn. n-Didynamia, 21-
Angiospermia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Fre-
quently by seeds in a slight hotbed, in April ; generally
by cuttings of the young shoots in sandy soil ; sandy
peat, with plenty of fibre in it, and a portion of broken
pots and charcoal nodules mixed with it, and good
drainage. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. Lasia'nthos stood
some years against a wall in the Gardens of the Horti-
cultural Society.
P. can' lea (blue-flowered). 3. Blue. May. 1824.

„ cunea'ta (wedge-shaped). 2. White. June.

„ denticula'ta (toothed). 4. July. 1824.

„ £m/?e*rt/o7ia(Empetrum-leaved). 2. Violet. August.
1829.

„ lasia'nihos (woolly-flowered). 3. Purple, lilac. June.
1808.

„ ni'vea (snowy). Leaves hoary. 1867.

„ prunelloi'des (Prunella-like). Purple. April. 1826.

,, retu'sa (abruptly-ended). See P. ROTUNDIFOLIA.

„ rotundifo'lia (round- leaved). 2-3. Purple. July,
August. 1824.

„ viola'cea (violet). 5. Violet. June. 1820.

PRO'TEA. (From Proteus, a sea-god, who could
transform himself into any shape ; referring to the
diversity of the species. Nat. ord. Proteads [Proteaceae].
Linn. 4-Tetrandria, \'Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South Africa.
Cuttings of ripened young shoots, cut close to a joint,
and the leaf there, and perhaps the one above, removed,
the rest allowed to remain, inserted firmly in sand, over
a little sandy loam, the pots being three-parts filled with
drainage ; the pots, with their cuttings, may then be
set in a cold pit, and at such a distance from the glass
that shading will be little required ; the glasses should
also be frequently wedged up at night to prevent damp-
ing ; fibrous loam, with a good portion of sand, and about
a fourth part consisting of a mixture of charcoal, free-
stone, broken pots, and a little peat. Winter temp., 38'
to 48°. These have not been tried against a wall, as
they should be, with movable lights, or reed coverings,
to be taken away in summer.
P. acau'lis (stemless). ij. Purple. July. 1802.

„ acero'sa (sharp). Purple. Spring. 1803.

,, acumina'ta (sharp-pointed). 3. Purple. May. 1809.

,, amplexicaulis (stem-clasping), ij. Purple. Febru-
ary. 1802.

„ anemonifo'lia (Anemone-leaved). See ISOPOGON

ANEMONIFOLIUS.

„ angusta'ta (narrow-leaved), i. Purple. June. 1820.
„ argentifio'ra (silvery-flowered). See SERRURIA TRITER-

NATA.

„ caspito'sa (tufted). See P. TURBINIFLORA.
„ canalicula'ta (channel-leaved). 3. Pink. July. 1800.
„ ca'ndicans (white). See LEUCOSPERMUM TOMEN-

TOSUM.

„ cocci'nea (scarlet). 5. Scarlet. June. 1824.

„ coni'fera (cone-bearing). See LEUCADENDRON STRIC-

TUM.

„ corda'ta (heart-leaved), ij. Purple. April. 1790.
„ corona' 'ta (crowned). See P. FORMOSA.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbose) . See LEUCADENDRON CORYM-

BOSUM.

„ cynaroi'des (artichoke-like), ij. Purple. August.
1774-

PROTECTION

710

PRUNING

P. cynaroi'des elli'ptica (elliptic-leaved).

„ decu'mbens (lying down). See SERRURIA NIVENI.
divarica' ta (spreading). See ISOPOGON ANETHIFOLIUS.

„ donga' ta (lengthened). 4$. Purple. July. 1820.

,, formo'sa (handsome). 6. Red. May. 1789.

„ globo'sa (globular). See LEUCADENDRON CONCOLOR.

„ glomera'ta (crowded). See SERRURIA PEDUNCULATA.

„ grandifto'r a (large-flowered). 8. White. May. 1787.

,, M angustifo' lia (narrow-leaved).

„ „ margina'ta (bordered). 6. White. June. 1795.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). See LEUCADENDRON HIRSUTUM.

„ hu'milis (humble). 2-3. Purple.

„ imbrica'ta (overlapping). See LEUCADENDRON BUXI-
FOLIUM.

„ incu'rva (incurved). See LEUCADENDRON ,*MULUM.

„ la'vis (smooth). Pale green. May, June.

„ lago'pus (hare-footed). See NIVENIA CRITHMIFOLIA.

„ latifo'lia (broad- leaved) . 7. Purple. August. 1806.

„ „ cocci'nea (scarlet). 5. Scarlet. August. 1806.

„ „ viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). 7. Green. August.
1806.

„ lepidoca'rpon (scaly- fruited). 6. Purple. May. 1806.

„ ligulcefo'lia (strap-leaved). See P. LONGIFOLIA.

„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 5-8. Creamy-yellow.
October. 1809.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Purple. May. 1798.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 8. White. May. 1824.

,, magni'fica (magnificent). 6. White. April. 1789.

„ melaleu'ca (black and white). 6. Purple. May. 1786.

„ melli'fera (honey-bearing). 6. Pale yellow. Sep-
tember. 1774.

„ „ a'lba (white). 6. White. September. 1795.

„ mucronifo'lia (pointed- leaved). 3. White. Sep-
tember. 1803.

„ na'na (dwarf) of Bot. Mag. 2. Crimson. May, June.
1889.

„ na'na (dwarf) of Thunberg. See P. ROSACEA.

„ neriifo'lia (oleander-leaved). 6. White. March. 1806.

„ obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). See P. SPECIOSA.

„ pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). See AULAX PINIFOLIA.

„ pinna' ta (feather-leaved). See SERRURIA PINNATA.

„ pulche'lla (neat). 3. Red. June. 1795.

„ ,, cilia'ta (hair- fringed). 3. Red. June. 1795.

„ „ gla'bra (smooth). 3. Red. June. 1795.

„ „ specio'sa (showy). 3. Red. June. 1795.

„ radia'ta (rayed). See P. LATIFOLIA.

„ re'pens (creeping). See P. AMPLEXICAULIS.

„ revolu'ta (curled-back-/«ai>«<i). ij. Purple. May.
1824.

„ rhoda'niha (red-flowered). 2-3. Rose, with orange
stamens. Transvaal. 1893.

„ rosa'cea (rosy). 2. Pink. May. 1787.

., sali'gna (willow-like). See LEUCADENDRON FLORIDUM.

„ Sco'lymus (Scolymus). Pale green. July, August.
1780.

„ specio'sa (showy). 2-10. Purple. April. 1786.

„ spica'ta (spiked). See NIVENIA MEDIA.

„ stella'ris (starry). See LEUCADENDRON FUSCIFLORUM.

„ teretifo'lia (round-leaved). See LEUCADENDRON

ABIETINUM.

„ triterna'tn (thrice-three-divided). See SERRURIA

TRIPLICATO-TERNATA.

„ turbinifto'ra (top-shaped-flowered). f . Pink. April.

1803.

„ umbclla'ta (umbelled). See AULAX CNEORIFOLIA.
„ villi'fera (hair-bearing. 7. Purple. August. 1800.
„ virga'ia (twiggy). See P. ACEROSA.

PROTECTION. See SCREENS.
PROTEINOPHA'LLUS. See AMORPHOPHALLUS.

PRO'TIUM. (From prolos, most distinguished, or
first in rank. Nat. ord. Burseraceae. Allied to Balsamo-
dendron.)

Stove trees with a balsamic juice. Cuttings in sand
in a close case with bottom-heat ; seeds. Fibrous loam,
peat, and sand.
P. alti'ssimum (tallest). 100. Trop. Amer. 1822.

,, Aracou'chili (Aracouchili). 50. Brazil. 1826.

„ deca'ndrum (ten-anthered). 20. Guiana. 1822.

,, guiane'nse (Guianan). 50. Trop. Amer. 1823.

,, heptophy'llum (seven-leaved). 30. Trop. Amer. 1819.

„ serra'tum (serrated). 30. E. Ind. 1818.

PROU'STIA. (Commemorative of M. Proust. Nat.
ord. Composite. Allied to Perezia.)

Greenhouse climbing shrub. Cuttings of wood getting
firm, under a bell-glass, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat,
and sand.

P. pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved). White ; pappus rose. Chili.
1865.

PRUMNO'PITYS. (From prumnos, the extreme or
List, and pitys, a pine. Nat. ord. Conifers. Allied to
Podocarpus.)

Hardy or half-hardy evergreen Conifers with the habit
of the yew. Cuttings in sand in a frame or pit from
which frost is excluded. Ordinary soil.
P. e'legans (elegant). 20-40. Chili. 1863.
„ spica'ta (spiked). 20-30. New Zealand. 1843.
,, taxilo'lia (yew-leaved). 40. Andes. 1820.

PRUNE'LLA. Self-Heal. (Altered from the German
Die briiune, a disease of the jaws ; supposed medicinal
qualities. Nat. ord. Labiates or Lipworts [Labiate].
Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia.)

All hardy herbaceous perennials, except ova'ta, which
is annual. Seeds, and divisions of the plant in spring ;
ornamental for rock-works and the front of flower-
borders.
P. a'lba (white). See P. LACINIATA.

„ gtandiflo'ra (large-flowered). J. Blue. August.
Austria. 1596.

,, ,, ru'bra (red). J. Red. July, August.

„ hi'spida (hairy). See P. VULGARIS HISPIDA.

„ hy ssopifo'lia (hyssop-leaved). J. Pale purple. July,
August. Europe. 1731.

„ inci'sa (incised). See P. VULGARIS LACINIATA.

„ lacinia'ta (deeply-cut). }. White. Europe, N.
Africa, &c.

„ Marrya'tta (Mrs. Marryatt's). \\. Purple. July.

„ ova' ta (egg-leaved). J. Purple. July. Amer.

„ pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). See P. VULGARIS

ELONGATA.

,, vulga'ris (common). J. Pink. July. Temperate

regions (Britain). " Common Self-heal."
,, „ elonga'ta (lengthened). Violet. July. N. Amer.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). J. Pink. July.

Britain.
„ „ hi'spida (hairy). J. Pale purple. July, August.

Europe.
„ „ lacinia'ta (deeply-cut). $. Leaves deeply cut.

July, August.
„ „ pinnati'fida (deeply-cut). See P. VULGARIS

LACINIATA.

,, ,, ru'bra (red). A. Red. July, August.
„ webbia'na (Webbian). i. Lilac. July, August.
Garden origin.

PRUNING, as practised in the garden, has for its object
the regulation of the branches to secure the due pro-
duction of blossom and maturity of fruit. If carried to
too great an extent that object is not attained, for every
tree requires a certain amount of leaf-surface for the
elaboration of its sap ; and, therefore, if this be reduced
too much, blossom-buds are produced less abundantly,
for leaves are more necessary for the health of the plant ;
and by a wise provision, the parts less requisite for
individual vigour are superseded by the parts more
needed. On the other hand, if the branches are left
too thick, they overshadow those beneath them, and so
exclude the light as to prevent that elaboration of the
sap, without which no blossom-buds are formed, but an
excessive production of leaves, in the vain effort to
attain, by an enlarged surface, that elaboration which
a smaller surface would effect in a more intense light.
The appropriate pruning is given when considering each
species of fruit trees, and here we must confine our-
selves to a few general remarks. The season for pruning
must be regulated, in some degree, by the strength of the
tree ; for although, as a general rule, the operation
should not take place until the fall of the leaf indicates
that vegetation has ceased, yet if the tree be weak, it
may be often performed with advantage a little earlier,
but still so late in the autumn as to prevent the pro-
trusion of fresh shoots. This reduction of the branches
before the tree has finished vegetating directs a greater
supply of sap to those remaining, and stores up in them
the supply for increased growth next season. If the
production of spurs be the object of pruning a branch,
it should be pruned so as to leave a stump ; because, as
the sap supplied to the branch will be concentrated

PRUNING

711

PRUNUS

upon those buds remaining at its extremity, these will
be productive of shoots, though otherwise they would
have remained dormant, it being the general habit of
plants first to develop and mature those parts that are
farthest from the roots. It is thus that the filbert is
induced to put forth an abundance of young bearing
wood, for its fruit is borne on the annual shoots, and
similar treatment to a less severe extent is practised
upon wall-fruit.

The chief guide in pruning consists in being well
acquainted with the mode of the bearing of the different
sorts of trees, and forming an early judgment of the
future events of shoots and branches, and many other
circumstances, for which some principal rules may be
given ; but there are particular instances which cannot
be judged of but upon the spot, and depend chiefly upon
practice and observation. Peaches, Nectarines, and
Apricots all produce their fruit principally upon the young
wood of a year old ; that is, the shoots produced this
year bear the year following ; so that in all these trees
a general supply of the best shoots of each year must be
everywhere preserved at regular distances, from the
very bottom to the extremity of the tree on every side ;
but in winter-pruning, or general shortening, less or more,
according to the strength of the different shoots, is neces-
sary, in order to promote their throwing out, more
effectually, a supply of young wood the ensuing summer,
in proper place for training in for the succeeding year's
bearing.

Vines produce their fruit always upon the young
wood-shoots of the same year, arising from the eyes of
the last year's wood only ; and must, therefore, have a
general supply of the best regular shoots of each year
trained in, which, in winter-pruning, must be shortened
to a few eyes, in order to force out shoots from their
lower parts, only properly situated to lay in for bearing
the following year.

Figs bear also only upon the young wood of a year
old, and a general supply of it is therefore necessary
every year ; but these shoots must at no time be
shortened, unless the ends are dead, because they always
bear principally towards the extreme part of the shoots,
which, if shortened, would take the bearing or fruitful
parts away ; besides, they naturally throw out a sufficient
supply of snoots every year for future bearing, without
the precaution of shortening.

Apple, Pear, Plum, and Cherry trees bear principally
on spurs, arising in the wood of from two or three to ten
or twenty years old, the same branches and spurs con-
tinuing to bear a great number of years ; so that, having
once procured a proper set of branches to form a spread-
ing head, no farther supply of wood is wanted than
some occasional shoots now and then to supply the place
of any worn-out or dead branch. The above-mentioned
spurs or fruit-buds are short, robust shoots of from
about £ inch to i or 2 inches long, arising naturally, first
towards the extreme parts of the branches of two or
three years old, and as the branch increases in length,
the number of fruit-buds increase accordingly.

In pruning, always cut quite close, both in the summer
and winter pruning. In the summer pruning, if attended
to early, while the shoots are quite young and tender,
they maybe readily rubbed off quite close with the thumb ;
but when the shoots become older and woody, as they
will not readily break, it must be done with a knife,
cutting them as close as possible ; and all winter-pruning
must always be performed with a knife.

Summer-pruning is a most necessary operation. Young
shoots require thinning to preserve the beauty of the
trees and encourage the fruit ; and the sooner it is
performed the better. It is therefore advisable to
begin this work in May, or early in June, removing all
superfluous growths and ill-placed shoots, which may
be done with considerably more expedition and exact-
ness than when the trees have shot a considerable
length. Where, however, a tree is inclined to luxuriancy,
it is proper to retain as many of the regular shoots as
can be commodiously trained in with any regularity, in
order to divide and exhaust the too abundant sap. It
will be necessary to review the trees occasionally, in
order to reform such branches or shoots as may have
started from their places, or taken a wrong direction ;
and according as any fresh irregular shoots produced
after the general dressing may be displaced, or as the
already trained ones advance in length, or project from
the wall or espalier, they should be trained in close.

In the winter-pruning, a general regulation must be
observed, both of the mother branches, and the supply
of young wood laid in the preceding summer ; and the
proper time for this work is any time in open weather,
from the fall of the leaf in November, until March ; but
the sooner the better. In performing this work, it is
proper to unnail or loosen a chief part of the branches,
particularly of peaches, nectarines, apricots, vines, and
other trees requiring an annual supply of young wood.

PBUNOTSIS LTNDLEYI. See PRUNUS TRILOBA.

PEU'NUS. Plum. (From prunus, a plum-tree.
Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. iz-Icosandria,
I - M onogy nia . )

Hardy deciduous trees, white-flowered, and blooming
in April. Seeds for varieties and stocks, suckers for
grafting and budding ; deep, loamy soil, if calcareous all
the better. For the cultivated Plum, the Muscle and
St. Julian stocks are generally used. When dwarfs are
desired, the Myrobalan Plum is preferred. To obtain
stocks in great plenty, the long shoots from the stools
of last year's growth are laid down in the spring their
full length, and covered with soil; almost every bud
sends up a shoot, and roots are formed nearly contem-
poraneously. In autumn, the shoot laid down is cut
off, and then cut into as many pieces as there are young
shoots and roots. See PLUM.

The above paragraph refers to the species of Plum
proper, but as all the stone fruits belonging to the order,
and known as Peaches, Almonds, Apricots, Plums,
Cherries, Bird Cherries, and Cherry Laurels, have been
united under the name of Prunus by the Genera Plant'
arum, we here give them under their correct names,
but in six sections, headed by the popular names by
which they are best known. This necessitates six alpha-
betical lists, but the method of arrangement has the
merit of showing the relationship of the species at a
glance.

ALMONDS, PEACHES, AND NECTARINES (Amygdalus).

P. Amy'gdalus (Amygdalus). 15-25. Red or rose.

March, April. S. Europe, Levant, &c. 1548.

" Almond."

„ „ a'lba (white). White. March, April.
„ „ ama'ra (bitter). 15. Red. April. N. Africa.

1548. " Bitter Almond."
„ „ ama'ra sylve'stris(vnld). 15. Red. April. "Wild

Bitter Almond."
„ „ du'lcis (sweet). 15. Red. March, April. 1548.

" Sweet Almond."
„ „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered). 15. Red. March,

April. 1548.
„ ,, fo'liis variega'tis (leaves variegated). 15. Red.

March, April. 1548.
„ „ fra'gilis (brittle). 15. Red. April. N. Africa.

1548.
„ „ grandiflo'raro'sea (large-flowered-rosy). 15. Rose.

March, April. 1548.
„ „ macroca'rpa (long- fruited). 15. Red. April.

N. Africa. 1548.

„ „ na'na (dwarf). See P. NANA.
„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). 15. White. March, April.

1548.
„ „ persicoi'des (peach-like). 15. Red. April. N.

Africa. 1548.

„ „ pu'mila (dwarf). 2-3. Rose.
„ „ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 15. White. March,

April. 1548.

„ Anderso'ni (Anderson's). Western United States.
„ Boissie'ri (Boissier's). 4-6. Pale rose. Asia Minor.

1879.
,, cochinchine'nsis (Cochin-China). 30-40. White.

March, April. Cochin-China. 1825. Greenhouse.
„ davidia'na (Davidian). 10-25. Pale rose. February

to April. China. 1871. The presumed origin of

the Peach.
„ „ a'lba (white). 10-25. White. February to April.

China. 1872.

„ ebu'rnea (ivory). Persia, &c.
„ inca'na (hoary). 4-6. Red. March, April. Asia

Minor; Caucasus. 1815.
„ „ campe'stris (field). See P. KAMA ALBA.
„ ,, geo'rgica (Georgian). See P. NANA GEORGICA.
„ Jacquemo'ntii (Jacquemont's). 10. Pink. May.

Afghanistan ; Himalaya. 1886.

PRUNUS

712

PRUNUS

p.

p.

na'na (dwarf). 2-3. Pale rose, small. March, April.

S. Russia ; Caucasus ; Siberia. 1683. " Russian

Almond."
„ a'lba (white). 2-4. White. March, April.

Podolia. 1818.
„ geo'rgica (Georgian). 2-3. Red. April. Georgia.

1818.

„ gessleria'na (Geslerian). 2-3. March, April.
orienta'lis (eastern). 10. Red. April. Orient.

1756.
peduncula'ta (flower-stalked). 10. Red. April.

Siberia. 1833.
Pe'rsica (Persica). 15-20. Rose. March, April.

China, &c. 1562. " Peach."
„ a'lba (white). 14. White. Persia.
„ camellia flo'ra (Camellia-flowered). Double rose.

March, April.

„ Chrysa'nthemum (Chrysanthemum-flowered).
„ compre'ssa (compressed). 15. Red. Fruit

flattened.

„ dianthiflo'ra ple'na (double- Dianthus-flowered).
„ flo're a'lbo pie' no (double- white-flowered).
„ fto're ca'rneo pie' no (double-flesh-flowered).
„ fto're ro'seo pie' no (double-rose-flowered).
,, fo'liis au'reis (golden-leaved). Leaves yellow.
„ fo'liis ru'bris (red-leaved). White. Young leaves

deep red. 1874.

„ fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 15. Persia.
„ fru'ctu ple'no (double-fruited). 15. Red. China.

1845.
„ Ha'ncei pe'ndula (Hance's-drooping). A weeping

variety.

„ hispa'nica (Spanish). White. Spain. 1847.
„ ispahane'nsis (Ispahan). 15. Red. March,

April. Ispahan, Persia. 1562. " Nectarine."
„ lee'vis (smooth). See P. PERSICA ISPAHANENSIS.
„ magni'fica (magnificent). Semidouble carmine-
crimson. The best flowering Peach.
„ pe'ndula (drooping). 20. Large. White. Febru-
ary, March. 1842.

,, ru'bra (red). See P. PERSICA FO'LIIS RU'BRIS.
„ sangui'nea ple'na (double-blood-red). 15. Red.

China. 1845.
Simo'nii (Simon's). White. March, April. China.

1872. " Apricot Plum."
Sweginzo'wii (Sweginzow's). 2-3. Deep rose. March,

April. Turkestan. 1910.

APRICOTS (Armeniaca).

Armeni'aca (Armenian). 12-15. White. March,
April. Northern China, &c. 1548. " Apri-
cot."

„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 15. White. March,
April. Levant. 1548.

„ fto're pie' no (double-flowered). 15. White. April.
„ fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). Leaves
variegated.

„ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 15. White. March.
Levant. 1548.
briganti'aca (Briganpon). 6. Pink. March. S.E.

France. 1819. " Brianpon Apricot."
dasyca'rpa (thick-fruited). 15. White. April. 1800.
" Black Apricot."

„ persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). 15. Pink. April.
1800.

Mu'me (Mume). 2-10. Rose or white. February,
March. Japan. 1841. "Mume" or "Japanese
Apricot."

„ Alpha' 'ndi (Alphand's). Semi-double rose-pink.
Japan. 1885.

„ flo're a'lbo ple'no (double- white). Delicate rose
in bud, pure white when open. 1903.
„ flo're ro'seo ple'no (double-pink). 10. Rose-pink.
February, March. Japan.
„ pe'ndula (drooping). A weeping variety.
sibi'rica (Siberian). 4-6. Pink. April. Siberia.

1788.
tomento'sa (felted). 3-6. White, tinted pink.

February, March. China and Japan. 1872.
tri'loba (three-lobed). 3-15. Pink or rose. March,
April. China. 1857.

„ flo're ple'no (double-flowered). 3-15. Rose.
March, April. China.
,, Petzo'ldii (Petzold's). 1886.
virga'ta (twiggy). See P. TRILOBA.

PLUMS (Prunus).

P. alleghanie'nsis (Alleghany). 10-15. White. April.

S. United States. 1890. " Alleghany Plum."
,, america'na (American). 15-20. White. April. N.

Amer. " Wild Yellow or Red Plum."
,, ,, salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). Leaves narrow.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 8. White. April.

N. Amer. 1806. " Chickasaw Plum."
„ ape'tala (petalless). See P. CERASEIDOS.
„ baldschuanica (Baldschuanian). 10-15. Red. April.

Baldschuan, Bokhara. 1890.
,, bi'ferum (double-bearing). White. April. 1875.

Bears flowers and fruits contemporaneously.
,, bleireia'na flo're ple'no (Bleirean-double-flowered).

Rose-pink, double or semi-double. 1905.
„ ca'ndicans (whitish). 15. Tauria. 1820.
„ Cerasei'dos (Ceraseidos). 10-15. April. Japan.

1904.
„ cerasifera (cherry-bearing). 10-15. White. March,

April. ? Caucasus. " Myrobalan," " Cherry

Plum."
,, „ angustifo'lia pe'ndula (narrow-leaved-drooping).

2-5. White. March. A weeping variety.
,, „ atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). 10-15. White.

Leaves dark purple. March, April. Persia. 1881.
,, „ atropurpu'reaHe'ssei (Hesse's). Leaves red, with a

yellowish or crimson border. 1906.
„ „ atropurpu'rea Mo'seri flo're ple'no (Moser's-double-

flowered). Double pink or blush. 1905.
,, „ atropurpu'rea ni'gra (black). Leaves blackish-
purple. 1908.
„ „ atropurpu'rea Purpu'si (Purpus's). Leaves dark

red, blotched yellow and rose. 1906.
„ „ conto'rta (twisted). Tree more erect. Leaves

spirally twisted. 1895.
,, Chapro'nii (Chapron's). 10-15. White. April.

Fruit red, with white specks. Roumania. z88i.
„ Chica'sa (Chicasa). See P. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
„ Cocumi'lio (Cocumilio). 20. Calabria. 1824.
,, commu'nis (common). 20-25. White. April.

Origin doubtful. Wild in Europe (England).
„ „ armenioi'des (apricot-hke). 20. White. April.

(PlumDrapd'Or.)
„ „ bokharie'nsis (Bokharian). White. Himalaya.

Greenhouse.

„ „ claudia'na (Claudian). 20. White. April.
„ „ e'legans (elegant). 20. White. Leaves narrow,

with a white edge. 1905.

„ „ flo're plf' no (double-flowered). 20. White. April.
„ „ fo'liis variega'tis (leaves-variegated). 20. White.

April.

„ „ heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 20. White. 1846.
„ „ julia'na (Julian). 10-20. White. April. " Pru-

nier de St. Julien."
„ „ julia'na pe'ndula (drooping). A weeping variety.

1889.

„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). A weeping Plum. 1838.
,, ,, pruneaulia'na (Pruneaulian). 10-15. White.

" Quetsche."
,, ,, pruneaulia'na flo're ple'no (double-flowered).

" Double Quetsche."
„ ,, turone'nsts (Turin). 20. Turin. " Premier Swiss

Plum."
,, cu'rdica (Curdic). 10-15. White. April. Asia

Minor. 1896.

,, divarica'ta (spreading). 10-25. Caucasus. 1820.
„ dome'stica (domestic). See P. COMMUNIS and its

varieties.
„ hortula'na (garden). White. April. N. Amer.

" Wild Goose Plum."
„ hy'brida re'ptans (creeping-hybrid), i. Red. April.

Habit prostrate. 1886. Hybrid.
,, ,, stri'cta (erect). 3. White. April. Habit upright.

1886. Hybrid.

,, insiti'tia (grafted). 20. Europe (Britain). " Bullace."
„ ,, flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 20.
,, „ fru'ctu lu'teo a'lbo (yellowish-white-fruited). 20.
,, ,, fru'ctu ni'gro (black-fruited). 20.
,, ,, fru'ctu ru'bro (red-fruited). 20.
„ ita'lica flo're ple'no (double- Italian). White. April.

Origin doubtful.

„ lu'cida (shining). White. April. Asia Minor.
„ wart' tima (sea). 4. E. United States. 1800. "Beach

Plum."
» » fru'ctu lu'teo (yellow-fruited).

PRUNUS

713

PRUNUS

P. monti'cola (mountain-loving). 3-4. White. April.

Branches drooping. Asia Minor.
„ myrobala'na (Myrobalan). See P. CERASIFERA.
„ ni'gra (black). White. April. N. Amer., &c.

" Canada Plum," " Red Plum."
„ orthose'pala (straight-sepaled). 4-10. White. April.

S. Texas. 1894.
„ £a#onia'nfl(Pattonian). White. April. N.W. Amer.

1872.
„ Pissa'rdi (Pissard's). See P. CERASIFERA ATROPUR-

PUREA.

„ plantiere'nsis (Plantieran). Semi-double. White.

1884. Possibly a form of P. cerasifera.
„ pube'scens (downy). See P. MARITIMA.
„ spino'sa (spiny). 15. Europe (Britain). " Sloe,"

" Black Thorn."

„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 10. Tarascon.
„ „ fo'liisvariega? tis (variegated-leaved). 10. Britain.
„ „ macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 10. Britain.
„ „ microca'rpa (small-fruited). 10. Britain.
„ „ ova' to. (egg- fruited). 10. Britain.
„ „ purpu'rea (purple). 5-10. Pink. Leaves dark

purple. 1903.
„ subcorda'ta (somewhat-heart-shaped). 2-3. White.

April. California. 1889.
„ ta'rda (late). 3-4. May. Eastern Texas.
„ triflo'ra (three-flowered). 8-10. White. May.

China ; Burma. " Japanese Plum."
„ „ Satsu'ma (Satsuma). 8. White.
„ Watso'ni (Watson's). 3-6. White. April. Nebraska

to Arkansas. 1894. " Sand Plum."

CHERRIES (Cerasus).

P. a'cida (acid). 20. White. April. Europe.
„ „ dumo'sa (bushy). 4-6. White. April.
„ „ fio're ple'no fo'liis variega'tis (double, leaves varie-
gated). White. April.
„ „ hu'milis (humble). White. April.
„ „ Mara' sea (Marasca). White. April. Europe.

1827.

»» ,» Pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Branches erect. 1886.
,, ,, salicif o'lia (willow-leaved). Leaves narrow.
„ „ semperflo'rens (ever-flowering). 15-20. White.

Summer. 1822. " All Saints Cherry."
„ „ umbraculi'fera (umbrella-bearing). 4. White.

April. Upright dense, rigid bush.
„ A'vium (birds'). 40-60. White. April. Europe

(Britain). " Gean," " Mazzard," " Wild Cherry."
„ „ asplenifo'lia (Asplenium-leaved). White. April.
„ „ decuma'na (long). Leaves long. 1866.
„ „ dura'cina (hard). 20. White. April. S. Europe.
, „ fio' re ple'no (double-flowered). 20. Double white.

April.

„ „ julia,' na (Julian). 20. White. April. S. Europe.
„ „ lacinia'ta (deeply-cut). 20. White. Leaves

deeply cut. April.
„ „ macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 40-50. White.

April. Switzerland.
„ „ na'na (dwarf). White. April.
„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). 10. White. April. S.

Europe. 1821.
„ „ pramo'rsa (bitten).
„ Besse'yi (Bessey's). 2-3. White. May. N.W.

United States'. 1900. " Sand Cherry."
„ borea'lis (northern). See P. PENNSYLVANIA.
„ cane'scens (grey). 3. White, tinted rose. March.

Szechuen, China. 1904.
„ Cefrasus (Cerasus). 10-20. White. April. Europe

(England). " Wild or Dwarf Cherry," " Morello

Cherry."

„ „ persiciflo'ra (Peach-flowered).
„ „ Rhe'xii fio're ple'no (Rhex's-double). 10-20.

Double white. April.
„ Chatntzce'rasus (Ground Cherry). 3-8. White. May.

Europe. 1597. " Ground Cherry."
„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). " Weeping Ground

Cherry."
„ „ refle'xa (reflexed). 3-5. White. May. Branches

drooping.
„ „ variega'ta. (variegated). 3-6. White. May.

Leaves variegated.

„ depre'ssa (depressed). See P. PUMILA DEPRESSA.
„ fenzlia'na (Fenzlian). 5-10. White. February,

March. Caucasus.
„ hu'milis (humble). White. April. China. 1873.

P. japo'nica (Japanese). 2-3. Pale blush. March,

April, May. China and Japan. 1810.
„ „ Engle'ri (Engler's). 2-3. Pale flesh. March to

May. Fruit scarlet, igro.
„ „ fio're a'lbo ple'no (double- white-flowered). 2-3.

Double white. N. China. 1846.
,, „ flo're ro'seo ple'no (double-rose-flowered). 2-3.

Double rose. Japan. 1810.
„ „ prtz'cox (early). Seedling from P. japonica

sphcerica. 1892.
,, „ sphafrica (spherical). Fruit globose, vinous red.

1887.
„ „ Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 2-3. Rose. March to

May. 1910.

,, lannesia'na (Lannesian). See P. PSEUDO-CERASUS.
„ Maximowi'czii (Maximowicz's). 15-25. White.

Fruit crimson. Japan. 1893.
,, microca'rpa (small-fruited). White. April. Persia,

&c.
„ miquelia'na (Miquelian). 10. Pale pink, nearly

white. March, April. Japan. 1888.
„ n^flMte'nsis(Nepaul). 20. White. May. Himalaya.

1820. Half-hardy.
„ occidentals (western). 20. White. W. Ind. 1629.

Stove evergreen.

,, panicula'ta (panicled). See P. PSEUDO-CERASUS.
,, parace'rasus (nearly-related-cherry). 10-15. White.

May. Japan. 1909.
„ pe'ndula (drooping). 10-15. Pink- March. Japan.

1871. " Rose-bud Cherry."
„ „ ro' sea (rosy). See P. PENDULA.
„ pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvania). 20-30. White. May.

N. Amer. 1773. " Wild Red Cherry."
„ „ saximonta'na (stony-mountain). 4-8. White.

May. N. Amer. 1908.

„ prostra'ta (prostrate), i. Pink. April. Mediter-
ranean region ; Orient. 1802.
,, Pse'udo-ce'rasus (bastard-cherry). 6-15. White.

April, May. China and Japan. 1821.
„ „ flo're lu'teo ple'no (double-yellow-flowered). See

P. SERRULATA FLORE LUTEO PLENO.

„ „ Wa'tereri (Waterer's). 6-10. Double white.

April, May.

,, Pu'ddum (Puddum). 10-15. May. Himalaya.
„ pu'mila (dwarf). 3-4. White. May. N. Amer.

1805. " Sand Cherry."
„ „ depre'ssa (depressed). 1-2. White. May. Stem

procumbent : branches erect.
„ sali'cina (vrillow-leaved) . 4. White. April. China.

1822.
„ Sarge'nti (Sargent's). 10-15. White. May. Japan.

1897.
„ semperflo'rens (ever-flowering). See P. ACIDA SEMPER-

FLORENS.

,, serrula'ta (finely-sawed). 4-15. White. April, May.

China and Japan. 1822.
,, „ fio're a'lbo ple'no (double- white-flowered). 4-15.

Flowers semi-double, white.
„ „ fio're lu'teo ple'no (double-yellow-flowered). 4-15.

Flowers pale primrose, semi-double.
„ „ fio're ro'seo ple'no (double-rose-flowered). 4-15.

Deep rose, semi-double. Darkest and finest variety.
„ „ grandifio'ra (large-flowered). 4-15. Large

greenish- white, passing to pale yellow. Japan.

1903.
,, „ Hisaku'ra (Hisakura). 4-15. Semi-double, pale

rose-red. Japan. 1902.

„ „ Iroia'ye (Iroiaye). 4-15. Japan. 1905.
„ „ James H. Veitch. See P. SERRULATA FLORE ROSEO

PLENO.

,, „ Mano'ga (Manoga). 4-15. Japan. 1905.

„ „ Osa'ka (Osaka). 4-15. Japan. 1905.

,, sine'nsis (Chinese). See P. JAPONICA.

,, spharoca'rpa (spherical- fruited). 10. White. June.

Trop. Amer. 1820. Stove evergreen.
„ subhirte'lla (slightly hairy). 5-10. White. April.

Japan. 1868.

,, Susqueha'nce (Susquehana's). See P. PUMILA.
„ tortuo'sa (twisted). 3. March. Asia Minor, &c.
„ vulga'ris (common). See P. CERASUS.

BIRD CHERRIES (Padus).

P. Ca'pollin (Capollin). See P. SEROTINA SALICIFOLIA.
„ Ca'puli (Capuli). See P. SEROTIXA SALICIFOLIA.
„ cornu'ta (horned). 10. White. May. Himalaya. 1842.

PRUNUS

714

PSEUDODRACONTIUM

Fruit

April,
White. April,
20-25. Double
20-25. White.
White. Fruit

P. Cuthbe'rti (Cuthbert's). 5. White. May. Central

Georgia.

„ demi'ssa (lowered). White. May. United States.
„ emargina'ta (notched). White. April, May. Western

United States. 1872.
„ erce'ca (Greek). 25. White. April, May. Europe.

(P. MahalebxP. Aviwn.)

„ graya'na (Grayan). White. April, May. Japan.
„ Maa'cki (Maack's). White. April, May. Manchuria.
„ Maha'leb (Mahaleb). 20-30. White. April, May.

Europe, &c. 1714. " Bois de Ste. Lucie," " St.

Lucie Cherry."
„ „ chrysoca'rpa (golden-fruited). 20. White. Fruit

golden. April, May.
„ „ fru'ctu flavo (yellow-fruited). 20. White.

yellow. April, May. S. Europe.
„ „ globo'sa (globose). 10. White. April, May.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20. White. May. S.

Europe.

„ „ monstro'sa (monstrous). White. April, May.
„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). 20-25. White. April, May.

" Weeping Mahaleb Cherry."

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). 20. White. April, May.
„ Pa'dws(Padus). 30-50. White. April, May. Europe

(Britain) ; Asia. " Bird Cherry.
„ „ arge'ntea (silvery). 20. White. April. Leaves

blotched with white. 1846.
„ „ aucubccfo'lia (Aucuba-leaved). 20. White. April.

Leaves spotted white. 1845.
„ „ au'rea (golden). White. Leaves golden.
„ „ bracteo'sa (long-bracted). 30. White.

May. Europe.
„ „ commuta'ta (changed). 20-25.

May.
„ „ fto're pie' no (double-flowered).

white. April, May.
„ „ heterophy'lla (various-leaved).

April, May. 1845.
„ „ leucoca'rpa (white-fruited). 20-25

white. April, May.
„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). 20. White. April, May.

" Weeping Bird Cherry."

„ „ pube'scens (downy). 20-25. White. April, May.
„ „ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 20-25. White.

April, May.
„ „ ru'bra (red). 25-30. White. April, May.

Britain. " Cornish Bird Cherry."
„ „ sibi'rica parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 25-30.

White. April, May. N. Europe, &c.
„ „ stri'cta (upright). 25-30. White. Branches erect.

April, May.
,, Salze'ri (Salzer's). 20-30. White. April. Fruit

yellowish- white. Carinthia ; Styria. 1892.
„ sero'tina (late). 30. White. June. United States.

1629. " Rum Cherry," " Wild Black Cherry."
„ „ asplenifo'lia ( Asplenium-leaved) . White. June.
„ „ cartilagi'nea (cartilaginous). Leaves long and

leathery. 1889.
„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). White. June. " Weeping

Wild Black Cherry."
„ „ retu'sa (blunt-ended). 30. White. May. S.

Amer.
„ „ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). White. May. Fruit

like an Apricot. S. United States ; Mexico, Peru.

1866. " Capollin."

„ Ssio'ri (Ssior's). 5-6. White. Sachalin.
„ Virginia' na (Virginian). 30. White. May. United

States. 1724. " Choke Cherry."
„ „ asplenifo'lia (Asplenium-leaved). 20. White.

May.
„ „ leucoca'rpa (white-fruited). 6-10. White. May.

Fruit white.
„ „ na'na monstro'sa (dwarf, monstrous). White.

May.

CHERRY LAURELS (Laurocerasus) . EVERGREEN.
P. carolinia'na (Carolinian). 38. White. May. Southern

United States. 1759. " Wild Orange," " Mock

Orange."

„ ,, ro'sea (rosy). 30. Pale rose-tinted, double. 1877.
„ ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 4-6. White. March to

May. Western United States. " Islay," " Spanish

Wild Cherry."
„ „ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 4-6. White. March

to May. " Catalina Cherry."

P.

Laurocefrasus (Lauroccrasus). 12-15.
April. E. Europe ; Orient. 1629.

White. March,

,, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 8. White. April.
„ „ Bernha'rdti (Bernhardt's). 12. White. April.
,, ,, camellicefo'lia (Camellia- leaved). 10. Li-avis

spirally coiled, small.
,, ,, cauca'sica (Caucasian). 10-15. Leaves dark

green. Very hardy.
„ „ co'lchica (Colchican). 10-15. Leaves narrow,

light green. Very hardy.

,, ,, compa'cta (compact). 5-8. White. April.
„ „ fo'ltis variega'tis (leaves variegated). Leaves irre-
gularly splashed with white.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 12-18. Leaves very

long and broad.
„ „ magnolia fo'lia (Magnolia-leaved). 10-12. Leaves

very large.
„ „ Oli'nii (Otin's). 10-15. White. Leaves long,

obovate.

,, „ parvifo'lia (small-leaved). Leaves small.
» »» Pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Habit upright.
„ ,, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). Leaves short and

broad. Very hardy.
„ „ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). Leaves narrow,

willow-like.
„ „ schipkce'nsis (Schipkan). 4-6. White. Leaves

very narrow, dark green. Branches spreading.
,, „ schipkce'nsis mischea'na (Mischean). Leaves

shortly oval. Branches spreading. 1898.
,, ,, schipkce'nsis zabelia'na (Zabelian). Leaves willow-
like, long, narrow. 1898.
„ „ se'rbica (Servian). 5-6. White. April.
,, ,, yersaille'nsis (Versailles). 5-10. White. April.
„ lusita'nica (Portuguese). 10-20. White. May.

Spain and Portugal. 1648. " Portugal Laurel."
„ ,, azo'rica (Azorean). 6-10. White. May. Leaves

broad. Stems red. Azores.
„ ,, coria'cea (leathery). 5-10. White. May.
» »i myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 5-8. Leaves very

small. Bush dense.

„ „ ormstonie'nsis (Ormstonian). 5-10. White. May.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). 5-8. White. May.

Leaves variegated.

PSAMMTSIA. (Commemorative of Psammis, one of
the ancient kings of Egypt. Nat. ord. Vacciniacea?.)

Evergreen shrubs from the mountains of warm
countries and requiring warm greenhouse or stove treat-
ment. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots, with a heel of old
wood, in sand, in a close case, with gentle bottom-heat.
Loam, fibrous peat, and sand. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
P. hookeria'na (Hookerian). 4-6. Red. September.

Colombia. 1847.

„ Je'ssicce (Jessica's). See THIBAUDIA JESSICA.
,, longi'colla (long-necked). 3-4. Crimson. S. Amer.

1865.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). White. Colombia.
,, oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). Country unknown.

1866.
„ pendulifto'ra (drooping-flowered). 3-4. Crimson.

Colombia. 1859.

„ planchonia' na (Planchonian). Red. Colombia. 1854.
„ sarca'ntha (fleshy-flowered). 3-4. Red, with yellow

tip. March, April. Colombia. 1852.
„ sclerophy'lla (hard-leaved). 3. Red, with yellow tip.
Colombia. 1852.

PSEUDO-BULB. By this term is described the fleshy
stem of the orchids ; and the term is applicable as it
resembles a bulb more than a stem.

PSEUDERA'NTHEMUM. (From pseudo, false, and
Eranthemum ; because the plants resemble an Eranthe-
mum and are closely related. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots,
with a heel, in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat.
Loam, peat, and sand.

P. seti' calyx ( bristly-calyx ed). 1-2. Cinnabar-red ; tube
pale red. Nyasaland. 1909.

PSEU'DO-CEUENO MELES MAULEI. See CYDONIA
MAULEI.

PSEU'DODRACO'NTIUM. (From pseudo, false, and
Dracontium ; because it resembles the latter. Nat. ord.
Araceas.)

PSEUDOGALTONIA

715

PSORALEA

Stove perennial herb, with tuberous rootstock. Im-
DOrted seeds or tubers. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and
and. Water freely when in full growth, and rest in a
Iry, warm house when the solitary leaf dies down.
'. Lacou'rii (Lacour's). Light green. Leaves dark
green, spotted with white. Cochin-China. 1878.

PSEU'DOGALTO'NIA. (From pseudo, false, and Gal-
tonia ; the plants resemble Galtonia. Nat. ord. Liliacea?.)

Stove bulb. Offsets. Good loam, leaf-mould, and
sand.

P. Pechue'lii (Pechuel's). i. Flowers greenish, nume-
rous. Damaraland. 1890.

PSEU'DOLA'RIX. (From pseudo, false, and Larix ;
tree closely similar to a larch. Nat. ord. Coniferae.)

Hardy deciduous tree. Seeds. Ordinary soil.
P. K<z'mpjeri (Kaempfer's). 10-120. China. 1884.
" The Golden Larch."

PSEU'DOPA'NAX. (From pseudo, false, and Panax ;
closelv related to Panax. Nat. ord. Araliaceae. Allied
to Polyscias.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs or small trees. Cuttings
of young shoots with a heel, in sand, under a hand-light.
Loam, fibrous peat, and sand.

P. crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 5-10. Green. Leaves
linear, leathery. New Zealand. 1846.

„ „ trifo'lium (three-leaved). Green. New Zealand.
1842.

„ fe'rox (fierce). 3-6. Green. New Zealand.

„ Lesso'nii (Lesson's). 4-20. Green. Leaves with
3-5 leaflets. New Zealand.

„ longi' ssimum (longest). See PANAX LONGISSIMUM.

PSEU'DOPHCE'NIX. ( From pseudo, false, and Phomix ;
similar to Phoenix. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove Palm. Seeds. Loam, one-third peat and sand.
P. Sarge'ntii (Sargent's). 20-25. Spadix 3 ft. long.
Berries orange or red. Florida. 1887.

PSEU'DOTSU'GA. (From pseudo, false, and Tsuga;
related to Tsuga. Nat. ord. Coniferae.)

Stately, evergreen, cone-bearing trees, differing from
Picea in having long bracts, protruding from the cones.
Seeds. Ordinary soil.

P. davidia'na (Davidian). See KETELEERIA DAVIDIANA.
„ Dougla'sii (Douglas's). 100-200. N.W. Amer. 1826.

" The Douglas Fir."

„ „ brevifo'lia (short-leaved). Leaves very short.
„ „ e'legans (elegant). Leaves slender.
„ „ fletcheria'na (Fletcherian). i. A pigmy bush

i foot high in sixteen years. Seedling in 1896.
„ „ Fre'tsii (Fret's). Leaves short. Plant pyramidal.

1905.
„ „ glau'ca pe'ndula (glaucous-drooping). A sea-green

weeping variety.
„ „ glauce'scens (glaucous). Leaves deep sea-green.

1895.

,, „ globo'sa (globose). Plant spherical, loose. 1905.
„ ,, pe'ndula (drooping). 40-50. Branches drooping.
„ „ revolu'ta (revolute). Leaves rolled backwards.
„ „ Stai'rii (Stair's). Young foliage creamy- white.

1872.
„ „ Standi'shii (Standish's). Foliage quite silvery

beneath.
„ „ taxifo'lia (yew-leaved). Leaves very long. Tree

more massive.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated.
„ lindleya'na (Lindleyan). See P. DOUGLASII.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). Japan. 1909.
„ macroca'rpa (large-fruited). Southern California.
PSI'DIUM. Guava. (The Greek name once applied
to the Pomegranate. Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae].
Linn. iz-Icosandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Myrtus.)

Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of young
shoots, getting a little firm at their base, in 'sand, under
a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy, fibrous loam
and peat, with the addition of leaf-mould and a little
dried cow-dung, provided the drainage is good and
plentiful. Winter temp., 48° to 58° ; summer, 60° to
85°. But several, such as cattieia'num, will not only
live, but produce their fruit in a greenhouse. The best
Guayas we have seen were produced on the back of
a vinery, from which the frost was little more than
excluded in winter. See GUAVA.

P a' ere (bitter). Country unknown. 1829.
Ara'ca (Araca). 4. May. Brazil. 1820.
aroma' ticum (aromatic). See P. GUAVA.
cattleia'num (Cattley's). 10. May. S. Amer. 1818.

„ litiora'le (shore).

chine'nse (Chinese). May. China. 1828.
corda'tum (heart-shaped). See P. MONTANUM.
cuneifo'lium (wedge-leaved). Country unknown. 1833.
decaspe'rmum (ten-seeded). See TIMONIUS JAMBO-

SELLA.

„ donia'num (Donian). 4-6. May. Brazil.
„ Gua'va (Guava or Guajava). 10. June. Trop. Amer.

1779.
„ „ pomi'ferum (apple-bearing). 10. June. Trop.

Amer. 1692.

»» »» P^'rnilum (dwarf). 2. May. 1824.
,, „ sapidi' ssimum (most-savoury). 10. June. 1824.
„ i'ndicum (Indian). See P. CATTLEIANUM.
„ montafnum (mountain). 60. Jamaica. 1779.

" Mountain Guava."

„ myrtifo'lium (myrtle-leaved). 6. April. 1820.
„ ni'grum (black-/V uited) . May. Cochin-China.
„ oligospe'rmum (few-seeded). 10. 1817.
„ passea'num (Passean). 3-6. Fruit pale green or

yellowish, size of a plum. 1890.
„ polyca'rpon (many-fruited). 3. May. Trinidad.

1810.
„ pomi'ferum (apple-bearing). See P. GUAVA POMI-

FERUM.
„ „ sapidi' ssimum (most-savoury). See P. GUAVA

SAPIDISSIMUM.

„ pu'milum (dwarf). See P. GUAVA PUMILUM.
11 pyri'ferum (pear-bearing). See P. GUAVA.
„ quadrangula're (four-angled). Country unknown.
,, ru'brum (red-fruited). May. Cochin-China. 1820.
„ sapidi' ssimum (most-savoury). See P. GUAVA SAPI-
DISSIMUM.

PSI'LA. See CARROT MAGGOT.

PSILO'TUM. (From psilos, bald ; the plant appears
to consist of leafless twigs. Nat. ord. Lycopodiacese.)

An interesting stove plant, with nearly leafless, green
stems. Imported plants. Fibrous peat to be tied on a
piece of tree-fern stem and suspended in a warm, moist
fernery or stove.
P. trique'lrum (three- grooved). J-J. Trop. Amer.

PSOPHOCA'RPUS. (From psophos, a rattling noise,
and carpos, a fruit ; the fruits rattle in bursting. Nat.
ord. Leguminosae.)

A tall twining stove herb. Seeds ; cuttings in sand
with bottom-heat. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
P. tetragono'lobus (four-argled-podded). Lilac or violet.
Mauritius, cultivated elsewhere.

PSORA LEA. (From psoraleos, warted ; the appear-
ance of some of the species. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosae]. T.mn. ij-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria.
Allied to Amorpha.)

Herbaceous, by division, as fresh growth commences ;
shrubs, by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in April
or May, in sand, under a glass ; sandy peat, and sandy,
fibrous loam. Winter temp, for these, 40° to 48°.
Glandulo'sa has stood in the open air for a number of
years near London. There are some annuals and
biennials, but not worth cultivating.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. acau'lis (stemless). i. Purple. Caucasus.

„ cane'scens (hoary). Purple. N. Amer.

„ glandulo'sa (glandular). 3-4. Blue and white. July
to September. Chili. 1/70. " Jesuits' Tea."

„ Lupine'llus (small lupin). 2. Purple. June. Caro-
lina. 1812.

„ macro' stachys (long-spiked). 3. Purple. July. Cali-
fornia. 1833.

„ melilotoi'des (Melilotus-like). 2. Light purple. July,
August. N. Amer. 1814.

„ Ono'brychis "(sainfoin-like). 3. Purple. August.
N. Amer. 1818.

„ orbicula'ris (round-leaved), £. Purple. June. Cali-
fornia. 1835.

„ physo'des (windy). 2-3. Purple, white. N.W. Amer.

„ pinna' ta (leafleted). 4-6. Blue. June. S. Africa.
1690.

„ tenuifio'ra (slender-flowered). 3. Purple. N. Amer.

PSYCHOTRIA

716

PTELEA

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

P. aculea'ta (prickly). 3. Blue and white. June. S.

Africa. 1774.
„ affl'nis (related). 4-6. Blue. June. S.Africa. 1910,

and previously.
„ anguslifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Blue. July. S.

Africa. 1774.
,, „ interme'dia (intermediate). 3. Blue. June.

S. Africa. 1820.

„ aphy'lla (leafless). 2. Blue. June. S. Africa. 1790.
„ arbo'rea (tree). 6. Bluish. May. S. Africa.

1814.

„ bitumino'sa (bituminous). 2. Violet. June. Medi-
terranean region ; Arabia. 1771. Herbaceous.
„ bractea'ta (long-bracted) . Purple and white. July.

S. Africa.
„ corylifo'lia (hazel-leaved). Purple and white. July.

India ; Arabia. 1752.
„ decu'mbens (lying-down). £. Purple and white. S.

Africa. 1774.

„ hi'rta (hairy). 2. Blue. June. S. Africa. 1790.
„ interme'dia (intermediate). See P. ANGUSTIFOLIA

INTERMEDIA.

„ jacquinia'na (Jacquinian). See P. HIRTA.

„ Muti'sii (Mutis's). Purple. July. Colombia. 1828.

„ odorati' 'ssima (most- fragrant). 6. Pale blue. June.

S. Africa. 1725.

„ pal&sti'na (Palestine). See P. BITUMINOSA.
„ peduncula'ta (long-stalked). See P. TOMENTOSA.
„ pube'scens (downy). 2. Pale blue. August. Luna.

1825.

„ re'pens (creeping), ij. Blue. July. S.Africa. 1774.
„ seri'cea, (silky). See P. TOMENTOSA.
„ spica'ta (long-spiked). 4. Blue. April. S. Africa.

1774.
„ Sta'chydis (Stachys-leaved). 3. Brown. April. S.

Africa. 1793.
„ stria'ta (channelled). 3. Blue. May. S. Africa.

1816.
„ Unuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. White, blue. June.

S. Africa. 1793.

„ tomento'sa( woolly). 3. Blue. June. S.Africa. 1815.
„ verruca' sa (warted). See P. ANGUSTIFOLIA.

PSYCHO'TRIA. (From psuche, the breath of life ; in
allusion to its healing properties. Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.
Allied to Palicourea.)

Stove evergreen shrubs and small trees. Cuttings of
mature wood, in sand, and placed in a close case, with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
P. auranti'aca (orange). See P. MALAYANA.
„ chontale'nsis (Chontalan). See P. PILOSA.
„ cro'cea (saffron). See PALICOUREA CROCEA.
„ cyanoco'cca (blue-berried), i. White ; berries deep
blue, showy. Nicaragua. 1870. A fine basket
plant.

,, eme'tica (emetic). Colombia.
„ jasminiflo'ra (jasmine-flowered). 2-3. White. Brazil.

1860.

,, gra'ndis (grand). Trop. Amer.
„ leucoce'phala (white-headed). See RUDGEA MACRO-

PHYLLA.

„ linea'ta (lined). See PALICOUREA APICATA.

„ mcdaya'na (Malayan). Malaya.

„ micro? niha (small-flowered). Trop. Africa.

„ offlcina'lis (officinal). 4. June. Guiana. 1827.

„ pilo'sa (thinly- hairy). White; berries blue. Peru.
1870.

„ racemp'sa, (racemose). 3. White. June. Brazil ;
Guiana. 1818.

,, sulphu'rea( sulphur). 2. Bright blue ; berries sulphur-
yellow. Fiji. 1887.

„ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). Dominica.

PSYLLA. The Chermes is allied to the Aphis. P. pyri,
Pear Chermes, appears in May, not unlike a large Aphis,
crimson-coloured, shaded with black. Mr. Kollar says,
when pairing is over, the female lays her eggs in great
numbers, near each other, on the young leaves and
blossoms, or on the newly- formed fruit and shoots.
They are of a longish shape, and yellow ; and without
a magnifying glass they resemble the pollen of flowers.
They are called either nymphs or larvae in this state,
according to the extent of their development ; and, like
their parents, have their mouth in the breast. After
a few days they change their skins, and become darker

and somewhat reddish on the breast, and rather resemble
bugs than plant-lice, having the extreme point of the
body somewhat broad, and beset with bristles. After
changing their skins, they quit the leaves, blossoms, and
fruit, and proceed more downwards to the bearing wood
and the shoots of last year, on which they fix themselves '
securely, one after the other, in rows, and remain there
till their last transformation.

When the nymphs have moulted for the last time, and
have attained their full size, the body swells out by ;
degrees, and becomes cylindrical. They then leave their,
associates, and before they lay aside their nymph-like
covering, they search out a leaf to which they fasten
themselves firmly, and appear as if they were lifeless.
After a few minutes, the skin splits on the upper part of
the covering, and a winged insect proceeds from it. It
j is of a pleasant green colour, with red eyes and snow-
white wings. It very much resembles its parents in
spring, even in the colour. After a few days, this Chermes ,
has assumed the colours of the perfect insect ; the head,
collar, and thorax are of an orange colour, and only the
abdomen retains its green hue. It now flies away from
the place of its birth to enjoy the open air.

P. mali (Apple Chermes). This, according to the same
author, appears in June. In September, they pair, and
lay their eggs, which are white, and pointed at both
ends, a line and a half long, and the fourth of a line
thick, and become yellow before the young escapes. The
Apple Chermes lays its eggs in different places of the
twigs of an apple-tree ; usually, however, in the furrows
of the knots, and sometimes in a very regular manner. ]
The larvae are scarcely escaped from the egg in the open
air, when they hasten to the nearest bud, and begin to
gnaw its scales. On the second day after their birth,
they cast their first skin, after which they appear nearly
of their former shape and colour. The second changing
of the skin can sometimes be scarcely seen at all, because
the larva not only puts out a thicker string with the
tubercle, but also an immense number of very fine en-
tangled threads or small hairs, which it turns upwards
over its back, and with them entirely covers its body
and head. In sunshine, these strings look transparent,
as if they were made of glass, and become of a greenish
variable colour. Under this screen the Chermes are
secured from every attack of other insects ; for no ants,
mites, or bugs can disturb them in their fortification, or
consume them as their prey. After Changing the second
skin, the young assume a different colour and form ;
they now become light green all over, the abdomen much
broader than the thorax, and on the side of the latter,
rudiments of the wings are distinctly seen. The third
time of changing the skin comes on in about eight days,
sometimes sooner and sometimes later, according to the
weather. After this skin, the wing rudiments very dis-
tinctly make their appearance, and become larger and
whiter the nearer the insect approaches to the perfect
state. The body is also of a light green, and the larvae
have black eyes, and blackish antennae. At last the
time arrives when the insect assumes the perfect state ;
it then retires to a part of the leaf which it had selected,
and after having firmly fixed itself there, the back splits
open, and the beautiful-winged Chermes appears from
the nymph. The back of the thorax is of a light green,
the abdomen is marked with yellow rings, and the
membranous wings with strongly-marked, snow-white
veins.

P. cratizgi infests the camellia.

P. ficus and P. rosce are respectively on the fig and rose-
trees. All the species are destroyed by syringing with
tobacco-water until the insects are dead, and then
syringing with water only. See APHIS.

PTA'RMICA. SeeAcHiLLEA.

PTA'RMICA GRANDIFLO'RA FLO RE PLE'NO. See

ACHILLEA PTARMICA FLORE PLENO.

PTE'LEA. Shrubby Trefoil. (From ptao, to fly;
• winged fruit. Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutacea?]. Linn.
\-Tetrandrui, i-Monogynia.)

Trifolia'ta and its varieties are hardy ; seed in April,
: and by layers in autumn ; any common light soil.
P. Baldwi'nii (Baldwin's). Green. Northern Cali-
fornia, &c.

„ ova' turn (egg-shaped). See PTELIDIUM OVATUM.
„ pinna' ta (leafleted). See ZANTHOXYLUM BLACK-

BURNIA.

PTELIDIUM

717

PTERIS

P. trtfolia'ta (three- leaved). 12. Green. June. N.

Amer. 1704. " Hop Tree."
„ „ au'rea (golden). Leaves golden. 1886.
„ „ fastigia'ta (erect). Branches erect.
„ „ zlau'ca (sea-green). Foliage sea-green.
„ „ heterophy 'lla (various-leaved).
„ „ mo'llis (soft).

„ „ variega'ta (vaiiegated-/«w«*). 12. Green. June.
1846.

PTELIDIUM. (So named from its resemblance to
Ptelea. Nat. ord. Spindle-trees [Celastracea?]. Linn.
4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots in
sand, under a glass, in heat; sandy peat and fibrous
loam, with pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.

P. ova' turn (egg-leaved). 6. Greenish-white. Madagascar.
1818.

PTE RIS. Brake. (From p ttron, a wing ; the shape
of the fronds, or leaves. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices], Linn.
24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

All brown-spored. See FERNS.

HARDY.
P. aquili'na (eagle-like). 3. July. Cosmopolitan

(Britain).

„ „ cauda'ta (tailed). 2. October. N. Amer. 1777.
n » conge'sta (crowded), i-ii- Fronds rich green,

plumose, compact. 1909.

„ ,, s,la'bra (smooth). Fronds smooth. Europe.
„ ,, lanugino'sa (woolly). Fronds woolly. Europe.
„ ., \icholso' nii (Nicholson's). 3. Fronds very

slender, graceful. New Zealand. 1908.
„ arge'ntea (silvery). \. July. Siberia. 1816.
„ a' tro-purpu' rea (purple). See PELL^A ATROPURPUREA.
„ cauda'ta (tailed). See P. AQUILINA CAUDATA.

GREENHOUSE.
P. aquili'na escule'nta (eatable). 3. August. N.S-

Wales. 1815.

„ argu'ta (sharp-notched), i. August. Madeira. 1778.
„ Backe'ri (Backer's). Fronds strong, tufted, finely

crested. 1904.

„ colli'na (hill). See P. PALMATA COLLINA.
„ cre'tica (Cretan), i. July. Candia. 1820.
„ „ a'lbo-linea'ta (white-lined). Pinna with white

midrib.
„ „ capita' 'to, (headed). Fronds tufted, compact, much

crested. 1904.
„ ,, crispa'ta (crisped), i. Dwarf, compact. Pinnules

crisped with white band. 1891.
„ „ crista'ta (crested). Pinnae crested.
„ „ Ma'yi (May's).
„ „ no'btlis (noble). Fronds erect, heavily crested and

lobed at the apex.
„ ,, Summe'rsii (Summers's). An improvement upon

P. cretica Wimsettii. 1898.
„ „ Wimse'ttii (Wimsett's). Pinnae irregularly and

deeply lobed and crested.
„ ,, Wimse'ttii mu'lticeps (many-headed). Finely

crested and cut. 1902.

„ escule'nta (eatable). See P. AQUILINA ESCULENTA.
„ falca'ta (sickle-shaped). See PELL^EA FALCATA.
„ inci'sa (incised). 3-6. Trop. Amer. ; New Zealand ;

S. Africa, &c. 1823.
„ i'ntra-margina'lis (within-margined). See PELI^EA

INTRAMARGINALIS.

„ kingia'na (King's). See P. TREMULA KINGIANA.

„ latizo'na (broad- zoned). i$. June. Moreton Bay.

1831.

„ meta'llica (metallic), ij. Fronds thick, metallic-
looking. 1903.

„ no'bilis (noble). See P. PALMATA NOBILIS.
„ palmti'ta (hand-shaped), i-if. Trop. Amer. to Peru

and Rio Janeiro. 1821. (Doryopteris.)
„ ,, colli'na (hill). J-$. August. Brazil. Stove.
„ „ no'bilis (noble), if. Fronds bold and leathery.

Stove.
„ ru^ulo'sa (slightly- wrinkled). 2-3. September.

Society Islands ; Tasmania. 1844.
„ sciihe'rula (finely-rough). i-zJ. Fronds finely cut,

three to four times. New Zealand.
„ serrula'ta (finely-sawed), ij-aj. China ; Japan ;

Natal. 1770.

P. serrula'ta angusta'ta (narrow). Pinnae narrow, crested

at apices.
„ „ applcbya'na (Applebyan). Pinnae drooping,

crested at tips.

,, ,, compa'cta (compact), i. Fronds compact, arch-
in-.', heavily crested at apex. 1887.
,, „ corymbi'fera (corymb-bearing). Fronds upright

heavily tasselled at apex.
„ „ Cowa'ni (Cowan's), i. Dwarf, branched down to

the stalks, heavily crested. 1883.
,, ,, crista'ta (crested). Fronds and pinna? crested at

the tips. Japan. 1863.
„ de'nsa (dense). Fronds short, dense.
„ gigantf'a (giant). 2j. Fronds very large. 1893.
„ glorio'sa (glorious).

„ gra'cilis (slender). Pinnae narrow and slender.
„ Le'yi (Ley's), i Pinnae narrowed, elongated,

thread-like. 1876.
„ „ ma'xima (largest). A large, strong-growing form.
,, „ Ouvra'rdii (Ouvrard's).
„ „ polyda'ctyla (many-fingered). Frond and pinnae

much fingered.
„ „ Rochfo'rdi (Rochford's). Robust and crested.

1898.

„ „ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). Pinna; narrow, slender.
„ „ undula'ta (waved). Pinnae waved.
„ subverticilla'ta (slightly-whorled). i. Mexico. 1831.
„ tre'mula (tremblmg). 3. July. Australia. 1820.
„ „ arge'ntea (silvery). Fronds pale green or grey.

1900.

„ „ e'legans (elegant). Pinnae narrow.
,, „ gra'ndiceps (large-headed). Fronds much divided

at apex. 1886.
„ „ kingia'na (Kingian). 2. June. Norfolk Island.

1831.
„ „ smithia'na (Smithian). ij-2. Fronds divided

to the base, much branched, and tasselled. 1889.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Fronds variegated. 1892.
„ umbro'sa (shady). 3. July. Australia. 1823.
„ „ corymbi'fera (corymb-bearing). Fronds finely

crested. 1904.
,, „ crista'ta (crested). 3. Segments crisped, much

crested. 1879.
„ „ Drinkwa'teri (Drink water's). 2. Pinnae broad,

dark green. 1896.
,, „ graci'llima (very-graceful), ij. Fronds slender

very elegant. 1904.

STOVE.

P. aculea'ta (prickly). 3-4. Trop. Amer. to Peru.
,, Alexa'ndra (Queen Alexandra's), i. Fronds varie-
gated and crested. 1902.

„ alloso'rus (Allosorus-like). See PELI^EA CORDATA.
„ a'mpla (large). 6. July.

,, argyra'a. (silvery). See P. OUADRIAURITA ARGYR.SA.
,, aspericau'lis (rough-stemmed). See P. QUADRI-

AURITA ASPERICAULIS.

„ Bau'sei (Bause's). See P. SEMIPINNATA BAUSEI.

„ biauri'ta (two-eared). 2-3. Rather leathery. Tropics
of both Worlds. 1823.

„ „ nemora'lis (grove). 3. Venation combined and
free in same frond. E. Ind.

,, „ nemora'lis variega'ta (variegated). Fronds varie-
gated.

„ Bino'ti (Binot's). i. Barren fronds three-lobed ;
fertile nine-lobed. Brazil. 1904.

„ bratzaia'na (Brazzaian). 3. Pinnae oblong ; pinnules
rounded. Congo. 1903.

„ calome'lanos (neat-dark). See PELL.EA CALOMELANOS.

„ Cervantf'sii (Cervantes'), i. July. Mexico. 1824.

„ chine" nsis (Chinese). 2. July. China. 1824.

„ co'mans (hairy). 2-3. Polynesia ; New Zealand ;
Tasmania, &c. 1860.

,, ,, undula'ta (wavy). Edges of pinnas wavy.

„ corda'ta (heart-shaped). See PELL^EA CORDATA.

,, cra'ssipes (thick-stalked). See P. GIGANTEA.

„ crena'ta (notched). See P. ENSIFORMIS.

„ crenula'ta (scolloped). 2. July. 1827.

„ Curro'ri (Curror's). 3-4. W. Trop. Africa ; Fer-
nando Po.

„ defte'xa (deflexed). 4-6. Trop. Amer. to Brazil and
Peru. 1844.

„ denticula'ta (toothletted). 2-3. Trop. Amer. Re-
sembles P. cretica.

„ di'scolor (two-coloured). 3. August. Brazil. 1825.

PTERIS

718

PTEROCARYA

P. droogmantia'na (Droogmantian). 3. Bipinnate.

Congo Free State. 1900.
„ edu'lis (eatable). 3. New Zealand. 1837.
„ data (tall). 3-5. Trop. Amer. to Ecuador.
„ e'legans (elegant). 3. August. E. Ind. 1824.
„ ensifo'rmis (sword-shaped), i-ij. Trop. Asia.
„ „ crista'ta (crested). Like P. ensiformis Victoria,

but crested. 1892.
„ Victo'riee, (Victoria's). Fronds beautifully marbled

with white. Malaya. 1890.

„ felo'sma (heavy-smelling). See P. QUADRIAURITA.
„ ftabella'ta (fan-shaped). 2-4. S. Africa ; Abys-
sinia, &c.
„ Ghiesbre'ghtii (Ghiesbreght's). See P. LACINIATA

GHIESBREGHTII.

„ gigante'a (giant). 3-6. W. Ind. ; Colombia ; Peru.
„ glaucovi'rens (glaucous-green). See P. QUADRIAURITA.
„ grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 1^-3. Trop. Amer. to

Peni. 1793.
„ „ vitta'ta (striped). Pinnae striped, with nearly free

veins.

„ heteroda'ctyla (various-fingered). Malaya.
„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 4. July. Jamaica.

1820.

„ „ interna'ta (divided-in-threes). W. Ind. 1880.
„ Hi' Hit (Hill's). 3. Fronds bronzy-green, leathery,

glossy. Brazil 1904.
„ hookeria'na (Hookerian). iJ-2. Adam's Peak,

Ceylon.
„ interna'ta (divided-in-threes). See P. HETEROPHYLLA

INTERNATA.

„ kunzea'na (Kunzean). 3-5. Trop. Amer. to Peru.
„ lacinia'ta (laciniate). 3-5. Trop. Amer. to Peru.
„ „ Ghiesbre'ghtii (Ghiesbreght's). Fronds less hairy.

1857-

„ la'ctea (milky), i. November.
„ lanugino'sa (woolly). 3. July. Bourbon. 1819.
„ la'ta (broad). 3$. June. Brazil. 1841.
„ leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). ii-ij. Brazil. 1824.
„ longifo'lia (long- leaved). 2-5. August. W. Ind.

1770.
„ „ Marie" sii (Maries's). Fronds shorter; pinnae

narrower. Japan. 1895.
„ lo'ngipes (long-stalked). 2-2 J. India.
„ lu'dens (deceiving). i-ij. Malaya ; Philippines.

(Doryopteris.)

„ macile'nta (meagre). i|-4. New Zealand.
„ macro'piera (large-winged). 3. Frond i-ij ft. broad.

Brazil.
„ milnea'na (Milnean). 3-4. Solomon Isles ; Fiji.

1865.

„ mi' sera (poor). $-1. Malaya.
„ molucca'na (Moluccan). 3-4. Malaya. 1880.
„ mutila'ta (mutilated). J-i. W. Ind.
„ nemora'lis (grove). See P. BIAURITA NEMORALIS.
„ Ouvra'rdii (Ouvrard's). See P. SERRULATA Ouv-

RARDII.
„ palea'aa (scaly). 2-5. Stalk alone 2-4 ft. Diana's

Peak, St. Helena.

„ pa'tens (spreading). 3. Tropics of Old World.
„ peda'ta (pedate). J-J. W. Ind. to Brazil. (Doryop-

teris pedata.)
„ peruviafna (Peruvian). See GYMNOGRAMME CALO-

MELANOS PERUVIANA.

„ Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 2. July. S. Amer. 1818.
,, podophy'lla (stalked-leaved). 3-4. Trop. Amer., &c.
„ pu'nqens (prickly). 2-3. Stalks prickly. W. Ind.
„ quadriauri' ta (four-eared). ii~5. Tropics of both

Worlds. 1841.
» i> argyrce'a (silvery). Midrib silvery-white. E. Ind.

1859'.

,, „ aspericau'lis (rough-stemmed). 2. E. Ind.
„ „ fu' stipes (brown-stalked), i. Solomon Islands.

1868.

„ „ rubricau'lis (red- stemmed), i-i£. Stalks red.
„ „ ru'bro-ne'rvia (red-nerved). 1-2. Stalks and ribs

purple-red. India. 1861.
„ „ tricolor (three-coloured), i. Midrib silvery- white,

tinted red. E. Ind. 1860.
„ robu'sta (robust). See P. ACULEATA.
„ rotundifo'lta (round-leaved). See PELL^EA ROTUNDI-

FOLIA.
„ sagittifo'lia (arrow-leaved). J-i. Venezuela to

Brazil. (Dory op teris.)
„ „ hasta'ta (halbert-shaped). Frond \vith two large

horizontal lobes.

P. sagitta'ta (arrow-shaped). See PELL^A CORDATA

SAGITTATA.

,, semipinna'ta (half-pinnate). 2-2$. Tropical and
subtropical Asia.

„ „ Bau'sei (Bause's). i. Compact and densely
tufted, erect. 1886.

„ semisagitta' ta (half-arrow-shaped). Fronds broad,
half- arrow-shaped. S. Brazil. 1902.

„ spinulo'sa (small-spined). ij. September. 1834.

„ strami'nea (straw-coloured). iJ-2. Chili.

„ sulca'ta (furrowed). See P. QUADRIAURITA.

„ ternifo'lia (three-leaved). See PELL^EA TERNIFOLIA.

„ undula'ta (waved). Fronds wavy. Fiji.

„ Victo'rice (Victoria's), Regi'nce (Queen's), and Vic-
to'ria-Regi'nce (Queen Victoria's). See P. ENSI-
FORMIS VICTORIA.

„ wallichia'na (Walh'chian). 6-8. Himalaya; Japan;
Philippines.

PTERISA'NTHES. (From pteris, a wing, and anthos, a
flower ; the receptacle of the flower is developed into a
broad, membranous wing. Nat. ord. Ampelidaceae.)

An evergreen stove climber, with the habit of a Cissus.
Cuttings of half-ripe wood, in sand, in a close case, with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
P. poli'ta (polished). Green ; rachis flattened like a
knife. Malaya. 1896.

PTEROCA'CTUS. (From pteron, a wing, and Cactus ;
the seeds are broadly winged. Nat. ord. Cactaceae.)

Warm and dry greenhouse succulents. Cuttings
allowed to dry at the cut ends, inserted in sand in
a dry atmosphere. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, finely
broken bricks, and sand.
P. deci'piens (deceiving). J. Yellow ; stigmas purple.

Argentina. 1907.

„ Ku'ntzei (Kuntze's). J. Yellow. Plant tufted, sea-
green. Argentina. 1907.

PTEROCA'RPUS. (From pteron, a wing, and karpos.
a fruit ; seed-pods with wing-like appendage. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguininosx]. Linn. 16- Monad el phia,
7-Dodecandria. Allied to Dalbergia.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened, stubby
side-shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-heat ;
rich, fibrous loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer,
60° to 85°.
P. Bro'wnei (Brown's). See ECASTAPHYLLUM BROWNEI.

,, buxifo'lius (box-leaved). See BRYA EBENUS.

„ dalbergioi'des (Dalbergia-like). See P. INDICUS.

,, Dra'co (dragon). 40. White. W. Ind. 1820.

„ escule'ntus (eatable). 50. Yellow. Trop. Africa.

1793-
„ fta'vus (yellow). Yellow. April. Cochin-China.

1826.

„ gla'ber (smooth). See BRYA EBENUS.
„ i'ndicus (Indian). 30. White or yellow. India and

China. 1813.
,, luna'tus (crescent-shaped). See DREPANOCARPUS

LUNATUS.

,, Marsu'pium (pouched). 40. White. India. 1811.
„ Plumie'ri (Plumier's). See ECASTAPHYLLUM MONE-

TARIA.

,, Ro'hrii (Rohr's). 20. Brazil. 1816.
„ santalinoi'des (sandal- wood-like). See P. ESCULENTUS.
„ santali'nus (Santalum-like). 60. Yellow. E. Ind.

1800. " Red Saunder's Wood."
„ sca'ndens (climbing). 15. Yellow. Caracas. 1817.

Climber.
„ Siebe'ri (Sieber's). See ECASTAPHYLLUM BROWNEI.

PTEROCA'RYA. (From pteron, a wing, and caruon, a
nut; winged fruit. Nat. ord. Juglands [Juglandacea?].
Linn. zi-Moncecia, q-Enneandria. Allied to Juglans.)

Hardy deciduous trees ; by layers of the young shoots ;
also by grafting on the Walnut ; deep, moist soil in
warm places ; in cold situations shallow, poor soil \\ill
be best, that the wood may not be stronger than the
sun will ripen.
P. cauca'sica (Caucasian). 40. Green. May. Caucasus ;

Orient. 1800. " Caucasian Walnut.'"
,, fraxinifo'lia (Ash-leaved). See P. CAUCASICA.
„ hupehe'nsis (Hupeh). 30-70. Green. Fruit in spikes

2 ft. long. Central China. 1910.
„ Paliu'rus (Paliurus). 20-50. Green. May. Central
China. 1903.

PTEROCELASTRUS

719

PTYCHOSPERMA

P. rhoifo'lia (Rhus-leaved). Green. May. Japan.
„ spachia'na (Spachian). See P. CAUCASICA.
,, sttno'ptera (narrow- winged). Green. May. China.
1882.

PTEROCELA'STEUS. (From pteron, a wing, and
Celastrus ; referring to the 3-6 wings of the fruit. Nat.
ord. Celastracea?. Allied to Celastrus.)

Greenhouse shrubs or small trees with small flowers.
Cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass
in summer. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
P. rostra'tus (beaked). 3. White. May. S. Africa.

1821.

„ tricuspida'tus (shortly- three-pointed). 3. White.
July. S. Africa. 1824.

PTEROCE'LTIS. (From pteron, a wing, and Celtis ;
alluding to the wing surrounding the fruit. Nat. ord.
Urticaceae. Allied to Celtis.)

A hardy shrub or small tree. Seeds; layers. Ordinary
soil.

P. Tatarino'wii (Tatarinow's). 10. Green. Mongolia.
1904.

PTEROCETHALUS. See SCABIOSA.
PTEROCHTLUS. See MICROSTYLIS.
PTEROCO'CCTJS. See CALLIGONUM.

PTEROprSCUS. (From pteron, a wing, and discus,
a disk. Nat. ord. Pedaliads [Pedaliaceae]. Linn. 14-
Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Martynia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Seeds in spring and
autumn ; division of the plant, and cuttings of young
shoots under a bell-glass, in the beginning of spring and
in the middle of autumn ; sandy loam and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; summer, 60° to 75°.
P. lu'ridus (lurid). i$. Dusky yellow. July. S. Africa.

1868.

„ specio'sus (showy). 2. Lilac, purple. May. S.
Africa. 1844.

PTERO'LEPIS. (From pteron, a wing, and lepis,
a scale ; in allusion to the feathery bristles between the
calyx lobes. Nat. ord. Melastomaceae. Allied to
Pleroma.)

A small, evergreen, stove, shrubby plant. Cuttings
in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, lumpy peat, and sand.
P. glomera'ta (clustered). ij. Pink. July. Trop.

Amer. ; W. Ind. 1818.

„ „ albiflo'ra (white-flowered), ij. White. January.
Brazil. 1821.

PTEROLO'BIUM. (From pteron, a wing, and lobos,
a pod ; the pods are winged. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.
Allied to Haematoxylon and Gymnocladus.)

Stove tree or large shrub, armed with hooked prickles.
Cuttings of half-ripened wood in sand, placed in a pro-
pagating case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand.
P. i'ndicum (Indian). White. India.

PTEROLO'MA. See DESMODIUM.

PTERONEU'RON. (From pteron, a wing, and neuron,
a nerve ; winged seed-cord. Nat. ord. Crucifers. Linn.
is-Tetr adynamia. Now referred to Cardamine.)
P. carno'sum (fieshy-leaved). See CARDAMINE CARNOSA.
,, grcs'cum (Grecian). See CARDAMINE GR«CA.

PTERO'NIA. (From pteron, a wing ; in allusion to
the feathery scales inside the flower-head. Nat. ord.
Composite. Allied to Solidago.)

Evergreen, greenhouse shrubs from South Africa.
Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in gentle heat.
Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
P. camphora'ta (camphor-scented). 2-3. Yellow. June.

1774-
„ Chamapeu'ce (Chamaapeuce). See CNICUS CHAM^E-

PEUCE.

„ echina'ta (prickly). See FELICIA ECHINATA.
„ fascicula' ta (bundled). 2. Yellow. June, July. 1818.
„ fiexicau'lis (flexuous-stemmed). 2-3. Yellow. June,

July. 1812.

„ glomera' ta (clustered). 2. Yellow. June, July. 1817.
„ inca'na (hoary). 2. Golden-yellow. J une to August.
1907.

P. oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 2. Yellow. June,

July. 1774.

„ pa'llens (pale). 2. Yellow. June, July. 1816.
„ pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). See HELIPTERUM VIE-

GATUM.

„ scario'sa (scarious). 2. Yellow. June, July. 1815.
„ stri'cta (erect). See P. CAMPHORATA.

PTEROPHY'TON. See ACTINOMERIS.
PTERO PSIS. See T^NITIS.

PTEROSPE'RMTJM. (From pteron, a wing, and sperma,
a seed ; winged seeds. Nat. ord. Sterculiads [Ster-
cuh'aceae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, j-Dodecandria. Allied
to Astrapaea.)

Stove, white-flowered, evergreen trees, from the East
Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened, stubby side-shoots,
cut close to the stem, in sand, and in 'bottom- heat ;
sandy, fibrous loam and lumpy peat, with good drainage.
Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. acerifo'lium (maple- leaved). 10. August. 1790.

„ platanifo'lium (plane-leaved). 15. 1820.

,, semisagitta' turn (hali-arrow-leaved). 10. 1820.

„ suberifo'lium (cork-tree-leaved). 10. 1783.

PTEROSTE LMA. See HOYA.

PTEROSTTGMA GRANDIFLO'RUM. See ADENOSMA

GRANDIFLORUM.

PTEROSTYXIS. (From pteron, a wing, and stulis, a
style ; in allusion to the winged column. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae. Related to Corysanthes.)

Greenhouse terrestrial Orchids, with a small tuberous
rootstock. Imported tubers and offsets. A little
fibrous loam, much flaky leaf-mould, and sand. Winter
temp., 45° to 50° ; summer, 60° to 70°.
P. acumina'ta (long-pointed). J. Green. April.

Australia. 1827.
„ Ba'nksii (Banks's). i-ij. Green. April. New

Zealand. 1832.

„ Bapti'stii (Baptist's). 1-2. Green, with brown-
purple tips to sepals and petals. N.S.Wales. 1877.
„ conci'nna (neat). |. Green, tipped brown-purple.

Australia. 1828.

„ cu'rta (short). \. Green. Australia. 1829.
„ nu'tans (nodding). J-i. Green. Australia. 1826.

PTEROSTY'RAX HTSPIDUM. See HALESIA HISPIDA.
PTILOCNEMA BRACTEA TA. See PHOLIDOTA w

BRICATA.

PTILO'MERIS CORONA'RIA. See ACTINOLEPIS CORO-

NARIA.

PTILO'TRICHUM. (From ptilon, a feather, and thrix,
a hair. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae], Linn. 15-
Tetr adynamia. Now referred to Alyssum.)
P. cane'scens (hoary). See ALYSSUM CANESCENS.
„ elonga'tum (lengthened). See ALYSSUM CANESCENS.

PTYCHOCO'CCTJS. (From ptux, ptuchos, a fold, and
coccos, a berry ; there is a groove or fold in the fruit.
Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove palms. Seeds. Loam, peat, and sand.
P. are'cinus (Areca-like). 50-60. New Guinea. 1884.
„ parado'xus (paradoxical). 40-50. New Guinea.

PTYCHORA'PfflS. (From ptux, ptuchos, a fold, and
rhaphis, a needle ; in allusion to the beaked fruit. Nat.
ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove palms, with pinnate leaves resembling those of
Cocos weddelliana when young. Seeds. Fibrous loam,
peat, and sand.
P. augu'sta (august). 60-100. Stem slender. Nicobar

Islands. 1892.
„ siebertia'na (Siebertian). Stem slender. Leaves

coppery when young. Malaya. 1908.
„ Singapore' nsis (Singapore). 50. Stem slender.
Malaya. 1884.

PTYCHOSPE'RMA. (From ptux, ptuchos, a fold, and
sperma, a seed : in allusion to the five grooves or furrows
in the seeds of some of the species. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove Palms. Seeds. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand,
fed with artificial manures, or loam, mixed with a little
cow-manure, if planted out. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ;
summer, 65° to 80°.

PUCCINIA

720 PULSATILLA VULGARIS

P. Alexandra (Princess Alexandra's). See ARCHONTO-

riniNix ALEXANDR/B.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). See COLEOSPADIX

ONINKNSIS.

„ Bea'tricce (Beatrice's). Australia.
„ cunninghatnia'na (Cunninghamian). See ARCHONTO-

PHCENIX CUNNINGHAMIANA.

„ di'sticha (two-ranked). See PINANGA DISTICHA.
,, e'legans (elegant). Australia. 1868.
,, filifera (thread-bearing). See VITIPHCENIX FILIFERA.
, Ku'hlii (Kuhl's). See PINANGA KUHLII.
, lacera'ta (torn). Central Amer. 1868.
, Macarthu'rii (Macarthur's). Australia. 1879.
, Norma'nbyi (Normanby's). See ARECA NORMANBYI.
, parado'xa (paradoxical). See PTYCHOCOCCUS PARA-

DOXUS.

,, pa'tula (spreading). See PINANGA PATULA.
„ perbre'vis (very short). See BALAKA PERBRHVIS.
,, rega'lis (royal). India. 1867.
„ Ru'mphii (Rumphius's). See DRYMOPHLCBUS OLIV^-

FORMIS.

,, rupi'cola (rock-loving). See Loxococcus RUPICOLA.
„ sanderia'na (Sanderian). 10-15. Stem slender.

Fruit bright red. New Guinea. 1898.
,, Seema'nni (Seemann's). See BALAKA SEEMANNI.
„ siebertia'na (Siebertian). See PTYCHORAPHIS SIEBER-

TIANA.
„ Singapore 'nsis (Singapore). See PTYCHORAPHIS SINGA-

PORENSIS.

„ Warle'ti (Warlet's). Leaf sheaths and stalks covered
with purplish hairs. 1898.

PUCCI'NIA. (Commemorative of Puccini, an Italian
botanist. Nat. ord. Uredinacea;.) A large genus of
fungi attacking an equally varied class of plants, includ-
ing garden herbs, shrubs, and trees. The life cycle of a
Puccinia passes through three stages — (a) the jEcidium
or Cluster-cup stage, (b) the Uredo or Rust stage, and
(c) the Puccinia or final stage. The Cluster-cups usually
live on a separate host plant from the other stages, but
the Rust, produced during summer, is usually followed
by the Puccinia or Brand, upon the same host, during
late summer and autumn. The three stages have been
traced in a few species only, the others being known only
in one of the forms, and all three were, at one time,
believed to constitute as many different genera.

.4. The ^cidium or Cluster-cup consists of a layer of
cells inside the leaves or young shoots of the host plant,
enclosing a layer of mycelium at the base. From this
mycelium numerous erect branches arise, that become
jointed, each joint or cell forming a spore. At maturity
the skin or epidermis of the host plant bursts and rolls
backwards, forming the cups that usually form clusters,
visible to the naked eye on the diseased parts of the
plant attacked. The spores are scattered and commence
to germinate directly they fall upon a suitable host
plant. The best-known examples are the Cluster-cups
of the barberry (Puccinia graminis), and those of the
gooseberry (Puccinia pringshfimiana), on the leaves and
fruits, forming a red or orange patch.

B. The Uredo or Rust stage is not enclosed by a cup,
but the fungus consists of a rounded mass of mycelium,
on which erect branches arise, bearing spores singly at
their ends. This is produced inside the host plant, but
the skin of the latter bursts at maturity, and the affected
leaves appear covered with patches and spots of a reddish-
brown or rust colour. The spores give this particular
colour. They are thin- walled and germinate immedi-
ately on the same plant or on others of the same species
during summer. Well-known examples are P. graminis
on wheat, oats, barley, &c., P. Mentha on Mint, P.
malvacearum on Hollyhocks, and P. Hieracii on Chrysan-
themums.

C. The Puccinia or Brand stage is very familiar on
Roses as dark specks amongst the Uredo stage on the
rusty blotches of the leaves. The growth of the fungus
is similar to the Uredo stage, but the fruiting branches
end in two-celled spores, which are thick-walled, darker
in colour, and produced late in the season. They are
named teleutospores, because they are the final stage
of the fungus, and rest during the winter to commence
the fungus anew in spring. Familiar examples are the
Brand of Wheat (Puccinia graminis), that of sedges
(P. pringsheimiana), that of Plums and other species of
Prunes (P. Pruni), and that of Gentian (P. Gentiana).

Preventive means are the best to adopt. All diseased

portions should be cut and burned directly they appear.
Plants should not be overcrowded, but given room, so
that light and air can play amongst the foliage. Useless
or diseased wild plants on which the fungus is known to
grow should be cut down and burned. Spraying with
dilute Bordeaux mixture will destroy the spores •
vent them from germinating afresh on the same 01
plants. The foliage of soft-leaved plants like Chrysan-
thrinums should be kept as dry as possible, because
syringing and moisture, generally, f.uours tlif g'Tinirn-
ti-.ii of the spores rind t; of the fungus. See

also /Eciditim and Hollyhock Disease.

PUCCOON. Sanguina'ria.
PUDDLING. See MUDDING.

PUERA'RIA. (Named after M. Puerari, a Danish
botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. Allied to Cana-
valia.)

Greenhouse evergreen climbers. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass ; sandy peat and
fibrous loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48*.
P. thunbergia'na (Thunbergian). Bluish- violet. Summer.

China; Japan. 1889.

„ tubfro'sa (tuberose). 2. Yellow. Himalaya. 1806.
,, Walli'chii : (Wallich's). 3. Yellow. Himalaya. 1826.

PULICA'RIA. Flea-bane. ( From pulex, a flea ; the
smell is, or was, reputed to drive away fleas. Nat. ord.
Composite.)

Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds, cuttings under a hand-
light in summer or divisions in spring. Ordinary soil,
the better for being rather moist.
P. dysente'rica (dysenteric). i|-2. Yellow. July,

August. Europe (Britain).

„ odo'ra (scented). i$. Yellow. July, August. S.
Europe. 1821.

PULMONA'RIA. Lungwort. ( From pulmonarius, dis-
eased lungs ; referring to its supposed efficacy in those
diseases. Nat. ord. Borageworts [Boraginaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions in spring ;
common garden-soil.

P. alpi'na (alpine). See MKRTENSIA ALPIVA.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). J. Violet. April.

Europe (Britain).
„ „ azurea (azure), i. Bright blue. April. France ;

Poland. 1823.

,, „ oblonga'ta (oblong). See P. OBLONGATA.
,, arverne'nsis (Arveman). i. Blue-purple. May,

June. Origin uncertain.

„ „ a'lba (white), i. White. May, June. 1905.
,, azu'rea (light blue). See P. ANGUSTIFOLIA AZUREA.
,, dahu'rica (Dahurian). See MERTENSIA DAVURICA.
,, denticula'ta (small- toothed). See MERTENSIA SIBI-

RICA.

,, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See P. SACCHARATA.
,, margina'ta (bordered -leaved). See MERTENSIA LAN-

CEOLATA.

,, mari'tima (sea-side). See MERTENSIA MARITIMA.

,, mo' His (soft). See P. MONTANA.

„ monta'na (mountain), i. Blue. May, June. Central

Europe. 1805.

, oblonga'ta (oblong), i. Pink, blue. May. Europe.
,, oblongifo'lium (oblong-leaved). See MERTENSIA

OBLONGIFOLIA.

„ oficina'lis(shop). i. Pink. April. Europe(England).
" Common Lungwort."

„ „ a'lba (white-flowered), i. White. June. England.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). See MERTENSIA PANICULATA.

,, parviflo'ra (small-flowered). See MERTENSIA MARI-
TIMA.

„ pube'scens (downy). See MERTENSIA PANICULATA.

,, ru'bra (red), i. Red. June. Transsylvania.

„ sacchara'ta (sugared), i. Pink. June. Europe. 1817.

,, sibi'rica (Siberian). See MERTENSIA SIBIRICA.

,, tubero'sa (tuberous). See P. ANGUSTIFOLIA.

,, virgin'ica (Virginian). See MERTENSIA PULMON-
ARIOIDES.

PULSATI'LLA REGELIA'NA. See ANEMONE REGELI-

AXA.

PULSATILLA VULGARIS. See ANEMONE PULSA-
TILLA.

PULTEN^A

721

PUSCHKINIA

PULTEN/E'A. (Named after Dr. Pulteny. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Gastrolobium.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs, from
Australia. Cuttings of the points of shoots as growth
is nearly finished, or, better still, small side-shoots, when
from 2 to 3 inches long, in sand, in April, under a bell-
glass ; two parts of sandy, fibrous peat to one part of
fibrous loam, with a little charcoal and good drainage.
Whiter temp., 40° to 48° ; summer, 60° to 75°- Plenty
of ah-, and screened from the full sun during the hottest
period of the year.
P arge'ntea (silvery). See P. DENTATA.

, arista'ta (awned). i*. May. 1824.

, a'spera (rough). See PHYLLOTA PHYLICOIDES.

, Ausfe'ldii (Ausfeld's). if. Australia. 1865.

, bi'loba (two-lobed). See P. SCABRA.

, brachy'tropis (short-keeled), ij. Purple, orange.

April. 1838.

„ ca'ndida (white). See P. TENUIFOLIA.
„ canefscens (hoary). See P. PLUMOSA.

„ como'sa (tufted). See PHYLLOTA PHYLICOIDES.

„ corda'ta (sharp-heaited-leaved). See P. JUNIPERINA.

„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. May. 1824.
„ cunea'ta (-wedge-leaved). See P. MICROPHYLLA.
„ daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). 2. April. 1792.

„ densifo'lia (dense-leaved). i|-2. May.

„ denta'ta (tooth-bracted). 2. June. 1820.
„ echi'nula (small-prickled). i£. April. 1823.

, elli'ptica (elliptic), i. May. 1810.

, ericoi'des (Erica-like). See AOTUS VILLOSA ERICOIDES.

, euchi'la (fine-lipped), i. May. 1824.

, fla'va (yellow). i£-2. May.

, fle'xilis (yielding), if. May. 1801.

, Gu'nnii (Gunn's). 2. Golden-yellow, striped
brownish-purple. 1885.

, hypola'mpra (brightish). See P. ELLIPTICA.

, incurva'ta (bent-in). 2. May. 1823.

, juniperi'na (juniper-/i'Ae). if. June. 1824.

, linophy'lla (flax-leaved). 2. April. 1789.

, microphy'lla, (small-leaved), i. May. 1810.

, mucrona'ta (pointed-leaved). See P. POLIFOLIA.

, na'na (dwarf). See CHORIZEMA ILICIFOLIUM.

, obcorda'ta (reversed-egg-leaved). 2. June. 1808.

, Oito'nis (Otto's). 1-2. May. 1857.

, oxalidifo'lia (Oxalis-leaved). See P. TERN ATA.

May. 1789.

. Yellow, marked with red.

, palea'cea (scaly),

, Paxto'ni (Paxton's).

1861.

„ peduncula'ta (/ong-flower-stalked). May. 1820.
,, plumo'sa (feathery), i£. April. 1824.
„ polifo'lia (Polium-leaved). 2. May. 1824.
„ polygalifo'lia (Poly gala-leaved). See P. VILLOSA.
„ 'procu'mbens (lying-down), f. April. 1823.
,, racemulo'sa (small- racemed). 2. April. 1820.
„ reticula'ta (netted). 2. June. 1820.
,, retu'sa (abrupt-ended), i. April. 1789.
„ ro'sea (rosy). i£-2. Pink. April, May. 1877.
„ rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). See P. POLIFOLIA.
„ rupe'stris (rock-inhabiting), i. 1845.
„ sca'bra (rough-leaved), i£. April. 1803.
„ squarro'sa (spreading). See PHYLLOTA PHYLICOIDES.

, stipula'ris (stipuled). 2. April. 1792.

, stri'cta (upright). 2. June. 1803.

, subumbella'ta (slightly- umbeUed). i. April. 1831.

, Swee'tii (Sweet's). See P. FLEXILIS.

, tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). i£. April. 1817.

, terna'ta (ternate). 2. April, May. 1825.

, thymifo'lia (thyme- leaved). See P. ELLIPTICA.

, vesti'ia (clothed). 3. April. 1803.
,, villi'fera ((hair-bearing). 2. May. 1824.
„ villo'sa (shaggy) of Willdenow. 2. May. 1790.

PU'NICA. Pomegranate. (From puniceus, scarlet ;
the colour of the flowers. Nat. ord. Loosestrifes [Lythr-
aceas]. Linn. i-z-Icosandria, i-Monogynia.)

Deciduous trees, all blooming in August. Cuttings of
the shoots and roots ; layers and graf ting ; any light,
rich soil. It flourishes against a wall, but hi such places
the twigs must be encouraged to grow, or there will be
few flowers. The double kinds grafted on the single,
and grown in rich loam, become nice flowering plants, as
the plants do not grow so vigorously as on their own roots,
but flower much longer.

P. Grana'tum (cowmen-grained). 18. Red. S. Europe;
Persia, &c. 1548.

P. Grana'tum albe'scens (whitish). 10. Whitish. China.
,, „ albe'scens fio're-ple'no (double- whitish). 10.

Whitish.

,, „ fta'vum (yellow). 10. Yellow.
„ „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered). 10. White and

pale yellow.

„ „ na'na (dwarf). 3-5. Red. Mauritius. 1823.
„ ,, ru'brum fio're-ple'no (double-red-flowered). 10.

Red. S. Europe.

„ na'na (dwarf). See P. GRANATUM NANA.
PUNNET. See BASKET.

PUPA. The various stages in the life of an insect
are the egg, the caterpillar or larva, the pupa, and the
perfect or winged form. The pupa of moths and butter-
flies is a resting stage, known also as a chrysalis, and is
sometimes enclosed hi a cocoon or case. The pupa of
grasshoppers, cockroaches, earwigs, and others is active
and not unlike the larva, or even the perfect form
without wings.

PUPA'LIA. (From Pupali, an East Indian name for
it. Nat. ord. Amarantaceae.)

Stove, evergreen shrubby plant. Cuttings hi sand, in
a propagating case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, and sand.

P. atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). 1^-2. Deep purple.
August, September. Trop. Asia and Africa. 1756.

PURPLE LOOSESTRffE. Ly'Otrum Salica'ria.

PURPLE MEDICK. Medico.' go sati'va.

PURPLE WREATH. Petre'avolu'bHis.

PURPUREXLA. Tibouchi'na.

PU'RSHIA. (Named after F. Pursh, writer on Ameri-
can plants. Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosaces]. Linn. 12-
Icosandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Chamaebatia.)

Hardy evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young shoots
in sand, under a hand light, hi early summer ; also by
seeds, treated as rose-seeds ; sandy, poor soil.
P. glandulo'sa (glandular). 2. Yellow- white, smelling

like cinnamon. N.W. Amer. 1898.
„ tridenta'ta (thiee-tooth-leaved) . 2. Yellow. N. Amer.
1826.

PU'RSHIA OF SPRENGEL. (Nat. ord. Boraginacea.)
See ONOSMODIUM.

P. hi'spida (hairy). See ONOSMODIUM HISPIDUM.
„ mo'llis (soft). See ONOSMODIUM MOLLE.

PURSLANE. (Portula'ca.) P. olera'cea, Green, or
Garden Purslane. P. sati'va, Golden Purslane.

A light, rich soil they thrive hi most, and they must
have a warm situation, as a south border. Sow in
February and early in March, in a moderate hotbed, to
remain where sown ; and at the close of March, and once
monthly, during April, May, and the summer months
until the end of August, hi the open ground.

Sow in drills 6 inches apart, very thta, and not more
than £ inch deep. Keep the seedlings clear of weeds,
and thin to 6 or 8 inches asunder. In dry weather
water moderately two or three tunes a week.

In general, they are ready for gathering from in six
weeks after sowing, the young shoots being made use of
from 2 to 5 niches hi length, and the plants branch
out 3.2 ain.

The hotbed crops require the ah- to be admitted as
freely as the weather permits, the temperature ranging
between 50° and 75°.

To obtain Seed. — A few of the earliest border-raised
plants must be left ungathered from, the strongest and
largest leaved being selected. They must be cut imme-
diately the seed is ripe, laid on a cloth, and when per-
fectly dry, thrashed, and the refuse is best separated by
means of a very fine sieve.

PURSLAKE-TREE. Portulaca'ria.

PUSCHKTNIA. (Named after M. Pouschkin, a
Russian botanist. Nat. ord. Lilyivorts [Liliaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Hyacinth.)

Half-hardy bulb. Offset-bulbs ; deep, sandy loam ;
requires a little protection, or to be taken up hi whiter.
P. libano'tica (Lebanon). See P. SCILLOIDES.
„ scilloi'des (Scilla-like). J. Pale blue. May. Asia

Minor. &c. 1819. " Striped Squill."
„ „ compa'cta (compact). Truss of flowers compact.
„ si'cula (Sicilian). See P. SCILLOIDES.

2 Z

PUSS MOTH

722

PYRETHRUM

PUSS MOTH. Ceru'ra vi'nula.

PUTO'RIA. (From putor, a foul smell ; the leaves are
strongly and disagreeably scented. Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

A small, evergreen shrubby plant. Divisions ; cuttings
in sand under a hand-light. Light, well-drained soil.
P. cala'brica (Calabrian). \. Red. July. Mediter-
ranean region. 1820.

PUTTERLrCKIA. (Commemorative of A. Putterlick,
a botanist of Vienna. Nat. ord. Celastraceae.)

Greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings in sand under a bell-
glass. Fibrous loam, a little peat and sand.
P. Pyracci'ntha (fiery-thorn). 2-3. Green and purple.

Winter. S. Africa.
,, verruca' sa (warty). 2-3. Green. S. Africa.

PUTTY is a compound of boiled linseed-oil and whiting,
but as it may be bought in London at half a guinea per
cwt., it is scarcely worth while to aiake it. One cwt.
is enough for puttying about three hundred square feet of
glass.

Old putty may be softened by applying to it rags
dipped in a' saturated solution of caustic potash, leaving
them on for twelve hours ; or by rubbing a hot iron
along the putty.

If the gardener does make putty, the whiting should
be well dried, and then pounded and sifted till it becomes
a fine powder, and is quite free from grit. The whiting,
a little warm, should be gradually added to the oil. and
well mixed by means of a piece of stick, or a spatula.
When it is sufficiently stiff, it should be well worked
with the hand on a table, and afterwards beaten on a
stone with a wooden mallet till it becomes a soft, smooth,
tenacious mass. A ball of putty, when left some days,
becomes somewhat hard, but may be easily softened by
beating.

PU'YA. (Native name. Nat. ord. Brpmeliads [Bro-
meliaceas]. Linn. Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials, except magni' 'spatha,
which is a stove epiphyte. Seeds in a hotbed, but chiefly
by suckers ; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 55°
to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. Acupu'lla (Acupulla). See P. BONPLANDIANA.
„ Altenstei'nii (Altenstein's). See PITCAIRNIA ALTEN-

STEINII.

» » giganttfa (gigantic). See PITCAIRNIA ALTEN-

STEINII GIGANTEA.

„ bonplandia'na (Bonplandian). Colombia.

„ cceru'lea (blue). See PITCAIRNIA CTCRULEA.

„ chilc'nsis (Chilian). 1-4. Scarlet. June, July. Chili.

1820.

„ coarcta'ia (compressed). See P. CHILENSIS.
„ flocco'sa (woolly- tufted). See PITCAIRNIA FLOCCOSA.
„ gi'gas (giant). 20-30. Whitish. Colombia. 1880.
„ grandifio'ra (large-flowered). See PITCAIRNIA FERRU-

GINEA.

„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). See PITCAIRNIA

HETEROPHYLLA.

„ lanugino'sa (woolly). 3-4. Pale sea-green. Peru.

1872.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See PITCAIRNIA HETERO-
PHYLLA.
„ fnagnt's£atfki(large-spathed). J. Green, white. May.

S. Amer. 1820.
„ maidifo'lia (Mays-leaved). See PITCAIRNIA MAIDI-

FOLIA.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). See PITCAIRNIA PHILIPPII.
„ pyramida'ta (pyramidal), i. Yellow. June. Peru.

1822.

„ recurva'ta (curled-back). See PITCAIRNIA RECURVATA.
„ Rce'zli (Rcezl's). See PITCAIRNIA RCEZLI.
„ rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). Blue, red. June. Chili.

1827.
„ spatha' cea (large-spathed). See PITCAIRNIA SPATH-

ACEA.

„ subero'sa (corky). See P. CHILENSIS.
„ sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). See PITCAIRNIA WEND-

LANDI.
„ thomasia'na (Thomasian). 3-5. Bluish-green. S.W.

Colombia. 1899.
„ tunare'nsis (Tunaran). Bolivia.
„ vire'scens (greenish). See PITCAIRNIA VIRESCENS.
„ Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). See PITCAIRNIA ATRO-

RUBENS.
„ Why'tci (Whyte's). See PITCAIRNIA OSRULEA.

PYCNA NTHEMUM. (From puknos, dense, and
anthemon, relating to the blooming time- of i
flowers densely arranged. Nat. ord. Labiate. Allied
to Origanum.)

Hardy, perennial herbs. Seeds ; divisions ; cuttings
in sand under a hand-light in summer. Ordinary
soil.

P. lanceola'tum (lance-shaped), i. Purple, with darker
spots on the lip. N. Amer. " Mountain
Mint."

„ pilo'sum (thinly-hairy). 1-2. White. July. N.
Amer. 1897. Aromatic.

PYCNO'STACHYS. (From puknos, dense, and stachys,
a spike ; dense flower-spikes. Nat. ord. Labiates
[Labiatse]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia.)

Stove annual herb and shrub. For culture, see
O'CIMUM.
P. cceru'lea. (blue). 3. Blue. August. Madagascar.

1825.
„ Da'wei (Dawe's). 4-6. Cobalt-blue. Uganda. 1907.

Perennial herb. Greenhouse.

„ urticifo'lia (nettle- leaved). Blue. Trop. Africa. 1863.
Shrubby.

PYGtfTRA BUCEPHALA. Buff-tip Moth. This moth
is from 2 to 3 inches across the opened fore-winus, which
are silvery-grey, crossed by a slender black line, and
preceded by a red one near the base of the wings, several
dusky bars in the middle, and with a large oval cream-
coloured patch, enclosing some small buff spots ; edged
with a curved red line, preceded by a black one ; the
edges of the wings varied, black, grey, and tawny red.
Hind-wings whitish ; body buff, dark brown at the sides,
and behind. The caterpillars are yellow, with black
legs, and several rows of interrupted black stripes.
Sometimes the green and black most prevail, so that the
yellow seems to constitute the bands. They are found
whilst young, thirty or forty together, on the leaves of
the filbert during August and September, but also on the
leaves of the elm, oak, &c. The chrysalis is found in the
earth ; it has two small points at its tail. The cater-
pillars are so large and conspicuous that hand-picking is
an easy and quick remedy.

PYRENACA'NTHA. (From pur en, the stone of a
fruit, and akantha, a thorn. Nat. ord. Olacacea?.)

A stove climber, with a fleshy rootstock more than
3 feet across. Cuttings of short side-shoots in sand,
placed in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, broken bricks, and sand.
P. malvifo'lia (mallow-leaved). 6-10. Greenish. Fruits
orange-red. E. Trop. Africa. 1906.

PYRE'THRUM. Feverfew. (From pur, fire ; alluding
to its acrid roots. Nat. ord. Composites [Composita?].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua. Now referred to
Chrysanthemum.)

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
P. anethifo'lium (dill-leaved). See CHRYSANTHEMUM

ANETHIFOLIUM.

„ Broussone'tii (Broussonet's). See CHRYSANTHEMUM
BROUSSONETII.

„ corono£i7o'/ittm(buckhorn-leaved). See CHRYSANTHE-
MUM GRANDIFLORUM.

,, diversifo'lium (variable-leaved). See BRACHYCOME

DIVERSIFOLIA.

,, frute'scens (shrubby). See CHRYSANTHEMUM FRUTE-

SCENS.

,, grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). See CHRYSANTHEMUM

GRANDIFLORUM.

„ specio'sum (showy). See CHRYSANTHEMUM GRANDI-
FLORUM.

HARDY ANNUALS.
P. breviradiaftum (short-rayed). See CHRYSANTHEMUM

CORONARIUM.

„ e'legans (elegant). See MATRICARIA MARITIMA.
,, i'ndicum (Indian). See CHRYSANTHEMUM INDICUM.
„ inodo'rum (scentless). See MATRICARIA INODORA.
„ parviflo'rum (small-flowered). See MATRICARIA INO-
DORA.
„ pra'cox (early). See MATRICARIA PR.ECOX.

PYROLA

723

PYRUS

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
P. achillecefo'lium (milfoil-leaved). See CHRYSANTHEMUM

ACHILLE/EFOLIUM.

,, alpi'num (alpine). See CHRYSANTHEMUM ALPINUM.
„ „ pube'scens (downy). See CHRYSANTHEMUM AL-
PINUM PUBESCENS.

„ Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). See CHRYSANTHEMUM CORO-

NOPIFOL1UM.

„ bipinna'tum (doubly-leafleted). See CHRYSANTHEMUM

BIPINNATUM.

,, Bocco'ni (Bocconi's). See CHRYSANTHEMUM BOCCONI.

„ cavca'sicum (Caucasian). See CHRYSANTHEMUM
CAUCASICUM.

„ ceratophylloi 'des (hornwort-like). See CHRYSANTHE-
MUM CORONOPIFOLIUM.

„ cineraria fo' Hum (Cineraria- like). See CHRYSANTHE-
MUM CINERARLCFOLIUM.

,, corymbo'sum (corymbed). See CHRYSANTHEMUM

CORYMBOSUM.

„ decaisnea'num (Decaisnean). See CHRYSANTHEMUM

DECAISNEANUM.

„ Halle'ri (Haller's). See CHRYSANTHEMUM CORONIPI-

FOLIUM.
„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). See CHRYSANTHEMUM

PALUSTRE.

„ leptophy'llum (fine-leaved). See TANACETUM LEPTO-

PHYLLUM.

„ leucopiloi'des (white-haired). See CHRYSANTHEMUM

LEUCOPILOIDES.

„ macrophy'llum (large-leaved). See CHRYSANTHEMUM

MACROPHYLLUM.

„ mandia'num (Mandian). ij. July. Isle of France.

1816.
„ mareina'tum (margined). See CHRYSANTHEMUM

MARGINATUM.

„ mari'timum (sea). See MATRICARIA MARITIMA.
,, ma'ximum (largest). See CHRYSANTHEMUM MAXIMUM.
„ millefolia'tum (thousand-leaved). See CHRYSANTHE-
MUM MILLEFOLIATUM.

„ palu'stre (marsh). See CHRYSANTHEMUM PALUSTRE.

„ parthenifo'litim (Parthenium-leaved). See CHRYSAN-
THEMUM PR.EALTUM.

„ Parthe'nium (cofntwon-pellitory). See CHRYSANTHE-
MUM PARTHENIUM.

„ „ flo' 're-pie1 no (double-flowered). See CHRYSANTHE-
MUM PARTHENIUM FLORE PLENO.

„ pinnati'fidum (deeply-cut-leaved) of Link. See CHRYS-
ANTHEMUM GRANDIFLORUM.

„ ro'seum (rosy). See CHRYSANTHEMUM COCCINEUM.

,, starckia'num (Starckian). See CHRYSANTHEMUM

STARCKIANUM.

„ Tchihatchefwii (Tchihatcheff s). See MATRICARIA

TCHIHATCHEWII.

„ uligino'sum (marsh). See CHRYSANTHEMUM ULIGIN-

OSUM.

PY'ROLA. Winter-green. (From pyrus, a pear-tree ;
resemblance of the leaves. Nat. ord. Winter-greens
[Ericaceae]. Linn. io-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Chimaphila.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divisions in
a shady, sandy peat-border.
P. asarifo'lia (Asarum-leaved). See P. ROTUNDIFOLIA

ASARIFOLIA.

,, fhlora'ntha (greenish- yellow-flowered). Green, yellow.
Europe ; N. Amer. 1818.

,, convolu'ta (rolled- together). See P. CHLORANTHA.

„ corymbo'sa( corymbose). See CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA.

„ denia'ta (toothed-leaved). See P. PICTA.

„ elli'ptica (oval-leaved). $. White. N. Amer. 1818.

,, macula'ta (blotched). See CHIMAPHILA MACULATA.

„ me'dia (intermediate). $. White, red. Europe
(England).

„ mi'nor (smaller). |. Red. N. temperate regions
(Britain).

„ occidenta'lis (western). See P. CHLORANTHA.

,, pi' eta (painted). Yellow. N. Amer. 1827.

„ ro'sea (rosy). See P. MINOR.

„ rotundifo'lia (round- leaved). \. White. N. tempe-
rate regions (Britain). " Canker Lettuce."

,, „ asarifo'lia (Asarum-leaved). i. Green, yellow. 1822.

,, secu'nda (side-floit-ering) . $. White. N. temperate
regions (Britain).

,, umbella'ta (umbellate). See CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA.

„ uniflo'ra (single-flowered). See MONESES GRANDI-
FLORA.

PYROLTRJON. Flame Lily. (From pur, fire, and
lirion, a Uly. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Referred to Zepbyr-
anthes.)

P. au'reum (golden). See ZEPHYRANTHES AUREA.
„ fla'vum (yellow). See ZEPHYRANTHES FLAVA.

PYRRHETMA. (From purrhos, reddish, and eima,
clothing ; the plant is covered with reddish-brown hairs.
Nat. ord. Commelinaceae.)

Stove perennial herb. Cuttings in bottom-heat.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

P. Loddige'sii (Loddiges'). i. Blue. Brazil. 1820.
„ mi'nus (lesser). See P. LODDIGESII.

PYRRHOPA'PPUS. (From purrhos, ruddy or reddish,
and pappus ; the reddish pappus is a distinguishing
mark of the genus. Nat. ord. Compositae. Allied to
Taraxacum.)

An annual or perennial herb. Seeds. Ordinary soil.
P. carolinia'nus (Carolinian). £-1. Yellow. N. Amer.
" False Dandelion."

PYRULA'RIA. (From Pyrus, the pear ; the fruit re-
sembles that of the pear. Nat. ord. Santalaceae.)

A half-hardy, deciduous shrub. Cuttings in a cold
frame in autumn. Light, sandy loam.
P. olei'fera (oil-bearing). See P. PUBERA.
„ pu'bera (downy). 3-12. Greenish. N. Amer. 1800.
" Buffalo Nut," " Oil Nut."

PY'RUS. (From pirum or Pyrum, a pear, and pirus
or pyrus, a pear-tree ; the old Latin names. Nat.
ord. Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, 2-Di-
Pentagynia.)

Hardy deciduous trees, white-flowered, except where
otherwise mentioned. Seeds for stocks and new varieties;
as, also, in the case of the timber-trees, for the continu-
ance of the species ; but for all particular sorts, by
budding and grafting upon wild pears, apples, quinces,
and thorns, according to the future effects required ;
also by suckers ; good garden soil, and deep, loamy soil
for the wild varieties. See PEAR, APPLE, and QUINCE.

The genus Pyrus includes pears, apples, white beam,
service, and other trees, and the seven separate lists
given below will show at a glance the affinities and char-
acters of the various species.

PEARS (Pyro'phorum).

P. amygdalifo'rmis (almond-formed). 15. May. S.

Europe, &c. 1810.
„ ,, oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved).
„ auricula'ris (eared). 15-40. April, May. A hybrid

(P.Ariaxcommunis). Europe. 1786.
„ Bala'nsa (Balansa's). Persia.
„ bctulafo'lia. (birch-leaved). 10-20. April. China

and Japan. 1879.

bollwylleria'na (Bollwyllenan). See P. AURICULARIS.
cane'~scens (hoary). April. Origin doubtful.
commu'nis (common). 20-30. April. Europe

(England) ; Asia. " Wild Pear."
„ A'chras (Achras). 20. April.
„ Bri'ggsii (Briggs's). See P. CORDATA.
„ „ cotinifo'lia (Cotinus-leaved). 15. April.
,, „ fascicula'ris (bundled). 10-15. April.
„ „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered). 20. April.
,, „ fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 20. April.
,, „ fru'ctu variega'to (variegated-fruited). 20. April.
i> » jaspi'dea (striped-barked). 20. April.
„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). 10-15. ApriL A weeping

variety.

„ „ Pyra'sfer (Pyraster). 20. April.
„ ., sanguinole'nta (blood-coloured). 20. April.
„ „ sati'va (cultivated). 20-30. April.
,, corda'ta (heart-shaped). 15-20. April. Europe, &c.
„ dcsagrifo'lia (wild-olive-leaved). 20. April. Cau-

causus ; Asia Minor. 1806.
„ gla'bra (smooth). Persia.
„ helerophy'lla (various-leaved). Leaves entire, deeply

cut or intermediate. Asia. 1888.
,, ,, Koopma'nni (Koopmann's).
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). 15-20. White. May.

Himalaya.

„ japo'nica (Japanese). See CYDONIA JAPONICA.
„ leucoca'rpa (white- fruited). Fruit dull white or

creamy, depressed. 1879.

PYRUS

724

PYRUS

P. lo'nf>ipes (lone-stalked). Algeria.
„ tnaiifo'lia (apple-leaved). Hybrid origin.
,, Mtc&aM'rtfMichaux's). 15-20. May. Asia (?). 1837.
,, niva'lis (snowy). 6-15. April, May. Levant, &c.

1806.
„ „ salvifo'lia (sage-leaved). 6-15. April, May.

Leaves broader. France. 1806.
„ ,, variega'ta (variegated). 6-15. April.
„ orienta'lis (oriental). See P. SALICIFOLIA.
,, parvifto'ra (small-flowered). See P. AMYGDALIFORMIS.
,, Pi'shia (Pashia). 30-50. May. India. 1825.
„ Pollve'ria (Bollwyllerian). See P. AURICULARIS.
,, salici folia (willow-leaved). 20. May. Levant. 1780.
„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). 10-15. May. A weeping

variety.

„ salvifo'lia (sage-leaved). See P. NIVALIS SALVIFOLIA.
„ sina'ica (Sinaian). 20. May. Asia Minor. 1820.
„ sine'nsis (Chinese). 15. White. May. China. 1820.

" Sand Pear."
„ „ Simo'nii (Simon's). 15. White. May. China.

1872.

„ tomento'sa (felted) of Moench. See P. AURICULARIA.
„ Tschono'skii (Tschonosky's). 15-20. White, flushed

red. April. Japan. 1894.
„ ussuriSnsis (Ussurian). See P. SINENSIS.
„ variola' sa (variable). See P. PASHIA.

APPLES (Ma'lus).

P. ace'rba (sour). See P. MALUS ACERBA.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 20. Pink. May.

United States. 1750.
„ astraca'nica (Astrachan). See P. MALUS ASTRA-

CANICA.
„ bacca'ta (berried). 15-25. Pink. April. Himalaya,

&c., to Japan. 1784. " Siberian Crab."
„ ,, pe'ndula (drooping). A weeping variety.
„ corona' ria (garland). 20. Pink, fragrant. May.

Eastern United States. 1724. " American Crab

Apple."
„ „ fto're pit! no (double-flowered). 20. Pink, double,

sweet-scented. May. 1893.
„ denticula'ta (finely- toothed). China (?).
„ dioi'ca (dioecious). See P. MALUS DIOICA.
„ floribu'nda (free-flowering). 8-10. May. Japan.

1818.
„ „ atrosangui'nea (dark-blood-red). 8-10. Crimson

in bud, paler when open. May.

„ ,, citrifo'lia polype' tola (citron-leaved, many-petaled).
„ hallia'na (Haitian). 8-10. Rosy-red, semidouble.

May. Origin doubtful. 1888.
„ iofnsis (lowan). 10-15. Pink. May. United States.

" Prairie States Crab."
„ Ma'lus (Malus). 20-30. Pink. May. Europe

(Britain), &c. " Crab Apple."
„ ,, ace'rba (sour). 20. Pink. April, May. Europe

(Britain).
„ „ a'lba ple'na (double- white). 20. White. April,

May.
„ „ astraca'nica (Astrachan). 20. Pink. May.

Astrachan. 1810.
„ ,, au'rea (golden). Leaves yellow, with a central

green blotch. 1889.
„ „ Berti'ni (Bertin's). Fruits brightly coloured,

abundant.

„ „ cocci 'nea (scarlet). 20. Bright red. May.
„ „ crates' gina (Crataegus-like). Fruit with persistent

sepals. 1 88 1.

„ „ dioi'ca (dioecious). 10. Pink. May. 1818.
„ „ fle'xilis (flexuous). 10-15. fink. April.
„ ,, fto're a'lbo ple'no (double- white-flowered). 20-25.

White, double. May.
„ ,, nti'tis (mild). 20. Pink. Young leaves and fruit

hairy. May. Britain.

,./ „ monstro'sa (monstrous). i5-2a Pink. May.
„ „ nervo'sa (nerved). 20. Pink. May.
- t» it pe'ndula (drooping). A weeping variety.
„ ,, prtz'cox (early). 10. Blush. April. Russia.

1784. " Paradise."
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). 20. Rose. May.
„ „ sempeni'rens (evergreen). 15-20. Pink. May.

Siberia. 1814. " Evergreen Crab."
„ niedzwctzkya'na (Niedzwetzkyan). 5-10. Purple.

May. Caucasus. 1902.
„ orthoca'rpa (straight-fruited). 10. Pink. May.

Japan.

P. Parkma'nni (Parkmann's). See P. HAU.IANA.
„ prce'cox (early). See P. MALUS PR.CCOX.
„ prunifo'lia (plum-leaved). 20. Pink. May. Siberia,

&c. 1758.
„ „ cerasifo'rmis (cherry- formed). Fruit red and

yellow.

,, „ chloroca'rpa (green-fniited). Fruit nrr-< -n.
ii ,, fto're ple'no (double-flowered). Flowers double

pink.
„ „ fru'ctu cocci'nea (scarlet-fruited). Fruit scarlet

or crimson. 1900.

„ „ fru'ctu du'lcis (sweet-fruited). Fruit sweet, eat-
able.

,, „ intermedia (intermediate).
„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). Pink. May. A weeping

variety.

„ „ xanthoca'rpa (yellow-fruited). Fruit yellow.
„ Ri'ngo (Ringo). 10-15. Rose and white. Fruit

yellow. May. Japan. 1881.
„ „ fastigia'ta (upright). Branches upright.
„ ,, subloba'ta (somewhat-lobed). Leaves lobed.
,, rivula'ris (brook). 15-20. White. April, May.

N. California to Alaska. 1836. " Oregon Crab

Apple."

„ „ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved).
„ Scheidecke'ri (Scheidecker's). 5-10. Rose. May.

(P. prunifolia x ftoribunda.)
„ Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). See P. TORINGO.
„ sikkime'nsis (Sikkim). Pink. May. India.
„ specta'bilis (showy). 20-2-. Rosy-pink. May.

China ; Japan. 1780. " Chinese Apple."
„ „ fto're a'lbo (white-flowered). 20. White. May.
ii „ fto're ple'no (double-flowered). 20. Rosy-pink,

semidouble.
„ „ Kiii' do (Kaido). 15-20. Blush-white. Japan.

1874.

„ ,, Rive'rsii (Rivers'). Large, deep crimson in bud.
„ tomento'sa (felted) of Decandolle. Pink. May.

Siberia.

„ Tori'ngo (Toringo). 10. White to pink. May. Japan.
„ „ ma'jor (larger). 10-15. Pink. May.
„ „ Ri'ngo (Ringo). See P. RINGO.
„ Tori' ngox specta'bilis fto're ple'no (double-Toringo) .

10. Flesh, double.

WHITE BEAM TREES (A' ria}.

P. alnifo'lia (alder-leaved). White. May. Japan ;

China.
„ alpi'na (alpine). 3-6. White. May. 1879. (P.

arbutifolia xAria.)

„ „ compa'cta, (compact). 3. White. May.
,, ,, supera'ria (Aria-like). 3-10. White. May.
,, A' ria (Aria). 40. White. May. N. temperate

zone (Britain). " White Beam.
,, ,, acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 40. May. Europe.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 30-40. May.
„ arioi'des (Aria-like). 30-40. May.
„ bulla'ta (blistered). 30. May. S. Europe.
„ chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). Leaves golden.
,, cre'tica (Cretan). 30. May. Crete.
„ ftabellifo'rmis (fan-formed).' Leaves broad, plicate.
,, gra'ca (Greek). Leaves very white. Greece.
,, hitnala'ica (Himalayan). Leaves i-ij ft. long,
white felted beneath. 1902.
,, latifo'lia (broad- leaved). See P. ROTUNDIFOLIA.
,, lute'scens (yellowish). Leaves yellow.
,, obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 40. May. Europe.
„ quercoi'des (oak-like). Leaves deeply lobed.
„ rugo'sa (wrinkled). 30. May. S. Europe.
„ rupi'cola (rock-loving). See P. RUPICOLA.
„ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). Leaves long and
narrow.

„ sulphu'rea (sulphur). Leaves sulphur- yellow.
,, undula'ta (waved). 30. May. S. Europe.
auricula' 'ta (eared). 20-30. May. Egypt. 1800.

This is probably a form of P. pinnatifida.
Chamezme'spilus (ground-Medlar). 8. White, tinted
rose. May. Alps of Europe. 1683.
„ Ho'stii (Host's). See P. HOSTII.
Conwe'ntzii (Conwentz's). 15-20. May. (P. Ariax

suecica.) Pomerania. 1899.
cratagifo'lia (Crataegus-leaved). 15. May. N. Italy.

1800.

crena'ta (scolloped). See P. VESTITA.
decaisnea'na (Decaisnean). May. Origin unknown.

PYRUS

725

QUAMOCLIT

P. densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). See P. ALPINA.
„ cdu'lis (eatable). See P. ARIA.
„ fe'nnica (Finland). See P. PINNATIFIDA.
„ glabra'ta (smooth). May. Origin doubtful.
., Ho'stii (Host's). 8-10. Rosy-pink. May. Austrian

Alps. 1877. (P. AriaxChamcEmespilus.)
„ interim' dia (intermediate). 40. May. Europe

(England). 1789.

,, „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 10-20. May.
„ ,. laiifo'lia (broad- leaved). 30-40. May. France ;

Denmark. 1789.

„ lana'ta (woolly). 15. April. Himalaya. 1818.
„ pinnatifirda (deeply-cut). 40-50. May. Europe

(Island of Arran, Scotland).
„ „ fastigia'ta (upright). Branches upright.
„ rotundifo'lia (round- leaved). 14-40. May. Europe.
„ rupi'cola (rock-loving). 4-10. May. Leaves white

beneath. Britain.
„ tormina' Us (gripping). 30-50. May. Europe

(England). " Wild Service."
„ triloba'ta (three-lobed). 20. May. Leaves 3~7-lobed.

Syria. 1810.
„ vesti'ta (clothed). 20-30. May, June. India. 1820.

MOUNTAIN ASHES (So'rbus).

P. america'na (American). 15-20. May. N. Amer.
1782. " American Mountain Ash."

„ „ fru'ctu a'lbo (white-fruited). Fruit white.

„ 'microca'rpa ( small- f ruited) . 10. Fruits small.
N. Amer.

„ „ na'na (dwarf). 4-5. May.

„ Aucupa'ria (fowler's). 20-30. May. Northern
Hemisphere (Britain). " Mountain Ash " or
" Rowan."

„ „ asplenifo'lia (Asplenium-leaved). Leaves much
cut.

„ „ Backhou'sei (Backhouse's).

„ „ di'scolor (two-coloured). Leaves hoary beneath.
Eastern Siberia. 1891.

„ „ du'lcis (sweet). Fruit sweet.

„ „ du'lcis lacinia'ta (deeply-cut). Leaves deeply cut.
A sport. 1899.

„ „ fastigia'ta (upright). 30. May. Branches up-
right, rigid.

„ ., lo'liis variega'tis (variegated- leaved). Leaves
variegated. Britain.

„ „ fru'ctu lu'teo (yell9w-f ruited). 30. May. Britain.

„ „ Hodgi'nsii (Hodgins's).

„ ,, japo'nica (Japanese). White. May. Leaves
smooth and green on both sides. Japan. 1909.

„ „ madere'nsis (Madeira). White. May. Leaves smooth
when adult, small. Madeira. 1907.

„ „ mora'vica (Moravian). Leaves deeply cut.

„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). " Weeping Mountain Ash."

„ „ pe'ndula. Dawso'nii (Dawson's drooping). " Daw-
son's Weeping Mountain Ash."

„ „ pe'ndula variega'ta( variegated-drooping). "Varie-
gated Weeping Mountain Ash."

„ ,, satureifo'lia (savoury-leaved).

,, dome'stica (domestic). See P. SORBUS.

„ foliolo'sa (leafy). 15-20. White, sweet-scented. June.
Himalaya ; W. China. 1904.

,, hy'brida (hybrid). 10-20. May. 1800. (P. arbuii-
folia X Aucuparia.)

„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). May. Fruit dark purple.

„ lanugino'sa (woolly). 20-30. May. Tree upright.
Eastern Europe.

„ microca'rpa (small-fruited). See P. AMERICANA

MICROCARPA.

„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). Himalaya.
,, mi'nima (smallest). Britain.

,, neuillye" nsis (Neuillyan). Garden origin. (P. Aucu-
paria x hybrida (?).)
„ occidenta'lis (western). 5-10. May. Washington,

Oregon, &c. 1897.
„ pohuashane'nsis (Pohuashan). Closely related to P.

Aucuparia. Mountains near Pekin. 1901.
„ reftexipe'lala (reflexed-petaled). White ; petals

reflexed. Leaflets 11-17, almost glabrous. Japan (?).

1906.
„ sambucifo'lia (Sambucus-leaved). 20. May, June.

North-eastern Asia ; N. Amer. 1818.
„ sero'tina (late). White; petals reflexed. Leaflets

9-13 ; rachis covered with rusty hairs, ultimately

smooth. Japan (?). 1906.

P. So'rbus (Sorbus). 20-30. May. Europe (England).

" Service Tree."

„ „ malifo'rmis (apple-formed). 30. May.
»t ,, Pyrifo'rmis (pear-formed). 30. May.
„ thianscha'nica (Thianschan). 10-20. May. Eastern

Asia. 1890.

ARONIAS (Adeno' rachis}.

P. arbutifo'lia (Arbutus-leaved). 4-6. May. Fruit dark
red or black. N. Amer. 1700. " Choke-berry."

„ „ intermedia (intermediate). 3-4. May. Fruit
brown.

„ „ melanoca'rpa (black-fruited). 3-5. May. Fruit
large, black. N. Amer. 1700.

„ „ pu'mila (dwarf), i-ij. May. Fruit reddish-
black. Plant rooting at the joints.

„ „ sero'tina (late). 3-4. May. Fruit late, parti-
coloured.

„ depre'ssa (depressed). See P. ARBUTIFOLIA PUMII.A.

„ ftoribu'nda (free-flowering) of Lindley. See P. ARBUTI-
FOLIA.

„ Folgne'ri (Feigner's). 10-30. White. May. Central
China. 1910.

,, grandifo'lia (large-leaved). See P. ARBUTIFOLIA.

„ melanoca'rpa (black- fruited). See P. ARBUTIFOLIA

MELANOCARPA.

„ ni'gra (black). 3-5. May. Fruit black. N.Amer. 1890.
,, pu'bens (downy). See P. ARBUTIFOLIA.

FALSE QUINCE (Pseudocydo'nia).
P. Delava'yi (Delavay's). Yunnan, China.

MEDLAR (Me'spilus).
P. germa'nica (German). 12-15. White. May, June.

Europe (England), Asia. 1596. " Medlar."
»» » diffu'sa (diffuse). 12. June. Europe.
„ „ stri'cta (upright). 12. June. Europe. Sub-
evergreen.

,, ,, sylve'stris (wild). 6-10. June. Tree spiny.
„ loba'ta (lobed). 15-20. White. May, June. Garden
origin (?). 1800.

PYXIDANTHE'RA. (From puxis, a box, and anlhera,
an anther ; the shape of the anthers. Nat. ord.
Diapensiaceae.)

A perennial herb or tiny creeping shrub. Seeds or
divisions. Peat, loam, and sand. It is better for being
cultivated in pots so that it may be kept dry overhead
in winter, in a cold frame.

P. barbula'ta (finely- bearded). £. White. June. N.
Amer. 1851. " Pine-barren Beauty."

QUAKING GRASS. Brfza.

QUA'LEA. (The name in Guiana. Nat. ord. Vochy~
siads [Vochysiaceae]. Linn. i~Monandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Vochysia.)

Stove evergreen tree. By seeds in a hotbed, and
cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sandy soil, under a
bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
Q. ro'sea (rosy). Violet. Brazil. 1824.
„ viola' cea (violet). See Q. ROSEA.

QUA'MOCLIT. (From kuamos, a kidney-bean, and
klitos, dwarf ; resemblance of habit. Nat. ord. Bind-
weeds [Convolulaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.
Now referred to Ipomoea].

Seeds in a hotbed, and cuttings of the points and side-
shoots of growing stems, the former plan being adopted
chiefly with annuals, and the latter with perennials ; the
annuals being generally grown out of doors after the
end of May, and the perennials in the plant stove.

STOVE PERENNIAL TWINERS.
Q. globo'sa (globular). See IPOMOZA HARTWEGI.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See IPOMCEA FUNIE.
,, longiflo'ra (long-flowered). See IPOMOSA BONA-NOX.
„ Natio'nis (Nation's). See IPOMCEA NATIONIS.
„ pa'tula (spreading). 6. Scarlet. Mexico. 1826.

Evergreen.
,, sangui'nea (bloody). See IPOMOEA HEDERIFOLIA.

QUAQUA

726

QUERCUS

STOVE ANNUAL TWINERS.

Q. cocci'nea (scarlet). See IPOMCEA COCCINEA.
„ digita'ta (hand-leaved). See IPOMCEA DIGITATA.
„ hederifo'lia (ivy-leaved). See IPOMCEA HEDERIKOLIA.
„ lu'teola (yellowish). See IPOMCEA COCCINFA.
„ phasni'-cea (crimson). See IPOMCEA COCCINEA.
„ sero'tina (late-Wooming). See IPOMCEA SEROTINA.

tri'loba ( three-lobed) . See IPOMCEA TRILOBA.
„ vulga'ris (common). See IPOMCEA QUAMOCLIT.
„ „ albiflo'ra (white-flowered). See IPOMCEA QUAMO-
CLIT ALBA.

QUA'QUA. (The native name given by the Hotten-
tots. Nat. ord. Asclepiadaoeae.)

A dwarf succulent, eaten by the Hottentots. Cuttings
allowed to get partly dried 'before insertion in sand in
a dry stove ; also seeds. Loam, finely broken bricks,
and sand in equal proportions. Keep it very dry in
winter.

Q. Hottentoto'rum (Hottentots'). i- Pale yellow.
Namaqualand, S.W. Africa. 1873.

QUARARI'BEA. (Probably from the native name.
Nat. ord. Malvaceae. Allied to Fremontia.)

A large stove shrub or tree. Cuttings of half-ripe
wood in sand in a close case with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.

Q. turbina' ta (top-shaped). 6-15. White, large. Brazil.
1793-

QUA'SSIA. (From the name of a slave (Quassi), who
first used the bark as a febrifuge. Nat. ord. Quassiails
[Simarubaceap]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen tree, the source of the well-known
Quassia-chips, used for poisoning flies ; the bitter has
also been substituted for hops. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy, rich loam
and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 55° to 65° ; summer,
65° to 90°.
Q. ama'ra (bitter). 20. Red. June. Guiana. 1790.

" Surinam Quassia."

„ exce'lsa (lofty). See SIMARUBA EXCELSA.
„ Simaru'ba (Simaruba). See SIMARUBA AMARA.

QUEBEC OAK. QuSrcus a'lba.

QUEEN LILY. Phadrana'ssa.

QUEEN OF THE MEADOW. Spira'a Ulnta'ria.

QUEKE'TTIA. (Commemorative of E. J. Quekett, a
vegetable anatomist. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove orchids. Divisions when growth is commencing.
Fibre of peat, sphagnum, and plenty of crocks in the pots.
Q. Jenma'ni (Jenman's). J. White, small. British

Guiana. 1906.
„ microsco'pica (microscopic). J. Yellow. Brazil.

QUENOUILLE is a fruit-tree with a central stem, and
its branches trained in horizontal tiers, the lowest boin^
the longest, and the others gradually lessening in length
as they do in age ; so that the tree, like a spruce-fir,
acquires a pyramidal form.

QUERCITRON. Que'rcus tincto'ria.

QUE'RCUS. The Oak. (From the Celtic quer, fine,
and cuez, a tree. Nat. ord. Mastworls [Cupuliferae].
Linn. 2i-Moncecia, g-Polyandria.)

By acorns, sown as they drop from the tree ; or col-
lected, dried, and kept packed in sand, in a dry place,
until the following March, when they may be sown in
rows, and covered half an inch deep ; deep, loamy soil
they like best. Particular varieties are kept up by
grafting.

Q. acu'ta (acute). Japan. 1884. " Akakasi." Ever-
green.

„ „ a'lbo-ne'rvia (white-nerved). Leaves white-veined.
„ „ 6am6ustf'/o//ta(Bambusa-leaved). Leaves narrow.
„ ,, ro'seo-ne'rvia (rosy-nerved). Leaves rosy-veined.
„ jE'gilops (^Egilops). 20. Levant. 1731. " Valonia

Oak."

„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved).
„ „ macro'lepis (large-scaled). Crete ; Greece.
,, „ pe'ndula (drooping).
„ „ Pyra'mi (Pyramus's).
„ „ Unge'ri (Uneer's).

„ agrifo'lia (scabby- leaved). May. 1837. California.
1837. " Encina."

Q.

a'lba (white). 60. May. N. Amer. 1724. " White

Oak."
,, pinnati'fida (deeply-cut-leaved}. 60. May. N.

Amer. 1724.

,, repa'nda (wavy-leaved). 60. May. N. Amer.
Albe'rti (Albert's). Leaves large, oniamental. 1905.
alie'na (alien). China; Corea ; Japan. 1900.
alnifo'lia (alder-leaved). Leaves golden beneath.

Mountains of Cyprus. 1880. Half-hardy. " Golden

Cyprus Oak."

ambi'gua (ambiguous). See Q. RUBRA.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Japan. Evergreen.
apenni'na (Apennine). See Q. PEDUNCULATA.
aqua'tica mari'tima (sea). See P. NIGRA.
auslra'lis (southern). See Q. LUSITANICA.
austri'aca semprrvfrcns (evergreen- Austrian). See

Q. TURNFRI.
Ballo'ta (Ballota). 60. May. Spain, Portugal.

" Sweet Acorn Oak."
batnbuseefo'lia (Bambusa-leaved). See Q. ACUTA

BAMBUS^FOLIA.

Baniste'ri (Banister's). See Q. ILICIFOLIA.

bi' color (two-coloured). 70. N. Amer. 1800.

" Swamp White Oak."
Buerge'rii (Buerger's). See Q. ACUTA.
calyci'na (/arg«-calyxed). May. Europe.
castaneafo'lia (chestnut-leaved). 60. Caucasus.

1846.

castella'na (Castile). See Q. ILEX.
Catesba'i (Catesby's). 15. May. N. Amer. 1823.
Ce'rris (bitter oak). 50. May. S. Europe. 1735.
" Turkey Oak."

,, austri'aca (Austrian). 40. May. Austria. 1824.
„ ca'na ma'jor (larger-hoary-/<rawd). May. S.
Europe.

,, ca'iia mi'nor (lesser-hozry-lcaved). May. S.
Europe.

,, cri'spa (crisped). 60-70. Leaves crisped.
„ denta'ta (toothed). See Q CERRIS FULHAMF.NSIS.
,, fulhame'nsis (Fulham). 80. May. '* Fulliain
Oak."

,, fulhame'nsis latifo'lia (broad-leaved). " Broad-
leaved Fulham Oak."

,, lacinia'la (cut-leaved). Leaves deeply and irregu-
larly cut.

„ lucombea'na (Lucombean). See Q. LUCOMBEANA.
„ pe'ndula (drooping). 50. May. S. Europe.
„ Ra'gnal (Ragnal). See Q. CERRIS.
„ subpere'nnis (subperennial). See Q. CERRIS FUL-

HAMENSIS.

„ variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 50. May. S. Europe.
chryso'lfpis (golden-scaled). Oregon;' California.

" Maul Oak."
cine'rea (grey). 10-20. May. Southern United

States. i7'8Q. " Blue Jack."
cocci'fera (kermes-bearing). 10. May. S. Europe.

1683. " Kermes Oak."
cocci'nea (scarlet). 50. May. N. Amer. 1691.

" Scarlet Oak."
confe'rta (crowded). 40. May. Italy to Hungary, &c.

1739-

Coo'kii (Captain Cook's). See ILEX GRAMUNTIA.
crena'ta (scolloped). See Q. PSEUDO-SUBER.
cri'spula (finely-crisped). Japan. " Nara gasi."

,, grosseserra' (a (coarsely-sawed).
cunea'ta (wedge-shaped). April. United States.

" Spanish Oak."
cupressoi 'des (cypress-like). See Q. PEDUNCULATA

FASTIGIATA.

cuspida'ta (short-pointed). Japan. 1879. Evergreen.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). Japan.

,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Japan.

,, variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated. 1879.
Dalecha'mpii (Dalechamp's). S. Europe.
Dai'mio pinnati'fida (deeply-cut). See Q. DENTATA.
dealb'ata (whitened). May. Nepaul. 1828.
densifto'ra (dense-flowered). Oregon ; California.

1865. " Tan Bark Oak."
denta'ta (toothed). Leaves one foot long or more.

Japan. 1888. " Kashiwa."
digita'ta (hand-leaved). See Q. CUNEATA.
Dougla'sii (Douglas's). California. " Blue Onk."
E'sculus (eatable). See Q. CERRIS.
evpa'nsa (spreading). See Q. ILEX.
fagi'nta (beech-like). See Q. LUSITANICA.
falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 80. May. N. Amer. 1763

QUERCUS

727

QUERCUS

Q. ferrugi'nea (rusty). See Q. MARILANDICA.
„ frtttico'sa (shrubby). See Q. HUMILIS.
„ Gambe'lii (Gambel's). Colorado, &c. " Shin Oak."
„ garrya'na (Garryan). North-western Amer.
,, georgia'na (Georgia). 2-3. Autumn leaves scarlet.

Georgia. 1888.

„ gi'lva (pale- yellow). Japan. Evergreen.
„ gla'bra (smooth). Japan. 1879. Evergreen.
„ glanduli'fera (gland-bearing). Japan. 1880. " Io-

darae." Evergreen.
„ glau'ca (milky-green). 30. Japan. 1822. " Ara

kasi."

„ Gramu'ntia (Grammont). See Q. ILEX GRAMUNTIA.
„ Ha'a* (Haas). See Q. PEDUNCULATA HAAS.
„ haliphle'os (sea-side). See Q. PSEUDO-SUBER.
„ hemisphce'rica (half-globe). See P. NIGRA.
„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 40. May. N. Amer.
„ Hi'ndsii (Hinds's). See Q. LOBATA.
„ hu'milis (low). 2-12. May. Western Mediterranean

region. 1824.

,, hy'brida (hybrid). See O. LUSITANICA.
„ I'lex (holly). 60. May. Mediterranean region.

" Holm Oak," " Holly Oak," " Evergreen Oak."
„ ,, cri'spa (cuxled-leaved) . 60. May. S. France. ,
„ ,, diversifo'lia (diverse-leaved).
., „ fagifo'lia (beech- leaved), to. May. S. France.

1781.

,, ,, fastigia'ta (upright). See Q. ILEX FORDII.
,, „ Fo'rdii (Ford's). Branches erect.
„ „ Gena'bii (Genab's).
„ ,, Gramu'ntia (Grammont). 40. June. France.

1736-
,, ,, integrifo'lia (en tire- leaved). 60. May. S. France.

1581.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 60. May. S. France.

1781.

,, „ longifo'lia (long-leaved).
,, „ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Leaves large.
,, ,, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). June. Spain. 1818.
„ „ serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 60. May. S. France.

1781.

,,. „ Smi'lax (Smilax-leaved) .
„ ,, variega'ta (variegated-leaved).
„ ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 6. N. Amer. 1800. " Bear

Oak."
„ imbrica'ria (tiled). 40. June. N. Amer. 1786.

" Shingle Oak."
„ inca'na (hoary). 40. Himalaya. 1818. Evergreen.

Half-hardy.

,, infecto'ria (dying). Levant. 1812.
„ „ Cy'pri (Cyprus).

,, insi'gnis (remarkable). 60. Mexico. 1846.
,, inve'rsa (inverted). See Q. THALASSICA.
„ Kello'ggii (Kellogg's). Oregon and California.
,, lana'ta (woolly-tear^). See Q. INCANA.
,, lanugino'sa (woolly). Europe ; W. Asia.
„ „ disse'cta (cut). Leaves deeply cut.
,, ,, pe'ndula (drooping). A weeping form.
„ laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 60. May. N.Amer. 1786.
„ „ hy'brida (hybrid). 60. May. N. Amer. 1786.
,, lauri'na (laurel-like). 30. Mexico. 1837.
„ lea' no, (Lean). United States.
„ lezermia'na (Lezermian). May. S. Europe.
„ Li'bani (Lebanon). 30. Asia Minor. 1870. "Lebanon

Oak."

„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved).
,, ,, macroca'rpa (large-fruited).
„ loba'ia (lobed). California. 1865. " Valley Oak."
„ lucombea'na (Lucombean). 80. May. 1772. " Lu-

combe Oak." (? Q. CerrisxSuber.)
„ lusiia'nica (Portuguese). 40. June. S. Europe ;

Asia Minor. 1824.
„ „ Boissie'ri (Boissier's).
„ lu'tea (yellow). 20. May. Mexico. 1825.
„ lyra'ta (lyre-leaved). 15. May. N. Amer. 1786.

" Overcup Oak."
„ macedo'nica (Macedonian). Italy to Macedonia, &c.

1892.

„ macranthe'ra (long-anthered). Armenia, &c.
„ macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 40. N. Amer. " Burr

Oak."
„ „ olivcefo'rmis (olive-formed). 60. May. N. Amer.

1811.
„ marila'ndica (Maryland). United States. "Black

Jack."
„ mari'lima (sea). See Q. NIGRA.

Q. Michau'xii (Michaux's). Southern United States.

" Cow Oak."

„ Mirbe'ckii (Mirbeck's). Spain ; Portugal ; N. Africa.
,, mongo'lica (Mongolian). Manchuria, &c.
,, monta'na (mountain-c/ttfs/nw*). See Q. PRINUS.
„ Muehlenbe'rgii (Muehlenberg's). 80. May. United

States. 1822. " Yellow Oak," " Yellow Chestnut

Oak."

„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). See Q. NIGRA.
„ ni'gra (black). 20. May. N. Amer. 1739. " Water

Oak."

„ obtusi'loba (blunt-lobed). 60. May. N. Amer. 1819.
„ olivtzfo'rmis (olive-shaped-/rttifed). See Q. MA.CRO-

CARPA OLIVyEFORMIS.

„ palu'stris (marsh). 60. May. N. Amer. 1720.

" Pin Oak."

„ ,, pe'ndula (drooping). A weeping form.
„ „ Reichenba'chi (Reichenbach's). Leaves red from

the time they open. 1896.
„ panno'nica (Pannonian). See Q. CONFERTA.
„ pectina'ta (comb-like). See Q. PEDUNCULATA FILICI-

FOLIA.

„ peduncula'ta (fcmg-flower-stalked). 90. May. Europe

(Britain) ; Asia. " Common Oak."
„ „ au'rea leucoca'rpa (golden, white-fruited).
„ „ Conco'rdia (harmony). Leaves bright yellow.
„ „ fastigia'ta (tapering). 4. May. S. Europe. 1820.

" Cypress Oak." There are eight upright forms.
„ „ filicifo'lia (fem-leaved). 1854. " Fern-leaved

Oak."
„ „ fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 40. May.

Britain.
„ „ Ha'as (Haas). Cilicia. 1870.

„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). May. Britain.
„ „ Hodgi'nsii (Hodgin's). May. Britain.
„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). 70. May. Britain. "Weep-
ing Oak."

„ „ pube'scens (downy). 60. May. Britain.
„ „ purpura' scens (purple). May. Britain.
„ „ umbraculi'fera (umbrella-bearing). Habit broadly

globose. 1896.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with

purple and cream.

„ Phe'llos (willow). N. Amer. 1723. " Willow Oak."
„ „ cintfrea (ash-coloured). See Q. CINEREA.
„ „ hu'milis (dwarf). See Q. CINEREA.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 60. May. N. Amer
„ „ mari'tima (sea). May. Virginia.
„ „ seri'cea (silky) See Q. PUMILA.
,, ,, sylva'tica (wood). 66. May. N. Amer. 1723.
„ phillyraoi'des (Phillyrea-Uke). Japan.
„ „ cri'spa (crisped).
,, po'ntica (Pontic). Lazistan. 1891.
,, prasi'na (leek-green). See Q. HUMILIS.
„ prinoi'des (Prinus-Uke). United States. " Chincapin

Oak."
„ Pri'nus (Prinus). 60. June. N. Amer. 1730.

" Chestnut Oak."
„ „ acuminx'ta (pointed-/^flrcd). See Q. MUEHLEN-

BERGII.

„ „ monti'cola (mountain). See Q. PRINUS.

„ „ palu'stris (marsh). See Q. PALUSTRIS.

„ „ pu'mila (dwarf). See Q. PUMILA.

,, „ tomento'sa (dovmy-leaved) . See Q. BICOLOR.

„ Pseu' do-cocci' f era (false-kermes-bearing). Mediter-
ranean region.

„ Pseu'do-su'ber (false-cork). 60. May. S. Europe.
1824. " False Cork Oak."

„ „ Fontane'sii (Desfontaine's). See Q. PSEUDO-SUBER.

„ pu'mila (dwarf). 1-2. May. N. Carolina to Florida.
1724. " Running Oak."

„ pyramida'lis (pyramidal). See Q. PEDUNCULATA

FASTIGIATA.

„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). See Q. TOZA.

,, Quexi'go (Quexigo). See Q. LUSITANICA.

,, ravenscroftia'na (Ravenscroftian). S. Amer. 1866.

„ reticula'ta (netted). 10. Mexico ; Arizona, &c. 1840.

,, Ro'bur (strength). See Q. PEDUNCULATA.

„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). See Q. ILEX ROTUNDI-

FOLIA.
„ ru'bra (red). 40. May. N. Amer. 1739. " Red

Oak."

„ „ au'rea (golden). Leaves yellow.
„ „ bullo'sa (blistered). Leaves blistered, with yellow

ribs. 1905.
„ „ longifo'lia (long-leaved). Lea-'es long.

QUESNELIA

728

RADISH

Q. ru'bra pe'ndula (drooping). " Weeping Red Oak."

„ salici'na (willow- like). 30-40. Japan. 1860. Ever-
green.

„ sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). 60. May. Europe
(Britain). W. Asia.

„ „ austra'lis (southern). April. Portugal. 1835.

„ „ falkenberge'nsis (Falkenberg). Hanover. 1837.

,, „ Icicinia'ta (cut-leaved). Leaves deeply cut.

„ „ macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 60. May. Britain.

„ ,, mespilifo'lia (Medlar-leaved). Leaves narrow and
long.

„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). A weeping variety. 1887.

„ ,, pube'scens (downy). 40. May. Britain.

„ „ rubicu'nda (red). Leaves purple-red.

„ sent pervi'r ens (evergreen) of Miller. See Q. ILEX.

„ sempervi'rens (evergreen) of Walter. See Q. VIR-
GISIANA.

„ seti'fera (bristle-bearing). Japan. 1874. Evergreen.

„ Ski'nneri (Mr. Skinner's). 60. Mexico. 1843.

„ stella'ta (starry). 50. United States. 1819. " Post
Oak."

„ stria'la (lined). Leaves yellow, with green veins.
Japan. 1870.

„ Su'6er(cork). 20. May. Spain. 1581. "Cork Oak."

„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 30. June.

„ ,, denta'ta (toothed-leaved). 50. June.

„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 40. June.

„ Uxa'na (Texan). United States. 1894.

„ thala'ssica (Thalassian). Japan. 1850. Evergreen.

„ tincto'ria (dyer's). See Q. VELUTINA.

„ ., angulo'sa (angular-/od«f). 70. May. N. Amer.

„ „ sinuo'sa (vi&vy-edged-leaved). 70. May. N.
Amer.

„ To'sa (Toza). 5-15. May. South-western Europe.
1824.

„ „ sple'ndens (shining).

„ Turne' ri (Turner's). Garden origin. (Q. Ilex X pedun-
culate, or Ccrris (?).) 1812.

„ undula'ta (wavy). Western N. Amer. " Scrub Oak."

„ Unge'ri (Unger's). See Q. ^GILOPS UNGERI.

„ varia'bilis (variable). Japan.

„ veluti'na (velvety). 70. May. N. Amer. 1800.
" Yellow Bark Oak."

„ „ angulo'sa. (angular). 70. May. N. Amer.

„ ,, sinuo'sa (wavy). 70. May. N. Amer.

„ vibraya'na (Vibrayan). Japan.

„ vi'rens (green). See Q. VIRGINIANA.

„ virginia'na (Virginian). 40. May. Southern United
States. 1739- " Live Oak."

,, „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved).

„ „ rubrifo'lia (red-leaved).

,. Wislize'ni (Wislizen's). California.

QUESNELIA. (Commemorative of M. Quesnel, a
French Consul at Guiana. Nat. ord. Bromeliads [Brome-
liaceae]. Allied to Billbergia.)

Tufted evergreen stove herbs. Increased bv seeds
and suckers. Fibrous loam, lumpy peat, some charcoal,
and sand.
Q. cayenne'nsis (Cayenne). 4-6. Blue-violet ; bracts

red. S. Amer. 1882.

„ columbia'na (Colombian), i. Violet. Spring. Colom-
bia. 1882.

„ Ende'ri (Ender's). iJ-2. Violet. Brazil. 1888.
„ pri'nccps (chief). See Q. RUFA.
„ ro'seo-margina'ia (rosy-edged). See Q. RUFA.
„ ru'fa (reddish), ij. Blue; bracts rose. January.

Brazil. 1880.

„ selloa'na (Selloan). x. Violet. Brazil.
„ Ski'nneri (Skinner's). See Q. RUFA.
„ strobilispi'ca (cone-spiked). iJ-2. Violet. Brazil.

1885.

„ Va'n Hou'ttei (Van Houtte's). 2. White, with dark
blue tips ; bracts white, tipped rose. Brazil. 1878.
„ wittmackia' 'na (Wittmackian). 3-4$. Dark blue ;
calyx red. Brazil. 1888.

QUICKSET, the same as Quick, Thorn, Hawthorn, or
Whitethorn, Crate' gus Oxyaca'ntha. See HEDGE.

QUILLA JA. (From quillai, the Chilian name. Nat.
ord. Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, 4-Pen-
tagynia. Allied to Kageneckia.)

Hardy evergreen shrub, the bark of which is used
instead of soap. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sandy
loam, under a hand-light, and very likely by layers ;
sandy, deep loam, and a sheltered place.

Q. Sapona'ria (soap). White. April. Chili. 1832.
" Soap Bush."

QUINA, QUINQUINA, or QUINO. Cincho'na.

QUINCE. Cydo'nia vulga'ris.

Varieties. — Common, Apple-shaped, Pear-shaped, and
Portugal. The last is the best, and very distinct from
the others. C. sine'nsis, the Chinese Quince, has been
fruited in this country, but it requires a wall. The fruit
is very different from that of either the Common or
Portugal Quinces ; it is cylindrical, about 6 inches in
length, and exceedingly gntty.

Culture. — The trees may be raised from seed sown in
autumn, but there is no certainty of having the same, or
any good fruit from the seedlings. The several varieties
may be propagated by cuttings and layers ; also by
suckers from such trees as prow upon their own roots,
and by grafting and budding upon their own or pear
stocks.

Cuttings, layers, and suckers may be planted in autumn,
winter, or early spring. Choose young wood for the
cuttings and layers. They will be rooted by next
autumn ; then transplanted into nursery rows 2 feet
asunder ; plant the suckers also at the same distance,
and train the whole for the purposes intended ; if for
standards with a stem, to any desired height, from 3 to
6 feet ; then encourage them to branch out at top, to
form a head ; and those designed as dwarfs must be
headed near the ground, and trained accordingly, for
espaliers or dwarf standards.

When they have formed tolerable heads, plant them
out finally. Standard quinces, designed as fruit-trees,
may be stationed in the garden or orchard, and some by
the sides of any water in bye places, suffering the whole
to take their own natural growth ; and as espaliers,
they may be arranged with other moderate-growing trees,
about 15 feet apart. For other particulars of culture,
see PEAR.

QUINCE, BENGAL. See &GLE. MARMELOS.

QUINCUNX is the form resulting from planting in
rows, with one plant opposite the centre of each vacancy
between two plants in the row on each side of it. In
other words, the plants in the second row are planted
alternately with those in the first.

QUININE. An extract from the bark of several species
of Cinchona.

QUINSY-BERRY. The fruit of the Black Currant,
Ri'bes ni'grutn.

QUISQUA'LIS. (From quis, who, and qualis, what
kind ; when first named it was doubtful to which class
and order to refer it. Nat. ord. Myrobalans [Cpmbre-
taceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Combretum.)

Stove climber. Cuttings of the young shoots when
several inches in length, after the plant has been stumped
in after-flowering, taking the cuttings off with a heel,
and inserting them in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom-heat ; peat and loam, but most of the latter.
Winter temp., 43° to 50° ; summer, 60° to 88°.
Q. gla'bra (smooth). See Q. INDICA.

„ i'ndica (Indian). 20. Orange, red. June. Trop.
Asia. 1815.

,, pube'scens (downy). See Q. INDICA.

,, sine'nsis (Chinese). See Q. INDICA.

,, villo'sa (shaggy). See Q. INDICA.

QUIVTSIA. (Bois de Quivi, of the Isle of France.
Nat. ord. Meliads [Meliaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Melia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened shoots in
sand, under a glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat ; sandy
loam and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 48° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.

Q. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 16. White. Mascarene
Islands. 1822.

RACEME, a cluster. This is formed of numerous,
rather distant flowers, each on its own stalk, but growing
out of one central stalk, as in a bunch of currants.

RADISH. Ra'phanus sati'vus.

RADISH

729

RAKE

Spring Varieties. — Long rooted : — Long White ; called
also the White Transparent, White Italian, and Naples
Radish. White Russian. Twisted Radish of Mons.
Semi-long Scarlet. Rose-coloured Semi-long. Scarlet,
or Salmon, or Scarlet-transparent Radish. Purple,
formerly called exclusively the Short-topped. Red-
necked White, and others.

Turnip-rooted. — White Turnip. Early White Turnip.
Pink, Rose-coloured, Scarlet and Crimson Turnip. Purple
Turnip. Yellow Turnip. New Yellow Short-topped.

Autumn and Winter Varieties.— These are all of the
turnip-rooted kind, and are in the order they follow in
coming into use : Yellow Turnip. Round Brown. White
Spanish. Oblong Brown. Black Spanish. Large Purple.
Winter or Purple Spanish.

The soil, a light loam, and moderately fertile, should
be dug a full spade deep, and well pulverised. Manures
should not be applied at the tune of sowing. The situa-
tion should always be open, but for early and late crops
warm and sheltered.

Sowing. — For the earliest productions.during December,
January, and February, in a hotbed; and in the open
ground once a month during winter, and every fortnight
during the other seasons of the year.

In the open ground the seed is generally sown broad-
cast, and well raked in, but in drills is much the most
preferable mode. In either case it must be inserted
thin, and buried a quarter of an inch deep. Thick sowing
causes the tops to be large, and the roots tough and thin.

If broadcast, the beds should be laid out 4 or 5 feet
wide, divided by alleys a foot in width, the earth from
which may be thrown out to raise the beds. If drills
are employed for the long-rooted, they are required to be
3 inches asunder, for the turnip-rooted 4 or 5, and for
the Spanish, &c., 6 or 8.

When the seedlings are well up, and advanced to five
or six leaves, they are ready for thinning ; the spindle-
rooted to 3 inches apart, the turnip-rooted to 4, and the
larger varieties to 6. The spaces, however, require to
be rather increased in moist, warm weather. In dry
weather they ought to be watered regularly every night.
The early and late crops that have to withstand the
attacks of frost, &c., should be kept constantly covered
with dry straw or fern, to the depth of about 2 inches,
or with matting, supported by hooping until the plants
make their appearance, when the covering must be re-
moved every mild day, but renewed towards evening,
and constantly during frosty or tempestuous weather.

The bed should have a good watering the morning
before that on which they are taken up, but none after-
wards until subsequent to the drawing.

To draw for Salads whilst with their seed-leaves, sowings
must be made once a week. The management is pre-
cisely that required for rape, mustard, &c.

To obtain Seed, leave in April, or early May, some of
the most perfect plants of a main crop. When in full
vigour, they must be taken up with as little injury as
possible to the roots and leaves, and planted in rows,
3 feet asunder each way, being inserted by the dibble
completely down to the leaves. Water must be applied
until they have taken root, and occasionally throughout
their growth, especially when in flower. If practicable,
it is best to leave some plants where raised.

To obtain seeds of the Black Spanish, some seeds must
be sown in March, or some of the winter-standing crop
left or transplanted during that month. The pods must
be cut as soon as they become of a brown hue, and vvell
dried.

Two varieties must never be raised near each other,
and seed of the previous year's raising should always
be employed.

The seeds of the different varieties are easily distin-
guished by an experienced seedsman. Those of the long
white radish are small, flat, and pale ; of the scarlet and
purple long-rooted, large ; and of the first very light-
coloured, compared with those of the latter ; of the white
turnip, small, round, and brown ; scarlet turnip, rather
larger, and somewhat darker ; purple turnip, larger and
brown, being similar to the long-rooted purple, except
in size.

Forcing. — A moderate hotbed is required for this crop,
of a length according with that of the frame to be em-
ployed ; the earth about 8 inches deep, on the surface
of which the seed is to be sown as soon as the violent
heat is abated, and an additional fourth of an inch sifted
over it.

The seedlings are in general up in less than a week,
and in six they will be ready to draw. Throughout
their growth air must be admitted as freely as is allow-
able. The glasses, however, must be closed on the ap-
proach of evening, and mats or other covering put on
in proportion to the severity of the season. When the
earth appears at all dry, a light watering must be given
at noon.

The plants must not stand nearer than 2 inches to
each other. The temperature required is from 50° to 70° ;
and it must be kept to this heat by moderate linings as
required.

If there be a deficiency of frames, hoops and mats may

be employed, a frame of boards being formed round the

bed, light and air being admitted as "freely and as often

, as possible. If seed is sown within a frame without

I any bottom-heat, the plants will be two or three weeks

forwarder than if sown in the open ground.

RADISH FLY. Anthomy'ia radi'cum.
RA'FNIA. (Named after C. Rafn, a Danish botanist.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. 16-
Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. Allied to Hovea.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from South
Africa, except where otherwise mentioned. Seeds in a
hotbed, in spring ; cuttings of firm side-shoots at the
beginning of summer, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy
peat and fibrous loam, kept rough by pieces of charcoal
and broken pots, and drainage well attended to. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.
R. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 3-4. July. 1816.

angula'ta (angular-6rancfe#/). 2. May. 1816.

corda'ta (heari-ltaved). 2. May. 1821.

cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 2. Yellow, purple. June.
1816.

elli'ptica (oval-leaved). 2. June. 1819.

filifo'lia (thread-leaved). See R. ANGULATA.

la'ncea (speai-head-leaved). 2. June. 1823.

oppo'sita (opposite-leaved). 2. June. 1824.

perfolia'ta (stem-pierced). 3-4. June, July. 1812.

triflo'ra (three-flowered). 3. June. 1784.

RAGGED ROBIN. Ly'chnis Flo's-cu'culi.
RAGS. See VEGETABLE MANURES.
RAGWORT. Otho'nna and Sene'cio.
RAILING is of various forms, but all, if made of wood,
are soon decayed if slight, and are clumsy and inelegant
if strong. Iron railing is at once light, neat, and en-
during, and may be erected for about 2s. per yard and
: upwards,

RAILLIATIDIA. (Commemorative of A. M. L.
Railliard. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand under
a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand,
i R. ciliola'ta (finely-eye-lashed). 2. Yellow. July.

Sandwich Islands. 1865.
RAIN BERRY. Rha'mnus catha'rticus.
RAIN TREE. Pithecolo'bium Sa'man.
RAINBOW FLOWER. I'ris.
RAISINS. Sun-dried grapes.
RAISIN-TREE. Ri'bes ru'brum.
RAISIN-TREE, JAPANESE. Hove'nia du'lcis.
RAJA'NIA. (Commemorative of the celebrated Eng-
lish naturalist, John Ray, the founder of the natural
system of botany. Nat. ord. Dioscoreaceae. Allied to
Dioscorea.)

A stove twiner very similar to a Yam or Dioscorea.
' Seeds, offsets, or divisions of the tubers. Loam, leaf-
, mould, and sand.
i R. brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 6-8. Greenish. Brazi

1827.
„ quina'ta (five-leafleted). SeeAKEBiA QUINATA.

RAKE. This implement is now much less in use than

formerly, when broadcast sowing was prevalent. Now

. the broad hoe is quite as efficient in covering drill-sown

seed. The head of the rake is best made of wood, and

of this ash is most desirable. If the head be of iron, the

! teeth are continuallv becoming loose. Rakes, with heads

• about 6 inches long, are required for dressing flower-

RAMONDIA

730

RANUNCULUS

borders, but for open ground-work the length may be
15 inches. The hoe and the rake are sometimes attached
to one handle ; but it is a form liable to constant entangle-
ment in the flower-garden, for which it is designed.

RAMO'NDIA. (Named after L. Ramond, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Gesncrworts [Gesneraceael. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Streptocarpus.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divisions in
spring ; sandy loam and a little peat ; a sheltered place,
or kept in a pit, in winter, as an alpine.
P. Hddrei'chii (Heldreich's). \. Deep violet. Summer.

Olympus, Thessaly. 1889.
„ permi'xta (much-mixed). ±. Servia.
„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). f,. Purple. May. Pyrenees.

17^1. " Rosette Mullein."
„ „ d'lba (white). 4. White. 1886.
„ „ leucope' tola (white-petaled). $. Pale lilac, shaded

white. June, July. 1906.
„ „ peregri'na (strange). J. Deep purple. June, July.

1906.
„ „ quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). f.. Violet. Leaves

lobed. June, July. 1906.

„ se'rbtca (Servian). $. Mauve to violet. Servia.
„ „ Natha'lice (Queen Nathalia's). *. RLh violet;
anthers orange. Carpathians.

RAMOON-TREE. Tro'phis.

RAMPION. Phyteu'ma and Cy'phia Phyteu'ma.

RAMPION. Campanula Rapu'ncidus.

The soil ought to be moderately moist ; but it must be
light. A shady, rich border is most favourable.

Sow during March, April, and May, in drills 6 inches
apart ; the plants from sowings in the first two months
soon run up to seed. The plants are to remain where
sown ; though, in case of any deficiency, those which are
taken away in thinning the crops may be transplanted
successfully, if removed to a border similar to the seed-
bed, and inserted with the roots perpendicular, and
without pressing the mould too close about them. The
best time for the removal is of an evening.

They are fit for thinning when about 2 inches in height,
and they must be set at a distance of 6 inches apart.
The plants of the sowings during the two first-mentioned
months will be fit for use at the close of August, or early
in September, and continue through the autumn. Those
of the last one will continue good throughout the winter,
and until the following April. The soil throu.L-hout thrir
growth must be kept moist by giving frequent waterings.

The root, for which it is cultivated, either to be sliced
together with its leaves in salads, or eaten as the radish,
as well as to be boiled like asparagus, is most palatable
when drawn young, and eaten fresh from the ground.

To obtain Seed, leave a few of the winter-standing
plants. These flower in July and August, and ripen
abundance of seed in early autumn. Gather it before
it begins to scatter, and dry on a cloth before thrashing.

RA'NDIA. (Named after /. Rand, a London botanist.
Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, and white-flowered, except
where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of the young
shoots in spring and summer, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in a hotbed. Sandy, fibrous loam and fibrous peat, with
a few nodules of charcoal. Temperature when at rest
in winter, 45° to 50° ; when growing in spring or summer,
60° to 80°.

R. aculea'ta (prickly). 7. July. W. Ind. 1733.
,, arma'ta (armed). See BASANACANTHA ARMATA.
„ bowiea'na (Bowie's). See R. MACRANTHA.
„ charta'cea (papery). Australia.
„ dumeto'rum (thickets). 4. July. Tropics, Old World.

1825.

edu'lis (eatable). 20. Cochin-China. 1823.
fascicula'la (fascicled). 4. July. India. 1824.
floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). See R. DUMETORUM.
ho'rrida (horrid). 8. May. Cochin-China. 1825.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See R. ACULEATA.
longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 4. August. India. 1818.
macra'ntha (large-flowered). 5. Cream-coloured.

August. Sierra Leone. 1596.

„ macula' ta (blotched). April. Trop. Africa. 1843.
„ malaba'rica (Malabar). India.

R. mallei' f era ( hammer-bearing). 6. July. Trop. Africa.
1843.

,, Mussas'nda (Mussaenda-like). S. Amer.

„ obova'ia, (reversed-egg-k<u>«d). 6. May. New
Grenada. 1818.

„ octo'mera. (eight-parted). 4-6. July. Trop. Africa.

,, oxype'tala (sharp-petaled). Yellowish. May. Hima-
laya. 1843.

„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4. August. E. Ind.
1818.

„ pube'scens (downy). 5. July. Peru. 1820.

,, rotundifo'lia (round- leaved). 6. July. Peru. 1820.

,, sine'nsis (Chinese). 5. July. China. 1818.

„ stanleya'na (Stanleyan). See R. MACULATA.

,, uligino'sa, (marsh). India.

RANTRY. The Mountain Ash. (Py'rus Aucupa'ria.)

RANU'NCULUS. Crowfoot. (From rana, a frog ;
some of the species inhabiting marshy places. Nat. ord.
Crowfoots [Ranunculaceae]. Linn. i$-Polyandria, 6-Poly-
gynia.)

All yellow-flowered, except where otherwise specified.
Annuals, seeds in common soil, in March and April,
though few are worth the trouble, unless in a coper
devoted to small native and alpine plants. Perennials,
by division of the plant in spring. Aquatics, mostly
natives, by division, and giving them any soil in shallow
ponds or ditches ; tuberous-rooted, by division of the
roots in spring. Asia'ticus, the florists' Ranunculus, and
its many varieties, may be planted in stiff, rich loam,
either in October or March ; if the former, the beds will
require to be protected a little from heavy rains and
from sharp frosts. See treatment as a florist's flower.

HARDY ANNUALS.

R. chi'us (Scio). i. June. Greek Archipelago. 1827.

„ hirsu'tus (hairy). See R. SARDOUS.

„ lomatoca'rpus (fringed-fruited). i. June. Orient.
1817.

„ murica'tus (warted). f,. July. Europe, &c.

„ nodifio'rus (node-flowering). Europe.

„ Nulta'llii (NuttalTs). North-western Amer.

„ ophioglossifo'lius (Ophioglossum-leaved). $. June.
Europe (Jersev). 1826.

„ parviflo'rus (small-flowered). J. June, July. Europe
(England).

,, philono'tis (moisture-loving). See R. SARDOUS.

,, sardo'us (Sardinian). J. July. Europe, &c. (Eng-
land). 1800.

,, s«st7t'/?o'rMs(stalkless-flowered). J. June. Australia.

„ tri'lobus (three-lobed). i. June. Greece. 1818.

,, tubercula' tus (pimpled). See R. LOMATOCARPUS.

„ uligino'sus (marsh). See R. OPHIOGLOSSIFOLIUS.

„ ventrico'sus (swollen). See R. MURICATUS.

HARDY AQUATIC?.
R. aqua'tilis (water). White. June. Temperate regions

(Britain).

„ obtusifo'lius (blunt-leaved), i. White. June. Spain.
„ panto'ihrix (all-hairy). See R. TRICHOPHYLLUS.
,, ,, fluvia'tilis (long-leaved. River). See R. AQUATILIS.
„ polyphy'llus (many-leaved). J. April. Hungary.

1819. Annual.
„ trichophy'llus (hair-leaved). White. June. Europe

(Britain).
„ triparti'tus (three-parted). White. June. Europe

(England).

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
R. corlusafo'lius (Cortusa-leaved). iJ-2. May. Canary

Islands. 1826. Tuberous.

„ geranioi des (Geranium-like). May. Colombia. 1836.
„ lappa'ceus (burdock-like) . i. June. Australia. 1822.
„ Lya'llii (Lyall's). 2-3. Pure white. Summer. New

Zealand. 1879. " New Zealand Water Lilv."
„ plebei'us (common), i. June. Australia. 1820.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

R. filifo'rmis (thread-formed). See R. FLAMMULA.
„ Fla'mmiila (Flammula). i. June. Northern tem-
perate regions (Britain).
„ lappo'mcus (Lapland). |. May. Lapland. 1827.

RANUNCULUS

731

RANUNCULUS

HARDY TUBEROUS-ROOTED.

R. angula'tus (zngled-stemmed). See R. SARDOUS.
„ asia'ticus (Asiatic), f. Variegated. May. Levant.

1596. " Garden or Asiatic Ranunculus."
„ „ sangui'neus (blood-coloured). J. Scarlet. May.

Syria. " Turkey Ranunculus."
„ ,, 'tenuifo'lius (n'ne-leaved). |. White. May.

Greece.
„ „ vulga'ris (common). Of any colour, except blue.

" Persian Ranunculus."
„ bractea'tus (large-bizcted) . See R. BULBOSUS, and

varieties.

„ brevifo'lius (short-leaved), f. June. Naples. 1824.
„ bulbo'sus (bulbous), i. May to July. Europe

(Britain). " St. Anthony's Turnip."
„ „ fto're ple'no (double-flowered), i. May to July.
„ „ ochroleu'cus (yellow- white), i. Pale yellow. June

to August. England.
„ bullalusfto' re-pie' no (blistered-teai;#?-double-flowered).

i. May. S. Europe. 1640.
„ „ grandiflo'rus ( large-flowered), i. May. S.Europe.

1640.

„ chcerophy'llos (chervil-leaved), i. May. Mediter-
ranean region.
„ cicuta'rius (Cicuta-like) . i. May. Caspian region.

1818.

„ cre'ticus (Cretan), i. May. Crete. 1658.
„ „ macrophy'llus (large-leaved). See R. PALUSTRIS.
„ Fica'ria (Ficaria). |. April. Europe (Britain).

" Pilewort."

„ „ ma'jor (larger), i. Flowers much larger.
„ „ pa'llidus (pale). |. Pale yellow. May.
„ „ ple'nus (double). £. Yellow. May. Britain.
,, ftabella'tus (fan-shaped). See R. CHJEROPHYLLOS.
,, fumaricefo'lius (fumitory-leaved). See R. MILLE-

FOLIATUS.

,, garga'nicus (Garganian). See R. MILLEFOLIATUS.
„ gra'cilis (slender). *. May. Island of Cos. 1818.
grandifolius (large-leaved). See R. CORTUS.SFOLIUS.
grega'rius (flocking). See R. CH^EROPHYLLOS.
hy'bridus (hybrid), j. May. Austria. 1820.
illy'ricus (Illyrian). ij. May. S. Europe. 1596.
macrophy'llus (large-leaved). See R. PALUSTRIS.
millefolia'tus (thousand-leaved). May. Mediterranean

region. 1820.
„ „ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). J. April. Naples.

i833-
„ monspeli'acus (Montpelier). i. May. Mediterranean

region.

„ „ cunea'tus (wedge-leaved), i. May. S. Europe.
„ „ rolundifo'lius (round-leaved). i.'May. S.Europe.
,, oxyspe'rmus (sharp-seeded), i. Pale yellow. May.

Caucasus. 1822.
„ palu'slris (marsh). 2. May. Mediterranean region.

1658.

„ peda'tus (doubly-lobed). i. May. Hungary. 1805.
„ scuta'lus (shield-leaved). See R. THORA.
„ rAo'ra(Thora). |. May. S.Europe. 1710. "Moun-
tain Wolfsbane."
,, tubero'sus (tuberous). See R. NEMOROSUS.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

JR. aconitifo'lius (aconite-leaved). i. White. May.

Alps, Europe. 1596. " Fair Maids of France."
„ „ crassicau'lis (thick-stemmed), i. White. May.

Europe.
„ „ fto're ple'no (double-flowered), i. White. Alps.

1596. " White Bachelor's Buttons."
„ ,, hu'milis (lowly). £. White. May. Europe.
,, a'cris (bitter). 1-2. May to July. Europe, &c.

(Britain). " Upright Crowfoot."
,, „ ple'nus (acrid-double-flowered). 2. June. Britain.

" Yellow Bachelor's Buttons."
„ „ Steve'ni (Steven's). i£. June. Europe (Britain).

1819.

,, affi'nis (related). £. May. Arctic regions. 1829.
,, „ va'lidus (strong). £. May.
„ alpe'stris (alpine). \. White. July. Europe.
„ „ Traunfellne'ri (Traunfellner's).
,, amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping), i. White. May.

Pyrenees. 1633.
„ aneinonoi'des (Anemone-like) of Sievers. See CALLI-

ANTHEMUM RUTVEFOLIUM.

„ anemonoi'des (Anemone-like) of Zahlbr. See CALLI-

ANTHEMUM ANEMONOIDES.

R. angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved), i. White. May.

Pyrenees. 1822.
„ apiifo'lius (Apium-leaved). 2. White, red. June.

Bonaria. 1816.

„ a'rcticus (northern). See R. AFFIXIS.
„ auri'comus (golden- haired). i£. May. North

temperate regions (Britain).

,, balde'nsis (Mount Baldo). J—J. May. Europe.
„ bi'lobus (two-lobed). S^ Europe.
„ bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). £. June. Argentina.

1817.

„ brevicau'lis (short-stalked). See R. OVALIS.
„ breynia'nus (Breynius's). See R. NEMOROSUS.
„ Bro'teri (Broter's). Spain.
,, bru'tius (Brutian). i^. May. Italy. 1823.
„ Bucha'nani (Buchanan's), i-i. Pure white. New

Zealand. 1890.
„ bupleuroi'des(haie's-ear-leaved). i. May. Portugal.

1826.

„ cardiophy'llus (heart-leaved). See R. AFFINIS.
„ carpa'ticus (Carpathian), i. Golden- yellow. Car-
pathians.

„ cassu'bicus (Cassubian). 2. June. Europe. 1794.
„ cauca'sicus (Caucasian). i£. June. Caucasus. 1820.
„ crassicau'lis (thick-stemmed), i. June. Europe.

1827.
„ crena'tus (scolloped). J. White. June. Hungary.

1818.

„ Cymhala'ria (boat-shaped). J. June. North tem-
perate regions. 1824.

„ disse'ctus (cut-leaved). J. June. Caucasus. 1818.
„ £ny'su(Enys's). i~ij. Yellow. New Zealand. 1910.
,, Eschscho'ltzii (Eschscholtz's). See R. NIVALIS.
„ fascicula'ris (bundled), i. June. N. Amer.
„ flabellifo'lius (fan-leaved). See R. CASSUBICUS.
». fri'gidus (cold) of Schrank. See R. LACERUS.
„ glabe'rrimus (smoothest). May. N. Amer. 1827.
„ glacia'lis (icy). |. White. July. Northern and

Arctic regions. 1775.
„ „ aconitoi'des (Aconitum-leaved). \. White. July.

Switzerland. 1819.

„ Goua'ni (Gouan's). i. June. Pyrenees. 1818.
„ Goua'ni (Gouan's) of Smith. See'R. CARPATICUS.
,, grami'neus (grassy), i. May. Europe, &c.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowering), i. May.
„ ,, phanicifo'lius (purple-leaved), i. May. Europe.
„ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). ^. May. Cappadocia.
„ heldreichia'nus (Heldreichian). i. Pale chrome- yellow.

Greece. 1882.

„ hespero'xys (western-acute). N. Amer.
,, hi'rtus (hairy). See R. PLEBEIUS.
,, hi'spidus (bristly). See R. PENNSYLVANICUS.
„ hyperbo'reus (northern). ^. June. N.Europe. 1820.
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). 1-3. Golden-yellow. New

Zealand. 1910.
„ isopyroi'des (Isopyrum-like). See CALLIANTHEMUM

RUT.SFOLIUM.

„ la'cerus (torn). J. White. May. S. France. 1821.
„ lantigino' sus (woolly-leaved), i. June. S. Europe.

1683.
„ Li' n%ua (tongue-leaved). 2. July. Europe (Britain) ;

Siberia.

„ Macau'leyi (Macauley's). N. Amer.
„ monia'nus (mountain). J. June. Europe. 1775.
„ „ geraniifo'lius (Geranium leaved).
„ multi'fldus (much-cut). July. N. Amer. 1827.
„ napellifo'lius (Napellus- leaved), i. July. Greece.

1822.

„ nemoro'sus (grove), i. June. S. Europe. 1810.
„ „ pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). See R. PARVIFLORUS.
„ niva'lis (snowy). J. July. Northern and Arctic

regions. 1775.

„ nyssa'ntts (Nyssan). i. Citron yellow. 1899.
„ ova'lis (oval)." May. N. Amer. 1827.
,, parnassifo'lius (Parnassia-leaved). J. White. June.

S. Europe. 1769.

,, pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). See R. PARVIFLORUS.
,, pedati'fidus (doubly-lobe-cut), i. April. Siberia.

1827.
„ pennsyli'a'nicus (Pennsylvanian). i|. June. N.

Amer. 1810.

„ pi'nguis (fat). Auckland Isle.
„ planiagi'neus (plantain- leaved). See R. PYREN^US.
„ platanifo'lius (plane-tree-leaved). See R. ACONITI-

FOLIUS.
,, Pu'rshii (Pursh's). See R. MULTIFIDUS.

RANUNCULUS

732

RAPATEA

R. pygmae'us (pygmy). J. April. Northern and Arctic

regions. 1810.
„ pyren&'us (Pyrenean). i. White. May. Europe.

„ „ bupleurifo'lius (Bupleui-um-leaved). £. White.

June. Pyrenees. 1818.
„ recurva'tus (curled-back-s^^rf). June. N. Amer.

1827.
„ re' pens. ( creeping). |-i. May to September. Northern

temperate regions (Britain). " Creeping Crowfoot."
„ „ Ho' re-pie' no (creeping-double-flowered). f. July.
„ rhomboi'deus (diamond-leaved). See R. OVALIS.
„ ru'fulus (reddish-haired). See R. CH^ROPHYLLOS.
„ ruUzfo'lius (rue-leaved). \. White. June. Austria.

1759-

„ Sabi'ni (Sabine's). See R. PYGM^US.
„ salsugino'sus (salt), i. April. Siberia. 1822.
„ Scho'ttii (Schott's). Austria.
„ Seguie'ri (Seguier's). *. White. June. Europe.

1819.

„ Sibtho'rpii (Sib thorp's). Greece.
„ Sommie'ri (Sommier's). i. Bright yellow. Caucasus.

1897.
„ spica'tus (spike-flowered), i. Yellow. April. Algiers.

1850.

„ spruneria'nus (Sprunerian). Greece.
„ Steve'nii (Steven's). See R. ACRIS STEVENI.
„ tomento'sus (woolly). See R. REPENS.
,, unifl-o'rus (one-flowered). Country unknown.
„ Villa'rsi (Villars's). i. June. S. Europe. 1819.
„ toallichia'nus (Wallichian). Himalaya.
RANU'NCULUS (R. asia'ticus) AS A FLORIST'S
FLOWER.

Varieties. — These are very numerous and annually
increased.

Soil. — This should be of a fine texture, easily broken,
and moderately light. It should feel soft to the hand,
and have a little — but a little — sand amongst it. The
best is generally found near to rivers. Let it be laid on
a long heap, not too thick, and turned over once a month
for a year. It will then be in good condition for use.
Remove the old soil away from the bed you intend for
ranunculuses to the depth, if the situation is dry, of
15 inches : if wet, 10 inches will do. Put in a layer of
very rotten cow-dung, 2 inches thick ; then bring the
soil, put in a layer of 4 inches, upon that put a layer of
rotten hotbed dung i inch thick, and so proceed till
the bed is full, and raised 2 or 3 inches above the surface.
Let the bed be edged with boards or slates. Hoop it
over, to protect it from heavy rain, snows, and hail-
stones. Turn it over, mixing the materials together
well, only take care not to disturb the layer of cow-dung
at the bottom. Let this turning operation be performed
two or three times at intervals of three or four weeks
between, finishing the last about the end of January,
so as to allow the bed to settle by the planting time in
February.

Planting.— The best time for doing this is between the
8th and 2oth of February. The soil of the bed ought
to be neither wet nor dry. To prove its state, take up
a handful, gently squeeze it, and let it fall about half a
yard ; if it is in a right condition, it will fall in pieces.
With a rake level the soil; then, with a triangular-
shaped and rather small hoe, or with the corner of a
common hand-hoe, draw a drill across the bed, 2 inches
deep ; draw the next 5 inches distant from the first,
and so on till the whole bed is finished. Commence
this some fine morning, when there is a prospect of the
day continuing fine. When the drills are all finished,
sprinkle at the bottom of each drill some fine sand ;
then bring out your ranunculus roots, with a numbered
label, made either of lead, with the number stamped
upon it, or of wood, with each number written upon it
with a black-lead pencil Tipon a coating of white-lead.
Begin then to plant the variety written in your book
opposite No. i ; take each root between your finger and
thumb, and place it at the bottom of the drill, very
gently pressing it down in the sand to about half the
length of the claws of each root. Having placed the
first to your mind, put the next at 4 inches distance
from it, and so proceed till you have planted all the first
kind; then thrust in the numbered label, either with
the number facing the kind, or with its back to it. Both
ways are practised by florists, but \\ e prefer the number to
face the variety it belongs to. If our plan is followed

the number should be always put in first, the whole
of the variety planted, and then the second number
put in, and the second kind planted. Follow on in this
manner till the bed is filled. As soon as that is com-
pleted, cover the roots just over the crowns with some
more of the fine sand : this sand prevents the roots
from getting too wet, or moulding. Then with a rake
carefully level down the soil into the drills. If your
bed is not edged with boards or slates (as recommended
before), stretch a line on one side of the bed, about
4 inches from the roots, and with the back of the spade

Eat the soil on the side of the bed gently, to make it
rm ; then chop down the edge of the bed nearly
perpendicularly.

After-culture. — It is essential to the success of this
flower that the soil about them should be close and firm,
almost approaching to hardness. If the bed has been
rightly prepared, and the flower planted according to
the instructions given, all will be well. When the tops
begin to push through the soil, it will be of the greatest
importance to tread the soil down very firm between
the rows, and if any symptoms of cracking in the soil
appear, the surface should be stirred to prevent it. Pro-
tection from sharp late frosts should be given, by covering
whenever such weather is likely to take place, and it is
equally beneficial to protect from heavy rains. Both
are best excluded by hoops extended across the bed to
support a covering of tarpaulin or oil-cloth. During
April and May, should dry weather prevail, water may
be cautiously administered at intervals in an evening,
but only just so much as will prevent the soil of the bed
from cracking ; or a little moss or old, spent tanners'
bark, &c., may be neatly placed between the rows,
which will retain the moisture in the soil. The over-
abundant application of water is a very common error,
and one of the greatest evils.

The dying of leaves, in some instances, evidently
depends on a want of vigour, or partial rot in the root ;
and, in some few cases, it would appear to be caused
by large earthworms, forming their wide tracks amid the
roots of the plants, nearly undermining them ; but in
the great majority of cases it is produced by injudicious
watering.

During the expansion of the flower-buds, and when
they are fully blown, an awning should be erected over
the bed, as in the case of tulips, that rain and hot sun
may be excluded ; and gentle watering every second or
third evening may be given, which will keep the bed
cool and moist, arid promote the size of the flower. As
much air should be admitted as possible, that the flower-
stems be not drawn and weakened.

Raising Seedlings. — Save seed only from varieties dis-
tinguished for excellence of form and colour. Sow in
February, and place the boxes in a cool greenhouse or
frame. "Sow in boxes 18 inches by 1 1 inches, and 4 inches
deep, full of loamy earth, and the surface level. Sow
the seeds about the eighth of an inch apart ; cover them
as thinly as possible, and water with a fine rose ; but
place the boxes under glass, without heat. The plants
usually make their appearance in about a month. Give
air day and night, except in severe frost ; then cover up
with straw mats. With such protection, the young
plants will endure the severest seasons. Put the boxes
in the open ground up to the second week in May, and
water daily until the leaves begin to wither ; then suffer
the boxes to become quite dry ; and in the middle of
July take them up, and preserve the roots in bags until
February, and then plant them as the general stock.
In the following June they flower.

Taking up. — The roots, in wet seasons, should be taken
up as soon as the leaves turn yellow, as they are apt
to sprout ; but in dry seasons they may remain until
the leaves are brown. Take them up as dry as the
season will permit ; complete the drying in a warm
room, rather than in the sun, and store them in a dry,
cool place.

Forcing. — Select tubers which have been kept three
or four months, or even a year over the season of planting,
these being more easily excited than those which have
been only the usual time out of the soil; plant them
in pots about the beginning of August ; and, by bringing
these into the greenhouse at different periods, a bloom
is kept up from October to February.

RAPA'TEA. ( From rapum, a turnip, in allusion to the
tuberous rootstock. Nat. ord. Rapateacea?.)

RAPE

733

RASPBERRY

A perennial stove herb with a short, thick rhizome.
Seeds, offsets, or cuttings of the rhizome. Loam, and
peat in the edge of a tank.

R. pandanoi'des (Pandanus-like). i. Yellow, spotted
with brown ; spathe red. Brazil. 1873.

RAPE, or COLESEED. (Bra'sstca Na'pus.) Like
mustard and other small salading, it may be sown at
any period of the year, when in request, being allowed a
separate bed. It 'is cultivated as MUSTARD, which see.

To obtain Seed. — Some plants of a sowing made about
the middle of July must be thinned to 18 inches apart :
they will survive the winter, and flower in the May and
June of the next year. The seed, which is produced in
great abundance, ripens in July and August, and must
be cut as it does so, and laid upon cloths to dry.

RAPE (edible-rooted). This name may be applied to a
variety of the rape mentioned by Mr. Dickson, one of the
vice-presidents of the Horticultural Society. Its root is
white and carrot-shaped, about the size of the middle
finger. It is much more delicate in flavour than the
turnip, like which root it is cooked, only that it is not
peeled, but scraped, its skin being remarkably thin.

Souring. — For the main crop, sow from the middle of
July to the end of August, or even later. These will
supply the table until April ; and if wanted throughout
the year, a little may be sown in the latter end of
October, the plants from which will be fit for use
during April and May ; the last crop to be sown from
the middle of January to the middle of February, which
will come in at the end of May and during June. On a
north border, and if the soil is sandy and moist, it is
possible to have them sweet and tender during the whole
summer, to effect which sow at the close of March and
May.

Cultivation.— Thin and hoe as turnips. In dry weather
the beds must be watered regularly.

Sot7. — One great advantage attending the cultivation
of this vegetable is, that it requires no manure. Any soil
that is poor and light, especially if sandy, is suitable to
it. In rich, manured soil it grows much larger, but not
so sweet and good.

To obtain Seed in February or March, some of the finest
roots are transplanted to 2 feet asunder ; but it would,
perhaps, be a better practice to leave them where grown.
The seed must be cut as soon as ripe, and treated as
directed for turnips, &c.

RA'PHANUS. Radish. (From ra, quickly, and phai-
nomai, to appear ; rapid germination of the seeds. Nat.
ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. is-Tetradynamia.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds ; rich, sandy soil ; but for
standing the winter it should be dry and poor. See
RADISH.
R. arcna'tus (curved). See CHORISPORA TENELLA

ARCUATA.

„ cauda'tus (tailed). See R. SATIVUS.

„ tsa2oi'd«(Isatis-like). ii. Yellow. Garden form. 1886.

,, La'ndra (Landra). 3. Yellow. June. Italy. 1820.
Biennial.

„ mari'timus (maritime). 2. Yellow. August, Sep-
tember. Western Europe (Britain). Biennial.

„ Raphani' strum (Raphanistrum). 1-2. White or pale
yellow. July, August. Europe (Britain).

,, sati'vus (cultivated). 3. White, purple. May.
Europe. 1548. " Common Radish."

„ tene'llus (slender). See CHORISPORA TENELLA.

RA'PHIA, (Possibly a native name. Nat. ord.
Palmaceae.)

Stove palms. Seeds. Loam, a little peat, and sand.
R. Gce'rtneri (Gartner's). 50. Trop. Africa.
,, gentilia'na (Gentilian). Leaves prickly. Congo. 1909.
„ Hoo'keri (Hooker's). Trop. Africa.
,, Laure'ntii (Laurent's). Congo (?). 1905.
„ peduncula'ta (long-stalked). 50-60. Madagascar.

18^0.

„ Ru'ffia (Ruffia). See R. PEDUNCULATA.
„ tadi'gera (resin-bearing). See R. VINIFERA.
„ vini fera (wine-bearing). 50. Trop. Africa. 1820.

RAPHIDOTHORA. See RHAPHIDOPHORA.

RAPmOLETIS. Indian Hawthorn. (From rhaphis,
a needle, and lepis, a scale ; formation of the bracts.
Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. i2-Icosandria,
2-Di-pentagynia. Allied to Crataegus.)

Half-hardy, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut-
tings of half-ripened shoots in sandy loam, in a sheltered
place, under a hand-light ; sandy loam and peat ; a
sheltered place against a wall, or protected in very cold
places by a cold pit ; most of them have stood at least
several seasons protected by a wall in the vicinity of
London.
R. i'ndica (Indian). White, pink. June. China. 1806.

„ japo'nica (Japanese). 2-3. White. July. Japan.

„ ova'ta (egg-shaped) of gardens. See R. JAPONICA.

„ ova'ta (egg-shaped) of Briot. Japan.

„ Pheostefmon (brown-stamened). See R. INDICA.

„ ru'bra (red). See R. INDICA.

„ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). See R. INDICA.

RAPHIONA CME. (From rhaphion, a small needle,
and akme, a point ; in allusion to the slender-pointed
scales of the corona. Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceae.)

A dry stove succulent, with a large, turnip-shaped
tuber. Seeds. Loam, with an equal portion of finely
broken bricks and sand.

R. u'tilis (useful). J-J. Bright purple. Angola. 1908.
Yields rubber.

RAPmSTFMMA. (From rhaphis, a needle, and
stemma, a crown ; in allusion to the pointed scales of
the corona. Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceae.)

A stove climber. Cuttings of short side-shoots in
sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam,
peat, and sand.

R. cilia'tum (eye-lashed). See D.EMIA EXTENSA.
„ pulche'llum (pretty). White, pink. July. India.
1852.

RASPALIA. (Named after M. Raspail, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Bruniads fBruniaceae], T.inn. 5-
I Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Brunia.)

Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of young, stubby
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a cold frame ;
sandy, fibrous peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
R. dregea'na (Dregean). 1-2. Yellowish. S. Africa.
„ globo'sa (globose). 2. White. July. S.Africa. 1816.
„ microphy'lla (small-leaved), i. White. July. S.

Africa. 1804.
„ passerinoi'des (Passerina-like). 2. White. July.

S. Africa. 1805.
„ phylicoi'des (Phylica-like). See R. DREGEA.VA.

RASPBERRY. Ru'bus Ida'us.

Varieties. — The most useful are as follows : (i) Red
Antwerp ; (2) Yellow Antwerp ; (3) Fastolff, or Filby ;
(4) Double-bearing ; (5) Superlative ; (6) the Guinea or
Yellow Superlative. Of these, Nos. i and 2 have been
for many years highly esteemed ; but (3) has, of ]ate,
in a great degree, superseded them, being larger and of
at least equal flavour, a great bearer, and possessing
that desirable property in the summer Raspberries of
producing occasionally fine autumnal fruit, which is
superior to that of the double-bearing kinds. No. 4 is
a decided autumn Raspberry. No. 5 is a strong grower,
and the heaviest cropper, producing large crimson fruits ;
the Guinea is a seedling from it, of similar vigour, but
the large fruits are not quite so sweet as those of Yellow
Antwerp. Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, has a new
variety of No. 4 from America, which is said to be very
superior. Another variety is a hybrid between the
Raspberry and Blackberry ; this Mr. Rivers calls " the
Black," and states is good for preserving.

Propagation: by Suckers. — Those who desire to make
a new plantation of Raspberries will do well to obtain
their suckers from a healthy stock. We have known
new plantations made in cases of emergency from a
stock which had stood too long in the ground, and of
course were lean, if not diseased. This leanness was
evidently transmitted to their progeny, and, despite
high manuring, a year or two was lost before they could
recover. Suckers, then, may be planted any time be-
tween October and the middle of February, and they
are drawn away from the old plants by hand ; a slight
pull will soon show which are those disposed to colonise.
Deeply-dug ground is requisite, and it should have a
liberal amount of half-rotten manure. Strong suckers
(drawn with a ball of soil, if possible) may be planted
three in a group, at the end of September, 4 feet apart
from centre to centre ; and the rows, if side by side,
6 feet apart. As soon as the leaf drops, say the'begin-

RASPBERRY MOTH

734

RAVENSARA

ning of November, we would prune one strong cane to
3 feet, a second to 2 feet, and a third to within a couple
or 3 inches of the soil. By these means a nice little
crop may be taken the first year, and good shoots re-
served for the next.

From Seed. — This is practised chiefly with a view of
raising new kinds ; and the seed collected from superior
berries, when thoroughly ripe, is washed from the pulp
and dried, then packed in papers until spring. In the
beginning of February it must be sown, and a gentle
hotbed would hurry the process much. The seedlings
must be pricked out when 3 inches high, and generous
treatment must be continued ; and towards the middle
of May, having been hardened off, they may be planted
at once in their final destination. All that is requisite
now is careful training, the keeping down suckers and
watery spray ; and when the shoots are 5 feet long,
the top may be pinched to consolidate the wood.

Soil. — When wild, being an inhabitant of woods, a
damp soil, somewhat retentive of moisture, is found to
suit it best. We have generally known it most successful
in a darkish soil of an alluvium character ; any of our
loams, however, of sound texture, will grow it in per-
fection, but the soil should be tolerably deep. A hot
and loose sand, short of depth, is the least suitable. To
meet the increased amount of transpiration from the
leaf to which the cultivated plant is liable in sunny
situations, extra provision in the way of top-dressing
and mulching is highly to be commended.

Culture during the Growing Period. — Soon after the
canes begin to shoot in spring, a slight thinning-out is
very beneficial ; this may take place about the beginning
of May. In a few weeks' time a thinning of the suckers
may take place, for, in general, they produce a profusion,
and such draw on the resources of the plant, and exhaust
the soil. About four or five may be left on each stool ;
if they are very gross, the moderate ones may be left ;
if weak, the strongest.

If they have not been mulched, it should be done
immediately. As soon as the last fruit is gathered, the
old bearing shoots may be cut clean away, and the
young canes drawn a little closer together. When over
5 feet in height, the tops may be pinched ; this, however,
should not be done before the end of August.

Culture during the Rest Period. — As soon as the leaves
have all fallen, pruning may take place, and our practice
is to leave four canes. These we cut at different heights ;
the tallest about 4 feet ; the next about 9 inches lower,
and so on with the rest. By these means the young
spray is nicely divided, and the plants fruit from bottom
to top. The canes are now neatly fastened, and a top-
dressing completes the rest period. All useless suckers
or canes are drawn away.

Training. — The earliest and finest are obtained from
canes planted beneath a south wall, and trained against
it in fan-shape. But in the open ground the best mode
of training is round a small hoop at top. The worst form
is plaiting the canes together ; and training in arches,
or other compact forms, excluding the light and warmth
of the sun, is little better.

Forcing. — Raspberries may be forced, growing either
in pots or in the borders of the house. They may be
also planted on the outside of a pit, and bearing canes
being introduced within, and trained to a trellis, whilst
the present year's shoots are left outside.

RASPBERRY MOTH. (Lampronia rubiella.) Where
this tiny moth happens to be plentiful it is more destruc-
tive to the canes than the beetle which feeds on the
fruit. The eggs are laid in the flowers in both cases,
but the caterpillars of the Lampronia live through the
winter months, secreted about the plants, and on the
return of warm weather, and when the buds begin to
swell, they crawl over the canes, from bud to bud, which
they penetrate, devouring the pith and other parts of
the interior. For this reason they are termed Raspberry
Stem-bud Caterpillars to distinguish them from the
beetle. The caterpillars are more or less of a bri'ht
red, with a black head, two pairs of black spots near the
head, six black feet near the head, and about one-fourth
of an inch long. The moth itself is under half an inch in
expanse, and the fore-wings are brown, marked with
numerous yellow specks and larger spots of the same
hue. The injured buds afterwards grow, but as the
season advances the leaves fade and the young shoots
die, thus disclosing the fact that Raspberry Stem-bud

Caterpillars have been at work in them during their
early stages, and effecting then" destruction.

Two means of prevention and remedy may be adopted.
During May and June, as soon as the presence of cater-
pillars can be detected by the nagging and withering of
the shoots, the latter should be broken or cut off with
a knife and dropped in a pail of strong soap-suds to
prevent the escape of the caterpillars during the process.
These shoots must forthwith be burned in a furnace or
on a burning heap of prunings or other rubbish, because,
if merely thrown down, many of the caterpillars might
be full grown, ready to enter the pupa stage, and would
thus reach the perfect stage to renew their depredations
during the summer. As soon as the crop is gathered,
the old canes should be cut clean away, and immediately
burned to destroy any young caterpillars, which may be
upon them. All other stumps, and even the unnecessary
young canes, should also be destroyed in the same way,
and many of the caterpillars will be prevented from
hibernating, to renew their depredations in spring.

RATTLESNAKE FERN. Botry'chium virgi'nicum.

RAUWO'LFIA. (Named after L. Raurvolf, M.D., a
botanical traveller. Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Carissa.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the points of
shoots, or stubby side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in the beginning of summer, and in bottom-heat ; sandy,
fibrous loam, fibrous peat, a little dried leaf-mould, and
pieces of charcoal. WTtnter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 88°.

R. cane'scens (hoary). 7. Pink. Jamaica. 1759.
,, ,, tomento'sa (woolly). 3. \Vhite. July. W. Ind.

1823.
„ densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). 4-6. White. July.

E. Ind. 1824.

,, ma'jor (larger). 3-4. White. May. Java. 1850.
,, ni'tida (shining). 12. White. August. W. Ind. 1752.
,, pleioscia? dia (many-umbelled). See R. VOMITORIA.
„ serpenti'na (serpent-like). 2. White to pink. May.

India and J ava. 1690.

,, spino'sa, (thorny). Yellow. June. Peru. 1827.
„ ternifo'lia (three-leaved). 3. White. May. W. Ind.

1823.

,, tomento'sa (woolly). See R. CANESCENS TOMENTOSA.
,, vomito'ria (vomiting). 10-20. White. Trop. Africa.
1902.

RAVENA'LA. (The native name in Madagascar.
Nat. ord. Scitaminaceae.)

Noble stove plants resembling a banana, but having
long stalks to the leaves. Seeds and suckers. Fibrous
loam, leaf-mould, and sand, but old cow-manure may be
used, if strong growth is desired.
R. guiane'nsis (Guianan). 10—15. White. Seeds with

red aril. S. Amer. 1848.

„ madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10-15. White.
Seeds with blue aril. Madagascar. " Traveller's
Tree."

RAVENE'A. (Commemorative of Louis Ravenc, a
patron of gardening at Berlin. Nat. ord. Palmacea?.)

Stove palm, with the habit of a Chamaedorea. Seeds.
Loam, peat, and sand.

R. Hildebra'ndtii (Hildebrandt's). 10-12. Comoro
Islands. 1878.

RAVE'NIA. (Possibly a commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Rutaceae. Allied to Ruta.)

Evergreen stove shrubs. Cuttings of young wood,
getting firm, in sand, placed in a close case, with bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
R. ro'sea (rosy). i|-2. Rose-red. July to September.

Brazil. 1880.

„ specta'bilis (showy). 2. Rich rose. July to Sep-
tember. S. Amer. 1839.

RAVENSA'RA. (Derived from the native names,
raven, a leaf, and sara, savoury ; the leaves are scented
like the clove. Nat. ord. Lauracese. Allied to Cinna-
rnomum.)

Evergreen, stove tree. Cuttings in sand, in a close
case, with bottom-heat.

R. aroma' tica (aromatic). 10-30. White. Madagascar.
1823.

REANA LUXURIANS

735 RENDLE'S TANK SYSTEM

REANA LUXU'RIANS. See TRIPSACUM DACTYI.-
OIDES.

REAUMTJ'RIA. (Named after A . Reaumur, the French
entomolofnst. Nat. ord. Tamarisks [Tamariscaceae].
Linn. i^-Polyandfia, 5-Pentagynia.)

Half-hardy evergreens. Cuttings from young shoots
in sand, under a glass ; sandy, " fibrous loam, fibrous
peat, and leaf-mould ; dry soil in sheltered places ; but
generally requires a cold pit in winter.
R. hypericot'des (St. John's- wort-like). 2. Purple.

August. Caucasus ; Persia. 1800.
„ vcrmicula'ta (worm-like-/«n;«f). I. Pink. June.
Italy ; N. Africa. 1828.

RED EAT. Lau'rus caroline'nsis.

RED CEDAR. Juni'perus virginia'na.

RED GUM-TREE. Eucalyptus resini'f era.

RED NIGHTSHADE. Eri'ca halicaca'ba.

RED SPIDER. See ACARUS.

REEVE SIA. (Named after /. Reeves, Esq., of Canton.
Nat. ord. Sterculiads [Sterculiacea?]. Linn. i6-Afona-
dflpkia, 8-Polyandria. Allied to Helicteres.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; fibrous loam, and a
little sandy peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
R. thyrsoi'dea(thyTse-\i}ie-floii'ered). 4. White. January.
China. 1826.

REGELIA. (Commemorative of M. Regel of the
Imperial Botanic Gardens, St. Petersburg. Nat. ord.
Myrtaceae. The name Regelia has also been, erroneously,
applied to species belonging to two other distinct natural
orders.)

Eversreen greenhouse shrub. Cuttings in sand under
a bell-glass. Fibrous loam and peat in equal parts, with
some sand.

R. cilia' ta (eye-lashed). 3-5. Rosy-red. Australia.
1874.

REHMA'NNLA. (Commemorative of Joseph Rehmann,
a Russian doctor. Nat. ord. Scrophulariaceae.)

Hardy and half-hardy or greenhouse perennial herbs.
Seeds ; ' cuttings in sand under a bell-glass. Fibrous
loam, plenty of leaf-mould, and some sand for pots,
and well-drained soil for the hardy species.
R. angula'ta (angled) of gardens. See R. ELATA.
„ Brisco'ei (Briscoe's). J. Cream and pink. (R.

elataxHenryi.) 1910.
„ chine'nsis (Chinese). 1-2. Dull purple. April to

June. China. 1835.

„ da' to. (tall). 1-4. Purple, with darker spots. Spring
and summer. Central China. 1903. Plant twice
as large as the true R. angulata. Greenhouse.
„ „ tri 'color (three-coloured). Bright purple, changing

to violet-rose, vermilion. Central China. 1909.
„ glutitio'sa (clammy). See R. CHINENSIS.
,, He'nryi (Dr. Henry's). £-1 £. Sulphur, dotted red ;

limb white. July. Central China. 1909.
„ rupe'stris (rock), i-ij. White, tinted rose. July.
W. China. 1890.

RETDIA GLAUCE'SCENS. See PHYLLANTHUS PUL-

CHER.

REINE'CKIA. (Commemorative of M. Reinecke,
Nat. ord. Liliaceae. Allied to Convallaria.)

A hardy, evergreen, perennial herb. Divisions.
Ordinary soil, well drained.
R. ca'rnea (flesh). $. Flesh. April, May. China and

Japan. 1792.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves striped with
cream. 1862.

REINWA'RDTIA. (Commemorative of K. G. K.
Reinnardt, of Leyden Botanic Garden. Nat. ord.
Linacea3.)

Cool stove or greenhouse shrubs of dwarf stature and
highly ornamentaL Cuttings in sand, in a close case,
during spring. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
R. tetra'tyna (four-styled), i-xj. Yellow. Winter.

India. 1886.

tri'gyna (three-styled). i-ij. Yellow. Winter.
India. 1799.

REISSE KIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Rhamnacea?.)

A much-branched stove shrub, climbing by means of
tendrils. Cuttings in sand, in bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.

R. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 10. Yellow. Brazil. 1820.
„ smilaci'na (Smilax-like). See R. CORDIFOLIA.

RELHA'NIA. (Named after R. Relhan, a botanical
author. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, z-Superfl.ua.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of firm young
side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in a cool frame,
in J une ; sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter temp.,
40° to 48°. There are several species beside the following :
R. pu'ngens (pungent). 2. Yellow. September. S.

Africa. 1820.

„ s«s»7i/?o'ra(stalkless-flowered). 2. Yellow. S.Africa.
„ squarro'sa (spreading), i J. Yellow. May. S. Africa.

1774'

REMI JLA. (Commemorative of Remigio, an Italian
doctor. Nat. ord. Rubiaceas.)

Evergreen stove shrub, a source of quinine. Cuttings
in sand in a close case. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
R. peduncula'ta (long-stalked). Pale pink. Colombia;
Brazil. 1889.

REMUSA'TIA. (Commemorative of Abel Remusal, a
celebrated physician and versed in Oriental literature.
Nat. ord. Araceae.)

Stove, tuberous, perennial herb. Offsets and divisions.
Fibrous loam, lumpy peat or leaf-mould, and sand.
R. vivi'para (viviparous). 2. Green. May. India and
Burma. 1817.

RENANTHE'RA. (From ren, a kidney, and anther at
a pollen bag, or anther ; shape of anthers. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Stove orchids, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS.
R. anname'nsis (Annamese). Yellow, spotted with

crimson, deep crimson. Annam. 1906.
„ Arachnites (spider-like). See ARACHNANTHE MOS-

CHIFERA.

„ 6t/t'ng«ts(two-lipped). See ARACHNANTHE BILINGUIS.
,, cocci'nea (scarlet. Chinese Air-plant). 8. Scarlet,

orange. August. Cochin-China. 1816.
„ elonga'ta (elongated). Pale purple. Malaya.
„ Flo's-ae'ris (flower-of-the-air). See ARACHNANTHE

MOSCHIFERA.

I „ histrio'nica (stage-playing). Yellow, edged with

purple blotches. Malaya. 1878.
; „ hookeria'na (Hookerian). Yellow and crimson.

Borneo. 1879.
! ,, imschootia'na (Imschootian). Deep red, marked with

yellow. Assam. 1891.

! ,, Lo'wii (Low's). See ARACHNANTHE Lowii.
I „ mahtti'na (morning), i. Red, yellow, and purple.

December. Java. 1843.
„ „ breviflo'ra (short-flowered). Sepals shorter. Sunda

Isles. 1879.
„ molucca'na (Moluccan). Red. Amboyna Island.

1846.

„ rohania'na (Rohanian). See R. HOOKERIANA.
„ Sto'riei (Storie's). Dark orange ; lateral sepals and
Up fiery crimson. Philippines. 1880.

RENDLE'S TANK SYSTEM of heating was first sug-
gested, we believe, by Mr. Rendle, nurseryman, of
Plymouth. A tank of iron or wood, 20 feet long, 5 feet
broad, and 6 inches deep, is constructed in the centre of
the house, and surrounded by a walk, except at the end,
where the boiler is fixed for heating it. The top of the
tank is covered with large slabs of slate, cemented to-
gether, to prevent the excessive escape of steam. Around
this is a frame sufficiently high to retain the bark, in
which the pots are plunged. The boiler and tank are
filled with water, and this circulates, when the fire is
lighted under the former, by means of two pipes, one
1 from the top of the boiler, and the other returning nearer
I to its bottom. The expense of pipes, and the danger of
! their freezing, are avoided ; the fire only requires to be
I kept lighted for two hours at niaht, and again for the
same period in the morning ; the water, when once
heated, retaining its temperature for a long time. In a
small house, the apparatus can be constructed for £5,

RENEALMIA

736

RETAMA ALBIFLORA

and in all for less than half the cost of hot-water pipes.
The saving in tan and labour is also very great. In
some places tan costs igs. per cart-load, and where it
is cheaper, the trouble and litter incident to its employ-
ment, and the dangers of loss from fungi and insects, of
which it is the peculiarly fertile foster-parent, render it
objectionable as a source of heat ; and whenever the tan
has to be renewed, the trouble and destruction of plants
are always great.

" In my new propagating house," says Mr. Rendle,
" the tank or cistern is placed in the centre, with a walk
surrounding it, so as to enable the propagator with
greater ease to attend to the plants, &c.

" On the outside of the house is a fire-shed, in which
the boiler is fixed. The tank, made of wood, i£ or
2 inches thick, which I find the cheapest material (it
also prevents the water cooling so fast as it does either
in stone or iron), may be lined with lead or zinc. Exactly
in the centre of the tank is a partition, serving the double
purpose of causing the water to circulate, as well as
to support the edges of the slates, an aperture being
left in the partition, of about 2 inches in breadth, to
allow the water a free passage. The flow-pipe enters
near the appendage of the tank, at the mouth of which
pipe a piece of perforated copper is placed, as also at the
return-pipe, to prevent dirt and sediment from finding
their way into the boiler. After everything is properly
fixed, the tank is filled with water, which, of course, at
the same time fills the boiler. . . . The tank is about
4 inches deep. Across it, and resting on its sides, are
placed slate stones about i£ inch thick, cut square at
the edges. These are fastened to each other by Roman
cement, or Aberthaw lime, to prevent a superfluity of
steam from escaping into the house. . . . Around the
edges of the slates a piece of inch board, about 9 inches
deep, should be placed to enclose the sawdust, sand, moss,
or other plunging material."

A Pinery may also be fitted up with Mr. Rendle's tank
beneath the plunging material.

It is described as " a very useful and most desirable
structure for the growth of the Pine Apple, with a hollow
wall, recommended by all garden architects in preference
to a solid wall — the heat or cold being not so readily
conducted as through a solid mass of masonry." Mr.
Rendle might have added, that hollow walls are also
much drier. — Rendle's Treatise on the Tank System. See
STOVE and HOTBED.

RENEA LMIA, of Linnaeus the younger. (Commemo-
rative of Paul Renealme, a French botanist. Nat. ord.
Scitaminaceae. Allied to Alpinia.)

Stove perennial herbs. Divisions in spring. Fibrous
loam, leaf-mould, some old cow-dung rubbed up finely,
and sand.
R. africa'na (African). Trop. Africa.

„ bracteo'sa (large-bracted). W. Ind.

„ calcara'ta (spurred). See ALPINIA CALCARATA.

„ exalta'ta (tall). 8-20. Scarlet. July. W. Ind. 1820.

„ jamaice'nsis (Jamaican). See R. OCCIDENTALS.

„ nu'tans (nodding). See ALPINIA NUTANS.

„ occidenta'lis (western). 5-6. White. July. W. Ind.
1793-

„ racemo'sa (racemose). 5. White. August. Trop.
Amer. 1752.

RENEALMIA of R. Brown. (Nat. ord. Iridaceje.
See LIBERTIA.)
R. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See LIBERTIA GRANDI-

FLORA.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). See LIBERTIA PANICULATA.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). See LIBERTIA PULCHELLA.

REQUIE'NIA. (Commemorative of M. Requien, a
French botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosn?]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. See TEPH-
ROSIA.)
R. obcorda'ta (reversed- heart-leaved). See TEPHROSIA

OBCORDATA.

„ sphcerospe'rma (round-seeded). See TEPHROSIA

SPH^ROSPERMA.

RESE'DA. Mignonette. (From reseda, to calm ; sup-
posed virtue for external bruises. Nat. ord. Weld-worts
[Resedaceae]. Linn. ii-Dodecandria, 3-Trigynia.)

All by seeds ; the half-shrubby kinds also by cuttings ;
seeds must be sown at different times, according as the
bloom is wanted. The beginning and middle of May is

early enough to sow in the open border. Though usually
treated as annuals, most of the Mignonettes may be
grown as under-shrubs or perennials, if they are pre-
vented seeding freely, and kept from frost in winter.
We have seen the common Mignonette that had been
kept in a pot about eight years, and flowered freely every
season. See MIGNONETTE.
R. a'lba (white). 2. White. Europe, &c.
„ chine'nsis (China). 2. Yellow, green. June. China.

1819.

„ glau'ca (sea-green), i. Greenish. Pyrenees.
,, lu'tea (yellow). 1-2. Pale greenish-yellow. Europe

(Britain). " Base Rocket."
„ Lu'teola (little-yellow). 2-3. Greenish-yellow.

Europe (Britain) ; Orient. " Dyer's-weed."
„ odora'ta (scented), i. Green, red. August. 1752.

" Mignonette." Origin unknown.

„ „ frute'scens (shrubby). 2. August. Egypt. 1752.
„ Phytcu'ma (Phyteuma). ij. Green. Mediterranean

region.

,, suftruticulo' sa (sub-shrubby). See R. ALBA.
„ trunca'ta (abrupt-ended-leaved) . i£. Yellow. June.

Macedonia ; Anatolia. 1836.
„ virga'ta (twiggy). 1-2. Green. Spain and Portugal.

GARDEN. See NURSERY.
That period when a plant is not growing.
REST-HARROW. Ono'nis.

RE'STIO. (From restio, a rope-maker; ropes are
made of the cord-like twigs in South Africa. Nat. ord.
Restiacea?.)

Greenhouse evergreen, with much-branched shoots,
like slender whip-cord or coarse thread. Divisions.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

R. subverticilla' tus (sub-whorled). 2-3. Brown. S.
Africa.

RESTRE'PIA. (Commemorative of Joseph E. Restrep,
a South American traveller and naturalist. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae. Allied to Pleurothallis.)

Stove epiphytical orchids. Divisions at the com-
mencement of growth. Fibre of peat, sphagnum, and
plenty of crocks in the pots.
R. antenni'fera (antennae-bearing) of H. B. & K. Yellow,

striped with red-purple. Colombia. 1892.
„ antenni'fera (antennae-bearing) of Lindley. See R.

MACULATA.

,, aspasice' nsium (friendly). J. Deep yellow, spotted

with crimson. Venezuela. 1904.

„ daya'na (Dayan). Yellow, marked with brownish-
purple. Costa Rica. 1875.
„ e'legans (elegant). J. Yellow, spotted with purple.

Venezuela. 1872.
„ Falkenbe'rgii (Falkenberg's). Yellow, with white and

purple marks. Colombia. 1880.
„ gultula'ta (finely-spotted). Whitish, thickly spotted

with crimson. Ecuador. 1836.

„ I.ansbe'rgti (Lansberg's). See R. XANTHOPHTHALMA.
,, leopardi'na ro'sea (rosy-leopard-spotted). Lateral

sepals white, thickly spotted with rose ; the rest

lined deep rose. 1904.
,, macula' ta (blotched). Yellow, blotched with maroon.

Colombia. 1875.

,, ophioce' phala (snake's-head). Yellow. Spring. Gua-
temala and Mexico. 1837.
,, „ purpu'rea (purple). Purple.
,, pandura'ta (fiddle-shaped). Front of lip whitish,

with purple-brown spots. Colombia. 1887.
,, prore'pens (creeping-forward). Yellow. Rhizomes

creeping in masses. Costa Rica. 1877.
,, reichenbachia'na (Reichenbacbian). Yellow, spotted

with dark purple. Costa Rica. 1875.
,, sangui'nea (blood-red). Crimson. Colombia. 1896.
„ Shuttlewo'rthii (Shuttleworth's). Andes.
,, stria' ta (lined). Yellow, striped with purple. Colombia.

1891.
,, xanthophtha'lma (yellow-eyed). Yellow, spotted

with purple ; centre yellow. Guatemala. 1861.

RESURRECTION PLANTS. Anasta'tica hierochu' ntica,
Mesembrya'nthemum Tripo'lium, and Selagine'lla lepido-
phy'lla.

RETA MA ALBIFLO'RA, See CYTISUS ALBUS.

RAP\NILLA

737

RHAMNUS

RETANTlMcUM. \ Peruvian name. Nat. ord.
RhamnaJs [?. ord. C/*l- Liu"- $-Pfntandria, i-A/ono-
gynia. Allied -*.MSWtetia.)

Evergreen shrub?. Cuttings of young shoots in sand,
under a glass, in summer ; sandy loam and fibrous peat.
R. obcorda'ta. requires a warm greenhouse, and R. Ephe'dra
the protection of a cold pit in winter, or a very sheltered
situation out of doors, or against a wall.
R. Epht'dra (Ephedra-like). 3- Cream. Peru. 1823.
„ obcoTda'to (re versed- heart-leaved). 2. Yellow. Peru.
1822.

RETARDING requires as much skill as forcing, for as
the latter requires the application of all that is suitable
to the promotion of a plant's rapid healthy growth, so
retarding requires the withholding from it of those con-
tingencies. Thus to retard growth, the lowest tempera-
ture, and the least degree of light compatible with healthy
growth, must be secured ; and to this end plants for
succession are often placed on the north side of a wall.
See SCREENS.

Then, again, as in the case of raspberries and straw-
berries, plants are often cut down in the spring, com-
pelling them to form fresh foliage and stems, and thus
be productive in the autumn instead of the summer.

The vegetation of many bulbs may be prevented by
merely keeping them dry, and, indeed, the withholding
the usual supply of water, giving it only in diminished
quantities, is necessary in all retarding 'treatment. To
secure the entire resting of bulbs, and of such plants as
will bear so low a temperature, the atmosphere of the
ice-house is effectual ; and to this end it should have a
few shelves for the support of boxes or flower-pots.
Banks of earth ranging east and west, and facing the
north at a very acute angle, are very useful in retarding
the early advance to seed in hot weather of spinach,
lettuces, &c. Espaliers ranging similarly, and shaded
during the whole of March and the two following months,
will blossom later and more unfailingly than trees more
exposed to the sun in spring. Similar exclusion of heat
and light retards the ripening of picked fruit, and if the
air be excluded from them, or its oxygen withdrawn,
fruit will remain unripened for weeks. To effect this,
put a paste formed of lime, sulphate of iron, and water,
at the bottom of a wide-mouthed glass-bottle, then a
layer of large pebbles to keep the fruit from the paste,
then fill the bottle with peaches, apricots, or plums,
gathered a few days before they are ripe, cork the bottle
tight, and cover the cork with melted resin. They have
been thus kept for a month, and summer apples and
pears for three months. They ripen when again exposed
to the air.

RETTNIA. The Pine-bud Tortrix Moth (R. luriona' na)
is very injurious to the buds of the Scotch Fir and other
species of Pinus, as well as the Silver Fir, by feeding
inside them, and when the terminal bud of the tree is
thus destroyed, the tree is ruined owing to the want of
a proper leader. The moth lays her eggs in J uly, chiefly
on trees five to fifteen years old. The caterpillars feed
in the buds and gnaw their way up the centre of the
central bud in autumn, and hibernate there. During
April, May, and June they feed again. The caterpillars
are purple-brown, with a black head and other markings.
The perfect moth hatches out in the July following to
repeat her depredations. The average expanse of the
fore-wings is three-fourths of an inch, and rusty red or
tawny, with silvery markings.

The Pine-shoot Tortrix Moth (R. buolia'na) is very
similar, but its methods of feeding are different. The
female lays her eggs amongst the buds terminating the
branches, and the small caterpillars hatch out late in the
season, when they gnaw the buds, causing an exudation
of resin. Under this and a web of their own weaving
they hibernate till the trees commence growing in spring,
when they commence feeding on the young snoots.
During J une they gnaw their way into the shoots, change
into the pupa stage, and rest till July. The moth is
rather larger than the Pine-bud Tortrix Moth, and reddish-
yellow, with silvery spots and wavy lines across the
tore-wings.

All shoots that are observed to be curved during J une,
or turning brown, should be carefully removed, without
injury to the rest, dropped in a pail or other close vessel,
and burned to prevent the moths reaching the perfect
state in July. Future attack will thus be lessened or

prevented in proportion to the care with which the
injured shoots are collected.

REITNIPHY LLUM. •(From retine, resin, and phullon,
a leaf. Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiacea?]. Linn. $-Pen-
tandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Hamiltonia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and iu a sweet, moist
bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibrous peat, with pieces
of charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to 60° : sunn
to 85°.

R. secitndiflo'rum (side-flowering). 10. White. Vene-
zuela. 1839.

RETINO'SPORA. (From refine, resin, and spora, seed,
offspring. Nat. ord. Coniferae. The proper spelling
should have been Retini' spora. Now referred to
Cupressus.)
R. du'bia (doubtful). See THUYA OCCIDENTALS ERI-

COIDES.

„ ellwangeria'na (Ellwangerian). See THUYA OCCIDEN-

TALIS ELLWANGERIANA.

„ juniperoi'des (juniper-like). See THUYA ORIENTALIS

DECUSSATA.

„ leptocla'da (slender-branched). See CUPRESSUS

THYOIDES LEPTOCLADA.

„ obtu'sa (blunt). See CUPRESSUS OBTUSA.

„ „ Cri'ppsii (Cripps's). See CUPRESSUS OBTUSA

CRIPPSII.
» » lycopodioi'des (lycopod-like). See CUPRESSUS

OBTUSA LYCOPODIOIDES.

„ ,, variega'ta (variegated). See CUPRESSUS OBTUSA

VARIEGATA.

„ plumo'sa (feathery). See CUPRESSUS PISIFERA

PLUMOSA.

„ Sande'ri (Sander's). Twigs sea-green. A provisional

name. Also named Juniperus Sanderi. 1899.
„ squarro'sa (spreading). See CUPRESSUS PISIKERA

SQUARROSA.

RHABDOTHA'MNUS. (From rhabdos, a rod or wand,
and thamnos, a shrub ; in allusion to the twiggy branches.
Nat. ord. Gesneraceae.)

Half-hardy or greenhouse shrub. Cuttings in sand
under a bell-glass. Loam, leaf-mould, or peat and saad.
R. Sola'ndri (Solander's). 2-4. Orange, striped with
brown. New Zealand. 1903.

RHA'MNUS. Buckthorn. (From rham, a Celtic
word, signifying a tuft of branches, or the Greek, rhamnos,
a thorn-bush. Nat. ord. Rhamnads [Rhamnaceae].
Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Moiwgynia.)

Greenhouse and stove species, by cuttings in sand,
under a glass, in summer, and in a cold or close, warm
pit respectively ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Hardy
species, by seeds, layers, and cuttings, and more especially
the latter mode with all the evergreens, which should be
taken off in the autumn, and inserted in sandy soil, in
a shady border, with hand-lights over them ; good
garden-soil.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
R. amygdali'na, (almond-like). See R. OLEOIDES.
„ celiifo'lia (Celtis- leaved). 20. Green, yellow. May.

S. Africa.
„ crenula'ta (scolloped). 8. Green, yellow. April.

Teneriffe. 1778.
„ cro'ceus (saffron). 4. Green, yellow. North-western

Amer. 1848.
„ integrifo'lia. (entire-leaved). 3- Green. Teneriffe.

1822.
„ prinoi'des (winter-berry-like). 10. Yellow. June.

S. Africa. 1778.

„ Utrago'na (four-angled). See CASSINE SCANDENS.
„ Ihee'zans (Theezan). See SAGERETIA THEEZANS.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
R. spharospe'rma (spherical-seeded). 15. Green, yellow.

W. Ind. 1824.

„ suriname'nsis (Surinam), i. Green, yellow. Guiana.
1820.

HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.
R. alnifo'lia (alder-leaved). 4. Green. May. N. Amer.

1778.
„ alpi'na (alpine). 3. Green. May. Switzerland. 1572.

3 A

RHAMNUS

738

RIBIFLORA

R. argu'ta (acute). China and Japan.
„ calif 'o'rnica (Calif ornian). 6. Reddish. California.

1839. " Indian Cherry."
„ „ hirte'lla. (finely-hairy).

„ „ tomente'lla (finely-felted). Leaves covered be-
neath with bluish-white felt. California. 1902.
„ carnio'lica (Carniolian). Camiolia.
„ carolinia'na (Carolina). 4. Green. May. N. Amer.

1819.

„ catha'rtica (purging). 12. Green, yellow. May.
Europe (England) ; Asia. " Common Buckthorn."
„ „ hydrie'nsis (Hydrian). See R. PUMILA.
,, chloro'phora (green-bearing). See R. TINCTORIA.
„ costa'ta (ribbed). Japan.
„ crena'ta (crenate). Japan.
,, davu'rica (Davurian). 10. Green, yellow. May.

Siberia to China. 1817.
„ Erythro' xylon (red- wood). 6. Yellow, green. July.

Caucasus, &c. 1823.

„ „ angusti' ssima (narrowest-/e«f ed) . Caucasus.
„ Fra'ngula (breaking). 10. White. May. Europe

(Britain). " Berry-bearing Alder."
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 10. White. May.

Britain.

„ „ asplenifo'lia (Asplenium-leaved). Leaves cut.
„ ,, au'reo-variega'te (golden- variegated). Some leaves

have large yellow blotches. 1907.
,, „ liiifo'lia (broad-leaved). Leaves broad.
„ franguloi'des (Frangula-like). See R. ALNIFOLIA.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy). See R. DAVURICA.
„ hy'brida (hybrid). 12. Green. Europe.
„ „ Billa'rdi (Billard's).
„ infecto'ria (dyer's). 6. Green, yellow. June. S.

Europe. 1683. " Avignon Berry."
,, japo'nica (Japanese). Japan.
„ lanceola'ta (spear- head-leaved) . 12. Green. May.

N. Amer. 1812.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. Green. July. Azores.

1778.

„ „ macula'ta (spotted). 6. Green. July. 1845.
„ libano'tica (Lebanon). 4-6. Greenish. Asia Minor ;

Syria. 1879.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 6. Green. N. Amer. 1823.
„ lycioi'des (boxthorn-like). 6. Green, yellow. Novem-
ber. Spain. 1752.
,, „ arragone'nsis (Arragon). 6. Green, yellow.

October. Arragon. 1752.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Greenish. China. 1876.
„ nepale'nsis (Nepaulese). 10. Yellow. Himalaya.

1820.

,, oleifo'lia (olive-leaved). See R. CALIFORNICA.
„ oleoi'des (olive-like). 4. Green, yellow. June. Spain.

1752.

„ Palla'sii (Pallas's). Caucasus. 1838.
„ parvifo'lia (small-leaved). China.
,, pu'mila (dwarf). 2. Green, yellow. July. Mts. of

Central, S. and E. Europe. 1752.
„ puncta'ta (spotted). Asia Minor, &c.
,, purpu'rea (purple). Western Himalaya.
„ purshia'na (Pursh's). 6. Green. May. N. Amer.

1826. " Cascara Sagrada."
„ „ interme' dia (intermediate). Leaves narrower.

California. 1898.
„ pusi'lla (weak). See R. PUMILA.
„ robu'sta (robust). 10-20. Green. Country unknown.

1879.

„ rupe'stris (rock). 2. Green. May. S. Europe. 1752.
„ saxa'tilis (rock), i. Green, yellow. May. Europe.

1752.

„ spathulrtfo'lia (spatula-leaved). Caucasus. 1838.
,, tincto'ria (dyer's). 5. Green, yellow. May. Europe ;

Asia. 1820.

„ umbella'ta (umbelled). See R. CALIFORNICA.
„ valenti'na (Valentia). See R. PUMILA.
,, virga'ta (twiggy). See R. DAVURICA.
„ Wulfe'nii (Wulfen's). See R. PUMILA.

HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

R. Alate'rnus (bastard-leaved-ala.ternus) . 20.
May. S. Europe,

Green,

1629.

(narrow- leaved). 20. Green. May,
S. Europe. 1629.

„ angustifo'lia variega'ta (variegated).
„ balea'rica (Balearic). 20. Green. May. S,
Europe.

JR. Alate'rnus fo'liis-arge'nteis (sier. Thorf-leaved). 20.

Green. May. S. Europe. {ignone*i
,, ,, fo'liis-au'reis (golden-edged-i. if cti). 20. Green.

May. S. Europe.
,, „ hispa'nica (Spanish). 20. Green. May. S.

Europe.
,, „ macula'ta (spotted-leaved). 20. Green. May.

S. Europe.
„ buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 3. Green, yellow. May.

Numidia. 1820.

„ cardioca'rpa (heart-podded). See R. TIN-CTORIA.
,, pube'scens (downy). See R. INFECTORIA.
„ Wi'cklia (Wickle's). See R. CATHARTICA.

RHAPHIDOTHORA. (From rhaphis, a needle, and
phero, to bear, or phora, the act of bearing ; in reference
to the needle-like bodies of oxalate of lime in the tissues.
Nat. ord. Araceae. Allied to Monstera.)

Evergreen stove plants, climbing by means of aerial
roots. Seeds ; cuttings in light soil in a close case, with
bottom- heat. Fibrous loam and peat, in equal parts,
with sand. Useful plants for covering walls, tree trunks,
&c., in a moist atmosphere. Winter temp., 60° to 65° ;
summer, 65° to 90°.

R. decursi'va (running-down). Greenish-yellow. Hima-
laya. 1859.
„ lancifo'lia (lance-leaved). Spathe apricot ; spadix

white. Khasia. 1874.
„ Lo'bbii (Lobb's). Malaya.
„ Pee'pla (Peepla). Yellow. India ; Malaya.
„ pertu'sa (perforated). India and Malaya. 1883.
,, pinna' ta (pinnate). See EPIPREMNUM MIRABILE.

RHAPHIDOPHY'LLUM. See RHAPIDOPHYLLUM.
RHAPHIOLE'PIS. See RAPHIOLEPIS.
RHA'PHIS. See RHAPIS.

RHAPHITHA'MNUS. (From rhaphis, a needle, and
thamnos, a shrub ; referring to the needle-like spines of
some species. Nat. ord. Verbenacea?.)

A half-hardy greenhouse tree, which proves hardy in
the south and west of England, and on walls near London.
Cuttings in sand under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand for pot culture.

R. cyanoca'rpus (blue-fruited). 3-14. Lilac ; berries
blue. Summer. Chili.

RHAPHIDO'SPORA. (From rhaphis, a needle, and
scores, a seed. Nat. ord. Acanthads [Acanthace®]. Linn.
•z-Diandria, i-Monogynia.)
R. gla'bra (smooth). See JUSTICIA GLABRA.
„ vesti'ta (clothed). See NELSONIA CAMPESTRIS.

RHAPIDOPHY'LLUM. (From rhapis, and phu'llon,
a leaf ; the leaves resemble those of Rhapis. Nat. ord.
Palmaceae.)

Greenhouse palm. Seeds; suckers. Fibrous loam,
peat, and sand.

R. Hy'strix (hedgehog). 3-6. Yellow, or green. Sep-
tember. S. United States. 1765.

RHA'PIS. (From rhaphis, a needle ; the sharp-pointed
leaves. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn. 2^-Poly-
gamia, i-Moncecia. Allied to Chamserops.)

Greenhouse Palms. Suckers generally, and by division
at the roots ; lich, sandy loam ; most require the pro-
tection of the greenhouse ; but some will probably
succeed in warm situations out of doors.
R. acau'lis (stemless). See SABAL ADANSONII.
„ arundina'cea (reed-leaved). See RHAPIDOPHYLLUM

HYSTRIX.

,, a'spera (rough). Green. May. S. France.
,, cochinchine'nsis (Cochin-China). 6-8. Cochin-China.
,, corda'ta, (heart-leaved). Green. May. S. France.
„ ftabellifo'rmis (fan-shaped). 6. Green. August.

China and Japan. 1774.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with

creamy-yellow. Japan. 1861.
,, hu'milis (low). China. 1837.
,, java'nica (Javanese). Java.
„ Kwanwo'rtsik (Kwanwortsik). See R. FLABELLI-

FORMIS.

„ ma'jor (greater). China. 1889.
„ Siro'tsik (Sirotsik). See R. HUMILIS.

RAPHONTICUM

739

RHIPSALIS

RHAPO'NTICUM. (From rha, rhubarb, and ponticus,
Pontic. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. 19-
Svngenesia, ^-Frustranea. See CENTAUKEA.
R. Palla'sii :(PaUas's). See CENTAUREA RHAPONTICUM.
„ pu'lchrun: (pretty). See CKNTAI-REA PULCHRA.
„ scar to' sum (membranous). See CENTAUREA RHAPON-
TICUM.

„ „ lyra'tum (lyre-leaved). See CENTAUREA RHAPON-
TICUM.
„ nntflo'rum (one-flowered). See CENTAUREA MON-

ANTHA.

RHA'ZYA. (The Arabian name. Nat. ord. Apo-
cynace.T.)

" Hardy, evergreen, resembling a Periwinkle, but the
stems are more erect. Divisions ; cuttings in sandy soil,
under a hand-light. Ordinary soil.
R. orienta'lis (oriental). Bright blue to dark violet.

Greece, &c. 1889.
„ strt'cta (erect). Blue. Arabia and Afghanistan.

RHEE'DIA. (Named after RJieede, author of the
Hortus Malabar icus. Nat. ord. Guttifers [Guttifera?].
Linn. i2-Icosandria, $-Polygynia.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of shoots, rather ripe, in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in a moist bottom-heat ;
sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.
R. java'nica (Javanese). Java. 1826.
„ lateriflo'ra (side-flowering). Trop. Amer.

RHE'UM. Rhubarb. (From Rha, the Russian name
of the river Wolga, near which the Rhubarb was found.
Nat. ord. Buckwheats [Polygonaceae]. Linn. g-Ennean-
dria, -2-Trigynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds in spring, and
division of the plant then, just as the buds begin to
swell ; deep, rich, loamy soil. See RHUBARB.
R. acumina'tum (long-pointed). 3. Purple. Himalaya.

1851.
„ Alexandra (Queen Alexandra's). 3-4. Pale yellow

bracts. June. W.China; Tibet. 1909.
,, austra'le (southern). See R. EMODI.
„ austn'acum( Austrian). 5. White. May. Austria. 1800.
„ ca'spicum (Caspian). See R. TATARICUM.
„ collinia'num (Collinian). China. 1883.
„ compa'ctum (compact). 3. White, green. May.

Tartary. 1758.

„ cri' 'spurn (curled). 5. White. May. 1800.
„ Emo'di (Mount Emodus). 5-10. White. Himalaya.
„ fenestra'tum (windowed). 6. White. May. 1780".
„ Franzenba'chii (Franzenbach's). Temperate Asia.
„ hy'bridum (hybrid). 5. White, green. May. Asia.

1778.
„ inopina'tum (unexpected). 6-12. Red or crimson.

Tibet. 1908.
„ leucorrhi'zum (white- rooted). Striped. May. Siberia.

1827.

„ macro' pterum (large- winsed) . Origin doubtful.
„ moorcro/tia'num (Moorcroftian). Himalaya. 1895.
„ no'bile (noble). 3-4. Himalaya. 1875.
„ nu'tans (nodding- flowered). See R. COMPACTUM.
„ officinei'le (shop). 6-8. Green. Tibet. 1871.

" Medicinal Rhubarb."
„ palma'tum (hznd-leaved). 5. White, green. June.

China. 1763.
„ ,, tanghu'ticvm (Tanghutic). Green. N.W. China.

1875.

„ Picho'nii (Pichon's). Tibet.
„ Rhapo'nticum (Rhapontic). 4. White, green. May.

Siberia. 1573. " Garden Rhubarb."
„ Ri'bes (cumni-leaved). 2. White, green. May.

Levant. 1724.

„ rothea'num (Rothean). Garden origin.
„ r:<?o'swm (wrinkled). Origin doubtful.
„ sibt'ricum (Siberian). See R. RHAPONTICUM.
„ spicifo'rme (spike-formed). Himalaya.
„ tita'ricum (Tartarian). 3. White, green. May.

Tartary. 1793.
„ undula'tum (wave-tear^). 4. White, green. May.

Siberia, &c. 1734.
„ webbia'num (Webbian). Himalaya.

RHE'XIA. " Deer Grass." (From rhexis, a rupture ;
supposed cure for ruptures. Nat. ord. Mrlastomads
[MelastomaceaeJ. Linn. &-Ociandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous North American plants, blooming
in July. Division and cuttings under a hand-li^ht ;
peat and loam. Most of the perennials will succeed in
a peat-border.

R. Acisanthe'ra (Acisanthera). See ACISANTKERA QUAD-
RATA.

,, an%ustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). See R. LAVCF.OLATA.

„ cilio'sa (hair-fringed), i. Purple. 1812.

„ slomera'ta (clustered). See PTEROLEPIS GLOMERATA.

„ holoseri 'ceo, (wholly-silky). See TIBOUCHINA HOLO-
SERICEA.

, lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). J. White. 1812.

, maria'na (Maryland). }. Purple. 1759.

, „ rube'lla (reddish), j. Pink. 1823.

, vimi'nea (twiggy). See TIBOUCHINA VIMINEA.

, virgi'nica (Virginian). J. Purple. 1759.

RHINACA'NTHTJS. ( From rhin, a nose, and A canthus ;
the corolla has a beak-like upper lip. Nat. ord. Acan-
thaceae. Allied to Adhatoda.)

Stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in a close case with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
^?. commu'nis (common). 2. White. June. India;

Malaya. 1790. " Ringworm Root."
,, .Vdsu'/a (large-nosed). See R. COMMUNIS.

RHINA'NTHUS. (From rhin, a nose, and anthos, a
flower; the flower is beak-like. Nat. ord. Scrophu-
lariace<e.)

Hardy annuals, living upon the roots of grass. Seeds.
Moist soil amongst grass.

R. Cri'sta-ga'lli (cock's-crest). i. Yellow, with two
blue spots. June to August. Europe (Britain).
" Yellow Rattle."

„ ma'jor (greater). r. Orange-yellow. August.
Europe (Britain).

RHINCHOGLO'SSUM. See RHYNCHOGLOSSUM.

RHINOPE'TALUM. (From rhin, a nose, and petalon,
a petal ; base of the upper sepal. Nat. ord. Lilyuvrts

\ [Liliaces]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Referred

j to Fritillaria.)
R. Kareli'ni (Kareline's). See FRITILLARIA GIBBOSA.

RH3PIDO PTERIS. (From rhipis, a fan, and pteris,
a fern ; formation of the fronds. Nat. ord. Ferns
[Filices]. Linn. 24'Crypiogamia, i-Filices.)
R. bifurca'ta (two-forked). See ACROSTICHUM BIFUR-

CATUM.

„ fcenicitla'cea (fennel-leaved). See ACROSTICHUM

FOJNICULACEUM.

„ pelta'ta (shield-leaved). See ACROSTICHUM PELTATUM.
,, triparti'ta (three-parted). See ACROSTICHUM FLABEL-

LATUM TRIPARTITUM.

RHIPO'CrONUM. (From rhipos, flexible, and gonos, a
shoot. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hex-
andria, i-Monogynia.) '

Greenhouse, white-flowered, evergreen climbers. Cut-
tings of side-shoots, when 3 inches in leneth, taken off
close to the stem, in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ;
fibrous loam, a little peat, sand, and charcoal, and well-
drained. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
R. a'lbum (white). 3. June. Australia. 1820.

„ parviflo'rum (small-flowered). See R. SCANDENS.

,, sca'ndens (climbing). 2. June. New Zealand. 1820.

RHI'PSALIS. (From rhips, a willow-branch ; refer-
ring to the flexible branches. Nat. ord. Indian Figs
[Cactacea?]. Linn. iz-Icosandria, i-Monpsvnia.)

Greenhouse succulents. Cuttings, dried at the base
for a few days before inserting in rough gravel or brick-
rubbish ; sandy loam, brick-rubbish, and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 40° to 35° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
R. aculea'ta (prickly). Whitish. Stems 8-10 angled.

Argentina. 1892.
„ a'nceps (two-edged). Stems flat, yellow-white. Brazil.

1892.

„ brachia'ia (forked). See R. SAGLIONIS.
„ capillifo'rmis (hair-formed). White. Stems short,

slender, drooping. Brazil. 1892.
„ Casxy'tha (Cassytha). i. Yellow. September. W.

Ind. 1758.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy).

„ caverno'sa (hollow). Stems flat. Brazil ; Paraguay.
1890.

RHIPSALIS

740

RHODODENDRON

R. cereifo'rmis (Cereus-formed). Country unknown.
„ chloro'ptera (green- winged). Yellowish- white. Stems

with broad joints. Brazil (?). 1908.
„ clava'ta (club-shaped). White. Stems drooping.

Brazil. 1892.

„ commu'nis (common). See R. MITTLERI.
,, comore'nsis (Comoroan). Greenish-white. Stems

cylindrical, drooping. Comoro Isles. 1892.
„ confe'rta, (crowded). Country unknown.
„ crispa'ia (crisped), i. White. December. Brazil.

1829.

,, ,. purpu'rea (purple).
„ dissi'milis (dissimilar). Stems cylindrical. S. Brazil

1890.

„ „ setulo'sa (bristly). Stems 5-angled. Brazil. 1892.
„ fascicula'to. (fascicled), i. Yellow. W. Ind. 1800.
„ flacco'sa (woolly-tufted). 1-2. County unknown.
„ funa'lis (cord-like). 1-3. White. July. S. Amer.

1818.
„ gibbe'rula (slightly-bulging). White ; berries white.

Stems whorled. Brazil. 1892.
„ gonoca'rpa (knee-fruited). White ; fruit 4-5 winged.

Brazil. 1892.
„ gra'cilis (slender). Whitish. Stems thick ; branches

. slender. Brazil. 1903.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See R. FUNALIS.
„ hadroso'ma (thick -jointed). White. Stems round.

Brazil. 1897.
„ hookeria'na (Hookerian). i. W7hite. August. W.

„ Houll'e'tii (Houllet's). Straw-yellow. Brazil. 1872.

„ Kni'ghtii (Knight's). Brazil.

„ madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). Greenish. Stems

6-io-angled. Madagascar. 1892.
„ mesembryanthoi'des (Mesembryanthemum-like). J.

White. S. Amer. 1817.
„ Mt'WteVt (Mittler's). Rose, white. July to September.

Brazil. 1836.
„ Myosu'rus (Myosurus). 4. Yellow, white. July.

Brazil. 1828.
„ Nova'sii (Novses's). 2. Yellowish- white. Upper

joints whorled. Brazil. 1909.
„ pachy'ptera (thick- winged). White. February. W.

Ind.

,, parado'xa (paradoxical). 3. Yellow, white. Sep-
tember, October. Brazil. 1846.
„ parasi'tica (parasitic). See R. FASCICULATA.
„ pcndulifto'ra (drooping-flowered). Greenish-yellow,

drooping. Sterns round. Brazil (?). 1877.
„ penta'ptera (five- winged). 1-2. White. February.

Brazil. 1836.
„ piloca'rpa (hairy-fruited). Pale yellow, lastly green.

Branches round. Brazil. 1907.
„ platyca'rpa (broad-fruited). Brazil.
„ pulvini'gera (cushion-bearing). White and yellow,

green. Stems round. Brazil. 1889.
„ Regne'llU (Regnell's). White. Stems broad, flat.

S. Brazil. 1890.

,, rho'mbea (diamond-shaped). Country unknown.
„ robu'sta (robust). Branches stout, round. S. Brazil.

1896.
„ Saglio'nis (Saglio's). f. Greenish-yellow. March.

Argentina. 1843.
„ salicornoi'des (Salicornia-like). Yellow. March.

Brazil.
„ „ bambusoi'des (Bambusa-like). 6. Orange-yellow

or reddish-orange. Stems erect. Brazil. 1892.
„ „ stri'cta (upright). Stems erect.
„ sarmenta' cea (twiggy). White. Argentina. 1858.
„ Simmle'ri (Simmler's). White, tipped red. Stems

round. Costa Rica. 1907.
„ spathula'ta (spathulate). Yellow. July. Brazil.

1836.
„ suarezia'na (Suarezian). Small green. Stems short

and also long. Madagascar. 1892.
„ swartzia'na. (Swartzian). White. June. W. Ind.

1810.
„ tetrago'na (four-angled). Stems lying down, 4-angled.

1892.

„ trigo'na (three-angled). Brazil.
„ tucumane'nsis(T\icuma.n). White, tipped rose. Stems

round or angular. Argentina. 1892.
„ virga'ta (twiggy). White. Stems round, drooping.

Brazil. 1892.

„ warmingia'na (Warmingian). White. Stems flat or
3~4-angled. Brazil. 1892.

R. We'rcklei (Werckle's). Cream-white. Stems bundled,

3-5 ft. long. Costa Rica. 1906.
„ zanziba'rica (Zanzibar). Like a robust R. Cassytha.

Zanzibar. 1892.

RHIZOTHQRA. Mangrove. (From rhiza, a root,
and phoreo, to bear ; the branches send down roots like
the Banyan-tree. Nat. ord. Mangroves [Rhizophoraceae],
Linn. n-Dodeoandria, i-Monogynia.)

Not likely to be much cultivated until we obtain
salt-water aquariums in our large tropical houses. The
Mangrove flourishes in rich, loamy soil, in thickets, by the
side of the ocean, in tiopical latitudes, and possesses
the striking feature that the seeds vegetate while attached
to the plant, and send out a long radicle, which generally
reaches the soft mud, while the top puts out leaves ;
numbers of plants are thus joined together, something
in the same way as the Banyan-tree.
R. Ma'ngle (Mangle). 10. Pale yellow. E. Ind. 1820.

RHODA'MNIA. (From rhodamnos, a flexible branch ;
in allusion to the slender, twiggy character of the plants.
Nat. ord. Myrtaceae. Allied to Myrtus.)

Greenhouse, evergreen shrubs or small trees. Cuttings
in sand, under a hand-light. Fibrous loam, peat, and
sand. The one-celled ovary is remarkable in the order.
R. arge'ntea (silvery). 5-10. White. Australia.
,, trine'rvia (three-nerved). 15. White. May. India ;
Malaya ; Australia. 1824.

RHODA'NTHE. (From rhodon, a rose, and anthos, a
flower. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite?]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, i-jEqualis. Referred to Helipterum.)
R. atrosangui'nea (dark-blood-red). See HELIPTERUM

ATROSANGUINEUM.

„ macula' to (blotched). See HELIPTERUM MANGLESII

MACUI.ATUM.

„ Mangle'sii (Captain Mangle's). See HELIPTERUM

MANGLESII.

RHODDON, or RODDON-TREE. Py'rus Aucupa'ria.
RHO'DEA. See RO'HDEA.
RHO'DIOLA RO'SEA. See SEDUM ROSEUM.

RHODOCHI'TON. (From rhodon, red, and chiton, a
tunic or cloak ; referring to the large, cloak-like red
calyx. Nat. ord. Scrophulariacese. Allied to Maur-
andia.)

A greenhouse, evergreen climber. Seeds ; cuttings in
sand, under a bell-glass, during late summer. Fibrous
loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

R. volu'bile (twining). 10-12. Blood-red ; calyx purple-
red. June to August. Mexico. 1833.

RHODODEN'DRON. Rose Bay. (From rhodon, a
rose, and dendron, a tree ; in allusion to the colour of
R. ponticum. Nat. ord. Heathworts [Ericaceje]. Linn.
iQ-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Seeds in spring, in shallow pans, in sandy peat, and kept
in a close, cool frame until the seedlings are fit to be
handled, when they should be pricked off into similar
soil, and gradually exposed to sun and air ; layers, either
in spring or autumn ; cuttings of young shoots, when the
base close to the older wood is getting firm, inserted in
silver sand, and placed, at first, in a cold frame, and
afterwards in a little bottom-heat ; sandy peat is the
best ; sandy, fibrous loam and clayey loam the next ;
kitchen-garden soil, and soil of any kind containing or
resting upon calcareous matter, the worst. The varieties
of the arbo'reum, campanula' turn, &c., require a little pro-
tection to have them in their beauty. See AZALEA for
old varieties.

HARDY FALSE AZALEAS (Azaleas/rum).
R. albifio'rum (white-flowered). 2. White. June. N.

Western Amer. 1835.
,, „ pie' num. (double). Stamens petaloid. British

Columbia. 1907.
„ ova' turn (egg-shaped). 1-^-3. Rose-purple, spotted

dark purple. N. China. 1844.

„ „ a'lbum (white). 1^-3. White. May. N. China.
1844.

HARDY AZALEAS (Azalea).
R. Albre'chti (Albrecht's). Japan.
,, arbore'scens (tree-like). 10. Red. June. N. Amer,
1818.

RHODODENDRON

741

RHODODENDRON

R. calendula' ceum (marigold-like). 4. Orange. June.

N. Amer. 1806.
„ „ fla'mmeum (flame). 4. Red. June. N. Amer.

1812.
„ dilata'tum (widened). Rose-purple. June. Japan.

1885.
„ fla'vum (yellow). 4-6. Yellow. June. Caucasus, &c.

1793.

„ „ albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 6. White. May.
„ „ a'rdens (burning). Glowing red.
„ i'ndiciim (Indian). 4-6. Scarlet. June. China ;

Japan. 1808. " Indian Azalea." Half-hardy.
„ „ amce'num (lovely). 1-2. Calyx and corolla

crimson. April, May. Shanghai, China.
„ „ amce'num sple'ndens (shining). 1-2. Crimson-red.
„ „ balsaminafto'rum (balsam-flowered), i. Salmon-
red, double. Japan. 1848.
„ „ Caldwe'lli (Caldwell's).
„ „ calyciflo 'rum (calyx-flowered).
„ „ Kce'mpferi (Ka-mpfer's). Red. June. Japan.

1892. Deciduous.
„ „ obtv'sum (blunt). i£. Red. March. China.

1844.
„ „ obta'sum a'lbum (white), ij. White. Japan.

1887.

„ Kce'mpfcri (Ka?nr,pfer's). See R. INDICUM K^EMPFERI.
„ ledifo'ltum (Led urn- leaved). 2. White. April.

China; Japan. 1824.
„ „ narcvssiflo' rum (Narcissus-flowered).
„ „ plenum purpu'reum (purple). Purple, double.

1886.
„ „ ran noordtia'num (Van Noordtian). Flowers

larger, of different shape. 1908.
„ linearifo'hum (Unear-leaved). 1-2. Rose. February,

March. Japan. 1869. Half-hardy.
„ Mane'sii (Maries's). 3-7. Pale purple. June. Central

China. 1907.

„ mo'lle (soft). See R. SINENSE.

„ mucronula'tum (small-pointed). 2. Pale reddish-
purple. Central Asia. 1910.
„ nudiflo'rum (naked-flowered). 3. Deep-pink. June.

N. Amer. 1734.
„ „ ca'rneum (flesh). 4. Flesh-coloured. June. N.

Amer. 1734.
„ „ exi'mium (choice).

„ „ ru'brum tred). 4. Red. June. N. Amer.
„ obtu'sum (blunt). See R. INDICUM OBTUSUM.
„ occidfnta'U (western). White, yellow. California.
,, „ gracio' sum (pleasing). White, with yellow blotch,

fragrant. 1908.
„ „ mazni'ficum (magnificent). White, marked yellow,

fragrant. 1908.

„ quinquejo'Hum (five-leaved). Japan.
„ Rhodo'ra (Rhodora). 2-4. Rose-purple. April, May.

N. Amer. 1767.

„ rho'mbicum (diamond-shaped). Japan.
„ Schlippenba'chii (Schlippenbach's). 5. Rosy-lilac.

June. Manchuria; Japan. 1894.
„ serp^'llifo'lium (thyme-leaved), i. White. Japan.

1882.
„ sine'nse (Chinese). 3-6. Yellow. May. China and

Japan. 1823.

„ Tschono'skii (Tschonosk's). Japan.
„ Vase'yi (Vasey's). 1-15-18. White to deep rose,

dotted with darker spots. Carolina. 1888.
„ ,, a'lbum (white). 1-6. White.
„ visco'sum (clammy). 2-6. White. July. N. Amer.

1734. " Swamp Honeysuckle."
„ „ glau'cum (sea-green)." 2-4. White. June. N.

Amer.
„ yedoense (Yedo). Rose- pink. Japan. 1886.

HARDY RHODODENDRONS (Eurhododendron).

R. adenopo'dium (gland-stalkidi. 4-10. Pale rose.

Central China. 1909. Half-hardy.
„ arugino'sum (verdigris). See R. CAMPANULATUM.
„ afgka'mcum (Afghan). Afghanistan.
„ A'nruc (Anna's). White. Western China. 1906.
,, Anthopo'gon (Anthopogon). 2. Purple. May.

Alpine Himalaya ; N. Asia. 1820.
„ arbo'reum Campbe'llia (Mrs. Campbell's). Temperatr

Himalaya.

„ aucuba-fo'ltum (Aucuba-leaved). Central China.
„ A ugusti'nii (Augustin's). 4-10. White, pink, and

pale purple. Central and Western China. 1905.

auricula'tum (auricled). 10-30. Pure white or rosy-
pink. Central China. 1903.

&*ndra»nta'nuwi(Benthamian). Purple-violet. Western
China. 1907.

blandfordiafto'rum (Blandfordia-flowered). See R.

CINNARARINUM.

brachycti'rpum (short-fruited). 4-6. Pale yellow,

dotted with green. Japan. 1888.
califo'rnicum (Californian). Pink. June. California.
„ washingtonia'num (Washingtonian). 1899.
campanula' turn (bell-shaped). 4-6. Pale pink. May.
Alpine. Himalaya. 1825.
„ a'lbum (white). White.

„ Batema'ni (Bateman's). See R. CAMPANULATUM
WALLICHII.
„ pi'ctum (painted).

„ WaUi'chii (Wallich's). Bright pink or rose.
Plant robust.
campyloca' rf>um (curved-fruited). 4-6. Yellow. April.

Sikkim, &c. 1851.
camtscha' ticum (Kamtschatka). See R. KAMTSCHATI-

CUM.

catawbie'nse (Catawba). 4. Purple, spotted with
crimson. July. N. Amer. 1809.
„ fastuo'sum (proud). Lilac, semi-double.
Cafesbce'i (Catesby's). 4. Purple. May. N. Amer.

1810.

cauca'sicum (Caucasian). i. Purple. August.
Caucasus. 1803.

„ fla'vidum (yellow). Straw, spotted with green.
Caucasus. 1868.

„ flo're a'lbo (white-flowered). White.
„ pi'ctum (painted).

,, strami'neum (straw-coloured). 2. Straw. April.
CkamcEci' stus (ground-cistus). See RHODOTHAMNUS

CHAM^CISTUS.
chrysa' nthum (yellow-flowered). ±. Yellow. June.

Siberia. 1796.

cilia'tum (fringed). Red-purple. March. Sikkim,
Himalaya.

„ ro'seo-a'lbum (rosy-white). White, tinged with
rose.

cinnabari'num (cinnabar-red). 3-8. Cinnabar-red.
June, July. Sikkim. 1851.
„ pa'llidum (pale). Pale red.

collettia'num (Collettian). i-ij. Pure white. Af-
ghanistan. 1888.
conci'nnum (neat), i. Pale yellow, faintly spotted.

W. China. 1910.
coombe'nse (Coombe-Wood). i. Pale purple. China.

1909.

dau'ncum (Daurian). 3. Purple. March. Siberia.
1780.

„ atrovi'rens (dark green). 3. Purple. March.
Siberia.
„ sempervi'rens (evergreen). See R. DAURICUM

ATROVIRENS.

deco'rum (joyous). Yunnan, China.

Delava'yi (Delavay's). 10-20. Scarlet. May.

Yunnan, China. 1904. Half-hardy.
Fa'rrerce (Mrs. Farrer's). 3. Lilac. March. China.

1829.

ferrugi'neum (rusty-leaved). i*. Scarlet. June.
Switzerland. 1752. " Rose des Alpes."
„ a'lbum (white), x. White. June. Pyrenees.
1830.

„ atrococci'neum (dark-scarlet). Bright red.
„ ere'ctum (erect). Habit upright.
„ hy'bridum (hybrid).

„ myrtifo'lium (myrtle-leaved). Austrian Alj>s.
, ,, variega'tum (variegated). Leaves variegated.
, fla'vidum (yellow), ii-2. Yellow. W.China. 1910.
Fortu'nei (Fortune's)? 6-12. Rosy. May. China,

1859.
, fu'lgims (shinins). 4-6. Rich dark red. April.

Nepaul and Sikkim. 1851.
, glau'cum (sea-green). 1-2. Pink. March. Sikkim

and Bhotan. 1850.
, hale'nse (Halan). (R. subferrugineumxhirsuttim.)

Austrian Alps.

, harrovia'num (Harrowian). 2-3. Reddish or violet-
purple, spotted yellow. W. China. 1910.
, hirsutifo'rme (hairy-fornO. (R. siibferrngineum X

hirsutum.) Austrian Alps.

, kirsu'ttim (hairy-^av^). ij. Scarlet. June. Swit-
zerland. 1656.

RHODODENDRON

742

RHODODENDRON

R. hirsu'tum variega' turn (variegated-leaved), i. Scarlet.

June. 1800.

„ hy'bridum (Herbert's- hybrid). Pink. July.
„ hypcglau'cum (under- glaucus). Central China.
„ interme'dium (intermediate). (R. ferrugineumxhir-

sutum.) Tyrol. 1891.
„ intrica'tum (intricate). 1-3. Lilac or almost violet.

Western China. 1907.
„ kamtscha' ticum (Kamtschatka). Purple. July. N.

Asia. 1802.

,, Kei'skei ( Keiske's) . 1-2. Rose-purple. Japan. 1895.
„ Kendri'ckii (Kendrick's). Scarlet. April. Himalaya.

1859-

„ „ latiio'lium (broad- leaved). Scarlet. April. Hima-
laya. 1859.
„ Ke'ysii (Keys's). 3-4. Red, yellow. July. Bhotan.

1851.

„ la'ctcum (milky). White. W. China. 1909.
„ lappo'nicum (Lapland), i. Crimson. April. Nor-
thern and Arctic regions. 1825.
„ lepido'tum (scaly), i. Rose. Temperate and Alpine

Himalaya. 1829.
„ „ cMora'nthwn (green-flowered), i. Yellow-green,

spotted green.
„ „ obova'tum (obovate). 1-3. Maroon-purple ;

anthers orange. Sikkim. 1879.
„ macrose'palum (large-sepaled). Rose and purple.

Japan. 1870.
„ ma'ximum (largest). 20. Pink. July. N. Amer.

1756.
„ „ a'lbum (white). 15. White. July New Jersey.

1811.
„ Metterni'chii (Metternich's). Rose. May. Japan.

1870.

„ „ penta'merum (five-parted).
„ micra'nthum (small-flowered). 4-20. White N. and

Central China. 1903.
„ myrtifo'lium (myrtle-leaved). 2-4. Purple. May.

(? R. hirsutumxpunctatum.) 1763.
„ ni'veum (snowy). Lilac. Leaves snowy. May.

Sikkim. 1850.
„ „ fu'lvum (tawny). Deeper purple. Leaves buff

beneath. Sikkim. 1885.

,, orbicnla're (orbicular). 5-10. Rose. Tibet. 1879.
„ parvifo'lium (small-leaved). Pale rose. China ;

Siberia. 1877.
„ pittospor&fo'lium (Pittosporum-leaved). Central

China.
„ po'nticum (Pontic). 12. Purple. May. Spain ;

Portugal ; Asia Minor. 1763.
„ „ a'lbum (white). White.
„ „ rheiranthifo'lium (wallflower-leaved).
„ „ daphnoi'des (Daphne-like).
„ „ lancifo'lium (lance- leaved).
„ „ myrtifo'lium (myrtle-leaved). See R. MYRTI-

FOLIUM.
„ „ obtu'sum (blunt-leaved). 4. Purple. May.

Armenia.

„ ,, odora'tum (sweet-scented). 3. Pink. July. 1820.
,, „ variega' turn (variegated). Leaves variegated.
„ pr&'cox (early). 1-2. Purple. March. (R.ciliatumx

dauricum.) 1868.

„ primuli'num (primrose). See R. FLAVIDUM.
„ Przewa'lskii (Przewalsky's). White. Kansu, China.

1899.
„ puncta'tum (doited-leaved). 4. Pink. July. N.

Amer. 1786.

„ „ ma^jus (larger). 6. Pink. July.
,, purpu'rcum (purple). See R. MAXIMUM.
„ Pu'rshii (Pursh's). See R. MAXIMUM ALBUM.
„ racmo'sMw(racemed). *-2. Rose and white. June.

July. Yunnan, China. 1892.
,, „ ri'gldum (rigid), i. Pale rose to dark red, in

bunches. Yunnan, China. 1908.
„ rubicino'sum (rusty). 4. Pink. June. Yunnan.

1898.
„ semibarba'tum (half-bearded). Green- yellow. Japan.

1871.

,, Smirno'wi (Smirnow's). Purple. Caucasus. 1891.
„ Souli'ei (Soulie's). 3-12. Rose-pink. W. China.

1909.

,, spinuli'ferum (small-spine-bearing). Pale orange-
yellow, scarlet-red. Yunnan, China. 1010.
„ Thoim-o'ni (Thomson's). 5-10. Deep red. April.

Nepaul and Sikkim. 1851.
„ iorionia' num (Toitonian). Garden origin.

R. Unge'rni (Ungern's). White, tinted red outside.

Caucasus. 1891.

„ virga'tum (twiggy). 1-2. Pink. April. Sikkim. 1850.
„ zoashingtoma'num (Washingtonian). See R. CALI-

FORNICUM WASHINGTONIANUM.

,, Yodoga'wa (Yodogawa). Delicate lilac. Japan.
„ yunnane'nse (Yunnan). White, spotted with blood-
red. Yunnan. 1898.

COOL GREENHOUSE RHODODENDRONS (Eurhododendron).
R. arbo'reum (tree). 20-23. Scarlet. May. Himalaya.

1820.

„ „ t'lbum (white). White.
„ „ cinnamo'meum (cinnamon). 20. Purple. June.

Nepaul. 1820.
„ ,, limba'tum (bordered). Rose, with white throat

and blood-red blotch. Sikkim. 1862.
„ ,, nilagi'ricum (Neilgherrian). Rose, white. May.

Neilgherries. 1840.
„ ,, ni'veum (snowy-white). 20. White. March.

Nepaul. 1817.
„ „ Paxio'nii (Mr. Paxton's). Crimson. May.

Khasia. 1837.

„ „ puni'ceum (purple). Intense red-scarlet.
„ „ Rollisso'nii (Mr. Rollisson's). Crimson. May.

Nepaul. 1837.

„ „ ro'seum (rosy). 20. Rose. April. Nepaul.
,, „ sangui'neum (blood-coloured). 20. Scarlet. April.

Nepaul. 1817.

„ arge'nteum (silvery). See R. GRANDE.
,, assa'micum (Assamese). See R. FORMOSUM.
„ Auckla'ndii (Auckland's). See R. GRIFFITHIANUM.
„ barba'tum (bearded). 3-60. Blood-red. Himalaya.

1829.

„ „ Smi'thii (Smith's). Under surf ace of leaves scurvy.
„ Boo'thii (Booth's). 5-6. Yellow. Himalaya.
„ calophy'llum (beautiful-leaved). See R. MADDF.NI

CALOPHYLLUM.

,, camellia flo' rum (Camellia-flowered). 5-6. White.
April. Himalaya. 1851.

„ Cnampio'nce (Mrs. Champion's). 7. Pink. April.
China. 1851.

„ chartophy'llum (paper-leaved). Violet-rose or white.
S. China. 1907.

„ cilii' calyx (eye-lashed-calyxed). White. Yunnan,
China. 1895.

„ Dalhou'sicK (Lady Dalhousie's). 7. Yellowish-white.
March. Sikkim. 1850.

„ Edgewo'rthii (Edgeworth's). 3. White. Leaves
rusty-woolly beneath. May. Himalaya. 1851.

„ er.i'mium (choice). See R. FALCONERI EXIMIUM.

„ Falcone'ri (Falconer's). 30. White. May. Hima-
laya. 1850.

„ ,, exi'mium (choice). 30. White. Himalaya.

„ Fo'rdii (Ford's). 10. White. China. 1894.

„ formo'sum (beautiful). 5. White. May. Himalaya.
1837. Deciduous.

,, Gibso'nii (Gibson's). See R. FORMOSUM.

,, gra'nde( grand). 5-30. White. March. Himalaya. 1850.

„ „ ro'seum (rosy). Deep red. Sikkim. 1887.

if griffithia'num (Griffithian). 3-6. White, very large.
May. Himalaya. 1850.

„ Hodgso'ni (Hodgson's). 12-20. Purple. April.
Himalaya. 1851.

„ Hoo'keri( Hooker's). 12-14. Red. April. Himalaya.

„ Jenki'nsii (Jenkins's). See R. MADDENI JENKINSII.

,, kingia'num (Kingian). 10-20. Blood-red. Munipur.
1899.

„ irrora'tum (sprinkled). 3-4. Creamy- white, tinted
rose. China.

„ lana'tum (woolly). 20. Yellow-white. June. Hima-
laya. 1851.

„ Li'iidleyi (Lindley's). White. Himalaya. 1864.

,, loncifo'lium (Ions-leaved). See R. GRANDF.

„ Madde'ni (Major Madderi's). 7. Blush. May. Hima-
laya. 1850.

„ „ calophy'lhtm (beautiful-leaved). 3-6. White.
May. Himalaya.

„ „ Jenki'nsii (Jenkins's). 6-7. White. Himalaya.

,, „ langifto'runi (long-flowered). Dull rose outside,
pale blush within. 1804.

„ „ oblusifo'lium (blunt-k^avcd). Leaves rounded at
both ends. Assam. 1908.

„ mode'stum (modest). 1-2. Pink, with red spots.
Himalaya. 1899.

RHODOLEIA

743

RHUBARB

R. nilagi'ricum (Neilgherrian). See R. ARBORET-M NILA-

GIRICUM.

„ Nutta'llii (Nuttall's). 12-30. White, fragrant
Himalaya. 1859.

„ Oldha'mi (Oldham's). 2-3. Reddish-salmcn. For-
mosa. 1882.

„ pe'ndulvm (drooping). 3-4. White. March. Sikkim.
1882.

„ Ro'ylei (Royle's). See R. CINNABARINUM.

„ scabrifo'lium (rough-leaved). White, tinted with rose.
Yunnan, China. 1890.

„ seto'sum (bristly), i. Purple. Nepaul. 1825.

„ Shephe'rdii (Shepherd's). Scarlet. Himalaya. 1859.

„ Smi'ihii (Smith's). See R. BARBATUM SMITHII.

„ triflo'rttm (three-flowered). 4-6. Greenish-yellow.
Sikkim, Himalaya. 1882.

„ veitckia'num (\'eitchian). 3-4. White. May.

Burma. 1857.

Wi'ghtti (Wight's). 6-14. Pale straw-yellow, frag-
rant. Himalaya. 1851.
Windso'rii (Windsor's). See R. AFBOREUM.
ztyla'nicum (Cingalese). See R. ARBOREUM.

WARM GREENHOUSE OR STOVE RHODODENDRONS.

R. a'lbum (white), i. Yellow- white or cream. Autumn.
Java.

„ apoa'num (Apoan). 1-2. Red, tubular. Philip-
pines. 1885.

„ brookea'num (Rajah Brooke's). Reddish-salmon.
November. Borneo. 1848.

„ ,, gra'cile (slender). Pale yellow. 1871.

„ citri'num (citron). Lemon. May. Java. 1854.

„ Curti'sii (Curtis's). See R. MULTICOLOR CURTISII.

„ gra'cile (slender). 6. Bright red. Borneo. 1848.

, iasminifto'ntm (jasmine-flowered). 1-2. White, pink.
May. Java. 1849.

,, „ carmina'tum (carmine). Rich carmine. 1888.

, „ ro'seum (rosy). Soft carmine-rose. Perak. 1894.

, jara'nicum (Javanese). 4. Orange, red. All seasons.
Java. 1847.

, „ tubiflo'rum (tube-flowered). Orange-red. Su-
matra.

, Ko'chii (Koch's). White, tubular. Philippines. 1885.

, Lo'Wu(Lobb's). Deep red or crimson. Borneo. 1869.

, lonqiflo'rum (long-flowered). 8. Crimson. Borneo.
1848.

, malaya'num (Malayan). Deep red. Sumatra. 1854.

, moulmaine'nse (Moulmein). White. Burma.

, multi' color (many-coloured). Dark crimson or yellow.
Sumatra.

, „ Curti'sii (Curtis's). 1884.

, retu'sum (blunt-leaved), i$. Scarlet. May. Java ;
Sumatra. 1818.

, verticilla' turn (whorl-leaved). Reddish. Borneo. 1848.

RHODOLEI'A. (From rhodon, a rose, and leios,
smooth ; the coloured bracts, surrounding the head of
rose flowers, suggest a rose, while the whole plant is
very smooth. Nat. ord. Hamamelidaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub with the habit of a
Rhododendron. Seeds ; layers. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand.
R. Champio'ni (Champion's). Rose. China. 1852.

RHOBOMY'RTTJS. (From rhodon, rose, and murlos,
the myrtle-tree ; in allusion to the colour of the flowers.
Nat. ord. Myrtaceae. Allied to Myrtus.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand under
a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
R. rr.acroca'rpa (large- fruited), s-8. Australia.
„ tomento'sa (felted). 4-6. Rose or purple. June.
India and Malaya. 1776.

RHODO'RA. (From rhodon, rose ; in allusion to the
colour of the blossom, which precedes the foliage. Nat.
ord. Ericaceae. Now referred to Rhododendron.)
R. canadefnsis (Canadian). See RHODODENDRON RHO-

DORA.

RHODO'SPATHA. (From rhodon, rose, and spatha, or
spathe, a spathe, which is rose-coloured in some species.
Nat. ord. Araceee.)

A stove evergreen shrub, climbing by means of aerial
root?. Cuttings of side branches in sand in a close case,
with bottom-heat. Fibrous, lumpy peat, loam, and sand.

R. bla'nda (clferming). 3-5. Pale greenish-yellow.
Brazil. 1860.

RHODOSPH2E RA. (From rhodon, rose, and sphaira,
a ball. Nat. ord. Anacardiacea?.)

Greenhouse shrub. Cuttings in sand under a bell-
glass. Fibrous loam, a little peat, and sand.
R. rhodanthe'ma (red-flowering). Red. Australia.

RHODO STACHYS. (From rhodon, rose, and stachus,
a spike; the flowers are in dense spikes, and in some
cases rose-coloured. Nat. ord. Bromeliace<e. Allied to
Ananas.)

Stove perennial herbs with leathery evergreen foliage.
Suckers or offsets. Fibrous loam, lumpy peat, some
bits of charcoal, and sand.
R. andi'na (Andean), i. Rose. J une to August. Chili.

1850.

„ argenti'na (Argentine). See BROMELIA ARGENTINA.
,, bi' color (two-coloured), i. Rose. Chili. 1851.
„ littora'lis (shore). Chili.
„ pitcairniafo'lia (Pitcairnia-leaved). i-ij. Scarlet or

red. Chili. 1868.

„ „ *trcWio#«'na(Kirchhoffian). i-ij. Blue; bracts
reddish at base. Chili. 1890.

RHODO'STOMA. (From rhodon, a rose, and stoma,

I a mouth ; the opening of the tube of corolla. Nat. ord.
Rubiads [Rubiaceas]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynui,
Now referred to Palicourea.)
R. gardenioi'des (Gardenia-like). See PALICOUREA GAR-

DENIOIDES.

RHODOTHA'MNUS. (From rhodon, a rose, and
ffiamnos, a bush or shrub ; in reference to the colour of
the flowers. Nat. ord. Ericaceae. Allied to Kalmia.)

A dwarf, branching hardy little bush. Seeds, layers.
Peaty soil in sheltered situation.
R. Chanutci' stus (Chamaecistus). $. Pale rosy-purple.

May. Austrian Alps. 1786.
„ kamtscha'ticus (Kamtschatkan). See RHODODENDRON

KAMTSCHATICUM.

RHODO'TYPOS. (From rhodon, a rose, and tupos, &
shape or form ; the flowers resemble a single, white rose.
Nat. ord. Rosaceae. Allied to Kerria.)

A hardy, deciduous shrub. Suckers, layers, or cuttings
in a frame or under a hand-light. Ordinary soil.
R. kcrrioi'des (Kenia-like). 4-10. White. April, May.
Japan. 1866.

RHO'EO. (Possibly a commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Commelinaceae.)

Warm greenhouse, evergreen herb. Cuttings in sand
under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, one-third peat, or
leaf-mould, and plenty of sand.
R. di'scolor (two-coloured), r. White, pink. Leaves

purple beneath. Mexico. 1783.

„ „ co'ncolor (one-coloured), i. Leaves wholly green.
Mexico. 1868.

RHOPALA. See ROUPALA.

RHOPALOBLA STE. (From rhopalon, a club, and
blastos, a sapling. Nat. ord. Palmacea>. Allied to
Ptychosperma.)

Stove palm, with smooth, slender stem. Seeds.
Fibrous loam, lumpy peat, and sand.
R. hexa'ndra (six-anthered). Leaves pinnate. Moluccas.

1890.
„ Singapore" 'nsis (Singapore). See PTYCHORAPHIS SINGA-

PORENSIS.
RHOPALOSTTGMA. See STAUROSTIGMA.

RHOPALO STYLE. (From rhopalon, a club, and sttilos,
a pillar or style ; in allusion to the form of the spadix.
Nat. ord. Palmacea?.)

Greenhouse palms with long, pinnate leaves. Seeds.
Loam, peat, and sand.
R. Batte'ri (Bauer's). 5-20. White. October. Norfolk

Island. 1832.
„ sa'pida (savoury). 10-20. Pink. New Zealand. 1827.

RHUBARB. Rhe'um Rhapo'ntifum. R. hy'bridum, R.
undula'tum, and R. palma'tttm.

Varieties. — There are several varieties, of which the
most preferable are the Tobolsk, Gigantic, Victoria,

RHUBARB

744

RHUS

Champion, Hawke's Champagne, Dawes' Challenge, The
Sutton, and Bucks, or Elford.

The Soil best suited to it is light, rich, deep, unshaded,
and moderately moist.

Sowing, — It may be propagated by divisions, but
occasionally by seed. Sow soon after it is ripe, in Sep-
tember or October, in drills 3 feet apart, and an inch
deep, the plants to remain where raised ; for although
they will bear removing, yet it always checks and some-
what lessens their growth. When they make their ap-
pearance in the spring, thin to 6 or 8 inches asunder, and
let the surface of the ground about them be loosened with
the hoc. At the close of summer, when it can be deter-
mined which are the strongest plants, finally thin to
4 feet, or the Gigantic and Victoria to 6. Break down
the flower-stems as often as they are produced. In
autumn remove the decayed leaves, and point in a little
well-putrefied stable-dung, and earth up the stools. In
the spring, hoe the bed, and as the stalks when blanched
are much more delicate in taste, require less sugar to be
rendered palatable, and are greatly improved in appear-
ance, dig a trench between the rows, and the earth from
it place about a foot thick over the stool. This covering
must be removed when the cutting ceases, and the plants
allowed to grow at liberty. As the earth in wet seasons
is apt to induce decay, the covering may be advantage-
ously formed of coal-ashes or drift-sand. Chimney-pots
and butter-firkins make good coverings for blanching.
Sea-kale pots, with lids, are very handy, because the stalks
may be pulled without removing the blanching material.

To obtain Seed. — Two-year-old plants often produce
seed, but in their third year always. It must be gathered
as soon as ripe, and great care taken that none is scattered
over the beds, for the plants thence produced often
spring up, and greatly injure the old plants by growing
unobserved amongst them.

Forcing. — Plant a single row 3 feet apart in ground
that has been trenched two spades deep, and dressed
with well-putrefied dung at the time. The forcing may
commence in December ; first cover either with sea-kale
or common garden-pots (twelves), but chimney-pots are
still better, the leaf-stalks becoming much longer and
finer, and envelope them with fermenting dung. A
frame is much less objectionable, formed by driving
stakes into the ground on each side of the bed, alter-
nating with the plants. These are to be 3 feet high
above ground, and the space between the two rows of
stakes 2 feet at the bottom, but approaching each other,
and fastened by cross-pieces, so as to be only 15 inches
apart at top. To the sides and top stout lathes are
fixed, forming a sort of cage, to prevent the dung
falling upon the plants.

The dung may be either fresh, or that which has already
undergone fermentation, placed all round the frame
1 8 inches thick, and the top covered with long litter.
The temperature in the interior should have a range
from 55° to 60°. If it rises higher, two or three large
holes made through the top soon correct it.

Rhubarb may be forced without either pots or frame,
by merely covering the plants 6 inches deep with light
litter, care being taken that the plants are not injured.
Where a properly constructed, dark, artificially heated
forcing-house exists, all that is necessary is to lift the
roots and plant them in leaf-mould or any light soil, in
this.

Mr. Knight's mode of forcing is to place in the winter
as many plants as necessary in large, deep pots, each pot
receiving as many as it can contain, and the interstices
entirely filled up by fine, sandy loam, washed in. The
tops of the roots are placed on a level with each other,
and about an inch below the surface. These being
covered with inverted pots of the same size, may be
placed in a vinery or hotbed, and on the approach of
spring, any time after January, any room or cellar will
be sufficiently warm. If copiously supplied with water,
the plants vegetate rapidly and vigorously, and each
pot will produce three successional cuttings, the first two
being the most plentiful. As soon as the. third is gathered,
the roots may be changed, and those removed replanted
in the ground, when they will attain sufficient strength to
be forced again in a year's time. If not, it is of little
consequence, for year-old roots raised from cuttings, or
even seed sown in autumn, are sufficiently strong for use.

Propagation by Division. — Mr. Rogers, a successful
cultivator, says, that when the rhubarb is propagated
by the root, care must be taken to retain a bud on the

crown of each offset, together with a small portion of the
root itself, with, if possible, some fibres attached to it.
These offsets may be taken from roots of three or four
years old without injury to the plant. They may be
planted where they are intended to remain, at the same
distance and in the same manner as advised for the
seedlings.

RHU'S. Sumach. (From Rhous, the Greek name of
the genus. Nat. ord. Anacards [Anacardiacese]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, ^-Trigynia.)

Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs, except where other-
wise stated. By seeds, layers, and cuttings of roots and
shoots ; light, fibrous loam.
R. n'lbida (whitish). 6. Green, yellow. N. Africa;

Syria. 1823.

„ Ame'la (Amela). See R. SEMIALATA.
,, aroma'tica (aromatic). See R. CANADENSIS.
„ atoma'ria (speckled). See R. VILLOSA.
„ Bu'cki- Ame'la (Bucki-Amela). See R. SEMIALATA.
„ canade'nsis (Canadian). 8. Yellow. May. N. Amer.

1773-

„ „ triloba'ta (three-lobed).

„ carolinia'na (Carolinian). See R. GLABRA COCCINEA.
„ cau'stica (caustic). See LITHR.CA VENENOSA.
,, chine'nsis (Chinese). See R. SEMIALATA.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet). See R. GLABRA COCCINEA.
„ copall'ina (gum-copal). 6. Green, yellow. August.

N. Amer. 1688.
„ „ exte'nsa (extended). Fruits shining red. New

Jersey. 1907.
„ „ leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 4. Whitish. August.

N. Amer.
„ Coria'ria (Coriaria-leaved). 10. Green, yellow. July.

Mediterranean region. 1640.
„ cotinoi'des (Cotinus-like). 5-10. Green. May, June.

S. United States. " Chittam Wood."
„ Co'tinus (wild-olive). 6. Pale purple. June. S.

Europe. 1656. " Smoke Plant."
„ „ atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). Hairs on fruit-stalks

becoming purple. " Purple Smoke Plant."
„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). Branches drooping. 1885.
„ cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). S. Africa. Greenhouse.
„ diversifo'lia (various-leaved). See R. TOXICODEN-

DRON.

„ diversi'loba (various-lobed). See R. TOXICODENDROK.
,, e'legans (elegant). See R. GLABRA COCCINEA.
„ exci'sa (cut-out). S. Africa. Greenhouse.
„ gla'bra (smooth). 8. Green, yellow. August. N.

Amer. 1726.

„ „ cocci'nea (scarlet). 10. Red. June. N. Amer. 1726.
„ „ dioi'ca (dioecious). 8. Greenish. July. N. Amer.
„ „ lacinia'ta (deeply-cut). Leaves twice deeply

divided, red in autumn.
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). Himalaya.
,, java'nica (Javanese). See R. SEMIALATA.
„ juglandifo'lia ( J uglans-leaved) of Wallich. See R.

WALLICHII.

„ Iczviga'ta (smooth). S. Africa. Greenhouse.
,, lu'cida (shining) of Aiton. See R. MUCRONATA.
,, lu'cida (shining) of Linnaeus. 3-6. White. July.

S. Africa. 1697. Greenhouse.
„ Michau'xii (Michaux's). . 2-3. Fruit bright scarlet.

S. United States. 1895.
„ mucrona'ta (small-pointed). S. Africa.
„ myria'ntha (myriad-flowered). Country unknown.
„ Osbe'ckii (Osbeck's). 10-20. White. China and

Japan. 1867.

„ oxyaca'ntha (hawthorn-like). See R. ALBIDA.
„ pu'mila (dwarf . Poisonous), i. Green, yellow. July.

N. Amer. 1806.

,, punjabe'nsis (Punjab). Himalaya.
,, Rctdcelija'wel (Radselijawel). See CONN ARCS MONO-
CARPUS.
„ radi'cans (rooting). See R. TOXICODENDRON and

varieties.
,, rlwdanthe'ma (red-flowering). See RHODOSPH^.RA

RHODANTHEMA.

,, semiala'ta (half- winged). 10-40. White. August.

Himalaya; China. 1799.
„ „ Osbe'ckii (Osbeck's). See R. OSBECKII.
„ „ purpu'rea (purple). Young leaves reddish-green.

Central China. 1907.
„ Simo'nii (Simon's). China. 1866.
„ si'nica (Chinese). Flowers small, in large panicles.

China. 1908.

RHYNCHANTHERA

745

RIBES

R. suavt'olent (sweet-smelling). See R. CANADENSIS.
„ succfda'nea (substituted). 10-15. Greenish-yellow.

June. India; China; Japan. 1768. "Japan

Wax." Greenhouse.
„ sylvefstris (wood). China and Japan.
,, thee'zans (tea). See R. UNDULATA.
„ Toxicode'ndron (poison-tree). 3-20. Greenish-yellow.

June. N. Amer. 1640. " Poison Oak."
„ „ tnicroca'rpa (small-fruited). 2. Green-yellow.

June. N. Amer. Climber.
„ „ volu'bilis (twining). 3-20. Green-yellow. June.

X. Amer. Climber.
„ trichnca'rpa (hairy-fruited). 20-25. Greenish. Fruit

pale, prickly. Japan. 1897.
„ typhina (fever). 20. Green, yellow. July. N.

Amer. 1629.

„ „ arborfscens (tree-like). 25. Green, yellow. July.
„ „ filici'na (fem-like). Leaves 3 ft. long ; leaflets

incised. 1907.

„ „ frute'scens (shrubby). 6. Green, yellow. July.
„ ,, lacinia'ta (deeply-cut). Leaves much and deeply

cut. 1907.
„ undula'ta (waved-/«ot'«rf). 5. Whitish-yellow. S.

Africa.
„ vcnena'ta (poisonous). 15. Green, yellow. July.

E. United States. 1713. " Poison Sumach."
„ ve'rnix (varnish). See R. VENENATA.
„ vcrntci'fera (varnish-bearing). 10. Green, yellow.

China; Japan. 1823. " Lacquer Tree."
„ ,, columna'ris (columnar). Branches erect. 1907.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). Greenish-yellow. July. Trop. and

S. Africa. 1714. Greenhouse.

„ Walli'chii (Wallich's). 8-12. Green, yellow. Hima-
laya.

RHYNCHANTHFRA. (From rhunchos, a snout or
beak, and anthera, an anther ; the anthers are prolonged
at the ends. Nat. ord. Melastomaceae.)

Evergreen, stove shrub. Cuttings of half-mature
shoots in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, lumpy peat, and sand. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.

R. grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 3-6. Dark rose. Guiana
and Brazil. 1873.

RHYNCHA'NTHUS. (From rhunchos, a beak, and
anlhos, a flower ; in allusion to the shape of the flowers.
Nat. ord. Scitaminacea».)

Perennial stove herbs, with tuberous rootstock. Off-
sets or divisions of the tubers. Good loam, leaf-mould,
some well-decayed manure, and sand.
R. bluthia'nus (Bluthian). i. Carmine-red ; filament

white. Burma (?). 1899.
„ johnia'nus (Johnian). 5. Yellow; bracts red.

Burma. 1907.

„ longifro'rus (long-flowered). i$. Yellow, tipped
green; bracts reddish. July. Burma. 1885.

RHYNCOCA RPA. (From rhunchos, a beak, and carpos,
a fruit ; the fruits are beaked. Nat. ord. Cucurbitaceae.
Now referred to Kedrostis.)

Climbing tuberous-rooted greenhouse herbs, but may
be grown as annuals in the open in summer. Seeds.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand, or light, rich soil.
R. fce'tida (fetid). See KEDROSTIS FCETIDISSIMA.
„ jatidi'ssima (very-fetid). See KEDROSTIS FCETIDIS-
SIMA.
„ glomera'ta (crowded). Greenish. Brazil. 1880.

RHYNCOGLO SSUM. (From rhunchos, a beak, and
glossa, a tongue ; form of the lip of the flower. Nat.
ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneraceae]. Linn. z-Diandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Didymocarpus.)

Greenhouse biennial. Seeds in hotbed, in spring, and,
after being potted off, flowered in the plant stove or
greenhouse ; peat and loam, with a little silver sand and
leaf-mould.
R. obli'quum (oblique), i. Blue. July. E. Ind. ;

Malaya. 1844.
,, zeyla'nicum (Ceylon). See R. OBLIQUUM.

RHYNCHOPE-TALTJM MONTA NUM. See LOBELIA
RHYNCHOPETALUM.

RHYNCHO SIA. (From rhunchos, a beak ; in allusion
to the beak-like keel. Nat. ord. Legurninosae.)

Stove and greenhouse, perennial, twining herbs. Seeds.
Loam with a little leaf-mould, and sand.

R. a'lbo-ni'tens (white-shining). See DESMODIUM SCUT-

ATUM.

„ cariba'a (Caribbean). Yellow, brown. September.

W. Ind. ; Trop. and S. Africa. Greenhouse.
„ Chryso'scias (Chrysoscias). Yellow. May. S. Africa.

1871. Greenhouse.
„ cyanospe'rma (blue-seeded). Red-purple. July,

September. Trop. Asia and Africa.
,, ,, albiflo'ra (white-flowered). Creamy-white.
„ gi'bba (bulging). See R. CARIB.*A.
„ glandulo'sa (glandular). 2. Yellow. July. S.Africa.

1825. Greenhouse.

„ mo'Uis (soli). 3. Yellow. July. Trop. Africa. 1824.
„ phaseoloi'des (Phaseolus-like). Yellow, purple. June,

July. Trop. Amer. 1818.
„ viola'cea (violet). See ERIOSKMA VIOLACEOM.

RHYNCHOSPE'RMTJM. See TRACHELOSPERMUM.

RHYNCHO'STYLIS. (From rhunchos, a beak, and
stulos, a column ; the column is beaked. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical orchids. Divisions at the commence-
ment of growth. Fibre of peat, sphagnum, some char-
coal, and plenty of crocks.
R. cale'stis (sky-blue), i. Light blue. Siam.
„ retu'sa (blunt), i. White, pale violet. Trop. Asia,

1820.
„ „ ma'jus (larger). White, pink. July. E. Ind.

1839.
„ „ russellia'na (RusseUian). White, purple. 1886.

RHYNCHO TECHTTM. (Derivation not obvious. Nat.
ord. Gesneraceas. Allied to Besleria.)

Softly, hairy stove or greenhouse subshrubs. Seeds.
Cuttings iu sand, in heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould,
and sand.
R. elli'pticum (diamond-shaped). Rose. Himalaya.

1870.
„ vesti'tum (clothed). Rose. Himalaya.

RHYTIDOPHY'LLUM. (From rhutis, a wrinkle, and
phullon, a leaf. Nat. ord. Gesntrworts [Gesneraceae].
Linn. \\-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Pen-
tarhaphia.)

For culture, see GE'SNERA.
R. auricula'tum (eared). Red, yellow. August. Brazil.

1834.
„ flonbu'ndum (free-flowering). J. Crimson. June.

Cuba. 1846.
„ Humbo'ldtii (Humboldt's). See CAMPANEA HUM-

BOLDTII.

„ Oerste'dii (Oersted's). See CAMPANEA OERSTEDII.
,, prasina'tum (leek-green). Brazil.
„ tigri'dia( tiger-spotted). See CAMPANEA GR AN DIFLORA.
,, tomento'sum (felted). 3. Green-yellow, spotted with
purple. June to September. W. Ind.

RIBBON GRASS. Pha'laris arundina'cea variega'ta.
RIBBON TREE. Plagia'nthus.

RI'BES. Currant. (From the Arabic name of a plant.
Nat. ord. Saxifrages [Saxifragaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs, except where otherwise
stated. Nearly all bloom in April. Seeds, chiefly, for
fresh varieties ; cuttings of ripened shoots in spring or
autumn, in the open ground ; good garden-soil. See
CURRANT and GOOSEBERRY.
R. acicula're (needle-spined). White. Siberia.
„ acumina'ium (pointed-leaved). See R. GLACIALE.
,, a'lbidum (whitish). See R. SANGUINEUM ALBIDUM.
„ albinJn'ium (white-nerved). See R. RUBRUM.
„ alpi'num (alpine). 3. Green. Britain.
„ „ bacci'ferum (berry-bearing). 3. Green. Britain.
„ fo'liis au'reis (golden-leaved). Leaves yellow.
1881.
„ „ fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 4. Green.

May. Britain.

„ „ lacinia'tutn (deeply-cut). Leaves deeply cut.
„ „ pu'milum (dwarf). 2. Green.
„ „ ste'rile (barren). 3. Green. Britain.
„ america'num (American). 4. Yellow. N.Amer. 1729.
„ „ grandifto'rum (large-flowered). 4. Yellow. N.

Amer.

„ „ pan-iflo'rum (small-flowered). 4. Yellow. N.
Amer.

RIBES

746

RIBES

R. ami'ctum (clothed). 2-3. Crimson. California, &c.
„ „ crue'ntum (blood-coloured). 2-3. Crimson.

Berries dull red, spring. N.W. Amer. 1906.
„ „ hispi'dulum (bristly). Plant glandular hairy. 1909.
„ „ pube'scens (downy). Plant downy. 1909.
„ a'tro-purpu'reum (dark purple). See R. PETR^EUM.
„ au'reum (golden). 8. Yellow. May. Missouri. 1812.

" Buffalo Currant."
„ „ auranti' acum (orange).

„ „ prce'cox (early). 8. Yellow. N. Amer. 1812.
„ „ sero'tinum (late). 8. Yellow. June. N. Amer.

1812.
„ „ tenuiflo'rum (slender-flowered). 6. Yellow. N.W.

Amer. 1812.
„ „ tenuiflo'rum fru'ctu lu'teo (yellow-berried). 6.

Yellow.
„ „ tenuiflo'rum fru'ctu ni'gro (black-berried). 6.

Yellow.
„ „ villo'sum (shaggy-leaved). 3. Yellow. N. Amer.

1812.

„ bracteo' 'sum (large-bracted). Western N. Amer.
,, „ flo'refu'sco (dusky-flowered). Brownish. Western

N. Amer. 1906.

„ carpa' thicum (Carpathian). See R. PETIMJUM.
,, ce'reum (waxy-leaved). 2. White. N.W. Amer. 1827.
„ colorade'nse (Colorado). Greenish-brown. Berries

black. Colorado. 1901. Prostrate.
„ crue'ntum (blood-coloured). See R. AMICTUM CRUEN-

TUM.
„ Cyno'sbati (dog-bramble). 4. Green. Eastern

United States. 1759.
„ ,, fru'ctu-aculea'to (prickly-fruited). 4. Purplish.

Lake Huron.
„ „ fru'ctu-gla'bro (smooth- fruited). 4. Whitish.

Hudson's Bay.
„ Diaca'ntha (twin-prickled). 4. Green, yellow. May.

Siberia. 1781.
„ „ atroru'bens (dark-red).
„ „ melanoca'rpum (black-fruited).
„ divarica'tum (straggling). 7. White, red. N.W.

Amer. 1826.

„ fasciculi turn (bundled). Japan ; China.
„ „ Billia'rdii (Billiard's).
„ „ chine'nse (Chinese).

„ fta'vum (yellow). 6. Yellow. N. Amer. 1812.
„ flo'ridum (florid). See R. AMERICANUM and varieties.
„ fra'grans (fragrant). See R. AUREUM.
„ Gira'ldii (Girald's). 2-3. Greenish. Berries red.

N. China. 1908.

„ glacia'le (frozen). 4. Yellow. Nepaul. 1823.
„ „ mi'nus (lesser). Bush more finely and densely

branched. Eastern Tibet. 1900.
„ glandulo' sum (glanded) of Ruiz and Pavon. 8. Green,

yellow. Chili. 1820.
,, gordonia'num (Gordonian). 6. Yellow, red. (R.

sanguineum X aure.um.)
,, gra'cile (slender). 4. Green, white. N.W. Amer.

1812.

„ Grossula'ria (rough). 4. Green. Northern Hemi-
sphere (England).

„ ,, besseria'num (Besser's). 4. White. Cracow.
„ „ bractea,' turn (bracted). 4. Green, white.
,, ,, himalaya'num (Himalayan). 4. Green, white.

March. Himalayas. 1838.

„ „ macroca'rpum (large-berried). 4. Green, white.
„ „ reclina'tum (reclined). 4. Green, white. Ger-
many. 1781.
„ „ spinosi' ssimum (most-spiny). 4. Green, white.

Britain.

„ „ subine'rme (few-prickled). 4. Green, white.
„ „ U'va-cri'spa (smooth-berried). 4. Green, white.

Britain.

„ grossularioi'des (gooseberry-like). China and Japan.
,, hetero' trichum (variable-haired). 2. Purple. Altai.

iS.37-

„ himalaye'nse (Himalayan). Himalaya.
„ hirte'llum (finely-hairy). See R. OXYACANTHOIDES.
,, „ Purpu'si (Purpus's). See R. OXYACANTHOIDES

PURPUSI.
„ hudsonia'num (Hudson's Bay). 4. White. Hudson's

Bay.

„ ine'brians (inebrating). See R. CERFUM.
„ integrifo'lium (entire- leaved). 3. Greenish-yellow.

Chili. 1880.
„ japo'nicum (Japanese). 3. Green. Fruit cherry-red.

Japan. 1877.

R. lacu'stre (lake). 4. Yellow, green. N. Amer. 1812.
,, ,, ecJiina'tum (hedgehog). See R. LACUSTRE.
,, laurifo'lium (laurel-leaved). 1-2. Pale-yellow-green.

February. China. 1912. Evergreen.
,, laxifto'rum (lax-flowered). Western United States.
„ lepta'nthum (slender-flowered). 3-5. White. Fruit

glossy black. Mts. of Colorado. 1903.
„ Lo'bbii (Lobb's). 4-6. Dull purple. May. Cali-
fornia. 1883.
„ longeracemo' sum (long-racemed). Green ; racemes

8-12 in. long. Fruit black. Central China. 1903.
,, macvaca'nthum (large-spined). 4. Green. May.
„ malva'ceum (mallow-like). See R. SANGUINEUM MAL-

VACEUM.
„ Menzie'sii (Menzies'). 5. Red. May. California.

1830.

„ microphy'llum (small-leaved). 5. Red. Mexico.
,, mogollo'nicum (Mogollonic). 4-6. Greenish-white.

Berries blue-black. S.W. United States. 1907.
„ multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 5. Green. Hungary.

1822.
„ ni'grum (black). 5. Green. Europe (Britain) ; N.

Asia. " Black Currant."
,, „ alta'icum (Altaic).

„ „ ba'cca-vi'ride (green-berried). 5. Russia.
„ ,, disse'ctum (cut). Leaves cut.
„ „ fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 5. Britain.
,, „ lacinia'tum (deeply cut/. Leaves deeply cut.
„ „ reticula' turn au'reum (golden-netted). Leaves

netted with yellow.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated). Leaves variegated with

white.

„ ni'veum (snowy). See R. GRACILE.
„ opulifo'lium (guelder-rose-leaved). See R. ALPINUM.
„ orienta'le (eastern). 4. Green, yellow. May. Syria.

1824.
„ oxyacanthoi'des (hawthorn-like). 3. Green, white.

N. Amer. 1763. " American Gooseberry."
„ ,, Purpu'si (Purpus's). 2-3. Greenish. Fruit

black-red. Colorado. 1899.

„ petrce'um (rock). 4. Red. May. Europe (England).
„ pinetp'rum (pine-woods). Pinkish, yellowish. Berry

bristly. Arizona. 1903.

„ procu'mbens (trailing). ^. Purple. May. Dahuria. 1804.
,, prostra'tum (prostrate), ij. Yellow. May. N.

Amer. 1812.
„ „ laxiflo'rum (loose-flowered). 4. Green, yellow.

N. Amer. 1812.
„ puncta'tum (Aotted-leaved). 3. Green, yellow. Chili.

1826. Half-hardy. Evergreen.
„ resino'sum (resinous) of Pursh. 3. Yellow, green.

N. Amer. 1800.

,, resino'sum (resinous) of Sims. See R. ORIENTALS.
,, ri'gens (stiff). See R. PROSTRATUM.
„ robu'stum (robust). 3-6. Green, pink. Origin un-
known.
„ Rce'zlii (Rcezl's). 3-5. Red, white. N.W. Amer.

1879.
„ rotvndifo'lium (round-leaved). Red. Eastern United

States.
,, ru'brum (red). 4. Green. Northern Hemisphere

(Britain). " Red Currant."
„ „ a'lbum (white). 4. Green. Britain. " White

Currant."
„ „ ca'rneum (fiesh-coloured-berried) . 4. Green.

Britain.

,, „ fo'liis a'lbo-varieaa'tis (leaves white). 4. Green.
,, ,, fo'liis lu'teo-'iariega'tis (leaves yellow). 4. Green.
„ „ horte'nse (garden). 4. Green. Britain.
„ „ SMechtenda'lii (Schlechtendal's). N. Europe.
„ „ sibi'ricum (Siberian). 6. Greenish-yellow. Russia.

" Russian Currant."

„ „ spica'tum (spiked). 4. Green. England.
,, ,, sylve'stre (wood). 4. Green. Britain.
,, ,, variega'tum (siriped-'oerried). 4. Green. Austria.
„ sangui'neum (bloody). 6. Blood. N.W. Amer.

1826. " Flowering Currant."
,, ,, a'lbidum (whitish). White, pale pink.
,, „ atroru'bens (dark red). 6. Dark red. N. Amer.
,, „ atrosangui'neum (dark-blood-red).
,, „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered). Red.
,, „ gluiino'sum (clammy). 6. Pale pink. N. Amer.
,, ,, malva'ceum (mallow-like). 6. Dark pink. N.

Amer.

„ saxa'tile (rock). 4. Green. May. Siberia. 1819.
„ seto'sum (bristly). 4. Green, white. N. Amer. 1810.

RICE

747

RIDGING-OUT

R. spathia'num (Spaethian). Colorado. 1899.
„ ,, ma'jus (larger). Leaves and flowers larger,

brighter. Mts. of Colorado. 1903.
„ specie sum (showy). 4. Crimson. April, May. Cali-
fornia. 1829.

., spica' turn (spiked-flowered). See R. RUBRUM SPICATUM.
„ stenoca'rpum (narrow-fruited). China.
„ stibvesti' turn (somewhat clothed). See R. LOBBII.
„ tfnuifto'rum (slender-flowered). See R. AUKEUM

TENUIFLORUM and varieties.

„ tri'fidum ( three-clef t-calyxed). See R. PROSTRATUM.
„ triflo'rum (three-flowered). See R. ROTUNDIFOLIUM.
„ tri'ste (said-coloured-flowered). 3. Siberia. 1820.

•'.vta'num ( Valdivian). Chih'.
„ viburnifo'lium ( Viburnum- leaved). Rosy. Berries

red. California. 1906. Evergreen.
„ villo'sum (shaggy). Chili.
„ VUmon'nii ( Vilmorin's). 5-6. Greenish. Young

shoots purple. Tibet. 1909.
„ viscosi' ssimum (very clammy). 4. Yellow. N.W.

Amer. 1820.
„ Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). 5-6. Flesh. Berries

cherry-red. Siberia ; Manchuria. 1904.

RICE. Ory'za sati'va.
RICE FLOWER. Pimt'lia.

RICE PAPER is prepared from the pith of Fatsia
papyrifera.

RICHA RDIA. (Named after L. C. Richard, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. ' Aroids [Araceae]. Linn. ^-Hep-
tandria, i-Monogynia.)

Better known as Caflla athio'pica, or the Arum-plant.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Suckers and division
of the plants in spring ; rich, fibrous loam. Winter
temp., 35° to 48° ; should be kept dryish for a time
before growing, so as to get it to throw up its flowers.
Thrives well in a cistern in a greenhouse where there is
abundance of light, and in a stream of water during the
summer, the pots being plunged within it.
R. erthio'pica (Ethiopian). See R. AFRICANA.
„ afnca'na (African). 2-3. White. S. Africa. 1731.

"Arum Lily."
„ „ candidi'ssima (whitest). 2-3. Spathes not rigid.

Leaves grey-green. 1901.

„ „ childsia.' na (Childsian). i-ij. Pure white. 1903.
„ ,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 3-3$. White, larger.

Leaves dark green. S. Africa. 1901.
„ „ na'na compa'cta (dwarf, compact), i. White.
„ „ Nicola'i (Nicola's).
„ „ albomacula'ta. (white-spotted). White, with black

blotch. June. S. Africa. 1859.
„ aurctta (golden). See R. HASTATA.
„ elliottia'na (Elliottian). 2-2$. Yellow. Leaves with

white spots. S. Africa. 1890.

„ hasta'ta (hastate). Yellow, green. S. Africa. 1859.
„ intermedia, (intermediate). Dark yellow, with a small
black blotch. Petioles marked white and rose. 1903.
„ Luttry'chei (Lutwyche's). See R. HASTATA.
,, macroca'rpa (large-fruited). White, green outside.

Fruits very large. S. Africa. 1901.
„ melanoleu'ca (black-white), ij. Pale yellow, with

maroon base, spadix white. S. Africa. 1869.
„ ,, suffu'sa (suffused). 2. More robust.
„ Pentla'ndi (Pentland's). 2-3. Rich yellow. S.

Africa. 1892.

,, Rehma'nni (Rehmann's). ij. White, tinged rose-
purple. S. Africa. 1893.

„ „ cocci' nea (scarlet), ij. Spathes scarlet-red. 1906.
„ „ specio'sa (showy), ij. Bright red. S.Africa. 1902.
„ „ vwla'cea (violet), ij. Spathes violet-purple.
,, Sprenge'ri (Sprenger's). Spathe yellow, broader than

any other. Transvaal. 1902.
„ suffu'sa (suffused). See R. MELANOLEUCA SUFFUSA.

RICHARDSO'NIA. (Named after R. Richardson, an
English botanist. Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn.
}-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots in sandy
soil, and in a moist bottom-heat ; fibrous loam and peat,
and a little sand and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48° to
58° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
R. p\lo'sa (thinly-hairy). 2. White. September. Trop.

Amer. 1814. " White Ipecacuanha."
„ sca'vra (rough). See R. PILOSA.

RI'CHEA. (Named after Cl. A. Riche, an African
traveller. Nat. ord. Epacnds [Epacridaceael. Linn
i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild,
sweet bottom-heat ; sandy, fibrous peat, with a few
nodules of fibrous loam and charcoal Winter temp..
55 to 60° ; summer, 60° to 88°.
R. fra'grans (fragrant). See RITCHIEA FRAGRANS.
„ pandanifo'lia (Pandanus-leaved). 10-20. Tasmania.

1883.

„ s£fwg£/«n'rf«(Sprengelia-like). 3-5. Pale red. June.
Tasmania. 1836.

RICINOCA'RPOS. (From ricinus, and carpos, a
fruit ; the fruit resembles that of Ricinus. Nat. ord.
Euphorbiaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, under
a bell-glass. Loam, a little leaf-mould, and sand.
R. rosmarinifo'lius (rosemary-leaved). 5. June. Aus-
tralia. 1824.

RI'CINUS. Palma Christi. (From ricinus, a tick;
resemblance in the seeds. Nat. ord. Spurgeworts
[Euphorbiacea?]. Linn. 2i-Monaccia, i-Monandria.)

Annuals by seeds in a hotbed ; shrubs by cuttings in
a hotbed ; light, rich soil. The shrubby kinds should
have the addition of a little peat. They are all too tender
to do much good out of doors, except in summer. The
following are all half-hardy annuals, except li'vtdus and
ru'tilans:

R. arma'tus (armed). See R. COMMUNIS.
„ cambodge'nsis (Cambodgean). See R. COMMUNIS

CAMBODGENSIS.

„ commu'nis (common). 6. Green. July. Trop.

regions. 1548. " Castor Oil Plant."
„ „ cambodge'nsis (Cambodgean). Stems and branches

blackish. 1887.

„ „ Gibso'nii (Gibson's). Leaves dark bronzy-purple.
„ „ li'vtdus (livid). 8. Purple. Leaves livid. July.

S. Africa. 1795.

„ ,, ru'tilans (red). Reddish-white. August. 1827.
„ ine'rmis (unarmed-capsuled). See R. COMMUNIS.
„ Kra'ppa (Krappa). See R. COMMUNIS.
„ leucoca'rpus (white-capsuled). See R. COMMUNIS.
„ li'vtdus (Mvid-leaved). See R. COMMUNIS LIVIDUS.
„ macrophy'llus (large-leaved). White, red. August.

1827.

„ ma'jor (larger). See R. COMMUNIS.
„ ru'tilans (red-stalked). See R. COMMUNIS RUTILANS.
„ undula'tus (-wavy-leaved). See R. COMMUNIS.
„ zanzibare'nsis (Zanzibar). Leaves with whitish veins.

Seeds larger. E. Trop. Africa. 1894.

RICO'TIA. (Probably a commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. i$-Tetradynamia.)

Hardy annual. Seeds ; light, sandy soil. Good for
belts, knolls, or rock-works.

R. Luna'ria (moon wort-like). Lilac, purple. June.
Syria. 1757.

RIDDLING. Another name for sifting.

RIDGING is digging the soil into parallel ridges in
such form as to expose it thoroughly to the action
either of the atmosphere or of frost.

RIDGING-OUT. Planting out Cucumbers and Pump-
kins in the open-ground beds. Ridring, however, should
not be confined to the winter, for in summer the extra
exposure to the air and heat is highly promotive of
vegetation : it impregnates the soil with oxysen, pro-
motes the decay of stubborn vegetable remains, and
disturbs predatory vermin. Mr. Barnes says :
all ground, as soon as a crop is done with, well trenched,
burying all the refuse I possibly can in a green state,
casting the earth into rough ridges, tumbling those ridges
over with a strong fork on frosty mornings in winter
and spring, and during hot sunny days in summer,
continually changing the crops ; keeping the hoe at
work at all seasons in suitable weather, forking up all
odd corners and spare ground without loss of time. By
this management, 1 find the ground is alway-
condition and never tired by cropping, some j
only being exercised in applying such \-.
to the soil that have been taken from it, or that are
likely to be required by the succeeding crop."

RIGIDELLA

748

ROBINIA

The most effectual mode of ridging is thus described
by Mr. Parkins :

Let us consider that a section of the ground is to be
trenched 2 feet deep. In the first place the ground is
measured out in longitudinal beds 4 feet wide ; this
done, the top spit of the fifth bed is laid on the first bed, and
the second spit of the fifth bed is laid on the third. The first
or top spit of the fourth bed is then laid on the third, so that
the top soil and subsoil are kept on separate and alternate
beds.and may be mixed, reversed, or returned as taken out,
at the will of the operator. By this method the advan-
tages are — much greater exposure of surface to the action
of the weather ; the opportunity of incorporating with
the soil any desirable or obtainable manures, and at
any desired depth ; a thorough blending of the soil
to the depth of 2 or 3 feet ; and it also facilitates the
operation of draining where necessary. It is needless
to add, that when the first thrown-out beds are sufficiently
pulverised, they are levelled down, and others thrown
out in the same manner ; the ridges are thrown out and
left as rough as possible.

RIGIDE'LLA. (From rigidus, stiff; the stiffness of
the flower-stalk. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridacere]. Linn. 3-
Triandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Tigridia.)

Half-hardy bulbs'. Offsets in spring ; also by seeds

in a hotbed ; rich, sandy loam and peat ; bulbs require

to be kept from frost and damp during the winter.

R. fta'mmea (flame-coloured). 5. May. Mexico. 1839.

„ immacula'ta (unspotted). i. Crimson. June.

Guatemala. 1839.
„ ortha'ntha (straight-flowered). i£. Crimson. June.

Mexico. 1846.

RI'NDERA. (Possibly a commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Boraginacess. Allied to Cynoglossum.)

Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary soil.
R. lana'ta (woolly). Asia Minor; Persia.
„ umbella'ta (limbelled). 1-2. Reddish-yellow or
brown. Hungary ; Servia. 1907.

RINGING is cutting away a belt of bark quite down to
the wood entirely round a branch. This checks the
return of the sap, and aids to make that branch more
fruitful, and the fruit on it finer. We have seen it done
with the best effect upon the pear and grape-vine. It
should be done just previously to the blossoms opening.
When first suggested it was called the Ring of Pomona.
See LIGATURES.

RIOCREU'XIA. (Commemorative of A. Rincreux, a
botanical artist. Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceas. Allied to
Ceropegia.)

Warm greenhouse climber. Cuttings in sand, with
gentle bottom-heat, in spring. Fibrous loam, a little
leaf-mould, some finely broken bricks, and sand.
R. torulo'sa (knotted). Pale yellow. S. Africa. 1862.

RIPENING WOOD is one of the principal objects to be
aimed at for the production of either flowers or fruit the
following year. To effect this, at the end of August,
or early in September, superfluous branches should be
removed, and shoots stopped, to concentrate the sap,
and expose those retained to the full infl uence of the sun.

RIPO'GONUM. See RHIPOGONUM.

RITCHIE'A. (Commemorative of Joseph Ritchie, an
African traveller. Nat. ord. Capparidaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, a little leaf-
mould, and well-decayed cow-manure, and sand.
R. fra' grans (fragrant). 10-15. Creamy-white. June.

Trop. Africa. 1795.

„ polyps tola (many-petaled). 10. White. Trop.
Africa. 1862.

RI'VEA. (Named after A. de la Rive, a Genevan
botanist. Nat. ord. Bindweeds [Convolvulaceae], Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Ipomoea.)

Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of side-shoots, and
of the young shoots, several inches in length, as they
rise from the roots in spring ; or grafting on a free-grow-
ing Ipomoea ; fibrous loam and rough, sandy peat.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
R. hypocraterifo'rmis (salver-shaped). 20-30. White.

E. Ind. 1799.

„ tilicefo'lia (lime- leaved). See ARGYREIA TILLEFOLIA.
„ zeyla'nica (Cingalese). See ARGYREIA POPULIFOLIA.

RIVI'NA. (Named after A. Q. Rivinus, a German
botanist. Nat. oid. Phytolaccads [Phytolaccaceas]. Linn.
4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Called rouge plants in the West Indies, where the fruit
is used as a cosmetic. Stove evergreens. Seeds and
| cuttings. The flowers are of little beauty ; but the
i racemes of ripe and ripening fruit are very interesting ;
light soil. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
i R. auranti'aca (orange). 2. Green. Berries orange-
yellow. S. Amer.
i ,, brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). See R. HUMILIS.

„ hu'milis (lowly). 2. White. June. W. Ind. 1699.
„ „ cane'scens (hoary). 2. White. June. W. Ind.

1804.

„ ,, la'vis (smooth). 2. Pink. May. W. Ind. 1733.
„ lanceola'ta (spear- head-leaved). See R. HUMILIS.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See MOHLANA LATIFOLIA.
„ octa'ndra (eight-stamened). See VILLAMILLA oo

TANDRA.

,, purpura' scens (purplish). See R. HUMILIS.

„ tincto'ria (dyeing). 4. White. May. Caracas. 1830.

ROAN-TREE. Py'rus Aucupa'ria.

ROBE'RGIA FRUTE'SCENS. See ROUREA FRUTES-

CENS.

ROBERTSO'NIA. See SAXIFRAGA.

ROBI'NIA. (Named after /. Robin, a French botanist.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [LeguminosEe]. Linn. 17-
Diadelphia, 4-Decandria. Cobbett's Locust-tree is Ro-
bi'nia Pseu'daca'cia.)

Deciduous, white-flowered trees, from North America,

j where not otherwise stated. For tender kinds, cuttings

of young wood in sand, under a glass. The Locust-free, in

all its varieties, by seed sown in autumn, or preserved in

the pods, and sown in the spring ; by cuttings of the

shoots ; by cuttings of the roots ; by suckers and layers.

The finer varieties are generally grafted. The hi'spida,

or Rose Acacia, is a fine object grafted on the Pseu'd-

• aca'cia standard high, in a sheltered place not much

north of London. The finer varieties of hi'spida, in cold

situations, deserve a place on a conservatory wall, and

would be a nice companion to the Wistaria chine' nsis, &c.

j R. Altaga'na (Altagana). See CARAGANA MICROPHYLLA.

„ cape'nsis (Cape). See CALPURNIA ROBINIOIDES.

„ Caraga'na (Caragana) . See CARAGANA ARBORESCENS.

„ cocci' 'nea (scarlet). See ORMOSIA COCCINEA.

,, colorade'nsis (Colorado). 10-20. Rose-white or rose,

fragrant. Colorado. 1908.

„ davu'rica (Dahurian). 30. May. Dahuria. 1820.
„ du'bia (doubtful). 30. White, red. May.
,, frute'scens (shrubby). See CARAGANA FRUTESCENS.
,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See CARAGANA GRANDI-

FLORA.

,, guinee'nsis (Guinea). 6. Guinea. 1822. Stove ever-
green.
„ Halode'ndrum (Halodendrum). See HALIMODENDRON

ARGENTEUM.

„ hi'spida (bristly). 10. Pink. July. 1743. " Rose

Acacia."

„ „ macrophy'lla (large-leafleted) . 10. Red. May.
„ „ na'na (dwarf), i. Pink. June. Carolina.
„ „ ro'sea (upright. Rose). 10. Red. July.
„ ine'rmis (unarmed). See ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA

INERMIS.

„ juba'ta (maned). See CARAGANA JUBATA.

„ Kelse'yi (Kelsey's). 3-10. Rose. June. N. Amer.

1908.
,, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See R. HISPIDA MACRO-

PHYLLA.

,, mo'llis (soft). See CARAGANA FRUTESCENS.

,, monstro'sa (monstrous). See R. PSEUDACACIA MON-

STROSA.
„ neomexica'na (New-Mexican). 6-15. Red. Rocky

Mountains. 1891.
„ „ luxu'rians (luxuriant). 15-20. Red. Racemes

compound. Rocky Mountains. 1892.
„ pe'ndula (drooping). See ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA

PENDULA.

,, pro'cera (tall). See ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA PROCERA.
,, Pseu'daca'cia (common. Bastard Acacia). 40. May.

1640. " Locust," " Acacia."
„ „ amorphcsfo' lia (Amorpha-leaved). 3. White, red.

May.
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Leaflets very

narrow. 1889.

ROCAMBOLE

749

RODGERSIA

R. Pseu'daca'cia au'rea (golden). Leaves yellow.
„ ,, bessonia'na (Bessonian). Branches stout in a

compact bead. 1878.
„ „ cri'spa (curled). 40. June.
, „ decaisnta'na (Decaisnean). 30. Bright pink. 1863.
„ „ decaisnea'na flo're ru'bro (red-flowered). Rose.

1890.

„ „ fastigia'ta (erect). Branches erect.
„ „ flo're-lu'Uo (yeUow-flowered). 40. Yellow. May.
„ „ inSrmis (unarmed). 40. May.
„ „ latisi'liqua (broad- podded). 30. May.

ropky'lla (large- leafleted). 30. May.
„ tnicrophy'lla (small-leafleted). 30. May.

ntonof>hy'lla (one-leaved). Leaves reduced to one
leaflet.

„ monophy'lla fastigia'ta (erect). Branches erect.
„ „ monophy'lla pe'ndula (drooping). A weeping

„ monslro'sa (monstrous). 30. White, red. May.
„ pe'ndula (drooping). 30. Pink. May.
„ pro'cera (taU). 30. White, red. May.
„ „ semperflo'rcns (ever-flowering). 20. White.
Summer.

„ sophorafo'lia (Sophora-leaved). 30. White, red.
May.

„ specta'bilis (showy). 30. May. France.
„ stri'cta (upright). 30. White, red. May.
„ tortuo'sa (twisted). 40. May.

„ „ ulricia'na (Ulrician). Branches arching and
pendulous. 1900.

umbraculi'fera (umbrella-bearing). 40. May.
„ purpu'rea (purple). 15. Purple. July. N. Amer.

1 8 10. Stove evergreen.
„ ro'sea (rosy). See R. HISPIDA ROSEA.
„ se'pium (hedge). See LONCHOCARPUS SEPTUM.
„ seri'cea. (silky). See LONCHOCARPUS SERICEUS.
„ sophorezfo'lia (Sophora-leaved). See R. PSEUDACACIA

SOPHORjBFOLIA.

„ squama'ta (scaly). See BRONGNIARTIA ROBINIOIDES.

stri'cta (upright). See R. PSEUDACACIA STRICTA.
„ tomento'sa (felted). See CARAGANA FRUTESCENS.
„ triflo'ra (three-flowered). See HALIMODENDRON

ARGENTEUM.

„ vesica'ria (bladdery). See SESBANIA PLATYCARPA.
„ viola' 'cea (violet). See LONCHOCARPUS VIOLACEUS.
„ visco'sa (clammy). 30. Purple. July. 1797.
" Clammy Locust."

ROCAMBOLE (A' Ilium Scorodo'prasum), sometimes
called Spanish Garlic, has its bulbs or cloves growing in
a cluster. The stem bears many bulbs at its summit,
which, as well as those of the root, are much milder
than Garlic.

It is best propagated by the root bulbs, those of the
stem being slower in production. Plant either in
February, March, or early in April, as well as through-
out the autumn, in drills, or by the dibble, in rows
6 inches apart each way, and usually 2 inches within the
ground, though the plants would thrive better if grown
on the surface, as recommended for the Eschallot. In
other respects they are cultivated as directed for Garlic.
A very small bed is sufficient for the supply of the
largest family.

EO'CHEA. (Named after La Roche, a botanical
author. Nat. ord. Houseleeks [Crassulaceae]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria, s-Pentagynia. Allied to Crassula.)

Greenhouse evergreen succulents, from South Africa.
For culture, see CRA'SSULA.
R. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). See CRASSULA ALBIFLORA.

„ bi'color (two-coloured). See R. ODORATISSIMA.

biconve'xa (doubly-convex). J. White. July. 1823.

„ capita' ta (headed). White. July. 1822.

„ cocci'nea (scarlet), i. Scarlet. July. 1710.

„ „ flo're~a'lbo( white-flowering), i. White. July. x8ii.

,, cymo'sa (cymed). See CRASSULA CYMOSA.

„ falca'ta (sickle-leaved). See CRASSULA FALCATA.
fla'va (yellow). See CRASSULA FLAVA.

„ jasmi'nea (jasmine-like), j. White. April. 1815.

„ me'dia (mediate). See R. VERSICOLOR.

„ odorali' ssima, (sweetest-scented), i. Pink. June.
1793.

„ perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-piercedV See CRASSULA PER-
FOLIATA.

„ tiniflo'ra (Tinus-flowered). White. 1861.

„ versi' color (changeable-coloured). 2. White. May.
1 8 10.

ROCHE LIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Boraginacea?.)

Hardy perennial herb. Seeds; divisions. Ordinary
soil.
R. sUllttla'ta (starry). J. Blue. June. Europe. 1799.

ROCK CARROT. Moni'zia edu'lis.

ROCK CRESS. A'rabis.

ROCK CRESS, PURPLE. Aubrie'tiaaeltoi'dea.

ROCKET. He'speris matrona'lis.

ROCKET LARKSPUR. Delphi' ni*m A ja'cis.

ROCK LYCHNIS. Visca'ria.

ROCK ROSE. Ci'stus.

ROCK TOBACCO. Primuli'na Taba'cum.

ROCK-WORK is one of the most difficult things to
construct tastefully. If the body of the rock is intended
to be raised much above the ground level, a quantity
of soil and rubbish should be carried into the centre of
the space. This soil, besides serving to support the
rock-work, will also form a border for the plants to
grow in. Having at hand plenty of large, rough stones,
broken bricks, or stony rubbish of any kind or colour,
proceed with these to imitate the form of natural rock
as nearly as possible. Rough, bold, angular projections
and deeply-formed chasms, are the principal features in
natural scenery which please us most. A rock, with a
flat unbroken surface, whether horizontal or perpen-
dicular, presents too much sameness to be pleasing to
the eye ; therefore, in imitating nature, the projections
should be varied and bold, and unless raggedness and
intricacy form principal features in its composition, it
will lose much of its effect. If the rock-work be on a
large scale, it should not be one continued line, but
broken at intervals, in one part lost beneath the surface
of the earth, and again rising in another part and re-
suming its sinuous form.

So far there is little difference between this and the
common method of making artificial rock. When, how-
ever, every stone has been arranged to suit the eye,
the interstices between them are to be filled up with any
kind of rough mortar. Of course, fissures, and similar
places intended for the plants which are to cover the
rock, must be left open, so that the roots may penetrate
to the soil beneath the stones. The next operation is to
daub the whole mass over with Roman cement. For
this purpose the latter should be mixed with water
until it is of the consistence of thick paint, in which
state it may be applied to the stones with a large painter's
brush. The spaces between the stones having been filled
with rough mortar prevents the cement from being
wasted The thickness of the latter on the stones need
not be more than the eighth of an inch : it will unite
the whole into one mass; and rock-work thus con-
structed is, beyond all comparison, far more natural
than that made in the usual way. It has none of that
disjointed appearance which usually accompanies rock-
' work made without cement. After a few months' ex-
posure to the weather, rock-work thus formed (if skilfully
made) cannot, without careful examination, be dis-
tinguished from a natural mass ; it will soon cover all
but the most prominent parts. If the cement be of a
colour too light, which for some situations may be the
i case, a little lamp-black or soot may be mixed with it.
i Care must, however, be taken that no substance which
may make the cement more porous is used, otherwise it
will peel from the stones after a hard frost. For the
benefit of those who are not accustomed to using cement,
' we may mention that no more should be moistened at
• once than can be used in a short time. If the cement
j be good it will quickly harden, and will then be in a
manner useless.

In making artificial rock for waterfalls, or other con-
structions, where the cement may be constantly exposed
to the action of the water, the best water-cement should
be used. Any preparation that does not quickly indurate
under water will, in a short time, be washed away, and
leave nothing but the bare stones.— Whatdey.

RODGE RSIA. (Commemorative of Admiral Rodgers
of the U.S. Navy, who was commander of the expedition,
when R. podopkylla was discovered. Nat. ord. Saxi-
fragacea>. Allied to Saxifraga.)

RODRIGUEZIA

750

ROMNEYA

Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds ; divisions. Moist soil,
with a quantity of peat or leaf-mould in it.
R. asculifo'lia (horse-chestnut-leaved). White. China.

1901.

„ japo'nica (Japanese). See R. PODOPHYLLA.
„ pinna' ta (pinnate). 2-4. Rose. July. 190 r.
„ „ a'lba (white). 2-4. White. July. 1905.
„ podophy'lla (foot-leaved). 2-4. Creamy- white.

Japan. 1880. " Rodgers' Bronze Leaf."
„ sambucifo'lia. (elder-leaved). 2-3. Greenish. Western

China. 1906.
„ tabula'ris (table-like). 2-3. White. N. China;

Corea. 1908.

RODRIGUE'ZIA. (Named after E. Rodriguez, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacea?].
Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove Brazilian orchids, cultivated in baskets. See
ORCHIDS.

R. Ba'rkeri (Barker's). See GOMEZA BARKERI.
„ Batema'nii (Bateman's). White ; lip mauve.

November. Peru.
„ Bungero'thi(Bungeroih's). Carmine-rose. Venezuela.

1888.
„ calople'ctron (beautiful-spurred). Pale yellow- white.

Colombia. 1883.

„ ca'ndida (white), i. White. April. Guiana. 1834.
„ ca'rnea (flesh). Pale rose. Colombia. 1844.
„ cri'spa (curled). See GOMEZA CRISPA.
„ deco'ra (becoming). Pink, white. Autumn. Brazil.
„ „ pi' eta (painted). Pink ; lip white, spotted purple.
„ fra' grans (fragrant). White. May. Brazil. 1850.
„ Fuerstenbe'rgii (Fuerstenberg's). i. Rose ; lip white.

1890.

„ gra'ndis (grand). See R. BATEMANI.
„ lanceola'ta (spear- head-leaved). See R. SECUNDA.
„ laxifto'ra (loose-flowered) . See GOMEZA CHRYSOSTOMA.
„ leea'na (Leean). i. White, yellow. 1883.
„ ,, pi'cta (painted). White, striped and spotted with

pale purple. 1885.

„ Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). Pale yellow- white. Colom-
bia. 1883.
„ leochili'na (Leochilus-like). Pale yellow and brown.

Costa Rica. 1871.

„ Linde'ni (Linden's). See R. PUBESCENS.
„ lu'teola (small-yellow). Yellow. 1883.
„ macula' ta (spotted). See LEOCHILUS ONCIDIOIDES.
„ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). Brazil.
„ planifo'lia (flat-leaved). See GOMEZA PLANIFOLIA.
„ pube'scens (downy). Pure white. Brazil. 1850.
„ recu'rva (curled-back). See GOMEZA RECURVA.
„ refra'cta (broken-back). White, flushed with salmon ;

lip spotted. Brazil.

„ ri'gida (rigid), i. Pale purple, spotted. Brazil. 1838.
„ secu'nda (side-flowering). £. Red. July. Trop.

Amer. 1820.
„ stenochi'la (narrow-lipped). See SCELOCHILUS LIN-

DENII.

„ suave'olens (sweet-scented). See GOMEZA FOLIOSA.
„ venu'sta (lovely). White. March. Brazil.
ROEBUCK BERRY. Ru'bus saxa'tilis.
ROE'LLA. (Named after G. Roelle, a Dutch botanist.
Nat. ord. Bellworts [Campanulaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse plants, and all but one from South Africa.
Decu'rrens from seed in a gentle hotbed, in spring, planted
out in early summer ; musco'sa by division ; the rest,
being evergreen shrubs, by cuttings of the points of the
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibrous
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

R. cilia' ta (hair- fringed), i. White, purple. July. 1774.
„ decu'rrens (decurrent). i. Blue. August. 1787.

Annual.

„ e'legans (elegant), f. Purple. February. 1836.
„ filifo'rmts (thread-formed). See R. SQUARROSA*

BERGII.
„ fruticulo'sa (small-shrubby). Yellow. July. N.

Holland. 1820.

„ musco'sa (mossy). J. Blue. August. 1802. Her-
baceous.
„ peduncula'ta (iong-flower-stalked). See PRISMATO-

CARPUS PANICULATUS.

„ squarro'sa (spreading). £. White. July. 1787.
„ „ Be'rgii (Berg's). Blue. August. 1816.
„ spica'ta (spiked). White. August. 1824.

ROEME'RIA. Named after /. Y. Roemer, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Poppy worts [Papaveracea?]. Linn.
i$-Polyandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Glaucium.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open border, in March
or April.
R. hy'brida (hybrid). 2. Purple. May. S. Europe

(Britain). " Wind Rose."

„ refra'cta (refracted), i. Violet. June. Tauria. 1823.
„ vermicula'ta (worm-like). Red. June. Persia. 1829.

RtE'PERA AURANTTACA. See ZYGOPHYLLUM

FRUTICULOSUM BILOBUM.

RCE'PERA FABAGIFO'LIA and R. FRUTICULO'SA.

See ZYGOPHYLLUM FRUTICULOSUM.

RGE'ZLIA GRANADE'NSIS. See MONOCH/T-TUM QUAD-

RANGULARE.

ROGATION FLOWER. Poly' gala vulga'ris.

ROGE'RIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Pedaliaceas.)

A strong-smelling greenhouse herb. Seeds. Loam,
leaf-mould and sand.

R. lon°ifto'ra (long-flowered). 2. Pale purple. July.
S. Africa. 1781.

ROGIE'RA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Rubiaceas. Referred to Rondeletia.)
R. amce'na (lovely). See RONDELETIA AMGENA.

,, corda'ta (heart-shaped). See RONDELETIA CORDATA.

„ e'legans (elegant). See RONDELETIA RCEZLII.

,, eleganti' ssima (very-elegant). See RONDELETIA

GRATISSIMA.

„ latifo'lia (broad- leaved). See RONDELETIA AMCENA.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See RONDELETIA AMCENA.
,, Mene' china (Menechma). See RONDELETIA AMCENA.
„ Rce'zlii (Rcezl's). See RONDELETIA RCEZLII.
„ versi'color (changing-coloured). See RONDELETIA

AMCENA.

RO'HDEA. (Commemorative of M. Rohde. Nat.
ord. Liliaceas.)

Perennial herb, hardy in the south and other favoured
parts. Divisions. Rather moist soil.
R. japo'nica (Japanese). ^-2. White. January to

April. Japan. 1783.
„ „ au'rea (golden). Leaves with broad yellow bands.

1879.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with
creamy-white.

ROLLER. This is best made of cast iron, and may be
had of four different sizes, viz. with a diameter of 16,
18, 22, or 24 inches. The roller is best used the day
after a fall of rain.

ROLLI'NIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Anonaceaa. Allied to Anona.)

Small evergreen stove tree. Cuttings in sand in a
close case with bottom-heat. Loam, a little peat,
and sand.

R. muco'sa (mucous). See R. SIEBERI.
„ Sie'beri (Sieber's). 12. Yellow, green. Mexico, &c.
1810.

ROMANO'WIA. (Commemorative of Romanow, a
Russian. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

A stove Palm with pinnate leaves. Seeds. Loam,
one-third peat, and sand.

R. Nicola' i (Nicola's). Leaves blackish-brown above,
shaded violet beneath. Country not stated. 1899.

ROMANZO'FFIA. (Commemorative of Count Romanzov,
a Russian. Nat. ord. Hydrophyllacese.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial of dwarf stature, suitable
for the rockery, requiring a cool, moist situation. Seeds ;
divisions in spring. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand when
:grown in pots.

R. sitche'nsis(Sitchz). $. White. April. Sitcha. 1873.
" Sitcha Water-leaf."

RO'MNEYA. (Commemorative of the Rev. Dr. T.
Romney Robinson, an Irish astronomer. Nat. ord.
Papaveraceas. Allied to Platystemon.)

Subshrubby, evergreen plants, acquiring a warm,
sheltered situation except in the south and west. Does
well in a greenhouse. Seeds ; cuttings in sand in a cold
frame. Deep, light rich soil.

KOMULEA

ROOT-PRUNING

R. Cou'lttri (Coulter's). 3-5. White. California. 1875.
„ tricho' calyx (hairy-calyxed). 3-5. White. Cali-
fornia. 1902.

ROMU'LEA. (Commemorative of Romulus, the founder
of Rome. Nat. ord. Iridaceae. Allied to Cipura.)

Half-bardy or greenhouse bulbs, many of which can be
grown in cold frames. Offsets. Light, rich, sandy soil.
R. buibocodioi'des (Bulbocodium-like). |-i. Bright

yellow, not striped. S. Africa. 1810.
„ Bulboco'dium (Bulbocodium). $-1. Lilac, with

S'llow throat. Mediterranean region. 1739.
ardy.

„ „ py'lia (gate). \. Large, white, with yellow throat.
„ „ subpalu'stre (submarshy). \. White at base,

lilac upwards.

„ ca'ndida (white). White. S. Africa,
„ Ce"lsii (Cels's). See R. ROSE A.
„ chloroleu'ca (green-white). J. Whitish, with yellow

throat. June. S. Africa. 1825.
,, clttsia'na (Clusian). J-i. Bright yellow, tipped with

lilac. Spain.
„ Colu'mna (Columna's). J. Pale lilac, with yellow

throat. England ; S. Europe ; Azores. Hardy.
„ crucia'ta (cross-like). See R. ROSEA.
„ ftlifo'lia (thread-leaved), j. Yellow. May. S.

Africa. 1822.
„ graci'llima (very-slender). J-J. Pale red-h'lac.

Namaqualand.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy). J-J. Red-purple, with bright yellow

base. S. Africa.

„ Leichtli'ni (Leichtlin's). Gardens.
„ ligu'stica (Ligustian). i~J. Bright lilac, with yellow

throat. Northern Italy.
„ Linare'sii (Linares's). *. Wholly bright lilac. Italy ;

Greece ; Asia Minor.
„ longifo'lia. (long-leaved). $. Rose. May. S. Africa.

1758.

„ Maco'ifani (Macowan's). J. Bright yellow, paler
. 1887. Th

The finest.
Coppery, with yellow

upwards. S. Africa.
„ monade'lpha (one-bundled).

throat. S. Africa. 1825.
„ pu'dica (modest). See R. ROSEA PUDICA.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). See R. BULBOCODIUM.
„ ramiflo'ra (branch-flowering), i. Bright lilac, with

yellow throat. Mediterranean region. 1825.
„ „ Parlato'rei (Parlatore's).
„ Requie'nii (Requien's). i. Wholly deep violet.

Corsica.
„ ro'sea (rosy). \. Red-lilac, with yellow throat. S.

Africa. 1818.
„ „ pu'dica, (modest). J. Red-lilac, with white throat.

S. Africa. 1808.
„ „ specio'sa (showy). \. Outer segments with 3-5

dark purple stripes. S. Africa. 1808.
„ specio'sa (showy). See R. ROSEA SPECIOSA.
„ sublu'tea (somewhat-yellow). J-J. Bright yellow,

not striped. S. Africa. 1825.
„ tortuo'sa (tortuous), i. Bright yellow, not striped.

May. S. Africa. 1822.

RONDELE'TIA. (Named after W. Rondelet, a French-
man. Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiacea?]. Linn. $-Pentan-
dria, i-Monogynia..}

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the points of the
shoots, getting slightly firm, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in bottom-heat ; the glass being raised at night,
and in dull weather, to prevent damping ; fibrous peat
and fibrous loam, with enough of sand, broken pots,
and charcoal to insure openness in the soil. Winter
temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
R. america'na (American). 10. White. August. W.
Ind. 1752.

„ amce'na (lovely). 3-4. Pink. March* Mexico. 1838.

„ ano'mala (anomalous). See R. STRIGOSA.

„ Backhou'sei (Backhouse's). Trop. Amer.

„ corda'ta (heart-shaped). White. Guatemala. 1852.

„ discolor (two-coloured). 6. Red. New Grenada.

„ erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). Yellow Colombia. 1867.

„ erythroneu'r a (red-nerved). Pink. Trop. Amer. 1850.

„ grati'ssima (most-grateful). Pink. Mexico. 1866.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). 5. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1820.

„ hi'rta (hairy), to. Pink. July. Jamaica. 1776.

„ l&viga'ta (smooth-leaved). 12. White. July. W.
Ind. 1790.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See R. AMOENA.

5. White. July. Jamaica.

R. laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 5. White. July. Jamaica.

.1824.

„ /ongi/Zo'ra(long-flowered). See HINDSIA LONGIFLORA.
„ odora'ta (scented). 3. Red. July. W. Ind. 1836.
„ „ ma'jor (longer). 3. Scarlet. April. Havannah.
„ panicvla'ta (panicled). See WENDLANDIA PANICU-

LATA.

„ racemo'sa (racemed). 6. White. July. Jamaica.
1820.

„ Rce'zlii (Roezl's). Rose. Guatemala. 1849.

„ ro'sea (rosy). Pink. Colombia. 1859.

„ specio'sa (showy). See R. ODORATA.

„ „ ma'jor (larger). See R. ODORATA MAJOR.

„ strigo'sa (stiffly hairy). Red, yellow. Autumn.
Guatemala.

„ thyrsoi'dea (thyrsed).
1819.

„ tomento'sa (downy). 6. White. July. Jamaica. 1819.

„ versi'color (changeable-coloured). See R. AMO-NA.

RONNBERGIA. (Commemorative of M. Ronnberg,
a director of agriculture, Belgium. Nat. ord. Brome-
1 liaceae.)

Stove evergreen perennial. Off sets or suckers. Fibrous
loam, lumpy peat, bits of charcoal, and sand.
R. columbia'na (Columbian), i. Dark blue, with white
tube. Colombia. 1885.

„ morrenia'na (Morrenian). Blue. Colombia. 1874.

ROOTS are either annual, biennial, or perennial ; but
in all roots, and under any mode of management, the
fibrous parts (radiculae) are strictly annual ; they decay
as winter approaches, and are produced with the return-
ing vigour of their parent in the spring. Hence the
reason that plants are transplanted with most success
during the season of their decay ; for, as the root almost
exclusively imbibes nourishment by the points of these
fibres, in proportion as they are injured by the removal
so is the plant deprived of the means of support : that
sap which is employed in the formation of new fibres
would have served to increase the size of other parts.

Roots always travel in the direction where most food
is to be obtained ; therefore, for carrots and parsnips,
let a little manure be turned in with the bottom spit
when the ground is trenched for them. So, if it be
desirable to prevent the roots of any plant travelling
in a certain direction, the soil on that side should be
excavated, and the cavity refilled with sand, or some
other unfertile earth, whilst the soil on those sides of
the plant whither the roots are desired to tend should
be made as fertile as is permissible with its habits.

Whatever causes an excessive development of root
prevents the production of seed ; and vice versa, the
production of seed, especially in tuberous-rooted plants,
reduces the amount of root developed. Thus, frequent
transplanting the young plants of the lettuce, broccoli,
and cauliflower causes the production of numerous,
fibrous roots, and is found effective in preventing the
mature plants advancing early to seed.

The early varieties of the potato do not naturally
produce seed ; but if their tubers are removed as soon as
they are formed, these early varieties blossom and bear
seed as freely as the later kinds, a fact suggesting many
experiments to the cultivator of shy-blooming tuberous-
rooted flowers. Again, if the blossoms of these later
varieties are plucked off as they appear, the weight of
tubers produced will be very materially increased.

ROOT-PRUNING, first adopted as a systematic prac-
tice by Mr. Errington, has for its object a check to over-
luxuriance. This it does effectually, for such excess of
growth arises from the roots imbibing too much food.
By pruning, and thus reducing their number, therefore
we reduce their imbibing power ; and it is found that
such pruning checks the production of leaf-buds, and
will cause any kind of fruit-tree to produce blossom-buds,
,provided the tree is healthy, and that its barrenness
* arises from over-luxuriance. To know what proportion
of the roots to cut away, we may suppose the trees thrown
into three classes. First, trees of moderate luxuriance ;
second, those which may be termed robust ; third, those
of gross habit. To give a further idea, we would say that
the first class will make young shoots, on an average,
a foot in length ; those of the second 2 feet ; and the third
nearly, or quite, 3 feet : the latter, indeed, frequently
burst into lateral or side-shoots from the young shoots
of the same season.

ROPALA

752

ROSA

From the first class, therefore, we advise the cutting
away about a sixth part of the roots ; from the second
class a fourth part ; and from the third class a third
part. It must be borne in mind that the extremities of
the roots alone should be cut off, for while we advocate
this mutilation, we equally advocate the preservation
of the surface roots by every possible means ; nay, more
than that, we recommend their encouragement by extra
appliances of manure to the surface-soil.

RO'PALA. See ROUPALA.

RO'PERA. See RCEPERA and ZYGOPHYLLUM.

RORI'DULA. (From the diminutive of ros, roris, dew ;
meaning the little plant, wet with dew, owing to the
glandular hairs upon it. Nat. ord. Droseraceas. Allied
to Dionaea.)

A subshrubby evergreen, with tufts of viscid, glandular
leaves at the apex of the branches. Seeds. Loam, peat,
some charcoal, and sand. A surfacing of sphagnum
would serve to retain the moisture. In a wild state it
inhabits moist places on mountains.
R. gorgo'nias (Gorgon). 3-4. Rose or white. S. Africa.

RO'SA. Rose. (From the Celtic rhod, red ; prevail-
ing colour. Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosacea?]. Linn. 12-
Icosandria, i-Polygynia.)
For culture, see ROSE.
R. abyssi'nica (Abyssinian). White. June. Abyssinia.

„ acicula'ris (needle-pricked), 6. Blush. June. Siberia.
1805.

tt ,< nippone'nsis (Nippon). Japan.

„ agre'stis (field) . 2-6. Pink. June. Europe (England).

„ a'lba (single-yfbite). 4. White. June. S. Europe.
1597.

„ „ suave' olens (sweet-seen ted). Yields Attar of Roses.
Eastern Roumelia. 1888.

„ Albe'rti (Albert's). Turkestan.

„ alpi'na (alpine). 5. Blush. June. Europe. 1683.

„ „ globo'sa (globular-berried) ; hellcbori'na (hellebore-
like) ; hispide'lla (slightly-bristly) ; I a' vis (smooth);
lagena'ria (flask-shaped-frem^) ; pilo'sula (downy-
ftower-stalked) ; pimpinettifo'lia (Pimpinella-leaved);
pyrifo'rmis (pear-shaped-6m-j'e^) ; seto'sa (bristly-
calyxed) ; sprbine'lla (sorb-like) ; turbina'ia (top-
shzped-berried) .

„ al pi' nax indica. 12. Pink. June. " Boursault
Rose."

„ anemon&flo'ra (anemone-flowered) of Fortune. 8.
Pale blush. June. China. 1846.

„ anserinczio'lia (silver- weed- leaved). See R. BEGGERI-

ANA.

„ arve'nsis (field). 8. White. July. Europe (Britain).

" Ayrshire Rose."
„ „ Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Pale flesh. June.

Britain.
„ „ ayrshi'rea (Ayrshire). See R. ARVENSIS CAPREO-

LATA.
„ „ capreola'ta (roebuck-rambler). 20. White. July.

August. Scotland.

„ „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered). White.
„ ,, variega'ta (variegated). White. Leaves varie-
gated.
„ Ba'nksia (Lady Banks'). 20. White. June. China.

1807. " Banksian Rose."
,, ,, flo're a'lbo ple'no (double-white-flowered).
, ,, lu'tea (yellow). Pale buff. June. China. 1807.
, 6£ggm'a'Hfl(Beggerian). 4-6. Small, white. Summer.

Asia. 1888.

, berberifo'lia (barberry-leaved). See R. SIMPLICIFOLIA.
, bla'nda (smooth). 1-6. Red. May, June. N. Amer.
, Bo'rreri (Borrer's). See R. CANINA BORRERI.
, bourbo'nia (Bourbon). 8. Purple. June. (R.

indica x gallica.) "Bourbon Rose."
„ bractea'ta (bracted). 2-6. White. July. China. 1795.

" Macartney Rose."
,, ,, scabriu' scula (rough-stemmed). 2. White. July.

' China.
,, bracte' scens (small-bracted). See R. CANINA CORII-

FOLIA.
„ britze'nsis (Britzan). 3-6. Pink, fading to white.

June. Kurdistan. 1910.
„ Bruno'nii (Brown's). See R. MOSCHATA.
„ byzanti'na (Byzantine). Yields Attar of Roses

Eastern Europe, &c. 1888.
„ cce'sia (grey). See R. CANINA C^ESIA.

R. califo'rnica (Calif ornian). Western N. Amer.
,, „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered).
,, caloca'rpa (beautiful- fruited). (R. ntgosax indica.)

1891.
,, cani'na (dog, or hep). 8. Pale red. June. Britain.

" Dog-rose."
„ „ aciphy'lla (needle^eaved). 8. Pink. June.

Britain.

»» » cegypti'aca (Egyptian). 8. Pink. June. Egypt.
„ „ borbonia'na (Bourbon). See R. BOURBONIA.
„ „ Bo'rreri (Borrer's). 6. Pale red. June. Britain.
,, ,, ccs'sia (grey). 6. Pink, white. July. Scotland.
„ „ coriifo'lia (leather- leaved). 6. Pink. June. Britain.
,, ,, duma'lis (bushy). 6. Pink. June. Britain.
„ ,, dumeto'rum (thicket). 5. Pink. June. Britain.
„ „ fastigia'ta (pyramidal). France.
„ „ fruteto'rum (coppice). 6. Pink. June. Volhynia.

1818.

„ „ glauce' scens (milky-green). 8. June. France.
„ Hetscho'ldi (Hetschold's). Leaves peculiarly cut.

1889.

„ meratia'na (Merat's). 8. France.
„ microca'rpa (small- fruited). France.
,, ni'lens (shimng-leafleted). 8. June.
„ nu'da (naked). 6. Pink. June. Britain.
„ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leafleted). 8. June.
„ schottia'na (Schott's). 8. June. Podolia.
,, squarro'sa (spreading). Germany.
„ surculo'sa (spriggy). 4. Pink. June. Britain.
,, ,, tau'rica (Taurian). 6. Red. June. Tauria.
„ caroli'na (Carolina). 6. Crimson. June. N. Amer.

1726.

„ „ nuttallia'na (Nuttallian).
,, cauca'sea (Caucasian). 20. Red. June. Iberia.

1798.
,, centifo'lia (hundred-leaved). See R. GALLICA CENTI-

FOLIA and varieties.

,, cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). 6. Pink. May. Europe.
,, davu'rica (Dahurian). See R. CINNAMOMEA.
,, damasce'na (damask). 3. Pink. June. Syria. 1573.

" Damask Rose."
„ „ trigintipe'tala (thirty-petaled). Yields Attar of

Roses. Eastern Roumelia. 1888.
,, „ variega'ta (variegated). Pink, often striped with

white. " York and Lancaster Rose."
,, Dickso'ni (Dickson's). White. June. Ireland.
,, donia'na (Don's). See R. INVOLUTA DONIANA.
,, dumeto'rum (thicket). See R. CANINA DUMETORUM.
,, Dupo'nti (Dupont's). (R. gallica xmoschata.)
„ E'cce (Eca's). See R. XANTHINA.
,, Eglante'ria (Eglanteria) of Linnaeus. See R. LUTEA.
,, Eglante'ria (Eglanteria) of Miller. See R. RUBIGINOSA.
,, elymai'tica (Elymaitian). Persia.
,, Engelma'nni (Engelmann's). Fruit oblong. Colorado.

1889.

„ fedtschenkoa'na (Fedtschenkoan). Turkestan.
„ Fendle'ri (Fendler's). Rose. New Mexico. 1888.
,, fe'rox (fierce). 3. Red. July. Caucasus. 1596.
,, ,, ni'tens (shining). 4. Pale crimson. July. 1822.
„ foliolo'sa (many-leafleted). N. Amer. 1890.
,, Forste'ri (Forster's). See R. CANINA.
,, fortunea'na (Fortunean). Orange- yellow, shaded

metallic red. China. 1845. (R. Banksi&xl&vi-

gata.) " Fortune's Yellow."
,, fraxinifo'lia (ash- leaved). See R. BLANDA.
,, fruteto'rum (coppice). See R. CANINA FRUTETORUM.
,, fu'lgida (shining). Light crimson, semidouble. 1825.

" Gloire des Rosomanes."

,, ga'llica( French). 2. Pink. June. S.Europe. 1596.
„ „ A'gatha (Agatha). Purple.
„ ,, centifo'lia (hundred-leaved). 3. Pink. June.

Caucasus. 1596. " Cabbage Rose."
„ „ Condito'rum (founders'). A source of perfume.

Asia Minor. 1889.
„ „ crista'ta (crested). 3. Pink. June. France.

1833-

,, ,, cu'prea (copper).
„ „ inape'rla (unopened). White, rose. " Vilmonn

Rose."

„ „ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured).
„ „ ine'rmis (unarmed). Purple.
,, „ ma'xima (largest).
„ „ musco'sa (mossy). 3. White, red. June.

" Common Moss Rose."
„ ,, musco' sa-crista' ta (mossy-crested). 3. White,

red. June. France. " Crested Moss Rose."

ROSA

753

ROSA

R. ga'llica na'na (dwarf).
„ „ parvifo'lia (small-leaved), i. Purple. June.

Europe.
„ ,, pompn'nia (pompon). 2. White, red. June.

" Pompon or Miniature Provence."
M „ provincia'lis (Provencial). 3-6. White, pink.

France. " Provence Rose."
n » pu'mila (dwarf), j. Red. June. Austria. 1810.

" Wild Shop Rose."
„ ,, A'.> i.i-nttt'tidi (rose-of-the-world). See R. GALLICA

VLRSICOLOR.

„ vcrsi' color (changeable-coloured). Red and white

striped.

,, viola' cea (violet).

gemina'ta (twin). (R. gallicaxaruensis.) Europe.
gigantSa (gigantic). 20-40. Coppery-red passing to

white, 3-5 in. across. Burma. 1888.
gliHino'sa (clammy. Cretan). 2. Pale blush. June.

Candia. 1821.
„ yarmale'nsis (Yarmalan). z\. Whitish-red. Asia

Minor. 1892.
Godtfro'yas (Madame Godefroy's). White. Persia.

1886.

gra'cilis (slender). See R. INVOLUTA GRACILIS.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See R. SPINOSISSIMA

ALTAICA.
gymnoca'rpa (naked- fruited). 2-4. Red. June.

Western N. Amer.
,, pisoca'rpa (pea-fruited). Bright pink. July.

Western N. Amer. 1877.
hackelia'na (Hackelian). See R. HECKELIAXA.
Ha'rdii (Hardy's). (R. simplicifoliaxinvolucrata.) \

1885.

heckelia'na (Heckelian). Pink. June. Italy ; Greece. ;
hemispha'rica (hemispherical). 4. Yellow. July.

Persia and Asia Minor. 1629.
hftfrophy'lla (various- leaved). (/?. rugosaalbaxlutea.)

1897.

hibe'rnica (Irish). 4. Blush. August. Ireland.
hi'spida (bristly). See R. SPINOSISSIMA HISPIDA.
Hugo'nis (Hugo's). 3-6. Pale yellow. June, July. ;

W. China. 1905.

hit' n-: I it (low). Pale blush. Summer. N. Amer.
„ tri'loba (three-lobed). Blush. Petals three-lobed.

1889.

hy'strix (hedgehog). See R. L^VIGATA.
tbe'rica (Iberian). 6. Pink. June. Iberia. 1820.
i'ndica (Indian). 20. Red. China. 1789. " China

or Monthly Rose."
„ anemonceflo' ra (Anemone-flowered). See R. ANE-

MO.VtFLORA.

,, caryophy'llea (clove-scented). Rose.

„ crue'nta (bloody). Blood-red.

„ flo're ple'no (double-flowered).

,, fra' grans (fragrant). Rose, semidouble. " Tea

Rose."
„ longifo'lia (long-willow leaved). 5. Pink. June.

China.
„ mi'nima (smallest), i. Blush. China. 1810.

" Fah-y Rose "
„ monstro'sa (monstrous). 2. Green. Summer.

" Green Rose."
„ ni'-ea (white-double-flou'ered) . 3. White, red.

July. Gardens. 1831.

„ noisettia'na (Noisette's). See R. NOISETTIANA.
„ ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white. Chinese). 2. Cream.

June. China. 1824.
„ oiiorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). See R. INDICA

FRACRANS.

,, panno'sa (ragged). Purple, rose.

„ pu'mila (dwarf), i. Pink. July. China.

,, sungui'nea (blood-coloured). 2-3. Crimson.

Summer. 1810. " Crimson China Rose."
„ semperflo'rens (everflowering). 8— 10. Deep

crimson. China. 1789. " Everflowering China

Rose."
intermedia (intermediate) of Carriere. See R.

THYRSIFLORA.

involucra'ta (involucred). 3. White. July. India.

1808.

involu'ta (curved-in-petaled) . 2. Pale red. June.
Scotland.

„ donia'na (Donian). 4. Pink. June. Scotland.
„ donia'na ho'rrida (spiny). 4. Pink. J une.
„ gra'cilis (slender). 6-8. Pale pink. June.
Britain.

R.

involu'ta Sabi'ni(Szbine's). 6-8. Red. June. Britain.
„ Wiho'ni (Wilson's). 3. Dark pink. June.

Britain.
Iwa'ra (Iwara). White. Japan. 1861. (R. rugosax

multtflora.)
Ja'ckii (Jack's). White. July. Corea. 1910.

Habit procumbent.
Jundzi'llii (Jundzill's). Europe.
kamtscha'tica ( Kamtschatka). See R. RUGOSA

KAMCHATICA.

Klu'kii (Kluk's. Sweet-briar). See R. RUBIGINOSA.
laviga' ta (smooth). 5. White. June. China. 1759.

" Cherokee Rose."
„ Anemone ( Anemone). 8-12. Pink, 3-4 in. across.

( R. lavigaia x indica ( ? ) . ) 1901.
lawrancea'na (Miss Lawrance's). See R. INDICA

MINIMA.

la'xa (loose). 3. White, pale yellow. July. Siberia.
/«cA«n<iM//ta'na(Leschenaultian). 60. Violet. June.

India.

Li'ndleyi (Dr. Lindley's). See R. VIRGINIANA.
Lu'ciee (Lucia's). See R. WICHURAIANA.
lu'cida (bright-leaved). See R. VIRGINIANA.
lit' tea (smg/<r-yellow). 3. Yellow. June. Orient.
1596. " Austrian Briar," or " Austrian Yellow."
,, bi' color (two-coloured). 3. Reddish-copper above,
yellow beneath. June. 1596. " Austrian Copper
Rose."

„ puni'cea (scarlet). See R. LUTEA BICOLOR.
,, subru'bra (petals reddish above). 4. Yellow, red.
June.

lute'scens (yellowish). See R. SPINOSISSIMA HISPIDA.
macra'ntha (large-flowered). 2-6. Flesh, single. July.

Europe. (R. gallicaxcanina.)

macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Red. Himalaya;
China.

„ ru'bro-stami'nea (red-stamened). Filaments red ;
anthers orange. China. 1904.
maja'lis (May. Hog). See R. CINNAMOMEA.
Ma'lyi (Maly's). Tyrol. (/?. cdpina x spitwsissima (?).)
micra'ntha (small-flowered. Sweet-briar). Pale red.

June. Europe (Britain).
microca'rpa (small-fruited). 10. White. July.

China. 1822.

microphy'lla (small-leaved). 3. Blush. September.
China. 1828.

„ a'lba (white-flowered). 3. White.
,, flo're ple'no (double-flowered).

minutifo'lia (minute-leaved). Pink or white. Cali-
fornia. 1888.
mo' His (soft). 6. Red. June. Europe (Britain).

1818.
monta'na (mountain). 4-6. Rose to white. Summer.

Europe.
M 'ontezu' 'mce (Montezuma's). 3. Pale red. June.

Mexico. 1825.

moscha'ta (musk). 12. White. August. S. Europe
to India. 1596. " Musk Rose."
„ flo're ple'no (double-flowered).
„ Pissa'rti (Pissard's). 15-20. White. Persia.

1880.
Moyc'sii (Moyes's). 4-10. Ruby-red. June, July.

W. China. 1906.
multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 12. Jled. June. China.

1822.

„ Boursau'ltii (Boursault's). See R. ALPINAX
INDICA.

„ ca'rnea (flesh). Red. June. China. 1822.
„ flo're ple'no (double-flowered). White, double.
July.
„ Grevi'llei (Greville's). 20. Purple. June. China.

1824. " Seven Sisters Rose."
„ himala'yica (Himalayan). 20-30. White, with

yellow anthers.

,, hupehe'nsis (Hupeh). Pale rose, in large bunches.
Central China. 1907.
„ ni'vea (snowy). 20. White, tinted pink.
„ platyphy'lla '(broad-leaved). See R. MULTIFLORA
GREVILLEI.

,, russellia'na (Russell's).
multiflo'ra X indica. White or pink. " Polyantha

Rose."
multiflo'ra x moscha'ta. Pure white. July. 1886.

Syn. R. polyantha grandi flora,
yriaca'ntha (myriad-spined). See R.

myriaca

MYRIACANTHA.

SPINOSISSIMA

ROSA

754

ROSA

R. ni'tida (glossy-leaved). 2. Red. July. N. Amer.

1807.
„ noisettia'na (Noisettian). 3. Red. (R. indicaxmos-

chata.) " Noisette Rose."
,, nutka'na (Nutkan). 4-6. Pale to deep red. June.

N. Amer. 1888. " Wasatch Rose."
,, omi'sssa (omitted). 3-5. Rose. Europe (Britain).

1888.
„ orienta'lis (oriental). Rose. June. Asia Minor ;

Persia.

„ oxyaca'ntha (sharp-spined). See R. SPINOSISSIMA.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered. Carolina). 2. Flesh.

July. Garden origin. 1724. " Rose de Meaux."
„ penduli'na (drooping). 5. White, pink. June.

Europe. 1816. (R. spinosissimaxalpina.)
„ pernetia'na (Pernetian). Orange-yellow to reddish

gold and red. July. (R. lutea Persian Yellow x

Antoine Ducher.) 1900.
„ phceni'cea (purple). White. June. Cilicia ; Syria.

1888.

„ pimpinellifo'lia (Pimpinella-leaved), See R. SPINO-
SISSIMA.

„ pisoca'rpa (pea- fruited). R. GYMNOCARPA PISOCARPA.
„ Pissa'rdi (Pissard's). See R. MOSCHATA PISSARTI.
„ platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). See R. MULTIFLORA

GREVILLEI.
„ polya'ntha (many-flowered) of Sieb. and Zucc. See

R. MULTIFLORA.

„ pomi'fera (apple-bearing). 3-6. Red. June to

September. Europe. 1886. " Apple Rose."
„ prati'ncola (meadow-dwelling). i£. Pink or rose.

June. United States.
„ „ a'lba (white), i^. White. June. United States.

1910.
„ provincia'lis (Provencial). See R. GALLICA PROVIN-

CIALIS.

„ pulche'lla (neat). 2. Red. June. 1824.
,, Ra'pa (turnip). See R. VIRGINIANA FLORE PLENO.
„ re'pens (creeping). See R. ARVENSIS.
„ reve'rsa (reversed). See R. PENDULINA.
,, rube'lla (small-red). 2-4. Pale to deep red. June.

Europe.

„ rubifo'lia (bramble-leaved). See R. SETIGERA.
„ „ fenestra'ta (windowed). See R. SETIGERA FENE-

STRATA.
„ rubigino'sa (rusty). 5. Pink. June. Europe

(Britain). " Sweet Brier or Eglantine." Aculeati's-

sima (very prickly) ; flexuo'sa (flexible-branched) ;

grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Lyo'nii (Lypn's) ;

ma'jor (greater) ; nemora'lis (grove) ; parvifo'lia

(small-leafleted) ; pu'bera (downy) ; rotundifo'lia

(round-leaved). Germany. Umbella'ta (umbelled).

Germany. Vaillantia'na (Vaillant's). White.
„ rubrifo'lia (red-leaved). 6. Red. June. Mountains

of Europe. 1814.
„ „ hispi'dula (bristly-flower-stalked). Red. June.

1822.

„ „ ine'rmis (unarmed). Purple. June. Switzerland.
„ „ pinnati'fida (leaflet-like-cut-sepated). Purple.

June. Switzerland.

„ „ redou'tea (Redoutean). 3. Pale red. June.
„ ru'ga (wrinkled). 10-20. Pale flesh. July, August.

(R. arvensis x indica.)
„ rugo'sa (wrinkled). 4-6. Red. June to August.

Japan. 1845.

„ „ a'lba (white). 4-6. White. June to August. 1876.
„ „ caloca'rpa (beautiful-fruited).
„ „ fimbria'ta (fringed). White or pink, fringed,

double. 1890.

„ „ flo're plc'no (double-flowered).
„ „ floribu'nda (free-flowering).
„ „ kamcha'tica (Kamtschatkan). 3. Red. July.

Kamtschatka. 1791.

„ rugo'sa x General Jacqueminot (Mrs. Anthony Waterer).
„ Sabi'ni (Sabine's). See R. INVOLUTA SABINI.
„ ,, gra'cilis (slender). See R. INVOLUTA GRACILIS.
„ sa'ncta (sacred). Europe.

„ sanguisorbifo'lia (burnet-leaved). See R. SPINOSIS-
SIMA.

„ sarmenta'cea (twiggy). See R. CANINA DUMALIS.
„ semperflo'rens (ever-blowing). See R. INDICA SEMPER-

FLORENS.
„ sempervi'rens (evergreen). 20. White. June. S.

Europe. 1629.
„ „ leschenaultia'na (Leschenault's). See R. LESCHEN-

AULTIANA.

R. se'pium (hedge). See R. AGRESTIS.
„ Seraphi'ni (Seraphin's). 1-1$. Bright rose. June.

Corsica ; Sardinia, Sicily, &c. 1894. First

flowered. 1900.
„ seri'cea (silky). 5-10. White, 4-petaled. May, June.

India. 1822.
» »» pteraca'ntha (thorn- winged). 5-10. White. May,

June. Central China. 1905.
„ seti'gera (bristle-bearing). 10-20. Rose, fading white.

June. N. Amer. " Prairie Rose."
„ „ fenestra'ta (windowed). 4. Flesh. June. N.

Amer.

„ Shera'rdi (Sherard's). See R. TOMENTOSA SHERARDI.
,, simplicifo'lia (simple-leaved). 1-2. Bright yellow,

with five crimson spots. June. Orient. 1790.
,, si'nica (Chinese). See R. L^EVIGATA.
„ souliea'na (Souliean). 4-8. White. July. W. China.

1904.
„ spinosi' ssima (spiniest). 2. White, red. June.

Europe (Britain) ; Siberia. " Scotch or Burnet

Rose."
„ „ alta'ica (Altaic). 3-4. White. May. Siberia.

1818.

„ „ arge'ntea (silvery). 3-4. White. May.
„ „ flo're lu'teo ple'no (double- yellow-flowered).
,, ), fu'lgens (shining).
„ „ Harriso'ni (Harrison's). 3-4. Soft golden-yellow.

1830.
„ „ hi'spida (bristly). 3-4. Pale yellow. May, June.

1780.
„ lu'tea (yellow). 2-4.

Single yellow. May.

White.

myriaca'ntha (myriad-spined). 1-3.
May. France. 1820.
„ penicilla'ta (pencilled).
„ pi'cta (painted).
„ ru'bra (red).
,, venulo'sa (veiny).

spinulifo'lia (prickly-leaved). Switzerland.
stylo' sa (long-styled). 3-6. White. June. Europe
(England).

„ evani'da (vanishing). 5-8. Pink. June, July.
England.

„ sy'styla (united-styled). 6. Pink. June. Britain,
suave' olens (sweet-scented). See R. RUBIGINOSA.
sua'vis (sweet). 4. Purple. June. 1818.
sulphu'rea (sulphur). See R. HEMISPH^RICA.
Sweginzo'wi (Sweginzow's). 4-5. Rose. June.

China, probably. 1910.

sylve'stris (wood). See R. TOMENTOSA SYLVESTRIS.
sy'styla (clustered-styled). See R. STYLOSA SYSTYLA.
iau'rica (Taurian). See R. CANINA TAURICA.
thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-floweced). White. June. Japan.

1868.

tomento'sa (dovrny-leaved). 6. Red, white. June.
Europe (Britain).

„ scabriu' scula (rather-rough). 6. Pink. June.
Britain.

„ Shera'rdi (Sherard's). 6. Pink. June. Britain.
„ sylve'stris (wood). 6-8. Red. June. Britain.
turbina'ta (top-shaped-co/y*^). 5. Red. June.
Europe. 1629.

„ francofurta'na (Frankfort). 5. Rose, purple.
June. Frankfort.

,, orb«sa'nea(Orbessean). 4. Rose-coloured. June.
villo'sa (shaggy). See R. MOLLIS.
,, pomi'fera (apple-bearing). See R. POMIFERA.
,, resino'sa (resinous). See R. POMIFERA.
virginia'na (Virginian). 4. Red or rose. July.
Eastern United States. 1724.
„ a'lba (white). White.

,, flo're ple'no (double-flowered). 3-4. Rose, double
July. Eastern United States.
watsonia'na (Watsonian). Japan. 1890.
webbia'na (Webbian). 5. Pink. June. Himalaya.
wichuraia'na (Wichuraian). White. July. Japan.

1891. Habit prostrate.

„ ru'bra (red). Red. July. (R. tvichuraian i x
Crimson Rambler.) 1901.
Willmo'ttice (Miss Willmott's). 5-10. Rose-lilac or

rose-purple. W. China. 1907.
Wilso'ni (Wilson's). See R. INVOLUTA WILSONI.
Woo'dsii (Wood's). 3. Pink. May. N. Amer.
xanthi'na (yellow). Yellow. June to August. Persia;

Afghanistan, &c.

yedoe'nsis (Yedo). Pink, small, numerous. June,
July. Japan. 1908.

ROSANOWIA

755

ROSE

ROSANO'WIA. (Commemorative of Serge Rosanow.
Nat. ord. Gesneraceae. Now referred to Sinningia, but
not yet described under that genus.)

For culture see SINNINGIA, mostly known in gardens
as Gloxinias.
R. conspi'cua (conspicuous), i. Yellow, purple. Brazil.

1868.
„ hy'brida (hybrid), i. Yellow, purple. Gardens.

1885.

„ orna'ta (adorned). i. Rose, white, yellowish.
(Sinningia conspicuaxspeciosa.) 1882.

ROSCHE'RIA. (Commemorative of M. Roscher. Nat.
ord. Palmacea?.)

A stove Palm. Seeds. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
R. melanoch&'tes (black-haired). 20-25. Mascarene
Islands. 1871.

ROSCO'EA. (Named after Mr. Roscoe, the founder
of the Liverpool Botanic Garden. Nat. ord. Gingerworls
[Scitaminacea?]. Linn. i-Monandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials, all but one purple-
flowered. Division in spring ; sandy loam and leaf-
mould. Winter temp., 48' to 55° ; summer, 60° to 75°.
R. capita'ta (headed), i. July. Nepaul. 1819.

ela'tior (taller). See CAUTLEA LUTEA.

gra'cilis (slender). See CAUTLEA LUTEA.

lu'tea (yellow). See CAUTLEA LUTEA.

purpu'rea (purple), i. July. India. 1820.

sikkime'nsis (Sikkim). See R. PURPUREA.

spica'ta (spiked). See CAUTLEA SPICATA.

ROSE. Ro'sa.

Propagation.— Most kinds of roses can be propagated
by cuttings. By this method we only obtain dwarfs ;
yet, as many sorts do best on their own roots, the China
and Tea-scented for instance, for these we must adopt
cuttings. The best time for making the cuttings is in
April.

Cuttings in Pots. — The most convenient-sized pots are

5 inches across ; fill them with moderately rich, light
earth, press it firmly down, then fill the pots quite up
to the rim with silver sand, or with finely sifted river
sand ; give a gentle watering from a fine-rosed watering-
pot, then cut the cuttings into lengths of about 4 inches,
remove all the leaves except those belonging to the top
buds, make the cut very smooth across, just under the
lowest bud ; the cutting is then ready to be planted.
Have a small stick about as thick as a quill, and thrust
it into the soil just the depth of the cutting, so as to
leave the top bud out ; close the earth firmly to the
bottom of the cutting with the stick ; place the cuttings
close to the edge of the pots, with the leaves of all point- '
ing inwards ; then close up the holes with a little of the |
sand, and give a gentle watering. The best situation j
to place the pots in is a pit, with hand-glasses over them. '
If you have not that convenience, plunge the pots in
coal-ashes on a shady border, covering them with hand- ,
glasses. Shift into larger pots as they require.

Cuttings in the Open Ground. — Choose a shady border, j
next a low wall or hedge— the latter to be close-clipped
with the garden-shears. Let the soil be well dug and
chopped small, and the surface raked very fine ; then
pour some water upon it, and let it stand a day, to become
moderately dry again. Prepare the cuttings as above
directed, and always expose the cuttings as little as
possible to the sun and air ; they may be preserved fresh
by having a little damp moss or hay at hand to cover
them with as soon as they are prepared. When a
sufficient number are ready, open a trench with a small
spade at the end of the border. Chop the side of the
trench furthest from you straight down just a sufficient
depth to leave the topmost bud and leaf out of the soil ;
then place the cuttings against this upright bank about
3 inches apart. When the row is filled with cuttings.
with your spade put the soil against the cuttings, and
with your foot tread it firmly to them. Take great
care that the soil is quite close and firm around each.
Then fill up level with the top of the row of cuttings
Another portion of soil, until there is a bank of earth

6 inches distant from the first row. Chop down the
outermost edge of the soil, so as to leave another upright
bank to set the second row of cuttings against, and so
proceed from row to row, till you have filled the space
Bet apart for this purpose. Examine a few of them
occasionally after about six weeks, and if they are rooted,

lift them carefully with a trowel or small spade, and either
pot them or plant them out in rows in a more open
situation. By the autumn following they will be nice
plants, and may be planted in the situation where they
are to grow and flower.

By Suckers. — Roses send up many suckers annually,
which may be taken up in autumn, winter, or early
spring, with some rootlets attached ; and the strongest
may be planted out finally, and the weakest in the
nursery for a year or two longer. They will readily
grow, and will most of them produce flowers the follow-
ing summer. When rose-trees have grown into large
bushes, with many suckers, the whole may be taken
up and slipped, or divided into separate plants. The
Moss and some others furnish suckers but sparingly.

By Layers. — To obtain shoots for layering, a quantity
of rose-trees should be planted for stools, which, being
headed down low, will throw out shoots abundantly,
near the ground, in summer, for layering in autumn or
winter following. (See LAYERING.) They will be rooted
by next autumn, and fit for transplantation in nursery
rows, though sometimes the moss rose and some others
require two years before they are tolerably well rooted ;
but of these sorts you may also try layers of the shoots
of the year, layered in summer, any time in June. They
will probably root a little the same season. The layers
of all the sorts, after being properly rooted, should be
taken up in autumn and planted in the nursery, to
have one or two years' growth.

By Budding. — See BUDDING and GRAFTING.

Soil and Situation. — The best soil is a rather strong
loam ; the deeper it is the better. It should be well-
drained. Such land as will grow good wheat or good
hops will grow fine roses. Next, it should be rich to
grow them fine : if not already so, it ought to have
thoroughly decayed dung added to it. A portion of
superphosphate of lime (bones dissolved in oil of vitriol)
will be of great benefit to them — a manure that may be
had of any respectable manure-dealer. The rose-garden
ought to open to the south and east, but be sheltered
from the north and north-west winds. Tall beech or
horn-beam hedges are the best shelter against gales
blowing from those points. Roses should not be planted
so near trees as to be overhung by them, as the drip
from the trees will prevent them from thriving, and injure
the flowers.

Planting. — The best season is the early part of Novem-
ber. They will succeed tolerably even to the middle of
March, but not so well as in the autumn. If you have
to procure them from a distant nursery, and they are
some time out of the ground, make a puddle of earth
and water of nearly the consistence of paint. Dip the
roots in this puddle, and plant them immediately.
Should the border intended for the rose be long and
narrow, plant the tallest standards in the back row, the
next size in the second, and the half-standards in the
third, and the dwarfs in the front row.

Autumn Pruning : Summer Roses. — Provence, including
the Moss Rose. — These require to be pruned to three or
four eyes, according to the strength of the shoots.
Damask. — These require to be pruned according to the
strength of the growth of the different varieties. Madam
Hardy, for instance, is a strong grower, and ought to be
left with shoots of six eyes. White Damask. — This
species should be pruned similarly to the Damask.
Gallica, or French. — Some of these are very strong
growers, and must be cut accordingly. Some shoots, in
good soil, will grow 3 or 4 feet long. Those shoots are
often pithy and green, and ought to be cut clean out,
and the rest shortened to i foot or 18 inches, according
to their strength. Hybrid, Provence. — They grow natu-
rally in compact heads and many branches, and should
be pruned by thinning out about one-third of the shoots,
and shortening the rest to six or eight eyes. Hybrid,
Chinese. — The strong growers, Brennus for instance, must
be cut to eight or nine eyes ; whilst the Beauty of Billard
is a weak grower, and should be cut to two or three
eyes, and half the shoots entirely cut away. Scotch. — All
that these require is to have half of the shoots thinned
out, and those that are left cut to half their length.
Climbing.— These require a different mode of pruning to
all other roses. We shall describe it as the spur system.
Train in young shoots during the summer ; in the autumn
shorten those shoots one-fourth of their length— that is,
supposing the 3hoot is 4 feet long, cut i foot of it off,

ROSE

756

ROSMARINUS

and so reduce it to 3 feet, and in the same proportion
for longer shoots. The shoots will then, during the
summer, produce side-shoots ; these are the spurs. In
the month of March following, take the shoots off the
trellis walls or pillars, prune the spurs into two or three
eyes, and then tie or nail them up again neatly to the
supporters.

Autumn Priming : Autumn Roses. — Macartney. — The
Macartney rose itself requires very little pruning ; but
the Maria Leonidas requires pruning freely, shortening
the strong shoots to eight or nine eyes, and the weak
ones to three or four. Damask Perpetuals and Hybrid
Perpetuals are mostly weak growers, and should be cut
into four or five eyes, and a third of the shoots cut
clean away. Bourbons and Noisettes are middling growers,
and should be pruned moderately ; strong shoots to be
cut to five or six eyes, and the weak ones to three or
four. China and Tea-scented. — Most of these are rather
tender ; consequently, the wood does not ripen to any
length. They, should, therefore, be pruned close. If
they are planted against a wall they may be pruned
longer, as the wood then becomes firmer and better
ripened. Prune those in the open air, both standards
and dwarfs, to two or three eyes, those on walls to six
or seven, in proportion to their strength.

Summer Pruning. — It often happens, where the roses
are growing in good ground, that some of them produce
branches that grow so strong and fast as to rob the rest
of their due support. These branches are what the
French call gourmands, which may be Englished gluttons.
Only stop these at first, and wait until the autumn
before you cut them clean off. When the rose- trees
throw out a great number of shoots equally strong, and
they appear to be crowded, prune away about one- third
of them, but do not shorten any of the others, as that
will cause them to send out a quantity of small, weak
shoots, which will injure the flowers the following season.

Roses in Pots. —Procure some pots that are well cleaned,
or, what is better still, quite new ; and 24*5 are a very
convenient size to commence with. Worked roses are
preferable, for pot purposes, to those grown on their
own roots ; therefore select such as are dwarf only, and
worked close to the collar, so that when the rose is potted
the stem is scarcely visible. Tea, China, and Bourbon,
or their hybrids, are better suited for forcing and pot

Elants than Noisette and Hybrid perpetuals ; the two
st-named class of roses growing to greater perfection
in the open air. Amongst Tea Roses select Saffrano,
Devoniensis, Comte de Paris, Niphetos, and Princess
Clementine. Mrs. Bosanquet, Duchess of Kent, with a
few others, amongst Chinas ; Souvenir de la Malmaison,
Leveson Gower, and Ditpetit Thouars, amongst Bourbons.
Of the above Souvenir de la Malmaison is unrivalled as
a pot rose. Having selected plants, lose no time ; but
before the roots have got dry, pot them (having first
pruned the strong roots) in a mixture of half yellow loam,
and the rest old cow-dung, leaf-mould, and sand in
equal parts ; but a greater proportion of loam may be
added with advantage, should the rose to be potted
be a Bourbon or Hybrid perpetual. The plants being
potted in October, place them on ashes under a north
wall, in some sheltered part of the garden, until the
frosts compel to put them in cold pits, keeping them,
since their being repotted, as dry as can be to prevent
growth, but not sufficiently so to cause the plants to
flag, or their roots to get quite dry. Then, about the
commencement of December, prune all that you intend
bringing into the greenhouse in the early part of January,
for blooming in May and June, and stimulate them
gently by applying water at a temperature a few degrees
warmer than the atmosphere of the pit where they still
are, so as when they are introduced into the greenhouse
at the commencement of January, at a medium tem-
perature of 45°, they are just beginning to push strongly.
About the commencement of February a little more heat
is to be given, and weak liquid-manure is applied about
twice a week, which is strengthened as the plants increase
in vigour and have their buds well set. About this
time syringing overhead with lukewarm water, or
steaming, may occasionally be had recourse to, as it
tends to give strength to the plants, and keeps away
the aphis and other enemies. Lastly, when the shoots
are sufficiently long for the purpose, they are to be
gently brought down to the sides of the pot, or staked
to such places as they are intended to occupy, so as
when the plants are ready for the show, these appliances

may be removed, and the plant still preserve a round and
uniform appearance. It is necessary at all times, when
the temperature is at 50° or above, to give as much air
as possible ; and this may even be done when a gentle
fire is going.

Diseases. — See EXTRAVASATED SAP, GREEN CENTRE,
MILDEW, and ROSE RUST.

Insects. — See APHIS, ANISOPIA, and TORTRIX.

ROSE ACACIA. Robi'nia hi'spida.

ROSE APPLE. Euge'nia Ja'mbos.

ROSE BAY. Epilo'bium angustifo'lium.

ROSE CAMPION. Ly'chnis dioi'ca.

ROSEMARY. Rosmari'nus officina'lis.

Varieties. — There are three varieties — the green, golden-
striped, and silver-striped. The first is in general
cultivation.

Soil. — It thrives best on a poor, light soil mixed with
old mortar, or other calcareous matters. In such, or
when the plants are self-raised on an old wall, they will
bear our severest winters ; but in a rich soil they lose
much of their aromatic nature, and perish in frost. For
the green variety, the situation may be open ; but the
other two, being tender, require to be planted beneath
a south wall, or in pots, to b* sheltered in winter.

Propagation is by cuttings and rooted slips during any
of the spring months, or by layers in the summer ; but
the finest plants are raised by seed. By layers is the
best mode of propagating the gold and silver-striped
varieties. Sow in March, or early in April, in drills
| inch deep and 6 inches apart. The rooted slips, and
the cuttings of the young shoots, must be from 5 to

7 inches long, and planted in a shady border, in rows

8 or 10 inches apart, previously removing the leaves
from the lower two-thirds of their length. Layers may-
be formed by cutting young branches half through on
their under-side, and pegging them down an inch or
two below the surface : they become established plants
by autumn. Water must be applied abundantly at the
time of planting, and occasionally afterwards until
established.

ROSE OF HEAVEN. Ly'chnis Cce'li-ro'sa.
ROSE OF JERICHO. Anasta'tica.

ROSE OF THE WORLD. Came'llia japo'nica Ro'sa
mu'ndi.

ROSE ROOT. Se'dum ro'seum.

ROSE RUST AND BRAND. (Phragmidium subcor-
ticatum.) In some gardens and in some seasons hardy,
hybrid roses more especially get attacked with this
fungoid disease, but no variety, probably, is immune
from attack. All three stages of the fungus occur on
the same varieties of Rose. In early summer orange-
coloured blotches appear on the leaves and shoots, this
being the ascidiospore stage of the fungus. It is followed
by deeper coloured blotches later in summer, this being
the uredospore stage. The blotches mav grow into each
other, forming larger blotches, more or less covering the
whole leaflet ; while those on the shoots may attain a
length of one inch, often causing them to become bent
or curved. The winter or resting stage (teleutospore) of
the fungus makes its appearance in autumn, in the form
of minute black specks projecting from the under
surface of the leaves. This is known as Rose Brand.
The teleutospore is linear, shortly tailed at the apex,
and seven to eight celled. It is the most difficult stage
of the fungus to destroy.

Autumn is a good time to take stern measures for the
eradication of the fungus. All affected leaves on the
Roses, and all fallen leaves, should be gathered and burned
to get rid of the resting spores, and so prevent attack
in the summer following. In spring, when the leaves
commence to expand, spray the bushes with sulphide of
potassium, at the rate of one ounce to three gallons of
water. Orange patches on the shoots should be sponged
with methylated spirits and water, half and half. Wild
roses in the neighbourhood, affected with rust, should
also be sprayed to prevent fresh infection in the garden.

ROSE SNOWBALL-TREE. Vibu'rnum O'pulus sterile.

ROSMARI'NUS. Rosemary. (From ros, dew, and
marinus, of the sea ; maritime plants. Nat. ord. Lip-
worts [Labiatae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia.)

ROSTELLERA

757

RUBUS

Hardy evergreens, purple-flowered, and natives of
Mediterranean regions. See ROSEMARY.
R. officina'lis (shop). 4. February. 1548.
„ ,, fo'liis-arge'nteis (silver-leaved). 4. March. 1548.
„ ,, fo'liis-au'reis (golden-leaved). 12. February. 1548.
„ ,, latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 12. February. 1548.
„ ,, prostra'tus (prostrate). March. 1906. Habit
prostrate.

ROSTELLFRA. See MALLOTUS.

ROTATION OF CROPS. There are three circumstances
to be regarded in regulating the order in which crops
should follow each other: i. Each crop should be as
dissimilar as possible from its predecessor. 2 . The exuviae
of the preceding crop should not be offensive to its suc-
cessor. 3. A spindle-rooted crop should succeed a
fibrous-rooted crop, or vice versa.

RO'THIA. (Named after A. W. Roth, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa?].
Linn. i6-Monadtlpia, 6-Decandria.)

Hardy trailing annual. Seeds in a warm border, in
April.

R. trifolia'ta (three-leafleted). 2. Sulphur, red. July.
India ; Australia. 1820.

ROTHMA'NNIA LONGIFLO'RA. See RANDIA MACU-

LATA.

ROTTLE'RA. See MALLOTUS.
ROUGE PLANT. Rivi'na tincio'ria.

ROU'PALA. (From roupala, the Guianan name. Nat.
ord. Proteads [Proteaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Afono-
gynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen, fine foliage shrubs, from Guiana,
except where otherwise stated. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a bell-^lass, not hurried, but freed from
damp, and placed in bottom-heat after a few weeks ;
fibrous loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 45° to 48° ;
a rather sheltered place in summer.
R. au'rea (golden). See R. POHLII.

„ boissieria'na (Boissierian). Yellow. Colombia. 1853.

„ complica'ta (complicated). 6-8. Trop. Amer. 1853.

,, corcovade'nsis (Corcovadan). See R. POHLII.

„ crena'ta (round- toothed). S. Amer.

„ denta'ta (tooth-leaved). 10. Green. June. 1802.

„ e'legans (elegant). Brazil.

„ heierophy'lla (various-leaved). Brazil. 1863.

„ macrophy'Ua (large-leaved). BrazU. 1863.

„ me'dia (mediate). 10. May. 1823.

,, n-.onta'na (mountain). See R. MEDIA.

,, ni'tida (shining). Pale yellow. 1821.

„ obova'ta (reverse-egg-shaped). 10-25. Colombia. 1855.

„ Po'hlii (Pohl's). Orance-red. Stem and leaf-stalks
golden-haired. Brazil.

„ Poorima'nni (Poortmann's). Red. Plant reddish-
brown haired. 1883.

„ sessilifo'lia (stalkless-leaved). See PANOPSIS HAME-
LLE FOLIA.

„ Ski'nneri (Skinner's). Gardens.

„ venainea'na (V'ervainean). Gardens.

ROUTE LLIA. (Commemorative of the Roupell family,
patrons of botany and horticulture. Nat. ord. Apocy-

A climbing stove shrub, with fragrant flowers. Cuttings
in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Peat and
loam, both fibrous, and sand.

R. grata (grateful). White, tinted pink. May. Trop.
Africa.

ROU'REA. (Probably a commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Connaraceae.)

Stove, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in bottom-
heat. Loam, peat, and sand.

R. frute's»ens (shrubby). 3-6. White. Guiana. 1823.
„ fu'lgens (shining). Singapore.

ROWAN TREE. Py'rus Aucupa'ria.

ROXBURGfflA. (Named after Dr. Roxburgh, once
director of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Nat. ord.
Roxburghworts [Roxburghiaceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-
Monogynia. Now referred to Stemona.)
R. gloriosoi'des (Gloriosa-like). See STEMONA TUBEROSA.
„ tiridiflo ra (green-flowered). See STEMONA TUBEROSA.

ROYAL BAY. Lau'rus no'bilis.
ROYAL FERN. Osmu'nda rega'lis.

ROY'DSIA. (Commemorative of Sir John Royds, a
judge of Bengal. Nat. ord. Capparidaceae.)

A free-flowering, sweet-scented stove shrub. Cuttings
in sand, in bottom-heat, and kept dose. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, and plenty of sand.

1?. suave1 olens (sweet-smelling). Calyx dull red ; stamens
yellow. Winter. Himalaya.

ROYFNA. (Named after A. Van Royen, a Dutch
botanist. Nat. ord. Ebenads [Ebenace*]. T.jnn. 10-
Decandria, z-Digynia. Allied to Diospyros.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South Africa, all
but one white-flowered. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy loam
and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48° : summer,
60° to 75°.

R. gla'bra (smooth). 4. September. 1731.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy-leaved). 7. Purple. July. 1752.
,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 5. June. 1816.
„ lu'cida (shining-leaved). 4. May. 1690.
i „ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). See R. GLABRA.
! „ pa'llcns (pale). S. Africa.

„ pube'scens (downy). See R. FALLENS.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). S. Africa.

ROY'LEA. (Named after Professor Royle, King's
College, London. Nat. ord. Labiates [Labiata>]. Linn.
H-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia. Allied to Ballota.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots in spring, in sandy soil, with a bell-glass over
them ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40°
to 48°.
R. e'legans (elegant). 2. Purple. July. NepauL 1824.

RUBE'NTIA. (From rubens, red, the participle of
rubeo, to be red ; it applies to the red wood. Nat. ord.
Tiliaceae. Now referred to Ela?odendron.)
R. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See EL^ODENDRON

ORIENT ALE.

,, olivi'na (olive-like). See EL/EODENDRON ORIENTALS.

RU'BLA. Madder. (From ruber, red ; the colour of
the roots. Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. 4-
Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Half-hardy species, from cuttings in spring, under a
hand-light, and peat and loam ; the others are herbaceous
plants, propagated by division of the roots, and flourishing
in any good garden-soil; from tincio'rum madder is
obtained.

HALF-HARDY EVERGREEN'S.

R. angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). 2. Pale yellow. July.

Spain. 1772.
„ sple'ndens (shining). See R. PEREGRINA.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

R. ala'ta (winged). See R. CORDIFOLIA.
,, chine'nsis (Chinese). See R. CORDIFOLIA.
„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). J. White. July. Siberia.

1783.
„ peregri'na (alien). 1-2. Yellow. July. Europe

(England). " Wild Madder."
„ sikkime'nsis (Sikkim). Himalaya.
„ tincto'rum (dyer's). 4. Yellow. July. S. Europe.

1596. " Dyer's Madder."

RU'BUS. Bramble. (From the Celtic rub, red ; colour
of the fruit of some of the species. Nat. ord. Roseworts
[Rosaceae]. Linn. iz-Icosandria, $-Polygynia.)

Generally by suckers ; frequently by cuttings ; also
by seeds for species, and obtaining new varieties ; also
easily obtained by pegging down the points of the shoots
in the soil ; deep, rich, loamy soil.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

R. ape'talus (petalless). 6. Purple. July. Isle of

France. 1823. Stove.

,, austra'lis (southern). 3-6. White or pink. June.
New Zealand. " Tataramoa." Nearly hardy on a
wall.

„ elli'pticus (diamond-shaped). 10. White. India.
1827.

RUBUS

758

RUBUS

R. ftoribu'ndus (free-flowering). Ecuador.
„ jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 6. Jamaica. 1822.
„ molucca'nus (Moluccas).' 3. Red. July. India;

Malaya. 1810.
„ parvifo'lius (small-leaved). 2. Pink. August. China.

1818.

„ pinna'tus (leafleted). See R. ROS^EFOLIUS.
„ racemo'sus (racemed). India.

„ refte'xus (bent-back). 3. Red. July. China. 1817.
„ „ a'lbo-macula'tus (white-blotched). See R. RE-

FLEXUS PICTUS.

„ ,, pi'ctus (painted). 1903.

„ ro'ridus(dewy-glanded). August. Madagascar. 1831.

„ rosajo'lius (rose-leaved). 3. August. Mauritius.

1811.
„ „ corona'rius (garland). 3. August. Mauritius.

1811.

„ rugo'sus (wrinkly). See R. MOLUCCANUS.
„ sanguinole'ntus (blood-red). 4. Red. Isle of France.

1824.
„ schmidelioi'des (Schmidelia-like). See R. AUSTRALIS.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

R. abru'ptus (abrupt). See R. ULMIFOLIUS.
„ arge'nteus (silvery). 6-10. Pink. July. Europe

(Britain).
„ bambusa'rum (bamboo-like). 10-12. Fruit black,

edible. Central China. 1903. Trailer.
„ carpinifo'lius (hornbeam-leaved). 10. White. July.

Britain.

„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See R. ULMIFOLIUS.
„ echina'tus (hedgehog). 8. White. June. Britain.
„ Eglante'ria (Eglantine). See R. ROS^JFOLIUS.
„ flagelliflo'rus (whip-flowered). 6-8. White. July.

Central China. 1907.
„ flagellifo'rmis (whip-formed). See R. FLAGELLI-

FLORUS.

„ hy'strix (hedgehog). 4-8. Pink. July. Europe

(Britain).

„ japo'nicus (Japanese). White. Japan. 1852.
„ ,, tri'color (three-coloured). Young leaves pink,

older variegated with white. 1894.
„ leightonia' 'nus (Leighton's). 10. July. England.
„ Lejeu'nii (Lejeune's). July. Channel Isles.
„ Li'ngua (tongue-leaved). 10. July. Europe.
„ pube'scens (downy). 4-8. White. July. Europe

(Britain).

„ Ra'dula (raspberry-like). 8. August. Britain.
„ ,, ru'dis (rude). See R. RUDIS.
„ „ hy'strix (porcupine). See R. HYSTRIX.
„ rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). See R. ELLIPTICUS.
„ ru'dis (rude). 4-8. Pink. July. Europe (Britain).
„ sylva'ticus (wood). 4-8. White. July. Europe

(Britain).
„ ulmifo'lius (elm-leaved). 4-12. Pink to bright red.

July to September. Europe (Britain). " Common

Bramble."
„ „ flo're pie' no (double-flowered). 10. Pink, double.

July. Britain. " Daisy-flowered Bramble."
„ „ fp'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved).
„ ,, ine'rmis (unarmed). 10. Pink. Stems without

prickles. J uly. Britain.
„ „ leucoca'rpus (white-fruited). 10. Fruit white.

July. Britain.

„ „ tau'ricus (Taurian). 10. Pinkish. July. Europe.
„ villicau'lis (hairy-stemmed). July. Europe (Eng-
land).

„ „ arge'nteus (silvery-leaved). See R. ARGENTEUS.
„ „ pube'scens (downy). See R. PUBESCENS.
„ „ sylva'ticus (wood). See R. SYLVATICUS.
„ „ te'nuis (slender). See R. C^ESIUS.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

R. acau'lis (stemless). See R. ARCTICUS.

,, a'rcticus (arctic). J. Rose. June. Northern and
arctic regions. 1802.

„ Chamcemo'rus (Ground-Mulberry). J. White. May.
Northern and arctic regions (Britain). " Cloud-
berry," " Averine," " Avan."

„ Daliba'rda (Dalibarda). J. White. May, June.
N. Amer. 1768.

„ saxa'tilis (rock), i. White. June, July. North
temperate and arctic regions (Britain).

„ siella' tus (starred). J. Juue. N. Amer. 1824.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

R. adeno'phorus (gland-bearing). Rose. July. China.

1910.

„ affi'nis (related). 8. White. July. Britain.
,, „ bracteo'sus (broad-bracted) . 8. White. August.

Britain.

„ agre'stis (field). 6. White. June. Hungary. 1820.
,, america'nus (American). See R. TRIFLORUS.
,, apicula'tus (small-pointed). 6. June. Europe. 1818.
,, argu'tus (sharp-toothed). See R. VILLOSUS.
„ Arrhe'nii (Arrhen's). July. Europe.
,, a'sper (rough) of D. Don. See R. ROS^EFOLIUS.
,, balfouria'nus (Balfourian). 10. Lilac or white. June,

July. Europe (Britain).

„ Bella' 'r^w(Bellard's). White. July. Europe (Britain).
,, biflo'rus (two-flowered). May. Nepaul. 1818.
,, Bloxa'mii (Bloxam's). White or pinkish. July.

Europe (Britain).
„ borcza'nus (Boraean). Purplish- red. July. Europe

(Britain).
,, Bo'rreri (Borrer's). White or pinkish. July. Europe

(Britain).
,, cce'sius (grey). 2. White. June. Europe (Britain).

" Dewberry."
,, „ fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated- leaved). 2. White.

J une. Britain.

,, calva'tus (bald). White or pinkish. July. England.
,, canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. White. June. N. Amer.

1811. " Low Blackberry."
,, cane'scens (hoary). See R. TOMENTOSUS.
,, chroose'palus (colour-sepaled). Petals none. Sepals

pinkish inside. July. Central China. 1903.
,, cinero'sus (grey). Pinkish. July. Britain.
„ Colema'ni (Coleman's). Pink or white. July.

Europe (Britain).
,, corchorifo'lius (Corchorus-leaved). White. Fruit red,

large. Central and W. China. 1910.
,, cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). See R. RHAMNIFOLIUS.
,, corea'nus (Corean). 6. Rose or purple. China;

Corea. 1908.
„ corylifo'lius (hazel-leaved). 10. White. July.

Europe (Britain).

,, „ ca'nus (hoary). 10. White. July. Britain.
„ „ glandulo' sus (glandulous-petaled) . See R. GLANDU-

LOSUS.
„ cratcegifo'lius (Crata;gus-leaved). White. N.E. Asia ;

Japan.

,, cuneifo'lius (wedge-leaved) of Mercer. July. Europe.
„ cuneifo'lius (wedge-leaved) of Pursh. 3. White.

June. N. Amer. 1811.
,, delicio' sus (delicious). 3-6. White, large. May, June.

Rocky Mountains. 1870.
,, di'stans (distant). See R. LASIOCARPUS.
,, diversifo'lius (diverse-leaved). See R. DUMETORUM

DIVERSIFOLIUS.

,, dumeto'rum (thicket). 8. White. August. Britain.
,, „ diversifo'lius (diverse-leaved). 8. White. June,

July. Britain.
„ „ fe'rox (fierce). 8. White. June, July. Europe

(Britain).
„ dumnonie'nsis (Dumnonian). 6-8. White. July.

Britain.
„ echina'tus (hedgehog). 5-10. Pink. July. Europe

(Britain).

, erythri'nus (red). See R. ARGENTEUS.
, exseca'tus (cut-away). July. Europe.
, fastigia'tus (tapering). See R. FISSUS.
, fi'ssus (cleft). 3. White. July. Europe (Britain).
, flagella'ris (rod). See R. CANADENSIS.
, foliolo'sus (small-leafy). 6. White. June. Nepaul.

1818.
„ folio' sus (leafy). 5-10. Pink or white. July.

Europe (Britain).
„ frutico'sus (shrubby). See R. ULMIFOLIUS and

varieties.
,, fu'sco-a'ter (brownish-black). Bright red. July,

August. Europe (England).
,, fu'scus (dusky). White or pinkish. July. Europe

(England).
„ glandulo'sus (glanded). 10. July. Europe (Britain).

1816.
,, He'nryi (Henry's). Leaves dark green above, felted

beneath. Central China. 1904.
,, hi'rtus (hairy). 10. August. Hungary (Britain).

1816.

RUBUS

759

RUDBECKIA

R. hi'spidus (bristly). 3. August. N. Amer. 1768.
„ ho'rridus (horrid). See R. DUMETORUM FEROX.
„ hupehSnsis (Hupeh). Flowers 3-7 in a raceme.

Central China. 1910.
„ ichange'nsis (Ichang). Flowers small. Fruit red.

Leaves with metallic lustre. Central China. 1910.
„ idas'us (Mount-Ida). 4-6. White. May, June.

Europe (Britain). W. Asia. " Raspberry."
,, „ microphy'llus (small-leaved). 3. May. Britain.
„ illecebro'sus (illustrious). 1-2. White. Fruit deep

red. July. Japan. " Strawberry-Raspberry."
„ imbr icaf tus (overlapping). 3-5. White or pink. July.

Europe (England).
„ inci'sus (incised). 5. Snow-white. Japan; China.

1904.
„ mnomma'/M5(unrenowned). 6-8. Flowers in panicles.

Fruit orange-red. Central China. 1905.
„ insula'ris (insular). Pink or white. Scandinavia.
„ irence'us (pacific). Leaves nearly circular, white

felted beneath. Central China. 1903.
„ Koehle'ri (Koehler's). 8. August. Europe (Britain).
„ kcehnea'nus (Koehnean). See R. INNOMINATUS.
,, kuntzea'nus (Kuntzean). See R. INNOMINATUS.
„ lacinia'tus (}zg-leaved). 12. White, red. August.

"Cut-leaved Bramble."
„ „ e'legans (elegant).
„ lambertia'nus (Lambertian). Whitish. Leaves

coloured in autumn. China. 1910.
„ lanugino' sus (woolly). 10. June. Siberia. 1820.
„ lasioca'rpus (woolly- fruited). 5-10. White or red.

July. India; Malaya. 1818.

„ „ pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). 8. Deep pink. 1825.
,, lasio'stylus (woolly-styled). China.
„ lentigino'sus (freckled). Pinkish. July. England.
„ leucode'rmis( white-skinned). White. Stems powdery,

white. N.W. Amer.
„ leuco'stachys (white-spiked). 10. Pink or white. July.

Europe (Britain).
„ lindleya'nus (Lindleyan). Pure white. July. Europe

(Britain).

„ linkia'nus (Link's). 10. August. Europe. 1821.
„ longithy'rsiger (long-thyrse-bearing). White. July.

England.
„ macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 8. Pink or white. June.

Europe (Britain).
„ „ Schlechtenda'lii (Schlechtendal's). 10. White or

pink. July. Europe (Britain).
„ macrostf'mpn (long-stamened). Germany.
„ melanola' sius (black- wool). Similar to the Raspberry.

N.W. Amer. 1894.

„ Me'nkei (Menke's). 8. July. Germany. 1816.
„ me'rcicus (Mercican). White or pinkish. July.

England.
„ mi' cans (glittering). Pinkish or white. July. Europe

(Britain).

,, micra'nthus (small-flowered). See R. LASIOCARPUS.
„ Millspau'ghi (Millspaugh's). A spineless bramble.

Fruit edible. N. Amer. 1892.
„ morifo'lius (mulberry-leaved). July. Japan.
„ mucrona'tus (small-pointed). Pinkish. July. Europe

(Britain).
„ muta'bilis (changeable). White. July. Europe

(England).

„ negle'ctus (neglected). United States.
„ ni'tidus (shining). 3. Pink. July, August. Europe

(Britain).
„ nu'tans (nodding). 1-2. White. June. Himalaya.

1850.
„ nutka'nus (Nootka-Sound). 4. White. August.

N. Amer. 1826. " Salmon-berry."
„ occidenta'lis (western). 5. May. N. Amer. 1696.

" Thimble-berry."
„ odor a' tus (sweet-scented). 7. Purplish-rose. June.

N. Amer. 1800. " Purple-flowering Raspberry."
„ omeie'nsis (Mount Omei). Purple. W. China. 1909.
„ opa'cus (opaque). 3-6. White. July. Europe

(Britain).

,, pa'llidus (pale). August. Britain.
„ palma'tus (hand-shaped). Flowers solitary. Leaves

5-6-lobed. China; Japan. 1901.
„ Parke'ri (Parker's). Leaves velvety dull green. China.

1908.
„ parvifo'lius (small-leaved). 1-2. Red. China ;

Japan. 1818.
„ pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). See R. LASIOCARPUS

PAUCIFLORUS.

R. peda'tus (pedate). White. July. N.W. Amer. 1903.
„ phcenicola' sius (purple- wool). 4-12. Pale pink. June,

July. Japan. 1877. " Wineberry."
„ pilea'tus (capped). Central China.
„ Playfai'rii (Playfair's). Fruit black. S.E. China.

1910.

„ plica'tus (plaited). 10. August. Britain.
„ polytri'chius (many-haired). White. Fruit bright

red. W. China. 1910.
„ pulchSrrimus (fairest). 6-10. Pink. July. Europe

(Britain).

,, Purcha'si (Purchas's). Pink. July. Britain.
„ Ra'dula (Radula). 6-8. Pinkish. July. Europe

(Britain).
„ ramo'sus (branched). 5-8. White or pinkish. July.

Britain.

,, rhamnifo'lius (buckthorn-leaved). 10. July. Britain.
„ „ fio're pie" no (double-flowered).
„ rhena'nus (Rhenan). Europe.
„ rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). See R. APICULATUS.
,, sa'nctus (holy). 8. Pink. June. Palestine. 1823.
,, sca'ber (rough). White. July. Europe (Britain).
„ SMechtenda'hlii (Schlechtendahl's). See R. MACRO-

PHYLLUS SCHLECHTENDALII.

,, Schleiche'ri (Schleicher's). 8. June. Germany. 1818.

„ seto'sus (bristly-stemmed). See R. HISPIDUS.

,, silva'ticus (wood). White or pinkish. July. Europe

(Britain).
,, si'mplex (simple). White. Fruit orange-red. Central

China. 1910.
„ sorbifo'lius (Sorbus-leaved). Leaves pinnate like

Sorbus. China.
,, specta'bilis (showy). 4. Dark red. May. Columbia.

1827.
„ Sprenge'lii (Sprengel's). 10. Pink. August. Europe

(Britain). 1823.
,, strigo'sus (short-bristled). 3. June. N. Amer.

" Wild Red Raspberry."
,, subere'ctus (sub-upright). 4. August. Europe

(Britain).

„ thyrsiflo'rus (thyrse-flowered). July. Europe.
„ thy'rsiger (thyrse-bearing). Pinkish. July. Britain.
„ thyrsoi'deus (thyrse-like). 6-8. White or pale pink.

July, August. Europe (Britain).
„ „ fio'reple' no (double-flowered). 6-8. White. July,

August.

,, tiliafo'lius (lime-leaved). 6. June. Europe. 1819.
„ tomento'sus (woolly). 10. August. Europe. 1818.
,, tri'fidus (three-lobed). 3-8. Rose. July. Japan.

1888.

,, trifio'rus (three-flowered). 6-12. June. Arctic Amer.
„ trivia'lis (common). Fruits black. July. United

States. 1889. " Low Bush Blackberry."
„ ursi'nus (bear). White. Fruit black. N.Amer. 1888.
„ Vei'tchi (Veitch's). 3-6. Rosy-purple. Fruit

globose, red. W. China. 1909.
„ villicau'lis (woolly-stemmed). 6-10. Pale pink or

white. July. Europe (Britain).
„ ,, Se'lmeri (Selmer's). 6-10. Bright pink. July.

Europe (Britain).
,, villo'sus (shaggy). 3. White. August. N. Amer.

1777. " High Blackberry."
„ ,, fio're ple'no (double-flowered).
„ xanthoca'rpus (yellow-fruited), i-ij. White. Fruit

yellow. N. China. 1892.

RU'CKIA ELLEMEE'TI. See RHODOSTACHYS ANDINA.

RUDBE'CKIA. (Named after O. Rudbeck, a Swedish
botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, ^-Frustranea.)

Hardy herbaceous, yellow-flowered perennials, from
North America, except where otherwise mentioned.
Seeds and division of the plant in spring ; common
garden-soil ; napifo'lia requires the protection of the
cold pit in winter.
R. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 3. July. 1793.

„ ,, mi'nor (smaller). Leaves entire.

„ amplexifo'lia. See R. AMPLEXICAULIS.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See HELIANTHUS

ANGUSTIFOLIUS.

„ aspefrrima (roughest). 3. Red, white. September.

1832.
„ bi' 'color (two-coloured). 2. Golden-yellow, with

brown zone. August.
„ columna'r is (columnar). See LEPACHYS COLUMNARIS.

RUDGEA

760

RUELLIA

R.

conspi'cua (conspicuous). See R. HIRTA CONSPICUA.
digiia'fa (band-leaved). See R. LACINIATA ANGUSTI-

FOLIA.
Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). Orange. August.

1836.

fu'lgida (bright). 3. July. 1760.
„ compa'cta (compact). Dwarf and compact.
1908.

„ varia'bilis (variable). Yellow and brown ; disc
purple. 1906.
grandiflo'r a (large-flowered). 3$. August, September.

1830.

hi'rta (hairy). 2. August. 1714.
„ conspi'cua (conspicuous), i j. Orange-yellow ;
disc black. 1902.

„ vomere'nsis (Vomeran). Canary-yellow to golden-
yellow. 1904.
lacinia'ta (jagged-tearai). 6. August. 1640.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. August. 1759.
laviga'ta (smooth). 3. July. 1812.
ma'xima (largest). 4-8. Pale yellow. August.

Texas.

moscha'ta (musky). Yellow. August, September.
napifo'lia (turnip-leaved). 2. July. Mexico.

1824.

Newma'ni (Newman's). See R. SPECIOSA.
pa'llida (pale). See ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA.
pinna'ta, (leafleted). See LEPACHYS PINNATA.
purpu'rea (purple). See ECHINACEA PURPUREA.
Ra'dula (raspberry-leaved). See HELIANTHUS RADULA.
sero'tina (late). See ECHINACEA PURPUREA.
specio'sa (showy). 1^-3. Golden-yellow; disc black.

July to September.
subtomento's

btomento'sa (rather-downy). 3. August. 1802.
„ tomento'sa (felted). See R. SUBTOMENTOSA.
„ tri'loba (three-lobed). 4. August. 1699.

RU'DGEA. (Commemorative of E. Rudge. Nat. ord.
Rubiaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, one-third peat,
and sand.

R. hostmannia'na, (Hostmannian). Guiana.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). i£. Creamy-white.

Brazil. 1867.
„ nivo'sa (snowy). 2-3. White. Brazil. 1866.

RUDO'LPHIA. (Named after W. Rudolph, a Prussian
botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa?].
Linn. i7-Diadelphia, \-Decandria. Allied to Erythrina.)
Stove evergreen twiners, with scarlet flowers, from
Tropical America. Young side-shoots in sand, under a
bell-glass, in a moist, sweet bottom-heat ; fibrous loam,
sandy peat, and a little charcoal. Winter temp., 48°
to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
R. du'bia (doubtful). See CENTROSEMA HASTATUM.

,, Portorice'nsis (Porto-Rico). See R. VOLUBILIS.

„ ro'sea (rosy). 6. 1826.

„ volu'bilis (twining). July. 1800.

RUE, or HERB GRACE. (Ru'ia grave' olens.) Thrives
best in a poor, clayey loam, mixed with calcareous
rubbish, in an open situation. It is propagated by slips
and cuttings as well as from seeds, the first two modes
being usually practised as being the most easy. It may
be planted or sown at any time during the spring. The
seed in drills 6 inches apart, and J inch deep. The
rooted slips, or cuttings, may be planted on a poor,
shady border, and watered occasionally until taken root.
In the autumn the plants may be removed. During
their after-growth they must be kept pruned in a shrubby
form, and never be allowed to produce seed.

RUE'LLIA. (Named after /. Ruelle, a French botanist.
Nat. ord. Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia,
2- A ngiospermia . )

All blue-flowered, except where otherwise mentioned.
Cuttings of the young shoots in spring or summer, in
light, sandy soil, in a sweet hotbed ; fibrous loam, leaf-
mould, and peat. Winter temp., 48° to 58° ; summer,
60° to 85°.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

R. bifto'ra (two-flowered). 2. July. Carolina. 1765.
„ la'ctea (milky). 2. Pale violet. July. Mexico. 1796.
„ stre'pens (rattling). 2. July. N. Amer. 1726.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

R. acuta'ngula (acute-angled). Bright scarlet, with

yellow throat. May. Brazil.
„ affi'nis (allied). See R. SPECIOSA.
„ amce'na (lovely). 2-3. Bright scarlet. S. Amcr.

1880.
„ anisophy'lla (unequal- leaved). See STROBILANTHES

ANISOPHYLLUS.

„ austra'lis (southern). 2. Blue. July. Australia.

1824.
„ Baiki'ei (Baikie's). 3. Scarlet. Autumn. Trop.

Africa. 1858.
„ barlerioi'des (Barleria-like). See PETALIDIUM BAR-

LERIOIDES.

„ Blu'mei (Blume's). Java.
„ bractea'ta. (large-bracted). See PETALIDIUM BAR-

LERIOIDES.

,, ce'rnua (drooping), i. July. E. Ind. 1816.
„ cilia' ta (eye-lashed). 2. Purple. July. India;

Burma. 1806.
„ ciliatiflo'ra (eye-lashed-flowered). Purple, blue.

September. Argentina. 1838.

„ cilio'sa (eye-lashed), i. Blue. July. N.Amer. 1824.
„ clandesti'na (hidden). See R. OBTUSA.
„ coromandelia'na (Coromandelian). See ASYSTASIA

COROMANDELIANA.

,, crisia'ta (crested). See APHELANDRA CRISTATA.
,, depe'ndens (hanging-down). See RUNGIA PARVIFLURA.
,, devosia'na (Devosian). White. Leaves purple be-
neath. Brazil. 1877.
„ „ grillia'na (Grillian). Garden variety. 1888.

, Dipteraca' nthus (Dipteracanthus). Mexico.

, e'legans (elegant). See R. FORMOSA.

, fcc'tida (fetid). See R. RUBICAULIS.

, 'formo'sa (handsome). 2. Scarlet. August. Brazil
1808.

, fu'lgida (bright). 2. Scarlet. July. Colombia. 1804.

, glomera'ta (crowded). See STROBILANTHES GLOMER-

ATUS.

„ He'rbsti (Herbst's). Brazil.
„ hi'rta, (hairy). See HEMIGRAPHIS HIRTA.
„ infundibulifo'rmis (funnel-shaped). See CROSSANDRA

UNDUL^EFOLIA.

„ intru'sa( intruded). See ASYSTASIA COROMANDELIANA.
,, lilaci'na (lilac). See R. SOLITARIA.
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). Purplish-lilac. October.
,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Scarlet. July. Guiana.

1820.

,, Jor<rHfetfl'na(Lorentzian). Violet-blue. Uruguay. 1902.
,, macra'ntha (large-flowered). 1^-2. Rose-purple,

large. Brazil. 1881.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 3. Scarlet. June.

Trop. Amer. 1840.
„ makoya'na (Makoyan). Carmine-rose. Leaves veined

with white, purple beneath. Brazil. 1895.
,, obli'qua (oblique). See ASYSTASIA COROMANDELIANA.
„ oMongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). See CALOPHANES OB-

LONGIFOLIUS.

„ obtu'sa (blunt). 2. Blue. July. Colombia. 1728.
,, ocymoi'des (basil-like). See R. PATULA.
„ ova' to. (egg-shaped). 2. Blue. July. Mexico. 1800.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Purple. August. Trop.

Amer. 1768.
„ pa'tula (spreading), il. Soft violet. July. India ;

Burma. 1774.

,, Pea'rcei (Pearce's). Scarlet. Bolivia. 1867.
,, pi' eta (painted), i. June. Domingo. 1826.
,, pilo'sa (thinly-hairy). 2-3. Blue. July. S. Africa.

182^.

„ Porie'lla (Portella's). i. Rosy-pink. S. Brazil. 1879.
,, pube'scens (downy). See R. PILOSA.
,, pulche'lla (pretty). See R. RUBICAULIS.
,, purdiea'na (Purdie's). Crimson. March. Colombia.

1845.

,, ri'ngens (gaping). See HYGROPHILA ANGUSTIFOLIA.
,, ro'sea (rosy) of Martius. Rosy-pink. Brazil. 1818.
,, ro'sea (rosy) of Hemsley. Rose. Mexico. 1878.
,, rubicau'lis (red-stemmed). 1-2. Blue. July.

Mexico. 1823.
„ sabinia'na (Sabinian). See STROBILANTHES SABINI-

ANUS.

„ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). See HYGROPHILA ANGUS-
TIFOLIA.
„ solita'ria (solitary). 3. Lilac. October, Brazil.

1844.

RUINS

761

RUTA

A' specio'sa (showy). Scarlet. August. Brazil. 1859.
supe'rba (superb). Gardens.
tetrago'na (four-angled). 2. June. Brazil. 1824.
tubero'sa (tuberous). 2. July. Central Amer. ; W.

Ind. 1752.

undula'ia (waved). 2. E. Ind. 1824.
viola'cea (violet). J. Violet. July. Guiana. 1820.
RUINS are a class of buildings beautiful as objects,
expressive as characters, and peculiarly calculated to
connect with their appendages into elegant groups :
they may be accommodated with ease to irregularity
of ground, and their disorder is improved by it ; they
may be intimately blended with trees and with thickets,
and the interruption is an advantage, for imperfection
and obscurity are their properties, and to carry the
imagination to something greater than is seen, their
effect.

RUI'ZIA. (Named after H. Ruiz, co-author with
Pavon of the Flora Peruvians el Chilensis. Nat. ord.
Sterculiads [Sterculiaceae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 8-
Polygynia. Allied to Dombeya.)

Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from the Isle of
Bourbon. Cuttings of half-ripened side-shoots in summer,
in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, but raised at night, and
in a mild hotbed ; sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter
temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
R. loba'ta (Idbed-leaved). 6. 1816.
„ varia'bilis (variable-teat^). 6. May. 1792.
RULTNGIA. (Commemorative of John Philip Ruling,
a writer on plants. Nat. ord. Sterculiaceae.)

Greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings in sand under a bell-
glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
R. corylifo'lia (hazel-leaved) of R. Graham. 2. White.

April. Australia.
„ corylifo'lia (hazel-leaved) of Steudel. See R. PARVI-

FLORA.
„ hermanniczfo'lia (Hermannia-leaved). 2-4. White.

July. Australia. 1818.
„ panno'sa (rag-like). 2-3. White. June. Australia.

1780.
,, parviflo'ra (small-flowered), i. White. Australia.

1868.

RJJ'MEX. Dock. (An old Latin name. Nat. ord.
Polygonaceae.)

Hardy herbs, mostly weeds, but R. Acetosa is the
common Sorrel. The others mentioned here are used in
a similar way, perhaps, more often in France than in this
country. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary soil.
R. Aceto'sa (sour). 2. Green. June. Europe (Britain).

"Sorrel."
„ alp i'nus (alpine). 2-4. Green. July, August.

Europe. " Monk's Rhubarb."
„ PatiSntia (patience). 2-3. Green. July. S. Europe.

" Herb Patience," " Patience Dock."
„ scuta' tus (shield-like), i-ij. Green. July. Europe.
" French Sorrel."

RUN. A plant advancing to seed is said by gardeners
to have run. Also, when the dark colouring of a carna-
tion, or other flower, becomes confused or clouded with
a lighter ground colour, they say it is a run flower.
Abundance of moisture and a rich soil promote the
development of leaves, and, consequently, check running,
or producing seed. A suitably fertile soil also preserves
the colours of a flower pure and distinct ; over- fertility
or poverty of soil will equally cause the colours to run.

RUNCINATE, or LION-TOOTHED, describes the edge
of a leaf cut into transverse sharp-pointed segments,
pointing backwards, as in the leaf of the Dandelion.

RU'NGIA. (Commemorative of F. F. Rungia, a
German. Xat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sand in a case, kept
close and warm. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and a little
sand.
.R. eriosta'chya (woolly-spiked). 2. White and yellow.

Upper Guinea. 1905.
„ pomtfo'ra (small-flowered). i£. Blue. June. India;

Burma. 1798.
RUTALA. See ROUPALA.

RU'SCUS. Butcher's Broom. (From bruscus, derived
from the Celtic brus, box, and kelen, holly ; Box Holly,

or Butcher's Broom. Nat. ord. Lily-worts [Liliaceae].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy evergreen shrubs. Suckers, and dividing the
roots ; any common, rich soil. Andro'gynus is a green-
house evergreen climber, and, like the rest of the Butcher's
Brooms, retains the singularity of producing its flowers
and fruits on flattened, leaf-like branchlets.
R. aculea'tus (prickly), i. Green. May. England.

„ „ angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). Branchlets narrow.

,, „ la'xus (loose), i. Green. April. Portugal.

„ „ rotundifo'lius (round-leaved), i. Green. March.

„ andro'gynus (hermaphrodite). See SEMELE ANDRO-

GYNA.

„ Hypoglo'ssum(tongut-undei- tongue), i. Pale yellow.

May. Italy. 1596.
„ Hypophy'llum (ka/-under-leaf). i. Green. June.

Italy. 1640.

„ „ trifolia'tus (three-leafleted). See R. TRIFOLIATUS.
„ latifo'lius (broad-leaved). See SEMELE ANDROGYNA.
,, racemo'sus (racemed). See DANAE LAURUS.
„ trifolia'tus (three-leafleted). 2. Green. Greece.

RUSH. Ju'ncus.
RUSH BROOM. Vimina'ria.
RUSH FERN. Schizafa.
RUSH, FLOWERING. Bu'tomtts.
RUSH LILY. Sisyri'nchium.

RUSSELIA. (Named after Dr. RusscI, author of a
Natural History of Aleppo. Nat. ord. Figworis [Scrophu-
lariaccce]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Stove, red-flowered evergreens, from Mexico. Cuttings
in sandy soil, in heat ; also frequently by suckers. If
a large 'branch is allowed to lie along the ground in a
warm, moist place, plenty of plants will be made from
its twigs rooting ; sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
R. eleganti'ssima (most-elegant). Gardens.

„ floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). See R. ROTUNDIFOLIA.

„ ju'ncea (ru&by-branched). 3. July. 1833.

„ L«m<H"tt«(Lemoine's). R.iunceaxsarmentosa. 1897.

„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See R. SARMENTOSA.

,, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 4. June. 1824.

„ sartnento'sa (twiggy). 4. July. Trop. Amer. 1812.

„ ternifo'lia (three-leafleted). See R. SARMENTOSA.

RUOT. A disease of the berries of the grape. It
appears in the form of a rough, rusty appearance of their
skins, which have, in fact, become thick and hardened.
Some think it arises from the berries being handled, or
the hair of the head touching them ; but the disease is
often too general to admit of this topical explanation.
We believe it to arise from an over-heating and sudden
reduction of temperature of the vinery whilst the grapes
were young, and thus tending to force them to a pre-
mature rapidity of growth. Any excessive pressure
upon the cuticle, whether from within or without, causes

RUSTIC STRUCTURES are pleasing in recluse portions
of the pleasure-ground, if this style be confined to the
formation of either a seat or a cottage ; but it is ridiculous,
if complicated, and elegant forms are constructed of
rude materials. Thus we have seen a flower-box, in-
tended to be Etruscan in its outlines, formed of split
hazel stakes — a combination of the rude and the refined,
giving rise to separate trains of ideas totally unassociable.

RU'TA. Rue. (From rus, to flow; from some re-
puted medicinal virtue. Nat. ord. Rueicorts [Rutacea?].
Linn. R-Octandria, \-Monogynia.)

Seeds in spring ; also by cuttings under a hand-light
in sandy soil, in a shady place, in summer. They flourish
best in a deep, sandy loam, with limy rubbish mixed.
See RUE.
R. aibiflo'ra (white-flowered). See BO^NXINGHAUSENIA

ALBIFLORA.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See R. CHALEPENSIS.

„ bracteo'sa (large-bracted). 2-3. Pale yellow. Sum-
mer. Mediterranean region. 1772.

„ chalepe'nsis (Chalepan). 2. Pale yellow. Summer.
Mediterranean region. 1722.

„ divarica'ta (loosely-spreading). 2. Pale yellow.
Summer. S. Europe.

RUTTYA

762

SACCOLABIUM

R. grave'olens (strong-scented). 3. Yellow, green.

August. S. Europe. 1752. " Common Rue."
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves blotched with

white.
„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. Yellow. September.

Spain ; N. Africa.

„ „ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See R. SUAVEOLENS.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 2-3. Yellow. Summer.

N. Africa.
„ patavi'na (Paduan). i. Yellow. June. S. Europe.

1819. " Padua Rue."
„ suave'olens (sweet-smelling). 2. Yellow. Summer.

Russia ; Thrace.

RU'TTYA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Acanthaceae. )

A subshrubby greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings in
spring, in sand, under a bell-glass, with gentle heat.
Fibrous loam, leaf -mould, and sand.
R. ova'ta (egg-shaped). 2. Purple. S. Africa.

RUY'SCHIA. (Named after F. Ruysch, a Dutch
botanist. Nat. ord. Marcgraviads [TernstrdmiaceaE].
Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monpgynia.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of firm shoots in sand,
under a glass, in a hotbed ; fibrous loam and leaf -mould.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
R. clusiafo'lia (Clusia-leaved). 4. Purple. May. Trop.

Amer. 1823.
„ Sourou'bea (Souroubea). Guiana.

RYA'NIA. (Named after Dr. Ryan. Nat. ord.
Bixads [Bixacea3~]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand,
in summer, in a hotbed, and under a bell-glass ; fibrous
peat and sandy loam. Usual stove temperatures.
R. specio'sa (showy). 10. Cream. August. Trop.
Amer. 1823.

RYSSO'PTERYS. (From r hussos, wrinkled, and pterux,
a plume, a wing ; the wing of the fruit is wrinkled. Nat.
ord. Malpighiaceae. )

Stove twiner. Cuttings of short, half-ripe side-shoots
in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.

R. microste'ma (small-ribbed). White. August. Philip-
pines; Java. 1820.

RYTIBOPHY'LLUM. See RHYTIDOPHYLLUM.

SA'BAL. (Probably the South American name of one
of the species. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn. 6-
Hexandria, 3-Trigynia.)

Stove, green-flowered Palms. By suckers ; light, rich
loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 88°.
S. Adanso'ni (Adanson's). 6. July. S. United States.

1810.
„ blackburma'na (Blackburn's). 6. W. Ind. 1825.

" Fan Palm," " Thatch Palm."
„ „ no'bilis (noble). 1888.
„ ccerule' scens (bluish). Colombia. 1875.
,, filamento'sa (thready). Jamaica.
,, glauce'scens (sea-green). Trinidad. r825.
„ graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 6. S. Amer. 1825.
,, ma'jor (greater).
„ mauriticEfo'rmis (Mauritia-like). 50-60. W. Ind.

1860.

„ mexica'na (Mexican). 15-20. Mexico. 1834.
„ mi'nor (smaller). See S. ADANSONI.
„ Palme'tto (small palm). 6. Georgia. 1825. " Pal-
metto Palm."

„ Sanfo'rdi (Sanford's). Florida.
., serrula'ta (finely-sawed). See BRAHEA SERRULATA.
„ umbraculi'fera (umbrella-bearing). See S. BLACK-

BURNIANA.
„ Woodfo'rdii (Woodford's). Trinidad. 1836.

SABBA'TIA. (Named after L. Sabbati, an Italian
botanist. Nat. ord. Gentianworts [Gentianaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy biennials, except panicula'ta, and all from
North America. Seeds in a shady, moist border ; or if
in pots, treated as alpines, having a saucer of water
under them ; the perennial by division in spring.

S angula'ris (angle-stemmed). J. Purple. July. 1826.
colyco'so, (to/y-calyxed). i. Dark red. July. 1812.
campe'stris (field), i. Lilac. July. 1855.
chloroi'des (Chlora-like). \. Red. July. 1817.
gra'cilis (slender), i. Rose. July.
panicula'ta (panicled). i|. White. May. 1817.

Perennial.
„ stella' ris (star-flowered). Brown, yellow. June. 1827.

SABICE'A. (From sabisabi, the Indian name. Nat.
ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae], Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Hamelia.)

' Stove, white-flowered, evergreen climbers. Cuttinss
of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ;
sandy loam, fibrous peat, with silver sand and charcoal.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 88°.
S. a'spera (rough). Guinea. 1824.

„ hi'rta (hairy). See S. ASPERA.

SABI'NEA. (Commemorative of Joseph Sabine, F.R.S.,
a secretary of the Horticultural Society of London. Nat.
ord. Leguminosae.)

Evergreen, stove shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, a little peat,
and sand.

S. cardina'lis (scarlet). Glowing scarlet. W. Ind.
„ flo'rida (flowery). Rose-pink. W. Ind.

SA'CCHARUM. Sugar Cane. (From soukar, its
Arabic name. Nat. ord. Grasses [Gramineas]. Linn.
3-Triandria, z-Digynia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Suckers chiefly ; cut-
tings taken from shoots that start from the joints ;
rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 90°, and moist atmosphere.
S. cegypti'acum (Egyptian). See S. SPONTANEUM.
„ arundina'cea (reed-like). 10-15. July. India;

China. 1822.

„ Mu'nja (Munja). 8-10. Benares. 1805.
,, officina'rum (shop). 12. India. 1597. " Common

Sugar Cane."
,, ,, viola' ceum (violet). Stems plum-purple. W. Ind.

1824.

,, pro'cerum (tall). See S. ARUNDINACEUM.
,, sine'nse (Chinese). See S. OFFICINARUM.
,, sponta'neum (spontaneous). Panicle silvery, like
Pampas Grass. Tropics of Old World. 1866.

SA'CCIA. (Commemorative of Dr. Sacc, of Cocha-
bamba, Bolivia. Nat. ord. Convolvulacea?.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Seeds. Cuttings in sand in
a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand.

S. e'legans (elegant). 5-6. Lilac. Cochabamba, Bolivia.
1889.

SACCOLA'BIUM. (From saccus, a bag, and labium,
a lip ; bagged labellum. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacea?] .
Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See ORCHIDS.
S. acutifo'lium (acute-leaved), i. Yellow, red. Hima-
laya. 1837.

„ ampulla' ceum (flask-formed). £. Rose. August.
Sylhet. 1839.

„ belli' num (pretty). Straw, with brown blotches; lip
white, with mauve-purple blotches. Burma. 1884.

„ Berkele'yi (Berkeley's). White, amethyst. Burma (?).
1883.

,, bigi'bbum (two-bulged). Yellow. Autumn. Burma.
1868.

„ bivitta'tum (two-striped). Yellowish, with two purple-
brown stripes ; lip white. E. Ind. 1890.

,, Blu'mei (Blume's). See RHYNCHOSTYLIS RETUSA.

,, bornee'nse (Bornean). Ochre-cinnamon. Borneo.
1881.

„ bucco'sum (distended). Yellowish, speckled brown.
Himalaya ; Burma. 1871.

„ calceola're (slipper-shaped). Yellow, spotted with
red. India. 1837.

,, calo'pterum (beautif ul- winged) . Magenta-crimson.
New Guinea. 1899.

,, carina'tum (keeled). See S. PAPILLOSUM.

,, ccri'num (waxy). Orange; spur apricot. Sunda
Isles. 1888.

,, ccele'ste (sky-blue). See RHYNCHOSTYLIS CCELESTIS.

„ compre'ssum (compressed). Cream-white. Manilla.

SACCOLABIUM

763

SAGE OF BETHLEHEM

S. curvifo 'Hum (curved-leaved), i. Cinnabar-red. Mav.

N. Ind.

„ ,, fla'vum (yellow). Yellow. Burma.
„ dasypo'gon (thick-beard). Yellow; lip white, marked

purple. Nepaul. 1908.
,, densiflo'rum (crowded-flowered). See CLEISOSTOMA

SPICATUM.

, „ pa'llidum (pale). Manilla. 1837.

, denticula'tum (toothed). See S. ACUTIFOLIUM.

, di'ves (rich). Yellow. India. 1875.

, fle'xum (bent). Red. New Guinea. 1882.

, fra' grans (fragrant). White ; lip purple. Fragrant.

Burma. 1882.

„ f urea' turn (forked). White, spotted with rose. India.
„ gemma' turn (budded). Purple. May. Sylhet. 1837.
„ gigante'um (gigantic). White, spotted with amethyst ;

lip pale violet. Burma. 1864.
„ „ illu'slre (illustrious). Spots of a deeper, richer

colour ; lip violet-purple. Cochin-China. 1884.
„ „ petotia'num(Petotizn). Large dull white. Cochin-

China. 1886.
„ „ Regnie'ri (Regnier's). Flowers ij in. across.

Cambodia. 1889.
„ gra'cile (graceful). Small white, numerous. Ceylon.

1904.

„ Gra'ffci (Graffs). Dark purple. Fiji. 1881.
„ gurwa'licum (Gurwalian). WTu'te, spotted; lip

amethyst. N. India. 1879.
„ gutta'tum (spotted-flou-ered). See RHYNCHOSTYLIS

RETUSA.

,, „ ma' jus (large-flowered) . See RHYNCHOSTYLIS

RETUSA MAJOR.

,, hainane'nse (Hainan). £. Small, white and purple.

Hainan. 1895.
,, harrisonia'num (Harrisonian). See S. VIOLACEVM

HARRISONIANUM.

,, hendersonia'num (Hendersonian). Rose; lip white.

Borneo. 1875.

,, tfutfo'm(Hutton's). Rose ; lip amethyst. Java. 1867.
„ lana'tum (woolly). Yellow, purple. July. Burma.

1849.

,, littora'le (shore). Malacca. 1881.
„ longicalcara! turn (long-spurred). £. Small pinkish-
purple. Burma. 1894.
,, macrosta'chyum (large-spiked). See RHYNCHOSTYLIS

RETUSA.
,, micra'nthum (small-flowered). Violet. July. N.

India. 1837.
,, Mi'mus (mime). Rose-purple, tipped green. South

Sea Islands. 1878.

„ minia'tum ( vermilion). \. Vermilion. May. Java. 1846.
,, „ citri'num (lemon). Lemon, with darker centre.

Philippines. 1884.
„ moorea'num (Moorean). J-f. Pink, tipped green.

New Guinea. 1893.
„ ochra'ceum (pale-reddish-yellow). Yellow, red. May.

Ceylon. 1838.

,, papilld sum (nippled). i. Green. India. 1824.
„ Pe'chei (Peche's). Ochraceous, with red spots; lip

yellow, spotted red. Burma. 1887.
„ penangia'num (Penang). J. Light yellow, whitish,

purple. Malaya. 1909.
,, pLitycalcara' turn (flat-spurred). \. Yellow, spotted

brown, whitish, green. Burma. 1909.
,, Pumi'lio (pigmy). Yellow; lip white, with purple

apex. Himalaya. 1875.
., pr&mo'rsum (biiten-leaved) . See RHYNCHOSTYLIS

RETUSA.

„ retu'sum (depressed-ended). See RHYNCHOSTYLIS

RETCSA.

„ rube'scens (reddish). £. Rose-purple. Annam. 1906.

„ ru'brum (red). See S. AMPULLACEUM.

„ ru'brum (red) of Lindley. See S. CURVIFOLIUM.

„ smeea'num (Smeean). White, with mauve veins ;
lip white, mauve. 1887.

,, specio'sum (showy). See AERIDES MACULOSUM.

„ Turnefri (Turner's). Lilac, with purple spots. India.
1878.

„ viola! 'ceum (violet). White, spotted with mauve ; lip
mauve. Philippines. 1839.

„ „ harrisonia'num (Harrisonian). Pure white, frag-
rant. Philippines. 1864.

,, wightia'num (Wightian). See AERIDES RADICOSUM.

„ wittea'num (Wittean). 2. Orange, with reddish
spots; lip white, purple. Java. "1883.

SACCOLO MA EXEGANS. See DAVALLIA ELEGANS.

SACCOPE'TALUM. (From saccos, a bag, and pettlon,
a petal; the three inner petals are pouched or boat-
shaped at the base. Nat. ord. Anonacea?. Allied to
Miliusa.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
S. tomento'sum (felted). 6. Brown. India. 1822.

SACRED BEAN. Nelu'mbium specio'sum and Nym-
phcc'a Lo'tus.

SADDLE GRAFTING. See GRAFTING.

SADDLE-TREE. Liriode'ndron tulip? ferum.

SADLE RIA. (Commemorative of Joseph Sadler,
Professor of Botany at Pesth. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices].
Linn. 24-Cryptogamia, i-Filicfs.)

Stove fern. See FERNS FOR CULTURE.
S. cyatheoi'des(Cyathea-like). 4^-7$. Sandwich Islands ;
Sumatra. 1877.

SAD TREE. Nycta'nthes A'rbor-tri'slis.
SAFFLOWER. Ca'rthamus.
SAFFRON. Cro'cus sati'vus.
SAFFRON, MEADOW. Co'lchicum.
SAFFRON THISTLE. Ca'rthamus tincto'rius.

SAGE. Sa'lvia officina'lis.

Varieties. — The Common Green ; Wormwood ; Green,
| with variegated leaves; Red, with variegated leaves;
Painted, or Parti-coloured ; Spanish, or Lavender-leaved ;
i and Red.

Soil and Situation. — A dry, moderately fertile soil is
best suited to their growth, in a sheltered situation.

Propagation : by Cuttings. — These may be either of the
preceding or same year's growth ; if of the first, plant
in April ; if of the latter, not until the close of May or
middle of J une. The shoots of the same year are usually
employed, as they more readily emit roots, and assume
a free growth. The outward 'and most robust shoots
should be chosen, and cut from 5 to 7 inches in length.
All but the top leaves being removed, insert by the
dibble almost down to these, in rows 6 inches apart each
way, in a shady border, and during moist weather,
otherwise water must be given immediately, and re-
peated occasionally, until they have taken root.

By Seed.— Sow in April, in a bed of rich, light earth,
in drills J inch deep, and 6 inches apart. When ; or
3 inches high, thin the plants to half a foot apart, and
those removed prick out at a similar distance. In the
autumn or succeeding spring, as the plants are strong or
weak, remove them to their final stations.

After-culture. — The decayed flower-stalks, stunted
branches, &c., remove in early winter and spring, and
the soil of the beds slightly turn over. When the plants
have continued two or three years, a little dry, well-
putrefied dung may be turned in during early spring.
I Attention to the mode of gathering has an influence in
keeping the plants healthy and vigorous. The tops
ought never to be cropped too close, so as to render the
branches naked or stumpy.

SAGE, JERUSALEM. Phlo'mis frutico'sa.
SAGE, WILD. Tarchona'nthus camphor a' tus.
SAGE, WOOD. Teu'crium Scorodo'nia.

SAGE NLA. (From sagu, the Malay name of some
Palms, which this genus resembles in miniature. Nat.
ord. Ferns. Linn. 24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices. Now re-
ferred to Nephrodium.)

S. calca'rea (chalky). See NEPHRODIUM CALCARATUM.
„ cicuta'ria (Cicuta-like). See NEPHRODIUM cicu-

TARIUM.

„ coaduna'ta (united). 4. June. Ceylon. 1845.
,, intermedia (intermediate). See NEPHRODIUM INTER-
MEDIUM.

,, irregula'ris (irregular) . See NEPHRODIUM IRREGULARE.
„ lawrencea'na (Lawrencean). See NEPHRODIUM LAW-

REXCEANUM.

„ mamillo'sa (nippled). See NEPHRODIUM MAMILLOSUM.
„ platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 3. June. Ceylon. 1845.

SAGE OF PE'»'H1;EHF.M. Pulmona'ria officina'lis.

SAGERETIA

764

SALISBURIA

SAGERE'TIA. (Commemorative of M. Sageret, a
French agriculturist. Nat. ord. Rhamiiaceae.)

Stove shrubs with pale green flowers. Cuttings in
sand in a close, warm case. Fibrous loam, peat, and
sand.

5. hamo'sa (hooked). Green. India and China.
„ thee'zans (tea-like). 2. Green. May. India ;
Burma ; China.

SAGE ROSE. Ci'stus.

SAGI'NA. Pearl- wort. (From sagina, fatness ; pre-
sumed nourishing qualities for sheep. Nat. ord. Clovc-
ivorts [Caryophyllaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, 3-Trigynia.)
Insignificant weeds, except procu'mbens, one of the
prettiest of our alpine plants, which makes a close carpet
on the ground, spreading far and wide, and has starry,
white flowers. It is not more than half an inch high.
S. Boy'dii (Boyd's). \. White. Scotland.
„ glafbra (smooth). £. White. Europe.
„ „ pili'fera (hair-bearing). \. White.
„ „ pili'fera au'rea (golden). Leaves yellow. Used in

carpet bedding.
„ Linncz'i (Linnaeus'). J. White. Northern and arctic

regions.
„ procu'mbens (lying-down). ,V. White. Summer.

North temperate regions (Britain).
„ „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered), i. Double white.

Frequent on Leith Hill, Surrey.
„ saxa'tilis (rock). See S. LINN^I.

SAGITTA'RIA. Arrow-head. (From sagitta, an arrow ;
the leaves of some resemble an arrow-head. Nat. ord.
Alismads [Alismacea?]. Linn. zi-Monacia, g-Polyandria.)

White-flowered aquatics. Division of the plant in
spring; rich, loamy soil. The greenhouse and stove
kinds in an aquarium, or in vessels duly supplied with
water.

STOVE AQUATICS.

S. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). See S. PUGIONIFORMIS.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See S. LANCIFOLIA.
„ montevide'nsis (Montevidean). 2-3. White, with

three black blotches. Argentina. 1883.
„ dbtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). See LIMNOPHYTON OB-

TUSIFOLIUM.

„ pugionifo'rmis (dagger- formed) . i. June. Guiana.
1816.

GREENHOUSE AQUATICS.
S. donia'na (Don's). See S. SAGITTIFOLIA.
„ grami'nea (grass-faooerf). ij. July. Carolina. 1812.
„ hasta'ta (halbert-leaved). See S. SAGITTIFOLIA.
„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved), i. July. N. Amer.

1822.
„ lancifo'lia (spear-head-leaved). i|. June. W. Ind.

1787.

„ obtu'sa (\A\mi-leaved). See S. SAGITTIFOLIA.
„ sine'nsis (Chinese). See S. SAGITTIFOLIA.

HARDY AQUATICS.

S. falca'ia (sickle-leaved). See S. LANCIFOLIA.
„ iapo'nica (Japanese). See S. VARIABILIS.
„ „ no' re ple'no (double-flowered). See S. VARIABILIS

FLORE PLENO.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See S. SAGITTIFOLIA.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 2-3. White. Mexico.

1905.

„ na'tans (floating), i. July. Carolina. 1812.
„ ri'gida (stift-leaved). ij. June. N. Amer. 1806.
„ sagittifo'lia (arrow-leaved). 2. July. Europe; Asia;

N. Amer. (England). " Arrow Leaf."
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). i£. July.
„ varia'bilis (variable). iJ-2. White. June, July.

N. Amer.
„ „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered). White, double.

June, July.

SAGO PALM. Metro'xylon Sa'gti.

SAGRffi'A. (Named after K. de la Sagra, a Spaniard.
Nat. ord. Melastomads [Melastomaceae]. Linn. 8-Ocfan-
dria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Miconia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cutting's of stubby young
side-shoots in spring ; sandy peat and fibrous loam, with

i a little charcoal, and sufficient silver sand to keep the
soil open. Winter temp., 48° to 60°; summer, 60° to

, 88°. The following are the best :
S. hirsu'ta (hairy). See OSS.T.A HIRSUTA.
„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). See OSS^EA MICKO-

PHYLLA.

„ sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). i. Red. April.

Guiana. 1793.
„ umbro'sa (shady). 6. Red. March. W. Ind. 1824.

SAGUE'RUS. See ARENGA.

SA'GUS. Sago Palm. (From sagti, the Malay name.
Nat. ord. Palms [Palmacea?]. Linn. zi-Moncecia, 6-
Hexandria.)

| S. Palma-Pinus (pine-palm). See RAPHIA G^ERTNERI.
,, peduncula'ta (/cwg-flower-stalked). See RAPHIA

PEDUNCULATA.

,, Ru'ffia (Ruffia). See RAPHIA PEDUNCULATA.
„ Ru'mphii (Rumphius's). See METROXYLON SAGU.
„ tczdi'gera (pine- torch-bearing). See RAPHIA VINIFERA.
,, vinifera (wine-bearing). See RAPHIA VINIFERA.

ST. ANDREW'S CROSS. A'scyrum hypericoi dcs .

ST. BARBARA'S HERB. Barbare'a vulga'ris.

ST. BARNABY'S THISTLE. Centan'rea solstitia'lis.

ST. BERNARD'S LILY. Anthe'rtcum Lilia'go.

ST. DABEOC'S HEATH. Daboe'ciapolifo'lia.

SAINTFOIN. Ono'brychis viciccfo'lia.

ST. GEORGE'S HERB. Valeria 'na offlcina'lis.

ST. JOHN'S BREAD. Ceralo'nia Si'liqua

ST. JOHN'S WORT. Hype'ricum.

ST. JOSEPH'S LILY. Li'lium ca'ndidum.

ST. MARTIN'S FLOWER. Alstrcemc'ria pu'lchra.

ST. MARTIN'S HERB. Sauvage'sia ere' eta.

ST. MARY'S WOOD. Calophy'lluminophy'llum.

ST. PATRICK'S CABBAGE. Saxi'fraga umbro'sa.

SAINTPAU'LIA. (Commemorative of Saint Paul, the
Apostle. Nat. ord. Gesneracct-r.)

A dwarf stove herb of great beauty. Seeds ; leaf
cuttings and divisions. Fibrous loam and leaf-mould
in equal parts, with sand to make it porous.
S. tona'ntha (violet-flowered). J. Violet-blue ; anthers

yellow. Usumbara Mts., E. Africa.
„ „ albe'scens (whitish), i. White, tinted with blush-
pink. 1899.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with
pale yellow, turning to white. 1903.

ST. PETER'S WORT. Hype'ricum A'scyron, and
Symphorica'rpus.

SALA'CIA. (Named after Salacia, the wife of Nep-
tune, of ancient mythology. Nat. ord. Celastracea?.)

Tall stove shrubs or small trees. Cuttings of mature
wood in sand, in a close, warm case. Fibrous loam, a
little peat or leaf-mould, and sand.

S. elli'ptica (elliptic). 12. Yellow, green. Brazil. 1818.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 10. Greenish-yellow.

Java.
,, panicula'ta (panicled). 12. Yellow, green. Brazil.

1818.
,, prinoi'des (Prinus-like). 6-10. Green-yellow. June.

E. Ind. 1820.
„ pyrifo'rmis (pear-shaped). 5. Green-yellow. June.

Trop. Africa. 1825.

,, Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 4. Orange. June. India.
1822.

SALAD BURNET. Pole'rium Sanguiso'rba.

SALADING. See the following: American Cress,
Beet Root, Borage, Burnet, Celeriac, Celery, Chervil,
Corn Salad, Cress, Dandelion, Endive, Finochio, Garden
Rocket, Horse-radish, Lettuce, Mint, Mustard, Onions,
Purslane, Radishes, Rape, Scurvy Grass, Succory, Water
Cress, Wood Sorrel.

SALEP. O'rchis.

SALISBU'RIA. Maiden-hair-tree. (Named after R. A.
Salisbury, an English botanist. Nat. ord. Conifers

SALISIA

765

SALIX

[Conifers], Linn. 2i-Moncecia, g-Polyandria. See
GINKGO.)

S. adiantifo'lia (maiden- hair-leaved). See GINKGO BI-
LOBA.

SALI'SIA, of Lindley. (Named after the Countess de
Salts. Nat. ord. Myrtleblootns [Myrtaceae]. Linn. 18-
Polyadelphia, 3-Triandria. Now referred to Kunzea.)
S. pulche'lla (pretty). See KUNZEA SERICEA.

SALISIA, of Regel. See GLOXINIA.

SA'LIX. Willow. (From the Celtic sal, near, and
Us, water ; place of growth. Nat. ord. WilloiL^oris
[Salicaceae], Linn. 22-Dicecia, 2-Diandria.)

Cuttings of ripened shoots, which merely require to
be inserted in the soil in the autumn ; moist soil, in-
clining to the marshy, suits them best ; very dwarf
shrubs, propagating with more difficulty, should be
struck in summer under a hand-light.

GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS.

S. bonplandia' no, (Bonpland's). Mexico. 1829. Re-
introduced 1908.

„ canarie'nsis (Canary). Canaries.

„ cape'nsis (Cape). April. S Africa. 1816.

„ gariepi'na (Gariepan). See S. CAPENSIS.

„ humboldtia'na (Humboldt's). 10 Peru. 1823.
Evergreen.

„ „ fastigia'ta (upright). Tree pyramidal. Peru.
1896.

„ Sa'fsaf (Safsaf). N. and Trop. Africa. 1907. Intro-
duced to Italy many years ago.

„ tetraspe'rnia (four-seeded). 20. E. Ind. 1796.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.
S. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). See S. SMITHIANA

ACUMINATA.

„ acutifo'lia (sharp-leaved). See S. DAPHNOIDES ACUTI-

FOLIA.

„ adenophy'lla (glandular-leaved). Labrador.
„ agyptfaca (Egyptian). See S. SAFSAF.
„ alaternoi'des (Alaternus-like). See S. NIGRICANS.
„ a'lba (white). 40-80. April. Europe (Britain).
, ,, arge'ntea (silvery). Leaves silvery-white on both

sides.
„ „ britzefnsis (Britzan). Bark bright orange-red.

1879.

,, „ c&ru'lea (blue). 40-90. May. Britain.
„ „ c&ru'lea pe'ndula (drooping-blue).
„ „ cri'spa (curled-teat^). England.
„ „ vitelli'na (yolk-of-epg-coloured). Bark yellow, or

yellow and red. " Golden Willow," " Golden Osier."
„ ,, vitelli'na fe'ndula no'va (new-drooping- yellow) .

" Weeping Golden Willow."
„ albe'scens (whitish). See S. NIGRICAXS.
,, alnifo'lia (alder- leaved). April. Europe. 1830.
„ cdpi'gena (alpine-begot). Tyrol, &c.
,, amania'na (Amanian). See S. NIGRICANS.
,, atnbigua (doubtful). 20. April. Europe (Britain).
„ ,, ma'jor (greater). 5. April. England.
„ ,, undula'ta (wavy -leaved). April. England.
„ amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). See S. PURPUREA

AMPLEXICAULIS.

„ amygilali'na (aknond-leaved) . See S. TRIANDRA

AMYGDALINA.

„ andersonia'na (Anderson's). See S. NIGRICANS

AXDERSOXIAXA.

„ angusta'ta (narrow-leaved ) . See S. CORDATA.

,, anzustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. April. Caspian.
1825.

„ ansonia'na (Ansonian). See S. NIGRICAXS ANSOXIAXA.

„ aqua'tica (water). See S. CINEREA AOUATICA.

„ Arbu'scula (little- tree) . £-3. April." Europe (Scot-
land) ; N. Asia.

„ ,, carina'ta (keeled). 3. April. Leaves folded along
the middle. Scotland.

„ ,, prunifo'lia (plum-leaved). 3. April. Scotland.

„ „ vacciniifo'iia (bilberry- leaved). 2. April. Scotland.

„ ,, venulo'sa (veiny). 2. April. Scotland.

„ a'rctica (arctic). 3. Arctic regions. iSir.

„ arena' 'ria (sand). See S. LAPPONUM.

,, a'tro-purpu'rea (dark-purple-ferawforf) . See S. NIGRI-
CAXS ATROPURPUREA.

„ a' tro-vi'rens (dark green). See S. NIGRICAXS ATRO-
VIRENS.

S,

auri'ta (eared). 2. April. Europe (Britain) ; Asia.
austra'lis (southern). See S. CINEREA.
babylo'nica (Babylonian). 30-50. May. Japan.
1730. " Weeping Willow."

„ annula'ris (ringlet). 40. March.

,, cri'spa (curled-leaved). See S. BABYLONICA

A.VNULARIS.

,, Napoleo'na (Napoleon's). See S. BABYLONICA.
„ ra'mulis au'reis (golden-branched). Bark of twigs

yellow.

„ Salamo'ni (Salamon's). Leaves longer.
Baktfri (Baker's). 20-40. N. Amer. 1908.
balsamifera (balsam-bearing). 4-10. Eastern N.

Amer. 1888.
basfordia'na (Basfordian). See S. FRAGILIS BASFOR-

DIANA.

bcrberifo'lia (berberry-leaved). May. Siberia. 1824.
bi' color (two-coloured). See S. PHYLICIFOLIA.
borreria'na (Borrer's). See S. PHYLICIFOLIA BORRERI-

AXA.
brachy'stachys (short-spiked). 10. March. N. Amer.

1811.

cce'sia (grey). 3. May. S. Europe. 1824.
calif o'rnica (Calif ornian). i. California. 1887.
ca'ndida (white). 10. April. N. Amer. 1811.

" Sage Willow."

candi'dula (small- white). See S. NIGRICAXS.
cane'scens (hoary). See S. OLE/EFOLIA.
ca'prea (goat). 30. April. Europe (Britain).

" Common Sallow," " Goat Willow."
„ pe'ndula (drooping). March. " Kilmarnock Weep-
ing Willow."

„ sphacela'ta (withered). 2. April. Scotland.
carina'ta (keel-leaved) . See S. ARBUSCULA CARIXATA.
carpinifolia (hornbeam-leaved). See S. NIGRICAXS

CARPINIFOLIA.

cerasifo'lia (cherry-leaved). See S. NIGRICAXS.
ce'rnua (drooping). Europe (Scotland). Hybrid.
chlorophy'lla (green-leaved). \. N. Amer. 1888.
chrysa'nthos (golden-flowered). See S. LAX ATA.
oine'rea(%rey). 3-20. March, April. Europe (Britain),
N. and W. Asia.

„ aqua'tica (aquatic). 3-15. March, April. Britain.

„ Mede'mii (Medem's). 10. February, March.

,, tri' color (three-coloured). Leaves variegated.
clethrtzfo'lia (Clethra-leaved) . See S. NIGRICAXS.
commuta'ta (changed). North-western United States.
confo'rmis (\\idiona-leaved). See S. SMITHIANA.
coni'fera (cone-bearing). 10. June. N. Amer. 1820.
corda'ta (heart-leaved). 6. April. N. Amer. 1811.

„ glaucophy'lla (sea-green-leaved). Leaves glaucous.

,, ri'gida (rigid). Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, stiff.
New England to Virginia. 1829.

„ seri'cea (silky). Leaves silky.

„ vesti'ta (clothed). Leaves woolly.
cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). See S. ARCTICA.
coria'cea (leathery -leaved). 8. April. Switzerland.

1825.

coru' scans (glittering). See S. GLABRA.
cotinifo'lia (Cotinus-leaved) . See S. XIGRICANS

COTIXIFOLIA.

Cotte'ti (Cottet's). \. Tyrol.
crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). See S. NIGRICANS.
crowea'na (Crowe's). See S. PHYLICIFOLIA CROWEANA.
cuspida'ta (short-pointed). 3-12. May. Europe

(England).

Cutle'ri (Cutler's). £. April. N. Amer. 1811.
cydoni&fo'lia (quince-leaved). See S. NIGRICANS.
damasce'na (damson-/eav^). See P. NIGRICANS

DAMASCENA.

daphnoi'dfs (Daphne-like). April. Switzerland. 1820.
„ acutifo'lia (acute- leaved). 3-15. February,
March. Caspian Sea. 1823.
davallia'na (Davall's) . See S. PHYLICIFOLIA.
deci'piens (deceptive). 8. May. Europe (England).
decu'mbens (lying-down). May. Switzerland. 1823.
dicksonia'na (Dickson's). See S. PHYLICIFOLIA

DICKSOXIAXA.

di'scolor (two-coloured). 8. April. N. Amer. 1811.
donia'na (Don's). 6. April. Europe (Scotland).
itu'ra (hardy). See S. XIGRICAXS.
elaagnoi'des (Eteagnus-leaved) . See S. GLAUCA.
elezanti'ssima (very elegant). 10-15. Origin uncer-
tain. 1898.

Erdinge'ri (Erdinger's). Europe.
eria'ntha (woolly-flowered). See S. HASTATA.

SALIX

766

SALIX

S. fagifo'lia (beech- leaved). See S. SILESIACA.
„ falca'ta (sickle-leaved). See S. NIGRA FALCATA.
„ ferrugi'nea (rusty-leaved). See S. SMITHIANA FERRU-

GINEA.

„ ftnma'rchica (Finmark). See S. MYRTILLOIDES.
„ fi'rma (firm-leaved). See S. NIGRICANS FIRMA.
„ foliolo'sa (leaf}'). 6. April. Lapland. 1818.
,, forbesia'na (Forbes's). See S. PHYLICIFOLIA.
,, forbya'na (Forby's). See S. RUBRA FORBYANA.
„ formo'sa (elegant). Sec S. ARBUSCULA.
„ forsteria'na (Forster's). See S. NIGRICANS FOR-

STERIANA.

„ fra'gilis (brittle). 15. April. Europe (Britain) ;

N. and W. Asia. " Crack Willow."
„ „ basfordia'na (Basfordian). Bark bright orange,

or red on the top twigs. 1882.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). May. Leaves longer

and broader than in the type. Europe. 1825.
„ fu'sca (brown). See S. REPENS and varieties.
„ fusca'ia (brown-stemmed). See S. PETIOLARIS.
„ gemina'ta (tvnn-catkined) . See S. SMITHIANA.
„ gla'bra (smooth). 3. April. Europe. 1818.
„ glabra'ta (smooth). April. Switzerland. 1824.
„ glau'ca (milky-green). 2. July. Alpine and arctic

northern hemisphere.
„ gracili' stylo, (slender-styled). 5-10. April. Japan.

1897.

„ Gra'hami (Graham's), £. April. Scotland.
„ grisea (grizzly). 6. April. Pennsylvania. 1820.
„ grisone'nsis (Grison). See S. NIGRICANS GRISONENSIS.
„ grisophy'lla (grey- leaved). See S. NIGRICANS.
„ tfaM&i?nso'nn(Hankenson's). 10-20. Natural hybrid.

New York. 1908.

„ hasta'ta (halbert-leaved) . 15. May. Lapland. 1780.
„ „ malifo'lia (apple-leaved). See S. HAST ATA.
„ ,, sernda'ta (saw-edged). See S. HASTATA.
„ He'lix (helix). See S. RUBRA HELIX.
,, helve'tica (Swiss). See S. NIGRICANS HELVETICA.
„ herba'cea (herbaceous). |. June. Europe (Britain).
,, hetera'ndra (various-stamened). 3-6. Caucasus.

1908.
„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). April. Switzerland.

1823.
„ hexa'ndra (six-stamened). 25-30. May. Europe

(England).
„ hippophaifo'lia (Hippophae-leaved) . April. Europe

(England). 1823.

„ hi'rta (hairy-branched). See S. NIGRICANS HIRTA.
„ hoffmannia'na (Hoffmanian). See S. TRIANDRA

HOFFMANNIANA.

„ holoseri'cea (velvety). See S. SMITHIANA VELUTINA.

„ hookeria'na (Hookerian). N. Amer.

„ houstonia'na (Houston's). See S. NIGRA.

„ hoyeria'na (Hoyerian). See S. PYROLIFOLIA HOYERI-

ANA.

„ hu'milis (lowly), ij. April. N. Amer. 1820.

" Prairie Willow."

„ inca'na (hoary). April. Austria. 1821.
„ incane' scens (whitish-leaved) . See S. CINEREA.
„ Jacqui'nii (Jacquin's). See S. MYRSINITES JACQUINI-

ANA.

„ japo'nica (Japanese). Japan.

„ „ Lavalle'ei (Lavalle's).

„ kitaibelia'na (Kitaibel's). See S. RETUSA.

,, lacu'stris (lake). See S. NIGRICANS LACUSTRIS.

„ lambertia'na (Lambert's). See S. PURPUREA LAM-

BERTIANA.

„ lana'ta (woolly). 2. May. Europe (Scotland).

„ Lappo'num (Lapland). 2. May. Europe (Britain).

1812.
„ „ helve'tica (Helvetian). 1-4. April. Switzerland.

1824.

„ /osm'rtdra(woolly-stamened). Western United States.
„ ,, lancifo'lia (lance- leaved) . Leaves 6-10 in. long.

California. 1887.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved) . See S. NIGRICANS LATIFOLIA.
,, lauri'na (laurel-like). 8. April. Europe (Britain).
„ laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). See S. PHYLICIFOLIA

LAXIFLORA.

,, leucophy'lla (white-leaved). See S. LAPPONUM.

„ linea'ris (narrow-leaved). See S. INCANA.

„ lispo' dados (smooth-branched). May. Caucasus.

1908.

„ li'vida (h'vid). i. May. Lapland. 1820.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). April. N. Amer. 1819.

S. lu'cida (shining). 8. May. N. Amer. 1811.
" Shining Willow."

„ lute'scens (yellowish). 3-6. March, April. Europe
(Britain).

,, Lyo'nii (Lyon's). Switzerland.

,, tnacrostipula'cea (large-stipuled). See S. NIGRICANS.

„ Medwede'wii (Medwedew's). 5-10. May. Caucasus.
1908.

,, mespilifo'lia (medlar-leaved). See S. NIGRICANS.

,, meyeria'na (Meyer's). See S. PENTANDRA.

„ michelia'na (Michel's). See S. SMITHIANA.

,, molli'ssima (softest). 20. April. Europe.

„ monspelie'nsis (Montpelier). See S. FRAGILIS LATI-
FOLIA.

„ monta'na (mountain). See S. NIGRICANS.

„ muehlenbergia'na (Muehlenberg's). See S. TRISTIS.

„ multifo'rmis (many- formed). iJ-2. May, June.
Europe. 1824.

„ muri'na (mouse-like). April. Switzerland. 1824.

„ muta'bilis (changeable). March. Switzerland. 1824.

„ myricoi'des (gale-like). See S. CORDATA.

,, Myrsini'tes (Myrsine-like). 3. May. Northern
hemisphere (Scotland).

>, >i jacquinia'na (Jacquinian). 2. April. Austria.
1818.

,, ,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). £. June. Scotland.

,, myrtilloi'des (myrtle-like). 2. May. Sweden. 1772.

,, „ pedicella'ris (long-stalked). 3. March. N. Amer.
1811.

,, nervo'sa (large-nerved). See S. NIGRICANS.

,, Nicholso'ni (Nicholson's). 3-4. N. Amer.

„ „ purpura' scens (purplish). 3-4. Young leaves
purple. 1889.

„ ni'gra. (black). 20. May. N. Amer. 1811. "Black
WiUow."

„ „ falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 4. April. N. Amer.
1811.

„ ni'gricans (blackish). 10. April. Europe (Britain).

,, „ andersonia'na (Andersonian). 3-4. April. Scot-
land.

„ „ ansonia'na (Ansonian). March. Switzerland.
1827.

„ „ atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). April. Switzerland.
1824.

„ „ atrovi'rens (dark-green). May. Switzerland.
1824.

„ „ austra'lis (southern). April. Switzerland. 1824.

„ ,, carpinifo'lia (Hornbeam-leaved). April. Ger-
many. 1824.

„ ,, cotinifo'lia (Cotinus-leaved). 2. March, April.
Britain.

„ ,, damasce'na (damson- leaved). 12. April. Scot-
land.

,, ,, fi'rma (firm). 3-5. March, April.

„ ,, forsteria'na (Forsterian). 10. April. Scotland.

„ ,, grisone'nsis (Grison). 10-15. April. Switzerland.
1824.

„ ,, helve'tica (Helvetian). 10-14. April. Switzer-
land. 1824.

„ ,, hi'rta (hairy). 10-15. April. England.

„ „ lacu'stris (lake). 3-4. March. Switzerland. 1824.

„ ,, menthifo'lia (mint- leaved). 5. April.

„ „ moabi'tica (moabitic). 3. Leaves finely fringed.
1893.

„ „ ni'tens (shining). 10. April. Scotland.
,, petrel a (rock). 3-7. April. Britain.
„ prunifo'lia (plum-leaved). 3. April. Scotland.
,, pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved). April. Switzerland.

1824.

,, rivula'ris (rivulet). May. Switzerland. 1824.
„ rotundifo'lia (round- leaved) . 10-15. April.
Switzerland. 1824.

„ ., rupe'stris (rock). 1-3. April. Scotland.

,, ,, sMeicheria'na (Schleicherian). April. Switzer-
land. 1824.

,, ,, stre'pida (crackling). April. Switzerland. 1820.

„ „ styla'ris (long-styled). 3-4. April.

,, „ vallesi'aca (Vallesian). 3. March. Switzerland.

,, ,, vande'nsis (Vaudois). 3-4. March. Switzerland.
1824.

„ ,, viburnoi'des (Viburnum-like). 3-5. March,
April.

„ obova'ta (reversed-egg-leaved). May. N. Amer.

„ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). April. Lapland. 1818.

„ olecefo'lia (olive-leaved). April. Europe. 1823.

SALIX

767

SALIX

S. oleifo'lia (olive-leaved). See S. CINEREA.
,, o'xica (Oxican). 30-60. Leaves large, glaucous.

Central Asia. 1908.
,, pa'llida (pale). See S. OLE^FOLIA.
„ paludo'sa (marsh). See S. AURITA.
,, panno'sa (cloth-leaved). See S. NIGRICANS.
„ pa' fens (spreading). See S. PHYLICIFO.LIA PATENS.
„ pa'tula (spreading). April. Italy. 1818.
„ Pauli'nce (Paulina's), i-ij. April. Fimberthal,

N.W. Tyrol.
„ pedicella'ris (t'ong-flower-stalked) . 3. March. N. Amer.

1811. See S. MYRTILLOIDES PEDICELLARIS.
„ pennsylva'nica (Pennyslvanian). See S. PETIOLARIS.
„ penta'ndra (five-stamened) . 15. April. Europe

(Britain). " Bay-leaved Willow."
„ „ hermaphrodi'tica (hermaphrodite). 15. March.

Britain.

„ pe'rsica (Persian). 25-40. Persia ; Bokhara. 1908.
„ persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). See S. FRAGILIS.
„ petiola'ris (leaf-stalked). 10-20. April. N. Amer. 1811.
„ „ seri'cea (silky). 10-20. April. N. Amer. " Silky

Willow."

„ petra:'a(rock.). See S. NIGRICANS PETR*A.
„ phUlyreifo'lia (Phillyrea-leaved). See S. PHTLICIFOLIA

PHILLYREIFOLIA.

„ phylicifo'lia (Phylica-leaved). 3-15. March, April.
N. and Central Europe (Britain). " Tea-leaved
Willow."

„ „ borreria'na (Borrerian). 8. May. Scotland.

„ „ crowea'na (Crowean). 8. April. Scotland.

„ ,, dicksonia'na (Dicksonian). i. April. Scotland.

„ „ laxifio'ra (loose-flowered). 12. April. Scotland.

„ ,, pa' tens (spreading). 3-4. April, May.

„ „ phUlyreifo'lia (Phillyrea-leaved). 5. April, May.
Scotland.

„ „ radi'cans (rooting). 1-2. May. Scotland.

„ „ tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). 2. May. Britain.

„ „ tenu'ior (more-slender). 5-15. May. Scotland.

„ „ tetra'pla (four-fold). 4. April. Scotland.

„ „ weigelia'na (Weigeh'an). 8-10. April, May.
Britain.

„ planifo'lia (flat-leaved). 2. Labrador. 1811.

„ pola'ris (polar), i. Lapland. 1820.

„ potnera'nica (Pomeranian). See S. DAPHNOIDES.

„ pontedera'na (Pontedera's). 3. May. Switzerland.
1821.

„ prinoi'dcs (Prinus-like). See S. BRACK YSTACHYS.

„ procu'mbens (lying-down). See S. MYRSINITES LATI-
FOLIA.

„ propi'nqua (nearly-related). See S. PHYLICIFOLIA.

„ proteczfo'lia (Protea-leaved). See S. AMBIGUA.

„ prunifo'lia (plum-leaved). See S. ARBUSCULA PRUNI-
FOLIA.

„ purpu'rea (purple). 8. March. Europe (England).

„ ,, amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). Orient. 1891.

„ ,, lanibertia'na (Lambertian). Leaves oblong, often
cuneate. England.

„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). March. England. "Ameri-
can Weeping Willow."

„ „ scharfenberge'nsis (Scharfenbergan) . 3-5. A
dense, twiggy, slender, upright bush. 1893.

,, purshia'na (Pursh's). See S. NIGRA.

„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). i. May. Pyrenees. 1823.

„ ,, cilia'ta (hail -fringed), i. May. Pyrenees.

» Pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved) of Anderson. Rocky Moun-
tains.

„ pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved) of Schleicher. See S. NIGRI-
CANS PYRIFOLIA.

„ pyrolifo'lia (Pyrola-leaved) noyeria'na (Hoyerian). A
weeping willow. British Columbia. 1889.

„ radi'cans (rooting). See S. PHYLICIFOLIA RADICANS.

„ ramifu'sa (spreading-branched). See S. PHYLICIFOLIA.

„ recurva'ta (cuiled-back- flowered) . See S. HUMILIS.

,, refle'xa (bent-back-calyxed) . See S. NIGRICANS.

„ re' pens (creeping). $-1. April. Europe (Britain) ;
N. Asia.

„ „ arge'ntea (silvery), i. April. Britain. Makes a
weeping willow when grafted.

„ „ fu sea (dusky), i. April. Britain.

„ „ subalpi'na (subalpine). April. Switzerland. 1820.

„ reticula'la (netted). £. June. Arctic and alpine
regions of northern hemisphere (Britain).

„ retu'sa (blunt-leaved). |. May. Europe. 1673.

„ „ serpyllifo'lia (thyme-leaved). J. April, May.
Switzerland. 1818.

S. ri'gida (stiff). See S. CORDATA RIGIDA.
,, rivula'ris (river). See S. NIGRICANS RIVULARIS.
„ rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary- leaved). 2. April. Europe

(Britain).

„ rostra' ta (beaked). N. Amer.
„ rotunda' ta (round-leaved). See S. NIGRICANS ROTUNDI-

FOLIA.

„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). N.W. Amer.
„ ru'bra (red. Osier). 8. April. Europe (Britain).

, „ forbya'na (Forbyan). 8-20. April. England.

, „ He'lix (Helix). 10. March. Britain.

, rupe'stris (silky-rock) . See S. NIGRICANS RUPESTRIS.

, russellia'na (Russell's). See S. FRAGILIS.

, Sadie1 ri (Sadler's), i. April. Scotland.
„ salviafo'lia (sage-leaved). See S. OLK^FOLIA.
„ sangui'nea (blood-red). See S. FRAGILIS BASFORDIANA.
„ schleicheria'na (Schleicher's). See S. NIGRICANS

SCHLEICHERIANA.

„ schraderia'na (Schrader's). See S. PHYLICIFOLIA.
„ septentriona'lis (northern). See S. NIGRICANS.

, seri'cea (silky) of Villiers. See S. GLAUCA.

, serpyllifo'lia (thyme-leaved). See S. RETUSA SERPYL-
LIFOLIA.

, sieboldia'na (Sieboldian). Japan.

, silesi'aca (Silesian). 6. May. Silesia. 1816.

, „ cauca'sica (Caucasian).

, „ subca'prea (like-caprea).

, smithia'na (Smith's). 20. April. Europe (Britain).

, „ acumina'ta (long-pointed) . 10-20. April. Britain.

, „ ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3-12. April. Britain.

, „ veluti'na (velvety). 5-12. April. Britain.

, sobri'na (cousin-german). £. April, May. Europe

(Scotland).

„ so'rdida (mean). April. Switzerland (Britain). 1824.
„ spathula'ta (spatulate). See S. AMBIGUA.
„ sphacela'ta (withered-pointed). See S. CAPREA

SPHACELATA.

„ spu'ria (spurious). 1-2. April, May. Europe

(Scotland).

„ starkea'na (Stark's). See S. LIVIDA.
,, stipula'ris (stipuled). 6. March. England.
„ stre'pida (creaking). See S. NIGRICANS STREPIDA.
,, stuartia'na (Stuart's). See S. LAPPONUM.
„ subalpi'na (subalpine) of Forbes. See S. REPENS

SUBALPINA.

„ tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). See S. PHYLICIFOLIA TENUI-

FOLIA.

„ tenu'ior (slenderer). See S. PHYLICIFOLIA TENUIOR.

„ tetra'ndra (four-stamened). April. Europe.

„ tetra'pla (four-fold). See S. PHYLICIFOLIA TETRAPLA.

„ Tomi'nii (Tomin's). 20. May. W. Asia. 1908.

,, Trevira'ni (Treviranus's). See S. UNDULATA.

„ tria'ndra (three-stamened). 30. July. Europe
(Britain).

„ „ amygdali'na( almond-leaved). 8-15. April, May.
Leaves broad-based.

»i »> hoffmannia'na (Hoffmannian). 3-18. April, May.
Leaves short, green.

„ „ hoppea'na (Hoppe's). 30. May. Austria. 1820.

,, „ villarsia'na (Villarsian). 6-14. April, May.
France. 1818.

„ tri'stis (dark-leaved). 4. April. N. Amer. 1765.

,, ulmifo'lia (elm-leaved). See S. NIGRICANS.

„ undula'ta (waved-leaved). 30. April. Europe.

„ „ lanceola'ta (spear-head-leaved). 30. April. Eng-
land.

„ U'va-u'rsi (bearberry-like). See S. CUTLERI.

„ vacciniifo'lia (bilberry-leaved). See S. ARBUSCULA

VACCINIIFOLIA.

„ Vaude'nsis (Vaudois). See S. NIGRICANS VAUDENSIS.

„ veluti'na (velvety). See S. SMITHIANA VELUTINA.

,, versi' 'color (various-coloured). See S. REPENS.

„ villarsia'na (Villars's). See S. TRIANDRA VILLARSIANA.

,, villo'sa (shaggy). See S. NIGRICANS.

„ vimina'lis (twiggy). 12. April. Europe (Britain) ;

N. Asia. " Common Osier."

„ vire'scens (greenish-leaved). See S. HIPPOPHAIFOLIA.
,, virga'ta (twiggy). See S. MULTIFORMIS.
,, vi'ridis (green). 30-40. May. Europe (Britain).
,, vitelli'na (yellow-branched). See S. ALBA VITELLINA.
„ waldsteinia'na (Waldstein's). See S. ARBUSCULA.
„ wardia'na (wardian). 5-10. April. Britain.
„ weigelia'na (Weigel's). See S. PHYLICIFOLIA WEIGELI

ANA.

„ willdenovia'na (Willdenow's). See S. NIGRICANS.

SALLOW

768

SALTS

S. woolgaria'na (Woolgar's). See S. PURPUREA LAM-

BERTIANA.

„ wulfenia'na (Wulfen's). See S. GLABRA.

SALLOW. Species of Salix, of which S. ca'prea is the
Common Sallow. Others are 5. cine'rea, S. auri'ta, S.
ni'gricans, and 5. phylicifo'lia.

SALLOW THORN. Hippo'phae.
SA'LMEA. (Named after the Prince Salm Dyck. Nat.
ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-
Mqualis. Allied to Spilanthes.)

Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of firm, stubby
side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ;
rich, fibrous loam. Winter temp., 48° to 58° ; summer,
60° to 85°.
S. Eupato'ria (Eupatorium-like). White. April. W.

Ind. 1815.
„ „ sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Yellow. June. Vera

Cruz. 1820.

„ gra'ndiceps (large- headed). See S. EUPATORIA.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy). 6. Yellow. August. Jamaica. 1823.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). See S. EUPATORIA SCANDENS.

SA'LMIA LAUCHEA'NA. See CARLUDOVICA LAUCHE-

ANA.

SALMON BERRY. Ru'bus nutka'nus and R. specta'-
bilis.

SALPIA'NTHUS. (From salpinx, a tube, or trumpet,
and anthos, a flower ; referring to the coloured calyx,
which is tubular in all the plants in this order. Nat.
ord. Nyctagos [Nyctaginacese]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia. Now referred to other genera.)
S. fra grans (sweet-scented). See PEUMUS BOLDUS.
„ lanceola'ta (spear- head-leaved) . See BOLDOA LANCEO-

LATA.

„ purpura'scens (purplish). See CRYPTOCARPUS «LO-
BOSUS.

SALPICHLaS'NA. (From salpinx, a tube, and chlaina,
a cloak ; the covering of the spore-cases. Nat. ord.
Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)
S. volu'bilis (twining). See BLECHNUM VOLUBILE.

SALPI'CHROA. (From salpinx, a tube, and chroa,
colour ; coloured tube. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solan-
aceae]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam.
Winter temp., 45° to 50°.

S. glandulo'sa(glzndulous). Yellow. July. Peru. 1844.

SALPIGLO'SSIS. (From salpinx, a tube, and glossa,
a tongue ; refers to the style in the tube of the flower.
Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solanaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia,
2- A ngiospermia.)

Annuals and biennials, from South America ; do best
when sown in autumn and spring, for early spring and
summer blooming. Strawi'-nea, sown in spring in a
gentle hotbed, will bloom freely in summer and autumn
in the greenhouse ; rich, light soil.
S. atropurpu' rea (dark-purple). See S. SINUATA ATRO-

PURPUREA.

„ au'rea (golden). See S. SINUATA AUREA.

„ barclaya'na (Barclayan). See S. SINUATA BARCLAYANA.

„ cocci 'nea (scarlet). See S. SINUATA COCCINEA.

„ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved) of Bot. Mag. See PETUNIA

VIOLACEA.

„ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved) of Loddiges. Argentina.
„ linea'ris (linear). i. Yellow, purple. August.

Argentina. 1832.

„ pi'cta (painted). See S. STRAMINEA PICTA.
„ sinua'ta (scolloped), i. Purple. August. Chili.

1824. Annual.
„ „ atropurpu' rea (dark-purple). i£. Dark purple.

August.

„ „ au'rea (golden), i-ij. Bright yellow. August.
„ „ barclaya'na (Barclayan). i-i.V. August. »

„ „ cocci'nea (scarlet), i-i£. Scarlet. August.
„ strami'nea (straw-coloured). i$. Red, white. July.

Chili. Annual.
„ „ pfcta (painted). 1-2. Variegated. July. 1820.

SALPIGO'PHORA. (From salpinx, a tube, and phoreo,
to bear ; in allusion to the long tube of the flower. Nat.
ord. Bignoniacea3.)

Evergreen, greenhouse shrub. Cuttings in sand under
a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
S. chiloe'nsis (Chilian). Crimson. Chili. 1862.

SALPI'NGA. (From salpinx, a tube; the calyx is
tubular. Nat. ord. Melastomaceas.)

Erect, branching stove herb. Cuttings in sand, in a
close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, lumpy
peat, leaf-mould, and sand.

S. margarita' cea (pearly). J—i. Leaves spotted with
white. N. Brazil". 1862.

SALPIXA'NTHA. (From salpinx, a tube, and anthos,
a flower. Nat. ord. Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn.
14-Didynamia, z-Angiospermia. See GF.ISSOMERIA.)
S. cocci'nea (scarlet). See GEISSOMERIA COCCINEA.

SALSIFY. Tragopo'gon porrifo'lius.

Soil. — Light and moderately fertile. At the time of
sowing trench it, turning in a little manure with the
bottom-spit only.

Sow in March and April, in an open situation, in shallow
drills, 9 inches asunder, scatter the seeds thinly, and
cover them £ inch deep. When the plants are 2 or
3 inches high, thin to 10 inches asunder. During very
dry weather water occasionally very plentifully, and if
half an ounce of guano is added to each gallon of water
it will be very beneficial. They will have large roots by
September or October, when you begin taking them up
for use ; and in November, when the leaves begin to
decay, a quantity may be preserved in sand for use in
time of severe frost ; but those left in the ground will
not be injured. In spring, when those remaining in
the ground begin to vegetate, the shoots, when a few
inches high, may be cut for use as asparagus, being excel-
lent when quite young and tender. Suffer a few plants
to run up to stalk every spring to produce seed. The
best mode of cooking the roots is to boil and mash them,
form them into cakes, and fry them in butter. The
flavour is that of oyster patties.

SALTS. Saline manures are generally beneficial, and
often essential. They ought to be put on in very small
quantities, and frequently, during the time of the plant's
growth.

Common Salt. — Chloride of sodium, applied in the
spring at the rate of twenty bushels per acre, has been
found very beneficial to asparagus, broad beans, lettuces,
onions, carrots, parsnips, potatoes, and beets. Indeed,
its properties are so general!}' useful, not only as pro-
moting fertility, but as destroying slugs, &c., that it is
a good plan to sow the whole garden every March with
this manure, at the rate above specified. The flower-
garden is included in this recommendation ; for some of
the best practical gardeners recommend it for the stock,
hyacinth, amaryllis, ixia, anemone, colchicum, narcissus,
ranunculus, &c. ; and in the fruit-garden it has been
found beneficial to almost every one of its tenants,
especially the cherry and apple. " On lawns and walks
it helps to drive away worms, and to destroy moss.

Ammonia. — The salts of ammonia are highly stimu-
lating, and afford, by their ready decomposition, abundant
food to plants. The dungs of animals are fertilising ex-
actly in proportion to the amount of ammonia in them.
The" only care required is not to apply them too abun-
dantly. Half an ounce to each gallon of water, given
at the most twice a week, is a good recipe for all the
ammoniacal salts. The ammoniacal gas liquor, at the
rate of one pint to two gallons of water, is highly bene-
ficial to all plants grown for their leaves.

Chalk (Carbonate of Lime) may be applied in large
quantities, twenty or thirty tons per acre, to render a
light siliceous soil more retentive, or a heavy soil more
open. Its basis, lime, enters into the composition of
most plants in some state of combination. If the chalk
is to be burnt into lime before it is applied, care should
be taken that it does not contain, like some of the York-
shire chalks, a large proportion of carbonate of magnesia.
Magnesia remains long in a caustic state, and has been
found injurious to the plants to which it has been applied.

Chloride of Lime gradually gives out a portion of its
chlorine, and is converted into muriate of lime, a salt
absorbing moisture from the air, which can hardly exist
in any soil, however light, without keeping it moist ; and
its nauseous odour may be found to keep off the attacks
of the fly and other vermin. A solution containing one

SALT-TREE

769

SALVIA

ounce in five gallons of water is said to destroy the aphis
and the caterpillar, if poured over the trees they infest.

Gas Lime is a hydro-sulphuret of lime, with a little
ammonia. It is an excellent manure, especially to
cabbages, turnips, cauliflowers, and broccoli, dug in at
the time of planting or sowing. If sown over the surface
at the time of inserting the crop, at the rate of twenty
bushels per acre, it will effectually drive away the
turnip-fly, slug, &c.

Gypsum, or Plaster of Paris, is sulphate of lime. It
has been found very useful as a top-dressing to lawns,
and dug in for turnips and potatoes. Three hundred-
weight per acre is abundance.

Nitrates of Potash (Saltpetre), and of Soda (Cubic
Petre), have been found beneficial to carrots, cabbages,
and lawns. One pound to a square rod of ground is a
sufficient quantity. Both these nitrates have been found
beneficial to potatoes in Scotland. Mr. Murray says,
that from 1810 down to the present time he has been in
the habit of watering pinks and carnations with solutions
of these two nitrates, and the benefit has been uniform
and eminent in promoting their luxuriance.

They have also been given in solution with great
benefit to chrysanthemums, lettuces, celery, fuchsias,
and dahlias : one pound to twelve gallons of water.
Nitrate of soda destroys slugs.

Phosphate of Lime. — See BONES.

Superphosphate of Lime. — Chrysanthemums were
much increased in vigour when watered with a solution
of this salt in the Chiswick Garden, at the end of July.
It is thought, if the application had been made earlier,
the benefit would have been still more marked.

SALT-TREE. Halimode'ndron arge'nteum.
SALTWORT. Sa'lsola Ka'li.
SALTWORT, BLACK. Glau'x mari'tima.

SALVADO'RA. (Commemorative of /• Salvador, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord. Salvadoraceae.)

Evergreen stove tree of small stature. Cuttings in
sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam,
a little peat, and sand.
S. i'ndica (Indian). See S. PERSICA.
„ pe'rsica (Persian). White. June. Orient; India;

N. Africa. 1850. " Mustard Tree."
„ wightia'na (Wightian). See S. PERSICA.

SA'LVIA. Sage. (From salvo, to save ; medicinal
qualities. Nat. ord. Lipworts [Labiata?]. Linn. z-Dian-
dria, i-Monogynia.)

Annuals and biennials, seeds in the open border ;
herbaceous perennials, by division at the roots in spring ;
shrubs, by cuttings inserted firmly in the ground in
autumn or spring, like the common Sage ; greenhouse
and stove species, by cuttings of the young shoots at all
seasons except winter, only the stove kinds like a little
heat ; rich, light, good soil. See CLARY and SAGE.

STOVE ANNUALS.

S. lanceola' ta (spear-head-leaved), i. Blue. July. N.W.

Amer. ; Mexico. 1813.

,, micra'ntha (small-flowered). See S. TENELLA.
,, rhombifo'lia (diamond- leaved) . Blue. Peru. 1827.
„ tene'lla. (slender). Blue. June. Trop. Amer. 1821.

HARDY BIENNIALS AND ANNUALS.
S. jEfhio'pis (Ethiopian). 3. White. May. S. Europe.

1570-

„ byzanti'na (Turkey) . i. Blue. July. Turkey. 1825.
„ ceratophy'lla (buckhorn-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

Persia. 1699.
„ ceratophylloi'des (buckhorn-leaved-like). i. Yellow.

July. Egypt. 1771.
umba'ricR (Columbaria-like). J-2. Bright blue

July. N.W. Amer.

„ ero'sa (bitten-leaved) . See S. VERBENACA.
„ faTtida (fetid). 3. White. July. Morocco. 1796.
„ folio'sa (leafy). See S. RHOMBIF'OLIA.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy), i. Blue. May. Mexico. 1801.

Annual.
„ hispa'nica (Spanish), ij. Blue. July. Trop. Amer.

1730. Annual.
„ Hormi'num (Horminum). i£. Purple. June. S.

Europe. 1596. Annual. " Horminum Clary."

S. Hormi'num rn'bra (red-topped). i£. Red. July. S.

Europe. 1596.
„ „ viola'cea. (violet-topped). ij. Purple. June.

S. Europe. 1596.

„ ntpetifo'lia (cat-mint-leaved). See S. HIRSUTA.
„ nilo'tica, (Nile), i. Blue. July. Egypt. 1780.
„ phlomoi'des (Phlomis-like). 2. Blue. May. Spain.

1805.
„ pinna ta (leafleted). i. Purple. July. Levant.

ifo'lia (diamond-leaved). i£. Blue. All

seasons. Peru. Greenhouse biennial.
„ Scla'rea (clary). 4. White.purple. August. S.Europe.

1562.

,, simsia'na (Simsian). See S. SCLAREA.
„ spino'sa (thomy-calyxed) . i. White. June. Arabia,

&c. 1789.

„ tingita'na (Tangier). See S. FCETIDA.
„ vi'ridis (green-topped), ij. Blue. July. Italy. 1759.

Annual.

GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREENS.

S. adglu'tinans (clammy). Scarlet. June. Mexico.

1827.
„ africa'na (African). 2. Violet. May. S. Africa.

„ a'lbo-c&ru'lea (blue- white). White, blue. Mexico.

1857-
„ amethysti'na (amethyst-coloured). 2. Blue. August.

Colombia. 1817. Stove.

„ au'rea (golden). 3. Blue. July. S. Africa. 1731.
„ auri'ta (eared-leaved). 2. Lilac, yellow. May. S.

Africa. 1795.

„ Bethe'lii (Bethel's). See S. INVOLUCRATA BETHELII.
„ bolivia'na (Bolivian). Scarlet. Bolivia. 1856.
„ brasilie'nis (Brazilian). See S. SPLENDENS.
,, camphora'ta (camphor-smelling). Rose. S. Amer.

1872.
,, canarie'nsis (Canary). 4. Purple. July. Canaries.

1697.
„ chatnadryoi'des (germander-like), ij. Blue. July.

Mexico. 1795.
„ confertiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). 3. Red. August.

Rio Janeiro. 1838. Stove.

„ cre'tica (Cretan). £. Violet. June. Crete. 1760.
„ cya'nea (blue). 2-3. Small sky-blue. Winter.

Central Amer. 1907.
„ dasya'ntha (thick-flowered). Scarlet. Colombia.

1859.
„ denta'ta. (tooth-leaved). J. White. December. S.

Africa. 1774.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). 2-3. Deep violet. Peru.

1883.
„ dolichosta'chya (long-spiked). 6. Scarlet. August.

Mexico. 1820.

„ e'legans (elegant). 4. Cream. July. Mexico. 1820.
„ fiocculo'saverticilla'tapaufifto'ra (few-flowered). Rich

red, white. Andes of Quito. 1890.
„ formo'sa (beautiful). See S. LEONUROIDES.
,, fu'lgens (brilliant). 5. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1829.
„ gesneraflo'ra (Gesnera-flowered) . 3. Scarlet. March.

Colombia. 1846. Stove.
„ Gre'ggii (Gregg's). 2-3. Light carmine ; lip darker.

September. New Mexico. 1885.
„ Hee'rii (Beer's), if-2. Scarlet. Peru. 1855.
„ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). See S. ELEGAKS.
„ involucra'ta (involucred). 2. Red. August. Mexico.

1824. Stove.
„ „ Bethe'llii (Bethell's). Bright crimson. 1881.

Seedling.
„ „ deschampsia'na (Deschampsian). 2-3. Rose.

1869.
„ lamiifo'lia (Lamium-leaved). 2. Blue. July. W. Ind.

l82T.

„ leonuroi'des (Leonurus-like). 4. Scarlet. June.

Peru. 1783.
„ macrosta'chya (large-spiked). 6. Blue. Ecuador.

1894.
„ me'ntiens (deceiving). Pale rose; calyx and bracts

crimson. Brazil. 1870.

„ mexica'na mi'nor (smaller-Mexican). See S. DISCOLOR.
„ occidenta'lis (western), ij. White. July. Jamaica.

1824. Stove.
„ odora'ta (sweet-scented). See S. CANDIDISSIMA.

3C

SALVIA

770

SALVIA

S. panicula'ta (panicled). 6. Violet. July. S. Africa.

1758.
,, pa'tens (spreading). 10. Blue. September. Mexico.

1838.

,, petiola'ris (long-stalked). Colombia.
„ phoeni'cea (purple). Magenta-carmine. Ecuador.

1890.
„ pri'nceps (chief). 5-7. Crimson-rose. Winter.

Mexico. 1907.
„ roscefo'lia (rose-leaved). Purple. July. Levant.

1827.

„ rube'scens (reddish). See S. BOLIVIANA.
„ runcina'ta (runcinate-leaved) . 2. Blue. July. S.

Africa. 1774.
„ ru' 'titans (red). 1^-3. Scarlet. Winter. 1873.

" Apple-scented Sage."

„ sca'bra (scaly). 2. Blue. June. S. Africa. 1774.
„ Se'ssei (Sesse's). Mexico.
„ sple'ndens (splendid). 3. Scarlet. Autumn. Brazil.

1822.
„ „ Brua'nti (Bruant's). Brighter scarlet. Plant

dwarfer.
„ „ compa'cta (compact), i-ij. Scarlet. Various

seasons.

„ strictiflo'ra (erect-flowered). 3. Brown, red. Decem-
ber. Peru. 1831. Stove.
„ tricolor (three-coloured). White, scarlet. Mexico.

1856.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

S. amari'ssima (bitterest). 2. Blue. August. Mexico.

1803.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Blue. May.

Mexico. 1816.
„ azu'rea (azure blue). 2-3. Bright blue. Autumn.

N. Amer. 1806.
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2-3. Deep blue,

larger. Autumn. Mexico. 1873.
„ cacalicefo'lia, (Cacalia-leaved) . 2-3. Blue. June.

Mexico. 1858.

„ ca'sia (grey). See S. POLYSTACHYA.
„ cocci 'nea (scarlet-flowered). 2. Scarlet. July. N.

Amer. 1772.
„ „ ma'jor (larger). Flowers larger.

„ pseu' do-cocci' nea (false-scarlet). 2. Scarlet.

" "/. N. Amer. 1797.
sii'na (sky-blue). 3-4. Blue or lilac-blue.

Mexico. 1878.
deserto'rum (desert). 2\. Blue. October. Siberia.

1829.

Goudo'tii (Goudot's). 2. Purple. Colombia. 1870.
Gra'hami (Graham's). 4. Purple, blue. September.

Mexico. 1829.

Hove'yi (Hovey's). See S. IANTHINA.
ia'nthina (violet). Purple. Mexico. 1847.
lantanifo'lia (Lan tana-leaved) of gardens. See S.

GOUDOTII.
leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 2. White. Mexico.

1825.
mexica'na (Mexican). 2. Scarlet. June. Mexico.

1824. Stove.

nu'bia (Nubian). 2. Blue. June. Abyssinia. 1784.
obtu'sa (blunt). i£. Carmine. Mexico. 1861.
oppositiflo'ra (opposite-flowered). Orange, red.

November. Ecuador. 1847. Stove.
Pitche'ri (Pitcher's). See S. AZUREA GRANDIFLORA.
polysta'chya (many-spiked). 3. Blue. October.

Mexico. 1813.
pra'cox (early-flowering). Purple. March. Africa.

1826.
Pulche'llo. (pretty). 2. Scarlet. December. S.

Amer. 1821.
purpu'rea (purple). 2|. Purple. June. Mexico.

1825.
rectiflo'r a (straight-flowered). Scarlet. June. Mexico.

1844.

ri'ngens (gaping). 2. Blue. July. Levant. 1827.
Rce'zlii (Roezl's). 2. Bright scarlet. Mexico. 1861.
rugo'sa (wrinkled-leaved). 2. White, red. July.

S. Africa. 1775.

scapifo'rmis (scape- formed), i-ij. Pale blue. For-
mosa, Japan. 1888.

schiedea'na (Schiedean). i. Blue. Mexico. 1896.
Schimpe'ri (Scbimper's). 3-3, White. Abyssinia.

1875.

S. sero'tina (late-flowering), ij. Blue. August. Ohio.

1803.
,, tubi'fera (tube-bearin?). 3. Red. August. Mexico.

1824.
„ tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 4. Scarlet. June. Peru.

1820.
„ tubifo'rmis (tube-shaped). See S. RECTIFLORA.

HARDY EVERGREENS.
S. calyci'na (/arg«-calyxed). i. Pink. August. Greece.

1823.
„ hablitzia'na(Rablitz's). White, red. August. Tauria.

I759-
,, interru'pta (interrupted-leaved). 4. White. July.

Morocco. 1790.
,, lavandulcefo'lia (lavender-leaved). Blue. March.

Spain. 1597.
„ officina'lis (shop), i. Blue. June. S.Europe. 1597.

" Common Sage."
,, ,, au'rea (golden). Plant dwarf. Leaves yellow.

1879.

„ ,, ru'bra (red). Leaves and stems red. 1879.
„ ,, tenu'ior (slenderer), i. Blue. June. Spain.

1597.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated), i. Blue. June. S.

Europe. 1597.
„ pomi'fera (apple-bearing). 2. Blue. July. Candia.

1699.
„ scorodoniczfo'lia( wood-sage-leaved). 2. White. July.

Mexico. 1825.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. algerie'nsis (Algerian). N. Africa.
„ arge'ntea (silvery). 3. Yellow. June. Mediter-
ranean region. 1759.

,, aspera'ta (rough). 2. White. July. Himalaya.
,, austri'aca (Austrian), i. Cream. June. Austria.

1776.

„ Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). See S. INAMCENA.
,, Becke'ri (Becker's). Caucasus.
„ bi' 'color (two-coloured). 2. Red, white. June.

Barbary. 1793.
„ bractea'ta (Zong-bracted). 3. Purple. March. Asia

Minor. 1821.

„ ca'dmica (Cadmican). Asia Minor.
,, Candela'brum (chandelier). 2-3. White, purple.

July, August. Spain.
,, candidi'ssima (whitest). 2. White. July. Armenia.

1804.

,, cane'scens (hoary). 2. Purple. July. Caucasus.
,, cardua'cea (thistle-leaved), ij. Purple. California

Proper. J uly.

„ chiona'ntha (snowy-flowered). White. Asia Minor.
„ clandesti'na (clandestine). J. Blue. June. Europe.

1739.
„ „ multi'fida (many-cleft). J. Blue. April. Europe.

1822.
,, compre'ssa (compressed). 2. White. May. Persia;

Afghanistan. 1822.
„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. Blue. June. S.

Europe. 1804.

„ di'chroa (two-coloured). See S. BICOLOR.
,, dise'rmas (two-glumed). 2. White. July. Syria.

I773-
,, farina' cea (mealy). 2-3. Blue, white. Summer.

Texas ; Mexico. 1847.
„ Forsko'hlii (Forskohl's). ij. Blue. July. Levant.

1800.
,, glutino'sa (glutinous). 3. Yellow. July. S.Europe;

Orient. 1769. " Jupiter's Distaff."
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Blue. July. Asia

Minor. 1816.

,, hi'ans (gaping), i. Blue. June. Cashmere. 1839.
,, Hydra'ngea (Hydrangea). Persia.
„ inamae' na (unlovely). 3. Blue. April. Spain. 1821.
,, i'ndica (Indian). 3. Blue. June. India. 1731.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). Japan.
„ limba'ta (bordered). Asia Minor ; Persia. 1838.
,, linkia'na (Link's). See S. PILANTHA.
,, lusita'nica (Portuguese), ij. Blue. June. Spain.

1819.
„ lyra'ta (lyre-leaved), i. Purplish, June. N, Amer.

1828.

SALVINIA

771

SAMOLUS

S. moorcroftia'na (Moorcroft's). 3. Pale blue. Hima-
laya.
„ napifo'lia (rape-leaved). 2. Dark blue. June. Italy.

1776.
„ nubi'cola (cloud-dwelling). 2-3. Yellow. October.

Himalaya. 1823.
„ nu'tans (nodding). 2. Violet. July. S. Europe.

i /So.

,, obova'ta (obversely-egg-shaped). See S. LYRATA.
,, pila'ntha (hairy-flowered). Blue. July. Levant.

1823.
„ porphyra'ntha. (purple-flowered) and S. porphyra'ta

(purple). See S. RCEMERIANA.
„ prate'nsis (meadow). 4. Violet. May. Europe

(England).
,, „ Ba.umgarte'nii (Baumgarten's). 3. Blue-purple.

July, August.
,, prundloi'des (self-heal-like). 1. Blue. June. Mexico.

1838.

„ „ purpu'rea (purple). Purple-red. 1890. Annual.
„ Przewa'lskii (Przewalsky*s). 3. Purple. China.

1901.
„ pseu' do-cocci' nea (bastard-scarlet). See S. COCCINEA

PSEUDO-COCCIVEA.

>i Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 4. Blue. July. Pyrenees.

1824.

„ Re'gla (Regla). 5. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1739.
„ rcgelia'na (Regelian). Caucasus.
,, r&meria'na. (Roemerian). 2. Crimson. July to

September. Texas ; Mexico. 1852.
„ scabiostzfo'lia (scabious- leaved), i. White. August.

Peru. 1818.
,, sclarceoi'des (clary-like). Violet. July. S. Europe.

1804.

,, Sibtho'rpii (Sibthorp's). See S. VIRGATA.
„ 5aM/i'«(Soulie's). 2. Delicate blue. Western China.

1907.
„ sylve'stris (wood). 2. Purple, violet. August.

Europe ; N. Asia. 1759. " Wood Sage."
„ syri'aca (Syrian), ij. White. July. Levant. 1759.
,, taraxacifolia (dandelion-leaved). Pink and pale

yellow. Morocco. 1872.
„ tilicefo'lia (lime-tree-leaved). 2-4. Blue. July.

Mexico. 1793.
„ tri'loba (three-lobed). 2. Red. June. E. Europe.

1596.
„ turkesta'nica (Turkestan). 2$. White, tinged rose.

Turkestan. 1903.
,, urticifo'lia (nettle- lea ved) . 3. Blue. June. N.

Amer. 1799.
„ verbascifo'lia (mullein-leaved). 3. White. May.

Asia Minor ; Persia. 1823.
„ Verbena'ca (vervain-like). 2. Violet. August.

Europe (Britain) ; Orient. " Vervain Sage."
„ „ oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved), ij. Blue. Sep-
tember. Europe. 1820.
„ ,, rube'Ua (small-red). 1-2. Red-purple.
„ versi'color (parti-coloured), ij. Blue, white. July.

Spain. 1822.
„ verticilla'ta (whorl-flowered). 3. Blue. August.

S. Europe ; Orient. 1628.
„ virga.' ta (twiggy). 4. White. September. S.E.

Europe ; Orient. 1758.
„ visco'sa( clammy). i|. Violet. May. Europe. 1773.

SALVTNIA. (Commemorative of Antonio Maria
Salvini, a Professor at Florence. Nat. ord. Marsiliace^.)

A flowerless, floating aquatic herb, for a tank or tub
in a stove or warm greenhouse. It produces three rows
of leaves on the branching stems, two rows of which are
sea-green, leafy, and float on the water, while the third
row consists of very deeply divided fibres that resemble
roots, and passing down into the water serve the purpose
of roots. The plant grows freely in summer, but in
autumn forms ball-like fruits, containing spores, amongst
the root-like fibres. When this takes place some soil
must be placed in the bottom of a deep pan and covered
with water. When the sediment has settled, some of
the fruiting Salvinia must be placed on the water, so
that when the leaves die away the spores may fall to the
bottom amongst the soil. Keep the pan full of water
all winter, and in spring the spores will germinate and
the young plants rise to the surface.
S. no.' tans (floating). Europe; India.

SA'MARA PENTA'NDRA. SCCMYRSINE PENTANDRA.

SAMBU'CUS. Elder-tree. (From sambuca, a musical
instrument, made of elder- wood. Nat. ord. Caprifoils
[Caprifoliaceael. Linn. s-Pentandria, ^-Trigynia.)

Hardy plants, and all white-flowered, except where
otherwise mentioned. Generally by cuttings of ripened
wood, either of one or several years of age. Common,
rich, light soil.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
5. chine'nsis (Chinese). See S. JAVANICA.
„ E'bulus (dwarf). 3. White, red. June. Europe

(Britain). " Ground Elder."
„ „ Gau'tschii (Gautsch's). India. 1890.
„ hu'milis (lowly). See S. EBULUS.
„ java'nica (Javanese). 4. Trop. Asia. 1823.

HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.

July. N. Amer.
delicat

1761.

>. canade'nsis (Canada). 6.
„ „ delicati' ssima (very
golden-yellow. 1907.
„ glau'ca (sea-green). Western United States.
„ „ prepartu'riens (early-flowering). 1878.
„ melanoca'rpa (black-fruited). Western N. Amer.
mexica'na (Mexican). California, Arizona, &c.

15. June. Europe (Britain).

ni'gra (black-fruited).
" Common Elder."

ou'reo-margina'ta
with yellow edge.

au'reo-variega'ta

(golden-margined). Leaves

(golden- variegated). Leaves

variegated with yellow. Britain.
„ „ fo'liis au'reis (golden-leaved). Leaves bright

yellow. " Golden Elder."
„ „ lacinia'ta (cut). 25. June. Britain. " Parsley-

leaved Elder."
„ „ lacinia'ta au'rea (cut-yellow-striped). 25. June.

1848.

„ „ leucoca'rpa (white-berried). 25. June. Britain.
„ „ monstro'sa (moustrous-striped-barked) . 25. June.

Britain.

„ „ na'na (dwarf). 3. A globose bush. 1907.
„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). " Weeping Elder."
„ „ pulverule'nta (powdered). 10. June. Britain.
» it Pyramida'lis (pyramidal). " Upright Elder."

1884.
„ „ rotundifo'lia (roundish-leaved). 25. June.

Britain.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with

silvery-white.

„ „ vire'scens (greenish). 25. June. Britain.
„ pu'bens (downy). See S. RACEMOSA PUBESCENS.
„ racemo'sa (racemed). 12. Green, yellow. May.

Northern Hemisphere. 1596. " Red-berried Elder."
„ „ arbor e'scens (tree). Leaves larger. Rocky Moun-

tains. 1888.
„ „ flave'scens (yellowish). 12. Yellow, green. May.

S. Europe. 1596.

„ „ fo'liis au'reis (golden-leaved). Leaves yellow.
„ „ plumo'sa (plumy). Leaves deeply cut. " 1886.
„ „ plumo'sa au'rea (golden). Leaves golden, deeply

cut. 1896.

„ „ pube'scens (downy). 6. N. Amer. 1812.
.» »> pube'scens ma'xima (largest). Apparently S.

canade'nsis. 1898.
it ii purpu'rea (purple). 12. Purple. May. S.

Europe. 1596.

„ „ roscefto'ra (rose-flowered). 1869.
„ „ serratifo'lia (serrate-leaved). Leaflets narrower

and less deeply cut than S. racemo'sa plumo'sa. 1886.
„ „ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). Leaves cut into

linear segments.
,, thunbergia'na (Thunbergian). Japan.

SAMBUL PLANT. See SUMBUL.

SA'MOLUS. Brookweed. (From the Celtic sau,
salutary, and mos, a pig ; meaning pigs'-food. Nat. ord.
Primeworts [Primulaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

White-flowered herbaceous perennials. Division of
the plant in spring ; sandy loam and peat. S. Valera'ndi
and S. repens are hardy ; the others require to be kept
moist in the greenhouse or pit in winter.
S. campanuloi'des (Campanula-like) . See S. POROSUS.
„ littora'lis (sea-side). See S. REPEXS.
„ poro'sus (porous), i. July. S. Africa. 1816.

SAMPHIRE

772

SANTALUM

S. re' pens (creeping). i- August. Australia ; New

Zealand. 1806.
„ Valera'ndi (Valerandi's). J. July. Temperate

regions (Britain). " Common Brookweed."
„ „ america' nits (American). N. Amer.

SAMPHIRE. See CRITHMUM MARITIMOM.
SA'MYDA. (Greek name of the birch, which they
resemble. Nat. ord. Samyds [Samydaceae]. Linn. 10-
Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
shoots nearly ripe in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed
in bottom-heat, in summer ; fibrous loam, and sandy,
fibrous peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60°
to 85°.

.S. glabra'ta (smooth). 6. August. W. Ind. 1800.
„ macroca'rpa (large- fruited). July. Mexico. 1826.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See CASEARIA VIRIDI-

FLORA.

„ ro'sea (rosy). See S. SERRULATA.
„ serrula'ta (tooihed-leaved) . 3. July. W. Ind. 1723.
„ spinulo'sa (finely-spiny). See S. GLABRATA.
„ viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). See CASEARIA VIRIDI-

FLORA.

SANCHE'ZIA. (Commemorative of Josef Sanchez, a
Spanish Professor of Botany. Nat. ord. Acanthacea?.)

Stove perennial herbs or sub-shrubs. Cuttings in sand,
in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.
S. longifto'ra (long-flowered). Vinous-purple. April.

Ecuador. 1866.
„ no'bilis (noble). 2-3. Yellow ; bracts red. Ecuador.

1866.
„ „ glaucophy'lla (sea-green-leaved). Leaves sea-green,

striped white or yellow. 1869.
„ „ variegci'ta (variegated). See S. NOBILIS GLAUCO-

PHYLLA.

„ paroibractea'ta ( small-bract ed). 2. Yellow. Trop.
Amer. 1908.

SANDAL WOOD. Sa'ntalum a'lbum.

SAND-BOX-TREE. Hu'ra cre'pitans.

SANDERSO'NIA. (Commemorative of /. Sanderson,
of Natal. Nat. ord. Liliaceas.)

Mild stove or intermediate house tuberous herb. Seeds
and offsets. Fibrous loam, a little peat, and sand.
S. auranti' oca (orange), ifc-2. Orange. Natal. 1852.

SAND LEEK. A' Ilium Scorodo'prasvm.

SAND MYRTLE. Leiophy'llum buxifo'lium.

SANDO'RICUM. (Derived from Santoor, the native
Malay name. Nat. ord. Meliaceae.)

A stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand, in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
S. i'ndicum (Indian). 5-60. Yellow. Trop. Asia. 1820.

SAND PEAR. Py'rus sine'nsis.

SAND VERBENA. Abro'nia.

SAND WOOD. Bremonlie'ra Ammo'xylon.

SANDWORT. Artna'ria.

SANGUINAIRE PLANT. Parony'chia arge'niea.

SANGUINA'RIA. Puccoon. (From sanguis, blood ;
their red juice. Nat. ord. Pnppyworts [Papaveraceae],
Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy, tuberous, white-flowered perennial, from
North America. Division of the roots, or by seeds in
spring ; light, loamy soil.
S. canade'nsis (Canadian). \. March. N. Amer. 1680.

" Bloodroot."

„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See S. CANADENSIS.
SANGUISO'RBA. Burnet. (From sanguis, blood,
and sorbeo, to absorb ; supposed an active vuhierary.
Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosaceas]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-
Monogynia. Now referred to Poterium.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the roots,
and by seeds in spring ; common garden soil. See
BURNET.

S. alpi'na (alpine). See POTERIUM ALPINUM.
„ Anderso'nii (Anderson's). See POTERIUM ANDER-
SONII.

S. canade'nsis (Canadian). See POTERIUM CANADENSE.
,, ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). See POTERIUM OFFICINALE

CARNEUM.
,, mauritafnica (Mauritanian). See POTERIUM VERRU-

COSUM.

„ me'dia (middle). See POTERIUM CANADENSE MEDIUM.
,, negle'cta (neglected). See POTERIUM OFFICINALE

NEGLECTUM.

,, officina'lis (shop). See POTERIUM OFFICINALE.

,, „ au-rivula'ia (eared). See POTERIUM OFFICINALE

AURICULATUM.

„ pr<e'cox (e&rly-flowering). See POTERIUM OFFICINALE

PRyECOX.

„ ienuifo'lia (fine-leaved). See POTERIUM TENUIFOLIUM.
SANICLE, Bear's Ear. Cortu'sa.
SANICLE, WOOD. Sani'cula europce'a.

SANSEVIE'RIA. (Named after Sansevier, a Swedish
botanist. Nat. ord. Bloodroots [Haemodoraeeae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. AUied to Ophiopogon.)

Stove herbaceous perennials, white-flowered, except
where otherwise mentioned. Suckers in spring, or when
obtainable, and division of the plant. Most of them
require a plant-stove, or a warm greenhouse, to grow
them well, and these tender ones must have little water
when in a comparatively dormant state in winter ; light,
fibrous loam and vegetable mould.
S. arbore'scens (tree-like). 3^. E. Trop. Africa. 1903.
„ au'reo-variega'ta (golden- variegated). Leaves with

two creamy-white bands. Zanzibar. 1887.
„ ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). See REINECKIA CARNEA.
„ Co'rnui (Cornu's). Leaves a little striped at the base.

1903.
,, cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). 3. Greenish-yellow. August.

' Trop. Africa. 1856.

,, Ehrenbc'rgii (Ehrenberg's). Trop. Africa.
,, ensifo'lia (sword -leaved). See S. ZEYLANICA.
,, fascia'ta (fasciated). 2^. Leaves striped and edged

brown. Congo. 1903.

„ fulvocincta (tawny-edged). See S. THYRSIFLORA.
,, glau'ca (milky-green). See S. GUINEENSIS.
,, glau'ca (sea-green). Leaves glaucous, not striped.

Cochin-China. 1903.

,, grandicu'spis (large-pointed). 3. Trop. Africa (?).
,, gra'ndis (grand). 3-4. Leaves with dark green

bands. Trop. Africa. 1903.
,, guinee'nsis (Guinea). 2. Green. September. Guinea.

1790.

,, java'nica (Javanese). See S. GUINEENSIS.
„ Ki'rkii (Kirk's). 9. White. Zanzibar. 1893.
,, liztevi'rens (lively- green). See S. GUINEENSIS.
,, lanugino'sa (woolly). 2. E. Ind.
,, Laure'ntii (Laurent's). -z\. Leaves with pale green

transverse zones. Congo Free State. 1904.
„ libe'rica (Liberian). 3. Leaves bordered ivory-white.

W. Trop. Africa. 1903.
„ longifto'ra (long-flowered). 2. July. Trop. Africa.

1824.
„ meta'llica (metallic). Leaves with a metallic tint and

few markings. Trop. Africa. 1903.
ii polyphy'lla (many-leaved). See S. GUINEENSIS.
,, pu'mila (dwarf). See S. ZEYLANICA.
,, roxburghia'na (Roxburghian). India.
,, sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered) . See REINECKIA

CARNEA.

,, spica'ta (spiked). See S. THYRSIFLORA.

,, stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). See S. ZEYLANICA.

,, Stu'ckyi (Stucky's). Leaves cylindric. E. Africa. 1903.

,, subspica'ta (sub-spiked). Flowers longer than in S.

thyrsifto'ra. Leaves spotless. S. Africa. 1889.
„ sulca'ta (furrowed). Trop. Africa.
,, thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). 1-2. S. Africa. 1790.
„ zanziba'rica (Zanzibar). Leaves without furrows.

Zanzibar. 1903.

„ zebri'na (zebra-striped). See S. GUINEENSIS.
„ zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 2. White, green. September.

Ceylon. 1731.

SA'NTALUM. Sandal Wood. (From the Persian
sandul, signifying useful. Nat. ord. Sandalworts [Santa-
laceae]. Linn. 4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of firm young shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy, fibrous loam
and peat, with nodules of charcoal. Winter temp., 50°
to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

SANTOLINA

773

SARCANTHUS

S. a'lbum (vrbite-wooded) . 10-15. Purple. E. Ind. 1804.
„ „ myrlifo'lium (myrtle-leaved). 4. Red. E. Ind.

1804.
„ obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 5. Red. Australia.

1823.

SANTOLTNA. Lavender Cotton. (From sanctus, holy,
and linum, flax ; refers to fancied medicinal qualities.
Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
1-jEqualis.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings in autumn
or spring, in a shady place ; common soil.
S. alpi'na (alpine). See ANTHEMIS MONTANA.
„ anlhemoi'des(Anthemis-like). See ANTHEMIS CRETICA.
„ cane'scens (hoary). See S. ROSMARINIFOLIA.
„ Chanuecypari 'ssus (ground-cypress). 2. July. S.

Europe. 1570.

„ „ inca'na (hoary). Dwarf and silvery.
„ „ squarro'sa (spreading). Flower- heads smaller

than peas.
„ „ tomento'sa (felted). Flower- heads larger than

peas, mealy.

„ criihmifo'lia (Crithxnum-leaved). \. August. Mace-
donia. 1817.

„ ere'cta (erect). See LASIOSPERMUM PEDUNCULARE.
„ eriospe'rma (woolly-seeded). See LASIOSPERMUM

PEDUNCULARE.

,, pectina'ta (comb-leaved). See S. ROSMARINIFOLIA.

,, ri'gida (rigid). See ANTHEMIS CRETICA.

„ rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary- leaved). 2. August. Spain

and Portugal. 1683.
,, squarro'sa (spreading). See S. CHAM^ECYPARISSUS

SQUARROSA.

„ vi'ridis (dark-green). 2. July. S. Europe. 1727.

SANVITA'LIA. (Named after a Spaniard, Sanvilali.
Nat. ord. Composites [Composite], Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
2-Superflua.)

Hardy annual. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in March,
or in the open ground at the end of April. A trailing
annual, well-fitted for edgings.
S. procu'mbens (trailing), i. Yellow. July. Mexico.

1798.
„ „ villo'sa (shaggy). See S. PROCUMBENS.

SAOUAEI or SUWARROW NUT. Caryo'car nuci'-
ferum.

SAP. The fluid which permeates the tissues of plants
is termed the sap. There is a general ascending current
from the roots to the leaves, and consisting of water,
with various mineral ingredients of plant food in a state
of solution. By far the greater part of water ascending
from the roots is transpired or given off by the leaves
into the air. A smaller portion is retained by the proto-
plasm of living and working cells, and used for the con-
version of starch into sugar or other elaborated plant
foods, which are draughted off to the growing points of
stems and branches, or downwards by the bast tissues,
or sieve tubes, to extend the root-system as well as thicken
the trunk or stem.

SAPrNDUS. (From sapo, soap, and indus, Indian.
The mucilaginous outer coat of the seeds is used as
soap in America. Nat. ord. Sapindaceae.)

Stove evergreen trees. Seeds in heat ; cuttings in
sand or sandy soil in a close case, with bottom- heat.
S. acumina'tus (long-pointed). See S. MUKOROSSI.
„ Danu'ra (Danura). 5-8. White, red. India ;

Burma. 1820.
„ Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). 50. White. S. United

States, &c. 1907.

„ Mukoro'ssi (Mukoross'). Trop. Asia.
„ Sapona'ria (Saponaria). 6. April. S. United States.
1810. " Soap Bern-."

SAPODILLA or SAPOTILLA PLUM. A'chras Sapo' la.

SAPONA'RIA. Soap wort. (From sapo, soap ; the
bruised leaves of S. officinalis form a lather like soap.
Nat. ord. Cloveu-orts [Caryophyllacea?]. Linn. lo-De-
candria, i-Digynia. Allied to Silene.)

S. cala'brica and ocymoi'des are two of the prettiest
flower-garden plants in this order. Seeds of the annuals
in open border, in April ; division of the perennials,
and cuttings of the points of the shoots, in a sandy soil,
under a hand-light ; sandy loam, with a little peat or

decayed vegetable earth. Ocymoi'des and several other
trailing kinds are pretty hanging over knolls or rock-
works.

HARDY ANNUALS.
S. cala'brica (Calabrian). J. Rose. August. Calabria.

1830.

„ «trastot'd«(Cerastium-Uke). $. Pink. Russia. 1835.
,, glutino'sa (clammy), r. Pink. June. Tauria. 1817.

Biennial.

„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See S. CALABRICA.
„ orienta'lis (eastern), i. Pink. July. Levant. 1732.
,, perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). See S. VACCARIA.
„ po'rrigens (stretching). See GYPSOPHILA PORRIGENS.
„ Vacca'ria (cow-herb). 2. Red. July. Europe, &c.

1596.
„ visco'sa (clammy), i. Armenia. 1836.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). J. Red. July. Central

Europe to Greece. 1825.

,, Boissie'ri (Boisier's). J. Pink. June. Gardens.
„ caspito'sa (turfy), £. Red. July. Pyrenees. 1820.
„ depre'ssa (depressed). Large purplish. Sicily. 1906.
„ e'legans (elegant). See S. C^SPITOSA.
„ illy'rica (Illyrian). See TUNICA ILLYRICA.
„ Ivftea (yeUow). J. Yellow. July. Switzerland.

1804.
„ ocymoi'des (basil-like). J. Pink. June. S. Europe.

1768.

„ officina'lis (shop). 2. Pink. July. Europe (Eng-
land).

„ „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered).
„ „ hy'brida (hybrid). Pink. England.
„ prosira'ta (lying-flat). Rose. July. Asia Minor.

1824.
„ pulvina'ris (cushion). J. Bright rose. Asia Minor ;

Syria. 1906.
„ Sunderma'nni (Sundermann's). Flowers larger, more

numerous than S. bellidifolia.
„ Weinma'nni (Weinmann's). Pale purple. Gardens.

1906.

SAPO'TA A'CHRAS. See ACHRAS SAPOTA.
SAPPAN WOOD. Casalpi'nia Sa'ppan.
SAPROPHYTE. Plants which derive the whole of
their food from the dead matter of other plants are
termed saprophytes. The common mushroom, fairy-
ring mushroom, and many other mushrooms and toad-
stools are examples. Mildew of various plants, and
Mistletoe, are examples of parasites which get their food,
or part of it, from living plants.

SA'RACA. (Derived from Sarac, the native name.
Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Evergreen stove trees. Cuttings of mature wood, in
sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam,
peat, and a little sand.
S. cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). Malacca.
„ Craxfo'rdn (Crawford's). Scarlet. Garden origin.
„ dedina'ta (declining). Yellow-orange. Sumatra.
„ i'ndica (Indian). 10-20. Orange. June to August.

India ; Malaya. 1796.
„ frta'n<?ra(three-stamened). 10-20. Orange. Burma;

Malaya. 1820.

SARA'CHA. (Commemorative of Isidore Saracha, a
Spanish monk. Nat. ord. Solanaceas.)

Greenhouse or nearly hardy herbs. Seeds in a cold
frame in spring or la'ter in the open border. Well-
drained soil.

S. Jaltoma'ta (Jaltomata). Mexico.
„ procu'mbens (procumbent). Yellow. June to Sep-
tember. Peru.
„ stapelioi'des (Stapelia-like). 2. Yellow, red-brown.

J vine to September. N.W. Amer. 1865.
„ wnbella'ta (umbelled). 2-3. Creamy-white. June.

Peru. 1822.
„ visco'sa (clammy). Yellow. June to September.

Peru; Chili.

SARCA'NTHUS. (From sarx, flesh, and antJtos, a
flower; substance of the flowers. Nat. ord. Orchids
[Orchidacea?]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Mona.ndria.)
Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See ORCHIDS.

SARCOCAULON

774

SARCOLOBUS

S. arieti'nus (ram-like). Pale green, rose and yellow.

Assam. 1869.
„ auricula'tus (auricled). Greenish-white, lined with

purple. 1895.
„ beto'phorus (dart-bearing). Ochre, striped with

purple-brown. 1883.

„ chryso'melas (golden-black). Pale yellow, blackish-
purple. Burma. 1869.

„ cro'ceus (saffron-coloured). Saffron. Manilla. 1837.
,, erina'ceus (woolly). White, rose. Burma. 1867.
„ filifo'rtnis (thread-like-teat;^). Brown, yellow. July.

Himalaya. 1842.

„ fle'xus (bent) . Yellow-brown, yellow. Borneo. 1881.
„ formosa'nus (Formosan). Formosa, Japan.
„ gutta'tus (spotted). See RHYNCHOSTYLIS RETUSA.
„ hincksia'nus (Hincksian). Green, with three red

stripes on each segment. 1878.
„ hongkonge'nsis (Hong-Kong), i. Pale lilac, bright

purple. Hong-Kong. 1898.
„ infta'tus (inflated) . Green, with two brown stripes ;

spur inflated. Annam. 1906.
„ inse'ctifer (insect-bearing). N. India.
„ la'xus (loose). White, purple. Burma. 1865.
„ lendya'nus (Lendyan). Green, purple, orange, with

purple lines. Saigon. 1884.
„ ma'crodon (large-toothed). Yellow, purple. India.

1872.
„ mira'bilis (wonderful), ij. Yellowish ; spur purple.

Burma (?). 1878.

„ oxyphy'llus (sharp-leaved). China. 1837.
„ pa'llidus (pale-flowered). White. September. N.

India. 1840.

„ panicula' tus (panicled). •z\. Yellow, brown. China.
„ Pari'shii( Parish's). Yellow; lip rose. Burma. 1861.
„ pramo'rsus (bitten). See SACCOLABIUM PAPILLOSUM.
„ pugionifo'rmis (dagger-formed). Trop. Asia.
„ rostra' tus (beaked). i. Orange, brown. April.

China. 1824.
„ striola'tus (finely-striped). Orange. Philippines.

1882.
„ succi'sus (lopped-off). i. Green. June. China.

1824.
„ teretifo'lius (cylindric-leaved). i$. Green, brown.

May. China. 1819.
„ Williamso'nii (Williamson's). Amethyst. India.

1865.

SARCOCAULON. (From sarx, flesh, and kaulos, a
stem ; the stems are fleshy. Nat. ord. Geraniaceae.)

Greenhouse shrubby plants. Cuttings in sand, under
a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, one-third of leaf-mould,
with plenty of sand, and kept rather dry in winter.
S. Burma'nni (Burmann's). i. Purple. May. S.

Africa. 1800.
„ L'Heritie'ri (L'Heritier's). i. Purple. May. S.

Africa. 1790.

„ Paterso'nii (Paterson's). 2$. Purple. May. S.
Africa. 1827.

SARCOCE PHALUS. Guinea Peach. (From sarx,
flesh, and kephale, a head ; shape and substance of the
fruit. Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. s-Pentan-
dria, i-Monogynia.)

Cuttings in spring, in bottom-heat, under a glass.
Stove evergreens, requiring a high, moist temperature
when growing ; sandy loam, fibrous peat, with a little
rough charcoal, and good drainage. Winter temp.,
55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 88°.
S. corda'tus (heart-shaped). 10. Yellow. May. Trop.

Asia and Australia. 1820.

„ escule'ntus (eatable). 15. Pink. July. Sierra Leone.
1822. " Negro Peach."

SARCOCffl'LUS. (From sarx, flesh, and cheilos, a lip ;
fleshy labellum. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceaej. Linn.
2o-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See ORCHIDS.
S. Berkele'yi (Berkeley's). i. Cream, spotted with

amethyst. Andaman Islands. 1882.
„ bornee'nsis (Bornean). Yellowish ; lip spotted.

Borneo. 1892.

„ Calce'olus (slippered). White. Manilla. 1844.
„ cochinchine'nsis (Cochin-Chinese). Yellow. Cochin-

China. 1876.

„ crassifo'lius (thick-leaved). Small, yellow. 1894
Stem climbing.

S. cro'ceus (reddish-yellow). White, orange. Manilla.
„ falca'tus (sickle-leaved). White. April. Australia.

1821.
„ Fitzgera'ldi (Fitzgerald's). White, rose. New South

Wales. 1877.
„ Freema'nii (Freeman's). Yellow, brown. Assam.

i877.

,, hainane'nsis (Hainan). Light yellow. Hainan. 1896.
,, Hartma'nni (Hartmann's). White, spotted with red.

Queensland. 1877.
„ indusia'tus (indusiate). Pale yellow, spotted with

red ; lip white. Sunda Isles. 1886.
„ iono'smus (violet-scented). Yellow, brown, red.

Philippines. 1844.

„ lilaci'nus (lilac). Pale rose-lilac. Malaya. 1901.
„ luni'ferus (crescent-bearing). Pale yellow, white,

brown. N. India ; Burma. 1868.
„ Moo'rei (Moore's), i. Light yellow, with numerous

brown blotches. Solomon Islands. 1880.
„ musco'sus (mossy). Yellow and purple. Andaman

Isles. 1893.
„ muricula'tus (finely- warted). J. Ochre, barred purple;

lip white. India. 1881.

„ obtu'sus (blunt). Rose. April. Java. 1844.
,, oliva'ceus (olive). Purplish- brown ; lip white, with

red lines. Australia.
„ pa'llidus (pale). Pale yellow. Malaya.
„ parviflo'rus (small-flowered), i. Pale green, white.

September. Australia. 1828.

„ purpu'reus (purple). Rose ; lip rose-crimson. India.
„ rubrice'ntrum (red-spurred). White, with red centre;

lip banded with red. Australia. 1880.
„ sillemia'nus (Sillemian) . Milk-white, pale yellow ;

lip striped purple. Burma (?). 1882.
„ te'res (round). White, violet, purple. Java.
„ unguicula'tus (clawed). White, red, yellow. Philip-
pines. 1846.

SARCOCO'CCA. (From sarx, flesh, and kokkos, a
berry ; the fruits being fleshy. Nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae.)
Greenhouse, half-hardy or hardy evergreen shrubs of
small stature. Cuttings in sand under a bell-glass in the
greenhouse, or the hardy species in a cold frame. Ordi-
nary soil, even in shade.
5. coria'cea (leathery). See S. PRUNIFORMIS.
„ hookeria'na (Hookerian). See S. PRUNIFORMIS.
„ hu'milis (low), i-ij. Leaves bright green, leathery.

Western China. 1911.
„ prunifo'rmis (plum- formed). 4. White, or pale

yellow. June. India ; Malaya. 1820.
„ ,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Leaves broader.
„ ruscifo'lia (Ruscus-leaved). 1-2. White, fragrant.

Fruits blue. China. 1908.
„ sali'gna (willow-like). See S. PRUNIFORMIS.
„ „ coria'cea (leathery). See S. PRUNIFORMIS.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See S. PRUNIFORMIS

LATIFOLIA.

,, trine'rvia (three-nerved). See S. PRUNIFORMIS.
„ zeyla'nica (Cingalese). See S. PRUNIFORMIS.
„ Zollinge'ri (Zollinger's). See S. PRUNIFORMIS.

SARCOCO LLA. (From sarx, flesh, and holla or kolle,
glue ; in reference to the sticky matter exuded by some,
the original or typical species. Nat. ord. Penasaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand under
a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
S. fuca'ta (dusky). See S. SQUAMOSA.
„ imbrica'ta (overlapping). 1^-2. Pink. S. Africa.

1824.
„ Linnce'i (Linnaaus'). i£. Red. June. S. Africa.

1825.

„ squamo'sa (scaly), i-i£. Red. June. S. Africa.
1787.

SARCOGLO'TTIS. (From sarx, flesh, and glottis, a
tongue ; shape of the labellum. Nat. ord. Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Now
referred to Spirant hes.)

S. diure'tica (diuretic). See SPIRANTHES DIURETICA.
„ Esse'ri (Esser's). See SPIRANTHES ESSERI.

SARCO'LOBUS. (From sarx, flesh, and lobos, a pod ;
seed-vessel fleshy. Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepiadacea?].
Linn. ^-Pentandria, 2-Digynia. Allied to Pergularia.)

Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of short, firm side-
shoots any time in summer, in sandy soil, under a bell-

SARCOPODIUM

775

SATUREIA

glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat ; fibrous loam and
peat, with a small quantity of charcoal, dried leaf-mould,
and silver sand. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer,
60° to 88°.
5. carina'tus (keeled). 16. Green, yellow. India ;

Burma. 1823.
„ globo'sus (globe-fruited). 16. White. India; Malaya.

1823.

SARCOPO'DITJM. (From sarx, flesh, and pous, podos,
a foot ; the stalks or foot-stalks are fleshy. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceas. Now referred to Bulbophyllum.)
S. Chei'ri (Cheiri). See BULBOPHYLLUM CHEIRI.
„ Dea'rei (Deare's). See BULBOPHYLLUM DEAREI.
„ godseffia'num (Godseffian). See BULBOPHYLLUM

DEAREI GODSEFFIANUM.

„ Lo'bbii (Lobb's). See BULBOPHYLLUM LOBBII.
„ macra'nthum (large-flowered). See BULBOPHYLLUM

MACRANTHUM.

,, pilea'tum (capped). See BULBOPHYLLUM PILEATUM.
„ psittacoglo'ssum (parrot- tongued). See BULBOPHYLLUM

PSITTACOGLOSSUM.

SARCOSTE'MMA. (From sarx, flesh, and stemma,
a crown ; fleshy flower-head. Nat. ord. Asclepiads
[Asclepiadaccce], Linn. s-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of the points of
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ;
but care must be taken to raise the glass often, to prevent
damping ; sandy peat and fibrous loam, a small portion
of charcoal, leaf- mould, and sand. Winter temp., 45°
to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
S. austra'le (southern). Australia.
„ brevisti'gma (short-stigma). 6. White. July. India;

Burma. 1731.

„ brunonia'num (Brownian). Yellow. India. 1872.
„ campanula' turn (bell-flowered). 6. Yellow, brown.

September. Peru. 1844.

„ swartzia'num (Swartz's). See PHILIBERTIA VIMINALIS.
„ vimina'le (twiggy) of R. Brown. Trop. Africa.
„ vimina'le (twiggy) of Wallich. See S. BREVISTIGMA.

SARGETNTIA ARICO'CCA. See PSEUDOPHCENIX SAR-

GENTI.

SARMIE'NTA. (Commemorative of Mart. Sarmiento,
a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae. Alh'ed to
Mitraria.)

A small, trailing, evergreen shrub, best grown upon a
fibrous, moisture- holding piece of Tree Fern stem.
Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass ; seeds. Peat,
sphagnum, and pieces of charcoal in a small pan, sus-
pended near the glass, but shaded from direct sunshine,
in a cool, moist greenhouse ; or on a Tree Fern stem as
above.

S. re'pens (creeping). Scarlet. Summer. Chili. 1862.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). See S. REPENS.

SAROTHA'MNUS SCOPA'RITJS. See CYTISUS sco-

PARIUS.

SAROTHA'MNUS SCOPA'RIUS ANDREA'NUS. See

CYTISUS SCOPARIUS ANDREANUS.

SARRACE'NIA. Side-saddle Flower. (Named after
Dr. Sarrasin, a French physician. Nat. ord. Sarra-
ceniads [Sarraceniaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, from North America.
Division in spring ; fibrous peat and chopped sphagnum-
moss ; a pit or frame will be necessary- for their cultiva-
tion, to keep them from frost in winter, and to afford
them a close, humid atmosphere in summer.
S. atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). See S. FLAVA ATRO-

PURPUREA.
„ atrosangui'nea (dark-blood-red). See S. FLAVA ATRO-

PURPUREA.

„ Catesb&'i (Catesby's). See S. FLAVA CATESB^I.
„ crispa'ta (crisped). White. N. Amer. 1879. Sup-
posed natural hybrid.
„ Dnimmo'ndii (Drummond's). 2. Purple. June.

1829.

„ „ alba (white). Pitchers netted with white.
., „ ru'bra (red). Pitchers netted with red.
„ Filde'sii (Fildes'). See S. FLAVA FILDESII.
„ fla'va (yeilow). 2. Yellow. June. 1752. "Trumpet
Leaf."

S. fla'va atropurpu'rea (dark-purple) . Lid of pitcher with
red veins, becoming deep blood-red. N. Amer. 1879.

„ „ Catesba'i (Catesby's). Pitchers with red veins.

„ „ Filde'sii (Fildes'). Lid of pitchers with deep
purple netting.

„ „ giganie'a (giant). Yellow. Lid of pitchers red-
veined ; pitchers nearly 3 ft. high. 1905.

„ „ limba'ta (bordered). Lid of pitchers bordered
with brown-crimson.

„ „ ma'jor (greater). Flower larger, yellow. Pitchers
2-2^ ft. high. 1904.

„ „ maxima (greatest). Pitchers very large, pale
green.

„ „ orna'ta (adorned). Yellow. Pitchers with purple-
red netting. S. United States. 1880.

„ „ pi' eta (painted). See S. FLAVA CATESB^I.

„ mi'nor (smaller). See S. SWEETII.

„ porphyroneu'ra (purple-nerved). Pitchers netted with
purple. 1882.

„ psittaci'na (parrot- headed). Pitchers red-veined ; lids
parrot-headed. N. Amer. 1866.

„ purpu'rea (purple), i. Purple. June. 1640.

,, ru'bra (red), i. Purple. June. 1786.

„ „ acumina'ta (long-pointed). Pitchers veined with
crimson. 1884.

„ undula'ta (wavy). See S. DRUMMONDII.

„ variola'ris (pimpled), i. YeUow. June. 1803.
Garden hybrids of the above are very numerous.

SA'SSAFRAS. (From Sassafras, the Spanish for Saxi-
frage ; because supposed to have similar medicinal
properties. Nat. ord. Lauraceas.)

Hardy deciduous tree. Seeds ; cuttings in sandy soil
in a cold frame, shaded from bright sun, and kept moist.
Any well-drained soil. A kind of beer is made from the
young shoots in Virginia ; and oil, extracted from the
fruits, is used by perfumers.

S. officina'le (shop). 10-30. Greenish-yellow. ApriL
United States. 1633. " Sassafras Tree."

SASSAFRAS, CALIFORNIAN. Umbellula'ria cali-
fo'rnica.

SASSAFRAS, SWAMP. M agno'lia glau'ca.

SASSAFRAS, TASMANIAN. Atherospe'rma moscha'-
tum.

SASSAFRAS TREE. Sa'ssafras officina'le.

SATIN FLOWER. Sisyri'nchium.

SATIN MOTH. Li'paris.

SATINWOOD TREE. Chloro'xylon Swiete'nia.

SATURE'IA. Savory. (From the Arabic sattar,
applied to labiates. Nat. ord. Labiates or Lipworts
[Labiatae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia.)

Seeds and divisions in spring ; common, sandy loam.
See SAVORY.

HARDY HERBACEOUS, &c.
S. approxima'ta (crowded). See MICROMERIA APPROXI-

MATA.

„ capita'ta (headed). See THYMUS CAPITATUS.
„ conge1 'sta (crowded). See MICROMERIA GR^ECA DENSI-

FLORA.

„ gra'ca (Greek). See MICROMERIA GRJECA.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). See MICROMERIA JULIANA.

„ horte'nsis (garden), i£. Pink. July. Italy. 1562.

Annual. " Summer Savory."
„ julia'na (Julian). See MICROMERIA JULIANA.
„ mo'llis (soft), j. White. July. Teneriffe. 1829.
„ monta'na (mountain). i£. Purple. June. S. Europe.

1562. " Winter Savory."
„ „ illy'rica (Illyrian). A very dwarf form.
„ pygma'a (pigmy). See S. MONTANA ILLYRICA.
„ rupe'stris (rock). See MICROMERIA RUPESTRIS.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

S. mu'tica (awned). June. Caucasus. 1836.
„ nervo'sa (nerved). See MICROMERIA NERVOSA.
„ spino'sa (spiny). White. May. Crete. 1827.
„ Thy'mbra(Thymbi3i). i. Purple. June. Mediter-
ranean region. 1640.

„ virga'ta (twiggy). See MICROMFRIA JULIANA.
„ Virginia' na (Virginian). See PYCNANTHEMUM LAN-

CEOLATUM.

SATYRIUM

776

SAUVAGESIA

SATY'RIUM. (From satyrus, a satyr; supposed
aphrodisiacal properties. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae].
Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Terrestrial orchids, from South Africa except where
otherwise stated; less difficult to cultivate than their
allies. We have flowered some of them planted out in
a cold frame with Ixias and other Cape Irids. Division
of the roots as fresh growth is commencing ; fibrous loam
and turfy peat, well drained. Winter temp., 40° to 45° ;
summer, 55° to 75°.
S au'reum (golden). See S. CORIIFOLIUM.

ca'ndidum (white). White. September. 1836.
ca'rneum (flesh-coloured). i$. Pink. June. 1797.
chrysosta'chyum (golden-spiked). See S. CORIIFOLIUM.
cilia' turn (eye-lashed). See S. NEPALENSE.
coriifo'lium (leather-leaved), i. Yellow. October.

1786.

cuculla'tum (hooded). See S. CORIIFOLIUM.
ere'ctum (erect), ij. Yellow. February. 1800.
folio' sum (leafy). See S. HALLACKII.
Halla'ckii (Hallack's). Purple. July. 1828.
margina'tum (margined), f. June. 1789.
membrana'ceum (membranous), i. Deep red. 1889.
milita're (military). See S. SPH^ROCARPUM.
nepale'nse (Nepaulese). i. Rose-pink. Himalaya.

1882.

„ papilla' sum (nippled). See S. ERECTUM.
„ parviflo'rum (small-flowered). See S. MARGINATUM.
„ pri'nceps (chief). S. Africa.
„ pustula'tum (pimpled). See S. ERECTUM.
„ spharoca'rpum (spherical- fruited), i. White, with

red spots and lines.
,, wightia'num (Wightian). See S. NEPALENSE.

SAUCERS are shallow vessels, made without any open-
ing in the bottom, and are intended to hold the water
that runs through flower-pots. Porous earthenware
saucers may be used in greenhouses and conservatories
to prevent the water from running over the floor ; but
in dwelling-houses they must be glazed, otherwise the
moisture will soak through and spoil the furniture, even
although no water is standing in them. Glazed and
hard-burned saucers are now obtainable in many
patterns, plain and ornamental. Coloured china and
stoneware pots in many ornamental patterns are also
obtainable, and the ordinary pots, placed inside them,
are completely hidden. If water stands in these pots
or saucers, after an hour or two, as a result of watering,
it should be emptied out to let air get to the roots of
the plants.

SAUNDE'RSIA. (Commemorative of W. Wilson
Saunders, F.L.S., an enthusiastic collector and cultivator
of rare plants. Nat. ord. Orchidacea?.)'

Stove epiphytical orchid. Offsets or divisions. Fibre
of peat, sphagnum, and potsherds.

S. mira'bilis (wonderful). Greenish- white, suffused with
yellow and purple. Brazil.

SAUNDERS WOOD. Pteroca'rpus santali'nus.

SAURAU'JA. (Named after Sauraujo, a Portuguese
botanist. Nat. ord. Ternstromiads [Terns tromiacea?].
Linn. i2-Icosandri4, $-Polygynia. Allied to Hibbertia.)
Stove evergreen, white-flowered trees and shrubs.
Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
heat, in spring ; fibrous loam and sandy peat. Winter
temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
S. exce'lsa (tall). 50. Caracas. 1820.
„ Griffi'thii (Griffith's). Assam.
„ lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). Leaves spiny, bright

green. Java. 1882.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Mexico. 1844.
„ nepaule'nsis (Nepaulese). 30. August. Nepaul.

1824.

„ sarapique'nsis (Sarapiquan). Costa Rica. 1866.
,, specta'bUis (showy). 10. July. Bolivia. 1838.

SAUROGLO'SSUM. (From saura, a lizard, and glossa,
a tongue; resemblance to the tongue of that reptile.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacesf]. Linn. zo-Gynandria,
•i-Monandria. Now referred to Spiranthes.)
S. ela'tum (tall). See SPIRANTHES ELATA.

SAURO'MATUM. (From saura, a lizard ; in allusion
to the spotting on the spathe. Nat. ord. Araceae. Allied
to Arum.)

Tuberous rooted stove herbs, but S. gutta'tum may be
grown in warm borders, close to a wall, in the more
favoured parts of the British Isles. Offsets. Fibrous
loam, peat, and plenty of sand.
S. a'sperum (rough). See DRACONTIUM ASPERUM.
„ bre'vipes (short-stalked). Spathes numerous, crowded,

pale-purple tinted. Himalaya. 1903.
„ gutta'tum (spotted). i-i£. Green, spotted with
maroon-purple. May. North-western India. 1815.
„ peda'tum (pedate). See S. GUTTATUM.
„ puncta'tum (spotted). See S. GUTTATUM.
„ veno'sum (veiny). See S. GUTTATUM.

SAU'ROPUS. (From saura, a lizard, and pous, a
foot ; application of the name not obvious. Nat. ord.
Euphorbiaceae.)

Stove shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a close case, with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
S. a'lbicans (whitish). India; Malaya.
,, ,, gardneria'nus (Gardnerian) . Leaves with a grey
central blotch. India ; Malaya. 1861.

SAURU'RUS. (From saura, a lizard, and our a, a tail ;
flowers in a long, tail-like spike. Nat. ord. Piperaceae.)

Hardy perennial herbs, thriving under marshy or
aquatic conditions, or in pots, dipping into water.
Seeds ; divisions. Loam, peat, and a little sand.
S. ce'rnuus (nodding). 1-2. White ; spike nodding.
June to September. N. Amer. 1759. " Lizard's
Tail."
„ chine'nsis (Chinese), ij. White. Summer. China.

1819.
„ Lourei'ri (Loureiro's). 2. White. Summer. China ;

Japan.
„ lu'cidus (shining). See S. CERNUUS.

SAUSSU'REA. (Named after H. B. de Saussure, a
Swiss botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. iq-Syngenesia, i-JEqualis. Allied to Jurinea.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, and purple-blossomed,
except where otherwise mentioned. Seeds and divisions
of the plant in spring ; common garden soil.
S. affl'nis (related). Trop. Asia.
„ ala'ta (winged). See S. JAPONICA.

albe'scens (whitish). 2. Purple. July. Himalaya.

1837.
alpi'na. (alpine).

regions (Britain).
ama'ra (bitter), ij.

July. Northern and arctic
July. Siberia. 1820.

,, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See S. ALPINA.

„ ca'ndicans (whitish). 3. Purple. July. Himalaya.

1820.

„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). July. Siberia. 1824.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). i. July. Switzerland.

1818.
„ „ lapathifo'lia (Lapathum-leaved) . i. July* Europe.

1816.

„ e'legans (elegant). Rose. July. Altaic Siberia. 1820.
„ elonga'ta (lengthened). 2. July. Siberia. 1820.
,, Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). See SERRATULA GMELINI.
„ hypoleu'ca (white-beneath). 2. Purple. July.

Himalaya.

„ japo'nica (Japanese). 2. Red. July. Japan. 1818.
„ lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). June. Siberia. 1827.
„ La'ppa (Lappa). July. Himalaya.
„ liatroi'des (Liatris-like). See S. PYCNOCEPHALA.
,, lyra'ta (lyre-leaved). 2. Red. July. Siberia. 1827.
,, Maximowi'czii (Maximowicz's). July. Japan.
,, pulche'lla (pretty). See S. JAPONICA.
„ pycnoce'phala (dense-headed). 2. July. Altaic

Siberia. 1827.

„ pygm&'a (pigmy), i. July. Austria. 1816.
„ ri'gida (stiff). July. Siberia. 1827.
„ runcina'ta, (runcinate). 2. Red. July. Siberia.

1819.

,, Russo'wii (Russow's). Turkestan.
„ salicifo'lia (willow- leaved). 2. Red. July. Siberia.

1796.

„ sa'lsa (salt), i*. Red. July. Caucasus. 1816.
,, serra'la (toothed-leaved). July. Europe. 1816.
„ so'rdida (dirty). Altaic Siberia.
„ Ya'kla (Yakla). Himalaya.

SAUVAGE'SIA. Named after F. B. de Sauvages, a
French botanist. Nat. ord. Violeiworts [Violace*].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

SAVANNAH FLOWER

777

SAXIFRAGA

Pretty, tender, violet-looking annuals. Seeds in
spring, in a hotbed, pricked out, and potted, and then
flowered in the plant-stove or warm greenhouse.
S. ere' eta (upright), i. Pink. May. Trop. Amer. and

Africa. 1820.

„ geminifto'ra (twin-flowered). See S. ERECTA.
„ nu'tans (nodding). See S. ERECTA.

SAVANNAH FLOWER. Echi'tes subere'cta.
SAVIN. Juni'perus Sabi'na.

SAVORY. Sature'ia monta'na. Winter or Perennial
Savory. S. horte'nsis, Summer or Annual Savory.

They may be sown in the open ground at the latter
end of March or in April, in a light, rich soil ; thin the
seedlings moderately, and they may either remain where
sown, or may be transplanted. Of the Winter Savory,
when the seedlings are about 2 inches high, it is eligible
to plant out a quantity of the strongest in moist weather,
in nursery rows, 6 inches asunder, to remain till Sep-
tember or spring following, then to be transplanted with
balls where they are finally to remain, in rows a foot
asunder. When designed to have the Winter or Summer
Savory remain where sown, the seeds may be in shallow
drills, either in beds, or along the edge of any bed or
border by way of an edging.

By Slips. — In the spring, or early part of summer, the
Winter Savory may be increased by slips or cuttings of
the young shoots or branches, 5 or 6 inches long ; plant
them with a dibble, in any shady border, in rows 6 inches
asunder, giving occasional waterings, and they will be
well rooted by September, when they may be trans-
planted.

SAVOY. Bra'ssica olera'cea bulla'ta.

Varieties. — Yellow, for autumn; Dwarf and Green,
and two sub-varieties of these, the Round and the Oval ;
Large Green, very hardy. These for winter-standing crops.

Sow at the close of February, the plants of which are
ready for pricking out in April, and for final planting at
the end of May, for use in early autumn ; the sowing to
be repeated about the middle of March, the plants to be
pricked out in May, for planting in June, to supply the
table in autumn and early winter. The main crops
must be sown in April and early May, to prick out and
plant, after similar intervals, for production in winter
and spring.

Planting. — The plants of the first crops should be set
out 2 feet apart each way, but the winter-standing crops
are better at 2 feet by 18 inches. Water abundantly, if
the weather is dry, until the plants are well established.

To save Seed. — Such plants must be selected of the
several varieties as are most true to their particular char-
acteristics, and as are not the first to run. These, in
open weather, from early in November to the close of
February, plant entirely up to the head, in rows 2^ feet
each way, each variety as far from the other as possible.
They ripen their seed in J uly and August.

SAW-FLY. See ATHALIA and HYLOTOMA.

SAWS for garden-pruning must have a double row of
teeth, to obviate the tendency to nip, or buckle, that
the dampness of green wood and the leverage of the
branch occasion. One with a very narrow blade, and
one with a handle 6 feet long, will be found convenient.
The face of the wound made by a saw should always be
cut smooth with the knife, otherwise the wet lodging on
its rough surface occasions decay. See BILL.

SAWWORT. Serra'tula.

SAXEGO'THEA. (Commemorative of H.R.H. Prince
Albert. Nat. ord. Conifers.)

A nearly hardy evergreen Conifer. Seeds. Well-
drained soil.

S. conspi'cua (conspicuous). 30. June. Southern
Chili. 1845. " Prince Albert's Yew."

SAXTFRAGA. Saxifrage. (From saxum, a stone,
and frango, to break ; supposed power in that disease.
Nat. ord. Saxifrages [Saxifragaceae]. Linn. lo-Decatidria,
2-Digynia.)

Seeds, and especially divisions in spring, unless for
annuals ; sandy loam ; the tenderest will repay for a
little leaf-mould or peat ; suited best for the fronts of
borders, the stumps of trees, and for knolls and rock-
works.

HARDY ANNUALS, &c.

S. controve'rsa (contrary- turned). f. White. May. S.

Europe. 1824.
„ hedera'cea (ivy-leaved). \. Yellow. July. Levant.

1752.

„ Au^ta'na(Huetian). J-£. Yellow. Summer. Kur-
distan. 1880. Annual or biennial.
„ irri'gua (watered), i. White. June. Tauria. 1817.

Biennial.

„ petra'a (rock). J. White. April. S. Europe. 1732.
„ „ Bla'vii (Dr. Blau's). i. White. Much branched.

Bosnia.
„ Sibtho'rpii (Sibthorp's). J-J. Yellow. Summer.

Greece.
„ tridactyli'tes (three-fingered), ^.-i. White. April.

Europe (Britain) ; Asia ; N. Amer.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
S. adeno'phora (gland-bearing). See S. EXARATA ORIEN-

TALIS.
„ adsce'ndens (ascending). J. White. May. Europe,

&c. 1752.

„ czstiva'lis (summer). See S. PDNCTATA.
„ affi'nis (kindred). See S. SPONHEMICA AFFINIS.
„ afgha'nica (Afghan) of gardens. See S. STRACHEYI

ALBA.
„ aizoi'des ( Aizoon-like) . £. Yellow. July. Northern

and arctic regions (Britain).
„ „ auranti'aca (orange). Densely spotted with deep

orange.
„ Aizo'on (Aizoon). i. White. May, June. Northern

and arctic regions. 1731.
„ „ balca'na (Balkan), i. Rose, heavily spotted with

red. Leaves green.
1 „ „ carinthi'aca (Carinthian). i. White, spotless.

May, June.

„ „ cartilagi'nea (cartilaginous). See S. CARTILAGINEA.
L „ „ Churchi'llii (Churchill's).
„ „ cultra'ta (coulter-shaped).
, „ flave'scens (yellowish). Pale yellow, fading to

cream.

, „ Gaudi'ni (Gaudin's).
, „ incriisla'ta (incrusted).
, „ glacia'lis (glacial).
, „ inta'cta (spotless), i. White, green. May, June.

Tyrol.

, „ la gravea'na (La Gravean). Dauphine.
, „ lu'tea (yellow). Soft yellow, fading to cream or

pale lemon, spotless. May, June. 1907.
, „ Ma'lyi (Maly's).
, „ mi' nor (smaller). |. White, with crimson specks

on middle. May, June. Alps.
, „ nota'ta (marked). $-1. White. May, June.
, „ paradcfxa (paradoxical), i. Leaves long, narrow,
silver-edged.

„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered), i. White. May.
Alps.

, „ pectina'ta (comb-like), i. White. May, June.
, „ punctati'ssima (much-spotted). J. White, richly
spotted deep rose, large. Rosenlaui Glacier.
1910.
„ „ re" eta (straight), i. White, green. May, June.

Alps of Europe.
, ,, robu'sia (robust.
, „ ro'sea (rosy), i. Bright pink or rosy-pink. May,

June. 1907.

, „ rosula'ris (resetted). i. White. Leaves in-
curved. May, June.
, „ sempervivoi'des (Sempervivum-like).
, „ stabia'na (Stabian).
, ,, sturmia'na (Sturmian).

, aj ngifo'lia (bugle-leaved), i. June. Pyrenees. 1770.
, alti'fida (deep-cleft), i.
, ambi'giia (ambiguous). Natural hybrid between S.

media and S. aretioides. Pyrenees. 1908.
, Andre'wsii (Andrews'). $-i|. White, thickly spotted

with purple. Garden origin. 1848.
, androsa'cea (Androsace-/ear&f). i. May. Austria.

1792.
, angulo'sa (angular). See S. ROTCNDIFOLIA GLANDU-

LOSA.
, aphy'lla (leafless). J-r1.,. Yellow. June, July.

Europe.
, „ leptophy'lla (slender-leaved).

SAXIFRAGA

778

SAXIFRAGA

S. apicula'ta (finely-pointed). $. Pale yellow. March,
April. Gardens. 1887.

„ „ a'lba (white). J. White, or pale cream. March,
April. 1909.

„ aqua' tica (aquatic). i-ij. White. June, July.
Europe. 1884.

„ arachnoi'dea (spider-web-like). Citron-yellow. June,
J uly. Switzerland. Prostrate.

„ «r«ta>t'd«(Aretia-like). £. Yellow. June. Pyrenees.
1826.

„ „ primuli'na (primrose-like). J. Primrose. June.

„ argu'ta (sharp-notched). See S. PUNCTATA.

„ a'spera (rough), i. Cream. June. Switzerland.
1752.

„ „ bryoi'des (moss-like). J. Cream. June. Switzer-
land. 1752.

„ atla'ntica (Atlantic). J-£. White, fragrant. Europe ;
N. Africa. 1895.

„ atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). See S. MUSCOIDES ATRO-
PURPUREA.

„ autumna'lis (autumnal). See S. AIZOIDES.

„ axilla'ris (axillary). See S. AJUGIFOLIA.

„ bifto'ra (two-flowered). J. Purple. May. Switzer-
land. 1820.

„ biterna'ta ( twice- ternate). J. White. June, July.
Spain.

„ Bo'ryi (Bory's). J-J. White. April, May. Greece.

„ Bo'ydii (Boyd's). J. Yellow. March, April. Gar-
dens. 1890.

„ „ a'lba (white). J. White. March, April. Gardens.

„ bronchialis (throat). £. Cream. May. Siberia.
1819.

„ „ cherlerioi'des (Cherleria-like) . J. Cream. May.
Habit dense.

„ ,, confe'rta (crowded). J. Cream, crowded. May.

„ brunonia'na (Brownian). J. Yellow. June. Hima-
laya. 1907. Stolons crimson.

„ bryoi'des (Bryum-like). See S. ASPERA BRYOIDES.

„ bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing). £. June. S. Europe.
1819.

„ Burna'tii (Burnat's). i. White. June. Natural
hybrid, S. Aizoon x cochlearis. Maritime Alps.
1908.

„ burseria'na (Burser's). J. White. March, April.
Carniola. 1826.

„ „ macro.' ntha (large-flowered). J. White. March,
April.

„ „ ma'gna (great), £. White, larger. March, April.
1910. Plant densely tufted.

„ „ ma'jor (greater), i. White, larger. March, April.
Austrian Alps. 1880.

„ „ Vande'llii (Vandell's). See S. VANDELLII.

„ c&'sia (grey). J. White. May. Switzerland. 1752.

„ C(Espito'sa( tufted). \. Cream. May. Northern and
arctic regions (Wales, Scotland).

„ „ compa'cta (compact). See S. DECIPIENS GROEN-

LANDICA.

„ „ hi'rta (hairy), £-f. White.

„ „ incurvifo'lia (incurved-leaved) . J. White. May.
Ireland.

„ calyciflo'ra (calyx-flowering). See S. MEDIA.

„ Campo'sii (Campps's) of Hooker f . See S. WALLACEI.

„ capilla'ris (hair-like). See S. GEUM CAPILLARIS.

„ capi'llipes (hair-stalked). See S. CUNEIFOLIA SUB-
INTEGRA.

„ carolinia'na (Carolinian). See S. EROS A.

„ cartilagi'nea (cartilaginous), i-i. White. June,
July. Caucasus, &c.

„ catalau'nica (Catalonian). i. White. June, July.
Northern Spain.

„ ceratophy'lla (horn-leaved). See S. TRIFURCATA

CERATOPHYLLA.

„ ce'rnua (drooping). J. July. Northern and arctic

regions (Scotland).

„ chine'nsis (Chinese). See S. SARMENTOSA.
„ cilia 'ris (eye-lashed). See S. MIXTA.
„ cilia' ta (eye-lashed) of Lindley. See S. STRACHEYI.
„ cilia'ta (eye-lashed) of Royle. i. White, pink.

April, May. Himalaya. 1843.
„ citri'na (citron). J. Citron-yellow. June, July.

Switzerland.
„ Clu'sii (Clusius') of Gouan. J-J. White, yellow, red.

June, July. Europe. 1882.
„ „ propagi'nea (offspring). White. July, August.

1881.
,, QM'SU (Clusius') of Kunze, See S. LEUCANTHEMIFOLIA.

S. cochlea'ris (shell-like), i. White. June. S. Europe.

1883.

,, „ ma'jor (larger). A larger-leaved form.
„ „ mi' nor (smaller). i-£. White. Rosettes very

small.

,, compa'cta (compact). See S. VALDENSIS.
„ condensa'ta (dense). See S. SPONHEMICA.
„ coni'fera (cone-bearing). £-J. June, July. Spain.
„ corbarie'nsis (Corbarian). Very similar to S. gerani-

oi'des. Pyrenees. 1899.
,, cordifo'lia (heart- leaved), i. Purple. April. Siberia.

1779.

„ co'rsica (Corsican). See S. GLAUCESCENS.
„ cortuscefo'lia (Cortusa-leaved) . i. White. Sep-
tember, October. J_apan. 1883.
„ Cotyle'don (Cotyledon). J. June. Alps, Europe.

1596.
,, „ pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 2-3. White. June.

1859.

„ Cotyle'don (Cotyledon) of Tenore. See S. MARGINATA.
„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved), i. Purple. April. Siberia.

1765.

„ „ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). See S. CORDIFOLIA.
„ cr usta'ta (sheHy-edged) . J. June. Switzerland. 1800.
„ cunea'ta (wedge-shaped). J-i. White. April, May.

Spain. 1902.
„ cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). J. May. Switzerland,

1768.

„ „ apenni'na (Apennine). See S. CUNEIFOLIA SUB-
INTEGRA.

„ „ davu'rica (Dahurian). J. June. Siberia. 1809.
„ „ infundibulifo' rmis (funnel-formed). |. White.

May.
„ „ multicau'lis (many-stemmed). J. White. May.

Leaves very narrow.
„ „ subi'ntegra (nearly-entire). $. White. May.

Leaves slightly notched or entire.
„ cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved) of Cavanilles. See S.

CUNEATA.

,, cuscut&fo'rmis (Cuscata-fonned). J-J. White, rose.

June. Japan. 1815.
„ Cymbala'ria (Cymbalaria) of Sibthorp and Smith.

See S. SIBTHORPII.

„ davu'rica (Dahurian). J-J. N.Asia; N. Amer.
,, deci'piens (deceptive). £. May. Europe (Wales).
„ „ groenla'ndica (Greenland). J. White. May,

June. Britain; Iceland; Greenland.
,, „ quinque'fida (five-cut). ^. White. May, June.
„ „ Steinma'nni (Steinmann's). i. White. May,

June.

„ „ Siernbe'rgii (Steinberg's). |. White. May, June.
,, denuda'ta (stripped). See S. DECIPIENS.
,, depre'ssa (depressed). See S. ANDROSACEA.
,, diapensioi'des (Diapensia-like). J. April. Switzer-
land. 1825.
,, diver sifo'lia( diverse-leaved), i. Yellow. June, July.

Himalaya. 1882.
„ „ folia'ta (leafy), i. Yellow. June, July. Leaves

olive-green, with silvery veins. 1912.
„ ela'tior (taller). See S. HOSTII.
,, e'legans (elegant). See S. GEUM ELEGANS.
„ elonga'ta (elongated). See S. DECIPIENS STERN-

BERGII.

„ elonge'lla (longish-stalked). See S. SPONHEMICA.

„ Engle'ri (Engler's). Natural hybrid, S. Aieoonx

cuneifolia.
„ ero'sa (gnawed), i. White, yellow. May. Carolina.

1812.
„ „ hirsu'ia (hairy), i. White, yellow. June. N.

Amer. 1800.
„ euhypnoi'des gemmi'fera (bud-bearing, moss-like). See

S. HYPNOIDES.
,, exara'ta (engraved). J. Cream. May. S. Europe.

1800.
,, „ nervo'sa (nerved), i. Milk-white. Stems woody.

May, June. Spain.
„ „ orienta'lis (oriental), r. White. Densely tufted.

May, June. Greece ; Pontus.

,, Facchi'ni (Facchin's). See S. PLANIFOLIA FACCHINI.
,, Ferdina'ndi-Cobu'rgi (Ferdinand-Coburg's). \. Rich

yellow. May. Macedonia. 1904.
,, lerrugi'nea (rusty). See S. LEUCANTHEMIFOLIA.
,, ftagella'ris (whip-like). }. Yellow. May, June.

Northern and arctic regions. 1851.
„ ftorule'nta (flowering-slowly) of Moretti. i. Lilac.

S. Europe. 1872.

SAXIFRAGA

779

SAXIFRAGA

S. floruienta (flowering-slowly) of Schott. See S. LINGO-

LATA LANTOSCANA.

„ Forbe'sii (Forbes'). N. Amer.

„ Forsteri (Forster's). J. White. May, June. Tyrol.

„ Fortu'nei (Fortune's). i. White. September,

October. China. 1863. Half-hardy.
„ Frederi'ci- AugiS sti (Frederic-Augustus's). See S.

POROPHYLLA.

„ gemmi'fera (bud-bearing). See S. HYP^IDES.

„ gemmi'para (bud-bearing), ^-i. White; anthers

orange. Yunnan, China. 1907.
„ geranioi'des (crane's-bill-like), £. April. Pyrenees.

1770.

„ „ irri'gua (irrigated). See S. IRRIGUA.
„ Geum (Geum). i. June. Western Europe (Ireland).
„ „ capHla'ris (hair-like). J. Pink, spotted. May,

June.
„ „ ColvfUei (Colville's). i. White, spotted. May,

June.

„ „ crena'ta (scolloped), i. May.
„ „ denta'ta (toothed), i. May. Ireland.
„ „ eiegans (elegant). J. Pink, spotted. May, June.

Ireland.

„ „ poli'ta (polished), i. May. Ireland.
,, „ serra'ta (sawed). $— J. Pink, spotted. May, June.
„ gibralta'rica (Gibraltar). J. White. May, June.

Southern Spain.
„ glauce'scens (sea-green), i. White. Leaves sea-green.

Spain ; Portugal.
„ globuli'fera (globe-bearing). $. White. May, June.

Western Mediterranean region. 1895.
„ gra'cilis (graceful). See S. PUNCTATA.
,, granatensis (Granadan). See S. GLOBULIFERA.
„ granula'ta (grain-rooted), i. May. Europe (Britain).

" Meadow Saxifrage."
„ ,, plena (double- flowered) . i. May.
„ Griseba'chii (Grisebach's). $-£. Purple-crimson.

March, April. Albania ; Macedonia. 1903.
„ groenla'ndica (Greenland). See S. DECIPIENS' GROEN-

LANDICA.

„ guihriea'na (Guthriean). See S. ANDREWSII.

,, Hausma'nni (Hausmann's). Natural hybrid, S.

subaizoides x mutata. Europe.
„ Haivo'rthii (Haworth's). May. Europe.
„ hetera'niha (various-flowered). See S. MERTENSIANA.
„ heucherifo'lia (Heuchera-leaved) of Kemer. See S.

ROTUNDIFOLIA FONTICOLA.

„ hibe'rnica (Hibernian). See S. DECIPIENS STERN -

BERGII.
„ hieracifolia (hawk weed-leaved) . ii. May. Northern

and arctic regions. 1789.
„ Hi'rculus (Hirculus). £. Yellow. August. Northern

and arctic regions (England).
„ ,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). J-J. Yellow, i in.

across.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy), i. Flesh. May. Western Europe

(Ireland).

„ „ denta'ta (toothed).
„ „ gra'cilis (graceful). Ireland.
„ „ sphceroi'dea (globe-like), i. Flesh. May.

Pyrenees.

„ hi'rta (hairy). See S. DECIPIENS STERNBERGII.
,, ,, affi'nis (allied). See S. SPONHEMICA AFFINIS.
„ Ho'stii (Host's), i. White, spotted with purple.

May. Europe.
„ Huguenfni (Huguenin's). \. White. June. Eastern

Switzerland.

„ hy'brida (hybrid). J. June. Piedmont. 1810.
„ hypnoi'des (moss-like). J. May. Europe (Britain).

" Dovedale Moss."

„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). J. May. Scotland.
„ „ Ki'ngii (King's), i. White. May.
„ „ pulcheila (pretty). *. May. Scotland.
„ „ Schraderi (Schrader's). |. Pure white. May.

1825.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). J. White. May.
„ „ virSscens (greenish). J. Greenish. May.
„ „ visco'sa (clammy). J. May. Scotland.
„ „ whitla'vii (Whitlav's). J. White. May.
„ imbrica'ta, (overlapping). J. White; anthers violet.

May, June. Himalaya. 1843.
„ incurvifo'lia (incurved-leaved). See S. CJESPITOSA

IKCURVIFOLIA.

„ inta'cta (untouched). See S. AIZOON and varieties.
„ integrifo'lia (entire- leaved), i— J. White. June.
N. Amer.

5. intermedia (intermediate), i. July. 1808.
„ intermedia (intermediate). Intermediate between

S. Grisebachii and Stribnryi. 1909.
„ iratia'na (Iratian). i. White ; veins purple. June,

July. Pyrenees.
„ irrfgua (irrigated), i. White. June. Asia Minor.

1817.
„ juniperifo'lia (juniper-leaved), i. Yellow. June,

July. Caucasus.

„ juniperi'na (juniper-Uke). See S. JUNIPERIFOLIA.
„ kolenatia'na (Kolenatian). i. Pink. May, June.

Asia Minor.
„ Ko'tschyi (Kotschy's) of Boissier. J. Yellow. April.

May. Asia Minor. 1873.
„ Ko'tschyi (Kotschy's) of Hooker f. See S. LUTEO-

PURPUREA.

„ la'ctea (milky). J-J. Creamy-white. June. Siberia.

„ latevi'rens (lively-green). See S. SPONHEMICA L.ETE-
VIRENS.

„ ICE.' vis (smooth), i. August. Caucasus.

„ lanceola'ta (spezr-bracted). i. May. Europe. 1800.

„ „ obtu'sa (blunt). J. May. Europe. 1820.

„ lantosca'na (Lantoscan). See S. LINGULATA LANTOS-
CANA.

„ lanugino'sa (woolly). Himalaya.

„ La£>«yrott's«'(Lapeyrouse's). See S. LUTEO-PURPUREA.

„ lasiophy'lla (woolly-leaved). See S. ROTUNDIFOLIA

GLANDULOSA.

„ latepetiola'ta (broad-petioled) . f-i. White. April

to September. Spain. 1887. Biennial.
„ leptophy'lla (fine-leaved). See S. HYPNOIDES.
„ leucanthemifo'lia (stock-leaved). |. June. N.W.

Amer. 1812.
„ leucanthemifo'lia (stock-leaved) of Lapeyrouse. See

S. CLUSII.
„ ligula'ta (strap-leaved). Pink. February to April.

Himalaya. 1821.

„ „ a'lba (white), i. White. March, April.
„ „ cilia' ta (eye-lashed). See S. CILIATA.
„ „ compa'cta (compact), i. Pink. February to

April.

„ „ na'na (dwarf). £. Pink. February to April.
„ „ specie' sa (showy), i. Purple. March, April.
„ lilaci'na (Ulac). i. Pale lilac, with purple centre.

April, May. Western Himalaya. 1904.
,; lingula'ta (tongue-leaved), ij. June. S. Europe.

1821.

„ „ austra'lis (southern), i. White. May, June.
„ „ Catalan 'nica (Catalonian). See S. CATALAUNICA.
., „ cochlea 'ris (shell-shaped). See S. COCHLEARIS.
„ „ lantosca'na (Lantosquan). |— i. White. May,

June. Maritime Alps. 1881.

„ „ media (intermediate), ij. June. Carniola. 1800.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1-3. White, speckled with

red. J uly. Pyrenees.
„ lu'tea (yeUow). See S. HIRCULUS.
„ lu'teo-purpu'rea (yellow-purple) of gardens. See S.

APICULATA.
„ lu'teo-purpu'rea (yellow-purple) of Lapeyrouse. J.

Yellow; sepals purple. May. Pyrenees. 1873.
„ lu'teo-vi'rtdis (yellow-green). ^. Yellow; sepals

green. May. Transsylvania.
„ macnabia'na (Macnabianj. 1-2. White, spotted with

crimson. Garden origin. 1893.
„ macrope'tala (large-petaled). jV. Deep lilac. S.

Europe. 1888.
„ mafdida (marshy), i. White. September, October.

Japan. 1909.
„ margina'ta (margined). J. White, large. Mav, June.

Central Italy. 1883.
„ mawea'na (Mawean). J. White. May, June.

Morocco. 1871.
„ m^dia (uitermediate) of Gouan. J. Deep purple.

May, June. Pyrenees. 1880.

„ „ Frederi'ci-Augu'sti (Frederick- Augustus') of gar-
dens. See S. APICULATA.
„ me'dia (intermediate) of Sibthorp. See S. PORO-

PHYLLA.

„ melce'na (blackened). See S. IRATIANA.

„ mertensui'na (Mertensian). ^. Pink. April. North-
western Amer.

„ micra'ntha (small-flowered). J-J. White. June,
July. Himalaya.

„ Mile sit (Miles's). i. Pure white. April, May.
Himalaya. 1882.

„ mi' nor (smaller). Country unknown. 1869.

SAXIFRAGA

780

SAXIFRAGA

S. mi'xta (mixed). -J-J. Milk-white, with purple veins.

June, July. Pyrenees.
„ montavonie'nsis (Montavonian). White; calyx and

stamens red. 1890.
„ moscha'ta (musky) of Smith. See S. MUSCOIDES

PYGM/EA.

„ moscha'ta (musky) of Wulfeni. See S. MUSCOIDES

MOSCHATA.

„ muscoi'des (moss-like) of Allioni. See S. PLANIFOLIA.
„ muscoi'des (moss-like) of Wulfeni. £. Pale yellow.

May. Europe ; Asia Minor. 1819.
„ „ Allio'nii (Allioni's). J-J. White. April, May.

Switzerland.
„ „ atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). J. Rose-purple to

crimson-purple. April, May.
„ „ Unea'ta (lined). See S. MUSCOIDES RHEI.
„ „ moscha'ta (musky). J. Yellow-green, or yellow.

April, May.
» i, Pygmce'a (pigmy). \. Greenish-yellow. April,

May.
„ „ Rhe'i (Rhe's). \. White, shaded pink. April to

June.
„ muta'ta (changed). J. Red-brown or yellow. June.

Switzerland. 1779.

„ ,, demi'ssa (drooping). Transsylvania.
„ niva'lis (snowy). J. June. Northern and arctic

regions (Britain).

„ nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). £. May. N.W. Amer.
„ odontophy'lla (toothed-leaved). i~*. White. July.

Himalaya.
„ oppositifo'lia (opposite- leaved). \. Purple. March.

Northern and arctic regions (Britain).
„ „ a'lba (white). \. White. March, April.
„ „ amphi'bia (amphibious). £. A marsh-loving

variety.

„ „ blepharophy'lla (eye-lashed- leaved) . J. Purple.
„ „ cocci'nea (scarlet). J. Deep, bright red-purple.

1906.

„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). £. Flowers large.
„ „ la' Una ( Latin). £. Vivid purple. Robust variety.

Italy. 1910.

„ „ lyoncefo'lia (Lyonia-leaved).

„ „ ma'jor (larger). J. Flowers larger than the type.
„ „ mi' nor (smaller). \. A small-flowered variety.
„ „ pa'llida (pale). |. Pale purple. 1888.
» >» pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). J. Purple, large.
i> » pyrena'ica ma'xima (largest). |. Purple, very

large. 1884.

u >» pyrena'ica ru'bra (red). |. Deep red-purple.
» »» pyrena'ica sple'ndens (splendid). \. Shining red-
purple. 1884.
» f» pyrena'ica supe'rba (superb). See S. OPPOSITI-

FOLIA PYRENAICA MAXIMA.

„ „ rudolphia'na (Rudolphian). -jV. Purple. Plant

small leaved, very dense.
„ „ specio'sa (showy). $. Pale rose, very large ;

petals 6-8. 1910.
„ pa'llida (pale). J- £. Milk-white; ovary purple.

May to July. Himalaya. 1885.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). See S. GERANIOIDES.
„ parnassifo'lia (Parnassus-leaved). See S. DIVERSI-

FOLIA.

„ pa' tens (spreading). See S. VALDENSIS.
„ pectina'ia (comb-like) of Pursh. See SPIR^A PECTIN-

ATA.

,, pectina'ta (comb-like) of Schott, Nym, and Kotschy.

See S. AIZOON PECTINATA.
„ pedati'fida (double-lobe-cleft). £. May. Southern

France.

„ pedemonta'na(Piedmontese). May. Piedmont. 1824.
„ „ cervico'rnis (stag's-hom). \-\. White. Leaves

more acute. Corsica ; Sardinia.
„ „ cymo'sa (cymose). See S. PEDEMONTANA.
„ pelta'ta (shield-like). 1-2. Pale rose. April. Cali-
fornia. 1873. " Umbrella Plant."
,, pennsylva' nica (Pennsylvanian). ij. Green, yellow.

May. N. Amer. 1732.
, „ gla'bra (smooth). 2. Green, yellow. May. N.

Amer. 1732.
„ pentada'ctylis (five-fingered). }. May. Pyrenees.

1815.
,, perdu'rans (enduring). \. White. March, April.

Eastern Europe.
„ planifo'lia (flat-leaved). -^-J. Yellowish-white to

dark purple. June, July^ Europe.
„ „ Facchi'ni (Facchin's). ^j-i. Dark purple.

5. platype'tala (broad-petaled). See S. SPONHEMICA

PLATYPETALA.

„ poli'ta (polished). Sec S. GEUM POLITA.

,, porophy'lla (pore-leaved). J-£. Purple. May, June.

S. Europe.

„ Proby'nii (Probyn's). See S. COCHLEARIS MINOR.
,, propagi'nea (offspring). See S. CLUSII PROPAGINEA.
„ Pro'stii (Frost's), i. White. May. Spain.
„ Pseu' do-c&' sia (false-grey). See S. ROCHELIANA.
,, Pseu'do-Forste'ri (false- Forster's). White. Leaves

wedge-shaped.
,, Pseu'do-sa'ncta (false-sacred). J. Yellow. Leaves

dark green. Thrace.
,, pube'scens (downy). Europe.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). See S. EXARATA.
„ puncta'ta (spotted). i-J. White, spotless. May.

Siberia ; N. Amer. 1821.
„ purpura' scens (purple). J-i. Vinous red-purple.

April, May. Himalaya. 1850.
„ purpu'rea (purple). See S. RETUSA.
„ Pygmtz'a (pigmy). See S. MUSCOIDES PYGM^A.
„ pyramida'lis (pyramidal). See S. COTYLEDON PYRA-

MIDALIS.

,, pyrena'ica (Pyrenean) of Scopoli. SeeS. ANDROSACEA.
,, pyrena'ica (Pyrenean) of Villars. See S. MUSCOIDES.
„ pyrolafo'lia (Pyrola- leaved). See LEPTARRHENA AM-

PLEXIFOLIA.

„ quinque'fida (five-cleft). See S. SPONHEMICA.
„ refte'xa (reflexed). J. White, with two purple spots

on the base of the petals. N. Amer.
„ Rege'li (Regel's). J. Yellow, orange-brown. June,

July. Switzerland.
„ retu'sa (bitten-off). J. Purple. Mav. S. Europe.

1826.
„ rivula'ris (brook). \. June. Northern and arctic

regions (Scotland).
„ rochelia'na (Rochelian). i. White. April. Eastern

Europe.

„ ,, coriophy'lla (leather-leaved). J. White.
„ ro'sea (rosy). See S. BIFLORA.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved), i. White, red. May.

Europe. 1596.
„ „ fonti'cola (fountain-loving), i. White, densely

spotted purple above the middle. Hungary.
„ „ glandulo'sa (glandular). 1-2. White, spotted

purple. Stem glandular downy. Italy.
„ „ heucherifo'lia (Heuchera-leaved). i-ij. Purple,

with spots. South-eastern Europe.
„ „ repa'nda (wavy-edged), i. May. Caucasus. 1800.
„ rupe'stris (rock). See S. PETR^A.
,, sa'ncta (sacred). J. Yellow. March, April. Mace-
donia. 1882.

,, sarmento'sa (trailing), i. June. China. 1771.
„ „ cuscutafo'rmis (dodder-formed). See S. CUSCUT^E-

FORMIS.
„ „ tri' color (three-coloured). Leaves variegated with

cream, rose, red, and flesh. 1881.
„ sca'rdica (Mt. Scardus). £. White; flowers 3-11.

March, April. Balkan Peninsula. 1908.
„ „ obtu'sa (blunt), i. Flowers 1-3. White. March,

April. 1905.
,, Schmi'dtii (Schmidt's), i. Rose. Himalaya. 1878.

Does not seem to differ from S. ligulata.
„ ScAra<fc'n'(Schrader's). SeeS. HYPNOIDES SCHRADERI.
„ sedoi'des (Sedum-like). }. Yellow. May. Europe.

1820.
„ Seguie'ri (Seguier's). J. Yellow. June, July.

Europe.
„ semipube' scens (slightly-downy). See S. PENNSYL-

VANICA.

„ seti'gera (bristle-bearing). See S. FLAGELLARIS.
„ sibi'rica (Siberian), i. July. Siberia. 1802.
„ spathula'ta (spathulate). 2-3. White. June. Mt.

Atlas; Algiers.

„ spica'ta (spiked). See S. PUNCTATA.
„ sponhe'mica (Sponhemian). J. White. Ma^', June.

Europe (Britain).
„ „ affi'nis (allied), i. White ; petals inrolled at the

edges.

„ „ hi'rta (hauy). i. White. More hairy.
„ „ Icetevi'rens (bright-green), i. White. May, June.

Scotland.
„ „ platype'tala (broad-petaled). \. White. May

June. Scotland.
„ squarro'sa (spreading). ^. White. May, June.

Europe.

SAXOFRIDERICIA

781

SCABIOSA

S. slella' ris (starry). J. June. Northern and arctic

regions (Britain).

,, „ dissi'milis (dissimilar). J. June. Scotland.
„ „ Schleiche'ri (Schleicher's). Switzerland. 1819.
,, stelleria'na (Stellerian). See S. BRONCHIALIS CHER-

LERIOIDES.

„ stenoglo'ssa (narrow-tongued). Europe.
„ Sternbe'rgii (Steinberg's). See S. DECIPIENS STERN-

BERGII.

,, stoloni'fera (stolon-bearing). See S. SARMENTOSA.
„ Stra'cheyi (Strachey's). i. Pink and white. April,

May. Himalaya. 1851.

„ „ a'lba (white), i. White. April, May. Himalaya.
, „ albiflo'ra pube'scens (white-flowered-downy). i.

White. 1884.
„ Stri'bnryi (Stribnry's). $. Red. Flower-stems

drooping and branched. Bulgaria. 1909.
„ tayge'tea (taygetan) of gardens, i-i. White. May,

June. Gardens. 1793.
„ tellimoi'des (Tellima-like) . 1-2. Pale yellow. June,

July. Japan. 1880.

„ tenSlla (delicate). J. July. Corinthia. 1819.
,, ie'nera (tender). See S. ANDROSACEA.
„ thysano'des ( coarse- fringed-teai'*/). See S. CILIATA.
„ tombeane'nsis (Tombean). i. White. April, May.

Tyrol; Lombardy. 1888.
,, transsylva' nica (Transsylvanian). See S. MUTATA

DEMISSA.

„ iricuspida'ta (three-pointed). May. Northern and

arctic regions. 1824.

,, tridenta'ta (three- toothed). See S. HYPNOIDES.
,, trifurca'ta (three-forked). J-i. White. May, June.

Northern Spain. 1804. " Stag's-horn Rockfoil."
„ „ ceratophy'lla (horn-leaved). J. White. May,

June. Spain. 1804.

„ tyrole'nsis (Tyrolese). i. White. April, May. Tyrol.
„ umbro'sa (shady), i. Flesh. May. Western Europe

(Britain). '" London Pride," " St. Patrick's

Cabbage."

„ „ ogilvia'na (Ogilvy's). i. Pink, spotted with red-
purple. May, June.

„ „ puncta'ta (dotted-flowered) . i. May. Ireland.
,, „ serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). May. Ireland.
,, uniflo'ra (one-flowered). See S. APHYLLA.
„ valde'nsis (Valdan) of Decandolle. £. White. May.

S. Europe.
,, valde'nsis (Valdan) of gardens. See S. COCHLEARIS

MINOR.
„ Vande'llii (Vandell's). i~i. White. April, May.

S. Europe.

„ virginie'nsis (Virginian). J. May. N. Amer. 1790.
„ „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered). £. White, double.
„ visco'sa (clammy). £. May.
„ vochine'nsis (Vochinan). £. White. May, June.

Europe.
„ Walla' cei (Wallace's). $. White. May to July.

Gardens. 1882.

„ Wettstci'nii (Wettstein's). Europe.
„ willkommia'na ( Willkomrnian) . See S. EXARATA

NERVOSA.
„ Zimmete'ri (Zimmeter's). J. White. May, June.

Europe.

SAXOFRIDERI'CIA. (Commemorative of Frederick
Augustus, King of Saxony. Nat. ord. Rapateaceae.)

Stove herbs of a robust character, with fleshy root-
stock and requiring much water. Seeds ; divisions or
offsets. Fibrous loam and peat. A very moist atmos-
phere is necessary. Winter temp., 60° to 65° ; summer,
70° to 90°.

5. subcorda' ia (somewhat- heart-shaped). 1-3. Brownish.
Brazil. 1873.

SCABIO'SA. Scabious. (From scabies, the itch ; said
to cure the disorder. Nat. ord. Teaselworts [Dipsacea?].
Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy annuals and hardy herbaceous perennials.
Seeds and divisions in spring ; common garden soil.

ANNUALS.

5. atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). 1-2. Purple-brown.

July. S. Europe, &c. 1629. " Sweet Scabious."

„ „ a'lba (white) . 2. White. July. S.Europe. 1629.

„ „ ca'rnea (flesh). 3. Flesh. July. S.Europe. 1629.

„ „ proli'fera (proliferous). 3. Purple. July. S.

Europe. 1629.

S. atropurpu'rea ro'sea, (rose). 3. Red. July. S.Europe.

1629.
„ „ variega'ta. (variegated). 3. Variegated. July.

S. Europe. 1629.
,, brachia'ta (armed), ij. Red. S. Europe; Asia

Minor. 1826.

,, legione'nsis (Leon), ij. Piak. July. Spain. 1820.
„ lyra'ta (lyrate). See S. sic u LA.
„ mari'lima (maritime). 3. Purple or white. July.

Mediterranean region. 1683.
„ tnicra'ntha (small-flowered). i£. Pink. July.

' Eastern Europe ; Caucasus. 1823.
„ monspelig'nsis (Montpelier). See S. STELLATA.
„ negle'cta (neglected), ij. Red. June. Italy. 1825.
„ palcEsti'na (Palestine) of D. Dietr. See S. BRACHIATA.
„ palasti'na (Palestine). i. Citron. July. Asia

Minor; Syria. 1771.
„ pectina'ta (comb-like). xj. Violet. July. Arabia.

1824.
„ proli'fera (proliferous), i. Yellow. July. Syria.

Cyprus. 1683.
„ rota'ta (wheel-shaped). ij. Pink. July. Asia

Minor; Persia. 1823.

„ saxa'tilis (rock). li. Pink. July. Spain. 1827.
„ si'cula (Sicilian), i. Pink. July. S.Europe; Asia

Minor. 1783.

„ stella' ta (starry). i£. Blue. July. Western Mediter-
ranean region. 1596.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

5. africa'na (African). 6. White. August. S. Africa.
1690. Greenhouse shrub.

,, alpi'na (alpine). See CEPHALARIA ALPIN-A.

,, amce'na (lovely). Purple. June. Asia Minor ; Persia.

„ arve'nsis (field). 2. Bluish-lilac or mauve. Summer.
Europe (Britain). " Clodweed."

„ „ flo're a'lbo (white-flowered). 2. White. July.
Britain.

„ austra'lis (southern), ij. Purple. June. S. Europe.
1820.

„ banna'tica (Bannatic). 3. Pink. July. Bannat.
1802.

„ „ a'lba (white). 3. White. July. Gardens.

„ candollea'na (Candollean). Himalaya.

,, capilla'ta (long-haired). See S. GRAMUNTIA.

„ carpa'tica (Carpathian). See S. ARVENSIS FLORE ALBO.

„ cauca'sica (Caucasian), r-2. \"ery pale blue. June,
July. Causasus, &c. 1803.

„ „ e^legans (elegant). 1-2. Blue, 2\ in across.

„ „ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1-2. Pale purple,
large.

„ ceratophy'lla (horn-leaved). See S COLUMBARIA.

,, colli'na (hill). 2. White. June. Bohemia. 1820.

„ Columba'ria (pigeon-coloured), i. Light blue. July.
Europe (Britain).

„ commuta'ta (changed). See S. COLUMBARIA.

„ conna'ta (joined). See S. CAUCASICA.

„ coronopifo'lia (buckhom-leaved). See S. CRENATA.

„ correvonia' na (Correvonian). J-J. Pale yellow.
Abkhasia, Transcaucasia. 1892.

„ crena'ta (notched). 2. Flesh. August. Mediter-
ranean region. 1825.

„ cre'tica (Cretan), r. Purple. June. Crete; Sicily.
1596. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.

„ dicho'toma (forked), i. Pink. July. Sicily. 1804.

,, dipsacifo'lia (teasel-leaved). See S. SYLVATICA.

„ e'legans (elegant). See S. CAUCASICA.

„ Fischefri (Fischer's). Dahuria.

„ fumarioi'des ( Fumaria-like) . Hungary.

„ graminifo'lia (grass-leaved), i. Blue. July. S.
Europe. 1683.

„ gramu'ntia (Gramont). r. Light blue. July. Medi-
terranean region. 1596.

„ holoseri'cea (wholly-silky). i. Blue. July. S.
Europe. 1818.

„ inca'na (hoary). See S. SUAVEOLENS.

,, integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). Greece; Asia Minor.

„ intermedia (intermediate). See S. LUSITANICA.

„ isete'nsis (Isetsk). i. White or pink. July. Cau-
casus ; N. Asia. 1801.

,, japo'nica (Japanese). 3. Lavender-blue. Summer.
Japan. 1903.

,, lancifo'lia (lance-leaved). Algeria.

,, leuca'ntha (white-flowered). See CEPHALARIA LEU-

CANTHA.

SC^VA

782

SCAPHOSEPALUM

S. leucophy'lla (white-leaved). Central Europe.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). Europe.
„ lu'cida (shining). 2. Blue. Europe. 1800.
„ „ no'rica (Norican). Carinthia.
„ lusita'nica (Portuguese), ij. Blue. July. Europe.

1824.

„ lu'tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. June. Russia. 1820.
„ macedo 'nica (Macedonian). Greece.
„ magni'fica (magnificent). Macedonia.
„ mo'llis (soft). See S. GRAMUNTIA.
„ ni'tens (shining). June. Azores. 1779.
„ ochroleu'ca (yellow- white). i. Yellow. July.

Europe, &c. 1517.
,, orientalis (oriental). Orient.
„ paucise'ta (few-bristled). See S. GRAMUNTIA.
„ Pina'rdi (Pinard's). Orient.
„ plumo'sa (plumy). Greece, &c.
„ Po'rUe (Porta's). Europe.
„ Pteroce'phala (winged-head). J. Purple. July.

Greece.

„ pube'scens (downy). See S. COLLINA.
„ pyrena'ica(Pyrenean). i. Purple. July. S.Europe.

1819.

„ rupe'stris (rock). See S. ISETENSIS.
„ rutcefo'lio. (rue-leaved), i. Scarlet. July. Western

Mediterranean region. 1804.

„ Solce'di (Salced's). i. White. June. Spain. 1823.
„ Scopo'lii (Scopol's). 2. Straw. July. S. Europe.

1819.
„ seti'fero. (bristle-bearing). 2. White. July. S.

Europe. 1826.
„ silenifo'lia (Silene-leaved). i£. Red. July. Europe.

1826.

„ specio'sa (showy). Himalaya.
,, stri'cta (upright). See S. LUCIDA.
„ suave'olens (sweet-smelling), i. Red. July. Europe;

Asia Minor. 1826.
„ Succi'sa (bitten). 1-2. Blue. July. Europe (Britain).

" Devil's-bit Scabious."
„ sylva'tica (wood). 2. White. June. Europe;

Caucasus. 1818.

„ syri'aca (Syrian). See CEPHALARIA SYRIACA.
„ iata'rica (Tatarian). See CEPHALARIA TATARICA.
„ transsylva'nica (Transsylvanian). See CEPHALARIA

TRANSSYLVANICA.

„ triniafo'lia (Trinia-leaved) . Greece; Rumelia.

„ »cra'rtica(Ukrainic). i. Light yellow. July. Europe;

Asia Minor. 1713.

„ urceola'ta (urn-shaped). See S. RUT^EFOLIA.
„ vesti'na (clothed). Europe.
„ webbia'na (Webbian). See S. OCHROLEUCA.

SC2EVA. Hawk Fly. Of this genus there are several
species, of which the most common are S. ribesii and
5. pyrastri. Wherever aphides are abundant, whether
on the cabbage, hop, or elsewhere, there is a fleshy-green
maggot. This is the larva of a hawk-fly, and should be
left undisturbed, as it is a voracious destroyer of plant-
lice.

SC2ETOLA. (From scceva, the left hand; form of
the corolla. Nat. ord. Goodeniads [Goodeniaceae]. Linn.
$-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Divisions and cuttings of young shoots ; the tender
species in heat ; the greenhouse in a cold pit, under a
bell-glass ; sandy loam and turfy peat ; the usual green-
house and stove treatment.

STOVE EVERGREENS.
S. ivcefo'lia. (Iva- leaved). White. August. Trinidad.

1820.
„ Koeni'giiCK.oevig's). z. Pale red or white. August.

Tropics. 1810.
„ Tacca'da (Taccada). See S. KOENIGII.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
S. alterna'la. (alternate-leaved). Purple. June. Swan

River. 1844.
„ anchusizfo'lia (Anchusa-leaved). Blue. May. Swan

River.
„ attenua'ta (thin-leaved). 2. Pale blue. June. Swan

River. 1844.
„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 3. White. September.

Australia. 1805.
„ cuneifo'rmis (wedge-shaped), ij. Blue. Australia.

1834.

S. fascicula'ta (bundled). August. Swan River.
,, hi'spida (bristly). 2. Lilac. July. Australia.

1827.
„ microca'rpa (small- fruited), ij. Violet. July. N.S.

Wales. 1790.

„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See S. NITIDA.
„ ni'tida (shining). Blue. July. Australia. 1840.
,, pilo'sa (thinly-hairy). 2. Blue. May. Australia.
„ platyphy'lla (broad- leaved). 2. White. May.

Australia. 1841.
,, suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2. Blue. August. N.S.

Wales. 1793.

SCALE, or SCALY FERN. Asple'nium Ce'terach.

SCALE INSECTS. These belong to the family Cocci-
de?p, and to the class Homoptera. They are named
scale insects from the scaly covering that protects the
female. The larva? or young are oval, active insects,
with six legs, antennae, and a long beak, which they
insert in the stems or leaves, after they find a suitable
situation, and when they have done this, the females
settle down for life. Their legs and antennas disappear,
while the body grows larger and assumes a more rounded
shape, but this varies with the species. When they
settle down for life the body gets covered by a scale,
excreted by the insect itself in the Coccinae and Lecaninas,
or by the cast skins of the larvae, together with an
excretion in Diaspinas. The male insect is an entirely
different form of insect, with a slender body, two long
antennas, two delicate wings, and usually two slender
filaments at the tail, but no mouth, so that it cannot
do damage to plants. In some species, winged and
wingless males occur, but in all cases they are scarce,
and seldom seen.

Scale insects are very numerous in species, even in
Britain. Many of them live on wild plants, on hardy
trees and shrubs, including many that are planted for
ornament or cultivated for their fruits. Though closely
allied to aphides, they do not increase so fast, because
they usually produce only one brood a year. They often
prove very destructive, however, owing to their numbers,
when allowed to multiply without check. With their
long beaks they suck the juices of the plants they infest
and thereby weaken or eventually kill them.

Some of the more common are Peach Scale (Lecanium
Persicce) on peach and plum trees ; Apple Mussel Scale
(Mytilaspis pomorum) on the trunk and branches of
apple trees ; Pear Oyster Scale (Diaspis ostretzformis) on
pear trees ; Camellia Scale (A spidiotus Camellia) on
Camellias ; A. palmarum, on palms and cycads ; Diaspis
ROSCE, on roses ; Lecanium Hesperidum on oranges ; and
Dactylopius adonidum, on a great variety of greenhouse
plants.

Remedies that have been employed with greater or
less success against these pests are numerous, but some
of the most effective are kerosene and paraffin emulsions,
kerosene solution, say one gill to five gallons of water,
and strong solutions of common and soft soaps in water,
say four ounces to the gallon. A good recipe for kerosene
emulsion for scale consists of two gallons of kerosene,
half a pound of common soap or soft soap, and one
gallon of water. These are churned with a syringe till
they form a creamy paint, and one part of the emulsion
is diluted with nine parts of cold water.

SCALLION. See CIBOUL.
SCAMMONY. Convo'lvulus Scammo'nia.

SCAPHOSETALUM. (From skaphe, a boat or tube,
and sepalon, a sepal ; in allusion to the shape of the
lateral sepals. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Cool house, epiphytical orchids. Divisions. Fibre
of peat, sphagnum, charcoal nodules, and crocks.
S. anchori'ferum (anchor-bearing). Purple ochre, with

purple spots. Costa Rica. 1884.

„ antenni'ferum (antennas-bearing). ij. Greenish-
yellow, lined with brown. 1890.
,, bre've (short). Yellow, with purple spots. British

Guiana. 1883.
„ gibbero'sum (bulging). Dark red, with green tails.

Colombia. 1876.
„ microdd 'ctylum (small-fingered). £. Greenish-yellow

and bro'wn. 1893.
„ ochtho'des (warty). Colombia.

„ pulvina're (cushioned). Olive-green ; tails purplish.
Colombia. 1880.

SCAPHYGLOTTIS

783

SCHIZ^A

S. puncta'tum (spotted). Pale green, spotted purple-
brown. Colombia. 1888.

„ stt>er#(Z/o7iufn(Swertia-leaved). Ochre-brown, purple.
Colombia. 1880.

SCAPHYGLO'TTIS. (From skaphc, a boat or tub, and
ghtta, a tongue. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical orchids. Divisions. Fibre of peat,
sphagnum, ancl potsherds.

S. a'lba (white). \. White. Country unknown. 1908.
„ cogniauxia'na (Cogniauxian). \. Greenish-yellow.

Brazil. 1905.
„ Kiena'stii (Kienast's). Brownish-green. Mexico.

i877.

„ sUlla'ta. (starry). Violet. Guiana.
„ viola' cea (violet). Violet. Guiana.

SCARES are but very inefficient protections for fruits,
as birds soon sit on the very branches which bear the
maulkin. To frighten them effectually, it is best to
employ boys for the short time scaring is required. Over
seed-beds a net is the best protection ; but threads
tightened across the beds are very effectual.

SCARLET RUNNER. Phase'olus multiflo'rus.

SCELOCHTLUS. (From skelos, a leg or shank, and
cheilos, a lip ; the lip is stalked. Nat. ord. Orcbidaceae. )
Stove epiphytical orchids. Divisions when growth is
commencing. Fibre of peat, sphagnum, and crocks in
small pots, pans, or baskets.
S. carina'tus (keeled). \. Sepals yellow; petals and

lip purple and white. S. Amer. 1895.
,, Linde'nii (Linden's). Yellow, red. July. Venezuela.
„ Otto'nis (Otto's). Yellow, red. July. Venezuela.

1841.

„ stenochi'lus (narrow- lipped). See S. LINDENII.
„ variega'tus (variegated). £. Whitish, lined with
purple. Colombia.

SCILZEFFE'RIA. (Commemorative of /. C. Schafier,
a German naturalist. Nat. ord. Celastraceae.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sandy soil, in a
close case, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
S. frute'scens (shrubby). 8-10. White. August. N.

Amer. ; W. Ind. 1793. " Crabwood."
„ laterifto'ra (side-flowering). 8. White. St. Domingo.
1820.

SCHAUE'RIA. (Commemorative of John Konrad
Schauer, a German. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Subshrubby stove evergreen plants. Cuttings in
sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam,
a little peat or leaf-mould, and sand.
S. calyco'tricha (calyx-haired). 1-2. Yellow. February.

Brazil. 1824.

„ flavi'coma (yellow-haired). 1-2. Yellow. Winter.
Brazil. 1883.

SCHEE'LEA. (Commemorative of Herr Scheele, a
noted German chemist. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove palms. Seeds. Loam, one-third peat, and sand.
S. exce'lsa (lofty). 40-50. Colombia. 1826.
,, imperious (imperial). 40. Colombia. 1875.
,, insi'gnis (remarkable). 40-50. Brazil.
„ kewe'nsis (Kew). 25. Bright purple, small. Trop.

Amer. 1897.
,, u'nguis (clawed). 5-10.

SCHEE'RIA. (In honour of F. Scheer, Esq. Nat. ord.
Gesnerworts [Gesneraceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-
Angiospermia. Now referred to Achimenes.)
S. lana'ta (woolly). See ACHIMENES LAN ATA.
,, mexica'na (Mexican). See ACHIMENES SCHEERII.

SCHE'FFLERA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Araliaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripe wood
under a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand.
S. digita' ta (fingered). Green. New Zealand.

SCHELHA'MMERA. (Named after C. C. Schel-
hammer, a professor at Jena. Nat. ord. Lily-worts
[Liliacea?]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Uvularia.)

Greenhouse, purple-flowered, herbaceous perennials,
from Australia. Divisions; sandy loam and fibrous
peat ; a cool greenhouse or a cold pit in winter.

S. multifio'ra (many-flowered), ij. 1824.
„ undula'ta (wavy-leaved). ±. June. 1824.

SCHELLO'LEPIS. (From skellos, distorted, and lepis,
a scale. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2\-Crypto-
gamia, i-Filices. Now referred to Polypodium.)
5. amce'na (lovely). See POLYPODIUM AMCENUM.
„ verruca' sa (warted). See POLYPODIUM VERRUCOSUM.

SCHI'MA. (Apparently from schizo, to split or cleave ;
the valves of the capsule are split down the middle.
Nat. ord. Ternstromiacea?.)

Stove, evergreen tree. Cuttings of mature wood in
sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam,
peat, and sand.

S. Noro'nhce (Noronha's). 15-20. White. Malaya. 1824.
„ supe'rba (superb). See S. NORONH^E.

SCHTNUS. (The Greek name for Pista'chia lenti'scus.
Nat. ord. Terebinths [Anacardiaceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia,
g-Decandria.)

Greenhouse, green-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of
ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild heat,
in spring ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 45° ; summer,
60° to 75°.

S. denta'tus (toothed). 10-20. White. June. Sand-
wich Islands. 1795.
„ depe'ndens (hanging-down). 10-20. Green, white, or

yellow. Brazil. 1790.
„ latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 20. Yellowish. June.

Chili. 1830.
„ Mo' lie (Molle). 20. August. Trop. Amer. 1597.

" Pepper-Tree."
„ terebinthifo'lius (Terebin thus-leaved) . 20. Brazil.

1829.
„ virga'tus (twiggy). 8. June. Lima. 1822.

SCHISMATOGLO'TTIS. (From schisma, schismatos, a
separation ; alluding to the early falling away of the
spathe. Nat. ord. Araceae.)

Stove perennial herbs with ornamental foliage. Divi-
sions. Fibrous loam, lumpy peat, leaf-mould, and sand.
Atmospheric moisture and shade are necessary.
5. crispa'ta (crisped). Leaves dark green, with a median

grey band. Borneo. 1881.
„ deco'ra (becoming). Leaves thickly blotched with

silver-grey. Borneo. 1884.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See S. RUPESTRIS.
„ Lava'llei (Lavalle's). Leaves bright green, blotched

with grey. Malaya. 1881.

„ „ immacula'ta (spotless). Leaves bright green, spot-
less ; purple beneath. Java. 1882.
„ „ lansbergia'na (Lansbergian). See S. LAVALLEI

IMMACULATA.

„ „ purpu'rea (purple). Leaves blotched with grey,

purple beneath. Sumatra. 1882.
„ longi'spatha (long-spathed). Leaves feathered with

light grey along the middle. Borneo. 1881.
,, neoguinee'nsis (New Guinean). Leaves with yellow-
green blotches. New Guinea. 1879.
„ pfcta (painted). Leaves feathered with grey along

the middle. Java. 1864.
„ pictura'ta (pictured). Malaya.
„ pu'lchra (beautiful). Leaves sea-green above, with

silvery spots. Borneo. 1884.
,, rupe'stris (rock). Java. 1882.
„ siame'nsis (Siamese). Leaves shining green, spotted

with white. Siam. 1885.

„ variega'ta (variegated). See S. NEOGUINEEXSIS.
SCHiVERE'CKIA. (Named after A. Schiureck, a
Russian botanist. Nat. ord. Crucifcrs [Cruciferae]. Linn.
•i^-Teir adynamia. Now referred to Alyssum.)
S. podo'lica (Podolian). See ALYSSUM PODOLICUM.

SCHIZ2£'A. (From schizo, to cleave, or cut; the
appearance of the fan-like fronds. Nat. ord. Ferns
[Filices]. Linn. 24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)
Brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS.

GREENHOUSE FERNS.
S. bi'fida (twice-cut). J. June. Australia and New

Zealand. 1822.

„ pusi'lla (small). J. June. N. Amer.
„ rupe'stris (rock), f. June. Temperate Australia.
1822.

SCHIZANDRA

784

SCHLUMBERGERIA

STOVE FERNS.

S. dicho'toma (dichotomous). 1-2 J. Tropics and sub-
tropics.

,, digita'ta (fingered), i-ij. Himalaya to Ceylon ;
Malaya.

„ e'legans (elegant), f. June. Trinidad. i8iq.

„ malacca'na (Malaccan). $-J. April. Philippines ;
Malaya.

,, penicilla'ta (pencilled). See S. PENNULA.

„ pe'nnula (slightly-pinnate), i. June. W. Ind. to
Rio Janeiro. 1816.

„ propi'nqua (related). See S. MALACCANA.

SCHIZA'NDRA. (From schizo, to cut, and aner, the
male organ ; split stamens. Nat. ord. Magnoliads [Mag-
noliaceae]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, $-Pentandria.)

Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and
kept only a little higher than the temperature of a cold
pit or greenhouse ; sand}', fibrous loam, and a little leaf-
mould. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. S, cocci' nea lived
several years against a wall at Chiswick.
S. cocci' nea (scarlet-flowered). Scarlet. June. N. Amer.

1806.
„ chine' nsis (Chinese) . 20. Pale rose or pink. Summer.

China; Japan. 1860.

„ ,, ru'bra(red). 15-20. Copper-red. N.China. 1907.
„ Aancra'na(Hancean). Green, scarlet. S.China. 185*,.
„ He'nryi (Dr. Henry's). White. Fruits fleshy, edible.

Central China. 1905.
„ marmora'ta (marbled). Borneo. 1860. Stove

climber.

,, propi'nqua (near-related). 5-8. Pale yellow. July.
Himalaya. 1828.

SCHIZA'NTHUS. Butterfly Flower. (From schizo, to
cut, and anthos, a flower ; the petals cut into fringes.
Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariacea?]. Linn. 2-Diandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Seeds in autumn, to be kept in a greenhouse, for early
blooming ; seeds in a slight hotbed, in March, for suc-
cessive blooming in pots, and early blooming out of doors ;
seed in the open air in the end of April. Beautiful
annuals, fitted either for pot or border culture ; rich,
light, fibrous loam ; when kept over the winter, the soil
should be poor, and the plants near the glass.
S. ca'ndidus (whitish). 2. White. Chili. 1843.
„ evansia'nus (Evansian). A doubtful species. 1841.
„ Gra'hami (Graham's). 2. Variegated. August.

Chili. 1831.

„ ,, lilaci'nus (lilac). Lilac, golden-yellow. 1887.
„ Hoo'keri (Hooker's). 2. Rose, lilac. August. Chili.

1828.

„ inca'nus (hoary). See S. RETUSUS.
„ pinnati' fidus (leaflet-cut). See S. PINNATUS.
„ pinna'tus (leafleted). 2. White, purple. August.

Chili. 1822.
„ „ hu'milis (dwarf), i. Crimson. July. Valparaiso.

1831.

„ ,, viola'ceus (violet). 3. Purple. July. Chili. 1853.
„ po'rrigens (spreadmg-sialked). See S. PINNATUS.
,, Prie'stii (Priest's). See S. PINNATUS.
„ relu'sus (bitten-ofi-pelaled) . 2. Variegated. August.

Chili and Peru. 1831.
„ „ trimacula' 'tus (three-blotched). Purple-crimson,

with three golden-yellow spots. 1906.
„ viola'ceus (violet). See S. PINNATUS VIOLACEUS.

SCHIZO'BASIS. (From schizo, to cut, and basis, the
base ; in allusion to the separation of the old flower from
the receptacle. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Greenhouse bulb. Seeds and offsets. Loam, leaf-
mould, and plenty of sand.

S. inirica'ta (intricate). J. White, green. S. Africa.
1875.

SCHIZOCflS'NA. (From schizo, to cut, and kainos, un-
usual. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-Cryptogamia,
i-Filices.)

S. Bruno' nis (Brown's). See CYATHEA BRUNONIS.
„ sinua'ta (scolloped). See CYATHEA SINUATA.

SCHIZOCA'SIA. (From schizo, to cleave, and casia ,
to distinguish it from Colocasia and Alocasia. Nat. ord.
Araceae. Now referred to Alocasia.)
S. Po'rtei (Porte's). See ALOCASIA PORTEI.
„ Regnie'ri (Regnier's). See ALOCASIA REGNIERI,

SCHIZOCO'DON. (From schizo, to cut, and codon, a
bell ; the bell-shaped flowers are deeply cut. Nat. ord.
Diapensiaceae.)

A dwarf, hardy, evergreen alpine of great beauty for
the rockery. Divisions in spring. Loam, with some
peat and sand, shaded from noon onwards.
S. soWaneW(n"^s(Soldanella-like). J. Deep rose, shading
to blush white at the fringed margin. Japan.
1892.

SCHIZOLO BITJM. (From schizo, to split, and lobos, a
pod ; in allusion to the leathery outer coat of the pod
splitting away from the thin interior membrane. Nat.
ord. Leguminosa?.)

Stove evergreen tree. Seeds ; cuttings of ripe wood
in sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat,
and sand.
S. exce'lsum (lofty). Yellow. Brazil. 1874.

SCHIZOLO'MA. (From schizo, to cut, and loma, an
edge ; edges of fronds. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn.
24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices. Now referred to Lindsaya.)
S. cnsifo'lia (sword-leaved). See LINDSAYA ENSIFOLIA.
,, heterophy'lla (various- leaved). See LINDSAYA HETERO-

PHYLLA.

SCHIZOME RIA. (From schizo, to cut, and meros, a
part ; cut petals. Nat. ord. Saxifrages [Saxifragacea?].
Linn. lo-Decandria, 2-Digynia. Allied to Weinmannia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring ; loam and
peat, with silver sand and charcoal. Winter temp., 40°
to 48°.
S. ova'ta (egg-leaved}. 8. White. Australia. 1825.

SCHIZOPE'TALON. (From schizo, to cut, and petition,
a petal. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. 15-
Tetr adynamia.}

Seeds in a slight hotbed in March, pricked out into
pots, and grown in an airy greenhouse, or transplanted
to the front of borders in May ; sandy loam and leaf-
mould ; if in a pot, add a little peat.
S. Wa'lkeri (Walker's). 2. White. June. Chili. 1822.

SCHIZOPHRA'GMA. (From schizo, to cut, and
phragrrta, the wall of an enclosure ; in reference to the
splitting of the seed-vessel between the ribs at maturity.
Nat. ord. Saxifragacea?.)

Hardy shrubs very closely allied to Hydrangea. Seeds ;
cuttings in sandy soil under a bell-glass, in gentle heat.
Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand, if in pots, and well-
drained soil in the open.
S. hydrangeoi' des (Hydrangea-like). White or flesh.

Japan. 1879.

,, integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). White ; bracts pure
white. China. 1903.

SCHIZO'STYLIS. (From schizo, to cut, and stulos, a
style ; the style is deeply divided. Nat. ord. Iridaceae.)

An evergreen, relatively hardy bulbous plant, grown
in the open, and potted up in September to bloom in
a greenhouse during November. Divisions in spring.
Light, rich soil.

S. cocci' nea (scarlet), ij. Crimson. November. S.
Africa. 1864.

SCHLETCHERA. (Commemorative of M. Schleicher.
Nat. ord. Sapindacea?.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe wood in sand,
in a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, a
little peat, and sand.

S. tri'juga (three-pair-leaved). 20. India; Malaya.
1820.

SCHLI'MMIA. (Commemorative of M. Schlim, a col-
lector of plants for M. Linden. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)
Stove epiphytical orchids. Divisions. Fibre of peat,
sphagnum, and crocks.
S. jasminodo'ra (jasmine-scented). White. Colombia.

1852.

„ tri'fida (three-cut). White, purple; lip white and
orange. Colombia. 1876.

SCHLUMBERGE'RIA. (Commemorative of the Bel-
gian horticulturist, F. Schlumberger. Nat. ord. Brome-
liaceae.)

Stove evergreen perenniais. Suckers. Fibrous loam,
lumpy peat, leaf-mould, and sand.

SCHMIDELIA

785

SCHWEIGGERIA

S, Linde'ni (Linden's). Peru. 1883.
„ morrenia'na (Morreoian). 3. Yellow ; bracts dark

purple. Ecuador or Peru. 1883.

„ Roc'zlit :(RoezTs). 3. White and green. Peru. 1878.
„ vire'scens (greenish). See S. ROEZLII.

SCHMIDELIA. (Named after C. C. Schmidel, a
German botanist. Nat. ord. Soapworts [Sapindaceae].
Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Kcelreuteria.)

Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of ripe
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in the beginning of
summer, and placed in a mild bottom-heat ; sandy loam
and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 85°.
S Comi'nia (Cominia). 20. Jamaica. 1778.

, integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). See ALLOPHYLUS COBBE.

, occidenta'lis (western). 8. W. Ind. 1828.

, racemo'sa (racemed). See ALLOPHYLUS COBBE.

, serrate (saw-leaved). See ALLOPHYLUS COBBE.

SCHCE'NIA. (In honour of Dr. Schcen, a botanical
artist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, 2-Superflua. Allied to Pteropogon and
Helichrysum.)

A tender annual. Sow end of March in moderate
heat ; transplant seedlings into small pots in same heat ;
plant four or five in an eight-inch pot ; gradually harden ;
and when in flower place in greenhouse.
S. cassinia'na (Cassinian). i. Pink. May. Australia.

1846.
„ oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). See S. CASSINIANA.

SCHCE'FFIA. (Commemorative of John Schceff, a
German botanist. Nat. ord. Olacaceae.)

Greenhouse shrub. Cuttings in sand, under a hand-
light in gentle heat.

S. fra'grans (fragrant). 10-15. Light yellow. June.
Himalaya. 1827.

SCHCENLA'NDIA GABONE'NSIS. See CYANASTRUM

CORDIFOLIUM.

SCHCE NUS. (From schoinos, made of rushes. Nat.
ord. Cyperacere.)

An interesting rush-like plant for the bog garden.
Divisions. Marshy or boggy soil.

S. ni'gricans (blackening). 1^-2. Heads black. June,
July. Cosmopolitan (Britain). " Bog Rush."

SCHOMBTJ'RGKIA, (Named after Sir R. Schomburgk.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria,
i-.\fonandria. Allied to Cattleya.)

Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See ORCHIDS.
S. carina'ia (keeled). See S. LYONSII.
„ chionodo'ra (snow-scented). 1-2. White ; lip with a

purple spot. Central Amer. 1886.
„ „ kimballia'na (Kimballian). Light purple. 1888.
„ cri'spa (curled-flowered). 3. Yellow, brown, pink.

January. British Guiana. 1844.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See S. TIEICINIS

GRAKDIFLORA.

„ Humbo'ldtii (Humboldt's). 3-4. Lilac, purple ; lip
amethyst-purple. Venezuela. 1887.

„ lepidi 'ssima (very-slender). 3^. Purple. 1889.

„ Lyo'nsii (Lyons's). 3. White, blotched with purple ;
lip yellow, white. Jamaica. 1853.

„ margina'ta (bordered. Spread Eagle). 4. Orange.
August. Guiana. 1834.

„ „ immargma'to(without-margin). Without a yellow
margin. 1887.

„ ro'sea (rosy). Deep red and pale rose. Sierra Nevada.
i893.

„ sandma'na(Sanderian). 3-4. Rosy-carmine. Febru-
ary. 1891.

„ thomsonia'na (Thomsonian). Light yellow, mauve ;
lip blackish-purple. 1887.

„ Tibicinis (cow-horn). 8. Pink, white. April.
Honduras. 1834.

„ ,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 5. Brown, rose.
May. Honduras. 1844.

„ undula'ta (wavy-petaled). Purple. January. Vene-
zuela. 1843.

SCHO'TIA. (Named after R. V. Schot, who travelled
with Jacquin. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Am-
herstia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South Africa.
Cuttings of half-ripened, young, stubby shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibrous loam ; flowers
chiefly at the end of stiff young shoots.
S. ala'ta (winged). 5. Crimson. July. 1816.

„ brachype'tala (short-petaled) . S. Africa.

„ latifo'lia (broad- leaved). Purple, white. June. 1810.

„ simplicifo'lia (simple-leaved). See BANDEIR^EA SIM-

PLICIFOLIA.

„ specio'sa (showy). 5. Scarlet. August. 1759.

„ stipula'ta (/arg*-stipuled). See S. SPECIOSA.

„ tamarindifo'lia (tamarind-leaved). See S. SPECIOSA.

SCHOUSBCE'A. (Commemorative of P. K . A. Schousbcf,
a Danish consul. Nat. ord. Combretaceae. Now referred
to Cacoucia.)
S. cocci' nea (scarlet). See CACOUCIA COCCINEA.

SCHOU'WIA. (Named after /. F. Schouw, a Danish
botanist. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Crucifene]. Linn. 15-
Tetradynamia. )

Hardy annual. Seeds in light, sandy soil, in April.
S. ara'bica( Arabian). J. Purple. June. Arabia. 1837.

SCHRA'DERA. (Commemorative of H. A dolf Schroder,
a German botanist. Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

Stove shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a close case, with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
S. Cephalo'tes (headed). 3-4. White. July. Jamaica.
1820.

SCHRA NE3A. (Named after F. P. Schrank, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosas].
Linn. 2^-Polygatnia, i-Mon&cia. Allied to Mimosa.)

The leaves yield to the touch like those of the sensitive
plant Mimo'sa pu'dica. Herbaceous plants. Division
of the roots in spring, and cuttings of the young shoots
in spring, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and a little
bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibrous peat. Plant-stove
and cool greenhouse treatment,
i S. aculea'la (prickly). 2. Red. July. VeraCruz. 1733.

Stove.
„ leptoca'rpa (slender-podded). Rose. July. St.

Domingo. 1837. Stove.

„ uncina' ta (hooked). 2. Red. July. N. Amer. 1789.
Greenhouse.

SCHRE'BERA ALBENS. See EL.*ODENDRON GLAU-
CUM.

SCHUBE'RTIA. (Named after M. Schubert, a Polish
botanist. Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, 2-Digynia. Now referred to Araujia.)
S. auri'coma (yellow-haired). See ARAUJ IA GRANDIFLORA.
„ Gra'hami (Graham's). See ARAUJIA GRANDIFLORA.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See ARAUJIA GRANDI-
FLORA.

„ grave'olens (strong-scented). See ARAUJIA GRANDI-
FLORA.

SCHWA'BEA. (Commemorative of Herr Schwabe, a
German. Nat. ord. Acanthacea?. Allied to Justida.)

Evergreen stove herb. Cuttings in sand, in a pro-
pagating case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.
5. cilia'ris (eye-lashed). 1-2. Trop. Africa.

SCHWffiGRICHE'NIA FLA'VIDA. See AMGOZANTHOS

FLAVIDA.

SCHWA'NNIA. (Commemorative of Theodor Schwann,
a German physician. Nat. ord. Malpighiaceae.)

A stove evergreen, woody climber. Cuttings of short

j side-shoots, in a mature condition, in sand, in a close

case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and

sand.

S. e'legans (elegant). Red. June, July. Brazil. 1842.

SCHWEIGGE'RIA. (Named after Professor Schu-eigger,
a German botanist. Nat. ord. Violetworts [Violaceae].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of firm side-shoots, 2 or
3 inches in length, in sand, under a bell-glass, in May,
and in a sweet hotbed. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.

i S. frutico'sa (shrubby). White. May. Brazil. 1838.
i „ pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). See S. FRUTICOSA.

SCIADOCALYX

786

SCILLA

SCIADO'CALYX. (From ski AS, a parasol, or tent, and
kolux, the calyx ; in reference to the shape of the latter.
Nat. ord. Gesneracese. Now referred to Isoloma.)
S. digitolceflo'ra (foxglove-flowered). See ISOLOMA DIGI-

TALIFLORUM.

„ Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). See ISOLOMA WARSCE-

WICZII.

SCIADOPHY'LLUM. (From skias, skiados, a parasol,
and phullon, a leaf ; in allusion to the shape of the
leaves. Nat. ord. Araliaceae.)

Stove, evergreen shrubs or small trees. Cuttings of
half-mature wood in sand, in a close case, with bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam, a third of peat, and sand. The
Peruvian species will thrive in a greenhouse.
S. acumina'tum (long-pointed). 10-15. Yellow. Peru.

Climber.
„ ano'malum (anomalous). 15-20. Greenish-white.

Trinidad. 1817.

„ Bro'wnii (Brown's). 15-20. White. Jamaica. 1793.
„ co'nicum (conical). 8-10. Reddish. Peru. Climber.
„ digita'tum (fingered). See PACHIRA INSIGNIS.
„ ferrugi'neum (rusty). 40. White. Trinidad. 1826.
„ pedicella'tum (long-stalked). 8-10. Purple. Peru.

Climber.

„ penta'ndrum (five-anthered). 5-8. Reddish. Peru.
1820.

SCIADO'PITYS. (From skias, skiados, a parasol, and
pitus, a pine or fir-tree ; literally, the parasol pine, in
allusion to the whorls of leaves. Nat. ord. Conifera.)

A hardy evergreen conifer. Seeds. Rich, deep, and
well-drained soil.
S. verticilla'ta (whorled). 60-120. Japan. 1861.

" Umbrella Pine."

„ ,, variega'ta (variegated). Some leaves of each
whorl are yellow. 1887.

SCIARA. 5. pyri, Small Pear Midge. S. Schmidber-
geri, Large Pear Midge. When a fallen pear is cut open,
it is often found core-eaten, and with a brown powder
marking the progress of the assailant. This is caused by
the larva of these insects. The midges appear early in
July. The Small Pear Midge has club-shaped halteres,
the club dark brown, and the stem whitish. When alive,
the abdomen is of a lead colour, with black wings. The
head and thorax are black, as are also the antenna? ; the
palpi are of a pale yellow, the feet whitish, and the tarsi
Wack.

The Large Pear Midge appears about the same time as
the preceding. The female is little more than a line
long, and half a line thick, also much larger than the
smaller pear midge ; the male is more slender, and some-
what shorter. The antennae are blackish, and not so
long as the body. The head is black and shining, as is
also the thorax ; the proboscis ash-grey, the abdomen
of the male a deep black, that of the female browner,
with black wings ; the anal point, however, is quite
black, the feet ash-grey, and the tarsi and wings black.
They both survive the winter, and deposit their eggs in
the blossom, when it opens in early spring. The larva
eats its way into the core of the young fruit, and again
eats its way out at one side when the time arrives for it
to bury itself in the ground, and pass into the chrysalis
form. — Kollar.

SCI'LLA. Squill. (From skullo, to injure ; the bulbs
said to be poisonous. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceas],
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Offsets ; light, sandy soil.

TENDER BULBS.

S. Adla'mi (Adlam's). i. Mauve-purple. Natal. 1891.
„ Befllii (Bell's). £. Dusky blue. March. Persia.

1884.
„ Berthdo'tii (Berthelot's). Pink. Canary Islands

1862.

„ biparti'ta (two-parted). See S. LINGULATA.
„ brevifo'lia (short-leaved). See HVACINTHUS BREVI-

FOLIUS.
„ Bucha'nani (Buchanan's). i. Green ; filaments

purple. Nyasaland. 1893.

„ ckine'nsis (Chinese). Light blue. May. China. 1819.
„ conci'nna (neat). Rose-purple. S. Africa. 1862.
„ co'ncolor (one-coloured). Purple, green. S. Africa.

1862.

S. Coope'ri (Cooper's). Purple. S. Africa. 1866.
„ floribu'nda (free-flowering), i. Green, purple. S.

Africa. 1862.

„ Galpi'ni (Galpin's). Transvaal.
,, hcemorrhoidalis (blood-coloured). £. Blue. August.

Canary Islands. 1585.
„ humifu'sa (ground-spread). J-J. Reddish-green.

Natal. 1 88 1.
„ hyacintJwi'des (hyacinth- like) of Desfont. See S.

H^EMORRHOIDALIS.

„ i'ndica (Indian). J. Greenish-purple. India. 1816.

,, Krau'ssii (Krauss's). Natal.

„ lanceafo'lia (lance-leaved), i. White, green. May.
S. and Trop. Africa. 1800".

„ lanceola'ta (lance-shaped) of Baker. \. Greenish-
purple. S. Africa. 1774.

„ lanceola'ta (lance-shaped) of Viv. See URGINEA

MARITIMA.

,, laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). J. Green ; filaments

purple. S. Africa. 1891.
„ Ledie'ni (Ledien's). Green, with purple tube. Congo.

1889.
„ linearifo'lia (linear-leaved). Dusky purple. S.Africa.

1862.
„ li'vida (livid), i. Green, tinted livid purple. S.

Africa. 1883.

„ lora'ta (thong-shaped). Purple-green. S.Africa. 1862.
„ A/aco'o;am(Macowan's). £. Green. S.Africa. 1875.
„ mari'tima (maritime). See URGINEA MARITIMA.
,, maurita'nica (Mauritian). See S. VINCENTINA.
,, micro' scypha (small-boat), i. Green. S. Africa.

1881.

„ natale'nsis (Natal). Blue. Natal. 1863.
,, „ so'rdida (dirty). Leaves shaded with brown.
„ ovatifo'lia (ovate-leaved). See S. LANCET FOLIA.
„ pallidiflo'ra (pale-flowered), i. White. S. Africa.

1870.
„ paucifo'lia (few-leaved). Green, white. S. Africa.

1862.
„ pe'ndula (drooping). i-i£. Green; filaments lilac ;

anthers purple. Natal. 1878.
„ plu'mbea (lead-coloured), i. Lead. May. S. Africa.

1812.
„ polya'ntha (many-flowered), i. Purple, green. S.

Africa. 1878.

,, prasi'na (leek- green). Green, purple. S.Africa. 1870.
„ pri'nceps(cbiei). Pale green, purple. S. Africa. 1862.
,, rigidifo'lia (rigid-leaved). S. and Trop. Africa.
„ socia'lis (social). Pale green. S. Africa. 1862.
„ spathula'ta(spa.thulzte). £. Green, purple. S.Africa.

1862.
„ subglau'ca (somewhat-glaucous). Purple. S. Africa.

1862.
„ subsecu'nda (somewhat-one-sided). J. Brownish;

filaments purple. S. Africa. 1881.
„ tri'color (three-coloured). £. Green. Leaves slightly

blotched. S. Africa. 1880.
„ undula'ia (waved), $. Green, striped. May. S.

Africa. 1819.
„ versi'color (changeable- coloured). Green-white. S.

Africa. 1872.
,, vincenti'na (St. Vincent). £. Blue. April. Portugal.

1819.
,, zcbri'na (zebra-striped). Yellow-green, purple. S.

Africa. 1862.

HARDY BULBS.
5. amce'na (pleasing) of Bory. and Chaub. See S.

MESSENIACA.

„ amoe'na (pleasing) of Linnaeus, J. Blue. March.

Levant. 1596.

„ ,, sibi'rica (Siberian). See S. SIBIRICA.
„ amce'nula (pretty). See S. SIBIRICA AMO^NULA.
,, antitau'rica (Anti-Taurian). See S. SIBIRICA TAURICA.
„ autumna'lis (autumnal). J. Pink. August. Europe

(England).

„ „ a'lba (white). J. White. August.
„ ,, ma'jpr (larger). £. Pink. August. Britain.
„ axilla'ris (axillary), r. White and green outside,

violet edged, white inside. 1903.
,, Bertolo'nii (Bertoloni's). See S. ITALICA.
„ bifo'lia (two-leaved). J. Blue. March. Europe;

Asia Minor.

„ „ a'lba (white). £. White. March. S. Europe.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). Rose. March.

SCILLA

787

SCISSORS

5. bifo'li* rube'rrima (reddest). Red when opening.

Leaves chocolate. 1906.

„ „ ru'bra (red). J. Red. March. S. Europe.
„ „ splSndens (splendid). Intense cobalt blue. March.

1906.
„ ,, (au'rica (Taurian). A many-flowered form.

March. 1890.

„ „ Whitta'llii (Whittall's). A strong growing form.
,, bruma'lis (winter). Blue. May. N. Amer. 1841.
„ campanula' to. (bell-flowered). See S. HISPANICA and

varieties.

„ ce'rnua (drooping). See S. FESTALIS CERNUA.
„ cili'cica (Cilician). J. Bright blue. Cilicia, Asia

Minor. 1908.

„ Clu'sii (Clusius ). See S. PERUVIAKA GLABRA.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbed). See HYACINTHUS CORYM-

BOSUS.

„ Cupa'ni (Cupani's). i. Purple. June. Sicily. 1834.
,, elonga'ta (elongated). See S. PERUVIANA.
,, erio'phora (wool-bearing). See S. HYACINTHOIDES.
„ escule'nta (eatable). See CAMASSIA FRASERI.
„ la'llax (deceiving). See S. OBTUSIFOLIA FALLAX.
„ 'festa'lis (gay), i-ij. Blue. April, May. Western

Europe (Britain). " English Bluebell," " Wild

Hyacinth."

„ „ a'lba (white), i. \Vhite. May. Britain.
„ ,, ca'rnea (flesh), i. Flesh. May. Britain.
„ „ ce'rnua (drooping). £. Pink. March. Spain.

1815.

„ „ ro'sea (rosy), i. Rose. May. Britain.
„ „ ru'bra (red), i. Red. May.
,, hispa'nica (Spanish), i. Dark blue. May. Spain.

1683.

„ „ a'lba (white), i. White. May. Spain. 1683.
„ „ ca'rnea (flesh), i. Pink. May. Spain. 1683.
,, ,, ru'bra (red), i. Rose. May.
„ Hohena'ckeri (Hohenacker's). Blue. April. Cau-
casus.

„ Hu'ghn (Hugh's). See S. PERUVIANA.
„ hyacinthoi'des (hyacinth-like) of Linnaeus. S. Europe.
„ „ stri'cia, (erect). Flower-stalks erect. Palestine.

1890.

„ ita'lica (Italian), f . Blue. May. S. Europe. 1605.
„ leucophy'lla (white-leaved). Bright purple, tipped

green. Persia. 1893.
„ Lilio-hyaci'nthus (lily- hyacinth), i. Blue. June.

S. Europe. 1597.

,, lingula'ta (tongue-shaped). Blue. N. Africa. 1887.
„ „ a'lba (white). White. N. Africa. 1887.
„ „ lilaci'na (lilac). Lilac. N. Africa. 1887.
„ lusita'nica (Portuguese). J. Blue. May. Portugal.

1777.
„ messeni'aca (Messenian). i. Pale blue. Greece.

1905.
„ monophy'lla (one- leaved) . Blue. May. S. Europe.

1821.
„ no'n-scri'pta (undescribed). See S. FESTALIS and

varieties.

„ nu'tans (nodding). See S. FESTALIS.
„ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). J. Blue. March. Sar-
dinia ; X. Africa. 1829.
,, „ fa'llax (deceiving).

„ odora'ta (sweet-scented). Blue. May. Spain. 1818.
„ pa' tula (spreading), i. Blue. May. Europe.
„ peruvia'na (Peruvian), i. Dark blue. May. Medi-
terranean region. 1607.

„ „ a'lba (white), i. White. May. S.Europe. 1607.
„ „ di'scolor (two-coloured-^oa^^d). i. Buff. May.

Portugal. 1843.
„ „ gla'bra (smooth).
„ pomeridia'na (afternoon). See CHLOROGALUM POME-

RIDIANUM.

„ prabractea' to. (long-bracted). See S. PERUVIANA.

„ pra'cox (early). See S. SIBIRICA.

„ pratSnsis (meadow). Blue. May. Hungary. 1827.

„ pu'bens (downy). See S. PERUVIANA.

,, pu'mila (dwarf). See S. MONOPHYLLA.

„ puschkinioi'des (Puschkinia-like). |. Light blue.

April. Turkestan. 1881.

„ roma'na (Roman). See HYACINTHUS ROMANUS.
„ ro'sea (rosy). See S. BIFOLIA ROSEA.
„ sero'tina (late). See DIPCADI SEROTINUM.
„ sibi'rica (Siberian). J. Blue. February. Siberia.

1796.
„ „ amte'nula (small-pleasing). Brighter blue, dwarfer,

earlier, 1906.

S. sibi'rica multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Rower-spikes

longer. 1895.
„ „ tau'rica (Taurian). A robust, many-flowered,

early variety. Anti-Taurus. 1890.
„ uckra'nica (Uckranian). Country unknown.
„ umbella'la (umbelled). See S. VERNA.
„ unijo'lia (one-leaved). See ORNITHOGALUM UNIFOLIUM.
„ ve'rna (spring). $. Blue. April. Western Europe

(Britain). " Sea Onion."
„ „ a'lba (white-flowered), i. White. May.
„ ,. ro'sea (rosy), £. Rose. May.
„ vulo'sa (shaggy-leaved). $. Lilac. Tripoli. 1831.

SCINDA'PSUS. (From skindapsos, a kind of tree re-
sembling ivy, the species not ascertained. Nat. ord.
Araceae.)

Evergreen stove climbers. Cuttings in a case with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, lumpy peat, and sand.
S. ano'malus (anomalous). See MONSTERA ACUMINATA.
„ argyra'us (silvery). See S. PICTUS.
., officina'lis (officinal). 4. Green, dusky yellow. May.

India ; Burma. 1820.

„ pertu'sus (perforated). See RHAPHIDOPHORA PERTUSA.
„ pi'ctus (painted). Leaves with silvery-grey patches

above. Malaya.
„ ptero'podus (wing-stalked). Sumatra.

SCIODA'CALYX. See SCIADOCALYX.
SCIODAPHY LLUM. See SCIADOPHYLLUM.
SCION. See GRAFF.

SCTRPUS. (From scirpus, the old Latin name for a
rush. Nat. ord. Cyperaceae.)

Herbs, natives of marshes, wet places, and river-banks.
Divisions. Plants for bog gardens, the margins of ponds,
and ornamental water.

S. atrovi'rens (dark-green). See S. SYLVATICUS.
„ ce'rnuus (drooping). J. Greenish- brown. Cosmo-
politan. Syn. Isolepis gracilis.
„ HoloscJiae'nus (Holoschrenus). ij-z. Green. Old

World on sandy sea-coasts.
„ „ jebri'nus (zebra-striped). Stems with white and

green zones.

„ lacu'stris (lake-loving). 3-8. Rusty-brown. July to

September. Cosmopolitan (Britain). " Bullrush."

„ ,. Taberncemonta'ni (Taberna?montanus'). 3-5.

Rusty-brown.

„ „ Tabernamonta'ni zebri'nus (zebra-striped). 2-3.
Stems with white and green zones. Japan. 1881.
" Banded Rush."

„ ripa'rius (river-bank). See S. CERNUUS.
„ seta'ceus (bristle-like). J. Greenish-brown. July.

Europe (Britain).

,, sylva'ticus (wood). 2-4. Greenish-brown. July.
Europe (Britain).

SCISSORS of various sizes are required by the gardener.
A pair with very sharp and pointed blades is required
for cutting away the anthers of flowers in hybridising,
and for thinning grapes. Stouter pairs are used for
removing flower-stalks when the petals have fallen
from roses, &c. Sliding pruning scissors are employed
for cutting the shoots of shrubs. They are powerful
instruments for the purpose ; but a more simple pair,
without a spring, is made. Secateurs, in many patterns,
now take the place of pruning scissors. They have
short curved blades, one of which is sharp and does the
cutting. They are much used for pruning Roses and
other shrubs, and the stronger ones will cut shoots as
thick as the finger, or thicker.

Shears are only large scissors. Hedge Shears for clipping
hedges are the most common. Sliding Pruning Shears,
with a movable centre, so as to make a drawing cut
when used as when the pruning knife is employed. See
AVERRUNCATOR.

The smaller size is suitable for using with one
hand. The large size, which has wooden handles, will,
when employed with both hands, cut through a bough
full 3 inches in circumference with the greatest ease.

Verge Shears are merely the hedge shears set nearly
at a right angle on long handles, for the convenience of
the gardener in clipping the sides of box-edging and the
verge of grass-plots. Turf Shears are set also at an angle,
but in a different direction, for cutting the tops of
edgings, and grass growing in corners unapproachable
by the scythe.

SCLAREA

788

SCORZONERA

SCLA'REA. (From French sclarte, and Low Latin
sclarea, sclaregia, a name given to certain species of
Salvia. Nat. ord. Labiata?. Now referred to Salvia.)
S. vulga'ris (common). Common Clary. See SALVIA
SCLAREA.

SCLE'RIA. (From skleros, hard or dry ; in allusion
to the hardness of the fruit. Nat. ord. Cyperaceae.)

Hardy herbs for the bog garden or banks of ponds.
Divisions. Wet soil.
S. cilia' ta (eye-lashed). 2. June. N. Amer. ; W. Ind.

1823.
„ verticilla'ta (whorled). i. June. N. Amer. 1825.

SCLEROCA'RPUS. (From skleros, hard, and karpos, a
fruit ; in allusion to the hardness of the fruit. Nat. ord.
Composita?. )

An annual resembling Helianthus debilis. Seeds.
Ordinary garden soil.

S. uniseria'lis (uniserial). 2. Yellow. July, August.
Texas. 1900.

SCLE'ROON. (From skleros, hard, and oon, an egg ;
hard seeds. Nat. ord. Verbenas [Verbenaceae]. Linn.
i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Now referred to Pe-
titia.)
S. ole'inum (olive-like). See PETIT: A OLEINA.

SCLEROTHA'MNUS. (From scleros, hard, or rigid,
and thamnus, a shrub. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosa?]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Now
referred to Eutaxia.)

S. microphy'llus (small-leaved). See EUTAXIA EMPETRI-
FOLIA.

SCOLOPE'NDRIUM. Hart's Tongue. (From scolo-
pendra, a centipede ; the appearance of the seed, or
spore-cases. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-
Cryptogamia, i -Filices . )

Hardy, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
S. Hemioni'tis (Hemionitis). i. August. Spain. 1779.
„ Kre'bsii (Krebs). An abnormal form of Loma'ria

punclula'ta, which see.

„ offlcina'rum (shop). See S. VULGARE and varieties.
„ palma'tum (hand-shaped). See S. HEMIONITIS.
„ pinna' turn (leafieted). i. May. Philippines. Green-
house.
„ rhizophy'llum (rooting-leaved). £. May. N. Amer.

Greenhouse.
„ vulga're (common). 1-2. July. North temperate

zone (Britain). " Hart's-tongue."
„ „ acro'cladon (top-branched). Fronds narrow,

branched and crested at top. Britain.
„ „ angustifo'lium (narrow- leaved). Fronds narrow.

Britain.

„ „ columna're (columnar). Fringed.
„ „ Cooli'ngii (Cooling's), i. Plants dense, much

branched, globular.
„ „ erf 'spurn (crisped), i-ij. Fronds finely frilled,

barren. Britain.
„ „ cri' spurn Cla'pham (Clapham). Forked, fringed,

and crested. 1857.
„ „ cri'spum fimbria'tum (fringed). Finely fringed,

frilled, and crested.
„ „ cri'spum fimbria'tum Stansfte'ldii (Stansfield's).

A form of the previous variety, with finer divisions.
„ „ crista'tum (crested). Fronds tasselled at the top.
„ „ de'nsum (dense), j-. A dense mass of fine divisions

and bulbil plants. 1882.
„ „ de'nsum Kelwa'yi (Kelway's). J. More finely

divided and denser. 1880.
„ „ lacera'tum (torn). Fronds nearly pinnatifid, the

lower lobes crested. 1857.
„ „ margina'tum (margined). Fronds contracted with

a ridge or even two near the margin.
„ „ multi'fidum (many-cleft). Fronds much cut at

the top. Britain.
„ „ ra'mo-margina'tum (branched-margined). Margin

with broad, fan-like crests. 1860.
„ „ ramo'smn (branched). Branched and crested.
„ „ undula'tum (wavy). Wavy and fringed.
„ „ Veloi'sii (Velois's). Well-crested with round

lobes. France. 1886.

SCO'LYMUS. Golden Thistle. (From skolos, a thorn ;
plants spiny. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, i-jEqualis, Allied to Chicory.)

Dark purple. April.
See S. CARNIOLICA
Pale yellow, scentless.
See S. CARNIOLICA

Hardy, yellow-flowered plants. Seeds and divisions
in spring ; common garden soil.
S. grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 3. May. Barbary.

1820. Herbaceous.
„ hispa'nicus (Spanish). 3. August. S. Europe. 1658.

Herbaceous.

„ macula' tus (spotted). 3. July. S. Europe. 1633.
Annual.

SCO'LYTUS. A genus of small beetles, very nearly
allied to Bostrichus. S. destructor attacks the Elm ;
5. ligniperda the bark of some of the Conifers ; and
S. crenatus perforates, in a similar manner, the wood of
the Plum. They do not, however, confine their ravages
to the trees we have named. They are not more than
an eighth of an inch long, black, with chestnut-coloured
legs, and sprinkled over with bristles.

SCOPO'LIA. (Named after G. A. Scopoli, a foreign
botanist. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solanacea?]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Physalis.)

Hardy herbaceous. Division of the roots in spring,
or sowing the seeds in a slight hotbed ; sandy loam, and
a dry situation.
S. carnio'lica (Carniolian). i.

Europe. 1780.
„ „ co'ncolor (one-coloured).

HLADNIKIANA.

„ „ hladnikia'na (Hladnikian).

Eastern Europe. 1893.
„ hladnikia'na (Hladnikian).

HLADNIKIANA.

,, japo'nica (Japanese). Japan.

„ lu'rida (lurid). 3. Green, changing to yellow, then

lurid purple. Himalaya. 1824.
„ mu'tica (snipped). See HYOSCYAMUS MUTICUS.
„ physaloi'des (Physalis- like). ij. Violet-purple.

March. Siberia. 1777.
,, tangu'tica (Tangutic). China.

SCORCHING, or BURNING, describes the drying up
of the roots or of the leaves from exposure to too much
heat. The preventive, in the first case, is reducing the
temperature of the hotbed, or lifting the pots if the
plants are so grown ; in the second case, as it always
arises from the sun's rays in the confined air of a house,
Hartley's rough glass, and early ventilating, are the
preventives.

SCORODO'SMA. (From skorodon, garlic, and osme,
smell ; in allusion to the odour of the plant. Nat. ord.
Umbelliferae. Now referred to Ferula.)
S. foe'tidum (fetid). See FERULA ASSAFCETIDA.

SCORPION. Geni'sta Sco'rpius.

SCORPION GRASS. Myoso'tis.

SCORPION SENNA. Coroni'lla E'merus.

SCORPIU'RUS. (From skorpios, the scorpion, and
our a, a tail ; in allusion to the narrow, twisted seed-pods.
Nat. ord. Leguminosas.)

Hardy annual grown out of curiosity. Seeds in ordi-
nary garden soil.

S. vermicula' tus (worm-like). £. Yellow. July. Medi-
terranean region. Caterpillar Plant.

SCORZONE'RA. Viper's Grass. (From scurson, a
viper ; supposed remedy for the bite of a viper. Nat.
ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-
sEqualis.)

Hardy herbaceous ; yellow-flowered, except where
otherwise stated. Seeds in April or May ; common
garden soil.

5. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). July. S.Europe. 1759.
„ arista' ta (bearded). S. Europe.
„ austri'aca (Austrian), i. August. Europe; N.Asia.

1597-

„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Dalmatia.
„ crt/ct7ra/n7o7m(Calcitrapa-leaved). i. June. Europe.

1820.

„ caricifo'lia (Carex- leaved). See S. PARVIFLORA.
„ coronopifo'lia (buck's-horn- leaved), i. N. Africa

1818.

„ ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). £. May. Caucasus. 1825
„ eriospe'rma (woolly-seeded), i. August. Caucasus

1816. Half-hardy.
„ glastifo'lia. (woad-leaved). See S. HISPANICA.

SCORZONERA

789

SCUTELLARIA

S. graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 2. July. Portugal.

r759«

„ hirsu' fa (hairy), i£. June. S.Europe. 1774.
„ hispa'nica (Spanish). 3. July. Spain. 1576.
„ hu'milis (lowly) . i. August. Europe. 1597.
,, interme'dia (intermediate). June. Persia.
„ jacqmnia'na (Jacquinian). June. S. Europe; Asia

Minor. 1818.
„ lacinia'ta (torn). iJ-2. June. Mediterranean

region. &c. 1640.

„ lanrtta. (woolly), i. July. Iberia. 1824.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). " See S. XERVOSA.
„ mo'llis (soft), ij. July. Taurus. 1818. " Soft

Viper's Grass."

„ nervo'sa, (veiny). June. Armenia; Persia. 1836.
„ octangula'ris (eight-angled). See S. LACINIATA.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). ii. July. Europe ;

N. Asia. 1805.
„ pu'mila (dwarf), i. June. Spain ; Arabia. 1816.

Annual.

„ purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. May. Austria. 1759.
,, rescdcefo'lia (Reseda- leaved). See LAUN/EA CHONDRIL-

LOIDES.

„ ro'sea (rosy). See S. PURPUREA.
„ tomento'sa (felted). July. Asia Minor.
,, tubero'sa (tuberous). £. June. Volga. 1825.
„ undula'ta (wavy). See S. MOI.LIS.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). July. S. Europe.

SCORZONE'RA in th- kitchen-garden is the 5. his-
pa'nica, grown for its parsnip-like roots. Sow annually,
in any open light spot of ground, the latter end of March
or beginning of April. Trench the ground, and with the
bottom spit turn in a little dung ; sow in ^-inch deep
drills, 12 inches asunder. Thin the plants to 10 inches
distance ; they will grow freely, and their roots continue
increasing in size till September. The roots may either
remain in the ground, to be drawn as wanted, or taken
wholly up in autumn when their leaves decay, and pre-
served in sand all winter.

To save Seed. — Let some of the plants remain where
sown, when they will shoot up in the spring, and produce
plenty of seed in autumn.

SCOTCH ASPHODEL. Tofie'ldiapalu'stris.

SCOTCH BONNETS. Mara'smius orea'des. A Fairy
Ring fungus.

SCOTCH-KALE. Bra'ssica olera'cea ace'phala.
SCOTCH LABURNUM. Laburnum alpi'num.
SCOTCH PINE. Pi'nus sylve'stris.
SCOTCH PRIMROSE. Pri'mula. sco'tica.
SCO'TTIA. (Named after Dr. Scott, once professor of
botany in Dublin. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legu-
minosae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. Now
referred to Bossiaea.)

S. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved) . See BOSSI.^A DENTATA.
„ denta'ta (tooth-leaved). See BOSSIAEA DEXTATA.
,, Ifs'nis (smooth-branched). See BOSSLCA DENTATA.
„ trapezifo'rmis (trapezium-fcat'erf). January. Australia.
1825.

SCREEN. All cooling is occasioned either by the heat
being conducted from a body by a colder, which is in
contact with it, or by radiating from the body cooled,
though circumstances accelerate or retard the radiation :
and whatever checks the radiation of heat from a body
is a screen, and keeps it warmer. For screening or pro-
tecting the blossom of wall-fruit, Mr. Errington states :
" We do not know that any material is more proper for
covering than thin canvas, such as is manufactured by
Mr. Nathaniel Hulme, of Paradise-green, Knutsford,
which he sells at about fivepenoe per square yard. He
generally makes it in widths of three yards, which is
enough for most walls, so that every lineal yard costs
fifteenpence ; but then this canvas will last well for
seven years if properly preserved, and a due care be
exercised. Thus it will be seen, that the annual expense
of protecting a lineal yard of walling is not more than
twopence-halfpenny, exclusive of a few ordinary pole^.
We place a pole every 6 feet, running under the coping
at top, and straddling away nearly 2 feet at bottom.
At 2 feet above the ground level an auger hole is bored
in the pole, and an oaken peg driven in, the end left
projecting 9 inches forward ; and when the canvas is

lowered in the day, it hangs in folds on this line of pegs ;
this keeps it from contact with the damp soil. Every
pole has a ring dangling from a staple close to the top ;
and on the outer face a rope of sash-cording is attached
to the edge of the canvas opposite each ring ; this being
passed through the ring from the under side, enables the
operator to pull it up or let it down with ease. Thus,
when the canvas is lowered, the wall is uncovered, and
vice versa. Now, these rings and cords will add to the
expense ; and, since both are very durable, we may,
perhaps, add another halfpenny per lineal yard to the
amount, accounting the ropes to last nearly as long as
the canvas. A still more complete plan is to hang the
canvas like curtains, or after the manner of the covering
to what are termed conservative walls.

For wall-trees, now that glass is become so much
cheaper, the best of all screens may be employed, viz.
glazed frames, of a length extending from the coping of
the wall to the surface of the soil, about 2 feet from the
stems of the trees. See GLASS CASE.

SCREW PINE. Panda'nvs.

SCREW-TREE. Heli'cieres.

SCROPHULA'RIA. (So named by Linnaeus, from its
supposed use in curing scrofula. Nat. ord. Scrophu-
lariaceas.)

Hardy perennial herbs. The variegated one was
much used in bedding designs at one time. Seeds ;
divisions in spring. Ordinary garden soil.
S. aqua'tica voft«ga'to(variegated-aiuatic). Leaves varie-
gated with creamy-yellow. Britain.
„ chrvsa'ntha (golden-flowered). 1-2. Yellow. April,

May. Asia Minor. 1882.
„ nodo'sa variega'ta (variegated-knotty). See S. AOUA-

TICA.
„ sublyra'ta (somewhat-lyre-shaped). 2-3. Green,

purple. August. Portugal. 1879.
„ verna'lis (spring). 2. Yellow. March to May.
Europe (Britain). Biennial for wild garden.

SCRUB OAK. Que'rcus Cattsbafi.

SCRUBBY OAK. Lophi'ra africa'na.

SCURVY GRASS (Cochlea' 'ria officina'lis) flourishes
most in a sandy, moist soil. Sou; as soon as the seeds
are ripe in June or July, in drills, 8 inches apart, and
J inch deep. Thin to 8 inches asunder, and those re-
moved may be transplanted to a bed at similar distances,
giving water at the time, and frequently afterwards,
until fully established. The leaves are fit to gather
during the following spring.

To obtain Seed. — A few plants must be left ungathered
from in the spring. They will run up to flower about
May, and perfect their seed in the course of the two
following months.

SCUTELLATOA. Skull-cap. (From scutella, a little
saucer ; form of calyx. Nat. ord. Lipworts [Labiate].
Linn. i^-Didynamia, z-Angiospermia.)

Seeds and divisions in spring, and the evergreen kinds
easily by cuttings under a hand-light ; some of the
tender species are very handsome, such as S. splendens ;
but the red spider must be looked after.

TENDER SPECIES.
S. a'lbo-ro'sea (rosy- white) . White and rose. Brazil.

1869.

„ aura'ta (golden). Yellow. Brazil. 1863.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. Colombia. Stove.
„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). See S. SPLEXDEXS.
,, Costarica! no. (Costarican). \\. Scarlet, tipped yellow.

Costa Rica. 1864. Stove.
„ formosa'na (Formosan). i. Purplish. Hong-Kong.

1894.
„ Hartve'zii (Hartweg's). i-ij. Bright red ; lower

lip violet. Andes of Quito. 1882. Shrubby.
„ hu'milis (dwarf). £. Blue. June. N.S.Wales. 1823.
„ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). i|. Rose. August.

Quito. 1844. Greenhouse evergreen.
„ „ Tria'nai (Dr. Triana's). Rosy-scarlet.
,, javane'nsis (Javan). 2. Purple. China; Java.

Stove.
,, Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). ij. Scarlet-red. Summer.

Colombia. 1884. Herbaceous.
,, mocinia'na (Mocinian). i£. Scarlet, tipped yellow.

Mexico. 1868. Stove.

SCtJTIA

790

SEB^A

S. purpura' scens (purplish). 2. Light blue ; lower lip

violet. June. Trop. Amer. 1820.
„ sple'ndens (splendid), i. Scarlet, orange. September.

Mexico. 1844. Stove.
„ Ventena'tii (Ventenat's). 2. Scarlet. August.

Colombia. 1844. Greenhouse.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). J. Scarlet. February. Brazil.

1842.
„ viola' cea (violet). Violet-blue, with white blotch on

lower lip. India ; Burma ; Malaya. 1904.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

5. a'lbida (whitish). Whitish. July. South-eastern

Europe.
„ alpi'na (alpine). J. Purple. August. Hungary.

1752.

„ „ lu'tea (yellow). Yellow. August. Tartary. 1739.
„ „ sangui'nea (blood-red). J. Red. July. 1835.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated-flowered) . £. Pale yellow.

August. Switzerland.
„ ,, ver si' color (changing-coloured).
,, alti'ssima (tallest), i. Dark purple. July. Crimea.

1683.
„ baicale'nsis (Baical). |. Rich purple. July. Siberia.

1827.

„ „ ccelesti'na (sky-blue). \. Bright blue. 1904.
„ Colu'mncz (Columna's). ij. Blue. July. S. Europe.

1806.

„ commute,' ta (changed). See S. ALTISSIMA.
„ galericula'ta (small-capped), i. Blue. July. North

temperate regions (Britain). " Common .Skull-
cap."

„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See S. ORIENTALIS.
„ hastifo'lia (spear-leaved), £. Purple. June. Europe.

1798.

„ hi'ria (hairy). Dark purple. June. Candia. 1835.
„ i'ndica japo'nica (Indian. Japanese variety). J-J.

Purple, white. July. Japan. 1838.
„ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved), i. Blue. July. N.

Amer. 1731.

„ japo'nica (Japan). See S. INDICA JAPONICA.
„ laterifto'ra (side-flowering), i. Blue. July. N.

Amer. 1752.

„ linea'ris (linear). Himalaya.
,, macro. 'ntha (large-flowered). See S. BAICALENSIS.
„ mi'nor (less). £. Pink. July. Europe (Britain).
„ nervo'sa (large-nerved), i. Blue. July. Virginia.

1826.
,, orients.' Us (eastern), r. Yellow. August. Levant.

1729.
„ pa'rvula (very-small). J. Blue. July. N. Amer.

1822.
„ peregri'na (spreading). 2. Violet. August. Tauria.

1823.

„ pilo'sa (shaggy), i. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1825.
„ rupe'stris (rock). See S. HIRTA.
„ scordiifo'lia (Scordium-leaved) . Siberia.
„ serra'ta (saw-leaved). J. Blue. August. N. Amer.

1800. *r

„ Sibtho'rpii (Sibthorp's). See S. PEREGRINA.
„ Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). ij. Purple. July.

Persia. 1837.
„ ve'rna (spring). See S. ALPINA.

SCU'TIA. (From scutum, a shield ; in reference to
calyx surrounding the base of the globular fruit. Nat.
ord. Rhamnaceas. Allied to Ceanothus.)

A stove shrub. Cuttings in sand, in bottom-heat.
Loam, peat, and sand.

S. Commerso'nii (Commerson's) . 3. White. June.
Trop. Asia. 1818.

SCUTICA'RIA. (From scutica, a whip ; leaves as
round as a whipcord. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidace*].
Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Once called Maxil-
laria.)

Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See ORCHIDS.
S. Dodgso'ni (Dodgson's). This seems to be S. Hadwe'nii.
„ Hadu'e'nii (Hadwen's). i. Green, chocolate, and

white. June. Brazil. 1851.

„ „ be'lla (pretty). Whitish, yellow, cinnamon, white.
„ „ pardali'na (pard-spotted). Yellow; with brown

circles ; lip ochre and yellow.

„ Stee'lii (Steel's). Yellow-spotted. July. Guiana.
1834.

SCYPHA'NTHUS. (From scyphos, a cap, and anthos,
a flower. Nat. ord. Loasads [Loasacea]. Linn. 18-
Polyadelphia, z-Polyandria. Now referred to Grammato-
carpus.)

S. e'legans (elegant). See GRAMMATOCARPUS VOLUBILIS.
„ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). See GRAMMATOCARPUS
VOLUBILIS.

SCYTHE. This mowing implement being confined, in
the garden, to cutting the fine, short grass of lawns, re-
quires to be much sharper than that used in cutting the
coarser grasses, which stand up more firmly to the scythe.
It is also necessary that the mowers should not score the
grass, that is, should not leave the mark of each stroke
of the scythe, which has a very unsightly appearance ;
to prevent which, have the scythe laid out rather wider,
an inch or two beyond heel and toe, especially for very
short grass ; and in mowing keep the point rather out,
and do not draw that part too fast toward, gathering
i the grass n«atly to the left in a range ; and having
| mowed to the end of the swath, mow it lightly back
I again, to trim off all scores and other irregularities un-
! avoidably left the first time. A great inconvenience
attending the old scythe is the difficulty of fastening and
I adjusting the blade to the handle. This is entirely
; obviated by Boyd's Self-adjusting Scythe. It is always a
; problem to determine the angle the blade should make
j with the handle, as it varies with every mower. A good
i guide is for a perpendicular line to be chalked against
i a wall, and for the mower to stand close and directly
fronting to this line ; then, without moving his feet,
and with arm at full stretch above his head, to chalk a
1 line to the left, from the perpendicular line, as far as
' he can reach. The line he thus chalks should corre-
spond with the angle of the scythe's blade, supposing
I the perpendicular line to represent the handle.

SEA BELLS. Calyste'gia Soldane'lla.
SEA-BUCKTHORN. Hippo'phae rhamnoi'des.

SEAFO'RTHIA. (Named after Lord Seaforth, a botani-
I cal patron. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn. 23-
Polygamia, i-Monoecia.)

S. e'legans (elegant). See ARCHONTOPHO-NIX CUNNING-
HAMI.

SEA HEATH. Franke'nia la'vis.
SEA-HOLLY. Ery'ngium.

SEA-KALE. Cra'mbe mari'tima. See CRAMBE.
In addition to what is there stated of its culture, we
j have only to make mention of the pots usually employed
i for blanching it ; but see RHUBARB for a frame, which
also answers, when fermenting materials are heaped over,
i to force it.

The following is also a good mode of forcing : On each

side of a 3-foot bed dig a trench 2 feet deep, the side

of it next the bed being perpendicular, but the outer

side sloping, so as to make it 18 inches wide at the

] bottom, but 2^ at the top. These trenches fill with

j fermenting dung, which, of course, may be renewed if

| found necessary, and frames put over the plants, the

light to be completely excluded by boards, matting, &c.

SEA LAVENDER. Sta'tice.

SEA RAGWORT. Sene'cio Cineraria.

SEA-SIDE BALSAM, Cro'ton Eleute'ria.

SEA-SIDE GRAPE. Cocco'loba.

SEA-SIDE LAUREL. Phylla'nthus latifo'lius.

SEA-WEED. See GREEN MANURE.

SEBffi'A. (Named after A. Seba, a Dutch botanist.
Nat. ord. Gentian-worts [Gentianaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetran-
dria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse annuals, all but ova' ta from South Africa.
Seeds in a sweet hotbed in March, pricked out or potted,
and either bloomed in the open garden, or in the green-
j house after May.

I S. a'lbens (whitish). |. White. August. 1820.
„ au'rea (golden). £. Yellow. July. 1824.
7ellow.

Yel

July. 1815.

,, corda'ta (heart-leaved). \.

„ ova'ta (egg-leaved), i. Red. August." N. S. Wales.
1820.

SECAMONE

791

SEDUM

SECAMO'NE. (Altered from squamona, the Arabic
name. Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

Stove, white-flowered, evergreen twiners. Cuttings of
firm side-shoots when about 3 inches in length ; fibrous
loam, two parts ; fibrous peat and very rotten dung, or
leaf-mould, dried, one part ; silver sand and charcoal,
to keep it open. Winter temp., 50" to 60° ; summer,
60° to 85°.

5. &gypti'aca (Egyptian). See OXYSTELMA ESCULENTUM.
„ clli'ptica (oval-leaved). 6. Australia. 1824.
,, eme'tica (emetic). 6. India. 1816.

SE'CHIUM. Choko. (From sekos, a pen or fold ; hogs
are fed on the fruit in Jamaica. Nat. ord. Cucurbits
[Cucurbitaceae], Linn. zi-Moncecia, lo-Monadelphia.)

A cucumber-like, yellow-flowered annual ; seeds in a
hotbed, and either cultivated in houses or pits ; or,
after June, in the open air ; light, rich soil.
S. edu'le (eatable). 6. June. W. Ind. 1816.
„ palma'tum (hand-leaved). See MICROSECHIUM PAL-
MATUM.

SECURIDA'CA. (From securis, a hatchet ; form of
the wing-like process at the end of the pod. Nat. ord.
Milkworts [Polygalacese]. Linn. ly-Diadelphia, 3-Octan-
dria.)

Stove evergreen twiners, from the West Indies. Cut-
tings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in bottom- heat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer,
60' to 80°. Sandy loam and sandy, fibrous peat.
S. Brow'nii (Brown's). 8. , White.

„ ere'cta (upright). Purple. July. 1824.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). Yellow. July. 1820.

„ virga'ta (twiggy). 10. White. 1739.

„ volu'bilis (twining). 10. White. S. Amer. 1739.

SECURI NEGA. (From securis, a hatchet, and nego,
to deny or refuse ; the wood is extremely hard. Nat.
ord. Euphorbiacea?.)

Hardy and stove shrubs or small trees Cuttings of
half-ripe wood in sand, in a frame for the hardy one, and
a stove for the other. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
S. Commerso'nii (Commerson's) . See S DURISSIMA.
„ duri'ssima (hardest). 35. White. Mauritius. 1793.

" Otaheite Myrtle."

„ ramiflo'ra (branch-flowered). Yellow, red. August.
Eastern Asia. 1785. Hardy.

SE'DUM. Stonecrop. (From seder e, to sit ; they
grow as if sitting on stones, rocks, walls, &c. Nat. ord.
Houseleeks [Crassulaceae], Linn. lo-Decandria, ^-Penta-
gynia.)

Annuals, by seeds, o# raised dry places, such as banks
and rock-works ; perennials, by divisions and cuttings,
which root most readily, and all of which prefer dry,
sandy, loamy soil ; the more tender of these may be
grown in well-drained pots, in sandy loam and brick-
rubbish, and treated as alpines. The greenhouse kinds
require similar treatment, only a higher temperature,
and to be kept even drier in winter.

HARDY ANNUALS, &c.

S. andegave'nse (Andegavenny). J. Yellow. July.
Andegavenny. 1835.

„ Anderso'nii (Anderson's). See S. HISPANICUM.

„ atra'tum (dark-annual). £. Purple. August. Italy.
1795-

„ azu'reum (azure). See S. C^RULEUM.

„ Cepiz'a (purslane-leaved), i. White. July. Europe.
1640. Biennial.

„ cceru'leum (pale-blue). J. Pale blue. July. Medi-
terranean region. 1822.

„ cizspito'sum (tufted). £. White. Mediterranean
region. 1800.

„ cala'bricum (Calabrian). i. Whitish. July. Cala-
bria. 1835.

„ deltoi'deum (triangular-leaved). See S. STELLATUM.

„ glandulo'sum (glandular). J. Rose. June. Sardoa.
i87r.

„ magelle'nse (Magellan). Yellow. July. Italy;
Greece ; Asia Minor. 1816.

„ mi' serum (miserable). Green. July. Mexico. 1837.
Greenhouse.

„ pa'llens (pale), i. White. July. S. Europe. 1816.
Biennial.

5. pa'llidum (pale-red-ftowered). J. Pale red. July.

Caucasus. 1817.
„ semperuwoi' des (Sempervivum-like). ^-f. Bright

red. July. Asia Minor. r8i6. Biennial.
,, Sempervi'vum (Sempervivum-like). See S. SEMPER-

VIVOIDES.

„ spathula'tum (spatulate). See S. CEP^A.
„ Stella' turn (starred), i. Pink. July. S. Europe.

1640.

„ tctraphy'llum (four-leaved). See S. CEP^A.
„ villo'sum (shaggy). J-J. White or purplish. June,

July. Europe (Britain). Biennial.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. a'cre (acrid). J. Yellow. June. Europe (Britain).

" Biting Stonecrop," " Wall Pepper."
„ „ au'reum (golden). J. Yellow. June. Leaves at

top golden in spring.

„ „ diminu'tum (less). J. Yellow. June. England.
„ „ elonga'tum (long-shooted) . ±. Yellow. June.

England.

„ „ sartoria'num (Sartorian).
„ Aizo'on (ever-living), i. Yellow. August. Siberia.

I757-

„ Albe'rtii (Albert's). White. July, August. Turkes-
tan. 1879.
„ albe'scens (whiiish-leaved) . See S. REFLEXUM ALBE-

SCENS.

,, a'lbicans (great- white) . See S. TELEPHIUM.
„ a'lbo-ro'seum (white-rosy). i£. White, shaded with

rose. Japan. 1860.

„ a'lbum( white). J. White. June. Europe (England).
„ „ brevifo'lium (short-leaved). Leaves short, thick.
„ „ micra'nihum (small-flowered). \. White. June.

England.
„ „ teretifo'lium (terete-leaved). Leaves narrow,

flattened above. England.

„ alpe'stre (alpine), £. Red. June. Pyrenees. 1826.
„ alta'icum (Altaic). i. Yellow. June. Altaic

Mountains. 1831.
,, alti'ssimum (tallest), i. Yellow. July. S. Europe.

1769.
„ amplexicau'le (stem-clasping). %-\. Golden- yellow.

Summer. Mediterranean region.
„ Anaca'mpseros (Anacampseros-like). £. Purple.

July. France. 1596. " Evergreen Orpine."
„ a'nglicum (English). J. WTiite. July. Britain.
„ „ hibe'rnicum (Irish). J. White. July. Ireland.
„ „ microphy'llum (small-leaved). J. White. July.

Britain.
., anope'talum (upward-petaled. Green). J. Pale yellow.

July. S. Europe. 1818.
„ „ auranti'acum (orange), i. Orange. June. France.

1820.
„ arbo'reum (tree-like). %-\. WTiite. July. Country

unknown.
„ asia'ticum (Asiatic), i. Yellow. July, August.

Himalaya.
„ beyrichia'num (Beyrichian). J. White. July. Origin

doubtful.
„ brevifo'lium (short-leaved). \. White, with- pink

midrib. July. Western Mediterranean region.
,, ccerule'scens (bluish-leaved). See S. STENOPETALUM.
„ ca'rneum (fleshy). See S. SARMENTOSUM.
„ Coope'ri (Cooper's), i. White. July. 1868.
„ cordifo'lium (heart-leaved), i-ii. White, flushed

purple. 1860.
„ co'rsicum (Corsican). See S. DASYPHYLLUM GLANDULI-

FERUM.

„ cra'ssipes (thick-stalked). See S. ASIATICUM.
„ cya'neum (blue). J. Purplish. Siberia. 1879.
„ dasyphy'llum (thick-leaved). i. White. June.

Europe (England).
„ „ glanduli'ferum (gland-bearing). White, tinted

rose. Leaves glandular. N. Africa. 1873.
„ denta'tum (toothed). See S. SPURIUM.
„ Dougla'sii (Douglas's). North-western Amer.
e'legans (elegant). See S. RUPESTRE.
elonga'tum (lengthened). See S. ROSEUM of Scop.
engleria'num (Englerian). White. Pyrenees. 1896.
erythrosti ctum (red-tinted). See S. TELEPHIUM.
euphorbioi' des (Euphorbia-like). Siberia.
Ewe'rsii (Ewer's), i. June. Siberia. 1829.
Faba'ria (Fabaria). i-ij. Rosy- white. July.

Europe (England).

SEDUM

792

SEDUM

S. forsteria'num (Forster's). See S. PRUINATUM FOR-

STERIANUM.

„ fruticulo' sum (small-shrubby). See S. ALTISSIMUM.

„ glacia'le (glacial). See S. ACRE.

„ glanduli'ferum (gland-bearing). See S. DASYPHYLLUM

GLANDULIFERUM.

„ glau'cwn (milky-green). See S. HISPANICUM.

„ globulifo'lium (globe- leaved). Yellow. June. Europe.

„ gra'cile (slender). Caucasus.

„ neterodo' ntum (variously- toothed). Himalaya.

„ Hillebra'ndii (Hillebrand's). See S. SEXANGULARE.

„ himale'nse (Himalayan). Himalaya.

„ hispa'nicum (Spanish), i. Pinkish- white. June.
S. Europe. 1732.

„ hy'bridum (hybrid). £. Yellow. June. Siberia.
1776.

„ ibe'ricum (Iberian). See S. SPURIUM.

„ involucra'tum (clustered), £. Yellow. July. Cau-
casus.

„ japo'nicum( Japanese). Pale yellow. August. China;
Japan. 1866.

„ kamlscha'licum (Kamtschatka). Yellow. June, July.
Eastern Asia. 1844.

„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). See S. MAXIMUM.

,, li'vidum (livid). \. White, green. July. 1816.

„ ly'dium (Lydian). £. White. June. Asia Minor.
1877.

„ Maximowi'czii (Maximowicz's). i. Yellow. July.
Japan. 1867.

„ ma'ximum (largest). 1-2. Whitish, spotted red.
August, September. Europe. 1794.

„ ,, co'rsicum (Corsican). 1-2. Pale yellow, apple-
scented. Stems purplish.

„ „ hamato'des (blood-like). 1-2. Whitish, tipped
red. Leaves and stems purple. Portugal.

„ „ Rodiga'si (Rodigas'). Leaves purplish, variegated
with yellow.

„ „ terna'tum(ternate). Yellowish. Leaves red above,
green below, in threes. Stems red.

., micra'nthum (small-flowered). See S. ALBUM MICRAN-
THUM.

,, middendorffia'num (Middendorffian). \. Yellow.
Summer. Amur. 1880.

„ monregale'nse (Monregalan). J. White. Summer.
S. Europe.

,, multicau'le (many-stemmed). Yellow. May. Hima-
laya Mountains. 1838.

„ mu'lticeps (many-headed). J-J. Pale yellow.
Summer. Algeria. Shrubby.

,, negle'ctum (neglected). See S. ACRE.

„ Ne'vii (Nev's). J. White. July. N. Amer. Ever-
green.

„ nic&e'nse (Nice). See S. ALTISSIMUM.

„ Notarja'nni (Notarjanni's). White. July. Naples.
1824.

„ oblo'ngum (oblong). See S. ANGLICUM.

„ obtusa'tum (obtuse). £. Yellow. June, July. Cali-
fornia. Evergreen.

„ ochroleu'cum (yellowish- white). See S. ALTISSIMUM.

„ oppositifo'lium (opposite-leaved). £. White. August.
Caucasus.

„ pectina'tum (comb-leaved). $. White. July. 1818.

„ populifo'lium (poplar-leaved), i. White. August.
Siberia. 1780.

„ pruina'tum (frosted), i. Bright yellow. Leaves
glaucous. July, August. Western Mediterranean
region.

„ „ forsteria'num (Forsterian). i. Bright yellow.
Leaves green. Wales ; England.

„ pulche'llum (pretty). Purple. July. N. Amer. 1824.

„ pu'lchrum (beautiful). See S. PULCHELLUM.

„ purpura'scens (purplish). See S. TELEPHIUM.

„ purpu'reum (purple) of Link. See S. TELEPHIUM.

„ quadri'fidum (four-cleft), i. Yellow. July. N.Asia.
1800.

„ refle'xum (bent-back-leaved), i. Yellow. June.
Europe (England). " Stone Orpine."

„ „ albe'scens (whitish). Yellowish-white. Plant sea-
green.

„ „ colli'num (hill), i. Yellow. 1815.

„ „ crista'tum (crested). Stems fascia ted like a

cockscomb.
„ „ tni'nus (smallest). The smallest form.

„ „ monslro'sum (monstrous). See S. REFLEXUM

CRISTATUM.

S. refle'xum recurva'tum (curled-back-greew). £. Yellow.

June. Europe. 1818.
„ ,, sepiangula're (seven-angled). J. Yellow. July.

1795-
„ ,, vi'rens (green). \. Yellow. Inflorescence erect.

June. Portugal. 1774.
„ „ vire'scens (greenish). i. Pale sulphur- yellow.

July. 1815.

„ re" pens (creeping). See S. ALPESTRE.
„ Rho'diola (rose-scented). See S. ROSEUM of Scop.
,, ro'seum (rosy) of Scop. i. Yellow. June. Northern

temperate regions (Britain). " Rose Root."
„ „ linifo'lium (flax-leaved), i. Purplish. Leaves

narrow.
„ ro'seum (rosy) of Steven. Rose. July. Caucasus.

1827.
„ ru'bens (red). J. Pinkish, white. Mediterranean

region. 1759.

„ rupe'stre (rock). J. Yellow. June. Europe (Eng-
land).

„ saxa'tile (rock). J. June, S. Europe. 1820.
„ selskia'num (Selskyan). i-ij. Yellow. July,

August. Amur. 1862.
„ Semeno'vii (Semenow's). i. Whitish. June.

Turkestan. 1878.
,, septangula're (seven-angled). See S. REFLEXUM

SEPTANGULARE.

„ serra'tum (serrated). See S. HETERODONTUM.

„ sexangula're (six-angled). £. Y'ellow. July. Europe
(England).

,, „ bolonie'nse (Bolonian).

,, se'xfidum (six-cut). See S. HISPANICUM.

„ spathuli/o'lium (spathulate- leaved). J., Yellow.
May, June. N.W. Amer. 1873.

„ specta'bile (showy). 1-2. Rosy-pink. August, Sep-
tember. J apan.

„ „ atropurpu'reum (dark-purple). 1-2. Deep rosy-
purple. August, September. 1902.

„ spu'rium (spurious). \. White or pink. August.
Caucasus. 1816.

„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). £. Bright rose-purple.
August.

„ stenope' talum (narrow-petaled). Golden. June.
N.W. Amer. 1826.

„ subclava'tum (sh'ghtly-clubbed) . i. July. N. Amer.
1829.

„ Tele'phium (Telephium-like). 2. Purple. August.
Britain. " Common Orpine."

„ „ Borde'ri (Border's). 1-2. Pink. Stems reddish.
Pyrenees.

„ „ rube'lla (reddish). 1-2. Pink. Leaves and stems
red.

„ „ variega'tum (variegated). Leaves variegated with
white and red in spring.

,, telephioi' des (orpine-like). i. Purple. August.
N. Amer. 1810.

„ terna'tum (ternate). 1. White. Leaves in threes.
July, August. N. Amer. 1789.

„ tri'fidum (three-cut). J-i. Reddish. Summer.
Temperate Himalaya.

,, turkesta'nicum (Turkestan). See S. EWERSII.

,, umbilicoi'des (Umbilicus-like). White. July. Tur-
kestan. 1877. Evergreen.

,, verticilla'tum (whorl-leaved). See S. CEP^EA.

,, vi'rens (green). See S. REFLEXUM VIRENS.

„ vire'scens (greenish). See S. REFLEXUM VIRESCENS.

„ viri'dulum (greenish). \. Yellow. June. Europe.
1824.

„ vulga're (common). See S. TELEPHIUM.

„ wallichia'num (Wallichian). See S. ASIATICUM.

GREENHOUSE.

S. adeno' 'trichum (glandular-haired). Himalaya.

„ calif o'rnicum (Calif ornian). £. Yellow. June. Cali-
fornia. 1875.

„ dendroi'deum (tree-like). Yellow. Mexico.

„ ebraciea'tum (bractless). i. Yellow-white. Mexico.
1865.

„ farino'sum (mealy). £. White. July. Madeira.

,, formosa'num (Formosan). \. Yellow. June to Sep-
tember. Formosa. 1885. Annual.

„ liebmannia'num (Liebmannian). J. White, tinted
red. June. Mexico. 1880.

„ nu'dum (naked). |. White. July. Madeira.
1777-

SEED-ROOM

793

SELAGINELLA

S. rein' sum (retuse). White, with rosy centre. June.

Mexico. 1880.
„ sarmento'sum (trailing). J. Yellow. July. China.

Evergreen.
„ „ variega' turn (variegated). Leaves variegated with

cream or white. Stems flesh-coloured.
„ Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). J-J. Pinkish-purple. July,

August. Japan. 1836.
„ „ me dio-variegz' 'turn (middle- variegated). Leaves

with a central creamy blotch.
„ Sta'hlii (Stahl's). \. Yellow. June. Mexico. 1902.

SEED-ROOM. All that has been said relative to the
Fruit-room is applicable to this. Everything promotive
of decay or germination is to be avoided ; and if one
relative direction more than another requires to be urged
upon the gardener, it is comprised in these words — keep
it as dry as possible ; the room may be even hot, so that
it is not damp.

SEEMA'NNIA. (Commemorative of the botanist
Bertlwld Seemann. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae.)

Perennial stove herbs. Offsets from the scaly rhizomes
in spring. Fibrous loam, peat, or leaf-mould, and sand.
S. Bena'ryi (Benary's). 3. Scarlet. Trop. Amer. 1874.
,, silva'tica (wood). See S. TERNIFOLIA.
„ ternifo'lia (three-leaved). 3-4. Scarlet. Winter.
Peru. 1855.

SEETZE'NIA. (Commemorative of Seetzen, a noted
African traveller. Nat. ord. Bean Capers [Zygophyllaceae].
Linn. lo-Decandria, ^-Pentagynia. Allied to Zygophyl-
lum.)

A prostrate or diffuse, evergreen, leafy, greenhouse
shrub. Cuttings in sand under a bell-glass. Loam, peat,
and sand.

S. africa'na (African). 1-2 in. long. Yellow, without
petals. July. S. Africa. 1810.

SELAGINE'LLA. (Diminutive of Selago. Nat. ord.
Selaginellaceae.)

Evergreen stove and greenhouse plants, some resem-
bling ferns, others mosses. Cuttings in sandy loam and
leaf -mould.

S. affi'nis (related). Stems trailing, i ft. long. Guiana.
,, africa'na (African). See S. VOGELII.
,, alboni' tens (white-shining). Slender, trailing. W. Ind.
„ albospi'ca (white-spiked). See S. STENOPHYLLA ALBO-

SPICA.

,, amce'na (lovely). See S. CAULESCENS AMCENA.
„ a'pus (stalkless). £. N. Amer. 1819.
,, arge'ntea (silvery). See S. CAULESCENS.
„ atrovi'ridis (dark-green). £-1. Sub-erect. Trop.

Asia.

„ bakeria'na (Bakerian). Queensland.
„ be'llula (pretty). See S. IN.SQUALIFOLIA PERELEGANS.
„ brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). |. Stems trailing. Southern

Brazil.

„ Brau' nii (Braun's). i-i|. Erect. W. China. 1867.
,, ca'sia (grey). See S. UNCINATA.
„ canalicula'ta (channelled), i. Trop. Asia. 1860.

Climber.

,, cauda'ta (tailed). See S. CANALICULATA.
, caule'scens (stemmed), i-ij. Erect. Trop. Asia.
„ amce'na (lovely), f-i. Bright green. 1884.
,, gra'cilis (slender). f. Bright green. India. 1880.
„ minor (smaller). £.
, cogna'ta (related). See S. LOBBII.
, conci'nna (neat). Trailing i ft. long. Mascarene Isles.
, confe'rta (crowded). See S. CANALICULATA.
, convolu'ta (convolute). i~£. Tufted. Trop. Amer.
, cordifo'lia (heart-leaved), i. Trailing, i ft. long.

W. Ind. 1838.

„ cuspida'ta (short-pointed). £. Trop. Amer.
,, elonga'ta (elongated), i. Colombia.
„ delicati' ssima (very-delicate). Trailing, i-r ft. Jong.

Probably the Andes.
,, denticula'ta (finely-toothed) of Link. J. Europe.

1779. Hardy.
„ denticula'ta (finely- toothed) of gardens. See S.

KRAUSSIANA.

,, di'chroa (two-coloured). See S. VOGELII.

„ Dougla'sii : (Douglas's). Trailing, i~£ ft. long. United

States ; British Columbia.

„ emilia'na (Emilian). J. Habit dense. Gardens.
„ „ au'rea (golden). J. Yellow tinted. 1908.

S. erythro'pus (red-stalked). i-i|. Erect. Trop. Amer.
,, ,, mi'nor (smaller), i. Gardens. 1893.
„ filjci'na (fern-Uke). See S. H^MATODES.
„ flabella'ia (fan-shaped). 1-2. Erect. Tropics.
,, flagelli'fera (whip-bearing). See S. PLUMOSA.
„ flexuo'sa (flexuous). J-i. S. Brazil. 1831.
„ fulcra'ta (propped), i-ii. Erect, unbranched in

lower half. E. Himalaya ; Burma.
„ Galeo'ttei (Galeotte's). 1-2. Sub-erect. Mexico.
„ gra'cilis (slender). 2-3. South Sea Islands. 1886.
„ gra'ndis (grand). 2. Grass-green, much branched.

Borneo. 1882.

„ Griffi'thii (Griffith's), £-1. Erect. Trop. Asia. 1860.
„ hamato'des (blood-like), i-ij. Stems deep red.

Trop. Amer.
„ helve' tica (Swiss). Stems densely matted, \~\ ft.

long. Central Europe ; N. Asia.
„ hortefnsis (garden). See S. KRAUSSIANA.
„ intzqualifo'lia (unequal-leaved). 1-2. Trop. Asia.
„ „ be'llula (pretty). See S. IN^EQUALI FOLIA PER-
ELEGANS.
„ „ pere'legans (very-elegant), x. Dwarf er, denser.

Ceylon. 1879.

„ incresccntifo'lia (increasing-leaved). See S. RADIATA.
„ invo'lvens (rolling-inwards). J. Densely tufted.

China and Japan. 1831.
„ „ te'xta (plaited). J. Stem simple.
„ „ variega' 'ia (variegated). Tips of some of the

branches pure white. 1883.
„ kraussia'na (Kraussian). J. S. Africa; Azores, &c.

The most common.

„ „ au'rea (golden). Golden-yellow. 1880.
„ „ Brow'nii (Brown's). J. Erect, dense, not trailing.

Azores.

„ „ Stansfie'ldii (Stansfield's).

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Variegated with white.
„ l<zvie,a'ta (bright-green), i-ij. Stems erect, shining

dark green. Madagascar.
„ „ Lya7/M(Lyall's). More divided; pinrue bipmnate.

Madagascar.
„ lepidophy'lla (slender-leaved). ,>». Trop. Amer.

1869. " Resurrection Plant." " Prostrate, and

requires stove heat.

„ leptosta'chya (slender-spiked). See S. BAKERIANA.
,, Lo'bbii (Lobb's). 3-4. Somewhat climbing. Borneo.

1884.
„ longi' ssima (longest). Stems trailing, 2 ft. long or

more. Colombia ; Antioquia.
„ ludovicia'na (Ludovician) . |. TraUing. Alabama;

Louisiana.

,, Lya'lli (Lyall's). See S. L^VIGATA LYALLII.
„ Martfnsii (Martens'). J-i. Stems traiUng in lower

half, rooting. Mexico.
„ „ divarica'ta (spreading), i. Looser in habit, with

fewer branches.
„ „ stolpni'fera (stolon-bearing). i. Trailing and

rooting.

„ ,, variega'ta (variegated). Compact, upright, varie-
gated with cream.

„ „ u-atsonia'na (Watsonian). Fronds arching, fan-
shaped, with bright silvery variegation. 1903.
„ Mette'nii (Metten's). Stems wide- trailing. Garden

origin. 1865. (? uncinata X incEQualifolia.)
\ „ mo' lliceps (soft-headed). |-|. Erect. Upper Guinea ;

Madagascar, &c.

,, muta'bilis (changeable). See S. SERPENS.
„ pa' tula (spreading). Trailing, ^-J. Jamaica.
„ Pervi'llei (Per\-me's). See S. VOGELII.
,, pili'fera (hair-bearing). £. Tufted. Texas; Central

Mexico.

„ pitcheria'na (Pitcherian). See S. ERYTHROPUS MINOR.
,, plumo'sa (plumy), f-i. TraUing. Trop. Asia.
,, ,, flagelli'fera (whip-bearing). Branches elongated

at apex, with square spikes.
„ poeppigia'na (Pceppigian). Stems trailing 1-2 ft. long.

Andes of Colombia and Peru.
„ Poulte'ri (Poulter's). i. Densely tufted, erect.

Azores. 1868.

„ pube'scens (downy). See S. FULCRATA.
„ radia'ta (rayed). £-1. Sub-erect. Trop. Amer.
„ „ bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing). Decumbent, bearing

bulbils at tips of branches. 1867.
„ radica'ta (rooting). See S. PLUMOSA.
„ ri'gida frigid). See S. AFFINIS.
„ rube'lla (reddish), i. Sub-erect. Garden origin. 1870.

SELAGO

794

SELLIGUEA

S. rubricau'lis (red-stemmed) . See S. SUBEROSA.
„ se'rpens (creeping). T12. Fronds prostrate, changing

colour with the light. W. Ind.
„ spino'sa (spiny). £. Fertile stems erect. Europe

(Britain) and N. Amer.

„ spinulo'sa (finely-spiny) of Spring. See S. SPINOSA.
„ stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). Sub-erect. Mexico.
„ ,, albospi'ca (white-spiked). Young fronds with

white points.
„ subero'sa( corky), i. Sub-erect, densely tufted. Trop.

Asia.
„ sulca'ta (furrowed). Stems trailing in the lower half,

then ascending. S. Brazil.
„ tassella'ta (tasselled). Stems arching, ending in

drooping spikes. Brazil. 1887.
„ te'xta (plaited). See S. INVOLVENS TEXTA.
, uncina'ta (hooked). J. Stems trailing, with blue-grey

foliage. China. 1845.

., u'sta (burned), f-i. Erect. New Caledonia.
„ Victo'rice (Queen Victoria's). 2-3. Sub-climbing.

Borneo. 1878.
„ virida'ngula (green-angled). 3-4. Sub-erect, twiggy.

Fiji. 1884.
„ viticulo'sa (little- vine-like) . f. Erect, simple in

lower half. Trop. Amcr.
„ Vogeflii (Vogel's). 1^-2. Stems erect, red. Trop.

Africa ; Madagascar.
„ „ di'chroa (two-coloured).
„ „ fo'liis variega'tis (leaves-variegated). Variegated.

1881.
„ Walli'chii(Wallictis). 2-3. Sub-erect, twiggy. Trop.

Asia.

„ Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). See S. RADIATA.
„ WUldeno'vii (WiUdenow's). 5-20. Climbing. Trop.

Asia. 1867.

SELA'GO. (From the Celtic sel, sight, and jack,
salutary ; supposed effects on the eyes. Nat. ord.
Selagids [Selaginaceae], Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angio-
spermia. )

Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. Cuttings
of the points of shoots, or rather, the short, stubby side-
shoots, taken off close to the stem, in spring and autumn,
in sand, under a bell-glass, but raised at night to prevent
damping. Sandy loam and vegetable mould. The pro-
tection of a greenhouse ; but many of them are worth
a place in the flower-garden in summer.
5. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). August. 1819.

„ bractea'ta (bracted). See MICRODON LUCIDUS.

„ cane'scens (hoary), ij. Pale purple. September.
1812.

„ corymbo'sa (corymbed). 2. White. July. 1699.

„ denta'ta (toothed). See S. SPURIA.

„ diffu'sa (spreading). i£. Purple. July. 1807.

„ di'stans (distant-flowered). 2. White. April. 1845.

„ fascicula'ta (bundle-flowered). See S. SERRATA.

„ frutico'sa (shrubby). Yellow. June. 1822.

„ Gi'llii (Gill's). See S. MYRTIFOLIA.

„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). i. Purple. July.
1823.

„ hi'spida (bristly). Yellow. June. 1823.

„ micro! ntha (small-flowered). Yellow. May. 1820.

„ minuti 'ssima (smallest). Yellow. June. 1816.

„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle- leaved), i. Pale rose. March.
1829.

,, ova'ta (egg-headed). See MICRODON OVATUS.

„ polygaloi'des (milkwort-like) . See MICRODON CYLIN-
DRICUS.

„ polysta'chya (many-spiked). White. June. 1823.

„ ramulo'sa (small-branchy). i£. White. 1824.

„ rapunculoi'des (rampion-like). See S. SPURIA.

„ rotundifo'lia (round- leaved), i. Purple. June. 1816.

„ serra'ta (sawed), ij. Blue. July. 1774.

,, spica'ta (spiked). See MICRODON OVATUS.

„ spi'nea (spiny). 3. Purple. 1824.

„ spu'ria (spurious), i. Violet. August. 1779.

SELANDRIA. See SLUGWORMS.

SELE'NIA. (From selene, the moon ; in reference,
possibly, to the shape of the seed-pod. Nat. ord.
Cruciferae.)

A dwarf, hardy annual, of ornamental character.
Seeds. Ordinary garden soil.

S. au'rea (golden). J. Bright yellow, fragrant. June,
July. Texas; Arkansas. 1881.

SELENIPE DIUM. (From selenis, a little moon, and
pedion, a slipper ; in allusion to the shape of the lip.
Nat. ord. Orchidaceas. Allied to Cypripedium.)

Orchids with a three-celled ovary, thus differing from
Cypripedium, having a one-celled ovary or seed-vessel.
See ORCHIDS. Culture like that of Cypripedium.
S. boissieria' num (Boissierian). 1^—2. Yellow, green,

brownish. Peru. 1887.
„ „ reticulaf turn (netted). Whitish, netted with green.

Ecuador. 1885.
„ carici'num (Carex-like). i. Light green, white,

brown. Peru.
,, cauda'tum (tailed). 2. Green, pale brown. March.

Ecuador. 1851.
„ „ albertia'num (Albertian). Yellow ; lip yellow,

stained dark purple.

„ „ ro'seum (rosy). Petals and lip rosy-purple. 1886.
„ „ Urope'dium (tailed-slipper). Lip long and narrow,

not slipper-shaped. Colombia. 1850.
„ „ Walli'sii (Wallis's). Pale green, whitish; lip

veined crimson. Ecuador.
,, „ Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's).
„ dallea'num (Dallean). 2. Lip glossy carmine- red.

1895.

,, hincksia'num (Hincksian). See S. LONGIFOLIUM.
,, kaieteu'rum ( Kaieteuran) . See S. LINDLEYANUM.
,, klotzschia'num (Klotzschian). Guiana.
„ Linde'ni (Linden's). See S. CAUDATUM UROPEDIUM.
,, lindleya'num (Lindleyan). 2. Pale green, with crim-
son-brown veins. Colombia; British Guiana. 1885.
„ longifo'lium (long-leaved). Yellow-green, purple,

shaded brown. Central Amer. 1869.
„ „ color a' turn (coloured). Pale purple. Costa Rica.

1873.

„ Pari'shii (Parish's). See CYPRIPEDIUM PARISHII.
„ Pea'rcei (Pearce's). See S. CARICINUM.
„ reticula'tum (netted). See S. BOISSIERIANUM.
„ Rce'zlii (Rcezl's). 2*. Greenish-yellow, rose. Colom-
bia. 1873.
„ sarzentia'nwn (Sargentian). 2. Side lobes of lip

with two white tubercles. Pernambuco. 1893.
„ Schli'mii (Schlim's). White, striped rose ; lip with

rose blotch. Colombia. 1867.
,, „ albifto'rum (white-flowered). White. Colombia.

i875.
„ vitta'tum (striped), i-ij. Pale green, striped red,

brownish-red. Brazil. 1876.

,, Walli'sii (Wallis's). See S. CAUDATUM WALLISII.
„ Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). See S. CAUDATUM

WARSCEWICZII.

SELF. A flower with petals of only one colour.
SELF-HEAL. Prune'lla vulga'ris.

SE'LINUM. (From selinon, parsley ; in allusion to the
finely divided leaves. Nat. ord. Unibellifera?.)

Hardy or half-hardy herbs sometimes used in bedding
designs. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary garden soil.
5. Cando'llii (Candoll's). 3. White. Leaves much

divided. Himalaya.

„ Carvifo'lia (Carvi-leaved). White. Europe.
„ Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). White. Northern regions.
,, pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). White. Pyrenees.
„ ienuifo'lium (slender-leaved). White. Himalaya.
„ vagina'tum (sheathing). White. Himalaya. '

SELLIE'RA. (Probably a commemorative name.
Nat. ord. Goodenoviaceag.)

Hardy, creeping herb liking plenty of moisture.
Divisions. Wet soil.
S. radi'cans (rooting). £. Australia. " Swamp- weed."

SELLIGUE'A. (Probably from the Javanese name. Nat.
ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove, yellow-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
S. caudifo'rmis (tail-formed). See GYMNOGRAMME

CAUDIFORMIS.

„ ftave'scens (yellowish). May. E. Ind.

„ Hamilto'ni (Hamilton's). See GYMNOGRAMME HAMIL-

TONIANA.

„ heteroca'rpa (various- fruited). See GYMNOGRAMME

HETEROCARPA.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See GYMNOGRAMME

MACROPHYLLA.

„ pothifo'lia (pothos- leaved). May. Nepaul.

SEMASIA WCEBERANA

795

SEMPERVIVUM

SEMA'SIA WCEBERAUA. See APPLE.

SEMECA'RPUS. Marking Nut-tree. (From semeion,
a mark, and karpos, fruit ; the black juice used for
marking clothes. Nat. ord. Anacards [Anacardiaceas].
Linn. z^-Polygamia, 2-Dicecia. Allied to Anacardium.)

Stove, greenish-yellow-flowered, evergreen trees. Cut-
tings of ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat, in
March or April ; peat, loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
Winter temp., 50° to 6o3 ; summer, 60° to 90°.
S. Anaca'rdium (Anacardium). 20. Trop. Asia and

Australia. 1820.
„ „ cuneifo'lium (wedge-leaved). 20. India. 1824.

SEMEIA'NDRA. (From semeia, a banner, and aner,
an anther ; referring to the petal-like appendage to each
stamen. Nat. ord. Onagrads [Onagraceae]. Linn. 2-
Diandria, i-Monogynia.)

A greenhouse shrub, allied to Fuchsia, like which it
may be cultivated.

S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 5. Scarlet. March,
and throughout the summer. Mexico. 1853.

SFMELE. (Named after Semele, the mother of
Bacchus. Nat. ord. Uliace^e.)

Greenhouse evergreen climbing shrub. Divisions of
the rootstock or suckers. Loam, peat, and sand.
S. andro'gyna (hermaphrodite). 3-20. Green, white.
April. Canaries. 1713.

SEMPERVTVUM. Houseleek. (From semperuivo, to
live for ever ; tenacity of life. Nat. ord. Houseleeks
[Crassulaceae]. Linn. ii-Dodecandria, j-Dodecagynia.)

Hardy and frame kinds, by division, and by cuttings,
and most of them delight in dry, sandy soil, kept moist
only when growing. Greenhouse kinds are also freely
propagated by cuttings, dried for several days at the
cut part ; grown in sandy loam, leaf-mould, and brick-
rubbish, and kept dry and in a state of rest in winter.
Winter temp., 38= to 45 ; summer, 55° to 75°.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. admontefnse (Admontan). Origin uncertain.
„ Allio'nii (Allioni's). France.

„ ano'malum( anomalous). $. Mauve-purple. June. 1879.
„ arachnoi' dfum (cobwebbed). £. Purple. July. S.

Europe. 1699. " Cobweb Houseleek."
„ „ ma'jus (large). £. Red. June. Italy.
„ „ mi'nus (small). $. Red. June. Italy.
„ arena'rium (sand). |. Yellow. Tyrol, &c. 1879.
„ anerne'nse (Arverne). |. Pink. France.
„ „ boutignya'num (Boutignyan). See S. BOUTIGNY-

ANUM.

„ assi'milc (similar). J. Light rose. July. Trans-
sylvania. 1879.

„ atla'nticum (Atlantic). J. Light red. Morocco. 1873.
„ atropurpu'reum (dark-purple). Origin doubtful.
„ barba'tulum (slightly-bearded) . $. Light red. Tyrol.
,, beugesi'acum (Beugesian). France.
„ bi'color (two-coloured). Origin doubtful.
,, bla'ndum (smooth). Transsylvania.
„ Boissie'ri (Boissier*s). Country unknown. 1879.
,, bouli'cicum (Boulician). See S. BEUGESIACUM.
,, boutignya'num (Boutignyan). J. Light rose. Pyre-
nees, &c. 1878.
,, Bran' nii (Braun's). J. Yellow. June, July. S.

Europe. 1874.
„ calcara'tum (spurred), i. Silvery-pink. Country

unknown. 1874.

„ calca'reum (chalk-loving). J. Soft red. Dauphiny.
,, califo'rnicum (Califomian). See S. CALCAREUM.
„ cauca'sicum (Caucasian). Caucasus.
„ cinera'scens (greyish). Origin doubtful.
,, Como'llii (Cornell's). See S. GLAUCUM.
, cornu'tum (horned). See S. ALLIONII.
, Delasoiefii (Delasoie's). Switzerland.
, dodlia'num (Doellian). i. Red. Switzerland.
, Fauconne'ti (Fauconnet's). £. Red. Jura. 1879.
, fimbria'tum (fringed), £. Red. July. Tyrol.
, flagdlifo'rme (whip-formed). f. Reddish. July.

Siberia. 1823.

, Fu'nckii (Funck's). i. Red-purple. S. Europe.
, Gaudi'nii (Gaudin's). Switzerland.
, glau'cum (sea-green), i. Red. Italy.
, globi'ferum (globe-bearing). i. Yellow. June.
Europe ; Asia Minor. 1733. " Hen and Chickens."

S. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). See S. GLOBIFERUM.

, Gree'nii (Green's), £. Red. Origin doubtful. 1877.

, Hillebra'ndtii (Hillebrandt's). Austria.

, hi'rtum (hairy), i. Cream. June. S. Europe. 1804.

, kopaonike'nse (Kopaonikan). Servia.

, Lagge'ri (Lagger's). Switzerland.
Lamo'ttei (Lamotte's). See S. TECTORUM.

, mettcnia'num (Mettenian). Switzerland.

, mode' stum (modest). Europe.

, Moggri'dgei (Moggridge's). \. Red. August. Mari-
time Alps. 1881.
monta'num (mountain). $. Red. June. Alps and

Pyrenees. 1752.
mucrona'tum (small-pointed). India.

, Neilri'chii (Neilrich's). See S. ARENARIUM.

, obscu'rum (obscure). Origin doubtful.

, oligo'trichum (few-haired). J. Red. Tyrol. 1879.

, pa'roulum (small). £. Soft red. Dauphiny

, pa' tens (spreading). Yellowish. Eastern Europe.
„ Heuffe'lii(HeuSel's), Yellowish. Eastern Europe.
1876.

„ Pilose'lla (Pilosella). Origin doubtful.

„ Pitto'nii (Pitton's). ±. Yellow. July. Styria. 1879.

„ Pome'lii (Pomel's). \. Red. July. Central France.

,, pu'milum (dwarf). J. Pale red. June. Caucasus.
1824.

„ Regi'na- Amelia (Queen Amalia's). \-\. Pale yellow.
Greece. 1877.

,, Roye'ni (Royen's). Origin doubtful.

,, rubicu'ndum (reddish). See S. BLANDUM.

„ ruthe'nicum (Russian). J-i. Yellow. Transsylvania.
1835.

„ Schnittspa'hni (Schnittspahn's). $. Europe.

„ Scho'ttii (Schott's). f. Red. Tyrol, &c. 1874.

„ „ acumina'tum (long-pointed).

„ „ SMeha'ni (Schlehan's).

„ soboli'ferum (stolon-bearing). See S. GLOBIFERUM.

,, specio'sum (showy). Europe.

„ tecto'rum (roof). i. Purplish. July. Europe
(Britain) ; Orient. " Common Houseleek."

,, ,, rustica'num (rustic).

,, tri'ste (sad). £. Red. Leaves red. Country un-
known. 1879.

„ venu'stum (lovely). France.

„ Verio' ti ( Verlot's). $. Rose. Dauphiny.

„ Winkle'ri (Winkler's). Origin doubtful.

„ Wulfe'ni (Wulfen's). ±. Yellow. Austria. 1879.

„ Zelebo'ri (Zelebor's). Sen-ia.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

S. a'nnuum (annual). Yellow. July. Canaries. 1815.

„ dicho'tomum (two-ranked). See S. AXXUUM.

„ dodranta'le (nine-inch). £. Flesh. July. Teneriffe.
1815. Annual.

„ micra'nthes (small-flowered). $. Green, red. Sep-
tember. Canaries.

„ stella' turn (starred). |. Yellow. July. Madeira.
r79O. Annual.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

S. aizoi'des (Aizoon-like). Yellow. June. Madeira.
„ arbo'reum (tree). 9. Golden. July. Levant. 1640.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated-/«avcd). 4. Yellow. July.

Levant. 1640.

„ au 'reum (golden), i. Yellow. July. Canaries. 1815.
„ „ spu'rium (spurious), i. Yellow. July. Canaries.

1820.
„ balsami'ferum (balsam-bearing). ij. Yellow.

Canaries.
„ barba'tum (bearded), i. Yellow. July. Canaries.

1815.

„ bifu'rcum (forked). 2. Madeira.
„ ccespito'sum (turfy). |. YeUow. August. Madeira.

1815.
,. canarie'nse (Canary), ij. White. June. Canaries.

1699.

,, chrysa'nthum (golden-flowered). J. Yellow. Abys-
sinia.
,, cilia'tum (hair-fringed), i*. Pale yellow. Teneriffe.

1815.
,, cnte'ntum (bloody). 2. Yellow. May. Canaries.

1834.

„ cunea'tum (wedge-shaped), i-ij. Yellow. Canaries.
,, Dora'me (Dorame). i-i^. Yellow.

SENACIA GLAUCA

796

SENECIO

S. frute'scens (shrubby). 3. Yellow. Teneriffe. 1804.
„ glandulo'sum (glznded-leaved). i. Yellow. April.

Madeira. 1777.
„ glutino'sum (clammy). i£. Yellow. July. Madeira.

1777.

„ Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). i. Yellow. Canaries.
„ holochry'sum (wholly-golden). 2. Golden-yellow.

July. Canaries. 1816.
„ hetero'trichum (various-haired). Yellow. Eastern

Europe.

„ lineola're (lined). See S. BARBATUM.
„ longifo'lium (long-leaved). Country unknown.
„ Pai'vcR (Paiva's). Greenish. Canaries. 1866.
„ poculifo'rme (bowl-shaped). 2. Yellow. Canary

Islands (?). 1909.
» polyphy'llum (many-leaved). J. Red. August.

Canaries. 1777.

„ pygmce'um (pigmy). Yellow. Canaries.
„ retu'sum (/arge-bitten). 2. Yellow. July. Teneriffe.

1824.
„ rupi'fragra (rock-scenting). Yellow. May. Canaries.

1830.
„ Smi'thii (Smith's), i. Pale yellow. July. Teneriffe.

1815.
„ tahulafo' rme (table-shaped), i^-. Yellow. July.

Madeira. 1817.
„ tortuo'sum (twisted), f. Yellow. July. Canaries.

1779.

„ Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). Country unknown.
„ u'rbicum (city) of Chr. Smith. 3. Pale yellow.

Canary Islands. 1903.

„ u'rbicum (city) of Lindley. See S. HOLOCHRYSUM.
„ uvi'ferum (grape-bearing). Yellow. Teneriffe. 1829.

" Uva de Guanches."
„ villo'sum (shaggy). £. Yellow. June. Canaries.

1777.
„ youngia'num (Youngian). 3. Yellow. June.

Canaries. 1842.

SENA'CIA GLAU'CA. See EL^EODENDRON GLAUCUM.

SENECI'LLIS. (A diminutive of Senecio. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite] . Linn. ig-Syngenesia, z-Super-
fiua. Allied to Cineraria.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, but more gener-
ally by divisions ; rich, sandy loam, or even common
garden soil.
S. glau'ca (milky- green). 6. Yellow. July. Siberia.

1790.
„ purpura'ta (purple). See CINERARIA PURPURATA.

SENE'CIO. Groundsel. (From senex, an old man ;
naked receptacle compared to a bald head. Nat. ord.
Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, z-Super-
fiua.)

So difficult are the species to determine, that sixty-four
synonyms are added to Senecio. All yellow-flowered,
where not otherwise specified ; Annuals, by seeds in the
open border, and in a slight hotbed ; perennials, by seed,
and division of the plant, and also in common garden
soil, shrubby kinds, by seeds, and easily by cuttings,
and mostly requiring a little peat or dried leaf-mould
along with the soil, and the protection of a cool green-
house. The double varieties of e'legans are much used
in flower-gardens ; but the single varieties are also very
beautiful. The double varieties are preserved by cut-
tings in winter, and must be saved from damp, but they
can also be reared from seeds like half-hardy annuals.

HARDY ANNUALS, &c.

S. aconitifo'lius (aconite-leaved). Light red or pink.

China. 1877.

„ ampulla'ceus (fiask-headed) . 2. Texas. 1834.
„ crassifo'lius (thick-leaved). \. Purple. July. S.

Europe. 1815.

„ divarica' tus (straggling). See GYNURA DIVARICATA.
„ erube'scens (ruddy). 2. Purple. July. S. Africa.

1774. Greenhouse biennial.
„ ga'llicus (French). June. France.
„ lanugino'sus (woolly). 5. November. 1826.
„ mari'timus (maritime), i. Yellow. July. S. Africa.

1820.

„ telephifo'lius (Telephium- leaved). See S. MARITIMUS.
„ vaLerianafo'lius ( Valerian- leaved) . See ERECHTITES

VALERIAN/E FOLIA.

HARDY EVERGREEN.
S. gibbo'sus (swollen). June. Sicily. 1827.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

S. adeno' trichus (gland-haired). 2. May. Chili. 1826.
„ Anteupho'rbium (Euphorbia- like). Pale yellow. S.

Africa. 1870.
„ appendicula'tus (appendaged). 3. White. June.

Canaries. 1816.

,, argu'tus (sharp-leaved). 3. July. Mexico. 1827.
„ a'sper (rough). See S. ROSMARIXIFOLIUS.
„ auriculati' 'ssimus (much-auricled). iJ-2. Bright

yellow. British Central Africa. 1900.
„ bellidioi'des (Bellis-like). New Zealand.
,, bi'color (two- coloured). 2. Yellow. July. Italy;

Greece.

„ ca'ndidans (whitish). Leaves white beneath. Falk-
land Isles. 1898.
„ cauca'sicus (Caucasian). 2. July. Caucasus. 1759.

Herbaceous.
„ chordifo'lius (string-leaved). i. Yellow, without

rays. S. Africa.

,, cinerarioi'des (Cineraria-like). July. Mexico. 1826.
„ clivo'rum (of the hills). 3. Orange-yellow. Western

and Central China ; Japan. 1902.
„ „ subcrena'tus (subcrenate). 2^. Orange- yellow,

smaller. China. 1909.
„ compa' ctus (compact). New Zealand.
„ co'ncolor (one-coloured) of Harvey. See S. SPECIOSUS.
„ crue'ntus (blood-coloured). 2-4. Red, purple, or rose.

Canaries. 1839. The florist's Cineraria.
„ e'legans (elegant). 2. Purple. July. S. Africa.

1700.
„ ,, fio're-a'lbo (white-flowered), i£. White. July.

S. Africa. 1700.
„ „ ple'nus-a'lbus (double- white), i|. White. July.

S. Africa. 1700.
„ „ ple'nus-ru'bcr (double-red). 2. Red. July. S.

Africa. 1700.
„ „ pompo'nicus cu'preus (pompon- copper). Double

copper-coloured. 1888.
,, Farri'sii (Farris's). 2. Peru. 1869.
„ Forste'ri (Forster's). See BRACHYGLOTTIS REPANDA.
„ fu'lgens (shining). See KLEIXIA FULGENS.
,, Galpi'ni (Galpin's). See KLEINIA GALPINI.
,, grandiflo' rus (large-flowered). li. Purple. August.

S. Africa. 1774.

„ grandifo'lius (large-leaved). 4-6. Winter. Mexico.
„ hadie'nsis (Hadian). Arabia.
„ hcematophy'llus (bloody-leaved). See GYNURA H^EMA-

TOPHYLLA.

„ halimifo'lius (Halimus-leaved). 3. July. S. Africa.

1723.
„ hanburia'nus (Hanburyan). i. Pale yellow. S.

Africa(?). 1898.
„ Heritie'ri (Heritier's). 3. Purple. June. Canaries.

1780.
„ „ cyanophtha'lmus (blue-eyed). Whitish-blue. June.

Canaries. 1843.

„ Hu'ntii (Hunt's). New Zealand.
„ ilicifo'lius (Ilex-leaved). 3. June. S. Africa. 1731.
„ ju'nceus (rush-like). S. Africa.
„ Kce'mpferi ( Kaempf er's) . i-ij. Yellow. Japan.
„ „ arge'nteo-variega'tus (silver- variegated). Leaves

variegated with creamy-white.
„ „ au'reo-macula'tus (golden-blotched). Leaves

blotched with yellow. 1856.

,, „ crispa' ta (crisped). Leaves crisped. Japan. 1861.
,, kleinioi'des (Kleinia-like). Pale yellow. Abyssinia.

1894.

„ la'nceus (spear-leaved). 3. August. 1731.
,, laxifo'lius (lax-leaved). 2. Yellow. New Zealand.

1894.
„ leuco'slachys (white-spiked). Leaves white felted.

Patagonia. 1893.

„ lilaci'nus (lilac). 6. Lilac. June. S. Africa. 1826.
„ loba'tus (lobed). S. Africa.
„ longifo'lius (long-leaved). 3. September. S. Africa.

1775.
„ macroglo' ssus (long-tongued). 8-12. S. Africa. 1868.

Climber.

„ macrodo'ntus (large-toothed). Australia.
„ madere'nsis (Madeiran). 2. Yellow. June. Madeira.

1827.

SENECIO

797

SENECIO

S. magni'ficus (magnificent). 5-8. Golden-yellow.

March. Australia. 1901.
„ malvcEfo'lius (mallow-leaved). 2. Yellow. August.

Azores. 1777. Herbaceous.
„ mikanioi'des (Mikania-like). 20. Yellow. December.

S. Africa. 1855. Climber.
„ multibractea'tus (many-bracted). i-ij. Purple. S.

Africa. 1872.
„ multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 5. White. July.

Canaries. 1829.
„ orbicula'ris (orbicular). Yellow, discoid. S. Africa.

Tuberous-rooted.
„ oxyricefo' lius (Oxyria-leaved). i-ij. Yellow, discoid.

S. Africa. Tuberous-rooted.
„ Palme' n : (Palmer's). 1-2. Yellow. Lower California.

1890. Herbaceous.
„ panicula'tus (panicled). 2. Purple. July. S. Africa.

„ persicafo'lius (peach-leaved). 3. Purple. July.

S. Africa. 1820.
„ Petasi'tis (Petasites-like). 3. YeUow. February. S.

Amer. 1812.
„ peucedanifo'h 'us (Peucedanum-leaved). 3. Purple.

May. S. Africa. 1816.
„ polymp'rphus (many-formed), i. Yellow. July. S.

Africa. 1829.
„ populifo'lius (Poplar- leaved). 2. Red. July.

Canaries. 1780.

„ pr<z'cox(eax\y-nou;ering). 5$. Yellow. Mexico. 1824.
,, Pseu'do-chi'na (bastard-Chinese). See GYNURA

PSEUDO-CHINA.

„ pteroneu'rus (winged-nerved). 3-8. Whitish. Mo-
rocco. 1872.

„ pubi'gerus (downy). 2. Red. June. S.Africa. 1816.
„ pu'lcher (beautiful). 2-3. Purple. September.

Brazil ; Uruguay.
„ purpu'reus (purple). 2. Purple. August. S. Africa.

1774. Herbaceous.
„ pyramida'tus (pyramidal). 2. Yellow. S. Africa.

1863. A fine species.

,, reclina'tus (leaning). See S. PANICULATUS.
„ rige'scens (stifhsh-leaved). See S. ROSMARINIFOLIUS.
„ ri'gidtts (hard-leaved). 3. July. S.Africa. 1700.
„ rosmarinifo'lius (rosemary-leaved). 3. July. S.

Africa. 1774.

„ rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). New Zealand.
„ sagittifo'lius (arrow- leaved). 7-10. White; disc

yellow. Argentina. 1892.
„ sali'gnus (willow-like). 2. Yellow. July. Mexico.

1825.

„ sca'ber (scurfy). See S. RIGIDUS.
„ scupo'siis (long-scaped), i-i^. Yellow. S. Africa.
„ Ski'nneri (Skinner's). 3-6. June. Guatemala. 1840.

Climber.

„ solidagi'neus (Solidago-like). See S. HALIMIFOLIUS.
,, sonchifo'lius (Sonchus-leaved). See EMILIA SONCHI-

FOLIA.

„ specio'sus (showy). J. Mauve-purple. July. S.

Africa. 1789. Herbaceous.

„ Tabula'ria (Tabularia). 5. Greenish. Mexico. 1901.
„ Trave'rsii (Travers's). See S. BELLIDIOIDES.
„ trap aolifo' lius (Tropaeolum-leaved). S. Africa.
„ Tussila' ginis ( colt's- foot-leaved), i. Purple. April.

Teneriffe. 1829.

„ venu'stus (beautiful). See S. GRAXDIFLORUS.
„ volu'bilis (twining). 6-10. Orange, purple. Peru.

1814. Twiner.

STOVE EVERGREENS.
S. denticula'tus (finely- toothed). 6. Yellow. S. Amer.

1825.
„ di' scalar (two-coloured). 4. White. July. Jamaica.

1804.

„ lu'cidus (shining). 2. Yellow. July. W. Ind.
,, subsca'ndens (somewhat-climbing). 10. Yellow,

discoid. Trop. Africa. 1878. Climber.
„ Su-a'rtzii (Swartz's). 2. Yellow. July. Jamaica.

1822.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. abrotanifo'lius (Abrotanum-leaved). J. Yellow.

May, June. Europe.
„ adonidifo'lius (Adonis-leaved), i. July. Europe.

1800.
„ alpe'stris (alpine), i. Yellow. May. Europe. 1819.

S alpi'nus (alpine). 2. July. S. Europe. 1683.
, alta'icus (Altaian). Altai Mountains. 1837.
, arachnoi'des (spider-like). See S. LANATUS.
, arge'ntea (silvery). Chili. 1873.
, artemisicefo' lius (Artemisia-leaved) of Gilib. ij. July.

Lithuania. 1820.
„ artemisiafo' Hits (Artemisia-leaved) of Pers. See S.

ADONIDIFOLIUS.

„ alriplicifo'lius (Atriplex-leaved). 3-6. White.
August. N. Amer.

„ aura tus (golden). 3. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1827.

,, au'reus (golden). June. N. Amer. 1819.

„ balbisia-'nus (Balbisian). Europe.

„ Balsami'Ue (Balsamita-like). See S. AUREUS.

„ brachychceftus (short-cloaked). 2. Yellow. July.
Europe ; N. Asia. 1792.

„ Cacalia'ster (false-Cacalia). 4. July. Europe. 1805.

„ campe'stris (field), i. Yellow. May. Europe. 1828.

„ „ mari'timus (maritime), i. Yellow. Holyhead
and Yorkshire.

„ canade'nsis (Canadian). See S. ARTEMISLEFOLIUS.

„ carnio'licus (Carniolian). Europe.

„ chenopodifo'lius (Chenopodium-leaved). Himalaya.

„ chrysanthemoi' des (Chrysanthemum-like). Himalaya.

„ Cinera'ria (Cineraria). 1-2. Y'ellow. August.
Mediterranean region. 1633. " Dusty Miller."

,, cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). 2. July. Austria. 1749.

„ coria'ceus (leathery-leaved). 4. July. Levant. 1728.

„ correvonia'nus (Correvonian). i. Yellow, handsome.
Caucasus. 1897.

„ crassiflo'nts (thick-flowered). Uruguay.

„ crispa'tus (crisped). 3. Yellow. July. Europe.
1818.

„ croa'ticus (Croatian). See S. CACALIASTER.

„ cro'ceus (reddish- yellow). See S. CRISPATUS.

„ deci'piens (deceiving). May. S. Africa. 1821.

„ delphinifo'lius (larkspur-leaved), i. July. Mediter-
ranean region. 1800.

„ diver sifo'lius (diverse-leaved). Himalaya.

„ Do'ria (Doria). 3-5. Yellow. Europe.

„ Doro'nicum (Doronicum). i. Yellow. Europe.
" Leopard's Bane."

„ „ hosmane'nsis (Hosmarian). Yellow. May. N.
Africa. 1874.

,, Dougla'sii (Douglas's). N. Amer.

,, eub&'us (Eubaean). Mount Euba?a.

„ eudo'rus (sweet-scented). July. 1815.

„ Eize'rsii (Ewers's). See S. ALPINUS.

„ Fabe'ri (Faber*s). 4-5. Deep yellow. Western
China. 1906.

„ farfarafo'lius (Farfara-leaved). Asia Minor.

,, Fetiso'ivi (Fetisow's). Turkestan.

,, fla'mmeus (flame-coloured). Flame. Dahuria.

„ fri'gidus (cold). May. N. Amer. 1827

„ Fu'chsii (Fuchs's). 3. September. Europe. 1823.

„ glau'cus (sea-green). Transsylvania.

„ „ carpa'thicus (Carpathian). Carpathians.

„ Grego'rii (Gregor>''s). Austrah'a.

„ Hodgso'ni (Hodgson's). 1^-3. Yellow. Japan. 1846.

„ Hualta'ta (Hualtata). 5. Straw-coloured. Argen-
tina ; Chili.

„ inca'nus (hoary). Europe, N. Asia.

„ jacquemontia'nus (Jacquemontian). Himalaya.

„ jacquinia'nus (Jacquinian). See S. NEMORENSIS.

„ japo'nicus (Japan), i. August. Japan. 1774.

„ „ macra'nthus (large-flowered).

„ Lago'pus (hare's-foot), i-i. Bright yellow. New
Zealand. 1882.

„ lana'tus (woolly). July. Europe. 1827.

„ Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's). 6-8. Yellow. July,
August. Siberia. 1831.

„ leucophy'llus (white-leaved), i. July. S. Europe.
1816.

„ Ligula'ria (Ligularia). 3-4. Yellow. July. Hima-
laya. 1784.

„ „ specio'sus (showy). 3-4. Bright yellow. Central
China. 1903.

„ longi'lobus (long-lobed). See S. DOUGLASII.

„ lyratifo'lius (lyre- leaved). 2. July. Austria. 1749.

„ macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 4. July. Caucasus.
1818.

„ microphy'ilus (small-leaved). See S. MACROPHYLLUS.

,, montevide'nsis (Montevidean). Uruguay.

„ Muehlenbe'rgii (Muehlenberg's). i£. White. July.
N. Amer. 1801.

„ nemore'nsis (grove). 3. July. Austria. 1785.

SENSITIVE FERN

798

SERINGIA

S. ni'veus (snowy). See S. CRASSIFLORUS.

„ odora'tus (sweet-scented). 3. Australia.

„ Otho'nncz (Othonna-like). 2. Pink. July. Iberia.
1816.

„ ova'tus (egg-leaved). See S. FUCHSII.

„ palma'tus (hand-shaped). Siberia; Sachalin Island.

„ paludo'sus (marshy). 3-6. Yellow. June, July.
Europe (England) ; N. Asia. " Bird's Tongue."

„ palu'stris (marshy). 2-3. Pale yellow. June, July.
N. temperate regions (England). Biennial.

„ „ auranti' acus (orange), i. Orange. June. Swit-
zerland. 1819.

„ pappo'sus (long-pappused). i. Yellow. July.
Galicia. 1821.

,, pe'rsicus (Persian). Northern Persia.

,, prate'nsis (meadow). See S. CAMPESTRIS.

„ racemo'sus (racemed). i. Yellow. July. Russia;
Caucasus, &c. 1820.

„ raphanifo'lius (Raphanus- leaved). See S. DIVERSI-
FOLIUS.

„ Reisa'chii (Reisach's). Bavaria : Switzerland.

„ Rena'rdi (Renard's). Turkestan.

„ renifo'lius (kidney-leaved). i. Yellow. May.
Caucasus. 1833.

„ sagitta'tus (arrow-shaped), i. White. September.
Russia, &c. 1780.

„ ,, gla'ber (smooth).

„ sarrace' nicus (Saracen). 2. Yellow. July. Europe
(Britain). " Saracen's Consound."

„ sca'ndens (climbing). 12-20. Yellow. July to Sep-
tember. Himalaya ; China. 1909.

„ sibi'ricus (Siberian) of Linnaeus. Yellow. July.
Siberia. 1832.

„ sibi'ricus (Siberian) of Ledebour. See S. I.IGULARIA.

„ Smi'thii (Smith's). Pink. July. Cape Horn. 1801.

„ spathultzfo'lius (spathulate-leaved) of Babington.

See S. CAMPESTRIS MARITIMUS.

„ spathulczfo'lius (spathulate-leaved) of Decandolle. i.

Yellow. May. Europe. 1820.
„ stenoce'phalus como'sus (narrow- headed- tufted). 2.

Yellow. July, August. Japan. 1881.
„ suave'olens (sweet-smelling). 6. White. August.

N. Amer. 1732. " American Sweet Centaury."
„ tabula' 'ris (table-shaped). Mexico.
„ tangu'licus (Tangutic). 6-7. Golden-yellow. July to

September. Central and Western China. 1903.
„ taraxacifo'lius (dandelion-leaved). June. Caucasus.

1824.

„ thapsoi'des (Thapsus-like). Greece.
„ thyrsoi'deus (thyrse-like). S. Africa.
„ Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). 3. July. Pyrenees.

1810.

„ umbro'sus (shady). 2. July. Hungary. 1815.
„ uniflo'rus (one-flowered), j. July. Alpine Europe.

1789.
„ veitchia'nus (Veitchian). 3-6. Bright yellow. July,

August. W. and Central China. 1905.
„ wilsonia'nus (Wilsonian). 3-5. Golden-yellow.

China. 1905.

SENSITIVE FERN. Onocle'a sensi'bilis.

SENSITIVE PLANT. Mimo'sa pu'dica. There are
several other plants which give evidence of being sensi-
tive. The Venus Fly-trap (Dion/z'a musci'pula) has
jointed leaves, which are furnished on their edges with a
row of strong prickles. Flies, attracted by honey which
is secreted in glands on their surface, venture to alight
upon them. No sooner do their legs touch the hairs on
these parts than the sides of the leaves spring up, and,
locking their rows of prickles together, squeeze the
insects to death. O'xalis sensiti'va and Smi'thia sensiti'va
are similarly irritable, as the filaments of the stamens of
the Barberry. One of this sensitive tribe, Desmo'dium
gy'rans, has a spontaneous motion ; its leaves are fre-
quently moving in various directions, without order or
co-operation. When an insect inserts its proboscis be-
tween the converging anthers of a Dog's Bane (Apo'cynum
androscemifo'lium), they close with a power usually
sufficient to detain the intruder until death.

SETTAS. (From septem, seven ; the number pre-
vailing in the parts of the flower. Nat. ord. Hpuseleeks
[Crassulaceas]. Linn. j-Heptandria, 4-Heptagynia. Now
referred to Crassula.)

Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from the Cape
of Good Hope. Increased by division of the roots ;

plants kept dry in winter ; sandy loam and brick-rubbish.
Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
S. cape'nsis (Cape). See CRASSULA SEPTAS.
„ „ globiflo'ra (globe-flowered). See CRASSULA SEPTAS

GLOBIFLORA.

„ Utnbe'lla (umbelled). See CRASSULA UMBELLA.

SEQUOI'A. (Supposed to be altered from Seequayah,
an Indian name. Nat. ord. Coniferae.)

Hardy evergreen trees. Seeds. Deep, well-drained
soil.
S. gigante'a (gigantic). 200-450. California. 1853.

" Wellingtonia," " Mammoth Tree."
,, „ au'rea (golden). Young growths pale yellow.
„ ,, pe'ndula (drooping). Branches drooping. 1871.
,, Rafme'squei (Rafinesque's). 300. Oregon. A doubt-
ful species.
„ sempervi'rens (evergreen). 200-300. California.

" Redwood."

„ „ a'lbo-spi'ca (white-spiked). Young shoots white.
„ „ glau'ca (sea-green). Foliage sea-green.
,, „ gra'cilis (slender). Branches slender.
„ „ taxifo'lia (Taxus-leaved) . Leaves broader.
,, „ variega'ta (variegated). Foliage sea-green, varie-
gated. 1890.

SERA'PHYTA. (From ser, the silkworm, and phuton,
a plant ; fancied resemblance. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Greenhouse epiphytical Orchid. Offsets. Fibre of
peat, sphagnum, and crocks.

S. multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1-2. Whitish. April.
Mexico. 1816.

SERA'PIAS. (An ancient Greek name for some Orchid.
Nat. ord. Orchidaceas.)

Hardy terrestrial or ground Orchids. Offsets. Cool,
moist soil.
S. cordi'gera (heart-bearing), i. Lilac, purple. S.

Europe, &c.

„ Lfngua (tongue), i. Lilac, red. S. Europe.
„ „ donga' ta (elongated). i£. Dull purple. Sicily.

1878.
„ „ lu'teola (small-yellow). i. Yellowish. May.

Sicily. 1876.
,, longipe'iala (long-petaled). See S. PSEUDO-CORDI-

GERA.

„ negle'cta (neglected). Italy ; Corsica.
,, Pseu'do-cordi'gera (false-heart-bearing). i£. Purple,

green. May. S. Europe. 1876.

,, „ pallidiflo'ra (pale-flowered). i. Pale purple.
May. Sicily. 1876.

SERENO'A. (Commemorative of Serena Watson, an
American botanist. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

A greenhouse Palm. Seeds. Fibrous loam, a little
peat and sand.

S. serrula'ta (finely-sawed). 3-8. Pale green. N. Amer.
1840. " Saw Palmetto."

SERICOCA'RPUS. (From serikos, silken, and karpos,
a fruit ; in allusion to the silky hairs on the top of the
fruit. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Hardy border perennials. Divisions. Ordinary garden
soil.
S. conyzoi'des (Conyza-like). 2. White. June, July.

N. Amer. 1778.

„ solidagi'neus (Solidago-like). 2. White. September.
N. Amer. 1699.

SERICO'GRAPHIS. (From serikos, silken, and grapho,
to write. Nat. ord. Acanthads [Acanthaceas]. Linn.
i4-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Now referred to Jaco-
binia.)
S. ghiesbreghtia'na (Ghiesbreght's). See JACOBINIA

GHIESBREGHTIANA.

„ Mohi'nili (Mohintl's). See JACOBINIA MOHINTLI.

SERI'NGIA. (Named after M. Seringa, a Swiss
botanist. Nat. ord. Sterculiads [Sterculiacese]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Lasiopetalum.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy peat
one part, sandy, fibrous loam two parts. Winter temp.,
40* to 48°.

S. platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 12, White. June,
Australia. 1822.

SERINGIA OVATA

799

SERVICE

SERINGIA OVA'TA, of Sprengel. See PTELIDIUM

OVATUM.

SERI'OLA. (From seris, succory ; as the species re-
semble this plant. Nat. ord. Composites [Composita?].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-^Equalis. Now referred to Hypo-
choeris.)

S. atne'nsis (.Etna). See HYPOCHCERIS .STNENSIS.
,, a'lbicans (whitish). See HYPOCHCERIS ACHYROPHORUS.
„ glau'ca (milky-green). See HYPOCHCERIS ACHYRO-
PHORUS.

„ rube'scens (reddish). See HYPOCHCERIS ACHYRO-
PHORUS.
„ u'rens (stinging). See HYPOCHCERIS CRETENSIS.

SERTSSA. (Name of aplant mentioned by Dioscorides.
Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-
Alonogynia.)

Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from Japan
and China. Cuttings in spring, under a glass ; loam,
peat, and sand. Probably hardy in the south of England.
S. fce'tida (stinking). 2. May. 1787.
„ multiplex (double-flowered). May.

SERJA'NIA. (Commemorative of Paul Sargeant, a
French botanist. Nat. ord. Sapindaceae.)

Climbing or twining stove evergreen shrubs of no great
beauty. Cuttings in sandy soil in a close case, with
bottom-heat. Loam, a little peat and sand.
S. caracasa'na (Caracasan). Central Amer.
„ dematidifo'lia (Clematis-leaved). 6-10. White.

Brazil. 1910.

„ curassa'vica (Curassavican). 16. W. Ind. 1818.
„ cuspida'ta (short-pointed). Whitish. Brazil.
„ nodo'sa (knotty). W. Ind.

SERRA'STYLIS. (From serra, a saw, and slulis, a
style. Nat. ord. Orchidacea?.)

A stove epiphytical Orchid. Offsets or divisions.
Fibre of peat, sphagnum, and crocks.
S. mode'sta (modest). $. Brown and yellow. Colombia.
1894.

SERRA'TULA. Sawwort. (From serra, a saw ; edges
of the leaves. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, i-J£qualis.)

Perennials, by seeds and divisions in spring ; annuals,
by seed; common garden-soil. All purple-flowered,
except where otherwise stated.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

S. flare'scens (yellowish). White. July. Spain. 1825.

Annual.

„ leuca'ntha (white-flowered). See S. FLAVESCENS.
„ ni'tens (shining). See CENTAUREA NITENS.
„ radia'ta (rayed). 2j. July. Hungary. 1800.
„ transylva'nica (Tracsylvanian). See JURINEA MOLLIS.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. ala'ta (winged). See SAUSSUREA JAPONICA.

„ albe'scens (whitish). See SAUSSUREA ALBESCENS.

„ aipi'na (alpine). See SAUSSUREA ALPINA.

„ ama'ra (bitter). See SAUSSUREA AMARA.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). See SAUSSUREA AL-
PINA.

„ argu'ta (sharp-toothed). See S. TINCTORIA.

„ atriplicifo'lia (Atriplex- leaved). 5-10. Purple.
August, September. Siberia ; Central China. 1784.

„ ca'spia (Caspian). See KARELINIA CASPIA.

„ centaurioi' des (centaury-like). i. July. Siberia.
1804.

„ cichora'cea (Chicory-like). 2. Purple. July. Italy.
1816.

„ corona'ta (crowned). 5. July. Siberia. 1739.

„ cyanoi'des (Cyanus-like). See JURINEA CYANOIDES.

„ cynaroi'des (Cynara-like). See CNICUS CYNAROIDES.

,, depre'ssa (depressed), i. July. Caucasus. 1818.

„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See SAUSSUREA' DISCOLOR.

„ e'legans (elegant). See LIATRIS ELEGANS.

„ Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). July. Siberia. 1827.

„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. July. Dauphiny.
1824.

„ Kitaibe'lii (Kitaibel's). See S. HETEROPHYLLA.

„ liatroi'des (Liatris-like). See SAUSSUREA PYCNOCE-
PHALA.

S. linearifo'lia (linear-leaved). See JURINEA LINEARI-

FOLIA.
„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See JURINEA LINEARI-

FOLIA.

„ ni'tida (shining). 2. July. Siberia. 1827.
„ pa'llida (pale). Himalaya.

„ panno'nica (Hungarian). See CNICUS PANNONICUS.
„ pilo'sa (hairy). See LIATRIS SPICATA.
„ pinnati'fida (pinna tely-cut). 2. Purple. July. Spain.

1820.

,, pulche'lla (pretty). See SAUSSUREA JAPONICA.
.1 pygma'a (pigmy). See SAUSSUREA PYGM^A.
„ quinquefo'lia (five-leaved). 3. Dark purple. July.

Caucasus. 1804.

, sa'lsa (salt). See SAUSSUREA CRASSIFOLIA.
, scario'sa (dry). See LIATRIS SCARIOSA.
, si" mplex (simple). See JURINEA MOLLIS.
, spica'ta (spiked). See LIATRIS SPICATA.
, tincto'ria (dyer^s). 2-3. Purple. July. Europe

(Britain). " Common Sawwort."
„ „ monti'cola (mountain- loving). 2. Purple. July,

August.
„ xeranthemoi' des (Xcranthemum-like). 2. White.

July. Russia ; Caucasus. 1804.

SERRU'RIA. (Named after /. Serrurier, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Proteads [Proteaceae]. Linn. 4-Tet-
randria, i-Monogynia. Alliance near Leucospermum.)

Greenhouse, South African evergreens ; purple-
flowered, except where otherwise specified. Cuttings of
ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept cool, the
glass being raised and frequently removed at night, to
prevent damping, the cuttings at the time protected by
a frame or pit ; light, fibrous loam, with a portion of
charcoal and broken bricks or freestone. Winter temp.,
38" to 48', with a shaded position for the pots in the heat
of summer ; the heads will stand the sun freely if the
roots are protected.

S. abrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). 4. Pink. 1803.
,, acroca'rpa (pointed- fruited). Lilac. April. 1822.
,, adsce'ndens (ascending). 2. 1819.

a'mula (rival). 3. 1803.

anethifo'lia (dill-leaved). 7. July. 1802.

arena' ria (sand), i. 1803.

artemisicefo'lia (Artemisia-leaved). 7. July. 1789.

barbi'gera (beard-bearing). 3. 1789.

Burma' nni (Burmann's). See S. FASCIFLORA.

cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. 1803.

conge'sta (congested). See S. MILLEFOLIA.

crithmi folia (Crithmum-leaved). ij. 1800.

cyanoi'des (Cyanus-like). See S. PULCHELLA.

decu'mbens (lying-down), i. r8i8.

diffu'sa (straggling). 3. 1810.

eleva'ta (elevated). Lilac. April. 1821.

elonga'ta (lengthened). See S. CRITHMIFOLIA.

emargina'ta (end-notched). 2. Pink. 1800.

fasciflo'ra (bundle-flowered). 2\. 1876.

ftagella'ris (whip). 2. 1816.

fto'rida (flowery). 2. 1824.

glabe'rrima (very smooth), i. 1825.

glomera'ta, (crowded). 3. 1789.

millefo'lia (thousand-leaved). 2. Pink, white. July.iSoo.

Nive'ni (Niven's). i$. 1800.

odora'ta (sweet-scented). 2. Pink. 1803.

peduncula'ta (long-stalked). See S. ARTEMISLCFOLIA.

phylicoi'des (Phylica-like). See S. BARBIGERA.

pinna' ta (leafleted). i. Pink. 1803.

pulche'lla (pretty). i£. 1803.

Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 3. White. 1806.

rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 2. 1818.

scario'sa (membranous). Lilac. 1816.

squarro'sa (spreading). 2. 1810.

triplica'to-terna'ta ( thrice- ternate). S. Africa.

triterna'ta (triternate). See S. ANETHIFOLIA.

villo'sa (shaggy). 2. July. 1829.

SERVICE. (Py'rus So'rbus.) There are three varieties :
Apple-shaped, Pear-shaped, and Berry-shaped.

Propagation. — By Grafting on the apple, medlar, and
hawthorn.

By Cuttings and by Seed, as directed for the Apple.

Soil. — Clayey loam, well drained, suits it best.

Culture. — They are best trained as dwarf standards or
espaliers. See MEDLAR.

Gather the fruit in autumn, and treat it like that of
the Medlar.

SERVICE BERRY

800

SHANKING

SERVICE BERRY. Amela'nchier canade'nsis.
SERVICE-TREE. Py'rus So'rbus.

SE'SAMUM. (From sesamon, an old Greek name.
Nat. ord. Pedaliaceae.)

Stove herb. Seeds ; cuttings in sand in heat. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.

S. i'ndicum (Indian). 1-2. White, or marked with red,
purple, or yellow. Trop. regions. 1731. "Sesame,"
" Gingelly," or " Oily-grain."

„ lu'teum (yellow) and orienta'le (oriental). See S.
INDICUM.

SESBA'NIA. (From sesban, the Arabic name of S.
cegypti' oca. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosas].
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria. Alliance near Clian-
thus.)

All yellow-flowered, except otherwise mentioned. An-
nuals require to be sown in a hotbed, in April, and
flowered either in the plant-stove or a warm greenhouse ;
shrubs, by cuttings of the half-ripened, stubby shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; fibrous loam
and sandy peat. Winter temp., 60° ; summer, 60° to
90°, with abundance of moisture.

STOVE ANNUALS.

S. aculea'ta (prickly). 4. July. Tropics. 1690.
„ ,, cannabi'na (hemp-like).
„ affi'nis (kindred). See S. ACULEATA.
„ dispe'rma (two-seeded). See S. PLATYCARPA.
,, gra'cilis (slender). 3. July. 1820.
,, pi' eta (painted). See S. OCCIDENTALS.
,, platyca'rpa (broad-fruited). 2. July. N. Amer,

1816. Greenhouse.

„ puncta'ta (red-spotted). See S. yEGYPTiACA.
„ seri'cea (silky). 3. July. W. Ind. 1818.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

S. cegypti 'aca (Egyptian). 4. July. Tropics, Old

World. 1680.
„ Cavanille' sit (Cavanilles's). 3. July. N. Amer. ;

Mexico. 1820.

„ cocci' nea (scarlet). See S. GRANDIFLORA.
„ exaspera'ta (rough). 8-10. Trop. Amer.
„ grandiflo'ra. (large-flowered). 20-25. Red. August.

India ; Malaya. 1768.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. July. Mexico. 1820.
„ occidenta'lis (western). 4. July. W. Ind. 1816.
„ puni'cea (purple). 3. Vermilion. July. Argentina.

1820.

SE'SELI. Meadow Saxifrage. (An old Greek name.
Nat. ord. Umbelliferae.)

Hardy perennial or annual herbs. Seeds ; divisions.
Ordinary garden soil.
S. a'nnuum (annual). 2. White. July. Europe.

Annual.
„ dicho' Ionium (forked). 2. White. July. Tauria.

1818.

„ da' turn (tall). 4-6. White. July. S. Europe.
„ gummi'ferum (gum-bearing). 4. White. June to

August. Tauria. 1804. Biennial.
„ Hippoma' rathrum (Hippomarathrum). 4-5. White.

July. Europe. " Horse Fennel."
„ Libano'tis (Libanotis). i£. White. July. Europe,

&c.

„ o'sseum (bony). White. July. Europe.
„ tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). 2-3. White. July

Siberia.
,, tortuo'sum (tortuous). White. July. S. Europe.

SESLE'RIA. (Commemorative of Leonard Sesler, an
Italian botanist. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Hardy perennial grasses. Seeds or divisions in ordi-
nary garden soil.

S. arge'niea (silvery). 1-2. S. Europe ; Asia Minor.
„ cceru'lea (blue). i-i£. Varying from blue to grey.

May, June. Europe (Britain). " Moor Grass."
,, sphczroce' phala (round-headed), i. Alps of Europe.

SESy'VTUM. (A name of unknown meaning. Nat.
ord. Ficoidaceae.)

Greenhouse succulents. Cuttings in sand. Fibrous
loam, some finely broken bricks and sand.
S. peduncula,' turn (long-stalked). See S. PORTULACAS-

TRUM.

5. Portulaca' strum (Portulacastrum). Green, reddish.

June. Tropics. 1692. " Sea Purslane."
„ „ revolutifo'lium (rsvolute- leaved). Red and white.

July, August. Cuba.
,, ,, se'ssile (stalkless). Flowers stalkless.

SETA'RIA. Bristly Foxtail Grass. (From seta, a
bristle ; there are long bristles at the base of the spikelets.
Nat. ord. Graminea?.)

,Hardy annual grasses of neat form. Seeds in ordinary
soil.

S. excu'rrens (ex-current), i. Japan.
,, glau'ca (sea-green), i. Tropical and sub-tropical

regions (England).
„ ita'lica (Italian). i. Tropical and subtropical

regions. Italian Millet.

,, macrochce'ta (large-cloaked), i. India, &c.
„ verticilla'ta (whorled). i. Green. Cosmopolitan

(England).
,, vi'ridis (green). i-ij. Green. Cosmopolitan

(Britain). " Bottle Grass."

„ vulpise'ta (wolf's-bristle), i. Green. July. Trop.
Amer.

SETS are the tubers, or portions of tubers, employed
for propagating potatoes and other tuberous-rooted
plants. It may be accepted as a rule universally applic-
able to them, that a moderately-sized whole tuber is
always to be preferred to a cutting of a tuber.

SETTERWORT. Helle'borus fce'tidus.

SETTING is fertilising the female blossoms with pollen
from the male blossoms. A plant is said to be a shy
setter when this fertilising is apt to fail.

SET WALL. An old name for Valeriana.

SEVERI'NIA. (Commemorative of M. A. Severino, of
Naples. Nat. ord. Rutaceas. Now referred to Ata-
lantia.)
S. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). See ATALANTIA BUXIFOLIA.

SEVILLE ORANGE. Ci'trus Aura'ntium Bigara'dia.

SEWERZO'WIA. (Commemorative of Sewerzow, a
Russian traveller. Nat. ord. Leguminosag. Now re-
ferred to Astragalus.)
S. turkesta'nica (Turkestan). See ASTRAGALUS SCHMAL-

HAUSENI.

SEYME'RIA. (Named after H. Seymer, an English
naturalist. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariacea?]. Linn.
i4-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals, from North America.
Seeds in April, in a peat-border.
S. pectina'ta (comb-leaved), i. July. 1820.
,, tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved), i. July. 1730.

SEYMOU'RIA. (Commemorative of the Hon. Mrs.
Seymour, of Woburn. Nat. ord. Geraniaceas. Now re-
ferred to Pelargonium.)
S. asarifo'lia (Asarum-leaved). See PELARGONIUM

ASARIFOLIUM.

,, //m'^'e'n(Heritier's). See PELARGONIUM DIPETALUM.
SHADDOCK. Ci'trus decuma'na.

SHADES are for prolonging the time of a plant's
blooming, or promoting the rooting of cuttings, by ex-
cluding the sunlight. See CUTTINGS, SCREENS, and
TULIP.

SHALLOT. See ESCHALLOT.

SHANKING is the technical term for a gangrene which
attacks the footstalks of grapes and the stems of cabbages
which have vegetated through the winter. The shanking
of the grape appears to be occasioned by the soil becoming
exhausted, or by its temperature being too much below
that in which the branches are vegetating ; and, conse-
quently, the supply of sap to the grapes being too much
diminished, the parts which thus fail of support immedi-
ately begin to decay : this is an effect always the conse-
quence of a diminished supply of sap, apparent either
in the leaves, flower, or fruit. Shanking rarely appears
in the grape if the roots of the vine are within the house.
Shanking in the cabbage arises from a very different
cause, viz. the freezing of the stalk of the cabbage just

SHAREWORT

801

SICYOS

where it comes in contact with the soil. The best pre-
ventive is dressing the soil with salt, about five bushels
per acre, late in the autumn, and sprinkling charred
vegetable matters among them. See DAMPING-OFF.

SHAREWORT. A'ster Tripo'lium.

SHARP CEDAR. Aca'cia Oxyce'drus and Juni'perus
Oxyce'drus.

SHEARS. Garden shears are made with short handles
and straight blades for pruning box, yew, and other
hedges, for which the hedge bill is unsuitable. They
are made with a notch near the base for cutting thick
branches that could not readily be cut with a knife, and
which the plain-bladed shears would not cut. Verge or
edeing shears have handles about 3 feet lone, with the
blades turned at right angles from the handles, and are
used for cutting the grass edges of lawns, walks, and
flower-beds.

SHEEP LAUREL. Ka'lmia angustifo'lia.
SHEEP'S SCABIOUS. Jasio'ne.
SHELLS. See ANIMAL MATTERS.
SHELTER. See SCREEN.
SHE-OAK. Casuari'na quadriva'lvis.
SHEPHERD'S BEARD. Arnopo'gon.
SHEPHERD'S CLUB. Verba'scum Tha'psus.
SHEPHERD'S KNOT. Potenti'lla Tormenti'lla.
SHEPHERD'S PURSE. Cap se'lla Bu'rsa-pasto'ris.

SHEPHE'RDIA. (Named after the late W. Shepherd,
curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden. Nat. ord.
Oleasters [Elaeagnaceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, ^-Tetrandria.
Allied to Hippophae.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs, from North America. Gener-
ally by suckers ; frequently by seeds ; deep, sandy loam.
Good shrubs for lawns or shrubberies.
S. arge'ntea (silvery). 10. April. 1820.
„ canade'nsis (Canadian). 10. April. 1759.

SHERBOU'RNIA. (Commemorative of Mrs. Sher-

'bourn, who first flowered the plant in this country. Nat.
ord. Rubiaceae. Allied to Gardenia.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
It requires similar heat and moisture to Gardenia to
flower it.

S. foiio'sa (leafy). 3-8. White and red. June, July.
W. Trop. Africa. 1842.

SHIELD FERN. Aspi'dium. Nephro'dium. Poly'-
Stichum.

SHIELD FLOWER. Aspidi'stra.
SHIFTING. See POTTING and ONE-SHIFT SYSTEM.
SHOLA or SOLA. j£schyno'mene a'spera.
SHOOTING STAR. Dodeca' theon Mea'dia.

SHO'REA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Dipterocarpaceae.)

Stove trees. Cuttings in sand, in a close frame, with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, with a little peat and sand,
with a high temperature.
S. robu'sta (robust). India. " Sal."
„ sela'nica (Selanic). Moluccas.
„ Talu'ra (Talura). India.

SHO'RTIA. (Commemorative of Dr. Short, author of
Medic ina Britannica. Nat. ord. Diapensiaceae.)

Hardy evergreen herbs. Divisions. Peaty soil in a
little shade.

S. califo'rnica (Calif ornian). See B/ERIA CORONARIA.
„ galacifo'lia (Galax-leaved). $-J. White. February

to April. Carolina. 1888.

„ „ ro'sea (rosy). $-£. Rose. February to April. 1904.
„ uniflo'r a (one-flowered). ±-\. Flesh. March. Japan.
„ „ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). J-J. Pink, larger.
1910.

SHREDS for fastening trees to walls, &c., are best
made of the list or selvage torn from black or blue cloth,
and may be obtained of any tailor. The smallest pos-
sible number of shreds, and the narrowest consistent

with strength, should be employed ; for wherever the
shred envelopes the branch, the wood beneath is never
so well ripened as those parts exposed to the light and
air, which are so essential to enable the bark to assimilate
and separate from the sap those secretions which are
required for the next year's growth. Shreds should
always be long enough to permit the ends to be doubled
over, so that the nail may pass through four thicknesses
of the cloth, otherwise they look ragged, and are liable
to tear away from the nail. If old shreds are re-used,
they should be previously boiled for a few minutes to
destroy any insect-eggs, or larva?, they may contain.

SHRIVELLING of the berries of the grape in stoves
arises from the roots of the vine not supplying a suffi-
ciency of sap. This occurs if the roots are in a cold,
heavy soil, or are vegetating in an outside border, the
temperature of which is too low compared with that of
the stove. In the first case, thorough draining and the
incorporation of calcareous rubbish ; and in the second
case, protection to the border and stem, will remove
the evil.

SHRUBBERY is a garden, or portion of a garden,
devoted to the cultivation of shrubs.

are trees of a dwarf growth, not exceeding in
height 12 or 15 feet, unless they are climbers, and having,
if permitted, branches and foliage clothing the entire
length of their stems.

SHRUBBY PINK. Dia'nthus frutico'sus.
SHUTE'RIA BI'COLOR, See HEWITTIA BICOLOR.

SH UTTING-UP is closing the lights of frames, pits,
greenhouses, and stoves, which have been opened for
the admission of air.

SIBBA'LDIA. (Named after Dr. Sibbald, of Edinburgh.
Nat. ord. Roseivorts [Rosaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, 5-
Pentagynia. Now referred to Potentilla.)
S. ere' eta (upright). See CHAM^RHODOS ERECTA.
„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See CHAM.ERHODOS

GRANDIFLORA.

„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). See POTENTILLA SIB-

BALDI.
„ procu'mbens (lying-down). See POTENTILLA SIB-

BALDI.

SIBERIAN CRAB. Py'rus prunifo'lia.
SIBERIAN PEA-TREE. Caraga'na.

SIBTHO'RPIA. (Named after Dr. Sibthorp, of Oxford.
Nat. ord. Figworis [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn. i^-Didy
namia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Yellow-flowered trailers. Seeds and divisions of the
plant in spring ; moist, sandy, shady peat-border.
Prostra'ta requires the protection of a greenhouse in
winter.

S. africa'na (African). Orient.
„ europce'a (European). $. July. Western Europe

(England). " Cornish Moneywort."
„ ,, au'tea (golden). Leaves yellow. 1895.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with

white.
„ peregri'na (wandering). |. June. Mediterranean

region; Madeira. 1771.
„ Prostra'ta (trailing). See S. PEREGRI.VA.

SICA'NA. (A Peruvian name for S. odorifera. Nat.
ord. Cucurbitaceae.)

Rampant annual stove climbers. Seeds. Fibrous
loam, a little rotted manure and sand. The fruits are
edible.
S. atropurpu'rea (dark purple). Fruits purple- violet,

otherwise like S. odorifera. Paraguay. 1894.
„ odori'fera (odoriferous). Yellow. Fruit like a large

cucumber. Peru. 1889.

„ sphe'rica (spherical). Yellowish, fleshy. Fruit
globose, size of an orange. Jamaica. 1890.

SI'CYOS. (An ancient Greek name for the cucumber.
Nat. ord. Cucurbitaceae.)

Climbing or prostrate herbs, most of them natives of
the warmer parts of America, but S. bryoniatfo'lia may be
planted outside in May. Seeds. Ordinary garden soil.

SIDA

802

SIEGESBECKIA

S. Badero'a (Baderoa). See S. BRYONI^EFOLIA.
„ bryonicefo'lia (bryony-leaved). Yellow. July. Chili.

" One-seeded Star Cucumber."
„ edu'lis (edible). See SECHIUM EDULE.

SI'DA. Indian Mallow. ( From side, the pomegranate,
but in the Doric dialect side rhoa was the water lily.
Nat. ord. Malvaceae.)

Stove, greenhouse or hardy herbs or shrubs. Seeds ;
cuttings under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould,
and sand for the tender species.
S. au'rea (golden). Yellow. India. Seems a species of

Abutilon.

„ auri'ta (eared). See ABUTILON AURITUM.
,, b^/0ttfta'«fl(Bedfordian). See ABUTILON BEDFORDI-

ANUM.

„ cristafta (crested). See ANODA LAVATEROIDES.
„ diploscy'pha (double-bowl). See SIDALCEA DIPLO-

SCVPHA.
„ globiflo'ra (globe-flowered). 5. White. Autumn.

Mauritius. 1827. Seems a species of Abutilon.
„ grave'olens (strong-smelling). See ABUTILON GRAVEO-

LENS.

„ hasta'ta (halbert-shaped). See ANODA HASTATA.
„ incequa'lis (unequal). 7. White. May. Brazil. 1829.

Seems a species of Abutilon.
„ intege'rrima (very-entire). See ABUTILON INTEGER-

RIMUM.
„ malvczfto'ra (mallow-flowered). See SIDALCEA CAM-

PESTRIS.

„ mo'llis (soft). See ABUTILON MOLLE.
„ Napcz'a (Napasa). 4-8. White. July to September.

N. Amer. 1748. Hardy herb.
„ £<z:ow<2:/ZoV«(pa3ony-flowered). SeeAsuTiLON P^ONI^:-

FLORUM.
„ pa' fens (spreading). Yellow. Abyssinia. Possibly

a species of Abutilon.

„ peri'ptera (winged-round). See ANODA PUNICEA.
„ pi'cta (painted). See ABUTILON STRIATUM.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). See PLAGIANTHUS PULCHELLUS.
„ ro'sea (rosy). See ABUTILON ESCULENTUM.
„ sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). See ABUTILON CRIS-

PUM.

„ sherardia'na (Sherardian). S. Europe ; Orient.
„ specio'sa (showy). See ABUTILON ESCULENTUM.
„ venp'sa (veiny). See ABUTILON VENOSUM.
„ vitifo'lium (vine-leaved). See ABUTILON VITI-

FOLIUM.

SIDA'LCEA. Greek Mallow. (From side, an ancient
Greek name, and alkea, another ; applied to some mallow,
and that from cdke, strength, or healing power. Nat.
ord. Malvaceae.)

Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds; divisions. Well-
drained garden soil.
S. campe'stris (field). 2-3. Pink. July to September.

California. 1827.
„ ca'ndida (white). 2-3. White. July, August. New

Mexico. 1882.

„ diploscy'pha (double-bowl). California.
„ Hartw/gii (Hartweg's). 3. Pink. July, August.

California.

„ hu'milis (dwarf). See S. MALWEFLORA.
„ Li'steri (Lister's). 3-4. Pink, fringed. July to

September. Gardens. 1896.
„ malvczflo'ra (mallow-flowered). 2. Rosy-purple.

July to September. N.W. Amer.
„ „ delphinifo'lia (Delphinium- leaved). Leaves finely

cut.

„ murraya'na (Murrayan). See S. SPICATA.
„ spica'ta (spiked). 2-3. Pink. July to September.
California.

SIDERA'NTHUS SPINULO'SUS. See HAPLOPAPPUS

SPINULOSUS.

SIDERA'NTHUS VILLO'SUS. See CHRYSOPSIS VIL-

LOSA.

SIDERI'TIS. Ironwort. (From sideros, iron ; sup-
posed power of healing wounds by iron. Nat. ord. Lip-
worts [Labiatae]. Linn. -i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.
Allied to Marubium.)

Yellow-flowered, except where otherwise specified.
Seeds ; cuttings under a hand-light in summer ; division
of the plant in spring ; dry, sandy, or chalky soil ; well
fitted for knolls and banks.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. roma'na (Roman), i. July. Italy. 1740. Annual.
„ serra'ta (saw-leaved). See S. SPINOSA.
„ spino'sa (spiny). i£. August. Spain. 1818.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

S. scordioi'des (Scordium-like). i. September. S.

Europe. 1597.

„ „ alpi'na (alpine), r. July. Pyrenees. 1827.
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), i. July. Pyrenees.

1597-
„ „ elonga'ia (lengthened). August. Spain. 1822.

Half-hardy.
„ tau'rica (Taurian). ij. July. Tauria. 1822.

HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.

S. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), r. July. Spain. 1820.

„ calyca'ntha (calyx-flowered). See STACHYS LAVANDU-
L^FOLIA.

,, canarie'nsis (Canary). Yellow. Canaries. 1869.
Greenhouse shrub.

„ ca'ndicans (white). 3. Yellowish. Madeira. 1714.
Greenhouse shrub.

„ chamczdrifo'lia (germander-leaved), i. July. Spain.
1816.

„ eubce'a (Eubaaan). Greece.

„ fra' grans (fragrant), i£. July. Spain.

„ ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). See S. FRAGRANS.

„ inca'na (hoary), ij. July. Spain. 1752.

„ lana'ta (woolly), i. Asia Minor; Greece.

„ leuca'ntha (white-flowered), i. White. July. Spain.
1823.

„ monta'na (mountain). Mediterranean region ; Orient.

„ perfolia'ta (leaf -stem-pierced). 2. September. Le-
vant. 1731.

„ syri'aca (Syrian). i£. July. Levant. 1597.

SIDERODE'NDRON. Iron-tree. (From sideros, iron,
and dendron, a tree ; from hardness of wood. Nat. ord.
Rubiads [Rubiaceae]. Linn. 4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.
Now referred to Ixora.)
S. triflo'rum (three-flowered). See IXORA FERREA.

SIDERO'XYLON. (From sideros, iron, and xulon,
wood ; literally, ironwood, from its hardness. Nat. ord.
Sapotaceae.)

Evergreen trees or shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in a
close frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and
sand.

5. dulci'ficum (sweet-making). Trop. Africa. " Miracu-
lous Berry."

„ ine'rme (unarmed). S. Africa. " Milk Wood."
„ Mastichode'ndron (Mastichodendron). W. Ind.
„ melanophle'os (black-barked). See MYRSINE MELANO-

PHLEOS.

„ mi'te (mild). White. June. S. Africa. 1816.

Possibly a species of Ilex.

„ spino'sum (spiny). See ARGANIA SIDEROXYLON.
„ iomento' sum (felted). India.

SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER. Sarrace'nia.

SIE'BERA. (Commemorative of F. W. Sieber a
plant collector. Nat. ord. UmbeUiferaa.)

Greenhouse evergreen perennials. Seeds; divisions.
Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
S. Billardie'ri (Billardiere's). 2-3. White. May.

Australia. 1829.
„ „ lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). 3. White. Australia.

1829.
„ compre'ssa (compressed), i. Pale yellow. May.

Australia.

„ linearifo'lia (linear-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Australia. 1824.

SIEGESBE'CKIA. (Named after /. G. Siegesbeck, a
German botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite],
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua. Alliance near Eclipta.)
Hardy, yellow-flowered annual. Seeds in a hotbed,
in April ; seedlings pricked off, and finally turned out
into the flower-garden in the beginning of June; rich,
light, sandy soil.
S. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). See S. ORIENTALIS.

„ droseroi'des (Drosera-like). See S. ORIENTALIS.

„ ibe'rica (Iberian). See S. ORIENTALIS.

SIEVEKINGIA

803

SILENE

S. orienta'lis (eastern). 2. September. Tropics every-
where. 1730.
„ triangula'ris (triangular). See S. ORIENTALIS.

SIEVEKI'NGIA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical orchids. Divisions. Fibre of peat,
sphagnum, and crocks, and grown in baskets.
S. reichenbachia'na (Reichenbachian). \. Yellow; lip

spotted with red. Ecuador. 1898.
„ sua'vis (sweet-scented). $. Deep yellow ; lip dotted
with black. Costa Rica. 1902.

SIEVE'RSIA. (Named after M. Sievers, a Russian
botanist. Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosaceas]. Linn. 12-
Icosandria, j,-Polygynia. Now referred to Geum.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered, herbaceous perennials. Seeds,
and division of the plant in spring ; light, sandy soil.
S. a>uv7i0Noi'<f«( Anemone-like). See GEUM ANEMOXOIDES.

„ atla'ntica (Atlantic). See GEUM SYLVATICUM.

„ glacia'lis (icy). See GEUM GLACIALE.

„ monta'na (mountain). See GEUM MONTANUM.

„ parado'xa (paradoxical). See FALLUGIA PARADOXA.

„ Pe'ckii (Peck's). See GEUM RADIATUM.

„ re'ptans (creeping). See GEUM REPTAXS.

„ ro'sea (rosy). See GEUM TRIFLORUM.

„ trifto'ra (three-flowered). See GEUM TRIFLORUM.

SIEVES. Garden sieves are made of various sizes,
and the mesh also varies, but i-inch and £-inch mesh are
most often required for sifting soil, leaf-mould, and sand.

• SIGMATO'GYNE. (From sigma, S-shaped, and gune,
the ovary. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical orchid. Divisions. Fibre of peat,
sphagnum, and crocks.

S. Pantli'ngii (Pantling's). ^. Yellowish. Assam.
1908.

SIGMATO'STALIX. (From sigma, S-shaped, and
stalix, a pole. Nat. ord. Orchidacea?.)

Stove epiphytical orchids. Divisions. Fibre of peat,
sphagnum, and crocks.
S. Eli' a. (Elia's). \. Yellow, spotted with reddish-brown.

Colombia. 1908.
„ mallei' f era. (mallet-bearing). Yellow, spotted with

brown. Colombia. 1883.
„ peruvia'na (Peruvian), J. Straw, with purple band ;

lip yellow, orange. Peru. 1910.

„ radi'cans (rooting). Yellow, pale green, purple.
Brazil.

SHE'NE. Catchfly. (From sialon, saliva ; from the
gummy secretion on the leaves and stems of some,
which entraps small flies. Nat. ord. Cloveavrts [Caryo-
phyllaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, ^-Trigynia.)

All freely by seeds. Annuals, hi the open garden, in
April, and many, if sown in September, will bloom very
early ; the low-growing ones are very suitable for knolls
and rock-works. Herbaceous ones also by division, and
by cuttings of the young shoots in sand, under a hand-
light, in summer ; shrubby ones by similar means ;
rich, sandy loam.

GREENHOUSE BIENNIALS.

S. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved), i. Brown. July. S.
Africa. 1774.

„ diurniflo'ra (day-flowering). See S. UNDULATA.

„ gigantSa (gigantic). 3. White. June. Mediter-
ranean region. 1738.

„ orna'ta (ornamental). 2. Purple. July. S.Africa. 1775.

„ undula'ta(wavy). 1-2. Red. August. S.Africa. 1775.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. Faba'rio, (F aba-leaved). J. White. July. Sicily

Crete. 1731.
„ frutico'sa (shrubby). ij. Pink. June. Greece ;

Sicily. 1629. Evergreen.
„ mocinia'na (Mocinian). See S. LACINIATA.
„ specio'sa (showy). See S. LACINIATA.

HARDY ANNUALS, &c.

S. adsce'ndens (ascending). J. Red. June. Spain.

1822.

„ cegypti'aca (Egyptian), i. Pink. July. Egypt.
1781.

S. a'nglica (English). See S. GALLICA.
„ Armefria (Armeria). i£. Pink. August. Europe

(England). " SweetwUliam Catchfly."
„ „ a'lba (white). White.
„ „ compa'cta (compact). See S. COMPACTA.
„ Ato'cion (Atocion). See S. .EGYPTIACA.
„ auricula' ta (auricled). Italy ; Greece.
„ bi' 'color (two-coloured). See S. PICTA.
„ biparti'ta (two-parted). See S. COLORATA.
„ caiiarie'nsis (Canary). J. Red. June. Madeira.

1822.
„ cerastoi'des (Cerastium-like). J. White. July. S.

Europe. 1732.
„ cheiranthifo'lia (wallflower-leaved), i. Red. July.

Swan River. 1821.

„ chromodo'nta (coloured- toothed). Greece.
„ clandesti'na (hidden). Algeria; S. Africa.
„ colora'ta (coloured), i. Red. June. Mediterranean

region. 1818.
„ compa'cta (compact). i\. Pink. August. Caucasus.

1823. Biennial.

„ congSsta (crowded), i. Pink. June. Greece. 1818.
„ co'nica (conical). 4-i. Rose or purple. May to July

Europe (Britain), &c.
„ conoi'dea (cone-Uke). Europe.
„ erotica (Cretan), j. Green, white. July. Crete.

1732. Biennial.

„ Csere'ii (Cserei's). See S. FABARIA.
„ cylindriflo'ra (cylindrical-flowered). See S. TUVEN-

ALIS.
„ dicho'toma (forked), i. White. June. Europe

1823.
„ di'scolor (various-coloured). J. Red. April. Greece

1817.

„ diversifo'lia (various-leaved). See S. RUBELLA.
„ echina'ta (spiny) of Jaub. and Spach. See S. SQUAMI-

GERA.

„ echina'ta (spiny) of Otth. S. Europe.
„ e'legans (elegant), ij. White. June. Portugal.

1819.

„ friivaldskya'na (Friwaldskyan). Thrace, &c.
„ fusca'ta (dusky). Brownish-red. June. Mediter-
ranean region. 1829.
„ ga'llica (French), i. Pink. June to August. Europe

(England).
„ „ quinquevu'lnera (five- wounded), i. Pink, with

five red blotches. Europe (England).
„ geminiflo'ra (twin-flowered). See S. OBTUSIFOLIA.
„ glau'ca ; (sea-green), i. Purple. June. Spain. 1820.
„ gra'cilis (slender). See S. LONGICAULIS.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy), i. White. June. Western Mediter-
ranean region. 1820.
„ hi'spida (bristly). See S. VESPERTINA.
„ ibe'rica (Iberian). See S. DICHOTOMA.
„ imbrica'ta (imbricated), ij. White. June. N.

Africa. 1818.
„ ita'lica (ItaUan). ij. White. May. Mediterranean

region. 1759. Biennial.
„ juvena'lis (youthful). 2. Red or white. June. Asia

Minor. 1835. Biennial.
„ la'cera (torn), ij. White. July. Caucasus. 1818.

Biennial.

„ laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). See S. HIRSUTA.
„ lerchcnfeldia'na (Lerchenfeldian). Transsylvania.
„ lini'cola (flax-loving). Germany.
„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved), i. Green, yellow. July.

Greece. 1817.
„ longtcau'lis (long-stemmed), i. Red. June. Spain.

1818.

„ lusita'nica (Portuguese). See S. GALLICA.
„ melandrioi'des (Melandrium-Uke). i. Violet-rose.

July. Spain.
„ multi'fto'ra (many-flowered). i. White. June.

Hungary. 1794. Biennial.
„ nemora'lis (grove). See S. ITALICA.
„ nic<ze"nsis (Nice), i. June. Naples. 1824.
„ no'cteolens (night-smelling). Canaries.
„ noctiflo'ra (night-flowering). 2. Pink. July. Europe

(England).
„ noctu'rna (night). 2. Brown. July. S. Europe.

1683.

„ nycta'ntha (night-flowered). See S. NOCTURNA.
„ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). r. Purple. June.

Western Mediterranean region. 1816.
„ oliveria'na (Oliver's). See S. COLORATA.
„ orchi'dea (orchid-Uke). See S. ^GYPTIACA.

SILENE

804

SILENE

S.

pe'ndula (drooping), i. Red. June. Sicily. 1731.
„ compa'cta (compact). £. Pink. May to August.
perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). See S. CHLOR^EFOLIA.
pi' eta (painted). 2. Pink. July. France. 1817.
porte'nsis (Oporto), i. Pink. July. Spain. 175

pi' eta (painted). 2. Pink. July. France. 1817.

59.
Psammi'tis (Psammitis). ij. Cream. June. N.

S.

Africa. 1818. Biennial.
Pumi'lio (dwarf). \. Pink. June. Alpine Europe.

1823.
pygmce'a (pigmy). J. Purple. June. Europe. 1823.

Biennial.
quinquevu'lnera (five- wounded). See S. GALLICA

QUINQUEVULNERA.

ramo'sa (branchy). See S. RAMOSISSIMA.

ramosi' ssima (branchiest). i|. Rose. June. N.

Africa. 1820. Biennial..

reticula' ta (netted), i. Rose. July. Barbary. 1804.
rube'lla (small-red). J. Flesh. May. Mediterranean

region. 1735.

sabuleto'rum (gravel-pit). See S. GALLICA.
Sarto'rii (Sartor's), i. Rose. June, July. Greece.
secundiflo'ra (side-flowering). See S. GLAUCA.
sedoi'des (Sedum-like). Mediterranean region.
Sendtne'ri (Sendtner's). Bosnia.
seri'cea (silky), ij. Pink. July. S. Europe. 1801.
spathula'ta (spathulate). See S. PYGM^EA.
squami'gera (scale-bearing). White. July. Asia

Minor.

stri'cta, (upright). i£. Purple. June. Spain. 1802.
tenuifo'lia. (fine-leaved). See S. TENUIS.
tridenta'ta (three- toothed). J. Pink. May. Barbary.

1823.

undulafo'lia (wavy-leaved). See S. FUSCATA.
vesiculi'fera (vessel-bearing). White. June, July.

Asia Minor.
vesperti'na (evening). 2. Rose. July. Mediter-

ranean region. 1796.
visco'sa (clammy). 2. White. June. Europe. 1731.

Biennial.
viscosi' ssima (clammiest). See S. NIC^ENSIS.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
acau'lis (stemless). $. Rose. July. Northern and

arctic regions (Britain). " Moss Campion," " Cushion

Pink."

a'lba (white). J. White. July. Britain.
elonga'ta (elongated).
exsca'pa (scapeless). J. Red. July. Switzerland.

1819.

fce'mina (female). Red. July. Scotland.
ma's (male). Rose. July. Scotland.
alpe'stris (alpine), £. White. June, July. Alps.

" Alpine Catchfly."
alta'ica (Altaic), i. Yellowish. August. Altai.

1831.
amce'na (pleasing). i. White. July. Tartary.

1779.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). i. White. July.

Europe. 1817.
a'prica\ [sunny). i-i£. Whiteorrosy. July. Eastern

Siberia ; China.

arga'a (Argaean). Mount Argaeus, Cappadocia.
Aste'rias (Asterias). iJ-2. Bright, lively red. June,

J uly. Banat.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). iJ-2. Crimson-

scarlet. Balkan Mts. 1903.

bupleuroi'des (Bupleurum-like). See S. LONGIFLORA.
caspito'sa (turfy). £. Pink. June. Caucasus. 1822.
Campanula (bell-flowered). J. Green, white. July.

Piedmont. 1823.
ca'na (hoary). See S. ITALICA.

ca'spica (Caspian). J. Pink. June. Caucasus. 1823.
Catesba'i (Catesby's). See S. VIRGINICA.
catho'lica (universal), ij. Green, white. August.

Italy. 1711.
cauca'sica (Caucasian). J. Rosy-violet. July.

Caucasus.
chlorcefo'lia (Chlora-leaved). i. Lilac, yellow.

August. Armenia. 1796.
Mora'ntha (pale-flowered), ij. Green, white. July.

Europe ; Tauria. 1732.
cilia' ta (hair-fringed). |. Purple. June. Crete.

1804.
cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). J. Pink. June. Pied-

mont. 1819.

July.

S. co'rsica (Corsican). See S. SUCCULENTA.
„ Cucu'balus (Cucubalus). 1-2. White.

Europe (Britain). " Bladder Campion."
„ „ pube'rula (finely-downy). 1-2. White. July.

Britain.
„ depre'ssa (depressed). £. White. June. Iberia.

1816.
„ di'sticha (two-ranked), ij. Pink. June. Western

Mediterranean region. 1817.
,, effu'sa (spreading). See S. WOLGENSIS.
„ ela'ta (tall). See S. CHLORANTHA.
„ Elizabe'thce (Eh'zabeth's). J. Carmine-rose. Tyrol.

1863.
„ fimbria'ta (iringe-flowered). 2\. White. June.

Caucasus. 1803.
„ flave'scens (yeUowish). i. Yellow. June. Hungary.

1804.

„ folio'sa (leafy). i£. White. July. Amur ; Man-
churia.
„ Fortu'nei (Fortune's). i-i£. Pink, laciniate. June

to September. China. 1898.
„ ,, na'na (dwarf), i. Rosy-pink, laciniate. June

to September. 1902.
„ fruticulo'sa (shrubby), i. Pink. June, July. S.

Europe.
„ glaucifo'lia (milky-green-leaved). See LYCHNIS

PYRENAICA.

„ graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). See S. TURGIDA.

„ Griffi'thii (Griffith's). Himalaya.

„ Gypso'phila (chalk-loving). See S. REPENS.

„ hispa'nica (Spanish). See S. COLORATA.

„ Hoo'keri (Hooker's), i. Pink. June. North-
western Amer. 1873.

„ infra' ta (inflated). See S. CUCUBALUS.

„ „ hirsu'ta (hairy). See S. CUCUBALUS PUBERULA.

,, infra'cta (broken). See S. NUTANS.

„ jeni'sea (Jenisean). i. White or pink. June, July.
Siberia. 1824.

„ lacinia'ta (cut-petaled). ij. Scarlet. July. N.W.
Amer. 1823.

„ „ Purpu'si (Purpus's). J-J. Cardinal-red. Sum-
mer. Mexico. 1908.

„ la'ta (bright-green), i. Flesh. Western Mediter-
ranean region. 1778.

,, lanugino'sa (woolly). Italian Alps.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved), i. White. July. Barbary.
1817.

„ li'vida (livid). See S. NUTANS.

„ longici'lia (long-eye-lashed), i-ij. White above,
purplish beneath. July. Portugal.

„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). ij. Lilac, purple.
August. Hungary. 1793.

„ mari'tima (sea). J. White. August. Europei
(Britain). " Witches' Thimble."

„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered), i. White. August.
England.

„ melandryifo' rmis (Melandryum- formed). See S.

AFRICA.

„ molli' 'ssima (softest), i. Pink. August. Italy. 1739.
„ Monachp'rum (monks'). J. White. June, July.

Mediterranean region.

Bosnia.
„ Musci'pula (Muscipula).

" Spanish Campion."
„ nu'tans (nodding). 1-2. White. June, July. Europe'

(Britain). " Nottingham Catchfly."
„ ocymoi'des (basil-like). See S. ITALICA.
„ odontope'tala (toothed-petaled). Syria.
„ Oti'tes (Otites). 1-3. Pale yellow-green. June to

August. Europe (England) ; Orient.
„ ova' to, (egg-leaved), i. White. June. N. Amer.

1820.

,, parado'xa (paradoxical), i. Pink. July. S. Europe.
,, parna'ssica (Parnassian). See S. FRUTICULOSA.
,, parvilo'lia (small- leaved). See S. DISTICHA.
„ pa'tula (spreading). See S. ITALICA.
„ pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). i. Red. June.

N. Amer. 1806.

„ petrce'a (rock). See S. SAXIFRAGA.
,, pilo'sa (shaggy). See S. ITALICA.
„ polyphy'lla (many-leaved). See S. NUTANS.
„ procu'mbens (lying-down). J. Pink. June. Siberia.

1823.

„ pube'scens (downy). See S. SERICEA.
,, pusi'lla (puny). See S. OUADRIDENTATA.
„ quadridenta' ta (four- toothed). J. White. June.

Alps. 1822.

SILENOPSIS LAGASC^: 805

SINGLING

S. quadri'fida (four-cleft). $. White. June. Europe.

1818.
„ refle'xa (bent-back), i. Purple. June. S. Europe.

1726.

„ rc'gia (royal), ij. Crimson. June. N. Amer. 1811.
„ re'pens( creeping), i. Pink. August. Siberia. 1823.
„ Rcquie'nii (Requien's). i. White, red. June.

Corsica. 1823.
„ Saxi'fraga (saxifrage). J. Flesh. July. Europe.

1640.
„ Scha'fta (Schafta). \. Rose. April. Caucasus.

1844.

„ seri'cea (silky), r. Purple. July. S. Europe. 1818.
„ sibi'rica (Siberian), ij. .Rose. July. Siberia. 1773.
,, spergulifo'lia (spurry- leaved). $. White. June.

Armenia. 1817.
„ stdla'ta (star-leaved), i. White. July. N. Amer.

1696.
„ stylo' 'sa (large-styled). J. Yellowish. July. Siberia.

1831.
„ succule'nta (succulent), i. Purple. June. Egypt ;

Syria ; Corsica. 1820.

„ supi'na (supine). J. Pink. July. Caucasus. 1804.
„ Ta'naka (Tanaka's). 1-2. Purple. July. Japan.
„ tata'rica (Tartarian). 2. White. July. Russia.

1796.

„ te'nuis (slender), |. Cream. July. Siberia. 1816.
„ Tho'rei (There's). J-i. White. June, July. S.W.

Europe.
„ tu'rgida (swollen). 2. White. June. Altaic Siberia.

1819.
„ valle'sia (Vallesian). J. Flesh. July. Switzerland.

1765-

„ ,, cauca'sica (Caucasian). See S. CAUCASICA.
„ verecu'nda (modest), i-ij. Rosy. June, July.

California.

„ Vcse'lskyi (Veselsky's). Syria.
„ virgi'nica (Virginian), i. Purple. July. N. Amer.

1783. " Fire Pink."

„ viscaginoi'des (Viscago-Uke). See S. JENISEA.
,, wolge'nsis (Wolga). Green, yellow. July. Wolga.

1824.
„ Zaita'dzkii (Zawadzky's). \. White. June, July.

Transsylvania.

SILENO'PSIS LAGASC2E. See LYCHNIS LAGASC^.

SILK-COTTON TREE. Bo'mbax and Eriode'ndron
anfractuo'sum.

SILKEN SISSY. Ascle'pias.
SILK-TREE. Albi'zzia Julibri'ssin.
SILK VINE. Peri'ploca gra'ca.
SILK? OAK. Grevi'llearobu'sta.

SI LPHIUM. (From silphion, a name given by Theo-
phrastus to a plant, the juice of which was used as a
condiment and in medicine. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Hardy border perennials allied to the Sunflowers.
Divisions. Ordinary garden soil.
S. albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 2-4. Creamy-white.

August, September. Texas. 1887.
„ Asieri'scus (Asteriscus). 2-4. Yellow. August.

N. Amer.

„ conna'tum (united). See S. PERFOLIATUM.
„ integrifo'lium (entire-leaved). 3. Yellow. August,

September. N. Amer.
„ lacinia'tum (deeply-cut). 4-6. Yellow. July to

September. N. Amer. " Compass Plant."
„ perfolia'tum (stem-pierced). 3-6. Yellow. July,

August. N. Amer. " Cap Plant."
„ pinnati'fidum (deeply-lobed). See S. TEREBINTHIX-

ACEUM PINNATIFIDUM.

„ scabe'rrimum (very-rough). 3-5. Yellow. August,

September. N. Amer.
„ terebinthina'ceum (turpentine). 4-10. Yellow. July

to October. N. Amer. " Prairie Burdock."
„ „ pinnati'fidum (deeply-lobed). Leaves deeply lobed.
,, terna'tum (three-lobed). See S. TRIFOLIATUM.
„ trifolia'tum (three-leafleted). 4-5. Yellow. August.

N. Amer.

SILVER BELL or SNOWDROP TREE. Hale'sia
tetra'ptera.

SILVER BERRY. The berry of Elcea'gnus arge'ntea.

SILVER BRACTS. Cotyle'donPachyphy'tum.

SILVER BUSH. A nthy'llis Ba'rba-Jo'vis.

SILVER CEDAR. Juni'perus Virginia' 'na glau'ca.

SILVER FIR. A'biespectina'ta.

SILVER ROD. Aspho'delus ramo'sus.

SILVER TREE. Leucade'ndron arge'nieum.

SILVER VVUSU. Potenti'lla Anseri'na.

SILVER Y-MOTH. Plu'sia Ga'mma.

SILYBUM. (From silubos, and silubon, a name ap-
plied by Dioscorides for some thistle-like plant, used as
food. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Hardy biennial, robust, thistle-like plants. S. Mari-
anum is sometimes found as an escape in Britain. Seeds.
Ordinary, well-drained soil.
S. ebu'rneum (ivory-like). 5-8. Purple. August,

September. N. Africa. " Ivory Milk Thistle."
„ hispa'nicum (Spanish). See S. EBURNEUM.
„ Maria'num (Mary's). 5-8. Purple. August, Sep-
tember. Europe (Britain). " Milk Thistle."

SIMA'BA. (A native name. Nat. ord. Simarubaceae.)
A deciduous stove tree. Seeds ; cuttings in sand, in

a close frame, with bottom-heat. The seed is used as a

bitter tonic.

S. Ce'dron (Cedron). 10-20. May. Trop. Amer. 1846.

SIMARU'BA. (The Guiana name. Nat. ord. Quas-
siads [Simarubaceae]. Linn. io-Decandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Quassia.)

Stove, yellowish-white-flowered evergreens, from
Tropical America. Cuttings of the ripe shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in a strong, moist heat ; fibrous
peat, and light, fibrous loam. Winter temp., 55° to 65° ;
summer, 65° to 85°.
S ama'ra (bitter). 10. 1789.

exce'lsa (lofty). See PICR^NA EXCELSA.
glau'ca (milky-green). 1824.
officina'lis (shop). See S. AMARA.
Tu'lcz (Tula's). 10. Bright carmine. Porto Rico.
1889.

SIME THIS. (Named after the nymph Simethis.
Nat. ord. Liliacea?. Allied to Paradisia.)

Hardy perennial herb. Divisions. Peat and sand.
S. bi'color (two-coloured), i. White, purple on the back.
June. Europe (England, Ireland, naturalised only).
„ planifo'lia (flat-leaved). See S. BICOLOR.

SIMMO'NDSIA. (Commemorative of T. W. Simmonds,
a botanist. Nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae.)

Hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings in a cold frame.
Sandy loam and peat.
S. califo'rnica (Califomian). 3-4. Green. California.

SIMOCBIEI'LUS. (From simos, flat-nosed, and cheilos,
a lip ; the corolla being shortened and widened at the
apex in some species. Nat. ord. Ericaceae.)

A heath-like, evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandy
peat under a bell-glass. Peat and sand.
S. glabe'llus (smooth). 2. Flowers minute, in clusters.
S. Africa. 1812.

SINA'PIS. Mustard. (From the Celtic nap, applied
to the cabbage tribe. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Crucifera].
Linn. i$-Tett -adynamia. Now referred to Brassica.)
Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals. See MUSTARD.
S. a'lba (white). See BRASSICA ALBA.
„ frute'scens (shrubby). See BRASSICA FRUTESCENS.
„ ni'gra (black). See BRASSICA NIGRA.
„ nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). See BRASSICA OXTR-

RHIXA.

SINGA'NA. (From singa-singa, the name in Guiana.
Nat. ord. Legumes [Leguminosae]. Linn. i^-PoIyandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of firm side-shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat, in May ;
sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 5 5 ' to 65' ;
summer, 60° to 85°.
S.guiane'nsis (Guianan). White. June. Guiana. 1827.

SINGLING. Thinning seedlings so that two do not
touch each other.

SINNINGIA

806

SISYRINCHIUM

SINNI'NGIA. (Named after W. Sinning, a German
gardener. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneraceae], Linn.
14-Didynamia, z-Angiospermia.)

Stove deciduous herbs, with tuberous rootstock.
Seeds ; leaf cuttings in sand under a bell-glass in heat.
Loam, leaf- mould, a little manure and sand. The
species are often, but erroneously, referred to Gloxinia.
S. barba'ta (bearded). See S. CAROLINA.
„ Caroli'nce (Carolina's), ij. White, red. Summer.

Brazil. 1867.
„ „ ma'jor (larger). 2. White. All parts larger.

Bahia. 1883.
„ conci'nna (neat). Purple, yellow. J une to September.

Brazil.

„ „ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Blue-lilac. 1864.
„ conspi'cua (conspicuous), i. Yellow and purple.

Brazil. 1868.
„ gutta'ta (spotted), ij. Yellow, red. June. Brazil.

1827.
„ He'lleri (Heller's), i. White, green. June. Rio

Janeiro. 1827.

„ hirsu'la (harry). J. Blue-lilac. July. Brazil. 1824.
„ Menzie'sii (Menzies'). Violet, with red markings.

August. Brazil.
„ Regi'na (queen). Bluish-purple. Leaves velvety,

with white veins. 1903.
„ specio'sa (showy), i. Violet. June to September.

Brazil. 1815. Wild plant with tubular, drooping

flowers.

„ „ albiflo'ra. (white-flowered). £. White.
„ „ caule'scens (stemmed), i-ij. Plants with a

longer stem. 1826.
„ „ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Leaves large, veined

with silver. 1844.
„ ,, ru'bra (red), j. Red.
„ veluti'na (velvety) of Hooker. See S. HELLERI.
„ veluti'na (velvety) of Lindley. i£. Yellow. June.

Brazil. 1827.
„ villo'sa (shaggy), i£. Yellow, green. June. Brazil.

1827.
„ youngia'na (Youngian). $. Purple. June. (S.

speciosax vclutina, 1840.)

SINOFRANCHE'TIA. (From sin, China, and Franchet,
a French botanist. Nat. ord. Berberidaceae.)

A tall, deciduous climber. Seeds ; suckers ; layers.
Ordinary garden soil.

S. sine'nsis (Chinese). 20-30. White. Berries blue-
purple. Central and W. China. 1909.

SINOWILSO'NIA. (From sin, China, and E. H.
Wilson, the famous collector of plants for Messrs. J.
Veitch & Sons, and the Arnold Arboretum. Nat. ord.
Hamamelidaceae.)

Hardy or half-hardy deciduous tree or shrub. Seeds ;
layers. Ordinary garden soil.

S. He'nryi (Dr. Henry's). 10-20. Greenish. Central
China. 1909.

SIPHOCA'MPYLOS. (From siphon, a tube, and
kampulos, a curve ; shape of the flower. Nat. ord.
Bellflowers [Campanulaceas]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia.)

Cuttings root readily ; those which are herbaceous
are best struck from the young shoots, several inches in
length, as they rise from the root in spring ; bi'color and
betulcefo'lius are hardy in sheltered places.

HARDY.

S. beful&fo'lius (birch-leaved). 3. Rich, yellow. July.

Brazil. 1842. Deciduous.
„ bi'color (two-coloured). See LOBELIA LAXIFLORA.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. amce'nus (lovely). See S. VILLOSULUS.
„ cocci' neus (scarlet- 'flowered). See CENTROPOGON

COCCINEUS.
„ crenatifo'lius (crenate- leaved). 2. Scarlet, yellow.

Brazil. 1870.
„ duplosena'tus (double-sa.vf-leaved). 2. Red. Brazil.

184.7-

„ fimbria'tus (fringed). See S. LONGEPEDUNCULATUS.
„ fu'lgens (shining). Scarlet. Country unknown. 1872.
„ hama'tus (hooked). Violet. Brazil. 1850.

S. humboldfia'nus (Humboldtian). ^Orange-scarlet. Peru.

1867.
,, lantanifo'lius (Lantana-leaved). Rose. July. Organ

Mountains. 1841.
,, ,, glabriu' sculus (rather-smooth). 3. Purplish-red.

April. Caracas. 1847.
,, longepeduncula'tus (long-flower-stalked). 3. Red.

January. Organ Mountains. 1841.
„ villo'sulus (somewhat-shaggy). 2-3. Orange and

red. June. Brazil. 1832.

STOVE EVERGREENS.
S. ca'nus (grey). See S. MACROPODUS.

,, ferrugi'neus (rusty). Red. Colombia.

,, gigante'us (gigantic). 14. Yellow, red. October.
Ecuador. 1794.

,, glandulo'sus (glanded-calyxcd). 3. Red. July.
Bogota. 1845.

,, guiane'nsis (Guianan). Guiana. 1847.

„ Li'ndleyi (Lindley's). Scarlet. Colombia. 1852.

,, macro'podus (long-stalked). 3. Purple-red. Brazil.

„ manetiiceflo'rus (Manettia-flowered). i. Red, yellow.
April. Colombia. 1848.

„ micro' stoma (small-mouthed). 3. Scarlet. Sep-
tember. Colombia. 1844.

,, ni'tidus (shining). See S. MANETTI^EFLORUS.

„ orbignia'nus (D'Orbigny's). Yellow and scarlet.
Valparaiso. 1850.

,, „ exi'mius (showy). Dark violet. Colombia. 1850.

„ „ e'legans (elegant). Bright red. Colombia. 1849.

„ penduliflo'rus (drooping-flowered). Pink. Venezuela.
1852.

,, reticula'ius (netted). Violet. Venezuela. 1850.

„ sca'ndens (climbing). Scarlet. Peru. 1847.

,, suriname'nsis (Surinam). See CENTROPOGON SURINA-

MENSIS.

,, tovare'nsis (Tovar). See CENTROPOGON TOVARENSIS.
SIPHONA'NDRA. See CHIOCOCCA.
SIPHONA'NTHUS I'NDICA. See CLERODENDRON

SlPHONANTHUS.

SIPHO'NIA CAHU'CHU. See HEVEA GUIANENSIS.
SIPHO'NIA ELA'STICA. See HEVEA GUIANENSIS.

SI'REX GI'GAS. Two species of Sirex are known to be
British, S. gigas being the largest, and when seen on the
wing bears a superficial resemblance to a hornet. They
do not sting, being Sawflies, with four wings of unequal
length. S. gigas is ringed with black and yellow. The
last ring of the female bears a spine directed backwards,
and beneath it is an ovipositor, half as long as the body.
With her saw she bores holes in the bark of coniferous
trees, and deposits one egg in each hole. The larvae eat
their way into the wood, making holes one-third inch
wide, thus making the wood useless except for fuel.
S. juvencus, or Steel-blue Sirex, is smaller than the Giant
Sirex, and is. rich steel-blue, with reddish-brown feet.
The larvae are of large size, and in the case of S. juvencus
prefers the Scotch Fir. Dying or unhealthy trees, espe-
cially those having holes from which the insects have
emerged in the living state, and dead branches should
be cut down and taken away to be used as fuel. They
should be split up at once and the larvae in the wood
destroyed.

SISSOO WOOD. Dalbe'rgia Si'ssoo.

SISY'MBRIUM. (A classical name for some plant.
Nat. ord. Crucifers [Crucifera]. Linn. i^-Tetradynamia.)
Many species, all but a few mere weeds. S. millefolium
is propagated by cuttings of young shoots in spring ;
does best with greenhouse treatment, but requires at
least a cold pit in cold winters ; common, sandy loam.
The others may be raised from seeds.
5. millefo'lium (milfoil-leaved), ij. Yellow. June.

Canaries. 1779. Evergreen.
,, Sophi'a (Sophia). 1-2. Yellow. June to September.

Temperate regions (England). " Flixweed."
„ toxophy'llum (arrow- leaved). i. White. July.
Northern Asia. 1827.

SISYRI'NCHIUM. (From sus, a pig, and runchos, a
snout ; swine grub out the roots for food. Nat. ord.
Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, 6-Polygynia.)

Herbaceous perennials. Seeds and offsets in spring ;
sandy loam and leaf-mould.

SITOLOBIUM

807

SLIPS

HARDY.

S. a'nceps (two-edged). See S. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.
„ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). J-i. Blue. June.

N. Amer. 1693.

„ „ be'llum (pretty). J-i. Blue. June.
„ „ Nutta'llii (Nuttall's). i-i. Blue. June. N.

Amer. 1823.

„ be'llum (pretty). See S. ANGUSTIFOLIUM BELLUM.
„ bermudia'num (Bermudan). J-i. Blue. June.

Bermuda. 1732. " Blue-eyed Grass."
„ calif o'rnicum (Calif ornian). i. Yellow. July. Cali-
fornia. 1796.

„ colli'num (hill). See HOMERIA COLLINA.
„ Cummi'ngii (Cumming's). i. Cream. July. N.

Amer. 1832.

„ Dougla'sii (Douglas's). See S. GRANDIFLORUM.
„ filifo'lium (thread-leaved). |-i. White, veined with

pink. May. Falkland Islands. 1885.
„ formo'sa (beautiful). See LIBERTIA FORMOSA.
„ Gaudichau'dii (Gaudichaud's). See S. FILIFOLIUM.
„ glaucophy'llum (milky-green-leaved). J. Blue.

August. N. Amer. 1830.
„ grami'neum (grassy). See S. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered), i. Purple. April,

May. North-western Amer. 1826.
„ „ a'lbum (white), i. White. April, May.
„ iridioi'des (Iris-like). See S. BERMUDIANUM.
„ ixioi'des (Ixia-like). See LIBERTIA IXIOIDES.
„ lute'scens (yellowish). See S. STRIATUM.
„ mucrona' 'turn (spine-pointed). See S. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.
„ Nutta'llii (NuttaU's). See S. ANGUSTIFOLIUM NUT-

TALLII.

„ pulche'llum (pretty). See LIBERTIA PULCHELLA.

„ stria' turn (channelled). 2. Yellow. June. Argen-
tina. 1788.

„ tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). J. Yellow. May.
Mexico. 1816.

HALF-HARDY.

S. chile'nse (Chilian). Blue. July. Trop. Amer. 1826.
„ convolu'tum (encircling). J. Yellow. May. Trop.

Amer. 1816.
„ graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). J. Yellow. April.

Chili. 1825.

„ „ asce'ndens (ascending). See S. GRAMINIFOLIUM.
„ „ macula'tum (blotched). Yellow, spotted with dark

red. Chili. 1830.

„ „ pu'milum (dwarf). J. Yellow. October. Chili.
„ hirte'llum (slightly-hairy), i- White. July. N.

Amer. 1830.
„ iridifo'lium (Iris- leaved). J. Yellow. June. Trop.

Amer. 1818.

„ ju'nceum (reed-like). J. Lilac. June. Peru. 1832.
„ la'xum (loose). See S. IRIDIFOLIUM.
„ longi'stylum (long-styled). See SOLENOMELUS CHIL-

ENSIS.

„ lu'teum (yellow). See S. CONVOLUTUM.
„ macroce' phalum (large- headed). See S. PALMIFOLIUM.
„ macula'tum (spotted-petaled) . See S. GRAMINIFOLIUM

MACULATUM.

„ m&ja'le (May). See S. GRAMINIFOLIUM.

„ micra'nthum (small-flowered). $. Yellow. June.

Trop. Amer. 1815.
„ tnoritzia'num (Moritzian). See ORTHROSANTHUS

CHIMBORACENSIS.

„ odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). See SYMPHYOS-

TEMON NARCISSOIDES.

„ palmifo'lium (pakn-leaved). i. White. February.
Brazil. 1823. Stove.

„ peduncula'tum (/ong-flower-stalked). See SOLENO-
MELUS CHILENSIS.

„ plica'tum (folded). See ELEUTHERINE PLICATA.

„ specio'sum (showy). See CALYDOREA SPECIOSA.

SITOLO'BIUM. (From sitos, wheat, and lobos, a lobe ;
shape of the lobes of the fronds. Nat. ord. Ferns
[Filices]. Linn. 24-Cryplogamia, i-Filices. Now re-
ferred to Dicksonia.)

Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
S. adiantoi'des (maiden- hair-like). See DICKSONIA ADI-

ANTOIDES.

„ cunea'tum (wedge-shaped). See DICKSONIA DAVAL-

LIOIDES CUNEATA.

„ davallioi'des (Davallia-like). See DICKSONIA DAVAL-
LIOIOES.

5. disse'ctum (dissected). See DICKSONIA RUBIGINOSA.
„ fla'ccidum (weak). See DICKSONIA FLACCIDA.
„ glutino'sum (clammy). See DICKSONIA GLUTINOSA.
„ pilosiu'sculum (slightly- hairy). See DICKSONIA PILO-

SIUSCULA.
„ puncti'lobum (dotted-lobed). See DICKSONIA PUNCTI-

LOBA.
„ rubigino'sum (ruddy). See DICKSONIA RUBIGINOSA.

SITO'HA. Two dark-coloured, short and flat-nosed
weevils sometimes prove very destructive to Peas and
Beans, during March and April. The Striped Pea Weevil
(S. lineata) is black, with rusty red legs and antennae.
The wing-cases are lined with white. The Spotted Pea
Weevil (S. crinita) is black, but covered with grey scales.
The wing-cases are covered with short bristles, with
some black spots, in lines. Dusting the leaves with
soot while they are wet will deter the weevils to some
extent. As they feed during the day when the sun is
shining, tarred boards may be laid along the sides of
the peas early in the morning, and the peas shaken
over the boards when the sun is shining.

SI'UM. (From sin, the Celtic for water. Nat. ord.
Umbellifers [Umbelliferae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, 2
Digynia.)

All weeds, except the following. See SKIRRET.
S. Si'sarum (skirret). r. White. August. China. 1548.

SKTMMIA. (From Skimmi, the Japanese name.
Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-
Monogynia.)

Hardy evergreen shrubs. Propagated from cuttings,
and cultivated like the hardy evergreen Daphnes.
S. Fortu'nei (Fortune's) of Masters, i-ij. White.

March to May. China. 1853.

„ japo'nica (Japanese) of gardens. See S. FORTUNEI.
„ japo'nica (Japanese) of Thunberg. 1-4. White.

Berries red. April, May. Japan. 1864.
„ „ arge'ntea variega'ta (silvery- variegated). Leaves

irregularly bordered with white. 1875.
„ „ Forema'ni (Foreman's). Berries red, freely pro-
duced. 1881.
„ „ fra' grans (fragrant). 1-4. White, fragrant.

Berries red. 1880.
„ „ fragranti' ssima (very-fragrant). 1-4. White,

very fragrant, male. Japan. 1864.
„ „ interme'dia (intermediate). 1-3. White, rosy.

1870.

„ „ oblafta (broadened). See S. JAPONICA.
„ „ ova' to. (egg-shaped). 1-4. White. Spring.

Leaves broader.

„ „ Roge'rsii (Rogers'). 1-3. White. March, ApriL
„ „ specio'sa (showy). 1-4. White. March, April.
„ „ Vei'tchii (Veitch's). 3. Dull white. April. 1878.
„ Lau'reola. (Laureola). 3-4. Pale yellow, fragrant.

Spring. Himalaya.
„ rube'lla (reddish). See S. FORTUNEI.

SKTNNERA EXCORTICA'TA. See FUCHSIA EXCORTI-

CATA.

SKINNE'EIA CaSPITO'SA. See IPOMO-A LINIFOLIA.

SKIRRET. (Si'um Si'sarum.) Sow at the end of
March, or early in April, in drills i inch deep, and
12 inches apart. Thin the plants to 12 inches apart.
In autumn they will be fit for use like parsnips. By
Offsets. — Old roots throw off these in the spring, when
they may be slipped off, and planted in rows a foot apart
each way. Soil. — A light, rich loam is best, trenched,
with a little manure dug in with the bottom spit. To
save Seed, let a few of the old roots run up in spring ;
they ripen their seed in the autumn.

SKULL-CAP. Scutella'rla.

SKUNK CABBAGE. Sytnploca'rpus fce'tidus.

SLEVO'GTIA. (Commemorative of /. H. Slevogt of
Jena. Nat. ord. Gentianaceae. Now referred to Enico-
stema.)

S. occidenta'lis (western). See ENICOSTEMA LITTORALE.
„ orienta'lis (oriental). See ENICOSTEMA LITTORALE.

SLIMY GRUB. See SLUGWORMS.
SLIPPERWORT. See CALCEOLA'RIA.

SLIPS are young shoots torn off from the parent plant,
so that they have a heel of older wood attached to them.

SLOANEA

808

SMILAX

(See CUTTINGS for culture.) Slips, also, is the name
applied to the side beds of the kitchen garden, not im-
mediately in contact with the walls or fences.

SLOA'NEA. (Commemorative of Sir Hans Sloane,
founder of Chelsea Botanic Gardens and the British
Museum. Nat. ord. Tiliaceae.)

Evergreen stove shrubs or trees. Cuttings of mature
wood in sand, in a close .frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, a little peat and sand.
S. denta'ta (toothed). 40-50. White. October. Brazil ;

Guiana. 17-52.

„ sinemarie'nsis (Sinemarian). 40-50. White. July.
Guiana ; W. Ind. 1820.

SLOE-TREE. Pru'mts spino'sa.

SLUGS are of many species, and the smaller are much
more injurious to the gardener than those of a larger
size, because they are much less discernible, and, their
ravages being more gradual, are not at once detected.
They are effectually destroyed by either salt or lime ;
and to secure the contact of these with their bodies, it
is best first to water the soil where they harbour with
lime-water in the evening when they are coming out to
feed, sprinkling the surface at the same time with dry
lime, and at the end of a week applying a surface-dressing
of salt, at the rate of five bushels per acre. If cabbage-
leaves are spread upon the surface of land infested by
slugs, they will resort to their under sides, and thus they
may be trapped ; but lime and salt are most efficacious.
Lime-water may be poured over wall-trees infested with
them, and they may be syringed with it as well as with
water in which gas liquor has been mixed, about half a
pint to a gallon. If lime be sprinkled along the top and
at the base of the wall, renewing it weekly, the slugs
cannot get to the trees. Fresh brewers' grains, placed
in small heaps, are good traps for them ; and frequent
earth-stirring helps to banish them.

SLUGWORMS. Under the name of Slimy Grub and
Slugworm, a species of Sawfly (Eriocampa limacina) is
only too well known for its destructiveness to the leaves
of the pear, the upper surface of which it eats away,
leaving only the skeleton, or framework of veins, and
such leaves soon die. Various other names have been
given to it, such as Selandria atra and S. Cerasi, the
latter in allusion to its feeding on the Cherry. It some-
times attacks the Plum and the Peach. The larvae are
like small, slimy black slugs, with a large head. The
Sawfly is shining black, with black or dusky legs and
dusky wings with black nervures. It measures about
half an inch across the outspread wings. The eggs are
laid on the upper surface of the leaves about the middle
of June, and the caterpillars hatch out late in that month.
At first they are white, then yellow, and at last become
covered with the black slime. They are most noticeable
in July, and may occasionally be found in October,
possibly from a second brood.

The Rose Slugworm (Eriocampa Rosa;) is much less
conspicuous than the above, and often proves very de-
structive to Roses by eating away the upper skin of the
leaf, in patches, or more or less completely, when the
leaves die. The larva? are pale yellow-green, with a
darker line down the back, and an orange head. There
are two broods, the first appearing in June, and the
second in August or September.

As soon as the larva? of Cherry and Pear Sawfly are
observed on the leaves, the latter should be dusted with
powdered quicklime or gas-lime. This causes the slug-
worms to moult or cast their skins to get rid of the lime,
and then appear yellow. A second application will
destroy the grubs, as they are unable to go on casting
their skins. The perfect sawflies are rather sluggish in
the early morning or late at night, and may then be
shaken down on a cloth and destroyed. The Rose Slug-
worm may be destroyed by spraying the rose-bushes
with nicotine or hellebore wash. The larva? get killed by
eating the poisoned leaves.

SMEATHMA'NNIA. (Named after Smeathmann, an
African traveller. Nat. ord. Passionworts [Passifloraceas].
Linn. i^-Polyandria, 6-Polygynia.)

Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from Sierra Leone.
Cuttings of ripened shoots, or short, stubby side-shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy,
fibrous loam, and lumpy peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 85°

S. emargina'ta (emarginate). Trop. Africa. 1851.

„ laviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 6. February. 1823.

„ pube'scens (downy). 10. February.

„ ro'sea (rosy). Rosy-red. 1851.

SMELOW'SKIA. (Commemorative of T. Smelowsky, a
Russian botanist. Nat. ord. Cruciferae.)

Hardy perennial herb. Seeds; divisions. Well-
drained soil with some leaf-mould.

S. calyci'na (large-calyxed). J. White. April. Arctic
Asia and Amer. 1823.

SMILACI NA. (Diminutive of Smilax, from smile, a
scraper ; referring to the rough stems. Nat. ord. Lily-
worts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous, white-flowered, and from North
America, except where otherwise specified. Divisions
in spring ; common, light soil.
S. alpi'na (alpine). See CLINTONIA ALPINA.
„ amce'na (lovely). See S. PANICULATA.
„ bifo'lia (two-leaved). See MAIANTHEMUM CONVAL-

LARIA.
„ borea'lis (northern). See CLINTONIA BOREALIS and

C. UMBELLATA.

„ canade'nsis (Canadian). £. June. 1812.

„ cilia' ta (eye-lashed). See S. RACEMOSA.

„ cilia' ta (hair- fringed). See MAIANTHEMUM CONVAL-

LARIA.

„ olera'cea (pot-herb). 3. White, tinged with rose.

Himalaya.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). 3-4. Green. May. Mexico.

1850. Greenhouse.
„ racemo'sa (racemed). i. Pale yellow. May. 1640.

" False Spikenard."
„ ramo'sa (branchy). 2. Pale yellow. May. Siberia.

1820.
„ Stella' ta (starred). J. May. 1633. " Star-flowered

Lily of the Valley."

,, trifo'lia (three- leaved), J. June. 1812.
„ umbella'ta (umbelled). See CLINTONIA UMBELLATA.
,, uniflo'ra (one-flowered). See CLINTONIA UNIFLORA.

SMI'LAX. (From smile, a scraper ; rough, prickly
stems. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linu. 22-
Dicecia, 6-Hexandria.)

Sarsaparilla is the produce of many species of Smilax.
There are many species, but only the following require
our notice, which have whitish-green flowers. Suckers
from the roots ; sandy, rich loam, and a little peat.
They are evergreen climbers, seldom flowering. One of
the most beautiful is S. Bo'na-no'x ru'bens, from the red
colour of its tendrils. The species from China should
have the protection of a cold pit or a wall.
S. argyrce'a (silvery). Leaves having silvery blotches.

Bolivia. 1892. Stove.
„ a'spera (rough). 8. 'August. Europe ; Orient. 1648.

" Rough Bindweed."
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). i£. September.

China. 1820.

„ ,, macula'ta (blotched). E. Indies.
„ ,, maurita'nica (Mauritanian). Yellow-green. N.

Africa. 1884.

„ „ puncta'ta (dotted). Leaves with white markings.
„ auricula'ta- (eared). Spines white. N. Amer. 1884.

Greenhouse.

,, austra'lis (southern). 4-6. Australia. 1791. Green-
house.
„ Bo'na-no'x (good-night). 8-10. July. Carolina;

Georgia. 1739.
„ „ hasta'ta (hastate). Leaves narrower. S. United

States.
„ „ ru'bens (red). 6. Tendrils red. July. N. Amer.

1812.

„ Chi'na (China). 6-20. China. 1759.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). Leaves with purple-brown

blotches. Mexico. 1886. Greenhouse.
,, exce'lsa (lofty). S.W. Europe ; Asia Minor, &c.
,, „ triangula'ta (triangular). Leaves triangular,

smaller by half. Servia. 1907.
„ glau'ca (sea-green). 2-3. July. N. Amer. 1815.

" Carrion-flower."
„ glycyphy'lla (liquorice-leaved). Berries black in

globose clusters. Australia. 1888. Greenhouse.
„ herba'cea (herbaceous). June. N. Amer. ; Japan.

1699.
„ „ Si'msii (Sim's). A smaller leaved form.

SMITHIA

809

SNOWY FLY

S. ki'spida (roughly-hairy). N. Amer.

„ lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). 10-15. June. N. Amer.
1785-

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See S. AUSTRALIS.

„ longifo'lia (Ions-leaved). See S. SALICIFOLIA.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). See S. SALICIFOLIA VARIE-
GATA.

„ laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). Southern United States.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). E. Ind. Stove.

„ ,, macttla'ta (blotched). See S. ORNATA.

„ officina'lis (shop). Colombia. 1866. Stove.

„ orna'ta (adorned). Leaves blotched with silver.
Mexico. 1863. Greenhouse.

„ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). See S. MACROPHYLLA.

„ proli'fera (proliferous). India. Stove.

„ Pseu'do-chi'na (false-China). Greenish. Berries black.
N. Amer. 1888.

„ quadrangula'ris (four-angled). See S. ROTUXDIFOLIA.

„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). June. N. Amer. 1888.
" Horse-brier," " Green-brier."

„ ru'bens (red). See S. BOXA-NOX RUBEXS.

„ sagittcefo'lia (arrow-leaved). See S. ASPERA ANGUSTI-
FOLIA.

„ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). Leaves long. Brazil.
Greenhouse.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves with white varie-
gation. Para. 1867. Greenhouse.

„ Sarsapari'lla (Sarsaparilla). 4. July. N.Amer. 1664.

„ Shuttlewo'rthii (Shuttleworth's). Leaves with silvery-
grey blotches. Colombia. 1877. Stove.

„ tamnoi'des (Tamnus-like). N. Arner.

„ Walte'rii (Walter's). Virginia.

„ Watso'nii (Watson's). See S. HERBACEA.

SMITHIA. (Commemorative of Sir James Edward
Smith, the celebrated English botanist and founder of
the Linnean Society of London. Nat. ord. Lesuminosae.)

Stove annual. Seeds in heat in spring. Fibrous loam,
peat, and sand.

S. purpu'rea (purple), i. Purple, with white markings.
June to September. India. 1848.

SMODI'NGIUM. (Possibly commemorative. Nat. ord.
Anacardiaceae. Allied to Rhus and Schinus.)

A half-hardy or greenhouse climber. Cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass. Loam, a little peat, and sand.
S. or gu' turn (acute). Flowers minute, green. S. Africa.
1908.

SMOKE PLANT. Rhu's Co'tinus.
SMOKE-WOOD. Cle'matis Vita'lba.
SMOOTH FLOWER. Leia'nlhus.
SMOOTH-FRUITED HORSE CHESTNUT. Pa'via.

SMUT. The common name given to a number of
minute fungi which live on the fruits of some cereals,
and on the anthers and other parts of certain flowering
plants. Ustilago violacea and Sorosporium Saponaricz
live on the anthers of species of Dianthus, Silene, and
other members of the Caryophyllacea=. S. primulicolum
lives on the young seeds of Primula vulgaris, P. farinosa,
and P. elatior. Wherever these funei are noticed, the
flowers and other parts affected should be gathered and
burnt.

SNAILS. Some gardens are considerably infested
with snails, though they are less general enemies than
slugs. The larger snails belong to the genus Helix, but
only two of them need be mentioned here as garden
enemies. The common snail (H. aspera) is yellow-brown,
with five dark lines or nafrow bands running round it,
and wrinkled or rough on the outer surface. The shell
of this species sometimes reaches i\ inches in diameter,
and the inhabitant reaches a length of 2 to 3 inches
when fully extended. The garden snail (H. hortensis) is
marbled with dark spots and markings on an ochreous
ground, and the out-turned lip of the shell is pale. This
also comes into the garden, but is more common on
grassy banks and hedgerows along with H. nemoralis,
distinguished by the dark out-turned lip. These snails
feed chiefly by night, and are very destructive to some
kinds of plants on account of their size and the quantity
they can eat in a night. They should be sought for in
garden frames on the underside of boards, and in corners
or secluded places where they can hide. Near and in
hedges they may be found hidden away amongst loose,

dry leaves, especially in whiter, when they seal up the
entrance to the shell and attach themselves to wood,
stones, bricks, or to one another. They should be de-
stroyed, as well as the heaps of shining, whitish eggs
about the size of shot. Blackbirds and thrushes break
the shells on stones and consume large numbers of snails.

SNAIL FLOWER. Phase'olus Caraca'lla.
SNAKE GOURD. Trictosa'nthes angui'na.
SNAKE PLANT. Dracu'nculus vulga'ris.
SNAKE ROOT. Arislolo'chia Serpenia'ria.
SNAKE'S BEARD. Ophiopo'gon.
SNAKE'S HEAD. Hermoda'ctylus tubero'sus.
SNAKE'S HEAD FRmLLARY. Fritilla'ria Melea'gris.
SNAKE'S MOUTH ORCHID. Pogo'nia ophicglossoi'des.

SNAKE'S TONGUE or ADDER'S TONGUE. Ophio-
glo'ssum.

SNAKE-WEED. Poly'gonum Bisto'rta.

SNAKE WOOD. Bro'simum Auble'tii, Cecro'pia, and
Stry'chnos colubri'na.

SNAPDRAGON. Antirrhi'num.
SNAPWEED. Impa'tiens.
SNEEZEWORT. A chilli a Pta'rmica.

SNOW is one of the gardener's best shelters, and should
never be removed from his outdoor crops. It prevents
heat from radiating from them ; protects them from
freezing, drying blasts, and, being a bad conductor of
heat, thus prevents its escape from them. We have
never known the surface of the earth, below a covering
of snow, colder than 32°, even when the temperature of
the air above has been 28°.

SNOWBALL-TREE. Vibu'rnum O'pulus sie'rUis.

SNOWBERRY. Chioco'cca and Symphorica'rpus ract-
mo'sus.

SNOWDROP. Anemone sylve'stris and Gala'nthus.
SNOWDROP-TREE. Hale'sia tetra'ptcra.
SNOWDROP-TREE, AFRICAN. Roye'na lu'cida.
SNOWDROP WINDFLOWER. Anemone sylve'stris.
SNOWFLAKE. Leuco'jum.
SNOW FLOWER. Chiona'nthus.

SNOW GLORY, or GLORY OF THE SNOW. Chiono-
do'xa.

SNOW IN SUMMER. Cera'stium tomento'sum.

SNOW PEAR. Py'rus sinefnsis.

SNOW TREE. Py'rus niva'lis.

SNOWY FLY. Under the name of Aleyro'des three
species of insects, closely allied to the aphides, may be
noted, which are very injurious to various garden plants
when they are allowed to become very numerous. They
pierce the leaves with their long beaks, causing them to
become yellow, and die before their proper time. They
also make the leaves unsightly with the white scales
from which the pupae emerge. Aleyro'des Bra'ssicce is
the Cabbage Powdered Wing, and infests the leaves of
Cabbages and other members of the tribe. The head
and body between the wings are black, the rest of the
body yellow or rosy, and the four wings white and
powdery. The Snowy Fly of Cabbages (A. prolete'lla) is
more or less covered with a white powder, with a dusky
spot near the middle of the two fore-wings. Under the
powder the body is similar in colour to A . Brassiccz. A
third species is much more troublesome and destructive
to Tomatoes, Cucumbers, and many stove plants, and
is believed to have been introduced with plants from
Tropical America or Mexico. This also is known as
Snowy Fly (A. vaporario'rum), and is milk-white, with
pale yellow bodies and no spots on the wings. It lives
on the underside of the leaves, to which the white, scale-
like pupae become attached in immense numbers and
hatch out in a few days.

The remedies adopted vary with the plants attacked.
The worst attacked leaves of Cabbages, &c., should be

SOAP-BOILER'S ASHES 810

SOIL

gathered and burnt. Giving them to pigs is another
but less sure method of destroying them. Nicotine or
soft soap washes will destroy them in the early stages of
attack. In the case of the Snowy Fly of hothouses,
fumigation and spraying with nicotine wash is efficacious
against the fly, but not against the pupae, and the fumi-
gation must be repeated. Badly infested leaves should
be burned.

SOAP-BOILER'S ASHES. See ASHES.
SOAP-PLANT. Chloro' 'golum pomeridia'num.
SOAP TREE. Gymnocla'dus chine'nsis.
SOAPWORT. Sapona'ria officina'lis.

SOBOLE WSKIA. (Commemorative of the Russian,
Sobolewsky. Nat. ord. Cruciferse.)

Hardy, perennial, erect herb. Seeds ; divisions. Well-
drained garden soil.

S. clava'ta (club-shaped). Pure white. Armenia. 1892-
„ litho'phila (stone-loving). White. Tauria ; Caucasus.

SOBRA'LIA. (Named after F. M. Sobral, a Spanish
botanist. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceas]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS.
S. beyeria'na (Beyerian). i£. White, tinted with pink ;

lip rosy-lilac, yellow. 1892.
„ bla'nda (pleasing). White ; disc of lip golden-yellow.

1910.
„ Bra'ndtice (Mrs. Brandt's). 4. Rose-purple ; lip

with yellow throat. S. Amer. 1896.
„ Ca'ttleya (Cattleya-like). Purplish-brown; lip purple,

with yellow keels. Colombia. 1877.
„ Charleswo' rthii (Charlesworth's). Rich rose-purple ;

crest bright yellow. Colombia. 1910.
„ chlora'ntha (yellow-flowered). See S. MACROPHYLLA.
„ ditto' 'nice (Clifton's). White, tinted with purple in

throat of lip. Ecuador. 1910.

„ deco'ra (comely). Various. July. Guatemala. 1836.
„ dicho'toma (two-ranked). Rose, purple. March.

Peru.

„ Elizabe'thez (Elizabeth's). See S. LILIASTRUM.
„ fra'grans (fragrant), i. Yellow. Colombia. 1853.
„ Lanthoi'nei (Lanthoin's). Flowers all opening to-
gether. Colombia. 1908.
„ leucoxa'ntha (white-yellow). White ; throat of lip

deep yellow, lined orange-red. Costa Rica. 1888.
„ Lilia' strum (lily- flowered). 3. White. July. Guiana.

1840.

„ „ ro' sea (rosy). Deep rose ; petals with white veins.
„ Linde'nii (Linden's). 3-4. White, tinted rose ; lip

crimson-purple. Ecuador. 1895.
„ Lo'wii (Low's), i-ij. Bright purple. Colombia.

1890.
„ lu'teola (small-yellow). 3. Light yellow, with darker

veins. Trop. Amer. 1898.

„ macro.' ntha (large-flowered). 6. Crimson. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1842.

„ „ a'lba na'na (white-dwarf), i. Pure white. 1897.
„ „ albida (whitish). Creamy- white ; lip rosy-purple.

Mexico. 1871.

„ „ Hodgkinso'ni (Hodgkinson's). Lilac ; lip rose-
purple and orange. 1894.
„ „ kienastiafna (Kienastian). White, with a small

yellow spot on the lip. 1888.
„ „ na'na. (dwarf). z\. Rose-purple ; lip violet,

yellow. 1874.
„ „ pa'llida (pale). Whitish, pale purple, and yellow

throat. 1873.

„ ,, purpu'rea (purple). Deep purple.
„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). 3. Crimson. September.

Mexico. 1846.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Yellow. June. Panama.
„ ro'sea (rosy). 6. Pale rose. Peru ; Colombia.
,, Ru'ckeri (Rucker's). See S. ROSEA.
„ Sa'nderce (Mrs. Sander's). White. Central Amer.

1890.

„ se'ssilis (stalkless) of Hooker. See S. DECORA.
,, se'ssilis (stalkless) of Lindley. 2-4. Rose-red ; lip

crimson. British Guiana. (B.M., t. 7376.)
„ suave' olens (sweet-smelling). Pale yellow ; lip white,

with brown disc. Central Amer. 1878.
„ va'lida (strong), f-i. Whitish- yellow ; lip deep

orange in front. Panama. 1909.

S. viola' cea (violet). Violet, white. July. Merida.
,, „ a'lba (white). White, with yellow throat. 1904.
„ Warsceten'czii (Warscewicz's). Panama.
„ Wiga'nice (Mrs. Wigan's). Soft yellow, shaded with

rose. 1898.
„ Wilso'ni (Wilson's). White, rose; lip with yellow

blotch. Central Amer.
„ xantholeu'ca (yellow-white). Sulphur-yellow ; lip

lemon, with yellow throat. Central Amer. 1882.
„ „ a'lba (white). Pale primrose. 1889.

SOCRATE'A. (Commemorative of the great Greek

Ehilosopher, Socrates. Nat. ord. Palmaceas. Allied to
riartea.)

A stove Palm sending put aerial roots, one to 6 feet
from the ground, so that it appears to be standing on its
roots. Seeds. Fibrous loam, one-third of lumpy peat,
and sand.

S. exorrhi'za (rooting-out wards). 60-100. Yellow-green.
Guiana ; Amazons. 1849. " Zanona Palm."

SOIL. However varying in the proportions, yet every
soil is composed of silica, alumina, lime, magnesia, oxide
of iron, salts, and animal and vegetable remains. A
fertile soil is one which contains such a proportion of
decomposing matter and of moisture as to keep the crop
growing upon it always supplied with food in a state fit
for the roots to absorb, yet not so superabundantly as
to render the plants too luxuriant, if the object in view
is the production of seed ; but for the production of
those plants whose foliage is the part in request, as spinach
or of edible bulbous roots, as onions, which have a small
expanse of leaves, so as to be almost entirely dependent
upon the soil for nourishment, there can scarcely be an
excess of decomposed matter presented to their roots.

A subsoil of gravel, mixed with clay, is the best, if not
abounding in oxide of iron ; for clay alone retains the
moisture on the arable surface in too great an excess ;
and sand or chalk, on the contrary, carries it away too
rapidly. It is, however, evident, that to insure these
desiderata in any soil, at all seasons, is impossible ; and
it is manifest that a soil that would do so in one climate
would fail in another, if the mean annual temperature
of them should differ, as well as the amount in inches of
rain which falls during the same period. Thus, in the
western parts of England, more than twice as much rain
occurs as in the most eastern counties, or in the pro-
portion of forty- two to nineteen. A soil in the east of
England, for any given crop, therefore, may be richer
and more tenacious than the soil required for it on the
western coast.

Alumina (clay) imparts tenacity to a soil when applied ;
silica (sand) diminishes that power ; whilst chalk and
lime have an intermediate effect. They render heavy
soils more friable, light soils more retentive. These
simple facts are important ; two neighbouring gardens,
by an interchange of soils, being often rendered fertile,
which before were in the extremes of tenacity and
porosity.

In affording warmth to plants, the earth is of con-
siderable importance, and the power of accumulating
and retaining heat varies as much in soils as the pro-
portions of their constituents. Sir Humphry Davy
found that a rich black mould, containing one-fourth
of vegetable matter, had its temperature increased, in
an hour, from 65° to 88° by exposure to the sunshine,
whilst a chalk soil was heated only to 69° under similar
circumstances. But the first, when removed into the
shade, cooled in half an hour 15° ; whereas the latter
lost only 4°. This explains why the crops on light-
coloured, tenacious soils are in general so much more
backward in spring, but are retained longer in verdure,
during autumn, than those on black, light soils ; the
latter attain a genial warmth the more readily, but part
from it with equal speed.

The quantity of soluble matter obtainable from a soil
at any one time is very small, seldom exceeding a one-
thousandth part of its weight ; and even pure vegetable
mould, the debris of entirely putrefied plants, was found
by Saussure to yield only one-eleventh of soluble matter.
This mould was top rich for horticultural purposes, peas
and beans grown in it being too luxuriant ; and they
were more productive in a soil containing only one-
twentieth of organic constituents dissolvable by water.
Small in amount, however, as are the soluble constituents
of the most fertile soils, they are necessary for the

SOILING-UP

811

SOLANUM

vigorous vegetation of plants ; for when a soil is deprived
of those constituents by frequent washings with boiling
water, it is much less fertile than before. Liebig and
others have most illogically concluded, from the small-
ness of the soluble extract contained in a soil, that it is
of small importance, forgetting that as fast as it is taken
by the roots of the crop, it is generated again by the
decomposition of the animal and vegetable remains.
This is one reason why fallowing is beneficial. Easily
decomposing matters have been exhausted by successive
crops ; and by a year's rest, and exposure to the dis-
integrating agency of the air, rain, and frost, the more
stubborn and more slowly decomposing matters have
time to decay and accumulate in the soil.

SOILING-UP. See BASINING-UP and EARTHING-UP.

SO JA. (From sooja, the name of a sauce made from
the seeds in Japan. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria. Now
referred to Glycine.)
S. hi'spida (bristly). See GLYCINE SOJA.

SOLA'NDRA. (Named after Dr. Solander, a Swedish
botanist. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solanaceae], Linn.
$-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings from flowering
shoots in open, sandy loam, and in a brisk bottom-heat ;
sandy loam, a little fibrous peat, and dried nodules of
old cow-dung. Winter temp., 30° to 60% and almost
dry ; summer, 60' to 90°, and plenty of moisture when
growing.
S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 15. Pale yellow. May.

Jamaica. 1781. Climber.
„ gutta'ta (spotted-flowered). 12. Pale yellow. Mexico.

1830.

„ Icz'vis (smooth-leaved). See S. LONGIFLORA.
„ longifio'ra (long-flowered). 2. White. October. W.

Ind.

„ ni'tida (shining). See S. GRANDIFLORA.
„ opposiiifo'lia (opposite-leaved). See FAGR^A CEILA-

NICA.

„ viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). 3. Green. S. Amer.
1815.

SOLA'NUM. Nightshade. (From solon, to comfort ;
soothing narcotic effect. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solan-
acese]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

All freely by seeds. Annuals, hardy, seeds in the open
air ; tender, in a hotbed, and transplanted in J une ;
herbaceous, by similar means, and division ; shrubby,
by similar modes, and cuttings under a bell-glass, and
requiring the protection of a house and temperature, in
proportion to the place of which they are natives. See
POTATO.

HARDY ANNUALS.
S. cEthio'picum (Ethiopian). i|. White. August.

Ethiopia. 1597.

„ cornu'tum (horned). See S. ROSTRATUM.
„ fontanesia'num (Fontaine's). Yellow. August. Brazil.

1813.
„ guinee'nse (Guinea). 2-4. Violet. Berries black.

Trop. Africa. 1889.

„ hetera'ndrum (various-stamened). See S. ROSTRATUM.
„ heterodo' xum (heterodox). Blue. July. Mexico.

1820.
,, Lycopefrsicum (Lycopersicum). See LYCOPERSICUM

ESCULENTUM.

„ ni'grum (black-berried). 3. White. July. Both

Worlds (Britain). "Hound Berry," "Wonder

Berry."
„ ,, melanoce'rosum (black cherry). 2. White. July.

Virginia. 1820.
„ „ minia'tum (scarlet). 1-2. White. Fruit scarlet.

Kent.

„ obttisifo'lium (blunt-leaved). August. 1831.
„ rostra' 'turn (beaked). Yellow. July. Mexico. 1823.
„ septe'mlobum (seven-lobed). China.
., villo'sum (shaggy). Berries black. Europe ; Asia ;

Africa.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. cardiophy'llum (heart-leaved), i. Cream. June.

Mexico. 1846. Tuberous.

„ Commerso'nii (Commerson's) . 2. Pale lilac or white.
Argentina. 1822. Tuberous.

S. cri'spum (curled). 18. Blue. June. Chili. 1824.

Evergreen. " Potato-tree."

„ demi'ssum (low-lying). See S. TUBEROSUM DEMISSUM.
„ Dulcama'ra (Dulcamara). 4-6 ft. long. Purple.

Berries red. July to September. Europe (Britain).

" Bitter-sweet."
„ etubero'sum (tuberless). 2. Purple. June. Chili.

1833.

„ fame' sit ( James's), t- White. July, August. North-
western Amer. 1844. Tuberous.
„ Ma'glia (Maglia). i-ij. White. July, August.

Chili. 1862. Tuberous.
„ Ohro'ndii (Ohrond's). See S. COMMERSONII.
„ Torre'yi (Torrey's). 1-2. Purple. June to August.

North-western Amer. 1878.
„ tubero'sum (tuberous. Potato). 2. White. July.

S. Amer. 1597.
„ „ demi'ssum (low-lying), ij. June. Mexico. 1846.

Tuberous, procumbent.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
S. fusca'tum (dusky). ii. Scarlet. June. S. Amer.

1817.
„ Melange' no. (" Melongena "). Violet. June. Tropics,

Old World. 1597. " Egg-plant."
„ „ escule'ntum (eatable). Blue. August. E. Ind.

1815.
i> t> fru'ciu-a'lbo (white-fruited). 2. Blue. June.

Tropics. 1597.
„ „ fru'ctu-lu'teo (yellow-fruited). 2. Blue. June.

Tropics. 1597.
„ „ fru'ctu-ru'bro (red- fruited). 2. Blue. June.

Tropics. 1597.
n » fru'ctu-viola'ceo (violet- fruited). 2. Blue. June.

Tropics. 1597.
„ „ ovi'gerum (egg-bearing). 2. Blue. June. Africa.

I597-
„ ovi'gerum (egg-bearing). See S. MELONGENA ovi-

GERUM.

„ pu'ngens (stinging). Blue, violet. June. Australia.

1823.
„ racemifio'rum (cluster-flowered). 2. White, rose.

August. S. Amer. 1818. Biennial.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

S. a'lbidum (whitish). 2-3. White. August, September.
Peru.

„ „ Poortma'nni (Poortmann's). 2-3. White. Sep-
tember. Andes. 1886.

„ campanula' turn (bell-flowered). i. Blue. June.
N.S. Wales. 1836.

,; corona' turn (crowned). See S. SAMBUCIFLORUM.

„ crini'tum (bristly). 6-8. Deep blue. Quito.
1889.

„ cyana'nthum (blue-flowered). 6. June. Brazil.
1880.

„ escule'ntum (esculent). See LYCOPERSICUM ESCULEN-
TUM.

„ glaucophy'llum (glaucous-leaved). See S. GLAUCUM.

„ glau'cum (sea-green). 3-6. Blue. Buenos Ayres.
1880.

„ jasminoi'des (jasmine-like). 6. Purple. August.
S. Amer. 1838. Cumber.

„ „ floribu'ndum ( free-flowering) N Flowers more
abundant. 1885.

„ peruvia'num (Peruvian). See LYCOPERSICUM PERU-
VIANUM.

„ Pseu'do-lycopc'rsicum (false-lycopersicum). See
LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM.

„ quercifo'lium (oak-leaved). 3-5. Violet, large. Peru.
1880.

„ robu'stum (robust). 2-4. White. Brazil. 1868.

„ sambuciflo'rum (Sambucus-flpwered). 3. White.
Fruit size of a plum. Brazil. 1892.

„ somnicule'ntum (sleep-giving). ij. Pale violet.
Mexico.

„ texa'num (Texan). 1-2. Whitish- violet. Fruit red.
Texas. 1861.

„ „ ovi'gerum (egg-bearing). Fruit red, as large as
an egg. 1894.

„ „ tricolor (three-coloured). Fruit white, changing
to yellow, then red. 1907.

„ teeedia ntim (Tweedic's). i£. WThite, purple. Sep-
tember. Buenos Ayres. 1833.

SOLANUM

812

SOLANUM

STOVE HERBACEOUS.

S. anthropopJiago'rum (man-eating). 6. White. Berries

scarlet. Fiji. " Cannibal's Tomato." Berries

formerly eaten by natives with human flesh.
„ asarifo'lium (Asarum-leaved). Whitish. Venezuela.

1870. Stem creeping.

„ azu'reum (azure). Blue. Ecuador. 1879.
„ calyci'num (large-calyxed). i. Blue. June. Mexico.

1820.
„ dammania'num (Dammanian). 8-9. Dark blue.

Berries yellow. 1890.
„ duplosinua' turn (doubly-scolloped). 6. Blue. Berries

white. Trop. Africa. 1892.
„ Fari'pi (Farin's). Blue. Africa. 1896.
„ mona'nthum (one-flowered). See S. MOZINIANUM.
„ mozinia'num (Mozinian). 2. Blue. June. Mexico.

1818.
„ pe'nsile (hanging). Deep blue. Brazil. 1889.

CUmber.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

S. acantho'des (thorny). 3-6. Blue-purple. Brazil.

1863.
„ aculeati' 'ssimum (very-prickly), ij. White. Berries

scarlet. Tropics. 1816.
„ ,, macroca'rpum (large- fruited). Berries i£ in. in

diameter. 1888.
„ aggrega'tum (clustered). 6. Purple. June. Trop.

Africa. 1821.

„ alterna' 'to-pinna' 'turn (alternately-pinnate). Brazil.
„ amazo'nium (Amazonian). Blue. July. Mexico.

1800.

„ Angui'vi (Anguivi). Madagascar.
„ angula'tum (angular). See S. QUITOENSE.
„ arbo'reum(tree). 40. White. June. Cumana. 1819.
„ atropurpu'reum (dark-purple). 3-6. Yellowish.

Spines purple. Brazil. 1869.
,, auricula' turn (ear-leaved). 4. Violet. Madagascar.

1773-

„ beta'ceum (beet-leaved). See CYPHOMANDRA BETACEA.
„ bonarie'nse (Buenos Ayres). 10. White. July.

Buenos Ayres. 1727.

„ brasilia'num (Brazilian). 2. June. Brazil. 1820.
„ cilia' turn (eye-lashed). See S. ACULEATISSIMUM.
„ coria'ceum (leathery). 4. Purple, white. July.

Mexico. 1820.
„ corni'gerum (horn-bearing). 3-6. Violet. Fruit

yellow, drooping, horned. Brazil. 1868. Climber.
„ corymbo'sum (corymbed). 2. Violet. July. Peru.

1786.
„ Ducha'rtrei (Duchartre's). ij. Purple. W. Trop.

Africa. 1890.

„ da' turn (tall). 6. White. June. 1820.
„ fra'grans (fragrant). See CYPHOMANDRA FRAGRANS.
„ gigante'um (giant). 10-15. Violet. June. India.

1792.
,, glutino'sum (clammy). 4. Blue. June. Mexico.

1810.

„ guatemale'nse (Guatemalan). See S. MURICATUM.
„ havane'nse (Havannah). 5. Blue. July. W. Ind.

1793-
„ hi'rtum (shaggy). 2. Blue or white. June. Trinidad.

1821.

„ hookeria'num (Hookerian). See S. HAVANENSE.
„ hy'bridum (hybrid). 2. Purple, blue. June. Guinea.

1815.
i'gneum (fiery-spined).

1714.
inca'num (hoary). 2.

Africa. 1802.

i'ndicum (Indian). 6. Purple.
Jacqui'nii (Jacquin's).

;. White. July. S. Amer.
Purple. July. Asia; E.

July. India. 1732.
See S. XANTHOCARPUM.
jamaice'nse (Jamaica). 4. White. June. Jamaica.

1818.

Juci'ri (Jucir's). See S. ALTERNATO-PINNATUM.
lance/zfo'lium (lance-leaved). 10. White. July.

W. Ind. 1816.
lancsola'tum(spear-head-leaved). 7. Pale blue. June.

Mexico. 1800.
laurifo'lium (laurel-leaved). 8. June. S. Amer.

1820.
longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 3. Violet. July.

Cayenne. 1823.
ntacra'nthum (large-flowered). 12. Pale lilac. Brazil.

S. macroca'rpon (large-fruited) of Linnaeus. 3. Bright

blue. Berry canary- yellow. Trop. Africa. 1894.
„ macroca'rpon (large-fruited) of Pav. See S. QUITO-

ENSE.
,, maronie'nse (Maroni-river). 6-14. Bluish-violet.

Brazil.
,, melano' xylon (black- wooded). 3. White. June.

1821.
,, mexica'num (Mexican). 3. Violet. June. Mexico.

1825.

,, mo'lle (soft). 5. Purple. July. Trinidad. 1817.
„ Mo'rs-elepha'ntum (elephants'-death). See S. MACRO-

CARPON.

,, murica'tum (prickly). 3. Violet. July. Peru. 1785.
„ myriaca'nthum (many-spined). See S. ACULEATISSI-
MUM.
„ negle'ctum (neglected). 4. Violet. June. W. Ind.

1824.

„ palinaca'nthum (backward-spined). Brazil.
,, Pyraca'ntha (fire-thorn). 4. Purple. August. Mada-
gascar. 1789.
„ „ ine'rme (unarmed). 4. Purple. September.

Madagascar. 1789.
,, pyraca'nthum(red-spined). 3-6. Bluish-violet. Trop.

Africa. 1789.

,, quitoe'nse (Quito). 4. White. July. Peru. 1759.
,, sca'brum (rough). 6-8. Blue. June. S. Amer. 1823.

Climber.
„ seaforthia'num (Seaforthian). 6-8. Blue. November.

Trop. Amer. 1804. Climber.
„ subine'rme (half-unarmed). 7. Blue. July. W. Ind.

1752-

„ te'ctum (covered). 3. Yellow. June. Mexico. 1823.
„ Tego're (grim). See CYPHOMANDRA TEJORE.
,, tomento'sum (woolly). 2. Blue. June. S. Africa.

1662.

,, trichoca'rpum (hairy-fruited). Guiana.
„ triloba'tum (three-lobed). 2-5. Violet, blue, or white.

Berry scarlet. Trop. Asia. 1759.
„ trique'trum (three-cornered). 2. White. June.

Mexico. 1820.

„ tri'ste (sad). 6. Violet. June. W. Ind. 1820.
,, umbro'sum (shady). 2. White. June. Trinidad.

1825.
„ „ uncine'llum (slightly-hooked). Rose. Brazil.

1837. Trailer.

„ venu'stum (lovely). See S. SEAFORTHIANUM.
,, verbascifo'lium (mullein-leaved). 7. White. June.

Tropics, both Worlds. 1749.

,, viola'ccum (violet). 4. Blue. June. E. Ind. 1817.
„ volu'bile (twining). See S. SCABRUM.
„ Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). Country unknown.

1865.
„ xanthoca'rpum (yellow- fruited). Berries yellow.

Tropics, Old World.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. aculea' strum (false-prickly). S. Africa.
„ avicula're (small-bird). 3. Violet. July. Australia;

New Zealand. 1772. " Bird Solanum."
„ „ herba'ceum (herbaceous). 3. Violet. July. Tas-
mania. 1772.

„ Balbi'sii (Balbis's). See S. SISYMBRIIFOLIUM.
,, Bro'wnii (Brown's). See S. VIOLACEUM.
„ cape'nse (Cape). 3. White. July. S.Africa. 1762.
„ Ca/?sica's^Mw(Capicastrum). 1-2. White. Summer.

Berries red. Brazil. 1833.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated), i-ij. White. Leaves

variegated.

,, ce'rnuum (drooping). S. Brazil.
,, Cervante'sii (Cervantes'). White. June. Mexico.

1818.

,, coa'gulans (curdling). See S. INCANUM.
,, crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. S.

Africa. 1706.
,, elczagnifo'lium (oleaster- leaved). 6. Blue. June.

Chili. 1823.

„ ftave'scens (yello\vish). See S. HIRTUM.
„ fu'gax (fleeting). 5. White. June. Caracas. 1816.
„ juba'tum (maned). See S. CERNUUM.
„ lacinia'tum (cut-leaved). See S. AVICULARE.
„ lasiophy'llum (woolly-leaved), i. Purple. Western

Australia. 1879.
„ ligustri'num (privet-leaved). See S. CRISPUM.

SOLARIA

813

SOLIDAGO

S. lycioi'des loda'sterum (Lycium-like). 4. Violet,

yellow, dark purple. Peru. 1791.
„ macranthe'rum (large- an thered). 3. Purple. August.

Mexico. 1838.
„ margina'tum (white-edged). 4. Purple. July. Trop.

Africa. 1775.

„ Mille'ri (MiUer's). See S. CAPENSE.
„ monta'num (mountain), i. White. June. Peru.

1822.
„ mu'ticum (snipped). 4$. Violet-blue. Berries reddish.

Paraguay. 1874.

„ myrtifo'lium (myrtle-leaved). Blue. S. Amer.
„ platanifo'lium (plane-leaved). 3-4. Pale violet.

Colombia.
„ Pseu'do-ca'psicum (bastard-capsicum). 4. White.

July. Madeira. 1596. " Winter Cherry."
„ „ Henderso'nii (Henderson's). 3-4. White. Berries

egg-shaped, erect, orange- red. 1878.
»» » fi'gidum (rigid). 3. Berries globose, orange. 1868.
„ „ Weatheri'lli (Weatherill's). 3. Berries oval,

pointed, orange. 1868.
„ pubi'gerum (downy). See S. CERVANTESII.
„ radi'cans (rooting). 3. Purple. Peru. 1771.
„ Rantonne'tn (Rantonnet's). Argentina.
„ rige'scens (stiff). i$. Violet. June. S.Africa. 1823.
„ Ro'ssii (Ross's). Pale blue. Mexico.
„ runcina'tum (runcina.te-leaved). 3. Violet. Sep-

tember. Chili. 1831. 9
„ sa'nctum (holy). See S. INCANUM.
„ sapona'ceum (soapy). 4. White. July. Chili. 1825.
„ sinua'tum (scolloped-/0ai;#/). 2$. Bluish. July.

1815.
„ sisymbriifo'lium (Sisymbrium-leaved). 4. Blue.

July. Brazil; N. Amer. ; Mexico. 1816.
„ „ bipinna'tum (twice-pinnate). Blue. June, July.

Buenos Ayres. 1840.
„ sodo'meum (Sodom). 3. Violet. June. Wanner

parts, Old World. 1688.

„ stella' turn (starred). 6. Blue. June. S. Amer. 1805.
„ stelli'gerum (star-bearing). 3. Pale purple. July.

Australia. 1823.
„ stramonifo'lium (Stramonium-leaved). 6. Purple.

July. Tropics everywhere. 1778.
„ Vesper ti'lio (bat). Blue. June. Canaries. 1779.
„ vesti'tum (clothed). 6. White. October. Mexico.
„ Walli'sii (WaUis's). 2. Purple. Berry violet, spotted,

edible. Peru. 1877.
„ Wendla'ndii (Wendland's). 6-12. Mauve-purple.

Costa Rica. 1887. Stove or greenhouse.
„ WorsU'yi (Worsley's). 8. Blue. Berries scarlet, size

of an egg. Brazil. 1900. Climber.
„ Xa'nti (Xanti). Pale purple. Berry purple, size of

a cherry. S. California. 1902.

SOLA'RIA. (Commemorative of Francisci de Borja
Solar, a notable Chilian. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Greenhouse bulb. Seeds ; offsets. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, and sand. When the foliage begins to fade,
the bulbs should be dried off and rested like Nerine.
S. miersioi'des (Miersia-like). J. Green. Chili. 1871.

SOLDANE LLA. " Blue Moonwort." (A diminutive
of solidus, a shilh'ng ; shape of the leaves. Nat. ord.
Primeworts [Primulaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to the American Cowslip.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, purple-flowered, and
blooming in April, except where otherwise mentioned.
Seeds and division of the plant in spring ; peat and loam ;
front of a sheltered peat-border, or treated as alpine
plants, protected from severe frosts and heavy rains in
winter ; mi'nima and pusi'lla, at least, require this
protection.
S. affi'nis (related). See S. MONTANA.

„ alpi'na (alpine). J. Switzerland. 1656.

„ „ a'lba (white), i. White. May.

„ ., pyrolcEfo'lia (Pyrola-leaved). J.

„ Clu'sii (Clusius's). See S. MONTANA HUNGARICA.

Switzerland. 1823.
Bluish. May. Switzer-

„ crena'ta (scolloped). J.
„ mi'nima (least). £. Blue.
„ „ a'lba (white-flowered).

land.
„ monta'na (mountain), i. Bohemia ; Eastern Europe.

1816.

„ „ hunga'rica (Hungarian). J.
„ pusi'lla (weak). J. Blue. Switzerland. 1820.
„ „ a'lba (white). J. White.

SOLDIER- WOOD. I'nga pvrpu'rea.

SO LEA. (Commemorative of W. Sole, of Bath, author
of Sole's Monograph of Mints. Nat. ord. Violaceae.
Now referred to lonidium.)
S. stri'cta (upright). See IONIDIUM CONCOLOR.
„ verticilla'ta (whorled). See IONIDIUU POLYGALS-

FOLIUM.

SOLE'NA. (From solen, a tube ; the flowers are
tubular. Nat. ord. Rubiaceae. Now referred to Poso-
queria.)

5. gra'cilis (graceful). See POSOQUERIA GRACILIS.
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). See POSOQUERIA LONGI-
FLORA.

SOLENA'NTHUS. (From solen, a tube, and anthos, a
flower ; the flowers are tubular. Nat. ord. Boraginaceae.
Allied to Lindelona.)

Hardy biennial or perennial herbs. Seeds ; divisions.
Well-drained soil.
S. apenni'nus (Apennine). 6. Red. May. Europe.

1819. Biennial.
„ lana'tus (woolly). Blue or rosy. Armenia.

SOLENTDIUM. (From solen, a tube, and eidion, ap-
pearance ; the lip being rather tubular. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae. Allied to Brassia.)

Epiphytical orchid. Offsets ; divisions. Requires to
be fastened on a raft, with some sphagnum about it.
5. racemo'sum (racemed). |. Yellow, red. Autumn.
Colombia.

SOLENO MELTJS. (From solen, a tube, and melos,&
limb ; the perianth is tubular. Nat. ord. Iridacea?.)

Half-hardy herb, with a rhizomatous rootstock. Off-
sets ; divisions. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
S. biflo'rus (two-flowered). See SYMPHYOSTEMON NAR-

CISSOIDES.

„ chile' nsis (Chilian), i-ij. Deep yellow. June.

Chili. 1827.
„ Lechle-ri (Lecher's). J-x. Blue. Andes of Chili.

SOLENO PHORA. (From solen, a tube, and pfierein,
to bear ; in reference to the tubular flower. Nat. ord.
Gesneraceas.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of mature wood, in
a close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, with
some leaf-mould and sand.

S. endlicheria'na (Endlicherian). 1-2. Orange, spotted
with purple. April. Mexico. 1849.

SOLENO'PSIS. See LAURENTIA.

SOLID A GO. Golden Rod. (From solidare, to unite ;
supposed healing properties. Nat. ord. Composites [Com-
positae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, all yellow-flowered, and
all from North America, where not otherwise noticed.
Divisions of the plant in spring ; common soil. Showy
at the back of herbaceous borders, or the back rows of
herbaceous plants in the front of shrubberies.
S. alpe'stris (rock). See S. VIRGAUREA.

„ alti'ssima (tallest). See S. CANADENSIS, S. PILOSA, and
S. RUGOSA.

„ ambi'gua (doubtful). 2. July. 1759.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See S. STRICTA.

„ anisa'ta (anise-scented). 3. September. 1815.

„ arena' ria (sand). See S. VIRGAUREA.

„ arge'ntea (silvery). See S. PUBERULA.

„ argu'ta (acute). 3. September.

„ a'spera (rough-leaved). See S. RUGOSA.

„ bi'color (two-coloured). 3. September. 1759.

„ ca'sia (grey). 2. September. 1732.

„ califo'rnica (Califomian). Cah'fornia.

„ canadefnsis (Canadian). 3. August. 1648.

„ cilia'ris (hair-fringed). See S. JUNCEA.

„ Curti'sii (Curtis's). 2. October.

,, decu'rrens (decurrent). See S. VIRGAUREA.

„ Doro'nicum (Doronicum). See SENECIO DORONICCM.

„ Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). 4-5. September. N.
Amer. 1885.

„ ela'ta (tall). See S. ELONGATA.

„ elli'ptica (oval-leaved). 3. August. 1759.

„ „ axillifto'ra (axil-flowered). Flower-heads in the
axils of the leaves.

„ elonga'ta (elongated). 4-5. September. 1811.

SOLLYA

814

SOPHORA

S. ere'cta (upright). 3. September.
„ fra'grans (fragrant). See S. ELONGATA.
„ Gattinge'ri (Gattinger's). N. Amer.
„ gigante'a (gigantic). See S. SEROTINA.
„ glomera'ta (crowded). 3. September. 1820.
„ graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). See S. LANCEOLATA.
„ hu'milis (humble), i. July. 1811.
„ „ Gillma'ni (Gilhnan's).
„ ju'ncea (rush-like). 3. August. 1811.
„ Iceviga'ta (smooth-teat^). See S. SEMPERVIRENS.
„ lanceola'ta (lanceolate). 3. August, September. 1758.
„ laterifto'ra (lateral-flowered). See S. ELLIPTICA.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved), ij. September. 1725.
, lithospermifo'lia (Lithospermum- leaved). 3-5.
, longifo'lia (long-leaved). See S. CANADENSIS.
, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 3. September.
, mexica'na (Mexican). See S. SEMPERVIRENS.
, minu'ta (minute). J. July. Pyrenees. 1772.
, missourie'nsis (Missouri). 3-5. N. Amer.
„ multiradia' ta (many-rayed). £. July. Labrador.

1776.

„ negle'cta (neglected). N. Amer.
„ nemora'lis (grove), ij. September. 1769.
„ nepale'nsis (Nepaul). See S. VIRGAUREA.
„ noveborace'nsis (New York). 3. September.
„ nudiflo'ra (naked-flowered). See S. VIRGAUREA.
„ odo'ra (sweet-smelling). 3. July. 1699.
„ ohioe'nsis (Ohio). N. Amer.
„ pa'tula (spreading). 2. September. 1805.
„ pauciflosculo' so. (few-floreted). 2. September. 1811.
„ petiola'ris (long-stalked). N. Amer.
„ pilo'sa (thinly-hairy). 2. September. 1790.
„ plantagi'nea (plantain-like). See S. ELLIPTICA.
„ polifo'lia (Folium-leaved). 3. September. 1826.
,. pro'cera (tall). See S. CANADENSIS.
„ pube'rula (slightly-downy). 2. September.
„ pulverule'nta (powdered). See S. PUBERULA.
„ pyramida'ta (pyramidal). See S. PILOSA.
„ recurva'ta (curled-back). 2. October.
„ refle'xa (bent-back-leaved). See S. CANADENSIS.
„ Ridde'llii (Riddell's). N. Amer.
„ ri'gida (stiB-leaved). 3. September. 1710.
„ rugo'sa (wrinkled). 3. August, September. 1732.
„ sca'bra (scurfy). See S. RUGOSA.
„ sempervi'rens (evergreen). 5. September. 1699.
„ sero'tina (late-flowering). 4. July. 1758.
„ Sho'rtii (Short's). 2. October. Arkansas.
„ simplex (simple-stemmed), i. Mexico. 1826.
„ specio'sa (showy). 4. October. 1817.
„ specta'bilis (showy). 2^. Rich golden-yellow. Sep-
tember. 1910.

„ spiihama'a (span-high). J-i. S. United States.
„ squarro'sa (spreading). 3. September.
„ stri'cta (upright). 3. September. 1758.
„ tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. October. 1758.
„ ulmijo'lia (elm-leaved). N. Amer.
„ urticcefo'lia (nettle- leaved). See CALEA URTIC^EFOLIA.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). See S. RUGOSA.
„ vimi'nea (twiggy). See S. BICOLOR.
„ virga'ta (rod-like). See S. STRICTA.
„ Virgau'rea (golden-rod). 1^-2. August. N. tem-
perate regions (Britain). " Common Golden Rod."
„ „ ca'mbrica (Cambrian), i. Europe (Wales).
„ „ na'na (dwarf). See S. VIRGAUREA CAMBRICA.
SO'LLYA. (Named after R. H. Solly, a naturalist.
Nat. ord. Pittospomds [Pittosporaceae]. Linn. $-Pen-
tandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse, blue-flowered, evergreen climbers, from
Australia. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in April ; cuttings
then of young shoots a little firm at the base, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and placed in a cold pit, when the
night temperature does not exceed from 45° to 50° ;
loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. Most of
them would succeed against a conservative wall.
S. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See BILLARDIERA SCAN-
DENS.

„ Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). See S. PARVIFLORA.
„ heterophy'lla (various- leaved). 5. July. 1830.
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 5. Leaves linear-
lanceolate.
„ linea' ris (narrow-leaved). See S. HETEROPHYLLA

ANGUSTIFOLIA.

„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered). July. 1838.
„ salicifo'lia (willow- leaved). 1839. Appears a garden
form of S. heterophylla.

SOLOMON'S SEAL. Polygona'tum multiflo'rum.

SO'NCHUS. Sow Thistle. (From sogkos, the old Greek
name for Sonchus oleraceus, or S. maritimus. Nat. ord.
Composite.)

Hardy or half-hardy perennial herbs. Seeds ; cuttings
or divisions. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand in a pit or
cool greenhouse.

S. arbo'reus (tree). Yellow. Canary Islands.
„ „ lacinia'tus (deeply-cut.) See S. LACINIATUS.
„ gu'mmifer (gum-bearing). 2-3. Yellow. Canary

Islands.
„ Jacqui'nii (Jacquin's). 1-2. Deep yellow. March.

Canary Islands. 1882.
„ lacinia'tus (deeply-cut). Yellow. Country unknown.

1871.
„ leptoce'phalus (slender- headed). Yellow. Canary

Islands.
„ palu'stris (marsh). 4-8. Yellow. September.

Europe (England) ; Asia Minor. Hardy.
„ pectina'tus (comb-like). Yellow. Canaries.
„ pinna' tus (pinnate). 3. Yellow. June to August.

Madeira. 1777.

„ radica'tus (rooting). i. Yellow. July, August.
Madeira ; Teneriffe. 1780.

SONERI'LA. (From Soneri-ila, the Javanese name.
Nat. ord. Melastomads [Melastomaceas]. Linn. &-Oct-
andria, i-Monogynia. Alliance near Bertolonia.)

Stove evergreen perennial herbs or subshrubs. Seed
in a gentle hotbed, in March, potted off, and bloomed
in greenhouse or stove ; cuttings in sandy peat in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Lumpy peat, sphagnum, char-
coal, and sand.

S. Benso'ni (Benson's), i. Rosy-purple. India. 1873.
„ e'legans (elegant). See S. SPECIOSA.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). i. Mauve. India

1856. Subshrub.
„ Henderso'nii (Henderson's). See S. MARGARITACEA

HENDERSONII.
„ la'ta (bright), r. Leaves deep green above, with

white spots, purple beneath. S. China. 1906.
„ macula' ta (spotted), r. Pink, rose, or purple. Hima-
laya. 1890.

„ margarita'cea (pearly), i. Purple. Burma. 1854.
„ „ Henderso'nii (Henderson's). $. Lilac-rose. 1874.
„ orbicula'ta (orbicular). See S. SPECIOSA.
„ orienta'lis (oriental). See S. MACULATA.
„ peperomi&fo'lia (Peperomia- leaved).
„ specio'sa (showy), i. Pink. Winter. E. Ind. 1852
„ stri'cta (upright). |. Rose. May. Burma. 1848.

SONNERA'TIA. (Named after M . Sonnerat, a botani-
cal traveller. Nat. ord. Loosestrifes [Lythracece], Linn.
i2-Icosandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to the Pomegranate.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, from the East Indies. Cut-
tings of half-ripened shoots, taken off with a heel, in
sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in a mild hotbed in
May ; fibrous loam, turfy peat, a little sand, and dried
old cow-dung. Winter temp., 45" to 55° ; summer 60°
to 85°.
S. a'cida (sour). Red. June. 1822.

„ a'lba (white). White. May. 1824.

„ ape'tala (petal-less). White. June. 1826.

SOOT is the volatilised unconsumed portion of common
coal. It is thus constituted : Charcoal, 371 ; salts of
ammonia, 426 ; salts of potash and soda, 24 ; oxide of
iron, 50 ; silica, 65 ; alumina, 31 ; sulphate of lime, 31 ;
carbonate of magnesia, 2. It is an excellent manure for
peas, onions, carrots, and probably all garden crops.
An excellent liquid-manure is soot mixed with rain-
water, in the proportion of one tablespoonful of soot to
a quart of water, for plants in pots ; but for asparagus,
peas, &c., six quarts of soot to a hogshead of water!
It must never be applied to plants in a state of rest.
It succeeds admirably with bulbs. See LIQUID-MANURES.

SO'PHORA. (From the Arabic name, Sophera, of a
leguminous tree. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legu-
minos*]. Linn. ro-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous kinds by divisions "in spring ; stove
and greenhouse species, by cuttings of half-ripened shoots
under a bell-glass, in sand, and grown in peat and loam.
The hardy kinds, such as japo'nica and its varieties, are
very ornamental trees on a lawn, but should be grown
in poor soil north of London, that the annual growth

SOPHRONIA

SORRELS

may be well ripened ; propagated by imported seeds, by
cuttings of the roots, and layers ; its varieties by grafting.
Pe'ndula is extremely graceful and fast growing.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. alopecuroi' 'des (fox- tail- grass- like). 4. Yellow. July.

Levant.

„ alpi'na (alpine). See THERMOPSIS CORGONENSIS.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). See S. FLAVESCE.VS.
„ arge'ntea (silvery). See AMMODENDRON SIEVERSII.
„ austra'lis (southern). See BAPTISIA AUSTRALIS.
„ bifo'lia (two-leaved). See AMMODEXDRON SIEVERSII.
„ f aba' cea (bean-like). See THERMOPSIS FABACEA.
„ flave'scens (yellowish). 2. Yellow. June. Siberia.

1785.
„ galegoi'des (Galega-like). See S. FLAVESCENS.

HARDY DECIDUOUS TREES.
S. chine'nsis (Chinese). 30. White. August China.

1763.

,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See S. TETRAPTERA.
„ heptaphy'lla (seven-leaved). 6. Yellow. October.

Ceylon ; China. 1830.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). 40. White. August. Japan.

1763.

„ „ columna'ris (columnar). Stems erect. 1907.
„ „ fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 14. Wrhite.

August. Japan.
„ „ hy'brida (hybrid). Main branches spreading ;

smaller drooping. 1893.

„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). 12. White. August. Japan.
„ „ pra'cox (early). Flowers freely when two years

old. 1907.

„ Korolko'wi (Korolkow's). China.
„ macnabia'na (Macnabian). See S. TETRAPTERA.
„ pachyca'rpa (thick-fruited). Central Asia.
„ platyca'rpa (broad-fruited). See PLATYOSPRION

PLATYCARPUM.

„ tetra'ptera (four- winged). 12. Yellow. May, June.
New Zealand. 1772. " Houma."

„ „ microphy'lla (small-leaved). 6-10. Yellow. May,
June. New Zealand. 1772.

„ viciifo'lia (Vicia-leaved). 3-5. White; calyx violet-
blue. July. China. 1903.

GREENHOUSE.

S. chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 6-10. Yellow. May.

Sandwich Islands.
„ glau'ca (milky-green). 7. Purple. Northern India.

1818.
„ macroca'rpa (large- fruited). 6. Yellow. April.

Chili. 1822.

„ ni'tida (shining). 8. Yellow. Bourbon. 1820.
„ secundiflo'ra (one-side-flowering). 4-6. Violet. June.

Mexico. 1820.

„ seri'cea (silky). See S. NITIDA.
„ tomento'sa (downy). 5. Yellow. August. Warm

regions. 1739.

,, veluti'na (velvety). See S. GLAUCA.
„ viola cea (violet) of Thwaites. Violet. Ceylon.
„ viola! cea (violet) of gardens. Violet. China.

SOPHRO'NIA, of Lindley. See SOPHRONITIS.

SOPHRONTTIS. (From sophron, modest ; in allusion
to the unpretending or quiet beauty of the flowers. Nat.
ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical Orchids. Divisions or offsets. Fibre
of peat, sphagnum, and crocks in pans or baskets.
S. ce'rnua (drooping). J. Red. June. Rio Janeiro.

1827.

„ cocci' nea (scarlet). See S. GRAKDIFLORA.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). |. Red. Organ Moun-
tains. 1837.

„ „ auranti'aca (orange). Orange-red. 1886.
» „ purpu'rea (purple). Bright rose-purple. Brazil.

1878.

„ „ ro'sea (rosy). Carmine-rose. 1884.
„ milita'ris (military). See S. GRANDIFLORA.
„ pteroca'rpa (wing-fruited). See S. CERKUA.
„ purpu'rea (purple). See S. GRANDIFLORA PURPUREA.
„ ro'sea (rosy). See S. GRANDIFLORA ROSEA.
„ viola'cea (violet-coloured). Violet. February.
Mexico. 1838.

SOPU'BIA. (The native Indian name. Nat. ord.
Scrophulariacea* . )

Stove perennial herb. Seeds ; cuttings in sand, in a
close frame, with heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and
sand.

S. delphinifo'lia (Delphinium-leaved). 2. Rose. July.
India. 1800.

SORBA'RIA. (From sorbum, the service-berry, and
aria, pertaining to, belonging to. Nat. ord. Rosacea?.
Now referred to Spiraea.)

S. assu'rgens (standing- up). See SPIRAEA ASSURGEKS.
„ sorbifo'lia stelli'pila (starry- haired). See SPIRAEA

SORBIFOLIA STELLIPILA.

SO'RBUS. (From sorbum, the sorb-apple or service-
berry. Nat. ord. Rosaceae. Now referred to Pyrus.)
S. america'na (American). See PYRUS AMERICANA.
„ A'ria (Aria). See PYRUS ARIA.
„ Aucupa'ria (Aucuparia). See PYRUS AUCUPARIA.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See PYRUS AUCUPARIA

DISCOLOR.

„ dome'stica (domestic). See PYRUS SORBUS.
„ hy'brida (hybrid). See PYRUS PINNATIFIDA.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). See PYRUS AUCUPARIA

JAPONICA.
„ madere'nsis (Madeira). See PYRUS AUCUPARIA

MADERENSIS.

„ pohuashane':isis (Pohuashan). See PYRUS POHUA-

SHANEXSIS.

„ reftexipe'tala (reflexed-petaled). See PYRUS REFLEXI-

PETALA.

,, sero'tina (late). See PYRUS SEROTINA.
„ VUmori'ni (Vilmorin's). See PYRUS FOLIOLOSA.

SO'RGHUM. Millet Grass. (From the Indian name
Sorghi. Nat. ord. Gramineae.)

Half-hardy or greenhouse annual grass that may be
planted out in May. Seeds. Ordinary soil.
S. halepe'nse (Aleppo). See ANDROPOGON HALEPENSIS.
„ vulga're (common). 2-3. Green. August. Tropical
and subtropical regions. " Guinea Com," " Durra,"
" Dari."

SORINDEI A. (The native name. Nat. ord. Ana-
cardiaceae.)

Large shrub or small tree requiring stove heat. Cut-
tings in sand, in a close frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, a little peat, and sand.

S. madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10. Purple. May.
Madagascar. 1828.

SOROCE'PHALUS. (From soros, a heap, and kephale,
a head ; clustered head of flowers. Nat. ord. Proteads
[Proteaceae]. Linn. \~Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse, purple-flowered evergreens, from South
Africa. Cuttings of ripened young shoots in sand,
under a hand-light, either in spring or autumn ; may be
hastened, after the base has swelled, with a little bottom-
heat ; sandy, fibrous loam, and a little peat and broken
freestone, carefully drained. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
S. diver sifo'lius (various-leaved). 4. June. 1803.

„ imbe'rbis (beardless). 3. July. 1806.

„ imbrica'tus (imbricated). 3. June. 1794.

„ lana'tus (woolly). 2. August. 1790.

„ seta'ceus (bristly). 2. July. 1823.

„ spatalloi' des (Spatalla-like). 3. July. 1803.

„ tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). 3. July. 1802.

SORO'MANES SERRAHFO'LTUM. See ACROSTICHTJM

SERRATIFOLIUM.

SORRELS. These are O'xalis A cetose'lla, Wood Sorrel ;
Ru'mex Aceto'sa, Garden Sorrel ; R. scuta' tus, French or
Roman Sorrel. They thrive best in any light, rich
garden soil.

The Rumexes are propagated by seed, and all of them
by parting the roots, both which modes may be practised
from the middle of February until the same period in
May, and by parting the roots in September and October.
Sow in drills, 6 or 8 inches apart, and i inch in depth.
When 2 or 3 inches high, the seedlings should be thinned
to 3 or 4 inches apart. In September or October, or in
the March and April of the succeeding year, they may
be removed into their final stations, in rows 12 inches
apart each way, or, if the French, 18 inches.

- When divisions of the root are employed, they must be

SORREL-TREE

816

SPANISH GARLIC

set at once where they are to remain, at the final dis-
tances above mentioned. In summer, the stalks must be
cut down, to encourage the production of leaves. In
autumn and spring the surface of the ground should be
gently stirred, and a little manure turned in.

To obtain Seed.— Some plants must not be gathered
from, but be allowed to run up unchecked. They flower
in the course of June, July, and August, perfecting their
seed in autumn. Wood Sorrel does not produce seed.

SORREL-TREE. Oxyde'ndron arbo'reum.
SORROWFUL-TREE. Nycia'nthes a'rbor-tri'stis.

SO'RUS. The name applied to the individual heaps,
clusters, or lines of spore-cases (sporangia), containing
the spores, and arranged on the backs or edges of the
fronds of ferns. The sori are naked in Polypodium,
but covered with a stalked circular scale in Aspidium ;
a kidney-shaped one in Nephrodium ; a linear one in
Asplenium ; twp-valyed in Hymenophyllum ; tubular
or cup-shaped in Trichomanes ; and bladder-shaped in
Cystopteris. In Adiantum and Pteris the sori are
covered by the revolute margin of the frond.

SOUARI NUT-TREE. Caryo'car nuci'ferum.

SOULA'NGIA. (Named after Soulange Bodin, a
French nurseryman. Nat. ord. Rhamnads [Rhamnaceae].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Referred to Phylica.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings of the points of shoots in sand, under
a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy, fibrous peat, and
a few bits of charcoal, to keep it open. Winter temp.,
38° to 45°. Should be tried against a wall, as, in the
open air, in dry places and mild situations, Phy'lica
ericoi'des stands the winter uninjured. The Soulangias
were once united with the Phylicas.
S. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). See PHYLICA BUXIFOLIA.

„ corda'ta (heart-leaved). See PHYLICA BUXIFOLIA.

„ dioi'ca (dioecious). See PHYLICA DIOICA.

„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle- leaved). See PHYLICA PANICU-
LATA.

,, ru'bra (red). See PHYLICA RUBRA.

„ thymifo'lia( thyme-leaved). See PHYLICA THYMIFOLIA.

SOUR is a term applied to wet lands producing acid
weeds, such as Sorrel ; but it is also appropriate because
such lands contain gallic and other acid compounds,
unfriendly to cultivated plants.

SOUR GOURD. Adanso'nia digita'ta.
SOUR-SOP. Ano'na murica'ta.

SOUTH AFRICAN YELLOW WOOD. Podoca'rpus
elonga'ta.

SOUTHERNWOOD. Artemi'sia Abro'tanum.
SOUTH SEA TEA. Cassi'ne vomito'ria.
SOWBREAD. Cyclamen.

SOWERBZE'A. (Named after Mr. Sowerby, an eminent
botanical artist. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceas]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Laxmannia and
Aphyllanthes.

Half-hardy, pink-flowered, herbaceous perennials, from
New South Wales. Divisions of the plant in spring ;
loam and sandy peat, or old leaf-mould. Require the
protection of a cold pit in winter, and to be kept dryish.
S. ju'ncea (rush-leaved), r. May. 1792.
„ laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered), i. June. 1839.

SOWING. (See GERMINATION.) In addition, a few
practical directions may be given. Let all sowing be done
in drills. For small seeds, such as lettuce, cabbage, &c.
the drills may be sunk by pressing the handle of the hoe
into freshly-dug soil ; but for larger seeds, as parsnips
beet, and onions, the drills must be made with the hoe'
Almost all sowing should be performed in dry weather
more particularly all early sowing in winter and spring '
but in hot weather, in summer and autumn, it may
often be eligible to take advantage of sowing immediately
after a shower of moderate rain.

The drills being at some distance from one another
not only admit the sun, air, and rain more effectually
to the plants, and give them a greater scope than such
as are sown broadcast, but admit more readily the hoe
between the drills to cut down weeds and loosen the soil.

The general method of forming drills for the reception
of seeds is with a common drawing-hoe, sometimes with
a large hoe, and sometimes a middling or small hoe,
according to the size of the drill required, and the size
and nature of the seeds ; drawing the drill sometimes
with the corner of the hoe, especially for larger seeds,
and sometimes with the edge of the hoe flatwise, or
horizontally. Large seeds, such as peas, kidney beans,
many of the nut kinds, and other large seeds, both of
trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, require a deep
angular drill, drawn with the corner of the hoe, turning
the face or edge close to the line, and drawing the drill
along with an angular bottom evenly the depth required,
the earth remaining close along the side of the drill,
ready for turning in again over the seeds ; but where
flat or shallow drills are required for smaller seeds, it
may, in many cases, be more eligible to draw the drill
with the hoe flatwise, holding the edge in a horizontal
position.

Bedding-in Sowing. — In this method, the ground being
dug and formed in 4 or 5 feet wide beds, with alleys a
spade width or more between bed and bed, and the
earth being drawn off the top of the bed with a rake or
spade £ inch or i inch deep into the alleys, the seed is
then sown all over the surface of the bed, which being
done, the earth in the alleys is immediately drawn or
cast over the bed, again covering the seeds the same
depth, and the surface is raked smooth.

The method of bedding-in sowing by sifting is some-
times practised for very small or light seeds of a more
delicate nature, that require a very light covering of
earth when sown. In order to bury them as shallow as
possible, cover them in by sifting fine earth over them
out of a wire sieve.

SOY. See GLYCINE SOJA.

SOYMTDA. (Evidently a native name. Nat. ord.
Meliaceae.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripe wood in
sand, in a close frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam
and sand.

5. febri'fuga. (fever-conquering). 60. White, yellow.
E. Ind. 1796.

SPADE. This most important of the gardener's tools
varies in its form and size. The Common Digging Spade
is of the largest size, being generally from 14 to 1 6 inches
long in the plate, and 9 or 10 broad, narrowing half an
inch to the bottom. The Middling Spade is about a foot
long in the plate, and 7 or 8 inches broad, and is useful
in digging any narrow compartments and between rows
of small plants ; also in flower-beds and borders, and in
stirring and fresh earthing the surface of beds occasionally
between close-placed plants of long standing ; planting
and transplanting many sorts, both in the ground and
in the pots.

The Small Spade. — Size 10 or 12 inches long in the
plate, and 5 or 6 wide. It is convenient in pointing-tip
or slight digging, and fresh earthing the surface between
close rows of small plants, in beds and borders, &c., where
neither of the two former spades can be readily intro-
duced ; likewise in planting and potting many sorts of
small plants, taking up small roots, and for other light
purposes. Proper garden spades have the plate wholly
of iron, not above J inch thick upwards, growing gradually
thinner from the middle downward, the tree or handle
being generally of ash, about 2^ feet long and i£ inch
thick, with a firm, open handle at top, formed out of the
solid wood, just big enough to admit of taking ready
hold, one hand at top and the other below, and with an
iron rivet through it to prevent it splitting. Semi-
circular or Scooped Spade has the plate made semi-
circular, like a garden trowel, and is very useful in taking
up plants with balls of earth, to preserve them more
firmly about the roots.

SPADO'STYLES. (Derivation not explained. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosaj]. Linn. 10-
Decandria, i-Monogynia. Referred to Pultena>a.)
S. Sie'beri (Sieber's). See PULTEN.EA EUCHILA.

SPANISH BLUEBELL. Sci'lla hispa'nica.

SPANISH BROOM. Spa'rtium ju'nceum.

SPANISH CHESTNUT. Casta'nea sati'va.

SPANISH GARLIC. See ROCAMBOLE.

SPANISH LIQUORICE 817

SPATHIPHYLLUM

SPANISH LIQUORICE. Glycyrrhi'za gla'bra.
SPANISH MOSS. Tilla'ndsia usneoi'des.
SPANISH NUT. I'ris Sisyri'nchium.
SPANISH OYSTER PLANT. Sco'lymus hispa'nicus.
SPANISH VIPER'S GRASS. Scorzone'ra hispa'nica.

SPARA'XIS. (From sparasso, to tear; lacerated
spathes. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceas]. Linn. $-Triandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Ixia.)

Pretty little bulbs, from South Africa. For culture,
see I'XIA.

S. anemonifto'r a (Anemone-flowered). See IXIA ANEMONE-
FLORA.

,, bi' 'color (two-coloured). See SYNNOTTIA BICOLOR.

„ bla'nda (pleasing). See S. TRICOLOR BLANI/A.

„ bulbi'fera (bulb- bearing), f. Violet. May. 1758.

„ fra'grans (sweet-scented). See IXIA FRAGRANS.

„ grandifto'r a (large-flowered). J. Purple. April. 1758.

„ „ Lilia'go (Mly-flowered). \. White. April. 1758.

„ „ linea'ta (lined). J. YeUow, pink. April.

„ „ stella'ris (starry), t. Purple. June. 1836.

,, ,, stria'ta (streaked). J. Variegated. April. 1758.

„ Lilia'go (Idy-flou-ered). See S. GRANDIFLORA LILIAGO.

„ linea'ta (£tn£-lined). See S. GRANDIFLORA LINEATA.

,, pe'ndula (drooping). See DIERAMA PENDULA.

„ pulche'rrima (fairest). See DIERAMA PULCHERRIMA.

„ stella'ris (starry). See S. GRANDIFLORA STELLARIS.

,, tri' 'color (three- coloured), i. Orange. May. 1789.

„ „ bla'nda (pleasing). White, pink, yellow. May.
1811.

„ „ Griffi'nii (Griffin's). Yellow, violet-purple. April.
1811.

„ „ ro'seo-a'lba (red and white). See S. TRICOLOR

BLANDA.

„ „ sangui'neo-purpu'rea (bloody-purple), i. Red.
April. 1811.

„ „ versi'color (parti-coloured). J. Deep purple,
brown, yellow. September. 1825.

„ „ viola' ceo-purpu'rea (violet-purple). See S. TRI-
COLOR GRIFFINH.

„ versi'color (parti-coloured). See S. TRICOLOR VERSI-
COLOR.

„ Wa'ttii (Watt's). See SYNNOTIA VARIEGATA.

SPARMA'NNIA. (Named after A. Sparmann, a
Swedish botanist. Nat. ord. Lindenblooms [Tiliaceae].
Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Fine greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young
shoots in April ; loam and a little peat. Winter temp.,
38° to 48'.
S. africa'na (African). 5-10. White. May. S. Africa.

1790.
„ „ fio're pie' no (double-flowered). Flowers double.

1881.
„ palma'ta (hand-shaped). 3-6. White. S. Africa.

SPARTTNA. Prairie Grass. (From spar tine, a cord ;
the leaves being used to make cords. Nat. ord. Grami-
neae.)
S. cynosuroi'des au'reo-margina'ta (golden-margined).

See S. POLYSTACHYA AUREO-MARGINATA.

„ polysta'chya (many-spiked). 5-6. September. N.
Amer. " Reed Grass."

„ „ au'reo-margina'ta (golden-margined). 5-6. Leaves
with golden edges. 1905.

„ Schrebtri (Schreber's). See S. POLYSTACHYA.

„ stri'cta (erect). 1-3. July, August. Europe (Eng-
land) ; N. and S. Amer. " Cord Grass."

„ Townse'ndi (Townsend's). 1-3. July, August.
England. 1880.

SPA'RTIUM. Spanish Broom. (From spartan, cord-
age ; alluding to the flexible shoots. Nat. ord. Legu-
minous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-
Decandria. Allied to Genista.)

Hardy deciduous, yellow-flowered shrubs. Generally
by seeds, but cuttings will strike freely in summer under
a hand-light ; and this is the best mode for securing a
particular variety. They should be planted out young,
or be frequently moved, as they make long, naked stems ;
common, light soil.

S. acutifo'lium (sharp-leaved). SeeS. JUXCEUM.
„ ju'nceum (rush-leaved). 6. August. Temperate
regions of Old World. 1548.

S. ju'nceum flo' re-pie" no (double-flowered). 6. August.

S. Europe. 1548.

„ „ odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 4. July.
Persia. 1834.

SPARTOTHA'MNUS. (From spartan, cordage, and
thamnos, a shrub ; its flexible shoots. Nat. ord. Ver-
vains [Verbenaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angio-
spermia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots
under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ; sandy, fibrous peat,
and lumpy loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
S. ju'nceus (rushy). 3. White. August. Australia.
1819.

SPATALA'NTHUS. (From spatalos, delicate, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn. 16-
Monadelphia, i-Triandria. Novr referred to Romulea.)
S. specio'sus (showy). See ROMULEA MONADELPHA.

SPATALLA. (From spatalos, luxurious or lavish,
in allusion to the large stigma. Nat. ord. Proteads [Pro-
teaceae]. Linn. 4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse, purple-flowered evergreens, from South
Africa. Cuttings of ripe young shoots in sand, under a
bell-glass, and kept cool ; sandy, fibrous loam, with
pieces of charcoal and freestone ; drainage and watering
very particularly attended to. Winter temp., 38° to 45".
Pots defended from sun in summer.
S bractea'ta (bracted). 3. June. 1806.

, brevifo'lia (short-leaved), ij. July. 1823.

, caudaflo'ra (tailed-flowered). 2. June. 1812.

, cauda'ta (tailed). See S. CAUD.SFLORA.

, curvifo'lia (curved-leaved). April. 1822.

, incu'na (c\uled-in-leaved). See S. PROCERA.

, mo' His (soft). 2. June. 1826.

, ni'vea (white). 2. June. 1806.

, pa'rilis (like). June. 1821.

, peduncula'ta (fong-flower-stalked). See S. CURVI-
FOLIA.

„ pro'cera (tall). z\. May. 1789.

„ proli'fera (proliferous). i±. July. 1800.

„ Pyramida'lis (pyramidal). See S. PARILIS.

„ ramulo'sa (twiggy-branched). 3. August. 1787.

„ Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 3. May. 1806.

SPATHA'NTHEUM. (From spathe, a spa the, and
anthos, a flower ; the flowers arise from the midrib of
the spathe. Nat. ord. Araceae. Allied to Spathicarpa.)

Greenhouse herb, with tuberous roots. Offsets and
divisions. Fibrous loam, lumpy peat, and some charcoal.
Water liberally when in full leaf, and dry it off in winter.
S. hetera'ndrum (various-anthered). See S. ORBIGNY-

ANUM.

„ orbignya'num (Orbignyan). i\. Green. Bolivia.
1876.

SPATHE. The large bract or bracts, which enclose
the flowers of Aroids, Palms, and Amaryllids before
expansion. The showy part of Richardia is the spathe.

SPATHE LLA. (From spathe, a sheath, or spathe, as
in the Palm-tree ; resemblance. Nat. ord. Simarubads
[SimarubacecB]. Linn. $-Pentandria, ^-Trigynia. Allied
to Ailanthus.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened shoots in
sand, under a glass, in heat ; loam and peat. Winter
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. simplex (simple). 40. Red. Jamaica. 1778.

SPATfflCA'RPA. (From spathe, a sheath, or spathe,
and karpos, a fruit ; the spadix, or flower-stem, fruiting
in the sheath. Nat. ord. Arads [Araceae]. Linn. 21-
Moncecia, j-Heptandria. Allied to Caladium.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Division of the plant
or tubers ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 50" to 60° ;
summer, 60" to 80'.
S. cornu'ta (horned), r. Green. Brazil. 1860.

„ hastifo'lia (halbert-leaved). White. July. S. Amer.

„ longicu'spis (long-pointed). See S. SAGITTIFOLIA.

„ platy'spatha (broad-spathed). See S. SAGITTIFOLIA.

„ sagittifo'lia (arrow-leaved), i. Green. Brazil. 1860.

SPATfflPHY'LLUM. (From spathe, a spathe, and
phullon, a leaf ; the spathe resembles a leaf. Nat. ord.
Araceae.)

3?

SPATHODEA

818

SPEEDWELL

Evergreen stove herbs. Seeds ; divisions. Fibrous
loam, lumpy peat, small nodules of charcoal and sand.
Water freely when in growth.
S. bla'ndum (pleasing). Trop. Amer.
„ ca'ndidum (white), i. Spathe white ; spadix white.

Colombia. 1875.
„ cannczfo'lium (Canna-leaved). r. Spathe white ;

spadix pale yellow. Trop. Amer. 1877.
„ cochleari' spathum (shell-spathed). 4. Spathe green;

spadix white. Mexico.
„ commuta'tum (changed). 2-3. Spathe and spadix

white. Philippines. 1870.
„ Decha'rdi (Dechard's). See S. CANNJEFOLIUM.
„ floribu'ndum (free-flowering), i. White. Colombia.

1874.

„ Gardne'ri (Gardner's). Brazil.
„ heliconiafo'lium (Heliconia-leaved). See S. COCH-

LEARISPATHUM.

„ lanceczfo'lium (lance-leaved). Spathe pale green.
Venezuela.

„ longiro'stre (long-beaked). Mexico.

„ Minaha'sstz (Minahassa's). Country unknown. 1870.

„ Ortgie'sii (Ortgies's). _ i£. Spathe green ; spadix
white. July. Mexico. 1873.

„ Pati'nii (Patin's). i. White. Colombia. 1874.

„ pi'ctum (painted), r. Leaves marked with yellow-
green. S. Amer. 1874.

„ pictura'titm (pictured). Leaves dark green, spotted
with yellow. 1898.

„ Walli'sii (Wallis's) of Regel. Colombia or Venezuela.
1877.

„ Walli'sii (Wallis's) of gardens. See STENOSPERMA-
TION WALLISII.

SPATHO'DEA. (From spathe, a sheath ; sheath, or
spathe- like calyx. Nat. ord. Bignoniads [Bignoniaceae].
Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Cuttings of side-shoots, 3 or 4 inches in length, taken
off with a heel, as growth is proceeding, in spring, in-
serted thinly in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a sweet
bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to
60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.

STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.

S. bracieo'sa (large-bracted). See MACFADYENA BRAC-

TEOSA.

„ fraxinifo'lia (ash-leaved). 10. Caracas. 1822.
„ unca'ta (hooked). 10. Yellow. Guiana. 1804.

STOVE EVERGREEN TREES.

S. adena'niha (gland-flowered). Trop. Africa.
„ adenophy'lla (gland-leaved). See HETEROPHRAGMA

ADENOPHYLLUM.

„ campanula,' to. (bell-shaped). 30-50. Orange, red.

Trop. Africa.
„ Cau'da-feli'na (cat's-tail). See DOLICHANDRONE

CAUDA-FELINA.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbed). See MACFADYENA CORYM-

BOSA.

„ Ice'vis (smooth). 12. Purple. Guinea. 1825.
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). See DOLICHANDRONE

RHEEDII.

„ penia'ndra (five-anthered). See OROXYLON INDICUM.
„ Rheefdii (Rheede's). See DOLICHANDRONE RHEEDII.
„ Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). See HETEROPHRAGMA

ROXBURGHII.

„ Serra'tula (Serratula). Siam. 1832.
„ specio'sa (showy). Pink. May. Brazil. 1850.

SPATHOGLO'TTIS. (From spathe, a sheath, and
glottis, a tongue. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaces]. Linn.
zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Bletia.)
Stove orchids, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS.
S. Augusto'rum (The Augusts'). See S. VIEILLARDII.
„ au'rea (golden). 2. Yellow. July. Malaya. 1849.
„ Fortu'nei (Fortune's). J. Yellow. August. Hong-
Kong. 1844.
„ gra'cilis (slender). 2. Bright yellow, streaked red.

Borneo.
„ hardingia'na (Hardingian). J-iJ. Rose-purple,

sometimes pale lilac. N. Burma. 1903.
„ ixioi'des (Ixia-like). Himalaya.
„ kimballia'na (Kimballian). Golden-yellow, with red-
brown lines. Borneo. 1888.

S. Lo'bbii (Lobb's). Sulphur-yellow, streaked brown.

Burma. 1876.
„ paci'fica (pacific). Sepals whitish-lilac; lip lilac,

edged yellow. Pacific Islands. 1883.
„ Pe'tri (Petr's). 2. Dark lilac ; lip purple. South Sea

Islands. 1877.

,, plica 'ta (plaited). Purple. Penang. 1843.
„ „ a'lba (white). White.
,, pube'scens (downy), ij. Yellow, violet. June. N.

India.
„ Regnie'ri (Regnier's). Light yellow; callus white.

Cochin-China. 1887.

,, ro'sea (rosy). Rose. July. Philippines. 1837.
,, soutteria'na (Soutterian). Light rose ; lip darker.

Queensland. 1910.
,, tomento'sa (felted). Crimson. June. Philippines.

1845.
„ Vieilla'rdii (Vieillard's). 2. Pale lilac. Polynesia.

1886.
„ „ ru'bra (red). 2. Dark lilac. 1892.

SPATHO'LOBUS. (From spathis, a spoon, and lobos,
a pod ; the pod is thickened at the apex. Nat. ord.
Leguminosae.)

Tall climbing, evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings of
side-shoots with a heel, in sand, and placed in a close
frame with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, a little peat
and sand.

S. Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 20. Scarlet. India ;
Burma. 1818.

SPAWN is the white, thready matter produced in the
soil by Mushrooms, and by which they are propagated.
These threads or hyphae arise from spores produced in
great abundance upon the gills of the mushroom ; they
also constitute the vegetative part of the plant, and the
portion that is made to grow in the bricks made of clay
and horse manure and sold to gardeners under the name
of mushroom spawn. Pieces of these bricks are inserted
in beds of fermenting manure, and the mycelium or
hyphae grow and ramify in the manure for a space of
six weeks, then begin to develop the fruiting part on
the surface, known as the mushroom, which is the part
eaten.

SPECULA'RIA. (From the ancient name, Spe'culnm-
Ve'neris, or Venus's Looking-glass. Nat. ord. Bellworts
[Campanulaceae]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Annuals and all others, by seeds in pans, in a bed
under glass, in March and April ; division of the herbace-
ous kinds in spring, and cuttings of young shoots under
a hand-light, in a shady place, in summer ; cuttings of
shrubby kinds under a glass, in sandy soil, in April ;
sandy loam, with a little peat, or reduced dried leaf-
mould, for shrubby. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

S. diffu'sus (spreading). See PRISMATOCARPUS DIFFUSUS.
,, frutico'sus (shrubby). See PRISMATOCARPUS FRUTI-
cosus.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
S. interru'ptus (interrupted). See PRISMATOCARPUS IN-

TERRUPTUS.

„ ni'tidus (shining). See PRISMATOCARPUS NITIDUS.

HARDY ANNUALS.

S. biflo'ra (two-flowered), i. Blue. June. N. and S.

Amer. 1836.

„ falca'ta (sickle-petaled). i. Rose. July. Mediter-
ranean. 1820.

,, hy'brida (hybrid), i. Rose. July. Europe (England).

" Corn Violet."

, pentago'nia (five- angled), i. Blue. July. Levant.
1686.

„ perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced), i. Blue. July. N.
Amer. 1680.

„ Spe'culum (Fenws's-looking-glass). i. Green, white.
July. S. Europe. 1596.

„ „ calyci'na (la.rge-calyx.ed). July. Iberia.

,, ,, liba'nica (Libanian). July.

„ „ pube'scens (downy). July. France.

SPEEDWELL. Vero'nica.

SPEIRANTHA

819

SPH^ROSTIGMA

SPEIRA'NTHA. (From speira, a spire, curve, or coil,
and anthos, a flower ; the flowers are arranged in an
erect spire-like raceme. Nat. ord. Liliaceae. Allied to
Convallana or Lily of the Valley.)

Greenhouse perennial herb with thick creeping rhizomes.
Divisions. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
S. cont)o;/arjoi'd«(Convallaria-like). J-J. White. June.
China. 1854.

SPE NNERA. (Named after M. Spenner, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. M?/osto»w<fs[Melastomaceae]. Linn.
8-Octandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Aciotis.)

Stove evergreens. Seeds, and cuttings of the young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat ; sandy
peat and fibrous loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 85°.

S. fra'gilis (brittle). See ACIOTIS FRAGILIS.
„ glandulo'sa (glanded). See PLEROMA GLANDULOSUM.
„ paludo'sa (marsh). See ACIOTIS PALUDOSA.
„ peihiulifo'lia (hanging-leaved). See ACIOTIS PENDULI-
FOLIA.

SPE'RGULA. (From spar go, to throw here and there,
to scatter ; in reference to the way the seeds get scattered
all over the ground. Nat. ord. Caryophyllaceae.)

Annuals of a weedy character, from which the perennial
species have been separated. S. arve'nsis has been used
for ensilage. Seeds. Ordinary soil.
S. ane'nsis (field), i-ii. White. All seasons. Europe

(Britain). " Cora Spurrey."
„ pili' f era (hair-bearing). See SAGINA GLABRA PILIFERA.

SPERGULA'RIA. (Like or similar to Spergula, from
spargo, to scatter ; in allusion to the scattering of the
seeds. Nat. ord. Caryophyllaceae.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds. Ordinary garden soil.
S. ru'bra (red). J. Rose. Summer. Europe (Britain).
„ sali'na (salt). $. Purple. Summer. Europe

(Britain).

„ segeta'hs (cornfield), i. White. July. Europe.
1805.

SPERMACO'CE. Button Weed. (From sperma, a
seed, and kokkos, a berry ; the fruits break up into one-
seeded berries or nuts. Nat. ord. Rubiacea?.)

Annual, or perennial herbs or subshrubs. Cuttings of
the perennials and subshrubs in a close, warm frame.
Loam, leaf-mould, or peat and sand.
S. Bruno'nis (Brown's). See KNOXIA BRACHYCARPA.
,, hi'rta (hairy). See MITRACARPUM VILLOSUM.
„ hi'spida (hispid). Tropics, Old World.
„ lasioca'rpa (woolly- fruited). See S. STRICTA.
„ stri'cta (upright), x. White. July. Tropics, Old

World.

„ su>natre'nsis (Sumatra). See KNOXIA SUMATRENSIS.
„ verticilla'ta (whorled). 1-2. White. July. Trop.
Africa and Amer.

SPERMADI'CTYON. (From sperma, a seed, and
diktuon, a net ; in allusion to the netted seeds. Nat. ord.
Rubiaceae. Now referred to Hamiltonia.)
S. azu'reum (azure). See HAMILTONIA SUAVEOLEXS.
„ suave'olens (sweet-smelling). See HAMILTONIA

SUAVEOLENS.

SPERMA'XYRUM. (From sperma, a seed, and xuron,
a razor ; in allusion to the thread-like placenta running
along the side of the seed. Nat. ord. Olacaceaa. Now
referred to Olax.)
S. stri'ctum (upright). See OLAX STRICTA.

SPHA CELE. (From sphakdos, a species of sage,
possibly Salvia cretica. Nat. ord. Labiatae.)

Free-flowering, perennial greenhouse herbs. Seeds ;
cuttings in sand under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand.
S. c&ru'lea (blue). Sky-blue. Summer. Trop. Amer.

1865.
„ campanula' ta (bell-shaped). J-r. Blue. July. Chili.

1795. Trailer.

„ Li'ndleyi (Lindley's). iJ-2. Purple-violet. July.
Chili. 1825.

SPRSERA'LCEA. (From sphaira, a globe, and alcea,
the Marsh Mallow ; the seed-pods, or carpels, in globular
heads. Xat. ord. Mallomuorts [Malvaceae]. Linn. 16-
MotMdelphia, 8-Polygynia. Allied to Mallow.)

Annuals, by seed in a hotbed, in April, planted out at
the beginning of J une ; shrubs, by cuttings of young
shoots in sandy soil, under a hand-light, in summer;
loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
S. abutiloi'des (Abutilon-like). 4. Purple. August.

Bahamas. 1725.
„ acerifo'lia (maple-leaved). 3. Rose. N.Amer. 1863.

Hardy.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 8. Pink. August.

Mexico. 1780.

„ carolinia'na (Carolina). See MODIOLA MULTIFIDA.
„ cisplati'na (hither-Platan). 4. Red. June. Trop.

Amer. 1798.

„ decu'mbens (lying-down). See MODIOLA MULTIFIDA.
„ e'legans (elegant). 3. Red. July. S. Africa. 1791.
„ Emo'ryi (Emory's). 1-2. Red. Summer. North-
western Amer. 1888.
,, minia'ta (vermilion). See S. CISPLATINA.
„ munroa'na (Munroan). 2. Scarlet. August. N.

Amer. 1828. Hardy.

„ nu'tans (nodding). Purple. Guatemala. 1852.
„ obtusi'loba (blunt-lobed). 4. Purple. July. Chili.

1827.

,, prostra'fa (trailing). See MODIOLA MULTIFIDA.
„ umbella'ia (umbelled). 4. Violet. April. Mexico.
1814.

SPHJEROCO'DON. (From sphaira, a globe, and kodon,
a bell ; in allusion to the shape of the flowers. Nat.
ord. Asclepiadaceae.)

A woody stove climber. Cuttings in sand, in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
S. obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 1-3. Purple. Trop.
Africa. 1903.

SPH.33RO GYNE. (From sphaira, a globe, and gune,
the ovary ; the shape of the ovary. Nat. ord. Melas-
tomaceaa. Now referred to lococa.)
S. cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). See TOCOCA CIXNAMOMEA.

„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). See TOCOCA FERRUGINF.A.

„ imperia'lis (imperial). See TOCOCA IMPERIALIS.

SPIITEROLO'BIUM. (From sphaira, a globe, and lobos,
a pod ; from the spherical shape of the pods. Nat. ord.
Leguminosae.)

Evergreen, greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings in sand in a
close frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand.

S. acumina'tum (long-pointed). See S. MEDIUM.
,, me'dium (intermediate). 2-3. Red. June to Sep-
tember. Australia. 1803.
,, mi'nus (lesser). See S. VIMINEUM.
„ vimi'neum (twiggy). 2. Yellow. J uly to September.
Australia. 1802.

SPH/EROPHY SA. (From sphaira, a globe, and
phusa, a bladder ; the pods are spherical and inflated.
Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Hardy perennial or shrubby at the base. Cuttings in
sand under a hand-light. Light sandy, well-drained soil.
S. ca'spica (Caspian). See S. SALSULA.
„ sa'lsula (saltish), ij. Purple. July. Caspian region ;
N. Asia. 1818.

SPHffiRO'PTERIS. ( From sphaira, a globe, and pteris,
a fern ; the sori are globose. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices],
Allied to Dicksonia.)

Stove or moist warm greenhouse. See FERNS FOR
CULTURE.

S. barba'ia (bearded). 3. Northern India and Neil-
gherries.

SPH^IROSTE'MA. (From sphaira, a globe, and sterna,
a stamen ; stamens collected into close clusters. Nat.
ord. Magnoliads [Magnoliaceae]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, 12-
Icosandria. Now referred to Schizandra.)
S. marmora'tum (marbled). See SCHIZANDRA MARMO-

RATA.

» Propi'nquum (related). See SCHIZANDRA PROPINQUA.

SPH3310STI'GMA. (From sphaira, a globe, and
stigma, the female organ. Nat. ord. Onagrads [Ona-
graceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia. Now re-
ferred to CEnotbera.)

S. Chamisso'nis (Chamisso's). See CENOTHERA DENTATA.
„ cheiranlhifo'lium (wallflower-leaved). See CENOTHERA

CHEIRA.NTHIFOLIA.

SPH^ROTHECA PANNOSA 820

SPINACH

S. hi'rtum (hairy). See CENOTHERA HIRTA.
„ minutifto'rum (small-flowered). See CENOTHERA

MINUTIFLORA.

SPH^EROTHE'CA PANNO'SA. This is the Mildew of
Roses and various other woody Rosaceous plants. In
the early part of the season it appears as a white or grey
web upon the leaves only, as it cannot attack old wood.
Later in the season it attacks the leaves, young shoots,
and fruit, which it envelops with a dense white web.
This is the second stage of the fungus and the more
dangerous one, because the resting or winter spores are
produced upon it, and are capable of setting up infection
the following summer. Soft leaves like those of Rose
Crimson Rambler, R. Queen Alexandra, and other
varieties of Rosa multiflora are much more liable to
attack than those having harder and more leathery
leaves. The first stage of the fungus is easily destroyed
by dusting the leaves with flowers of sulphur, but the
second can only be destroyed by sulphide of potassium,
one ounce to three to five gallons of water, the weaker
solutions to be used when the leaves are young and
tender. The fungicide can be made to adhere to the
foliage longer by mixing with it a tablespoonf ul of liquid
glue or the white of two eggs.

SPHA'GNUM. This is a white-leaved Moss, commonly
found on peat-bogs. Its botanical name is Spha'gnuvi
cymbi folium and other species, Grey Bog Moss. It is
an excellent material for packing plants in, being ex-
tremely retentive of moisture, and yet contains so much
astringency as to check decay. It is also extensively
employed for pot ting Orchids, on account of its capability
for retaining moisture, and its open, spongy character,
admitting air freely to the roots of aerial and epiphytical
plants.

SPHEDAMNOCA'RPUS. (From sphendamnos, a maple,
and karpos, a fruit ; the fruits are winged like a maple.
Nat. ord. Malpighiaceae.)

A tall climbing greenhouse shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripe wood in sand under a bell-glass, in gentle heat.
Fibrous loam, a little peat, and sand.
S. pru'riens (stinging). 6-15. Golden-yellow. S. Africa.
1903.

SPHENA'NDRA. (From spken, a wedge, and aner,
andros, a male or anther ; the shape of the anthers.
Nat. ord. Scrophulariaceae.)

An annual or perennial greenhouse plant. Seeds.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
S. visco'sa (clammy), i. Violet. S. Africa. 1773.

SPHENODE'SME. (From sphen, a wedge, and desme,
a truss ; the flowers being produced in trusses. Nat. ord.
Verbenacese.)

A climbing stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in a close
frame, with bottom- heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
S. jackia'na (Jackian). See S. PENTANDRA.
„ penta'ndra (five-anthered). 4-6. Purple and white.
India ; Malaya. 1823.

SPHENO'GYNE. (From sphen, a wedge, and gune,
female or^an ; the shape of pistil. Nat. ord. Composites
[Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 3-Frustranea. Now
referred to Ursinia.)
S. abrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). See URSINIA

ABROTANIFOLIA.

„ anthemoi'des (chamomile-like). See URSINIA ANTHE-

MOIDES.
„ crithmifo'lia (samphire-leaved) . See URSINIA CRITHMI-

FOLIA.

„ denta'ta (tooth-leaved). See URSINIA DENTATA.
„ fcenicula'cea (fennel-leaved). See URSINIA FO^NICU-

LACEA.

„ leucanthemoi'des (Leucanthemum-like). See URSINIA

LEUCANTHEMIFOLIA.

„ odora'ta (sweet-scented). See URSINIA ODORATA.
„ pili'fera (hairy). See URSINIA PILIFERA.
„ scario'sa (membranous). See URSINIA SCARIOSA.
„ serra'ta (saw-edged). See URSINIA SERRATA.
„ specio'sa (showy). See URSINIA SPECIOSA.

SPHENO'TOMA. (From sphenoo, to cleave, and tome,
a section ; limb or border of the flower deeply cut. Nat.
ord. Epacrids [Epacridaceae]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia. See DRACOPHYLLUM.)

S. capita' turn (he&d-spiked). See DRACOPHYLLUM CAPI-

TATUM.
„ gra'cile (slender). See DRACOPHYLLUM GRACILE.

SPHINCTACA'NTHUS. (From sphigxis, constriction,
and Acanthus; the throat of the corolla is constricted.
Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

A smooth, erect greenhouse subshrub. Cuttings in
sand under a bell-glass. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
S. Griffi'thii (Griffith's). White, purple. Autumn.
Himalaya. 1774.

SPICE BUSH. Linde'ra Benzo'in.

SPIDER FLOWER. Cleo'me.

SPIDER ORCHIS. O'phrys arani'fera.

SPIDERWORT. Tradesca'ntia.

SPIELMA'NNIA. (Named after P. R. Spielmann, a
German botanist. Nat. ord. Myoporads [Myoporaceae].
Linn. i^'Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.) Now referred to
Oftia.)
5. africa'na (African). See OFTIA AFRICANA.

SPIGE'LIA. Worm Grass. (Named after A . Spigelius,
a botanist at Padua. Nat. ord. Loganiads [Loganiaceae].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Annual, by seed under the usual treatment ; hardy
herbaceous, by seed and division of the roots ; loam and
peat.

S. Anthe'lmia (Anthelmia). ij. Red. July. Trop.
Amer. 1759. Stove annual.

,, marila'ndica (Maryland), r. Scarlet. July. N.

Amer. 1694. Hardy herbaceous.
,, sple'ndens (splendid). Scarlet. Mexico ; Guatemala.
Stove perennial.

SPIKENARD or NARD. N ardo' stachys Jatama'nsi.
SPIKENARD, PLOUGHMAN'S. Ba'ccharis.

SPILA'NTHES. Alphabet Plant. (From spilos, a spot
or stain, and anthos, a flower ; the disc is like a brown
spot in some species. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Mostly annual herbs, which may be reared in heat and
planted out in May. Seeds. Light, sandy loam.
S. Acme'lla (Acmella). i. Yellow. July to September.

Tropical and subtropical regions.
,, croca'ta (saffron). See VERBESINA CROCATA.
„ exaspera'ta (roughened). 2. Pale yellow. Venezuela.
„ olera'cea (pot-herb). See S. ACMELLA.

SPINACH. Spina'cia olera'cea.

There are the Round-leaved, or Smooth-seeded, and the
Triangular-leaved, or Prickly-seeded. The first being the
most succulent, is employed for the spring and summer
crops, and the latter for autumn and winter. The
Lettuce-leaved and the Flanders are hardy for a winter
crop, and by much the best.

Soil. — For the round-leaved variety, a rich, light,
moist loam, in an open situation, is preferable ; but for
the triangular-leaved, and other winter varieties, a light,
moderately fertile, and dry border. The earth should
always be well pulverised at the time of digging, and the
soil for the summer crops cannot be too rich. Liquid-
manure is highly beneficial to them, and when made of
blood and the most fertilising matters, the greater the
benefit.

Sow of the round-leaved variety at the close of January
in a warm situation, to be repeated in larger, but still
small breadths, at the commencement and end of
February, and to be continued every three weeks until
the middle of April, when it must be performed once a
week until the close of May, and then once a fortnight
till the end of July. In August sow at intervals of three
weeks until the early part of September. Sow thinly in
drills half an inch deep and a foot apart. The sowing
should be in showery weather, otherwise an occasional
watering must be given ; for if there is a deficiency of
moisture during the first grades of vegetation, not half
of the seedlings will come up. The triangular-leaved
plants must be thinned to 4 or 5 inches apart, and the
round- leaved to 8. Thin by degrees, separating them at
first only an inch or two, as the plants of the several
thinnings are fit for use. The thinning ought to commence
when they have attained four leaves about an inch in
breadth. Regular gathering promotes the health of the
plants. The outer leaves only should be gathered at a

SPINACH, MOUNTAIN 82!

SPIR^A

time, the centre being left uninjured, to produce succes-
sional crops. This direction applies chiefly to the winter
standing crops ; those of the summer may be cut off
close to the root.

To obtain Seed. — A sowing of each variety may be made
in February or March, according to the openness of the
season ; of, of the round-leaved variety, some plants
of a regular crop may be allowed to run up in April or
May ; and of the triangular-leaved, some plants of the
winter-standing crops may be transplanted in March.
Set them 12 inches apart. Spinach is dioecious, and
many ignorant persons, perceiving some of the plants to
have no appearance of bearing seed, advise these to be
pulled up ; but they are the male-bearing plants, without
which the others would be unfruitful. If, however, they
are very numerous, some of them may be removed with
benefit to those that remain, care being taken that some
are left in every part of the bed. When the seed is set
the male plants may be entirely removed. When the
seed is ripe in July or August, the plants ought to be
pulled up, and laid to dry thoroughly on a cloth, previ-
ously to its being beaten out and stored.

SPINACH, MOUNTAIN, or GARDEN ORACHE. A 'tri-
plex horte'nsis.

SPINACH, NEW ZEALAND. See TETRAGO'NIA EX-
PA'XSA.

SPINACH, WILD, or GOOD HENRY. Chenopo'dium
Bo'nus-He'nricus.

SPINA'CIA. Spinach. (From spina, a prickle ; seeds
prickly. Nat. ord. Chenopods [Chenopodiaceae]. Linn.
22-Dicecia, 6-Pentandria.)

Hardy, green-flowered annual. See SPINACH.
S. olera'cea (potherb), i|. June. Cultivated every-
where. 1568.

„ ,, gla'bra (smooth-seeded). if. June.
,, ,, spino'sa (prickly-seeded). i£. June.

SPINDLE-TREE. Euo'nymus.

SPINO VITIS DAVIDn. See Vi'ns VIM'FERA
DAVI'DII.

SPIR^E'A, (From speira, anything wreathed ; the
flowering branches used in garlands. Nat. ord. Rose-
trorls [Rosacea?]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, 2-Di-pentagynia.)

All white-flowered, except where otherwise mentioned.
Herbaceous and tuberous, by division of the plant in
spring ; shrubs, by cuttings, layers, and suckers ; good
garden-soil.

HARDY TUBEROUS-ROOTED.

S. Filipe'ndula. (thread-hanging). 2. September.

Europe (Britain). " Dropwort."
„ „ fto're ple'no (double-flowered). Double.
„ ,, mi' nor (smaller). \\. August. Europe.
„ „ pube'scens (downy), ij. August. France.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. Aru'ncus (Aruncus). 4. June. Siberia. 1633.

" Goat's Beard."

„ „ america'na (American). 4. June. N. Amer.
„ „ Knei'ffii (Kneiff's). Leaflets cut into narrow seg-
ments. 1902.
„ „ plumo'sa (plumy). 3. Panicle of flowers 2 ft.

long. 1907.

„ astilboi'des (Astilbe-like). xi. July. Japan. 1880.
„ barba'ta (bearded). See ASTILBE RIVULARIS.
„ caspito'sa (tufted). J. Flowers in cylindrical spikes.

Rocky Mountains. 1899.
„ catntscha'tica (Kamtschatkan). 4-7. WTiite. July.

Kamtschatka. 1830.

„ „ e'legans (elegant). See S. CAMTSCHATICA ROSEA.
„ „ himalc'nsis (Himalayan). See S. VESTITA.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). 4-7. Rose. 1907.
„ denuda'ta (naked). See S. ULMARIA.
„ digita'ta (hand-leaved). 2. Red. July. Siberia.

1823.

„ gigante'a (gigantic). See S. CAMTSCHATICA.
„ japo'nica (Japanese) of Makoy. See ASTILBE JAPO-

NICA.

„ kamischa' tika (Kamtschatkan). See S. CAMTSCHATICA.
„ loba'ta (lobed). 2. Red. July. N. Amer. 1765.
,, „ a' I': icons (whitish). Pale rose. Seedling.

S . loba'ta magni'fica (magnificent) . Flowers larger, darker.

1909.

„ pal ma' ta (hand-leaved). 2. Red. July. Japan. 1823.
„ „ a'lba (white). 2. White. 1884.
„ „ e'legans (elegant). 2. White, with red anthers.

1878.
„ pectina'ia (comb-like). J-i. Whitish. Summer.

North-western Amer.

„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). June. Cashmere. 1840.
„ trifolia'ta (three-leafleted). See GILLENIA TRIFOLIATA.
„ Ulma'ria (Ulmaria). 2. August. Europe (Britain).

" Meadow Sweet."

„ ,, mu'ltiplex (double-flowered). 2. August. Britain.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). 2. July. Britain.
-, itlmifo'lia (ehn-leaved). 3. June. Carniola. 1790.
„ „ phylla'ntha (leafy). 3. June.
„ venu'sta (lovely). See S. LOBATA.
„ vesti'ta (clothed), 1-1$. June. Himalaya. 1838.

HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.

S. acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 4. May. Siberia. 1817,

„ Aitchiso'ni (Aitchison's). 4-8. July. Afghanistan.
1900.

„ alpi'na (alpine). 3. July. Siberia. 1806.

„ amure'nsis (Amur). See NEILLIA AMURENSIS.

„ arbo'rea (tree). 4-10. Habit tree-like ; allied to S.
lindleya'na. Central China. 1910.

„ arbu'scula (little tree), i. Bright rose-red. Washing-
ton ; Oregon. 1897.

„ arge'ntea (silvery) of gardens. See S. CANESCENS.

„ argu'ta (acute). 2-4. April. Garden origin.

„ ariafo'lia (white-beam-leaved). See S. DISCOLOR.

„ assu'rgens (rising). 4-8. Stems erect ; allied to
S. lindleya'na. China. 1904.

„ be'lla (pretty). 2. Red. July. Nepaul. 1820.

Pink. June. N.Amer.
1812.

„ betulifo'lia (birch-leaved). 2.

„ Blu'mei (Blume's). 2-3. July. China and Japan,

1858.

„ Boursie'rii (Boursier's). See S. DISCOLOR DUMOSA.
„ brachy'botrys (short-bunched). 3-5. June. (S.

canescens x Douglasii.) Gardens.

„ bractea'td (large-bracted). 3-5. June. Japan. 1885.
„ bruma'lis (winter). 2. Gardens.
„ bulla'ta (blistered), i-ij. Dark red. June to Sep-
tember. Japan. 1882.

„ Buma'lda (Bumalda). See S. JAPONICA BUMALDA.
, „ rube'rrima (reddest). See S. JAPONICA RUBERRIMA.
, ctBspito'sa (tufted). Rocky Mountains.
, callo'sa (beautiful). See S. JAPONICA.
, ca'na (hoary), ij. June. Hungary. 1825.
, cane1 scens (hoary). 4-6. June, July. Himalaya.

1879.
„ cantonie'nsis (Canton). 2-4. June, July. China;

Japan; Himalaya. 1843.

„ „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered). Flowers double.
„ capita' ta (headed). See NEILLIA OPULIFOLIA.
„ c«flno//»t/o7ta(Ceanothus-leaved). See S. CORYMBOSA.
„ chameedrifo'lia( germander-leaved). 4. June. Siberia.

1789.

„ „ flexuo'sa (flexpous). 4. June. S. Siberia. 1820.
„ „ inci'sa (c\it-lfta>ed). i\. June. Germany.
„ „ Jakobse'nii (Jacobsen's).
„ ,, me'dia (intermediate). See S. MEDIA.
„ „ oblongifo'lia (oblong- leaved). See S. MEDIA.
„ „ subracemo'sa (sub-racemed). ij. June.
„ ,, ulmifo'lia (ehn-leaved). See S. CHAM^EDRIFOLIA.
„ chine' nsis (Chinese). See S. DASYANTHA.
,, confu'sa (confused). See S. MEDIA.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbed). ij. July. Virginia. 1812.
,, ,, soro'ria (sister). 2. August. N. Amer. 1829.
, crakzgifo'lia (Crataegus-leaved). See S. CORYMBOSA.
, crena'ta (scallop-leaved). 2. April. Podolia. 1739.
, crenifo'lia (crenate-leaved). See S. CREXATA.
, crispifo'lia (crisped- leaved). See S. BULLATA.
, cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). See S. CAXESCENS.
, dasya'ntha (thick-flowered). 4-5. March. China.

1843.
„ decu'mbens (l>ing-down). i-ij. June to September.

Europe. 1879.
„ „ tomcnto'sa (felted). i-ij. June to August.

Tyrol, &c.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). 6-8. Creamy white. July.

N.W. Amer. 1827.
„ „ aricefo'lia (Aria- leaved). See S. DIICOLOR.

SPIR^A

822

SPIRAOTHES

S. di'scolor dutno'sa (bushy). 1-3. Cream}'- white .

July. California. 1859.
„ Dougla'sii (Douglas's). 4-6. Rose. August. N.W.

Amer.

„ dumo'sa (bushy). See S. DISCOLOR DUMOSA.
„ expa'nsa (spreading). 3. Pink. June. Himalaya.

1846.

„ fi'ssa (split). See S. DISCOLOR.
,, flagella'ta (whip-line). See S. HYPERICIFOLIA.
„ flexuo'sa (zigzag). See S. CHAM^DRIFOLIA FLEXUOSA.
„ Fortu'nei (Fortune's). See S. JAPONICA.
„ gemma' to, (budded). China.
„ gra'cilis (slender). 2. July, August. Himalaya.

1820.
„ grandifto'r a (large-flowered). SeeExocHORDAGRANDi-

FLORA.

„ Hacqne'ti(Ha.cquet's). SeeS.DECUMBENSTOMENTOSA.
„ He'nryi (Dr. Henry's). 6-7. June. Central China.

1903.
„ hypericifo'lio, (Hypericum-leaved). 5. April. N.

Amer. 1640.

„ „ acu'ta (acute). See S. ACUTIFOLIA.
„ besseria'na (Besserian). See S. CRENATA.
„ „ wena' la (crenate). See S. CRENATA.
„ „ plunkenetia'na (Plunkenet's). April. Canada.
„ „ thalictroi'des (Thah'ctrum-like). See S. HYPERICI-
FOLIA.

„ inci'sa (cut). See S. CHAM^DRIFOLIA.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). 2-6. Rose. June. India;

China; Japan. 1859.
„ „ a'lba (white). 1-2. White.
„ „ Buma'lda (Bumalda). 2-3. Deep rose.
„ „ Frcebe'lii (Froebel's).

„ „ glahra'ta, (smooth). 3-6. Leaves smooth.
„ „ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 4-6. Leaves large.
„ „ rube'rrima (reddest). 2-4. Dark red. 1891.
„ „ ru'bra (red). 2-4. Dark red. Japan. 1882.
„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). 2-5. Peach-coloured.
„ „ supe'rba (superb). 2-5. Deep rose-red.
„ Iceviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 4. White tinted rose in

male flowers. May. Siberia. 1774.
„ lanceola'ta (spear-head-leaved). See S. CANTONIENSIS.
„ laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). See S. VACCINIIFOLIA.
,, tindleya'na (Lindleyan). 4-10. July, August. Hima-
laya. 1845.

„ longige'mmis (long-budded). China. 1894.
„ me'dia (intermediate). ij-4. June. Europe; N.

Asia. 1816.

„ ,, glabre1 'scens (smooth).

„ ,, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). See S. BRACTEATA.
„ Menzie'sii (Menzies'). 3-5. Rose. July, August.

N.W. Amer.

„ ,, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved).
„ „ Billia'rdii (Billiard's).
„ „ exi'mia (choice).
„ „ lennea'na (Lennean).
„ „ macrothy'rsa ( large- thyrsed).
„ „ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved).
„ „ Pseu'do-Dougla'sii (false-Douglas's).
,, ,, triu'mphans (triumphant).
„ Millefo'lium (Milfoil-leaved). 2. Whitish. Summer.

California. 1880. Evergreen.
,. mollifo'lia (soft-leaved). Stems prostrate. Leaves

very hairy when young. W. China. 1910.
„ mongo'lica (Mongolian). Mongolia ; China.
„ noblea'na (Noblean). Purplish-red. August. Cali-
fornia. 1859.

,, obova'ta (reverscd-egg-leaved) . See S. HYPERICIFOLIA.
„ opulifo'lia (guelder-rose- leaved). See NEILLIA OPULI-

FOLIA.

„ ,, tomente'lla (slightly- woolly). 5. June. N. Amer.
,, pickowie'nsis (Pickow). See S. PIKOVIENSIS.
„ pikovie'nsis (Pickowian). 4. June. Podolia. 1807.
„ prunifo'lia (plum-leaved). 4-6. March. China and

J apan.
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 4-6. Double.

China. 1844.

„ pube'scens (downy) of Lindley. See S. DASYANTHA.
„ pube'scens (downy) of Turcz. 2. March. China, &c.

1843.

„ Ramale'yi (Ramaley's). 6-8. July. Colorado. 1909.
„ rcevesia'na (Reevesian). See S. CANTONIENSIS.
„ fftamn7'/o7ta(Rhamnus-leaved). See S. VACCINIIFOLIA.
„ S'ilicifo'lici( willow-leaved). 5. Rosy. July. Europe

(BritainV Asia.

H alpe'stns (alpine). 5. July. Russia. 1820.

S. salicifo'lia ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 5. Flesh. July.

Britain.

„ „ flo'ribus a'lbis (white-flowered). 5. White.
,, „ flo'ribus ro'seis (rose-flowered). 5. Rose.
,, ,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Pink. July.

Kamtschatka. 1827.

,, ,, latifo'lia (broad- leaved). 5. July. Europe.
,, ,, mi'nor (lesser). 2-3. Rose.
,, ,, panicula'ta (panicled). July. N. Amer.
,, savra'nica (Savranian). See S. CRENATA.
„ sorbifo'lia (service-leaved). 4. August. Siberia.

1759-

,, ,, alpi'na (alpine). 3. August. Siberia. 1817.

„ „ Fo'xii (Fox's). See S. SORBIFOLIA.

„ ,, Palla'sii (Pallas's). See S. SORBIFOLIA.

„ „ stelli'pila (starry-haired). Panicles dense. Fila-
ments long, hair-like. 1903.

„ thalictroi'des (meadow-rue-like). See S. HYPERICI-
FOLIA.

„ Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 1-3. Spring. China ;
Japan.

„ tobo'lskia (Tobolsk). 4. June. Siberia. 1823.

„ tomento'sa (downy). 5. August. N. Amer. 1736.

„ triloba'ta (three-lobed). 3. May. Altai. 1801.

„ urale'nsis (Uralian). See S. HYPERICIFOLIA.

„ Vflca'mY/o7ia(Vaccinium-leaved). 1-2. July, August.
Himalaya. 1838.

„ Vei'tchii ( Veitch's). 4-7. June. Flowering twigs
in two opposite rows. Central China. 1903.

„ Wilso'nii (Wilson's). 4-6. June. Central China.
1910.

SPIRANTHE'RA. (From speira, spiral, and cmthera,
an anther ; twisted anthers. Nat. ord. Rueworts
[Rutaceae]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of short, stubby side-shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in a sweet bottom-heat, the
glass to be removed at night ; sandy loam and fibrous
peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
5. odorati' ssima (sweetest-scented). 6. White, red.
Brazil. 1823.

SPIRA'NTHES. Lady's Traces. (From speira, spiral,
and anthos, a flower ; flowers arranged spirally. Nat.
ord. Orchids [Orchidaceas]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-
Monandria. Allied to Neottia.)

Stove terrestrial orchids, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS.
S. (zstiva'Us (summer). J. White. August, September.

Europe (England). Hardy.
„ albe'scens (whitish). Green ; lip tipped brown.

Colombia. 1885.

„ arge'ntea (silvery). White. April. Brazil. 1843.
„ au'rea (golden). Olive, brown. April. Guatemala.

1842.

„ austra'lis (southern), i. White, pink. June. Temp,
and trop. Asia and Australia. 1819. Greenhouse.
„ autumna'lis (autumn). £-1. White. August, Sep-
tember. Europe (Britain). Hardy.
,, bi'color (two-coloured), i. Pale green. January.

Trinidad. 1823.
,, bracteo'sa (/ong-bracted). i. White, yellow. May.

St. Catherine. 1835.

„ ce'rnua (drooping). J-i. White. September. N.
5. Hardv o

iy or half-hardy.

r). 2-3. Yellowish. June.

Trop.

2-3-
Scarlet.

April.

Amer. 1796.
„ cinnabari'na (cinnabar).

Mexico. 1846.
„ colora'ia (coloured),

Amer. 1790.
„ „ macula'ta (blotched). Leaves dark green with

light green markings. 1883.
„ „ Ortgie'sii (Ortgies'). Rose. Leaves with white

markings.

,, deci'piens (deceiving). See GOODYERA MENZIESII.
„ diure'tica (diuretic). Green, white. April. Chili.

1838.
„ elci'ta (tall). 2. Greenish-white. July. Trop. Amer.

1790.

„ ,, lindleya'na (Lindleyan). See S. LINDLEYANA.
,, Esmera'lda (Esmeralda). Whitish. Leaves with

white markings. Brazil.

„ Esse'ri (Esser's). Whitish-green. Trop. Amer. 1863.
,, euphle'bia (beautifully- veined). Whitish, striped with

brown. November. Brazil. 1882.
,, gemm''para (bud-bearing). See S. ROMANZOFFIANA.
,, grandifh'ra (lar'^e-flowered). White, green. March,

April. Brazil. 1837.

SPIRE LILY

823

SPURGE NETTLE

S. leucostfcta (white-speckled). See S. ALBESCENS.
„ lindleya'na (Lindleyan). Greenish-white. July.

Leaves banded with white. S. Amer. 1861.
„ margariti'fera (pearl-bearing). See S. ESMERALDA.
,, meta'llica (metallic). Brazil and Guiana.
,, orchioi'des (Orchis-like). 2-3. Rose. November.

Trop. Amer. 1826.
„ pi' eta (painted). 2. Green. April. Trop. Amer.

1805.

„ ,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). SeeS. GRAXDIFLORA.
,, „ variega'ta (variegated). White. Leaves varie-
gated.
„ plantagi'nta (plantain-like), i. Red. June. Peru.

1824.
„ r0tnanzo#ia'na(Romanzovian). i-i. White. August.

Ireland and N. Amer.
„ Saurogto'ssttwztlizzard's-tongue). ij. Green. Brazil.

1832.
„ Smi'thii (Smith's). Yellow and green. Costa Rica

and Central Amer. 1868.
„ Wei'rii (Weir's). Pale red. Brazil. 1870.

SPIRE LILT. Galto'nia ca'ndicans.
SPIROCO'NTJS. See TRICHODESMA.

SPIRONEMA. (From speira, spiraL and nema, a
filament ; stamens spiral. Nat. ord. Spiderworts [Com-
melinaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Tradescantia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous. Seeds, and division of the
roots ; sandy, fibrous peat and loam. Winter temp.,
45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
S. fra'grans (fragrant), r. White. May. Mexico. 1839.

SPLEENWORT. Asple'nium.

SPO'NDIAS. Hog Plum. (The ancient name of a
wild Plum ; resemblance of fruit. Nat. ord. Anacards
[Anacardiacese]. Linn. lO-Decandria, 4-Peniagynia.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat, in May or June;
loam and peat. Winter temp., 50* to 55° ; summer,
60° to 80°.

S. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). June. Malabar. 1824.
„ axilla' ris (axillary). See S. LUTEA.
„ borbo'nica (Bourbon). 40. Dark purple. Mauritius.

1825.
„ du'lcis (sweet). 30-50. Yellowish. June. Tropics.

1793. " Sweet Otaheite Apple."
„ lu'tea (yellow-fruited). 50. Yellow, green. Tropics

everywhere. 1739. " Golden Apple."
„ mangi'fera (Mango-bearing). 30. White. Trop.

Asia. 1820. " Hog Plum."
„ Mo'mbin (Mombin) of Jacquin. See S. LUTEA.
„ Mo'mbin (Mombin) of Linnaeus. See S. PURPUREA.
„ myrobala'nus (Myrobalan-like). See S. LUTEA.
„ pleio'gyne (full-pvaried). Australia.
„ purpu'rea (purple). 30. Purplish. Summer. Trop.

Amer. 1817.

„ Sola'ndri (Solander*s). Australia.
„ tubero'sa (tuberous). Brazil. " Burdekin Plum."

SPONGE TREE. Aca'cia farnesia'na.

SPONGIOLE. This word has long been applied to the
thickened part at the points of the roots of flowering
plants, under the mistaken idea that they were the parts
that sucked up water containing the food of plants. The
term means a little sponge. The thickened part is
really the root-cap, consisting of several layers of dead
cells, which cover and protect the growing point as it
pushes its way through the soil. The root hairs are the
organs that absorb moisture, containing plant food. The
thin-walled cells of the root, a little behind the root cap,
also absorb moistnre.

SPORANGE or SPORANGIUM. The cases on the back of
a fern, and in the axils of the upper leaves or bracts of
a Selaginella and allied flowerless plants, which contain
the small bodies known as spores. These sporangia or
spore-cases are produced in round clusters on the back
of the fronds of Polypodium, but in Asplenium the sori
or spore clusters are linear, and covered with an indusium
or cover.

SPORE. The small dust-like bodies of ferns and other
flowerless plants, that correspond tc seeds in flowering
plants, and serve for reproducing them. They arc

produced inside the sporanges or sporangia above men-
tioned.

SPORTING is the term whereby gardeners describe any
deviation from the usual form or colours of a plant or
flower.

SPOT, a disease occurring on the leaves of the pelar-
gonium, is a dry gangrene, occasioned by an irregularity
in the supply of moisture and vicissitudes of temperature,
but especially if one of the extremes is much below the
degree of heat most favourable to the healthy growth
of that plant. The reason of this is very obvious. If a
pelargonium, or any other plant, be placed in a highly
stimulating heat, and is abundantly supplied with root
moisture, it immediately increases its surface of leaf to
elaborate and digest the large amount of sap forwarded
from the roots. If this amount of sap is subsequently
suddenly reduced, by lowering the temperature and
adding water to the soil less freely, the increased surface
of leaf is no longer required, and it is a law pervading
all the vegetable creation that the moment any one of
the parts of a plant is unnecessary to it, immediately
that part begins to decay.

SPRA'GUEA. (Commemorative of Isaac Sprague, a
botanical draughtsman of America. Nat. ord. Por-
tulaceae.)

A hardy perennial herb, suitable for the rockery.
Seeds; cuttings in a cold frame. Light, well-drained
soil.

S. umbella'ta (umbelled). White, purple. July. New
Mexico. 1859.

SPREAD EAGLE. Onci'diutn carthagine'nse.

SPREKETJA. (Named after Dr. Sprekel, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceze]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, I'Monogynia.)

This is the name for the old Amary'llis formosi' ssitna,
or Jacobasa Lily, not by Dr. Herbert, but by Heister, a
German botanist ; and Dr. H. had some doubts latterly
of its correctness. Stove bulbs. For culture, see
HIPPEASTRUM.
S. bre'vis (short-flowered). See HIPPEASTRUM CYBISTER

BREVE.

„ Cy'bister (tumbler). See HIPPEASTRUM CYBISTER.
„ formosi'ssitna (handsomest). |. Crimson. June.

Mexico ; Guatemala. 1658.
„ „ glau'ca (sea-green), i. White. April. Bolivia.

1839.

„ „ ri'ngens (gaping). See S. FORMOSISSIMA.
„ glau'ca (milky-green). See S. FORMOSISSIMA GLAUCA.

SPRENGE LJA. (Named after C. Sprengel, naturalist.
Nat. ord. Epacrids [Epacridacea?]. Linn. s-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of short young shoots,
a little firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
spring and early summer. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
S. Anderso'ni (Anderson's). See ANDERSONIA SPRENGEL-

IOIDES.

„ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 2. Flesh. May. N.S.

Wales. 1793.
„ Poncele'tia (Ponceletia). i. Scarlet. May. N.S.

Wales. 1826.

SPRING BEETLES. A name applied to the Elateridae,
a group of beetles, many of which are known as skipjacks,
soldiers, and sailors. In the larva stage they are known
as wireworms, and are very destructive to plants. See
WIREWORMS.

SPRING BELL. Sisyri'nchium grandiflo'rvm.
SPRING GRASS. Anthoxa'nihum odora'tum.
SPRING SNOWFLAKE. Leuco'jumvefrnum.
SPRUCE FIR. Pi'cea exce'lsa and other species.
SPRUCE GALL. See INSECT PESTS.
SPRUE. A market name for the smallest sprouts of
Asparagus.

SPURGE FLAX. Da'phne Meze'reum.
SPURGE LAUREL. Da'phne Lau'reola.
SPURGE NETTLE. Ja'trop ha u'rer.s.

SPURGE OLIVE

824

STACHYTARPHETA

SPURGE OLIVE. Cneo'rum trico'ccum and Da'phne
Meze'reum.

SPURGEWORTS. Euphorbiacea.

SPURLESS VIOLET. Vi'ola hedera'cea.

SPURRING is cutting the lateral or side-shoots, so as
to leave only a few buds in length of them projecting
from the main branches.

SPYRI'DIUM. (From spuris, spuridos, a wicker
basket ; probably in relation to the fruit. Nat. ord.
Rhamnaceae.)

A greenhouse shrub. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-
glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
S. globulo'sum (globular). 6. July. Australia. 1803.

SQUASH. Cucu'rbita Melope'po.

SQUILL. Sci'lla.

SQUILL, MEDICINAL. Urgi'nea Sci'lla.

SQUILL, ROMAN. Hyaci'nthus roma'nus.

SQUILL, STRIPED. Puschki'nia scilloi'des.

SQUINANT. Andropo'gon Schcena'nthus.

SQUIRREL-TAIL GRASS. Bro'mus sciuroi'des.

SQTHRTING CUCUMBER. Ecba'llium Elate'rium.

STAA'VIA. (Named after M . Staaf, a correspondent
of Linnaeus. Nat. ord. Bruniads [Bruniaceae], Linn. 5-
Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from South
Africa. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass ; sandy, fibrous peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
S. cilia'ta (hair-innged-leaved) . ij. June. 1800.
„ globo'sa (globose). See S. CILIATA.
,, glutino'sa (clammy). i£. April. 1793.
„ radio! ia (rayed), i. May. 1787.

STA'CHYS. Hedge Nettle, Woundwort. (From stachus,
a spike ; their manner of flowering. Nat. ord. Lipworts
[Labiates]. Linn. i4.-Didyna.mia, i-Gymnospermia.)

Herbaceous perennials, by seeds and divisions ; shrubs,
by cuttings under a hand-light, in sandy soil, in summer.
The tender kinds require a cold pit or greenhouse in
winter. There are many annuals and biennials, but not
worth culture.

HARDY EVERGREENS.
S. fruticulo'sa (small-shrubby). i. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1818.
„ palccsti'na (Palestine), i. Purple. July. Syria.

1820.

„ stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). i. Yellow. July.
Spain. 1823.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

S. Lama'rckH (Lamarck's). Yellow. July. S. -Africa.

1820.

„ rugo'sa (wrinkly). 2. Pale yellow. July. S. Africa.
1774-

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. affi'nis (allied). See S. SIEBOLDII.

„ cdbicau'lis (white-stemmed). 2-3. Violet. Summer.
Chili.

„ alopecu'ros (I oxtail- grass-like). i£. Red. July.
S. Europe. 1759.

„ alpi'na (alpine). 1-2. Red-purple. June to August.
Europe.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), i. Purple. July.
South-eastern Europe ; Tauria. 1823.

„ a'nnua (annual), i. Yellow. June to October.
Europe (England) ; Caucasus. Annual.

„ arena'ria (sand), i. Purple. July. Western Medi-
terranean region. 1804.

„ arve'nsis (field), i. Purple. June to October. N.
temperate regions (Britain).

„ a'spera (rough). 3-4. Rose-red. July to September.
N. Amer.

„ Balbi'sii (Balbis's). See S. PUBESCENS.

„ Belo'nica (Betonica). 1-2. Purple. July to Sep-
tember. Europe (Britain) ; Asia Minor. " Wood
Betony."

S. Beto'nica a'lba (white). i. White. July to

September. Britain.
„ ca'ndida (white). White. Greece.
„ „ chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). See S. CHRYS-

ANTHA.

„ chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). Lemon-yellow. Leaves

woolly. July. Greece. 1897. Half-hardy.
„ citri'na (citron), i. Sulphur-yellow. Leaves woolly

Asia Minor. 1906.
,, cocci'nea (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. July. Texas;

Mexico. 1798.
„ co'rsica (Corsican). rV-J. Straw; lip purple. July.

Corsica. 1823. "Reintroduced 1910. Half-
hardy.
„ densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). J-iJ. Flesh to purple.

June. S. Europe. 1710.
,, di' scalar, (two-coloured). Caucasus.
„ Fceni'culum (fennel-scented). See LOPHANTHT;S

ANISATUS.
„ germa'nica (German). 1-3. Pink, white. July to

September. Europe (England).
„ „ pube'scens (downy). 1-2. Purple. August.

Germany. 1826.

,, glutino'sa (clammy), r. Purple. June. Mediter-
ranean region. 1729.
„ grce'ca (Grecian). Greece.
,, grandidenta' ta (large-toothed)-. 1-3. Violet. June

to September. Chili.
„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). ij. Purple. May.

Asia Minor. 1800.
,, „ robu'sta (robust). i£. Pink. June to August.

1905.

,, hirsu'ta (hairy). See S. DENSIFLORA.
,, hypoleu'ca (white-beneath). See S. SPECTABILIS.
,, inca'na (hoary). See S. DENSIFLORA.
„ infla'ta (inflated), ij. Red. July. Persia; Meso-
potamia. 1852.

,, ita'lica (Italian). 6. Purple. June. Europe.
„ lana'ta (woolly). 2. Striped. July. Caucasus, &c.

1782.
„ lavandulczfo'lia (lavender- leaved). Caucasus ; Asia

Minor.

,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). Caucasus.
„ macrou'ra (long- tailed), i. Pale red. July. Europe.

1820.
„ mawea'na (Mawean). Pale sulphur; lip spotted with

purple. Morocco. 1878.
„ menthcefo'lia (mint-leaved). Yellow. July. Dal-

matia. 1838.

„ ni'vea (snowy), i. Red. July. Syria. 1820.
,, officina'lis (shop). See S. BETONICA.
„ orienta'lis (eastern), i. Light purple. August.

Levant. 1737.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). See SIDERITIS LANATA.
,, pube'scens (downy). Yellowish. July. S. Europe.

1816.
„ re' eta (upright). 2. Yellow. July. S. Europe.

1683.

,, ru'bra (red). See S. ARENARIA.
,, Sa'lvi/z (Salvia-like). See~1SPHACELE LINDLEYI.
,, salvi/zfo'lia (Salvia-leaved). See S. ITALICA.
„ sca'rdica (Mt. Scardus). See S. GR^ECA.
„ Sendtne'ri (Sendtner's). Europe. 1887.
,, seri'ceji (silky), i. Lilac. August. Nepaul. 1830.
,, sero'tina (late-flowering). See S. BETONICA.
,, seti'f era (bristly), ij. Red, brown. Asia Minor, &c.

1837.

„ Sideri'tis (Sideritis). See S. RECTA.
„ Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). 1-2. Purple. August. Japan.

1887. " Chinese Artichoke." Tubers edible.
,, specio'sa (showy). See GARDOQUIA ELLIPTICA.
„ spectci'bilis (showy). Armenia ; Persia.
,, stri'cta (upright). See S. BETONICA.
„ sylva'tica (wood). 2-3. Purple, spotted. Europe

(Britain). " Hedge Nettle."
„ tuberi'fera (tuber-bearing). See S. SIEBOLDII.

STACHYTARPHE'TA. Bastard Vervain. (From stac-
hus, a spike, and tarpheios, dense ; mode of flowering.
Nat. ord. Verbenas [Verbenaceas]. Linn. 2-Diandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Verbena.)

Annuals and biennials treat as tender stove annuals ;
perennials, by division ; shrubs, by cuttings under a
bell-glass, in sand, and in bottom-heat ; sandy loam and
leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60°
to 85.° Muta'bilis is very interesting.

STACHYURUS

825

STANHOPEA

STOVE EVERGREENS.

S. arista'la (awned-broctaf). See S. ORUBICA.
„ bi'color (two-coloured). Blue, white. Brazil. 1865.
„ caru'lea (blue). 2. Deep blue. July.
„ cajane'nsis (Cayenne). 3. Violet. July. Trop.

Amer. 1821.

,. cayennt'nsis (Cayenne). See S. CAJANENSIS.
„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Violet. June. Brazil.

1826.

,, ki'rta (hairy). See S. CAJANENSIS.
„ inuta'bilis (chznging-florcered) . 3. Orange or rose,

violet. June. S. Amer. 1801.

STOVE BIENNIALS.

S. dicko'toma. (forked). 2. Blue. May to July. Trop.

Amer. 1714.

„ ela'iior (taller). Violet. October. Brazil. 1821.
„ jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). See S. DICHOTOMA.
„ oru'bica (Orubian). 3. Violet. July. Panama.

1699. Annual.

„ prisma'tica (prismatic). See BOUCHEA EHRENBERGH.
,, umbro'sa (shady). See S. DICHOTOMA.
„ vrticifo'lia (nettle-leaved). See S. DICHOTOMA.
,, Zucca'gni (Zuccagni's). See S. MUTABILIS.

STACHYU'RUS. (From sfachus, a spike, and oura, a
tail. Nat. ord. Ternstromiads [Ternstromiaceae]. Linn.
5-Pcntandria, i-Monogynia.)

Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the points
of shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; fibrous,
sandy loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
S. pra'cox (early). Pink. April. Japan.

STACKHOU'SIA. (Named after Mr. Stackhotise, a
British botanist. Nat. ord. Stackhousiads [Stackhousi-
aceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, ^-Trigynia.)

Australian plants. Perennial, by division of the plant
in spring ; shrubs, by cuttings in sand, under a bell-
glass, in summer. Winter temp, for latter, 35° to 45°.
S. linaricEfo'lia (flax-leaved). See S. MONOGYNA.
„ tnono'gyna (one-styled), i. Pink. April. 1823.

Hardy herbaceous.

„ spathula'ta (spathulate). White. April. 1825. Ever-
green.

STADMA'NNIA. (Commemorative of the botanical
traveller, M. Stadmann. Nat. ord. Sapindaceae.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings in sand in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
S. ama'bilis (lovely). Zanzibar. 1873.
,, austra'lis (southern). See MELICOCCA AUSTRALIS.
„ sorbifo'lia (Sorbus-leaved). Brazil.

ST^EHELTNA. (Named after B. Stahelin, a Swiss
botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. 19-
Syngenesia, i-JEqualis. Allied to Arctium.)

Half-hardy, purple-flowered, deciduous shrubs. Cut-
tings in sandy soil, under a hand-light, in summer;
sandy, fibrous loam and leaf-mould ; require the pro-
tection of a cold pit in winter.

S. arbore'scens (tree-like). 6. August. Candia. 1739.
„ Cham&peu'ce (ground-pine-leaved) . See CNICUS

CHAM^PEUCE.

„ du'bia (doubtful). 3. June. S. Europe. 1640.
„ e'legans (elegant). See LIATRIS ELEGANS.
„ gnaphalioi' des (Gnaphalium-like). See HELIPTERUM

GNAPHALIOIDES.

STAFF-TREE. Cela'strus.

STAG BEETLE. Luca'nus cefrvus.

STANDARD. A tree unsupported by a wall or trellis.

Full Standards are such trees as are trained with tall,
straight stems, 6 or 7 feet high, clear of branches, and
are then suffered to branch out.

Half Standards are trees trained with short stems only
2 or 3 feet high, then suffered to branch out at that
height to form heads ; having low heads the fruit is
more easily gathered. Concave dwarfs have the middle
hollow, and the branches all round in a cup form. Hori-
zontal dwarfs have the branches extended all round in a
fiat or horizontal position, but the concave dwarf is to
be preferred.

STANGE'RIA. (Commemorative of Dr. Stan&er, of
Natal. Nat. ord. Cycadaceee.)

Evergreen stove plants, allied to Zamia, with forked
veins as in ferns. Imported rootstocks ; offsets may
possibly be rooted like cuttings. Fibrous loam, peat,
and old mortar.

S Katze'ri (Katzer's). S. Africa. 1874.
„ parado'xa (paradoxical). 2-3. S Africa. 1851.
„ schi'zodon (cut- toothed). 2-3. Pinna toothed.
S. Africa. 1872.

STANHOPEA. (Named after Earl Stanhope. Nat.
ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-
Monandria.)

Stove orchids, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS.
S atnesia'na (Amesian). See S. LOWII.
, aura'nlia (orange-coloured). See S. BUCEPHALUS.
, au'rea (golden). See S. WARDII.
, Barhe'ri (Barker's). Yellow, brown. July. Mexico.
, Buce'phalus (bull-horned). 2. Yellow, crimson. May.

Quito. 1823.

,, gutta'ta (spotted). Apricot, spotted with brown.
„ „ Rce'zlii (Roezl's). Yellow, brown. Nicaragua.

1874.
„ cirrha'ta (tendrilled). x. White, yellow, violet.

Nicaragua. 1840.
„ conna'ta (connate). Peru. 1853.
„ convolu'ta (rolled- together). i-ij. Ivory-white,

lip buff, orange. Colombia. 1909.
„ costarice'nsis (Costa Rican). i. Pale yellow, dotted

with purple. Costa Rica. 1860.
„ cymbiformis (boat-formed). Central Amer.
„ deltoi'dea (deltoid). Pale yellow, speckled crimson;

Up orange, brown. Mexico. 1862.
„ devonie'nsis (Duke of Devonshire's), ij. Yellow

crimson. June. Mexico. 1833.
„ ebu'rnea (ivory). White. Brazil.
,, „ specta'bilis (showy). Straw, white, spotted crim-
son. Venezuela. 1868.
„ ecornu'ta (hornless), i. White, yellow. Guatemala.

1846.
„ elega'ntula (rather elegant). Primrose- yellow ; base

orange. Country unknown. 1910.
„ evpa'nsa (expanded). See S. TIGRINA.
„ flo'rida (flowery). White, dotted with purple. Mexico.

1879-

„ fregea'na (Fregean). Mexico. 1855.
„ Fuerstenbe'rgicR (Baroness Fuerstenberg's). \Vhite ;

lip blotched crimson at base. 1899.
,, gibbo'sa (bulged). Dusky yellow, spotted crimson.

June. S. Amer. 1870.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). i. White. June.

Trinidad. 1824.

„ „ a'lba (white). White. June. Demerara. 1841.
„ „ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). White, flesh. June.

Demerara. 1835.

„ „ odora'ta (sweet-scented). White. June. Deme-
rara. 1835.

„ grave'olens (strong-seen ted). Straw. May. Peru. 1843.
„ „ auri'ta (eared). Dark apricot.
,, „ Lie'tzei (Lietze's). Yellow ; lip with red band.

Brazil.
„ guttula'ta (small-spotted). Buff. June. Trop. Amer.

1843.
,, Harriso'nice (Mrs. Harrison's). See BIFRENARIA

HARRISONI^.

,, haselovia'na (Haselo\4an). Peru.
„ impre'ssa (marked), i. Buff yellow, spotted purple ;

lip~ with orange blotch. \Vestern Andes. 1898.
,, inodo'ra (scentless). Yellow, white. May. Mexico.

1844.

„ „ amce'na (lovely). Rich yellow, dull red, rose.
„ insi'gnis (notable), i. White, purple. September.

Brazil ; Peru. 1826.
„ „ a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). White, purple.

September. Brazil. 1830.
„ „ fla'va (yellow). Yellow, purple. September.

Brazil. 1837.
- „ fu'lva (tawny). White, red. September. Braeil.

1838.
„ „ lu' tea (yellow). Yellow, purple. September.

Brazil. 1834.
„ „ ma'jor (larger). Yellow, purple. September.

Brazil. 1836.
„ „ obscu'ra (obscure). White, purple. September.

Brazil. 1830.
„ „ ba'llida (pale). White, red. September. Brazil.

1830.

STANHOPEASTRUM

826

STAPELIA

5. jenischia'na (Jenischian). See S. BUCEPHALUS.
„ langlassea'na (Langlassean). Lip small, like a

flattened sphere, hornless. 1901.
„ Li'ndleyi (Lindley's). See S. OCULATA LINDLEYI.
„ Lo'wii (Low's). Whitish buff ; lip hornless, spotted

purple. Colombia. 1893.
„ ly'ncea (lynx-plant). See S. TIGRINA.
„ macrochi'la (large-lipped). White, spotted crimson.

Mexico. 1859.

„ macula' sa (spotted). See S. DEVONIENSIS.
„ maiouxia'na (Madouxian). 1^-2$. Creamy white,

spotted pink ; lip tinged purple. Colombia. 1898.
„ tnartia'na (Martian), i. White. May. Mexico.

1843.
,, „ bi' color (two-coloured), i. White, purple. Mexico.

1843.
„ marti'ana (Von Martius's). i. White. May.

Mexico. 1843.
, ,, bi'color (two-coloured floivered). i. White,

purple. June. Mexico. 1843.
„ molia'na (Molian). Sepals yellow- white ; petals and

lip white, spotted rose. Peru.
„ ni' gripes (black-stalked). Yellow, dotted purple.

Country unknown. 1894.
„ ocula'ta (eyed). 2. White, purple. June. Mexico.

1829.
„ „ barkeria'na (Barker's). 2. White, purple. June.

Mexico.

„ „ cro'cea (saffron). Orange, red-brown. 1862.
„ „ Li'ndleyi (Lindley's). i. Brown, red. August.

Mexico. 1839.
„ „ ma'jor (larger). White, purple. June. Mexico.

1835-

„ „ pa'llida(pa.le). White, red. June. Mexico. 1836.
„ ornati'ssima (much- adorned). See S. OCULATA CROCEA.
„ platy'ceras (broad-horned). Yellow, purple, brown-
purple. Colombia. 1868.
„ pu'lla (dark). Apricot-yellow; lip yellow, white,

purple. Costa Rica. 1877.
„ quadrico'rnis (four-horned). 2. Yellow, red. June.

Central Amer. 1838.
„ radio' sa (rayed). See S. SACCATA.
„ reichenbachia'na (Reichenbachian). White, ochre,

rose. Andes of Colombia. 1879.
„ rodigasia' na (Rodigasian). Cream, spotted rose ; lip

dark purple. 1898.
„ Ru'ckeri (Mr. Rucker's). Yellow, brown. May.

Guatemala. 1843.
„ russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). Various. May.

Brazil. 1843.
„ sacca'ta (bagged). Yellow, green. May. Guatemala.

1836.

;; ,, pa'llida(pale). Yellow. May. Guatemala. 1840.
„ Shuttlewo' rthii (Shuttleworth's). Apricot, with dark

purple blotches. Colombia. 1876.
„ slenochi'la (narrow-lipped). Sepals white ; petals

apricot ; lip ivory white. Colombia. 1900.
„ tigri'na (tiger-spotted). 2. Red, chocolate. July.

Mexico.

„ „ atra'ta (blacked). Orange, black. July. Guate-
mala. 1843.
;, „ lute'scens (yellowish). Yellow, orange, chocolate.

Guatemala,
j; „ ni'gro-viola'cea (black- violet). Dark brown-purple.

1845.
„ ,, purpu'rea (purple). Orange, purple. July.

Guatemala. 1836.
„ ,, sple'ndens (splendid). Flowers darker in colour.

1908.

„ „ supe'rba (superb). Cream, vivid crimson. 1908.
,, tricn'rnis (three- horned). Whitish ochre, with crimson

spots. Peru. 1878.
„ vela to, (veiled). See S. MARTIANA.
„ venu'sta (handsome). See S. WARDII VENUSTA.
„ Wa'rdii (Ward's). i. Yellow, brown. August.

Mexico. 1836.

„ ,, venu'sta (handsome). Guatemala. 1839.
„ warscewiczia' na (Warscewiczian). White, yellow.

Central Amer. 1852.
„ xytrio'phora (small-pot-bearing). Straw-yellow,

purple. Peru. 1868.
STANHOPEA'STRUM ECORNU'TTIM. See STAN-

HOPEA ECORNUTA.

STA'NLEYA. (Named after the Earl of Derby. Nat.
ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. i$~Tetr adynamia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and division of
the plant in spring ; sandy loam and vegetable mould.
5. pinnati'fida (leaflet- like-leaved), i. Yellow. June.
Louisiana. 1816.

STAPE'LIA. (Named after P. B. Stapel, a Dutch
botanist. , Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandna, 2-Digynia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. Cuttings
of shoots in spring, well-dried at the base before insert-
ing them in sandy soil ; sandy loam, brick-rubbish, and
broken bricks, with top-dressings of rotten cow-dung
when growing freely, or manure waterings. Winter
temp., 40° to 50°, and dry ; summer, 60° to 80°, and
moisture, but with judgment at all times.
S. acumina'la (pointed-leaved). f. Purple-striped.

August. 1795.

,, a'lbicans (whitening). £. White. August. 1894.
„ ambi'gua (doubtful). 2. Purple, brown. June. 1795.
,, angui'nea (snaky). See S. PICTA.
,, angula'ta (angled). £. Purple, pale yellow. Sep-
tember.

„ angulo'sa (angled). S. Africa.
„ ape'rta (open-flowered). 2. Yellow, purple. July.

1795-

„ Arno'ti (Arnot's). S. Africa.
„ Aste'rias (star-fish-like), f. Violet. May. 1795.
„ atra'ta (dark), £. Purple-brown, pale yellow. Sep-
tember. 1877.
„ atrosangui'nea (dark-blood-red). Blackish- crimson.

Kalahari Desert. 1901.

„ barba'ta (bearded). See HUERNIA BARBATA.
„ Bayfie'ldii (Bayfield's). |. Purple-brown, yellow.

Long before 1877.

„ beffonia'na (Beffonian). See S. VARIEGATA BUFONIA.
„ be'lla (pretty). £. Deep purple or brown, fringed

with trembling hairs. 1902.
„ bisu'lca (two-furrowed), i. Yellow-striped. July.

1805.

„ bufo'nia (toad-like). See S. VARIEGATA BUFONIA.
,, cactifo'rmis (Cactus-like). See S. CLAVATA.
„ cczspito'sa (tufted). See DUVALIA C^SPITOSA.
„ campanula' ta (bell-shaped). See HUERNIA CLAVIGERA.
,, cane'scens (hoary). £. Brown. July. 1795.
„ cilia' ta (hair-fringed). See DIPLOCYATHA CILIATA.
„ clava'ta (club-shaped). £. Yellow-striped. August.

1844.

„ clypea'ta (shield-like). S. Africa.
„ coma'ta (tufted), i. Pale yellow. September. 1819.
,, compa'cta (compact). See DUVALIA COMPACTA.
, conci'nna (neat). J. Green. July. 1798.
, conspurca'ta (polluted). S. Africa.
, Cordero'yi (Corderoy's). See DUVALIA CORDEROYI.
, cri'spa (crisped). See HUERNIA CRISPA.
, cupula'ris (cup-shaped), i. Yellow-striped. 1897.
, Curti'sii (Curtis's). See S. VARIEGATA CURTISII.
, deco'ra (graceful). See PIARANTHUS DECORUS.
, defle'xa (deflexed). ^. Green, purple. July.
, depre'ssa (depressed). See S. PATULA.
, desmetia'na (Desmetian). J. Purple-red, with yellow

lines. December. 1873.
,, di'scolor (two-coloured). $. Purple-brown pale

yellow. September.
„ divarica'ta (straggling), f. Flesh-coloured. August.

I793-
„ dive' r gens (diverging). J. Yellow, lined and spotted

brownish-crimson. 1905.
„ e'legans (elegant). See DUVALIA ELEGANS.
„ engleria'na (Enderian). Dark brown. E. Trop.

Africa (?). 1906.

„ erectiflo'ra (erect-flowered). J. Grey-purple. 1889.
„ europcz'a (European). See BOUCEROSIA GUSSONIANA.
„ fissiro' stris (split-beaked). z\. Yellow, green. 1823.
„ ftavicoma'ta (yellow-tufted), i. Yellow. 1810.
„ fusca'ta (browned). \. Brown, purple. July. 1814.
„ gemina'ta (twin- flowered). See PIARANTHUS GEMINA-

TUS.
„ gemmiflo'ra (gem-flowered). J. Dark purple. October.

r795«
„ gigante'a (gigantic). ^. Yellow, banded brown.

12-14 in. across. 1862.
„ glabricau'lis (smooth-stemmed). S. Africa.
„ glabriflo'ra (smooth-flowered). ^-J. Purplish-red,

with creamy lines. 1862.
„ glanduli'fera (glanded). Sec S. GLANDULIFLORA,

STAPELIA

827

STARWORT

S. glanduliflo'ra (gland-flowered). J. Brown. August.

1795-

„ glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Red, purple. July. 1799.
„ glomera'ta (crowded). See DUVALIA GLOMERATA.
„ Gordo'ni (Gordon's). See HOODIA GORDONI.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). i. Dark purple.

October. 1795.
„ ,, linea'ia (lined). \. Purple-brown, lined yellow.

1873-

„ „ mi' nor (smaller). See S. GLABRIFLORA.
„ sussonea'na (Gussone's). See BOUCEROSIA GUSSONI-

AXA.

„ hama'ta (hooked). $. Blood-red. July. 1820.

„ hirco'sa (goat-smelling). £. Brown, purple. July.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). |. Purple. July. 1710.
„ „ a'tra (dark- flowered). |. Dark purple. July.

1710.

„ hirtSlla (rather hairy). See DUVALIA HIRTELLA.

„ hispi'dula (rather bristly). See S. GLANDULIFLORA.

„ hu'milis (humble). See' HUERNIA HUMILIS.

„ Hy'slrix (hedge-hog). See HUERNIA HYSTRIX.

„ irrora'ta (besprinkled). Yellow, red, purple. October.

1795-

„ jacquinia'na (Jacquin's). See DUVALIA JACQUINIANA.
„ Juve'ncula (little girl), i. Brown. Purple. July.
„ laviga'ta (smooth). See DUVALIA L^EVIGATA.
„ lani'fera (woolly). |. Brown. August. 1800.
„ lentigino'sa (freckled). See HUERMA GUTTATA.
„ lo'ngidens (long- toothed). \. Greenish yellow, spotted

purple. Delagoa Bay. 1895.
„ lu'cida (shining), i. Purple. July. 1812.
„ maculo'sa (spotted), i. Brown-striped. August.

1804.
„ maculosoi'des (maculosa-like). i. Brown-striped.

1901.
„ margina'ta (red-edged). J. Yellow-striped. July.

1805.

„ marmora.' ta (marbled), i. Yellow-striped. July. 1820.
„ marocca'na (Moroccan). See BOUCEROSIA MAROC-

CANA.
„ Masso'ni (Masson's). 2. Brown-purple, with yellow

lines.

„ mi'xta (mixed), i. Yellow-striped. July. 1800.
„ inoscha'ta (musky). See S. HIRCOSA.
„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered), i. Violet, red. Sep-
tember. 1817.

„ munbya'na (Munbyan). See BOUCEROSIA MUNBYANA.
„ muta'bilis (changeable). J. Yellow-striped. June.

1823.

„ „ negle'cta. (neglected). YeUow, purple-brown. 1876.
„ namaque'nsis (Namaqualand) . Bright yellow, densely

spotted purple-brown. 1882.
„ „ tridenta'ta (three-toothed). Corona lobes 3-

toothed. 1882.
„ no'bilis (noble). \. Yellow, banded with brown.

1901.
„ norma'lis (regular-sf otted). ±. Yellow-striped. July.

1821.

„ ocella'ta (small-eyed). See HUERXIA OCELLATA.
„ oliva'cea (olive), i. Rich olive-green. June to

August. 1872.

„ ophiu'ncula (small-serpent). \. Brown. July. 1805.
„ orbicula'ris (orbicular). £. Purple. June, July.
„ pa'llida (pale). $. Pale blue. 1818.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). J. Green, brown, purple.

July. 1805.

„ parvipuncia'ta (small-spotted). S. Africa.
„ Passeri'ni (Passerin's). See S. MUTABILIS.
„ paientiro'stris (spreading- beaked). Rich. Purple-
brown, with yellow lines. 1877.
„ pa'tula (spreading), i. Orange. July. 1797.
„ pi'cta (painted), i. Yellow-striped. August. 1799.
„ pili'fera (hairy-tubercled). See TRICHOCAULON PILIF-

ERUM.

„ Pilla'nsii (Pillans's). \-\. Dark purple-brown. 1904.
„ planiflo'ra (flat-flowered), $. Pale yellow. August.

1800.
„ Pla'ntii (Plant's). \. Purple-brown, lined yellow.

September. 1866.

„ pulche'lla (neat). £. Yellow-striped. May. 1795.
„ pu'lchra (beautiful). See S. RORIFLUA.
„ pu'lla (blackish). See BOUCEROSIA MAMMILLARIS.
„ pulvina'ta (cushion-flowered). $. Dark violet. August.

1795-
„ pu'tidn (stinking). i» Dull red; annulua with brown

spots. 1905.

S. quinquene'rvis (five-nerved). See S. PLANIFLORA.

„ radio.' ta (rayed). See DUVALIA RADIATA.

„ ramo'sa (branchy). i£. Dark purple. June. 1795.

„ reclina'ta (lying-down). See DUVALIA HIRTELLA.

„ refle'xa (bent-back). J. Green, purple. July.

„ reticula'ta (netted). See HUERMA RETICULATA.

„ retu'sa (bitten-off). \. Yellow-striped. July. 1800.

„ revolu'ta (curled-back-^0tt«red) i. Purple. July.
1790.

„ rori'flua (dew-flowing). J. Green, striped yellow,
brown. August. 1800.

„ ru'fa (rusty-brown). J. Brown. September. 1795.

„ rufe'scens (rufous). J. Reddish-brown. September.

„ rugo'sa (wrinkled). Purple, green. June.

„ salmia'na (Salmian) of gardens.

„ sangui'nea (blood-red) of gardens.

„ scutella'ta (little-shield). See S. TRISULCA.

„ Scy'lla (ScyUa). Spots in longitudinal stripes. 1894.

„ serrula'ta (saw -edged]. See PIARANTHUS SERRULATUS.

„ Si'msii (Sims' s). ^. Dark purple. July. 1800.

„ soro'ria (sister), i. Dark purple. July. 1797.

„ specta'bilis (showy), i. Dark purple. December.
1802.

„ stella'ris (starry). J.

„ stri'cta (upright). |. Blue-purple. August. 1814.

„ sty'gia (Stygian). \. Dark purple. August. 1810.

„ iri'fida (three-lobed). \. Purple-brown, pale yellow.
September. 1876.

„ trisu'lca (three-furrowed). |. Pale yellow, purple-
brown. August. 1877.

„ tsomoe'nsis (Tsomo). j. Smoky purple. June to
August. Tsomo River, S. Africa. 1882.

„ tuba'ta (tubed). See HUERNIA TUBATA.

„ uncina'ta (hooked). S. Africa.

„ unguipe'tala (clawed-petaled). J. Rich purple-
brown, with yellow lines. 1877.

„ Uspe'nskyi (Uspensky's). S. Africa.

„ varia'bUis (variable). Yellow, red. June. 1823.

„ variega'ta (variegated), i. Yellow-striped. August.
1727.

„ „ bufo'nia (toad-like), i. Yellow-striped. July.
1806.

„ „ Curli'sii (Curtis's).

,, venu'sta (lovely). See HUERNIA VENUSTA.

„ verruco'sa (warted). Sulphur-yellow, with dark
purple spots.

„ ve'tula (stale). \. Dark purple. August. 1793.

„ wendlandia'na (Wendland's). i. Yellow-striped.
August. 1818.

STAPHYIFA. Bladder-Nut. ( From staphule, a bunch;
flowers in clusters. Nat. ord. Bladder-Nuts [Sapindaceae].
Linn. $-Pentandria, ^-Trigynia.)

Hardy, white-flowered, deciduous shrubs. Seeds sown
when ripe, remaining a year or more in the soil ; cuttings
in September ; layers and suckers ; any light soil.
Occidenta'lis requires a hothouse, but it scarcely deserves
one ; pinna' to. is singular from its large bladder-capsules.
S. Bolande'ri (Bolander's). California. 1883.
„ Buma'lda (Bumaldan). June. Japan. 1804.
„ co'lchica (Colchican). 2-4. June. Caucasus. 1879.
„ „ He'ssei (Hesse's). Bright rose. 1909.
„ holoca'rpa (entire-fruited). 9-22. White or rose.

Central China. 1895.

„ loboca'rpa (pod-fruited). See S. HOLOCARPA.
„ occidenta'lis (western). See TURPINIA OCCIDENTALIS.
„ pinna' ta (leafleted). 6. June. Europe (England).

" St. Anthony's Nut."

„ trifo'lia (three-leaved). 6. May. N. Arner. 1640.
" American Bladder-nut."

STAR APPLE. Chrysophy'Uum Caini'to.

STAR FISH. Stape'lia Aste'rias.

STAR FLOWER. A'ster.

STAR GRASS. Ale'tris farino'sa.

STAR HEAD. Asteroce'phalus, a section of Scabiosa.

STAR HYACINTH. Scflla amafna.

STAR OF BETHLEHEM. Ornitho'galumumbelh'lum.

STAR, SEA. A'ster Tripo'lium.

STAR THISTLE. Centau'rea Calci'irapa.

STARWORT. A'sier.

STARTING

828

STATICE

STARTING. A term used to designate the hastening
the commencement of growth, either in a seed or plant,
by submitting it to artificial heat.

STA'TICE. Sea Lavender. (From statizo, to stop ;
the powerful medical astringency of some of the species.
Nat. ord. Leaduwts [Plumbaginaceae]. Linn. $-Pen-
tandria, 6-Polygynia.)

Hardy perennials, by division and seeds, and tender
species by similar means, and also by cuttings ; those
requiring a cold pit and greenhouse flourish best in sandy,
fibrous loam and a little peat, also good and fibrous.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

S. arbo'rea (tree). See S. FRUTICANS.
,, Bourgce'i (Bourgae's). i. Purple, white. August.

Caaaries. 1859.
„ brassic&fo'lia (Brassica- leaved). iJ-2. Purple.

August. Canaries. 1859.
„ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Gardens.
„ Dickso'nii (Dickson's). Purple. May. 1840.
„ echioi'des (Echium-like). T. Pale blue. July. S.

Europe. 1752. Biennial.
, frute'scens (shrubby). See S. FRUTICANS.
, fru'ticans (shrubby). 2. Blue. July. Canaries. 1829.
, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See ARMERIA LATIFOLIA.
, macro' piera (large- winged). Purple. Canaries.
, monope'tala (one-petaled). See LIMONIASTRUM ARTI-

CULATUM.

„ „ denuda'ta (naked-stemmed). See LIMONIASTRUM

ARTICULATUM DENUDATUM.

,, ro'sea (rosy). 3. Blue. May. S. Africa. 1840.
,,, suffnttico'sa (subshrubby). \. Blue. July. Cau-
casus ; Middle Asia. 1799.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. (Egypti'aca (Egyptian). See S. THOUINI.
„ ala'ta (winged). See S. THOUINI.
„ auricula' ia (eared). £. Blue. July. Galicia. 1817.
„ austra'lis (southern), i. Austraha. 1823.
„ #ondwe!'«t(Bonduell's). 1-2. Yellow. July. Algeria.

1859.

„ cine'rea (grey). See S. PURPURATA.
„ conge' 'sta (crowded). Red. July. Altai. 1837.
„ conspi'cua (conspicuous). See S. SPECIOSA.
„ corda'ta (heart-leaved) . |. Blue. June. S. Europe.

1752-
„ emargina'ta (notched-ended). $. Purple. May.

Gibraltar.
„ floribu'nda (free-flowering). 1-2. Violet-blue. July

to September. 1882.

„ folio'sa (leafy), i. Purple, white. July. Canaries. 1830.
„ Fortu'nei (Fortune's). See S. SINENSIS.
„ Halfo'rdii (Halford's). See S. MACROPHYLLA.
„ imbrica'ta (imbricated). Teneriffe. 1829.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 2. White. May.

Canaries. 1824.
„ mucrona'ta (spine-pointed), i. Red. July. Bar-

bary. 1784.
„ ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved), i. White. July. Western

Mediterranean re-rfon. 1816.
„ pectina'ta (comb-like). J. Blue. September.

Canaries. 1780.
„ Pere'zii (Perez's), ij. Violet-blue ; calyx white.

Canaries. 1910.
„ profu'sa (profuse). 2. White, blue-purple. August,

September. (S. pubenilaxmacrophylla.)
„ Pseu'do-arme'ria (false-armeria). See ARMERIA LATI-
FOLIA.
„ pube'rula (rather downy), f. Violet. May. Canaries.

1830.

„ pube'scens (downy). See S. CORDATA.
„ purpura'ta (purpled). 6. Purple. July. S. Africa.

1800.

„ Reinwa'rdtii (Reinwardt's). Blue, white.
„ sca'bra (rough-branch), i. Blue. June. S.Africa.

1788.
„ sine'nsis (Chinese). 1^-3. Yellow ; calyx silvery.

April. China. 1845.
„ sinua'ta (scollop-leaved), i. Purple, yellow. August.

Mediterranean region. 1629.
„ specio'sa (showy), i. White. July. Caucasus ;

Siberia. 1776.
,, ielrago'na (four-angled). 2. Red. July. S. Africa.

1820.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. acero'sa (sharp). See ACANTHOLIMON ACEROSUM.

„ alpi'na (alpine). See ARMERIA ALPINA.

,, alta'ica (Altaian), i. Blue. July. Siberia. 1820.

,, Arara'ti (Ararat). See ACANTHOLIMON GLUMACEUM.

,, Arme'ria (Anneria). See ARMERIA MARITIMA.

„ articula'ta (jointed), £. Blue. July. S. France.
1826.

,, au'rea (golden). Golden. Siberia. 1832.

,, auricula fo'lia (Auricula-leaved), i. Blue. July to
September. Europe (Britain).

,, bahusie'nsis (Bahusian). See S. RARIFLORA.

„ Be'hen (Behen). See S. LIMONIUM.

,, bdlidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). |. Pale blue. June,
Europe. r8io.

,, bi'color (two-coloured). Purple, white. May. China.
1837-

,, binervo'sa (two-nerved). See S. AURICUL^EFOLIA.

,, carolinia'na (Carolina). See S. LIMONIUM.

,, ca'spia (Caspian). See S. BELLIDIFOLIA.

,, corda'ta (heart-shaped). £. Red. July. Mediter-
ranean region. 1824.

,, Coria'ria (Coriaria-like). See S. LATIFOLIA.

,, cosyre'nsis (Cosyr). S. Europe.

,, cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). See S. THOUINI.

,, dicho'toma (two-ranked). £. Blue. July. S.
Europe. 1810.

„ Echi'nus (hedgehog). See ACANTHOLIMON HOHEN-
ACKERI.

,, echioi'des (Echium-like). Mediterranean region.

,, ela'ta (tall), i. Blue. August. Siberia. 1820.

,, exi'mia (choice), i. Lilac, rose. August. Central
Asia.

,, ,, turkesta'nica (Turkestan). 2-2\. Lilac. Turkes-
tan. 1888.

„ ferula'cea (Ferula-leaved), i. Yellow. July. Medi-
terranean region. 1796.

,, flexuo'sa (zigzag), i. Purple. July. Siberia. 1791.

,, globtdaricefo'lia (Globularia-leaved). i. White.
August. N. Africa. 1821.

,, Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). i. Blue. July. Caucasus ;
Siberia. 1796.

„ gougetia'na (Gougetian). Spain.

,, grtz'ca (Greek). \. White. June. Greece. 1810.

„ gr am inifo'lia (grass-leaved), i. Red. June. Siberia.
1780.

,, Heldrci'chii (Heldreich's). Origin unknown.

„ inca'na (hoary), i. Pink. July. Tauria ; Siberia.
1823.

„ kaufmannia'na(Ka\ilmsmnia.n.). J-iJ. Pink. Turkes-
tan. 1880.

,, latifo'lia (broad- leaved), i. Blue. June. Bulgaria;
Russia ; Caucasus. 1791.

„ lepto'loba (slender-podded). Calyx purple ; corolla
yellow. Central Asia. 1879.

„ Limo'nium (Limonium). 1-2. Blue. July to Sep-
tember. Europe (Britain).

» >. pyramida'le (pyramidal). Inflorescence pyramidal.

,, ,, Smi'lhii (Smith's).

„ minu'ta (small). £. Red. June. Mediterranean.
1658.

,, na'na (dwarf). \. Blue. July. Britain.

„ oleifo'lia (olive-leaved), i. Red. July. Italy. 1688.

„ pruino'sa (frosted), i. White. July. S. Europe.
1823.

„ rariflo'ra (thin-flowered). Blue. July. Europe
(Britain).

„ reticula'ta (netted). J. Blue. July. Europe (Eng-
land).

„ rytidophy'lla (wrinkled-leaved). 3. Blue. May.
Port Natal. 1840.

„ scopa'ria (broom-like). See S. GMELINI.

,, sibthorpia? na (Sibthorpian). Sicily.

,, spathula'ta (spatula-leaved), i. Purple. July.
Barbary. 1804.

„ spica' ta (spiked). J. White. July. Caucasus. 1819.
Annual.

„ subpube'rula (finely-downy). Origin doubtful.

,, supe'rba (superb). See S. SUWOROWI.

„ Suworo'wi (Suworow's). i. Rose. July to Sep-
tember. Central Asia. 1883.

„ tala'rica (Tartarian). i£. Pink. June. S.E. Europe;;
Caucasus. 1731.

„ Thoui'nii (Thouin's). i. Blue. Axigust. Mediter- '
ranean region. 1700.

STATIONS FOR FRUIT-TREES 829

STELIS

S. tomente'lla (finely- felted). Southern Russia.
„ vimi'nea (twiggy). See S. VIRGATA.
„ virga'ta (rod-like). \\. Blue. July. Mediterranean

region. 1818.
„ W illdeno'vii (Willdenow's). J. Violet. July. France.

1800.

STATIONS FOB FRUIT-TREES. Unless the soil is
good, this is the best mode of planting ; and it often
renders draining unnecessary. If the soil be too wet, the
hole need only be half the prescribed depth ; the other
half may arise above the ordinary ground level. If too
dry, there is no occasion to elevate the surface, only
care must be taken not to place the collar of the tree too
deep, which is a serious fault under all circumstances.
Let the stations extend 3 feet on each side the position
for the tree, thus producing an excavation of 6 feet
square. Two feet in depth is amply sufficient for any
fruit-tree, especially for a dwarfing plan. The soil then
should be thrown entirely out, and 4 or 5 inches more
must be allowed for some impervious material, which
we will presently describe. In throwing out the soil,
care must be taken to place it in samples, or both labour
and material will be wasted. It very frequently happens
that three distinct samples of soil or subsoil will come to
Band during the operation.. Of course all clayey, or
sour, and badly-coloured subsoil must be rejected, and
its amount will be supplied by the new material to be
introduced ; and if this is scarce, any ordinary surface-
soil may be in part substituted. In filling the materials
back as;ain, the best of the original surface-soil must be
kept downwards, mixing it thoroughly with the new
soil ; the inferior or second-rate soil may be kept to
dress the surface with.J As to character of soil to be
introduced, that depends partly upon the soil already
existing in the garden, as well as on the kind of fruit-
tree about to be planted. If the soil is naturally sandy
and dry, a very stiff or clayey loam should be selected ;
if naturally clayey, any fresh, mellow, sandy loam, or
even the paring of roadsides, commons, or 'lanes, will
prove excellent material. The furrowings of old leys
from what is considered good wheat soil is, however, of
all other soils the best adapted for general fruit culture.
Whatever materials are used, let it be remembered that
the more of turfy matter that can be introduced, the
longer will the compost endure. Any sort of turf, even
from hungry situations, is most relished by fruit-trees.
If, nevertheless, no turf can be obtained, and the soil is
loose and poor, it is well to introduce any refuse vege-
tables of a dry character, such as decayed bean or pea
haulm, ordinary straw, old thatch, or, indeed, anything
of a decaying vegetable character which is strong in
fibre and enduring. If any manure is thought necessary,
it should be fresh from the stable or cow-shed, as such
will endure longer in the soil ; merely using one barrowf ul
of mellow and rather rich soil to plant the tree in. As
before observed, the most inferior portion of the soil
jnay be reserved to dress the surface of the station with
after the tree is planted ; here it will do no harm, and
will be in an improvable po:ition. We now come to
the hard materials for the bottom of the hole ; 4 or 5
inches in depth, as before stated. It matters not what
this is composed of : broken stones from quarries, brick-
bats, chalk, cinders, or clinkers, &c., all are eligible.
These being rammed hard, throw a coating of fine-riddled
cinders over the whole, or very fine gravel : this secures
drainage, and prevents the roots entering to any injurious
extent.

STAUNTO'NIA. (Commemorative of George Siaunton,
who travelled in China. Nat. ord. Berberidaceae.)

Evergreen climber requiring wall protection. Cuttings
of half-mature shoots in sandy soil, under a hand-light.
Well- drained soil.
S. hexaphy'lla (six-leaved). White. April. China ;

Japan. 1876.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See HOLBOILLIA LATIFOLIA.

STAUROCA'NTHUS. (From stauros, a cross, and
akantha, a spine ; two side-spines at the base of the prin-
cipal spine give it the resemblance of a cross. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae], Linn. i6-Monadelphia
'6-Decandria. Referred to Ulex.)
S. aphy'llus (leafless). See ULEX GENISTOIDES.

STAURANTHE'RA. (From stauros, a cross, and

anthera, an anther ; the anthers are arranged in the
form of a cross. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae.)

Stove herb. Seeds in a temperature of 60° to 65".
Fibrous loam, peat, a little leaf-mould, and sand.
S. grandifo'lia (large- leaved), i. Pale blue, orange,
Malaya. 1863.

STAURO'PSIS. (From stauros, a cross, and opsis,
resemblance; the shape of the flower. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical Orchids. Offsets. Fibre of peat,
sphagnum, and potsherds.

5. Batema'nni (Bateniann's). See S. LISSOCHILOIDES.
„ fascia' ta (bundled). White, yellow, purple. India.

1872.
„ gigante'a (gigantic). Yellow, with cinnamon spots ;

lip white. March. Burma. 1858.
„ lissochiloi'des (Lissochilus-like). 3. Crimson, yellow.

Philippines. 1845.
„ luchutfnsis (Luchuan). i-ij. Yellow, with brown

spots. Luchu Archipelago. 1907. Climbing.
„ Philippine' nsis (Philippine). Red-brown ; lip purple,

white. Philippines. 1894. Climber.
„ undula'ta (wavy). White, greenish, orange. N. India.

1875-

„ warocquea'na (Warocquean). Yellow, dotted with
red-brown ; lip white, rose. New Guinea.

STAUROSTTGMA. (From stauros, a cross, and stigma,
the stigma ; in allusion to the cross-shape of the latter.
Nat. ord. Araceae.)

Stove herbs with tuberous rootstocks. Offsets.
Fibrous loam peat, and sand, and kept on the dry side
in winter.
S. colubri'num (serpent-like). Green, purple, brown.

Brazil. 1860.

„ conci'nnum (neat), ij. White, red. Brazil. 1860.
,, Langsdo'rffi (Langsdorff's). i. Green, purple. Brazil.

1860.
„ lineola'tum (finely-lined). i-ij. Green, purple-

brown. Brazil. 1860.
„ liischnathia'num (Luschnathian). ij. Green, yellow,

red. Brazil.
,, riedelia'num (Riedelian). 1-2. Green, creamy.

Brazil. 1860.
,, zebri'num (zebra-striped), Brazil. 1865.

STAVES-ACRE. Delphi'nium Staphisa'gria.

. (See GERMINATION.) It is a very un-
founded idea, that by steeping seeds in certain solutions
the vigour and fecundity of the plants to which they
give birth might be promoted. A certain degree of heat,
oxygen gas, and water are all the requisites for germina-
tion, and until this process has commenced, no liquid
but water at common temperatures will pass through
the coverings of a seed. So soon as germination has com-
menced, this power to exclude foreign fluids ceases, but
the organs starting into activity are so delicate, that the
weakest saline solutions are too acid and offensive for
them. So utterly incapable are the infant roots of im-
bibing such solutions, that at first they are absolutely
dependent themselves for their very existence upon the
seed-leaves, and if these are removed the plant either
makes no further advance or altogether perishes. To
hasten the germination of peas, beans, &c., it is a good
plan to soak them in water for twelve hours previously
to sowing ; and old seeds of all kinds have had their
germinating powers aroased by putting them into water
heated to 200°, and allowing them to remain in it until
cold.

STEIRONE'MA. (From sUira, a keel, and nema, a
filament ; in allusion to the keeled filaments. Nat. ord.
Primulaceae. Allied to Lysimachia.)

Hardy perennial herbs. Divisions ; seeds. Ordinary
garden soil.
S. cilia'tum (ciliated). 2. Yellow. July. Europe ;

N. Amer. 1732.
„ heterophy'llum (various-leaved), ij. Yellow. July.

N. Amer. 1806.
„ longifo'lium (long- leaved). 2. July. N. Amer. 1798.

STE'LIS. (From stelis, a parasitical plant, probably
Loranthus europceus. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical orchids. Offsets and divisions,
Fibre of peat, sphagnum, and crocks in small pots.

STELLARIA

830

STENOCHILUS

S. atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). See S. CILIARIS.
„ Bino'ti (Binot's). Greenish-purple. Brazil. 1904.
,, Bruchmu'lleri (Bruchmiiller's). £. Deep purple.

Winter. Mexico (?). 1879.
„ canalicula' ta (channelled). Yellow-green. Colombia.

1872.
„ cilia' ris (eye-lashed). J. Dark purple. Winter.

Mexico. 1842.

„ di'scolor (two-coloured). Peru.
„ Endre'sii (Endres's). Greenish-white. Costa Rica.

1870.

„ g/o'ssw/a (little-tongue). Dull brown. Costa Rica. 1870.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Chocolate. July.

Brazil. 1836.

„ grossila'bris (large-lipped). Greenish. Country un-
known. 1 88 1.
,; micra'ntha (small-flowered). J. White, marked red.

Jamaica. 1805.
„ Mie'rsii (Miers's). Brazil.
„ musci'fera (fly-bearing). Venezuela.
„ ophioglossoi'des (Ophioglossum-like). Green, pale

purple. W. Ind. 1791.
„ sesquipeda'lis (foot-and-a-half). $. Pale yellow.

August. Venezuela. 1845.

„ tuba'ta (long-tubed). See PHYSOSIPHON LODDIGESII.
,, zona'ta (zoned). Pale yellow, mauve. Guiana. 1881.

STELLA'RIA. Stitchwort. (From Stella, a star. Nat.
ord. Clove-worts [Caryophyllacea?]. Linn. lo-Decandria,
3-Trigynia.)

A genus of weedy herbs, with the exception of Stella 'ria
Holo'stea, one of the prettiest flower-garden plants for
May in the British Flora. Increased by division of the
roots in spring or autumn, when it may be planted out
to flower, and may be removed in J une when the flowers
are over.
S. grami'nea (grass-like). $-r. White. Summer.

Europe (Britain).
„ ,, au'rea (golden). Leaves yellow. Used for carpet

beds and edgings. 1874.

„ Holo'stea (Holostea). £. White. May, June. Europe
(Britain).

STE'LLERA. (Commemorative of G. W. Steller, a
Russian collector of plants. Nat. ord. ThymeleaceaR.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials or subshrubs. Seeds ;
divisions. Ordinary soil.
S. Albe'rti (Albert's). 1-2. Yellow. Central Asia. 1887.

Shrub.

„ alta'ica (Altaic). See S. CHAM^JASME.
„ Chamceja'sme (ground-jasmine), i. White. June,

July. N. and temperate Asia. 1817.
„ passeri'na (sparrow-like). See THYMEL^A ARVENSIS.

STEMMA'TIUM NARCISSOIDES. See TRISTAGMA

NARCISSOIDES.

STEMO'DIA. (From stemon, a stamen, and di, two
or double ; the four stamens have the anther cells sepa-
rate and stalked, appearing like eight. Nat. ord.
Scrophulariaceae.)

Half-hardy or greenhouse herbs. Divisions ; seeds.
Ordinary soil, or fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand in
pots.
S. chile'nsis (Chilian), i. Blue. September. Chili.

1829.
„ durantifo'lia (Duranta- leaved). Blue-purple. W.

Ind. 1890.
„ lobelioi'des (Lobelia-like), i. Dark blue. August.

Chili. 1830.

„ trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 2. Blue. September.
Brazil. 1823.

STE'MONA. (From stemon, a stamen ; in allusion
to the large size and fleshy character of the stamens.
Nat. ord. Roxburgiaceae.)

Stove climbers. Increased by suckers or offsets.
Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
S. Curtisii (Curtis's). India.
„ gloriosoi' des (Gloriosa-like). See S. TUBEROSA.
„ tubero'sa (tuberous). 6. Yellow- green. July. India
and China. 1803.

STEMONACA'NTHTJS. (From stemon, a stamen, and
Acanthus ; in allusion to the long stamens, and Acanthus
as the type of the order. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae. Now
referred to Ruellja.)

S. macrophy'llns (large-leaved). See RUELLIA MACRO-

PHYLLA.
„ Pea'rcei (Pearce's). See RUELLIA PEARCEI.

STENA'CTIS. (From stenos, narrow, and aktin, a
sunbeam ; the rays of the expanded blossoms. Nat. ord.
Composites [Compositaa], Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Super-
ftua. Now referred to Erigeron.)

Hardy herbaceous. Seeds, which, if sown in a slight
hotbed in March, will produce plants to bloom the same
season ; division of the root in spring.
S. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). i. White. July.

N. Amer. 1640.

,, inuloi'des (Inula-like). r. Red. August. Nepaul.
,, specio'sa (showy). See ERIGERON SPECIOSUS.
,, strigo'sa (short-bristled). See ERIGERON STRIGOSUS.

STENA'NDRIUM. (From stenos, narrow, and aner,
andros, a stamen ; in allusion to the slender stamens.
Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Stove herbs with fine foliage. Seeds ; cuttings in
sand in a close frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, and sand.

S. i'gneum (fiery). See CHAM/ERANTHEMUM IGNEUM.
„ Linde'ni (Linden's). Yellow. Leaves with pale green
centre and yellow veins. Peru. 1890.

STENANTHE'RA. (From stenos, narrow, and anthem,
an anther ; the stamens broader than the anthers, which
are narrower in proportion. Nat. ord. Epacrids [Epa-
cridaceae]. Linn. ^-Peniandria, i-Monogynia. Now re-
ferred to Astroloma.)

S. cilia'ta (hair- fringed). See ASTROLOMA LONGIFLORUM.
,, pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). See ASTROLOMA PINIFOLIUM.

STENA'NTHIUM. (From stenos, narrow, and cmthos,
a flower ; the segments of the flower are narrow. Nat.
ord. Liliaceae.)

Hardy or half-hardy tunicated bulbs. Offsets. Loam,
peat, and sand, whether in pots or planted out.
S. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2-3. Greenish- white,

June. N. Amer. 1823.
„ „ grami'neum (grassy). 2. Flowers fewer. Leaves

narrow, grass-like. N. Amer. 1812.
„ iri'gidum (frigid). 2-3. Pale purple. June. Mexico.

1846. Greenhouse.
„ occidenta'le (western). Deep purple. North-Western

Amer. 1881.

„ robu'stum (robust). 1^-2. White, fragrant. June
to August. N. Amer. 1905.

STE'NIA. (From stenos, narrow ; the pollen masses.
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-
Monandria. Allied to Maxillaria.)

Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See ORCHIDS.
S. fimbria'ta (fringed). Pale sulphur, spotted with brown.

Colombia. 1868.
,, gutta'ta (spotted). Straw, spotted with purple. Peru.

1880.

,, pa'llida (pale-flowered). $. Yellow. August.
Demerara. 1837.

STENOCA'RPUS. (From stenos, narrow, and karpos,
a fruit ; the fruits are long and narrow, or slender. Nat.
ord. Proteaceas.)

Evergreen, greenhouse trees. Cuttings of ripe wood
in sand, under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam and peat in
equal parts, and sand.

S. Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). 40-100. Scarlet.

August. Australia. 1830.

„ Forste'ri (Forster's). White. New Caledonia. 1851.
„ sali' gnus (willow-like). 5-8. Pale green. June.

Australia. 1819. " Beef WTood."
„ sinua'tus (scolloped). 40-100. Scarlet. Australia.

STENOCHI'LUS. (From stenos, narrow, and cheilos,
a lip ; the narrow lip of the flower. Nat. ord. Myoporads
[Myoporaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.
Now referred to Eremophila.)
S. e'legans (elegant). See LAMOUROUXIA MULTIFIDA.

„ gla'ber (smooth-leaved). See EREMOPHILA BROWNII.

„ longifo'lius (long-leaved). See EREMOPHILA LONGI-

FOLIA.

„ macula' tus (spotted). See EREMOPHILA MACULATA.
„ visco'sus (clammy). See EREMOPHILA BROWNII.

STENOCHL^NA

831

STEPHANOTIS

STENOCHLff'NA. (Fromsfcnos, narrow, and chlaina,
a cloak ; the covering of the spore-cases. Nat. ord.
Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryplogamia, i-Filices. Now
referred to Lomaria.)

Stove, brown-spored Fems. See FERXS.
S. hetervmo'rpha (various- formed). April. Australia.

„ limonifo'lia (Limonia- leaved). May. E. Ind.

, longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. June. VV. Ind. 1810.

, sca'ndens (climbing). 30. July. E. Ind. 1841.

„ sorbifo'lia (service-leaved). July. W. Ind. 1793.

, spondicifolia (hog-plum-leaved). June. E. Ind.

, trique'ira (fhree-sided). July. E. Ind.

STENOCO'RYNE. (From stenos, narrow, and korune,
a club. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Referred to Bifrenaria.)
S. longico'rnis (long- horned). See BIFRENARIA LOXGI-

CORXI5.

STENOGA'STRA CONCINNA. See SIXNINGIA CON-

CIXXA.

STENOGLO'TTIS. (From stenos, narrow, and glotta,
a tongue ; the lip is narrow. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Warm greenhouse terrestrial orchids. Divisions.
Fibrous loam, rough leaf-mould, or lumpy peat, charcoal,
and sand. Treatment similar to Disa.
S. fimbria'ta, (fringed), i. Rosy-pink, spotted with

purple. S. Africa. 1871.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved), ij. Mauve-purple. Natal.

STENOME'SSON. (From stenos, narrow, and tnesson,
the middle ; the flowers contracted in the middle. Nat.
ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Coburgia.)

Pretty frame or half-hardy bulbs, requiring complete
rest in winter ; " sandy soil, shade, and plenty of
moisture in summer." They flower before the leaves
rise, and are easily increased from offset-bulbs in spring ;
sandy loam and fibrous peat.
S. auranti'acum (orange-coloured-/foieeraf). Orange.

May. Ecuador. 1843.
„ cocci' neum (scarlet). Scarlet. May. Peru.
„ cro'ceum (saffron-coloured), i. Copper. May. Peru.

1820.
„ curvidenta'tum (bent- toothed). See S. FLAVUM CURVI-

DEXTATUM.

„ fla'vum (yellow). Yellow. May. Peru. 1823.

„ ,, curvidenta' turn (curved-toothed). Yellow. May.

Peru. 1842.
„ „ latifo'lium (broad-leaved), i. Yellow. March,

April. 1837.

„ Hartn-e'gii (Hartweg's). See S. AURANTIACUM.
„ hu'mile (low), i. Orange-red. March. Andes of

Peru. 1841.
„ incarna'tum (flesh). iJ-2. Pale to bright red.

August. Andes of Ecuador, &c. 1826.
„ „ tnchro'mum (three-coloured).
„ „ acu'tum (acute). Tube and segments narrow.
, „ fit'lvum (tawny).
, „ linea'tum (lined).
, ,, quite'nse (Quitan).

, latifo'lium (broad-leaved). SeeS.FLAVuMLATiFOLiuM.
, lutfovi'ride (yellow-green). i. Primrose-yellow.

March. Andes of Ecuador. 1879.
„ pauciflo'rum (few-flowered). See S. FLAVUM CURVI-

DENTATUM.

„ Pea'rcei (Pearce's). 2-3. Green, pale yellow. May.

Andes of Ecuador. 1871.
„ recurva'tum (recurved). i-if. Reddish yellow.

Andes of Peru, &c.
„ ru'brum (red). See S. COCCIXEUM.
„ sir ami' neum (straw). W. Trop. Amer.
„ Strickla'ndi (Strickland's). See STRICKLANDIA

EUCROSIOIDES.

„ suspe'nsum (suspended), i. Bright scarlet. Andes

of Peru. 1868.
„ viridiflo'rum (green-flowered), ij— 2. Green. Summer.

Andes of Peru. 1840.
w „ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1^-2. Green.

Leaves narrower. Summer. 1840.
„ „ Elive'sii (Elwes's). Staminal cup deeply six-cleft.

1878.

„ vitelli'num (yolk-of-egg) . See S. FLAVUM LATIFOLIUM.

STENORHY'NCHUS. (From s/«ios, narrow, and

rhunchos, a beak ; shape of the column. Nat, ord.

Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2O-Gynandria, i-3fonon-
dria. Referred to Spiranthes.)
S. aphy'lla (leafless). See SPIRANTHES ORCHIOIDES.
„ cinnabari'na (cinnabar-coloured). See SPIRANTHES

CIXNABARINA.

„ plantagi'nea (plantain-/#w«d). See SPIRANTHES

PLAXTAGIXEA.

„ specio'sus (showy). See SPIRANTHES COLORATA.
„ „ Ortgie'sii (Ortgies'). See SPIRANTHES COLORATA
ORTGIESII.

STENOSE'MIA AURI'TA. See ACROSTICHUM AURITUM.

STENOSPERMA'TION. (From stenos, narrow, and
spermation, a h'ttle seed ; the seeds are narrow. Nat.
ord. Araceae.)

Stove evergreen perennial herb. Offsets ; divisions.
Fibrous loam, lumpy peat, some bits of charcoal, and
sand.
S. multiovula'tum (many-ovuled). 3-6. Spathe white.

Colombia. 1894.

„ popayane'nse (Popayan). See S. WALLISII.
„ Walli'sii (Wallis's). i. Spathe and spadix white.
Colombia. 1875.

STENO STOMTJM. (From stenos, narrow, and storna,
a mouth ; referring to the flower. Nat. ord. Rubiads
[Rubiaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Re-
ferred to Antirrhcea.)

Stove, white-flowered, West Indian, evergreen shrub.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in
a sweet bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp.,
50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
S. lu'cidum (shining). See ANTIRRHCEA LUCIDA.
,, tomento'sum (downy). 20. May. Jamaica. 1820.

STENOTA'PHRUM. (From stenos, narrow, and taphros,
a ditch ; in allusion to the furrows in which the spikelets
lie. Nat. ord. Graminese.)

A stove perennial grass. Seeds ; divisions ; cuttings.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
S. america'num (American). See S. CLABRUM.
„ gla'brum (smooth). J-i. Green. Tropical shores.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated). Leaves striped with
yellow. Australia. 1874.

STEPHANA'NDRA. (From stephane, a crown, and
aner, andros, a stamen ; in reference to the crown of
stamens. Nat. ord. Rosaces.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs. Seeds ; cuttings ; suckers ;
la^ ers. Ordinary soil.
S. flexuo'sa (flexuous). 3-4. White. July. China and

Japan. 1880.

„ inci'sa (incised). See S. FLEXUOSA.
„ Ta'naka (Tanaka's). 3-5. White. July. Japan.

Larger in all parts than S. flexuosa.
STEPHA'NIA. (Commemorative of Professor Stephani.
Nat. ord. MenispermaceaB.)

Greenhouse climbers. Cuttings in sand under a bell-
glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
S. di'scolor (two-coloured). June. Tropics, Old World.
,. hernandifo'lia (Hemandia-leaved). See S. DISCOLOR.
„ rotu'nda (round). Orange. Trop. Asia. 1866.

STEPHANO'COMA. (From sUphane, a crown, and
kome, hair ; in reference to the pappus crowning the
fruit. Nat. ord. Compositae. Now referred to Berkheya.)
S. carduoi'des (Carduus-like). See BERKHEYA CARDUI-

FORMJS.

STEPHANOLTRIONNARCISSOIDES. See TRISTAGMA

NARCISSOIDES.

STEPHANO'PHORUM. See NARCISSUS.

STEPHANOPHY'SUM. (From stephane, a crown, and
phusa, a bladder. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae. Referred to
Ruellia.)

S. Baikie'i (Baikie's). See RUELLIA BAIKIEI.
„ longifo'lium (long-leaved). See RUELLIA AMCEXA.

STEPHANO'TIS. (From stephane, a crown, and ous,
otos, an ear ; the ear-like processes on the crown of the
stamens. Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae], Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove, white-flowered, evergreen twiners. Cuttings of
the points of shoots, but best by small, stiff side-shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and plunged in bottom-heat ;

STERCULIA

832

STEVIA

fibrous loam and fibrous peat, with a little silver sand
and dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 45° to 55", and
rather dry ; summer, 60° to 8.5% and plenty of moisture
when growing. Would answer, probably, in a warm
conservatory when once it reached the top of the roof.
S. floribu'nda (copious-flowered). 20. May. Mada-
gascar. 1839.
„ Thoua'rsii (Thouars'). May. Madagascar. 1842.

STERCU'LIA. (Named after Sterculius, a heathen god.
Nat. ord. Sterculiads [Sterculiaceae], Linn. 2i-Moncecia,
lo-Decandria.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, in moist bottom-heat ; fibrous loam
and peat. Winter temp., 45° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
Tragaca' ntha produces the gum of that name. Platani-
fo'lia stood for years in the open air at Chelsea, and it is
likely that many of the East Indian and New Holland
species would thrive with greenhouse treatment.
S. acerifo'lia (Acer-leaved). Australia.

„ ala'ta (winged). India.

„ au'stro-caledo'nica (Southern-Caledonian). See S.

NEOCALEDONICA.

„ Bala'nghas (Balanghas). 20. Purple. August. E.

Ind. 1787.
„ Bidwi'llii (Bidwill's). Red. September. Australia.

iSsr. Greenhouse.

,, carthagine'nsis (Carthaginian). Trop. Amer.
„ cauda'ta (tailed). 20. Australia. 1824. Greenhouse.
„ Chi' ca (Chica). Brazil.

„ cocci'nea (scarlet- fruited). 20. E. Ind. 1817.
„ colora'ta (coloured). 30. Scarlet. E. Ind. 1818.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). 4-40. Rose-red. Australia.

1822. Greenhouse.

„ diversifo'lia ( diverse-leaved). 20-30. Australia. 1824.
„ fce'tida (fetid). Tropics, Old World.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See COLA ACUMINATA.
„ Heli'cteres (Helicteres-like). 8. Yellow, purple.

Carthagena. 1820.

„ heierophy'lla (various-leaved). See S. DIVERSIFOLIA.
„ Ivi'ra (Ivira). 15-60. Pale yellow. July. S. Amer.

1793.
„ lanceola' to. (lance-shaped). 10-20. Red-brown. June

to August. China ; Java. Greenhouse.
„ lu'rida (lurid). Australia.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Yellow. July. E. Ind.

1822.

„ me.iica'na (Mexican). Mexico.
„ neocaledo'nica (New-Caledonian). 10-15. Deep red,

shaded orange. New Caledonia.
„ no'bilis (noble). 20. Pale buff. E. Ind. 1787.
„ orna'ta (adorned). Burma.

,, platanifo'lia (plane-leaved). 20-30. China and Japan.
„ pube'scens (downy). 20. White. Guinea. 1793.
„ pyrifo'rmis (pear- formed). See S. PLATANIFOLIA.
„ rupe'stris (rock). Australia. 1880. " Bottle Tree."
„ russellia'na (Russellian). Leaves with seven narrow

divisions. 1902.
„ Tragaca' ntha (tragacanth). 40. Red, brown. May.

Sierra Leone. 1793.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). India.

STEREOSPE'RMUM. (From stereos, hard, and sperma,
a seed ; the seeds are hard, and the fruit woody. Nat.
ord. Bignoniacea?.)

Stove trees, with pinnate or bipinnate leaves. Cuttings
in sand, in a close frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.

S. chelonoides (Chelone-like). India ; Burma.
„ hyposti'ctum (under-spotted). 20. Yellow. Burma ;

Malaya. 1828.
„ si'nicum (Chinese). 50-60. Pinkish- white. S. China.

1908. Greenhouse.

„ xyloca'rpum (wood-fruited). White. E. Ind. 1820.
STERILE. See BARREN.

STERIPHO'MA. (From sieriphoma, a fortification, a
foundation ; the fruit-stalk is stout. Nat. ord. Cappari-
daceae.)

Evergreen stove shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, or
peat and sand.

S. elli'ptica (elliptic). Trinidad.

„ parado'xa (paradoxical). Yellow, orange. July
Caracas. 1797.

STERNBE'R.GIA. (Named after Count Sternberg, a
German botanist. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae],
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy autumnal-flowering bulbs, with one yellow
flower on a stalk, open before the leaves rise ; offsets ;
good, sandy loam and leaf-mould.
5. clusia'na (Clusian) of Boissier. See S. MACRANTHA.
„ clusia'na, (Clusian) of Ker Gawler. See S. COLCHICI-

FLORA.
„ colchiciflo'ra (Colchicum-flowered). J. Hungary.

1816.

„ exi'gua (small). See TAPEINANTHUS HUMILIS.
„ fischeria'na (Fischerian). J. Yellow, large. February,

March. Asia Minor. 1868.

„ lu'tea (yellow). £. Yellow. September, October.
Mediterranean region. 1596. " Winter Daffodil."
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), £. Yellow. Sep-
tember. S. Europe. 1596.
„ „ gra'ca (Greek). J. Yellow. Greece.
„ „ Ika'rice (Ikaria). J. Yellow. Ikaria.
„ „ ma'jor (larger). J. Yellow, much larger than the

type. 1904.
„ macra'ntha (large-flowered). J. Yellow. Autumn.

Asia Minor, &e.
„ si'cula (Sicilian). |. Yellow. Sicily.

STEU'DNERA. (Commemorative of Dr. Sieudner, a
German botanist. Nat. ord. Araceae. Allied to Colo-
casia.)

Perennial stove herbs with stout stems like Dieffen-
bachia. Offsets ; cuttings ; seeds. Fibrous loam, lumpy
peat, leaf-mould, and some nodules of charcoal with
sand. Give plenty of water, and maintain a moist atmos-
phere in summer ; keep dry in winter.
S. colocasicefo'lia (Colocasia-leaved). i. Spathe purple-

brown. Martaban. 1869.
„ colocasioi'des (Colocasia-like). Himalaya.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured), i. Spathe yellow and purple.
India. 1874.

STEVENSO'NIA. (Commemorative of Stevenson, a
Governor of the Mauritius. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

A magnificent stove Palm, with large, fan-shaped
reddish-green leaves. Seeds. Lumpy, fibrous peat, with
a little loam, charcoal, and sand. Moist atmosphere.
S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See S. GRANDIFOLIA.
„ grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 5-40. Yellow. Seychelles.

1865.

„ viridifo'lia (green-leaved). See VERSCHAFFELTIA SPLEN-
DIDA.

STE'VIA. (Named after P. /. Esteve, a Spanish
botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, i-jEqualis.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from Mexico, where
not otherwise mentioned. They all bloom in August.
Seeds and division in spring ; sandy, loamy soil. The
protection of a cold pit in winter.
S. adeno'phora (gland-bearing). 2. White. Chili. 1822.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). See S. SALICIFOLIA.

„ breviarista' ta (short-awned). 3. Rose. July. Argen-
tina. 1836.

„ callo'sa (beautiful). A doubtful plant. Mexico.

„ cane'scens (hoary). See S. SERRATA.

„ Eupato'ria (Eupatoria). 2. Pink. 1798.

„ fascicula'ris (close- headed), i. White. September.
1830.

„ fastigia'ta (peaked). i£. White. New Spain. 1826.

„ glanduli'fera (gland-bearing). 3. Purple. 1839.

„ glandulp'sa (glandular). Mexico.

„ hyssopifo'lia (hyssop-leaved). See S. PANICULATA.

„ incane'scens (hoary). See S. SERRATA.

„ ivafo'lia (Iva-leaved). 2. White. 1816.

„ lanceola' ta (spear- head-leaved), i. Purple. 1822.

„ laxifto'ra (loose-flowered). Purple.

„ linea'ris (linear). See PALAFOXIA LINEARIS.

,, lu'cida (shining). 2. Pink. 1824.

„ microphy'lla (small- leaved). 2. Blush. September.
1828.

„ mo'llis (soft). White. 1834.

„ monardafo'lia (Monarda-leaved). ij. Violet. 1826.

„ nepetcefo'lia (Nepeta- leaved). i\. White. S. Amer.
1823.

„ odora'ta (scented), i-ij. White. 1890.

„ ova'ta (egg-leaved). 2. White. 1816.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). if. White. 1824.

STIFFTIA

833

STOCKS

S. peda'ta (pedate). See FLORESTINA PEDATA.
„ pilo'sa (shaggy), i£. Pink. 1820.
,, pube'scens (downy), ij. Purple. 1823.
„ puncta'ta (dotted). See S. EUPATORIA.

, purpu'rea (purple), ij. Purple. 1812.

, rhombifo'lia (diamond-leaved). i|. White. 1827.

, salicifo'lia (willow-leaved), ij. Pink. 1803.

, salviafo'lia (sage-leaved), i$. White. 1827.

, serra'ta (saw-leaved), ij. Flesh. S. Amer. 1799.

, suave'olens (sweet-smelling). See S. NEPET^FOLIA.

, suio'cto-omto'tafslightly-eight-awned). White. Peru.
1824.

, subpube'scens (slightly-downy). 2. Pink. 1820.

, ternifo'lia (three-leaved), tjt. White. 1824.
„ tomento'sa (wooUy). ij. Violet. 1824.
„ trachelioi' des (Trachelium-like). 3. Purple. 1839.
,, trachelioi' des (Trachelium-like) of Hooker. See S.

GLAMDULIFERA.

„ tri'fida (three-cleft), ij. White. New Spain. 1827.
„ viola'cea (violet-coloured). 3. Violet. 1839.
,, vi'scida (clammy). Purple. 1821.
„ visco'sa (clammy). See S. VISCIDA.

STI'FFTIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Composite.)

A stove shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a close frame,
with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
S. ckrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). 3-6. Orange. Winter.
Brazil.

STIGMAPHY LLON. (From stigma, the female organ,
and phullon, a leaf; leafy-like stigma. Nat. ord.
Malpighiads [Malpighiacea?]. Linn. lo-Decandria, 3-
Trigynia. Allied to Banisteria.)

Stove, yellow-flowered climbing shrubs. Cuttings of
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 48" to 55° ; summer,
60° to 80'.
S. arista' turn (awned-leaved). 20. July. Brazil. 1832.

Twiner.
„ auricula'tum (eared-leaved). 10. Brazil. 1820.

Twiner.
„ cilia'tum (haii-tringed-leaved). 10-20. May. Brazil.

1796.
„ convolvulajo'lium (Convolvulus-leaved). June. Guiana.

1814.
,, diver sifo'lium (diverse-leaved). 15-25. June. W.

Ind. 1826.
,, elli'pticum (elliptic). 10. September. Mexico. 1844.

Twiner.

,, emargina'tum (notched). 10. June. W. Ind. 1826.
„ fu'lgens (shining). 10-25. Summer. Guiana. 1759.
„ heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 10. December.

Buenos Ayres. 1842.

„ Aum6oW/ia'nu»n(Humboldtian). T5-2O. S. Amer. 1824.
„ jatroph&fo'lium (Jatropha- leaved). 3. May. Uru-
guay. 1841. Twiner.

„ littora'le (shore). 15-20. Autumn. S. Brazil. 1882.
„ mucrona' turn (spine-pointed). See S. ELLIPTICUM.
„ periplocafo'lium (Periploca-leaved). 10. July. W.

Ind. 1818.
„ pu'berum (finely-downy). August. W. Ind. 1824.

STILLTNGIA. (Named after Dr. B. Stillingfleet, an
English botanist. Nat. ord. Spurgeworts [Euphorbiacea?].
Linn. 2i-Moncecia, lo-Decandria. Allied to Homalan-
thus.)

Stove, yellow-flowered evergreen. Cuttings in sand,
in heat ; sandy, fibrous loam, a little peat and charcoal,
and also a little brick-rubbish. Winter temp., 50° ;
summer, 60° to 75°.
S. popu'lnea (poplar-like). See HOMALANTHUS LESCHEN-

AULTIANUS.

„ sebi'fera (tallow-bearing). China. 1703. " Chinese
Tallow Tree."

STINGING BUSH. Ja'tropha u'rens.

STINGING NETTLE. U'rtica dioi'ca.

STINKING GLADWYN. I'ris fceiidi' ssima.

STTPA. Feather Grass. (From stipe, feathery, or
silky. Nat. ord. Grasses [Gramineae]. Linn. ^-Triandna,
2-Digynia.)

Sti'pa penna'ta is a common feather-grass of the seed-
shops. All but hu'milis hardy herbaceous perennials ;
division and seeds in spring ; common soil.

5 alta'ica (Altaic). See S. SPLENDENS.

Ariste'lla (short-awned). Mediterranean region.

Calamagro'stis (Calamagrostis). S. Europe.

capilla'ta (long-haired). 2. July. Europe. 1815.

confer to. (crowded). See S. REDOWSKII.

eleganti' ssima (very-elegant). 2-3. Australia.

formica'rum (ants'). Country unknown. 1849.

gigante'a (giant). 3. July. Spain. 1823.

hu'milis (lowly). \. July. S. Amer. 1802.

ju'ncea (rush-leaved). 3. July. Mediterranean

region. 1772.

„ Lasiagro' stis (Lasiagrostis). See S. CALAMAGROSTIS.
„ p&ppo'sa (long-awned). Country unknown. 1849.
„ penna'ta (feathered). 2. July. Europe (Britain) ;

N. Asia ; N. Arner. " Common Feather Grass."
„ Redow'skii (Redowsky's). 2. July. N.Asia. 1819.
„ robu'sta (robust). See S. SPARTEA.
„ sibi'rica (Siberian). Siberia ; Himalaya.
„ spa'rtea (cord-like). N. Amer. " Porcupine Grass."
„ sple'ndens (splendid). July. Siberia. 1836.
„ tenaci' ssima (toughest).
„ viri'dula (greenish). N. Amer.

STITCHWORT. Stella' ria.

STIZOLO'BIUM ALTIS'SIMUM. See MUCUNA ALTIS-

SIMA.

STIZOLO'BIUM PRU'RIENS. See MUCUNA PRURIENS.

(Named after Dr. Stobceus, a Swede.
Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae], Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
i-JEqualis. Referred to Berkheya.)
S. atractyloi'des (Atractylis-like). See BERKHEYA CAR-

LINOIDES.

„ membranifo'lia (membrane-leaved). See BERKHEYA

ADLAMI.

„ pinna'ta (leafleted). See BERKHEYA PINNATA.
„ purpu'rea (purple). See BERKHEYA PURPUREA.
„ Ra'dula (rasp). See BERKHEYA ADLAMI.
„ spharocefphala (sphere-headed). See BERKHEYA

CARDUIFORMIS.

STOCK and STOCK-GILLIFLOWER. See MATHIOLA.

STOCKS are young trees or shrubs raised from seed,
suckers, layers, and cuttings, for the reception of buds
or grafts from other trees or shrubs of a kindred species.

The old gardener's maxim, " the graft overruleth the
stock quite," is consonant with truth, though it is to be
taken with some reservation. The graft prevails, and
retains its qualities ; yet the stock has the power of
influencing its productiveness, as well as the quality of
the fruit. Thus, a tree having an expansive foliage and
robust growth, indicative of large sap vessels and vigo-
rous circulation, should never be grafted upon a stock
oppositely characterised, for the supply of sap will not
be sufficient. Illustrations are afforded by the codlin
never succeeding so well on a crab, nor a bigarreau on a
wild cherry, as they do on freer-growing stocks.

The habit of the stock, also, is of much more import-
ance than is usually considered. If it grows more rapidly,
or has larger sap vessels than the scion or bud, an en-
largement occurs below these ; but if they grow more
rapidly than the stock, an enlargement takes place just
above the point of union. In either case, the tree is
usually rendered temporarily more prolific ; but in the
case where the stock grows most slowly, the productive-
ness is often of very short duration, the supply of sap
annually becoming less and less sufficient to sustain the
enlarged production of blossom and leaves. This very
frequently occurs to the freer-growing cherries when in-
serted upon the wild species, and still more frequently
to the peach and apricot upon stocks of the slow-growing
plums. It is highly important, therefore, to employ
stocks, the growth of which is as nearly similar as may
be to the parent of the buds or scion.

The earlier vegetation of the stock than of the bud or
graft is also important ; for, if the latter is earliest in
development, it is apt to be exhausted and die before
the flow of sap has enabled growth of the cambium to
occur, and union at the junction.

Stocks for general use may be used for grafting or
budding, when from the size of a good goose-quill to
half an inch, or not more than a inch in the part where
the graft or bud is to be inserted. Stocks of 2 or 3 inches
or more in diameter, either the stems or branches, are>
also occasionally grafted or budded with success, but are

1 G

STCEBE

834

STOVES

not proper for general practice. Crab Stocks are all such
as are raised from seeds, &c., of any wild ungrafted trees,
particularly if of the fruit-tree kind, such as the wild
crab apple of the woods and hedges, wild pears, plums,
wild cherry, and such other trees as have not been
grafted or budded. Free Stocks are such as are raised
from the seed, layers, &c., of any of the cultivated varieties
of fruit-trees and others. Paradise or Doucin stocks are
raised from layers or suckers from a dwarf variety of
apple, the roots of which are produced nearer to the
surface than those from crab stocks. The French Paradise
stock is distinguished from all others by its very dwarf
growth, its clear chestnut-coloured shoots, and small
fibrous roots, which spread near the surface. The
English Paradise may be either referred to as the Doucin
of the French or the Dutch Paradise ; for, in English
nurseries, trees propagated on either are said to be on
Paradise stocks. Of these two the Doucin has the
darkest shoots. Their effects on the growth of the trees
worked upon them are similar, being intermediate be-
tween the very dwarf habit induced by the French
Paradise, and the luxuriant growth induced by the crab
or free stocks. See GRAFTING and BUDDING.

STCE'BE. (From stibas, a bed of leaves ; those of
ezthio'pica so used. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. \g-Syngenesia, $-Segregata.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. Cuttings
of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May^;
fibrous, sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
S. czthio'pica (Ethiopian). 2. August. 1759.

„ cine'rea (grey). 2. August. 1784.

„ ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. August. 1816.

„ refle'xa (bent-back). 2. August. 1816.
STOKES' ASTER. See STOKESIA CYAXEA.
STO'KESIA. (Named after Dr. Stokes, an English
botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn.
iq-Syngenesia, i-Mqualis.)

Half-hardy evergreen. Seeds, or division of the plant
in spring ; sandy loam and a little leaf-mould ; requires
a little protection in winter.
S. cya'nea (azure). 2. Blue. August. Carolina. 1766.

„ „ a'lba (white). Pure white, with mauve shade at
base of florets. 1908.

„ „ pra'cox (early). An early flowering variety. 1906.

STONECROP. Se'dum.

STONE PINE. Pi'nusPi'nea.

STOPPING is pinching or nipping off the extremity of
a branch, to prevent its further extension in length. It
is frequently done, either to promote its robustness or
the production of laterals.

STORAX. Sty'rax.

STORK'S BILL. Pelargo'nium.

STOVES, or HOTHOUSES, are glazed structures, differ-
ing from greenhouses chiefly in requiring a higher tem-
perature to be sustained within them, either for forcing
fruits or for growing plants from tropical climates.
Nearly all that is stated relative to the greenhouse, hotbed,
and pit under the articles MELON and RENDLE'S TANK
SYSTEM is applicable to the stove. In addition, relative
to glazing, if lapping be permitted, its width should not
exceed \ inch, and the panes should be acutely rhom-
boid, to throw the condensed vapour down to the lower
corner, and induce it to trickle down the bars instead of
dropping. It is very doubtful whether the amount of
moisture is reduced by running between the laps.

Flues are best built of bricks set on their edges, and
the top formed of a shallow iron trough for the purpose
of holding water, and thus keeping the air moist as re-
quired. At night, for retaining heat, pantiles may be
placed along within the trough.

Hot water in a tank is superior to the same source of
heat in pipes, because it is not liable to freeze ; and it is
preferable to steam, because its heating power continues
until the whole mass of water is cooled down to the
temperature of the house, whereas steam ceases to be
generated as a source of heat the moment the tempera-
ture falls below 212°. If steam be employed, Mr.
Tredgold has given the following rules for calculating
the surface of pipe, the size of the boiler, the quantity
of fuel, and the quantity of ventilation required for "a
house 30 feet long and 12 feet wide, with the glass roof

8 feet, length of the rafters 14 feet, and height of the
back wall 15 feet. The surface of glass in this house
will be 720 feet superficial, viz. 540 feet in the front
and roof, and 180 feet in the ends. Now, half the
vertical height, 7 feet 6 inches, multiplied by the length
in feet, and added to one and a half times the area of
glass in feet, is equal to the cubic feet of air to be wanned
in each minute when there are no double doors. That
is, 7.5X30 + 1^X720 = 1305 cubic feet. But in a house
with wooden bars and rafters, about one-tenth of this
space will be occupied with wood-work, which is so slow a
conductor of heat that it will not suffer a sensible quan-
tity to escape ; therefore 130 feet may be deducted, leaving
the quantity to be warmed per minute =1175 cubic feet.

To ascertain the surface of pipe required to warm any
given quantity of air, multiply the cubic feet of air to be
heated per minute by the difference between the tem-
perature the house is to be kept at, and that of the
external air in degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer,
and divide the product by 2.1, the difference between
200, which is the temperature of the steam pipes, and the
temperature of the house ; the quotient will be the
surface of cast-iron pipe required.

Now, in the house, the dimensions of which are above
given, if the lowest temperature in the night be fixed at
50°, and 10° are allowed for winds, and the external air
is supposed to be at zero or o of Fahrenheit, then 1175
multiplied by 60°, and the product divided by 2.1, the
difference bet veen 200 and 60 will give us the quotient
236 = 10 t e surface of pipe required. Now, the house
being 30 feet long, five pipes of that length, and 5 inches
in diameter, will be about the proper quantity.

If hot water be employed instead of steam, the follow-
ing proportions and information, obtained from Mr.
Rendle, may be adopted confidently as guides. In a
span-roof propagating-house, 40 feet long, 13 feet broad,

7 feet high in the centre, and 4 feet high at the two fronts,
having a superficial surface of glass amounting to 538
square feet, Mr. Rendle has a tank 83 feet long, running
round three sides of the house, 4 feet wide and about

8 inches deep, and consequently capable of containing
nearly 300 cubic feet of hot water, though only half
that quantity is used. This is closely approaching to
the size pointed out, according to Mr. Tredgold's formula.
The mean temperature of a hot-water tank will never
be much above 100°, so that, for the sized house mentioned
by that skilful engineer, the divisor must be 2.1 times
the difference between 100° and 60°, which gives as the
quotient 335 cubic feet.

The tank in Mr. Rendle's propagating-house is built
lined with Roman cement, and if the temperature at the
time of lighting the fire be 90°, the temperature of the
atmosphere of the house 67°, and the temperature out
of doors 50°, the quantity of small coal or breeze re-
quired to raise the temperature of the water to 125°
is 28 pounds. In twelve hours the water cools, after
the fire has been extinguished, from 125° to 93°.

When steam is employed, the space for steam in the
boiler is easily found by multiplying the length of the
pipe in feet by the quantity of steam in a foot in length
of the pipe.

In the above-noticed house, the length of pipe 5 inches
in diameter is 150 feet ; and these multiplied by 1.363 =
20.5 cubic feet of steam, and as the pipe will condense
the steam of about one cubic foot and one-third of
water per hour, therefore the boiler should be capable of
! evaporating i£ cubic feet of water per hour, to allow for
unavoidable loss. In the extreme cases of the ther-
mometer being at zero, the consumption of coals to keep
up this evaporation will be 12 J pounds per hour.

Interior Decimal Parts of a

Diameter of Pipe Cubic Foot of Steam

in Inches. in each Foot of Pipe.

i 0.0545

i£ 0.1225

2 . . . . . . • 0.2185

2i 0.34

3 °-49

4 0.873

5 1.063

6 1.964

7 2.67

8 3-49

9 4-42

10 5-45

STRANV^ESIA

835

STRAWBERRY

These calculations are all founded upon the supposition
that the condensed water is returned to the boiler whilst
hot ; but if this cannot be effected, then one-twelfth
more fuel will be required. The boiler for the supply
either of steam or hot water should be covered with the
best available non-conductor of heat, and this is either
charcoal or sand.

A case of brickwork, with pulverised charcoal between
this and the boiler, is to be preferred to any other. A
boiler having a surface of 70 feet exposed to the air, in
a temperature of 32°, requires an extra bushel of coals
to be consumed per day, to compensate for the heat
radiated and conducted from that surface ; and the
smaller the boiler, the greater is the proportionate waste.
The surface of the pipes should be painted black, because
a surface of this colour gives out more heat in a given
time than any other.

Bark or Moist Stove. — Mr. J . Claudius Loudon gives the
following description of a moist stove, warmed on the
old plan of deriving heat by the combined agency of
bark and flues. Instead of a stage in the centre it has
a pit, which may be from 2$ to 4 feet deep, according
as bark or leaves are to be used, the latter material
requiring the greatest depth. It is commonly surrounded
by a thin brick wall ; but planks of stone, or plates of
slate or cast iron, are to be preferred. The roof, when
necessary, may be supported by iron columns from the
middle of the pit. Shelves may be placed against
the back wall, and occasionally a narrow-leaved creeper
run up the roof. We may add, that houses of this
description are generally placed east and west against
walls, on account of the shelter thereby obtained during
winter, when a high degree of heat is kept up within,
while the cold is excessive without.

(Named after the Hon. W. F.
Strangways, F.R.S. Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosacea?].
Linn. iz-Icosandria, z-Di-pentagynia. Allied to Cra-
taegus.)

Beautiful and nearly evergreen shrubs, but not quite
hardy, except in the south of England. Grafting on the
thorn ; in cold places would like a little protection in
winter.
S. glauce'scens (grey-leaved). 20. White. June. Nepaul.

1828.

„ undula'ta (waved). 3-6. White. Fruit orange-red.
Central China. 1910.

STRATIO'TES. Water Soldier. (From stratiotes, a
soldier; sword-like leaves. Nat. ord. Hydrocharads
[Hydrocharidacea?]. Linn. 22-Dicecia, lo-Dodecandria.)

Hardy aquatic. Useful to plant in ponds, where it
will soon cover a large space. Seeds and divisions ;
ponds and lakes.

S. alistnoi'des (plantain-like). See OTTELIA ALISMOIDES.
„ aloi'des (Aloe-like). 2. White. June. England.

STRAVA'DIUM. (From the native name in Malabar.
Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn. i6-Afcma-
delphia, S-Polyandria.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripened shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in a good, moist bottom-
heat ; fibrous loam and peat, with a little charcoal and
silver sand. Winter temp., 60" to 65° ; summer, 65°
to 90°.
S. acuta' ngulum (sharp-angled). See BARRINGTONIA

ACUTANGULA.

„ insi'gne (remarkable). See BARRINGTONIA INSIGNIS.
,, Tacemo'sum (racemed). See BARRINGTONIA RACEMOSA.
,, ru'brum (red). See BARRINGTONIA ACUTANGULA.

STRAWBERRY. Fraga'ria.

Superior Kinds.— (i) Black Prince; (2) Keen's
Seedling ; (3) British Queen ; (4) Elton ; (5) Old Pine ;
(6) Alpine ; (7) Kitley's Goliath ; (8) Eliza ; (9) Carolina
superba. For early heavy crops none can exceed the
Keen's ; for size, the British Queen and Goliath ; for
earliness, the Black Prince probably takes the lead ; for
very late purposes, the Elton and Alpines ; and for
forcing, the Keen's and the British Queen. Of modern
varieties Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury and Royal
Sovereign are first early varieties for outdoor culture
and for forcing. Superior maincrop varieties are Presi-
dent, Sir Joseph Paxton, Dr. Hogg, Bedford Champion,
and Louis Gauthier. Late varieties, of good flavour, are
Givon's Late Prolific, Olympia, Laxton's Latest, and

Waterloo. The best perpetual Strawberry is St. Antoine
de Padoue.

Soi7. — A good loam of some depth is best adapted
to high culture ; for although strawberry walls are found
to be highly conducive to flavour, yet they will not
succeed well in such situations, unless a special provision
of this kind be made for them. Therefore, loose and
sandy soils must be mixed with marls or clays, and
clayey soils must be rendered open by applying sand,
road-scrapings, cinder-ashes (fine), burnt or charred
material, &c. Boggy or peaty soils will require consolida-
tion by burning, or the application of sound soil, and by
thorough draining, if wet.

Propagation: by Runners and Seed. — Their propaga-
tion by runners is well known. Seed-sowing is resorted
to for raising new varieties, and for heightening the
culture of the Alpine class, which is by most cultivators
treated as an annual.

Culture during the Growing Period. — Very little is
necessary besides keeping them clear of weeds, and
trimming all those runners away which are not required
for future stock. All operations connected with root-
culture should be carried out during the rest period.
At the end of May the runners will begin to ramble freely,
and at this time a very general spring-dressing should
take place. This consists in hoeing and raking the ground
thoroughly, choosing a dry period for the operation, in
order that every weed may be destroyed ; at the same
time trimming away all the wires or strings on which the
runners are produced. The next proceeding will be to
place clean straw, grass-mowings, or tan beneath the
trusses of fruit ; this process requires a little nicety of
handling. When the bloom trusses make their appear-
ance, the next great point is to see that the plants never
suffer from drought from this period to the moment
they commence ripening.

Culture during the Rest Period. — We date our rest
season from the period at which the last fruit is gathered,
or soon after, say the end of August. At this period it
will be found that, in spite of the trimming the plants
received in May, a profusion of runners will have been
produced, the rambling foliage from which will obstruct
the light from the older and principal leaves, which have,
from this time forward, the important office of preparing
for the formation of the ensuing year's blossom. The
waste runners should therefore be trimmed away as soon
as possible, for they also exhaust the soil by their roots.
In cutting away these runners, great care must be exer-
cised in preserving all the true leaves, which must by
no means be cut. No further trimming need be practised
until the following March, in the early part of which all
the decayed and injured foliage may be cut away. The
rows being 3 feet apart, at the end of October, one foot
in the centre only is to be dug, thus leaving the plants
one foot of roots on each side entirely undisturbed.
Introduce some decayed manure annually in this centre,
and the small amount of loss of root is more than com-
pensated by the volume of new white fibres which, by
the month of May following, have fully invested the new
ground. The dung or vegetable matter should be some-
what fresh ; such is preferable to rotten manure.

Making new Plantations. — Trenching should be had
recourse to, going as deep as the good soil will permit,
placing the manure necessary principally between the
two spits. If the soil be shallow, of course the manure
will be dug down with a single spit. If good runners
can be obtained early in July, and carefully cultivated,
they may be expected to bear a respectable crop the
following summer. From those planted in February, of
course, little can be expected. It is by far the best to
keep a little nursery for runners in a very open situation,
and the plants a long way apart.

Strawberry Walls or Banks.— These have been highly
recommended, and are, doubtless, very useful, as heighten-
ing flavour. They have, however, never become very
general, owing to their being rather expensive in con-
structing. A strawberry wall, in the direction of east
and west, would be a useful adjunct in high gardening if
properly managed. On the south side plant the Black
Prince and the Keen's Seedling ; and on the north side
the Elton. The former would ripen a fortnight earlier
than ordinary ones, and the latter continue bearing until
October. These walls may be built of any kind of
material which will maintain its position, and should be
as near to an angle of 45° as can be approached.

STRAWBERRY-BLITE

836

STREPTOSOLEN

Strawberry Forcing. — One principal point here is to
obtain very early runners, which is generally effected
by laying the earliest in small pots, in a sound compost.
These, when full of roots, are repotted into larger ones ;
and the whole business henceforth is to give them kindly
cultivation, as to regular waterings, &c., and to keep
them in an open situation. By the end of September
they will possess stout buds, and must be plunged up to
their rims for the winter. Forcing must be commenced
very gently, with plenty of atmospheric moisture — say,
commence with the temperature at 55° and rise gradually,
by the time the leaf is thoroughly developed, to 60°,
and the less advance that is made beyond this the better,
except in sunny weather. They love to be near the
glass, and to have abundance of air.

Culture of the Alpines. — Sow seed from choice fruit at
the end of January in gentle heat, and prick the seedlings
out into boxes, still under glass, in rich soil. Towards
the end of April, the plants, having been hardened off
may be planted out finally ; and an elevated bed, in a
sunny situation, should be chosen. They may be planted
in double rows, half a yard apart in the row, and the
rows 2 feet apart. The soil should be a rich loam ; and
when they are fruiting, some slates or tiles may be placed
beneath them, as the autumn rains are apt to rot them.
They should be liberally watered during dry weather.

STRAWBERRY-BLITE. Chenopo'dium capita' turn.

STRAWBERRY-SPINACH. Chenopo'dium capita' turn.

STRAWBERRY-TREE. A'rbutus.

STREBLORRHTZA. (From streUos, twisted or tortu-
ous, and rhiza, a root ; the roots are tortuous. Nat. ord.
Leguminosffi.)

Greenhouse or half-hardy shrub. Cuttings of side-
shoots in sand under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, a little
peat and sand.
S. specio'sa (showy). 2-4. Flesh. Norfolk Island. 1840.

STRE'BLUS. (From streblos, tortuous ; the branches
being flexuous. Nat. ord. Urticaceae.)

Stove shrub or small tree. Cuttings in sand, in a close
frame, with bottom-heat ; seeds. Fibrous loam and
fibrous peat, with sand.

S. a'sper (rough). 10-20. Pale green. Trop. Asia.
" Paper Tree."

STRELI'TZIA. (Named after Charlotte, queen to
George III, of the house of Mecklenburgh-Strelitz. Nat.
ord. Musads [Scitaminaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia.)

Stove, yellow-flowered, herbaceous perennials, from
South Africa. By seeds in a good, moist heat, in spring ;
generally by suckers and dividing the plant ; fibrous
loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 45° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.
S. a'lbiflos (white-flowered). See S. QUENSONI.

angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See S. PARVIFOLIA.
Augu'sta (grand). 18. White. March. 1791.
farino'sa (mealy-stalked). See S. REGIN^ FARINOSA.
hu'milis (humble). See S. REGIN.E.
ju'ncea (rush-leaved). See S. PARVIFOLIA JUNCEA.
Nicola'i (Nicola's). 20-25. White, pale blue. May.

1879.

ova'ta (egg-leaved). See S. REGIN^J OVATA.
parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 6. June. 1778

„ ju'ncea (rush-like). 6. May.
proli'fera (proliferous). See S. REGIME PROLIFERA.
Quenso'ni (Quenson's). Rosy-violet. 1863.
Regi'nce (queen's). 8. April. 1773.
„ citri'na (citron). Citron-yellow. 1887.
„ farino'sa (mealy). 5. Stalks mealy. February.

1795-

„ hu'milis (low). 3. May. A dwarf form.
,, Lemoinie'rii (Lemoinier's). 3. Yellow, blue.

1880.

„ „ ova'ta (egg-shaped). 8. March. 1777.
„ „ proli'fera (proliferous). Spathes double or twin.

1869.
» » pu'mila (dwarf). A dwarf, compact variety. 1879.

STREPTANTHE'RA. (From streptos, twisted, and
anthera, an anther ; the anthers are twisted in their
final stages. Nat. ord. Iridacea?.)

Greenhouse bulbous plants. Offsets; seeds. Loam,
leaf-mould, and plenty of sand

S. cu'prea( copper), f. Copper. June. S.Africa. 1825.
„ e'legans (elegant). £. White, blue. May. S. Africa.

1827.

STREPTA'NTHTJS. (From streptos, twisted, and
anthos, a flower ; the claws of the petals are twisted.
Nat. ord. Cruciferae.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds. Ordinary garden soil.
S. hyacinthoi' des (hyacinth-like). 2-3. Bluish-purple.

September. North-western Amer. 1834.
„ macula' tus (blotched). 1-2. Velvety-purple. August.
North-western Amer. 1833.

STRETPO'CALYX. (From streptos, twisted, and kalux,
t' e calyx. Nat. ord. Bromeliaceae.)

Stove, evergreen herbs. Offsets or suckers. Fibrous
loam, lumpy peat, some bits of charcoal and sand.
S. Furstenbe'rgi (Furstenberg's). i£. Pink. Autumn.

Brazil. 1877.

„ Vallera'ndi (Vallerand's). Violet ; bracts deep

red. Brazil. 1876.

STREPTOCA'RPUS. (From strepios, twisted, and
carpos, a fruit ; the long seed-pod twisted. Nat. ord.
Gesnerworts [Gesneraceaej. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. By seeds in a
gentle hotbed, in spring ; also by dividing the plant ;
light, rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 40° to 50°.
S. Armita'gei (Armitage's). Rose. Leaves four. Trans-
vaal. 1902. This may be S. monophylla.
„ caule'scens (stemmed), i. Pale lilac. Stem swollen

leafy. Trop. Africa. 1885.
,, Du'nnii (Dunn's), i. Red. Leaf one, 2-3 ft. long.

May. S. Africa. 1884.
„ Galpi'ni (Galpin's). Mauve-blue, with white throat.

S.Africa. 1891.
„ Garde 'ni (Capt. Garden's). J. Blue. July. Natal.

1854.
,, gra'ndis (grand). Light blue ; white, marked violet

inside. Leaf one. Zululand. 1905.
„ Ho'lstii (Hoist's), ij. Dark violet-blue. Stems

leafy. German E. Africa. 1904.
,, Juno'dii (Junod's). £. Blue-lilac; lip with citron

blotch. Transvaal. 1907.
,, Ki'rkii (Kirk's), i. Lilac. Stem leafy. Summer.

Trop. Africa. 1884.
,, In' tea (yellow). \. White ; lip with yellow lines.

Summer. S. Africa. 1882.
„ ,, ma'jor (larger). Flowers much larger.
„ Maho'ni (Mahon's). Violet-blue. Leaf one. British

Central Africa. 1902.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered) of E. Meyer. J White,

yellow, pale violet. S. Africa. 1888.
„ parviflo'ra (small-flowered) of B.M., t. 6636. See S.

LUTEA.

,, pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). See S. LUTEA.

,, polya'ntha (many-flowered), i. Purple. S. Africa.

1853-

,, Re'xii (Rex's) i. Blue. June. S. Africa. 1824.
„ Saunde'rsii (Saunders'). i. Pale blue. Summer.

S. Africa. 1860.
„ Wendla'ndii (Wendland's). i-ij. Clear blue. Leaf

one. Natal. 1890.

STRE'PTOPUS. (From streptos, twisted, and pons, a
foot ; flower-stalks twisted. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Lili-
acea?]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-AIonogynia. Allied to Uvu-
laria.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds or divisions in
spring ; any good garden soil.

S. amplexifo'lius (leaf-stem-clasping). See S. DISTORTUS.
„ disto'rtus (distorted), i. Yellow. May. Europe;

N. Amer. 1758.

„ lanugino'sus (woolly). See DISPORUM LANUGINOSUM.
„ ro'seus (rosy), i^. Pink. June. N. Amer. 1806.
„ si'mplex (simple). i£. June. Nepaul. 1822.

STREPTOSO'LEN. (From streptos, twisted, and solen,
atube; the corolla tube is twisted. Nat.ord. Solanaceae.)

Evergreen, greenhouse shrub, used for bedding in
summer. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass ; seeds in
heat in early spring. Fibrous loam, peat, or leaf-mould,
and sand.

S. Jameso'ni (Jameson's). 2-4. Orange. Summer.
Colombia. 1847.

STRICKLANDIA

837

STRYCHNODAPHNE

STRICKLA'NDIA. (Commemorative of Sir C. W.
Strickland, Bart., a cultivator of Amaryllidaceae.)

Stove bulb. Offsets. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, a
little well-rotted manure and sand.
S. eucrosioi'des (Eucrosia-like). i. Green, red. Spring.
Andes of Ecuador. 1877.

STRIKING. The process of causing cuttings to emit

roots.

STRINGY BARK TREE. Eucalyptus obli'qua and
several other species.

STROBILA'NTHES. (From strobilos, a pine-cone, and
anthos, a flower ; resemblance of the head of flower.
Nat. ord. Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn. \\-Didynamia,
2-Angiospertnia. Allied to Ruellia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings any time during
spring and summer in sandy soil, under a hand-light, in
heat; fibrous loam and sandy peat. Winter temp.,
48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
S. ala'tus (winged). Java.
,, anisophy'llus (unequal-leaved). 1-3. Lilac. Winter.

Himalaya. 1823.
„ attenua'tus (attenuated). Violet-blue, yellow in throat.

Himalaya. 1887.
„ auricula'tus (auricled). Burma.
,, cillo'sus (beautiful). 6. Blue. May. India. 1840.
„ Champio'nii (Champion's). See S. FLACCIDIFOLIUS.
„ colora' tus (coloured). Lilac-purple. Himalaya. 1887.
„ consangui'neus (related). Blue. E. Ind. 1873.
„ cuspida'tus (short-pointed). India.
„ dyeria'nus (Dyerian). 2-4. Violet-blue. Leaves

with rich rosy-purple markings. Burma. 1893.
,, flaccidifo'lius (flabby-leaved). Lilac-purple. India

and China. 1887. Yields a blue dye.
„ glomera'tus (clustered). 2-6. Purple. November.

Himalaya ; Burma. 1838.
„ „ specio'sus (showy). Flowers more showy.
„ gossy'pinus (Gossypium-leaved). Pale blue. Nilghiri

Hills. 1901.
„ isophy'llus (equal-leaved). iJ-2. Lavender. Autumn.

India. 1845.

„ kunlhia'nus (Kunthian). India.
,, lacta'lus (mSky-leaved). i. Pale lilac. September.

Brazil. 1847.

„ macula'tus (spotted-leaved), ij. Pale lilac. Sep-
tember. Himalaya. 1846.
„ Micholi'tzi (Micholitz's). 3-4. White. Sumatra.

1907.
,, szbinia'nus (Sabine's). 4. Blue, purple. March.

Nepaul. 1826.

„ sca'ber (rough). 4. Yellow. May. Himalaya. 1836.
,, se'ssilis (stalkless). 4. Blue. April. Bombay. 1833.
„ Walli'chii (Wallich's). 1-2. Blue. October. Hima-
laya. 1858.

STROBILO'RHACHIS GLA'BRA. See APHELANDRA

PRISMATICA.

STROMA'NTHE. (From stroma, a couch or bed, and
anthos, a flower ; the form of the inflorescence. Nat. ord.
Scitaminaceae.)

Evergreen stove herbs. Seeds; division of the
rhizomes in spring. Fibrous loam, lumpy, fibrous peat,
charcoal and sand.
S. ama'bilis (lovely). Brazil. 1875.
„ lubbersia'na (Lubbersian). See MYROSMA LUBBERSII.
,, lu'tea (yellow). Venezuela.
„ portea'na (Portean). Leaves green above, pale below.

Brazil. 1859.
„ sangui'nea (blood-red). 6. Red. February. Brazil

1854.

„ specta'bilis (showy). See S. SANGUINEA.
„ To'nckat (Tonckat). 2. Red. July. Guiana. 1819.

STROPHA'NTHTJS. (From strophos, twisted, and
anthos, a flower ; divisions of petals twisted. Nat. ord.
Dogbanes [Apocynaceas]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynta. Allied to Nerium.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat, in spring ; fibrous
loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 85*.
S. bullenia'nus (Bullenian). Yellow, purple. Trop.

Africa. 1870.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). Orange, yellow. S. Africa. 1855.

S. chine? nsis (Chinese). See S. DIVERGENS.
„ dicho'tomus (forked). 3. Rosy. June. India;

Malaya. 1816.
„ dive'rgens (spreading). 3. Yellow. February. China.

1816.

„ hi'spidus (hispid). Trop. Africa. " Kombe."
„ Lediefnii (Ledien's). Yellow, with purple throat.

Congo. 1887.

„ longicauda'tus (long-tailed). See S. DICHOTOMUS.
„ pettrsia'nus (Petersian). Red and yellow. Trop.

Africa. Climber.
„ „ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). Red and yellow,

larger. S. Africa.
„ Preu'ssii (Preuss'). 2. Yellow-white or pale orange ;

tube reddish. W. Trop. Africa. 1909. Climber.
„ sirmento'sus (trailing). 6. Red. June. Sierra

Leone. 1824.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). Malacca.

STROPHOLI RION. (From strophes, twisted, and
lirion, a lily ; the stems are tortuous or twining. Nat.
ord. Liliaceae. Allied to Brodiaea.)

Hardy bulb, requiring a warm situation or protection
in winter. Offsets. Light, rich, well-drained soil.
S. calif o'rnicum (Californian). 4-12. Rose. July.
California. 1874.

STRUMA'RIA. (From struma, a tubercle ; the style
is enlarged at the bottom. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryl-
lidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Nerine and Hessea.)

Bulbs, from South Africa. For culture, see NERINE.
S. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). J. Pink. April. 1795.
,, cri'spa (curled-flowered). See HESSEA CRISPA.
„ filifo'lia (thread-leaved). See HESSEA FILIFOLIA.
,, gemma'ta (jewel-floicered). See HESSEA GEMMATA.
„ linguafo'lia (tongue-leaved). See S. TRUNCATA.
„ rube'lla (pale red). $. Pink. May. Trop. Africa.

1795-

„ spira'lis (spiral). See CARPOLYZA SPIRALIS.
„ stella'ris (starry). See HESSEA STELLARIS.
,, trnnca'ta (abrupt-ended-leaved). $. White. ApriL

Trop. Africa. 1795.
„ und-ula'ta (wavy-flon-ered). J. White. May. 1820.

STRTTTHTOLA. (From strouthion, a little sparrow ;
I resemblance of seeds to a beak. Nat. ord. Daphnads
j [Thymeleacea?]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia. Al-
i lied' to Gnidia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. Cuttings
of the points of shoots, 2 or 3 inches in length, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in May ; sandy, fibrous peat and a
little charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 47°.
S. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.

1816.

,, cHia'ta (hair-fringed). See S. LUCENS.
„ ere'cta (upright), ij. White. June. 1798.
„ gla'bra (smooth). See S. ERECTA.
„ imbrica'ta (tiled-leaved). See S. STRIATA.
„ inca'na (hoary). See S. VIRGATA.
,, juniperi'na (juniper-leaved). See S. LINEARILOBA.
„ lateriflo'ra (side-flowered). See S. STRIATA.
„ lineariloba( linear-podded). 2. White. June. 1758.
,, longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. Yellow. July 1823.
,, lu'cens (shining). 2. Yellow. June. 1779.
„ ova'ta (egg-leaved). 2. White. April. 1792.
,, pttbe'scens (d^wny). See S. VIRGATA.
„ stria'ta (streaked). 2. Yellow. July. 1794.
,, stri'cta (upright). See S. LINEARILOBA.
,, tomcnto'sa (woolly-fcai'#f). 2. Yellow. August.

1799.

,, "irga'ta (twiggy). 2. Red. June. 1779.
STRUTUlO'PTERIS. (From strouihion, an ostrich,
and pteris, a fern ; resemblance of the leaves, or fronds,
to its feathers. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-
Cryptogamia, i-Filices. Now referred to Onoclea.)
S. germa'nica (German). See ONOCLEA GERMAXICA.
„ orienta'lis (oriental). See ONOCLEA ORIENTALIS.
„ pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). See OKOCLEA GER-

MANICA.

STRYCHNODA'PHNE. (From struchne or struchnos, a
name given by Dioscorides and other old writers to
several members of the Solanaceae, and Daphne, from
the resemblance of the undermentioned plants to a
Daphne. Nat. ord. Lauraceae. Now referred to Ocotea.)

STRYCHNOS

838

STYPHELIA

S. fioribu'nda (free-flowering). See OCOTEA BOTRYO-

PHYLLA.
„ pube'rula (finely-downy). See OCOTEA PUBERULA.

STRY'CHNOS. (From struchne or stnichnos, a name
given by Dioscorides and other classical writers to
several members of the Solanaceas, some of which were
poisonous. Nat. ord. Loganiacese.)

Stove and greenhouse evergreen shrubs, chiefly
valuable for their medicinal properties. The seeds of
S. Nu'x-vo'mica contain strychnia, a powerfully poisonous
alkaloid. Cuttings in sand, in a close case, with bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, or peat and sand.
S. Aihersto'nei (Atherstone's). White. S. Africa.

Greenhouse.
„ Igna'tii (Ignat's). White. Philippines. " St.

Ignatius' Beans."

„ lu'cida (shining). White. Australia.
„ Nu'x-vo'mica (Nux-vomica). White. India. " Nux-

vomica."

„ Potato'rum (drinkers'). White. India ; Burma.
" Clearing Nut."

STRYPHNODE'NDRON. (From struphnos, sour, and
dendron, a tree ; the properties of the tree. Nat. ord.
Leguminosa?. Allied to Adenanthera.)

Stove shrubs or small trees. Cuttings in sand, in a
close frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand.
S. ftoribu'ndum (free-flowering). 10. White. Brazil.

1823.

„ guiane'nse (Guiana). 20-40. White. November.
Guiana. 1803.

STUA'RTIA. (Named after John Stuart, Marquis of
Bute. Nat. ord. Theads [Ternstromiaceae]. Linn. 16-
Monadelphia, S-Polyandria. Allied to Gordonia.)

Hardy, white-flowered, deciduous shrubs, from North
America. Generally by layers ; moist peat soil, or
deep, moist, sandy loam.

S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See S. PSEUDO-CAMEL-
LIA.

„ maryla'ndica (Maryland). See S. VIRGINICA.
„ ova'ta (egg-leaved). See S. PENTAGYNA.
„ penta'gyna (five-styled). 8-10. Creamy- white. July

to September. S. United States. 1785.
„ Pseu' do-came' Ilia (false-Camellia). 8-12. Creamy-
white. July to September. Japan. 1879.
„ virgi'nica (Virginian). 10. July. 1843.

STYLA'NDRA PU'MILA. See PODOSTIGMA PUBES-

CENS.

STYLI'DIUM. (From stulos, a column ; the stamens
and style joined into a column. Nat. ord. Styleworis
[Stylidiaceae]. Linn. 2o-Gynandria, 2-Diandria.)

All Australian plants. Herbaceous, by divisions, and
by seeds in spring ; shrubs, by cuttings of young shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass ; fibrous, sandy loam, and a
little peat and vegetable mould. Winter temp., 40°
to 45°.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

S. brunonia'num (Dr. Brown's), i. Rose. June. 1841.
,, fascicula' turn (bundled). $-. Pink. August. 1838.
„ frutico'sum (shrubby). See S. GLANDULOSUM.
„ glandulo' sum (glandular). i£. Pink. July. 1803.
„ sca'ndens (climbing). 2. Rose. July. 1803.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

S. adna'tum (adhering). £. Pink. July. 1824.
„ amce'num (lovely). Pink.

„ androsa'ceum (Androsace-like). See S. CALCARATUM.
„ Arme'ria (Armeria). See S. GRAMINIFOLIUM.
„ bi'color (two-coloured). See S. PILIFERUM.
„ bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). £. Green, purple, or pink.

May, June. 1839.
„ calcara' 'turn (spurred). White.
„ canalicula' turn (channelled-^aT;^). Yellow. July.
„ caricifolium (sedge-leaved). See S. REDUPLICATUM.
„ carno'sum (fleshy). White.
„ caule'scens f/owg-stemmed). See S. AMCF.NUM.
„ cilia' turn (hair-fringed), i. Yellow. May. 1840.
„ compre'ssum (flattened). See S. BRUNONIANUM.
„ crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 2. Pink. 1899.
„ dicho'tomutn (forked), i. Yellow. August.

S Drummo'ndi (Drummond's). See S. REDUPLICATUM.

, glau'cum (sea-green). White. June. 1840.

, graminifo'lium (grass-leaved), i. Pink. July. 1803.

, hirsu'tum (hairy-scaped). £. Rose. June. 1830.

, hi'spidum (bristly). See S. CILIATUM.

, Hoo'keri (Hooker's). See S. DICHOTOMUM.

, ju'nceum (rush-like). J. Rose. 1830.

, laricifo'lium (larch-leaved), i. Pink. July. 1818.

, leptosta' chyum (narrow-spiked). See S. CARNOSUM.

, linea're (narrow-leaved), i. R,ed. June. 1812.

, mucronifo'lium (hard-pointed-leaved). See S. DICHO-
TOMUM.

„ nu'dum (naked-stemmed). See S. GLAUCUM.
,, pili'ferum (pile-bearing). White, purple. 1843.
„ pilo'sum (hairy), i. Pink, white. June. 1841.
,, proli'ferum (proliferous). See S. BULBIFERUM.
,, pycnosta' chyum (dense-spiked). Pink. June. 1843.
,, recu'rvum (curled-back). See S. BULBIFERUM.
„ reduplica'tum (twice- folded). 2. White or pink.

July to November. 1838.

„ saxifragoi'des (saxifrage-like). See S. CILIATUM.
,, sca'bridum (rather-rough). White. July. 1841.
„ spathula'tum (spathulate). £. Straw. 1872.
„ stria' turn (channelled). White. May.
,, tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). See S. LARICIFOLIUM.

STYLOCO'RYNA. (From stulos, a column, and korune,
a club; shape of the style. Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae].
Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Afonogynia.)

Stove, white-flowered, East Indian evergreens. Cut-
tings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ;
fibrous, sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 45° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.
S. coria'cea (leathery-leaved). 1828.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbed). See OLOSTYLA CORYMBOSA.
„ cymo'sa (cymed). 1811.

„ We'bera (Webera). 6. White. July. Trop. Asia.
1817.

STYLO'LEPIS GRA'CILIS. See PODOLEPIS GRACILIS.

STYLO'PHORUM. (From stulos, a style, and phorco,
to bear ; the capsule is crowned with a style. Nat. ord.
Papaveraceae.)

Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds; divisions in spring.
Well-drained garden soil.
S. diphy'llum (two-leaved), i. Yellow. June. N.

Amer. 1854. " Celandine Poppy."
„ japo'nicum( Japanese). i-i£. Yellow. June. Japan.

1870.

„ ohioe'nse (Ohio). See S. DIPHYLLUM.
,, petiola'tum (long-stalked). See S. DIPHYLLUM.

STYLOPHY'LLUM. (From stulos, a style or column,
and phullon, a leaf. Nat. ord. Crassulaceas.)

Greenhouse, evergreen herb, said to be a new genus
by the Bulletin of the New York Botanic Garden. Cut-
tings in sand, kept dry overhead. Loam, finely broken
bricks, a little leaf-mould and sand.

S. Orcu'ttii (Orcutt's). California. 1905. Syn. Cotyledon
attenuata.

STYPA'NDRA. (From stupe, tow, and aner, an anther ;
resemblance of the anthers. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Lili-
aceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Dianella.)

Greenhouse Australian plants. Division of the plant
in spring ; sandy loam and fibrous peat ; require the
protection of a dry, cold pit in winter.
S. c&spito'sa (tufted). 1-2. Blue or pale yellow. June.

1824.

„ frute'scens (shrubby). See S. GLAUCA.
„ glau'ca (sea-green). 1-2. Azure or violet. June to

September. 1833.

,, propi'nqua (related). See S. GLAUCA.
„ umbella'ta(umbe}\ed). i. White or pale yellow. June.
1826.

STYPHE'LIA. (From stuphelos, hard ; referring to the
wood. Nat. ord. Epacrids [Epacridaceae]. Linn. $-Pen-
tandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse, Australian evergreens. Cuttings of young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; sandy,
fibrous peat, and only a little fibrous loam. Winter
temp., 38° to 48°.
S. amplexicau'lis (stem- clasping). See LEUCOPOGON

AMPLEXICAULIS.

STYPHNOLOBIUM JAPONICUM 839

SWAIN SONIA

S epacrioi'des (Epacris-like). 6. Crimson. July. 1823.
glau'ca (sea-green). See MONOTOCA LINEATA.
Icz'ta (bright- green). 4. Pink. June. 1823.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See S. L^TA.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2-3. Green. June. 1807.
parvifto'ra (small-flowered). See LEUCOPOGON RICHEI.
Ri'chei (Riche's). See LEUCOPOGON RICHEI.
sple'ndens (splendid). See ASTROLOMA DIVARICATUM.
triflo'ra (three-flowered). 6. Pink. July. 1796.
tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 6. Scarlet. July. 1802.
viridifio'ra (green-flowered). See S. VIRIDIS.
„ vi'ridis (green). 2-4. Green. May. 1791.

STYPHNOLO'BIUM JAPO'NICUM. See SOPHORA

JA.POXICA.

STY'RAX. Storax. (From the Arabic. Nat. ord.
Storaxiuorts [Styraceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Hardy deciduous, white-flowered shrubs. By im-
ported seeds, and cuttings and layers ; light, rich, sandy
loam, and a little peat ; should be planted against a
wall to bloom profusely, and it is well worthy of such
protection ; next to that a dry, protected situation.
S. america'num ( American). 4-6. July. N. Amer. 1765.
„ Benzo'in (Benzoin). Summer. Malaya. Stove.
„ califo'rnicum (Calif ornian). 5-8. Fragrant. April

to September. California. 1885.
„ grandifo'lium (large-leaved). 6. July. N. Amer.

1765-
„ Tiemsleya'num (Hemsleyan). 20-30. Central China.

1910.
„ japo'nicum (Japanese). 5-6. White ; buds pale

pink. China; Japan. 1868.

„ Iceviga'tum (smooth) of Alton. See S. AMERICANUM.
„ laviga'tum (smooth) of Sims. See S. PULVERULENTUM.
„ Oba'ssia (Obassia). 6-10. Fragrant. May, June.

Japan. 1888.

„ officina'le (shop). 12. July. Levant. 1597.
„ pulverule'ntum (powdery). 4. June. N. Amer. 1794.
„ serrula'tum (finely-sawed). 20-40. April, May.
Eastern India.

SUCCO'WIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Cruciferae.)

Hardy annual. Seeds.
S. balea'rica (Balearic),
region.

Ordinary soil.

J une, J uly. Mediterranean

SUCCULENT PLANTS are so characterised on account
of their thick juicy leaves. They are formed to exist,
says Mr. Fortune, in countries and situations where they
are often exposed to intense light and dryness ; their
skins are thick ; they have few evaporating pores ; and
they have, likewise, few roots to gorge their tissue with
food during the rainy season. Therefore, we find the
dry, sandy plains of the Cape abounding in aloes and
mesembryanthemums ; and the bare volcanic rocks of
Mount Etna covered, in many places, with the common
prickly pear. In Mexico, also, and in many other parts
of Central and South America, the extensive race of
cacti, with their curious un-vegetable-like forms, are at
home, and flourish even in those dry and parched seasons
when the whole face of nature besides seems withered and
destroyed. The natural circumstances in which these
plants are found are sure and certain guides in cultivation.

SUCKERS are branches naturally thrown up by a
plant from its base, when the onward current of growth
of the stem is stopped.

SUFFOCATION is a term employed by Keith and others
to describe any stopping of the transpiratory organs of
plants, whether it arises from extravasated sap, mosses,
fungi, or from a deficient supply of sap.

SUGAR BAKERS' REFUSE. See ANIMAL MATTERS.
SUGAR CANE. Sa'ccharum officina'rum.

SULLIVA'NTIA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Saxifragaceae.)

Hardy perennial herb. Seeds ; divisions. Well-
drained soil.
S. Ohio'nis (Ohio). J. White. June, July. Ohio.

SUMACH. Rhu's.

SUMBUL. Fe'rula Su'mbul.

SUMMER SNOWFLAKE. Leuco'jum eesti'vum.

SUN-DEW. Dro'sera.

SUNFLOWER. Helia'nthus.

H. a'nnuus, Annual Sunflower, is now much cultivated
for its oil, and as a food for cattle and poultry.

The earlier the seed can be got into the ground the
better, say the beginning of April, as the crop will be
ready to harvest the latter part of August, which will
be of the greatest importance to growers. The neces-
sary quantity of seed required for an acre depends upon
the conditions of the soil, and varies from four pounds
to five pounds ; but, of course, it is advisable to sow a
little more than is actually wanted, to provide against
accidents. The seed should be drilled into the ground,
and the distance from row to row 18 inches ; the plants
to be thinned out to 30 inches from plant to plant, and
the number of plants at this distance would be about
14,500 per acre; at 18 inches from plant to plant,
25,000 per acre ; and at 12 inches from plant to plant,
32,000. The produce of this kind of grain, like that of
most others, varies considerably, according to the state
of the soil, climate, and the cultivation that is employed ;
but the average quantity of seed is about fifty bushels
per acre. This will produce fifty gallons of oil, and of
oilcake, 1500 pounds. The stalks, when burnt for alkalj,
give ten hundredweight of potash.

SUN-FRUIT. Helioca'rpus.
SUN-PLANT. Portula'ca grandiflo'ra.
SUN-ROSE. Helia'nthemum.

SURFACE GRUBS, or CATERPILLARS, are the larva?
of several species of Noctua (Argotis), or Night Moths.
Gardeners thus name them because they attack the roots
of the turnip, mangold wurzel, &c., just at the surface
of the soil.

SUSA'RIUM SEGETEQ. See SOLENOMELUS LECH-

LERI.

SU'SUM. (The native name of the plant. Nat. ord.
Flagellariaceae.)

A stove evergreen plant with leaves like those of a
Dracaena. Cuttings in sand, in a close case, with bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam, peat and sand.
S. anthelmi'nthicum(znthe}mintic). Reddish. Sumatra;
Java. 1889.

SUTHERLA'NDIA. (Named after James Sutherland,
author of a botanical catalogue. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria.
Allied to Clianthus.)

Half-hardy, scarlet-flowered evergreens, from South
Africa. Seeds in spring, or cuttings of young shoots in
May, under a hand-light ; requires protection in hard
winters.
S. frute'scens (shrubby). 3. June to September. 1683.

,, ,, cane1 scens (hoary). June. 1816.

„ „ microphy'lla (small-leaved). 3. June. 1816.

,, „ obcorda'ta (reverse-heart-shaped). 1839.

SUTTO NLA AUSTRA'LIS (SOUTHERN). See MYR-

SINE URVILLEI.

SUWARROW-NUT. Ca'ryocar.

SWAINSO'NIA. (Named after Isaac Swainson, F.R.S.
Xat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. 17-
Diadelphia, ^-Decandria. Allied to Colutea.)

Greenhouse, Australian, evergreen shrubs. Seeds in
a slight hotbed in April, after being soaked in warm water,
or they may be sown when ripe ; cuttings of young shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept in a cool frame or
pit any time in summer ; sandy, fibrous loam, and a
third of peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. They would
no doubt succeed against a protecting wall.
5. astragali fo'lia (Astragalus-leaved). See A. LESSERTLS-

FOLIA ASTRAGALIFOLIA.

„ atrococci' nea (dark-scarlet). Garden variety. 1887.
„ cane'scens (hoary). 1-2. Blue to violet-purple. May.

Swan River.
„ coronillcefo'lia (Coronilla-leaved). 2. Purple. July,

1800.
., „ albifio'ra (white-flowered). 2. White. July.

1826.
„ ecallo'sa (non-callused) . Like S. coronillafolia, but

callosities of standard absent. Western Australia.

1903.

SWALLOWWORT

840

SWIFT MOTH

S. Ferra'ndi a'lba (Ferrand's white). Buds cream, pure

white when open. Garden variety. 1886.
„ Frcebe'lii (Frcebel's). See S. LESSERTLEFOLIA FRCE-

BELII.

„ galegifo'lia (Galega-leaved). See S. CORONILL^EFOLIA.

„ greya'na (Capt. Grey's). 2. Pink. July. 1844.

„ ,, magni'fica (magnificent). Purple. 1866.

„ lesserticejo'lia (Lessertia- leaved). 2. Purple. July.
1824.

„ „ astragalifo'lia (Astragalus-leaved). White. July.
1802.

„ „ Frcebe'lii (Froebel's). i. Violet. 1854.

„ M'Cullockia'na (M'Cullockian). Reddish-brown; eye
pure white, edged chocolate. 1901.

„ magni'fica (magnificent). See S. GREYANA MAGNIFICA.

„ occidenta'lis (western). Purple. W. Australia. 1865.

„ Osbo'rnii (Osborn's). See S. CORONILL^FOLIA.

„ procu'mbens (lying-down). Purple. June to Sep-
tember. 1862.

,, purpu'rea (purple). See S. CORONILL^EFOLIA.

„ viola'cea (violet). See S. PROCUMBENS.

SWALLOWWOBT. Ascle'pias.

SWAMMERDA'MIA. (Named after J. Swammerdam,
the naturalist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua. Now referred to
Helichrysum.)
S. Antenna' ria (Antennaria-like). See HELICHRYSUM

ANTENNARIUM.

„ glomera'ta (clustered). See HELICHRYSUM GLOMER-

ATUM.

SWAMP DOGWOOD. Ple'lea tnfolia'ta.

SWAMP HICKORY. Ca'rya ama'ra.

SWAMP LOCUST TREE. Gledi'tschia monospe'rma.

SWAMP POST. Que'rcus lyra'ta.

SWAMP ROSE-MALLOW. Hibi'scus Moscheu'tos.

SWAMP SASSAFRAS or LAUREL. Magno'lia glau'ca.

SWAMP SAXIFRAGE. Saxi'fraga pennsylva'nica.

SWAMP WHITE OAK. Que'rcus bi' color.

SWAN'S-NECK ORCHID. Cycno'ches.

SWAN RIVER DAISY. Brachy'come iberidifo'lia.

SWA'RTZIA. (Named after Olof Swartz, a German
botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. n-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Cassia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat,
in the beginning of summer ; sandy, fibrous loam and
peat in equal proportions. Winter temp., 50° ; summer,
60° to 85°.
S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Yellow. Trinidad.

1821.
„ pinna' ti (pinnate). 6. Pale yellow. June. Guiana.

1817.
„ simplicifo'lia (simple-leaved). See S. GRANDIFLORA.

SWEDE. A species of Turnip. Bra'ssica Ruiaba'ga.
SWEDISH BEAM-TREE. Py'rus interme'dia.

SWEDISH JUNIPER. Juni' perns commu'nis fasti-
gia'ta.

SWEEPING. (See BESOM.) It is best done in calm
weather, and early, whilst the dew is strong enough to
allay the dust, and keep the light refuse from blowing
about.

SWEET ACORN OAK. Que'rcus Ballo'ta.
SWEET ALYSSUM. Aly'ssum mari'timum.
SWEET AMBER. Hype'ricum Androsce'mum.
SWEET BASIL. O'cimum basi'licum.
SWEET BAY. Lau'rus no'bilis.
SWEET BRIER. Ro'sa rubigino'sa.
SWEET BROOM. Scopa'ria du'lcis.
SWEET CALABASH. Passiflo'ratnalifo'rmis.
SWEET CASSAVA. Ma'nihot Ai'pi.
SWEET CHESTNUT. Casta'nea sati'va.

SWEET CICELY. Chtzrophy'llum aroma'ticum. See
CHERVIL. See also MYRRHIS ODORATA.

SWEET FLAG. A'corus Ca'lamus.

SWEET GALE. My'rica Ga'le.

SWEET GUM. Liquida'mbar styraci'flua.

SWEE'TIA. (Commemorative of Robert Sweet, a
nurseryman at Stockwell, and an English botanist,
author of several botanical works, and best remembered
by Sweet's Geraniacece. Nat. ord. Leguminosae. Now
referred to Galactia.)
S. bi'juga (two-paired). 20. Brazil. 1822.

,, filifo'rmis (thread- formed). See GALACTIA FILIFORMIS.

„ ligno'sa (woody). 5. Purple. St. Domingo. 1824.
Stove twiner.

,, longifo'lia (long- leaved) . See GALACTIA JUSSI^EANA.

SWEET JOHN. Narrow-leaved forms of Dia'nthus
barba'tus.

SWEET LIME. Ci'trus me'dica Lime'tta.
SWEET MARJORAM. Origanum Majora'na.
SWEET MAUDLIN. Achille'a Agera'tum.
SWEET ORANGE. Ci'trus Aura'ntium.
SWEET PEA. La'thyrus odora'tus.
SWEET POTATO. Bata'tas edu'lis.
SWEET SCABIOUS. Scabio'sa atropurpu'rea.
SWEET-SCENTED CRAB. Py'rus corona'ria.
SWEET-SCENTED VERBENA. Li'ppiacitrio'dora.
SWEET SOP. Ano'na squamo'sa.
SWEET SULTAN. Ccntau'reamoscha'ta.

SWEET SULTAN, YELLOW. Centau'rea moscha'ta
fla'va.

SWEET WILLIAM. Dia'nthus barba'tus.

SWE'RTIA. Felwort. (Named after E. Sivert, a
Dutch florist. Nat. ord. Gentianworts [Gentianaceae],
Linn. ^-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

Hardy plants. Seeds in spring ; a marshy, peaty soil.
S. ala'ta (winged). 2. Greenish-yellow, veined purple.

July to September. Himalaya. 1868.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. White, with blue

spots. July to September. Himalaya. 1868.
,, conna'ta (joined). Siberia.
„ corda'ta (heart-shaped). Himalaya.
„ cornicula'ta (small-horned). See HALENIA SIBIRICA.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbed). i. Light blue or white.

May, June. Himalaya. 1836.
,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). Persia.
,, michauxia'na (Michaux's). See HALENIA DEFLEXA.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). White to green or purple.

Himalaya. 1868.

,, pere'nnis (perennial), i. Purple. July. North
temperate regions (England). Perennial. " Marsh
Felwort."

„ puncta'ta (dotted). Eastern Europe ; Caucasus.
„ purpura'scens (purplish). 1-3. Purple. May, June.

Himalaya. 1836.
„ rota'ta (wheel-shaped). See PLEUROGYNA CARIN-

THIACA.

„ tricho'toma (thrice- forked). i\. White. June to
August. Himalaya. 1863.

SWIETE'NIA. Mahogany. (Named after Von Swieten.
a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord. Meliads [Meliaceae]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand, under a hand-light, and in bottom-heat ; sandy,
fibrous loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60°
to 85°.
S. Chloro' xylon (Chloroxylon). See CHLOROXYLON

SWIETENIA.
„ febri'fuga (fever-conquering). See SOYMIDA FEBRI-

FUGA.

„ Mafia' goni (mahogany). 80. Red, yellow. S. Amer.
1734. " Mahogany."

SWIFT MOTH, GHOST MOTH, GOST SWIFT, or
OTTER MOTH. He'pialus Hu'muli.

SWORD FERN

841

SYMPLOCARPUS

SWORD FERN. Xiplto'pteris.
SWORD IJLY. Gla'diolus.

SYA'GRUS. (After an ancient poet. Nat. ord. Palms
[Palmaceae]. Linn. 2i-Dicecia, s-Pentandria.)

Stove Palms. Seeds ; sandy loam, in a warm, moist
plant-stove.

S. ama'ra (bitter). See Cocos AMARA.
„ botryo'phora (bunch-bearing). See Cocos BOTRYO-

PHORA.

„ campe'stris (field). 10. Pale yellow. Brazil.
,, cocoi'des (Cocos-Uke). See Cocos SYAGRUS.
,, como'sa (long-haired). See Cocos COMOSA.
„ mikania'na (Mikanian). See Cocos MIKANIANA.
,, Sanco'na (Sancona). 40-60. Colombia.
„ Wa'llisi (WaUis's). Colombia. 1861.

SYCAMINE. Mo'rus.

SYCAMORE. A'cerPseu'do-pla'tanus.

SYCAMORE TREE OF SCRIPTURE. Fi'cus Sycomo'-
rus.

SYCOMO'RTJS. (From sukon, a fig, and moros, a
mulberry ; it is a fig- tree with leaves like a mulberry.
Nat. ord. Urticaceae. Now referred to Ficus.)
S. antiquo'rum (ancients'). See Ficus SYCOMORUS.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). See Ficus CAPENSIS.

SYCO'PSIS. (From sukon, a fig, and opsis, resemblance ;
leaves resemble those of a fig, but more like those of the
hazel. Nat. ord. Hamamelidaceae.)

A hardy evergreen shrub. Layers ; seeds. Ordinary
garden soil.
S. sine'nsis (Chinese). 10-20. Stamens red. China. 1909.

SYMPHO'NIA. (From sumphonia, regularity ; in
reference to the regularity of the flowers. Nat. ord.
Guttiferae.)

An evergreen stove tree. Cuttings of ripe wood, in
sand, in a close frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.

S. globulifera (globe-bearing). 20-40. Scarlet. Guiana;
Trop. Africa. 1825.

SYMPHO'RIA GLOMERA'TA. See SYMPHORICARPUS

ORBICULATUS.

SYMPHO'RIA MONTA'NA. See SYMPHORICARPUS

MICROPHYLLUS.

SYMPHO'RIA RACEMOSA. See SYMPHORICARPUS

RACEMOSUS.

SYMPHORICA'RPUS. (From symphoreo, to accumu-
late, and karpos, a fruit ; clustered fruit. Nat. ord.
Caprifoils [Caprifoliaceaa]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs, from North America. Cut-
tings in autumn, and freely by suckers ; good, common
soil. The flowers of racemo'sus are hunted after by bees,
and its masses of white fruit are grateful to many birds,
besides looking very pretty in winter.
S. acu'tus (acute). North-western Amer. 1888.
„ Hey Sri (Heyer's). Rosy. Western United States.

1888.
„ microphyll'us (small-leaved). 6. Pink. August.

Mexico. 1829.

„ mo' His cilia' tus (soft, eyelashed). California.
„ monta'nus (mountain). See S. MICROPHYLLUS.
„ occidentals (western). 6. Pinkish. July. Western

N. Amer. " Wolf-berry."
„ „ Heye'ri (Heyer's). See S. HEYERI.
„ orbicula'tus (orbicular). 3-6. White. August. 1730.

" Indian Currant," " Coral Berry."
„ „ variega'tus (variegated). 3-6. Pink. August.
„ oreo'philus (mountain-loving). Western N. Amer.
„ ova' tus (egg-shaped). Rose. Berry white. Habit

pendulous. 1909.

„ puni'ceus (scarlet). 4. Red. July. 1815.
„ racemo'sus (racemed). 6. Yellowish. August. 1817.

" Snowberry."
„ „ pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). Flowers one or two

in the axils of the top leaves.

„ rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). Western United States.
„ vulga'ris (common). See S. ORBICULATUS.
„ „ fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). See S.

ORBICULATUS VARIEGATCS.

SYMPHYA'NDRA. (From sumphuo, to cohere, and
aner, andros, a stamen; the stamens cohere by their
anthers. Nat. ord. Campanulaceae.)

Hardy perennial herbs for the rockery. Seeds;
divisions. Ordinary well-drained, rather sandy soil.
5. arme'na (Armenian). 2. Blue. June. Caucasus.

1836.
„ Hofma'nni (Hoffmann's). 1-2. White, drooping.

Bosnia. 1884.
„ osse'tica (Ossetic). i. Pale blue, drooping. July.

Caucasus. 1900.
„ pe'ndula (drooping). 2. Creamy-white. July.

Caucasus. 1823.

„ Wa'nneri (Warmer's). £-f- Blue. June to Sep-
tember. Transsylvania.

SYMPHYOGLO'SSTJM. See CYNANCHUM.

SYMPHYOSTE'MON. (From sumphuo, to cohere, and
stemon, a stamen ; the stamens cohere by their filaments
at the base. Nat. ord. Iridaceae.)

Hardy or haK-hardy tufted, fibrous-rooted herb.
Seeds ; divisions. Fibrous loam, peat, or leaf-mould
and sand.

S. narcissoi'des (Narcissus-like), i-ij. Pale yellow.
June. S. Chili; Magellan. 1828.

SY'MPHYTUM. Comfrey. (From sumphuo, to make
unite ; healing qualities. Nat. ord. Borage-worts [Bora-
ginaceae]. Linn. ^-Peniandria, i-Monogynia.)

Division of the plant, chiefly in spring ; good, common
soil, and a rather shady situation, where few herbaceous
plants would flourish.

HARDY TUBEROUS-ROOTED.

S. bohe'micum (Bohemian). See S. OFFICIVALE BOHE-

MICUM.
„ officina'le (shop). 4. White. June. Europe (Britain).

" Common Comfrey."
„ „ bohe'micum (Bohemian). 3. Red. May. Bohemia.

1810.
„ „ lu' teo-margina' turn (yellow-margined). Leaves

edged with yellow. 1870.

„ „ pa' tens (spreading). 4. Purple. June. Britain.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated). See S. OFFICIXALE

LUTEO-MARGINATUM.

,, tubero'sum (tuberous). 4. Yellow. July. Europe
(Scotland).

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. analo'licum (Anatolian). Anatolia.
„ aspe'rrimum (roughest). 6. Red, blue. July.

Caucasus. 1799. " Forage Comfrey."
„ ,, au'reo-variega'tum (golden- variegated). Leaves

margined with yellow.
„ bulbo'sum (bulbous). Europe.
„ bit lla' turn (blistered). See S. TAURICUM BULLATUM.
„ cauca'sicum (Caucasian). 4. Azure. June. Cau-
casus. 1820.

„ corda'tum (heart-leaved). 2. Cream. June. Trans-
sylvania. 1813.

„ Do'nii (Don's). 2. Azure blue. June. Caucasus.
,, echina'tum (hedgehog). See S. ASPF.RRIMUM.
„ orienta'le (eastern). 3. White. May. Turkey. 1752.
„ „ angu'stior (narrower). Leaves oval-lanceolate,

waved.

„ ottoma'num (Ottoman). Roumelia.
„ peregri'num (spreading). See S. ASPERRIMUM.
„ racemo'sum (racemed). See S. CAUCASICUM.
„ iau'ricum (Taurian). 3. White. June. Tauria.

1806.
„ „ bulla'tum (blistered-Ieaved). z\. Pale yellow.

June. Caucasus. 1818.

SYMPIE'ZA. (From sumpiezo, to press; the stamens
compressed in the tube. Nat. ord. Heathworis [Ericaceae].
Linn. 4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of the points of
shoots a couple of inches long, the base part being a
little firm, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy, fibrous
peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
S. capitella'ia (small-headed), ij. July. S. Africa. 1812.

SYMPLOCA'RPUS. (From sumploke, connection, and
karpos, a fruit ; the fruits are united in a mass. Nat.
ord. Araceae.)

SYMPLOCOS

842

vSYRINGA

A hardy, tuberous-rooted herb, chiefly notable for the
fetid smell of the flowers. Offsets ; seeds. Ordinary
garden soil.

S. fce'tidus (fetid), i. Green, brown. June. N. Amer.
" Skunkweed," " Skunk Cabbage."

SY'MPLOCOS. ( From sumploke, a connection ; stamens
united. Nat. ord. Storaxworts [Styraceae]. Linn. 18-
Polyadelphia, z-Polyandria.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a glass ; sandy, fibrous loam, and
a little fibrous peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. The
cocci 'nea will require 10° more heat, but similar treatment
otherwise. Si'nica should have a place on a protecting
wall.

S. cocci' nea (scarlet). Rose. Mexico. 1825.
„ cratcegoi'des (Crataegus-like). White. April. Hima-
laya to Japan. 1824.

„ japo'nica (Japanese). Yellow. Japan. 1850.
„ si'nica (Chinese). 3. White. May. China. 1822.
„ Sumu'ntia (Sumuntia). Whitish. J une to September.

Himalaya. 1883.
„ tincto'ria (dyer's). 3. Yellow. Carolina. 1780.

SYNADE'NIUM. (From sun, together, or united, and
aden, a gland ; the glands of the involucral leaves are
united, forming a cup. Nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae.)

A succulent or fleshy stove shrub. Cuttings in sand
in a dry stove or warm greenhouse. Fibrous loam, a little
peat or leaf-mould, finely broken bricks, and sand.
5. Gra'ntii (Grant's). 2-3. Crimson. Trop. Africa.
1867.

SYNA'NDRA. (From sun, together, and aner, andros,
anther ; the anthers in pairs. Nat. ord. Lipworts
[Labiatae]. Linn. i4-Didynamia,i-Gymnospermia. Allied
to Melittis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and division in
spring ; dry, sandy soil.

S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. June. N
Amer. 1827.

SYNANDROSPA'DIX. (From sun, together, aner,
andros, anther, and spadix, the spadix or axis bearing
the fruit ; the spadix is entirely covered with male
flowers. Nat. ord. Araceae.)

A stove perennial herb, with tuberous roots. Seeds ;
offsets. Fibrous loam, lumpy, fibrous peat or leaf-
mould not too much decayed, and sand.
S. vermito' xicus (worm-poisoning), i. Spathe green,
flesh inside. Tucuman, Argentina.

SYNANTHE'RIAS. (From sun, together, and anthera,
an anther ; the anther cells are separated in two pairs,
making four cells on the top of the filament. Nat. ord.
Araceae.)

A stove herb, with tuberous roots, the leaves develop-
ing after the flowers. Offsets ; seeds ; imported tubers.
Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, some dried cow-dung rubbed
up finely, and sand.

S. sylva'tica (wood). Spathe whitish, spotted with green.
May. India.

SYNAPHLE'BIUM. (From sun, together, and phlebs,
a vein ; the veins on the fronds. Nat. ord. Ferns
[Filices]. Linn. 24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)
Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
S. lobulo'sum (small-lobed). May. E. Ind.
„ obtu'sum (blunt). See LINDSAYA NITENS.
„ pectina'tum (comb-like). See LINDSAYA PECTINATA.
„ recurva'tum (curled-back). See LINDSAYA NITENS.

SYNCA'RPIA. (From sun, together, and karpos, a
fruit ; the fruits are united in a globose head or cluster.
Nat. ord. Myrtaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen trees. Cuttings in sand, under
a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
S. Hi'llii (Hill's). Australia.

„ laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 15. Yellow, green. May.
Australia. 1805.

SYNECHA'NTHUS. (From suneches, closely crowded,
and anthos, a flower ; the flowers are crowded together.
Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

A graceful stove palm. Seeds. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand.

S. fibro'sus (fibrous). 4-6. Fruit orange-red. Leaves
4 ft. long. Guatemala.

SYNEDRE'LLA. (From sun, together, and edrella, the
diminutive of hedra, a seat ; in allusion to the flowers
being produced in clusters in the axils of the forks or
at the apices of the branches. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Half-hardy annuals, which may be grown in the open
in summer. Seeds. Well-drained, light garden soil.
5. nodifto'ra (node-flowering). 1-2. Yellow. July.
Trop. Amer.

SYNEILE'SIS ACONITIFO'LIA. See SENECIO ACONITI-

FOLICJS.

SYNGO'NIUM. (From sun, together, and gone, the
ovary ; the ovaries are united. Nat. ord. Araceae.)

Evergreen, stove climbers. Cuttings in sand, in a
close frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, lumpy
peat, some charcoal and sand.
5. affi'ne (related). Green, yellowish. Trop. Amer.
„ albolinea' 'turn (white-lined). Leaves with silvery-grey

nerves. Central Amer. 1871.
„ auri'tum (eared). Purple ; spadix yellow. Mexico.

" Five Fingers."

„ gra'cile (slender). See S. AFFINE.
,, podophy'llum (stalk-leaved). Mexico.
„ riedelid'num (Riedelian). See S. VELLOZIANUM

RIEDELIANUM.

„ vellozia'num (Vellozian). Green, pale yellow. Brazil.
„ „ riedelia'num (Riedelian). Green, white. Brazil.

1860.
„ Wendla'ndii (Wendland's). Costa Rica.

SYNNO'TIA. (Commemorative of W. Synnot, a col-
lector of plants in South Africa. Nat. ord. Iridaceae.)

Greenhouse bulbs from South Africa. Seeds ; offsets.
Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
S. bi'color (two-coloured). \. Yellow, flushed violet.

March. 1786.

,, galea'ta (helmeted). See S. BICOLOR.
„ variega'ta (variegated), i. Dark violet, flushed
yellow on the lower segment. May. 1825.

SYNO'UM. (From sun, together, and oon, an egg ;
the seeds are adnate on both sides to the placenta. Nat.
ord. Meliaceae.)

Greenhouse, evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand, under
a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
S. glandulo'sum (glandular). 20. White. July. Aus-
tralia. 1821.

SYNTHY'RIS. (From sun, together, and thuris, fhuri-
dos, a small aperture ; the valves of the seed-vessel are
small. Nat. ord. Scrophulariaceae.)

Hardy perennial herbs for the rockery. Divisions in
early autumn or spring. Well-drained garden soil.
S. pinnati' fida (pinnately-cut). J. Deep blue. June to

August. North-western Amer. 1889.
„ renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped). \. Blue. April, May.
North-western Amer. 1885.

SYRE'NIA. (Probably commemorative. Nat. ord.
Cruciferae.)

Hardy biennial. Seeds. Ordinary garden soil.
S. Lama'rckii (Lamarck's). See S. SESSILIFLORA.
,, sessi7*7Zo'ra(stalkless-flowered). i£. Yellow. Southern
Russia.

SYRIAN THISTLE. See CNICUS SYRIACUS.

SYRI'NGA. The Lilac. (From surigx, suriggos, a pipe
or reed ; in allusion to the hollow stems. Nat. ord.
Oliveworts [Oleaceaj]. Linn. z-Diandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers and suckers gene-
rally ; scarce kinds by budding or grafting ; close-headed
ones, grafted standard-high on the ash, would look very
interesting ; common garden soil.
S. affl'nis (related). White. June. China. 1901.
„ amure'nsis (Amurland). 6-8. White. June. China;

Japan; Manchuria. 1889.
,, Bretschnei'deri (Bretschneider's). See S. EMODI

ROSEA.

,, chine' nsis (Chinese). 4-6. Violet-purple. May.

Garden origin. 1795. " Rouen Lilac."
„ „ mcte'nsis (Metan).
„ „ ru'bra (red). Red. May.
„ „ saugea'na (Saugean).

SYRINGA, MOCK

843

TACCA

S. Emo'di (Mount Eraodus). 10. White. April.

Himalayas. 1845.
„ „ au'rea (golden). Leaves splashed with yellow.

1886.

„ „ fo'liis ru'bris (red-leaved). Leaves red.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). Rosy-lilac. China. 1888.
„ ,, variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated. 1886.
„ Gira'ldi (Girald's). Considered the same as S. villosa.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). Creamy-white. Japan. 1886.
„ Josik<z'a (Josika's). 8. Deep lilac. June. Trans-

sylvania. 1833.
„ „ exi'mia (choice). Bright red in bud, rose when

open. 1899.
„ „ Julia'nes (Julian's). 3-4. Purple-lilac, fragrant.

May, June. W. China. 1901.
,, obla'ta (widened). 6-10. Purple. China. 1859.
„ „ a'lba (white). White.
„ pekine'nsis (Pekin). 5-10. White. Mountains of

N. China.

„ „ pe'ndula (pendulous). Branches drooping.
„ pjrsica (Persian). 5. Purple. May. Persia. 1640.

" Persian Lilac."

„ „ a'lba (white). 2. White. May. Persia.
„ „ lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). 5. Purple. Ma}'. Persia.
„ „ ru'bra (red). Red. 1908.
„ „ salvifolia (sage-leaved). 5. May.
„ pinnatifo'lia (pinnate-leaved). 6-8. White. Western

China. 1906.

„ pube'scens (downy). See S. VILLOSA.
„ rothomage'nsis (Rouen). See S. CHINENSIS.
„ Siceginzow'ii (Sweginzow's). Yellowish-red. Eastern

Asia (?). 1910.
„ tomenttUla (finely-felted). Bright rose. June. Corea ;

W. China. 1909.

„ veluti'na (velvety). See S. TOMENTELLA.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). 4-6. Blue-purple. May. N.

China. 1880.
„ vulga'ris (common). 8. Blue. May. Persia. 1597.

" Common Lilac."

,, „ a'lba (white). 5. White. May. Persia.
„ ,, a'lba-ma'jor (larger- white). 5. White. May.
„ „ a'lba-ple'na (double- white). 5. White. May.
„ „ caru'lea (blue). Blue.

„ ,, fo'liis au'reis (golden-leaved). Leaves yellow.
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Red, large.
„ „ purpu'rea (purple). Violet-purple.
„ „ ru'bra (red). 10. Red. May.
,, „ ru'bra-ma'jor (larger-red). 10. Red. May.
„ „ ru'bra-ple'na (double-red). 10. Red. May.
„ „ riola'cea (violet). 8. Purple. May. Persia.

" Scotch Lilac."
„ Wo'lfi. (Wolfs). 4-6. Lilac, fragrant. May. N.

China {?). 1910.

SYRINGA, MOCK. Philade'lphus corona'rius.

SYRINGE. This is a most useful implement for im-
pelling water over plants in pots, wall-trees, &c. When
the object is merely to refresh the plants, the operator
should stand at some distance from the plants, so that
the water may spread and fall upon them like a shower.
But if aphides have to be destroyed, he may be closer
to the plants, and drive forth the water with greater
force. Some nozzles are made so as to allow the water
to pass through many minute holes ; but the syringe is
sold with spare nozzles, so as to deliver the water in a
greater body ; and with elbows, so that the opposite sides
of plants in greenhouses may be syringed without moving
them. See ENGINE.

SYRINGO'DEA. (From suriggodes, having the form
of a tube, or tubular ; in allusion to the long, slender
tube of the flower. Nat. ord. Iridaceae.)

Greenhouse bulb. Offsets; seeds. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, and sand.
S. pulche'lla (pretty). $. Purple. S. Africa. 1873.

SYZY'GIUM. (From suzugios, that joins, copulative ;
branches and leaves in pairs. Nat. ord. Myrlleblooms
[Myrtaceae], Linn. i2-Icosandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a
moist bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibrous peat.
Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. caryophyllifo'lium (clove-leaved). See EUGENIA JAM-

BOLANA.
„ frutico'sum (shrubby). See EUGENIA FRUTICOSA.

S. glomera'tum (crowded). See EUGENIA GLOMERATA.
„ inophy'llum (fibrous- leaved). See EUGENIA INO-

PHYLLA.
„ Jambola'num (Jambolana-ta*). See EUGENIA JAM-

BOLANA.

„ obova'tum (reversed-egg-/«at-ei). See EUGENIA OBO-

VATA.

„ panicula'tum (panicled). See EUGENIA PANICULATA.

„ veno'sum (veiny). See EUGENIA FRONDOSA.

„ zeyla'nicum (Ceylon). See EUGENIA ZEYLANICA.

TABEBU'IA. (A native name in Brazil. Nat. ord.
Bignoniaceae.)

Stove shrubs or small trees. Cuttings in sand, in a
close case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and
sand.
T. (zsculiftflia (/Esculus-leaved). 10-20. Orange, spotted

yellow. June. Mexico.
„ chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). See TECOMA CHRYS-

ANTHA.

„ Do'nnell-Smi'thii (Donnell-Smith's). Mexico.

„ leuco'xyla (white-wood). 8-12. White to blush.

Trop. Amer. 1759.

„ pentaphy'lla( five-leaved). 6. Orange. July. Panama.
„ serratijo'lia (saw-leaved). See TECOMA SERRATIFOLIA.
„ specta'bilis (showy). See TECOMA SPECTABILIS.
„ trip hy 'lla (three-leaved). 10. White. W. Ind. 1783.

TABERN^EMONTA'NA. (Named after /. T. Tabernce-
monta'nus, a celebrated botanist. Nat. ord. Dogbanes
Linn. ^-Peniandria, i-Monogynia. Al-

[Apocynaceae]. Li
lied to Plumieria.)

Stove evergreens, all white-flowered, unless otherwise
mentioned. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in the be-
ginning of summer, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a
moist bottom-heat ; fibrous peat and lumpy loam, with
a fair portion of silver sand, and small pieces of charcoal.
Winter temp., 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
T. a'lba (white). See T. CITRIFOLIA.

„ amygdalafo'lia (almond-leaved). 6. Yellow. July.
S. Amer. 1780.

„ Amso'nia (Amsonia). See AMSONIA TABERN^-

MONTANA.

,, arcua'ta (arched). 40. Cream. Peru. 1824.

„ Ba.Tte.ri (Barter's). 6. Trop. Africa.

„ citrifo'lia (citron-leaved). 15. Yellow. Jamaica.

1784.

,, corona 'ria (garland). 4. July. India. 1770.
„ ,, cri'spa (crisped).
„ „ fio're-ple'no (double-flowered). 4. July. W. Ind.

1770.

„ cra'ssa (thick). Trop. Africa.

,, cri'spa (curled). 6. July. Andaman Islands. 1818.
,, cvmo'sa (cymed). 10. Carthagena. 1820.
„ densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). See RAUWOLFIA DENSI-

FLORA.

,, dicho'toma (forked). 12. September. Ceylon. 1820.
,, di'scolor (two-coloured). 10. Cream. April. Jamaica.

1822.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Trinidad. 1823.
,, grati'ssima (most grateful). See T. RECURVA.
„ laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 13 Yellow. May. W.

Ind. 1768.
„ longifio'ra (long-flowered). White. Trop. Africa.

1849.

,, multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Mascarene Islands.
„ odora'ia (sweet-scented). See MALOUETIA TAMA-

QUARINA.

,, persicaritzfo'lia (Persicaria-leaved). 6. Cream.

Mauritius. 1819.

„ recu'rva (recurved). 6. June. India; Burma. 1824.
,, Tamaquari'na (Tamaquarina). See MALOUETIA

TAMAQUARINA.

„ undula'ta (waved). 10. Orange. Trinidad. 1824.
„ tvallichia'na (Wallichian). White. Sumatra. 1873.
TA'CCA. (The Malay name. Nat. ord. Taccads
[Taccaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove, East Indian tuberous-rooted plants, except
where otherwise stated. Division of the roots in spring ;
sandy loam and a little fibrous peat. Winter temp., 60° ;
summer, 60° to 90°, and plenty of moisture.

TACCARUM

844

TAINIA

T. ariocarpifo'lia(Artocai:pus-\ea\ed). 5. Green, brown.

Madagascar. 1872.

„ a'spera (rough). See T. INTEGRIFOLIA.
„ Chantrie'ri (Chan trier's). Flowers much larger than

those of T. crista'ta. Malaya. 1901.
„ crista'ta (crested). iJ-2. Maroon-purple. June to

August. Malaya. 1812.

,, guinee'nsis (Guinea). 2. July. Trop. Africa.
„ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved), £. Purple. June. 1810.

Herbaceous.

„ lea' vis (smooth). 2. Brown. July. 1820.
„ palma'ta (hand-shaped). Java.
„ phali'fera (crest-bearing). See T. PINNATIFIDA.
„ pinnati'fida (leaflet-cut). 2. Purple. Trop. Asia.

1793-
„ vi'ridis (green). Green. India.

TACCA'RUM. (From Tacca, and Arum; because
they are aroids, resembling Tacca. Nat. ord. Araceae.)
Stove tuberous perennials. Offsets. Fibrous loam,
peat, and sand.
T. cyli'ndricum (cylindrical). 3. Spathe olive-green.

Java.

,, peregri'num (wandering). See T. CYLINDRICUM.
„ Warmi'ngii (Warming's). Spathe olive-green, with
white lines. December. Brazil. 1881.

TA'CHIA. (The Guianan name. Nat. ord. Gentian-
worts [Gentianaceae]. Linn. 5-Penlandria, i-Monogynia.
Referred to Leianthus.)
T. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). See LEIANTHUS LONGI-

FOLIUS.
,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). See LEIANTHUS LONGI-

FOLIUS.
,, Swa'rtzii (Swartz's). See LEIANTHUS EXSERTUS.

TACHIADE'NUS. (From Tachia, and aden, a gland ;
referring to the glands around the ovary, as in Tachia.
Nat. ord. Gentianaceae.)

A dwarf, evergreen subshrub. Cuttings in sand, in a
close frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and
sand.
T. carina'tus (keeled), i. Blue. Autumn. Madagascar.

1858.
„ radia'tus (rayed). Seems to be T. carina'tus.

TACHIGA'LIA. (The Guianan name Tachigali. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. lo-De-
candria, i-Monogynia. Alliance near the Tamarind.)

Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen trees. Cuttings of
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in March, in bottom-
heat ; also seeds in a hotbed ; sandy, fibrous loam.
Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
T. bi'juga (two-paired). See SWEETIA BIJUGA.
,, panicula'ta (panicled). 60. Guiana. 1827.

TACSO'NIA. (From tacso, the name of one of them
in Peru. Nat. ord. Passionworts [Passifloraceae]. Linn.
1 6-Monadelphia, z-Pentandria.}

Half-hardy evergreen climbers. Cuttings of young
shoots any time in summer ; fibrous loam and a little
sandy peat and leaf-mould. Fruit of molli 'ssima is
eatable.

T. adulteri'na (spurious). Colombia.
„ Buchana'ni (Buchanan's). See PASSIFLORA VITIFOLIA.
„ eria'ntha (woolly-flowered). See T. MIXTA ERIANTHA.
„ exonie'nsis (Exeter). Rosy, with violet throat.

(T. mollissimaxVan-Volxemii.) 1872.
„ i'gnea (fiery). See T. MANICATA.
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). Crimson. S. Amer. 1873.
„ manica'ta (sleeved). 20. Scarlet. September. Peru

1843.

„ mi'xta (mixed). Pink. July, August. Trop. Amer.
„ „ eria'ntha (woolly-flowered). Pink. Plant felted

with grey down.

„ ,, quite'nsis (Quitan). Rosy. Peru. 1867.
„ „ specio'sa (showy). Carmine. Colombia. 1871.
„ molli' ssima (softest-leaved). 20. Rose. September.

Colombia. 1844.

„ Parri'tce (Mrs. Parrit's). Orange. Colombia. 1882.
„ peduncula'ris (Jong-flower-stalked). 10. Rose. Peru.

1815.
„ pinnatisti'pula (leafleted-stipuled). 30. Pale rose.

September. Chili. 1828.
„ quadridenta'ta (four- toothed). See PASSIFLORA

QUADRIGLANDULOSA.

T. quadriglandulo' sa (four-glanded). See PASSIFLORA

QUADRIGLANDULOSA.

„ quite'nsis (Quitan). See T. MIXTA QUITENSIS.

„ sangui'nea (blood-coloured). See PASSIFLORA VITI-
FOLIA.

„ smythia'na (Smythian). See T. MOLLISSIMA.

,, specio'sa (showy). See T. MIXTA SPECIOSA.

,, tomento'sa (felted). Red. Peru. 1870.

„ Va'n-Volxe'mii (Van Volxem's). Crimson. Colom-
bia. 1866.

T^NIO'PSIS. (From tainia, a fillet, and op sis, like ;
the resemblance of the leaf, or frond. Nat. ord. Ferns
[Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices. Referred to
Vittaria.)

T. linea'ta (narrow-leaved). See VITTARIA LINEATA.
,, revolu'ta (curled-back). See VITTARIA REVOLUTA.

T2ENTTIS. (From tainia, a fillet ; the resemblance
of the fronds, or leaves. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices].
Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
T. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). £. July. Jamaica.

1816.

,, blechnoi'des (Blechnum-like). May. India.
„ chine'nsis (Chinese). June. China. 1828.
„ furca'ta (forked). June. Trinidad. 1824.
„ graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). £. July. Trinidad. 1820.
,, lanceola'ta (spear-head- fronded). i. August. W. Ind.
1818.

TAGE'TES. (Named after a Tuscan divinity. Nat.
ord. Composites [Compositas]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-
Superftua.)

Yellow-flowered, Mexican annuals, except where other-
wise mentioned. Annuals, sown in open ground in May ;
or better still, in a hotbed in the beginning of April,
and planted out in the middle of May. Perennials, by
seed, division, and cuttings. Lu'cida is pretty either for
a cool greenhouse or a bed on the lawn in summer.
T. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. August. 1826.

,, caracasa'na (Caracas). 3. August. Caracas. 1819.

„ clandesti'na (concealed). See T. CORONOPIFOLIA.

,, coronopifo'lia (Buckshorn-leaved). 3. July. 1823.

„ corymbo'sa (corymbed). See T. PATULA.

„ daucoi'des (carrot-like). June. Chili.

,, ere'cta (erect). 3. July. 1596. " African Marigold."

,, filifo'lia (thread-leaved). See T. MULTIFIDA.

,, flo'rida (florid). See T. LUCIDA.

,, gigante'a (gigantic). 6-9. Bolivia. 1886.

,, glanduli'fera (gland-bearing). See T. MINUTA.

,, glandulo'sa (glanded). See T. MINUTA.

„ la'cera (torn). Orange-chrome or yellow. California.
1898. Half-hardy perennial.

,, Lemmo'ni (Lemmon's). 3. Southern Arizona. 1900.
Perennial.

„ lu'cida (shining-leaved), i. August. 1798. Herba-
ceous. " Mexican Marigold."

,, tnicra'ntha (small-flowered). 3. August. 1822.

,, minu'ta (minute-flowered). 2. August. Trop. Amer.
1728.

„ multi'fida (much-cut). 3. August. 1826.

,, pa'tula (spreading). 2. August. 1573. " French
Marigold."

„ pusi'lla (puny), r. Ecuador.

,, signa'ta (notable). i-i£. Summer.

,, ,, pu'mila (dwarf). £-1. Summer.

,, subvillo'sa (slightly-shaggy). 2. September. 1823.

,, lenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 3. August. Peru. 1797.

TAIL FLOWER. Anthu'rium.

TAI'NIA. (From tainia, a fillet ; the lip is strap-
shaped. Nat. ord. Orchidaceas.)

Stove epiphytical Orchids. Offsets. Fibre of peat,
sphagnum, and crocks.
T. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Dull brownish-yellow.

Burma.
„ bico'rnis (two-horned). Green, pale red ; lip yellow,

red. March. E. Ind. 1841.
„ fuerstenbergia'na (Fuerstenbcrgian). 2-3. Yellow

and brown. Country unknown. 1906.
,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Green, brown. April.

N. India. 1852.
„ penangia'na (Penang). i. Yellow and brown.

Penang. 1897.
„ specio'sa\ showy). Malaya.

TALAUMA

845

TAN

TALAUMA. (Its South American name. Nat. ord.
Magnoliads [Magnoliaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, 6-
Polygynia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots, thinly, in
sand, under a large bell-glass, in heat ; grafting and
inarching on Magno'lia obova'ta ; fibrous peat and a
little loam and sand. Winter temp., 45° to 55° ; summer,
60° to 80°.
T. Cando'llei (Decandolle's). 15. Striped. April. Java.

1827.
„ „ galeottia'na (Galeottian). Pale yellow, fragrant.

Java.
„ Hodgso'ni (Hodgson's). Calyx purple ; petals white,

fragrant. Himalaya. 1857.

„ Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 60. White. Antilles. 1829.
„ pu'mila (dwarf). See MAGNOLIA PUMILA.

TALBO TIA. See VELLOZIA.

TALEWORT. Bora'go officina'lis.

TALIE'RA. (The Indian name. Nat. ord. Palms
[Palmaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Referred
to Corypha.)
T. bengale'nsis (Bengal). See CORYPHA TALIERA.

TALIGA LEA CAMPE STRIS. See AMASOMA ERECTA.

TALIGA LEA PUNTCEA. See AMASONIA CALYCINA.

TALI'NUM. (From fhalia, a green branch; its
durable verdure. Nat. ord. Purslanes [Portulaceae].
Linn. n-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia.)

Annuals and biennials, sown in a hotbed early in
spring, pricked out, and bloomed in the greenhouse, or
a sheltered place out of doors ; the others are under-
shrubs, easily propagated by cuttings of the succulent
shoots, dried at the base before inserting them in sandy
soil ; peat, loam, sand, and brick-rubbish. Winter
temp., 45° to 58°, and dryish ; summer, 60° to 80°.

ANNUALS, &c.
T. polya'ndrum (many-stamened). See CALANDRINIA

POLYANDRA.

„ purpu'reum (purple). Purple. August. Mexico. 1826.
„ refle'xum (bent-back), i. Yellow. September. S.
Amer. 1800. Biennial.

EVERGREENS, &c.

T. Anaca'mpseros (Anacampseros). See ANACAMPSEROS
TELEPHIASTRUM.

„ Andre'wsii( Andrews'). See CALANDRINIA ANDREWSII.

„ Arno'ttii (Arnott's). Yellow. S. Africa. 1867.
Greenhouse perennial.

„ ca'ffrum (Caffer). Damaraland.

„ cilia'tum (eyelashed). See T. TERETIFOLIUM.

„ crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). See T. TRIANGULARE.

„ „ albiflo'rum (white-flowered). See T. TRIANGU-
LARE ALBIFLORUM.

„ cuneifo'lium (wedge-leaved), i. Purple. August.

Egypt. 1820.
„ panicula' 'turn (panicled). See CALANDRIXIA PANICU-

LATA.

„ patens (spreadins-flowered) . i. Red. September.

S. Amer. 1776 Herbaceous.
„ ro'seum (rosy). Rose. Abyssinia. 1892. Succulent

shrub.
„ teretifo'lium (cylindric-leaved). i. Pink. August.

N. Amer. 1823. Herbaceous.
„ triangula're (triangular). f. Yellow. August.

Trop. Amer. 1739.
„ „ albiflo'rum (white-flowered). White. July. S.

Amer. 1819.

TALIPOT PALM. Co'rypha umbraculi'fera.
TALTSIA. (From Toulichi, the name in Guiana.
Nat. ord. Soapworts [Sapindaceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripened wood,
with leaves, thinly inserted in sand, under a glass, in
moist bottom- heat ; sandy peat and fibrous loam. Wintc r
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
T. guiane'nsis (Guiana). 8. Rose. Guiana. 1824.
„ olivafo'rmis (olive- formed). 20. Yellow. Colombia.

1824.

„ Pri'nceps (chief). Whitish. Leaves 6 ft. long.
Venezuela. 1888.

TALLOW SHRUB. My'rica ceri'fera.

TALLOW TREE, CHINESE. Stilli'ngia sebi'fera.

TALLOW TREE, SIERRA LEONE. PentadSsma buty-
ra'cea.

TAMARIND TREE. Tamari'ndus i'ndica.

TAMARI'NDUS. Tamarind-tree. (From Tamarlindy,
the Arabic name. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria.)

Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen tree. Seeds soaked,
and sown in a hotbed ; cuttings in sand, in heat ; sandy
loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.
T. i'ndica (Indian). 60. July. E. Ind. 1633.

„ occidenta'lis (western). See T. INDICA.

„ officina'lis (officinal). See T. INDICA.

TA'MARIX. Tamarisk. (From Tamaris, now Tarn-
bro, the name of a river where it grows, on the borders
of the Pyrenees. Nat. ord. Tamarisks [Tamaricaceae].
Linn. 5-Pentandria, $-Trigynia.)

Hardy, by cuttings under a hand-light, or even in the
open air, in spring or autumn, and any common soil ;
the tender species require a warm greenhouse or a cool
plant-stove, and to be grown in peat and loam ; in-
creased by cuttings under a hand-glass, in sand, and in
heat.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

T. a'nglica (English). 3-6. Pink. Seashores of Western

Europe (England). " Tamarisk."
„ chine" nsis (Chinese). China and Japan.
„ dahu'rica (Dahurian). See MYRICARIA DAVURJCA.
„ ga'llica (French). 10. Flesh. July. Mediterranean

region. Deciduous.

„ germa'nica (German). See MYRICARIA GERMANICA.
„ hi'spida kashga'rica (Kashgar). Leaves glaucous.

1893.
„ „ astiva'lis (summer). A seedling which blooms in

July instead of September. 1901.
„ kashga'rica (Kashgar). See T. HISPIDA KASHGARICA.
,, odessa'na (Odessan). Odessa, Russia. 1891.
,, Palla'sii (Pallas's). See T. PENTANDRA.
„ parvifto'ra (small-flowered). See T. PEVTANDRA.
„ £mto'»kfra(five-stamened). 4-8. Bright rose. July.

E. Europe to Afghanistan. 1827.
,, „ macroste'mon (large-stamened). Stamens large.
„ „ molda'vica (Moldavian).
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). Flowers rosy-pink.
,, rube'lla (red). 5-8. Rose. Branches sombre red.

Algeria. 1907. Half-hardy.
„ fefra'»wfra(four-stamened). 6. White. July. Eastern

Europe ; Tauria. 1821.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

T. articula'ta (jointed). 10. Pink. July. Arabia;

Persia ; India.

„ dioi'ca (dioecious). 6. E. Ind. 1823.
„ i'ndica (Indian). See T. GALLICA.
,, orienta'lis (eastern). See T. ARTICULATA.

TAMO'NEA. (From tamone, the Guianan name. Nat.
ord. Verbenas [Verbenaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-
Angiospermia. Allied to Lantana.)

Tender, blue-flowered biennials. By seed in a hotbed
in spring ; pricked out, and potted off, and bloomed in
the greenhouse.
T. curassa'vica (Curassoa). See T. SPINOSA.

„ mu'tica (awnless). See T. SPICATA.

„ spica'ta (spiked). September. Trinidad. 1824.

,, spino'sa (spiny), i. July. W. Ind. 1823.

„ verbena'cea (Verbena-like). See T. SPINOSA.

TA'MUS. (Derivation doubtful. Nat. ord. Dios-
I coreaceae.)

Hardy twining herb, with tuberous rootstock, red
berries, and bronzy-black leaves in autumn. Seeds;
offsets. Ordinary garden soil.
T. commu'nis (common). 8-12. Green. May, June.

Europe (England), &c.

„ Elepha'ntipes (elephant's-foot) See TESTUDIXARJA
ELEPHANTIPES.

TAN. See BARK.

TANACETUM

846

TAUSCHERIA

TANACE'TUM. Tansy. (Derivation uncertain. Nat.
ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-
Superflua.)

Hardy herbaceous. Divisions in spring, and cuttings
under a hand-light in summer ; any soil. Grandiflo'rum
requires a cool greenhouse or a cold pit in winter, and a
sandy, fibrous loam.

T. alpi'num (alpine). See CHRYSANTHEMUM ALPINUM.
„ arge'nteum (silvery), i. White. Leaves silvery-grey.

Asia Minor.
„ aucheria'num (Aucherian). i. White. July. Asia

Minor.
„ Balsami'ta (Balsamita). See CHRYSANTHEMUM BAL-

SAMITA.

„ camphora'tum (camphorated). Yellow. California.
„ corymbo' sum (corymbose). See CHRYSANTHEMUM

CORYMBOSUM.

„ e'legans (elegant). See T. CAMPHORATUM.

„ flabellifo'rme (fan- formed). See PENTZIA CRENATA.

„ fruticulo' sum bractea' turn (long-bracted-shrubby). Pale

yellow. Himalaya ; Soongaria. 1877.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). See MATRICARIA

GRANDIFLORA.

„ Herds' ri (Herder's), i. White. Turkestan.

„ hurone'nse (Lake-Huron). YeUow. July. N. Amer.

1857-
„ leptophy'llum (slender-leaved), i. White. August.

Caucasus. 1821.
„ leucopky'llum (white-leaved), i. Deep yellow. June

to August. Turkestan. 1880.
„ millef olio! turn (milfoil-like). 2. Yellow. July.

Armenia. 1739.

„ pa'llens (pale). See CHRYSANTHEMUM FALLENS.
„ purpu'reum (purple). See CYATHOCLINE LYRATA.
„ vulga're (common). 2. Yellow. June. Europe

(Britain).
„ „ cri' spurn (crisped). Leaves crisped, used for

garnishing.
„ „ variega'tum (striped-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

Britain.

TANAKffi'A. (A Japanese commemorative name.
Nat. ord. Saxifragacea?.)

A hardy, evergreen herb for the rockery. Divisions.
Ordinary, well-drained soil.
T. radi' cans (rooting). J. White. June. Japan.

TANGHTNIA. (From the native Madagascar name.
Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia. Now referred to Cerbera.)
T. dicho'toma (forked). See TABERN^MONTANA DICHOT-

OMA.

„ laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). See CERBERA ODOLLAM.
„ Ma'nghas (Manghas). See CERBERA ODOLLAM.
„ Odo'llam (Odollam). See CERBERA ODOLLAM.
„ veneni'flua (poison-flowing). See CERBERA TANGHIN.

TANGIER PEA. La'thyrus tingita'nus.
TANNER'S TREE. Coria'ria myrtifo'lia.
TANSY. Tanace'tum vulga're.
TAPE GRASS. Vallisne'ria spira'lis.

TAPEINA'NTHUS. (From tapeinos, low or humble,
and anthos, a flower ; the plant is very dwarf in stature.
Nat. ord. Amaryllidaceae.)

A hardy bulb. Offsets ; seeds. Light, sandy soil.
T. hu'milis (low). $-£. Yellow. Spain ; Tangiers.
1820.

TAPEINO'TES. (From tapeinoies, lowliness. Nat.
ord. Gesneraceae. Now referred to Sinningia.)
T. barba'ta (bearded). See SINNINGIA CAROLINA.
„ Caroli'nce ma'jor (greater). See SINNINGIA CARO-
LINA MAJOR.

TAPI'SCIA. (From tapis, a coverlet or housing. Nat.
ord. Sapindaceae.)

A hardy or half-hardy deciduous tree. Seeds, layers ;
cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sandy soil in a close frame,
with gentle bottom-heat. Ordinary garden soil.
T. sine'nsis (Chinese). 20-30. Yellow, small, fragrant.
Central and W. China. 1909.

TAPOGO'MEA PURPU REA. See CEPHAELIS PUR-

PUREA.

TAPOGO'MEA VIOLA'CEA. See CEPHAELIS vio-

LACEA.

TARA'XACUM. (From tarasso, to disturb or stir ; in
reference to its supposed medicinal effect. Nat. ord.
Compositae.)

Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary
garden soil. T. offic in. le is s imetimes grown and blanched
as a salad, in the saire way as Chicory. Its roots are
sometimes dried, ground, and used to adulterate coffee,
as is the case with Chicory.
T. gymna' 'nihemum (naked-flowered). Yellow. June.

Mediterranean region.
,, monta'num (mountain). Yellow. August. Asia

Minor ; Persia. 1834.

„ officina'le (officinal). J-i. Yellow. May to October.
Temperate regions (Britain). "Common Dande-
lion."

TARCHONA'NTHUS. (From tarchos, burial or inter-
ment, and anthos, a flower ; the corolla and fruits are
densely buried or enveloped in long woolly hairs. Nat.
ord. Compositae.)

Greenbo --,e evergreen little tree or shrub. Cuttings
in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring or early summer.
Fibrous loam, a little peat or leaf-mould, and sand.
T. camphora'tus (camphor-scented). 10. Purple. S.

Africa. 1690. " African Fleabane."
,, denta'tus (toothed). See BRACHYL/ENA NEREIFOLIA.
„ elli'pticus (elliptic). See BRACHYL,*:NA ELLIPTICA.

TARE'NNA. (Derivation not obvious. Nat. ord.
Rubiaceae. Allied to Randia.)

Small evergreen stove tree. Cuttings in sand, in a
close case, with bottom- heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
T. zeyla'nica (Cingalese). White. July to September.
Ceylon.

TA'RO. The tuberous rootstock of Colocasia anti-
quorum are variously known as Taro, Eddoes, and Cocoes
in tropical countries, where they are grown as food.
The sliced tubers are known as White Coco Biscuits, or
Red Coco Biscuits, according to the variety of Colocasia
antiquorum, from which they are made. The roots are
grown in the West Indies, and ground into meal, or the
starch is extracted from them and used as food. The
roots are extensively used as food in India, under the
above names, Taro, Eddoes, and Cocoes. In the raw
state they are acrid and poisonous, but these properties
are destroyed by the heat applied in cooking or preparing
them for food.

TARRAGON. (Ariemi'sia Dracu'nculus.} Used in
salads to correct the coldness of the other herbs ; and its
leaves are excellent when pickled.

Soil. — Poor, dry soil is essential to produce it in per-
fection, and hardy.

Propagated by parting the roots. To have green
Tarragon during the winter and spring, strong-rooted
plants must be planted, small portions at a time, once
or twice a month, from the close of October to the end
of January. For the main crop, it may be planted any
time from the end of February until the conclusion of May.

Plant 10 inches apart, and, if dry weather, water must
be given regularly every evening until they are rooted.
They soon establish themselves, and may be gathered
from the same year. As they run up, the stems should
be cut down, which causes them to shoot afresh.

At the end of autumn, if some established plants are
set beneath a south fence, they will often afford leaves
throughout the winter, or, at all events, come early in
the spring. Some of the leaves should be gathered in
the summer, and dried for winter's use.

TASMA'NNIA. (Named after C. Tasmann, a Dutch
navigator. Nat. ord. Magnoliads [Magrioliacea1]. Linn.
23-Polygamia, i-Moncecia. Now referred to Drimys.)
T. aroma' tica (aromatic). See DRIMYS AROMATICA.
,, dipe'tala (two-petaled). See DRIMYS DIPETALA.

TASTELESS MOUNTAIN CURRANT. Ri'bes alpi'num.

TAUSCHE'RIA. (Commemorative of Ignatius F.
Tauscher, a Professor of Botany at Prague. Nat. ord.
Cruciferae.)

A hardy annual. Seeds. Ordinary garden soil.
T. lasioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). 1-2. Yellow. Central
Asia and N. India.

TAVERNIERA

847

TECOMA

TAVERNIE'RA. (Commemorative of /. B. Tavernier,
a traveller in the East. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

Greenhouse shrubby plants. Seeds ; cuttings in sand

under a bell-glass. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

T. lappa'cea (bur-like). Yellow. July. Arabia. 1820.

„ nummula'ria (money-wort). 1-2. Red. June.

Arabia ; N.W. India. 1826. " Indian Moneywort."

TAXA'NTHEMA. (From taxis, order, arrangement,
and anthemon, a flower. Nat. ord. Plumbaginaceae.
Now referred to Statice.)
7". auriculcefo'lia (auricula-leaved). See STATICE AURI-

CUL^FOIJA.

„ austrzlis (southern). See STATICE AUSTRALIS.
„ inca'na (hoary). See STATICE INCANA.
„ specie' sa (showy). See STATICE SPECIOSA.
„ tata'rica (Tartarian). See STATICE TATARICA.

TAXO'DIUM. Deciduous Cypress. (From laxus, the
yew, and aides, like. Nat. ord. Conifers [Coniferae].
Linn. zi-Moncecia, 8-Octandria.)

Hardy Conifers. Seeds in April ; cuttings in autumn
or spring, in a moist, shady place ; layers, also, root the
first season ; a low, moist situation suits all the hardy
varieties best ; cuttings will also strike in water as freely
as toe Xerium. The evergreens should have a little
peat added, and will require a little protection in winter,
such as a cold pit would give, or surrounding them with
a frame of Spruce-branches.
T. cape'nse (Cape). See CALLITRIS ARBORKA.
„ dri'stichum (two-ranked-leaved) 50. May. N. Amer.
1640. " Deciduous Cypress."
denuda'tum (denuded).
exce'lsum (lofty). May.
fastigia'tum (upright). Florida.
microphy'llum (small-leaved). See T. DISTICHUM.
na'num (dwarf). 8-10.

nuci'ferum (nut-bearing). See T. HETEROPHYLLUM.
nu'tans (nodding). 20. May.
pa'Uns (spreading). 20. May.
pe'ndulum (drooping). 20. May. China.
sempervi'rens (evergreen). See SEQUOIA SEMPER-
VIXENS.

„ ,, sine'nse (Chinese). See T. DISTICHUM PENDULUM.
„ heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 10. May. China.

" Embossed Cypress."

„ japo'nicum (Japanese). See CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA.
„ mexica'nam (Mexican). See T. MUCRONATUM.
M mucrona'tum (small-pointed). 100-120. Mexico.
„ sine'nse (Chinese). See T. DISTICHUM PENDULUM.

TAX US. The Yew. (From taxon, a bow; being
used for bows. Nat. ord. Conifers [Conifera?]. Linn.
22-Dicecia, i^-Polyandria.)

Evergreen Conifers. Seed, gathered in October, either
sown directly, or taken to the rot-heap until spring,
when the plants, many of them, will appear the following
year ; cuttings, 10 inches in length, lower half deprived
of leaves, in sand, in a shady border, in April and August,
taken off with a heel ; deep, loamy soil, with a fair
portion of moisture.
T. adpre'ssa (close-pressed). See T. BACCATA ADPRESSA.

„ bacca'ta (berried). 20. February. Europe (Britain).
Northern Asia. " Common Yew," " English Yew."

„ „ adpre'ssa (close-pressed). 2-8. Japan. 1844.

„ „ adpre'ssa au'rea (golden).

„ „ adpre'ssa stri'cta (upright).

„ ,, adpre'ssa variega'ta (variegated).

„ „ a'lbo-variega'ta (white-variegated).

„ „ arge'ntea (silvery).

„ „ au'rea (golden).

„ „ au'rea variega'ta (golden-variegated).

„ ,, Barro'ni (Barren's). Leaves edged with yellow.
Fruits freely.

„ „ brevifo'lia (short-leaved).

„ „ cheshunte1 'nsis (Cheshunt).

„ „ Dovosto'm'(Dovaston's). Twigs drooping. " West-
felton Yew." 1861.

„ „ Dmasto'ni au'reo-variega'ta (golden- variegated).
Young leaves edged yellow.

„ „ eleganti 'ssima (very-elegant).

„ „ rlvastont'nsis (Elvaston). Young leaves orange.
" Elvaston Yew."

„ „ epacridioi' des (Epacris-like).

„ „ erefcta (erect). " Fulham Yew."

„ „ ericoi'des (Erica-like).

1780.

20. February. Canada.

Leaves with white edges.
20. Mountains of Japan.

See T. BACCATA

T. bacca'ta expa'nsa (spreading).
„ „ fastigia'ta (tapering). 20. April. Ireland.
" Irish Yew," " Florence Court Yew."
, fastigia'ta arge'ntea (upright-silvery).
, fastigia'ta au'rea (upright-golden).
, fastigia'ta Standi'shii (Standish's-upright).
, Fishe'ri (Fisher's).
, Fo'xi (Fox's).

, fru'ctu-lu'teo (yellow-berried). April. Ireland.
„ glau'ca (sea-green).
„ gra'oilis pe'ndula (slender-drooping).
„ horizonta'lis (horizontal).

„ horizonta'lis eleganti' ssima (very-elegant-hori-
zontal).

„ imperia'lis (imperial).
„ Jackso'ni (Jackson's).
„ na'na. (dwarf). 2. Leaves shining.
„ " Neidpaih." Tree columnar.
„ procu'mbens (lying-down). 8. February. Europe.
„ pyramida'lis (pyramidal).
„ pyramida'lis variega'ta (variegated-pyramidal).
„ recurva'ta (recurved). Edges of leaves inrollecL
„ semperau'rea (always-golden).
„ Siebo'ldi (Siebold's).
„ sine'nsis (Chinese). China.
„ sparsifo'lia (scattered-leaved). March.
„ variega'ta (variegated). >«. February. Europe.
„ wallichia'na (Wallichian). Himalaya.
„ Washingto'ni (Washington**)
,, brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 40. Western N. Amer.

" Californian Yew."
„ canade'nsis (Canadian).

1800. " Canadian Yew."
„ „ au'rea (golden).
„ „ variega'ta (variegated).
„ cuspida'ta (short-pointed).

" Japanese Yew."
„ „ compa'cta (compact).
„ empetrifo'lia (Empetrum-leaved).

ERICOIDES.

,, florida'na (Florida). 20-30. Florida. 1896. " Florida

Yew."
,, Fortu'nei (Fortune's). See CEPHALOTAXUS PEDUNCU-

LATA FASTIGIATA.

„ globo'sa (globose). Mexico. " Mexican Yew."

„ Harringto'nia (Harrington's). See CEPHALOTAXUS

PEDUNCULATA.

„ hibe'rnica (Irish). See T. BACCATA FASTIGIATA.
„ Inuka'ja (Inukaja). See CEPHALOTAXUS PEDUNCU-
LATA.

„ lindleya'na (Lindleyan). See T. BREVIFOLIA.
„ Mako'ya (Makoy's). See PODOCARPUS MACROPHYLLA.
„ nuci'fera (nut-bearing). See TORREYA NUCIFERA.
„ tardi'va (late). See T. BACCATA ADPRESSA.
„ waUichia'na (Wallichian). See T. BACCATA WALLICHI-

ANA.

TCHIHATCHE'WIA, (Commemorative of the Russian
botanist, Tchihatcheff. Nat. ord. Cruciferae.)

A handsome perennial herb for the rockery. Seeds.
Well-drained, light soil.

T. isati'dea (Isatis-like). Rosy-pink, fragrant. Armenia.
189*.

TEA. The leaves of Came'llia thei'fera.

TEA BERRY. Gaulthe'ria procu'mbens.

TEA, BOTANY BAY. Smi'lax glycyphy'lla.

TEA, PAKAGUAY. I'lex parague'nsis.

TEA TREE. Ly'cium ba'rbarum.

TEAK TREE, AFRICAN. Oldfie'ldia africa'na.

TEAK TREE, INDIAN. Te'ctona gra'ndis.

TEAK TREE, NEW ZEALAND. Vi'tea littora'lis.

TEASEL, TEAZEL or TEAZLE. Di'psacus.

TECO'MA. (A contraction of the Mexican name.
Tecomaxochili. Nat. ord. Bignoniads [Bignoniaceae].
Linn. \\-Didynamia., z-Angiospermia.)

Mostly by cuttings ; the hardy T. radi'cans and its
varieties by cuttings of the shoots, and very freely by
pieces of the roots ; all the others are the better for a
glass being placed over them, and flourish in loam and
peat. The T. cape' nsis makes a neat pot-plant.

TECOPHIL^A

848

TELFAIRIA

HARDY EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.

T. radi'cans (rooting). 30. Orange. July. N. Amer.

1640.
„ „ ma'jor (greater). 30. Orange. July. N. Amer.

1640. " Greater Ash-leaved Tecoma."
„ „ mi'nor (smaller). 20. Scarlet. July. N. Amer.
1640. Lesser Ash-leaved Tecoma."

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS, &c.
T. austra'lis (southern). Orange. June. N.S. Wales.

1793-
„ „ meona'ntha (less-flowered). 12. Blush. April.

Australia. 1815.
„ Bry'cei (Bryce's). Rose-crimson, scented. Mashona-

land. 1906.

„ cap e'nsis (Cape). 8. Orange. August. S.Africa. 1823.
„ divcrsifo'lia (various-leaved). See T. AUSTRALIS.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 30. Orange. July.

China; Japan. 1800. Deciduous, nearly hardy on

a wall.
„ jasminoi'des (jasmine-like). Pink. August. N.S.

Wales.
„ Macke'nii (Macken's). Rosy-pink, with richer veins.

S. Africa. 1887.

„ Mangle'sii (Mangles'). See T. AUSTRALIS.
„ meona'ntha (less-flowered). See T. AUSTRALIS

MEONANTHA.

„ mo' His (soft). 6. Yellow. Mexico. 1824. Deciduous.
„ Regi'na-Sa'bce (Queen of Sheba). See T. BRYCEI.
„ ricasolia'na (Ricasolian). See T. MACKENII.
„ shire'nsis (Shire). 4-10. Orange. Nyasaland. 1904.

Erect shrub.
„ Smi'thii (Smith's). Yellow, tinted red. (C.capensisx

velutina.) 1889. Erect shrub.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

T. amboine'nsis (Amboynian). Orange-red. Amboyna,
Malaya. Climber.

„ au'stro-caledo'nica (Southern-Caledonian). White.
New Caledonia.

„ chile' 'nsis (Chilian). Scarlet. March to May. Chili.
1870.

„ chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). 10. Yellow. Vene-
zuela. 1823.

„ (Campsi'dium) filicifo'lia (fern-leaved). Fiji. 1873.

„ digita'ta (hand-leaved). 6. Yellow. Mexico. 1813.

„ fu'lva (tawny). Tawny-red, yellow. Autumn. Peru ;
Bolivia.

„ inci'sa (incised). See T. STANS APIIFOLIA.

„ leuco' xylon ( white- wood). 12. Pink. W. Ind. 1759.

„ mira'bilis (wonderful). See T. VALDIVIANA.

„ pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 6. Orange. July. W.
Ind.

„ rosczfo'lia (rose-leaved). 6. Yellow. Peru.

,, sambucifolia (elder-leaved). See T. STANS.

„ serraiifo'lia (saw-leaved). 20. Yellow. W. Ind.
1822.

„ sorbifo'lia (Sorbus-leaved). See T. MOLLIS.

,, specta'bilis (showy). 10. Purple. W. Ind. ; Vene-
zuela. 1820.

„ sple'ndida (splendid). See ESTERHAZYA SPLENDIDA.

„ sta'ns( standing). 12. Yellow. August. S. Amer. 1730.

„ „ apiifo'lia (Celery-leaved). 10. Yellow. August.
S. Amer. 1820.

„ „ inci'sa (cut-leaved). See T. STANS APIIFOLIA.

„ undula'ta (waved). Orange. June to August.
Orient ; N.W. India.

„ valdivia'na (Valdivian). Orange. April, May. Chili.
1870.

„ veluti'na (velvety). Central Amer.

„ xyloca'rpa (woody-fruited). See STEREOSPERMUM

XYLOCARPUM.

TECOPHIL.ZE'A. (Commemorative of Tecophila, a
daughter of Bertero. Nat. ord. HaRmodoraceae.)

Greenhouse or half-hardy bulbs. Seeds ; offsets.
Loam, leaf-mould, and plenty of sand. The bulbs should
be kept dry and resting for a period after the leaves die
down.
T. cyanocro'cus (blue-crocus). \. Blue, with white

throat. Juan Fernandez, Chili. 1872.
„ „ Leichtli'nii (Leichtlin's). Dark blue, without

yellow. Chili. 1882.
„ „ Rege'lii (Regel's). Blue, with narrower segments.

TE'CTONA. Teak- tree. (The Malabar name is tekka.
Nat ord. Verbenas [Verbenaceae]. Linn. ^-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia.)

For shipbuilding this gives the best timber. Stove
evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, in April, and in a moist bottom-heat ;
sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.

T. gra'ndis (great). 100. White. India ; Burma. 1777.
" Teak."

TEE'DIA. (Named after some person unknown. Nat.
ord. Figworis [Scrophulariacea?]. Linn. i^-Didynamia,
2-Angiospermia. Alliance near to Phygelius.)

Greenhouse, purple-flowered biennials, from South
Africa. Seeds in a slight hotbed in March ; cuttings of
side-shoots, taken off in April or August, and inserted
in sandy soil, under a hand-light; sandy Lam and
vegetable mould.

T. lu'cida (shining). 2. April. 1774.
„ pube'scens (downy). 2. May. 1816.

TEESDA'LIA. (Named after R. Teesdale, author of a
Flora about Castle Howard. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruci-
ferae]. Linn. i$-Tetr adynamia. Allied to Candytuft.]

Hardy, white-flowered annuals. Seeds ; common soil.
T. Ibe'ris (candytuft-like). See T. NUDICAULIS.
„ Lepi'dium (cress-like). See T. REGULARIS.
„ nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). i. May. Europe

(Britain).

„ regula'ris (regular). J. March. Mediterranean
region. 1824.

TELANTHE'RA. (From tdeos, or teleios, complete or
perfect, and anthera, an anther ; in reference to the five
perfect anthers. Nat. ord. Amarantaceaa.)

Stove plants, most of which are used for carpet bedding
during the summer, but a few pot plants must be kept
in heat during winter to supply cuttings in spring. The
cuttings root quickly in sand, leaf-mould, and sand, or
cocoanut fibre forming the hot-bed. When rooted they
should be hardened off in a greenhouse, finally in a
frame, and planted in the beds in J une.
T. am&na (lovely). Leaves bronzy-purple and rose.

Brazil. 1865.
„ „ ama'bilis (lovely). Leaves bronzy-green, red, and

rose. Brazil. 1868.
,, „ tri' 'color [(three-coloured). Leaves bronzy-green,

rose, purple, and yellow. Brazil. 1862.
,, bettzichia'na (Bettzichian). Leaves olive-green and

red. Brazil 1862.
„ „ au'rea (golden). Leaves golden-yellow all the

season.
.1 » magni'fica (magnificent). Leaves rich bronze and

red.
„ „ ma'jor (larger). Leaves larger, bronze, with

orange tips.
,, „ spathula'ta (spathulate). Leaves and stems red.

Brazil. 1865.

,, cane'scens (hoary), i. White. July. Venezuela. 1825.
„ caracasa'na (Caracasan). i. White. July. Vene-
zuela. 1819.
„ ficoi'dea (fig- like). Leaves marked with rose and red

on green. Trop. Amer. 1865.
,, polygonoi'des (Polygonum-like). i. White. July.

Trop. Amer. 1731.

„ versi'color (changeable- coloured). Leaves rosy-pink
and crimson, shaded bronze. Brazil. 1865.

TELEGRAPH PLANT. Desmo'dium gy'rans.

TELE'KIA. (Name not explained. Nat. ord. Com-
posites [Composita?]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflna.
Referred to Buphthalmum.)
T. specio'sa (showy). See BUPHTHALMUM SPECIOSUM.

TELFAI'RIA. (Named in honour of Mrs. Tel fair.
Nat. ord. Cucurbits [Cucurbitaceae]. Linn. zz-Dicecia,
i^-Monadelphia.)

Stove twiners. Cuttings of the flowering shoots, if
procurable ; if not, other young shoots, getting firm, in
sand, and in heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 58°.
T. occidenta'lis (western). White, with purple eye;

fruit 2 ft. long. W. Trop Africa. 1870.
,; peda'ta (doubly-lobed). 20, Pink. July. Zanzibar.
1825.

TELIPOGON

849

TERMINALIA

TELIPO'GON. (From telos, the end, and pogon, a
beard ; the column is bearded to the end. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytical Orchid. Offsets. Should be tied
on rafts with sphagnum.

T. Cras' sus (Croesus). Yellow, netted with dark lines.
Colombia. 1877.

TE LLIMA. (An anagram of Mitella ; separated from
the genus Mitella. Nat. ord. Saxifrages [Saxifragaceav].
Linn. io-Decandria, 2-Digynia.)

Hardy herbaceous plants. Division ; sandy loam and
peat.

T. affi'nis (allied). White. California. 1907. Half-
hardy.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), i. Pink. April. N.W.

Amer. 1826.
„ parviflo'r a (small-flowered), i. White. N.W. Amer.

TELO'PEA. Warratah. (From telopas, seen at a
distance ; conspicuous flowers. Nat. ord. Proteads [Pro-
teaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i~Monogynia.)

This is the finest of all the Proteads. Greenhouse
evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots with leaves on, unless
the one at the base, in sand, under a glass, and kept
cool until the base swells, when a little heat may be
given ; also by layering the suckers that rise from the
roots ; sandy loam and peat, with a third of broken
stone, potsherds, and charcoal, and the pot extra well
drained. Winter temp., 45° to 55°, and not much water ;
summer, 60° to 75°, and a good supply of moisture, the
pot being defended from the sun.
T. orea'des (mountain-nymph). Australia.

„ speciosi' ssima (most showy). 10. Scarlet. June.
N.S. Wrales. 1789.

„ trunca'ta (truncate). Tasmania.

TEMPERATURE is one of the most important cir-
cumstances connected with the cultivation of plants ;
for upon its proper regulation and just accommodation
to the intensity of light depend, in the chief degree,
whether a plant is healthy, and capable of performing
its functions. Every seed has its appropriate tempera-
ture for germinating (see GERMINATION) ; every root has
a temperature in which it imbibes food most favourably
(see BOTTOM-HEAT) ; and every leaf has a temperature
in which it respires most vigorously. (See LEAVES and
NIGHT TEMPERATURE.)

TEMPLES dedicated to some deity of the heathen
mythology, as to Pan in a grove, or to Flora among
bright, sunny parterres, are not inappropriate, if the
extent of the grounds and the expenditure on their I
management allow them to be of that size and of that |
correctness of style, which give the classic air and dignity
that are their only sources of pleasure.

TEMPLETO'NIA. (Named after /. Templeton, an
Irish botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosae]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. Allied to
Bossiaea.)

Greenhouse, red-flowered evergreen, from Australia.
Cuttings of half-ripened wood in sand, under a bell-glass ;
fibrous peat and sandy loam, most of the first, with a I
little charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
T. glau'ca (milky-green). See T. RETUSA.
„ relu'sa (bent-back-leaved). 2. May. 1803.

TFNARIS. (Derivation not obvious. Nat. ord.
Asclepiadaceae.)

Greenhouse perennial, to be kept rather dry in winter.
Cuttings in sand under a bell-glass. Loam, peat, broken
bricks, and sand.

T. rostra'ta (beaked). 1-2. White, dotted with purple
E. Trop. Africa. 1885.

TENO'RIA. (Commemorative of Professor Tenore, an
Italian botanist. Nat. ord. Umbelliferae. Now referred ;
to Bupleurum.)
T, arbore'scens (tree-like). See HETEROMORPHA ARBORE- '

SCENS.

„ coria'cea (leathery). See BUPLEURUM GIBRATTARICUM. I
„ frutice" scens (shrubby). See BUPLEURUM FRUTICE-

SCENS.

„ frutico'sa (shrubby). See BUPLEURUM FRUTICOSUM.
„ planta&'nea (plantain-like). See BUPLEURUM PLA.X-

TAGINEUM,

TENTACTJLATE, furnished with thread-like appen-
dages.

TEPHRITIS ONOPO'RDINIS. See CELERY FLY.

TEPHRO'SIA. (From tephros, ash-grey; colour of
some of the species. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosa]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, i-Dodecandria. Al-
lied to Galega.)

Seeds, steeped in water at 130° for a day before sowing
in a hotbed ; cuttings of young, stubby side-shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in May, the stove species in a
hotbed ; sandy, fibrous loam and peat. Greenhouse or
stove temperatures.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &c.
T. bre'vipes (short-footed). 6. Yellow. July. Trop.

Amer. 1629.

„ cape'nsis (Cape), r. Purple. July. S.Africa. 1825.
„ chine'nsis (Chinese). Purple. July. China. 1822.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Pink. June. S.

Africa. 1774.
„ mucrona'ta (spine- pointed). See LESSERTIA MUCRON-

ATA.

„ seri'cea (silky), i. Red. July. S. Africa. 1800.
„ stri'cta (eiect-podded). 3. Pink. June. S. Africa.

1774-
„ virginia'na (Virginian). N. Amer. Hardy.

STOVE EVERGREENS, &c.

T. Apolli'nea (Apollinis). 2. Blue. July. Egypt. 1816.

,, bifto'ra (two-flowered). 2. Purple. July. 1816.

,, ca'ndida (white-leaved). 4. Pale red. Bengal. 1816.

„ capitula'ta (small-headed). i£. Red. July. Sand-
wich Islands. 1823. Herbaceous.

„ caribce'a (Caribaan). 3. Red, white. June. W. led.
1786.

„ cine' rea (grey), i. Purple. July. Trop. Amer. 1824.

„ Coloni'la (Colonil). See T. PURPUREA.

„ filifo'lia (thread-leaved). See ARGYROLOBIUM FILI-
FORME.

„ frutico'sa (shrubby). 6. Red. July. E. Ind. 1816.

„ grandiflo'ra, (large-flowered). S. Africa.

„ heynea'na (Heyne's). See T. TINCTORIA.

„ lancetzfo'lia (lance-leaved). See T. PURPUREA.

„ linea'ris (narrow-/ear#f). i. Red. July. Trop.
Africa. 1823.

„ littora'lis (shore). See T. CINEREA.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Red. June. S. Amer.
1820.

„ ochroleu'ca (pale yellow). See CRACCA OCHROLEUCA.

„ purpu' rea (purple). 3. Purple or pale yellow. July.
Tropics of both Worlds. 1 8 1 8 .

„ Hncto'ria (dyer's). 3. Purple. June. E. Ind. 1822.

„ toxica'ria (fish-poison). 3. Pale red. W. Ind. 1791.

„ villo'sa (shaggy). 2. White. July. E. Ind. 1779.

„ Voge'lii (Vogel's). Trop. Africa.

TERMINALIA. (From terminus; leaves in clusters
at the end of the branches. Nat. ord. Myrobalans
[Combretaceae]. Linn. 2z-Polygamia, i-Monacia. In-
cludes Bucida.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots, with most
of the leaves, in sand, thinly, under a bell-glass, and in a
sweet bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibrous peat.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 65° to 85°. The
juice of Cata'ppa is a ciiief ingredient in Indian-ink.
r. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 20. White, green.

Malaya. 1692.

,, Arbu'scula (shrub), r. White, green. S. Amer. 1822.
„ Arju'na (Arjuna). 50-70. Pale green. India.
„ belle'rica (Belleric). 20. Yellow, green. E. Ind.

1818.

„ bengale'nsis (Bengal). White. June. E. Ind. 1826.
,, Benzo'in (Benzoin). See T. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
„ Bitica'ria (Biticaria). See T. BELLERICA.
„ Bu'ceras (Buceras). 25. Yellow. August. W. Ind. ;

Central Amer. 1793.

„ Cata'ppa (Catappan). 20. White. E. Ind. 1778.
,, ,, subcorda'ta (slightly-heart-leaved). 20. Yellow,

green. S. Amer. 1796.

„ Che'bula (Chebula). 20. White. E. Ind. 1796.
„ citri'na (citron-like). 20. Yellow, green. E. Ind.
1823,

3H

TERNSTROMIA

850

TETRANTHERA

T. di'sticha (two-rowed). 20. Yellow, green. E. Ind.

1823.

e'legans (elegant). See POLYSCIAS PANICULATA.
„ Fatra'a (Fatraea). 20. Yellow, green. Madagascar.

1826.

„ gange'tica (Gangetic). See T. CHEBULA.
„ latifo'lia (broad- leaved). 25. W. Ind. 1800.
„ mauritia'na (Mauritian). 20. Yellow, green. Mauri-
tius. 1824.
„ molucca'na (Molucca). 20. White, green. E. Ind.

1804.

pro'cera (tall). 40. Yellow, green. E. Ind. 1818.
„ rolundifo'lia (round-leaved). 20. YeUow, green.

E. Ind. 1824.

„ serf ceo. (silky). 4-8. White. S. Africa. 1816.
„ Tanibou'ca. (Tanibouca). White. June. Guiana.

1826.

TERNSTRO'MIA. (Named after M. Ternstrom, a
Swedish botanist. Nat. ord. Theads [Ternstromiaceae].
Linn. i^-Polyandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe young shoots
in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in heat ; fibrous loam and
sandy peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 65°
to 85°.

T. bre'vipes (short-/Zozm--stalked). See T. ELLIPTICA.
„ elli'ptica (elliptic). 6. White or red. July. W. Ind. ;

Mexico. 1818.

„ peduncula'ris (/owg-flower-stalked). See T. ELLIPTICA.
„ puncta'ta (dotted). 6. Yellowish. July. W. Ind.

1820.

„ serra'ta (saw-leaved). White. June. Sumatra. 1820.
„ sylva'iica (wood). Green, purple. Winter. Mexico.
„ veno'sa (veiny). 6. White. July. Brazil. 1824.

TERPNA'NTHUS JASMINOI'DES. See SPIRANTHERA

ODORATISSIMA.

TERRACES are not permissible anywhere but around
the mansion, and they are noble and effective almost in
proportion to their breadth.

TESTACELLA. The Ear-shelled Slugs, three in
number, to be met with in Britain are interesting and
useful to the gardener, inasmuch as they are entirely
carnivorous and feed on worms and other slugs. These
friends of the gardener are easily recognised by their
yellow colour and the small shell on the tail of the
creatures. Even when contracted, the small shell covers
but a small portion of the body. The vegetable feeding
slugs have no shell. The most common of the ear-shelled
slugs and that with the largest shell is T. Maugei, which
is yellow, banded with brown. T. scutulum is bright
yellow, and has the smallest shell. T. halioti'dea appears
to be the least common, and is tawny yejlow. All of
these snails should be encouraged in the garden.

TESTUDINA'RIA. Elephant's Foot. (From testudo,
a tortoise ; the hard, outside covering of the corm, or
root. Nat. ord. Yams [Dioscoreaceae]. Linn 22-Dicccia,
6-Hexandria.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered deciduous climbers, from
South Africa. Cuttings of firm side-shoots, or cuttings
of the young shoots when growth commences, in spring,
in sandy loam, under a bell-glass, and care taken to pre-
vent damping ; might be tried by cuttings of the roots ;
sandy, fibrous loam and turfy peat. Winter temp., 43°
to 48°, and kept rather dry.
T. Elepha'ntipes (elephant's-foot). 8. July. 1774.

„ monta'na (mountain). 8. July. 1816.

„ sylva'tica (wood).

TETRA'CENTRON. (From teira, four, and kentron, a
spur. Nat. ord. Trochodendracea?.)

A hardy deciduous tree resembling Cercidophyllum.
Seeds ; layers. Ordinary garden soil.
T. sine'nse (Chinese). 80. Yellowish. Central and
W. China. 1909.

TETRA'CERA. (From tetras, fourfold, and keras, a
horn ; the four capsules, or divisions of seed-pod, re-
curved. Nat. ord. Dilleniads [Dilleniaceae]. Linn. 13-
Polyandria, 5-Pentagynia. Allied to Delima.)

Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen climbers. Cuttings
of young shoots, getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass,
thinly, and in bottom-heat; sandy loam and fibrous
peat. Winter temp. 55° ; summer, 65° to 85°.

T. alnifo'lia (alder-leaved). 20. Guinea. 1793.
,, obova'ta (re\ersed-egg-leaved). See T. ALNIFOLIA.
, potato'ria (drinking). See T. ALNIFOLIA.
, sarmento'sa (twiggy). 10 China. 1820.
, volu'bilis (twining). 12. S. Amer. 1818.

TETRA'CME. (From tetra, four, and akme, a point or
edge ; in allusion to the four angles or edges of the
seed-vessel. Nat. ord. Cruciferse.)

Hardy perennial herb. Seeds; divisions. Ordinary
garden soil.

T. quadrico'rnis (four-horned). i. Yellow. June.
Turkestan. 1821.

TETRA'DIUM TRICHO'TOMUM. See EVODIA FRAXI-

NIFOLIA.

TETRAGO'NIA. New Zealand Spinach. (From tetra,
four, and gonia, an angle ; fruit four-angled. Nat. ord.
Aizoons [Ficoidaceae]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, 2-Di-penta-
gynia.)

Half-hardy trailing annuals. Seeds. Rich, light soil.
See NEW ZEALAND SPINACH.
T. crystalli'na (crystalline). Green. Summer. Peru.

" Peru Ice Plant."

„ expa'nsa (expanded). Green. Summer. Australasia.
1772. " New Zealand Spinach."

TETRAGONO'LOBUS. (From tetra, four, gonia, an
angle, and lobos, a pod ; shape of seed-pod. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia,
4-Decandria. Referred to Lotus.)
T. biflo'rus (two-flowered). See LOTUS BIFLORUS.

„ conjuga'tus (joined). See LOTUS CONJUGATUS.

„ edu'lis (edible). See LOTUS TETRAGONOLOBUS.

„ mari'timus (sea). See LOTUS SILIQUOSUS.

„ purpu'reus (purple). See LOTUS TETRAGONOLOBUS.

„ Requie'ni (Requien's). See LOTUS REOUIENI.

„ siliquo'sus (long-podded). See LOTUS SILIQUOSUS.

TETRAGO'NOTHE'CA. (From tetragonos, square, and
theke, a capsule ; the fruits are four-angled. Nat. ord,
Compositae.)

Hardy perennial herb. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary
garden soil.

T. helianthoi'des (Helianthus-like). 3-4. Yellow.
August. N. Amer. 1726.

TETRAME'RIUM. (From tetra, four, and meris, a
part. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Stove herb. Seeds ; cuttings in light soil, with bottom-
heat. Loam, leaf- mould, and sand.
T. scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). 2. July. Central Amer.
1802.

TETRAME RIUM ODORATTSSIMUM. See FARAMKA

ODORATISSIMA.

TETRAME'RIUM PANICULA'TUM. See COFFEA

PANICULATA.

TETRAMI'CRA. (From ietra, four, and micros, small ;
the four pollen masses. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Cool stove Orchids. Offsets ; divisions. Fibre of
peat, sphagnum, and crocks in small baskets.
T. bi'color (two-coloured). J. White, red. April.

Brazil. 1831.
„ „ bre'vis (short).
„ ,, glaucophy'lla (sea-green-leaved). White, purple.

February. Organ Mountains. 1838.
,, minu'ta (minute). A tiny plant under two inches

high. 1889.
„ ri'gida (rigid). W. Ind.

TETRANE'MA. (From tetra, four, and nema, a fila-
ment ; four stamens instead of five, as in Pentstemon,
which it much resembles. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophu-
lariaceae]. Linn. \\-Didynamia, i-Angiospermia.)

Stove herb. Seed sown in a slight hotbed in March ;
cuttings of young shoots, a little firm, in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass, in April and August ; sandy loam and
leaf-mould. Winter temp., 45° to 50°. In summer the
shelter of the greenhouse or a warm place out of doors.
T. mexica'na (Mexican). i. Purple, white. June.
Mexico. 1843.

TETRANTHE'RA. (From tetra, four, and aniherat
anther ; four out of nine stamens fertile. Nat. ord. Laurels
[Lauraceae]. Linn. g-Enneandria, i-Monogynia.)

TETRANTHUS

TEUCRIUM

Cuttings of young shoots, nearly ripe, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and the stove ones in bottom-heat ; fibrous,
sandy loam and turfy peat. Greenhouse and stove
temperatures.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

T. ape'tala (no-petaled). 8. Green, yellow. April. N.

Holland. 1824.

„ genicula'ta (jointed). See LITSEA GENICULATA.
„ japo'nica (Japan). See LITSEA JAPONICA.
„ launfo'lia (laurel- leaved) of Jacquin. See LITSEA

SEBIFERA.
„ Lkuy'sii (Lhuys's). Japan. 1869.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

T. sebi'fera (tallowy). See LITSEA SEBIFERA.
„ trine'rvis (three- nerved). 10. Yellow, green. May.
Ceylon. 1821.

TETRA'NTHTJS. (From tetra, four, and anthos, a
flower ; four-flowered. Nat. ord. Composites [Com-
posite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua.)

Stove evergreen trailer. Division and cuttings ; sandy
loam and a little peat ; requires the stove in winter.
T. Lltora'lis (shore). J. White. August. VV. Ind. 1820.

TETRAPE LTIS. (From tetra, four, and pelte, a small
shield ; form of flower. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacese].
Linn. 2o-Gynandriat I'Monandria. Now referred to
Otochilus.)
T. fro,' grans (sweet-scented). See OTOCHILUS PORRECTUS.

TETRAPO'GON. (From tetra, four, and pogon, a
beard ; the flowering glumes are bearded. Nat. ord.
Gramineae.)

Hardy perennial grass. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary
garden soU.
T. villo'sus (shaggy), i. Yellowish. N. Africa.

TEIRA'PTERIS. (From tetra, four, and pteron, a
wing ; the carpels four-winged. Nat. ord. Malpightads
[Malpighiaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, ^-Trigynia. Allied
toHiraea.)

Stove, evergreen, yellow-flowered climbers. For
culture, see MALPIGHIA.

T. acapulce'nsis (Acapulcan). May. Mexico. 1824.
„ acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). May. Cayenne. 1826.
„ citrifo'lia. (citron-leaved) of Swartz. See T. IN^VALI-

FOLIA.

„ di'scolor (two-coloured). May. Guiana. 1827.
„ ituzqualifo'lia (unequal-leaved). Yellow. May.
Trop. Amer. 1818.

TETRATHE'CA. (From telra, four, and theke, a cell ;
anthers four-celled. Nat. ord. Porenorts [Tremandraceae].
Linn. 8-Octandria, \~Monogynia.)

Greenhouse.Australian evergreens, and purple-flowered,
where not otherwise specified. Cuttings of young shoots,
the side ones are the best, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and great care taken to prevent damping ; fibrous peat,
a little turfy loam, and a good portion of charcoal and
broken pots. Winter temp., 43° to 50° ; summer, an
airy situation, but the pot saved from direct sun and
heavy rains, or careless waterings.
T. cilia' ta (eyelashed). Pink.

„ encafo'lia (heath- leaved), r. Rose. July. 1820.

„ ericoi'des (heath- like). See T. PILOSA.

„ glandulo'sa (glanded). r. July. 1822.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). 2. Pink. March. 1834.

„ ju'ncea (rushy). 2. July. 1803.

„ nu'da (naked). 2. Crimson. May. 1843.

„ pili'fera (shaggy). 2. June.

„ pilo'sa (shaggy), i. July. 1823.

„ rubioi'des (Rubia-like). See T. ERIC^FOLIA.

„ rubrise'ta (red-bristled). See T. HIRSUTA.

„ thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved), i. July. 1824.

„ verticilla'ta (vihotled-leaved). See PLATYTHECA GALI-
OIDES.

„ vimi'nea (twiggy). 2. July.

TETRAZY'GIA. (From tetra, four, and zugos, a yoke ;
the parts of the flower in fours. Nat. ord. Alelastomads
[Melastomaceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from the West Indies.
Cuttings of side-shoots, getting firm, in sand, under a

bell-glass, in heat ; sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter

temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 65" to 85°.

T. a'lbicans (whitish). 10. White. Mexico. 1815.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 5. May. 1823.

„ di'scolor (tvfo-co\ouied-leave4). 5. May. 1793.

„ elceagnoi'des (Elaeagnus-like). 4. March.

„ te<ra'ndra(four-stamened). SeeMicoNiATETRANDRA.

TETTIGO'NIA SPUMA'EIA of some entomologists, and
the Cercopis, Cicada, or Aphrophora spumaria of others,
Froth insect, Cuckoo-spit, Froth-hopper, or Frog-hopper.
Its larva enveloped in its froth is especially prevalent
upon the young shoots of the white-thorn or quick ; but
it also infests the stems of pinks, carnations, lilacs, and
many other plants. If the froth be removed, one and
sometimes two small, pale green, aphis-like insects are
detected. These are the larva or young of the Froth-
fly. By means of its sharp rostrum or beak it extracts
the sap of the plant, and voids it as an excrement in
the frothy form, which is its characteristic. About the
end of July it sheds its skin, leaving it in the froth, and
comes forth the perfect insect. About the beginning of
August the males and females may be found in pairs
numerously on the plants they frequent. They are of
a dirty-white colour, thickly dotted and clothed with
short hairs ; head broad and bluntly triangular, with
black lines down its centre and sides ; eyes, one on each
side, near the base of the head ; rostrum long, bent
underneath its body when not in use ; antennas ending
in a fine bristle ; thorax and shield (scutellum), adjoining
the back of the head, brownish. The wing-cases are
brown, mottled with ochre, with four whitish patches
on the margin ; the under wings are transparent and
iridescent. The tegs, six in number, short, but two
hind-legs longest, and formed for leaping. So effectual
are they for the purpose, that, as Mr. Kirby states, after
showing their mode of leaping, they will spring five or
six feet at a time, being more than 250 times their own
length, or " as if a man of ordinary height should be
able to vault through the air to the distance of a quarter
of a mile." It is not ascertained where the eggs of this
insect are deposited, but probably on the stems of the
plants on the shoots of which the larva feeds. It appears,
however, that they can travel after hatching, for seed-
lings and plants raised from root-cuttings are often
affected. We know of no better plan for destroying the
insect than drawing the affected shoots between the
fingers, and then dipping these into a bowl of water
after each grasp. In the case of carnation stems and
other flowers, requiring more tender treatment, all the
froth may be taken from the insect by means of a piece
of sponge, and itself then removed by a camel's hair
brush.

TEU'CRIUM. Germander. (Named after Teucer, a
Trojan prince, who first used it medicinally. Nat. ord.
Lipworts [Labiatae]. Linn. \\-Didynamia, i-Gymno-
spermia.)

Annuals, seeds in the open ground in April; perennials,
by seeds and division ; shrubs, by cuttings in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass, in spring, and a hand-light in summer.
Most of them in the atmosphere of London, and farther
north, require a cold pit or a greenhouse in winter. In
dry places in the south of England they will frequently
stand our winters uninjured. They are not at all parti-
cular as to soil.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

T. angusti' ssimum (narrowest-teat ed). See T. FOLIUM.
,, brcvifo'lium (short- leaved), i. Pink. June. Crete.

1824.

„ orienta'le (eastern), i. Blue. July. Levant. 1725.
„ Po'lium (poly), i. Pale. August. S.Europe. 1562.

" Poly Germander."
„ „ anguslifo'lium (narrow- leaved). Purple. July.

Spain. 1732.
„ „ flave'scens (yellowish). Yellow. July. S.Europe.

I73i-
„ saxa'tile (rock). J. Pale yellow. July. Valentia.

1820.
,, Scorodo'nia (Scorodonia). r. Pale yellow. June.

Europe (Britain). " Wood Sage."
„ ,, cri'spum (crisped). Leaves crisped. 1865.
„ thymifp'lium (thyme-leaved). J. Reddish. August.

Spain. 1816.

TEYSMANNIA

852

THALICTRUM

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
T. Ardui'ni (Arduin's). ij. Yellow. July. S. Europe.

1823.

„ au'reum (golden). .See T. FOLIUM.
„ Bo'trys (Botrys). i. Purple. June to August.

Europe (England). " Jerusalem Oak." Biennial.
„ campanula' turn (bell-ftou-ered). i. Blue. July.

Levant. 1728.
„ canade'nse (Canadian) 2. Purple. August. N.

Amer. 1768.
,, Chamcz'drys (comwon-Germander). f. Purple. July.

Europe (England). "Germander."
„ divarica' turn (spreading) Greece ; Asia Minor, &c.
„ fla'vum (yellow). 2. Yellow. August. Mediter>

ranean region. 1640.

„ grce'cum (Grecian). See T. DIVARICATUM.
„ hirca'nicum (Hyrcanian). ij. Purple. September.

Persia. 1763.

„ Laxma'nni (Laxmann's). See AJUGA LAXMANNI.
„ lu'cidum (shining). ii. Purple. August. S. Europe.

1730.
„ lu'cidum (shining) of Sibthorp and Smith. See T.

DIVARICATUM.

„ lusita' nicum (Portuguese), i£. Purple. August.

Portugal. 1822.

„ massilie'nse (Marseilles). 2. Purple. France. 1732.
„ monta'num (mountain). Europe.
„ multiflo'rum (many-flowered), i. Light red. August.

Spain. 1732.

„ pyctwphy'llum (close-leaved). See T. FOLIUM.
„ pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). Pyrenees.
„ virgi'nicum (Virginian). See T. CANADENSE.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
T. bi'color (two-coloured). Yellow, red. July. Peru;

Chili. 1826.
„ infla'tum (swollen). 2. Red. September. Jamaica.

1778. Stove.
„ nissolia'num (Nissolian). See T. PSEUDO-CHAM^E-

PITYS.

„ Pseu'do-cham&'pitys(Pse\ido-chamaepitys). i. Purple.
July. Mediterranean region. 1752.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
T. abutiloi'des (Abutilon-like). i£. Yellow. April.

Madeira. 1777.
„ africa'num (African), ij. Purple. July. S. Africa.

1791.

„ asia'ticum (Asiatic). Bee T. LANCIFOLIUM.
„ beto'nicum (betouy-like). ij. Lilac. July. Madeira.

1775-

„ ca'num (hoary). See T. CHAM^EDRYS.
„ cre'ticum (Cretan), ij. Purple. July. Crete. 1824.
„ fru'ticans (shrubby). 2-4. Lavender. August.

Western Mediterranean region. 1869.
„ heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 2. Purple. June.

Madeira. 1759.
„ lancifo'lium (lance-leaved). 2. Pink. August.

Balearic Islands. 1777.

„ lalifo'lium (broad- leaved). See T. FRUTICANS.
„ macrosta' chyum (large-spiked). See LEUCOSCEPTRUM

CANUM.

„ Ma'rum (marum). ij. Pale purple. August. Spain.

1640. " Cat Thyme."
„ orchi'deum (Orchis-like). See T. BICOLOR.
„ pu'milum (dwarf). J. Purple. July. Spam. 1816.
„ re'gium (royal), i£. Purple. July. Spain. 1699.
„ tri'fidum ( three-clef t-leaved). See T. AFRICANUM.
TEYSMA'NNIA. (Commemorative of /. E. Teysmann,
a Dutch horticulturist. Nat. ord Palmacese.)

A stove Palm. Seeds. Fibrous loam, one-third peat,
and sand.

T. a'ltifrons (tall-leaved). 5-10. Pale yellow. Java.
THALA'MIA ASPLENIFO'LIA. See PHYLLOCLADUS

RHOMBOIDALIS.

THA'LIA. (Named after /. Thalius, a German
physician. Nat. ord. Marants [Scitaminace<e]. Linn, i-
Monandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Maranta.)

Blue-flowered evergreens. Divisions ; rich, sandy
loam. Genicula'ta requires a cool, plant stove in winter •
dealba'ta, a greenhouse, in a tub of water, or the roots
in a pond out of doors, so deep that the frost will not
reach them.

T. dealba'ta (white). 4. July. Carolina. 1791.
,, genicula'ta (jointed). 2. August. W. Ind. 1823.
„ sangui'nea (blood-red). See STROMANTHE SANGUINEA.

THALTCTRUM. Meadow Rue. (From thallo, to
grow green ; the bright green colour of the young shoots.
Nat. ord. Crowfoots [Ranunculaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandna,
6~Polygynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the plant
in spring ; sandy loam and a little leaf-mould. Beautiful
for the back of herbaceous borders.
T. acuti'lobum (sharp-lobed). See T. FCETIDUM.
„ adiantifo' Hum (Adian turn-leaved). See T. MINUS

ADIANTIFOLIUM.

„ alpi'num (alpine). \. White, yellow. June. Britain.
„ anemonoi'des (Anemone-like). i. White. April.

N. Amer. 1768. " Rue Anemone."
„ „ flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). £. April. N.

Amer. 1768.
„ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 3. Pale yellow. J une.

Europe. 1793.

,, apicula'tum(bee-like-floifered). Yellow. June. 1838.
„ appendicula' turn (appendaged). See T. MINUS.
,, aquilegifo' Hum (columbine-leaved). 3. Light purple,

June. Austria. 1731.
„ „ atropurpu'reum (dark purple). 3. Dark purple.

June. Austria. 1731.
„ „ formo'sum (beautiful). 3. Purple. June. S.

Europe. 1800.

„ „ ro'seum (rosy). Rose. June. 1880.
„ atropurpu'reum (dark-purple). See T. AQUILEGIFOLIUM

ATROPURPUREUM.

„ Bauhi'ni (Bauhin's). See T. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

„ cala'bricum (Calabrian). 3. Yellow. July. Sicily.

1800.
„ carolinia'num (Carolina), i. White. June. N.

Amer. 1808.
„ Chelido'nii (swallowwort). 2. Purplish. June.

Nepaul. 1823.

,, ,, cultra'tum (coulter-shaped). See T. CULTRATUM.
„ cine'reum (grey). 2. Yellow. June. 1810.
,, clava'tum (club-leaved). 2. White. June. N. Amer.

1720.

„ colli'num (hill). See T. MINUS COLLINUM.
,, conci'nnum (neat). See T. MINUS.
„ conto'rtum (curled-seeded). See T. AQUILEGIFOLIUM.
„ Cornu'li (Cornuti's). 3. White, yellow. May. N.

Amer. 1806.

„ „ revolu'tum (curled-back). See T. REVOLUTUM.
„ coryne'llum (Corynella-uke). 2. Yellow. June. N.

Amer. 1819.

,, crena'tum (scolloped-leoved) . See T. GLAUCUM.
,, cultra'tum (knife-shaped). Green, yellow. June.

Himalayas.
„ cynapiifo'lium (C3mapium- leaved). 2. Purple,

yellow. June. Siberia. 1823.
„ cystica'rpum (hollow-fruited). See T. CHELIDONII.
„ Delava'yii (Delavay's). 2-8. Pale purple. June to

August. Yunnan, China. 1890.
„ dioi'cum (dioecious), i. Light yellow. June. N.

Amer. 1759.

„ „ occidenta'le (western).

„ dipteroca'rpum (two- wing- fruited). 4-7. Rose-
purple ; anthers yellow. Western China. 1907.
„ divarica'tum (straggling). See T. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.
„ dive'rgens (spreading). See T. CORYNELLUM.
,, ela'tum (tall). See T. MINUS ELATUM.
„ „ ambi'guum (ambiguous). See T. MINUS ELATUM

AMBIGUUM.

,, evalta'tum (lofty). See T. SIMPLEX.
,, Fe'ndleri (Fendler's). North-western Amer.
„ fla'vum (common- yellow). 4. Orange. June. Britain.
„ ,, vagina'ium (sheathed). 2. Yellow. June. Siberia.

1810.

„ flexuo'sum (zigzag). See T. MINUS FLEXUOSUM.
„ fce'tidum (stinking). J. White, yellow. June.

Europe ; Siberia. 1640.
„ foliolo'sum (small-leafy). 2. Purple, yellow. June.

Nepaul. 1819.
,, galioi'des (Galium-like). i. Yellow. June. Alsace.

1816.
,, glauce'scens (milky-greenish). See T. MINUS GLAUCE-

SCENS.

„ glau'cum (milky-green-leaved). 5. Yellow. June.
Spain. 1798.

THAMNEA

853

THEMISTOCLESIA

T. jacquinia'nutn (Jacquinian). See T. MINUS ELATUM.
„ IcRviga'tum (smooth). See T. DIOICUM.
„ laserpitiifo'lium (Laserpitium-leaved). 3. Yellow.

June. Europe. 1810.

„ lu'cidum (shining). See T. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.
„ ma' jus (greater). 3-5. Greenish-yellow. May, June.

Europe (Britain).

„ me'dium (intermediate). See T. MINUS MEDIUM.
„ microca'rpum (small-podded). See T. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.
„ mi'nus (less), i. Pale yellow. June. Britain.
„ „ adiantifo'lium (Adiantum-leaved). i±. Green.

June.

„ „ affi'ne (related). 2. Greenish-yellow. June.
„ „ colli'num (hill). i|. Pale yellow. June. Europe

(Britain).

„ ,, conci'nnum (neat). 1-^-3. White, green. June.
„ „ ela'tum (tall). 4. Light yellow. August. Hun-
gary. 1794.
„ „ ela'tum ambi'guum (doubtful). 2. Pale yellow.

June. Switzerland. 1819.
„ „ flexuo'sum (flexuous). i|. Yellow. June. Europe.

1820.
„ „ glauce'scens (sea-green). 2. Green, yellow. June.

Russia. 1818.
„ „ me'dium (intermediate), ij. Greenish-yellow.

June. Europe. 1789.
„ „ pube'scens (downy), ij. Pale yellow. June.

Switzerland. 1819.
„ „ purpura'scens (purplish), ij. Purplish. June.

Europe.
„ „ rosmarinifo'lium (rosemary-leaved). 2. Purple..

yellow. June. S. Europe. 1816.
„ „ saxa'tile (rock), i£. \Nhite, red. June. Europe.

1819.

„ ni'gricans (blackening) of Decandolle. See T. ANGUS-
TIFOLIUM.

„ odora'tum (scented). Green, yellow. June. France.
„ oligospe'rmum (few-seeded). See T. SQUARROSUM.
,, onenia'le (oriental). 3. White. June. Greece;

Asia Minor. 1902.
„ petaloi'deum (petal-like). 3. White, yellow. June.

Dauria. 1799.

„ poly'gamum (polygamous). See T. CORYNELLUM.
„ pratefnse (meadow). See T. FLAVUM.
„ pube'scens (downy). See T. MINUS PUBESCENS.
„ purpura'scens (purplish). 3. Light purple. June.

N. Amer. 1699.

„ purpu'reum (purple). See T. CALABRICUM.
„ revolu'tum (revolute). ij. Light yellow. June.

N. Amer. 1806.
„ rhynchoca'rpum (beak-fruited). 3. Leaves like those

of Maidenhair Fern. Transvaal. 1892.
„ rosmarinifo'lium (rosemary-leaved). See T. MINUS

ROSMARINIFOLIUM.

„ rugo'sum (wrinkly). 4. White, yellow. July. N.

Amer. 1774.
„ „ di'scolor (two-coloured). 6. Yellow. June. N.

Amer. 1810.

„ saxa'tUe (rock). See T. MINUS SAXATILE.
„ Schu:ei'ggeri (Schweigger's). See T. MINUS.
„ sibi'ricum (Siberian). See T. SQUARROSUM.
„ si'mplex (simple-stalked), i. Lilac, yellow. May.

Sweden. 1778.
„ sparsiflo'rum (scattered-flowered). Yellow. June.

Siberia. 1838.

„ specio'sum (showy). See T. GLAUCUM.
,, squarro'sum (spreading), i. Yellow. June. Siberia.

1775-
,, stipula'ceum (/arge-stipuled). 2. White.yellow. June.

Europe. 1820.

,, tri'gynum (three-carpelled). See T. SQUARROSUM.
„ tubero'sum (tuberous), ij. White. June. Western

Europe. 1713.

THAMNEA. (From thamnos, a shrub. Nat. ord.
Bruniads [Bruniacea?]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April, and then set
in a close pit ; fibrous, sandy peat, and a little charcoal
and freestone. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
T. u-niflo'ra (one-flowered). White. April. S. Africa.

1810.

THAPSIA. Deadly Carrot. (From Thapsos, the
name of an island, where T. garganica grew. Nat. ord.
Umbelliferx.)

Tall greenhouse perennials, or subshrubby in the case

1 of T. edulis. Seeds ; offsets from the roots. Loam,

leaf-mould, and sand. T. garganica has enjoyed a great

, reputation amongst the Greeks and Moors for its healing

powers. The roots of T. edulis are eaten in Madeira.

T. deci'ptens (deceiving). 6. White. June, July.

Madeira. 1867.
„ (Moni'zia) edu'lis (edible). 4. White. May. Madeira.

1857. " Tree Carrot."
„ garga'nica (Garganic). 2-4. Yellow. July, August.

Mediterranean region. 1683. " Drias-plant."
„ villa' sa (shaggy). 3-4. Yellow. June, July. S.
Europe. 1710.

TEA'S. IUM. Meadow Parsnip. (Meaning not clear
Nat. ord. Urnbelliferae.)

Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary
garden soiL

T. au'reum (golden). Yellow. N. Amer.
„ trifolia'tum (three-leaved). Yellow. N. Amer.

THATCH PALM. Euie'rpe. Sa'bal. Thri'nax.

THAUMATOCO'CCUS. (From thaumatos, wonderful,
and kokkos, a berry ; the fruit is fleshy, and the seeds
covered with a thick, very glossy aril. Nat. ord. Scita-
minaceae.)

A stove herb with a creeping, woody root. Divisions.
Loam, peat, charcoal, and sand.
T. Danie'lli (Daniell's). W. Trop. Africa. " Katemphe."

THE' A. Tea. (From tcha, the Chinese name for tea.
Nat. ord. Theads [Terns tromiaceae]. Linn. i6-Monadel-
phia, S-Polyandria.)

Greenhouse, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut-
tings of ripened young shoots, taken off at a joint, and
inserted in silver sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in
a close pit, the glass being opened at night to prevent
damping ; also by layers from shoots thrown up by the
roots ; also, we believe, by grafting the tenderer kinds
on vi'ridis. Equal parts of fibrous peat and sandy, turfy
loam packed tight. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. As the
roots run deep, they thrive best when planted out in a
cool conservatory. Plants have survived many winters
round London in the open ground with the protection
of a mat in cold weather.
T. assame'nsis (Assam). See CAMELLIA THEIFERA

ASSAMICA.

„ Bohe'a (Bohea). See CAMELLIA THEIFERA.
„ vi'ridis (green). See CAMELLIA THEIFERA.
„ chine' nsis (Chinese). See CAMELLIA THEIFERA.
„ malifio'ra (Apple-flowered). See CAMELLIA ROS/E-
FLORA.

THEEZAN TEA. Rha'mnus TheSzans.

THELESFE'RMA. From ihele, a nipple, and spertna,
a seed ; in reference to the nipple-like outgrowths from
the seeds or achenes. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Hardy or half-hardy perennial herbs or subshrubs.
Seeds ; divisions. Well-drained soil.
T. antbi'guum (ambiguous). 2. Yellow. North-western

Amer.

„ filifo'lium (thread-leaved). 2. Yellow. August.
North-western Amer. 1835.

THELYMTTRA. (From thelus, feminine, and miira, a
cap ; the column is hooded. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Greenhouse terrestrial Orchids. Offsets. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.

T. ca'rnea (fleshy), i. Pink. May. Australia. 1820.
„ Forste'ri (Forster's). See T. longifolia.
„ grami'nea (grassy). See T. LONGIFOLIA.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), i. Australia.
„ ixioi'des (Ixia-like). i. Blue. May. Australia. 1810.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved), i. Rose, pink, or blue.

May. Australia. 1824.

„ pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). See T. LONGIFOLIA.
„ variega'ta (variegated), i. Purple. May. Australia.
„ veno'sa (veiny). i£. Blue. April. Australia. 1826.
THEMISTOCLE'SIA. (Commemorative of Themis-
tocles, an ancient Greek statesman. Nat. ord. Vaccini-
aceae.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings in sandy peat in
bottom-heat. Peat and sand.
T. coroni'Ua, (little-crown). Red. Colombia, i860.

THENARDIA

854

THIBAUDIA

THENA'RDIA. (Named after M. Thenard, a French
chemist. Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of stubby side-
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat ; sandy,
fibrous loam and peat, with a little charcoal. Winter
temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 65° to 85°.
T. floribu'nda (bundled-flowered). 10. Blue. Mexico.

1823.

THEOBRO'MA. Chocolate- tree. (From theos, a god,
and broma, food ; poetically, food for the gods. Nat.
ord. Sterculiads [Sterculiacea?]. Linn. i&-Polyadelphia,
i-Decandria.)

The seed of T. Caca'o is the chief ingredient in chocolate
and cocoa. Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ;
fibrous loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 55° to 65° ;
summer, 65° to 88°.

T. angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). See T. SPECIOSA.
„ bi'color (two-coloured). 16. Brown. New Grenada.

1820.
„ Caca'o (cacao). 16. Brown. Trop. Amer. 1739.

" Cocoa."

„ caribce'a (Caribbean). Yellow. W. Ind. 1821.
„ Guazu'ma (Guazuma). See GUAZUMA ULMIFOLIA.
„ guiane'nsis (Guiana). See T. CACAO.
„ specio'sa (showy). Brazil.

THEODO'REA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytal orchid. Offsets. Sphagnum, fibre of
peat, and crocks.

T. gomezoi'des (Gomezia-like). \. White, with orange-
buff blotch. Brazil. 1903.

THEOPHRA'STA. (Named after Theophrastus, the
father of natural history. Nat. ord. Ardisiads [Myrsin-
aceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe young shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy loam and
fibrous peat. Winter temp., 50° to 58° ; summer, 60°
to 85°.
T. argyra'a (silvery). 1860.

„ imperia'lis (imperial). W. Ind. 1864.

„ /«ssi£w'j(Jussieu's). 3. White. St. Domingo. 1818.

,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See CLAVIJA LATIFOLIA.

„ longifo'lia (long-lea«d). See CLAVIJA ORNATA.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved) . See CLAVIJA MACRO-

PHYLLA.

„ pinna' ta (pinnate). See TALISIA PRINCEPS.

„ smara'gdina (emerald green). See DEHERAIMA

SMARAGDINA.

„ untbro'sa (shady). See CLAVIJA UMBROSA.
THERE'SIA PE'RSICA. See FRITILLARIA PERSICA.

THERMOMETER. This instrument is the only un-
failing guide for the gardener in regulating the heat to
which he allows the roots and foliage of his plants to be
subjected.

Fahrenheit's is used chiefly in Britain, Holland, and
North America, the freezing point of water on which is
at 32° ; and its boiling point, 212°. Reaumur's ther-
mometer was that chiefly used in France before the
Revolution, and is that now generally used in Spain, and
in some other continental states. In its scale the
freezing point is o° ; and the boiling point, 80°. On
Celsius or the Centigrade thermometer, now used through-
out France, and in the northern kingdoms of Europe,
the freezing point is o° ; and the boiling point, 100°.
Hence, to reduce degrees of temperature of the Centi-
grade thermometer and of that of Reaumur to degrees of
Fahrenheit's scale, and conversely :

RULE i. — Mutiply the Centigrade degrees by 9, and
divide the product by 5 ; or multiply the degrees of
Reaumur by 9, and divide by 4 ; then add 32 to the
quotient in either case, and the sum is the degrees of
temperature of Fahrenheit's scale.

RULE 2. — From the number of degrees on Fahrenheit's
scale subtract 32 ; multiply the remainder by 5 for
Centigrade degrees, or by 4 for those of Reaumur's scale,
and the product, in either case, being divided by 9,
will give the temperature required according to Fahren-
heit's.

To ascertain the internal temperature of a hothouse,
the thermometer should be fixed near its centre, against

a pillar, and under a cupola, or little roof, shading it
from the sun.

A self-registering thermometer should be in every
house, for it shows the highest and lowest degrees of
heat which have occurred in the twenty-four hours ;
and therefore serves as a check upon those to whose
care they are entrusted.

Bregazzi's bark-bed thermometer is an excellent instru-
ment for ascertaining the bottom-heat of hot-beds, bark-
pits, &c. It is a thermometer inclosed in a metal tube,
perforated to admit the heat, pointed, so as to be easily
thrust down, and with a small door in the side, for
observing the degree of temperature shown by the scale.

THERMO'PSIS. (From thermos, a lupine, and opsis,
like; lupine-like. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosas]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Piptanthus.)

Hardy herbaceous yellow-flowered perennials. Chiefly
by seeds sown in April ; light, sandy loam.
T. barba'ta (bearded), ij. Purple. June. Himalaya.

1855-

,, carolinia'na (Carolinian). i\. Yellow. N. Amer.
,, corgone'nsis (Corgon). i. July. Altaia. 1820.
„ faba'cea (bean-like). 2. June. Kamtchatka. 1811.
,, laburnifo'lia (Laburnum-leaved). See PIPTANTHUS

NEPALENSIS.

„ lanceola'ta (spear-head-teawd). i. June. Siberia.

1779.

„ lupinoi'des (Lupine-like). See T. LANCEOLATA.
„ mo' His (soft). i£. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1824.
„ monta'na (mountain), i. Yellow. June. N. Amer.

iSi8.

„ nepaule'nsis (Nepaul). See PIPTANTHUS NEPALENSIS.
„ ,, au'rea (golden). See PIPTANTHUS NEPALENSIS

AUREA.
„ rhombifo' lia (rhombus- leaved). 2. Yellow. June

N. Amer.

THEROPO'GON. (From theros, summer, and pogon, a
beard ; the plant resembles Ophiopogon. Nat. ord.
Liliaceae. Allied to Polygonatum.)
T. pa'llidus (pale). |. Pink. Himalaya. 1875.

THE'SIUM. (An old Greek word, thesion. Nat. ord.
Santalaceae.)

Hardy perennial herb parasitic on the roots of various
things. Seeds ; divisions. Should be planted amongst
grass or other low plants.

T. drupa'ceum (berried). See LEPTOMERIA BILLARDIERI.
„ humifu'sum (spread-on-ground). J-£. Green. Sum-
mer. Europe (Britain). " Bastard Toad-flax."
„ linophy'llum (flax-leaved). See T. HUMIFUSUM.

THESPE'SIA. (From thespcsios, divine ; one of the
trees often planted round places of worship in India.
Nat. ord. Mallowivorts [Malvaceae]. Linn. i6-Mona-
delphia, 8-Polyandria.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of stubby side-shoots
in sand, in May, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ;
fibrous, sandy loam, and a little leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 65° to 85°.
T. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 30. Scarlet. Point

Rico. 1837.

„ La'mpas (lamp). See T. MACROPHVLLA.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 10. Pink. Trop. Asia

and Africa. 1806.
„ popu'lnea (poplar-leaved). 30. White. Trop. Asia

and Africa. 1770.

„ „ guadalupe'nsis (Guadeloupe). 30. Guadaloupe.
,, tomento'sa (felted). Mexico.

THEVE'TIA. (Commemorative of M, Thevet. Nat.
ord. Apocynaceae.)

Evergreen stove shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
T. Ahou'ai (Ahouai). 15-20. Yellow. June. Brazil.

1739.

„ nereifo'lia (Nerium-leaved). 12. Yellow. June.
„ ova'ta (egg-shaped). 3. Yellow. Mexico. Trop.

Amer. 1735.
„ Ycco'tli (Yccotli). 5-8. Yellow. June. Mexico.

1800.

THIBAU'DIA. (Named after Thiebaut de Berneaud, a
French botanist. Nat. ord. Whortleberries [Vacciniaceae].
Linn. S-Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

THINNING

855

THRINAX

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in moist heat ; sandy loam and
fibrous peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60"
to 85°.
T. acumina'ta (long-pointed). See CAVENDISHIA ACUMI-

NATA.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). SeeEuRYCANiA ANGUS-

TIFOLIA.

„ cordtfo'lia (heart-leaved). See CAVENDISHIA CORDI-
FOLIA.

„ corona' ria. (garland). See THEMISTOCLESIA CORONILLA.

„ fioribu'nda (free-flowering). Scarlet. Colombia.

„ Je'ssica: (Jesstea's). Pale red. September. Vene-
zuela (?). 1865.

„ macra'ntha (large-flowered). See AGAPETES MA-

CRANTHA.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See PSAMMISIA MACRO-

PHYLLA.

„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. September. Peru.

1847.
„ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). See PENTAPTERYGIUM

SERPENS.

,, ocant'nsis (Ocana). Colombia. 1851.
„ pendulifio'ra (pendulous-flowered). See PSAMMISIA

PENDULIFLORA.

„ pichinchefnsis (Pinchincha). 12 Scarlet. Colombia.

1849.

„ „ gla'bra (smooth). See PSAMMISIA HOOKERIANA.
„ pulche'rrima (beautiful). See AGAPETES VARIEGATA.
,, ,, gla'bra (smooth). See AGAPETES GLABRA.
„ sarca'ntha (fleshy-flowered). See PSAMMISIA SAR-

CANTHA.

„ scabriu' scula (rather-scabrous). 3-5. Crimson. April.

Ecuador. 1850.

„ setigera (bristly). See AGAPETES SETIGERA.
„ raccina'cea( cranberry-like). See AGAPETES SETIGERA.
,. variega' ta (variegated). See AGAPETES VARIEGATA.

THINNING. The exhaustion consequent upon the
production of seed is a chief cause of the decay of plants.
This explains why fruit-trees are weakened or rendered
temporarily unproductive, and even killed, by being
allowed to ripen too large a crop of fruit, or to " overbear
themselves."

The thinning of fruit is, consequently, one of the most
important operations of the garden, though one of the
least generally practised. It is equally important to be
attended to in all fruit-bearers, but especially the vine,
nectarine, peach, apricot, apple, and pear. It should be
done with a bold, fearless hand; and the perfection of
that which is allowed to remain will amply reward the
grower, in harvest time, for the apparent sacrifice made.
But he will not reap his reward only in this year, for the
trees, thus kept unweakened by over-production, will be
able to ripen their wood, and deposit their store of sap
in their vessels, so absolutely necessary for their fruit-
fulness next season.

Thinning is a most necessary operation with plants as
well as with the fruit they bear. The roots of a plant
extend in a circle round it, of which the stem is the
centre. If the roots of adjoining plants extend within
each other's circle, they mutually rob one another of
nutriment, and check each other's growth. Thinning in
the seed bed is generally applied with too timid a hand.

THISTLE. Ca'rduus. Cni'cus.

THISTLE, BLESSED. Si'lybum Maria'num.

THISTLE, COTTON. Onopo'rdon Aca'nthium.

THISTLE, GLOBE. Echi'nops.

THISTLE, GOLDEN. Sco'lymus hispa'nicus.

THISTLE, HEDGEHOG. Echinoca'cius.

THISTLE, HOLY. Si'lybum Maria'num.

THISTLE, MELON. Mcloca'cius.

THISTLE, OUR LADY'S MILK. Si'lybum Maria'num.

THISTLE, SCOTCH. Cni'cus lanceola'lus.

THISTLE, SOW. So'nchus.

THLADIA'NTHA. (From thladias, a eunuch, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. Cucurbitaceae.)

Hardy, deciduous climbers, with tuberous roots. Seeds ;
divisions of the tubers. Well-drained soil.
T. du'bia (doubtful). 10-15. Yellow. China. 1864.
„ Oltve'ri (Oliver's). 30-35. Yellow. Summer.
Central China. 1903. Tubers absent.

THLA'SPI. Bastard Cress. (From thlaspis, an old
Greek name for cress. Nat. ord. Cruciferae.)

Hardy annuals or perennial herbs.
T. alpe'stre (alpine). $-}. White. June to August.

Europe (Britain). Perennial.
„ ara'bicum (Arabian). See J£THIONEMA CAPPA-

DOCICUM.
„ cepeefo'lium (onion- leaved). J. Pink. June, July.

Tyrol, &c. 1824.

,, lu'teum (yellow). See BIVON^A LUTEA.
„ occita'nicum (Occitanian). See T. ALPESTRE.
„ pu'milum (dwarf). May, June. Caucasus. 1821.
„ rotundifo'lium (round-leaved). J. White, purple.

June, July. Europe. 1759.
„ saxa'tile (rock). See ^THIONEMA SAXATILE.
„ sylve'stre (wood). See T. ALPESTRE.
,, viola' scens (violet). Purple- violet. June. Asia
Minor.

THOMA'SIA. (Named after Messrs. Thomas, two
brothers, collectors of Swiss plants. Nat. ord. Sterculiads
[Sterculiaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Lasiopetalum.)

Greenhouse, Australian, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings
of firm, stubby, young side-shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass, in April ; sandy, fibrous loam and peat, with a
little charcoal and broken pots, and pots extra well-
drained. Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; a sheltered, airy
place in summer.

T. canf" scens (hoary). See T. GLUTINOSA.
,, diffu'sa (straggling). White. April. 1822.
„ dumo'sa (bushy). See RULINGIA PARVIFLORA.
„ folio'sa (leafy). 3. June. 1823.
,, glutino'sa (clammy). Red. May. 1835.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Pink, dark brown.

Summer. 1885.

,, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Red. 1840.
, panicttla'ta (panicled). See T. PAUCIFLORA.
, pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). Red. June. 1842.
, purpu'rea (purple). 3. Purple. June. 1803.
, quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). 3. Purple. May. 1803.
, solana'cea (potato-like). 3. White. June. 1803.
„ stipula'cea (/afg«-stipuled). See T. TRIPHYLLA.
„ triphy'lla (three-leaved). 3. June. 1824.
„ tnacroca'rpa (large- fruited). 3. Red. June. 1842.

THOMSO'NIA. (Commemorative of Dr. A. T. Thom-
son. Nat. ord. Araceas.)

Stove perennial herbs, with tuberous roots. Offsets.
Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
T. Hoo'keri (Hooker's). See T. NEPALENSIS.
„ nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 4. Greenish-yellow. Hima-
laya. 1816.

THORN. Craiat'gus.
THORN APPLE. Datu'ra Siramo'nium.
THORN, CHRIST'S. Paliu'rus austra'lis.
THORN, GARLAND. Paliu'rus austra'lis.
THORN, JERUSALEM. Parkinso'nia aculea'ta.
THOROUGH-WAX. Bupleu'rum rotundifo'lium.

THOUI'NIA. (Named after A. Thouin, professor of
agriculture, &c., in Paris. Nat. ord. Soapworts [Sapin-
daceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
Cupania.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of firm side-shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy, fibrous loam
and a little peat or leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50° to
58° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
T. pinna'ta (leafleted). 8. White. Domingo. 1823.

THREE BIRDS ORCHID. Pogo'niape'ndula.

THRIFT. Arme'ria mari'tima. See EDGING.

THRINAX. (From thrinax, a fan ; shape of the
leaves. Nat. ord. Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexan-
dria, i-Monoqynia.)

Stove Palms. Seeds in a moist, sweet hotbed, in
spring ; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 90°.
T. arbo'rea (tree-like). See ACANTHORHIZA ARBOREA.

„ ar?c'nlea (silvery). 15. W. Ind. 1830.

„ barbadSnsis (Barbados). 12. Barbados. 1875.

„ c/Mu'to (bristly). 8. Cuba.

THRIPS

856

THUYA

T. e'legans (elegant). See T. RADIATA.
„ eleganti' ssima (very-elegant). 1871.
„ exce'lsa (lofty). Jamaica. 1800.
„ ferrugi'nea (rusty). Jamaica. 1840.
„ Ga'rberi (Garber's). Florida.
„ gra'cilis (graceful). See T. RADIATA.
„ graci'llima (very-graceful). 1877.
„ graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). See T. MULTIFLORA.
„ gra'ndis (grand). Cuba. 1870.
„ havane'nsis (Havana). W. Ind. 1869.
„ Ma'rtii (Martius'). Cuba.
„ Miragua'na (Miraguan). Cuba. 1852.
„ Morri'sii (Morris'). 3-5. W. Ind. 1891.
„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 8. Dominica. 1847.
,, parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 15. White, green.

Jamaica. 1778.

,, Pumi'lio (Pumilio). Jamaica. 1738.
,, radio.' ta (rayed). 5-10. W. Ind. 1824.
„ stella' ta (starry). See T. MIRAGUANA.

THRIPS. Thrips Adonidum is one of the worst pests
that can gain a footing in our stoves and greenhouses.
The larva? and pupae are yellowish-white, and the perfect
insect is of a dull, deep black, with the point, and some-
times the whole of the abdomen, of a rust colour ; the
wings are dirty white ; the horns and legs yellowish, the
extremity of the former black. It attacks plants by
piercing the under side of the leaves ; and one often
sees, at the tip of the tail, a globule of blackish fluid,
which it soon deposits, and, by innumerable spots of
this glutinous matter, the pores of the leaves are stopped
up, and large portions of the surface become blotched.
During March the full-grown larvae and pupae, which
are as large as the perfect insect, are found in groups,
feeding on the under side of the leaves ; and at this
time the recently-hatched but perfect insect either lies .
close under the ribs, or roves about in search of a mate
(Curtis'). Flowers of sulphur have been recommended
as destructive of this plague, but we believe that Scotch
snuff, applied by means of a dredging-box (perhaps
Brown's Fumigator would answer), is as effectual an
application as any. Prevention, however, is better than
cure ; and if the plants are kept healthy by due ventila-
tion, and by moisture both in the air and soil, this insect
may be usually banished.

T. ochraceus infests the ripe fruit of plums, peaches,
and nectarines, piercing the stalks, and causing their
fall, and rendering the fruit disgusting. It was first
noticed and described by Mr. Curtis. It is narrow and
linear, of a bright and deep ochreous colour, the eyes are
black, the horns appear to be only six-jointed and
brownish at the tips, it has three ocelli in the crown, the
body is hairy, the tip pointed and bristly, the wings are
shorter than the body in the male, lying parallel on the
back when at rest, narrow, especially the under ones,
and fringed, the hairs longest beneath and at the point,
tips of feet dusky. It is destroyed by the same means
as T. Adonidum.

THRIXSPE'RMUM. (From thrix, a hair, and sperma,
a seed ; the seeds are hair-like. Nat. ord. Orchidacea?.
Now referred to Sarcochilus.)

T. Berkele'yi (Berkeley's). See SARCOCHILUS BERKELEYI.
„ Freema'nii (Freeman's). See SARCOCHILUS FREE-

MANII.

„ Hartma'nni (Hartmann's). See SARCOCHILUS HART-

MANNI.
„ indusia'tum (indusiate). See SARCOCHILUS INDUSIA-

TUS.
„ luni'ferum (crescent-bearing). See SARCOCHILUS

LUNIFERUS.

„ Moo'rei (Moore's). See SARCOCHILUS MOOREI.

„ muricula'lum (finely- warted). See SARCOCHILUS

MURICULATUS.

„ sillemia'num (Sillemian). See SARCOCHILUS SILLE-

MIANUS.
„ unguicula' turn (clawed). See SARCOCHILUS UNGUI-

CULATUS.

THROATWORT. Campanula Trache'liwn and Trache'-
liutn cczru'leum.

THRYA'LLIS. (An old Greek name. Nat ord Mal-
pighiaceae.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in bottom-
heat Loam, peat, and sand.

T. brachy'stachys (short-spiked). 4. August. Brazil.
1823.

THRYPTO'MENE. (From thrupto, to break to pieces,
and mene, the moon. Nat. ord. Myrtaceae.)

A slender, heath-like shrub. Cuttings in sand under a
hand-light. Loam, peat, and plenty of sand.
T. saxi'cola (rock-dwelling). 2-3. White. July.
Australia. 1824.

THU'JA. See THUYA.
THUJOPSIS. See THUYA.

THUNBE'RGIA. (Named after C. P. Thunberg, the
celebrated botanist. Nat. ord. Acanthads [Acanthaceag].
Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Stove evergreen climbers. Seeds in early spring, in
a strong, moist, sweet hotbed ; cuttings, any time before
the end of August, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ;
fibrous loam and peat, with a little rotten dung and lime-
rubbish. Winter temp., 48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
As they are very subject to red spider, perhaps the best
mode of treating these fine plants is to grow them as
annuals, throwing the plants away in the end of autumn.
If preserved, the flowers of sulphur and the syringe
must hardly ever have a holiday. Indeed, the syringe and
a little shade are necessary to their health in summer.
T. affi'nis (related). Purple-blue, with yellow throat.

September. Trop. Africa. 1887.
„ ala'ta (winged). 4. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1823.
„ „ a'lba (white-flowered). 4. White. May. Mada-
gascar.

„ „ auranti'aca (orange-flowered). 4. Orange. May.
„ „ Do'<WsM (Dodds's). Golden yellow ; throat violet.
„ angula'ta (angular). 4. June. Madagascar. 1823.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). 3. Yellow. June. S.Africa. 1824.
,, chry'sops (golden-eyed). 3. Blue. Violet. June.

Sierra Leone.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. June. Himalaya;

Burma. 1823.

„ corda'ta (heart-leaved). See T. FRAGRANS.
„ Do'ddsii (Dodds's). See T. ALATA DODDSII.
,, dregea'na (Dregean). S. Africa.
„ ere' eta (erect). 4-6. Blue ; orange in throat. July.

Trop. Africa. 1857. Shrub.
„ „ a'lba (white). White, with yellow throat.
„ fra' grans (fragrant). 4. White. June. Trop. Asia.

1796.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Blue. June. India.

1820.

„ „ a'lba (white). White. 1892.
„ ,, Ice'vis (smooth). Scentless.
„ Harri'sii (Hams'). See T. LAURIFOLIA.
,, ha:vtaynea'na (Hawtayne's). 10. Scarlet. June.

Nepaul. 1826.
„ Ki'rkii (Kirk's). 2-4. Purple. September. Trop.

Africa. 1876.
„ laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). Blue. Summer. Malaya.

1856.
„ mysore'nsis (Mysore). Yellow, pale purple. June.

S. India. 1854.
„ natale'nsis (Natal). 2-3. Blue. July. S. Africa.

1858.
„ primuli'na (primrose-like). Primrose. August. E.

Trop. Africa. 1904. Herbaceous.
„ vogelia'na (Vogelian). Purple. Summer. Trop.
Africa. 1863.

THUNDER PLANT. Sempervi'vum tecto'rum.

THU'NIA. (Meaning not clear. Nat. ord. Orchi-
daceae. Now referred to Phaius.)
T. a'lba (white). See PHAIUS ALBUS and varieties.
„ Benso'nia (Mrs. Benson's). See PHAIUS BENSON^E.
,, brymeria'na (Brymerian). See PHAIUS BRYMERIANUS.
,, candidi' ssima (whitest). See PHAIUS CANDIDISSIMUS.
„ Marsha'lliez (Mrs. Marshall's). See PHAIUS MARSHAL-
LI^.
„ marshallia'na (Marshallian). See PHAIUS MARSHAL-

LI^.
„ pu'lchra (fair). See PHAIUS ALBUS.

THU'YA. Arborvita?. (From thuon, a sacrifice ; the
resin used as incense in Eastern sacrifices. Nat. ord.
Conifers [Coniferae]. Linn. zi-Moncecia, lo-Decandria.)

Hardy evergreen trees. Seeds, which ripen freely, or
by cuttings ; the seeds are best sown in April, slightly

THUYA

$57

THYME, WATER

covered, and if a frame or han<l-li ht r.m be set o\cr
them, all the better ; moist soil suits most of. them ; a
f the tenderest will require protection until they
become some size.

T. acu'ta (acute). See T. ORIENTALIS.
„ articula'ta (jointed). See CALLITRIS QUADRIVALVIS.
., austra'lis (southern). See CALLITRIS RHOMBOIOEA.
„ chile'nsis (Chilian). See LIBOCEDRUS CHILENSIS.
„ craigia'na (Craigian). See T. PLICATA.
„ cupressoi'des (cypress-like). See CALLITRIS CUPRES-

SOIDES.

„ dolabra' ta (axe-shaped). 40-50. Mountains of Japan.
„ ,, alti'ssima (tallest). Habit nearly columnar. 1906.
„ „ crtsta'ta (crested). Plant globose, with fan-shaped

branches. 1906.

„ „ na'na (dwarf), i-ij. Japan 1862.
„ „ plica ta (plaited). The branches appear folded.

1906.
„ ,, variegata (variegated . Some twigs are variegated

with pale yellow.

donia'na (Don's). See LIBOCEDRUS DONIANA.
filifo'rmis (thread-/fat'«d). See T. ORIENTALIS PEN-

DULA.

qigante'a (gigantic). See T. PLICATA.
japo'nica (Japanese). 10-3,0. Japan. 1862.
latevi'rens (bright-green). See T. DOLABRATA NANA.
Lo'bbi (Lobb's). See T. PLICATA.
Mcnzie'sti (Menzies'). See T. PLICATA.
nepalc'nsis (Nepaul). See THUYA ORIENTALIS NEPAL-

ENSIS.

occidenta'lis (western). 50. May. N. Amer. 1596.
" American Arboryitae."
„ alba (white). Tips of young twigs silvery.
„ argc'ntfa (silvery). Twigs silvery.
„ au'rea (golden). Golden- yellow.
„ Betera'msii (Beterams'). Young growths copper-
coloured. 1910.
„ Bodme'ri (Bodmer's).
„ Buchana'ni (Buchanan's).
„ cauca'sica (Caucasian).
,, compa'cta (compact). Habit conical.
,, cristt'ta (crested). Twigs crowded at ends of
branches.

„ decussa'ta (decussate). Leaves spreading like a
juniper.

„ de'nsa (dense).
„ Dickso'ni (Dickson's).
,, dorkine'nsis (Dorking).
„ Dougla'sii (Douglas's).
„ elluangeria'na (Ellwangerian). A pigmy.
,, ellirangeria'na au'rea (golden). Foliage golden-
yelJow, not burning in summer. 1896.
,, ere" eta (erect). Habit upright.
„ ere'cta vi'ridis (green). Upright, green.
„ ericoi'des (heath-like). Dwarf, heath-like bush.
,, fiabella'ta (fan-shaped). Twigs fan-shaped.
,, plobo'sa (globose). Habit dwarf, globular.
„ globo'sa compa'cta (compact).
„ gra'cilis (graceful). Twigs slender.
„ Ho'vei (Hove's). Twigs arranged in flat branches.
„ lu'tea (yellow). Twigs pale yellow.
„ pe'ndula (drooping). Principal branches drooping.
,, pulvcrule'nta (powdery).
„ Rive'rsii (Rivers').
„ Spce'thii (Spaeth's). Twiglets slender, thread-like.

ibgo.

„ variega'ta (variegated-/«ai'&f). 25. May.
„ ven'crnea'na (Vervaenean). Whole plant pale
yellow.

„' Wagntfri (Wagner's). Habit dense, narrow,
pyramidal. 1 896.

„ -.calthame'nsis (Waltham). Habit pyramidal.
,, u'area'na (Warean).
,, uarea'na lute'scens (yellowish).
„ Waxen (Waxen).

orienta'lis (eastern). 25. May. China. 1752.
" Chinese Arborvitas."

„ arge'nteo-variega'ta ^silver-variegated). Branchlets
variegated with white.
„ ascote'nsis (Ascot). Twigs golden.
„ athrotaxoi'des (Athrotaxis-like). Dwarf, with
stout twie$.

„ au'rea (golden). 3. Golden-yellow.
, „ au're^-varie^a'ta (trolden-varieeated).

„ compa'cUi (compact). Bright green, conical, dwarf.

I", orienta'lis decussa'ta (decussate). Leaves spreading
like those of a Juniper.

„ ,, de'nsa (dense). Sea-

„ „ elfganti'ssima (very-elegant). Twigs erect, com-
pressed, golden-yellow when young.

„ ,, falca'ta (sickle-shaped).
falca'ta na'na (dwarf).
falca'ta no'va (new).
frencloi'des (Frenela-like).
Frccbe'li (Froebel's).

funicula'ta (stalked). Twigs bright green.
glau'ca (sea-green).

„ „ globo'sa (globose).

„ „ gra'cilis (slender). Twigs slender.

„ ,, Hove'yi (Hovey's).

,, „ incurva'ta (uiciu-ved).

,, „ inter me' dia (intermediate).

„ „ macroca'rpa (large-fruited).

„ „ tnelde'nsis (Melden).

,, „ mi'nima (smallest).

„ „ monstro'sa (monstrous). Branches twisted, few.

„ „ nepale'nsis (Nepaulese). 20. May. NepauL 1824.

„ „ pekine'nsis (Pekin). 60. Pekin. 1861.

„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). 15-20. Twigs whip-like,
drooping. May. Japan. 1828.

i> ». pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 12-30. May. Tartary.
1820.

„ „ semperaure'scens (always-golden). Retains its
colour always.

„ „ Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). See T. ORIENTALIS COM-
PACT A.

„ „ stri'cta (erect). See T. ORIENTALIS PYRAMIDALIS.

„ „ tata'rica (Tartarian). See T. ORIENTALIS PYRA-
MIDALIS.

„ „ triangula' ris (triangular).

„ „ zuccarinia'na (Zuccarinian). See T. ORIENTALIS
COMPACTA.

„ pe'ndula (drooping-branched). See T. ORIENTALIS

PENDULA.

„ plica' ta (plaited). 100-150. May. N.W.Amer. 1796.

" Red " or " Canoe Cedar."
„ „ atrovi'rens (dark green).
,, „ au'rea (golden).
„ „ compa'cta (compact).
,, „ fastigia'ta (upright).
„ „ gra'cilis (slender).
„ „ mi'nima (smallest).
„ „ pe'ndula (drooping).
,, „ pu'mila (dwarf).
11 » pyramida'lis (pyramidal).
„ „ recu'rva na'na (dwarf-recurved).
,, „ recurva'ta (recurved).
,, „ semperaure'scens (always-golden).
,, „ umbraculi'fera (umbrella-bearing).
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Variegated with light

yellow.

,; „ zrf>rt"na(zebra-striped). Twigs striped at intervals.
„ Standi'shii (Standish's). See T. JAPONICA.
„ tetrago'na (four-sided). See LIBOCEDRUS TETRAGONA.
„ u-area'na (Warean). See T. OCCIDENTALIS WAREANA.

THUYOPSIS. (From Thuya, the Arborvitae, and opsis,
likeness. Nat. ord. Coniferae. Now referred to Thuya.)
T. borea'lis nidi' f era (nest-bearing northern). See

CUPRESSUS NOOTKATENSIS NIDIFICA.

„ dolabra' ta (axe-shaped). See THUYA DOLABRATA.
„ „ Icetevi'rens (bright-green). See THUYA DOLABRATA

NANA.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated). See THUYA DOLABRATA

VARIEGATA.

,, Standi'shii (Standish's). See THUYA JAPONICA.

THY MBRA. (An ancient name applied to a th}-me-
like plant. Nat. ord. Lipu'orts [Labiatae], Linn. 14-
DidynamiOf i-Gymnospermia. Allied to Melissa.)

Half-hamy evergreen. Seeds in April, or cuttings

under a hand-light in June; sandy, gravelly loam.

Nice rock-work plants. They require a cold pit in winter.

T. carolinia'na (Carolinian). See MACBRIDEA PULCHRA.

„ cilia' ta (hair-fringed). See THYMUS CILIATUS.

„ spica'ta (spike-flowered), ij. Pale purple. June.

Levant. 1699.
THYME. Thy'mus.

THYME, BASIL. Calami'ntha A'cinos.
THYME, WATER. Elo'dea.

THYMEUEA

858

TIARIDIUM

THYMEL^'A. (From thumos, thyme, and elaia, the
olive ; the leaves are comparable to those of thyme, and
the berries to olive berries. Nat. ord. Thymeleacea?.)

Hardy or nearly hardy shrubs. Cuttings in a cold
frame. Loam, peat, and sand.
T. arve'nsis (field). i£. Pale yellow. Mediterranean

region, &c.

„ dioi'ca (dioecious). 2. Yellow. July. Europe. 1834.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy). See PASSERINA HJRSUTA.
„ Sanamu'nda (Sanamunda). 3. Yellow. March.

Europe. 1815.

„ Tartonrai'ra (Tartonraira). 3. White. Yellow. S.
Europe. 1640.

THY'MUS. Thyme. (From thuo, to perfume. Nat.
ord. Lipworts [Labiatae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, i-
Gymnospermia.)

Hardy evergreen trailers, and purple-flowered, except
where otherwise mentioned. Seeds, cuttings, or divisions
in March or April ; sandy loam suits them all best.
T. vulga'ris is our common pot-herb thyme. For culture,
see SAGE.

T. angustifo' Hits (narrow- leaved). £. June. S.Europe.

1771-

„ azo'ncus (Azorean). July. Azores. 1820.
„ azu'reus (azure). £. June. S. Europe. 1830.
„ capita' tus (headed). June. S. Europe. 1596.
„ carno'sus (fleshy). J. Spain.

„ Cephalo'tes (great-headed). J. July. Portugal. 1759.
„ Chamce'drys (Chamaedry's). £• July to September.

Europe (Britain).

„ „ como'sus (long-haired). J. Transsylvania.
„ „ monta'nus (mountain), f. Flower-spikes large.
„ ,, nummula'rius (moneywort-like). Leaves large,

round.

„ cilia' tus (hair- fringed). Violet. July. N.Africa. 1824.
„ citriodo'rus (citron-scented). See T. SERPYLLUM

CITRIODORUS.

„ colli'nus (hill). See T. CHAM^JDRYS MONTANUS.

„ co'rsicus (Corsican). See MENTHA REQUIENI.

„ croa'ticus (Croatian). See MICROMERIA CROATICA.

„ elonga'tus (lengthened). See T. TOMENTOSUS.

„ eric&jo'lius (heath-leaved). See MICROMERIA VARIA.

„ fruticulo'sus (shrubby). See MICROMERIA APPROXI-

MATA.

„ glabra'tus (smooth). See T. SERPYLLUM.

„ grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). See CALAMINTHA

GRANDIFLORA.

„ He'rba-baro'na (Herba-barona). i. July. Corsica.
1820. " Seedy Cake."

„ hirsu'tus (hairy). See T. SERPYLLUM.

„ lanceola' tus (spear-head-leaved). |. July. N, Africa.
1823.

„ lanugino'sus (woolly) of gardens. See T. VILLOSUS.

„ monta'nus (mountain). See T. CHAM^DRYS MON-
TANUS.

„ nummula'rius (moneywort-like). See T. CHAM/EDRYS

NUMMULARIUS.

„ panno'nicus (Pannonian). See T. SERPYLLUM.

„ patari'nus (Paduan). See CALAMINTHA PATAVINA.

„ Pipere'lla (small peppermint). \. July. Spain. 1810.

„ rotundifo'lius (round- leaved). J. Pink. Leaves
round. Pyrenees. 1879.

„ Serpy'llum (wild-thyme). \. July. Britain.

,, „ a'lbus (white-flowered). J. July. Britain.

„ „ atropurpu'reus (dark-purple). Dark purple. Eng-
land. 1888.

„ „ ChamcE'drys (Chamaedrys). See T. CHAM^EDRYS.

„ „ citra'tus (citron-scented). July.

„ „ citriodo'rus (citron-scented). £. July. Tauria.
1820. " Lemon Thyme."

,, ,, citriodo'rus-arge'nteo-margina'ta (silver- edged).
Leaves edged with creamy-white.

„ „ citriodo'rus au'reo-margina'tus (golden-margined).
Leaves edged with yellow. 1871.

„ „ citriodo'rus au'reus (golden). Leaves golden-yellow.
1870.

„ „ cocci'neus (scarlet). Bright red. 1888.

„ ,, lanugino'sus (woolly). J. July. Britain.

„ „ mi'cans (glittering). J. Erect in habit. Europe.

, „ monta'nus (mountain). See T. CHAM^DRYS MON-
TANUS.

„ „ pulche'llus (pretty). Europe.

„ „ sfile'ndens (splendid). Brilliant red. 1904.

„ ., variega'tus (variegated-kaved). J. July. Britain.

T. Serpy'llum vulga'ris (common). See T. SERPYLLUM

CITRIODORUS.

,, spica'tus (spiked), i. June. Pyrenees. 1832.
,, stria' tus (striped). S. Europe ; Asia Minor.
„ tomento'sus (felted), i. August. Spain. 1816.
,, *ransst7tJa'mc«s(Transsylvanian). SeeT. CHAM^DRYS

COMOSUS.
„ villo'sus (shaggy). J. Purple. July. Portugal.

" Woolly Thyme."
,, vulga'ris (common), i. June. S. Europe. 1548.

" Garden Thyme."

,, „ latifo'lius (broad-leaved), i. June.
„ „ variega'tus (variegated-leaved), i. July. Gardens.
,, Zy'gis (Zygis). Spain and Portugal.

THYRSACA'NTHUS. (From thursos, a thjnrse, and
Acanthus; thyrse-flowered Acanthus. Nat. ord. Acan-
thads [Acanthaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. For culture, see GEISSOMERIA.
It must be spurred in closely. Flowers nearly all the
year.

T. barlerioi'des (Barleria-like). Red. Brazil.
„ bracteola'tus (small-bracted). ij. Red. July.

Colombia. 1823.

„ callista'chyus (beautiful-spiked), ij. Purple. Mexico.
,, cocci'neus (scarlet). See T. LEMAIRIANUS.
,, i'ndicus (Indian). See ERANTHEMUM INDICUM.
„ lemairia'nus (Lemairian). 3. Red. February.

Country unknown. 1840.
„ lilaci'nus (lilac). See T. CALLISTACHYUS.
,, ni'tidus (shining). 3-4. Red. W. Ind.
„ ru'tilans (orange-red). 2. Glowing red. Winter.

Colombia. 1851.
„ schomburgkia'nus (Schomburgk's). 3. Scarlet. Winter.

Guiana. 1855.
„ stri'ctus (upright). 2-3. Red. Winter. Honduras.

THYESO'PTERIS. (From thursos, a thyrse, and pteris,
a fern ; in reference to the fruiting portion of the frond.
Nat. ord. Filices.)

Stove fern with much divided fronds. Spores. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.

T. e'legans (elegant). 10-15. Fronds two and three
times pinnate. Juan Fernandez.

THYSANO'TUS. (From thysanotos, fringed ; the
flower much fringed. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliacea?].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse, purple-flowered, from Australia. By
division of the plant in the herbaceous, and dividing the
tuberous-rooted ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 38° to 45°, and very little water.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

T. dicJio'tomus (forked), f . July. 1838.
„ intrica'tus (intricate-stemmed). See T. DICHOTOMUS.
,, ju'nceus (rush-like). £. 1804.
„ multiflo'rus (many-flowered), i. August. 1838.
,, proli'ferus (proliferous). See T. MULTIFLORUS.
„ te'nuis (slender). Lilac. May. 1836.

GREENHOUSE TUBERS.

T. ela'tior (taller). See T. TUBEROSUS.
„ isanthe'rus (even-anthered). £. August. 1822.
„ tubero'sus (tuberous), i. June. 1823.

TIARE'LLA. (From tiara, a little diadem ; form of
seed-pod. Nat. ord. Saxifrages [Saxifragaceas]. Linn.
lo-Decandria, 2-Digynia.)

Hardy, white-flowered herbaceous. Divisions of the
root ; common soil ; dry borders, and the front of them,
or elevated places in rock-works.
T. colo'rans (colouring). See HEUCHERA GLABRA.
„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). \. April. N. Amer. 1731.

" Foam Flower."

„ Menzie'sii (Menzies'). See TOLMIEA MENZIESII.
„ polyphy'lla ^^ (many- leaved), i. April. Nepaul. 1820.
„ unifolia'ta (one-leaved). 2-3. Rose-tinted. N.W.
Amer. 1907.

TIARI'DIUM. (From tiara, a diadem, and eidos, like ;
form of seed-pod. Nat. ord. Borageworts [Boraeinaceaej.
Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia* United to Hdiotro»
pium.)

TIBOUCHINA

859

TILIA

T. anisophy'llum (anise-leaved). See HELIOTROPIUM IN-

DICUM.

„ i'ndicum (Indian). See HELIOTROPIUM INDICUM.
„ veluti'num (velvet), i. Blue. June. W. Ind. 1820.

TIBOUCHTNA. (The native name in Guiana. Nat.
ord. Mclastomads [Melastomaceae]. Linn. 8-Octandrta,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Pleroma.)

Stove and greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of firmish
side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild
bottom-heat, any time between April and August ;
fibrous peat and sandy loam, with a little charcoal and
broken pots, and extra care in draining. Winter temp.,
55° to 60° ; summer, 65° to 88°.
T. a'spera (roueh). Purple. April. Guiana. 1820.
„ barbi'sera (beard-bearing). Violet-purple. Brazil.
„ benthamia'na (Benthamian). 6. Purple. August.

Brazil. 1841.

„ e'Uzans (elegant). 5. Purple. June. Organ Moun-
tains. 1844.
„ floribu'nda (free-flowering). Violet-blue. Brazil.

1870.
„ ga\idichaudia'na (Gaudichaudian). 5. Rosy-violet.

June. Brazil. 1836.
„ gra'cilis (slender), i. Red, lilac. Brazil. 1834.

Stove perennial.

„ granulo'sa (granular). 6. Brazil. 1816.
„ gro'ssa (thick). Trop. Amer.
„ heteroma'lla (variable-haired). 4. July. Brazil.

1819.

„ holoseri'cea (wholly-silky). 5. July. Brazil. 1816.
„ langsdorffia'na (Langsdorffian). Brazil.
„ lepido'ta (scaly). Violet-purple. Trop. Amer.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved), i. White. January. Trop.

Amer. 1820. Stove annual.
„ Matha'i (Matha's). Violet-purple. Peru.
„ mei'odon (small-toothed). 6. Purple. Brazil. 1895.
,, mo'llis (soft). Purple. Trop. Amer. 1864.
„ moricandia' na (Moricandian). Brazil.
„ m'tida (shining). Pale lilac. June. Trop. Amer.

1830.

,, ochype'tala (wheel-petaled). Peru.
„ orna'ia (adorned). \. Rosy-purple. August. Trop.

Amer. 1848.
„ semideca'ndra (half-ten-anthered). 2-10. Rich purple.

July to November. Brazil. 1847. Greenhouse.
„ icrsi' color (changeable-coloured). Pink. September.

Brazil. 1825.
„ vimi'nea (twiggy). 6. Purple. July. Brazil. 1821.

TICO'BEA. (The native name of T. fce'lida. Nat.
ord. Rueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Galipea.)

Stove, white-flowered, evergreen tree. Cuttings of
ripe young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat, in
March ; fibrous loam and sandy peat. Winter temp.,
50° to 55- ; summer, 60° to 80°.
T. fce'tida (stinking). 10. Guiana. 1825.
„ jasminiflo'ra (jasmine-flowered). See GAUPEA MULTI-
FLORA.

TIGA'REA TRIDENTA'TA. See PURSHIA TRIDEN-
TATA.

TIGE1 FLOWER. Tigri'dia.
1IGER IRI1. Tigri'dia.
TIGER LILY. Li' Hum tigri'num.

TIGRI'DIA. Tiger Flower. (From tigris, a tiger, and
eidos, like ; resemblance of the spotted flowers. Nat.
ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn. ^-Triandria, i-Monogynia.)

Having yielded to cross-breeding, this genus may be
expected to run into varieties of very gay colours. Hardy-
bulbs. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in spring ; also by
offsets ; sandy loam and leaf-mould ; protected in the
ground from frost and wet, or taken up at the end of
autumn, and kept in a dry, cool place, the roots being
covered with earth until planting-out time in the middle
of April.
T. alra'ta (dark). 2. Deep purple. August. Mexico.

1843-

„ au'rea (golden). See T. PAVONIA AUKEA.
„ bucci'fera (trumpet-bearing), i. Greenish-yellow and

purple, dotted with purple. Mexico. 1889.
„ coiichiflo'ra (shell-Cowered). See T. PAVONIA CONCHI-

FLORA.

T. curva'ta (curved). Purple. April. Mexico. 1843.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See T. PAVONIA and

varieties.
„ Hou'ttei (Van Houtte's). i. Yellow, lilac. Spring.

Mexico. 1875.

„ lu'tea (yellow), i. Yellow. June. Chili ; Peru.
,, Melea'gris (guinea-hen). See HYDROT-CNIA MELEA-

CRIS.
,, Pavo'nia (peacock), i. Orange, red. June. Mexico.

1796. " Peacock Tiger Iris."
„ „ a'lba (white). White, spotted with red-brown on

the yellow base. 1882.

,, ,, a'lba immacula'ta (spotless). Snow-white, spot-
less. 1896.

„ ,, au'rea (golden). Golden-yellow and spotted.
,, ,, conchiflo'ra (shell-flowered), i. Dark yellow.

June. 1823.

„ „ fla'va (yellow). Pale yellow. 1896.
„ „ leo'na (lion), i. Orange, red. June. 1823.
„ „ lilia'cea (lilac). Reddish-purple, with nearly white

markings. 1893.

„ „ ro'sea (rosy). Yellow, tinged with rose. 1893.
„ ,, specio'sa (showy). Richly coloured.
„ Pri'n°lei (Pringle's). i. Bright scarlet-red, blotched

with crimson. Chihuahua, Mexico. 1888.
„ Van-Hou'ttei (Van Houtte's). See T. HOUTTEI.
„ viola' cea (violet-coloured-/?oicereJ). i. Purple. May.

Mexico. 1838.

TIGRIS, FLOWER OF. Tigri'dia Pavo'nia,

TILE-ROOT. Geissorhi'aa.

TILIA. Lime or Linden-tree. (Derivation unknown.
Nat. ord. Lindenblooms [Tiliaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Hardy, deciduous, yellowish-green-flowered trees.
Seeds, gathered and preserved in moist sand until March
or April, and then some will generally vegetate that and
the following season ; principally, however, by layers in
autumn, which may be removed in a twelvemonth. To
save layering, old trees are sometimes cut down ; shoots
spring up in abundance ; among these six inches or a
foot of fine soil is thrown, and in two or three years nice-
rooted plants are obtained. Deep, loamy soil suits all
the varieties, as well as the species, best. 'The white lime
is propagated chiefly by layers and grafting. T. ameri-
ca'na and its many varieties are very ornamental, but
not so hardy as the European in our moist climate.

T. a'lba (white-wooded). See T. ARGENTEA.
„ ,, pe'ndula (drooping). See T. PETIOLARIS.
„ america'na (American). 30. June. N. Amer. 1752.
„ „ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). See T. HETERO-

PHYLLA.

„ „ laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). See T. FUBESCENS.

,, ,, pube'scens (downy). See T. PUBESCENS.

,, ,, pube'scens leptophy'lla (thin-leaved-downy). See

T. PUBESCENS LEPTOPHYLLA.

,, arge'ntea (silvery). 20-50. Pale yellow. July. East
Europe. 1767. " White Lime."

„ „ orbicula'ris (orbicular). See T. ORBICULARIS.

„ ,, pe'ndula (drooping). See T. PETIOLARIS.

„ corda'ta (heart-shaped). 10-40. Yellowish-white.
Europe (Britain).

„ ,, arge'ntea (silvery). Leaves edged with creamy-
white. Silesia. 1862.

„ ,, japo'nica (Japanese).

„ dasy'styla (thick-styled). 25-60. Pale yellow. July.
Caucasus. Reintroduced 1883.

,, euchlo'ra (bright-green). See T. DASYSTYLA.

„ europcz'a (European, or common). See T. PLATY-
PHYLLOS and T. VULGARIS.

„ „ au'rea (golden-ftngg#/). See T. VULGARIS AUREA.

„ „ dasy'styla (hairy-styled). See T. DASYSTYLA.

„ ,, lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). See T. PLATYPHYLLOS

ASPLENIIFOLIA.

„ „ microphy'lla (small-leaved). See T. CORDATA.

„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). See T. PETIOLARIS.

„ „ platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). See T. PLATYPHYLLOS.

„ „ platyphy'lla au'rea (golden-broad-leaved). See T.

PLATYPHYLLOS AURANTIA.

„ „ ru'bra (red-twigged). See T. VDLGARIS RUBRA.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated-/«av«i). See T. VULGARIS

VARIEGATA.

„ „ vttifo'lia (vine-leaved). See T. PLATYPHYLLOS

VniFOLIA.

TILL^EA

860

TILLANDSIA

r.

ftave'scens (yellowish). Garden origin. (T. ameri-

canax cordata.)
hcnrya'na (Henryan). Leaves with rusty tufts of

hairs beneath. Central China. 1903.
heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 30-50. Pale yellow.

June. N. Amer. 1811. "Bee Tree." "White

Basswood."

intermedia (intermediate). See T. VULGARIS.
mandschu'rica (Mandshurian). Manchooria.
mifrophy'lla (small-leaved). See T. CORDATA.
miquelia'na(Miquelian). Allied to T. argentea. Japan.

„ Miya'bei (Miyabe's). 80-100. Japan. 1909.

„ mongo'lica (Mongolian). 25-35. Yellow- white.
Mongolia. 1902.

„ Olive' ri (Oliver's). Leaves white-felted beneath.
Central China. 1909.

„ orbicula'ris (orbicular). Leaves leathery, silvery be-
neath. (T. petiolarisxdasystyla.) 1890.

„ parvifo'lia (small- leaved). See T. CORDATA.

„ ,, arge'ntea (silvery). See T. CORDATA ARGENTEA.

„ petiola'ris (long-stalked). 40-55. Pale yellow. July.
East Europe.

„ platyphy'llos (broad-leaved). 50-60. Pale yellow.
June. Europe (England).

„ „ aspleniifo'lia (Asplenium-leaved). 50. Leaves
deeply cut into narrow segments.

„ „ aura'ntia (orange). 20. Pale yellow. June.
Leaves yellow.

„ „ cora'llina (coral).

„ „ filicifo'lia no'va (new- fern- leaved). Leaves deeply
cut.

„ „ obli'qua (oblique).

„ „ oxyca'rpa (sharp-fruited).

„ „ pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Branches erect.

» >» pyramida'lis au 'rea (golden). Leaves yellow. 1888.

„ „ sphceroca' 'rpa (spherical- fruited).

„ ,, tortuo'sa (twisted). Branches flexuous.

„ ,, viiifo'lia (vine-leaved). 40-50. Pale yellow.
June. Leaves lobed at the apex. 1846.

„ ,, iL'ralislawie'nsis (Breslauian). Leaves fine golden-
yellow. 1904.

„ pube'scens (downy). 20-50. White. June, July.
E. United States. 1726.

„ „ leptophy'lla (thin-leaved). 20-30. Yellow. July.
N. Amer.

„ specta'bilis (showy). Leaves very large, silvery be-
neath. (T. petiotarisxamericana.)

„ sublana'ta variega'ta (rather woolly variegated). E.
Europe.

„ Tu'an (Tuan). 40. Leaves membranous, covered
with starry hairs beneath. Central China. 1903.

„ ulmifo'lia (elm-leaved). See T. CORDATA.

„ vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). See T. PLATVPHYLLOS VITI-

FOLIA.

„ vulga'ris (common). 50-120. Pale yellow. June.

Europe (England). "Common Lime."
„ „ an' rea (golden). 50. Twigs golden. June.
„ „ cauca'sica (Caucasian).
„ „ ru'bra (red). 50. Twigs red. June.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). 50. Leaves blotched

with creamy-white. 1847.

TILLZE'A. (Commemorative of M. A. Tilli, an Italian
botanist. Nat. ord. Crassulaceas.)

Hardy annual or perennial herbs. Seeds. Light,
well-drained or sandy soil.
T. moscha'ta (musky). £. White. September. New

Zealand and other Antarctic Islands. 1794.
„ musco'sa (mossy). £. White. June, July. Europe
(England) ; N. Africa.

HLLA'NDSIA. (Named after E. Tillands, physician
at Abo. Nat. ord. Bromelworts [Bromeliaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monoygnia.)

Stove epiphytes. Divisions and suckers. The weaker
kinds do best in baskets very shallow, in sphagnum, turfy
peat, broken pots, and charcoal ; the stronger-growing
ones may be potted high in turfy peat, a little turfy loam,
and charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60°
to 80°.

T. acau'lis (stemlcss). See CRYPTANTHUS UNDULATUS.
„ ,, zebri na (zebra). See CRYPTANTHUS ZONATUS.
„ Alexandra (Queen Alexandra's^. Leaves with longi-
tudinal yellow stripes. Trop. Amer. 1903.

T. aloi'des (Aloe-like). See CATOPSIS ALOIDES
,, aloifo'lia (aloe-leaved). See T. FLEXUOSA.
,, amethysti'na (amethyst). Yellow. Brazil. 1884.
,, a'nceps (two-edged). J. Blue. April. W. Ind. 1820.
,, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). £. Blue. August.

W. Ind. 1822.

,, arge'ntea (silvery), i. Pale blue. Cuba. 1865.
,, ArmafdcR (Armada's). Leaves pale violet. S.

Colombia. 1883.
,, balbisia'na (Balbisian). i-ij. Violet ; bracts rose.

W. Indies. 1879.

„ Barille'tii (Barillet's). Yellow. Ecuador. 1883.
,, Bartra'mi (Bartram's). See T. UTRICULATA.
,, Bi'WbeVgf^ (Billbergia-like). i. White, rose. Mexico.

1869.
,, brachycau'los (short-stemmed). £. Purple. Mexico.

1878.

,, brachy'stachys (short-spiked). See T. CARINATA.
,, bractea'ta (bracted). i. August. W. Ind. 1824.
,, bryoi'des (moss-like). Leaves moss-like. Argentina.

1880.
„ bulbo'sa (bulbous). £. Blue. November. Trinidad.

1823.

„ ,, e'minens (eminent). 1850.
„ „ paucifo'lia (few-leaved). |. Violet. 1878.
„ „ pi'cta (painted). J. Pink. December. Jamaica.

1845.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated).

,, cane'scens (hoary). £. Blue. June. W. Ind. 1824.
,, Ca put-M edu' scz (Medusa's- head). Leaves grey.

Mexico. 1880.

,, carina'ta (keeled). Yellow; bracts red. Brazil. 1866.
,, chryso'stachys (golden-spiked). Yellow. Peru. 1881.
,, circina'lis (circular). See T. DURATII.
„ circina'ta, (rounded). See T. STREPTOPHYLLA.
,, coarcta'ta (straitened). See T. FLORIBUNDA.
„ complana' ta (flattened). See T. XIPHOSTACHYS.
,, compre'ssa (flattened), i. June. Chili. 1823.
,, confertiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). Ecuador.
,, cora'llina (coralline). Green ; bracts purple-red.

Brazil. 1870.

,, ,, ro'seum (rosy). Rose.
,, „ sple'ndens (splendid). Highly coloured.
., cordobe'nsis (Cordovan). See T. RECURVATA.
,, croca'ta (saffron), Saffron-yellow. Brazil. 1880.
,, cya'nea (blue). Blue. Guatemala. 1852.
„ decurva'ta (decurved). i£. Yellow. Brazil.
„ dianthoi'dea (Dianthus-like). i. Blue; bracts pink.

Brazil.

„ ,, ro'sea (rosy). White ; bracts pink.
,, didi'sticha (two-ranked). See T. LORENTZIANA.
,, dista'chya (two-spiked), i. White. Honduras. 1880.
,, Duge'sii (Duges's). Deep purple; bra.ts and rachis

crimson. Central Mexico. 1897.
,, Dura'tii (Durat's). Violet. S. Amer. 1879.
,, duvalia'na (Duvalian). i. Yellow, green. Brazil.

1884.

,, e'minens (eminent). See T. BULBOSA EMINENS.
,, ensifo'rmis (sword-shaped), i^. Red-yellow. Brazil.
,, ere'c ta (erect), i. June. Chili. 1823.
,, erube'scens (reddish). See T. BULBOSA.
,, fascicula'ta (fascicled), i. Blue. June. W. Ind.

1820.

,, fenestra'lis (window). Yellow. Parana. 1875.
,, filifo'lia (thread-leaved). Light blue. Mexico.
,, flexuo'sa (zigzag), i. Blue. W. Ind. 1790.
,, ,, pa'llida(p3ile). i. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1815.
,, floribu'nda (free-flowering), i. June. Peru. 1823.
,, folio1 sa (leafy). Violet. Mexico. 1885.
,, Furstenbe'rgii (Furstenberg's). Bracts rosy, mealy.

1882.
,, Gardne'ri (Gardner's). Rose. February. Brazil.

1842.
,, Gei'ssei (Geisse's). J. Rosy ; bracts carmine above.

Chili. 1889.

,, &minifto'ra (twin-flowered). |. Red, yellow. Feb-
ruary. Brazil. 1840.
,, gigante'a (giant). See T. REGINA.
,, gladioliflo'ra (Gladiolus-flowered). Green, violet.

Costa Rica. 1863.
,, glaucophy 'lla (sea-green-leaved), ij. Whitish, purple.

Santa Martha. 1847.
,, Glazio'vii (Glaziou's). S. Brazil.
,, gra'cilis (slender), i. June. Chili. 1823.
,, gutia'ta (spotted). 2. Yellow. Leaves spotted with
red. Brazil. 1875.

TTLLANDSTA

861

TTLLANDSTA

T. kamelea'na (Haraelean). Violet, white. Ecuador.

1870.
„ heliconioi'des (Heliconia-like). i. White. Bracts

carmine, white. Colombia. 1880.
„ heterophy'lla. (various-leaved). See T. VIRGINALIS.
„ hierogly'phica (hieroglyphical). Leaves variously

banded with purple below and dark green above.

Brazil. 1884.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves striped with white.

1903.

„ hillegeeria'na (Hillegeerian). See T. REGIXA.
„ imperia'lis (imperial). See T. REGINA.
„ ina'nis (empty). See T. BULBOSA.
„ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). S. Amer.
„ incurva'ta (incurved). Yellow, green. Bracts orange-
red. Brazil. 1882.

„ infla'ta (inflated). See T. INCURVATA.
„ iona'ntha( violet-flowered), i. Violet. Mexico. 1871.
„ ixwi'des (Ixia-like). $. Orange. Panama.
„ Jo'nghei (Jonghe's). Yellow. Brazil. 1874.
„ juncifo'lia (rush-leaved). See T. SETACEA.
„ karwinskia'na (Karwinskian). i. Violet. Mexico.

1878.
„ kirchoffia'na (Kirchoffian). Blue; bracts coral-red

Mexico. 1889.

„ Kra'meri (Kramer's). See T. PSITTACINA.
„ Li'ndeni (Linden's). Violet ; bracts rose. Peru.

1867.
„ „ flo're pie' no (double-flowered). Partially double.

1880.
„ „ interme'dia (intermediate). Bracts rosy-green.

1871.
„ „ koutsinskya'na (Koutsinskyan). See T. LINDENI

FLORE PLENO.

luxu'rians (luxuriant). Stem branched.
ma'jor (greater). Flowers larger. Peru. 1871.
mi' nor (smaller). A small form.
regelia'na (Regelian). Blue, white; bracts red.
Ecuador. 1869.

splefndida (splendid). See T. LINDENI MAJOR.
in' color (three-coloured). Violet, with white
blotch ; bracts rose. Ecuador. 1883.
„ „ viola cea (violet). Violet ; bracts rosy. Ecuador.

1883.

„ lindenia'na (Lindenian). See T. LINDENI REGELIANA.
„ linea'ta (lined). Leaves lined with violet above,

violet below. Colombia. 1883.
„ lorentzia'na (Lorentzian). White. Brazil. 1881.
„ Malzi'nei (Malzine's). r. White. Mexico. 1874.
„ Marte'lli (Martell's). Leaves narrower than in T.

zebrina, and whitish at base. 1898.
„ massangea'na (Massangean). Leaves barred with

bronze. 1892.
„ »iic;mt'£Ai0n(small-Xiphion). J. Deep blue; bracts

pink. Monte Video.
„ mcensia'na (Mcensian). Allied to T. Regina, 5 ft. high.

Leaves cream-yellow. 1898.
„ Mce'nsii (Maens"). Leaves mottled pale green on

yellow-green. 1892.
„ monadeflpha (one-bundled). W'hite, pale purple.

Guiana. 1882.

„ Morre'ni (Morren's). i. Brown, yellow-green. Brazil.
„ morrenia'na (Morrenian). See T. LINDENI.
„ musa'ica (mosaic). See CARAGUATA MUSAICA.
„ narthfcioi'des (Narthecium-like). 1-2. Y'ellowish-

white. Ecuador. 1878.
„ ni'tida (shining). See CATOPSIS NITIDA.
„ nu'tans (nodding). See CATOPSIS NUTANS.
„ obscu'ra (obscure). 2. July. S. Amer. 1820.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). i. Blue. June. W- Ind.

1820.
„ paraba'ica (Parabaic). i. Yellow ; bracts purple.

Brazil. 1885.
„ £os/wcfe>ffia'na(Pastuchoffian). Leaves with a mosaic

of dark green lines. Brazil. 1885.
„ paucifo'lia (few-leaved). SeeT. BULBOSA PAUCIFOLIA.
„ Phihppicobu'rgi (Philipp-Coburg's). I. Bright

yellow. Brazil.

„ pi' eta (painted). See T. SPLENDENS.
„ Platzma'nni (Platzmann's). 2$. Yellow. Brazil.

1875-

„ polysta' chya (many-spiked). See T. FASCICULATA.
„ polytrichoi'des (Polytrichum-like). See T. BRVOIDES.
„ pro'cera (tall), i. June. Brazil. 1823.
„ pruino'sa (frosted), i. Blue. W. Ind. ; Venezuela.
1876.

T. psittaci'na (parrot-like). Scarlet. July. Rio Janeiro.

1826.
„ „ Kra'meri (Kramer's). Bracts wholly red. Brazil.

1884.

„ pulche'lla (pretty). J. Pink. Autumn. Brazil. 1823.
„ „ amce'na (lovely). J. Blue. Brazil. 1883.
,, pu'lchra (fair). See T. PULCHELLA.
,, pu'mila (dwarf). See T. BULBOSA.
„ punctula'ta (finely-dotted), ij. Violet, tipped white.

Winter. Mexico. 1877.
„ quintusia'na (Quintusian). 3. Bracts purple-red, or

red-brown. 1901.

,, ramo'sa (branchy). See T. UTRICULATA.
„ recurva'ta (curled-back-fcav**). $. Purple. July.

Jamaica. 1793.
„ recurvifo'lia (recurved-leaved). See T. DIANTHOIDEA

ROSEA.

„ Regi'na (queen). White, fragrant. Trop. Amer. 1867.
,, ,, imperia'lis (imperial). Rosette of leaves 4$ ft.

in diameter. Brazil. 1888.

, reticula'ta (netted). iJ-2. White. Brazil. 1870.
, revolu'ta (revolute). See T. DURATII.
, ri'gida (stiff). See T. ERECTA.

, rodigasia'na (Rodigasian). Lemon. Brazil. 1882.
, Rce'zlii (Rcezl's). Rosy. Leaves with black blotches

at the top. Peru. 1877.
,, ro'sea (rosy). See T. DIANTHOIDEA ROSEA.
„ ru'bida (madder-coloured). See T. GEMINIFLORA.
„ sanguinole' nta (blood-coloured). Leaves with red

eye-like blotches. Colombia. 1874.
„ Saunde'rsii (Saunders'). i£. Light yellow. Brazil.

1872.
„ scala'ris (ladder-like), f. Yellow, green ; bracts rose.

Brazil. 1877.

„ Schlechtenda'lii (Schlechtendal's). i. Mexico. 1883.
,, serra'ta (saw-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. Jamaica.

J793-

„ seta'cea (bristly), i. Blue. June. W. Ind. 1824.
,, specio'sa (showy). See T. SPLENDENS.
,, spiculo'sa (finely-spiny). Mexico. 1878.
„ sple'ndens (splendid). i$. Yellow. March. Guiana.

1847.

„ staticeflo'ra (Statice-flowered). See T. FILIFOLIA.
„ streptophy'lla (twisted-leaved). Violet ; bracts red.

Central Amer. 1878.

„ stri'cta (erect). |. Blue. September. Brazil. 1810.
,, „ caule'scens (caulescent). Stems taller.
,, tecto'rum (roofs'). White, blue. Peru. 1865.
,, tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). See T. SETACEA.
,, tessella'ta (tessellated). Leaves with square markings

outlined with dark green. Brazil. 1873.
,, „ parisie'nsis (Parisian). S. Brazil. 1895.
„ „ ro'seo-pi'cta (rosy-painted). Leaves with rosy

spots. 1884.
„ „ Sa'nderce (Mrs. Sanders'). Leaves with white and

yellow bands. S. Brazil. 1893.
,, „ sanderia'na (Sanderian). Leaves more decidedly

zoned and marbled than the type. 1892.
„ tri'color (three-coloured). See T. PUNCTULATA.
„ umbella ta (umbelled). ij. BrilUant blue, with white

blotch. Ecuador. 1882.
„ usneoi'des (Usnea-like). 6. Purple. July. W. Ind.

1823. " Old Man's Beard." " Spanish Moss."
„ utricula'ta (bladdered). 2. Purple, yellow. W. Ind.

1793.

„ vernico'sa (varnished). White. Parana. 1887.
„ vesti'ta (clothed). |. Yellow; bracts red. Mexico.

1887.

„ vimina'lis (twiggy). i£. White. Costa Rica. 1873.
„ virgina'lis (virginal). 2. White; bracts green.

Mexico. 1873.

,, viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). See T. VIMINALIS.
„ vitelli'na (yolk-of-egg-coloured). Yellow. February.

Venezuela.

,, vitta'ta (striped). Country unknown.
,, Warmi'ngii (Warming's). 3-4. Yellow. Brazil.

1884.
„ tvawra'nea (Wawra's). ij. Yellow, green. June,

J uly. Brazil.
„ xiphioi'des (Xiphium-like). i. White. July.

Buenos Ayres. 1810.
„ „ Arequi'Ue (Arequita's). Flowers and leaves

whiter. Uruguay. 1893.
„ xipho' stachys (sword-spiked). Purple. August.

Mexico. 1861.
„ zebri'na (zebra-striped). See T. SPLENDENS.

TILLETIA

862

TOBACCO

TULE'TIA. Bunt. The various species of Tilletia
grow upon different grasses, and the most common, T.
tri'tici (often named T. ca'ries), grows upon the young
grains of wheat, filling the interior with dark brown
spores. When crushed, the grains feel greasy and give
off a disagreeable odour. The spores are netted, and
on germination give rise to a short hypha or stalk, on the
apex of which a cluster of slightly curved, needle-like
sporidia are produced. Infected grain may be steeped
in solutions of i per cent.of carbolic acid, or permanganate
of potash, in water.

TIMO'NIUS. (Derived from the Malay name. Nat'
ord. Rubiaceae.)

Evergreen stove trees. Cuttings in sand, in bottom-
heat. Fibrous loam, a little peat, and sand.
T. fambose'lla (Jambosella). See T. KOINIGII.
„ Kceni'gii (Koenig's). 10. White. Malaya. 1810.
„ Ru'mphii (Rumphius1). 12. White. Malaya. 1823.

TINA'NTIA. (Commemorative of Tinant, a Belgian
botanist. Nat. ord. Commelinaceae.)

Greenhouse perennial herb. Divisions. Loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.
T. ere' eta (erect). See T. FUGAX.
„ fu'gax (fugacious). i$. Blue-purple. July. Trop.
Amer. 1794.

TTNEA. A genus of moths, the larva of which are
very destructive.

T. daucella. Carrot Moth. Head and back and upper
wings reddish-brown ; abdomen grey and white. Its
caterpillar is greenish-grey, with black tubercles, and
lives on the flowers and seeds of the carrot, but prefers
the parsnip. The correct name is Depressaria daucella.

T. padella, Small Ermine Moth, is white, with black
dots on the upper wings. Eggs deposited in June and
July near the blossom-buds of the hawthorn, euonymus,
apple, and pear-tree. Caterpillars appear in autumn,
and inclose the twigs with a web. In the following spring
they attack the petals and calyx. Colour, dull lead,
with a black head. The proper name is Hyponomeuta
padella.

T. derckella. Pear-tree Blister Moth. The cater-
pillars of this raise dark-brown blisters on the leaves of
the pear-tree, and less often on those of the apple. The
moth is active and minute, shining like pearly satin, the
winge having an orange ground, spotted with black and
other colours. It appears in May. Mr. Curtis says :
" To check this disease, it will be advisable to wash the
tree with soapsuds the end of May or beginning of J une,
when the moths are pairing and laying eggs for a future
progeny ; and if a very valuable tree be only partially
attacked, the blistered leaves might be gathered and
burnt as soon as any spots began to appear in August."

T. capitella. Triple-spotted Currant Tinea. The
larvae of this feed upon the pith of the young shoots of
the currant, which they attack in the spring. The moth
itself is fuscous ; the head with an ochreous tuft ; superior
wings bronzed, spotted with purple and yellow.

T. porectella, Rocket or Grey-streak Moth, has its
habits and forms thus described by Mr. Curtis :

During the middle and latter end of April, as the shoots
of the rockets advance, it is found that the leaves adhere
firmly together, and those that liberate themselves are
perforated with large holes. On forcibly opening a shoot
(for the young leaves are connected by silken threads),
a small green caterpillar of different shades, varying with
its age, is found in or near the centre, feeding upon the
tender leaves, and sometimes a little family of four or
five inhabit the same head. The head, feelers, and horns
of our little moth are white, the latter with a few black
spots near the tips ; the thorax is cream-coloured, the
sides brown, upper wings lance-shaped, very pale clay
brown, with whitish streaks. Perhaps the best mode of
extirpating them would be to search for the young cater-
pillars between the leaves on the first symptoms of their
presence, and extracting them with a small pair of forceps,
such as are used for microscopic objects ; but as some
might be too minute at that early period to te detected
on the first search, this operation must be repeated.
Pinching the maggots in the bud is also recommended.

TTNNEA. (Commemorative of Mademoiselle Tinnc,
a traveller on the Nile. Nat. ord. Labiatae.)

Stove shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in a close frame, with
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.

T. csthio'pica (Ethiopian). 2-4. Dark maroon or
brown, fragrant. Trop. Africa. 1867.

,, „ denta'ta (toothed). Differs by having a large
calyx. 1884.

,, Sacleu'xii (Sacleux's). 2. Dark maroon. Flowers
not solitary. Trop. Africa (?). 1909.

TINO'SPORA. (From tis, tinos, distinguished or
notable, and spora, a seed ; the seeds are moon-shaped.
Nat. ord. Menispermacea?.)

Stove twiners. Seeds ; cuttings in sand, in bottom-
heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
T. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 20. White, green. E. Ind.

1820.

,, cri'spa (crisped). 20. White, green. Java. 1822.
,, tomento'sa (felted). 10. White, green. India ;

Burma. 1819.

TI'PULA. Crane-Fly, or Daddy-long-legs. T. oleracea,
the grubs, or " leather- jackets," so injurious to the market
gardener, are its larvae. They attack the roots of scarlet
beans, lettuces, dahlias, potatoes, &c., from May to
August. During the last month and September they
become pupas. Mr. Curtis observes, that it is said that
lime-water will not kill them, and suggests that if quick-
lime was scattered on the ground at night, it would
destroy them when they come to the surface to feed ;
and all the gnats that are found on the walls, palings,
ground, or elsewhere, should be killed, especially the
female, which would prevent any eggs being deposited
in the ground. A mixture of lime and gas-water, dis-
tributed by a watering-pot over grass, has completely
exterminated the larvae where they had been exceedingly
destructive ; and by sweeping the grass with a bag-net,
like an angler's landing-net, only covered with canvas,
immense numbeis of the gnats might be taken and
destroyed. *

TITHO'NIA. (From Tiihonus, in mythology, the
favourite of Aurora. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, ^-Frustranea. Allied to Helianthus.)
Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens, from Mexico. Cut-
tings of young shoots, a little firm at their base, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in a little bottom-heat ; rich,
sandy, fibrous loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer,
60° to 80°.
T. diversifo'lia (diverse-leaved). Golden-yellow. August.

1908.

exce'lsa (tall). See VIGUIERA EXCELSA.
ova'ta (egg-leaved). See ZEXMENIA OVATA.
specio'sa (showy). 4. Rich red. August. 1833.
tagetifto'ra (marigold-flowered). 10. August. 1818.
tubcefo'rmis (tube-formed). 4-5. July. 1799.

TITHY'MALUS. (From tithumalos, the Greek name

for spurge, seven species of which were described by

Dioscorides. Nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae. Now referred to

! Euphorbia.)

T. angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). See EUPHORBIA

CYPARISSIAS.

„ genicula'tus (kneed). See EUPHORBIA GENICULATA.
„ pe'ndulus (drooping). See EUPHORBIA PENDULA.
TITTMA'NNIA OVA'TA. See VANDELLIA CRUSTACEA.
TITTMA'NNIA VISCO'SA. See VANDELLIA HIRSUTA.
TOAD FLAX. Lina'ria.

TOAD FLAX, IVY-LEAVED. Lina'ria Cymbala'ria.
TOAD FLOWER, AFRICAN. Stape'lia.
TOAD LILY. Tricy'rlis.
TOAD RUSH. Ju'ncusbufo'nius.

TOAD TOOL. Poisonous members of Agaricus and
allied genera.

TOBACCO (Nicotia'na), whether in the form of snuff,
or its decoction in water, or its smoke whilst burning, is
very destructive to insects.

Tobacco-paper is paper saturated with the decoction
of tobacco, and when burnt emits a fume nearly as strong.
It is an easy mode of generating the smoke. Whenever
plants are smoked they should be done so on two fol-
lowing nights, and then be syringed the following morn-
ing. Mr. Cameron says : I have always found tobacco-
paper the most efficacious substance to fumigate with
for destroying the aphis without doing any injury to the
plants. If the house is not filled too rapidly with smoke,

TOBACCO, ROCK

863 TOLUIFERA BALSAMUM

and is allowed to reach the glass without corning in
contact with any of the plants, it then descends as it
cools, without doing any injury. Plants fumigated in
frames, or under hand-glasses, are most liable to be
injured by the heat of the smoke, if not done cautiously.
There is a spurious kind of tobacco-paper sometimes
offered in spring by the tobacconists, apparently made
to meet the increased demand, and this kind of paper
will bring the leaves off plants, without killing many of
the aphides. It is of a lighter colour than the genuine
sort, and may be readily detected by the smell being very
different. Foliage should be perfectly dry when a house
is fumigated, and should not be syringed till next morn-
ing. If plants are syringed immediately after fumiga-
tion, many of the aphides will recover even when they
have dropped off the plants, a fact which anyone may
soon prove after fumigating a house.

Another very simple mode of fumigating plants in
frames, and under hand-glasses turned over them for
the purpose, is as follows : " Dissolve a tablespoonful
of saltpetre in a pint of water ; take pieces of the coarsest
brown paper, 6 inches wide and 10 inches long, steep
them thoroughly in the solution, dry them, and keep till
wanted. To fumigate, roll one of the pieces into a pipe
like a cigar, leaving the hollow half an inch in diameter,
which nil with tobacco, twist one end and stick it into
the soil, light the other, and it will burn gradually away
for an hour or more."

Tobacco-smoke should not be admitted to fruit-trees
when in bloom, nor when the fruit is ripening, as it im-
parts to them a flavour. See FUMIGATING and FUMI-

GATOR.

Tobacco-water is usually made from what is known as
Tobacconists' Liquor, being a liquor expressed by them,
and full of ammonia and the acrid oil of the plant. To
every gallon of this add five gallons of water. This
mixture with Read's garden-syringe may be sprinkled
over the trees, putting it on with the finest rose, and being
careful to wet all the leaves. This operation is to be
performed only in the hottest sunshine, as the effect is
then much greater than when the weather is dull ; five
gallons of liquor reduced as above stated cleanses seven-
teen peach and nectarine- trees, averaging 17 feet in
length, and 12 in height. The black, glutinous aphis,
provincially called blight, so destructive to the cherry-
trees, and, in fact, every species of aphis, is destroyed
in the same way with equal facility. The grubs which
attack the apricot may be destroyed almost instantly by
immersing the infested leaves in this liquor.

As the tobacconists' liquor cannot be obtained always,
tobacco-water may be, in such case, made by pouring
half a gallon of boiling water upon one ounce of strong
tobacco, allowing it to remain until cold, and then strain-
ing it.

TOBACCO, ROCK. Primuli'na Taba'cum.
TOBOLEWSKYA CLAVA TA. See SOBOLEWSKIA

CLAVATA.

TOCO CA. (The native name in Guiana for T.
guianensts. Nat. ord. Melastornaceae.)

Kwrfireen stove shrubs with large and highly orna-
mental leaves. Cuttings of side-shoots in sand, in a
close frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam and peat
in equal parts, with some coarse sand.
T. cintutmo'mea (cinnamon). Leaves cinnamon brown

beneath. Brazil. 1865.
„ ferrugi'nta (rusty). Brazil. 1868.
„ formica'ria (ant). Brazil.
„ guiane'nsis (Guianan). 3-4. Pink. August. Guiana.

1826.

„ imperia'lis (imperial). Peru. 1869.
„ latifo'lia, (broad- leaved). Pale red. Brazil. 1862.

TOCOYFNA. (Name in Guiana. Nat. ord. Rubiads
[Rubiaceae]. Linn. yPentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Posoqueria.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sandy soil, under a glass, in heat, in May ;
fibrous peat, a little lumpy loam, sand, and charcoal.
Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
T. longifio'ra (long-flowered). 6 Yellow. Guiana. 1826.

TODDALIA. (Toddali, the Malabar name of T.
aculea'ta. Nat. ord. Rueuvrts [Rutaceae]. Linn. 21-
Monacia, yPfntandria. Allied to Ptelea.)

Stove white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of young,
stubby side-shoots in sand, under a glass, in April, in a
sweet bottom-heat ; fibrous loam and a little peat or
leaf-mould. Winter temp., 30° to 60° ; summer, 60°
to 80°.

T. aculea'ta (prickly). 6. India ; Malaya. 1790.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. Mauritius. 1824.
„ lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). 4. May. Trop. Africa;

Mauritius. 1824.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). 30. May. Mascarene Islands.
1824.

TODDY PALM. Caryo'ta u'rens.

TO'DEA. (Named after H. J. Tode, a German student
of Ferns. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryplo-
gamia, i-Filices. Allied to Osmunda.)

Greenhouse, brown-spored Fems. See FERNS.
T. africa'na (African). See T. BARBARA.
„ austra'lis (southern). N. Holland. 1831.
„ ba'rbara (unpolished). 2-6. New Zealand to S.

Africa. 1805.
„ Fra's«rt( Eraser's). 2-4$. Blue Mountains, Australia ;

New Caledonia.
„ „ wilkfsia'na (Wilkesian). Fronds larger; lower

pinna* deflexed. Fiji. 1870.

„ grandipi'nnula (large-pinnuled). See T. MOOREI.
„ Aym*no£Ay//ot'd«(Hymenophyllum-like). i-2i. New

Zealand. 1842.

„ intermedia (intermediate), i-if. New Zealand. 1869.
„ Moo'rei (Moore's). Fronds tripinnate. Lord Howe's

Island. 1886.

„ pellu'cida (transparent). See T. HYMENOPHYLLOIDES.
„ rii-ula'ris (river-bank). See T. BARBARA.
„ supSrba (superb). 3-5$. New Zealand. 1861.
„ „ plumo'sa (plumy). Ultimate segments turned up.

1879.
., wilkesia'na (Wilkesian). See T. FRASERI WILKESIAXA.

TOFIE'LDIA. " False AsphodeL" (Named after Mr.
Tofield, a botanical patron. Nat. ord. Lilyuvrts [Lili-
aceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy, North American, herbaceous perennials.
Division of the roots in spring ; sandy loam and a little
vegetable mould.

T. alpi'na (alpine). See T. CALYCULATA.
„ borea'lis (northern). See T. PALUSTRIS.
,, calycula'ta (large-calyxed). £. White. Europe.
„ glutino'sa (clammy). $. White. 1825.
„ palu'stris (marsh). J. White. May. North tem-
perate and arctic regions (Scotland). " Scotch
Asphodel."

,, pu'bens (downy). Green, yellow. July. 1840.
„ pubtsccns (downy). J. White. April. 1790.
,, rufe'scens (reddish). Country unknown.

TOLMJE'A. (Commemorative of Mr. Tolmie, a doctor
of the Hudson's Bay Company. Nat. ord. Saxifragaceae.)

Hardy perennial herb, producing a plantlet at the base
of each leaf blade. Divisions. Ordinary soil.
T. .MenziSsii (Menzies'). i-ij. Greenish. April.
N.W. Amer. 1812.

TO'LPIS. (Meaning not known. Nat. ord. Composites
[Composite], Linn. \g-Syngenesia, i-&qualis. Allied
to Cichorium.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals, from the South of
Europe. Seeds in flower-beds or borders in April. The
shrubby species may be propagated by cuttings in sandy
soil, under a bell-glass in summer.
T. altissima (tallest). 4. June. 1823.
„ barba'ta (beaided-purple-eyed). 2. Yellow, purple.

J une. 1620.

„ coronopifo 'lia (buckhorn-leaved). i. June. 1777.
„ {Uifo'rmis (thread-formed). i^. Yellow. June.

Madeira. 1777. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
„ frutico'sa (shrubby). Yellow. June. Canaries. 1785.

Greenhouse evergreen shrub.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See T. ALTISSIMA.
„ macrorhi'za (large-rooted). Yellow. Madeira. Green-
house.

„ urnbella'ta (umbelled). 2. Yellow, purple. 1820.
„ virga'ta (twiggy). 2. 1818.

TOLU BALSAM-TREE. Myn'xylon tolui'fervm.
TOLUIFERA BALSAMUM. Myro'xylon tolui'ferum.

TOMATO

864

TORTRIX

TOMATO. Lycope'rsicum escule'ntum. See LOVE
APPLE.

TOMATO, CANNIBAL'S. Sola'num amhropophago'rum.

TOMATO DISEASE. This is caused by Phytophthora
infestans, which is so well known in connection with the
potato, and the fungus is described under Potato.

TONGA PLANT. Epipre'mnum mira'bile.
TONGUE GRAFTING. See GRAFTING.
TONGUE VIOLET. Schu-eigge'ria.
TONQUIN BEAN. Di'pterix odora'ta.

TOOL-HOUSE. Upon this too-much-neglected garden
edifice, Mr. Barnes, of Bicton Gardens, says : " Have a
place for everything, and everything in its place ; kept
in good condition, and at all times put away clean ; for
omission of which have rules and fines placed in each of
the tool-houses, regularly enforced, and payment de-
manded for each fine on the labourers' pay-day. At
Bicton, a book is kept for entering each fine, and a
separate account given of each fine, and for what, or
why, it was enforced ; annually, Lady Rolle doubles
the amount so collected, and if good order has been
kept, and only a small sum so collected, her ladyship
trebles the amount. I add my own mite, and each fore-
man his, as a sort of compound for any matter that may
have slipped our memories, &c. ; the amount is then
placed in the Savings Bank, as a reserve sum in case of
illness, &c. We have the same order and regulation
kept in each tool-shed — that is to say, the tool-shed of
each department — that I need here describe only one.
The tool-shed of the hothouse and flower-garden de-
partment is a lean-to shed at the back of a hothouse,
substantially built, and covered with slate ; length,
54 feet ; width, 13 feet ; height at back, 15 feet ; and
height at front, 9 feet ; paved all through with Yorkshire
flag-stones, which are neatly swept up every night, the
last thing, and washed every Saturday thoroughly.
There is a door at each end, and one in the centre of
the front wall, and a window on each side of the centre
door. Strong beams are thrown across from front to
back, and strong planks laid on them, which form a
useful loft for placing mats, stakes, laths for tally-making,
brooms, nets, canvas for covering and shading, &c. &c.
Within two feet of the roof, against the back wall, is
placed a row of pegs the whole length of the shed, for
hanging the long-handled tools, such as grass and leaf
rakes, long-handled Dutch hoes, and iron rakes, &c. ;
on the next row of pegs, the whole length of the shed, are
placed the various kinds of draw hoes, tan forks, dung
forks, and prongs, strong forks for digging and surface-
stirring, spades and shovels of various kinds, pickaxes,
mattocks and bills, dung drags, edging shears, &c. ; on
a third row of pegs, still lower, are placed the water-pots,
all numbered, with initials as well, thus — B, G — 45, or
60, whatever the number may run to ; underneath those
is a row more of pegs, for placing the noses of the water-
pots — thus the back wall is furnished. The front wall,
half-way, is furnished with shelves for placing shreds
and nails, rope yarn, tallies, flower-pegs, whetstones,
rubber or scythe-stones, and many other small articles.
Underneath those shelves are pegs for hanging the
hammers, axes, saws, hatchets, mallets, and stake-
drivers, trowels, hand-forks, reels and lines, hedge-
clipping shears, scythes, chisels, the various sizes of one-
handed crane-necked hoes, crowbars, mops, hair-brushes,
and brooms, and various other articles. The scythes
are hung up over the end beam, and on the other side,
without shelves, the hand-barrows are placed ; birch
and heath brooms, both round and fan-shaped, that are
in daily use ; and various other articles. The garden
rules are hung in a conspicuous place ; also in the tool-
house. Every tool is to be put into its proper or allotted
place every night thoroughly cleansed, any omission of
which subjects the defaulter to a fine. Each tool-house
is under the same system. We have separate wheel-
barrow sheds ; sheds for placing soils in the dry, arranged
in old casks ; varieties of sand, pebbles, and flints, for
potting purposes, with lofts over for flower-pot stowage ;
a shed for the liquid-manure casks, which is one of the
most essential and valuable of all. A shed for placing
the charred articles of all kinds, equal to the last ; a
pottjng shed ; mushroom shed ; stove shed ; fruit rooms

and onion lofts, &c. &c. Each and all are kept under
the above regulations."

TOOTH-ACHE-TREE. Zanfho'xylum.
TOOTHWORT. Denta'ria.

TOP-DRESSING. Manure spread orer the surface
whilst the crop is growing.

TORCH LILY. Knipho'fia.
TORCH-THISTLE. Ce'reus.

TORE'NIA. (Named after Rev. O. Toren, a Swedish
botanist. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariacea?]. Linn.
1 4-Didynamia, 2- A ngiospermia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of the points of shoots,
or small side-shoots, in sandy soil, and in a little heat ;
if far enough from the glass of the frame or pit, they will
want no bell-glass ; fibrous loam and sandy peat in
equal proportions, with another part made up of dried
old cow-dung, charcoal, and rough sand. Winter temp.,
42° to 50° ; summer, 60° to 80°.

T. anacane' nsis (Arracan). Deep purple. June. 1846.
,, asia'tica (Asiatic). i£. Purple. June. Trop. Asia.

1845.
,, auriculczfo'lia (auricula-leaved). See CRATEROSTIGMA

PUMILUM.

„ Baillo'ni (Baillon's). See T. FLAVA.
„ co'ncolor (one-coloured), i|. Purple. July. China.

1844.
„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). \. Lilac. July. Malaya;

India. 1811.

,, diffu'sa (diffuse). See VANDELLIA PEDUNCULATA.
„ ede'ntula (toothless). See T. PEDUNCULARIS.
„ exappendicula'ta (without appendage). See T. PEDUN-
CULARIS.
,, fla'va (yellow), i. Yellow, with dark purple blotch.

June to September. Trop. Asia. 1823.
„ Fo'rdii (Ford's). Straw-coloured, with two purple

blotches. China.

,, Fournie'ri (Fournier's). i. Blue, with two black-
purple blotches. June to September. Cochin-
China. 1876.
„ „ compa'cta (compact). Dwarf, compact variety.

1887.

„ hirsu' ta (hairy). White. June. E. Ind. 1823.
„ peduncula'ris (long-stalked). White, with rich blue

blotches. Malaya. 1845.
,, ru'bens (reddish). See T. VAGANS.
,, sca'bra (rough-leaved). See ARTANEMA FIMBRIATUM.
,, va'gans (wandering), ij. Purple. July. India;
China. 1844.

TORINGO CRAB. Py'rus Tori'ngo.
TORMENTIL. Potenti'lla Tormenti'lla.

TORRE'YA. (Commemorative of Dr. Torrey, an
American botanist. Nat. ord. Coniferae. Allied to
Taxus.)

Hardy evergreen trees. Seeds ; cuttings. Ordinary
garden soil.
T. calif o'rnica (Calif ornian). 30-40. California. 1851.

" California Nutmeg."
,, gra'ndis (grand). 50-80. China.
,, Humbo'ldtii (Humboldt's). See PRUMNOPITYS TAXI-
FOLIA.

,, Myri'stica (Nutmeg). See T. CALIFORNICA.
,, nuci'fera (nut-bearing). 20-30. Japan. 1822.
„ taxifo'lia (yew-leaved). 40-50. W. Florida. 1840.
" Stinking Cedar."

TORTOISE PLANT. Testudina'ria. elepha'ntipes.

TO'RTRIX. A genus of moths.

T. luscana generates a red grub, and T. cynosbana
a black-spotted, green grub, both very destructive of
blossom-buds.

T. vitisana. Vine Tortrix. Found on the vine in
April and May ; head yellow ; upper wings marbled
with rusfcy and grey colours. Caterpillars appear as the
blossom-buds open, which they unite with white thread.

T. nigricana. Red Plurn Grub Tortrix. Moth black,
appearing in June. Eggs deposited on the phim ; grub
small, red, pierces the fruit, and is found near the stone.
Mr. Curtis observes that, " If the plums that have fallen
off be examined, a small red caterpillar will be found
within it ; the caterpillar being generally full grown when

TOTARA PINE

865

TRACHELOSPERMOI

the plum falls off, soon creeps out, and penetrates the
loose bark, forming a case, in which it remains during
the winter. Early in the spring it changes into a light
brown pupa, and the moth emerges about June. The
moth is not so large as a house-fly ; its wings are almost
black, and when the sun is shining on them they have a
remarkably metallic lustre ; on the outer edge of the
fore- wings there is an appearance of fine silver dust.
Among the remedies proposed to lessen the ravages of
this insect, it is recommended to shake the trees and
remove all the fruit that falls off; and another good
method is to scrape the rough pieces of bark off the
stem under which the cocoons are concealed : this must
be done late in the autumn, or early in the spring."

T. bergmanniana. Rose Tortrix. Differs little to a
common observer from the preceding. Where bushes
are much infested with the larvae of these insects, it is
much better to cut them down, and burn the shoots.
This and hand-picking are the only remedies we are
acquainted with. Care must be taken not to disturb
the maggots when collecting them, for they will let
themselves down with threads, and thus escape.

T. ocellana. This is the parent of the red-bud cater-

Gillar, which destroys the buds of the apple and pear,
pper wings grey, with a white transverse band.

T. wceberana. Plum-tree Tortrix. Its larva feeds on
the inner bark of the plum, apricot, almond, and peach.
The grubs pierce holes through the bark, which may be
detected by small heaps of red powder upon it. Moth
brown ; grub greenish, with a red head. It is also
known as Semasia u-ceberana.

T. pomonana. Codling Moth. Its reddish-white grub
is common in apples and pears. Moth light grey, streaked
with dark grey. Seen of an evening during May, and
the grubs appear soon after. All fallen apples should
be destroyed, because they usually contain this or other
grubs, which will otherwise produce moths, and multiply
the evil. It is now usually named Carpocapsa pomonella.

T. turionana, T. hyrcyniana, T. resinella, and T.
buoliana, all infest pine- trees, injuring them by depositing
their eggs in the buds, which are subsequently preyed
upon by their caterpillars.

TOTA'RA PINE. Podoca'rpus Tota'ra.
TCUCH-ME-NOT. Impa'tiens.

TOURNEFO RTIA. (Named after /. P. Tournefort, a
great systematic botanist. Nat. ord. Borageivorts [Boragi-
naceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to
the Heliotrope.)

Cuttings of young shoots in April or August, in sandy
soil, under glass, and in a little heat. Some, such as
heliotropioi'des, make a fair bed out of doors ; except
for this purpose, they are not worth house room either
in a greenhouse or a plant-stove ; any light, common
soil suits them, and they may be planted out in the
middle of May.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

T. frutico'sa (shrubby). See T. MESSERSCHMIDIA.
„ heliotropioi'des (Heliotropium-like). See HELIO-

TROPIUM ANCHUS^EFOLIUM.

„ Messcrschmi'dia (Messerschmidia). 3-4. Yellow.

June. Canaries. 1800.

„ umbella'ta (umbelled). White. June. Mexico. 1826.
„ veluti'na (velvety). 10. White. June. Mexico.

1826.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

T. caracasa'na (Caracas). White. May. Caracas.

1828.

„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). White. Colombia. 1887.
„ gnaphalo'des (Gnaphalium-like). White. June. W.

Ind. 1820.
„ hirsuti'ssima (hairiest). 10. Green, yellow. June.

W. Ind. 1818.

„ Iczvigata (smooth). Trop. Amer.
,, launfo'lia (laurel- leaved). 12. Yellow. July. W.

Ind. 1829.
„ macula' ta (spotted- fruited). Yellow. June. Cartha-

gena. 1828.
„ peruvia'na (Peruvian). 10. Green, yellow. July.

Peru. 1816.
„ sca'brida (rough). S. Amer.

T. sca'ndens (climbing) of Miller. Jamaica.
,, sca'ndens (climbing) of Willdenow. See T. PERUVIANA.
„ volu'bilis (twining). 10. Green, yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1752.

TOURRE'TIA. (Commemorative of Marc. Ant. Claret
de la Tourret, a botanist. Nat. ord. Bignoniaceae.)

Hardy or half-hardy twining herb. Seeds. Loam,
leaf-mould, and sand.

T. lappa'cea (Lappa-like). See T. VOLUBILIS.
„ volu'bilis ( twining). 4-6. Violet-purple. July. Peru.
1788.

TOVA'RIA OLERA'CEA. See SMILACINA OLERACEA.

TOVOMTTA. (Tovomite, the name in Cayenne. Nat.
ord. Guttifers [Guttiferae], Linn. i^-Polyandria, 5-Penta-
gynia.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy peat and
fibrous loam. Winter temp., 58° to 65° ; summer, 65°
to 90°, and moist atmosphere.
T. amazo'nica (Amazon). Brazil.
„ choisya'na (Choisyan). Guiana.
„ clusicefo'lia (Clusia-leaved). 10. Yellow. May.

Cayenne. 1823.
„ /rMc/ip^rtdw/a(drooping-fruited). 10-15. Pale yellow.

January. Peru.
„ guiane'nsis (Guianan). Green. Guiana. 1827.

TOWERWORT. Turri'tis.

TOWN CRESS. Lepi'dium sati'vum.

TOWNSE'NDIA. (Commemorative of Townsend.
Nat. ord. Composites.)

Dwarf, stemless, hardy herbs. Seeds. Ordinary,
well-drained soil.

T. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. N.W. Ame-.
„ wilcoxia'na (Wilcoxian). J. Yellow. N.W. Amer.
1905.

TOXICODE'NDRON. (From toxicon, poison, and den-
dron, a tree ; all parts are more or less poisonous. Nat.
ord. Euphorbiaceae.)

A large greenhouse shrub. Cuttings in sand under a
bell-glass. Loam, finely broken bricks, and sand.
T. capSnse (Cape). 6. June. S. Africa. 1783.

TOXICOPHL2E'A. (From toxicon, poison, and phloios,
the inner bark of woody plants. Nat. ord. Apocynaceae.
Now referred to Acokanthera.)
T. cestroi'des (Cestrum-like). See ACOKANTHERA VENEN-

ATA.

„ specta'bilis (showy). See ACOKANTHERA SPECTABILIS.
„ Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). See ACOKANTHERA VENEN-

TRACHELTUM. Throatwort. (From trachelos, the
neck ; supposed efficacy in diseases of the trachea. Nat.
ord. Bellworts [CampanulaceaeJ. Linn. s~Pentandria, i-
Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds in a slight hotbed
in spring ; also by cuttings of young shoots in sandy
soil, in April, or at the end of summer ; sandy loam and
a little vegetable mould.

T. ccsru'leum (blue). 2. Blue. August. Western Medi-
terranean region. 1640.
„ „ a'lbum (white). White.
,, rumelia'num (Roomelian). Blue. Greece.
„ rume'licum (Ro umelian). See T. RUMELIANUM.

TRACHELOSPE'RMUM. (From trachelos, the neck,
and sperma, a seed ; the seeds are furnished with a dense
tuft of hairs at one end. Nat. ord. Apocynaceae.)

Greenhouse or hardy evergreen twiners. Cuttings in

sand, under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.

T. croco'stomum (saffron-mouthed). 10. Buff, with pale

orange mouth. July. China (?). 1903. Hardy.

„ diffo'rme (two-formed). 8. Pale yellow. July. N.

Amer. 1806.
„ jasminoi'des (Jasminum-like). 10-12. White. May

to August. China ; Japan. 1846.
„ „ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). T. crocostomum.
„ „ variega'tum (variegated). Leaves edged with
creamy-white.

31

TRACHYCARPUS

866

TRAGOPOGON

TRACHYCA'RPUS. (From trachus, rough, and karpos,
a fruit ; the fruits of some species are felted with hairs.
Nat. ord. Palmaceae. Allied to Chamaerops.)

Greenhouse and half-hardy palms. Seeds. Loam,
peat, and sand.
T. exce'lsa (tall). 20-30. Yellow, green. July, August.

India; China; Japan. 1844. Half-hardy.
„ Fortu'nei (Fortune's). See T. EXCELSA.
„ Griffi'thii (Griffith's). See T. MARTIANA.
„ khasya'na (Khasian). See T. MARTIANA.
„ martiafna (Martian). 10-26. Pale yellow. Hima-
laya. 1879.

„ Ta'kil (Takil). Trunk covered with fibrous network,
but no bristles. Western Himalaya. 1906.

TRACHYLO'BIUM. (From trachus, rough, and lobos,
a pod ; the pods are rough. Nat. ord. Leguminosse.)

Stove evergreen trees. Seeds ; cuttings in sand, in
bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
T. hornemannia'num (Hornemannian). White. Trop.

Africa. " Copal."

„ verruco'sum (warted). 15-20. White. Mascarene
Islands. 1808.

TRACHY MENE. (From trachus, rough, and hymen,
a membrane ; channels of the fruit. Nat. ord. Umbellifers
[Umbelliferae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

All the following are greenhouse, Australian, evergreen
plants, except c&ru'lea. The annuals never do much
good in the open air, however raised ; but if sown in a
gentle hotbed in March, pricked out and potted, and
flowered in the greenhouse in summer, they will reward
the trouble ; sandy loam and leaf-mould ; shrubs, cut-
tings of young shoots under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ;
sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 40° to 50°.
T. caru'lea (sky-blue). i£. Blue. July. 1827. Annual.

„ compre'ssa (fiat-stalked). See SIEBERA COMPRESSA.

„ lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). See SIEBERA BILLARDIERI

LANCEOLATA.

„ linea'ris (narrow-leaved). See SIEBERA LINEARIFOLIA.
,, ova'lis (oval-leaved). See SIEBERA BILLARDIERI.
„ ova'ia (egg-leaved). See SIEBERA BILLARDIERI.
„ pilo'sa (thinly- hairy), i. Blue. July. Australia.

TRACHYSTE'MON. (From trachus, rough, and stemon,
a stamen ; the filaments are hairy. Nat. ord. Boragin-
aceae. Allied to Borago.)

Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds ; divisions. Well-
drained soil.

T. cre'ticum (Cretan), i. Blue. May. Grecian Archi-
pelago. 1823.

„ orienta'le (oriental), i. Purple. April. Asia Minor.
1752.

TRADESCA'NTIA. Spiderwort. (Named after /.
Tradescant, gardener to Charles I. Nat. ord. Spider-worts
[Commelinacea?]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

All blue-flowered, except where otherwise mentioned.
Annuals, by seed ; perennials, by divisions in spring ;
rich, light loam ; those requiring the greenhouse and
stove will thrive better from having a little peat, and
they should be well drained.

HARDY ANNUALS.

T. ere' eta (upright). See TINANTIA FUGAX.
„ lalifo'lia (broad-leaved). See TINANTIA FUGAX.
„ re' eta (upright). See TINANTIA FUGAX.
,, unda'ta (waved). See TINANTIA FUGAX.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS, &c.

T. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 3. August. Mexico. 1796.

„ iride'scens (iridescent). See T. CRASSIFOLIA.

„ panicula'ta (panicled). i. August. E. Ind. 1816.
Biennial.

„ pulche'lla (neat), i. July. Mexico. 1825. Ever-
green.

,, tu'mida (swollen), i. Red. September. Mexico.
1837.

STOVE HERBACEOUS, &c.

T. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). J. June. Jamaica. 1819.

Evergreen.

„ cra'ssipes (thick-stalked). See T. CRASSULA.
„ Cra'ssula (thick), i. White. July. Brazil. 1825.

T. deco'ra (becoming). Leaves with a median band of

silver. Brazil. 1892.
,, dile'cta (chosen). Leaves with greenish- white stripes

above, violet beneath. 1897.

,, di'scolor (various-coloured). See RHCEO DISCOLOR.
„ diure'tica (diuretic). See T. ELONGATA.
,, divarica'ta (straggling). See DICHORISANDRA AUBLIE-

TIANA.

,, elonga'ta (elongated), i. June. Trop. Amer. 1825.
,, flumine'nsis (river). £. Blue-purple. April to July.

Brazil. 1905.

,, fusca'ta (browned). See PYRRHEIMA LODDIGESII.
„ genicula'ta (knotted), i. July. W. Ind. 1783.
,, hypophtz'a (dusky-beneath). See T. GENICULATA.
„ malaba'rica (Malabar). See ANEILEMA NUDIFLORUM.
,, martensia'na (Martens'). See CALLISIA MARTENSIANA.
„ multiflo'ra (many-flowered), £. June. Jamaica.

1820.

,, navicula'ris (boat-like). Rose. Peru. 1877.
„ procu'mbens (trailing). See T. MULTIFLORA.
„ Regi'ntz (Queen's), i. Leaves whitish, transversely

lined with dark green near margin. Peru. 1892.
,, specio'sa (showy), i. July. Mexico. 1825.
„ spica'ta (spiked). 2. Purple. Mexico.
„ supe'rba (superb). Leaves dark green with white

stripe on each side of the midrib. Peru. 1892.
„ tri'color (three-coloured). See ZEBRINA PENDULA.
,, tubero'sa (tuberous). See CYANOTIS TUBEROSA.
„ undula'ta (waved). See TINANTIA FUGAX.
„ veluti'na (velvety). Leaves purple along the middle,

with a silvery white band on either side. 1893.
,, vitta'ta (striped). Leaves striped with grey.
„ warscewiczia'na (Warscewiczian). 2. Purple. May.

Guatemala. 1860.

,, Zano'nia (Zanonia). See CAMPELIA ZANONIA.
„ zebri'na (zebra). See ZEBRINA PENDULA.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

T. caricifo'lia (sedge-leaved), i. August. Texas. 1835.

„ conge'sta (crowded). 2. August. N. Amer. 1826.

„ pilo'sa (hairy-herb aged). 2^. Purple. July. Louisi-
ana. 1832.

„ ro'sea (rosy), i. Pink. June. Carolina. 1802.

„ virginia'na (Virginian), i|. July. N. Amer. 1629.
" Flower of a Day."

„ „ a'lba (white), i. White. July. N. Amer. 1629.

„ „ cczrulea a'lba (blue- and- white), i. Blue, white.
July. N. Amer. 1629.

„ „ ela'ta (tall). 2.

„ „ latifo'lia (broad- leaved).

„ „ pilo'sa (shaggy), i. White. July. N. Amer.
1629.

»» >» ple'na (double- flowered), i. Blue. July. N.
Amer. 1629.

,, „ ru'bra (red), i. Red. July. N. Amer. 1629.

„ „ sple'ndens (splendid).

TRA'GIUM ANI'SUM. See PIMPINELLA ANISUM.
TRA'GIUM TAU'RICUM. See PIMPINELLA PERE-

GRINA.

TRAGOPO'GON. Goat's Beard. (From tragos, a goat,
and pogon, a beard ; long, silky beards of the seed. Nat.
ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-
JEqualis.)

Hardy biennials, yellow-flowered, except where other-
wise mentioned ; seeds in March and August ; common
garden soil. See SALSAFY.
T. austra'lis (southern). Spain, &c.
,, du'bius (doubtful). 3. May. Podolia. 1818.
„ ftocco'sus (woolly). 3. May. Hungary. 1816.
„ gla'ber (smooth). See T. HYBRIDUS.
„ hirsu'tus (hairy). See SCORZONERA HIRSUTA.
,, hy'bridus (hybrid). i£. Pink. July. Italy. 1704.
„ ma'jor (greater). 6. May. Austria. 1788.
„ mi' nor (smaller). 2. June. Britain.
„ muta'bilis (changeable). 3. Pale. May. Caucasus.

1816.

„ orienta'lis (eastern). 3. June. Levant. 1787.
,, porrifo'lius (leek-leaved). 4. Purple. May. England.

" Salsafy."
,, prate' nsis (meadow). 2. Yellow. June to August.

Europe (Britain). " Goat's Beard."
„ pusi'llus (small). £. June. Iberia. 1820.
„ ro'seus (rosy). See T. RUBER.

TRAGOPYRUM

867

TREE CELANDINE

T. ru'ber (red), ij. Red. May. Siberia. 1826.
„ virgi'nicum (Virginian). See KRIGIA AMPLEXICAULIS.

TRAGOPY'RUM. Goat's Wheat. (From tragos, a
goat, and puros, wheat. Nat. ord. Buckwheats [Poly-
gonaceae]. Linn. 8-Ociandria, $-Trigynia. Now referred
to Atraphaxis.)

r. buxifo'lium (box-leaved). See ATRAPHAXIS BUXIFOLIA.
„ lane eola.' turn ( spear- head-leaved). See ATRAPHAXIS

MICRAN'THA.

„ „ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). See ATRAPHAXIS LAX-

MANNI.

»» poly'gamum (polygamous). See POLYGONELLA PARVI-
FOLIA.

TRAILERS. See CREEPERS.

TRAIN OIL. See ANIMAL MATTERS.

TRAINING has for its object the rendering plants more
productive either of flowers or of fruit, by regulating the
number and position of their branches. If their number
be too great they overshadow those below them, and, by
excluding the heat and light, prevent that elaboration
of the sap required for the production of fructification.
If they are too few the sap is expended in the production
of more, and in extending the surface of the leaves re-
quired for the digestion of the juices.

The position of the branches is important, because, if
trained against a wall, they obtain a higher temperature
and protection from winds ; and if trained with their
points below the horizontal the return of the sap is
checked. Shy-flowering shrubs, as Mi'ntuius glutino'sus
puni'ceus, are made to blossom abundantly, and freely-
flowering shrubs, as Cy'tisus hy'bridus, are made to
blossom earlier, by having their branches bent below the
horizontal line.

The reason of this appears in the fact, that a plant
propels its sap with greatest force perpendicularly, so
much so that the sap rising in a vine branch growing
in a right line from the root, with a force capable of
sustaining a column of mercury 28 inches high, will, if
the branch be bent down to a right angle, support barely
23 inches, and if bent a few degrees below the horizontal
the column sustained will not be more than 21 inches.
This is the reason why, at such angles, gardeners find
the trained branches of their wall-trees rendered more
productive of blossoms, and furnished with a smaller
surface of leaves. A similar effect is produced by training
a branch in a waving form, for two-thirds of its length
are placed horizontally.

Besides the usual modes of training — for which see also
ESPALIERS and STANDARDS— there are two other modes
which deserve notice.

Quenouille Training consists in training one upright
central shoot in summer, and shortening it down to
15 inches at the winter pruning, in order that itjnay, at
that height, produce branches forming a tier, to be
tra ned, in the first instance, horizontally. The shoot
produced by the uppermost bud is, however, trained as
upright as possible during the summer, and is cut back,
so as to produce another tier 15 inches above the first,
and so on until the tree has reached the desired height.
In this climate it is necessary to train the shoot down-
wards, which is easily done by tying those of the first
tier to short stakes, those of each successive tier being
fastened to the branches below them. When the shoots
are thus arched downwards at full length, or nearly so
they soon come into a bearing state ; but in this climate'
if cut short, as the French do, they only send up a number
of shoots annually. The plan answers very well where
it can be at all times properly attended to ; but if this
cannot be guaranteed, the ordinary form of dwarf is
preferable. Quenouilles require more time to be devoted
to them than espaliers.

Balloon Training is forcing downwards all the branches
of standard trees till the points touch the earth, and they
have the merit of producing large crops of fruit in a
very small compass. Their upper parts are, however
too much exposed to radiation at night, and the crop
from that part of the branches is apt to be cut off.

TRANSPLANTING is most successfully performed
whenever the roots are least required for supplying the
leaves with moisture. The reason is obvious, because
the roots are always in some degree broken, and lessened
in their absorbing power, by the process of removal

That such is the rationale of seasonable transplanting
is proved by the fact, that plants in pots, with reasonable
care, may be transplanted at any season. This rule too
is sanctioned both by theory and practice— transplant
as early as possible after the leaves cease to require a
supply of sap ; the reason for which is, that the vital
powors in the roots continue active long after they have
become torpid in the branches, and fresh roots are
formed during the autumn and winter to succeed those
destroyed by transplanting.

For transplanting most deciduous trees and shrubs
October and November are the most successful months.
In transplanting evergreens, Mr. Beaton says : " I do
not now concur in the general belief that autumn is the
best time to plant all kinds of evergreens indiscriminately.
I have planted evergreens every week in the year, more
from necessity than choice it is true, but still the result
of the whole convinces me that a dogmatic adherence
to this or that uven period of the year is just as bad and
unphilosophical as the old prejudice in favour of planting
all kinds of evergreens late in the spring. That vast
assemblage of evergreens belonging to the natural order
Conifers, from the Cedar of Lebanon down to the trailing
J uniper, should be planted from the middle of I uly to
the beginning of October, according to the weather after
St. Swithm s Day. November, on the other hand, is as
good a time as can be to remove evergreens of all kinds
provided that large balls of earth be removed with them.
Hollies, Laurustmus, Alaiernus, Phillyreas, and Tree Box
will transplant as well in May and June as at any other
time of the year— of that I am quite certain • I have
removed hundreds of them in May and June without
losing a twig. On the other hand, all these, and many
more besides, will answer as well if planted early in
November ; but that is no reason for giving up the old
plan of late spring planting such evergreens as do well
at that time, although we need not do so from choice.
The whole question amounts to this: All evergreens
succeed if planted in the autumn; a great number of
them will do better from being planted in the autumn
and will not transplant safely except in the autumn \
while a large portion of them may be planted every day
m the year with almost equal success.

November and May are the best two months to remove
Roses. All the young and tender ones in pots turn out
in May ; but for all those on their own roots November
is the best month to remove them.

TRAPA. Water Caltrops. (From calcitrapa, an
ancient instrument in warfare with four spikes • fruit
armed with four spikes, or horns. Nat. ord. Onagrads
[Onagraceaj]. Linn. 4-Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.)

Aquatics. Seeds ; good loam, in a tub or pond of
water ; na tans will do in the latter ; the others require
the shelter of a greenhouse.
T. bico'rnis (two-horned). See T. NATANS.
„ bispino'sa (two-spined). White. July. E. Ind. 1822.

Greenhouse biennial.
„ na'tans (floating). White, purple. July Europe

1781. Hardy annual. " Water Chestnut."
„ quadnspino' sa (four-spined). See T. NATANS.
„ verbane'nsis (Verbas). Italy. 1886. Hardy.

TRAUTVETTE'RIA. (Commemorative of E. R
TrautvetUr, a Russian botanist. Nat. ord. Ranuncu-

Hardy perennial herb. Divisions. Good garden soil.
T. palma'ta (hand-shaped), i-ij. White. June. NW
Amer. ; Japan. 1812. False Bugbane.

TRAVELLER'S JOY. Cle'matis Vita'lba.
TRAVELLER'S TREE. Ravena'lamadagascarie'nsts.
TREASURE FLOWER. Gaza'nia.

TRECU'LIA. (Commemorative of the botanist M A*
Trecul. Nat. ord. Urticaceae.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand in a close case
with bottom-heat. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand. Moist
stove heat.

T. africa'na (African). Pale green. Trop. Africa. 187
" Okwa." /

TREE CARROT. Tha'psia edu'lis. * Spanish

TREE CELANDINE. Bocco'nia frute'scens.

TREE GUARDS

TREE OR CANADA ONION

GUARDS. The following are cheap and effec-
tual. Stakes about the thickness of the wrist, 7 feet in
length, and tolerably straight, chopped each a little flat
on one side, some iron hooping, a little thicker than
coopers are in the habit of using for barrels, with punched
holes through it 6 inches apart, with one hole near each
end. Nail this to the stakes on the chopped side, one foot
from the top of them, and one foot from the bottom ;
then raise it, and bend it circularly round the tree,
observing that the hoops are placed inside, nearest the
tree ; the holes left at each end of the hoop are then
clenched up with a nail, and the guard is complete.

The following plan is somewhat similar. Procure
stakes of ash or larch, 6 feet in length, or more if requisite,
and about 2 inches in diameter, and bore holes through
the tops and bottoms about one foot from each end.
Get a similar hole drilled up the centre of a stake, and
saw it off in lengths of 2 inches, or rather less ; pass a
strong wire, or thick tarred string, through one stake,
by the holes at the top and at the bottom ; then pass it
through the hole made in one of the 2-inch pieces at each
end, and then through another stake, separating each
stake at top and bottom by a piece of wood, until you
leave enough to surround the tree loosely, leaving plenty
of space for growth. Place it round the tree, and fasten
the ends of the wire or string. This guard is much the
same as a cradle put round the neck of a blistered horse,
to prevent his gnawing the irritated part. The stakes
merely rest on the ground, and should be cut quite flat
at the bottom, to prevent their sticking into the ground.
At the upper end they should have a sharp slanting cut
with a bill-hook, and threaded with the slope towards
the tree. The motion of the tree will not in any degree
be impeded ; and the bark cannot be injured let the
wind blow as it may, for the guard moves freely with the
tree in every direction.

TREES are a chief material in landscape gardening.
The varieties in their shapes, says Mr. Whately, may be
reduced to the following heads. Some, thick with
branches and foliage, have almost an appearance of
solidity, as the beech, the elm, the lilac, and syringa ;
others, thin of boughs and of leaves, seem light and airy,
as the ash and the abele, the common arbor vitae and the
tamarisk.

There is a mean betwixt the two extremes, very dis-
tinguishable from both, as in the bladder-nut and the
ashen-leaved maple. They may again be divided into
those whose branches begin from the ground, and those
which shoot up in a stem before their branches begin.
Trees which have some and not much clear stem, as
several of the firs, belong to the former class ; but a
very short stem will rank as a shrub, such as the althaea,
in the latter.

Of those, the branches of which begin from the ground,
some rise in a conical figure, as the larch, the cedar of
Lebanon, and the holly. Some swell out in the middle
of their growth and diminish at both ends, as the Wey-
mouth pine, the mountain ash, and the lilac ; and some
are irregular and bushy from the top to the bottom, as
the evergreen oak, the Virginian cedar, and Guelder
rose. There is a great difference between one whose
base is very large, and another whose base is very small,
in proportion to its height. The cedar of Lebanon and
the cypress are instances of such a difference ; yet in
both the branches begin from the ground.

The heads of those which shoot up into a stem before
their branches begin sometimes are slender cones, as of
many firs ; sometimes are broad cones, as of the horse-
chestnut ; sometimes they are round, as of the stone
pine, and most sorts of fruit-trees ; and sometimes irre-
gular, as of the elm. Of this kind there are many con-
siderable varieties.

The branches of some grow horizontally, as of the oak ;
in others they fall, as in the lime and the acacia ; and
in some of these last they incline obliquely, as in many
of the firs ; in some they hang directly down, as in the
weeping willow.

Some are of a dark green, as the horse-chestnut and

the yew ; some of a light green, as the lime and the

laurel ; some of a green tinged with brown, as the

2'vjrginian cedar ; some of a green tinged with white,

*he abele and the sage-tree ; and some of a green

c,a'i with yellow, as the ashen-leaved maple and the

' Cra'si arbor vitae- Tne variegated plants, also, are

y entitled to be classed with the white or the

yellow, by the strong tincture of the one or the other ol
those colours on their leaves.

The f all of the leaf is the time to learn the species, the
order, and the proportion of tints, which blended will
form beautiful masses ; and, on the other hand, to dis-
tinguish those which are incompatible near together.
The peculiar beauty of the tints of red cannot then
escape observation, and the want of them throughout
the summer months must be regretted ; but the want,
though it cannot perfectly, may partially be supplied,
for plants have a permanent and an accidental colour.
The permanent is always some shade of green, but any
other may be the accidental colour ; and there is none
which so many circumstances concur to produce as a
red. It is assumed in succession by the bud, the
blossom, the berry, the bark, and the leaf. Sometimes
it profusely overspreads, at other times it dimly tinges
the plant, and a reddish-green is generally the hue of
those plants on which it lasts long or frequently returns.

Admitting this, at least for many months in the year,
among the characteristic distinctions, a large piece of
red-green, with a narrow edging of dark green along the
further side of it, and beyond that a piece of light green
still larger than the first, will be found to compose a
beautiful mass. Another, not less beautiful, is a yellow-
green nearest the eye, beyond that a light green, then
a brown-green, and lastly a dark green. The dark green
must be the largest, the light green the next in extent,
and the yellow-green the least of all.

From these combinations the agreements between par-
ticular tints may be known. A light green may be next
either to a yellow or a brown-green, and a brown to a
dark green, all in considerable quantities ; and a little
rim of dark green may border on a red or a light green.
Further observations will show that the yellow and the
white-greens connect easily ; but that large quantities
of the light, the yellow, or the white-greens do not mix
well with a large quantity also of the dark green ; and
that to form a pleasing mass, either the dark green must
be reduced to a mere edging, or a brown or an inter-
mediate green must be interposed ; that the red, the
brown, and the intermediate greens agree among them-
selves, and that either of them may be joined to any other
tint ; but that the red-green will' bear a larger quantity
of the light than of the dark green near it ; nor does it
seem so proper a mixture with the white-green as with
the rest. In massing these tints attention must be
constantly given to their forms, so that they do not lie
in large stripes one beyond another ; but that either
they be quite intermingled, or, which is generally more
pleasing, that considerable pieces of different tints, each
a beautiful figure, be in different proportions placed near
together. See CLUMP, AVENUE, and GROVE.

TREE MALLOW. Lava'tera arbo'rea.

TREE OF HEAVEN. Aila'nthus glandulo'sa.

TREE OF LIFE. Thu'ya.

TREE OF SADNESS. Nycta'nthes A'rbor-tri'stis.

TREE OR CANADA ONION. (A'Uium proli'ferum.)
This is without a bulbous root, but throws out numerous
offsets. Its top bulbs are greatly prized for pickling,
being considered of superior flavour to the common
onion.

It is propagated both by the root offsets, which may be
planted during March and April, or in September and
October, and from the top bulbs, which are best planted
at the end of April. The old roots are best to plant again
for a crop of bulbs, as they are most certain to run to
stems. Plant in rows 12 inches asunder, in holes 6 inches
apart and 2 deep, a single offset or bulb being put in
each. Those planted in autumn will shoot up leaves
early in the spring, and have their bulbs fit for gathering
in J une or the beginning of J uly. Those inserted in the
spring will make their appearance later, and will be in
production at the close of July or early in August. They
must not, however, be gathered for keeping or planting
until the stalks decay, at which time, or in the spring
also, if only of one year's growth, the roots may be taken
up and parted if required for planting ; but when of
two or three years' continuance, they must, at all events,
be reduced in size, otherwise they grow in too large and
spindling bunches ; but the best plan is to make a
fresh plantation annually with single offsets.

The bulbs, when gathered, must be gradually and

TREE P^EONY

869

TREVOA

carefully dried in a shady place, and if kept perfectly
free from moisture will continue in good state until the
following May.

TREE PJEONY. Pcro'nui Mou'tan.
TREE TOMATO. Cyphoma'ndra beta'cea.
TREFOIL. Trifo'lium.
TREFOIL, BIRDS-FOOT. Lo /us.
TREFOIL, GOLDEN. AnSmone Hepa'tica.
TREFOIL, MILE. Cy'tisus.
TREFOIL, MOON. Medica'go arbo'rca.
TREFOIL, SCENTED. Melilo'tos.

TREFOIL, SHRUBBY. Jasmi'num fru'ticans, and
Pte'lea tnfolia'ta.

TRELLIS, or TREILLAGE, is an arrangement of sup-
porters upon which to train plants.

Espalier Trellis. — The cheapest, the easiest, and the
soonest made is that formed with straight poles or stakes
of ash, oak, or chestnut, in lengths of from 5 to 6 or
7 feet, driving them in the ground in a range about a
foot distant, all of an equal height, and then railed
along the top with the same kind of poles or rods, to
preserve the whole form in a regular position. They
should be full ij inch thick, and, having pointed them
at one end, drive them with a mallet into the ground in
a straight range, close along the row of trees, a foot deep
at least. To render treillage still stronger, run two,
three, or more ranges of rods, along the back part of the
uprights, a foot or 18 inches asunder, fastening them to
the upright stakes either with pieces of strong wire
twisted two or three times round, or by nailing
them.

Espalier trellis made of cast-iron rods is neater and
much more durable than that made of wood.

Trellis for Climbers. — These have been greatly im-
proved, or rather, they have been created within these
few years, for ten years ago we had nothing but stakes
and rods.

Their forms are now various and elegant ; but we shall
here only explain the manner in which the wire trellis
for climbing plants is attached to the pots. It will be
seen that a strong wire ring is carried round the pot a
little above its bottom. To this a sufficient number of
upright wires are attached all round. These upright
wires are pressed down upon the surface of the pot till
they reach the rim, over which they are firmly bent till
they reach the highest point of the rim, or are even bent
a little within it. At this point they are secured by
a second ring of stout wire, adjusted round about them,
which having been done, the uprights are directed
upwards, and fashioned into the pattern required. By
these means a sort of collar is formed upon the rim of
the pot, which prevents the trellis from slipping down-
wards, while, at the same time, the lowest ring of wire
keeps it from swinging and swaying backwards and
forwards.

Umbrella Trellis is a form excellently adapted for
Wista'ria ckirufnsis, and other climbers or shrubs having
long racemes of flowers.

Hothouse Trellis, for training vines near the glass, is
usually made of thin rods of deal or of iron, placed about
a foot apart, and fastened to the framework of the
building. Mr. Long, Beaufort Place, Chelsea, has in-
vented a movable wire trellis, by which the vines may
be lowered from the roof, or placed at any angle, without
injuring the vines. This is an excellent mode of removing
them from the influence of extreme exterior heat or
cold. A still further improvement would be to have
the vertical rods movable round the rod horizontally
fixed to the rafter or roof, for then the whole trellis
might be raised to an angle with, or even close to, the
glass, whenever sun to the vine upon the trellis, or shade
to the plants within the house, was desirable.

TRE MA. (From tremo, to tremble ; in allusion to
the movement of the leaves when the air is in motion.
Nat. ord. Urticaceae. Allied to Celtis.)

Greenhouse or stove trees. Seeds ; cuttings in sand, in
a close case, with bottom-heat Loam, peat, and
sand.

T. Li' ma. (Lima). 20. Green, yellow. W. Ind. 1823.
„ micro,' ntha. (small-flowered). 10. Green. Trop.

Amer. 1739. Half-hardy.
„ orienta'lis (oriental). 50. Yellow-green. Tropics of

Old World. 1820.

TREMA'NDRA. (From tremo, to tremble, and aner,
andros, a stamen ; the anthers sway with the least current
of air. Nat. ord. Tremandraceae.)

Dwarf Australian shrubs requiring greenhouse treat-
ment. Cuttings in sand under a bell-glass. Peat chiefly,
with a little loam and sand.
T. hirsu'ta (hairy). See TETRATHECA HIRSOTA.

„ Huege'lii (Huegel's). See TETRATHECA HIRSUTA.

„ stellt'gera (star-bearing), ij. Purple.

„ verticilla'ta (whorled). See PLATYTHECA GALIOIDES.

TREMBLING AMERICAN TREE. Po'pulus tremuloi' dts.

TRENCHING is one of the readiest modes in the gar-
dener's power for renovating his soil. The process is
thus conducted. From the end of the piece of ground
where it is intended to begin take out a trench two
spades deep, and 20 inches wide, and wheel the earth to
the opposite end to fill up and finish the last ridge.
Measure off the width of another trench, then stretch
the line, and mark it out with the spade. Proceed in
this way until the whole of the ridges are outlined, after
which begin at one end, and fill up the bottom of the
first trench with the surface or " top spit " of the second
one ; then take the bottom " spit " of the latter, and
throw it in such a way over the other as to form an
elevated sharp-pointed ridge. By this means a portion
of fresh soil is annually brought on the surface in the
place of that which the crop of the past season may
have, in some measure, exhausted.

Bastard Trenching is thus performed. Open a trench
2\ feet or a yard wide, one full spit, and the shovelling
deep, and wheel the soil from it to where it is intended
to finish the piece ; then put in the dung, and dig it in
with the bottom spit in the trench ; then fill up this
trench with the top spit, &c., of the second, treating it
in like manner, and so on. The advantages of this plan
of working the soil are, the good soil is retained at the
top, an important consideration where the subsoil is
poor or bad ; the bottom soil is enriched and loosened
for the penetration and nourishment of the roots, and,
allowing them to descend deeper, they are not so liable
to suffer from drought in summer ; strong soil is rendered
capable of absorbing more moisture, and yet remains
drier at the surface by the water passing down more
rapidly to the subsoil, and it insures a thorough shifting
of the soil.

In all trenching, whether one, two, or more spades
deep, always, previous to digging, put the top of each
trench 2 or 3 inches deep or more, with all weeds and
other litter at the bottom of the open one, which not
only makes clean digging and increases the depth of
loose soil, but all weeds and their seeds are regularly
buried at such a depth, that the weeds themselves will
rot, and their seeds cannot vegetate.

TREVE'SIA. (Commemorative of the family Tretes
de Bonfigli, patrons of botanical research. Nat. ord.
Araliaceae.)

Stove shrubs with large, fingered, ornamental leaves.
Cuttings in sand, in a close frame, with bottom-heat.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
T. e'minens (eminent). Leaves with 9-11 segments.

Philippines. 1882.
„ palma'ta (hand-shaped). 10-15. Whitish. March.

India ; Burma. 1818.
„ sunda'ica (Sundaic). 10. Greenish-white. Java.

TREVIRA'NA. (Commemorative of Ludolph C.
Treviranus, professor of botany at Rostock and Breslau,
in Germany. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae. Now referred to
Achimenes.)

T. ca'ndida (white). See DICYRTA CANDIDA.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet). See ACHIMENES COCCINEA.
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). See ACHIMENES LONGI-

FLORA.
„ pukkt'lla (pretty). See ACHIMENES COCCINEA.

TREVO'A. (Commemorative of Don Two, a Spanish
botanist. Nat. ord. Rhamnaceae.)

TREVORIA

870

TRICHOCEROS

Greenhouse shrub or small tree. Cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand.
T. trine' rvia (three-nerved). Chili.

TREVO'RIA. (Named in compliment to Sir Trevor
Lawrence, Bart. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae. Allied to Stan-
hopea.)

Stove epiphytal Orchids. Offsets. Fibre of peat,
sphagnum, and crocks in baskets.
T. Chlo'ris (Chloris). Green ; disc white. Colombia.

1897.

„ Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). Green ; disc white. Andes
of Colombia. 1910.

TRIA'NEA BOGOTE'NSIS. See LIMNO'BIUM BOGO-
TE'NSE.

TRI'AS. (From trias, three, or a triad ; the parts of
the flower are in threes. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae.)

Stove, epiphytal Orchids. Offsets. Sphagnum, peat
fibre, and crocks.

T. disciflo'ra (disc-flowered). Siam.
„ oblo'nga (oblong). J. Green-brown ; lip dull purple.

Burma. 1837.

„ pi' eta (painted). Amber, densely spotted with red-
purple. Barma. 1888.

„ vitri'na (glass-like). J. Pale green ; lip with brown
spots. Tenasserim. 1895.

TRIA'SPIS. (From tria, three, and aspis, a shield ;
the fruit consists of three shield-like pieces. Nat. ord.
Malpighiaceae.)

A stove climber. Cuttings in sand, in a closed frame,
with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
T. odora'ta (scented). 8. Yellow. Trop. Africa. 1823.

TRIBRA'CHIA PE'NDULA. See BULBOPHYLLUM PEN-
DULUM.

TRI'BULUS. Caltrops. (From treis, three, and ballo,
to project ; carpels, or divisions of the seed-vessel, end
in three or four projecting points. Nat. ord. Beancapers
[Zygophyllaceas]. Linn. io-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

All yellow-flowered, and annuals, except cistoi'des.
Sow in a hotbed in March, harden off, and put in a
sheltered place in the garden towards the beginning of
J une, or flower in pots in the greenhouse ; rich, light,
sandy loam ; a little peat will be required for cisloi'des,
which is easily increased by cuttings in the spring.
T. cistoi'des (Cistus-like). ij. July. Tropics. 1752.

Stove evergreen.

„ ma'ximus (greatest), ij. June. Jamaica. 1728.
„ terre'stris (earth), i. June. Tropics. 1596. "Land

Caltrops."
„ trijuga'tus (three-paired). See T. MAXIMUS.

TRICHA'NTHA. (From thrix, thrichos, a hair, and
anthe, a flower. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae.)

Small stove shrub, with creeping, rooting, or climbing
and slender stems. Cuttings in sand, in a close frame,
with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
T. mi'nor (lesser). Dull violet or purple. Colombia.
1864.

TRICHE'RA. See SCABIOSA.

TRICHTLIA. (From tricha, in threes, or ternary ; the
parts of the seed-pods in threes. Nat. ord. Meliads
[Meliaceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.)

White-flowered, stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a
moist, sweet heat, in April or autumn ; fibrous loam and
sandy peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60°
to 80°.

T. gla'bra (smooth). 30. June. Trop. Amer. 1794.
„ glandulo'sa (glanded). See SYNOUM GLANDULOSUM.
„ havane'nsis (Havannah). See T. GLABRA.
„ hi'rta (hairy). 12. June. Jamaica. 1800.
„ moscha'ta (musky). Jamaica.
„ odora'ta (scented). 15-20. Pale yellow. June. W.

Ind. 1801.
„ spondioi'des (Spdionas-like). 10-15. White W

Ind. 1870.

„ termina'lis (terminal). 20. Jamaica. 1825.
„ trifolia (three-leaved). 8. Venezuela. 1828.

TRICHTNIUM. (From trichinos, hairy; flowers
covered with knotted hairs. Nat. ord. Amaranths
[Amarantaccas]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Australian annuals. Seeds in a hotbed in April ;
pricked out, and ultimately bloomed in a cool green-
house ; rich, sandy loam and a little peat.
T. alopecuroi' deum (foxtail-like). See T. EXALTATUM.

„ exalta'tum (tall), i. Yellow, red. June. 1838.

„ Mangle' sii (Mangles'). White, pink. June. 1838.

„ Stirli'ngii (Stirling's). White, pink. June. 1838.

TRICHOCA'RPA MOO'REI. See DEPARIA MOOREI.

TRICHOCAU'LON. (From thrix, thrichos, a hair, and
caulon, a stem ; the stem has tufts of hairs. Nat. ord.
Asclepiadaceae.)

Dwarf warm and dry greenhouse succulent. Cuttings in
sand under a bell-glass. Loam, broken bricks, and sand.
T. Di'nteri (Dinter's). Small, dark brown. German

S.W. Africa. 1910.
„ pili'ferum (hair-bearing). £. Dark purple-brown.

S. Africa. 1882.
„ Pilla'nsii (Pillans's). i-f. Small, yellow. S. Africa.

1904.

„ „ ma'jor (greater). Plant and flowers larger. S.
Africa. 1904.

TRICHOCE'NTRUM. (From thrix, thrichos, a hair,
and kenlron, a spur ; spur slender. Nat. ord. Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2o-Gynandria, i-Monandria .)

Stove epiphytal orchids. Offsets. Sphagnum, and
fibre of peat on blocks.
T. ala'tum (winged). White ; lip yellow, with red veins.

Colombia. 1898.
„ albiflo'rum (white-flowered). J,. White, tinted

purple. Mexico. 1893.
„ a'lbo-purpu'reum (white-purple). Brown, white,

purple. N. Brazil. 1866.
„ „ stria' turn (striped). Lip with two purple blotches,

and apex lined purple. 1887.

„ ca'ndidum (white). White, yellow. May. Guate-
mala. 1840.
„ capistra'tum (muzzled). Greenish-white. Costa Rica.

1871.
,, Cornuco'pia (horn of plenty). Greenish-white. Trop.

Amer. 1866.
,, fu'scum (brown). £. Green, white. July. Mexico.

1835-
„ „ Krame'rii (Kramer's). Spur longer, thinner.

Mexico. 1885.

„ Ha'rtii (Hart's). \. Light yellow ; lip white, red-
brown. Venezuela. 1894.
„ Hoe'gei (Hceg's). ^. Greenish-yellow, purple; lip

deep purple. Mexico. 1881.

„ ionophtha'lmum (violet-eyed). \. Yellow, maroon-
brown ; lip with violet blotch. Brazil. 1876.
,, iridifo'lium (Iris-leaved). Yellow. September.

Demerara. 1830.
„ macula'tum (spotted). White, purple. February.

New Grenada.
„ orthople' ctron (straight-spurred). Brown, ochre ; lip

white, striped crimson. Central Amer. (?) 1883.
„ Pfa'vei (Pfave's). Brown, white ; lip white, with red

blotch. Central Amer. 1881.
„ „ zona'le (zonal). Brown ; lip with one or two

purple blotches. 1883.
„ Porphy'rio (Porphyrio). Purple, light yellow. Central

Amer. (?) 1884.

„ pu'lchrum (fair). Yellow, white. July. Peru.
„ purpu'reum (purple). Green ; lip purple. Guiana (?).

1854.
„ recu'ryum (curled-back). White, purple. May.

Guiana. 1842.
„ tenuiflo'rum (slender-flowered). Brown, white. Brazil.

1850.
„ tigri'num (tiger-like). Brown, purple, orange, white.

Central Amer. 1869.
„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). Base of lip rich purple.

Central Amer.
„ trique'trum (three-sided). £. Straw; lip marked

orange. Peru. 1891.

TRICHO'CEROS. (From thrix, thrichos, a hair, and
keras, a horn ; the column bears two horns. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Epiphytal stove orchid. Offsets. Sphagnum tied on

J. parviflo'rus (small-flowered). Purple, brown. Colom-
bia. 1870.

TRICHOCLADUS

871

TRICHONEMA

TRICHO'CLADUS. (From thrix, thrichos, a hair, and
klodos, a branch ; the branches are felted with rusty
hairs. Nat. ord. Hamamelidaceae.)

Greenhouse tree allied to the Witch Hazels. Cuttings
in sand under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat, and a
little sand.
T. grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 20. White. S. Africa.

1894.

TRICHOCORO'NIS. (From thrix, thrichos, a hair, and
corona, a crown ; the achenes have a ring of spreading
hairs. Nat. ord. Composite. Allied to Ageratum.)

Greenhouse diffuse herb. Cuttings in sand under a
bell-glass or in heat. Fibrous loam, leaf -mould, and
sand.
T. Wri'ghtii (Wright's), x. White. New Mexico.

TRICHODE SMA. (From thrix, thrichos, a hair, and
desmos, a bond ; anthers united by hairs. Nat. ord.
Boraginaceae.)

Stove annuals. Seeds. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and
sand. May be planted out in June.
T. a'nceps (two-edged). li. Trop. Amer.
„ Bancroftii (Bancroft's). \. Jamaica.
„ Bo'jeri (Bojer's). Mascarene Islands.
„ pkysaloi'des (Physalis-like). White; calyx purple.

S. Africa. 1892. Perennial.

„ zeyla'nicum (Cingalese). 3-4. Blue. Trop. Asia and
Australia. 1855.

TRICHOGLO'TTIS. (From thrix, thrichos, a hair, and
glottis, a tongue or lip. Nat. ord. Orchidaceas.)

Stove epiphytal orchids. Oflsets. Sphagnum, peat
fibre, and crocks.
T. cochlea'ris (shell-like). J. White, with purple bars.

Sumatra. 1883.
„ dawsonia'na (Dawsonian). Sulphur, orange, brown.

Burma. 1868.

„ fascia' ta (bundled). See STAUROPSIS FASCIATA.
„ pa'llens (pale). See PHAL^ENOPSIS FALLENS.
„ Solere'deri (Solereder's). £. Green, brown-purple ;
lip white with two red spots. Philippines. 1910.

TRICHO'GYNE. (From thrix, thrichos, a hair, and
gune, the ovary ; the female flowers are slender and hair-
like. Nat. ord. Compositas. This should be placed
under Ifloga.)

T. seriphioi'des (Seriphium-like). 2. Yellow. S. Africa.
1825.

TRICHO'LEPIS. (From thrix, thrichos, a hair, and
lepis, a scale ; the scales or bracts of the head are hair-
like. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Hardy or half-hardy perennial herb. Seeds ; divisions.
Ordinary garden soil.
T, furca'ta (forked), ij-sj. Yellow. Himalaya. 1907.

TRICHO MANES. (From thrix, thrichos, a hair, and
tnanos, soft ; the shining stems appear like fine hair.
Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 2^-Cryptogamia, i-
Filices.)

Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
T. achilleczfo'lium (milfoil-leaved). See T. RIGIDUM.

,, aculea'tum (prickly). May. Isle of Luzon.

„ ala'tum (winged). June. W. Ind. 1824.

„ „ attenua'tum (attenuated). Fronds elongated at
the apex.

,, a'nceps (two-edged). W. Ind. 1863.

„ angusta'tum (narrowish). See T. TENERUM.

„ apiifo'lium (Celery-leaved). 1-2. Polynesia, &c.

,, auricula'tum (eared), i. Trop. Asia, &c. 1871.

„ Bancro'ftii (Bancroft's). $-£. Trop. Amer.

„ bipuncta'tum (two-spotted). See T. FILICULA.

„ Bo'jeri (Bojer's). See T. CUSPIDATUM.

„ boschia'num (Boschian). See T. RADICANS BOSCHI-
ANUM.

„ botryoi'des (bunch-like). J-J. Trop. Amer.

„ brevise1 turn (short-bristled). See T. RADICAXS.

„ cri'spum (curled). May. W. Ind. 1828.

„ ,, pilo'sum (hairy). Covered with rufous hairs. S.
Amer. 1863.

„ curva'tum (curved). April. Isle of Luzon.

„ cuspida'tum (short-pointed). Mauritius and Bourbon.

„ disse'ctum (cut-leaved). See T. AURICULATUM.

„ elonga'tum (elongatum). See T. RIGIDUM ELONGATUM.

„ exse'ctum (cut-out), i-ij. Chili, &c.

T Fili'cula (little-fern). J. Trop. Asia and Africa,
„ fimbria'tum (fringed). W. Ind. 1862.
„ floribu'ndum (many-flowered). See T. PINNATUM.
„ fcenicula'ceum (fennel- like). $-1. Mauritius, &c.
,, Fra'seri (Fraser's). J. Fronds pale green, fan-shaped.

W. Ind. 1890.
„ fu' sco-glance1 scens (brownish-milky-green). May. Isle

of Luzon.

„ gemma' turn (budded). April. Malacca.
„ Ha'rtii (Hart's), $-f. Fron'ds tripinnatifid. Sierra

Leone. 1882.

„ hu'mile (low). May. Polynesia.
„ /ava'nicMw(Javan). J-i. May. Malaya; India, &c.
„ Kalbre'yeri (Kalbreyer's). i. Colombia. 1881.
„ Kaulfu'ssii (Kaulfuss'). x. W. Ind.
„ Krau'ssii (Krauss'). ^-J. W. Ind. to Brazil and

Peru.

„ labia'tum (lipped). British Guiana. 1885.
,, luschnathia'num (Luschnathian). See T. RADICANS

LUSCHNATHIANUM.

„ ma'ximum (largest), ij-z. Malaya and Polynesia.
„ meifo'lium { Meum-leaved). April. Isle of Luzon.
„ meifo'lium (Meum-leaved) of Gardens. See T. APII-

FOLIUM.
„ membrana' ceum (membranous). \. May. W. Ind.

1820.

„ millefo'lium (thousand-leaved). S. Amer.
„ muscoi'des (moss-like), i. Tropics.
„ obscu'rum (obscure). See T. RIGIDUM.
„ £am/Zo'rww (small-flowered). See T. FCENICULACEUM.
„ pa'ruulum( very small). April. Tropics of Old World.
„ Pete'rsii (Peters'). ^. Alabama. 1875.
„ pinnatine'rve (pinna'te- nerved). A. Bright green.

British Guiana. 1886.

,, pinna'tum (pinnate). May. Trop. Amer. 1825.
,, Prieu'rii (Prieur*s). iJ-2. Trop. Amer.
„ pulche'rrimum (fairest). New Zealand.
„ puncta'tum (dotted). ^. Trop. Amer.
„ pusi'llum (petty). £-£. April. Trop. S. Amer. 1844.
„ pyxidi'ferum (small-box-bearing). £-£. Tropics

everywhere.

„ „ oliva'ceum (olive-green). Trop. Amer.
„ quercifc'lium (oak-leaved). See T. PUSILLUM.
„ radi'cans (rooting). $-i\. April. Tropical and

subtropical regions (Britain).
„ „ alabame'nse (Alabaman).
„ „ Andrew'sii (Andrews'). J-i. Frond lanceolate.

Ireland.

„ „ boschia'num (Boschian).
„ „ cri'spum (crisped).
„ „ dilata'titm (widened).
„ „ f rondo' sum (leafy).
„ „ luschnathia'num (Luschnathian). Frond stalkless.

Brazil.

„ „ specio'sum (showy). See T. RADICANS.
,, renifo'rme (reniform). J. New Zealand.
„ re'ptans (creeping). ,V- Trop. Amer.
„ rhomboi'deum (diamond-shaped). May. Isle of Luzon.
„ ri'gidum (rigid), i-ij. April. Tropics everywhere.
„ „ elonga'tum (elongated). Pinnae imbricated. New

Zealand.

„ saxa'tile (rock). Borneo. 1862.
„ sca'ndens (cUmbing). |-ij. Central Amer.
,, seti'gcrum (bristle-bearing). Borneo. 1862.
„ sinuo'sum (sinuous). |-f. Trop. Amer.
„ spica'tum (spiked). May. Trop. Amer. 1844.
,, stri'ctum (upright). New Zealand.
„ supe'rbum (superb). f-ij. Trinidad ; British

Guiana.

„ te'nerum (slender), ^-f. May. Trop. Amer.
„ thujioi'des (Thuya-like). J. Mauritius.
,, trichoi'deum (hair-like). i-J. Trop. Amer.
„ trichophy'llum (hair- leaved). Borneo. 1862.
„ veno'sum (veiny). J-J. Australia and New Zealand.

TRICHONE'MA. (From thrix, thrichos, a hair, and
nema, a filament ; stamens clothed with minute hairs.
Nat. ord. Irids [Iridacea?]. Linn. ^-Triandria, i-Afowo-
gynia. Now referred to Romulea.)
T. Bulboco'dium (Bulbocodium). See ROMULEA BULBO-

CODIUM.
„ caule'scens (stemmed). See ROMULEA BULBOCODI-

OIDES.

„ chloroleu' cum (greenish- white). See ROMULEA CHLORO-

LEUCA.

„ c&lesti'num (celestial). See NEMASTYLA COSLESTINA.

TRICHOPETALUM

872

TRICORYNE

T. Colu'mncz (Columna's). See ROMULEA COLUMNS.
,, crucia'tum (cross-shaped). See ROMULEA LONGI-

FOLIA.

,, edu'le (eatable). See ROMULEA RAMIFLORA.
,, filifo'lium (thread- leaved). See ROMULEA FILIFOLIA.
,, longifo'lium (long-leaved). See ROMULEA LONGIFOLIA.
,, pu'dicum (blushing). See ROMULEA ROSEA PUDICA.
„ purpura' scens (purph'sh). See ROMULEA RAMIFLORA.
,, py'lium (gate). See ROMULEA BULBOCODIUM PYLIA.
„ quadra'ngulum (four-angled). See GEISSORHIZA

QUADRANGULA.

„ ramiflo'rum (branched-flowered). See ROMULEA

RAMIFLORA.

„ recu'rvum (curled-back). See ROMULEA BULBO-
CODIOIDES.

,, ro'seum (rosy). See ROMULEA ROSEA.

„ specio'sum (showy). See ROMULEA ROSEA SPECIOSA.

,, subpalu'stre (rather boggy). See ROMULEA BULBO-
CODIUM SUBPALUSTRE.

,, tortuo'sum (tviisted-leaved). See ROMULEA TORTUOSA.

TRICHOPE'TALUM. (From thrix, a hair, and petalon,
a petal ; flowers fringed inside. Nat. ord. Lilyworis
[Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-HexandHa, i-Monogynia. See
BOTTIONEA.)

T. gra'cile (slender). See BOTTIONEA THYSANTHOIDES.
„ stella'tum (starry- flowered). See BOTTIONEA THYSAN-
THOIDES.

TRICHOPI'LIA. (From tkrix, a hair, and pilon, a cap ;
summit of the column with tufts of hair. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. zo-Gynandtia, i-Mon-
andria]. Allied to Aspasia.)

Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See ORCHIDS.
T. a'lbida (whitish). White, yellow. Venezuela. 1851.
„ backhousia' no. (Backhousian). White, yellow. Colom-
bia. 1876.
„ bre'vis (short). Yellow, red-brown ; lip white. Peru.

1895.
,, cocci'nea (red-flowered). Red, purple. April.

Central Amer. 1849.
„ „ cri'spa (crisped). Edge of lip strongly crisped.

Colombia. 1857.
„ „ fla'veola (yellowish). Greenish-yellow; lip white.

Costa Rica. 1880.
„ „ le'pida (slender). Claret. Leaves longer, narrower.

Costa Rica. 1873.
„ „ margina'ta, (margined). Claret, with white edges ;

lip crimson. Central Amer. 1849.
„ „ oliva'cea (olive- green). Olive-green.
,, cri'spa (crisped). See T. COCCINEA CRISPA.
„ fra' grans (fragrant). i. White, yellow. May.

Colombia. 1843.
,, „ no'bilis (noble), i. Flowers larger, white, yellow.

Venezuela. 1872.

„ ,, no'bilis a'lba (white), i. Pure white. 1908.
,, galeottia'na (Galeottian). Yellow, white, purple,

brown. Mexico. 1859.
„ „ co'ncolor (one- coloured).
„ grata, (grateful). Green, white, yellow, fragrant.

Peru (?). 1868.
„ hennisia'na (Hennisian). Pure white, with two golden

zones on the lip. Colombia. 1908.
„ hymena'ntha (marriage-flower). White, red. Colom-
bia. 1854.
„ kienaslia'na (Kienastian). White, with a few yellow

lines and spots. 1883.
„ la'xa (loose). f-. White, green, brownish-red.

Colombia. 1844.
„ „ fla'veola (yellowish). Whitish-yellow. Colombia.

1884.
„ Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). White, with yellow spot in

throat. 1888.

,, le'pida (slender). See T. COCCINEA LEPIDA.
,, margina'ta (margined). See T. COCCINEA MARGINATA.
„ mu'tica (snipped). White, flushed with red. Trinidad.

I Sax.

„ no'bilis (noble). See T. FRAGRANS NOBILIS.
„ pi' da (painted). See T. GALEOTTIANA.
„ puncta'ta (dotted). Sepals and petals dotted with

reddish-purple. Costa Rica. 1890.
„ rostra' ta (beaked). J. White, orange. Colombia.

1866.

„ sanguinole'nta (blood-coloured). Olive, dusky crim-
son ; lip white, with crimson veins. Central Amor.

1843.

T. sua'vis (sweet). White, purple. April. Central

Amer. 1851.

,, „ a'lba (white). White, yellow. Central Amer. 1882.
,, „ ca'ndida (white). Pure white ; lip with yellow

blotch at its base. 1902.
„ „ grandifio'ra (large-flowered). White, crimson,

orange.
„ „ Lama'rchcs (Lamarcha's). White, rose. Costa

Rica. 1874.
„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). White, purple, carmine.

Costa Rica. 1868.
„ to'rtilis (twisied-petaled). f. White, red. January.

Mexico. 1835.
„ „ pa'llida (pale). White. January. Guatemala.

1844.

„ Turia'lvez (Turialva's). See T. GALEOTTIANA.
,, Wa'generi (Wagener's). Venezuela.
„ Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). Country unknown.

TRTCHOPUS. (From thrix, thrichos, a hair, and pous,
a foot; in reference to the thread-like flower-stalks.
Nat. ord. Dioscoreaceae.)

A dwarf stove perennial. Offsets or divisions of the
root-stock. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
T. zeyla'nicus (Cingalese). Purple. S. India ; Ceylon.

TRICHOSA'CME. (From thrix, thrichos, a hair, and
acme, a point ; in allusion to the plumy appendage of
the corolla lobes. Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceae.)

Stove climber. Cuttings in sand under a bell-glass.
Loam, leaf-mould, finely broken bricks and sand, to be
kept dry in winter.

T. lana'ta (woolly). Purple. Plant very woolly. Mexico.
1850.

TRICHOSA'NTHES. Snake Gourd. (From thrix,
thrichos a hair, and anthos, a flower ; flowers fringed.
Nat. ord. Cucurbits [Cucurbitaceae]. Linn. zi-Moncecia,
lo-Decandria.)

Stove, white-flowered annuals. Seeds in a sweet hot-
bed in March, potted and grown in a plant-stove ; sandy
loam, leaf -mould, and fibrous peat. The great length of
the c icumber-like seed-vessel is interesting.
T. Angui'na (snake). 20. August. China. 1735.

" Common Snake Gourd."
,, colubri'na (serpent-like). See T. ANGUINA.
,, cucumeri'na (cucumber-like). August. Trop. Asia.
„ cuspida'ta (short-pointed). August. India.
,, fcetidi' 'ssima (very-fetid). See KEDROSTIS FCETIDIS-

SIMA.

,, japo'nica .(Japanese). Greenish- white. Japan. 1872.
,, Kirilo'wii (Kirilow's). Fruit orange-red. Mongolia.

1872.

,, palma'ta (hand-/«av&f). July. India. 1825.
„ vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). See T. KIRILOWII.

TRICHO'SMA. Hair Orchis. (From thrix, a hair,
and kosmos, ornament. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae].
Linn. zo-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchid, grown in a basket. See ORCHIDS.
T. sua'vis (sweet), i. White, yellow. June. Himalaya.

1840.

„ ,, meulen&rea na (Meulenasrian). Lip without yellow,
but lined with violet-purple. Himalaya. 1894.

TRICHOSTE'MA. (From thrix, thrichos, a hair, and
sterna, a stamen ; the stamens have hair-like filaments.
Nat. ord. Labiatae.)

Hardy or half-hardy perennial. Divisions ; cuttings
under a bell-glass in summer. Well-drained soil or the
protection of a frame.

T. lana'tum (woolly), i-ij. Bluish-purple, with pro-
jecting stamens. S. California. 1882.
,, Pari'shii (Parish's). See T. LANATUM.

TRICHOTO'SIA. See ERIA.

TRICO'RYNE. (From treis, three, and korune, a club ;
form of the seed-pod. Nat. ord. Lilyworis [Liliaceae].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Johnsonia.)
Half-hardy, white-flowered, herbaceous perennials,
from Australia. Division and seeds ; rich, sandy loam ;
a very sheltered place, or a cold pit, or a cool greenhouse
in winter.
T. ela'tior (taller). 2. June. 1824.

„ ,, sca'bra (rough), i. 1826.

„ si' mplex (simple-stemmed), i. July. 1823. Biennial.

TRICRATUS ADMIRABILIS 873

TRIFOLIUM

TRI CRATUS ADIHRA'BILIS. See ABRONIA UMBEL-

LATA.

TRICUSPIDA'RIA. (From tricttspis, having three
points ; the petals have three teeth or three short points.
Nat. ord. Tiliaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs or small trees. Cuttings
in sand under a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand.
T. depe'ndens (drooping). 3-6. White. April, May.

Central Chili. 1907.

„ hexape'tala (six-petaled). See T. DEPENDENS.
„ lanceola' ta (lance-shaped). 3-8. Scarlet. April.

May. Peru. 1880.

TRICY'RTIS. Toad Lily. (From treis, tria, three,
and kurtos, bent or convex ; the three outer parts of the
flower are convex at the base. Nat. prd. Liliacea?.)

Hardy or half-hardy bulbs, requiring protection in
winter 'in the colder parts of the country. Offsets.
Well-drained garden soil mixed with peat and sand.
T. e'legans (elegant). See T. PILOSA.
„ hi'rta (hairy). 2. White, spotted with purple.

October. Japan. 1863.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). See T. HIRTA.
,, macro'poda (long-stalked). Yellowish, spotted with

purple. China; Japan. 1869.

„ „ stria'ta (striated). Leaves lined with creamy-
white.

„ pilo'sa (hairy). ij. Green, marked with red.
October. Himalaya. 1851.

TRI'DAX. (From treis, tria, three, and akis, a point ;
the female rays have three points, or sometimes three
lobes. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Hardy or half-hardy perennial herbs. Seeds ; divisions.
Ordinary garden soil.
T. bf color ro'sea (two-coloured-rosy). Rosy-lilac ; disc

yellow. Mexico. 1887. Annual.
„ coronopifo'lium (stag's- horn- leaved), i. Yellow.

June. Mexico.
„ gaillardioi'des (Gaillardia-like). See LAVIA GAILLAR-

DIOIDES.
„ trilcba'ta (three-lobed). i. Yellow. June. Mexico.

TRIENTA LIS. Winter-green. From tricns, one-third ;
low growth. Nat. ord. Primeworts [Primulaceae]. Linn.
y-Heptandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy, white-flowered, herbaceous perennials. Seeds
under a hand-light ; divisions of the plant in spring ;
light, rich soil. Pretty little plants, requiring a shady
situation.

T. alsincEflo'ra. (Alsine-flowered). See T. EUROP^A.
„ america'na (American). $. July. N. Amer. 1816.

" Star-flower."

„ europtz'a (European). J. May. Britain. " Chick-
weed Winter- green."

TRIFO'LIUM. Trefoil. (From ires, tria, three, and
folium, a leaf; three-leaved. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria.)

Seeds in the open ground, and divisions of the her-
baceous perennials ; light, rich loam.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

T. ala'tum (winged). See T. PHYSODES.

„ alpe'stre (alpine). S. Europe, &c.

„ alpi'num (alpine). \. Purple. July. Europe. 1775.

,, angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). Mediterranean re-
gion, &c.

„ armeni'acum (Armenian). See T. PENNYANUM.

,, arme'nium (Armenian). r. Cream. August.
Armenia. 1820.

„ ba'dium (brown). $. Yellow. July. Pyrenees.

„ Bala'nstB (Balansa's). Asia Minor.

„ Boissie'ri (Boissier's). Greece ; Asia Minor.

,, cxspita'sum (turfy). See T. ELEGANS.

„ cane" scens (hoary). Cream. May. Asia Minor. 1803.

„ carol inia'num (CaroUnian). £. White. June. N.
Amer. 1798.

., dypea'tum (round-shielded). Greece ; Asia Minor.

„ como'sum (tufted). See T. CAROLINIA.NUM.

„ Cusso'nii (Cusson's). i. Blue. July. Sicily. 1826.

„ diffu'sum (diffuse). Europe.

„ tfUgans (elegant). J. Pale red. July. Europe. 1815.

„ exi'mium (choice). f. Purple. June. Dahuria.
1820.

T. exi'mium albiflo'rum (white-flowered). \. White.

June. Altai.
„ fragi'ferum (strawberry-bearing). \. Rose-purple.

iuly, August. Europe (Britain). " Strawberry
lover."
„ hy'bridum (hybrid), i. Rosy-purple. July, August.

S. Europe (Britain). " Alsike Clover."
,. Johnsto'ni (Johnston's). Uganda.
„ lati'num (Latin), i. White, red. June. Italy.
„ lo'ngipes (long-stalked). North-western Amer.
„ Lupina'ster (Lupinaster). ij. Purple. July. Siberia.

1741. " Bastard Lupine."
„ „ albiflo'rum (white-flowered). White. July.

Siberia. 1818.

„ „ purpura' scens (purplish). Purple.
„ me'dium (mediate). 2. Purple. June. Europe

(England). " Cow-grass," " Meadow Clover."
„ no'ricum (Noric). i. Cream. July. Carinthia. 1821.
,, ochroleu'cum (yellowish- white), i. Sulphur. May.

Europe (England).
„ panno'nicum (Pannonian). i. White, yellow. June.

Hungary. 1752.

„ pennsylva'nicum (Pennsylvanian). See T. MEDIUM.
,, pennya'num (Pennyan). i. Red. July. Armenia.

1830.
„ physo'des (bladdery). |. Reddish. June. Hungary.

1805.
„ poly phy' Hum (many-leaved). \. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1897.
„ prate'nse (meadow). 2. Purple. July. Britain.

" Common Clover."

,. ,, vagina'tum (sheathing), i. Pale yellow. Switzer-
land. 1819.
,, purpura' scens (purplish), i. Purple. June. Siberia.

1816.
„ re'pens (creeping), ij. White. July. Europe

(Britain). " White Clover," " Dutch Clover."
„ „ pentaphy'llum (five-leaved). $. White. June.

Britain.

„ ru'bens (red), ij. Dark red. S. Europe. 1633.
,, rupe'stre (rock), i. White. June. Naples. 1820.
„ trichoce'phalum (hairy-headed), i. Cream. June.

Caucasus. 1827.
„ uniflo'rum (one-flowered). $. Blue. June. Italy.

1800.
„ „ sternbergia'num (Sternberg's). J. White. June.

S. Europe. 1822.
„ vagina! turn (sheathed). See T. PRATENSE VAGINATUM.

HARDY ANNUALS.

T. agra'rium (field), i. Yellow. July, August. Europe.
„ alexandri1 num (Alexandrian). $. Yellow. June.

Egypt; Asia Minor. 1820.
„ arve'nse (field), i. Pink. June to August. Europe

(Britain). " Hare's-foot Trefoil."
„ au'reum (golden). See T. AGRARIUM.
„ Beckur'thii (Beckurth's). California.
,, bi'fidum deci'piens (deceiving). California.
„ Bocco'ni (Boccon's). $. Pale purple. June. Spain.

1820.
„ bractea'tum (/rtfge-bracted). i. Purple. June.

Morocco. 1804. Biennial.

„ caru'leum (sky-blue). See TRIGONELLA C^ERULEA.
„ ce'rnuum (drooping), i. Pale purple. June. Spain.

1820.

„ Che'rleri (Cherler's). i. White. June. Mediter-
ranean region. 1820.
,, ci'nctum (girded), i. Pale yellow. June. France.

1820.

,, conge'stum (crowded). See T. FRAGIFERUM.
,, cons fantinopolita 'num (Constantinople). See T.

ALEXANDRINUM.

„ du'bium (doubtful). J. Yellow. J une to September.

Europe (Britain). " Shamrock."
,, erina'ceum (prickly). See T. PHLEOIDES.
,, filifo'rme (thread-formed). J. Yellow. June to

August. Europe (Britain).
,, fimbria'tum (fringed). See T. INVOLUCRATUM.
„ fuca'tum (tinted), i. Yellow. June. California. 1834.
„ geme'llum (twin- spiked). J. Yellow. June. Spain.

1818.
„ globo'sum (globe-shaped), i. Purple. July. Levant.

1713-
„ glomera'tum (crowded). J-i. Blue-purple. June.

Europe (England).

TRIFURCIA C^RULEA

874

TRILLIUM

T. gra'cile (slender). See T. ARVENSE.
„ hi'rtum (hairy), i. Purple. July. Barbary. 1817.
i, » pi'ctum (painted), i. Purple. July. 1800.
„ incarna' turn (flesh-coloured), i. Flesh. July. Italy.

1596. " Crimson Clover."
„ „ Moline'rii (Moliner's). i. While, red. July. S.

Europe. 1820.
„ interme' dium (intermediate). i. White. June.

Italy. 1820.
„ involucra'tum (involucred). Purple. September.

North-western Amer. 1825.
„ kitaibelia'num (Kitaibel's). See T. STRIATUM.
„ Lago'pus (hare's-foot), i. Red. July. Spain. 1827.
„ lappa'ceum (burr- like). *. Pale red. July. Mont-

pelier. 1787.
„ teuca'nthum (white-flowered), i. Purple. June,

July. S. Europe. 1824.
„ ligu'sticum (lovage-like). £. White, red. June.

Spain. 1816.

„ malaca'nthum (dark-flowered). See T. LEUCANTHUM.
,, mari'timum (sea). £. Pale purple. June. Britain.

" Teasel-headed Clover."
„ mi'nus (lesser). See T. DUBIUM.
„ monta'num (mountain), i. White. July. S.Europe.

1786.

„ multistria' turn (many-striped). Eastern Europe.
„ obscu'rum (obscure). See T. LEUCANTHUM.
„ pa'llidum (pale-flowered), i. White. June. Hun-
gary. 1803.

„ Parisie'nse (Parisian). See T. PATENS.
„ parviflo'rum (small-flowered). £. White. June.

Hungary. 1820.

„ Pa'tens (spreading). £. Yellow. June. S. Europe.
„ Perreymo' ndi (Perreymond's). Southern France.
„ phleoi'des (Phleum-like). J. Pale red. June. Medi-
terranean region. 1818.
„ procu'tnbens (lying-down). i. Yellow. June.

Europe (Britain). " Hop Trefoil."
„ purpu'reum (purple), i. Purple. June. France.

1816.
„ refle'xum (bent-back), i. Purple. July. Virginia.

1794.
„ resupina' turn (lying-on-its-back). J. Rosy-purple.

July. Europe. 1820.
„ ro'scidum (dewy). California.
„ saxa'tile (rock). £. Pale white. June. Switzerland.

1818. Biennial.
„ sca'brum (rough), £. White. May to July. Europe

(Britain).

„ spadi'ceum (large-spiked). Europe ; Asia Minor.
„ specio'sum (showy), i. Yellow. June. Candia.

1752.

,, spharoce'pHalum (round-headed). See T. CHERLERI.
„ spumo'sum (foaming). Mediterranean region.
„ squarro'sum (spreading). J. Pale purple. July.

Spain. 1640.
„ „ fla'vicans (yellowish). \. Pale yellow. July.

Pisania. 1817.
„ stella'tum (starry). Mediterranean region. "Star

Trefoil."
„ stria'tum (striped). J-i. Rosy. June, July.

Europe (Britain).
„ stri'clum (erect), i. White. July. S. Europe

(England). 1805.

„ suave'olens (sweet-scented). See T. RESUPINATUM.
„ siibterra'neum (subterranean). J. White. June.

Mediterranean region (England).
„ suffoca'tum (suffocated). $-j. Whitish. June, July.

Mediterranean region (England).
„ supi'num (flat-lyihg). j. Pale purple. June. S.

Europe. 1816.
„ Unuifto'rum (fine-flowered). J. Pale red. July.

Italy. 1823.

„ tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved), i. June. Italy. 1826.
„ tomento' sum (downy). |. Purple. June. S. Europe.

1640.
„ tridenta' turn (three- toothed). North-western Amer.

TRIFU'RCIA CffiRULEA. See HERBERTIA DRUM-

MONDIANA.

. TRIFU'RCIA PULCHELLA. See HERBERTIA PUL-

CHELLA.

TRIGLO'CHIN. Arrow Grass. (From treis, three, and
glochin, the point of an arrow ; in reference to the three
points of the fruit. Nat. ord. Naiadacea.)

Hardy and greenhouse herbs for wet places or the
bog garden. Divisions. Wet or boggy soil.
T. Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). See T. BULBOSUM.
„ bulbo'sum (bulbous), i. Purplish. October. S.
Europe ; Trop. and S. Africa. 1806. Greenhouse.
„ mari'timum (maritime). J-i. Green. May to Sep-
tember. N. temperate regions (Britain). " Sea
Arrow Grass."

„ palu'stre (marsh). J-i. Green. June to August.
Europe (Britain), &c. " Marsh Arrow Grass."

TRIGLO'SSUM. See ARUNDINARIA.

TRIGONE LLA. Fenugreek. (From treis, tria, three,
and diminutive of gonu, an angle ; the flowers have a
triangular outline when open. Nat. ord. Leguminosa?.)

Haidy annuals. Seeds. Good garden soil.
T. brachyca'rpa (short-fruited). \. June. Orient. 1822.
,, cceru'lea (blue). 1-2. Sky-blue, white. July.

Eastern Europe. 1562. " Balm of Gilead."
„ cornicula'ta (small-horned). S. Europe.
„ cre'tica (Cretan). Crete.

„ Fce'num-grcE'cum (fenugreek). 1-2. White. July to
September. S. Europe. " Common Fenugreek."
„ ova'lis (oval). Spain.
„ polycera'ta (many-horned). S. Europe.
„ radio.' ta : (rayed), i. Yellow. Asia Minor ; Persia.
„ rulhe'nica (Russian). See MEDICAGO RUTHENICA.

TRIGO'NIA. (From treis, three, and gonu, an angle ;
the fruit three-angled. Nat. ord. Vochysiads [Vochy-
siaceas]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 2-Pentandria.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy, fibrous loam,
and a little rough peat and leaf-mould. Winter temp.,
55° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
T. Ice'vis (smooth). White. June. Guiana. 1828.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). Yellow, red. Guiana. 1820.

TRIGONI'DIUM. (From trigona, a triangle, and eidos,
like ; resemblance of several parts of the plant. Nat.
ord. Orchids [Orchidacea°]. Linn. so-Gynandria, i-
Monandria.)

Stove orchids, from Demerara, grown in pots. See
ORCHIDS.

T. acumina'tum (pointed), i. Straw-coloured. 1834.
„ acu'tum (sharp). Chocolate.
„ egertonia'num (Sir P. Egerton's). ij. Pale brown.

Year. Honduras.
„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved), i. Yellow and purple.

Brazil. 1894.

„ monophy'llum (one-leaved). See LAELIA MONOPHYLLA.
„ obtu'sum (blunt-petaled). i. Orange, brown. June.

1834.

„ ri'ngens (gaping). See MORMOLYCE LINEOLATA.
„ spatula'tum (spathulate). Yellowish-purple. Colom-
bia. 1903.
„ subre'pens (somewhat-creeping). Greenish-yellow,

whitish, brown. 1906.
,, le'nue (slender). Brown, purple. May. 1836.

TRIGONO'TIS. (From treis, tria, three, gonu, an
angle, and ous, otos, an ear. Nat. ord. Boraginaceas.
Allied to Mertensia.)

T. clava'ta (clubbed), ij. Blue. June. Temperate
Asia. 1824.

TRILI'SA. (From trilix, triple ; the pappus is divided
into barbs at the apex. Nat. ord. Composite. Allied
to Liatris.)

Hardy perennial herbs. Divisions in spring or autumn ;
seeds. Good garden soil.

T. odorati' ssima (sweetest-scented). 3. Purple. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1786. " Vanilla Plant."
„ panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Purple. August. N.
Amer. 1826.

TRI'LLIUM. (From trilix, triple; the parts of the
flower in threes. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, ^-Trigynia. Allied to Paris.)

Hardy, North American tuberous-rooted perennials.
Division of the tuberous roots, and by seeds ; sandy
peat-border, or kept as alpine plants.
T. califo'rnicum (Calif ornian). See T. OVATUM.

„ Catesbcs'i (Catesby's). See T. STYLOSUM.

„ ce'rnuum (drooping), ij. White. April. 1758.

,, di'scolor (two-coloured). See T. SESSILE.

TRIMEZIA

875

TRISTELLATEU

T. ere'ctum (erect), i. Deep purple. May. 1759.

" Birth-root."

„ „ a'lbum (white). |. White. April. 1700.
„ ,, ochroleu'cum (yellow- white). Yellow-white.
„ erythroca'rpum (red-fniited) of Curtis. See T.

GRANDIFLORUM.

„ erythroca'rpum (red-fruited) of Michaux. J. Red,

white. April, May. x8n. " Painted Wood Lily."
„ fce'tidum (fetid). See T. ERECTUM.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). $. White. July. 1799.
„ ,, ro'seum (rosy). Pink. 1905.
„ nervo'sum (large-nerved). See T. STYLOSUM.
„ niva'le (snowy), i. White. April. 1879.
, obovn'tum (reversed-egg-kav&f). ±. Red. April.

1810.

„ ova'tum (egg-shaped). North-western Amer.
„ pe'ndulum (drooping). See T. ERECTUM.
„ petiola'tum (long- leaf-stalked), i- Brown. April.

1811.

„ pi'ctum (painted). See T. ERYTHROCARPUM.
„ pu'miium (dwarf). See T. PUSILLUM.
„ pusi'llum (puny). J. Red. May. 1812.
„ recurva'tum (recurved). N. Amer.
„ rhomboi'deum (rhombus-shaped). See T. ERECTUM.
„ se'ssile (sessile). |-i. Dark purple, erect. March,

April. 1759.
„ „ calif o'rnicum (Calif ornian). Robust variety, with

large flowers. California. 1890.
„ stylo'sum (long-styled). $. Red. April. 1820.
„ undula'tum (vraivy-petaled) . See T. ERYTHROCARPUM.

TRIME'ZIA. (From ireis, tria, three, and merizo, to
divide ; the parts of the flower in threes. Nat. ord.
Iridacea;. Allied to Cypella.)

Stove bulbous plants. Offsets ; seeds. Loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.
T. lu'rida (lurid), i-ii. Yellow. April. Mexico to W.

Ind. and Brazil. 1848.

„ martinice'nsis (Martinique). See T. LURIDA.
„ meride'nsis (Merida). Yellow, large, spotted at the

base. Venezuela. 1844.

TRIO LENA. (From Ireis, tria, three, and olene, the
elbow ; in reference to the elbow-like base of the anthers.
Nat. ord. Melastomacea;. Allied to Monolena.)

Stove perennial herbs. Seeds ; cuttings in sand in
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf -mould, and sand.
Keep the atmosphere moist.
T. hirsu'ta (hairy). Trop. Amer.
„ scorpioi'des '(scorpion-like). \. Rose. Chiapas,

Mexico. 1859.

TRIO PTERIS. (From tre is, three, and p teron, a wing ;
carpels, or divisions of seed-vessel, three-winged. Nat.
ord. Malpighiads [Malpighiaceae]. Linn. i6~Monadelphia,
6-Decandria.)

Stove twiners. Cuttings of stubby side-shoots, any

time in summer, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a

brisk, sweet, moist bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibrous

peat. Winter temp., 48° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

T. jamaice'nsis( Jamaica). 10. Yellow. Jamaica. 1822.

„ lu'cida (shining-/£av«d). Pink. May. Cuba. 1822.

„ ova'ta (egg-shaped). 10. Purple. June. St.

Domingo. 1820.
„ seri'cea(silky-leaved). See GAUDICHAUDIA SCHIEDEAS-A.

TRIO'STEUM. Feverwort Horse Gentian. (From
treis, three, and osteon, a bone ; three bony seeds. Nat.
ord. CaprifoUs [Caprifoliacea;]. Linn. $-Pen1andria, i
Monogynia. Allied to the Honeysuckle.)

Hardy, North American, herbaceous perennials.
Division of the plant in spring, or cuttings of the young
shoots under a hand-light in the beginning of the summer ;
light, sandy soil and a little leaf-mould.
T. an%ustifo'lium (narrow-leaved), i. Yellow. June.

1699.

„ perfolia'tum (leaf-stem-pierced). 2. Dark red. June.
1730.

TRIPHA'SIA. (From triphasios, triple ; calyx three-
toothed, and three petals. Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutaceae].
Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened
shoots, at least those getting firm at the base, in sandy
soil, in May, under a bell-glass, with a sweet bottom-heat ;
fibrous, sandy loam and a little peat and dried cow-dung.
Winter temp., 40° to 50° ; summer, 60° to 80°.

T. Aura'ntiola (little-orange). 2. White. June. Trop.

Asia. 1798. " Little Orange."
„ trifolia'ta (three-leaved). See T. AURANTIOLA.

TRIPHYSA'RIA VERSI' COLOR. See ORTHOCARPUS

ERIAVTHUS ROSEUS.

TRIPLA'RIS. (From triplex, triple ; the parts of the
flower are in threes. Nat. ord. Polygonaceae.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of firm shoots in
in a close frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, p>at,
and sand.

T. suriname'nsis (Surinam). 30-40. Surinam, Gi
" Long John."

TRIPLET LILY. Tritelei'a now referred to Bi
TRIPOLY. A'ster Tripo'lium.

TRI'PSACTJM. (From tribo, tripso, to rub, to thresh ; in
reference to which the grain may be applied. Nat. ord.
Gramineae.)

Hardy grass. Seeds. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand,
or garden soil.
T. dactyloi'aes (finger-like). Purple, green. N. Amer.

1875. Hardy. " Buffalo Grass."
„ hermaphro' ditum (hermaphrodite). See ANTHEPHORA

ELEGANS.

TRI'PTERIS. (From treis, tria, three, and pteron, a
wing ; the fruits or achenes are three-winged. Nat. ord.
Composite. Allied to Calendula.)

Herbs or shrubs requiring greenhouse protection.
Seeds ; cuttings in sand under a bell-glass. Loam, peat,
and sand.
T. arbore'scens (tree-like). 3. Yellow. December. S.

Africa. 1774.
„ cheiranthifo'lia (wallflower-leaved). See T. VAIL-

LAXTII.
„ Vailla'ntii (Vaillant's). Yellow. Arabia.

TRIPTtRY'GIUM. (From treis, tria, three, and
ptenigion, a small wing ; the fruit has three wings. Nat.
ord. Celastraceae.)

Hardy, somewhat climbing shrub. Cuttings in sand
under a hand-light or frame. Well-drained soil.
T. Wilfo'rdii (Wilford's). Greenish- white, fragrant.
China; Japan. 1867.

TROTTLION. (From treis, three, and ptilon, a
feather; the divisions of the pappus, or seed-crown.
Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia,
i-.Equalis.)

Hardy annuals, from Chili. Seeds in a slight hotbed
in the beginning of April ; plants pricked out, and either
planted out in a sheltered place at the end of May, or
bloomed in pots in a cool, airy greenhouse ; rich, light
soil.

T. cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). J. White. July. 1824.
„ spino'sum (spiny), i. Blue. July. 1827.

TRISTA'GMA. (From treis, tria, three, and stagma, a
drop of fluid ; there are three honey glands in the flower.
Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Greenhouse bulb. Seeds ; offsets. Loam, leaf-mould,
a little dried cow-manure, and sand.
T. narcissoi'des (Narcissus-like). \. White, orange.

Chili. 1875.

TRISTA'NIA. (Named after Tristan, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn.
iS-Polyadelphia, t-Polyandria.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered evergreens, from Australia.
Cuttings of young, stubby side-shoots, or the points of
shoots, two or three inches long, when getting a little
firm at the base, in sand, under a glass, in April or May ;
sandy, fibrous loam, and a little peat and charcoal.
Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
T. arbore'scens (tree-like). 10. 1820.
„ confe'rta (crowded). 5°. White. June. 1800.
„ densifto'ra (dense-flowered). Crimson. 1881.

depre'ssa (depressed). See T. SUAVEOLENS.
„ macropky'lla (large-leaved). See T. CONFERTA.
nereifo'lia (oleander-leaved). 6. July. 1804.
„ suave'olens (sweet-smelling). August. 1820.

TRISTELLATETA. (From treis. tria, three, and stello,
to array, or adorn. Nat. ord. Malpighiaceae.)

TRITELEIA

876

TROCHODENDRON

A rampant stove climber. Cuttings of short, firm
shoots in sand, in a close frame, with bottom-heat.
Loam, peat, and sand.

T. austw'lis (southern). Yellow; filaments finally red.
Malaya ; Australasia. 1910.

TRirELETA. (From treis, tria, three, and teleios, com-
plete; parts of the flower and fruit in threes. Nat. ord.
Lilyvorts [Liliacea?]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.
Reffrred to Brodiaea.)
T. zu'rea (golden). See MILLA AUREA.
„ conspi'cua (conspicuous). See BRODLEA UNIFLORA

CONSPICUA.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See BRODIAEA Dou-

GLASII.

„ la'xa (loose-umbelled). See BRODI^A LAXA.
„ Leichtli'nii (Leichtlin's). See BRODI^A LEICHTLINII.
,, porrifo'lia (leek-leaved). See BRODI^A PORRIFOLIA.
„ uniflo'ra (one-flowered). See BRODLEA UNIFLORA.
„ „ cceru'lea (sky-blue). See BRODIAEA UNIFLORA

TRITHRI NAX. (From treis, tria, three, and thrinax,
a trident ; in reference to the divisions of the leaves.
Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove palms. Seeds. Loam, one-third peat, and
sand.

T. acantho'coma (spiny- haired). Brazil. 1878.
„ aciilea'ta (prickly). See ACANTHORHIZA ACULEATA.
„ brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 10. Brazil. 1875.
„ campe'stris (field). Argentina. 1889.
„ mauritiafo' rmis (Mauritia- formed). See SABAL
MAURITLEFORMIS.

TRI'TOMA. (From treis, three, and temno, to cut;
three sharp edges of the ends of the leaves. Nat. ord.
Lilyivorts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.
Now referred to Kniphofia.)
T. Burche'llii (Burchell's). See KNIPHOFIA BURCHELLII.

„ Cana'ri (Canary). See KNIPHOFIA ALOIDES CANARI.

„ fia'mmea (flame). See BLANDFORDIA FLAMMEA.

„ gra'ndis (grand). See KNIPHOFIA ALOIDES MAXIMA.

„ marocca'na (Moroccan). See KNIPHOFIA PUMILA.

„ me'dia (intermediate). See KNIPHOFIA SARMENTOSA.

„ no'bilis (noble). See KNIPHOFIA ALOIDES NOBILIS.

,, pu'mila (dwarf). See KNIPHOFIA PUMILA.

„ Roo'peri (Rooper's). See KNIPHOFIA ROOPERI.

„ ru'fa venu'sta (lovely- rufous). See KNIPHOFIA RUFA

VENUSTA.

„ Saunde'rsii (Saunders'). See KNIPHOFIA ALOIDES

SAUNDERSII.
„ Uva'ria (Uvaria). See KNIPHOFIA ALOIDES.

TRITOMA'NTHE UVA'RIA. See KNIPHOFIA ALOIDES.

TRITO'NIA. (From triton, a weathercock ; variable
direction of the stamens. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceae],
Linn. %-Triandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Ixia.)

JBulbs, from South Africa. For culture, see I'XIA.
Montbretia is included in this genus.)
T. anigozanthifto'ra (Ariigozanthcs-flowered). -J. Yellow.
June. 1825.

„ au'rea (golden). See CROCOSMA AUREA.

„ bractea'ta (bracted). i. Tawny-red. 1906.

„ cape'nsis (Cape). See ACIDANTHERA CAPENSIS.

„ clusia'na (Clusian). i. S.Africa. 1905.

„ co'ncolor (one- coloured). See IXIA PANICULATA.

„ cri'spa (curled-leaved). $. Flesh. April. 1787.

„ ,, pectina'ti (comb-like). Leaves not crisped.

„ croca'ta (saffron). \. Orange. June. 1758.

„ „ minia'ta (vermilion). £. Scarlet. August. 1795.

„ deu'sta (blasted). £. Fulvid. May. 1774.

„ fencslra'ta (windowed). See T. HYALINA.

„ fla'va (yellow). £. Yellow. February. 1780.

„ fuca'ta (painted). See ANTHOLYZA FUCATA.

„ hyali'na (hyaline). i£. Bright fulvous yellow. May.
1801.

„ linea' ta (lined). 2. Variegated. May. 1774.

„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). See IXIA PANICULATA.

„ minia'ta (vermilion). See T. CROCATA MINIATA.

„ odora'ta (fragrant). See FREESIA REFRACTA.

„ pa'llida (pale), i. White. August. 1806.

„ pectina'ta (comb-leaved). See T. CRISPA PECTINATA.

„ Po'ttsii (Potts'). 2-3. Bright yellow, tinted red.
1877.

„ refta'cta (refracted). See FREESIA REFRACTA.

T. roche'nsis (De la Roche). See IXIA PANICULATA

ROCHENSIS.

„ ro'sea (rosy). iJ-2. Rosy-red. B. Mag., t. 7280.

„ ro'sea (rosy) of Aiton. See ACIDANTHERA CAPENSIS.

„ scario'sa (dry).

„ scilla'ris (Scilla-like). \. Pink. May.

,, securi'gera (axe- bearing), i. Brown. May. 1774.

„ squa'lida (squalid). £. Rufous. May. 1774.

,, stria'ta (channelled). See GLADIOLUS STRIATUS.

,, Templema'nni (Templemann's). 1^-2. Bright red.

1887.

,, tenuiflo'ra (slender-flowered). See IXIA PANICULATA.
,, undula'ta (wavy), ^-r Pink. April. 1787.
„ vi'ridis (green). £. Green. July. 1788.
„ Wilso'ni (Wilson's). li. White, flushed with purple.

Port Elizabeth.
„ watsonioi' 'des (Watsonia-like). 2-3. Creamy-white.

Swaziland.
„ xanthospi'la (yellow-spotted), i. Red, yellow. June.

1825.

TRIUMPHE'TTA. (Commemorative of G. B, Trion-
fetti, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord. Tiliaceae.)

Stove annual or subshrubby plants. Cuttings in sand,
in bottom heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
T. a'nnua (annual). Pale yellow. August. Trop. Asia

and Africa.

,, micropc'tala (small-petaled). See T. RHOMBOIDEA.
„ rhomboi'dea (rhombus-like). Yellow. Tropical regions.

TRI'XIS. (From trixos, triple ; triangular seed-vessel .
Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia.
^-Necessaria.)

White-flowered evergreen. T. divarica'ia, by cuttings
in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; sandy loam and
leaf-mould, and the protection of a warm greenhouse in
winter.

T. auricula' ta (eared). See T. DIVARICATA.
„ divarica'ta (divaricate), i. White. Brazil. March.

1827.

„ senecioi'des (groundsel- like). See LEUCERIA SENE-
CIOIDES.

TEIZEU'XIS. (From treis, tria, three, and zeuxis, the
act of uniting ; the three sepals are united. Nat. ord.
Orchidacese.)

Stove epiphytal orchid. Divisions. Sphagnum, tied
on a raft or piece of wood.

T. falca'ta (sickle-shaped). $-1. Green. Colombia.
1820.

TROCHE'TIA. (Named after Dutrochet, the cele-
brated French physiologist. Nat. ord. Sterculiads [Ster-
culiaceas]. Linn. i6-Monadelphia, S-Polyandria. Allied
to Dombeya.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripened shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in March, and inserted in a
sweet bottom-heat ; sandy peat and fibrous loam, with
a little charcoal and broken freestone. Winter temp.,
55° to 65° ; summer, 65° to 88°.
T. blackburnia'na (Blackburnian). White and crimson.

Mauritius.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See T. TRIFLORA.
„ triflo'ra (three-flowered). 6. White, yellow. Mauri-
tius. 1844.

TROCHOCA'RPA. (From irochos, a wheel, and karpos,
a fruit. Nat. ord. Epacrids [Epacridaceae]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Styphelia.)

Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of the points of
young shoots, or stubby, short side-shoots getting firm
at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept close
in a frame or pit, any time in spring or summer ; sandy,
fibrous peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. More heat and
moisture after flowering, and plenty of air and light
before the end of autumn.

T. lauri'na (laurel-like). 25. Yellow. June. Australia.
1829.

TROCHODE'NDRON. (From trochos, a wheel, and
dendron, a tree ; the flowers are star-like, or like the
radii of a wheel. Nat. ord. Trochodendracea?.)

Hardy evergreen shrub. Seeds ; layers. Good garden
soil.

T. aralioi'des (Aralia-like). 3. Green. May. Japan.
1894.

TROLLIUS

877

TRUFFLE

TROLLIUS. Globe-Flower. (From trol, the German
for round ; the globular flowers. Nat. ord. Crowfoots
[Ranunculaceae]. T.inn. i$-Polyandria, 6-Polysynia. Al-
lied to Helleborus.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered, herbaceous plants. Divisions
of the plant in spring ; light, loamy soil, rather moist.
T. acau'lis (stemless). £. July. Cashmere. 1841.
„ aconitifo'lius (Aconi turn-leaved). See T. EUROP^US

NAPELLIFOLIUS.

„ alta'icus (Altaian). May. Altai. 1836.

„ america'nus (American), J. May. N. Amer. 1803.

„ asia'ticus (Asiatic), i J. Dark orange. May. Siberia.

1759.

„ „ Fortu'nei (Fortune's). i|. Deep orange.
„ „ Loddige'sii (Loddiges').

„ cauca'sicus (Caucasian), i£. May. Caucasus. 1817.
„ chine'nsis (Chinese). 2. Flowers flat, golden-yellow.

June, July. China. 1907.
„ dschunga'ricus (Dschungaric). ij. Deep-yellow.

May. Turkestan.
„ europa'us (European). 2. May. Europe (Britain).

" Mountain Globe Flower."

„ „ a'tbidus (white), i. Whitish. June. Britain.
„ „ denya'nus (Denyan). 1-2. Yellow. May.
„ hu'milis (dwarf), i. May. Austria. 1800.
„ „ napellifo'lius (Napellus-leaved). 2. Yellow. May.

Europe. 1829.

„ la'xus (loose). See T. AMERICANUS.
„ Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's). 2. May. Siberia. 1827.
„ napellifo'lius (Napellus-leaved). See T. EUROP^US

NAPELLIFOLIUS.

„ pa'tulus (spreading), i. Orange. May. Siberia. 1800.
„ polysSpalus (many-sepaled). ij. Yellow, g Origin

doubtful.

„ pu'milus (dwarf), i. YeUow.
„ „ yunnane'nsis (Yunnanl.
„ riederia'nus (Rieder's). See T. PATULUS.
„ sine'nsis (Chinese) of gardens. See T. ASIATICUS.
,, Smo'ntei (Smonte's) of gardens. See T. ASIATICUS.

TROMSDO RFF1A SPECIO'SA. See CHIRITA HORS-

FIELDII.

TROPZE'OLTJBL Indian Cress. (From tropaion, a
trophy. Nat. ord. Crane's-bills [Geraniaceae]. Linn.
8-Octandria, i-Afonogym'a.)

Annuals, by seed in the open ground in April ; tuber-
ous, by division of the roots, and by cuttings ; the others
by seeds ; also by cuttings in sandy loam any time
during spring and summer and early autumn ; a rich,
light soil suits them best. The best tuberous kinds
multiply their tubers if the young shoots are laid in the
ground as they commence growing. A tuber will generally
form at the bends : none of them will stand frost, unless
the hardy tuberous ones, and they bad better be lifted
and kept in dry sand until spring.

HARDY ANNUALS.
T. adu'ncum (hooked). 3-12. Yellow. July to October.

Peru. 1810. " Canary Creeper."
„ albiflo'rum (white-flowered). White. Peru and

Chili.

„ canarie'nse (Canary) of gardens. See T. ADUNCUM.
„ hy'bridum (hybrid). See T. MAJUS.
„ ma' jus (greater). 6. Orange, yellow. July. Peru.

1686.
„ ,, a'tro-sangui'neum (dark red). 3. Dark red.

August. Peru.
„ mi'nus (smaller), i. Orange, yellow. August. Peru.

1596.

„ pcregri'num (straggling). See T. ADUNCUM.
„ Smi'ihii (Smith's). See T. ADUNCUM.

HALF-HARDY TUBERS.

T. Beu'thii (Beuth's). Yellow. June. Bolivia. 1850.
„ brachy'ctras (short-horned). Yellow. Chili. 1830.
„ edu'U (eatable). 6. Orange. March. Chili. 1841.
„ Leichth'mi (Leichtlin's). Orange. (T. edulexpoly-

phyllum.) 1897.
„ moritzia'num (Mr. Moritz's). 6. Yellow, red. July.

Venezuela. 1839.

„ pentaphy'llum (five- leaved). Argentina.
„ tubero'sum (tuberous-rooted). 3. Yellow, red.

September. Peru. 1636.
„ umbella'tum (umbelled). 3. Rose, orange. June.

Ecuador. 1846.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &c.

T. azu'reum (azure). 3. Blue. October. Chili. 1842.

Herbaceous.
„ chrysa'nthum (golden-flowered). Yellow. July to

October. Colombia. 1874.
„ c«rta/j/Zo'r«m(scolloped-flowered). 3. Yellow. June.

Peru. 1845. Herbaceous.
„ deckeria'num (Deckerian). Blue, green, scarlet.

Venezuela.
„ digita'tum (fingered). Yellow, with long red spur.

July. Venezuela. 1852.

„ garineria'num (Gaertnerian). See T. DIGITATUM.
„ Jarra'ttii (Jarratt's). 12. Scarlet, yellow. Santiago.

1836.
„ lobbia'num (Lobb's). 6. Orange. November.

Colombia. 1843. Herbaceous.
„ „ fimbria'tum (fringed). Petals fringed. Hybrid.

1856.

„ „ minia'tum (vermilion). Lively vermilion. 1903.
,; „ Regi'na (queen). Salmon-red or salmon-orange.

1902.
„ ma' jus flo' re-pie1 no (larger double-flowered). 6.

Orange, yellow. August. Peru. 1686.
„ mi'nus fio' re-pie' no (smaller double-flowered). i.

Orange, yellow. Peru. 1596.
„ pendulum (drooping). Yellow. July. Central

Amer. 1850.
„ pinna' turn (leafleted-/Zoa^«d). 2. Yellow June

Peru.
» Polyphy'llum (many-leaved). 3. Orange, yellow.

June. Chili. 1827.
„ sessilifo'lium (stalkless-leaved). Red, with a violet

tint. Chili. 1868.
„ specio'sum (showy). 6. Scarlet. June. Chili. 1846.

Herbaceous. " Flame Flow er."

„ tricolo'rum (three-coloured). Orange, purple. July.
Chili. 1828.

TROTTLES. Sy'mphytum aspe'rrimum.

TROWEL. This implement, made of iron, from 12 to
6 inches long in the plate, and half as broad, hollowed like
a scoop, and fixed on a short handle to hold with one
hand, is convenient in removing small plants with a ball
or lump of earth about their roots ; lifting bulbous
flower-roots after the flowering is past in summer, plant-
ing bulbs in patches or little clumps about the borders,
for digging small patches, also, in the borders, and sowing
hardy annual flower-seeds ; likewise for filling mould
into small pots, stirring the surface of the earth in pots,
and fresh earthing them when necessary.

TRO'XIMON. (From troximos, that may be eaten ;
the leaves might be blanched, like those of the Dande-
lion, but offer little temptation in this respect. Nat.
ord. Composite. Allied to Taraxacum.)

Annual and perennial nearly stemless herbs. Seeds ;
divisions. Light, sandy soil.
T. glau'cum (sea-green). r. Deep yellow. May.

North-western Amer. i8ir.
„ „ dasyce'phalum (thick-headed). Yellow. May.

North-western Amer.

„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Yellow. North-
western Amer.

„ heUrophy'llum (various-leaved). Yellow. North-
western Amer.

TRUE LOVE. Pa'ris quadrifo'lia.

TK""'11'1^. Tu'ber magna'tum, Piedmontese Truffle ;
T. Bo'rchii, Italy ; T. moscha'tum, Musk Truffle, near
Bath ; T. ciba'rium, Common Truffle, England. But,
besides the tubers, there are other edible fungi known
as truffles, viz., Hydrobo'lites Tula'snei, Spye Park, Wilts ;
Melagona'ster broomeia'nus, Red Truffle, near Bath.

These edible fungi have not yet been cultivated in
England, though the Prussians have succeeded in making
them a garden tenant, and Comte de Borch has been
equally successful in Italy. The latter cultivates the
Piedmont Truffle, and his process is this. He either
employs the soil where the truffle is found, or he prepares
an artificial soil of seven parts good garden earth, two
well-pulverised clayey soil, and one oak sawdust, inti-
mately mixed. Decayed oak or beech leaves would be
better, probably, than the sawdust. If the natural soil
was used, he trenched it 2 feet deep, removing all the
large stones, and adding oak sawdust if necessary, and

TRUMPET CREEPER

878

TULBAGIA

about one-tenth of powdered snail-shells if the soil was
too stiff.

Choosing an aspect rather exposed to the north than
the south, where no reflected rays could fall upon it,
with every precaution to insure its being thoroughly
soaked with pure rain-water, and after waiting a day or
two, till it was in a proper state of moisture, he made
rows half a foot deep, and in these, at 6 inches distance,
he placed good and sound truffles, each of them being
surrounded with two or three handfuls of oak sawdust,
taking care to mark the rows accurately. Ridges were
then made over each row, to prevent the truffles being
injured by too abundant moisture. The bed was then
left till the following autumn, with no other precaution
than, in dry weather, to take care that it did not become
too dry. The result, we are informed, was an abundant
harvest every year from October to January.

Bradley, writing, in 1726, of the cultivation f the
truffle in England, says, that the truffle may be easily
cultivated where there are woods or coppices of oak or
hazel, and where the soil is not too stiff, or inclining to
chalk. The soil where they are most found is a reddish
sandy loam ; this will then be the best for our purpose,
especially if it has lain long uncultivated. When we are
thus provided with the proper soil, we must be sure to
let it lie undisturbed till we are ready to plant, which
will be in the months of October, November, and Decem-
ber, if the weather be open ; for then the truffles are to
be found in their full ripeness, and then, likewise, one
may find them in a state of putrefaction, which is the
time when the seeds are prepared for vegetation. It is
in the last state that one ought to gather truffles for
planting, or, at least, they should be in perfect ripeness.
The proper soil and these rotten truffles being found, we
may begin our work as follows. Open a spot of ground
of a convenient space, and take out the earth about
8 inches deep, and screen it, that it may be as fine as
possible ; then lay about 2 or 3 inches thick of this fine
earth at the bottom of the trench or open ground, and
upon it lay some of the over- ripe truffles, about i£ feet
distance from one another ; and, as soon as possible,
prepare a thin mud, made of the screened earth and
water, well-stirred and mixed together, and pour it on
the truffles till the open ground is quite filled up. By
this means, in a few hours, the ground will be as closely
settled about the truffles as if it had never been dug or
disturbed at all, and you may expect a good crop in
due time. You must, however take care to choose
your spots of ground in woods or coppices, or such
places as are shaded with trees. Their favourite tree is
the oak, or the ilex or evergreen oak, as the elm is the
favourite of the morelle. Notwithstanding these state-
ments, it is quite certain that, at present, the art of
cultivating the truffle is not known in England ; and it
will remain unknown, probably, until we have discovered
how its spawn can be prepared as for cultivating the
mushroom.

Mr. Gower says he recommended an old truffle-hunter
to bury, at the proper depth, some of his truffles that
were in a state of decay and unfit for the table under
one of the unproductive trees sufficient in stature and
in umbrageous development. At the beginning of next
winter, when his visit was repeated, he sought for Mr. G.,
and told him, with great satisfaction, that the scheme
had answered ; for he had found two or three pounds of
excellent truffles beneath the hitherto barren tree. By
following this example, proprietors of trees adapted to
truffles, and where the proper trees have been planted,
may, in a short period, do that which a lapse of years,
unassisted, would not effect. Of all trees the cedar of
Lebanon is the most favourable to the growth of the truffle.

TRUMPET CREEPER. Teco'ma radi'cans.
TRUMPET FLOWER. Bigno'nia.
TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE. Lonice'ra sempervi'rens.
TRUMPET LILY. Richa'rdia africa'na.

TRUSS is the florist's name for what botanists call
an umbel of flowers, where several flowers have their
stalks united at one common centre, and thus spring
from the root or.branch on one stem, as in the auricula,
polyanthus, and cowslip. See PIP.

TRYMA'LIUM. (From trumalia, a hole; the fruit
has three valves or openings at the top. Nat, ord.

Rhamnads [Rhamnaceae]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Cuttings
in sand, under a bell-glass, or in a gentle heat in the
stove. Loam, peat, and sand.
T. Billardie'ri (Billardiere's). Australia.

„ capsula're (capsular). See COLUBRINA ASIATICA.

„ odorati' ssimum (sweetest-scented). White. Febru-
ary. 1837.

„ spathula'tum (spathulate). See SPYRIDIUM SPATHU-

LATUM.

TSU'GA. (The Japanese name of T. Sieboldii. Nat.
ord. Coniferae.)

Hardy trees most nearly allied to Picea. Seeds.
Good loamy soil.

T. alberiia'na (Albertian). See T. MERTENSIANA.
„ brunonia'na (Brownian). 60-70. East and Central

Himalaya. 1886. " Indian Hemlock Fir."
„ eanade'nsis (Canadian). 50-70. N.E. Amer. 1736.

" Hemlock Spruce."

„ „ arge'ntea (silvery). Leaves silvery at tips of young
growths.

„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved).
,, milfordie' nsis (Milford). Dwarf and drooping.
,, na'na (dwarf). 3. Of low spreading habit.
„ parvifo'lia (small- leaved). Oregon.
„ pe'ndula (drooping). " Weeping Hemlock Spruce."
„ pe'ndula arge'ntea (silvery-weeping).
,, Surge' ntii pe'ndula (Sargent's- weeping).
„ variega'ta (variegated).
„ carolinia'na (Carolinian). 50-60. Southern Alle-

ghanies. 1886.

,, hookeria'na (Hookerian). See T. PATTONIANA GLAUCA.
„ mertensia'na (Mertensian). 80-150. North-western

Amer.

„ pattonia'na (Pattonian). 5-30. Mountains of Cali-
fornia. 1852.

„ „ glau'ca (sea-green). 5-10. Mountains of Cali-
fornia. 1852.

„ R&zlii (Rcezf's). 40-60. California. 1870.
„ Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). 10-100. Japan. "Japanese

Hemlock Spruce."

„ „ na'na (dwarf). 2-3. Japan. 1872.
„ Tsu'ja (Tsuja). See T. SIEBOLDII.
„ yunnane'nsis (Yunnan). Cones subglobose, large.
South-western to Central China. 1906.

TUBE FLOWER. Clerode'ndron Siphona'nthus.

TUBER. A short, thickened underground stem, like
the tubers of Caladium and Richardia, with buds on the
apex ; or a thickened, fleshy underground branch, like
the tuber of the Potato, with buds or eyes on various
parts of it.

TU'BER CIBA'RIUM. See TRUFFLE.

TUBEROSE. Polya'nthes tubero'sa. The name Tuber-
ose is not derived from tube rose, but is a corruption of
tuberosa, the specific name.

TULBA'GIA. (Commemorative of Tulbagh, a Dutch
governor of the Cape. Nat. ord. Lih'acese. Allied to
Agapanthus.)

Greenhouse herbs with creeping rhizomes. T. alliacea
is so nearly hardy that it can be grown in narrow, warm
borders at the base of hothouse walls outside, like
Agapauthus, some Crinums, and the Belladonna Lily.
Offsets. Light, rich, well-drained soil.
T. acuti'loba (acute-lobed). S. Africa.
„ affl'nis (allied). See T. ALLIACEA AFFINIS.
„ allia'cea (Allium-like). i-i£. Lilac-purple. June

S. Africa. 1820.
„ „ affi'nis (allied), ij. Flowers larger ; plant more

robust.
„ „ ludwigia'na (Ludwigian). ii-2. Leaves very

broad.

„ allia'cea (Onion- seen ted) of Sims. See T. CAPENSIS.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). i\-z. Greenish-purple. June. S.

Africa. 1774.
„ ludwigia'na (Ludwigian). See T. ALLIACEA LUD-

WIGIANA.
„ natale'nsis (Natal). Greenish-white, fragrant. Natal.

1891.

„ Si'mmleri (Simmler's). i-i£. Rose. Transvaal. 1908.
„ viola'cea (violet). 1-2. Purple-violet. March, April
S. Africa. 1838.

TULIP

879

TULIPA

TULIP. Tu'lipa.

TDXIPA. The Tulip. (From its Persian name,
thoulyban. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceas]. Linn. 6-
Hexandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy bulbs. Seeds for new varieties ; offsets ; a rich
compost, made of loam, sand, and vegetable mould, suits
them best ; common kinds may remain for years in the
same place if you top-dress them, and do not want to
separate the bulbs.

T. acumina'ta (long-pointed). Petals very narrow,
yellow, red. Garden origin. 1810. " Turkish
Tulip."
„ Albe'rtii (Albert's). Scarlet, scarlet- yellow, or purple.

Turkestan. 1877.

„ cdeppe'nsis (Aleppan). See T. OCULIS-SOLIS ALEPPICA.
„ alpi'tia, (alpine). See T. PULCHELLA.
„ alta'ica (Altaian), r. Scarlet red, yellow. April.

Altai.

„ armeni'aca (Armenian). See T. MONTANA.
„ aucheria'na (Aucherian). f-f. Lilac, yellow. April.

Persia. 1880.
„ auslra'lis (southern), i-ii- Yellow, shaded with

red outside. June. South-western Europe.
„ Batali'nii (Batalin's). i. Light yellow. Asia Minor.

1889.
„ biAersteinia'na (Bieberstein's). i. Yellow. June.

Caucasus. 1820.
„ biflo'ra( two-flowered). £. Yellow. April. Caucasus.

1806.
„ „ afgha'nica (Afghanistan). J-J. Green, white,

three-flowered. Afghan.
„ „ turkesta'nica (Turkestan). Larger in all its parts,

with 4 to 5 flowers. Turkestan. 1910.
„ billietia'na (Billietian). Lemon-yellow. May.

Europe. 1888.
., bithy'nica (Bithynian). i~J. Brilliant red. Asia

Minor.

„ bonarotia'na (Bonaroti's). See T. STRANGULATA.
„ Borczczo'tvi (Borczczow's). See T. KOLPAKOSKIANA.
„ brachyste'mon (short-stamened). Yellow, purple.

Turkestan. 1882.

„ breynia'na (Breynian). See T. AUSTRALIS.
„ celsia'na (Cels's). See T. AUSTRALIS.
„ chrysa'ntha (golden). Yellow, unspotted, fragrant.

Persia. 1894.
„ cilia tula (finely-eye-lashed). Rich crimson. Asia

Minor. 1890.
clusia'na (Clusius's). i. White, purple. July. Sicily.

1636.
„ „ a'#>a (white). White, with purple spot at the base.

Chitral. 1897.

„ conci'nna (neat), i. Crimson. May. Taurus. 1893.
„ cornu'ia (horned). See T. ACUMINATA.
„ crucia'ta (cross-like). Red, yellow. April. Asia

Minor. 1874.
„ cuspida'ta (short-pointed). Rich scarlet, black and

yellow tase. April. Persia.
„ Da'mmani (Damman's). Purple ; base black.

Lebanon. 1889.
„ dasystSmon (thick stamened). J. White and yellow,

several flowered. 1905.
„ Didie'ri (Didier's). i. Vermih'on, with black blotch

at the base. May. S. Europe. 1882.
„ „ a'lba (white). White, fragrant.
„ „ axime'nsis (Axim). Brilliant crimson, with green

and gold base. Savoy.
„ „ fransonia'na (Fransonian). Red, with black

blotch, edged white. S. Europe. 1878.
„ „ lute'scens (yellowish). Pale satiny yellow.
„ „ mauria'na (Maurian). Brilliant scarlet, with

yellow base. Savoy. 1901.
„ „ planifo'lia (flat-leaved). BrilUant red, with dusky

black base. Savoy. 1858.
„ edu'lis (edible), $-f. White or pale yellow, tinted

green and red on back. Japan ; China. 1874.
„ EichlSri (Eichler's). i. Dark scarlet, with black

blotch and golden aureole. April Asia Minor.

1874-
„ e'legans (elegant). Brilliant red ; base yellow. May.

Garden origin. 1874.
„ ElwSsii (Elwes'). See T. CUSPIDATA.
„ fia'va (yellow). 2-2 J. Pale p. imrose yellow. May.

Garden origin.
„ fosteriafna (Fosterian). B.illiant crimson, with black

base. 1905.

T. fra' grans (fragrant), i. Yellow, very fragrant. April

Algiers. r866.
„ fransonia'na (Fransonian). See T. DIDJERI FRAN-

SONIANA.
„ fu'lgens (shining), ij-z. Brilliant red ; base yellow.

May. Garden origin. 1874.
„ gala'tica (Galatian). f. Pale to deep yellow. May.

1900.
„ gesneria'na (Gesner's). 2. Striped. ApriL Levant.

1577-
„ „ Draco'ntia (Dragon), i-ij. Variable, petals

ragged. May. " Parrot Tulip."
„ „ lacinia'ta (cut-sepaled). 2. Variegated. ApriL

Levant. 1603.

„ „ lu'tea (yellow). i\. Yellow. April. Levant. 1603.
„ „ plefna (double), i. Variegated. ApriL Levant.

1603.

„ „ ro'sea (rosy). Rose.
„ „ SchrSnkii (Schrenk's). See T. SCHRENKII.
„ „ spathula'ta (spathulate). See T. SPATHULATA.
„ „ ve'ra (true). See T. SPATHULATA.
„ „ versi'cclor (party-coloured). i|. Variegated.

April. Levant. 1603.
„ Grei'gi (Greig's). J-i. Bright orange-scarlet ; base

black. April, May. Turkestan. 1873.
„ „ a'lba (white). Segments with white edges. 1906.
„ grisebachia'na (Grisebachian). See T. ORPHANIDEA.
,, Ha'geri (Hager's). J-ij. Deep crimson-red. May.

Greece ; Smyrna. 1874.
„ ,, ni'tens (shining). Flowers smaller, orange-red ;

base blotched. 1903.

„ hiema'lis (winter). Red. April. Russia. 1843.
„ hoogia'na (Hoogian). f-ij. Scarlet or brilliant red;

base with black blotch, orange aureole. Bokhara.

1910.

„ hu'milis (dwarf). Red. April. Persia. 1840.
„ ilie'nsis (Trojan). J-J. Lemon-yellow. Turkestan.

1879.
„ i'ngens (huge), j-i. Rich vermilion ; base with

black blotch. May. Bokhara. 1902.
„ kaufmannia'na ( Kaufman nian). J. White or creamy-
yellow, with golden base. March. Central Asia.

1877.
„ „ a'lbo-variega'ta (white- variegated). White, yellow,

rose. Central Asia. 1877.
„ „ au'rea (golden). Bright yellow, with red band on

back. 1904.
„ „ cocci'nea (scarlet). Brilliant scarlet, with yellow,

base. 1904.
„ „ lu'teo-variega'ta (yellow- variegated). Yellow, red,

rose. Central Asia. 1877.

„ Kesselri'ngi (Kesselring's). £-J. Bright yellow, over-
laid red on back. Turkestan. 1879.
„ kolpakoskia'na (Kolpakoskyan). i. Yellow, shaded

red on back. Turkestan. 1877.
„ „ sple'ndens (splendid). Yellow, rosy-scarlet on

back. 1901.
„ Korolko'wi (Korolkow's). $-|. Red, with black

blotch. April. Turkestan. 1875.
,, lana'ta (woolly). Asia Minor.
„ Leichtli'nii (LeichtUn's). i. Purple-red, white,

yellow. Kashmir. 1889.
„ Levie'ri (Levier's). J. Scarlet, with black blotch

and golden aureole. Persia. r894.
„ libano'tica (Lebanon). Purple, with blackish blotch.

Lebanon. 1888.

„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved). \. Brilliant scarlet, violet-
black base. April. Central Asia. 1884.
,, Low'nei (Lowne's). ^. Whitish or rose, with yellow

base. April. Syria. 1899.

„ macrospi'la (large-blotched), i-rj. Glowing car-
mine, with black blotch. Garden origin. 1874.
,, macula' ta (blotched). 1^-2. Dark crimson, with

black blotch. May. Garden origin. 1874.
„ ma'leolens (ill-smelling), i. Red, yellow. May.

Italy. 1827.
,, „ variega'ta (variegated), i. Variegated. May.

Italy. 1827.

„ mauritia'na (Mauritian). See T. DIDIERI MAURIANA.
,, Maximowi'czii (Maximowicz's). |. Scarlet, with

violet-black blotch. Bokhara. 1889.
„ mefdia (middle). See T. ACUMINATA.
„ michelia'na (Michelian). i-ij. Vermilion, with

black blotch. Persia. 1901.
„ monta'na (mountain), i Scarlet. July. Persia.

1837.

TULIPA

880

TULIP

7*. neglttcta (neglected). See T. STRANGULATA NEGLKCTA.
„ ni'tida (shining). £. Vermilion, with small blotch.

April. Bokhara. 1902.
„ O'culus-so'lis (sun's-eye). i. Red, blue. April.

Italy. 1816.

„ „ ale'ppica (Aleppo). Basal blotch obscure.
„ „ pe'rsica (Persian), i. Scarlet, black. April.

Persia. 1826.
„ orphani'dea (Orphanidian). |-i. Yellow, tinted red

or green outside. Greece. 1862.
„ ostrowskia'na (Ostrowskyan). 1-2. Orange-scarlet,

with brown blotch. Turkestan. 1884.
„ oxype'tala (sharp-petaled). See T. UNIFLORA OXY-

PETALA.

„ pa'tens (spreading), i. White, grey. April. Siberia.

1817.
„ platysti'gma (broad-stigma), i-ij. Coral-rose ; base

yellow. May. S. Europe.

„ polychro'ma (many-coloured). }. Persia. 1885.
„ prcz'cox (early), i. Scarlet. April. Italy. 1825.
„ prez'stans (excelling), i-ij. Orange-red, with yellow

base. April. Bokhara. 1903.
„ primuli'na (primrose). J-i. Pale primrose-yellow.

May. Algeria. 1882.

„ pube'scens (downy), i. Red. April. 1824.
„ pulche'lla (pretty), i-fc. Crimson-purple, with black

base. March. Cilicia. 1877.
„ refpens (creeping). See T. SYLVESTRIS.
„ retrofle'xa (bent-back). i-i|. Clear yellow. April,

May. Garden origin. 1874.
„ sa*a'/z/ts'(rock). i-i. Deep red to rosy-pink, with

yellow base. April, May. Crete. 1827.
„ scabrisca'pa (rough-stemmed). 2. Red, yellow.

April. Italy. 1837.

„ „ strangula' ta (choked). See T. STRANGULATA.
„ Schre'nkii (Schrenk's). $-J. Crimson, with yellow

base. Turkestan. 1879.
„ Sinteni'sii (Sintenis'). J. Bright scarlet. March.

Turkish Armenia. 1891.
„ spaihula'ta (spathulate). i|. Crimson-scarlet, with

violet blotch. April. Italy.
„ Sprenge'ri (Sprenger's). 1-2. Brilliant scarlet. May,

June. Armenia. 1891.
„ stella'ta (starred). z\. White. April. Himalaya ;

Persia. 1827.

„ strangula'ta (choked). i£. April. Europe.
„ „ macula'ta (blotched). Soft yellow; base black.

1903.

„ „ negle'cta (neglected). Pale yellow.
„ suave'olens (sweet-scented). £. Red, yellow. April.

S. Russia. 1603.

„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See T. PUBESCENS.
„ „ plurifto'm (several-flowered). Bright scarlet ;

scape two-flowered. 1903.
„ sultanabade'nsis (Sultanabad). BriUiant scarlet, with

black blotch. March. Persia. 1894.
„ sylve'stris (wild), i. Yellow. April. Europe (Eng-
land). " Wild Tulip."

„ „ bifto'ra (two-flowered). See T. BIFLORA.
„ ,, mi'nor (lesser). See T. BIEBERSTEINIANA.
„ thianscha'nica (Thian-schan). £. Flowers less than

one inch long. Thian-schan Mountains. 1879.
„ tri'color (three-coloured). See T. PATENS.
„ triphy'lla (three-leaved). £. Bright yellow. March,

April. Turkestan. 1877.
„ „ Hce'ltzeri (Hceltzer's). Small, yellow, with red

band on back. 1884.
„ tubergenia'na (Tubergenian). i£. Scarlet, with black

blotch. April. Bokhara. 1904.
„ tu'rcica (Turkish). See T. ACUMINATA.
„ turkesta'nica (Turkestan), $-J. White, with yellow

base. April. Turkestan. 1875.
„ undulatifo'lia (waved-leaved), £-£. Scarlet, with

black blotch. April, May. Asia Minor. 1877.
„ „ Boissiefri (Boissier's). Similar, but the aureole is

narrow.
„ „ Harmo'nia (harmony). Flowers larger. April.

Taurus. 1893.
„ uniflo'ra (one-flowered). $-|. Flower small, pale

yellow. April, May. Altai Mountains. 1781.
„ „ oxype'tala (sharp-petaled). Segments narrower,

more pointed. 1879.

„ va'ria-pi'cta (variously-painted). See T. STRANGULATA.
„ viola'cea (violet). J. Violet-purple. March, April.

N. Persia. 1894.

T. viridiflo'ra (green-flowered), i. Green, with yellowish

edges. Garden origin.
» „ prce'cox (early), ij. Flowers larger, with brighter

yellow edges.
„ vitelli'na (yolk-of-egg). i*-2. Sulphur-yellow, fading

to creamy-white. May. Garden origin.
,, wilsonia'na (Wilsonian). $-1. Vermilion, with black

blotch. May. Persia. 1901.

TULIP AS A FLORIST'S FLOWER. Florists call tulips
seedlings until they have bloomed ; after this those pre-
served on account of their good form and habit, as well
as the offsets they produce, are called breeders. After
some years the petals of these become striped, and they
are then said to be broken. If the striping is good they
are said to have a good strain ; if it be inferior, they are
described as having a bad strain. A rectified tulip is
synonymous with a tulip having a good strain.

A feathered tulip has a dark-coloured edge round its
petals, gradually becoming lighter on the margin next
the centre of the petal. The feathering is said to be
light, if narrow ; heavy, if broad ; and irregular, if its
inner edge has a broken outline.

A flamed tulip is one that has a dark-pointed spot,
somewhat in shape like the flame of a candle, in the
centre of each petal.

Sometimes a tulip is both feathered and flamed.

A Bizarred tulip has a yellow ground, and coloured
marks on its petals.

A Byblcemen is white, marked with black, lilac, or
purple.

A Rose is white, with marks of crimson, pink, or scarlet.

The end of September is a good time for preparing the
tulip-bed.

Situation. — The aspect should be open to the south and
south-east, but well sheltered from the north, north-east,
and north-west winds. We prefer a perfectly level sur-
face, because the advantage of rain falling upon the bed
and sinking into the earth is more certain than on a slope.
The elevation of the site is also a consideration worth
serious attention. Wherever it is in the power of the
cultivator of tulips intended for exhibition to choose the
site, let him choose the happy medium, neither too high
nor too low. If there are no shelters already on the
spot to defend and protect those choice flowers from the
untoward blasts of the northern quarter, there ought to
be some prepared. A close wooden paling is the one
most ready and effectual, and if made of deal or oak, and
well-painted, will last several years. Beech, hornbeam,
yew, or arbor vitae hedges are very excellent ; but they
require several years' growth before they are high enough
to screen the flowers effectually. They might be planted
behind the paling, to be advancing in growth ; so that
when the paling decays the hedges would be high and
thick enough to answer the purpose. Whatever shelter
is made use of, it should be placed at a sufficient distance
from the beds not to draw up the flowers, or prevent a
full exposure to light. On these accounts, or for these
reasons, the wind-shelters should never exceed 6 or
8 feet high.

Draining. — The tulip loves a deep soil and a dry sub-
soil. Where there is a good depth of good loam, with a
dry, gravelly, or sandy bottom, no more drains are re-
quired than one or two formed with drain-pipes and
tiles to carry off the water that may fall in wet seasons
on the surface. An upright shaft, with a grating on the
top to catch this surface-water, will be necessary. When
the natural soil is shallow and the subsoil clay, or any
other water-retaining substance, set out the bed the
desired length and breadth, and cast on one side all the
good soil, shovelling the small crumbs ; then dig, or
hack and shovel out the subsoil till the bed is 18 inches
deep. After that is finished, dig a drain in the centre
of the bed 6 inches deep, and wide enough to allow the
operator to lay down first the flat tiles, and then the
circular pipes, with holes in the latter to admit the water
to escape into them, and then be carried clean away.
When the pipes, &c., are laid down, cover them with
rubble, and then lay all over the bottom of the bed 3 or
4 inches of either small stones, broken clinkers, or brick-
ends. Upon this drainage lay a stratum of short straw
or small brushwood ; make this smooth, and you may
consider the drainage complete.

Manure and Soil. — Procure some one-year-old cow-
dung ; spread over and upon the drains a stratum of

TULIP

881

TUPISTRA

this cow-dung 2 inches thick ; then mix about one-sixth
of very well-decomposed hotbed dung with the loam
thrown out and laid on one side on commencing the
operation of draining. If there is not enough soil to
make the bed up level as before, procure some good loam
for the purpose, mixing it with the same proportion of
well-decomposed dung. If the situation is low and damp,
it will be advisable to place an edging round the bed
6 or 8 inches deep, of sufficient strength to bear up the
soil when it is raised to that height. The best material
for an edging of this kind is blue slate, which may now
be had very reasonably ; the next best are common flags
of slate ; and the next, slabs of wood nailed to strong
uprights driven into the ground at proper intervals.
Mix the top surface with a considerable mixture of river
sand ; this will cause the bulbs to come out of the soil
at taking-up time clean and of a bright brown colour.
Should the collection be large, there should be two
parallel beds, with a walk between them.

Planting.— The best season is about the beginning of
the second week in November, as near the tenth of that
month as the weather and the state of the ground will
permit. This rule applies to all the country north of
London ; perhaps, in the milder climate of the southern
counties, a week later would be better. Too early
planting is injurious, inasmuch as that the leaves will
be pushing through before the severe weather has passed
away, and would then be in danger, however well pro-
tected, of being frost-nipped, and, consequently, injured
not only for that year, but also for years to come.

The Method of Planting is governed by the height of the
flower-stems ; for, as some varieties grow taller than
others, the tallest should be in the centre of the bed.
This consideration renders it necessary to plant them in
rows lengthways of the bed, and not across it. This
being determined upon, let the soil of the bed be levelled
and made tolerably smooth ; then, with a triangular
hoe, draw a drill the length of the bed, as near 2 inches
deep as possible. To accomplish this quite straight, it
will be necessary to have a line stretched very tightly
the whole length of the bed, at such a distance from
the centre as will allow the point of the hoe, in drawing
the drill, to be exactly in the centre. As soon as the
drill is drawn, bring out all the tall growers, and plant
them 5 inches apart at the bottom, giving each a gentle
pressure. When the row is finished, thrust in at each
end a strong stick ; this is to mark where the row of
bulbs is when covered up. Of very choice and expensive
varieties, some florists recommend covering the bulbs
with fine white sand ; but, if the soil is mixed with sand,
we think the white sand may be dispensed with. Cover
them up by drawing the soil over them with a short-
toothed rake. After that let the soil on each side of the
planted row be stirred up with a three-pronged fork.
Then set the line at the right distance from the centre
(we mentioned that the beds should be 4 feet wide,
which would allow 9 inches between each of the five
rows, and 6 inches next the edging) ; the line then must
be set at such a distance from the centre, that the next
row of bulbs will be exactly 9 inches apart from the
centre one. Draw the drill the same depth as the first,
and plant the next tallest flowers in it. Then mark the
row with a stick at each end, and so proceed till the
whole is finished ; the lowest growers will then be next
the paths all round the bed. Each variety must be
numbered, and the numbers put in so securely that they
cannot be easily displaced.

Shelter is necessary for the flower before and when in
bloom. Where the collection is small, and the means
small too, this consists merely of hoops, either of wood or
iron, with canvas covers or mats to be thrown over the
hoops, which should be high enough to keep the covering
clear of the flowers. This covering should be applied
not only when the plants are in bloom, but also to shelter
them from the late frosts that sometimes come after the
plants make their appearance, as well as from the cutting
winds that often visit us in this country during^the early
months of the year. This shelter, however, must not
be used except when absolutely necessary. Too much
shelter only coddles the plants, and makes them so
tender that a too sudden exposure, or the least neglect
in applying the covering, would be equally as injurious
as no shelter at all ; therefore, on all favourable occa-
sions, remove the coverings entirely, and let them have
th3 benefit of fine weather and gentle rains.

Where the collection is large, and the means ample,
the most convenient width of each bed would be 5 feet ;
this will hold 6 rows 9 inches apart. A walk between
them may be either 3 or 4 feet ; the latter will allow
more room for the operator and the spectator. Three
feet beyond each bed, on the outer sides, place a row of
pillars, 4^ inches square, to support the shelter ; each
pillar may either be let into the ground and well-rammed,
or be inserted into an iron or stone socket. These pillars
should stand above the surface at least 5 feet, and at a
distance of 5 feet from each other. On the top of each
pillar a rafter should be placed, to meet a corresponding
rafter in the centre of the space just over the centre of
the walk. Each rafter, at the junction, must be firmly
fastened to a longitudinal piece of wood running the
whole length of the beds, the length of the beds depend-
ing, of course, upon the number of roots, or size of the
collection. There will then be required two rollers of
wood of the length of the structure. On each of these
nail a sheet of canvas of sufficient width to drop down on
each side nearly to the ground. On the top, at the
centre, fix a pair of weather-boards, projecting high
enough to allow the roller and canvas to go under
them, one on each side. This will preserve the canvas
from rotting, and so enable it to be used for several years.

TULIP, BUTTERFLY. Calocho'rtus lilaci'nus.

TULIP, CALIFORNIA!!. Calocho'rtus.

TULIP, DROOPING. Fritilla'ria Melea'gns.

TULIP, GOLDEN STAR. Calocho'rtus pulthSllus.

TULIP MYRTLE. Darwi'nia macroste'gia.

TULIP POPPY. Papa'ver glau'cum.

TULIP-TREE. Liriode'ndron tulipi'fera.

TULIP-TREE, LAUREL-LEAVED. Magno'lia.

TUNEOOF. Ne'peta Glecho'ma.

TU'NICA. (From tunica, a coat; the calyx. Nat.
ord. Cloveworts [Caryophyllaceae]. Linn. io-Decandria,
2-Digynia. Allied to Dianthus.)

Hardy herbaceous plants, blooming in July. Seeds in
spring, and division of the plants ; rich, light soil.
T. dianthoi'des (pink-like). Red. Candia. 1838.

, illy'rica (Illyrian). Red. S. Europe. 1838.

, oly'mpica (Olympian). Asia Minor.

, pachyno'ta (thick-backed). White. Natolia. 1838.

, proli'fera (proliferous), j. Pink. Europe (England).
Annual.

, rhodo'pea, (rose-coloured). Gardens.

, Saxi'fraga (saxifrage). \. Pink. Europe. 1774.
„ „ a'lba-ple'na (double- white), i. Double white.
1909.

„ „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered). J. Semi-double,

deep pink. 1901.

„ stri'cta (erect). Pink. Altai. 1834.
„ veluti'na (velvety). Red. May. S. Europe ; Cau-
casus. 1837. Annual.

TU'PA. (The name of one of the species hi Chili.
Nat. ord. Campanulads [Campariulaceae]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Referred to Lobelia.)
T. argu'ta (sharp-toothed-leaved). See SIPHOCAMPYLUS

GIGANTEUS.

„ bla'nda, (charming). 3. Pink. Chili.

„ crassicau'lis (thick-stemmed). 3. Yellow, red.

Brazil. 1849.

„ Feui'llei (Feuille's). See LOBELIA TUFA.
„ polyphy'lla (many-leaved). See LOBELIA POLYPHYLLA.
„ purpu'rea (purple). See LOBELIA PURPUREA.
,, salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). See SIPHOCAMPYLUS

GIGANTEUS.

„ secu'nda (side-/Zo«;mttg). See LOBELIA SECUNDA.
TUPIDA'NTHUS. (From tupis, tupidos, a hammer,
and anthos, a flower ; in reference to the shape of the
flower-bud. Nat. ord. Araliaceae.)

A rampant, evergreen stove climber. Cuttings in
sand, in a close frame, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat,
and sand.
T. calyptra'tus (capped). 40-50. Green. Himalaya.

TUPI'STRA. (From iupis, tupidos, a hammer; in
reference to the form of the stigma. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.
Allied to Aspidistra.)

Stove herbs, with large, evergreen leaves, like those
of Aspidistra. Divisions. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, a
kttle manure, and sand.

3K

TURF

882

TURNIPS

T. Cla'rkei (Clark's). 4. Dull reddish-purple. Sikkim. 1904.
„ gra'ndis (grand). 2-3. Red-brown, red-purple ;

style white. Perak. 1902.
„ macrosti' gma (large-stigma), ij. Purple. Winter.

Himalaya. 1872.

„ nu' tans (nodding). 2. Lurid purple. March. Himalaya.
„ perake'nsis (Perakian). Purple ; stigma white.

Singapore. 1900.
„ squa'lida (dirty). 2. Dusky violet. March. Am-

boyna. 1820.

TURF may be obtained either by sowing grass seeds,
or laying turf obtained from a common or down : if the
latter mode can be adopted it is the best, as the turf is
obtained at once, and is more regular than can be ob-
tained under the best circumstances from seed. All the
preparation of the soil required is to dig it level a spade
deep, provided the subsoil is open, otherwise to have a
good drainage effected (see DRAINING) ; to have all large
stones removed from the surface, and to have it brought
to a perfect level by repeated rollings, and filling up the
hollows when necessary, as indicated by the level. The
surface being then loosened by raking is ready for the
seed or turf.

By Seed.— See GRASS.

By Turf. — The season for laying turf is any time from
September till April or May, though it will grow at
almost any time of the year, even if there is occasion to
lay it in summer, and dry weather succeed ; for although
it will open at the joints, and turn brown, as if dead,
yet after the first rain it will close again, and resume its
verdure. The turf for this use is cut with an iron instru-
ment called a turfing iron, observing to cut the pieces
all an equal width, length, and thickness — the proper
size is a foot wide, a yard long, and about an inch thick ;
they should be first marked by line the proper width,
length, and depth, with a racer or rutter ; racing them
first longwise a foot wide, then across in yard lengths ;
then proceed to cut them up, having particular regard
to cut them level, and equal in thickness, otherwise it
will be impossible to lay them level. As you cut, a
man or boy should roll each turf up close and tight, the
grass side inwards, and pile them up by tens, especially
if they are cut by the hundred. If they are cut by the
hundred, the price is from sixpence to a shilling, accord-
ing to the nature of the soil, whether soft and easy to
cut, or hard, or stony. A man will cut from three to
five, six, or seven hundred in a day, or more, if very soft,
easy- cutting turf, and having a person to race them out
and roll them up, turf and turf, as they are cut. They
are to be laid regularly, turf and turf, unrolling them as
you lay them, joining them up quite close, edge to edge,
making good all deficiency of broken parts as you go
on ; and, as soon as laid, it should be well beaten with
broad, heavy, wooden beaters, made of fiat pieces of
elm or oak plank, 2 inches thick, 15 or 18 inches long,
and a foot broad, having a handle fixed slanting in the
middle of the upper side ; and with these beat the grass
regularly all over, and then roll it well with a heavy
roller, observing that the beating and rolling should be
repeated in moist weather. If very dry, hot weather
succeeds, so as to occasion the turf to shrink and open
at the joints, a good watering will be of much advantage.

By Inoculation. — If turf is scarce, cut turves into
pieces, about 3 inches square, and plant these, green side
up, pretty thickly over the space intended for the lawn.
Beat them down into the soil, and water freely ; roll
frequently, and water also in dry weather. The turf
will soon be as close, and the sward as perfect, as if the
ground had been entirely turved.

TURF ASHES. See ASHES.

These, which are the basis of charred turf, now be-
coming so usual a manure, are, according to M. Sprengel,
thus constituted :

Silica 93-io

Alumina 1.35

Oxide of iron 1.73

manganese 0.32

Lime 0.62

Magnesia 0.33

Potash, combined with sulphuric acid . . 0.38

Common salt 0.08

Sulphuric acid, combined with potash and lime 1.70
Phosphoric acid, combined with lime and
magnesia 0.39

TURF TOOLS are the Racer or Rutter, for cutting the
edges of turf after it has been laid, and for cutting the
outlines of the turves when first obtained. It is a thin,
sharp-edged implement, somewhat resembling a cheese-
cutter, fixed to a handle about 4 feet long.

The Turfing Iron is for raising or peeling off the
turves from the soil. It has an arrow-headed, fiat blade,
with an angular handle.

A Turf or Daisy Rake consists of a piece of thin plate
iron cut into teeth, with two slips of ash, or other tough
wood, between which it is firmly riveted to form a back,
and keep it from bending. When put together, the back
is i J inch thick. The wood is bevelled half an inch above
the interstices of the teeth, at which point the iron is
slightly bent longitudinally, to admit the thickness of
wood underneath, and give a proper inclination to the
handle. The instrument serves both as a grass rake and
a daisy rake, and has the advantage over the daisy rakes
in common use of being easier cleaned, from the wideness
of the interstices between the teeth.

The Turf-beater or Beetle, as above described, is a
flat, heavy piece of wood, with a handle fixed on the
back of it at an angle, so that the operator can raise it
with the handle, and bring it down flat upon the grass,
with a thud, to make it firm. Many modern turf layers
object to the use of the Beater, as injurious to the grass.

TURGO'SEA. (From turgeo, to be swollen, or tumid ;
in allusion to the succulent character of the plants.
Nat. ord. Crassulacea?. Now referred to Crassula.)

T. aloi'des (Aloe-like). See CRASSULA ALOIDES.

„ capite'lla (little- head). See CRASSULA CAPITELLA.

„ lingucefo'lia (tongue-leaved). See CRASSULA LINGUAE-
FOLIA.

„ obova'ta (obovate). See CRASSULA OBOVATA.

,, pertu'sa (perforated). See CRASSULA PERTUSULA.

„ thyrsifto'ra (thyrse-fiowered). See CRASSULA THYRSI-
FLORA.

„ tomento'sa (felted). See CRASSULA TOMENTOSA.

„ turri'ta (turreted). See CRASSULA TURRITA.

TU'RNERA. (Named after Dr. W. Turner, author of
the first English herbal. Nat. ord. Turnerads [Tur-
neracese]. Linn. $-Pentandria, ^-Trigynia.)

All yellow-flowered. Annuals and biennials, by seeds
in a hotbed in spring, and plants bloomed in a green-
house ; shrubs, by seeds, and also by cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass, in spring and summer ; sandy loam,
fibrous peat, and a little charcoal. Winter temp., 50°
to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.

T. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See T. ULMIFOLIA.
,, auranti'aca (orange). Orange. Guiana.
„ cistoi'des (Cistus-like). See PIRIQUETA VILLOSA.
„ e'legans (elegant). See T. ULMIFOLIA ELEGANS.

, guiane'nsis (Guianan). i. June. Guiana. 1823.

, hi'rta (harry), i. June. Brazil. 1818.

, pu'mila (dwarf). See T. PUMILEA.

, Pumi'lea (Pumilea). $. August. Trop. Amer.

, racemo'sa (racemed). See PIRIQUETA RACEMOSA.

, ulmifo'lia (elm-leaved). 3. July. Jamaica. 1733.

Biennial.
„ „ e'legans (elegant).

STOVE EVERGREENS.

T. brasilie'nsis (Brazilian), i. June. Brazil. 1810.
,, cuneifo'rmis (wedge-formed). See T. ULMIFOLIA.
„ rupe'stris (rock). 2. July. Guiana. 1824.
„ trionifto'ra (Trionum-flowered). See T. ULMIFOLIA.

TURNIPS. Bra'ssica Ra'pa.

Varieties. — For the first sowings: Early White Dutch,
Early Stone.

For the spring sowings : Common Round White, Large
Round White, Large Green- topped, Large Red- topped,
Yellow Dutch, Tankard, French, Small Round French,
Swedish, Moscow, or Narva, Snowball, Orange Jelly,
and Garden Swede.

Sowing may commence at the end of February, a small
portion on a warm border, and some in a moderate hot-
bed of the first two varieties mentioned. These will be
fit for use during April. The sowing on a border to be
repeated in the beginning of March, and these will pro-
duce throughout May.

TURNIP-FLY

883

TYPHA

These sowings are to be repeated in small proportions,
at monthly intervals, until the beginning of July, when
the main crop for the supply of the winter may be in-
serted ; and finally, small crops at the commencement of
August and September for spring.

Mod*.— So* broadcast, or in drills 12 inches apart,
and very thin ; and to enable the seed to be distributed
regularly, mix it well with sand before sowing. Each
sowing should, if possible, be performed in showery
weather; if otherwise, water at the time of insertion,
and three times a week afterwards.

Thin the plants when they have four or five leaves
about 2 inches in breadth to at least 12 asunder from
each other.

Water must be given frequently and plentifully, as on
a regular supply of moisture their goodness, in a great
measure, depends.

In November or December, before the setting-in of
frost, some of the bulbs must be taken up, and, the tops
and roots being removed, preserved under shelter in sand.
The young tops are much in request during spring ; they
must be gathered when very young, otherwise they are
strong-flavoured and bitterish.

To obtain Seed, some of the most perfect roots of those
which will withstand the winter may remain where
grown ; or they may be transplanted in November or
February ; of the two earliest varieties, sown on a
border early in March, seme of the bulbs being allowed
to remain wiH produce seed the same autumn.

Manures. — The best manure for turnips is stable-dung ;
and next in their order, guano, super-phosphate of lime,
soot, and salt.

For the injuries to which the turnip is liable, see
ATHALIA, AMBURY, and BLACK FLEA.

Turnip Cabbage (Bra'ssica Na'po-bra'ssica) and
Turnip-rooted Cabbage (B. Cau'lo-ra'pa). See KXOHL-
KOHL.

TURNIP-FLY. See BLACK FLEA.

TURNIP MOTH. Agro'iis se'getum.

TURNSOLE. Helioiro'pium.

TURPENTINE. Si'lphium terebinthina'ceum.

TURPENTINE-MOTH. See RETIXIA BUOLIANA and

R. TURIONAXA.

TURPENTINE-TREE. Pista'cia Terebi'nthus.
TURPI'NIA. (Commemorative of P. Turpin, a French
artist. Nat. ord. Sapindaceae.)

Stove and greenhouse evergreen trees or shrubs.
Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, in a close case, with
gentle bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
T. argu'ta (acute). 4. Yellowish- white. March. China.

1820. Greenhouse.
„ insi'gnis (remarkable). 10-20. White. May. Mexico.

1847-

,, nepale'nsis (Nepaulese). See T. POMIFERA.
„ occidenta'lis (western). 20-25. White. May. W.

Ind. Stove.
„ pomi'fera (apple-bearing). 20-25. White. May.

Trop. Asia. 1820.

TURRZE'A. (Named after G. Turra, professor of
botany at Padua. Nat. ord. Meliads [Meliaceae]. Linn.
i6-Monadelpkia, 6-Decandria. Allied to Melia.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of firm young shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in March, in a hotbed ;
fibrous, sandy loam and vegetable mould. Winter
temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

T. heierophy'lla (various-leaved). 20. White. May.

Sierra Leone. 1843.

„ loba'ta (lobed-leaved) . See T. HETEROPHYLLA.
„ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 4-6. White. S. Africa.

1872.
„ pinna' ta (leafleted). See MUNRONIA WALLICHII.

TURRI'TIS ALPI'NA. See ARABIS HIRSUTA.

TUSSA'CIA. (Commemorative of F. R. de Tussac, a
botanist. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae. Allied to Episcia.)

Perennial stove herbs. Seeds ; cuttings in sand, in a
close frame, with bottom-heat. Loam and leaf-mould
in equal parts, with plenty of sand.
T. pulcheflla (pretty). i. Yellow. July, August.

Panama. 1830.

„ semiclau'sa (half- dosed), i. Yellow, crimson. Brazil.
1870.

TUSSILA'GO. Coltsfoot. (From tussis, a cough ; used
to allay coughs. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae],
Linn. \g-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the roots,
which are mostly inclined to spread freely. The flowers
of many of the sorts, especially of fra'grans, are grateful
from their scent, and, if kept in pots, are interesting in a
greenhouse in the early months of the year; they
generally do best in a strong, loamy soil, moderately rich.
T. a'lba (white). See PETASITES ALBUS.

,, alpi'na (alpine). See HOMOGYNE ALPINA.

„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See HOMOGYNE DISCOLOR.

,, Fa'rfarafo'liisvariega'tis (cow won- variegated- leaved).
i. Yellow. March. Britain. " Coltsfoot," " Far-
fara," or " Tussilago."

, fra'grans (sweet-scented). See PETASITES FRAGRANS.

, fri'gida (cold). See PETASITES FRIGIDUS.

, Iceviga'ta (smooth). See PETASITES L/EVIGATUS.

, ni'vea (snowy). See PETASITES NIVECS.

, palma'ta (hand-leaved). See PETASITES PALMATUS.

, purpu'rea (purple). Purple. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1825.
„ sagitta'ta(zirovt-!eaved). See PETASITES SAGITTATUS.

TUTSAN. Hype'ricum Androsce' mum.

TWEEDIA. (Named after Mr. T-d-eedie, a botanical

collector. Nat. ord. Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae], Linn.

5-Pentandria, -z-Digynia. Now referred to Oxypetalum.)

T. cceru'lea (blue). See OXYPETALUM C^RULEUM.

„ floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). See OXYPETALUM

SOLANOIDES.

,, pube'scens (downy). See OXYPETALUM SOLANOIDES.
„ ro'sea (rosy). See OXYPETALUM SOLANOIDES.
,, versi'color (changeable-coloured). See OXYPETALUM
C^ERULEUM.

TWIN-FLOWER. Bravo' a geminiflo'ra.

TWISTED STALK. Stre'ptopus.

TYD^E'A. (Named after Tydeus, son of ^neus, an
ancient king. Nat. ord. Gesneraceee. Now referred to
Isoloma.)

T. ama'bilis (lovely). See ISOLOMA AMABILE.
„ Cfci'lue (Cecilia's). See ISOLOMA CECILIA.
„ hybridana'na (dwarf hybrid). See ISOLOMA HYBRIDUM.
„ Li'ndeni (Linden's) and T. lindenia'na (Lindenian).

See ISOLOMA LINDENI.
„ pi'cta (painted). See ISOLOMA PICTUM.

TYLE BERRY. Ja'tropha multi'fida.

TYLO'PHORA. (From tttlos, a swelling, and phoreo,
to bear, the swollen pollen masses. Nat. ord. Asclepiads
[Asclepiadaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen twiners. Cuttings of either old
or young shoots in very sandy loam, and brick and old
lime-rubbish, in spring, though any time will do ; sandy
loam, lime-rubbish, and a little old, dried cow-dung.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°, and dry ; summer, 60° to 85°,
and moist.
T. asthma'tica (asthmatic). 4-5. Green. November.

India ; Malaya. 1814.

„ barba'ta (bearded). 10. July. Australia. 1822.
„ calcara'ta (spurred). 10. July. Australia. 1822.
„ exi'lis (slender). 10. Pale purple. July. India;

Malaya. 1823.
„ grandiflo'ra, (large-flowered). 10. July. Australia.

1822.

„ micra'ntha (small-flowered). Timor.
„ ocula'ta (eyed). Purple. Sierra Leone. 1895.

TYLOPHORtfPSIS. (From Tylophora, and apsis, re-
semblance ; because it resembles that genus. Nat. ord.
Asclepiadaceae.)

Twining evergreen shrub. For culture, see TYLOPHORA.
T. yeme'nsis (Yemen). Flowers small, dull purple.

Yemen, Arabia. 1894.

TY'PHA. Reed Mace. (An old Greek name. Nat.
ord. Typhaceae.)

Hardy perennial herbs, thriving best in shallow water
in ponds, tanks, lakes, and streams. Divisions in spring.
T. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. Brown. July.

Europe (Britain). " Small Bullrush."
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3-6. Brown, July.
Europe (Britain). " Reedmace."

TYPHONIUM

884

ULMUS

T. Laxma'nni (Laxmann's). 3. Brown. July. Europe.
„ mi'nima (smallest). See T. LAXMANNI.
„ Shuttlewo' rthii (Shuttleworth's). Brown. July.

Europe.

„ stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). 3-5. Brown. July.
Europe.

TYPHO'NIUM. (An old classical name for some aroid.
Nat. ord. Aracete. Allied to Arum.)

Stove herbs with tuberous roots. Offsets. Fibrous
loam, leaf-mould, and sand, in a moist, warm atmosphere.
T. Bro'imii (Brown's). £. Lurid purple. April.

Australia. 1875.
„ cuspida'tum (short-pointed). i. Green ; spadix

white. Trop. Asia. 1819.
„ divarica'tum (divaricate). 2. Purple. July. Trop.

Asia. 1759.
„ diversifo'lium ( diverse-leaved). Velvety purple, brown

inside. India. 1879.
„ gigante'um (giant). China.
„ „ Gira'ldi (Girald's). Purple ; spadix blackish. N.

China. 1902.

„ huegelia'num (Huegelian). See T. DIVERSIFOLIUM.
,, orixe'nse (Orixan). See T. TRILOBATUM.
„ peda'tum (pedate). Pegu.
„ Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). Singapore; Java.
„ triloba'tum (trilobed). i£. Green, rose-purple.
India; Malaya. 1714.

TYPHONO'DORUM. (From Typhonium and doru,
a spear. Nat. ord. Araceae.)

Stove, evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, lumpy peat, and
sand.

T. lindleya'num (Lindleyan). 3-10. Green, yellow.
Madagascar. 1910. Seeds edible.

TYRI'MNUS. (From tureuma, a cheese ; in allusion
to the large, flat receptacle. Nat. ord. Composite.
Allied to Silybum.)

A thistle-like perennial herb. Seeds ; divisions.
Ordinary garden soil.

T. leuco' graphis ( white- written). 2. Purple. June, July.
S. Europe. 1752.

TYTO'NIA. The Water Balsam. (In honour of A.
Tyton, a patron of botany. Nat. ord. Crane's-bills
[Geraniaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Now
referred to Hydrocera.)
T. no,' tans (swimming). See HYDROCERA ANGVSTIFOLIA.

u

U'HDEA. See MONTANOA.
ULCER. See CANKER.

U'LEX. Furze. (From the Celtic ac, a point ; the
prickly branches. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosae]. Linn. \6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered evergreens. Seeds in spring ;
deep, light soil, though not very particular. The gorse,
whin, or furze is valuable, not only for its great beauty,
but as constituting a valuable fodder and fence-plant.
The Double-blossomed Furze is very beautiful, and worthy
of a place in small gardens, and is propagated by cuttings
in spring and autumn, in a shady, sandy border, or under
hand-glasses. The Upright or Irish Furze is propagated
in a similar manner, and is also valuable for fodder ; but
it seldom flowers, and when it does has generally only a
few flowers on a plant. See HEDGE.
U. europz'us (European). 6. June. Europe (Britain).

" Furze," " Gorse," " Whin."

„ „ fto're-ple'no (double-flowered). 6. May. Britain.
„ „ stri'ctus (erect). 8-10. October. Ireland. " Irish

Gorse."
„ Ga'llii (France's). Primary spines long, rigid.

Western Europe.
„ genisloi'des (Genista-like). 1-3. May to August.

Portugal. 1823. " Portuguese Furze."
„ hibe'rnicus (Irish). See U. EUROP^US STRICTUS.
„ na'nus (dwarf). 2. August. Western Europe

(Britain).
„ Ga'llii (France's). See U. GALLII.

T. parviflp'rus (small-flowered). 4. July. S. France;
Spain. 1823.

„ provincial Us (Provence). See U. PARVIFLORUS.

„ stri'ctus (erect). See U. EUROP.EUS STRTCTUS.

„ welwitschia' 'nus (Welwitschian). South-western Eu-
rope.

ULLO'A PARASI'TICA. See JUANULLOA AURANTIACA.

ULLU'CUS. (From ulluco, the native name in
Ecuador. Nat. ord. Chenopodiacea?.)

Perennial tuberous- rooted herb. Tubers. Light, rich
soil. It is grown in Peru and Bolivia, as an article cf
food, under the name of " Oca-quina."
U. tubero'sus (tuberous). 1-2. Yellow. August. Andes.
1847.

U'LMUS. The Elm. (From the Celtic name, ulm.
Nat. ord. Nettleworts [Urticacea?]. Linn. $-Pentandria,
2-Digynia.)

Nearly all hardy; all deciduous, and red-flowered,
blooming in February to April. Campe'stris and its
allies, by suckers and layers, and by grafting on the
monta'na. The latter is also propagated, not by suckers,
but by layers, which root freely ; but chiefly by seeds,
which should be gathered in June as soon as ripe, and
sown in light, mellow soil ; or dried, and put in ba^s
until the following March or April. Deep, dry, sandy
loam suits all the species and varieties, and produces the
most valuable timber.

U. ala'ta (winged). 30. N. Amer. 1820. " Wahoo,"
" Winged Elm."

„ a'lba (white). See U. PEDUNCULATA.

„ america'na (white. American). 40. N. Amer.
" American or White Elm."

„ „ a'lba (white-branch). See U. AMERICANA.

„ „ fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved).

„ „ inci'sa (cut-leaved). N. Amer.

„ „ pe'ndula (drooping). N. Amer. 1820.

„ „ ru'bra (red-branched). See U. FULVA.

„ Campe'stris (English-field). 80-120. England. "Eng-
lish Elm," " Common Elm."

„ „ acutifolia (acute-leaved). 80. Britain.

„ „ a'lba (white). 80. Britain.

„ „ anta'rctica (antarctic). Leaves very small.

„ „ anta'rctica au'rea (golden). Leaves yellow. 1866.

„ „ anta'rctica pe'ndula (drooping).

„ „ au'rea (golden). See U. CAMPESTRIS ANTARCTICA

AUREA.

„ „ Bera'rdi (Berard's). Erect. Seedling. 1887.

„ ,, betultrfo'lia (birch-leaved). Britain.

,, „ chine'nsis (Chinese). China.

„ „ concavtzfo'lia (concave-leaved). Britain.

„ „ cornubie'nsis (Cornish). See U. GLABRA CORNU-
BIENSIS.

„ „ crele' nsis (Cretan). Leaves medium sized. Crete.

„ „ erefcta (erect).

„ „ fo'liis au'reis (leaves golden-variegated). Britain.

,, „ fo'liis-variega'tis (leaves variegated with white)
Britain.

„ „ globo'sa (globose). Habit globose. 1894.

,, „ gra'cilis (slender).

„ „ japo'nica (Japanese). See U. JAPONICA.

„ „ latifo'lia (broad- leaved). 80. Britain.

„ „ Louis Van Houtle. Leaves yellow.

,, „ microphy'lla pe'ndula (drooping-suiall-leaved).

„ „ modioli'na (Modiola-like).

,, „ myrtifo'lia (myrtle- leaved). Leaves very small,
purple-green.

„ „ na'na (dwarf). 2. Britain.

,, M parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 20. Siberia. 1822.

„ » pe'ndula no'va (new-drooping).

,, „ planifo'lia (flat-leaved). 20.

Pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Habit upright.

„ „ sarnie'nsis (Jersey). 80. Britain. " Jersey Elm."

„ „ stri'cta (upright). See U. GLABRA CORNUBIENSIS.
„ subero'sa, (corky). 40. England. " Cork-barked
Elm."

„ „ subero'sa pe'ndula (corky-drooping).

„ „ tortuo'sa (twisted). Britain.

„ ,. umbraculi'fera (umbrella-bearing). Head com-
pact, umbrella-like. Tiflis. 1879.

,, „ umbraculi'fera gra'cilis (slender-umbrella-bearing).

„ „ variega'ta (variegated).

„ „ variega'ta no'va (new-variegated).
„ vimina'lis (twiggy). 30. Britain.

ULMUS

885

UNIOLA

U. cam

ampes'lris vimina'lis stri'cta (upright-twiggy).
„ vimina'lis variega'ta (variegated-twiggy).
„ vi'rens (green). 80. Britain. " Kidbrook Elm."
„ visco'sa (clammy). Britain.
„ u'ebbia'na (Webbian). Leaves narrow, infolded at
the sides.
„ Whea'tleyi (Wheatley's). See U. CAMPESTRIS

SARNIENSIS.

carpinifo'lia (hornbeam-leaved). See U. GLABRA.
crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Arkansas, Texas, &c.

" Cedar Elm."

effu'sa (spreading-/7orrfr«<f). See U. PEDUNCULATA.
clli'ptica (elliptic). Turkestan.
frutico'sa (shrubby). 8. Europe.
fu'lva (deep yellow). 40-60. N. Amer. 1824.
" Slippery Elm."

„ pe'ndula (drooping).
Gauja'rdii (Gaujard's). Tree symmetrical, upright,

vigorous. 1898.
gla'bra (smooth). 60. Europe (Britain).

,, cornubie'nsis (Cornish). 50-100. England.
" Cornish Elm."

„ cornubie'nsis DicAso'm'(Dickson's). Leaves golden.
1906.

,, glandulo'sa (glandulous-/eat'&f). Britain.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Britain.

„ ma'jor (greater). See U. MAJOR.

„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). Britain.

„ pe'ndula (drooping). Britain. " Downton Elm."

,, pe'ndula no'va (new-drooping).

„ ramulo'sa (branching). Floetbeck.

,, ru'bra (red). Inner bark red.

,, variega'ta (variegated-teaverf). Britain.

,, vege'ta (vigorous). See U. MONTANA VEGETA.
inicgrifo'lia (entire- leaved). See HOLOPTELEA IN-

TEGRIFOLIA.

japo'nica (Japanese). 65-90. Light red. Japan.

1908.

mi'jor (greater). 40-80. Britain.
inonta'na (mountain). 40-120. Europe (Britain).
" Scotch or Wych Elm."

„ atropurpu' rea. (dark-purple). Leaves purple.

„ au'rea (golden). Leaves yellow.

,, austra'lis (southern).

„ cevenne'nsis (Cevennes).

,, cine'rea (grey).

„ cri'spa (curled-leaved). 20.

„ cuculla'ta (hooded). Leaves curved or hooded.

,, Dauve'ssei (Dauvesse's).

„ Do'vcsi (Dova's).

„ etru'sca (Etruscan).

„ fastigia'ta (pyramidal). Exeter. 1826. " Exeter
Elm," " Ford's Elm."

„ fastigia'ta au'rea (golden- upright).

,, gigante'a (giant).

,, lacinia'ta (laciniate). Leaves three-pointed or
deeply cut at the margin.

„ latifo'lia ni'gricans (broad-leaved-blackening).

,, li'bro ru'bro (red-barked). Inner bark red.

„ lute'scens (yellowish). Leaves pale yellow.

„ tnacrophy'lla (large-leaved).

,, macrophy'lla fastigia'ta (large-leaved- upright).

„ ma'jor (greater). Britain.

„ mi'nor (less). Britain.

„ na'na (dwarf). 2.

„ ni'gra (black). 40. Ireland. " Black Irish Elm."

„ pe'ndula (drooping). Britain.

,, pe'ndula Camperdown. " Camperdown Weeping
Elm."

„ purpii'rea (purrl . Leaves purple.

,, rugo'sa (rough-ten)«rf). 40. Britain.

„ sco'tica (Scotch).

,, serpenti'na (serpentine).

,, supe'rba (superb).

„ vege'ta (vigorous). 40-70. " Huntingdon Elm,"
" Chichester Elm."

nemora'lis (grove). SeeZELKovA CRENATA.
parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Green. April. China

and Japan.
peduncula'ta (stalked). 50-60. Europe, &c. 1800.

" Hungarian Elm."

pinna 'to-ramo' 'sa (pinnate-branched). 20-30. Siberia.
pu'mila (dwarf). Northern Asia.
Rosce'lsii (Roseels'). See U. CAMPESTRIS ANTARCTICA
AUREA.

U. racemo'sa (racemose). N. Amer. " Rock Elm."
„ sca'bra (scabrous). See U. MONTANA.
„ sero'tina (late). Southern United States.
„ subero'sa (cork-barked). See U. CAMPESTRIS SUB-

EROSA.

„ turkesta'nica (Turkestan). Turkestan.
,, urticcffo'lia (Urtica- leaved). See U. MONTANA CRISPA.

UMBELLULA'RIA. (From umbella, a little shade,
parasol, or umbel ; the flowers are produced in small
umbels. Nat. ord. Lauraceae.)

An evergreen shrub or tree for a warm wall, except in
the more favoured parts of the country. The foliage is
scented. Cuttings in sandy soil in a cold frame, kept
close and shaded during the day tiil roots are formed.
Any light, well-drained soil.

U. califo'rnica (Calif ornian). 10-80. Pale yellow. June.
North-western Amer. 1862.

UMMLTCUS. (From umbilicus, the navel ; concave
leaves of some species. Nat. ord. Houseleeks [Crassu-
laceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, ^-Pcntagynia. Referred to
Cotyledon.)

Hardy herbaceous succulents. Seeds, divisions, and
cuttings of offsets ; sandy loam and peat. They do best
in the recesses of rock-work.
17. ere'ctus (upright). See COTYLEDON LUSITANICA.

„ gla'ber (smooth). See COTYLEDON- GLABRA.

„ horizontal' Us ( horizontal). See COTYLEDON UMBILICUS.

„ Lieve'nii, (Lieveii's). See COTYLEDON LIEVENII.

„ lu'tea (yellow). See COTYLEDON LUSITANICA.

„ malacofihv'llus (soft- leaved). See COTYLEDON MALA-

COPHYLLA.

,, pcnduli'nus (drooping). See COTYLEDON UMBILICUS.
„ platyphy'llus (broad-leaved). See COTYLEDON PLATY-

PHYLLA.
„ Sempervi'vum (Sempen-ivum-like). See COTYLEDON

SEMPERVIVUM.

„ serra'tus (sa.\v-edge-leaved) . See COTYLEDON SERRATA.
„ spino'sus (spiny). See COTYLEDON SPINOSA.
,, turkesta' nicus (Turkestan). See COTYLEDON TURKES-

TANICA.

UMBRELLA ELM. U'ltnuscampe'strisumbraculi'fera.
UMBRELLA LEAF. Diphyllei'a cymo'sa.
UMBRELLA PINE. Sciado'pilysverticilla'ta.
UMBRELLA PLANT. Saxi'fraga pelta'ta.
UMBRELLA TREE. Magno'lia tripe' tola.
UMBRELLA WORT. Oxy'baphus.

UNCA'RIA. (From uncus, a hook ; the petioles of the
leaves form hooks. Nat. ord. Rubiace®.)

Climbing stove shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
U. Ga'mbier (Gambier). Pale red. 10. Malaya. 1825.

" Gambier."

„ sessilifru' clus (stackless-fruited). Pale red. 10.
Himalaya ; Burma. 1829.

UNCI'FERA. (From wicus, a hook, and fero, to bear ;
the pollinia are hooked. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae. Allied
to Saccolabium.)

Stove epiphytal orchid. Divisions. Fibre of peat,
sphagnum, and crocks in baskets.

U. heteroglo'ssa (variable- lipped). Country unknown.
1878.

UNDERGROUND BEAN. Voandzei'a subicrra'nca.
UNDERGROUND ONION. See POTATO ONION.

UNGNA'DIA. (Commemorative of Baron Von Ungnod,
who introduced the Horse Chestnut. Nat. ord. Sapin-
daceae. Allied to ^scnilus.)

Hardy deciduous shrub. Seeds or layers. Well-
drained soil.
U. specie' sa (showy). 10-20. Pink. Texas. 1850.

UNICORN PLANT. Marty'niaprobosci'dea.

U'NIOLA. Spike Grass. (From unus, one; the
glumes being united in pairs. Nat. ord. Gramineas.)

Hardy perennial grasses of ornamental value when
cut or d~ricd. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary garden soiL
U. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2-3. August. N. Amer.
" Seaside Oat "

UNONA

886

UROSKINNERA

U. Pa'lmeri (Palmer's). 2-4. August. Banks oi

Colorado River. 1889.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). 3-6. August. N. Amer.

UNO'NA. (A different spelling of Atwna, to which
it is allied. Nat. ord. Anonaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of mature wood in
a close frame, with bottom-heat. Loam, with a little
lumpy peat and sand.

U co'ticolor (one-coloured). 6. Guiana. 1820.
„ Dasyma'schala (Dasymaschala). India and Malaya.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). Trop. Asia.
„ Na'rum (Narum). See UVARIA NARUM.

UNTRUE. See SPORTING.

UPAS TREE. Anlia'ris toxica'ria.

UPLAND WILLOW OAK Que'rcus cine'rea.

URA'NIA. (From ouranios, sublime ; the stateliness
of the plant. Nat. ord. Musads [Scitaminaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Referred to Ravenala.)
U. madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). See RAVENALA

MADAGASCARIENSIS.

„ Ravena'la (Ravenala). See RAVENALA MADAGAS-
CARIENSIS.
„ specio'sa (showy). See RAVENALA MADAGASCARIENSIS.

URA'RIA. (From our a, a tail ; the bracts. Nat.
ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. \-j-Dia-
delphia, 4-Decandria. Allied to Hedysarum.)

Stove evergreens. Seeds in a hotbed in spring ; and
cuttings of side-shoots in May, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 55° to 65° ;
summer, 65° to 85°.

U. alopecuroi' des (foxtail-like). See U. LAGOPUS.
„ como'sa (tufted). See U. CRINITA.
„ crini'ta (hairy). 2 Pink. July. Trop. Asia. 1818.
„ hamo'sa (hooked). White. June. E. Ind. 1827.
„ lagoce'phala (hare-headed). See DESMODIUM BAR-

BATUM.
„ lagopodioi'des (hare's-foot-like), ij. Purple. July.

China. 1790.
„ Lago'pus (hare's-foot). 7. Purple. June. Nepaul.

1824.

„ pi'cta (painted-leaved). 3. Purple. July. Ironies
Old World. 1788.

URGED' CHARIS. (A name compounded from Urceo-
lina and Eucharis ; the plants being regarded as hybrids
between members of those genera. Nat. ord. Amarylli-
dacea?.)

Stove bulbs. Offsets. Fibrous loam, a little leaf-
mould old cow-manure, and sand.
U. Cli'brani (Clibran's). 2. White. (Eucharis grandi-

florax Urceolina pendula.) 1892.

„ edenta'ta (toothless). 2. White ; corona toothless.
(Natural hybrid, Urceolinax Eucharis.) Peru.
1910.

U'RCEOLA. (From urceolus, a little cup or pitcher ;
the corolla is urceolate or pitcher-shaped. Nat. ord.
Apocynaceas.)

A tall evergreen climber. Cuttings in sand in bottom-
heat. Loam, peat, sand, and some pieces of charcoal.
U. escule'nta (edible). 6-10. Brown. Burma.

URCEOLI'NA. (From urceolus, a small cup, or pitcher ;
from the smallnessof the cup, or nectary, inside the flower.
Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hex-
andria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Eucharis.)

Half-hardy bulbs, growing in shady woods, and flower-
ing from June to November ; they require perfect rest in
winter. Offset-bulbs ; rich, fibrous loam ; the protection
of a cold pit, and kept dry in winter.
U. au'rea (golden). See U. PENDULA.
„ fu'lva (tawny). See U. PENDULA.
„ latifo'lia (broad- leaved), i. Yellow, green. Sep-
tember. Peru.
„ minia'ta (vermilion), i-ij. Vermilion. February.

Peru and Bolivia. 1836.

„ „ lacuno'sa (pitted), i. Red. September. 1836.
„ „ suliva'nica (Sulivanian). i. Orange. March.

1839-

pe'ndula (hanging-down), i. Yellow, green. June.
Peru. 1837.

URE'DO. See BARBERRY and MILDEW.

URE'NA. (The native name at Malabar is Uren.
Nat. ord. Malvaceae.)

Annual stove herb. Seeds. Loam, leaf-mould, and
plenty of sand.

U. loba'ta (lobed). Pink. June to September. Tropics
everywhere.

URE'RA. (From wo, urere, to burn, to sting ; the
steins and leaves are covered with stinging hairs. Nat.
ord. Urticaceae.)

Stove or greenhouse shrub or small tree. Cuttings in
sand, in a close case, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat,
and sand.

(7. te'nax (tough). 5-10. Green. Natal. " Urera
Fibre."

URGI'NEA. (Named after Ben Urgin, an Arab tribe
in Algeria. Nat. ord. Liliaceae.)

Greenhouse bulbs. Offsets ; seeds. Loam, leaf-
mould, some cow-manure, and sand, and must be rested
in winter.
U. alti'ssima (very-tall). 3. Whitish, purple-green.

May. Trop. Africa. 1789.
„ cilia' ta (eye-lashed). £. White, green. S. Africa.

1819.
„ eriospermoi'des (Eriospermum-like). 2. Whitish,

small. S. Africa. 1887.
„ exuva'ta (cast-off-skin), £. White, purple. June.

S. Africa. 1795.
„ filifo'lia (thread-leaved). J-i. Whitish, purple.

June. S. Africa. 1820.
„ „ ma'jor (greater). Yellow-green, drooping. S.

Africa. 1904.
„ Ira' grans (fragrant), i. Whitish, purple. June,

July. S. Africa. 1791.
„ i'ndica (Indian). £. Greenish, white. India ;

Burma ; Abyssinia. 1832.
„ lilaci'na (lilac)." Lilac. Natal.
„ macroce'ntra (large-spurred). 3. White, tipped green ;

lowest bracts spurred. S. Africa. 1887.
„ mari'tima (maritime). 2-3. White, green-purple.

October. Europe ; S. Africa. 1829.
„ micra'ntha (small-flowered). Trop. Africa.
„ physo'des (bladder-like). £. Whitish, purple. June.

S. Africa. 1804.

„ Sci'lla (Scilla). See U. MARITIMA.
„ secu'nda (one-sided), £. White. August. S. Africa.

1826.

URINE. (See DUNG.) The urine of all animals is
excellent as a manure ; but it must be given only to
plants whilst growing, and in a diluted state. One of
the most fertilising of liquid-manures is composed of
cabbage-leaves, and other vegetable refuse, putrefied in
the urine from a house or stable, and diluted with three
times its quantity of water when applied. If mixed
with bleaching powder (chloride of lime), there will be
no offensive smell. Gypsum mixed with urine, or a
little oil of vitriol poured into it, adds to its utility as a
manure. Sulphate of iron, in the proportion of seven
pou ids to every hundred of urine, prevents the escape
of ammonia during putrefaction.

UROPE'DIUM. (From our a, a tail, and podion, a
slipper ; the slipper of this plant is flattened and elon-
gated like a tail. Nat. ord. Orchidaceae. Now referred
to Selenipedium.)

U. Li'ndeni (Linden's). See SELENIPEDIUM CAUDATUM
UROPEDIUM.

UROPE'TALON. (From our a, a tail, and petalon, a
petal ; the petals are lengthened out into tail-like
appendages. Nat. ord. Lily worts [Liliaceas]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Dipcadi.)
U. becazzea'num (Becazzean). £. Green. Abyssinia.
1892.

fu'lvum (tawny). See DIPCADI SEROTINUM FULVUM.

glau'cum (sea-green). See DIPCADI GLAUCUM.

longifo'lium (long-leaved). See DIPCADI LONGIFOLIUM.

sero'tinum (la.te-flowering). See DIPCADI SEROTINUM.

umbona'tum (umbonate). See DIPCADI UMBONATUM.

Welvji'tschii (Welwitsch's). See DIPCADI WEL-

WITSCHII.

UROSKTNNERA. (Commemorative of G. Ure Skinner,
a collector of plants in Central America. Nat. ord.
Scrophulariaceae.)

UROSPATHA

887

UVARIA

Stove perennial herb. Divisions. Fibrous loam, peat,
and sand.

U. specia'bilis (showy). Light purple. July. Guate-
mala. 1857.

URO'SPATHA. (From our a, a tail, and spathe, a
spathe ; in allusion to the long-tailed spathe. Nat. ord.
Aracex.)

Evergreen stove herbs. Offsets, divisions. Fibrous
loam, lumpy peat, and sand.
U. desci'scens (falling-off). 3. Brown, wine red. Brazil.

1860.

,, e'legans (elegant). See U. SAGITT^FOLIA.
„ gra'ndis (grand). Green. Panama.
„ piclura'ta (pictured). See U. SAGITT^FOLIA.
„ specta'bilis (showy). See U. SAGITT.EFOLIA.
„ sple'ndens (splendid). See U. SAGITT^EFOLIA.
„ sagittefo'lia (arrow-leaved). 2. Green. Brazil. 1866.

UROSPFRMUM. (From our a, a tail, and sperma, a
seed ; the seeds are beaked. Nat. ord. Compositas.)

Hardy perennial or annual herbs. Seeds ; cuttings ;
divisions. Well-drained garden soil.
17. a'sperum (rough). See U. PICROIDES.
„ cape'nse (Cape). See U. PICROIDES.
„ Dalecha'mpii (Dalechamp's). 2. Light yellow. July.

S. Europe. 1739.

„ picroi'des (Picris-like). i. Yellow. July. S.Europe.
1683. Annual.

UROSTTGMA SUBTRIPLINE RVIUM. See Ficus

SUBTRIPLINERVIA.

URSI'NIA. (Commemorative of John Ursinius, a
German. Nat. ord. Composite. Includes Sphenogyne.)
Greenhouse shrubby plants, hardy annuals, or some
that may be grown outdoors in summer like U. pulchra
and U. anthtmoides. Seeds ; cuttings of the shrubby
plants. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould or peat, and sand ;
well-drained soil in the open.
U. abrotanifo'lia (Abrotanum-leaved). 1-2. Yellow.

July. S. Africa. 1789. Shrubby.
„ anlhemoi'des ( Anthemis-like) . J-i. Yellow, coppery

beneath. August. S. Africa. 1774.
„ cr!'//imi/o'/j'a(CMthmum-leaved). 1-2. Yellow. July.

S. Africa. 1768. Shrub.

„ denta'ta (toothed). 1-2. Yellow, coppery under-
neath. July. S. Africa. 1787. Shrub.
„ fcenicula'cea (fennel-like), i. Yellow. July. S.

Africa. 1825.
„ /£ucan/Aemt'/o7ra(Leucanthemum-leaved). J. Yellow.

July. S. Africa. 1825.
„ leucanthemoi'des (Leucanthemum-like). See U. LEU-

CANTHEMIFOLIA.

„ odora' ta (scented), i. Yellow, brown beneath. June.
S. Africa. 1774. Shrub.

„ par ado' xa (paradoxical). |— x. Yellow, dark copper
beneath. July. S. Africa. Subshrubby.

„ pili'fera (pile-bearing). i-i£. Yellow, brown be-
neath. Autumn. S. Africa. 1821. Subshrubby.

„ pu'lchra (fair), i. Orange. July to September. S.
Africa. 1836.

„ scario'sa (dry), i. Yellow, pale brown beneath.
June. S. Africa. 1774. Shrubby.

„ serra'ta (sawed). 2-3. Golden- yellow. June. S.
Africa. 1826. Shrubby.

„ specio'sa (showy) of gardens. See U. PULCHRA.

URTTCA. (From uro, to burn, to sting ; in allusion
to the stinging hairs. Nat. ord. Urticaceas.)

Annual and perennial herbs, too well known in gardens
and their neighbourhood from the frequency of U. dioica
in shady and waste places, and the annual U. urens in
the cultivated ground. Seeds ; divisions. Ordinary soil.
U. a'stuans (raging). See FLEURYA ^ESTUANS.
„ intolucra'ta (involucrated). See PILEA PUBESCENS.
„ membrana'cea (membranous), i. Green. July. S.

Europe.

„ pihdi'fera (pile-bearing), i. Green. July to Sep-
tember. Europe (England). Roman Nettle.
„ reticula'ta (netted). See PILEA RETICULATA.
„ ihunbergia'na (Thunbergian). i$. Green. July. Japan.

URVTLLEA. (Commemorative of Captain Dutnont
d' Untile, a French botanist. Nat. ord. Sapindaceae.
Now referred to Serjania.)
17. jerrugi'nca (rusty). See SERJANIA CVISPIDATA.

USHLA'GO. A genus of fungi, in which the proto-
spores are produced in masses, filling the tissues with
simple cells of a black colour. They are known as smuts,
and are very injurious to corn and grasses. The young
fruits or grains seen to be attacked should have the stems
cut and burnt before the spores are ripe. Oats and barley
often get badly attacked by U. segetum, and grain should
be treated with some disinfectant before sowing, if the
fungus was present when growing. One pound of sul-
phate of copper, dissolved in five quarts of water, is
sufficient for a sack of grain (four bushels), which should
be steeped in the solution.

UTRICULAHIA. Bladderwort. (From utriculus, a
small skin, or water-bottle made of it ; in reference to
the small bladders on the floating or submerged leaves
of the plants. Nat. ord. Lentibulariaceas. Allied to
Pinguicula.)

A very large genus of plants spread over the whole
world in boggy and wet places, or submerged in water.
They float near the surface in summer, and their flower
scapes are produced above the water. Divisions. Our
native species may be grown in ponds, tanks, or tubs.
Moist stove species, such as U. montana, may best be
grown in baskets of sphagnum, mixed with small pieces
of charcoal and drained with crocks. The small bladders
are best developed on the species which live in water,
and may be defective or absent from those that grow in
sphagnum or moss. In our native species they have a
small opening or trap-door which opens inwards, and the
interior is furnished with four-branched hairs. Minute
animals in the water, either seeking for shelter, or out
of curiosity, push against the trap-door, which opens to
let them in but closes behind them, thus making prisoners
of them. After a time they die, decay, and the nutrient
matter of their bodies is absorbed by the branching hairs.

BRITISH AQUATICS.

U. Brdmii (Brem's). $-|. Yellow. Europe (England).
„ intermedia (intermediate). \. Yellow. July to

September. Europe (England), Asia, &c.
„ major (larger). £. Yellow. July to September.

Europe (England).
„ mi' nor (smaller). |-f. Yellow. June to August.

Europe (Britain, Ireland).
„ negle'cta (neglected). See U. MAJOR.
„ vulga'ris (common). £-iJ. Yellow. July, August.

Europe (Britain), Asia, and N. Amer.

STOVE.

U. bi'fida (bifid). Orange-yellow. September. Trop.

Asia and Australia. 1882.

„ Endre'sii (Endres'). |. Pale blue. Costa Rica. 1874.
„ forgelia'na (Forgetian). See U. LONGIFOLIA.
„ Humbo'ldtii (Humboldt's). Pale lavender. British

Guiana. 1886.
„ ia'nthina (violet-like). J. Pale blue, edged violet.

Brazil

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See U. LONGIFOLIA.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved), $. Violet-blue, or mauve.

Brazil. 1892.
„ monta'na (mountain). £-f. White, with yellow

blotch. June, July. Trop. Amer. 1871.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). See U. ENDRESII.
„ nelumbifo'lia (Nelumbium-leaved). Brazil.
„ prehe'nsilis (prehensile). Yellow. Summer. Leaves

floating. Trop. and S. Africa. 1910.
„ renifo'rmis (reniform). 1-2. Rose. Brazil. 1886.
„ rhyterophyila (rein-leaved). See U. LONGIFOLIA.

UVATIIA. (From uva, a cluster of grapes ; the re-
semblance of the fruit. Nat. ord. Anonads [Anonaceae].
Linn. i^-Polyandria, 6-Po/ygyma.)

Stove evergreens, brown-flowered, except where other-
wise mentioned. Cuttings of firm side-shoots in May,
in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy loam and
fibrous peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60°
to 85".
U. acumina'ta (sharp-pointed). 6. Trop. Africa. 1820.

„ aroma 'tica (aromatic). See UNONA CONCOLOR.

„ escule'nfa (eatable). See ARTABOTRYS ODORATISSIMUS.

„ fascicula'ta (bundled). See POLYALTHIA SIMIARUM.

„ fusca'ta (brown). 5. Guiana. 1823.

„ Gccr'tneri (Gaertners*). 6. Ceylon. 1820.

„ Ki'rAw (Kirk's). 4. Buff yellow. Trop. Africa. 1870.

UVULARIA

VACCINIUM

U. lanceola'ta (lanceolate). See GUATTERIA VIRGATA.
„ longifto'ra (long-flowered). See POLYALTHIA LONGI-

FOLIA.

„ longifo'lia (long- leaved). See POLYALTHIA LONGI-

FOLIA.

„ lu'cida (shining). Trop. Africa. 1825.
„ lu'tea (yellow). See ALPHONSEA LUTEA.
„ macro'poda (long-stalked). Ceylon.
„ membrana'cea (membranous). Australia.
„ microca'rpa (small-fruited). 3. Brown. July.

China. 1822.

„ Na'rum (Narum). ip. Brownish. India.
„ niiidi'ssima (most-shining). Blue. Caledonia. 1825.
„ odora'ta (sweet-scented). See CANANGA ODORATA.
„ purpu'rea (purple). Trop. Asia.
„ tomento'sa (woolly). See SACCOPETALUM TOMEN-

TOSUM.

„ veluti'na (velvety). See MILIUSA VELUTINA.

„ villa' sa (shaggy). See MILIUSA VELUTINA.

„ vi'rens (green). Yellow-green. Delagoa Bay. S.

Africa. 1896.
„ zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 20. Scarlet. India ; Ceylon.

1794.

UVULA'RIA. (Formerly used in diseases of the uvula.
Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceaa]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-
Monogynia.)

Hardy, North American, herbaceous perennials ;
yellow-flowered, except grandiflo'ra. Division of the
plant in spring ; light, sandy loam.
U. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). See STREPTOPUS DIS-

TORTUS.

„ chine' nsis (Chinese). See DISPORUM PULLUM.

„ fla'va (yellow). See U. PERFOLIATA.

„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered), i. Purple. May. 1802.

„ hi'rta (hairy). See TRICYRTIS HIRTA.

„ lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). See U. PERFOLIATA.

„ lanugino'sa (woolly). See DISPORUM LANUGINOSUM.

„ leschenaultia'na (Leschenaultian). See DISPORUM

LESCHENAULTIANUM.

„ perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). \. May. 1710.

„ pube'rula (downy). £. May. 1824.

„ ro'sea (rosy). See STREPTOPUS ROSEUS.

„ sessilifp'lia (stalkless-leaved). 1. June. 1790.

„ st'ssilis (sessile). See DISPORUM SESSILE.

V

VACCA'RIA PARVIFLO'RA. See SAPONARIA VAC-

CARIA.

VACCI'NIUM. Whortleberry. (The derivation is
doubtful, perhaps from bacca, a berry. Nat. ord. Cran-
berries [Vacciniacea?]. Linn. 8-Octandria, i-Monogynia.)
Seeds in autumn ; cuttings under a hand-light in
summer ; suckers ; divisions ; rooting sterns from trail-
ing along the ground ; very sandy loam ; if a portion of
peat all the better. All hardy except caracasa'num,
leuco'stomum, meridiona'le, and Rolliso'ni, and all de-
ciduous, and natives of North America, unless otherwise
mentioned.
V. albifto'rum (white-flowered). See V. CORYMBOSUM.

„ amce'num (lovely). See V. CORYMBOSUM AMCENUM.

„ angustifo'lium (narrow- leaved). See V. PENNSYL-

VANICUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

„ arbo'reum (tree). White, red. 1765. " Farkleberry."

„ Arctosta'phylos (Arctostaphylos). 3-4. White. Cau-
casus ; Armenia.

„ brasilie'nse (Brazilian). See GAYLUSSACIA PSEUDO-
VACCINIUM.

„ buxifo'lium (box-leaved). See GAYLUSSACIA BRACHY-

CERA.

„ ccesptto'sum (turfy). J. White. May. 1823.

„ canade'nse (Canadian), i. White, red. May. 1825.
" Canadian Whortleberry."

„ caracasa'num (Caracas). 6. White. July. Cara-
cas. 1825. Stove evergreen.

„ cc'reum (waxy). Friendly Islands.

„ cilia' turn (eye-lashed). Japan.

„ corymbo'sum (corymbed). 7. White. May. 1765.
" Common Blueberry ; Swamp Blueberry."

„ „ am<e'num (lovely).

„ „ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 3. White. 1767.

„ „ fusca'lum (browned). 2. White, pink. June.
Southern United States. 1770.

V. corymbo'sum virga'tum (twiggy). 3. White, red.
April. 1767.

„ crassifo' Hum (thick-leaved), i. White. June. 1787.

,, diffu'sum (diffuse). See V. ARBOREUM.

,, dumo'sum (bushy). See GAYLUSSACIA DUMOSA.

„ „ hu'mile (humble). See GAYLUSSA.CIA DUMOSA.

,, elonga'tum (elongated). See V. CORYMBOSUM.

„ eryihri'num (red-twigged), i£. Scarlet. Java. 1852.
Stove.

„ erythroca'rpum (red-fruited). May. Berry red. 1806.

„ frondo'sum (leafy). See GAYLUSSACIA FRONDOSA.

,, „ venu'stum (beautiful). See GAYLUSSACIA FRON-
DOSA VENUSTA.

„ fusca'tum( browned). See V. CORYMBOSUM FUSCATUM.

„ gale'zans (gale-leaved). See V. VIRGATUM.

,, gla'brum (smooth). 2. Pink. July. 1812.

„ glau'co-a'lbum (glaucous- white). Himalaya.

,, grandifto'rum (large-flowered). See V. CORYMBOSUM.

„ hirsu'tum (hairy). Mountains of North Carolina.
1889.

,, humifu'sum (trailing). See GAULTHERIA MYRSINITES.

,, Imra'yi (Imray's). See HORNEMANNIA MARTINICENSIS.

,, intermedium (intermediate). (V. Myrlillusx Vitis-
Idcea.) Europe.

„ japo'nicum (Japanese). Japan.

„ 'leuco'botrys (white-bunched). See V. SERRATUM LEUCO-

BOTRYS.

„ leuco'stomum (white-lipped). 2. Scarlet, white.
Peru. 1847. Greenhouse evergreen.

,, ligustri'num (privet-leaved). See LYONIA LIGUSTRINA.

,, macroca'rpum (large- fruited). See OXYCOCCUS MACRO-
CARPUS.

,, maderc'nse (Madeira). 4-6. Greenish-white. Madeira.
1777.

,, meridiona'le (meridional). 2. Red, white. April,
Jamaica. 1778. Stove evergreen.

„ minutifto' rum (small-flowered). See V. PENNSYL-

VANICUM.

„ Morti'nia (Mortinia). 2-3. Rose-pink. Andes of

Ecuador. 1884. Greenhouse.
, Myrsini'tes (Myrsine-leaved) . i£. Purple. May.
, „ lanceola'tmn (spear-leaved), ij. Purple. May.
, ,, obtu'sum (blunt), i^. Purple. May.
, myrtifo'lium (myrtle-leaved). See V. CRASSIFOLIUM.
, myrtilloi'des (Myrtillus-like). See V. PENNSYLVANI-

CUM.

„ Myrti'llus (myrtle), i^. Pink. May. Northern
Hemisphere (Britain). " Whortleberry ; Bilberry ;
Blaeberry."
„ ,, fru'ctu a'lbo (white- fruited). Green ; fruit white.

May. Britain.

„ ni'tidum (glossy). i£. Pink. May. 1794.
„ ,, decu'mbens (lying-do\\Ti). J. Pink. May. 1794.
,, occidenta'le (western). Mountains of California and

Utah.
„ ova'tum (egg-leaved). 2. Pink. May. North-western

Amer. 1826.

,, Oxyco'ccus (Oxycoccus). See OXYCOCCUS PALUSTRIS.
,, padifo'lium (bird-cherry-leaved). Pale green. July.

Madeira. 1777.

„ pa'llidum (pale). See V. CORYMBOSUM.
,, parviflo'rum (small-flowered). See GAYLUSSACIA

RESINOSA.

„ parvifo'lium (small-leaved), i. North-western Amer.

" Dwarf Blueberry."
,, pennsylva'nicum (Pennsylvanian). i|. White, blue.

June. 1772.
,, „ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale yellow.

May. 1776.
„ refte'xum (reflexed). 1-2. Red. Winter. Bolivia.

1869. Stove.
,, resino'sum (resinous). See GAYLUSSACIA RESINOSA

and varieties.

,, reticula'tum (netted). See V. CEREUM.
„ Rolliso'ni (Rollison's). 2. Scarlet. August. Java

Mountains. 1851. Greenhouse.
, rugo' sum (wrinkled) . See PENTAPTERYGIUM RUGOSUM.
, se'rpens (creeping). See PENTAPTERYGIUM SERPENS.
, serra'tum (serrated). 3-4. White. Himalaya. 1859.
, „ leuco'botrys (white-bunched). Berries white.
, Sprenge'lii (Sprengel's). See V. MYRSINITES.
, stami'neun (Jong-stamened). 2. White. May. 1772.
, ,, a'lbum (white-flowered). 2. White. Mexico.
, tene'llum (very-slender). See V. VIRGATUM TENELLUM.
, vaci'llans (wavering). N. Amer.
, virga'tum (twiggy). 2-3. Rose. May. 1806.

VAGARIA

VALLOTA

V. virga'tum Unt'llum (very slender). xA. White.
„ uligino'sum (bog). 2. Flesh. April. Britain. "Bog

Blaeberry."
„ Vi'tis-Idata (Vitis-Idaea). }. Pink. May. Britain.

"Cowberry." Evergreen.
,, ,, ma'jor (larger). Leaves 1
„ „ mi'nor (smaller). Leaves smaller than the type.

VAGATUA. (From va»us, doubtful, uncertain. Nat.
ord. Amaryllidace<e. Allied to Euryclcs.)

Hardy or half-hardy bulb. Offsets ; seeds. Fibrous
loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

V. parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1-2. White, with green
keel. Autumn. Syria; Tripoli. 1815.

VALDI'VIA. (Named after Valdivia, in Chili. Nat.
ord. Saxifragaceae.)

Half-hardy, evergreen herb. Cuttings under a hand-
light; divisions. Light soil ; or loam, leaf-mould, and
sand in a frame.
V. gaya'na. (Gayan). 2. Rose. Chili. 1863.

VALENZTJEUA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Sapindacea?. Allied to Paullinia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub or small tree. Cuttings
in sand under a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand.
V. trinc'rvis (three- nerved). 5-10. Chili.

VALERIA'NA. Valerian. (Named after Valerius,
who first used it in medicine. Nat. ord. V ' alerianworts
[Valerianaceae]. Linn. ^-Triandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions of the root
in spring, and seeds ; common garden-soil ; the tenderer
sorts should have a dry place.
V. alliaricefo'lia (Alliaria-leaved). ij. Red. June.

Caucasus. 1826.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). See CENTRAXTHUS

SIBTHORPII.

„ a'pula. (Apulian). Red. June. Europe.
,, arizo'nica (Arizonian). i. Whitish or pink. Arizona,

&c. 1901.
,, asarifo'lia (Asarum-leaved). i. Red. June. Crete.

1824.
„ Calci'trapa (Calcitrapa). See CENTRANTHUS CALCI-

TRAPA.

„ cape'nsis (Cape). $. Red. June. S. Africa. 1816.

„ ce'ltica (Celtic), i. White. June. Switzerland.
1784.

,, ceratophy'lla (horn-leaved), ij. Snow-white. Mexico.
1909. Half-hardy.

„ Cornuco'pice (horn-of-plenty). See FEDIA CORNU-
COPIA.

„ denta'ta (toothed). See VALERIANELLA DENTATA.

„ dioi'ca (dioecious). i. Flesh. June. Europe
(Britain).

„ edu'lis (edible). North-western Amer.

„ donga.' ta (lengthened), $. Yellow. June. Austria.
1812.

„ cxalta'ta (tall). Russia.

„ globular usfo'lia (Globularia-leaved). Red. June.
Pyrenees.

„ intermedia (intermediate). See V. TRIPTERIS.

„ Jatama'nsi (Jatamans'). See NARDOSTACHVS JATA-

MANSI.

„ macrophyila (large-leaved). See V. ALLIARIJEFOLIA.

„ monta'na (mountain), i. Light red. July. Switzer-
land. 1748.

„ Xa'pus (turuip-rooied). White. Mexico. 1839.

„ officina'lis (shop). 3. Flesh. June. Europe (Britain).
" Cat's Valerian."

„ „ exalta'ta (tall). See V. KXALTATA.

„ „ sambucifo'lia (elder-leaved). See V. SAMBUCI-
FOLIA.

„ Phu' (Phu). 3. White. August. Caucasus. 1597.
" Cretan Spikenard."

„ ,, au'rea (golden). Leaves yellow when young.

„ procu'rrens (running). See V. OFFICJXALIS.

„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 3. Pink. August. Pyrenees.
" Capon's- tail Grass."

„ rotundi'loba (round-poded). Chili.

„ rotitndifo'lia (round-leaved). See V. MONTANA.

„ rutlie'nica (Russian). See PATRINIA SIBIRICA.

„ saliu'nca. (lavender). i\. Red. June. France. 1824.

„ sambncifo'lia (elder- leaved). 3. White. July.
Europe (England). 1819.

„ saxn' tilts (rock). \. White. July. Austria. 1740.

V. sibi'rica (Siberian). See PATRINIA SIBIRICA.

„ sisymbriifo'lia (Sisymbrium-leaved). i. Red. June.
S. Europe. 1820.

„ supi'na (flat-lying), |. \Vhite, red. July. Switzer-
land. 1822.

„ tri'pteris (three-winged), i. White. May. Switzer-
land. 1752.

„ iubero'sa (tuberous-rooted). ij. Light, red. June.
S. Europe. 1629.

VALERIANE'LLA. Lamb's Lettuce. (A diminutive
of Valeriana. Nat. ord. Valerianworts [Valerianaceae].
Linn. $-Triandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open border, in spring.
See CORN SALAD.
V. Auri'cula (Auricula), i. Rose. June, July. Europe

(England).
„ carina'ta (keeled). \. Pale blue. April to June.

Europe (Britain).

„ conge'sta (crowded-flowered), i. Red. July. Colum-
bia. 1826.

„ „ mi'nor (smaller), i. Rose. July. 1826.
,, corona' 'ta (crowned), i. June, July. S. Europe.
„ denta'ta (toothed). £. Lilac. June, July. Europe

(Britain).
„ echina'ta (pridi\;:-capsulcd). I. Pink. July. S.

Europe. 1807.
„ erioca'rpa( woolly- fruited), {. Lilac. Jane. Europe

(Endand).
,, olito'ria (salad), f . Blue. April. Europe (Britain).

" Lamb's Lettuce ; Corn Salad."
„ samolifo'lia (Samolus-leaved). i. Rose. July.

North-Western Amer. 1835.
,, vesica'ria (bladdery), i. June, July. S. Europe.

VALERIAN, GREEK. Polemo'nium caru'leum.

VALERIAN, LONG-SPURRED. Cenlra'nthus macro' si-
plum.

VALERIAN, RED. Centra'nlhus ru'ber.

VALLA'RIS. (From vallo, to inclose ; nsed for fences
in Java. Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of short, firm, stubby
side-shoots in sandy soil, under a glass, in heat, in May ;
sandy, fibrous loam, and fibrous peat. Winter temp.,
55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

V. Pergula'na (trellis). 10. White. India ; Malaya.
1818.

VALLE'SIA. (Named after F. Vallesio, physician to
Philip II of Spain. Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynacea?].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of young
shoots, getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass in heat ;
sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.
V. cymbcEfo'lia (boat-leaved). 4. June. Mexico. 1821.

,, dicho'toma (forked). See V. CYMB/EFOLIA.

„ gla'bra (smooth). See V. CVMB^FOLIA.

VALLISNETUA. (Named after A. Vallisntri, an
Italian botanist. Nat. ord. Hydrocharads [Hydrochari-
daceae]. Linn. 22-Duma, 2~Diandria.)

A floating, fresh-water perennial, whose flowers live
under water, except just at the time of impregnation.
Division ; rich loam, in a good-sized pot, plunged deep
in a tub or cistern of water. Winter temp., 45° to 50° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.
V. spira'lis (spiral). Brown. July. S. Europe. 1818.

VALLO TA. (Named after P. V allot, a French botanist.
Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Lfcn. 6-//«-
andria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Cyrtanthus.)

With the exception of Dr. Herbert, no systematic
botanist had previously pointed out the real affinity of
Vallota. A cross-seedling, by its pollen, has been ob-
tained by Mr. Beaton from Cyrta'nthus obli'quus, which
no one could distinguish from a Vallota of the same age.
Greenhouse, scarlet-flowered bulbs, from South Africa.
Offsets ; sandy loam and peat, and leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°, and dry ; summer, 60° to 75°.
V. purpu'rea (purple), ij. May. 1774. " Scarborough
Lily."
„ delica'ta (delicate), i. Pale red. 1893.

VALONIA OAK

890

VANDA

V. Purpu'rea exi'mia (choice). Red, white throat, with

crimson blotch.

„ „ magni'fica (magnificent). Bright scarlet.
„ „ ma'jor (greater). May. 1774.
„ „ mi'nor (smaller), i. May. 1774.

VALONIA OAK. Que'rcus E'gilop s.

VALORA'DIA PLUMBAGINOI'DES. See CERATO-

STIGMA PLUMBAGINOIDES.

VANCOUVE'RIA. (Named after Fort Vancouver.
Nat. ord. Berberidaceae. Allied to Epimedimn.)

Hardy perennial herb. Divisions. Light, well-drained
soil.

V. hexa'ndra (six-stamened). }. Lilac. May. North-
western Amer. 1827. " Barrenwort."

VA'NDA. (The Sanscrit name of the first-found
species. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidacea?]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See ORCHIDS.
V. alpi'na (alpine). Green, yellow, purple. Himalaya.

1837.

„ amesia'na (Amesian). White, fragrant. India. 1887.
„ amce'na (lovely). White, purple. July. (V. cceruleax

Roxburghii.) 1897. Natural hybrid
„ „ Sa'ndera (Mrs. Sander's). Flowers finer and more

handsome. 1908.
„ arbuthnotia'na (Arbuthnotian). Golden-yellow, striped

with pale purple. Malabar. 1892.
„ Batema'nnii (Mr. Bateman's). See STAUROPSIS LISSO-

CHILOIDES.
„ Benso'ni (Benson's). Green, with crimson spots.

Burma. 1886.
„ „ tri'stis (sad). Sulphur-yellow without, dirty brown

within ; lip whitish- yellow. 1896.
„ bi'color (two-coloured). 3. Brownish-purple, tessel-
lated. Himalaya. 1896.
„ Boxa'llii (Boxall's). White, with dark tips to the

segments. Philippines. 1881.
„ „ cobbia'na (Cobbian). White, purple striped, dark

purple-brown. 1881.
„ cceru'lea (light blue). Light sky-blue ; lip deep blue.

Winter. Himalaya. 1849.
„ „ Charleswo'rthii (Charlesworth's). Large, pure

white, with a yellow blotch on the lip. 1908.
„ „ grandifio'ra (large-flowered). Flowers of large size.

1881.
„ „ peetersia'na (Peetersian). Large, white, tinted

with rose. Khasia. 1897.
„ „ Sa'nderce (Mrs. Sander's). White, tipped with

magenta-pink; lip deep magenta. 1910.
„ ccerule' scens (bluish). Lilac, blue. Burma. 1869.
„ „ Boxa'llii (Boxall's). See V. CONFUSA.
„ „ lowia'na (Lowian). White, tipped with amethyst ;

lip amethyst. India. 1877.
„ „ Regnie'ri (Regnier's). Flowers darker than the

type. 1900.
„ Charleswo'rthii (Charlesworth's). White, veined and

marbled with purple. (Nat. hyb. V. catru'lea x

Bensoni.) 1894.

„ Cla'rkei (Clarke's). See ARACHNANTHE CLARKEI.
„ co'ncolor (one-coloured). 3-5. White, brown. China.

1850.
„ confu'sa (confused). White ; lip lavender, striped

blue. Burma. 1877. (V. ccerulescensxparvi-

flora.)

„ conge'sta (crowded). See ACAMPE CONGESTA.
„ crista'la (crested), i. Green, purple. April. Nepaul.

1818.

„ crue'nta (bloody). 2. Red. August. China. 1819.
„ Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). See V. LAMELLATA.
„ Dea'rei (Deare's). 3. Yellow. Sunda Isles. 1886.
„ denisonia'na (Denisonian). White, orange. Burma.

1862.
„ „ hebra'ica (Hebraic). Sulphur, with markings like

Hebrew characters. Burma. 1885.
„ „ puncta'ta (dotted). Sulphur ; lip white, with

brown spots. 1881.

„ densiflo'ra (dense-flowered), Burma. 1851.
„ Flore'yce (Mrs. Florey's). White ; lip violet. Sup-
posed natural hybrid. 1910.
„ fu'rva (dusky). Brown, white. December. China.

1844.

„ fu'sco-vi'ridis (brown-and-green). See V. FURVA.
(giant). See STAUROPSIS GIGANIKA.

Go'weri (Gower's). See STAUROPSIS UNDULATA.

Griffithii (Griffith's). See V. ALPINA.

hasti'fera (shield-bearing). Light yellow; lip white,

brown, mauve. Sunda Isles. 1883.
he'lvola (sun-flying). Red, purple. Java. 1850.
hookeria'na (Hookerian). White, with lines of purple

dots, rich purple. Borneo. 1882.
insi'gnis (showy). 2. Crimson, brown, white.

February. Java. 1848.
„ Schrdderia'na (Schroderian). Yellow ; lip white.

Malaya. 1883.

kimballia'na (Kimballian). i. Pure white ; lip rosy-
purple. Burma. 1889.
„ La'cknerce (Mrs. Lackner's). Snow-white, with a

few yellow spots on the spur. 1894.
lamella'ta (layered). Pale. August. Manilla. 1837.
„ Boxa'llii (Boxall's). Ochre, with purple base ;

lip lake. Philippines. 1880.
„ Boxa'llii supe'rba (superb). White, spotted claret ;

lip claret. 1888.
limba'ta (bordered). Brown, yellow, lilac. Java.

1875-
Li'ndeni (Linden's). Light yellow ; lip with red dots

and lines. Sunda Isles. 1886.
lissochiloi'des (Lissochilus-like). See STAUROPSIS LIS-

SOCHILOIDES.

lon^ifo'lia (long-leaved). See ACAMPE LONGIFOLIA.

Lo'wei (Lowe's). See ARACHNANTHE LOWII.

Moo'rei (Moore's). Supposed natural hybrid. (V.
caruleaxkimballiana.) Burma. 1897.

multiflo'ra (many-flowered). See ACAMPE MULTI-
FLORA.

Pari'shii (Parish's). Yellow, white, violet. Burma.

1870.

„ marriottia'na (Marriottian). Mauve, with darker
blotches ; lip white, lake. Burma. 1880.
,, purpu'rea (purple). See V. PARISHII MARRIOTTI-

ANA.

parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Yellow, white, purple.

India ; Burma.
peduncula'ris (Jong-flower-stalked). See COTTONIA

MACROSTACHYA.

pu'mila (dwarf), i. Ivory-white ; Up striped crim-
son. Sikkim. 1897.

recu'rva (recurved). See SARCANTHUS ROSTRATUS.
Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's), i£. White, purple. July.

India ; Burma. 1810.

„ ru'bra (red). Brown, tessellated with yellow ; lip
reddish. 1885.

„ tessella'ta (chequered), i. White, purple. July.
China. 1816.

„ uni'color (one- coloured). See V. CONCOLOR.
„ wrightia'na (Wrightian). Lip very short, purple.

1883.

sanderia'na (Sanderian). 2-2 J. Mauve, lined purple,
yellow, veined purple. Philippines. 1882.
„ alba'ta (whitish). White, marked purple, and
suffused with yellow. 1887.

„ Frcebe'lice (Madame Frcebel's). Very large, richly
coloured. 1902.

., labe'llo-viridi (green-lipped). Lip green. 1886.
,, ro'seo-a'lba (rosy- white). White ; lower petals

greenish, with purple veins at base. 1902.
sclir dder ia'na (Schroderian). See V. INSIGNIS SCHRO-

DERIANA.

spathula'ta (spathulate). S. India.

stangea'na (Stangean). Ochre, netted with dark

purple-brown ; lip white, blue. Assam. 1885.
sua'vis (sweet-scented). White, brown. September.

Java. 1847.

„ fla'va (yellow). Yellow, spotted with brown.
„ Gottscha'lckei (Gottschalcke's). White, with red
purple spots. 1869.

„ Li'ndeni (Linden's). White ; lip white at base,
the rest purple. 1886.

„ magni'ficens (magnificent). Flowers larger and
more brightly coloured. 1897.
„ pa'llida (pale). Cream- white, with yellow-green
spots. 1908.

„ Rollisso'ni (Rollisson's).
„ Vei'tchii (Veitch's).
supe'rba (superb). See V. LAMELLATA BOXALLII

SUPERBA.

te'res (cylindric-i caved). 2. Red, yellow. March.
India. 1628.
„ a'lba (white). Pure white. 1892.

VANDELLIA

891

VELLEIA

V. te'res Anderso'ni (Anderson's). Highly coloured.
„ „ auro'rea (aurora). White ; lip reddish, and pale

yellow throat. 1881.

„ „ ca'ndida (white). See V. TERES ALBA.
>, » gigante'a (giant). Large and richly coloured. 1896.
„ terctifo'lia (terete- leaved). See SARCANTHUS TERETI-

FOLIUS.
„ tessella'ta (tessellated). See V. ROXBURGHII TESSEL-

LATA.

„ lesta'cea (reddish-yellow). See V. PARVIFLORA.
„ tri' color (three-coloured). Light yellow, densely

spotted with red-brown. Java. 1846.
„ ,, cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). Yellow, and cinnamon.

Java. 1869.
„ „ Dodgso'ni (Dodgson's). Amber-yellow, sparingly

spotted ; lip magenta.
„ „ Ho'vecs (Mrs. Hove's). Yellowish, thickly spotted

with red ; lip rose-crimson.
„ „ insi'gnis (remarkable). Bright yellow, regularly

spotted with red-brown ; lip rose-carmine.
„ „ Lewi'sii (Lewis's). Pale yellow, neatly spotted

with red-brown. 1894.

„ „ Patterso'ni (Patterson's). Cream, spotted chest-
nut-brown ; lip magenta-purple. 1883.
„ „ planila'bris (flat-lipped). Lip flat, magenta-purple

to rose-purple.
„ „ russelia'na (Russelian). Yellow, spotted with

bright red-brown.
„ „ tenebro'sa (dark). Yellow, spotted dark red-brown;

lip rose-crimson. 1903.
illich's).

Yellow, spotted with

„ „ Walli'chii (Wai

brown ; lip lilac. 1893.
„ „ Wa'rneri (Warner's). Yellow, edged with rose ;

lip rose-purple.

„ undula'ta (waved). See STAUROPSIS UNDULATA.
„ viola' ceo, (violet-lipped). White, violet. May.

Manilla. 1839.
„ Vipa'nii (Vipan's). Dark brown, with paler netting ;

Up white, stained with purple. Burma. 1882.
„ Wa'tsoni( Watson's). White; lip deep yellow, spotted

red-brown at the base. Annam. 1905.
„ wightia'na (Wightian). See ACAMPE WIGHTIANA.

VANDE'LLIA. (Named after L. Vanddli, a Portu-
guese botanist. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae].
Linn. \\-Didynamia., 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Torenia.)
Tender annuals. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; plants
pricked off, and bloomed chiefly in the greenhouse, in
light, rich soil.

V. Brou/nii (Brown's). See V. CRUSTACEA.
„ crusta'cca (shelly). Blue. June. Tropics everywhere.

1816.
„ diffu'sa (spreading), i. White. July. Santa Cruz.

1824.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). Blue. June. India. 1823.
„ peduncula' fa, (long-stalked). Purple. July. Trop.

Asia. 1818.
„ Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). See V. PEDUNCULATA.

VANGUE'RIA. (Voa-vanguer, the name of edu'lis in
Madagascar. Nat. ord. Rubiads [Rubiaceae], Linn. 5-
Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Plectronia.)

It produces a good dessert fruit. Stove evergreen.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass ; sandy peat and fibrous loam. Winter temp.,
50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
V. edu'lis (eatable), to. White. Madagascar. 1809.

"Voa Vanga."
„ infau'sta (unlucky). 3. Pale yellow-green. May.

Trop. and S. Africa. 1829.
„ veluti'na (velvety) of Hooker. See V. INFAUSTA.

VANI LLA. (A diminutive of vaina, the Spanish for
sheath ; shape of seed-pod. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchi-
daceas]. Linn. 2O-Gynandria, i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids, grown on blocks, or like Aroids on the
damp wall of a moist stove, with the roots in soil ; white-
flowered, where not otherwise specified. (See ORCHIDS.)
The Vanilla of commerce is, or should be, the dried fruit
of V. planifo'lia.
V. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). Caracas. 1841.

,, africa'na (African). Sierra Leone. 1843.

r aroma'tica (aromatic) of Willdenow. See V. PLANI-

FOLIA.

,, bi' color (two-coloured). Dull red. Guiana.
„ claitcula'ta (teadrilled). Cuba, 1838.

V. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See P. POMPON A.
„ grandifo'lia (large-leaved). Flowers very large. W.

Trop. Africa ; Congo. 1904.
„ Humblo'tii (Humblot's). Bright yellow; lip with

brown markings. Leafless. Comoro Islands. 1900.
,, Lu'ja (Luja's). Flowers very large. Congo Free

State. 1904.

„ I'.tle'scens (yellow). See V. POMPOXA.
,, Moo'nii (Moon's). Ceylon.
„ paltna'rum (palms'). Brazil and Guiana.
„ Phalano'psis (Phalsenopsis). Bluish-white, with rose

and orange markings. Seychelle Islands. 1869.
„ planifo'lia (smooth-leaved). 10. May. W. Ind.

1739-
„ Pompo'na (Pompona). White or pale yellow. Mexico.

1859.

„ Rosche'ri (Roscher's). Zanzibar.
„ Wa'lkeree (Mrs. Walker's). S. India.
„ wightia'na (Wightian). Pale yellow, tipped green;

lip with red-purple crest. S. India. 1899.

VAPOURER MOTH. Orgy'ia anti'qua.

VARIEGATED LAUREL. Au'cuba japo'nica.

VASCO'A. (Commemorative of Vasco de Gama, who
first sailed round the Cape of Good Hope in 1497. Nat.
ord. Leguminosse. Now referred to Rafnia.)
V. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). See RAFNIA AMPLEXI-

CAULIS.

„ perfolia'ta (perfoliate). See RAFNIA PERFOLIATA.
VASCONCEXLEA. See CARICA.
VEGETABLE BUTTER. Ba'ssia butyra'cea.
VEGETABLE FIRE-CRACKER. Brevoo'rtia I'da
Ma'ia.

VEGETABLE HAIR. Tilla'ndsia usneoi'des.
VEGETABLE IVORY. Phyte'lephas macroca'rpa.

VEGETABLE MANURES. See GREEN MANURES,
ASHES, and MANURES.

VEGETABLE MARROW. Cucu'rbita Pe'po ovi'fera.
VEGETABLE OYSTER. Tragopo'gon porrifo'lius.
VEI'TCHIA JAPO'NICA, of Lindley. See PICEA AL-

COCKIANA.

VEI'TCHIA. (Commemorative of the late James
Veitch, of Chelsea, the leading nurseryman of his time.
Nat. ord. Palmaceas.)

Stove palms. Seeds. Loam, one-third peat, and
sand.
V. canterbury a' na (Canterburyan). See HEDYSCEPK

CANTERBURYANA.

„ Joha'nnis (John Gould Veitch's). Fiji. 1868.
„ Sto'rckii (Storck's). 40. Fiji.

VELE'ZIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Caryophyllacea?. Allied to Dianthus.)

Hardy annual for the rockery. Seeds. Light, well-
drained soU.
V. ri'gida (rigid). J. Mediterranean region.

VE LLA. Cress Rocket. (From velar, the Celtic name
of cress. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Crucifera?]. Linn. 15-
Tetr adynamia.)

Half-hardy evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots in
sand, under a hand-light, in a shady place, in summer ;
a dry, airy, warm situation, such as in raised rock-work.
North of London, in exposed, damp places, it will re-
quire a little protection in winter.
V. a'nnua (annual). See CARRICHTERA VELL^;.
„ Pseu'docy'tisus (bastard-cytisus). 3. Yellow. April.

Spain. 1759.

VELLETA. (Named after Major Velley, who studied
sea-weeds. Nat. ord. Goodeniads [Goodeniaceas]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, T-Monogynia. Includes Euthales.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from Australia.
Division; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 35°
to 45°.

V. lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). See GOODENIA FILIFORMIS.
„ lyra'ta (lyre-leaved). £. April 1819.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 3-4. Yellow, brown.

July. 1839.
„ parado'xa (paradoxical). J. July. 1824.

VELLOZIA

892

VERBASCUM

V. spathula'ta (spathulate). £. April. 1825.
„ trine'rvis (three-nerved), i. Purple, yellow. July.
1803.

VELLO'ZIA. (Named after a Spanish botanist. Nat.
ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Barbacenia.)

The Vellozias are perennials, from two to ten feet high,
having trunks as large as a man's body, branching, and
having tufts of leaves on the top like the Yucca. Green-
house herbaceous. Division of the plant in spring ;
sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 40° to 50° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.

V. ca'ndida (white). White. Brazil. 1865.
„ compa'cla (compact). Brazil.
„ c'legans (elegant). White, fading to green. S. Africa.

1866.
„ cquisetoi'des (Equisetum-like). See V. EQUISETOIDES

TRICHOPHYLLA.

„ „ trichophy'lla (hair-leaved). 3-5. Lilac purple,
fragrant. British Central Africa. 1903.

,, lanceola' ta (spear-leaved) . Yellow. Swan River. 1841.

„ phaloca'rpa (stud- fruited). Brazil.

„ retinc'rvis (net-veined). 10-12. Blue. S. Africa.
1876.

„ squama'ta (scaly). See BARBACENIA SO.UAMATA.

„ Ta'lboti (Talbot's). See V. ELEGANS.

VELTHEI'MIA. (Named after F. A. Veltheim, a
German botanist. Nat. ord. Lily worts [Liliaceae]. Linn.
6-Hexandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to Urginea.)

Greenhouse bulbs, from South Africa, with flesh-
coloured flowers. Offsets from the bulbs; rich, sandy
loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
V. glau'ca (milky-green). 2. March. 1781.
„ ,, rubesce'nti-purpu'rea (red-purple). i. Red,

purple. July. 1834.

„ interme'dia (intermediate). i£. April. 1800.
,, specie' sa (showy). See KNIPHOFIA ALOIDES.
„ Uva'ria (Uvaria). See KNIPHOFIA ALOIDES.
„ viridifo'lia (green-leaved). 2. August. 1768.

VENI'DIUM. (Derivation not evident. Nat. ord.
Composite. Allied to Arctotis.)

Hardy annuals and half-hardy or greenhouse peren-
nials. Seeds; cuttings in sand under a beJI-glass. Light,
rich soil in the open. Loam, leaf-mould, or peat and
sand, if grown in pots.
V. calendula' ceum (Calendula-like). }-r. Yellow ; disc

black. July to October. S. Africa.
„ cinera'rium (Cineraria-like). See V. PERFOLIATUM.
„ fu'gax (fleeting). J-i£. Yellow, with dark spots at
base of rays; disc black. S. Africa. 1887.
Annual.
„ hirsu'tum (hairy), i. Rays pale yellow ; disc brown.

S. Africa. 1887. Annual.

„ perfolia'tum (perfoliate). $-1. Yellow. S. Africa.
„ semipappo'sum(halt-pappused). 1-2. Orange. June.

S. Africa. 1768.
,, specio' sum (showy) of gardens. See V. HIRSUTUM.

VENTENA'TIA MI'NOR. See STYLIDIUM LINEARE.

VENTILA'GO. (From ventilo, to swing in the wind.
Nat. ord. Rhamnaceae.)

A climbing stove shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
V. maderaspata'na (Maderaspatan). Green. India. 1822.

VENTILATION. See GREENHOUSE.

VENUS' FLY-TRAP. Diona'amusci'pula.

VENUS' HAIR. Adia'ntum Cap i'llus-Ve'neris.

VENUS' LOOKING-GLASS. Specula'ria Spe'culum.

VENUS' NAVELWORT. Omphalo'des.

VENUS' SUMACH. Rhu's Coti'nus.

VE'PRIS LANCEOLA'TA. See TODD ALIA LANCEOLATA.

VERA'TRUM. False Hellebore. (From vere, truly,
and ater, black ; colour of the roots. Nat. ord. Lilyworts
[Liliaceae]. Linn. z$-Polygamia, i-Moncecia.)

The plants in this genus are all poisonous. Hardy
herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divisions in spring ;
deep, rich loam.

V. a'lbum (white). 5. White. July. Europe. 1548.
" White Hellebore."

V. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). See STENANTHIUM

ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

„ calif o'rnicum (Calif ornian). 5-6. White, with dark

green centre. North-western Amer. 1900.
„ fri'gidum (cold). See STENANTHIUM FRIGIDUM.
„ lobelia'num (Lobel's). See V. ALBUM.
,, Maa'ckii (Maack's). 2. Blackish. June to August.

Siberia, &c. 1883.
„ ni'grum (dark-flowered). 3. Dark purple. June.

Siberia. 1596.
„ parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 2. Green. June.

Carolina. 1809.
„ Sabadi'lla (Sabadilla). 3. White. May. Mexico.

1830.
„ vi'ride (green-flowered). 5. Green. July. N. Amcr.

1742. " Indian Poke."

VERBA'SCUM. Mullein. (From barbascum, bearded ;
the bearded stamens. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulari-
aceae]. Linn. $-Penlandria, i-Monogynia.)

All yellow-flowered where not otherwise mentioned.
All freely by seeds ; perennials also by division of the
roots in spring.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

V. izthio'picum (Ethiopian). May. Mount Sinai. 1825.

,, alopecu'rus (foxtail). See V. NIGRUM.

,, austri'acum (Austrian). See V. NIGRUM.

„ betoniccefo'lium (betony-leaved) . 2. July. Armenia.
1825.

„ chryse'rium (golden). June. Palestine. 1827.

,, colli'num (hill). See V. THAPSUS.

,, cu'preum (copper-coloured). See V. PHCKNICEUM.

,, fascicula'tum (clustered). See V. SINAITICUM.

,, ferrugi'neum (rusty) of Miller. Rusty or reddish-
yellow. S. Europe. 1759.

,, ferrugi'neum (rusty) of Andrews. See V. PHCENICEUM.

,, Hi'nkei (Hinke's). See V. NIGRUM.

,, hyoserifo'lium (Hyoseris-leaved). See V. SPECIOSUM.

,, lana'tum (woolly). See V. NIGRUM.

,, ni'grum (black-rooted). 2. July. Europe (England).

,, orienta'le (eastern). 2. July. Caucasus. 1821.

,, ovalifo'lium (oval-leaved), i. Caucasus. 1804.

,, phoeni'ceum (purple). 3. Purple. July. S. Europe.
1796.

„ plica' turn (plaited). July. Greece. 1816.

„ si' mplex (simple). 3-4. July. Syria. 1825. Shrubby.

,, sinai'ticum (Sinaitic). May. Mount Sinai. 1826.

,, specio'sum (showy). June. Eastern Europe; Asia
Minor. 1829.

,, spino'sum (thorny), i. Purple. July. Crete. 1824.
Evergreen.

„ thapsoi'des (Thapsns-like). July. Portugal. 1819.

,, tri'ste (dark). See V. PHCENICEUM.

,, undula'tum (waved). 3. July. S.Europe. 1819.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

V. auricula' turn (eared-leaved). See V. MUCRONATUM.
„ bana'ticum (Hungarian). See V. NIGRUM.
„ bipinnati' 'fidum (doubly-leaflet-cut). See V. PINNATI-

FIDUM.

,, Blatta'ria (Blattaria). 3-6. July, August. Europe

(England). " Moth Mullein."
„ Boerhaa'vii (Boerhaave's). 2. July. S. Europe.

1731. Annual.

, bombycifo'rme (Bombyx-formed). See V. LAGURUS.
, candidi' 'ssimum (whitest). See V. MUCRONATUM.
, Cedre'ti (Cedret's). Syria.

, ceraiaphy'llum (horn-leaved). See V. PINNATIFIDUM.
, Chai'xii (Chaix's). 3. July. France. 1821.
, cuspida'tum (pointed). See V. THAPSUS.
, de'lphicum (Delphian). Greece.
, densiflo'rum (dense-flowered). See V. THAPSIFORME.
, flocco'sum (flock-of-wool). See V. PULVERULENTCM.
, formo'sum (handsome). See V. OVALIFOLIUM.
, glz'brum (smooth) of Willdenow. See V. VIRGATUM.
gnaphalo'des (Gnaphalium-like). 2. July. Caucasus.

1825.

,, gossypi'num (cottony). 4. July. Caucasus. 1820.
„ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 4. July. Europe.

1820.
,, hcemorrhoida'le (blood-coloured). See V. PULVERU-

LENTUM.

„ i'ndicum (Indian). See V. THAPSUS.
„ Lagu'rus (hare's-tail). Asia Minor.

VERBENA

893

VERBENA

V, leia'nihum (smooth). 10-14. Bright yellow. July
to September. Asia Minor. 1908.

„ leptostA'chyum (slender-spiked). See V. SIMPLEX.

„ longifo'lium (long-leaved). 3. July. Naples. 1824.

„ Lychni'tis (Lychnitis). 3. July. Europe (Britain).
" White Mullein."

„ lyra'tum (lyre-leaved). See CELSIA CRETICA.

„ macro, 'nthum (large-flowered). See V. PHLOMOIDES.

„ maja'le (hog). See V. BOERHAAVH.

„ malaco' trichum (soft-haired). S. Europe.

„ monspessula'num (Montpelier). See V. MGRUM.

„ monta'num (mountain). 3. July. Europe. 1819.

,, mucrona'tum (short-pointed). 4. May, June. Asia
Minor; Crete. 1823.

„ Myco'ni (Mycon's). See RAMONDIA PYRENAICA.

„ ni'veum (snowy). 3. May. Naples. 1823.

„ oly'mpicum (Olympic). 5-6. Bright yellow. July to
September. Bithynia. 1883.

„ orienta'le (oriental). ' Caucasus.

„ ovalifo'lium (oval-leaved). 2. July. Caucasus. 1818.

„ ova' turn (egg-leaved). See.V. NIGRUM.

„ panno'sum (woolly). See V. LONGIFOLIUM.

„ phlomoi'des (Phlomis-like). 3. July. Europe. 1820.

„ ,, a'lbum (white). Creamy-white. 1910.

„ pinnati'fidum (leaflet-cut), i. July. Archipelago.
1788. Greenhouse.

„ pulverule'ntum (powdery). 3. July. Europe (Eng-
land). " Hoary Mullein."

„ Pyramidal turn (pyramidal). 3. July. Caucasus.
1804.

„ raschya'num (Raschyanl. See V. CEDRETI.

„ repa'ndum (wavy-edged). See V. BLATTARIA.

„ rotundifo'lium (round-leaved). See V. BOERHAAVH.

„ rubigino'sum (rusty). 4. Yellow, red. July. Hun-
gary. 1817.

„ rugulo'sum (wrinkled-leaved). See V. PHLOMOIDES.

„ sinua'tum (indented-leaved). 2. July. S. Europe.
1570.

„ specta'bile (showy). 2. Yellow, purple. July.
Tauria. 1820.

„ Steve'nii (Stevens'). 5. July. Siberia. 1821.

„ tau'ricum (Taurian). See V. RUBIGINOSUM.

„ thapsifo'rme (Thapsus-formed). January. Europe ;
Asia Minor. 1825.

„ Tha'psus (shepherd's-club). 6. July. Europe
(Britain). " Flannel Plant." " Aaron's Rod."

„ ,, elonga'tum (lengthened). July. Europe. 1813.

„ tripolita'num (Tripoli tan). Syria.

„ verna'le (vernal). See V. NIGRUM.

„ versiflo'rum (inverted-flowered). 3. Purple. July.
Bohemia. 1823.

„ virga'tum (twiggy). 5. August. Europe (Britain).

„ wiedmannia'num (Wiedmannian). Indigo- blue, chang-
ing to purple-lilac. Asia Minor. 1893.

VERBE'NA. Vervain. (From the Celtic Ferfain.
Nat. ord. Verbenas [Verbenaces]. Linn. i^-Didynamia,
2-Angiospermia.)

Annuals and biennials, by seed in a slight hotbed in
March, or in the open air in April ; perennials, by division,
layers, and cuttings ; tender kinds, chiefly by cuttings,
unless when seed is employed to obtain new varieties.
These varieties are struck generally in spring and autumn
for blooming in pots, but chiefly for decorating the
flower-garden beds. A rich, sandy loam suits them best.
The points of the shoots in spring strike best in a little
heat. In autumn they can scarcely be kept too cool.
The smallest piece w ill form a better plant than a larger
piece.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
V. ala'ta (winged-stemmed). 5. Rosy. August. Monte

Video. 1828.
„ amce'na (pleasing). i. Pinkish-purple. July.

Hybrid. 1840.

„ arrania'na (Lady Arran's). See V. INCISA.
„ barba'ta (bearded), i. Pink. August. Mexico. 1826.
„ chamcedrifo'lia (germander-leaved). i. Scarlet.

August. Buenos Ayres. 1827.
„ „ Meli'ndres (Melin'dres). Deeply serrated, less

hairy.

„ diffu'sa (spreading). See V. URTIC^FOLIA.
„ glandulo'sa (glanded). See V. HISPIDA.
„ hi'spida (hispid). 2. Pale. July. S. Amer. 1832.
inci'sa (cut-leaved). 2 Red. Aueust. Panama.

1836.

V. Mahontti (Mahonet's). See V. TENERA MAHONBTI.
,, Meli'ndres (Melindres). See V. CHAM^EDRIFOUA

MELINDRES.

„ melissoi'des (balm-like). See V. CHAM^DRIFOLIA.
„ muta'bilis (changeable). See STACHYTARPHETA MUTA-

BILIS.
„ pholgiflo'ra (Phlox-flowered). i.\. Purple or lilac, to

red and blue. Brazil. 1834.
„ „ vulga'ris (common), i. Scarlet. August. Brazil.

1834-

„ fnilche'lla (neat). See V. TENERA.
„ radi'cans (rooting). J. Lilac. July. Chili. 1832.
,, rugo'sa (wrinkled) of D. Don. See V. VENOSA.
,, rugo'sa (wrinkled) of Miller. Mexico.
,, sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured), i. Sulphur. July.

Chili. 1832.

„ te'nera (slender), i. Purple. July. Argentina. 1827.
„ „ Mahone'ti (Mahonet's). i. Reddish-violet, with

white edges. 1870.
„ teucrioi'des (germander-like). 2. Purplish. July.

Chili. 1837.

„ tri'ftda (trifid). 3. Purple. August. Mexico. 1818.
„ triphy'lla (three-leaved). See LIPPIA CITRIODORA.
„ tireedia'na (Tweedie's). See V. PHLOGIFLORA VULGARIS.
„ urticcefo'lia (nettle-leaved). 3. Blue. July. Tem-
perate and trop. Amer. 1818.
„ veno'sa (strong- veined). z\. Rosy. July. Buenos

Ayres. 1830.
„ xu'tha (yellow). 2-3. Purple or blue. July, August.

N. Amer. 1824.

HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
V. angitstifo'lia (narrow-leaved). N. Amer.
„ erinoi'des (Erinus-like). i. Reddish-violet. July.

Peru. 1818. Annual.

„ „ a'lba (white). White. May. Chili. 1839.
„ „ contra' eta (contracted). Leaves with linear seg-
ments.
„ „ Sabi'ni (Sabine's). i. Purplish. July. Chili.

1834.
„ Avble'tia (Aublet's). i. Purple. August. N. Amer.

1774. Biennial. " Rose Vervain."
„ „ Lambe'rtii (Lambert's). Leaves narrower, more

deeply cut.

„ „ ro'sea (rosy), ij. Pink, fragrant. July. Carolina.
„ bracUa'ta (bracted). i. Pink. July. Mexico. 1820.

Biennial.

„ cane'scens (hoary). J. Blue. July. Mexico. 1824.
„ e'legans (elegant). J. Blue. July. Mexico. 1826.

Biennial.
„ hasta' ta (spear-shaped). 3-6. Purple or blue. July.

N. Amer. 1810. Biennial. " Blue Vervain."
„ „ panicula'ta (panicled). Has no three-lobed lea^•es.
„ Lambe'rtii (Lambert's). See V. AUBLETIA LAM-

BERTII.

„ lasio'stachys (hairy-spiked). See V. PROSTRATA.
,, littora'lis (shore). 3. Grey. June. S. Amer. 1832.
,, multi'fida (much-cut). See V. ERINOIDES.
„ Obla'tia (Oblaetia). See V. AUBLETIA.
„ panicula' ta (panicled). See V. HASTATA PANICULATA.
„ pinnati'fida (leaflet-cut). See V. HASTATA.
„ prostra'ta (prostrate). 2. Purple. July. N. Amer.

1826. Biennial.
„ rugo'sa (wrinkled) of Willdenow. See V. ANGUSTI-

FOLIA.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
V. AublStia Drummo'ndii (Drummond's Aubletia). i|.

Lilac. July. Texas.

„ biserra'ta (twice-sawed). See V. POLYSTACHYA.
„ bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). S. Amer.
„ carolinie'nsis (Carolinian). See V. POLYSTACHYA.
„ Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). See V. AUBLETIA

DRUMMONDII.
„ officina'lis shop), i-ij. Purple. July to September.

Europe (Britain). Common Vervain.
„ ,, veno'sa (veined). Bluish. August. Oxford. 1837.
„ polysta'chya (many-spiked). 4. Red. July. Mexico.

1820.
,, pulche'lla-coro'lla-a'Ibida (beautiful-whitish-coroUaed).

See V. ERINOIDES ALBA.

„ sca'bra (scurfy). See V. URTICIFOLIA.
„ soro'ria (sister). See V. OFFICINALIS.
„ stri'cta (upright). 1-2. Blue. July to September.
N. Amer.

VERBENA

894

VERONICA

VERBENA, LEMON, or SWEET-SCENTED. Li'ppia
citriodo'ra.

VERBESI'NA. Crown Beard. (Altered from Verbena.
Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae], Linn. ig-SyngenesJa,
z-Superflua.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, except where otherwise
mentioned, herbaceous perennials, from Mexico. Seeds
and divisions of the root ; rich, sandy loam.
V. ala'ta (vr'mg-stalked). 2. August. 1699.
„ atriplicifo'lia (orach-leaved). See MONTANOA ARBOR-

ESCENS.

„ Coreo'psis (Coreopsis). See ACTINOMERIS SQUARROSA.
„ croca'ta (saffron). 2. July to September. 1812.
„ diversifo'lia (diverse-leaved). 10. White. Brazil ;

Costa Rica. 1908. Evergreen.
„ encelioi'des (Encelia-like). 3. July, August. N. and

S. Amer. 1785.
„ helianthoi'des (Helianthus-like). 3. N. and S. Amer.

1825.

„ occidenta'lis (western). 3. July. N. Amer. 1803.
„ pinnati'fida (leaflet-cut). 3. August. 1826.
„ salicifo'lia (willow- leaved). 2. July. 1825.
„ sati'va (cultivated). See GUIZOTIA ABYSSINICA.
„ virgi'nica (Virginian). 2. White. August. N. Amer.

VEREI'A ACUTIFLO'RA. See KALANCHOE ACUTI-

FLORA.

VEREI'A CRENA'TA. See KALANCHOE AFZELIANA.

VERGE-CUTTER. A tool, consisting of a crescent-
shaped blade, something like a cheese-cutter, with a
long handle, for cutting grass verges and the edges of
flower-beds.

VERMINIA'RIA DENUDA'TA. See VIMINARIA DENU-
DATA.

VERNAL GRASS, SWEET. Anthoxa'nthum odora'tum.

VERNO'NIA. Iron Weed. (Named after W. Vernon,
a botanical traveller. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i-dEqualis.)

All purple-flowered where not otherwise mentioned.
Hardy, by seeds and divisions ; tender, by seeds,
divisions, and cuttings under a hand-light ; rich, sandy
loam ; stove treatment.

STOVE EVERGREENS, &c.
V. acutifo'lia (pointed- leaved). See V. SERICEA.

„ adoe'nsis (Adoan). Abyssinia.

„ anthdmi'ntica (worm-killing). Lilac. August. Hima-
laya. 1770. Biennial.

„ arbore'scens (tree-like). 5. November. Jamaica. 1733.

„ Arechavale'te (Arechavaleta's). 3-6. Reddish-
violet. Uruguay. 1901.

„ a'spera (rough). See V. ROXBURGHII.

„ axillaflo'ra (axillary-flowered). See V. COTONEASTER.

„ calvoa'na (Calvoan). 6-12. White, purple. Winter.
Trop. Africa. 1862.

„ centriflo'ra (spur-flowered). See V. SCORPIOIDES.

„ cinefrea. (grey). July. Tropics. Biennial.

„ corymbo'sa (corymbose). S. Africa.

„ Cotonea'ster (Cotoneaster). ij. Lilac. September.
Brazil.

„ flexuo'sa (zigzag), ij. September. Brazil. 1823.

„ frutico'sa (shrubby). See V. RIGIDA.

„ linea'ris (narrow-leaved), i. October. S. Amer.
1825. Annual.

„ mespilifo'lia (Mespilus-leaved). S. Africa.

„ odprati' ssima (sweetest-scented). See V. SCABRA.

„ pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 2. June to August. S.
Africa. 1863.

„ podo'coma (hairy-stalked). 6. Rose-purple. Trop.
Africa.

„ ri'gida (rigid). 4. October. W. Ind. 1818.

„ Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). White. June. Hima-
layas. 1823.

„ sea' bra (rough). 4. October. Brazil. 1817.

„ scorpioi'des (scorpion-like), i. Lilac-rose. Trop.
Amer. 1826.

„ seri'cea (silky). 5. December. Brazil. 1825.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

V. alti' ssima (tallest). 12. October. Ohio. 1820.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. September. N.
Amer. 1817.

V. angustifo'lia scabe'nima (roughest). See V.

ALTISSIMA.

„ arkansa'na (Arkansas). N. Amer.

„ „ a'lba (white). White. 1902.

„ Baldwi'ni (Baldwin's). N. Amer.

„ fascicula'ta (fascicled). United States.

,, gigante'a (gigantic). Carmine or violet-rose. 1907.

,, glau'ca (milky-green). See V. NOV^BORASCENSIS.

„ novceborace'nsis (New York). 6. August. N. Amer.

1710.
„ oligophy'lla (few-leaved). September. N. Amer.

1710.
„ pandura'ia (fiddle-teat1 ed). 4. October. Trop. Africa.

1825.

,, prcea'lta (very tall). See V. NOV^BORACENSIS.
„ scabe'rrima (roughest). See V. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
,, serratuloi' des (sawwort-like). September. Mexico.

1824.
„ te'res (cylindric-leaved). July. Himalaya; Burma.

1821.'
„ wightia'na (Wightian). Ceylon.

VERO'NICA. Speedwell. (The meaning is doubtful.
Nat. ord. Figworis [Scrophulariaceas], Linn. 2-Diandria,
i-Monogynia.)

All blue-flowered where not otherwise named. Annuals,
seeds in March and April ; perennials, chiefly by division
in spring ; good garden soil ; shrubby, cuttings in spring
or summer under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. Winter
temp, for greenhouse kinds, 38° to 45°. In the subjoined
list of shrubby species the more tender are indicated by
the word greenhouse, but most of them can be grown on
the sea-board of Great Britain and Ireland.

EVERGREEN SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBS.
V. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 1-2. White. New

Zealand. 1895.
„ Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 2-3. Blue-purple. July.

Garden origin.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves edged with

creamy-white. An excellent bedding plant.
„ ano' mala (anomalous). 2-6. White. New Zealand.
„ arbo'rea ; (tree). New Zealand.
„ arena' ria (sand). \. May. Australia. 1823.
„ Armstro'ngii (Armstrong's). 1-2. White. New

Zealand. 1899.

„ azu'rea (azure). Garden origin.
„ &oJ/owna'nfl(Balfourian). 1-2. Violet. Leaves edged

brown. New Zealand. 1897.
„ Bidwi'llii (Bidwill's). \. Large, deep blue. June to

September. New Zealand.

„ buxifo'lia (box-leaved). i-2j. White. New Zealand.
,, calyci'na (large-calyxed). June. Australia. 1820.
„ ca'ndida (white). White. Origin doubtful.
„ ca'rnea (fleshy). Flesh. New Zealand.
„ carno'sula (somewhat-fleshy) of Hooker f. Bot. Mag.,

t. 6587. See V. PINGUIFOLIA.
„ carno'sula (somewhat fleshy) of Hooker f. i-ij.

White. J une to August. New Zealand.
.. cane'scens (hoary). 1. Pale blue. June, July. New

Zealand.
„ Catarra'ctce (waterfall). 1-2. White or pink. New

Zealand.
„ chatha'mica (Chathamic). £. Dark purple. New

Zealand. 1899.
,, Cole'nsoi (Colenso's). 1-3. Lavender-blue to white.

New Zealand. 1893.

„ „ glau'ca (sea-green). Leaves sea-green.
,, cookia'na (Cookian). New Zealand.
„ cupressoi'des (Cupressus-like). 1-4. Violet. New

Zealand.

„ „ varia'bi Us (variable). J. New Zealand. 1888.
„ darwinia'na (Darwinian). New Zealand.
„ decu'mbens (lying-down). White. New Zealand.

1888.

„ decussa'ta (decussate). See V. ELLIPTICA.
„ Derwe'ntia (River Derwent). 2-3. Lavender or

white. Jyne. New Zealand. 1802.
„ dianthifo'lia (Dianthus- leaved). See V. ARENARIA.
„ Dieftenba'chii (Dieffenbach's). 2. New Zealand.

1898.
„ diosmczfo'lia (Diosma-leaved). Lilac. July, August.

New Zealand. 1835.
„ „ trise'pala (three-sepaled).
„ di'stans (distant), i. April. Australia. 1825.

VERONICA

895

VERONICA

V. elli'ptica (elliptic). 1-20. Blue-purple. July to
September. New Zealand, &c. 1776.

„ epacri'dea (Epacris-like). 2-3. White. New Zealand.

„ FairfiSldii (Fairneld's). i-ij. Lavender. New
Zealand.

„ /orwo'sa (beautiful). 2-4. Pale blue. July. Tas-
mania. 1835. Greenhouse.

„ fruticulo'sa (shrubby). $. Flesh. July. Europe
(Scotland).

„ girdwoodia'na (Girdwoodian). See V. FORMOSA.

„ glau' co-car u' lea (glaucous-blue). See V. PIMELIOIDES.

„ Godefro'yce (Godefroy's). 1^-3. White. Garden
origin. 1888.

„ gra'cilis (graceful), i. May. Australia. 1820.

„ guthria'na (Guthrian). J. Intense blue. Garden
origin.

„ Haa'stii (Haast's). New Zealand.

„ Hecto'ri (Hector's). i-ij. Pink, white. New
Zealand. 1888.

„ hulkea'na (Hulkean). 1-3. Lilac. July to Sep-
tember. New Zealand. 1865.

„ igno' to (unknown). New Zealand.

„ kermesi'na (carmine). See V. SPECIOSA.

„ Ki'rkii (Kirk's). 6-12. White. New Zealand.

,, labia'ta (lipped). See V. DERWENTIA.

„ Ice' vis (smooth). 2-4. White. New Zealand.

„ lavaudia'na (Lavaudian). New Zealand.

„ Lewi'sii (Lewis's). New Zealand.

„ ligustrifo'lia (Ligustrum-leaved). 2-4. White. New
Zealand.

„ lindleya'na (Lindleyan). See V. SALICIFOLIA.

„ Lindsa'yi (Lindsay's). 1-2. (S. amplexicaulis X
pimelioides.) Garden origin. 1898.

„ linifo'lia (flax-leaved). New Zealand.

„ lobelioi'des (Lobelia-like). See V. SPECIOSA.

„ loganioi'des (Logania-Uke). i-ij. White. New
Zealand. 1893.

„ Lya'llii (LyaU's). J-xJ. White, with lilac veins.
June to August. New Zealand. 1879.

„ lycopodioi' des (Lycopodium-like). White. New
Zealand.

„ macroca'rpa (large- fruited). New Zealand.

„ „ sin' eta. (upright).

„ macrou'ra (long-tailed). New Zealand.

.„ mi'xta (mixed). See V. SPECIOSA.

„ monti'cola (mountain-loving). New Zealand.

, newrye'nsis (Newry). Garden hybrid.

„ ni'vea (snowy). White. May. Tasmania. 1840.

„ odo'ra (sweet-scented). New Zealand.

„ parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 1-2. White. Summer.
New Zealand. 1822. " Koro-Miko."

„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved) and V, stenophy'lla
(narrow-leaved). See V. PARVIFLORA.

„ perfolia'ta (perfoliate). i. Blue-violet. August.
Australia. 1815. " Digger's Speedwell."

„ pimeleoi'des (Pimelea-like). J-i. Deep purple. New
Zealand.

„ pinguifo'lia (greasy-leaved). $-4. White. June to
August. New Zealand. 1870.

„ plebe'ia (common), i. June. Australia. 1820.

„ rakaie'nsis (Rakaian). New Zealand.

„ salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 2-5. Blue-purple to
white. June, July. New Zealand. 1843. Green-
house. " Korumeek."

„ „ gra'cilis (slender).

„ salicornoi' des (Salicomia-like) of Gardens. See V.

CUPRESSOIDES VARIABILIS.

„ saxa'tilis (rock). J. Bright blue. J uly to September
Europe (Britain). " Rock Speedwell."

„ specio'sa (showy). iJ-2. Dark blue-purple. May.
New Zealand. 1835. Greenhouse.

» » imperia'lis (imperial). 1^-2. Dark purple-red.
1877.

„ ,, ru'bra (red). i|-2. Rose.

„ tobarcorre'nsis (Tobarcorran). Garden hybrid.

„ Trave'rsii (Travers's). 2-4. White. June to Sep-
tember. New Zealand. 1873.

„ vtrnico'sa (varnished), i. White. New Zealand.

HARDY ANNUALS.

V. agre'stis (field). £. Summer. Europe (Britain).
„ arve'nsis (field). ±. Summer. Europe (Britain).
„ Buxbau'mii (Buxbaum's). See V. TOURNEFORTII.
„ ceratoca'rpa (horn- fruited). March. Caspian region.
1835.

V. di'dyma (twin). All seasons. Europe; N. Africa.

1827.

„ glau'ca (sea-green). J. Large, blue. Greece. 1901.
„ hedercefo'lia (ivy-leaved). J-i. Lilac. All seasons.

Europe (Britain).

,, pe'rsica (Persian). See V. TOURNEFORTII.
„ poli'ta (polished). See V. DIDVMA.
„ syri'aca (Syrian). J. Blue. June. Syria. 1857.

Half-hardy.

HARDY AQUATICS.
V. Anaga'llis (Anagallis). i-ij. Summer. Europe

(Britain). " Water Pimpernel."

„ anagalloi'des (AnagaUis-Uke). Greece ; Orient. 1836.
„ Beccabu'nga (Beccabunga). i-ij. Summer. Europe

(Britain). Brooklime.

„ carolinia'na (Carolinian). See V. PEREGRINA.
,, parmula'ria (small-shield). See V. SCUTELLATA.
,, peregri'nn (wandering), i. June. N. Amer. 1821.
„ scutella'ta (little-shield). 2. Flesh. Summer. North

temperate regions (Britain).

HARDY HERBACEOUS, &c.
V. abrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). 2. August.

Siberia. 1830.
„ acutiflo'ra (acute-flowered), i. Red. May. France.

1821.
„ Allio'nii (Allioni's). J. May. S. Europe. 1740.

Evergreen.
„ alpi'na (alpine). J. May. Northern and arctic

regions (Britain).

„ „ heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). J. May. Europe.
„ „ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). J. May. Silesia.

1814.

„ „ obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). J. July. Scotland.
„ „ pu'mila (dwarf). $. August. Piedmont. 1819.
„ „ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). J. May. Europe.

1816.
„ „ Wormskio'ldii (Wonnskiold's). Leaves larger.

Greenland. 1819.

„ aphy'lla (leafless). J. May. S. Europe. 1775.
„ argu'ta (sharp-notched). See V. LONGIFOLIA.
„ assoa'na (Assoan). J. June. Spain. 1821.
„ austra'lis (southern). See V. SPICATA.
„ austri'aca (Austrian), i. July. Austria. 1748.
„ „ pinnati'fida (pinnatifid). Leaves deeply and

finely cut.

„ „ Pre'nja (Prenja).

„ azu'rea (sky-blue). 3. May. Garden origin (?). 1821.
„ Baumgarie'nii (Don Baumgarten's). May. Transsyl-

vania. 1826.

„ bellidioi' des (daisy-like). J. May. Switzerland. 1775.
„ brachyphy'lla (short-leaved). See V. SPICATA.
„ brevifo'lia (short-leaved). See V. SPICATA BREVI-

FOLIA.

„ cccspito'sa (tufted). Greece and Asia Minor.
„ cauca'sica (Caucasian), i. Pale red. June. Cau-
casus. 1816.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). £. Pale red. June.

Caucasus. 1820.

„ Cham&'drys (germander). J. June. Europe (Brit-
ain). " Germander Speedwell."
„ „ lamiifo'lia (Lanoium-leaved). August. 1825.
,, ,, variega'ta (variegated), i. August.
„ Clu'sii (Clusius's). See V. SPICATA.
„ complica'ta (complicate-leaved). See V. LONGIFOLIA.
„ crassifo' lia ( thick-leaved). 2|. Violet. May. Europe.

1822.

„ crenula'ta (notch-flowered). See V. LONGIFOLIA.
„ crini'ta (hairy). See V. TEUCRIUM.
„ cri'spa (curled-leaved). 2. June. 1823.
„ Cusi'ckii (Cusick's). North-western Amer.
„ Cymbalo,' ria (Cymbalaria). Greece and Asia Minor.
„ denta'ta (tooth-leaved). See V. TEUCRIUM.
„ depaupera'ta (impoverished). See V. APHYLLA.

ela'tior (taller). See V. LONGIFOLIA.

e'legans (elegant). See V. SPURIA.

exalta'ta (lofty). 4. June. Siberia. 1816.

filifo'rmis (thread-leaved). J. May. Levant. 1780.

folio'sa (leafy). See V. SPURIA.

gentianifp'lia (Gentian-leaved). See V. GENTIANOIDES.

gcntianoi' des (Gentian-like). 2. Violet. June.
Levant. 1748.
„ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves edged with white.

gla'bra (smooth). See V. LONGIFOLIA.

VERONICA

896

VESICARIA

May.

See V. SPURIA.
See V. SPICATA.
Lilac. June. 1824.
August. S. Europe.

V. gla'bra a'lba (white). See V. LONGIFOLIA ALBA.
„ gra'ndis (grand), ij. White. August. Siberia.

1826.

„ hy'brida (hybrid). See V. SPICATA HYBRIDA.
„ inca'na (hoary). 2. May. Russia. 1759.
„ inci'sa (cut-leaved). 2. July. Siberia. 1739.
„ Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). See V. AUSTRIACA.
„ lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). See V. SPURIA.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved), i. White, blue.

Austria. 1748.

„ laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). Belgium.
„ leuca'ntha (white-flowered). See V. SPURIA LEU-

CANTHA.

„ linaricefo'lia (Linaria-leaved).
„ longibractea'ta (long-bracted).
„ longiflo'ra (long-flowered), i.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3.
1731.

abbrevia'ta (shortened). May. 1823.
a'lba (white). 3. White. August.
incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 3. Flesh. August.
latifo'lia (broad- leaved). June. Crimea. 1821.
ro'sea (rosy). 2-3. Rose-pink. July to Sep-
tember.

subse'ssilis (nearly-stalkless). SeeV. SUBSESSILIS.
variega'ta (variegated-/«w^). i£. July.
„ mari'tima (marine). See V. LONGIFOLIA.
„ me' dia, (mediate). See V. LONGIFOLIA.
„ tnelanw'lica (melancholy), i. June. 1820.
„ melisscefo'lia (balm- leaved), i. May. Caucasus.

1826.

„ menthczfo'lia (mint-leaved). See V. SPICATA.
„ Me'yeri (Meyer's). July. Dahuria. 1837.
„ Michau'xii (Michaux's). i. July. Persia. 1834.
„ micro, 'ntha (small-flowered). See V. CHAM^EDRYSi
„ microphy'lla (smaU-leaved). See V. SERPYLLIFOLIA.
M monta'na (mountain). J-i. Pale blue. May, June.

Europe (Britain).

„ muelleria'na (Muellerian). See V. OFFICINALIS.
„ multi'fida (much-cut). £. June. Siberia. 1748.
„ negle'cta (neglected). See V. INCANA.
„ ni'tens (shining). See V. LONGIFOLIA.
„ ni'tida (clear). See V. LONGIFOLIA.
„ Nummula'ria (moneywort-leaved). J. June. Pyre-

nees. 1820.
„ officina'lis (shop). J. June. Europe (Britain).

" Fluellen."
„ orchi'dea (Orchis-flowered), i. August. Europe.

1819.

„ orienta'lis (eastern). J. July. Levant. 1748.
„ ,, tenuifo'lia (slender- leaved). £. June. Tauria.

1820.

„ pa'llida (pale). See V. GENTIANOIDES.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). See V. SPURIA.
„ pectina'ta (comb-leaved), i. May. Orient. 1819.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). |. Pink. May to July.
„ peduncula'ris (jong-flower-stalked). i. March. Cau-

casus. 1826.

,, persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). See V. LONGIFOLIA.
„ petra'a (rock), i. May. Caucasus. 1821.
„ pilo'sa (shaggy). See V. CHAM^EDRYS.
„ pinna'ta (leafleted). i. May. Siberia. 1776.
„ pinnati'fida (leaflet-cut), i. June. 1817.
„ plica' ta (plaited). See V. CHAM^JDRYS.
„ polysta'chya (many-spiked). See V. LONGIFOLIA.
„ Po'nce (Pona's). *. September. Pyrenees. 1822.
„ prtza'lta (very high). 4. August. 1817.
„ prce'cox (early). J. June. S. Europe. 1775.
„ prostra'ta (trailing) of Linn. i. May. Europe. 1774.
„ „ satureicefo'lia (savory- leaved). See V. TEUCRIUM

DUBIA.
„ prostra'ta (prostrate) of Vill. See V. TEUCRIUM

DUBIA.
„ ripens (creeping). White. September. Corsica.

1829.

„ rupe'stris (rock). See V. TEUCRIUM DUBIA.
„ ruthe'nica (Russian). See V. LONGIFOLIA.
„ satureioi' des (Satureia-like). i. Bright blue. May to

August. Dalmatia.

„ Schmi'dtii (Schmidt's). See V. CHAM.*EDRYS.
„ serpyllifo'lia (Serpyllum- leaved). J. May. Europe

(Britain).

„ „ humifu'sa (low-spreading). J. May. Europe.
„ „ negle'cta (neglected). J. May. Britain.
„ „ quaterna'ta (four-leaved). |. May. Europe.
„ „ tend lla (tender), j. May. Europe.

V. seti'gera (bristled). See V. OFFICINALIS.
„ sibi'rica (Siberian). See V. VIRGINICA.
„ spica'ta (spiked), i. August. Europe (England).
„ „ a'lba (white), i. White. J uly to September.
„ „ brevifo'lia (short-leaved), i. May to July. 1822.
„ „ hy'brida (hybrid). i. June, July, August.

England.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated), i*. Leaves variegated.

July to September.

„ spw'n'a (spurious). 2. August. Siberia. 1731.
„ „ leuca'ntha (white-fiowered). 2. White. July.

Siberia. 1817.

„ stephania'na ^Stephan's). See V. SPURIA.
,, subse'ssilis (nearly-stalkless). 1^-2. Deep blue. July

to October. Japan. 1878. " Japanese Speedwell."
„ tau'rica (Taurian). See V. ORIENTALIS TENUIFOLIA.
„ telephifo'lia (Telephium- leaved) . Caucasus.
„ tene'lla (tender). See V. REPENS.
„ tenuifo'lia (fine- leaved). See V. ASSOANA.
„ Teu'crium (germander-leaved). 2. July. Europe. 1596.
„ „ a'lba (wnite). i. White. May to October. 1910.
„ „ du'bia (doubtful). }. Blue. May to October.
„ ,, Pseu'do-chamce'drys (false-chamasdrys). i. May

to August. Austria.

„ ticine'nsis (Ticin). See V. LONGIFOLIA.
„ trichoca'rpa (hairy-capsuled). See V. AUSTRIACA.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). See V. LONGIFOLIA.
„ virgi'nica (Virginian). 5. White. July. N. Amer.

1714. " Great Virginian Speedwell."
„ „ incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 5. Flesh. July.

Virginia. 1714.
„ „ japo'nica (Japanese). 3. Lilac. Leaves much

broader.
„ Wormskio'ldii (Wormskiold's). See V. ALPINA

WORMSKIOLDII.

VERONICA' STRUM. See VERONICA.

VERSAILLES LAUREL. Pru'nus Lauroce'rasus lati-
fo'lia.

VERSCHAFFE'LTIA. (Commemorative of M. A.
Verschaffelt, the introducer of V. splendida. Nat. ord.
Palmaceas.)

Stove Palm with large and handsome leaves. Seeds.
Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
V. mdanochce' tes (black-haired). See ROSCHERIA MELANO-

OH^TES.

„ sple'ndida (splendid). 50-80. Seychelles. 1864.

VERTICO'RDIA. (Derivation not given. Nat. ord.
Fringe-myrtles [Myrtacea?]. Linn. to-Decandria, i-Mono-
gynia.)

' Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cuttings of
young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May ;
fibrous loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
V. acero'sa (chaff y-leaved). Yellow. April. 1842.

„ Bro'wnii (Brown's), i. White. April. 1826.

,, densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). White. June.

„ Fontane'sii (Desfontaine's). i. White. April. 1826.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. May.

„ helia'ntha (sunflower). See V. GRANDIFLORA.

„ insi'gnis (showy). Pink. April. 1839.

„ ni'tens (shining). 2-3. Golden-yellow. May. 1862.

„ penni'gera (feathery). Lilac. April. 1841.

„ serra'ta (sawed). Yellow. May. 1841.

„ seti'gera (bristly). See V. PENJMGERA.
VERVAIN. Verbe'na.

VERVAIN, BASTARD. Stachytarphe' ta muta'bilis.
VERVAIN SAGE. Sa'lvia Verbena'ca.

VESICA'RIA. Bladder Pod. (From vesica, a bladders
or blister ; inflated seed-pods. Nat. ord. Crucifers
[Crucifera?]. Linn. i$-Tett -Mlynamia. Allied to Au-
brietiaj

All yellow-flowered. Seeds, division, and cuttings of
the young shoots under a hand-lig-ht ; common soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.

V. gra'cilis (slender). June. Texas. 1834.
„ grandiflo'ra (large- flowered). July. Texas. 1835.
„ ainua'ta (indented-leaved). See ALYSSUM SINUATUM.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

V. a'rctica (arctic). £. August. N. Amer. 1826.
„ arena' so. (sandy). See V. ARCTICA.

VESLINGIA

897

VIBURNUM

V. cre'tica (Cretan). See ALYSSUM CRETICUM.

„ edSntula (toothless). See ALYSSUM GEMONENSE.

„ gnaphalo'des (Gnaphalium-like). £. Bright citron-
yellow. Persia. 1907.

„ grcE'ca. (Grecian). Yellow. Summer. Greece ; Italy.

„ ludovicia'na (Ludovic's). June. Louisiana. 1825.
Herbaceous.

„ reticula'ta (netted). See COLUTEOCARPUS RETICUL-
ATUS.

„ utricula'ta (bladdered). i. May. Europe. 1730.

VESLI'NGIA. (Commemorative of John Vesting, a
Professor of Botany at Padua. Nat. ord. Composite.
Now referred to Guizotia.)

V. saii'va (cultivated). See GUIZOTIA ABYSSINICA.
„ sca'bra (rough). See GUIZOTIA ABYSSINICA.

VESPU'CCIA. (Commemorative of Amerigo Vespucci,
1451-1512, who discovered Continental America, and
gave his name to it. Nat. ord. Alismaceae. Now re-
ferred to Hydrocleis.)
V. Humbo'ldtii (Humboldt's). See HYDROCLEIS COM-

MERSONI.

VFSTIA. (Named after Dr. Vest, a German. Nat.
ord. Nightshades [Solanaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Cestrum.)

Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened sheets in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
V. fa.' tola (fetid). See V. LYCIOIDES.
„ lycioi'des (boxthorn-like). 3. Yellow. June. Chili.
1815.

VETCH. Vi'cia.

VETCH, BASTARD or BLADDER. Pha'ca.

VETCH, BITTER. Vi'cia O'robus.

VETCH, CHICKLING. La'thyrus sati'vus.

VETCH, CROWN. Coroni'lla.

VETCH, HORSESHOE. Hippocre'pis.

VETCH, KIDNEY. Anthy'llis.

VETCH, LIQUORICE. Astra'galus Glycyphy'llos.

VETCH, MEDICK. Ono'brychis.

VETCH, MILK. Astra'galus.

VEl'CU, WOOD. Vi'cia sylva'tica.

VETCHUNG. La'thyrus,

VIBO'RGIA. See WIBORGIA.

VIBU'RNUM. (From vieo, to tie; use of flexible
shoots. Nat. ord. Caprifoils [Caprifoliaceas]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria, z-Trigynia.)

White-flowered, unless otherwise mentioned. Seeds,
which should lie a season in the rot-heap before sowing ;
by layers ; and freely, especially the evergreens, by
cuttings in autumn, in sandy soil, in a shady border,
where they may remain two years. The tender kinds
like a little peat or leaf-mould, and greenhouse or stove
treatment.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

V. mono'gynum (one-styled). Java.
„ puncta'tum (dotted). India.
„ ri'gidum (rigid). 4. May. Canaries. 1796.
„ rugo'sum (rough). See V. RIGIDUM.
„ sempervi'rens (evergreen). China.
„ suspe'nsum (suspended). White, yellow. February'.

1853.

„ tinoi'des (Tinus-like). 4. S. Amer. 1820. Stove.
„ villo'sum (shaggy). 6. Trop. Amer. 1824.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

V. Awafu'ki (Awafuki). See V. ODORATISSIMUM.
„ cassinoi'des (Cassine-like). 3. June. N. Amer. 1761.

" Withered."
„ coria'ceunt (leathery). 10-50. Cream- white ; anthers

purple. Himalaya to China. 1881.
„ He'nryi (Dr. Henry's). Fruits coral red. Central

China. 1909.

„ lawiga'tum (smoothed). See V. OBOVATUM.
„ Mulla'ha (Mullaha). See V. STELLULATUM.

V. odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 6. May. China ;
Himalaya. 1818.

„ pygmce'a (pigmy), ij. Himalayas. 1841.

„ rhytidophy'llum (wrinkled-leaved). 4-6. Yellowish-
white. Berries dark red. Central China. 1903.

„ sine'nse (Chinese). See V. ODORATISSIMUM.

„ stellula'tum (finely-starry). Himalaya.

„ Ti'nus (laurustine). 5. July. S. Europe. 1595.

„ „ Frae'beli (Frcebel's). Flowers whiter. Habit
compact.

„ „ hi'rtum (hairy). 5. July. S. Europe.

,, ,, lu'cidum (shining). 10. August. Algiers.

„ „ lu'cidum variega'tum (variegated). 10. August.

„ „ macrophy'llum (large-leaved). Reddish. Corfu.
1908.

,, ,, purpu'reum (purple).

„ „ pyramida'le (pyramidal). Habit upright.

,, ,, ro'seum (rosy). Rose sport from type. 1902.

„ „ stri'ctum (erect). 6. August. S. Europe.

„ „ stri'ctum variega'tum (variegated). 6. August.
S. Europe.

» » virga'tum (twiggy). 6. August. Italy.

„ u'tile (useful). April. Central China. 1909.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

V. acerifo'lium (maple-leaved). 4. June. N. Amer.

1736. " Dockmackie."

„ buddleifo'lia (Buddleia-leaved). Central China. 1903.
,, bulla'tum (blistered-leaved). Origin uncertain.
„ burejiz'ticum (Burejaetic). China. 1862.
„ Carle'sii (Carles's). 2-3. Pink-white, changing to

pure white, fragrant. May. Corea. 1902.
„ cotinifo'lium (Cotinus- leaved). 10. June. Himalaya.

1830.

„ davu'ricum (Dahurian). 2. June. Dahuria. 1785.
„ denta'tum (tooth-leaved). 5. June. N. Amer. 1763.

" Arrow- wood."

„ „ variega'tum (variegated). Leaves variegated.
„ dilata'tum (swollen). 4. April. China; Japan. 1846.
„ edu'le (eatable-/rwtted). See V. OPULUS.
„ ero'sum (gnawed). Japan. 1896.
,, furca'tum (forked). China and J apan.
,, hancea'num (Hancean). China.
„ He'ssei (Hesse's). 2-3. Berries coral-red. China or

Japan. 1909.

„ hupehe'nse (Hupeh). 4. Central China. 1910.
„ Lanta'na (Lantana). 5-10. May. Europe (Britain) ;

Asia ; N. Africa. " Wayfaring Tree."
„ „ fo'liis au'reis variega'tis (golden- variegated-leaved).
„ ,, fo'liis pwicta'tis (dotted-leaved).
„ ,, grandifo' Hum (large-leaved). 10. June.
,, lantanoi'des (Lantana-like). 5. June. N. Amer.

" Hobble-bush."
„ Lenta'go (Lentago). 8. July. Spain. 1761. " Sheep

Berry."
„ „ subpeduncula'tum (slightly-stalked). Flower-stalk

| in. long. 1889.

,, macroce'phalum (large-headed). 20. China. 1844.
„ „ Ketelee'ri (Keteleer's). The fertile, wild form.

1863.

„ maf lie (soft). 6. May. N. Amer. 1812.
,, ni'tidum (shining). See V. NUDUM.
„ nu'dum (naked). 8. June. N. Amer. 1752.
„ „ squama' turn (scaly). 6. July. N. Amer. 1822.
„ obova'tum (reversed-egg-leaved). 2-10. April, May.

N. Amer. 1724.

,, „ punicifo'lium (Punica- leaved). See V. NUDUM.
„ O'pulus (guelder-rose). 10. July. Northern Hemi-
sphere (Britain). " Guelder Rose."
„ „ au'reum (golden). Leaves golden-yellow. 1906.
„ ,, fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). June.
„ „ fru'ctu lu'teo (yellow- fruited). Berries yellow.
„ ,, na'num (dwarf). |-i.
„ „ ro'seum Ta' fieri (Tatter's rosy).
„ „ ste'rile (barren). July. " Snowball Tree."
,, orie;ita'le (eastern). 10. May. Caucasus. 1827.
„ Oxyco'ccos (cranberry-like). See V. OPULUS.
,, paucifto'rum (few-flowered). 3-4. June. N. Amer.

1890.
„ phlebo' trichum (hairy- veined). 3-5. May. Berries

scarlet. China. 1910.
„ plica'tum (plaited-Ieaved). See V. TOMENTOSUM

PL1CATUM.

,, prunifo'lium (plum-leaved). 8. May. N. Amer.
1731. " Black Haw."

3L

VICIA

VICTORIA

V. pube'scens (downy). 3. June. N. Amer. 1736.
» pyrifo'lium (pear-leaved). See V. PRUNIFOLIUM.
„ rufi'dulum (reddish). Southern United States.

" Southern Black Haw."

„ Sanda'nkwa (Sandankwa). 6. China. 1875.
„ Sa'rgenti (Sargent's). White; anthers violet. China.

1899.

„ „ calve' scens (bald). Plant wholly smooth. 1903.
„ Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). Japan.
„ Stella' turn (starry). Mexico. 1889.
„ thei'ferum (tea-bearing). Central and W. China. 1910.
„ tomento'sum (felted). 3-6. May, June. Japan.
„ „ lancea'tum (lance-shaped). Leaves smaller, more

downy. 1908.
„ „ Marie' si (Maries'). Sterile flowers on the outer

part of the umbel. 1902.
„ „ plica' turn (plaited). 10. Flowers sterile. May.

Japan. " Japanese Snowball Tree."
ii » plica' turn grandifto'rum (large-flowered). Flowers

larger.
„ Vei'tchi (Veitch's). Flowers all fertile. Central

China. 1903.
„ Ve'tteri (Vetter's). Hybrid. (V. Lentagoxnudum.)

1889.
„ Wri'ghtii (Wright's). 10. Flowers fertile. Japan;

China. 1903.

VI' CIA. Vetch. (From vincio, to bind ; referring to
the tendrils clasping. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants
[Leguminosas]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria.)

Purple-flowered climbers, unless otherwise mentioned.
Annuals, seeds ; perennials, seeds and divisions ; good
garden soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.

V. amphica'rpa (double-fruited). S. Europe, &c.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1-2. July. Europe

(Britain).
„ a'tropurpu'rea (dark purple). 3. June. Algiers.

1815.

„ „ a'lba (white). White. June. Sardinia. 1836.
„ bie'nnis (biennial). 2. August. Siberia. 1753.
„ calcara'ta (spurred). 2. Red, blue. July. Barbary.

1790.

„ crue'nta (blood-coloured). See V. FULGENS.
„ dispefrma (two-seeded). South-western Europe.
„ Ervi'lia (Ervilia). S. Europe, &c.
„ Fa'ba (Faba). 2-4. White, purple, black. July.

Cultivated only. Broad Bean.
„ „ equi'na (horse). 2-3. White, purple, black. July.

Cultivated. "Horse Bean."
i> fu'lgens (shining). Algeria.
„ gigante'a (giant). North-western Amer.
„ gla'bra (smooth). See V. SATIVA GLABRA.
„ grami'nca (grassy). Chili and Brazil.
„ grandifio'ra (large-flowered), i. Yellow. July. S.

Europe. 1818.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy) of Fischer, il. Yellow. July.

Siberia. 1819.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy) of S. F. Gray. 1-2. Pale blue. July.

Europe (Britain). " Common Tare."
„ hy'brida (hybrid) of Hudson. See VICIA LUTEA.
„ lathyroi'des (Lathyrus-like). T1.,. J une to September.

Europe (Britain). " Strangle Tare."
„ longif&'lia (long-leaved). 2. Cream. July. Syria.

1818.
„ lu'tea (yeUow). i£. Yellow. July. Mediterranean

region (Britain).
„ „ Iceviga'ta (smooth), £-1. Pale blue or whitish.

July to September. Dorset.
„ me'lanops (black-eye). S. Europe.
„ narbone'nsis (Narbonne). 3. July. France, t$go.
„ nissolia'na (Nissolian). 3. July. Europe. 1773.
„ Nusqui'nez (Nusquinez). i£. July. Europe. r8i8.
„ panno'nica (Pannonian). i|. White. June. Hun-
gary. 1636.

„ peregri'na (rambling). i£. July. S. Europe. 1779.
„ Pseu'do-cra'cca (bastard-cracca). 2. Yellow. June.

S. Europe. 1820.

„ puncta'ta (dotted). See V. ONOBRYCHIOIDES.
., sati'va (cultivated). 3. May. Europe (Britain).

" Common Vetch." " Tare."
„ „ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See V. ANGUSTI-

FOLIA.
» „ gla'bra (smooth). 2. July. Switzerland. 1819.

V. serratifp'lia (saw-leaved). See V. NARBONENSIS.
„ setifo'lia (bristle-leaved). See V. GRAMINEA.
„ Sibtho'rpii (Sibthorp's). Greece.

, si'cula (Sicilian). May. Sicily, &c. 1827.

, sitche'nsis (Sitchan). See V. GIGANTEA.

, stria' ta (channelled). See V. PANNONICA.

, syri'aca (Syrian). See V. CALCARATA.

, tetraspe'rma (four-seeded). 1-2. Pale blue. May to

August. Europe (Britain).

;, Thou'ini (Thouin's). 2. June. Europe. 1800.
,, tricho'calyx ( hairy- calyxed). See V. ATROPURPUREA

ALBA.

„ trifto'ra (three-flowered). 2. July. Italy. 1820.

,, va'ria (variable). Europe, &c.

„ villo'sa (shaggy). 3. June. Europe. 1815.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

V. abbrevia'ta(shoTt-flower-stalked). 2. Pale blue. June.

Caucasus. 1818.
„ alti'ssima (tallest). 3. Pale blue. August. Barbary.

1820.
„ america'na (American. Wood). 3. White. June.

N. Amer. 1800.

„ amoe'na (pleasing). 2. June. Siberia. 1818.
„ arge'ntea (silvery), i. Pink. June. Pyrenees. 1827.
„ aura'ntia (orange), ij. Yellow. June. Asia Minor.

1818.
„ bithy'nica (Bithynian). 1-2. July. Mefliterranean

region (Britain). " Purple Vetch."
„ Bivo'nea (Bivoni's). Rose. July. Sicily. 1828.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). See LESSERTIA PULCHRA.
„ carolinia'na (Caroh'na). 2. White. June. Carolina.

1820.
„ cassu'bica (Cassubian). 3. Light blue. July.

Europe. 1711.
„ Crn'cca (Cracca). 2. July. Northern hemisphere

(Britain). " Tufted Vetch."

„ „ flo'ribus-a'lbus : (white-flowered). 2. White. July.
„ „ fio'ribus-ru'bris (red-flowered). 2. Red. July.
„ dennesia'na (Dennesian). Slaty-blue, changing to

fawn. Azores. Extinct in wild state.
„ denta'ta (toothed). See V. DUMETORUM.
„ dumeto'rum (hedge). 3. July. Europe; Siberia.

1752.

„ Gera'rdi (Gerard's). 2. July. S. Europe. 1810.
„ Iceviga'ta (smooth-podded). See V. LUTEA L^EVIGATA.
„ onobrychioi'des (sainfoin-Uke). i. June. S.Europe.

„ oroboi'des (Orobus-like). 1-2. Yellow. June. S.

Europe. 1758.
„ C/robus (Orobus). 1-2. White, tinged purple. June

to September. Europe (Britain). " Bitter Vetch."
„ pellu'cida (transparent). See LESSERTIA FALCI-

FORMIS.

,, pere'nnis (everlasting). See V. ATROPURPUREA.
„ pisifo'rmis (pea-shaped). 2. Cream. July. Europe.

1739-

„ polyphy'lla (many-leaved). See V. TENUIFOLIA.
„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). i. May. Pyrenees. 1818.
,, se'pium (hedge). 1-3. May to July. Europe (Britain).

" Bush Vetch."
„ sylva'tica (wood). 2-4. White, with blue veins.

June, July. Europe (Britain). " Wood Vetch."
„ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). i£. July. Europe. 1799.
,, trunca'tula (rather-snipped), i. Yellow, red. July.

Bannat ; Caucasus.
„ uni'juga (one-paired). 2. Blue. June. Siberia.

1758.
„ variega'ta (variegated). 3. June. Caucasus. 1816.

VI'CIA FA'BA, or BROAD BEAN. See BEAN.

VICTO'RIA. (Named after Her Majesty Queen Vic-
toria. Nat. ord. Water-lilies [Nymphaeaceas], Linn. 13-
Polyandria, i-Monogynia. Alliance between Euryale
and Nymphaea.)

Stove herbaceous aquatic. Generally by seeds, sown
in strong heat, and planted out in a reservoir of heated
water as soon as germinated. From the size of the
leaves, the tank must be 25 feet in diameter; and if
the water is moved, or is being constantly furnished with
a fresh supply, the plants will thrive all the better. At
Messrs. Weeks', in the King's Road, it has been bloomed
successfully in the open air in a tank, the water of
which was heated to 80° by hot-water pipes.

VICTORIAN HAZEL

899

VINCA

V. crutia'na (Cmzian). See V. REGIA CRUZIANA.
,, crucia'na (Crucian). See V. REGIA CRUZIAXA.
„ re'gia (royal). Rosy-white. July to October. River

Amazon. 1836.
„ „ cruzia'na (Cruzian). Deep red-pink the second

evening. Edges of leaves 6-8 in. high. Corrientes,

Argentina. 1894.
„ „ cruzia'na Ma'lmei (Malme's). Marginal ribs of

leaves pale to dark rose. Brazil. 1907.
,, ,, Tri'ckeri (Tricker's). See V. REGIA CRUZIANA.

VICTORIAN HAZEL. PomadSrris ape' tola.

VIETJSSEU'XIA. (Named after M . Vieusseux, a Swiss
botanist. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn. ^-Triandria,
i-Monogynia. Now referred to Morasa.)

Bulbs from the Cape of Good Hope, requiring the
same treatment as I'XIAS.
V. Bellende'ni (Bellenden's). See MOR^A PAVONIA

LUTEA.

„ fu'gax (transient). See MOR^A EDULIS.

,, glau'copis (grey-eyed). See MOR^EA GLAUCOPIS.

,, iridipi'des (Iris-like). See MOR^A CANDOLLEANA.

„ lu'rida (lurid). See MORSA LURIDA.

„ Pavo'nia (peacock). See MOR*A PAVONIA.

„ spira'lis (spiral). See MOR^A PAVONIA LUTEA.

,, tSnuis (slender). See MORJEA TENUIS.

„ tricu'spis (three-pointed). See MOR^A TRICUSHS.

„ tripetaloi'des (three-petaled-like). See MORJEA. TRI-

PETALA.

„ unguicula'ris (clawed). See MOR«A UNGUICULARIS.
„ vilio'sa (shaggy). See MOR^BA PAVONIA VILLOSA.

VTGNA. (Named after D. Vigni, a commentator on
Theophrastus. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Legumi-
nosce]. Linn. ly-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria. Allied to
Dolichos.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered, climbing annuals. Seeds in a
slight hotbed in March, and afterwards planted out in
the beginning of May, or sown in the end of April in
sandy, light soil.
V. BurcMllii (Burchell's). Purple. June to September.

S. Africa. 1816. Greenhouse.
„ Ca'tjang (Catjang). Yellow or red. July. Tropics.

1776. " Chowlee."

,, glabr a (smooth). 4. July. Tropics everywhere. 1685.
„ sine'nsis (Chinese). See V. CATJANG.
,, strobilo'phora (cone-bearing). Purple and white.

Mexico. 1894.
„ vilio'sa (shaggy). See V. GLABRA.

VIGUIE'RA. (Named after L. G. A. Viguier, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, $-Frustranea. Allied to the Sunflower.)

Stove, yellow-flowered, herbaceous perennials. Divi-
sions in spring, and cuttings of young shoots as fresh
growth commences, in sandy soil, in a hotbed, in March ;
sandy peat and fibrous loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 75°.

V. denta'ta (toothed). See V. HELIANTHOIDES.
„ exctflsa (lofty). 8. Mexico. 1820.
„ helianthoi'des (sunflower-like). 3. July. Mexico :

W. Ind. 1825.
„ linea'ris (linear). 2. September. Mexico. 1823.

Greenhouse.
„ prostra'ta (lying-flat). See HELIANTHUS TRACBELII-

FOLIUS.

,, ri'gida (rigid). See HELIANTHUS RIGIDUS.
,, tomento'sa (felted). 5-6. Lower California. 1900.
Greenhouse.

VILLA DIA. (Derivation not clear. Nat. ord. Craesu-

Greenhouse succulent. Seeds. Loam, leaf- mould,
broken bricks, and sand.
V. ramosi'ssima (much-branched). Mexico. 1905.

VILLAMTLLA. (Derivation not obvious. Nat. ord.
Phytolaccaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a gentle
bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
V. octa'ndra (eight-stamened). 2. White. May. Trop.
Amer. 1752.

VnXANaVA. (Commemorative of T. M. Villanova,
a Professor of Botany at Valencia. Nat. ord. Com-
positae. Allied to Hymenothrix.)

An erect, greenhouse herb, which may be grown in the
open during summer. Seeds; cuttings. Well-drained
garden soil.

V. chrysanthemoi'des (Chrysanthemum-like). 1-2. Yel-
low. September. New Mexico. 1878.

VDLLARE'SIA. (Commemorative of M. Villarez, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord. Olacaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
V. emargina'ta (notched). 3-40. White, fragrant. Sep-
tember. Peru.

„ grandifto'ra (large-flowered). BraziL 1857.
„ mucrona'ta (small-pointed). See V. EMARGINATA.

VILLA'RSIA. (Named after Villars, a French
botanist. Nat. ord. Gentianworts [Gentianaceae]. Linn.
S-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Yellow-flowered, where not otherwise stated. Divi-
sions and seeds in spring. Most of them must be treated
as aquatics, either planted in pans or tubs, or potted and
set in large saucers, and coaxed with greenhouse treat-
ment. The hardiest like the protection of the latter
though they may stand frequently in the open air.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

V. Cri'sta-ga'lli (cock's-crest). See MENYANTHES

CRISTA-GALLI.
„ gemina'ta (twin-flower-stalked). See LIMNANTHEMUM

GEMINATUM.

„ sarmento'sa (twiggy). See LIMNANTHEMUM GEMIN-
ATUM.
„ Si'msii (Sims'). See LIMNANTHEMUM INDICUM.

HERBACEOUS AQUATICS.

V. capita' ta (headed). ±. Light yellow, in heads. W.

Australia. 1879.

„ chile'nsis (Chilian), i. June. Chili. 1832.
„ corda'ta (heart-shaped). See LIMNANTHEMUM LACUN-

OSUM.
„ humboldtia'na (Humboldtian). See LIMNANTHEMUM

HUMBOLDTIANUM.

„ i'ndica (Indian). See LIMNANTHEMUM INDICUM.

„ lacttno'sa (pitted). See LIMNANTHEMUM LACUNOSUM.

„ Nymphoi'des (water-lily-like). See LIMNANTHEMUM

PELTATUM.

„ ova'ta (egg-leaved). June. S. Africa. 1786.

„ parnassifo'lia (Parnassia- leaved). 2. August. N.S.

Wales. 1825
„ renifo'rmis (kidney-/«»v«d). i. July. N. Holland.

1820.

VILLEBRU'NEA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Urticaceae.)

Stove shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a close frame, with
bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
V. integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). Green. India ; Malaya.
" Bon Reha."

VTLMORTNIA. (Named after M. Vilmorin, a cele-
brated French nurseryman. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminosae]. Linn. \j-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria.)

Stove evergreen. Seeds, soaked in warm water, and
sown in a hotbed in spring ; also cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April, and in
bottom-heat ; sandy peat and fibrous loam. Winter
temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
V. multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 6. Purple. St. Do-
mingo. 1826.

VIMINA'RIA. Rush Broom. (From vimen, a twig ;
the twiggy, leafless branches. Nat. ord. Leguminous
Plants [Leguminpsae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Daviesia.)

Greenhouse, orange, yellow-flowered evergreen, from
Australia. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under
a bell-glass, in April ; also by seeds in a gentle hotbed ;
loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
V. denuda'ta (stripped). 3. August. 1780.
,, lateriflo'ra (side-flowering). See JACKSONIA SCOPARIA.

VTNCA. Periwinkle. (From vinculum, a band ; the
tough, long shoots. Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae].
Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Evergreens. Division of the plant in spring, or cut-
tings of the shoots in a shady border, in spring or autumn ;

VINCETOXICUM

QOO

VIOLA

these make beautiful green carpeting under trees, where |
scarcely anything else would grow, and nourish in almost
any soil. Some "require the stove.
V. acutifto'ra (acute-flowered). See V. HERBACEA.
„ herba'cea (herbaceous). z|. Purple. June. Hun-
gary. 1816.

„ hu'mtlts (humble). See V. MINOR.
„ ma'jor (greater), a. Purple. August. Mediter-
ranean region (England).
,, „ elegantfssima (very-elegant). Leaves heavily

variegated with creamy-white.

„ „ vanega'ta( variegated). 2. Blue. July. England.
„ mSdia (intermediate), i. Blue. August. South-
western Europe.

„ mf nor (lesser), i. Blue. August. Europe (Britain).
„ pusfllAduuU-flowered). i. Blue. August. Tranque-

bar. 1778. Stove annual.
„ ro'sea (rosy), i. Rose-coloured. May. Tropics.

1776. Stove.

„ „ a'lba (white), i. White. June. Tropics. Stove.
„ ocella'ta (r«<*-eyed). i. White, red. June. E. Ind.

Stove.

VINCETO'XICUM. (From vinco, vincere, to overcome,
and toxicum, poison ; considered to be an antidote to
poison. Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceae.)

Hardy perennial herbs. Di\isions. Ordinary garden
soil.

V. acu'tum (acute). White. July. S.Europe. 1596.
„ fuse*' turn (brown). 2-3. Yellow. July. Eastern

Europe. 1817.
„ japo'nicum (Japanese). White. June to September.

Japan.

„ lu'teum (yellow). 2. Yellow. June. Portugal. 1596.
„ me'dium (intermediate). 3. White. May. Cau-
casus ; Persia.
„ ni'grum (black). 3. Brown. July. Europe; Asia

Minor. 1596.
„ offitina'le (shop). 2-3. White, May. Europe, 1596.

" Tame Poison."

„ pilo'sum (hairy). See CTNOCTONUM PILOSUM.
„ purpura'scens (purplish). Purplish. Japan. 1850.
„ tmo'leum (Tmolean). Mount Tmolus, Asia Minor.

VINE BOWER. Clematis Vitox'Ua.

VINE, CONDOR. Marsde'nia Cundura'ngo.

VINE, CYPRESS. IpomafaQua'moclit,

VINE, GRANADILLA. Passiflo'ra quadrangula'ris.

VINE, GRAPE. Vi'tis vinffera. See GRAPE VINB.

VINE T>IKK. A' Ilium Ampelo'prasvm.

VINE, MADEIRA. Boussingau'ltiabaseUoi'des.

VINE MAPLE. A 'c«r circina'tvm.

VINE, MATRIMONY. Ly'cium.

VI'OLA. The Violet. (The Latin name. Nat. ord.
VioUtworts [Violaceae]. Linn. ^Pentandria, i-Afono-
gynia,)

Blue-flowered, where not otherwise mentioned. By
seeds, divisions, and cuttings under a bell-glass or hand-
light ; mostly in rich, light soil, with a portion of peat.

GREENHOUSE PERENNIALS.

V. arbore'scens (tree-like), i}. May. Spain. 1779.
„ betonicifo'lia (betony-leaved). J. August Australia.

1820.

„ caspito'sa (tufted). See V. PATRINII.
„ dfcu'mbfKS (lying-down). £. June. S.Africa. 1819.
„ kedera'cta (ivy-leaved). |. July. Australia. 1823.

" New Holland Violet"

„ ku'milis (lowly), $. White. May. Mexico. 1824.
„ palme'nsis (Palma). i. Purple. May. Canary

Islands. 1836.

„ pygma'a (pigmy). | August Peru, 1822.
„ renifo'rmis (kidney-leaved). f. July. Australia.

1823.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

V. acu'ta (acute). See V. PRIMUL.C FOLIA.

„ affi nis (related). See V. CUCULLATA.

„ alltgkant nsts (Alleghany). See V. SAGITTATA.

„ alpi'na (alpine). J. Purple. June. Austria. 1823.

V. alta'ic* (Altaic). J. Dark purple. May. Siberia

1808.
„ „ purpu'rea (purple). J. Purple. May. Siberia

1810.

„ ambi'gua (doubtful). See V. CAMPESTRIS.
„ amce'na (pleasing). See V. LUTEA AXKZNA.
,, arena'ria (sand). June. Europe; N. Asia; N.

Amer. 1820.

„ asarifo'lia (Asarum-leaved). See V. CUCITLLATA.
,, a'spera (rough). See V. SERPENS.
„ attenua'ta (attenuated). See V. LANCEOLATA.
,, au'rea (golden). J. Yellow. May. CaJifomia. 1828.
,, banna'tica (Hungarian). See V. TRICOLOR.
„ bf color (two-coloured). See V. TRICOLOR ALBA.
„ bifto'ra (two-flowered). J. Yellow. June. Alps,

Europe. 1752.
„ bla'nda (charming). J. White. May. N. Amer.

1803.

„ calcara'ta (spurred). J. May. Switzerland. 1752.
„ „ albiflo'ra (white-flowered). Flowers large, white.
„ „ Ha' lien (Haller's). Flowers large, dark blue.
„ campe'stris (field). |. Purple. April. Tauria. 1823.
„ eanade'nsts (Canadian). |. White. May. N. Amer.

1783.
„ „ discolor (two-coloured). |. Blue, white. June.

N. Amer. 1783.
„ cam'na (dog's). £. May. Europe (Bntain). "Dog

Violet."
„ „ flavico'mis (yellow-spurred). A small form with

heart-shaped leaves.

,, „ monta'na (mountain), i. May. Alps. 1682.
„ „ Miteklenbe'rgii (Muehlenberg's). i. April. N.

Amer. 1820.

„ „ pu'mila (dwarf). J. May. France. 1818.
,, ,, radi'cans (rooting). J- June. Carolina. 1823.
„ „ stri'cta (upright). Cream. May. England. 1819.
,, ctni'sia( Mount Cenis). $. June. Mount Cenis. 1759.
„ ckrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). North-western Amer.
„ clandisk'na (clandestine). See V. ROTUNDIFOLIA.
„ colli'na (hill), i. May. Poland. 1822.
„ co'ncolor (self-coloured). See IONIDIUM CONCOLOR.
„ comu'ta (horned). J. May. Pyrenees. 1776.
„ „ purpu'rea (purple). Rich violet-purple. 1908.
„ cvcttUa'ta (hooded), j. May. N. Amer. 1762.
„ „ 9onefa'ta (variegated). VioUt. white. 1880.
„ dactyloi'des (Dactylis-like). |. May. Siberia. 1820.
„ dt'bilts (weak). See V. CANINA MUEHLENBERCII.
„ dtclifufta (turned-aside). J. June. Hungary. 1818.
„ delphimfo'lia (Delphinium-leaved). See V. PEDATI-

FIOA.

„ digita'ta (fager-Uaved). See V. PEDATA.
,, disse'cta (jagged-/«av«rf). See V. PINNATA.
„ di'stans (distant). }. Yellow. June. Himalaya.

1824.

„ Dougla'sti (Douglas's). See V. CHRYSASTHA.
„ ela'tior (taller). Europe ; N. Asia ; Orient.
„ emargina'ta (notch-ended). See V. SAGITTATA.
„ epipsi'la (naked-above). See V. SUECICA.
„ erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). See V. PUBESCENS.
„ flabellifo'lia (fan-leaved). See V. PEDATA.
„ flavico'mis (yellow-horned). See V. CANINA FLAVI-

CORNIS.

„ floraire'nsis (Floraire). Supposed hybrid between

V. calcarafa and cornuta. 1910.
„ gtbbo'sa (swollen). See V. HASTATA.
„ glabe-lla (smooth). Yellow. March. North-western

Amer. 1884.

„ glau'ca (milky-green). See V. ARENARIA.
„ gmelinia'na (Gmelin's). J. May. Siberia. 1820.
„ gra'cilis (slender). J. Violet. June. Greece. 1817.
„ „ valde'ria (Valderian). J. Violet, white. Summer.
„ grandifio'ra (large-flowered). J. Yellow. July.

Switzerland.
„ kasta'ta (halbert-kocftf). J. YeUow. May. CaroHna.

1823.
„ heteropkyUa (various-leaved). See V. GRACILIS VAL-

DERIA.

„ hirsu'ta (hairy). See V. HIRTA.
,, hi'rta (hairy). |. Greyish. May. Europe (Britain).
„ japo'nica (Japan), i. May. Japan. 1818.
„ Joo'i (Joo's). Transsylvania.
„ kitaibelia'na (Kitaibel's). See V. TRICOLOR.
„ Kro'keri (Kroker's). See V ARENARIA.
„ labrado'rica (Labrador). See V. CANINA

BERGII.

VIOLA

go i

VIOLET FORCING

T. la'cUa (milky). \. Bluish-purple. May. Europe

(England).
,, lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). J. White. June. N.

Amer. 1759.

,, Langsdo'rfii (Langsdorf's). J. June. Siberia. 1823.
,, litora'lis (shore). See V. PRATENSIS.
,, IStea (yeUow). J. Yellow. June. Europe (Britain).
„ ,, amix'na (lovely). $. Blue or blue and purple.

Summer. Scotland.

„ macedo'mca (Macedonian). Macedonia.
„ macra'ntka (large-flowered). See V. CALCARATA.
,, macula'td, (spotted). J. Yellow. January. Chili.

1851.

„ mira'bilis (wonderful), $. July. Europe. 1732.
,, monta'na (mountain). See V. CANINA MONTANA.
,, ,, stri'cta (erect). See V. CANINA STRICTA.
„ munbya'na (Munbyan). J-i. Violet, white. May

to July. Spain. 1897.
,, negle'cta (neglected). See V. SYLVESTRIS.
,, nutnmularifo'lia (moneywort-leaved), ij. May. S.

France. 1820.
„ Nutta'llii (NuttaU's). \. Yellow. May. Missouri.

1812.

„ obli'qua (twisted-flowered). See V. CUCULLATA.
„ ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). See V. STRIATA.
„ occu'lta (hidden). \. Veiny. June. N. and W. Asia.

1832. Annual.
„ odora'ta (sweet-scented. Common}. J. Purple.

June. Europe (Britain). " Sweet Violet."
„ „ a'lba (white-flowered). J. White. April. Britain.
„ „ pa'llida ple'na (pale-double). Lavender-blue.

" Neapolitan Violet."

„ „ sulphu'rea (sulphur). Pale yellow. 1898.
„ Orea'des (Oreades). See V. ALTAICA.
„ ova'ta (egg-leaved). See V. SAGITTATA.
„ palma'ris (palm). See P. DISTANS.
„ palma'ta (hand-leaved). $. May. N. Amer. 1752.
„ „ cuculla'ta (hooded). See V. CUCULLATA.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). \. Purple, white. June.

N. Amer.
„ palu'stris (marsh). J. May. Northern temperate

regions (Britain).
„ „ pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). See V. PUBE-

SCENS.

„ papiliona'cea (butterfly). See V. CUCULLATA.

„ „ Patri'nii (Patrin's). See V. PATRINII.

„ Patri'nii (Patrin's). June. Russia; N. Asia;

Himalaya.

„ peda'ta (doubly-lobed). \. May. N. Amer. 1759.
„ „ atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). See V. PEDATA BI-

COLOR.
„ „ bi' color (two-coloured). J. Blue and white. May.

N. Amer.

„ „ ftabella'ta (inn-leaved). See V. PEDATA BICOLOR.
„ „ ranunculifo'lia (Ranunculus-leaved). J. Whitish.

June. N. Amer. 1818.

„ pedati'fida (lobe-cleft), $. June. N. Amer. 1826.
„ peduncula'ta (stalked). North-western Amer.
„ pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). See V. PUBESCENS.
„ persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). i. Cream. June.

Europe. 1817.
„ pinna' ta (leafleted). J. Violet. June. Europe.

1752.

„ pramo'rsa (bit ten-rooted). See V. AUREA.
„ prate'nsis (meadow). June. Europe.
„ primulafo'lia (primrose-leaved). J. June. Carolina.

1783-
„ prostra'ta (prostrate). J. Cream. June. Tenerifie.

1824.
„ pube'scens (downy). |. Yellow. June. N. Amer.

1772.

„ pu'mila (dwarf). See V. CANIXA PUMILA.
,, ,, ericfto'rum (heath). See V. CANIXA.
„ „ lancifo'lia (spear-leaved). See V. LACTEA.
„ pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). J. May. Pyrenees. 1817.
„ pyrolafo'lia (Pyrola-leaved). See V. MACULATA.
,, raddea'na (Raddean). Amurland ; China.
„ radi'cans (rooting). See V. CANINA RADICANS.
„ nwnta'na(Rivinian). J. Blue, with many dark veins.

Spur yellow-white or purple. Britain.
„ rostra'ta (beaked). N. Amer.

„ rothomage'nsis (Rouen). \. July. Europe. 1781.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). J. Pale yellow. May.

N. Amer. 1800.
„ Ru'ppii (Ruppius's). i. May. Europe. 1822.

V. Rydbe'rgi (Rydberg's). J-i. White, slightly tinted

with purple. N. Amer. 1909.
„ sagitta'ta (arrow-leaved). J. White, blue. July.

N. Amer. 1775.

„ sarmento'sa (twiggy). See V. ODORATA.
„ schmidtia'na (Schmidt's). See V. CANIXA.
„ scia'phila (shade-loving). Lilac, purple. Europe.

1873-

„ Selki'rkii (Selkirk's). J. June. N. Amer. 1822.
„ se'rpens (creeping). J. Pale yeUow. May. N. India ;

Malaya; China. 1824. '
„ soro'na (sisterly). See V. CUCULLATA.
„ stagni'na (stagnant), i. Pale lilac or white. April to

August. Europe (England).
„ stria' ta (streaked). \. Striped. June. N. Amer.

1772-

„ sua'vis (sweet). J. June. Ukraine. 1823.
„ sude'tica (Sudetic). See V. TRICOLOR SUDETICA.
„ sue'cica (Swedish). J. Yellow. N. Europe. 1822.
„ sylva'tica (wood). See V. SYLVESTRIS.
„ sylvfstris (wood). J. May. Europe (Britain). 1826.

"Wood Violet."
„ „ reichenbachia'na (Reichenbachian). Spur not

furrowed. Europe (Britain).
„ sy'rtica (Syrtian). Europe.
„ tricolor (three-coloured). |. Yellow, purple. August.

Europe (Britain). " Pansy."
„ „ a'lba (white). \. White. May. N. Amer. 1818.

Annual

„ „ arve'nsis (corn-field). \. Yellow, purple. June.

Britain.
„ „ e'Ugans (elegant). J. Veiny. Summer. Altai.

1832.

„ „ hi'rta (hairy). June. Pannonia. 1820.
„ „ sudttica (Sudetic). \. YeUow. Europe. 1805.
„ tnparti'ta (three-parted). See V. HASTATA.
„ vligino'sa (swamp). J. Purple. April. Carinthia.

1823.

„ umbro'sa (shady). See V. SCIAPHILA.
„ uniflo'ra. (one-flowered). J. Yellow. June. Siberia.

„ valdfna (Valderian) of AllionL See V. CCXISIA.
„ vanega'ta (variegated). i. Pale violet. May.

Dahuria. 1817.
„ verecu'nda (modest). Japan.
„ verticilla'ta (whorled). See IONIOIUM POLYCAL.*-

FOUUM.

„ villania'na (Villars's). See V. TRICOLOR.
„ viimorina'na (VUmorinian). See V. ODORATA sm>

PHURXA.

„ Zo'ysii (Zoys's). J. YeUow. August. Europe.
VIOLET. VfotA.

VIOLET, ADDER'S. Goodye'raprte'sctnt.
VIOLET, BOG. Pingufcula.
VIOLET, CAPE. loni'dium cape'nse.
VIOLET, DAME'S. HSsperis matrona'lis.
VIOLET, DOG. Viola cam' na.
VIOLET, DOG'S-TOOTH. EryOtro'nium De'ns-ca'nu.

VIOLET FORCING. To obtain Neapolitan Violets in
winter, select a warm, sheltered comer ; cast out trenches
a foot deep and 5 feet wide into the alleys, and make a
turf wall all round to the desired height, for holding
about 15 or 1 8 inches of leaves, rubbish-heap refuse, or
any fermenting materials likely to afford a little bottom-
heat, upon which place about 8 or 9 inches of rich, open
soil. The width regulate by any lights to be spared for
a time, or thatched hurdles, or other protectors. Violets
are also extensively planted in ordinary cold frames,
with or without fermenting manure beneath them, and
plenty of air must be given them to keep the foliage dry
and prevent attacks of fungi. The plants take up from
the store plantation carefuUy, with balls of earth to
their roots, and plant from 10 to 12 inches apart each
way, first clearing them of any side-shoots or suckers ;
afterwards keep clear of dead leaves, &c., weU surface-
stir, and never allow to get dry. No lights or protection
are to be placed over them until frosty nights set in,
or very heavy rains ; then, at all times, tilt on both
sides, with abundance of air, if the weather is not too
severe. By such treatment the foliage is always large,

VIOLET, FRINGED

902

VITEX

thick, and of a beautiful dark green, the flowers abundant
and large. No side-runners are to be allowed to run
until April, at which time they are to be encouraged to
grow ; and open, sandy, rich soil sifted amongst them,
and kept well watered, to encourage them to root freely.
A partially-shaded piece of good ground is then to be
chosen in the month of May, and the Violets then forked
up, old and young altogether, and the best of the young
plants selected and planted out a foot apart each way
singly. They are to be kept well surface-stirred all the
summer, and by the end of September they will be fine
plants to take up as above described.

Russian Violets— Single White, Double White, Double
Blue, and other hardy varieties — grow in a similar way,
with regard to planting out the young runners and
summer treatment, and they are also to be carefully
taken up in September ; some placed in turf-pits, with
gentle bottom-heat, and some without bottom-heat, and
a quantity planted on sloping banks. By this simple
contrivance abundance of luxuriant flowers are kept in
succession from September till May. Every variety is
kept clear from side-shoots or runners all the summer.
All the varieties are particularly fond of charred articles
mixed with the soil.

VIOLET, FRINGED. Thysano'tus.

VIOLET FUNGI. The Sweet Violet (Viola odorata)
and others are liable to be attacked by several fungi.
One of the most destructive is Puccinia Viola, which
occurs on the Violet in spring in the ^Eciditim or cluster-
cup form. It may be recognised by its small yellow
cups thickly covering orange-coloured patches, and when
these cups burst, the orange-yellow spores escape.
Another named Urocystis Viola, enters the tissues of the
stems and leaves of various violets, causing them to
become distorted and stunted. The skin ultimately
bursts, allowing the dark-coloured spores to escape in
great quantity. Plants that get attacked should be
burned to destroy the spores, and prevent the diseases
from spreading. Violets that are forced are very liable
to be attacked by Phyllosticta Viola, which may usually
be recognised by bleached or colourless spots, which
run into one another, forming patches that are visible
on both surfaces of the leaves. If the attack is noticed
in good time it may be prevented from spreading by
spraying the plants with sulphide of potassium, one
ounce to three or four gallons of water. The plants
should also be grown in cold frames or outdoors for a
time till they regain their wonted health and vigour.

VIOLET, MARSH. Vi'ola palu'stris.

VIOLET, MERCURY'S. Campanula Me'dium.

VIOLET, NEW HOLLAND. Vi'ola hedera'cea.

VIOLET, SPURLESS. Vi'ola hedera'cea.

VIOLET, SWEET. Vi'ola odor a' ia.

VIOLET, TONGUE. Schweigge'ria.

VIOLET, WATER. Hotto'nia palu'stris.

VIOLET, WOOD. Vi'ola sylvefstris.

VIPER GOURD. Trichosa'nthes angui'na.

VIPER'S BUGLOSS. E'chium.

VIPER'S GRASS. Scorzone'ra hispa'nica.

VIRE'YA RETU'SA. See RHODODENDRON RETUSUM.

VIRGINIA. (Named after Virgil, the Roman poet.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [LeguminosEej. Linn. 10-
Decandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Sophora.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreen, from South
Africa. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under
a glass, in April ; sandy loam and fibrous peat.
V. au'rea (golden). See CALPURNIA AUREA.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). 2. Purple, white. July. 1767.
„ intru'sa (intruded). See CALPURNIA AUREA.
„ lu'tea (yellow). See CLADRASTIS TINCTORIA.
„ robinioi'des (Robinia-like). See CALPURNIA ROBINI-

OIDES.
„ sylva'tica (wood). See CALPURNIA SYLVATICA.

VffiGI'LIA HELIOI'DES, of L'Heritier. See GAILLAR-

DIA PULCHELLA.

VIRGINIAN COWSLIP. Merte'nsiapulmonarioi'des.

VIRGINIAN CREEPER. Ampelo'psis quinquefo'lia, or
more correctly Vi'tis quinquefo'lia.

VIRGINIAN DATE PALM. Diospy'ros Virginia' na.
VIRGINIAN POKE. Phytola'cca deca'ndra.
VIRGINIAN SILK. Peri'ploca grce'ca.
VIRGINIAN STOCK. Malco'miamari'tima.
VIRGIN'S BOWER. Cle'matisVita'lba.
VIRGIN TREE. Cinnamo'tnum Partheno'xylon.
VTROLA SEBI'FERA. See MYRISTICA SEBIFERA.

VISCA'RIA. Rock Lychnis. (From viscus, bird-lime ;
the glutinous stems. Nat. ord. Cloveworts [Caryophyl-
laceae]. Linn. lo-Decandria, $-Decagynia. Now referred
to Lychnis.)

V. a'lba (white). See LYCHNIS VISCARIA ALBA.
„ albifto'ra (white-flowered). See LYCHNIS VISCARIA

ALBA.

„ alpi'na (alpine). See LYCHNIS ALPINA.
„ Cce'li-ro'sa (rose-of- heaven). See LYCHNIS CCELI-

ROSA.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See LYCHNIS GRANDI-

FLORA.

„ helve'tica (Helvetian). See LYCHNIS ALPINA.
„ negle'cta (neglected). See LYCHNIS VISCARIA.
„ ocula'ta (eyed). See LYCHNIS CCELI-ROSA.
„ „ ca'ndida (white). See LYCHNIS VISCARIA ALBA.
„ sue'cica (Swedish). See LYCHNIS ALPINA.
„ vulga'ris (common). See LYCHNIS VISCARIA.

VTSCUM. Mistletoe. (From viscus, bird-lime ; the

berries contain a viscid matter like bird-lime. Nat. ord.

Loranths [Loranthaceae]. Linn. zz-Dicecia, ^-Pentandria.)

The Mistletoe thrives best on the thorn and the apple.

The seed, in early spring, should be squeezed from the

berries into crannies of the bark underneath a branch,

or slits be made on purpose in the bark.

V. a'lbum (white). 2. Green. May. Europe (England).

„ crucia'tum (cross-like). Male flowers large. Berries

red-brown. Spain; N.E. Africa: Syria. 1902.

On the Olive.

VTSMIA. (Named after M . Visme, a Lisbon merchant.
Nat. ord. Tutsans [Hypericaceas], Linn. i&-Polyadelphia,
2-Polyandria.)

Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of firmish
side-shoots in sand, in May, under a bell-glass, and placed
in bottom-heat ; sandy peat, fibrous loam, and a little
rough charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer,
60° to 85°.
V. brasilie'nsis (Brazilian. Wax-tree). 8. August.

Brazil. 1824.
„ gla'bra (smooth). 10. Red. July. Trop. Amer.

1824.
„ guiane'nsis (Guianan). 8. August. Guiana. 1824.

" Wax Tree."
„ sessilifo'lia (stalkless-leaved). May. Guiana. 1826.

VTSNEA. (Supposed to be commemorative of Visne,
a Portuguese merchant. Nat. ord. Ternstrcemiaceae.)

Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand under a
bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand.
V. Mocane'ra (Mocanera). White. March. Canaries
1815.

VTTEX. Chaste-tree. (From vieo, to bind ; the
flexible branches. Nat. ord. Verbenas [Verbenace«].
Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.)

Purple-flowered, except where otherwise stated. The
hardy by cuttings under a hand-glass, in a shady border,
in autumn, or in a sheltered place without the hand-
glass. The others require greenhouse and stove treat-
ment, and are easily propagated by cuttings under a
bell-glass ; the stove species in a little bottom-heat ;
sandy loam and a little peat.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

V. A'gnus-ca'stus (chaste-lamb-tree). 6. White, blue.

Sicily. 1570.

„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. White, blue. Sep-
tember. Sicily. 1570.

VITIPHGENIX

9°3

VITIS

STOVE EVERGREENS.

V. ala'ta (winged). 10. September. E. Ind. 1820.
„ alti'ssima '.tallest). 8. Ceylon. 1810.
„ arbo'rea (tree). See V. PUBESCENS.
„ bi'color (two-coloured). See V. NEGUNDO.
„ bignonioi'des (Bignonia-like). Blue. Caracas. 1826.
„ capita'ta (headed). Blue. June. Trinidad. 1822.
„ donia'na (Don's). Sierra Leone. 1824.
„ gigantefa (gigantic). Ecuador. 1826.
„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Blue. E. Ind. 1820.
„ ilicifo'lia (Ilex-leaved). June to September. Cuba.
„ mct'sa (cut). 4. August. China. 1758. Greenhouse

or h.3xd.y .
„ „ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Sky-blue. China.

1910.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See V. PUBESCENS.
„ Leuco'xylon (white-wooded). 4. Ceylon. 1793.
„ Li'ndeni (Linden's). 5. Pale lilac, streaked with red

in the tube. Colombia. 1872.
„ littora'lis (shore). 18. Bright rose. New Zealand.

1907. Greenhouse.

„ Negu'ndo (Negundo). 4. E. Ind. 1810.
„ „ inci'sa (cut). See V. INCISA.
„ ova'ta (egg-leaved). See V. TRIFOLIA.
„ pube'scens (downy). 30. Blue. July. Trop. Asia.

1820.

„ sali'gna (vfi&ow-leaved). See V. LEUCOXYLON.
„ trifto'ra (three-flowered). 6. Cayenne. 1819.
,, tnfo'lia (three-leaved). 4. E. Ind. 1759.
„ „ unifolia'ta (one-leafleted). Leaves undivided.

Japan. 1907.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Violet-purple. Leaves

edged white. Polynesia. 1876.
„ umbro'sa (shady). 30. Jamaica. 1823.

VITIPHOE'NIX. (From Vitis, the vine, and Phoenix,
the date palm. Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Stove Palm. Seeds. Loam, one-third peat, and sand.
V. fili'fera (thread-bearing). Fiji. 1885.

VTTIS. The Vine. (From the Celtic gwyd, pro-
nounced vid, best of trees. Nat. ord. Vineworts [Ampeli-
daceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy deciduous, all but one green-flowered. Few are
worth growing except vini'fera and its varieties ; the
other species are viewed chiefly in this country as orna-
mental climbers. All are propagated by cuttings and
buds of the ripe wood, layers, and by grafting and in-
arching. Soil for all, a rich, open loam. See GRAPE
VINE.
V. acumina'ta (long-pointed). Fruit large, black. Fiji.

1890.

„ aconitifo'lia (aconite-leaved). See V. SERIAN^EFOLIA.
„ cegirophy'lla (goat-leaved). Turkestan. 1892.
„ (estiva'lis (summer). 20. May. United States. 1656.

" Summer Grape."

„ „ Linseco'mii (Linsecom's). 20. May. " Pine-
wood or Turkey Grape."

„ a'lbo-ni' tens (white-shining). Brazil. 1871. Stove.
„ amazo'nica (Amazon). Leaves with silvery veins.

Brazil. 1866. Stove.
„ amure'nsis (Amur). Leaves woolly when young.

Amurland ; N. China.
„ anta'rctica (Antarctic). July. Australia. 1790.

" Kangaroo Vine." Greenhouse.
„ arbo'rea (tree-like). June. Leaves bipinnate. S.

United States. 1700. " Pepper Vine."
,, argyrophy'lla (silvery-leaved). See V. JEGIROPHYLLA.
„ arizo'nica (Arizona). Arizona. " Canon Grape."
„ arma'ta. (armed). 10-20. Stems and petioles spiny.

Central China. 1903.
„ „ Vei'tchii (Veitch's). More vigorous, richly

coloured in autumn. Central China. 1904.
„ Baine'sii (Barnes'). Trop. Africa. 1864.
„ Berlandie'ri (Berlandier's). Berries blackish-violet.

Texas; New Mexico. 1888.
„ baudinia'na (Baudinian). See V. ANTARCTICA.
„ bi'color (two-coloured). Eastern United States.

" Blue Grape."

„ bla'nda (mild). May. N. Amer.
„ bourquinia'na (Bourquinian). S. California. " Valley

Grape."

„ brevipeduncula'ta (short-stalked). China.
„ calif o'rnica (Calif ornian). California to N. Oregon.
„ ca'ndicans (white). Eastern Texas. " Mustang
Grape."

V. cantoniSnsis (Canton). Leaves pinnate. Malacca

and China. 1904.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). Berries blackish-red. S. Africa.

1887. Greenhouse.
„ capreola'ta (tendrilled). Himalaya.
„ carib&'a (Caribbean). W. Ind.
„ „ Blanco'i (Blanco's). Florida.
„ Cha'mpini (Champin's). South-western Texas.
„ chontale'nsis (Chontal). Scarlet. Nicaragua. 1869.
„ cine' rea (grey). IlUnois to Kansas, Texas, &c. "Sweet

Winter Grape."

„ cirrho'sa (tendrilled). S. Africa. 1866.
„ CoignJtia (Coignetia's). Crimson in autumn. Japan.

1890.
„ cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 12. May, June. United

States. 1806. " Chicken Grape."
„ davidia'na (Davidian). See V. HETEROPHYLLA.
„ Delava'yi (Delavay's). Leaves with three leaflets.

Central and W. China. 1904.
„ disse'cta (cut). Trop. Africa.
„ doania'na (Doanian). Leaves and branches hoary

white. N.W. Texas. 1896.
„ Endre'sii (Endres'J. Leaves with purple veins.

Costa Rica. 1875.

„ erio'clada (woolly-branched). India.
„ ficifo'lia (fig-leaved). China; Japan.
„ flexuo'sa (flexuous). India ; China ; Japan. 1818.
„ „ chine' nsis (Chinese). Leaves larger, les« glossy

than V. /. Wilsoni. Central China. 1904.
„ ,, Wilso'ni (Wilson's). A slender growing variety.

Central China. 1903.

„ girdia'na (Girdian). S. CaHfomia. " Valley Grape."
„ gongylo'des (wallet-jointed). See V. PTEROPHORA.
,, henry a' na (Henrian). Leaves 5 -fingered, silvery and

rose on the veins. Central China. 1904.
„ heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 10. Blue. Japan.

1820.

„ „ humulifo'lia (hop-leaved). 3-8. Berries turquoise-
blue. Japan; China. 1868.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves variegated with

rose and cream.

„ himalaya'na (Himalayan). Himalaya.
„ „ semicorda'ta (half-heart-shaped). Leaves 3-lobed.

Himalaya ; Khasia Mts. 1907.
„ hypoglau'ca (glaucous-beneath). Yellow. Australia.

1866.
„ inco'nstans (inconstant). 20-50. China and Japan.

1868.
„ „ aura'ta (golden). Leaves blotched with yellow.

1909.
„ „ Lo'wii (Low's). Leaves small, dark purple in

autumn. 1907.

if fi purpu'rea (purple). Leaves purple.
„ ,, robu'sta (robust). A strong growing variety.
„ indivi'sa (undivided). S. United States. 1888.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). Eastern Asia. 1875.
,, „ crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Leaves leathery, cob-
webby beneath. 1886.
„ „ marmora'ta (marbled). Leaves marbled witn

yellow. 1875.

„ javale'nsis (Javalan). Scarlet. Nicaragua. 1869.
„ Labru'sca (Labrusca). 12. June. N. Amer. 1656.
" Fox Grape." " Skunk Grape." The parent of
most of the American cultivated grapes.
„ lana'ta (woolly). May. India ; China. 1824.
„ leeoi'des (Leea-like). See V. CANTONIENSIS.
„ Li'ndeni (Linden's). Leaves spotted with white.

Colombia. 1870.

„ Lo'ngii (Long's). N.W. Texas ; New Mexico.
„ ma'cropus (long-stalked). Trop. Africa. 1864.
„ Marti'nii (Martin's). Cochin-China.
„ megalophyila (large-leaved). Leaves bipinnate.

Central China. 1903.
„ multi'fida (much-cut). Leaves deeply lobed. Berries

black. China. 1891.
„ munsonia'na (Munsonian). Florida. " Mustang

Grape of Florida." " Bird Grape."
„ oblo'nga (oblong). Queensland.
„ obte'cta (covered). Leaves 3-5 fingered. Himalaya ;

Burma ; China. 1904.

„ obtusifo'lia (obtuse-leaved). See V. TOMENTOSA.
,, orienta'lis (oriental). Orient.
,, Pagnu'ccii (Pagnucc's). Leaves small, bronzy in

autumn. China. 1907.

„ palma'ta (hand-shaped). N. Amer. " Red or Cat
Grape."

VITTADINIA

904

VOYRIA

V. parvifo'lia (small-leaved). See V. FLEXUOSA.

„ pe'ndula (drooping). Trop. Africa.

„ pSrsica (Persian). Persia to Afghanistan.

„ planicau'lis (flat-stemmed). Himalaya. 1849.

„ polysta'chya (many-spiked). India.

„ ptero'phora (wing-bearing). October. Brazil. 1883.
Stove.

„ quadrangula' ris (four-angled). Summer. Trop. Asia
and Africa.

„ quinquefo'lia (five-leaved). May. N. Amer. 1629.
" Virginian Creeper."

„ „ hirsu'ta (hairy). May. N. Amer. 1806.

„ „ inci'sa (cut).

„ „ ma'jor (larger).

„ „ mura'lis (wall).

„ renifo'rmis viola'cea (kidney-shaped-violet). Dioeci-
ous. China. 1888.

„ re'pens (creeping). Leaves reddish-brown, claret
beneath when young. Self -clinging. India ; China.
1908.

„ ripa'ria (river-bank). See V. VULPINA.

„ Romane'ti (Romanet's). Dioecious. N China. 1888.

„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). United States. " Mus-
cadine Southern Fox Grape."

„ rupe'stris (rock). S. United States. " Sand or Sugar
Grape."

„ ru'tilans (red). Stems and petioles covered with dark
red bristles. Eastern Asia. 1890.

„ scela'ntha (bright-flowered). Arabia ; Africa.

„ semicorda'ta(ha.U- heart-shaped). See V. HIMALAYANA

SEMICORDATA.

„ sempervi'rens (evergreen). See V. STRIATA.

„ serianafo'lia (Seriana-leaved). Leaves with 3-5
leaflets. China and Japan. 1867.

„ sine'nsis (Chinese). Leaves reddish-purple. China.
1903.

„ siria'Ui (striped). Berries reddish. Rio Grande do
Sul. 1 88 1. Evergreen.

„ Thomso'ni (Thomson's). Leaves fingered, reddish
above, violet-purple beneath. N. India; China.
1903.

„ Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). Leaves large, becoming
crimson in autumn. China ; J apan.

„ Tita'nea (Titanea). Berries black. Japan. 1905.

„ tomento'sa (felted). Leaves white felted. India. 1891.

„ „ sero'tina (late). A late-fruiting form. 1891.

„ Trelea'sei (Trelease's). Texas ; Arizona.

„ tricuspida'ta (three-pointed). See V. INCONSTANS.

„ veluti'nus (velvety). Red. Malaya. 1859.

„ vini'fera (wine-bearing). 30. June. Orient; North-
western India. " Grape Vine."

„ „ apiifo'lia (celery-leaved). See V. VINIFERA
LACINIOSA.

„ „ corinthi'aca (Corinthian). Berries small. " Cur-
rant Grape."

„ „ (?) Davi'dii (David's). (Syn. Spinovitis Davidii,
Carr.)

n „ lacinio'sa (deeply-cut). 20. Leaves deeply cut.
1648. Parsley-leaved Vine.

»» » Purpu'rea (purple). Leaves purple. " Teinturier
Grape."

» „ sylve'stris (wild).

„ voinieria'na (Voinierian). Fruit large, grape-like.
China. 1897.

„ votnere'nsis (Vomeran). Leaves deeply cut, covered
with light brown felt. 1909.

„ vulpi'na (wolf). 20. May. N. Amer. 1826. " River-
bank or Frost Grape."

„ Walli'chii (Wallich's). See V. FLEXUOSA.

„ Wilso'n<z( Mrs. Wilson's). Leaves deep red in autumn.
China. 1909.

VITTADI'NIA. (From vitta, a riband, and adinos,
closely pressed ; in allusion to the narrow, closely-
pressed bracts surrounding the heads. Nat. ord. Com-
positae. Allied to Erigeron.)

A low-growing perennial. Seeds ; cuttings ; divisions.
Well-drained soil.
V. austra'lis (southern), i. White, pink. Summer.

Australia ; New Zealand. " Australian Daisy."
„ tri'loba (three-lobed). See V. AUSTRALIS.

VITTA'RIA. (From vitta, a riband ; shape of fronds.
Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Cryptogamia, i-
F dices.)

Stove, browu-spored Ferns. See FERNS.

V. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Malacca.
,, elonga'ta (elongated). Tropics of Old World.
„ ensifo'rmis (sword-shaped). See V. ELONGATA.

,, graminifo'lia (grass-leaved), i. July. Brazil. 1820.

_ ist. Trop.
and Africa. 1793.

,, linea'ta (lined). 2. August. Trop. Amer. ; Asia ;

,, revolu'ta (revolute). June. Himalaya.

,, scolopendri'na (Scolopendrium-like). i-ij. New

Guinea ; Philippines ; Malaya.
„ stipita'ta (stalked). i$-2. Colombia to Peru.
,, zosterifo'lia (Zostera-leaved). See V. ELONGATA.

ViyiA'NIA. (Named after Dr. Viviani, a Swiss
botanist. Nat. ord. Crane's-bills [Geraniaceae], Linn. 10-
Decandria, ^-Trigynia.)

Greenhouse, Chilian evergi-eens. Cuttings of young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; sandy loam
and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 45° to 50° ; summer,
60° to 70°.
V, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). See V. GRANDIFOLIA.

,, grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 2. Red. July. 1832.

,, marifo'lia (Marum-leaved). 2. Red. July. 1832.

,, parviflo'ra (small-flowered). See V. PARVI FOLIA.

,, parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 2. White. July. 1832.

VOANDZETA. (From Voandzou, said to be the native
name in Madagascar. Nat. ord. Leguminosae.)

A somewhat creeping herb, which buries its seed-pod
in the ground like Arachis hypogcea and Trifolium subter-
raneum. Seeds. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
V. subterra'nea (subterranean). J. Light yellow. July.
Trop. and S. Africa. 1823. " Underground Bean."
" Bombarra Ground Nut."

VOCHY'SIA. (Derived from Vochy, the native name
of V. guianensis. Nat. ord. Vochysiaceae, which is allied
to Polygalaceae. Also spelt Vochisia and Vochya.)

Evergreen stove shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
V. ferrugi'nea (rusty). 20-25. Yellow, odorous. August.

Brazil.
„ guiane'nsis (Guianese). 6-12. Yellow. August.

Guiana. 1822. " Copai-ye-wood."
„ tomento'sa (felted). See V. FERRUGINEA.

VOLKAME'RIA. (Commemorative of /. Christopher
Volkamer, a botanist. Nat. ord. Verbenaceae. Now re-
ferred to Clerodendron.)

V. aculea' ta (prickly). See CLERODENDRON ACULEATUM.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See CLERODENDRON

HETEROPHYLLUM.

„ buxifo'lia (box-leaved). See CLERODENDRON BUXI-

FOLIUM.

„ fra'grans (fragrant). See CLERODENDRON FRAGRANS.
,, ine'rmis (unarmed). See CLERODENDRON NEREI-

FOLIUM.

„ japo'nica (Japanese). See CLERODENDRON FRA-
GRANS.

„ Kce'mpferi (Kaempfer's). See CLERODENDRON SQUA-
MATUM.

VOLUTARE'LLA. (The diminutive of Voltaria. Nat.
ord. Compositae. Allied to Centaurea.)

Hardy or half-hardy annuals. Seeds. May be raised
in gentle heat and planted outside in May.
V. bi' color (two-coloured), i. Coppery -purple. July.

N. Africa. 1818.
„ Li'ppii (Lipp's). i. Pale purple. June. S. Amer. ;

Canaries. 1793.

„ murica'ta (warted). i. Purple. July. Morocco.
1621.

VOUA'PA. (The native name in Guiana. Nat. ord.
Leguminosae. Now referred to Macrolobium.)
V. bifo'lia (two-leaved). See MACROLOBIUM VUAPA.

VO'YRIA. (Guianan name. Nat. ord. Gentianworts
[Gentianaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divisions in
spring ; sandy loam, with decayed vegetable mould, or a
little peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60°
to 80°.
V. aphy'lla (leafless). Yellow. June. Trop. Amer.

1824.

„ caru' lea (blue). Blue. June. Guiana. 1824
„ ro'sea (rosy). Red. July. Guiana. 1822.
„ unifto'ra (one-flowered). See V. APHVLLA.

VRIESIA

9°5

WAHLENBERGIA

VRIFSIA. (Named after Dr. de Vriese, a Dutch
botanist. Nat. ord. Bromelworts [Bromeliace<e]. Linn.
b-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to Tillandsia.)

V. Alexa'ndra (Queen Alexandra's). See TILLANDSIA

ALEXANDRA.
„ amethysti'na (amethyst). See TILLANDSIA AMETHYS-

TINA.

„ a'nceps (two-edged). See TILLANDSIA ANCEPS.
„ Bartile'ti (Barillet's). See TILLANDSIA BARILLETI.
„ be'llula (pretty). See TILLANDSIA HELICONIOIDES.
„ Billbe'rgice (Billbergia). See TILLANDSIA BILLBER-

GI^E.
„ brachy'stachys (short-spiked). See TILLANDSIA CARIN-

ATA.
„ ccespito'sa (tufted). See TILLANDSIA SCHLECTEN-

DAHLII.

,, carina'ta (keeled). See TILLANDSIA CARINATA.
„ chry so' stocky s (golden-spiked). See TILLANDSIA

CHRYSOSTACHYS.

„ cora'llina (coral). See TILLANDSIA CORALLINA.

„ crotalo'phora (clapper-bearing). See TILLANDSIA
BARILLETI.

„ duvalia'na (Duvalian). See TILLANDSIA DUVALIANA.

„ Falkenbe'rgii (Falkenberg's). See TILLANDSIA HELI-
CONIOIDES.

„ fenestra'lis (window). See TILLANDSIA FENESTRALIS.

„ gigante'a (gigantic). See TILLANDSIA REGINA.

„ gladiolifto'ra (Gladiolus-flowered). See TILLANDSIA

GLADIOLIFLORA.

„ glauzophy'lla (milky-green-leaved). See TILLANDSIA

GLAUCOPHYLLA.

„ glaziovia'na (Glaziovian). See TILLANDSIA REGINA.
„ gra'cilis (slender). See TILLANDSIA PROCERA.
,, gutta'ta (spotted). See TILLANDSIA GUTTATA.
„ heliconioi'dcs (Heliconia-like). See TILLANDSIA HELI-
CONIOIDES.
„ hierogiyphica (hieroglyphical). See TILLANDSIA

HIEROGLYPHICA.

„ incurva'ta (incurved). See TILLANDSIA INCURVATA.
„ imperia'lis (imperial). See TILLANDSIA REGINA m-

PERIALIS.

» Jo'nghei (Jonghe's). See TILLANDSIA JONGHEI.
„ Kra'meri (Kramer's). See TILLANDSIA PSITTACINA

KRAMERI.

„ Li'ndeni (Linden's). See TILLANDSIA LINDENI.
„ .Marte'lli (Martell's). See TILLANDSIA MARTELLI.
,, mcensia'na (Moensian). See TILLANDSIA MCENSIANA.
„ paraba'ica (Parabaic). See TILLANDSIA PARABAICA.
„ Philippocabu'rgi (Philipp-Coburg's). See TILLANDSIA

PHILIPPOCOBURGI.
„ Platzma'nni (Platzmann's). See TILLANDSIA PLATZ-

MANNI.

„ psittac\'na (pairot-like-flou-ered). See TILLANDSIA
PSITTACINA and variety.

„ pulverulefnta linea'ta. (powdery -lined). Flowers un-
known. Leaves striped with yellow. Brazil. 1888.

„ purpura' scens (purple). Leaves purple beneath.
Brazil. 1893.

„ quintusia'na (Quintusian). See TILLANDSIA QUIN-

TUSIANA.

„ reticula'ta (netted). See TILLANDSIA RETICULATA.
„ rodigasia'na (Rodigasian). See TILLANDSIA RODI-

GASIANA.

„ sanguinole'nta (blood-red). See TILLANDSIA SAN-
GUI N OLE NTA.

„ Saunde'rsii (Saunders'). See TILLANDSIA SAUNDERSII.

„ scala'ris (ladder). See TILLANDSIA SCALARIS.

„ siebertia'na (Siebertian). Leaves narrow, spiny, edged
with white. 1899.

„ specio'sa (showy). See TILLANDSIA SPLENDENS.

„ sple"ndens (splendid). See TILLANDSIA SPLENDENS.

„ tessella'ta. (tessellated). See TILLANDSIA TESSELLATA
and varieties.

„ tricolor (three-coloured). See TILLANDSIA PUNCTUL-

ATA.

„ tniffautia'na (Truffautian). See TILLANDSIA INCUR-
VATA.

„ vimina'lis (twiggy). See TILLANDSIA VIMINALIS.

„ viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). SBB.TILLANDSIA VIMIN-
ALIS.

„ Warmi'ngii (Warming's). See TILLANDSIA WARM-

INGII.

„ wawra'nea (Wawra's). See TILLANDSIA WAWRANEA.
„ xipho' stachys (sword-spiked). See TILLANDSIA XIPHO-
STACHYS.

VULNERA'RIA. (From vulnus, vulneris, a wound
Nat. ord. Leguminosae. Now referred to Anthyllis.)
V. Anthy'llis (Anthyllis). See ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA.
„ Dille'nii (Dillenius'). See ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA

DILLENII.

„ rubriflo'ra (red-flowered). See ANTHYLLIS VULNER-
ARIA DILLENII.

w

WACHENDO RFIA. (Named after E. /. Wachendorf,
a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord. Bloodworts [Haemodoraceae].
Lion. s-Triandria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse, South African bulbs ; yellow-flowered,
except where otherwise mentioned, and requiring the
same treatment as the larger Ixias. They bloom in
ApriL
W. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). See W. HIRSUTA.

, breynia'na (Breynian). See W. HIRSUTA.

, grami'nea (grass-Uaved). See W. GRAMIXIFOLIA.

, gratninifo'lia (grass-leaved), i.

, HibbSrtii (Hibbert's). See W. PANICULATA.

, hirsu'ta (hairy), ij. Violet. 1687.

, panicula'ta (panicled). 2. 1700.
„ UntUla. (tender), i. 1816.
,, ihyrsifto'ra (thyrse-flowered). 2. May. 1759.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). See W. HIRSUTA.

WAFER ASH. Ptc'leatrifolia'ta.

WAG A TEA. (Probably commemorative. Nat. ord.
Leguminosas. Allied to Gleditschia and Caesalpinia.)

A tall, climbing stove shrub. Cuttings in sand, in a
warm frame, with bottom-heat. Sandy loam and peat.
W. spica' ta (spiked). 30. Orange; calyx scarlet. India.

WAHLENBERGIA. (Named after Dr. Wahlenberg,
author of " Flora Lapponica." Nat. ord. Bellworts
[Campanulaceae]. Linn. 5-Pcntandria, i-Monogynia.)

All are blue-flowered, except when otherwise men-
tioned. Seeds under a glass in the beginning of April,
and planted out at the end of May; division of perennials,
and cuttings of the young shoots at the beginning of
summer, under a hand-light ; sandy peat and loam, and
a cool, moist situation.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS, &c.

W. capilla'ris (hair-leaved). See W. GRACILIS.

„ cSmua (drooping). Blue, white. July. S. Africa.
1804. Biennial.

„ dehi' scens (gaping). See W. GRACILIS.

„ gra'cilis (slender). April. Southern tropical and
temperate regions. 1794. Biennial. " Australian
HarebelL"

„ littora'lis (sea-shore). ApriL Van Diemen's Land.
1820. Biennial.

„ tvbero'sa (tuberous), i-ij. White, rose. Juan Fer-
nandez. 1874.

„ undula'ta (wavy). Violet-blue. S. Africa.

„ vincaflo'ra (Vinca-flowered). See W. GRACILIS.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

W. (dbomargina'ta (white-margined). See W. SAXICOLA.
„ arva'tica (Arvatian). See W. HEDERACEA.
„ capilla'cea (hadr-like-/«aj;^). White. May. S.Africa.

1822.

„ dalma'tica (Dahnatian). Daknatia.
„ graminifo'lia (grass-leaved), i. June. Hungary;

Italy. 1817.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See PLATYCODON GRAN-

DIFLORUM.

„ hfdera'cea (ivy-like). J. June, July. Europe

(England). " Ivy-leaved HarebeU."
„ Kitaibe'lii (Kitaibel's). Violet. June. Hungary.

1823.

„ „ croa'tica (Croatic). Croatia, &c.
„ ni'vea (snowy). Snow-white ; calyx reddish. Alps

of Bosnia. 1893.

„ Pumi'lio (Pumih'o). J. Violet. June. Dalmatia.
„ pumtiio'rum (diminutive). See W. SERPYLLIFOLIA

DIKARICA.

„ rc'pcns (creeping). See W. PROCUMBENS.
„ Ro'ylei (Royle's). See CODONOPSIS OVATA.

WAILESIA

906

WALNUT

W. saxi'cola (rock-loving). \-\, June. New Zealand.

" New Zealand Bluebell."
„ serpyllifo'lia (thyme-leaved). J. Dalmatia.
,, ,, dina'rica (Dinarian).
„ tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved) . J. Violet-blue. August.

Croatia; Dalmatia. 1879.
„ „ ca'ricina (Carex-like). Leaves longer, slender.

HARDY ANNUALS.

W. cape'nsis (Cape). July. 1819.
„ diffu'sa (spreading). See MICROCODON LINEARE

DIFFUSUM.

„ diversifo'lia (various-leaved). See W. PROCUMBENS.

„ elonga'ta (elongated). See W. CAPENSIS.

„ fle'xilis (feeble). £. May. S. Africa. 1836.

„ hispi'dula (bristly). See MICROCODON DEPRESSUM.

„ linea'ris (narrow-leaved). See MICROCODON LINEARE.

„ lobelioi'des (Lobelia-like). See W. PENDULA.

„ nutabu'nda (much-drooping). White. July. Italy.

1830.
„ pe'ndula (drooping). Pale red. July. Madeira ;

Canaries. 1777.
„ procu'mbens (lying-down). July. S. Africa. 1822.

WAHE'SIA. (Commemorative of G. Wailes, a noted
cultivator of Orchids. Nat. ord. Orchidaceas. Now re-
ferred to Dipodium.)
W. paludo'sa (marsh). See DIPODIUM PALUDOSUM.

„ pi'cta (painted). See DIPODIUM PICTUM.

„ puncta'ia (dotted). See DIPODIUM PUNCTATUM.

„ ro'sea (rosy). See DIPODIUM PICTUM.

WAI'TZIA. (Commemorative of M. Waitz. Nat.
ord. Composite. Allied to Helipterum.)

Annuals with Everlasting flowers like Helipterum and
Helichrysum. Seeds in gentle heat, to be planted out
in May. Ordinary garden soil.
W. acumina'ta (long-pointed). See W. CORYMBOSA.
„ au'rea. (golden). 1-2. Golden-yellow. July to Sep-
tember. Australia. 1836.
„ corymbo'sa (corymbose), i. White, yellow. Australia.

1864.
„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). i-i£. Yellow. July.

August. Australia. 1864.
„ ni'vea (snowy). See W. ODONTOLEPIS.
„ odonto'lepis (tooth-scaled), i£. White or pink. July

to September. Australia. " 1836.
„ steetzia'na (Steetzian). i. Yellow. July, August.

Australia. 1861.
„ tene'lla (slender). See W. STEETZIANA.

WAKE ROBIN. A' rum macula' turn and Trillium
grandiftorum.

WALDSCHMTDIA. See LIMNANTHEMUM.

WALDSTETNIA. (Named after F. von Waldstein, a
German botanist. Nat. ord. Roseworts [Rosacea?]. Linn.
\2-Icosandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Geum.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions. Ordinary
soil, or to be planted on the rockery.
W. donia'na (Donian). See W. FRAGARIOIDES.
„ fragarioi'des (strawberry-like). J-i. Yellow. May.

N. Amer. 1800.
„ geoi'des (avens-like). J. Yellow. June. Hungary

Tauria. 1804.

„ sibi'rica (Siberian), i. Yellow. May, June. Siberia
„ trifo'lia (three-leaved). £-£. YeUow. April, May.
Europe.

WA'LKERA. (Named after Dr. R. Walker, founder of
the Cambridge Botanic Garden. Nat. ord. Ochnads
[Ochnaceaj]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Now
referred to Gomphia.)

Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, or firm side-shoots in sand, under a
bell-glass, in the beginning of April ; sandy loam and
peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
W. integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 12. Guiana.
„ serra'la (saw-leaved). See GOMPHIA ANGUSTIFOLIA.

WALKING LEAF. Scolope'ndriumrhizophy'llum.

WALKS. See CONCRETE and GRAVEL WALKS.

WALL-CRESS. A'rabis.

WALL PERN. Polypo'diumvulga're.

WALLFLOWER. Cheira'nthus Chei'ri,
WALLFLOWER, ALPINE. Ery'simum ochroleu'cum,

WALLI'CHIA. (In honour of Dr. Wallich, curator ol
the Calcutta Botanic Garden. Nat. ord. Palms [Pal-
inaceae]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, 6-Hexandria.)

Moist-stove Palms. Require a light, well-drained
loam. Increased by suckers, which must be separated
gradually, so as to induce them to root before being
finally taken from the parent.
W. caryotoi'des (Caryota-like). Yellow- white. July.

Chittagong ; Burma. 1825.

„ dcnsifto'ra (thickly-flowered). Sikkim Himalaya.
,, di'sticha (two- ranked). Himalaya.
„ na'na (dwarf). See DIDYMOSPERMA NANUM.
„ porphyroca'rpa (purple-fruited). See DIDYMOSPERMA

PORPHYROCARPON.

WALLI'SIA. See TILLANDSIA.

WALL PENNYWORT. Colyle'don Umbili'cus.

WALL PEPPER. Se'duma'cre.

WALL RUE. Asple'nium Ru'ta-mura'ria.

WALLS are usually built in panels, from 15 to 30 feet
in length, one brick thick, with pillars at these specified
distances, for the sake of adding to their strength, and
the foundation a brick and a half thick. The plan of
Mr. Silverlock, of Chichester, is worthy of adoption,
since, if well constructed, it is equally durable, and
saves one-third of the expense. Walls so constructed
are stated to become dry after rain much more rapidly
than a solid wall of the same or any other thickness,
and there appears not a shadow of a reason why they
should not ripen fruit equally well. He forms the wall
hollow, 9 inches in breadth, by placing the bricks edge-
wise, so as to form two facings ; they are laid in good
mortar, and the joints carefully finished. They are
placed alternately with their faces and ends to the out-
sides, so that every second brick is a tie, and in each
succeeding course a brick with its end outwards is placed
on the centre of one laid lengthwise on either side. The
top of the wall must be covered with a coping of stone or
bricks projecting 8 inches. It is strengthened at every
20 feet by piers of i4-inch work, built in the same
manner, with bricks laid on edge.

In every instance a wall should never be lower than
8 feet. The thickness usually varies with the height of
the wall, being 9 inches if it is not higher than 8 feet ;
i3i inches, if above 8 and under 14 feet ; and 18 inches,
from 14 up to 20 feet.

Inclined or Sloping Walls have been recommended,
but have always failed in practice. It is quite true that
they receive the sun's rays at a favourable angle, but
they retain wet, and become so much colder by radiation
at night than perpendicular walls, that they are found to
be unfavourable to the ripening of fruit.

The Flued-wall or Hot-wall is generally built entirely
of brick, though, where stone is abundant and more
economical, the back or north side may be of that
material. A flued-wall may be termed a hollow wall,
in which the vacuity is thrown into many compartments,
to facilitate the circulation of smoke and heat from the
base, or surface of the ground, to within i or 2 feet
of the coping. Such walls are generally arranged with
hooks inserted under the coping, to admit of fastening
some description of protecting covers, and sometimes
for temporary glass frames. A length of 40 feet, and
from 10 to 15 high, may be heated by one fire, the furnace
of which, being placed i or 2 feet below the surface
of the ground, the first course, or flue, will commence
i foot above it, and be 2 feet 6 inches or 3 feet high, and
the second, third, and fourth courses will be narrower
as they ascend. The thickness of that side of the flue
next the south or preferable side should, for the first
course, be 4 inches, or brick and bed ; and, for the other
courses, it were desirable to have bricks cast in a
smaller mould ; say for the second course 3, for the
third 2f , and for the fourth 2^ inches in breadth. This
will give an opportunity of bevelling the wall, and the
bricks being all of the same thickness, though of different
widths, the external appearance will be everywhere the
same. — Enc. Card.

WALNUT. Ju'glansre'gia.

WALNUT, BLACK

907

WATERING POTS

WALNUT, BLACK. Ju'glans ni'gra.
WALSU'RA. (Changed or altered from Wallursi, the
native name for W. Piscidia. Nat. ord. Meliaceae.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of firm wood in sand,
in a close frame, with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and
sand.
W. Pisci'dia (fish-poison). 20. Dirty yellow. June.

India. 1830.
„ robu'sta (robust). 20-25. White. June. Himalaya;

Burma. 1827.

WALUE'WA. (Commemorative of P. A. Walejew.
Nat. ord. Orchidacese. Allied to Gomeza.)

Stove epiphytal Orchid. Divisions. Sphagnum, fibre
of peat, and crocks.

W. pulche'lla (pretty). J. Yellowish, with purple band
on the petals. Brazil. 1890.

WAMPEE TREE. Coo'kia.

WANDERING JEW. Saxi'fraga sarmento'sa.

WHANGHEE CANE. Phyllo' stachys ni'gra.

WARATAH or WARATAH TREE. Telo'pea specio-
si'ssima.

WARDIAN CASE. See GLASS CASE.

WARPU'RIA. (Commemorative of Warpur, a col-
lector of plants. Nat. ord. Acanthaceae.)

Stove, dwarf perennial herb. W. clandestine!, is the
type of a new genus. Cuttings in sand, in a close frame,
with bottom-heat. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
W. clandesti'na (hidden). ±-\. White. Leaves pale
green, with zigzag black band each side of the
midrib. Madagascar. 1908.

WA'RREA. (Named after F. Warre, a botanical col-
lector. Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 20-
Gynandria, i-Monandria. Allied to Grobya.)

Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See ORCHIDS.
W. bidenta'ia (two-toothed-/t#>^). Purple, white. Sep-
tember. Colombia. 1843.

„ ca'ndida (white). See ZYGOPETALUM CANDIDUM.
„ cya'nea (blue-lipped). See ACACALLIS CYANEA.
„ digita' ta (fingered). See ZYGOPETALUM WAILESIANUM.
„ di'scolor (two-coloured). See ZYGOPETALUM DISCOLOR.
„ hookeria'na (Hookerian). Reddish-purple, paler in

centre. Peru. 1910.
„ margina'ta (margined). See ZYGOPETALUM MARGIN-

ATUM.
„ quadra'ta (four-sided). See ZYGOPETALUM MARGIX-

ATUM.

„ rube'scens (reddish). Red. April. Brazil. 1838.

„ iri' color ( three-coloured). 2. Yellow, purple. August.
Brazil. 1843.

„ „ stapelioi'des (Stapelia-like). Yellow, barred with
brown. Colombia. 1873.

„ wailesia'na (Wailesian). See ZYGOPETALUM WAILE-
SIANUM.

WARSCEWICZE'LLA. (Diminutive of Warscewiczia.
Nat. ord. Orchidaceae. Now referred to Zygopetalum.)
W. aroma'tica (aromatic). See ZYGOPETALUM AROMA-

TICUM.

,, pi'cta (painted). See ZYGOPETALUM PICTUM.
„ Wendla'ndii di'scolor (Wendland's two-coloured). See
ZYGOPETALUM WEKDLANDII DISCOLOR.

WARSZEWTCZIA. (Commemorative of the Russian
botanist, Warszewicz. Nat. ord. Rubiaceae.)

Evergreen stove tree. Cuttings in sand, in a close
frame, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
W. cocci' nea (scarlet). Bright red. Trop. Amer.

WARTED GOURD. Cucu'rbita Pe'po verruca' sa.

WASHINGTO'NIA. (Commemorative of George Wash-
ington, the notable American patriot and statesman.
Nat. ord. Palmaceae.)

Greenhouse Palms. Seeds. Fibrous loam, peat, and
sand.

W. fili' f era (thread-bearing). 20-40. California. 1883.
„ robu'sta (robust). See W. FILIFERA.
,, Sono'rte (Sonora's). California.

WASHINGTO'NIA GIGANTE'A, of Carriere. See
SEQUOIA CIGANTEA.

WATER. The best for the gardener's purpose is rain
water, preserved in tanks sunk in the earth, and rendered
tight either by puddling, or bricks covered with Parker's
cement. To keep these tanks replenished, gutters should
run round the eaves of every structure in the garden,
and communicate with them. Every hundred cubic
inches of rain water contains more than four cubic
inches of air, of which more than half are carbonic acid
gas, and the remainder nitrogen and oxygen, in the pro-
portion of sixty-two of the former to thirty-eight of the
last named.

That obtained from ponds or springs invariably con-
tains matters offensive or deleterious to plants. That
known as hard water, containing an excess of salts of
lime or magnesia, is invariably prejudicial, and pond
water is scarcely less so. If it be stagnant, and loaded
with vegetable extract, it is even worse than hard spring
water ; for it then contains carburetted hydrogen, and
other matters noxious to vegetables. These last-named
waters, if obliged to be employed to tender plants, should
have a pint of the ammoniacal water of the gas-works,
mixed thoroughly with every sixty gallons, an hour or
two before they are used.

WATER-CRESS. (Nastu'rtium officina'le.) Varieties.
— Small Brown-leaved, hardiest ; Large Brown-leaved,
best for deep water ; Green-leaved, easiest cultivated.

Planting in Water. — The trenches in which they are
grown are so prepared, that, as nearly as possible, a
regular depth of 3 or 4 inches can be kept up. These
trenches are 3 yards broad, and 87 yards long, and
whenever one is to be planted the bottom is made quite
firm and slightly sloping, so that the water which flows
in at one end may run out at the other. If the bottom
of the trench is not sufficiently moist, a small body of
water is allowed to enter to soften it. The cresses are
then divided into small sets or cuttings, with roots
attached to them ; and these are placed at the distance
of 3 or 4 inches from each other. At the end of five or
six days a slight dressing of well-decomposed cow-dung
is spread over all the plants, and this is pressed down by
means of a heavy board, to which a long handle is
obliquely fixed. The water is then raised to the depth
of 2 or 3 inches, and never higher. Each trench is thus
replanted annually, and furnishes twelve crops during
the season. In the summer the cresses are gathered
every fifteen or twenty days, but less frequently during
winter ; care is taken that at each gathering at least a
third part of the bed is left untouched, so that neither
the roots may be exhausted, nor the succeeding gathering
delayed. After every cutting, a little decayed cow-dung,
in the proportion of two large barrowfuls to each trench,
is spread over the naked plants, and this is beaten down

| by means of the rammer above mentioned. After the
water-cresses have been thus treated for a twelvemonth,

j the manure forms a tolerably thick layer at the bottom
of the trench, and tends to raise its level. To restore it

| to its original level, all the refuse should be thrown out
upon the borders which separate the trenches from each

j other. These borders may be planted with artichokes,
cabbages, or cauliflowers.

Planting in Borders. — This must be done in September,
and in a moist, shady border. Plant slips, and the only

| cultivation necessary is to dig the earth fine, to draw a

' slight trench with a hoe, to fill this with water until it
becomes a mud, to cover it about an inch deep with
drift sand, and then to stick in the slips about 6 inches
apart, watering them until established. The sand keeps
the plants clean. They will be ready for gathering from
in a very few weeks, and the shoots should be invariably
cut, and not picked. They are not so mild-flavoured as
those grown in water, but then they are free from aquatic
insects, &c.

WATERFALL. See CASCADE.
WATERING ENGINE. See ENGINE.

WATERING POTS. These should have roses pierced
with very fine holes ; the diameter of those usually used
i is too large. Long-spouted watering-pots are required
j for watering plants in pots upon shelves. French water-
ing pots have zigzag bends in the spout, to break from
the plant the force of the water. Shelf watering-pots
are small and flat-bodied, for giving water to plants
overhead, and near the glass in greenhouses or stoves.
Mr. G. Thompson advocates a very superior type of

WATER ALOE

908

WEEPING ELM

watering-pot, and states that its superiority consists
in the roses being so formed as to give the water
thrown from them the nearest resemblance to a gentle
shower of rain, which renders it peculiarly suitable for
watering seedlings or other tender plants. As the brass
joints which connect the roses to the spout are made
watcr-tieht, there is no danger of its returning outside,
to the annoyance of the person using it : it has a spout
to which the roses are screwed ; a box to contain
either spout out of use ; it has, also, holes in which the
joints are placed ; a large rose, for watering flower-
beds ; and a smaller rose, for watering plants in pots.

WATER ALOE. Stratio'tes aloi'des.

WATER ARCHER. Sagitta'ria sagittifo'lia.

WATER ASH, CAROLINA. Fra'xinus platyca'rpa.

WATER AVENS. Ge'um riva'le.

WATER BALSAM. Hydro' cera angustifo'lia.

WATER BEAN. Nelu'mbium.

WATER BEAN, SACRED. Nelu'mbium specio'sum.

WATER BETONY. Scrophula'ria aqua'tica.

WATER CALTROPS. Tra'pana'tans.

WATER CRESS. Nastu'rtium officina'le.

WATER ELDER. Vibu'rnum O'pulus.

WATER FLAG. I'ris Pseuda'corus.

WATER LEAF. Hydrophy'llum.

WATER LEMON. Passifto'ra laurifo'lia.

WATER LENTILS. Le'mna.

WATER LETTUCE. Pi'stia Stratio'tes.

WATER LILY. Ny'mphcea.

WATER LDLY, NEW ZEALAND. Ranu'nculus
Lya'llii.

WATER LDLY, YELLOW. Nu'phar lu'Uum.
WATER MELON. Citru'llus vulga'ris.
WATER MILFODL. Myriophy'llum.
WATER OAK. Que'rcus aqua'tica.
WATER PARSND?. Si'um.
WATER PLANTS. See AQUARIUM.
WATER REED. Aru'ndo.
WATER SOLDIER. Stratio'tes aloi'des.
WATER SPIKE. Potamoge'ton.
WATER THYME. Elo'dea canade'nsis.
WATER VINE. Tetra'cera alnifo'lia.
WATER VIOLET. Hotto'nia palu'stris.
WATER WHITE OAK. Que'rcuslyra'ta.

WATSO'NIA. (Named after W. Watson, a London
apothecary. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridacea?]. Linn. $-Tri-
andria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Gladiolus.)

Bulbs, from South Africa, except where otherwise
mentioned. For culture, see GLADI'OLUS.
W. a'lba (white). See W. MERIANA O'BRIEN:.
„ aletroi'des (Aletris-like). i£. Scarlet. June. 1774.
., „ variega'ta (variegated), ij. Variegated. June.

1774-

„ angu'sta (narrow-flowered). Scarlet. May, June. 1795.
„ Arde'rnei (Arderne's). See W. MERIANA O'BRIENI.
„ brevifo'lia (short-leaved), i. Pink. May. 1794.
„ campanula' ta (bell-shaped). See IXIA COLUMELLARIS.
„ cocci'nea (scarlet), i. Bright crimson. B.M., t. 1194.
„ compa'cta (compact). See MICRANTHUS PLANT A-

GINEUS and M. FISTULOSUS.
„ cyli'ndrica (cylindrical), i. Pale red, with narrow

tube. Said to come from Madagascar. 1871.
„ densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). iJ-3- Rose-red, rarely

white. 1878.

„ fistulo'sa (hollow). See MICRANTHUS FISTULOSUS.
„ fu'lgida (shining). See W. ANGUSTA.
„ hu'milis (lowly). 2. Lake. June. 1754.
„ iridifo'lia (Iris-leaved). See W. MERIANA IRIDIFOLIA.
M „ Arde'rnei (Arderne's). See W. MERIANA O'BRIENI.

W. iridifo'lia fu'lgens (shining). See W. ANGUSTA.
„ „ O'Brie'ni (O'Brien's). See W. MERIANA O'BRIENI
,, lacca'ta (lake). See W. HUMILIS.
,, Ludwi'gii (Ludwig's). See W. MERIANA ROSEO-ALBA
, margina'ta (bordered). 3. Pink. July.
, ,, mi'nor (lesser). 3. Pink. August. 1812.
, meria'na (Merian). i£. Flesh. May. 1750.
, ,, Arde'rnei (Arderne's). See W. MERIANA O'BRIENI.
, ,, cocci'nea, (scarlet). See W. COCCINEA.
, ,, iridifo'lia (Iris-leaved). 2-4. Pink. Leaves

broader. May. 1795.
„ „ O'Bri'eni (O'Brien's). 2-4. Pure white. May,

June. S. Africa. 1889.

„ „ ro'seo-a'lba (rosy-white), i. Pink, white. July.
„ plantagi'nea (plantain-like). See MICRANTHUS PLAN-

TAGINEUS.

,, puncta'ta (dotted- flowered) . i. Purple. June. 1800.
„ racemo'sa (racemed). Appears to be Ixia columellaris(l).
„ retu'sa (retuse). Rose-red. Leaves like those of an

Ixia.

„ revolu'ta (revolute). See GLADIOLUS WATSONIUS.
„ ro'sea (rosy). 2. Rose-red. July. 1803.
,, ,, a'lbo (red-and-white). See W. MERIANA ROSEO-
ALBA.

„ ru'bens (red). See W. PUNCTATA.
„ spica'ta (spiked). See MICRANTHUS PLANT AGINEUS

and M. FISTULOSUS.

„ strictifio'ra (erect-flowered), i. Red. June. 1810.
,, tubulo'sa (tubular). See W. ALETROIDES.

WATTLE. Aca'cia and Cithare' xylum.
WAX DAMMAR. Podoca'rpus neriifo'lia.
WAX FLOWER. Ho'ya.

WAX FLOWER, CLUSTERED. Stephano'tis flori-
bu'nda.

WAX, GRAFTING.

GRAKT."

See GRAFTING WAX, under

WAX MYRTLE. My'rica ceri'fera.

WAX PALM. Coperni'cia ceri'fera.

WAX PLANT. Ceri'nthema'jor.

WAX TREE. Vi'smia guiane'nsis.

WAY BREAD. Planta'go.

WAYFARING TREE. Vibu'rnum Lanta'na.

WE'BBIA PINIFO'LIA. See VERNONIA PINIFOLIA.

WE'BERA. (Commemorative of George Henry Weber,
a Professor at Kiel. Nat. ord. Rubiaceas. Now referred
to Tarenna.)
W. corymbo'sa (corymbose). See TARENNA ZEYLANICA.

WEDE'LIA. (Commemorative of George Wolfgang
Wedel, a German botanist. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Greenhouse or half-hardy perennials or subshrubs.
Seeds ; cuttings under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, leaf-
mould, and sand.

W. au'rea (golden). See ZEXMENIA AUREA.
„ bifto'ra (two-flowered). Yellow. July. Tropics Old

World. 1818. Annual.
„ hi'spida (roughly-hairy). i£. Yellow. June.

Mexico. 1819. Half-hardy perennial.
„ oblo'nga (oblong). 2-3. Lemon-yellow. British E.

Africa. 1909. Half-hardy perennial.
„ radio' sa (rayed). iA-2. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1820.
Greenhouse subshrub.

WEED-WIND or WITH-WIND. Convo'lvulus.

WEEPING ARBOR-VIT^:. Thu'ya orienta'lis pe'n-
dula.

WEEPING ASH. Fra'xinus exce'lsior pe'ndula.
WEEPING ASPEN. Po'pulus tre'mula pe'ndula.
WEEPING BEECH. Fa'gus sylva'tica pe'ndula.
WEEPING BIRCH. Be'tula a'lba pe'ndula.

WEEPING BIRCH, YOUNG'S. Be'tula a'lba pe'ndula
You'ngii.

WEEPING CHERRY. Pru'nus a'cida semperfto'rens.
WEEPING ^M, U'lmus gla'bra pe'ndula, and U.
monta'na pe'ndula.

WEEPING LABURNUM

909

WESTRINGIA

WEEPING LABURNUM. Labu'rnum vulga're pe'n-
Hulum.

WEEPING MOUNTAIN ASH. Py'rus Aucupa'ria pe'n-
dula.

WEEPING OAK. Que'rcus peduncula'ta pe'ndula.

WEEPING POPLAR. Po'pulus grandidenta' ta pe'ndula,
and Po'pulus tre'mula pe'ndula.

WEEPING RED CEDAR. Juni'perus Virginia' na pe'n-
dula.

WEEPING WILLOW. Sa'lix babylo'nica.

WEEPING WILLOW, AMERICAN. Sa'lix purpu'rea
pe'ndula,.

WEEPING WILLOW, KILMARNOCK. Sa'lix ca'prea
pe'ndula.

WEEVIL. See ANTHO'NOMUS.

WEIGELA. (Commemorative of C. E. Weigel, a
writer on botanical subjects. It is often spelt Weigelia. j
Nat. ord. Caprifoliaceae. See DIERVILLA.)
W. ama'bilis (lovely) of Gardens. See DIERVILLA

FLORIDA.

„ ama'bilis (lovely) of Carriere. See DIERVILLA GRANDI-

FLORA.

„ ca'ndida (white). See DIERVILLA FLORIDA CANDIDA.
„ procu'mbens (lying-down). Rose, spotted with white.

1879. Trailing.

„ ro'sea (rosy). See DIERVILLA FLORIDA.
„ „ monstro'sa (monstrous). See DIERVILLA FLORIDA

MONSTROSA.

WEINMA'NNIA. (Named after /. W. Weinmann, a
German botanist. Nat. ord. Saxifrages [Saxifragaceae].
Linn. 8-Octandria, 2 Digynia.)

White-flowered, evergreen shrub;. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April. The
stove ones in bottom-heat, the others in a close, cool pit
or frame ; sandy loam and leaf-mould, with a little old,
dried cow-dung.

STOVE.

W. elli'ptica (aval-leaved). 4. May. S. Amer. 1824.
„ gla'bra (smooth). See W. PINNATA.
„ hi'rta (hairy). 6. May. Jamaica. 1820.
„ ova'ta (egg-leaved). 6. May. Peru. 1824.
„ pinna'ta (pinnate). 6. May. Trop. Amer. 1815.

GREENHOUSE.

W. auslra/lis( Australian). See ACROPHYLLUM VENOSUM.
„ panicula'ta (panicled). See CALDCLUVIA PANICULATA.
„ pubefscens (downy). See W. RETICULATA.
„ reticula'ta (netted). Peru. 1847.
„ trichospe'rma (hairy-seeded). 4. May. Peru ; Chili.
„ trifolia'ta (three-leaved). See PLATYLOPHUS TRI-

FOLIATUS.
„ veno'sa (veiny). See ACROPHYLLUM VENOSUM.

WELDE'NIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Commelinaceae.)

A greenhouse, tuberous-rooted herb. Seeds ; offsets.
Loam, leaf-mould, and sand.

W. ca'ndida (white), i. White. Mexico; Guatemala.
1894.

WEXFIA. (Complimentary to the royal family —
Guelph — of Hanover. Nat. ord. Palmaceae. Allied to
Geonoma.)

Stove Palm. Seeds. Loam, peat, and sand.
W. re'gia (royal). 40-60. Leaves bronzy when young.
Colombia. 1869.

WEUJNGTO'NIA. (In honour of the great Duke of
Wellington. Nat. ord. Conifers [Coniferae]. Linn. 22-
Monacia, lo-Monadelphia. Now referred to Sequoia.)
W. gigante'a (gigantic). See SEQUOIA GIGA.VTEA.
» » pyramida'ta compa'cta (pyramidal, compact). See
SEQUOIA GIGA.VTEA PYRAMIDATA COMPACTA.

WELSH NUT. Ju'glans re'gia.
WELSH ONION. See CIBOUL.

POPPY. Mecono'psis ca'mbrica.

WELWTTSCHIA. (Commemorative of Dr. Frederic
Welwitsch, the famous botanical traveller, who first made
the plant known in Europe. Nat. ord. Gnetaceae.)

This is one of the most remarkable curiosities in the
vegetable kingdom. It belongs to an order most fre-
quently represented by Ephedra in this country, but has
no external resemblance to the latter. It bears scarlet
cones not unlike those of a Spruce in shape. An old
plant has a flat, table-like top, somewhat two-lobed, and
2-4^ ft. in diameter, rough and brown like the crust of
a loaf, and has an obconical trunk, i to 2 feet high.
From the edge of the top it produces two long, flat, linear
leaves, that get torn into strips as they lie on the ground
or get blown about by the wind on the arid sands of
tropical and South-western Africa, where rain seldom
falls. The trunk that bears them rises only a few inches
from the sand. For some time these leaves were con-
sidered to be the seed leaves, but plants germinated at
the Royal Gardens, Kew, carried their cotyledons for
some time, after which the true leaves appeared. The
plant grows very slowly in this country and also in its
native home, and is supposed to live for one hundred
years. Dew falls more frequently than rain in its native
country, but probably it derives its moisture by capillary
attraction from the subsoil, and has a great faculty in
retaining the small quantity it requires to sustain life.
W. mira'bilis (wonderful). Cones scarlet. Leaves 3-6 ft.
long. Trop. Africa and Damara Land. 1862 and
1878.

WENDLA'NDIA. (Named after /. C. Wendland,
curator of the Botanic Garden, Hanover. Nat. ord.
Rubiads [Rubiaceae], Linn. 6-Hcxandria, 4-Polygynia.
Allied to Hindsia.)

Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of the
points of young shoots, or small young side-shoots, in
sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; sandy loam, fibrous
peat, and a little charcoal. Winter temp., 45° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.

W. panicula'ta (panicled). July. India, Malaya. 1820.
„ populifo'lia (poplar-leaved). See COCCULUS CARO-

LINUS.

„ tincto'ria (dyer's). July. Himalaya ; Burma. 1825.

WERNITRIA. (Named after A. G. Werner, the cele-
brated mineralogist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite] .
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua. Allied to Doronicum.)

Half-hardy herbaceous. Division of the plant in
spring ; sandy loam, well drained ; requires a cool green-
house or a cold pit in winter, or may be treated as an
alpine plant, protected from severe frost and wet in
winter.
W. ri'gida (stiff). $. February. Ecuador. 1828.

WESTERN YEW. Ta'xusbrevifo'lia.

WEST INDIAN COCKSPUR. Piso'nia aculea'ta.

WEST INDIAN MUGWORT. PartMnium Hystero'-
phorus.

WESTO'NIA HUMIFU'SA. See RO'THIA TRIFOLIA'TA.

WESTRTNGIA. (Named after /.P. Westring, physician
to the King of Sweden. Nat. ord. Lipworts [Labiatae].
Linn. 14-Didynamia, i-Gymnospermia. Allied to Pros-
tranthera.)

Greenhouse, blue-flowered evergreens, from Australia.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in May, in sand, under a
bell or hand-glass ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 35° to 45°.

W. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). SeeW. RIGIDA.
„ cine'rea (grey). See W. RIGIDA.
„ Dampie'ri (Dampier's). White. August. 1803.
„ eremi'cola (dessert-loving). 2-3. Light blue. June.

1823.

„ grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 2-3. July.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved) of R. Brown. Lilac. June to

August. 1878.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved) of Lindley. See W. EREMI-

COLA.

„ ri'gida (rigid). 2-3. White. 1823.
„ rosmarinifo'rmis (rosemary-formed). 2. Light blue.

July. 1791.
„ rubuefo'lia (Rubia-leaved). 3. June. Tasmania

1820.
„ triphy'lla (three-leaved). September. 1823.

WEST WIND, FLOWER OF THE 910 WILD WATER LEMON

WEST WIND, FLOWER OF THE. Zephyra'nthes.

WEYMOUTH PINE. Pi'nus Stro'bus.

WHANGEE or WANGHEE CANE. Phyllo' 'stachys
ni'gra.

WHEAT. Tri'ticum vulga're.

WHEAT, BUCK. Fagopy'rum escule'ntum.

WHEAT, GUINEA or TURKEY. Ze'a Ma'ys.

WHIN. U'lex.

WHINBERRY. Vacci'nium Myrti'llus.

WHIN, PETTY. Geni'sta a'nglica.

WHITE ALDER. Platy'lophus trifolia'tus.

WHITE ARUM LILY. Richa'rdia africa'na.

WHITE ASH. Fra'xinus america'na.

WHITE BASSWOOD, AMERICAN. Ti'lia hetero-
phy'lla.

WHITE BEAM-TREE. Py'rus A'ria.

WHITE BLADDER FLOWER. Arau'jia serici'fera.

WHITE BOTHEN. White Goldes. Chrysanthemum
Leuca'nthemum.

WHITE BOTTLE. Sile'ne infta'ta.

WHITE BUTTERWOOD. Trichi'lia spondioi'des.

WHITE CAMASSIA. Cama'ssia Leichtli'nii.

WHITE CEDAR. Cupre'ssus thyoi'des and other species.
Thu'ya plica' to. and T. occidenta'lis.

WHITE CYPRESS. Taxo'dium di'stichum.

WHITE ELM. U'lmus america'na.

WHITEHEA'DIA. (Commemorative of the Rev.
Henry Whitehead, who discovered many curious plants
in South Africa. Nat. ord. Liliaceas.)

Greenhouse bulb. Offsets. Loam, leaf-mould, and
sand.

W. bifo'lia (two-leaved). See W. LATIFOLIA.
„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved), ij. Light green. April,
May. S. Africa. 1792.

WHITE-HEART HICKORY. Ca'rya iomento'sa.

WHITE HELLEBORE. Vera'trum a'lbum.

WHITE LIME. Ti'lia arge'ntea.

WHITE PINE. Pi'nusfte'xilis.

WHITE POTHERB. Valeriane'lla olito'ria.

WHITE ROOT. Polygona'tum multifto'rum.

WHITE SAPOTA. Casimiro'a edu'lis.

WHITE SPRUCE. Pi'cea a'lba.

WHITE THORN. Grata' gus Oxyaca'ntha.

WHITE TREE. Melaleu'ca Leucade'ndron.

WHITE VINE. Cle'matis Vita'lba.

WHITE WOOD. Liriode'ndron tulipi'fera and Ti'lia
america'na.

WfflTFIE'LDIA. (Named after T. Whitfield, a
botanical collector of African plants. Nat. ord. Acanth-
ads [Acanthaceae]. Linn. i^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia.
Allied to Barleria.)

For culture, see BARLE'RIA.

W. lateri'tia (brick- coloured). 3. Lilac, red. December.
Sierra Leone. 1841.

WHITLA'VIA. (In honour of F. Whitlaw, Esq., an
Irish botanist. Nat. ord. Hydrophyls [Hydrophyllaceae].
Linn. $~Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Now referred to
Phacelia.)

Hardy annual.

W. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See PHACELIA WHIT-
LAVIA.

WHI'TLEYA. (Commemorative of Mr. Whitley, a
nurseryman at Fulham. Nat. ord. Solanaceas. Now
referred to Scopolia.)

W. stramonifo'lia (Stramonium-leaved). See SCOPOLIA
LURIDA.

WHITLOW GRASS. Ero'phila vulga'ris.
WHITTEN TREE. Vibu'rnum O'pulus.
WHITWORT. Chrysa'nthemum Parthefnium.
WHORTLEBERRY. Vacci'nium Myrti'llus.

WIBO'RGIA. (Commemorative of E. Viborg, a Danish
botanist. Nat. ord. Leguminosae. Allied to Loddigesia.)
Greenhouse evergreens from South Africa. Cuttings
of young shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in May.
Sandy loam and fibrous peat. Winter temp., 40° to 50°.
W. o&corda'to(reversed-egg-shaped). 3-6. Yellow. July.
„ seri'cea (silky). 3. Yellow. July. 1810.
„ spine' scens (spiny). 3. Yellow. July. 1796.

WDDDRINGTO'NIA. (Commemorative of Captain
Widdrington. Nat. ord. Coniferae. Now referred to
Callitris.)
W. cupressoi'des(Cupressus-lik.e). See CALLITRIS CUPRES-

SOIDES.

„ juniperoi'des(Junipera.s-like). See CALLITRIS ARBOREA.
„ Why'tei (Whyte's). 140. Cones smaller than a chest-
nut. Mountains of Central Africa. 1894. " The
Milanji Cypress."

WIDOW, MOURNFUL. Scahio'sa atropurpu'rea.
WIDOW WAIL. Cnec'rum.
WIDOW-WISSE. Geni'sta tincto'ria.

WIGA'NDIA. (Commemorative of John Wigand, a
Bishop of Pomerania. Nat. ord. Hydrophyllaceaa. Allied
to Hydrolea.)

Stove herbs with large, handsome leaves, and much
used for subtropical bedding. Seeds ; cuttings of young
shoots taken off with a heel, when the plants are making
fresh growth in spring. Fibrous loam, fibrous peat, with
some pieces of charcoal and sand.
W. caracasa'na (Caracas) of gardens. See W. URENS.
„ caracasa'na (Caracas) of H.B.K. 6-10. Lilac. April.

Mexico ; Venezuela. 1836.
„ Ku'nthii (Kunth's). See W. URENS.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See W. URENS.
,, u'rens (stinging). 4-6. Violet-blue. June to Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1827.

„ Vigie'ri (Vigier's). 4-6. Lilac- blue. September,
October. Mexico (?). 1868.

WI'GHTIA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord.
Scrophulariaceae.)

A tall, climbing, greenhouse shrub. Cuttings of short
side-shoots under a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand.
W. gigante'a (gigantic). 15. Rosy or white. Himalaya.
1823.

WIG TREE. Rhu's Co'tinus.

WDXSTRCE MIA. (Commemorative of /. E. Wikstrdm,
a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord. Thymeleaceae.)

Greenhouse and stove deciduous shrubs. Cuttings in
sand under a bell-glass. Equal parts of loam and peat,
with some sharp sand.

W. Albe'rti( Albert's). 2. Deep yellow. Bokhara. 1887.
„ i'ndica (Indian). See W. VIRIDIFLORA.
„ viridifto'ra (green-flowered). 2-3. Green. Trop.
Asia ; Australia. 1829. Stove.

WILD APPLE. Py'rus Ma'lus.
WILD BERGAMOT. Mona'rda fistulo'sa.
WILD CLARY. Sa'lvia Verbena'ca.
WILD CLOVE. Pime'nta a'cris.
WILD DATE. Phce'nix sylve'stris.
WILDERNESS. See LABYRINTH.
WILD HYACINTH. Sci'lla festa'lis.

WILD IRISHMAN. Aciphy'llasqtiarro'saandDisca'ria
Toii'matou.

WILD LIQUORICE. A'brus precato'rius.

WILD OLIVE. Elaa'gnus and O'lea europa'a.

WILD SERVICE. Py'rus Tormina'lis.

WILD SNOWBALL. Ceano'thus america'nus.

WILD WATER LEMON. Passiflo'rafa'tida.

WILD WILLIAMS

911

WITHERINGIA

WILD WILLIAMS. Ly'chnis Flo s-cu'culi.

WILLDENO WIA. (Commemorative of Carl Lud.
Willdenow, Professor of Botany at Berlin. Nat. ord.
Restiaceae.)

A greenhouse perennial herb, with jointed stems like
Equisetum. Divisions. Loam, peat, and sand.
W. te'res (round) of Thunberg. 2-3. Brown. S. Africa.

1790.

„ te'res (round) of gardens. See RESTIO SUBVERTI-
CILLATUS.

WILLEME'TIA. (Commemorative of P. R. Willemet,
a botanical writer. Nat. ord. Rhamnaceae. Now re-
ferred to Noltea.)
W. afrita'na (African). See NOLTEA AFRICANA.

WILLOW. Sa'lix.

WILLOW, AMERICAN WATER. Dianthe'ra ameri-
ca'na.

WILLOW, FRENCH, HERB, or PERSIAN. Epilo'bium
angustifo'lium.

WILLOW GRASS. Potygonum amp hi'bium.
WILLOW TTFRB Epilo'bium.

WILLOW, KILMARNOCK WEEPING. Sa'lix ca'prea
pe'ndula.

WILLOW, WEEPING. Sa'lix babylo'nica.

WDLLUGHBETA. (Commemorative of Francis Wil-
lughby, an English naturalist. Nat. ord. Apocynaceae.
Allied to Allamanda.)

Tall, evergreen climbing shrubs. Cuttings of side-
shoots in sand, in a close frame, with bottom-heat.
Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.

W. edu'lis (edible). 20-40. Pale pink. July. Hima-
laya; Burma; Malaya. 1818.
„ fi'rma (firm). Malaya.

WIND FLOWER. Anemone and Gentia'na Pneumon-
a'ntha.

WINDOW-BEARING ORCfflD. Cryptophora'nthus.

WIND-ROOT. Ascle'pias tubero'sa.

WIND ROSE. Raeme'ria hybrida.

W1NEBERRY. Vacci'nium Myrti'llus.

WINEBERR7, JAPANESE. Ru'bus phcenicola'sius.

WINE PALM. Caryo'ta u'rens and Phce'nix sylve'stris.

WINGED PEA. Tetragono'lobus purpu'reus.

WI'NTERA. (Commemorative of Captain W. Winter.
Nat. ord. Magnoliaceae. Now referred to Drimys.)
W. aroma' tica. (aromatic). See DRIMYS AROMATICA.
,, granatSnsis (Granadan). See DRIMYS WINTERI.

WINTER ACONITE. Era'nthis hyema'lis.

WINTERBERRY. I'lex, especially the section Pri'nos.

WINTER BLOOM. Hamame'lis virgi'nica.

WINTER CHERRY. Phy'salis Alkeke'ngi.

WINTER CLOVER. Miche'lla refpens.

WINTER CRESS. Barbare'a.

WINTER DAFFODIL. Sternbe'rgia lu'tea.

WINTER GARDEN. This name is usually applied to a
large glass building or greenhouse from which frost is
just excluded. It is generally large enough to allow the
interior to be laid off in walks, with large beds which
can be planted with Himalayan and other half-hardy
Rhododendrons, Araucarias, Acacias, Camellias, Palms,
Cobaa. scandens, Climbing Tea, and other tender Roses.
Plants in large pots are sometimes stood on the beds,
such as trained specimens of Indian Azaleas, Camellias,
Oranges, Bamboos, and other greenhouse plants.
Benches round the sides and near the glass are occupied
with a host of smaller plants coming from slightly wanner
countries than ours, such as South Africa, Australia, the
Himalayas, China, Japan, the Canary Islands, and
Mexico. Many bulbs can be grown in pots or in the
beds, such as Agapanihus umbellatus, Vallota, Lilitni:
sulphureum, L. neilgherrense, L. nepalense, L. wallichi-
anum, L. auratum, L. speciosum, L. Henryi, and their

varieties. The larger Tree Ferns from cool countries
make very stately objects, whether in pots or planted
out.

WINTERGREEN. Py'rola.

WINTERGREEN, CHICKWEED. Trienta'liseuropa'a.
WINTERGREEN, CREEPING. Gaulthe'riaprocu'mbens-
WINTER MOTH. Cheimato'bia bruma'ta.

WINTER SWEET. Aco'kanthe'ra specta'bilis, and
Ori'ganum heracleo'ticum.

WINTER WOLF'S BANE, 'Era'nthis hyema'lis.

WIRE-WORMS are the larvae of various species of
Elater, Click Beetle, or Skip- Jack. To remove the wire-
worm from a soil, no mode is known but frequently
digging it and picking them out, as their yellow colour
renders them easily detected. To prevent their attack
upon a crop, mix a little spirit of tar, or a larger quantity
of gas-lime, with the soil. It has been stated that grow-
ing white mustard drives them away, and it is certainly
worth the trial. To entrap them, and tempt them away
from a crop they have attacked, bury potatoes in the
soil near the crop ; and if each potato has a stick thrust
through it, this serves as a handle by which it may be
taken up, and the wire-worms which have penetrated it
be destroyed. To decoy them from beds of Anemones,
Ranuncxiluses, &c., it is said to be a successful plan to
grow round the beds an edging of daisies, for the roots
of which they have a decided preference.

WISTA'RIA. (Named after C. Wistar, an American
professor. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae].
Linn. ij-Diadelphia, ^-Decandria.)

Hardy deciduous, mauve, blue, or purplish-flowered
climbers. Seeds when obtainable; cuttings of the
strong roots ; by cuttings of the young shoots, getting
firm, under a hand-light, in sandy soil, but more generally
by layers of long-ripened young shoots, as then almost
every bud will form a plant. Sandy loam and peat.
W. brachybotrys (short-bunched). 3-5. Violet-purple.

April. Japan.

„ chine1 'nsis (Chinese). 20-40. May and June, and
sometimes again in August. China. 1816.
" Chinese Kidney-bean Tree."

„ „ a'lba (white). 20. White. May. China. 1846.
„ ,, flo're ple'no (double-flowered). Flowers double.

life.
„ „ fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). Leaves

variegated with creamy- white. 1886.
„ „ macro'botrys (large-bunched). White, lavender-
purple. Japan. 1870.
„ „ consequa'na (following).

„ floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). See W. CHINENSIS.
,, frute'scens (shrubby). 10. July. N. Amer. 1724.

American Kidney-bean Tree.
,, „ flo're a'lbo (white-flowered).
,, „ magni*fica (magnificent).
„ involu' ta (rolled-inwards). 30-45. Pale purple. New

South Wales. 1904.

„ japo'nica (Japanese). White. July, August. Japan.
„ multi'juga (many-paired). Lilac; wings purple.

Summer. Japan. 1874.
„ „ flo're a'lbo (white-flowered). White.
„ „ ro'sea (rosy). Rose. 1903.
„ ,, russellia'na (Russelian). Dark blue-purple. 1903.
„ sine' nsis (Chinese). See W. CHINENSIS.
„ ,, a'lba (white). See W. CHINENSIS ALBA.

WISTARIA, TUBEROUS-ROOTED. A' pios tubero'sa.

WITCH ELM. U'lmus monta'na.

WITCHES' THIMBLE. Sile'ne mari'tima.

WITCH HAZEL. Hamame'lis.

WITHA'NIA. (Probably commemorative. Nat. ord.
Solanaceae.)

Stove and greenhouse, evergreen,, hoary shrubs.
Cuttings in sand in a close frame. Loam, peat, and sand.
W. coa'gulans (coagulating). India. " Cheese Maker."
„ somni'fera (sleep-bearing). India ; S. Africa.

WITHERI'NGIA. (Named after Dr. Withering, a
British botanist. Nat. ord. Nightshades [Solanaceae].
Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Motwgynia. Now referred to
several genera.)

WITHE ROD

912

WORMS

W. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). See SOLANUM CRASSI-

FOLIUM.

„ monia'na (mountain). See SOLANUM MONTANUM.
„ purpu'rea (purple). £. Pale purple. July. Chili.

1829. Tuberous.
„ stramonifo'lia (Stramonium- leaved). See BRACHISTUS

STRAMONIFOLIUS.

WITHE ROD, AMERICAN. Vibu'rnum nu'dum.

WITHY. Sa'lix fra'gilis.

WITLOOF. Garden variety of Cicho'rium I'ntybus,

WITSE'NIA. (Named after M. Witsen, a Dutch patron
of botany. Nat. ord. Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn. $-Tri-
andria, i-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse, purplish-flowered, herbaceous plants, from
South Africa. Seeds in a slight hotbed in April ; divisions
of the plant then, or taking off the sucker-like offsets ;
sandy peat and a little fibrous loam, with a little rough
charcoal, and well-drained. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
W. corymbo'sa (corymbed). See ARISTEA CORYMBOSA.

„ mau'ra (Moorish). 4. December. 1790.

„ parti' to, (divided). See KLATTIA PARTITA.

„ ramo'sa. (branched), i. April. 1819.

WITTSTEI'NIA. (Commemorative of Wittstein. Nat.
ord. Ericaceae.)

A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds ; cuttings ;
layers. Sandy peat.

W. vaccinia' cea (Vaccinium-like). i. Yellowish or red.
Australia. 1893. Creeping.

WITTEBROOM. Leucade'ndron.

WOAD, DYER'S. Isa'tis tincto'ria.

WOAD, WAXEN. Geni'sta tincto'ria.

WOAD, WILD. Rese'da Lu'teola.

WOLF BERRY. Symphorica'rpus occidenta'lis.

WOLF CHOP. Mesembrya'nthemum lupi'num.

WOLF'S BANE. Aconi'tum lupici'dum and A. lyco'c-
tonum.

WOLF'S BANE, WINTER. Era'nthis hyema'lis.
WOLF'S CLAW. Lycopo'dium clava'ium.
WOLF'S HULK. Eupho'rbia.

WOLKENSTETNIA THEOPHRA'STA. See GOMPHIA
THEOPHRASTA.

WOLLASTO'NIA. (Commemorative of Dr. Wollaston,
a great chemist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite?] .
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua. Now referred to
Wedelia.)
W. biflo'ra (two-flowered). See WEDELIA BIFLORA.

WOMAN'S-CAP ORCHID. Thelymi'tra.

WONGA-WONGA VINE. Teco'ma austra'lis.

WOOD ASHES. See ASHES.

WOOD BETONY. Peduncula'ris canade'nsis and Sta'chys
Belo'nica.

WOODBINE. Lonice'ra Pericly'menum.
WOODBINE, AMERICAN. Vi'tis quinquefo'lia.
WOOD-BRONEY. Fra'xinus exce'lsior.
WOOD FERN. Polypo'dium vulga're.

WOODFO'RDIA. (Commemorative of /. Woodford,
who wrote a flora of Edinburgh and the surroundings.
Nat. ord. Lythraceae.)

Stove shrub. Seeds ; cuttings in sand, in a close case,
with bottom-heat. Loam, peat, and sand.
W. floribu'nda (free-flowering). 2-4. Scarlet. May,

June. Trop. Asia and Africa.
„ frutico'sa (shrubby). See W. FI.ORIBUNDA.
„ tomento'sa (felted). See W. FLORIBUNDA.

WOOD LAUREL. Da'phne Lau'reola.
WOOD LEOPARD MOTH. Zeu'zera JE'sculi.

WOODLICE. Oni'scus ase'llus, Porce'llio sca'ber, and
Armadi'llo vulga'ris.

WOOD ULY. Py'rola mi' nor and Trillium.

WOOD NUT. Co'rylus Avella'na.

WOODROOF, WOODRUFF, or WOODROWEL. A spe'-
rula odora'ta.

WOO'DSIA. (Named after /. Woods, a British
botanist. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. z^-Crypto-
gamia, i-Filices.)

Hardy, brown-spored Ferns, except mo'llis and
pube'scens, which require the stove. See FERNS.
W. alpi'na (alpine). See W. HYPERBOREA.
„ Eroixfnii (Brown's). See HYPODERRIS BROWNII.
,, cauca'sica (Caucasian). See DICKSONIA FRAGILIS.
„ glabeflla (smoothish). September. North temperate

zone. 1827.
,, hyperbo'rea (northern). $. July. Arctic regions and

north temperate zone (Scotland).
„ ilve'nsis (Ilva). $. June. North temperate zone

(Britain).

„ mo'llis (soft). July. Mexico to Peru.
„ obtu'sa (blunt), £. June. N. Amer. 1836.
„ orega'na (Oregon). £. Oregon and Rocky Mountains.
,, perrinia'na (Perrin's). See W. OBTUSA.
„ polystichoi' des (Polystichum-like). J. Japan and

China. 1863.

„ „ sinua'ta (scolloped). Pinnae broader, blunter.
„ „ Vei'tchii (Veitch's). J-i. Frond very shaggy.

Japan.

,, pube'scens (downy). June. Brazil. 1826.
„ scopuli'na (rocky). Hfc. Rocky Mountains and

British America. 1882.
„ vesti'ta (clothed). June. Brazil. 1816.

WOOD SORREL. O'xalis Acetose'lla.
WOOD TONGUE FERN. Drymoglo'ssum.
WOOD VIOLET. Vi'ola sylva'tica.

WOODWA'RDIA. (Named after T. J. Woodward, a
British botanist. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices]. Linn. 24-
Cryptogamia, i-Filices.)

Hardy brown-spored Ferns. Radi'cans requires shelter
in winter. See FERNS.

W. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See W. AREOLATA.
„ areola'ta (areolate). f-i. United States. 1812.
„ Harla'ndii (Harland's). i-i£. Hong-Kong.
„ japo'nica (Japanese). September. Japan; China.
„ orienta'lis (oriental). 4-8. J apan to Formosa. 1858.
„ parado'xa (paradoxical). 3. Small island near Van-
couver Island. 1907.

„ radi'cans (rooting- leaved). i$. July. North tem-
perate zone. 1779.
„ „ Bro'wnii (Brown's).
„ „ crista'ta (crested). Pinnae symmetrically crested.

1878.

„ thelypteroi'des (Thelypteris-like). September. N. Amer.
,, virgi'nica (Virginian), i. August. N. Amer. 1724.

WOOD WAXEN. Geni'sta tincto'ria.

WOODY NIGHTSHADE. Sola'num Dukama'ra.

WOOLLEN. Verba'scum.

WOOLLEN RAGS. See ANIMAL MATTERS.

WOOLLY APHIS. See AMERICAN BLIGHT.

WORKING is a gardener's term for the practice of
grafting. " To work " upon a stock is to graft upon it.

WORM GRASS. Spige'lia marila'ndica.

WO'RMIA. (Named after 0. Wormius, a Danish
naturalist. Nat. ord. Dilleniads [Dilleniaceae], Linn.
i3-Polyandria, $-Pentagy*ia. Allied to Dillenia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe wood in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam and sand.
W. Burbi'dgei (Burbidge's). Light golden- yellow. N.

Borneo. 1879.

„ denta'ta (toothed). See W. TRIQUETRA.
„ trique'tra (triquetrous). 20. White. Ceylon. 1818.

WORMS. The earth worms belong to the genus
Lumbricus, L. terre'stris being one of the largest and
most familiar. They feed on decaying vegetable matter,
and often draw leaves and other vegetation into their
burrows, so that they can feed on the same when decay-
ing. They swallow much earth in order to get the
decaying vegetable matter in it, and after digesting it
cast it up in heaps at the mouth of their burrows, and

WORMWOOD

XANTHORRHCEA

these are only too well known to gardeners and golf-green
keepers under the name of worm-casts. This digested
soil is very fertile and feeds the grass, but is objectionable
to those using the grass. A weak solution of carbonate
of ammonia in water will soon bring the worms to the
surface. Water, saturated with lime by steeping a
quantity of quicklime in it for twenty-four hours, and
then watering the grass with the clear liquid, acts in a
similar way. Both these remedies may be used in
flower-pots to drive out or kill the worms that may be
in them. Worms are really harmful in pots by stopping
up the drainage with their casts, and making the soil
water-logged. Their burrows in lawns act as natural
drainage.

WORMWOOD. A rtemi'sia A bsi'n thium .

WORMWOOD, FIELD. ArUmi'sia campe'stris.

WORMWOOD, ROMAN. Artemi'sia po'ntica.

WOUNDS. See EXTRAVASATKD SAP.

WOUNDWORT. Anthy'llis Vulnera'ria.

WOUNDWORT, HEDGE. Sta'chys.

WOUNDWORT, HERCULES'. Hcra'cleum.

WREATHEWORT, PURPLE. O'rchis ma'scula.

WREATH, PURPLE. Petre'avolu'bilis.

WRI'GHTIA. (Named after Dr. Wright, of Jamaica.
Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria,
i-Monogynia. Allied to Alstonia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with white flowers, and from
the East Indies, except where" otherwise described. For
culture, see ALSTONIA.
W. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 8. September. Ceylon.

1752.
„ antidysente 'rica (antidysenteric). See HOLARRHENA

ANTIDYSENTERICA.

„ cocci' 'nea (scarlet). 12. Scarlet. July. 1822.

„ du'bia (doubtful). Orange. June. 1813.

„ latifo'lia (broad- leaved). 30. August. Havannah.

1733-
„ pube'scens (downy). 4. Green, yellow. March.

Malaya ; Australia. 1829.
„ tincto'ria (dyer's). 15. 1812. India.
„ zeyla'nica (Ceylon). Ceylon.

WULFFNIA. (Named after F. Xavier Wulfen, a
botanical author. Nat. ord. Figworts [Scrophulariaceae].
Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous. Seeds and divisions in spring ;
light, rich soil, and a dry, elevated place in winter, or
kept from damp in a dry, cool pit.

W. amherstia'na (Amherstian). |. Blue. July. Hima-
laya. 1846.
„ carinthi'aca (Carinthian). ij. Blue. July. Car-

inthia. 1817.

„ notonia'na (East Indian). See KLUGIA NOTONIANA.
„ renifo'rmis (reniform). See SYNTHYRIS RENIFORMIS.

WU'LFFIA. (Named after /. C. Wulff, author of
" Flora Borussica." Nat. ord. Composites [Composite].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 4-Necessaria. Allied to Rudbeckia^)
Stove evergreen herb. Cuttings of young shoots in
sandy soil, in spring or summer ; sandy loam and leaf-
mould. Winter temp., 45° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
W . macula'ta (spotted). See W. STENOGLOSSA.
„ stenoglo'ssa (narrow- tongued). 3. Yellow. June.
Trop. Amer. 1822.

WULLSCHLaSGEXIA. (Commemorative of Herr B.
Wullschlcsgel, who first collected W. aphylla. Nat. ord.
Orchidaceae.)

Stove terrestrial leafless orchids. Offsets. Peat,
sphagnum, bits of charcoal, and sand.
W. aphy'lla (leafless). Flowers very small. Jamaica.
„ calcara'ta (spurred). Flowers very small. River
Uaupas. Brazil.

WU'RMBEA. (Named after F. V. Wurmbe, a Dutch
naturalist. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-
Hexandria, ^-Trigynia. Allied to Androcymbium.)

Half-hardy bulbs, from South Africa and all but one
white-flowered. For culture, see MELANTHIUM.
W. campanula' ta (bell-shaped). See W. CAPENSIS.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). $. June.

W. cape'nsis longiflo'r a (long-flowered). }. May. 1788.
„ „ pu'mila (dwarf). \. May. 1800.
,, „ purpu'rea (purple), i. Purple. May. 1788.

WYCH FT.M. U'lmus monta'na.

WYE"TfflA. (Commemorative of AT. B. Wyeth, who
discovered the first known species. Nat. ord. Com-
posite.)

Hardy perennial herbs. Divisions in spring or
autumn. Ordinary soil.

W. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1-2. Yellow. Sep-
tember, October. North-western Amer.
„ mo'llis (soft), i*. Yellow. October. California.

WYMOT. Altha'a officina'lis.

XANTEDE'SCfflA REHMA'NNI COCCI'NEA. Sea
RICHARDIA REHMANNI COCCIXEA.

XANTHI'SMA. (From xanthisma, a yellow colour;
because the flowers are yellow. Nat. ord. Composite.
Allied to Haplopappus.)

Hardy or half-hardy annual. Seeds in the open in
April. Ordinary garden soil.
X. Uxa'num (Texan). 2-3. Bright yellow. Texas. 1877.

XA'NTHIUM. Clot Bur, Cockle Bur. ( From xanthion,
first applied to Xanfhium Strumarium, used for dyeing
the hair yellow. Nat. ord. Composite.)

Hardy annuals of no horticultural value, but often
occurring in this country. Seeds. Ordinary soil.
X. i'ndicum (Indian). See X. STRUMARIUM.
„ macroca'rpum (large-fruited). 2-4. Yellow Sep-
tember. S. Europe.
„ spino'sum (spiny). 2-3. Yellow. September,

October. Europe. " Bathurst Bur."
„ Struma'rium (Strumarium). 2-3. Yellow. Sep-
tember, October. All countries. " Small Burdock."

XANTHOOE'PHALUM. (From xanthos, yellow, and
kephale, a head ; flowers in yellow heads. Nat. ord.
Composite.)

Greenhouse shrub and half-hardy perennial. Cuttings
of the greenhouse species under a bell-glass, and seeds
of the perennial in a frame, to be planted out in May.
X. centaur ioi'des (Centaurea-like). i|. Yellow. June

to August. S. Amer. 1826. Shrub.
„ gymnospermoi'des (Gymnospermum-like). 2-4.
Orange-yellow. September. Arizona. 1859.

XANTHO'CERAS. (From xanthos, yellow, and keras,
a horn ; there are yellow projecting glands between the
petals. Nat. ord. Sapindaceae.)

A deciduous shrub or small tree. Seeds ; root cuttings.
Well-drained garden soil.

X. sorbifo'lia (Sorbus-leaved). 5-15. White, with blood-
red marks at the base. China. 1870.

XANTHOCHY'MUS. (From xanthos, yellow, and
chymos, juice ; the plants have a copious, yellow juice.
Nat. ord. Guttifera. Now referred to Garcinia.)
X. du'lcis (sweet). See GARCINIA DULCIS.
„ ovalifo'lius (oval-leaved). See GARCINIA OVALIFOLIA.
„ picto'rius (painter's). See GARCINIA XANTHOCHY-
MUS.

XANTHORRHTZA. YeUow Root. (From xanthos,
yellow, and rhiza, a root. Nat. ord. Crowfoots [Ranun-
culaceae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, 6-Polygynia.)

Hardy evergreen shrub. Suckers ; sandy loam and
peat ; does best in a moist situation.
X. apiifo'lia (parsley-leaved). 3. Purple, green.
February. United States. 1766. " Shrub Yeflow
Root."

XANTHORRHCE'A. Grass-tree. (From xanthos,
yellow, and rheo, to flow ; yellow juice. Nat. ord. Rushes
[Juncaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied
to Xerotes.)

Greenhouse, white-flowered plants, from Australia.
Offsets and imported stems. Peat, loam, and sand.
X. arbo'rea (tree-like). 5-10. White. April. " Botany
Bay Gum."

ZANTHOSIA

914

XIMENIA

X. austra'lis (southern). 3. Victoria ; Tasmania. 1824.

Evergreen.

„ bractea'ta (bracted). 2-3. 1810. Herbaceous.
„ Bruno' nis (Brown's). See X. PREISSII.
,, gra'cilis (slender).

„ ha'stilis (spear). 4-12. 1803. Evergreen.
„ hu'milis (dwarf). See X. PUMILIO.
„ mSdia (intermediate). 2. 1803. Evergreen.
,, mi' nor (smaller). 2. 1804. Herbaceous.
„ Prei'ssii (Preiss's). 4-20. Greenish-yellow. April.

South-west Australia.

„ Pumi'lio (pigmy). 2. 1825. Herbaceous.
„ quadrangula' to. (four-angled). 4-8. Greenish. 1874.
„ resino'sa (resinous). See X. MEDIA.
„ semipla'na (half-flat). Leaves flattened on one side.
„ tatea'na (Tatean).

XANTHO'SIA. (From xanthos, yellow ; some species

are covered with yellow down. Nat. ord. Umbellifera?.)

Greenhouse evergreen herbs or small shrubs. Seeds ;

cuttings in sand under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam, peat,

and sand.

X. hirsu'ta (hairy). See X. PILOSA.
„ monta'na (mountain). See X. PILOSA.
„ £»7o'sa (hairy). 1-2. White. June. Australia. 1826.
„ rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 1-2. White. June.
Australia. 1836.

XANTHOSO'MA. (From xanthos, yellow, and soma,
a body; the edible roots. Nat. ord. Arads [Aracese].
Linn. 2i-Moncecia, j-Heptandria. Allied to Caladium.)

Stove plants. For culture, see CALADIUM.
X. appendicula'tum (appendaged). See X. ATROVIRENS.

„ atrovi'rens (dark-green). Venezuela.

„ auricula' turn (auricled). Spathe green, white ; spadix
white. Brazil. 1869.

„ Barille'ti (Barillet's). 3. Leaves large, dull green.
Brazil. 1882.

„ belophy'llum (arrow-leaved). i$-2. Yellow ; spadix
whitish. Trop. Amer.

„ corda'tum (heart-shaped). 3-4. Spathe yellow-green,
tinted rose at the base, white inside. British
Guiana. 1906.

„ edu'le (edible). 4. White. Guiana. 1800.

„ helleborifo'lium (hellebore-leaved). if-2. Yellow-
green. Trop. Amer. 1793.

„ Hofjma'nni (Hoffmann's). Spathe white, purple in
the tube. Mexico. 1900.

„ Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). Yellow. May. Venezuela.
1816. Evergreen.

„ Li'ndeni (Linden's), i-i|. Spathe brownish- green,
white. Leaves with white veins. Colombia. 1871.

„ „ magni'ficum (magnificent). Leaves much larger.

„ macula'tum (blotched). Leaf-stalks purplish. 1861.

„ maximilia'num (Maximilian). 4-5. Purple, violet,
white. Brazil. 1860.

„ mira'bile (wonderful). 3-4. Primrose-yellow. Trop.
Amer. 1874.

„ nue'vo-leone'nse (New-Leone). 6. Leaf-blades hori-
zontal. ; Mexico. 1908. " Colossal Elephant's Ear."

„ plu'mbeum (lead-coloured). See ALOCASIA CUPREA.

„ robu'slum (robust). 3-4. Whitish. Mexico.

„ sazittefo'lium (arrow-leaved). White. May. Trop.
Amer. 1710. Herbaceous.

„ viola'ceum (violet). 3. Pale violet outside, yellow-
white within. W. Ind. 1864.

„ Walli'sii (Wallis's). Leaves dark green, with silvery
veins. Colombia. 1869.

XANTHO'XYLUM. See ZANTHOXYLUM.
XAVE'RIA. See ANEMONOPSIS.
XENIA'TRUM. See CLINTONIA.

XERA'NTHEMUM. Immortelle. (From xeros, dry,
and anthos, a flower; everlasting flower. Nat. ord.
Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Super-
flua.)

The flowers, after being dried, may be dyed of any
colour. Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open border in
Aprit
X. afnnuum (annual). 3. Purple. July. S. Europe.

1570.

„ cane'scens (hoary). See HELIPTERUM CANESCENS.
„ cylindra'ceum (cylindrical). S. Europe ; Asia Minor.
„ erfctum (upright). See X. INAPERTCM.

X. fu'lgidum (shining). See HELICHRYSUM FULGIDUM.

,, herba'ceum (herbaceous). See HELICHRYSUM SQUA-
MOSUM.

„ inape'rtum (unopened). 2. Purple. July. Mediter-
ranean region ; Caucasus. 1620.

,, longipappo' sum (long-feathered). White. June.
Persia. 1836.

„ orienta'le (eastern). See CHARDINIA XERANTHE-
MOIDES.

„ ri'gidum (rigid). See HELICHRYSUM STRIATUM.

„ sesamoi'des (Sesamum-like). See HELICHRYSUM

SESAMOIDES.

„ „ sulphu'reum (sulphur). See HELICHRYSUM SESA-
MOIDES.

XEROCLA'DIA. (From xeros, dry, and klados, a
branch ; the plant is dry and rigid. Nat. ord. Legumi-
nosas. Allied to Prosopis.)

A small, dry, rigid, deciduous greenhouse shrub.
Seeds ; cuttings in sand under a bell-glass. Fibrous
loam and peat in equal parts, with sand.
X. Ze'yheri (Zeyher's). 1-2. Yellow. S. Africa. 1816.

XERONE'MA. (From xeros, dry, and nema, a fila-
ment ; the filaments dry up and remain. Nat. ord.
Liliaceas. Allied to Anthericum.)

An elegant stove perennial. Seeds ; divisions.
Fibrous loam, leaf-mould, a little sand, and old cow-
manure rubbed up finely.

X. Moo'rei (Moore's). i£. Crimson. New Caledonia.
1877.

XEROPHY'LLUM. (From xeros, dry, and phullon, a
leaf ; dry, grassy leaves. Nat. ord. LUyworls [Liliaceae].
Linn. 6-Hexandriu, 3-Trigynia. Allied to Helonias.)

White-flowered, herbaceous perennials, from North
America. Seeds and divisions of the plant in spring. A
rather moist, peaty border suits them best.
X. asphodeloi' des (asphodel-like). i. May. 1765.

" Turkey's Beard."
„ grami'neum (grassy). See STENANTHIUM ANGUSTI-

FOLIUM GRAMINEUM.

„ Sabadi'lla (Sabadilla). See VERATRUM SABADILLA.
„ setifo'lium (bristle-leaved). i£. May. 1811.
,, te'nax (tough-leaved). See X. SETIFOLIUM.

XEROPHY'TA. (From xeros, dry, and phuton, a,
plant ; h'terally, dry plant. Nat. ord. Amaryllidacea?.
Now referred to Vetiozia.)
X. refine' ruis (net-nerved). See VELLOZIA RETINERVIS.

(From xerotes, dryness ; the plants are
dry and wiry. Nat. ord. Juncacese. Allied to Xan-
thorrhcea.)

Greenhouse perennial dry herbs. Divisions. Sandy
loam and leaf soil.

X. longifol'ia (long-leaved).

Greenish- white. June.

Australia. 1798. " Australian Tussock Grass.'
„ ri'gida (rigid). J-i. Greenish-white. June. Aus-
tralia. 1791.

XIMENE'SIA. (Named after /. Ximenes, a Spanish
apothecary. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn.
ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superftua. Now referred to several
genera.)

ANNUALS.
X. Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles'). See IOSTEPHANE HETERO-

PHYLLA.

„ fce'tida (stinking). See ENCELIA FCSTIDA.

„ heterophy'lla (variable- leaved). See ENCELIA HETERO-

PHYLLA.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

X. corda'ta (heart-leaved). See ENCELIA CORDATA.
„ encelioi'des (Encelia-like). See VERBESINA ENCELI-
OIDES.

XIME'NIA. (Named after F. Ximenes, a Spanish
naturalist. Nat. ord. Olacads [Olacacecp]. Linn. 8-
Octandria, i-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in
sand, under a glass, in May, and in bottom-heat ; sandy,
fibrous peat, and lumpy loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.

X, america'na (American), 15. Yellowish. Tropics
everywhere. 1759.

XIPHIDIUM

915

YELLOWBY

X. inSrmis (unarmed). See X. AMERICANA.

„ lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). See ACRONYCHIA LAURI-
FOLIA.

„ oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). Green. June. Aus-
tralia. 1823.

XEPHTDrUM. (From xiphos, a sword ; sword-like
leaves. Nat. ord. Bloodworts [Hamodoracece]. I.inn.
6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Wachendorfia.)

Stove, herbaceous perennials. Divisions of the plant
as fresh growth commences ; rich, fibrous loam and
fibrous peat, and a small portion of charcoal and sand.
Winter temp., 50° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
X. a'lbum (white). See X. C^ERULEUM ALBUM.

„ c&ru'leum (blue), ij. Blue. Trop. Amer. 1793.

„ „ a'lbum (white), i*. White. W. Ind. 1787.

„ fioribu'ndum (free-fiowerine:). See X. OERULEUM.

„ gigante'um (gigantic). See X. C.CRULEUM ALBUM.

XTPHION. (From xtphion, a corn-flag. Nat. ord.
Iridaceae. This name includes all the bulbous Irises, to
which they are referred.)
X. Auche'ri (Aucher*s). See IRIS FUMOSA.

„ filifo'lium (thread-leaved). See IRIS FILIFOLIA.

„ Hi'strio (Actor). See IRIS HISTRIO.

„ ju'nceum (rush-like). See IRIS JUNCEA.

„ kolpakowskia'num. See IRIS KOLPAKOWSKIANA.

„ latifo'lium (broad-leaved). See IRIS XIPHIOIDES.

„ planifo'lium (flat-leaved). See IRIS ALATA.

„ reticula' turn (netted). See IRIS RETICULATA.

„ Sisyri'nchium (Sisyrinchium-like). See IRIS SISY-
RINCHIUM.

„ tingita'num (Tangiers). See IRIS TINGITANA.

„ vulga're (common). See IRIS XIPHIUM.

XIPEO PTERIS. Sword Fern. (From xiphos, a
sword, and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord. Ferns [Filices].
Linn. 24-Cryptogamia, i-Filices. Now referred to Poly-
podium.)

Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
X. heterophy'lla (variable-leaved), i. June. N.HoUand.

1824.
„ myosuroi'des (Myosurus-Uke). See POLYPODIUM

SERRULATDM MYOSUROIDES.

„ serrula'ta (saw-like). See POLYPODIUM SERRULATUM.

XYLO'BIUM. (From xulon, wood, and bios, life ;
the plants grow upon wood. Nat. ord. Orchidaceas.
Allied to Bifrenaria.)

Stove epiphytal Orchids. Offsets and divisions. Fibre
of peat, sphagnum, and crocks in pots or baskets.
X. brachysta'chyum (short-spiked). Yellowish, with

sordid purple spots. S. Brazil. 1906.
„ bracte'scens (large-bracted). Peru. 1842.
„ Colle'yi (Coney's). Reddish-brown, with purple spots.

Trinidad. 1890.

„ conca'vum (hollow), i. Light yellow. June. Guate-
mala. 1844.
„ corruga'tum (ribbed). Brownish-purple ; lip yellow,

veined with purple. Venezuela. 1844.
„ de 'color (without-colour), i. White. W. Ind. 1830.
„ donga' turn (elongated), i. Light yellow ; Up brown-
purple. W. Ind. 1847.

„ fovea'tum (pitted), i. Straw-yellow. Guiana. 1839.
„ hyaci'nihinum (hyacinth-like). Venezuela.
„ tiypocri' ticum (mimicking). Country unknown. 1860.
„ inca'num (hoary). June. Guatemala. 1844.
„ leontoglo' ssum (lion's-tongued). 2-3. Yellow, spotted

red. Colombia.
„ pallidifto'rum (pale-flowered). i. Sulphur- white.

W. Ind. 1826.

„ scabrili'ngug (rough-tongued). Colombia. 1844.
„ squa'lens (dirty), i. Flesh, lined purple ; lip purple.
Brazil 1828.

XYLOMEXUM. (From xulon, wood, and melon, an
apple ; the fruit is large and woody. Nat. ord. Pro-
teaceae. Allied to Lambertia.)

Greenhouse shrub. Seeds ; cuttings of young but
firm shoots in sandy peat, under a bell-glass. Fibrous
loam, peat, and sand.

X. pyrifo'rme (pear-formed). Fruit 2-3 in. long.
Australia. 1869. " Wooden Pear."

XYLOPHTLLA, (From xulon, wood, and phullon, a
leaf ; texture of the leaves. Nat. ord. Spurgetvorts

[Euphorbiace*]. Linn. 2i-Moncecia, lo-Decandria. Now

referred to Phyllanthus.)

AT. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See PHYLLANTHUS

ANGUSTIFOLIUS.

„ elonga'ta (elongated-/*at^). See PHYLLANTHDS

ANGUSTIFOLIUS.

„ falca'ta (sickle-leaved). See PHYLLANTHUS EPIPHYL-

LANTHUS.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved) of Linnaeus. See PHYLLAN-
THUS LATIFOLIUS.

„ lalifo'lia (broad-leaved) of Sims. See PHYLLANTHUS

SPECIOSUS.

„ linea'ris (narrow-leaved). See PHYLLANTHUS LINEARIS.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See EXOCARPUS CERAMICUS.
„ monia'na (mountain) of Sims. See PHYLLANTHUS

ANGUSTIFOLIUS.

„ monta'na. (mountain) of Swartz. See PHYLLANTHUS

MONTANUS.

„ obova'ta (obversely-egg-shaped). See FLUGGEA MICRO-

CARPA.

„ ramiflo'ra (branch-flowered). See SF.CURINEGA RAMI-

FLORA.

„ specio'sa (showy). See PHYLLANTHUS SPECIOSUS.

XYLOTIA. (From xulon, wood, and pikros, bitter;
the wood and fruit of X. gla'bra are called Bitterwood in
the West Indies. Nat. ord. Anonads [Anonaceae]. Linn.
i^-Polyandria, 6-Polygynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs or trees. Cuttings of firm,
stubby side-shoots one year old, with most of the leaves
adhering, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and
fibrous peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60°

X. cEthio'pica (Ethiopian). Trop. Africa. " Negro

Pepper."

„ frute'scens (shrubby). 4. Guiana. 1823.

„ gla'bra (smooth-fruited). 20. Jamaica. 1820.

" Bitterwood."

„ murica'ta (rough- fruited). 4. W. Ind. 1779.

XYLO'SMA. (From xulon, wood, and osme, smell.
Nat. ord. Bixaceae.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in a close
case, with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand.
X. ni'tidum (shining). 6. June. Trop. Amer. 1820.
„ Salzma'nni (Salzmann's). Flowers minute. Fruit
like bilberries. Brazil. 1908.

XYLO'STEON. See LONICERA.
XYRI'DION. See IRIS.

XY'RIS. (A name given by Dioscorides to Iris
fcetidissima. Nat. ord. Xyridacea?.)

A stove rush-like perennial. Divisions. Fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, and plenty of sand.
X. alti'ssima (tallest). See BOBARTIA INDICA.
„ opercula'ta (covered- with-a-lid). i-i|. White;
bracts black. June. Australia. 1804.

XYSMALO'BIUM. (From xusma, a fragment, and
lobos, a lobe ; in reference to the slender lobes of the
corona. Nat. ord. Asclepiadaceae.)

A warm and dry greenhouse perennial. Seeds in heat ;
cuttings of side-shoots in sand after being dried for a
week, then inserted in sand under a bell-glass. Fibrous
loam, fibrous peat, finely-broken bricks and sand, with
good drainage.

X. padifo'lium (Padus-leaved). 3. Purplish-green ;
corona purplish- yellow. S. Africa. 1867.

YACCA-WOOD TREE. Podoca'rpus purdiea'na.

YAM. Diosco'rea.

YANG-MAE TREE. My'rica Na'gi.

YARROW. Achilla.

YARROW, SOLDIER'S. Stratio'tes aloi'des.

YATE or YEIT TREE. Eucalyptus cornu'ta.

YELLOW ARCHANGEL. La'mium Galeo'bdolon and
L. macula.' turn au'reum.

YELLOWBY. Chrysa'nthtmum se'gelum.

YELLOW CENTAURY

916

YUCCA

YELLOW CENTAURY. Chlo'ra perfolia'ta.
YELLOW CRESS. Barbare'a prafcox.
YELLOW ELDER. Teco'ma ste'«s.
YELLOW EVERLASTING. Helichry'sum arena! num.
YELLOW-EYED GRASS. Xy'ris.
YELLOW GARDEN HAWK WEED. To'lpis barba'ta.
YELLOW IRIS. 1'risPseuda'corus.
YELLOW LARKSPUR. Tropce'olum.
YELLOW PUCCOON. Hydra'stis canade'nsis.
YELLOW RATTLE. Rhina'ntiius Cri' sta-ga'lli.
YELLOW ROCKET. Barbare'a vulga'ris.
YELLOW ROOT. Hydra'stis canade'nsis.
YELLOW STAR FLOWER. Sternbe'rgia lu'tea.
YELLOW STAR OF BETHLEHEM. Ga'gea lu'tea.
YELLOW SULTAN. Centau'rea moscha'ia f.a'va.
YELLOW WATER LILY. Nu'phar lu'teum.
YELLOW WEED, DYER'S. Rese'da Lu'leola.

YELLOW WOOD. Cladra'stis tincio'ria, Ochro'sia bor-
bo'nica, and Podoca'rpus.

YELLOWWORT. Chlo'ra perfolia'ta.
YEVERING BELLS. Py'rola secu'nda.
YEW. Ta'xus.

YEW-BUD GALLS. Small, green, cone-like bodies,
made up of small leaves, may often be found on the Yew
at the ends of the branches and twigs. Their origin is
due to the irritation set up by the larva of Cecidomyia
taxi, a small, two-winged fly. An egg is laid at the tip
of the shoot, and the action of the larva is to prevent the
young shoot from elongating, so that all the leaves for
that year merely enlarge to form the cone. The larva
lives in this gall all the year, emerging in June. By
gathering the galls during summer, and burning them,
the fly will be destroyed.

The Yew-bud Mite (Eriophyes psilaspis) settles in buds
on any part of a stem or branch, just as they commence
to open, and retards the growth of the buds, which form
scaly galls, similar in size and shape to those of the
Black Currant and Hazel. The growth of the galls is
complete by the end of May, but the mite remains in
them till the following spring. They are dark green at
first, changing to reddish-brown or chocolate. When
this pest gets into a yew hedge, it may multiply to such
an extent as to have a stunting effect upon the hedge.
The same remedies apply as for the Yew-bud Galls and
the Black Currant Bud Mite.

YEW, CHINESE. Podoca'rpus chine'nsis.

YEW, CLUSTERED-FLOWERED. Cephalota' xus.

YEW GALLS. See YEW-BUD GALLS.

YEW, JAPANESE. Cephalota'xus peduncula'ta fasti-
gia'ta.

YEW, JOINTED. Arthrota' xus.

YEW, LORD HARRINGTON'S. Cephalota'xus pedun-
cula'ta.

YEW, PRINCE ALBERT'S. Saxegothafa conspi'cua.
YEW, STINKING. Torre'ya.
YOKE ELM. Carpi'nus Be'tulus.
YOUTH AND OLD AGE. Yi'nnia.
YOUTH WORT. Dro'sera rotundifo'lia.

YU'CCA. Adam's Needle. (Name of the plant in
Peru. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexan-
dria, i-Monogynia.)

All whitish-flowered evergreens. Sometimes by seeds,
sown immediately they are ripe, in a slight hotbed ;
generally by suckers, but also, at times, from young
shoots that branch from the stems ; deep, dry, sandy
loam is their favourite soil ; a few require the assistance
of a stove or greenhouse, but most of them stand the
open air in England. Aloifo'lia is, perhaps, the tenderest
of all the hardy ones. They flourish near the sea- shore.
We may add, that they seem quite at home on a knoll,
or on rock-work.

HARDY.
Y. acumina'ta (pointed-flowered) of Sweet. See Y.

GLORIOSA ACUMINATA.

„ acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 4-5. White. Country un-
known. 1869.

„ aletrifo'rmis (Aletris-like). 2. Cape of Good Hope.
1823. Greenhouse.

„ aloifo'lia (Aloe-leaved). 2. August. S. United
States ; W. Ind. 1696. Greenhouse.

„ „ Draco'nis (dragon's). 8. August. W. Ind. 1732.

„ „ li'nea-lu'tea (yellow-lined). Mexico. 1863.

„ „ pe'ndula (diooping-leaved). 12. August.

,, ,, purpu'rea (purple). Leaves purple. Plant dwarf.

„ „ serrula'ta (finely-sawed). 10. Carolina. 1808.

„ „ tri'color (three-coloured). Leaves edged with
cream and red.

„ „ variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 2. August.

„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. Missouri.
1811.

„ ,, stri'cta (upright). 2-3. Arkansas. 1817.

„ arcua'ta (bowed). See Y. ALOIFOLIA.

„ argo'spatha (silver-spathed). 2-3. White. Country
unknown. 1868.

„ bacca'ta (berried). 8-10. White. Fruit purple.
Mexico. 1870. Greenhouse.

,, „ circina'ta (curled- threaded). Leaves with copious
coiled threads.

„ „ austra'lis (southern). Mexico. 1876. Greenhouse.

„ „ fragili<o'lia (fragile-leaved).

„ Boerhaa'vii (Boerhaave's). Mexico. 1870. Green-
house.

„ brevifo'lia (short-leaved). Mexico. Greenhouse.

„ canalicula' ta (channelled). See Y. TRECULEANA.

,, circina'ta (curled-threaded). See Y. BACCATA.

,, conca'va (hollow-leaved). See Y. FILAMENTOSA CON-

CAVA.

„ conspi'cua (conspicuous). See Y. ALOIFOLIA.

„ constri'cta (constricted). 8-10. White. Mexico.

1862. Greenhouse.

„ cornu'ta (horned). See Y. TRECULEANA.
„ cremda'ta (scolloped). See Y. ALOIFOLIA SERRULATA.
„ desmetia'na (Desmetian). Mexico. 1868. Green-
house.

„ Draco'nis (dragon). See Y. ALOIFOLIA DRACONIS.
„ Ehrenbe'rgii (Ehrenberg's). Mexico. 1861.
„ ela'ta (tall). 8-12. White, fragrant. Mexico. 1889.
,, ,, a'lbo-margina'ta (white-edged).
„ Engelma'nni (Engelmann's). See Y. WHIPPLEI.
„ ensifo'lia (sword- leaved). See Y. GUATEMALENSIS.
„ exi'gua (slender). See Y. FILAMENTOSA EXIGUA.
„ falca'ta (sickle-shaped). See Y. FLEXILIS FALCATA.
„ ftiamento'sa (thready). 2. September. Virginia.

1675. " Silk Grass."
„ „ antwerpe'nsis (Antwerp). See Y. ORCHIOIDES

MAJOR.
„ ,, au'reo-variega'ta (golden-variegated). Leaves with

bright yellow bands. 1884. Greenhouse.
„ „ conca'va (hollow), i£. Leaves concave. August.

1816.
„ „ eii'gua (slender). White, green. S. United States.

1873-

„ „ fla'ccida (flabby). 2. Leaves recurved. 1816.
„ „ glauce'scens (sea-green). 2. Leaves glaucous.

July. N. Amer. 1819.
„ „ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See Y. FILAMENTOSA

MAXIMA.

„ „ ma'jor (larger). See Y. FILAMENTOSA MAXIMA.
,, „ ma'xima (largest). Flowers 2^-3 in. long. 1873.
„ „ orchioi'des (orchid-like). See Y. ORCHIOIDES.
,, ,, pube'rula (finely-downy). Inflorescence downy.

August.

,, ,, variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 2. September.
„ fili'fera (thread-bearing). 10-50. Mexico. 1826.

Greenhouse.

YUCCA

917

ZAMIA

V. fla'ccida (flaccid). See Y. FU.AMENTOSA FLACCIDA.
„ fle'xilis (flexible). 4. Mexico. 1859. Greenhouse.
„ falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 1879. Nearly stemless.
„ „ no'bilis (noble). Young leaves very glaucous.

1879.

„ „ semicyli'ndrica (half-cylindrical). 1870.
„ fragilifo 'lia (fragile-leaved). See Y. BACCATA.
„ funi'fera (cord-bearing). Leaves 6-7 ft. long. Mexico.

1866.

„ GAuJs6re/gM»(Ghiesbreght's). SeeY. GUATEMALENSIS.
„ gigantfa (gigantic). 4-6. Mexico. 1859.
„ glau'ca (sea-green). Southern United States. 1813.
„ glattce'scens (milky-green). See Y. FILAMENTOSA

GLAUCESCEKS.

„ glorio'sa (glorious). 4. July. Southern United
States. 1596. " Adam's Needle."

„ „ acumina'ta, (long-pointed). 2-6. Leaves long-
pointed. August. 1 800.

„ ,, Ellaco'mbei (Ellacombe's). Leaves concave on the
face. Plant nearly stemless.

„ „ ma'jor (greater). 4. 1808.

„ „ me'dio-stria'ta (median-striped). Leaves having a
whitish-green band on both sides. 1880.

„ „ mi'nor (smaUer). A dwarf variety.

„ obli'qua (obh'que). 4. Leaves sea-green oblique.
iSo8.

„ „ plica,' ta (plaited). Leaves much plaited.

it »t pruino'sa (frosted). Leaves sea-green.

„ „ recurvifo'lia (recurved-leaved). See Y. RECURVI-
FOLIA.

„ ,, rufoci'ncia (red-edged), ij. July. Leaves with
red-brown edges. 1816.

„ „ supe'rba (superb). 10. Flowers larger. August.

„ „ tortula'ta (slightly-twisted). Leaves flexuous.
1873. Plant stemless.

„ „ varuga'ta (variegated-leaved). July.

„ gra'crfis (slender). July. Mexico. 1829. Greenhouse.

„ graminifn'lia (grass-leaved). See DASYLIRION GRAMINI-
FOLIUM.'

„ guatemale'nsis (Guatemalan). 15-20. Summer.
Mexico and Guatemala. 1873.

„ Hanbu'ryi (Sir Thos. Hanbur/s). White. Leaves
linear, with brown edge. 1892. Stemless.

„ lapo'nica (Japanese). See Y. RECURVIFOLIA.

„ Icetevi'rens (bright-green). Mexico. 1838. Green-
house.

„ laviga'ta (smooth). See Y. PEACOCKII.

„ li'nea-lu'tea (yellow-lined). See Y. ALOIFOLIA LINEA-

LUTEA.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved) of Karw. See NOLIKA LONGI-

FOLIA.

„ longifo'lia (long-leaved) of Carriere. See Y. FLEXILIS.
„ lute'scens (yellowish). See Y. RUPICOLA.
,, macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 1-4. Arizona. 1881.
„ mexicafna (Mexican). See Y. FLEXILIS.
„ no'bilis (noble). See Y. FLEXILIS NOBILIS.
„ obli'qua (oblique-Jaw1^). See Y. GLORIOSA OBLIQUA.
„ ,, ma'jor (larger). See Y. GLORIOSA MAJOR.
„ orchioi'dcs (orchid-h'ke). ij. Southern United States.

iS6i.
„ ,, ma'jor (greater). Inflorescence 2-3 ft. long. S.

United States. 1875.

„ Parmentie'ri (Parmentier's). See Y. ALOIFOLIA.
„ pa' tens (spreading). A slight form of Y. GLORIOSA.
„ Peaco'ckii (Peacock's). Leaves about 100. Mexico (?).

1879-

, pe'ndula (drooping). See Y. RECURVIFOLIA.
, periculo'sa (dangerous). See Y. BACCATA.
, pitcarnicefo' lia (Pitcairnia-leaved). Mexico. 1838.
, polyphyila (many-leaved). See Y. CONSTRICTA.
, pruino'sa (pruinose or frosted). See Y. GLORIOSA

PRUINOSA.
„ pube'rula (rather-downy). See Y. FILAMENTOSA

PUBERULA.

„ pvrpu'rea (purple). See Y. ALOIFOLIA PURPUREA.
„ recu'rva (curled-back-/eat;*f). See Y. RECURVIFOLIA.
„ recurvifo'lia (recurved-leaved). White, tinted red.

Leaves 100-150, recurved. S. United States. 1794.
„ „ variega'ia (variegated). Leaves with a pale green,

reddish- tin ted stripe. 1883.
„ rmolu'ta (revolute). See Y. TRECULEAXA.
„ Rue'zlii (Roezl's). See Y. GUATEMALENSIS.
„ ru'fo-ci'ncta (reddish-edged). See Y. GLORIOSA RUFO-

CIKCTA.
„ rupi'cola (rock-loving). iJ-2. White, greenish on

back. S. United States ; Mexico.

y. scabrifo'lia (rough-leaved). See Y. BACCATA.
„ semicyli'ndrica (half-cylindrical). See Y. FLEXILIS

SEMJCVLINDRICA.

„ serratijo'lia (sawed-leaved). Mexico. 1838.

,, scrrula'ta (saw-edged). See Y. ALOIFOLIA SERRULATA.

„ stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). See Y. FLEXILIS.

„ stri'cta (upright). See Y. GLAUCA.

„ supe'rba (superb). See Y. GLORIOSA SUPERBA.

„ tfnuifo'lia (slender-leaved). See Y. ALOIFOLIA.

,, tonelia'na (Tonelian). See FURCR^EA BEDINGHAUSII.

„ tortifp'lia (twisted-leaved). See Y. RUPICOLA.

„ to'riilis (twisted). See Y. RUPICOLA.

„ tortula'ta (twisted). See Y. GLORIOSA TORTULATA.

„ treculia'na (Treculian). 20-25. Summer. Mexico.

1858.

„ tri' color (three-coloured). See Y. ALOIFOLIA TRICOLOR.
„ undula'ta (wavy). See Y. TRECULIANA.
„ Whi'pplei (Whipple's). Inflorescence 4-12 ft. long.

California and Arizona. 1876. Stemless.
„ „ viola' ced (violet). Tinted with violet. Arizona.

&c. 1884.

ZACI'NTHA. (From Zacinthus, an old name of Zante,
where the plant grows. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

Hardy annual. Seeds. Ordinary garden soiL
Z. pJndula (drooping). See Z. VERRUCOSA.
„ verruco'sa (warted). J-i. Yellow. July to Sep-
tember. S. Europe ; Asia Minor.

ZAHLBRU'CKNERA. (A commemorative name. Nat.
ord. Saxifragacea?.)

Hardy, slender perennial herb. Seeds ; divisions.
Fibrous loam, peat, and sand. A half shady position
should be selected for it.
Z. parado'xa (paradoxical). J. Green. June. Europe.

ZALA'CCA. (The native Malay name. Nat. ord.
Palmaceae.)

Dwarf stove palms. Seeds. Loam, fibrous peat, and
sand.

Z. blumea'na (Blumean). See Z. EDULIS.
„ edu'lis (edible). Pink. Leaves 12-20 ft. long.

Burma ; Malaya. 1847.
„ glabre'scens (smooth). Penang.
„ ni'tida (shining). Trop. Africa. 1884.
„ Wa'gneri (Wagner's). Country unknown. 1870.
„ wallichia'na (WaUichian). See Z. EDULIS.

ZALTJZA'NIA. (Commemorative of Adam Zaluziansky
a Zaluzian, of Prague. Nat. ord. Compositae.)

A greenhouse, evergreen subshrub. Seeds; cuttings
in sand, under a bell-glass, in a warm greenhouse. Loam,
fibrous peat, and sand.
Z. globo'sa (globose), i. White. July. Mexico. 1570.

ZALUZIA'NSKYA. (Commemorative of A dam Zalu-
ziansky a Zaluzian, a physician of Prague. Nat. ord.
Scrophulariaceae. Allied to Chaenostoma.)

Half-hardy annuals, except in the case of Z. lychni'dea,
which is a greenhouse subshrub. All may be grown in
the greenhouse, being dwarf and pretty. Seeds in gentle
heat, and afterwards planted out ; or sown outdoors in
April they will merely be later. The shrub by cuttings
under a bell-glass. Light, sandy soil and leaf-mould.
Z. cape'nsis (Cape), i-i. White. Spring. S. Africa.
„ lychni'dea (Lychnis-like), i-i*. Yellow-white. May

to July. S. Africa. 1776.
„ mari'tima (maritime). See Z. LYCHNIDEA.
„ selaginoi'des (Selago-like). $-1. White, with orange
eye. June to September. S. Africa, 1854.

ZA1DA. (From zamia, loss ; the barren appearance
of the male flowers. Nat. ord. Cycads [Cycadaceae].
Linn. 22-Dicecia, i2-lcosandria.)

A race of plants intermediate between Ferns and
Palms. Those not otherwise specified are from South
I Africa, and will succeed in a greenhouse ; but all do best
in a stove. Suckers ; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp.,
45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
Z. amplifo'lia (ample-leaved). Colombia. 1878.
„ angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. Bahamas.

3 M 2

ZAMIOCULCAS

918

ZEA

£. ca'ffra (Caffrarian). See ENCEPHALARTOS CAFFER.
„ calo'coma (beautiful-haired). See MICROCYCAS CALO-

COMA.

„ Chi'gua (Chigua). 4-5. Colombia. 1847.
„ cycadifolia (Cycas-leaved). See ENCEPHALARTOS

CYCADIFOLIUS.

„ Cy'cadis (Cycas-like). See ENCEPHALARTOS CAFFER.

„ de'bilis (vrsak-lon$-leaved). i. July. W. Ind. 1777.

„ Fische'ri (Fischer's). Trop. Amer. 1849.

„ Fra'seri (Eraser's). See MACKOZAMIA FRASERI.

„ furfura'cea (scurfy). 3. July. Mexico. 1691.

„ Ghelli'nckii (Ghellinck's). See ENCEPHALARTOS

GHELLINCKII.

,, ho'rrida (horrid). See ENCEPHALARTOS HORRIDUS.
„ integrifo'lia (entire-leaved. Dwarf). 2. July. W.

Ind. 1768.

„ Ki'ckxii (Kickx's). Cuba.
„ lanugino'sa (woolly). See ENCEPHALARTOS LANUGIN-

osus.

„ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. Honduras.
„ Leibo'ldii (Leibold's). Trunk 8 in. high. Mexico.

1843.

„ Li'ndeni (Linden's). Trunk 3 ft. Ecuador. 1875.
„ Li'ndleyi (Lindley's). See Z. CHIGUA.
„ Loddige'sii (Loddiges'). Mexico. 1844.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). See ENCEPHALARTOS LONGI-

FOLIUS.

„ me' dia (mediate). 2. July. W. Ind. 1768.

„ me. dia (intermediate) of Sims. See Z. PUMILA.

„ Mique'lii (Miquel's). See MACROZAMIA MIQUELII.

„ monta'na (mountain). 3-4. Colombia. 1873.

„ murica'ta (warted). Trop. Amer. 1849.

„ nceffia'na (Nosffian). S. Amer. 1896.

„ obli'qua (oblique). Trunk 6-7 ft. Colombia. 1877.

„ Otto'nis (Otto's). Trunk i ft. Cuba.

„ pi'cta (painted). Mexico (?).

„ pra'sina (leek-green). See Z. LATIFOLIA.

„ Pri'nceps (princely). See Z. CHIGUA.

„ pruni'fera (plum-bearing). See ENCEPHALARTOS

PRUNIFERUS.
„ Pseu' do-parasi' tica (falsely-parasitical). Panama.

1873-

„ pu'mila (dwarf), i$. W. Ind. 1812.
,, pu'ngens (stinging). See ENCEPHALARTOS PUNGENS.
„ pygma'a (pigmy), i. May. W. Ind.
„ repa'nda (wavy-leaved). 6.
„ Roe'zlii (Rcezl's). See Z. PSEUDO-PARASITICA.
„ Siebo'ldi angustifo'lia (Siebold's narrow-leaved). See

Z. LEIBOLDII.
„ Ski'nneri (Skinner's). Leaves 4-5 ft. Central Amer.

1851.

„ spino'sa (spiny). See ENCEPHALARTOS ALTENSTEINII.
„ spira'lis (spiral). See MACROZAMIA SPIRALIS.
„ tcnuifo'lia (slender-leaved). See Z. FISCHERI.
„ te'nuis (slender), i. Bahama Islands.
„ tonkine'nsis (Tonkin). Tonkin. 1885.
„ tridenia'ta (three-toothed). See ENCEPHALARTOS TRI-

DENTATUS.

,, villo'sus (shaggy). See ENCEPHALARTOS VILLOSUS.
„ Walli'sii (Wallis'). Colombia. 1875.

ZAMIOCU'LCAS. (From Zamia, and Culcasia; be-
cause it is an Aroid like the latter, but having pinnate or
bipinnate leaves like a Zamia. Nat. ord. Araceas.)

Stove, evergreen herbs, with tuber-bearing rhizomes.
Divisions or offsets. Tubers are also produced from the
leaves if laid ,on moist sand or on cocoanut fibre in a
propagating case. The tubers form plants when potted
up. Fibrous loam, lumpy peat, and some nodules of
charcoal with sand. Moist stove treatment is necessary.
Z. Boivi'nii (Boivin's). 2-3. Spathe yellow-green
inside, lurid yellow-green outside. Trop. Africa.

i87
Loddi

ige'sii (Loddiges'). 2-2$. Spathe green ; spadix
greenish-yellow. Trop. Africa. 1828.

ZANONA PALM. Socrate'a exorrhi'za.

ZANO'NIA. (Commemorative of James Zanoni, a
superintendent of the Bologna Botanic Garden. Nat.
ord. Cucurbitacese. Now referred to Alsomitra.)
Z. sarcophy'lla (fleshy-leaved). See ALSOMITRA SARCO-

PHYLLA.

ZANTEDE'SCHIA ffiTHIOTICA. [See RICHARDIA

AHUCANA.

ZANTHOSO'MA HOFFMA'NNI. See XANTHOSOMA

HOFFMANNI.

ZANTHO'XYLUM. Toothache-tree. (From zanihos,
yellow, and xulon, wood. Nat. ord. Ruiads [Rutacea].
Linn. 22-Dicecia, ^-Pentandria.)

Nearly all white-flowered ; cuttings in sand, under a
bell-glass, in May ; the stove species in heat ; the hardy
species by seed, pieces of the roots, and cuttings of the
ripened shoots in sandy soil, under a hand-light ; sandy
loam suits any of them.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

Z. ailanthoi' des (Ailanthus-like). Japan and Formosa.
,, alaftum (winged). May. India. Partly evergreen.
,, america'num (American). 12-15. April. United

States. 1740. " Prickly Ash, Toothache Tree."
, Bu'ngei (Bunge's). China.

, ,, folio Us angustio'ribus (narrower-leaved). 1904.
, fraxi'neum (ash-like). See Z. AMERICANUM.
, mi'te (mild). See Z. AMERICANUM.
, piperi'tum (Pepper-like). 10. September. China;

Japan. 1773. " Chinese or J apanese Pepper."
,, plznispi'num (flat-spined). Japan.
,, schinifo'lium (Schinus-leaved). Japan.
,, trica'rpum (three-capsuled). See Z. CLAVA-HERCULIS.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

Z. affi'ne (related). Mexico. 1826.
„ aroma' 'ticum (aromatic). See Z. CLAVA-HERCULIS.
,, Blackbu'rnia (Blackburnia). 20. May. Australia ;

Norfolk Island. 1829. Greenhouse.
„ Budru'nga (Budrunga). 20. March. Himalaya ;

Burma. 1825.

,, cape'nsis (Cape). 10-25. S. Africa.
„ Cla'va-He'rculis (Hercules'-club). 50. Caribees.

1739-

„ emargina'tum (notched). West Indies.
,, hermaphro'ditum (two-sexed). 50. Guiana. 1833.
,, heterophy'llum (various-leaved). Bourbon. 1823.
,, juglandifo'lium (walnut-leaved). St. Domingo. 1822.
,, ni'tidum (shining). 6. China. 1823.
,, pinna'tum (pinnate). See Z. BLACKBURNIA.
,, Ptero'ta, (\vinged-leaf-stalked). August. Jamaica.

1768.

„ sapindoi'des (Sapinda-like). See Z. EMARGINATUM.
„ Spi'nifex (thorn-bearer). 2-3. July. W. Ind. ;

Venezuela. 1825.

„ spino'sum (thorny). 6. Jamaica. 1824.
„ trago'des (goafs-tooth). 6. St. Domingo. 1759.
„ triphy'llum (three-leaved). See EVODIA TRIPHYLLA.

ZAPA'NIA. (Commemorative of Paul Ant. Zappa, of
Pavia. Nat. ord. Verbenaceae. Now referred to Lippia. )
Z. nodifto'ra (node-flowering). See LIPPIA NODIFLORA.

ZA'RA. See PISTIA.

ZAUSCHNE'RIA. (Named after M. Zauschner, a
German. Nat. ord. Onagrads [Onagraceas], Linn. 8-
Octandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Epilobium.)

A hardy plant, with the habit of a Fuchsia. Division
of the plant in spring ; cuttings of the shoots in spring,
summer, and autumn, under a hand-light. It is a good
pot and bedding-plant ; for the latter purpose, as the
flowers are apt to drop too much, mix it with Cu'phea
slrigillo'sa ; rich, light soil.
Z. calif o'rnica .(Calif ornian). 1-3. Bright scarlet. June.

California. 1847. Calif ornian Fuchsia.
„ „ latifo'lia (broad-leaved), i. Scarlet. Leaves

broader.

,, ,, mexica'na (Mexican). 1-3. Scarlet.
„ mexica'na (Mexican). See Z. CALIFORNIA MEXICANA.

ZE'A. Maize, or Indian Corn. (From zao, to live ;
a food-plant. Nat. ord. Grasses [Gramineas]. Linn. 21-
Moncecia, ^-Triandria.)

Annuals. Seeds in a slight hotbed in early spring, and
the seedlings planted out into good soil. The heads,
when half-grown and green, make an excellent vegetable
when boiled.
Z. Cura'gua (Curagua). i. June. Chili. 1824.

ZEBRA PLANT

919

ZICHYA

Z. Ma'ys (maize). 2. June. Paraguay. 1562.

" Guinea or Turkey Wheat," " Indian Corn,"

• Maize," " Mealies."
» >. gigante'a fo'lus variega'tis (giant-variegated-

k-aved). Leaves with silvery- white variegation.
„ ,, graci'Uima variega'ta (very slender variegated).

1886.
,. „ japo'nica a' Ibo-vitta' ta (Japanese- white-striped).

Japan. 1867.
„ ,, tunica' ta fo His variega'tis (tunicated-variegated-

leaved). Leaves variegated. 1891.

ZEBRA PLANT. Cala'thea zebri'na.

ZEBRA WOOD. My'rtus fra'grans and Guetta'rda
tpecio'sa.

ZEBRI'NA. (The leaves are striped like a zebra.
Nat. ord. Commelinaceae. Allied to Tradescantia, and
often named T. zebrina.)

Greenhouse evergreen creeping herb, having its leaves
striped with white, shaded purple and purple beneath.
Cuttings root easily in any light soil, kept moist. Loam,
leaf-mould, and sand. It is a good basket plant, for
small pots on the front of stages, and for planting under
the stages, when a fair amount of light is available.
Z. pe'ndula (drooping). White, rose-purple. Summer.
Mexico. 1846.

ZEDOARY, ROUND. Curcu'ma Zedoa'ria.

(Commemorative of Joseph Zehner, a
botanical artist. Nat. ord. Cucurbitacea3. Now referred
to Melothria.)
Z. hasta'ta (halbert-shaped). See MELOTHRIA HETERO-

PHYLLA.

„ sca'bra (rough). See MELOTHRIA PUNCTATA.
„ sua'vis (sweet). See MELOTHRIA PUNCTATA.

ZELKOVA. (Possibly a Japanese native name. Nat.
ord. Urticaceae.)

Small, hardy, deciduous trees, resembling Elms.
Seeds ; layers. Ordinary garden soil.
Z. ucumina'ta (long-pointed). Green. April. Japan.

" Keaki."
„ crena'ta (notched). 10-14. Green. April. Caucasus.

1760.

„ ,, pe'ndula (drooping). Branches drooping.
„ Davidii (David's). Green. April. China; Mon-
golia ; Corea. 1910.
„ japo'nica Verschaffe'lti (Japanese, Verschaffelt's

variety). See Z. VERSCHAFFELTI.
„ Kea'ki (Keaki). See Z. ACUMINATA.
„ Verschaffe'lti (Verschaffelfs). Green. April. Eastern
Asia. 1892.

ZENO BIA. (Commemorative of Zenobia, Empress of
Pahnyra. Nat. ord. Ericaceae. Allied to Lyonia and
Andromeda.)

A dwarf, subevergreen, hardy shrub of great beauty
when in bloom, the flowers resembling those of Lily of
the Valley, but larger. Seeds ; layers. Sandy loam
and peat.
Z. specie' sa (showy). 2. White. May to July. N.

Amer. 1800.
„ „ pulverule'nta (powdery). Leaves glaucous-white,

as if powdered.
„ „ quercifo'lia (oak-leaved).

ZEPHYRA'NTHES. (From zephyr, the west wind, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. Amaryllids [Amaryllidacea?].
Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Habranthus.)
Half-hardy bulbs, with only one flower on a stalk.
For culture, see HABRANTHUS.
Z. Anderso'nii (Anderson's). J. Golden inside, or

copper, lined outside. Monte Video. 1829.
„ andi'cola (Andes- loving). |. Bright violet. January.

Chili.
„ Atama'sco (Atamasco). |. White. March. N.

Amer. 1629. " Atamasco Lily."
„ au'rea (golden). J-i. Golden-ye'llow. June. Peru.

1829.

„ earn' lea (blue). J. Pale blue or lilac. Uruguay. 1897.
„ ca'ndida (white). $. White. September. Argentina.

1822. " Swamp Lily."
„ „ tna'jor (larger), i. Flowers 4 in. long. 1907.

Z. carina'ta (keeled). *. Pink. May. Mexico. 1824.
„ chloroleu'ca (greenish-white). ±. Pale green. July.

Trop. Amer. (?).
„ citri'na (citron), J. Bright yellow. August. Guiana.

1881.
„ co'ncolor (one-coloured), i. Lemon- yeUow. July.

Mexico. 1845.
„ Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). See COOPERIA PEDUN-

CULATA.
,, fia'va (yellow). f-i. Golden-yellow. June. Peru

1833-
„ flave'scens (yellowish). See Z. MESOCHLOA FLAVE-

SCENS.
„ gracilifo'lia (slender-leaved), i. Pale purplish-pink.

September. Maldonado; Monte Video. 1823.
„ „ boothia'na (Boothian). $. Pink. October.

Buenos Ayres. 1822.

„ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). See Z. CARINATA.
„ lila'cina (lilac), i-i. Lilac. Mexico.
„ lindleya'na (Lindleyan). J-i. Bright red. June.

Mexico.
„ lo'ngipes (long-stalked). J. Pale red. Monte Video.

1898.
„ macro'siphon (long-tubed). J-i. Bright red. May.

Mexico. 1 88 1.
„ meso'chloa (green-centred), i. White, green. June.

Buenos Ayres. 1825.

„ ,, flave'scens (yellowish). Young flowers straw-
coloured.

„ pu'mila (dwarf). J. Rose. September. Chili. 1831.
„ pusi'lla (puny). See HAYLOCKIA PUSILLA.
„ robu'sta (robust). £-J. Rose red. July, August.

Buenos Ayres. 1838.

„ ro'sea (rosy). |. Red. May. Havannah. 1823.
„ se'ssilis (stalkless). See Z. VERECUNDA.
„ „ stria' ta (lined). See Z. VERECUNDA.
„ „ verecu'nda. See Z. VERECUNDA.
»» spofforthia'na (Spofforthian). A hybrid between

Z. carinata and tubispatha.
„ stria'ta (channelled). See Z. VERECUNDA.
„ taubertia'na (Taubertian). Pink, large. Brazil.
,, texa'na (Texan). |-J. Yellow inside, coppery-yellow

outside. Texas. 1824.
„ Trea'tics (Treatia's). \-\. White. April, May.

Florida. 1880.
„ tubi'spatha (tubular-spathed). ±. White, slightly

tinged with green. W. Ind. ; Venezuela, &c.
i» ». hy'brida (hybrid). See Z. SPOFFORTHIANA.
„ verecu'nda (blushing), f. White, tinted with pale

red. April. Mexico. 1824.
„ versi'color (various-coloured). J-J. White, flushed

red and green. January. Maldonado. 1824.
„ vesti'ta (clothed). Trop. Amer. (?).

ZEUXI'NE. (From zeuxis, the act of uniting ; the
petals and upper sepal are united. Nat. ord. Orchidaceas.)
A stove terrestrial orchid. Cuttings or divisions.
Fibrous peat, sphagnum, a little loam, and sand.
Z. re'gia (royal). $. White and green. Leaves with a
grey or lilac band along the middle. Ceylon.
" Striped King of the Woods."

ZEXME'NIA. (An anagram of Ximenesia. Nat. ord.
Compositae.)

A greenhouse, shrubby plant, increased by cuttings
under a bell-glass, and an annual that may be sown in
the open border.
Z. au'rea (golden), ij. Bright yellow. September.

Mexico. 1829. Greenhouse shrub.
„ ova'ta (egg-shaped). 2. Orange-yellow. September,

October. Mexico. 1828. Hardy annual.
„ texa'na (Texan). See WEDELIA HISPIDA.

ZI'CHYA. (Named after Countess Zichy, a German
patroness of botany. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants.
[Leguminosae]. Linn. ly-Diadelphia, 4-Decandria. Re-
ferred to Kennedya.)
Z. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See KENNEDYA coo

CINEA.

„ cocci' nea (scarlet). See KENNEDYA COCCINKA.
„ glabra'ta (smooth). See KENNEDYA GLABRATA.
,, heterophy'lla (various-leaved). See KENNEDYA coc-

CINEA HETEROPHYLLA.

„ inophy'lla (nerve-leaved). See KENNEDYA COCCINEA.

ZIERIA

920

ZIZYPHUS

Z. micropky'lla (small-leaved). See KENNED YA MICRO-

PHYLLA.

„ Mo'lly (molly). See KENNEDYA COCCINEA.

„ panno'sa (woolly-leaved). See KENNEDYA COCCINEA.

„ seri'cea (silky). See KENNEDYA COCCINEA.

„ tricolor (three-coloured). See KENNEDYA COCCINEA

TRICOLOR.
„ villo'sa (shaggy). See KENNEDYA COCCINEA.

ZIE'RIA. (Named after M. Zier, a Polish botanist.
Nat. ord. Rueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn. ^-Tetrandria, i-
Monogynia. Allied to Boronia.)

Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from Australia.
For culture, see BORONIA.

Z. arbore'scens (tree-like). See Z. SMITHII MACROPHYLLA.
„ hirsu'ta (hairy). See Z. PILOSA.
„ laviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 3. June. 1822.
„ lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). See Z. SMITHII.
„ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See Z. SMITHII MACRO-
PHYLLA.

„ microphy'lla (small-leaved). 3. June. 1822.
„ obcorda'ta (reversed-egg-leaved). 4. June. 1824.
„ octa'ndra (eight-stamened). 5. Green. 1825.
„ pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). See Z. PILOSA.
„ pilo'sa (shaggy). 4. June. 1822.
„ revolu'ta (curled-back-teav^). See Z. L.EVIGATA.
„ Smi'thii (Smith's). 4. June. 1808. " Sandfly

Bush," " Tasmanian Stinkwood."
„ „ macrophy'lla (large-leaved). A tree-like, broad-
leaved form. 1820.

ZI'NGIBER. Ginger. (From the Indian name. Nat.
ord. Gingerworts [Scitaminaceas]. Linn. i-Monandria,
i-Monogynia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials, from the East Indies ;
yellow-flowered, where not otherwise mentioned ;
division of the roots ; fibrous peat and sandy loam.
Winter temp., 40° to 45° ; summer, 60° to 90°. See
GINGER.

Z. ama'ricans (bitter). 3. Penang. 1846.
„ brevifo'lium (short-leaved). i. Yellow ; bracts

orange- yellow. Philippines. 1886.
„ capita' turn (round- headed). 4. February. 1820.
„ Cassumu'nar (Cassumunar). 2. February. India :

Malaya. 1796. " Bengal Root."
„ chrysa'nthum (gold-flowered). 8. July. Himalaya.

1821.

„ Cliffo'rdicB (Lady de Clifford's). See Z. CASSUMUNAR.
„ colora'tum (coloured). 3. Creamy- white ; bracts

crimson. North-west Borneo. 1879.
„ Darce'yi (Darcey's). 2-3. Leaves with a broad

creamy- white margin and stripes. 1890.
„ ela'tum (lofty). See Z. CAPITATUM.
„ Griffi'thii (Griffith's). Malacca.
„ ligula'tum (strap-leaved) . 2. Pink. June. 1823.
„ Mio'ga (Mioga). 2. Pink. May. Japan. 1796.

Greenhouse.
„ officina'le (shop). 2. Red. July. Trop. Asia. 1605.

" Ginger."
„ pandur a' turn (fiddle-lipped). 5. Pink. June. Burma.

1812.
„ Pari'shii (Parish's). 3. Straw, veined purple ; bracts

with scarlet edge. July. Burma. 1872.
„ purpu'reum (purple). See Z. CASSUMUNAR.
„ ro'seum (rosy). 2. Rose, yellow. August. 1822.
„ ru'bens (red). 6. Red. October. 1822.
„ specta'bile (showy). 8. Pale yellow, reddish-brown ;

bracts edged orange-yellow. Malacca. 1904.
„ squarro'sum (spreading). 2. Pink. August. Burma.

1822.

„ wightia'num (Wightian). S. India.
„ Zeru'mbet (Zerumbet). 4. August. India ; Malaya.

1690.
„ „ variega'ta (variegated). Leaves banded with white.

ZI'NNIA. (Named after /. G. Zinn, a German pro-
fessor of botany. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite?].
Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua.)

Mexican annuals, scarlet-flowered, with one exception.
Seeds in April in a hotbed ; seedlings hardened off, and
then transferred to the flower-garden, in good, rich,
loamy soil. If sown earlier, they are apt to be drawn
and attacked by insects. We have had them fine by
sowing under a hand-light, without bottom-heat, in the
middle of April, and throwing a mat over the glass at

night. Z. elegans is the species from which most of the
garden varieties have been raised.
Z. angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). 2. July. 1824.
„ au'rea (golden). See Z. HAAGEANA.
„ e'legans (elegant). 2. July. 1796.
„ „ cocci'nea (scarlet-ray^). 2. August. 1829.
„ „ Da'rwini (Darwin's). See GLOSSOGYNE PINNATI-

FIDA.

„ „ flo're ple'no (double-flowered). 1861.
,, „ viola' cea (violet). 2. Purple-violet.
„ haagea'na (Haagean). i-i|. Rays golden-yellow or
orange. July to September. Trop. Amer. 1862.
„ „ Stella' ta (starry). Orange-yellow ; florets twisted.

1908.

,, hy'brida (hybrid). 2. June. S. Amer. 1818.
,, linea'ris (linear). i-i£. Bright deep orange. Mexico.

1887.

„ multifto'ra (many-flowered). 2. August. 1770.
„ paucifto'ra (few-flowered). 2. Yellow. July. Peru.

1753-

„ revolu'ta (curled-back). 2. July. 1817.
„ tenuiflo'ra (slender-flowered). 2. July. 1799.
,, verticilla'ta (whorl-leaved). 2. July. 1789.

ZIZA'NIA. (From Zizanion, an old Greek name,
translated " tare," and supposed to be Lolium temulentum.
Nat. ord. Gramineas.)

Hardy and stately aquatic grasses for the margins of
ponds, tanks, and ornamental water. Seeds, sown as
soon as ripe. Wet, boggy or watery places.
Z. aqua'tica (aquatic). 4-6. October. N. Amer. 1886.

" Canada or Indian Rice," " Water Oats."
,, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Siberia; Japan.
„ palu'stris (marsh). See Z. AQUATICA.

ZI'ZIA AU'REA. See THASPIUM AUREUM.

ZLZI PHORA. (From zizi, of the Indians, and phoreo,
to bear. Nat. ord. Lipworts [Labiatae]. Linn. 2-Dian-
dria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Monarda.)

Red-flowered, where not otherwise mentioned.
Annuals, by seed in April ; perennials, by seeds, divisions,
and cuttings ; dry, sandy loam, and elevated places,
such as rock-works ; the perennials require a little pro-
tection in winter.

HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.

Z. acinoi'des (thyme-like). £. July. Spain. 1786.

Deciduous.
„ clinopodioi'des (basil-like), f . Pink. June. Siberia.

1803.

„ „ cane'scens (hoary). July. 1803.
„ „ me'dia (mediate). £. July. Caucasus. 1803.
„ dasya'ntha (thick-flowered). See Z. CLINOPODIOIDES.
,, Puschki'ni (Puschkin's). See Z. CLINOPODIOIDES.
,, serpylla'cea (thyme-like). See Z. CLINOPODIOIDES

MEDIA.

ANNUALS.

Z. capita' ta (round-headed). J. July. Syria. 1752.
,, hispa'nica (Spanish). £. June. Spain. 1759.
,, tau'rica (Taurian). £. Red, purple. August. Tauria.

1816.
„ tenu'ior (slenderer), £. Purplish. June. S.Europe;

Levant. 1752.

ZI'ZYPHUS. (The Egyptian name of Z. Lo'tus. Nat.
ord. Rhamnads [Rhamnaceaa]. Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-
Monogynia.)

Greenish-yellow-flowered, where not otherwise men-
tioned. Cuttings of the roots, suckers, and cuttings of
ripened shoots under a hand-light or bell-glass, according
as the species are hardy or tender ; deep, dry loam for
the hardy, peat and sandy loam for the tender.

HARDY DECIDUOUS, &c.
Z. flexuo'sa (zigzag). See Z. SATIVA.
„ Gira'ldii (Girald's). 10-15. Fruits black, edible.

N. China. 1907.

,, incu'rva (curled-in). 5. Nepaul. 1823.
„ Paliu'rus (Paliurus). See PALIURUS AUSTRALIS.
„ Spi'na-Chri'sti (Christ's thorn). 6. August. Egypt ;

Orient.

„ „ ine'rmis (unarmed). 6. August.
„ vulga'ris (common). 8-10. August. S. Europe to

Afghanistan. 1640. "Jujube."

ZOMICARPA

921

ZYGOPETALUM

STOVK EVERGREENS, &c.

Z. Caracu'tta (Caracutta). See Z. XYLOPYRUS.
„ Ju'juba (Jujuba). 30-50. April. India ; Malaya.

I759- " J ujube-tree." Greenhouse.
„ longifo'lia (long-leaved). India. 1837.
„ Lo'tus (Lotus). 2-4. Fruit yellow. Mediterranean

region. 1731. " African or Jujube-Lotus." Half-
hardy.
„ melastomoi'des (Melastoma-like). 6. Australia. 1824.

A species of Celtis.
„ mirtoi'des (Myrtus-like) and Z. myrtoi'des (Myrtus-

like). See CONDALIA MICROPHYLLA.
„ mucrona'ta (pointed-leaved). 30. S. Africa. 1810.

Greenhouse.

„ Nape" ca (Napeca). 15. Ceylon. 1816.
„ ni'tida (shining). See Z. SAT:VA.
„ oxyphy'lla (sharp-leaved). India.
„ rugo'sa (wrinkled). India.
„ sati'va (cultivated). 6. June. Mediterranean region ;

temperate Asia. 1820.
„ Spi'na-Chri'sti trinSrvia (three-nerved Christ's thorn).

E. Ind. 1821.
„ Xylopy'rus (Xylopyrus). E. Ind. 1820.

ZOMICA'RPA. (From zoma, a short under garment or
waistcoat, and karpos, a fruit ; the ripe fruit bursts at
the base, but retains its position, covering the seeds like
a waistcoat. Nat. ord. Aracea?.)

Stove perennial herbs with tuberous roots. Offsets ;
seeds. Fibrous loam, lumpy peat, and sand.

Z. Pytho'nium (Pythonium). i. Grey-violet. Brazil.

1860.

„ riedelia'na (Riedelian). i. Green. Brazil. 1860.

„ steigeria'na (Steigerian). i. Blackish-purple ; spadix

fuscous-purple. Brazil. 1860.

ZOMICARPE LLA. (The diminutive of Zomicarpa.
Nat. ord. Aracea?.)

A pretty stove Aroid with variegated foliage. Offsets.
Fibrous peat, fibrous loam, a few lumps of charcoal and
sand.

Z. macula'ta (blotched). Spadix blackish. Leaves dark
green, with pale green blotches near the margin.
Colombia. 1881.

ZO'RNIA. (Named of /. Zorn, a German botanist.
Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosa?]. Linn. 16-
Monadelphia, 6-Decandria.)

Annuals, seeds in a hotbed, and the plants afterwards
bloomed in the greenhouse ; perennials, also, by seed,
and dividing the plants in spring, and requiring to be
kept from frost, and rather dry in winter ; rich, light,
fibrous loam.

Z. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See Z. DIPHYLLA.
„ bractea'ta (large-bracted). $. Yellow. July. N.

Amer. and S. Africa. 1824. Greenhouse perennial.
„ cape'nsis (Cape). See Z. BRACTEATA.
„ diphy'lla (two-leaved), i. Purple. July. Tropics

everywhere. 1733. Annual.
„ e'legans (elegant). See DESMODIUM ELEGANS.
„ myriade'na (myriad-glanded). Brazil.
„ pulche'lla (pretty). See DESMODIUM PULCHELLUM.
,, tetraphy'lla (four-leaved). See Z. BRACTEATA.

ZO SIMA. (From zosimos, having vital powers, or
likely to live ; the plant has a thick, fleshy stem. Nat.
ord. Umbelliferae. Allied to Heracleum.)

Hardy perennial herb, with a thick stem. Seeds ;
offsets. Ordinary garden soil.

Z. orienta'lis (oriental). White or pale yellow-green.
Caucasus to Afghanistan.

ZOSTERO'STYLIS. (From zoster, a ribbon, and stulos,
a column ; the margin of the column sometimes has a
membranous margin. Nat. ord. Orchidacea. Now
referred to Cryptostylis.)

Z. Arachni'Us (Arachnites). See CRYPTOSTYLIS ARACH-
NITES.

„ Wa'lkertz (Mrs. Walker's). See CRYPTOSTYLIS ARACH-
NITES.

„ zeyla'nica (Cingalese). See CRYPTOSTYLIS ARACH-
NITES.

ZUCCA'GNIA. (Commemorative of A. Zuccagni, a
director of the Florence Botanic Garden. Nat. ord.
Liliaceas. Now referred to Dipcadi.)

Z. vi'ridis (green). See DIPCADI FILAMENTOSUM.

ZYGADE'NUS. (From zugeo, to be joined, and aden, a
gland ; double glands on the perianth. Nat. ord. Lily-
worts [Liliaceaj]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.
Allied to Veratrum.)

Hardy, North American, herbaceous perennials.
Seeds, and division of the plant in spring ; a moist,
shady peat-border.

Z. angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved), i-ij. White. May,
June. 1823.

,, bractea'tus (bracted). See Z. ELEGANS.

„ commuta'tus (changeable). See Z. ELEGANS.

„ e'legans (elegant), i. White. May. 1811.

„ Fretno'nti (Fremont's), i-ij. Cream. June. Cali-
fornia. 1871.

„ glabe'rrimus (smoothest), i. Cream. June. 1811.

„ glau'cus (sea-green) of Baker. See Z. FREMONTI.

„ glau'cus (sea-green) of Nuttall. See Z. ELEGANS.

,, hy'bridus (hybrid). See MELANTHIUM VIRGINICUM.

,, leimanthoi'des (Leimanthium-like). N. Amer.

„ monoi'cus (monoecious). See MELANTHIUM PARVI-
FLORUM.

„ Muscito'xicum (fly-poison), i-ij. White. June.
1758. " Fly Poison."

„ Nutta'llii (NuttaU's). i-ij. White. June. Texas;
California. 1883.

„ virgi'nicus (Virginian). See MELANTHIUM VIRGINI-
CUM.

ZYGO'MERIS FLA'VA. See AMICIA ZYGOMERIS.

ZYGOPE'TALUM. (From zugos, a yoke, and petalon,
a petal ; the union of the bases of the petals and sepals
Nat. ord. Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2O-Gynandria,
i-Monandria.)

Stove orchids, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS.

Z. africa'num (African). See ODONTOGLOSSUM BICTON-

IENSE.

„ aroma' ticum (aromatic). White, blue. Panama. 1867.
,, backhousia'num 'Backhousian). Purple, violet, pale

yellow. Ecuador. 1877.
„ Ba'llii (Ball's). White, rose purple ; lip white,

blotched with purple. 1900.
„ Beaumo'ntii (Beaumont's). Cream, purple-violet.

Brazil. 1850.

„ be'llum (pretty). Violet, yellow, and brown. Colom-
bia. 1878.
„ Bino'ti (Binot's). Green; Up ' greenish- white, with

purple ridges. Brazil. 1905.
„ brachype'talwn(shoit-petsile<l). Green, blue. October.

Brazil. 1844.
„ „ stenope'talum (narrow-petaled). Purple-brown;

lip violaceous. Brazil. 1888.
„ Bu'rkei (Burke's). Blackish - purple ; lip white,

marked with purple. Guiana. 1883.
„ Bu'rtii (Burt's). Red- brown, with yellow base.

Costa Rica. 1872.
„ ca'ndidum (white), i. White, rose-purple. Brazil.

1850.
„ ce'rinum (wax), i. Pale and deeper yellow. Panama.

1861.
„ chlora'nthum (green-flowered). Greenish, fragrant.

Country unknown. 1910.

„ (Promenafa) citri'num (citron). See Z. XANTHINUM.
„ Cla'yi (Clay's). Purple-brown, green, violet-purple.

(Z. orinitumx maxillare.) 1876.
„ cochlea're (spoon-lipped), i. White, purple. August.

Demerara.
„ (Warscewicze'lla) cochlea're (shell-shaped). White,

blue. Guiana.
„ (Bo'llea) ccele'ste (sky-blue). Sky-blue, mauve, yellow.

Colombia. 1878.
„ Crepeau'xii (Crepeaux's). Dark red, spotted and

striped with yellow ; lip white, violet. Brazil. 1887.
„ crini'tum (hairy). Green, blue. November. Brazil.

1828.
„ „ c&ru'leum (sky-blue). Marked chocolate on green ;

lip marked violet-blue on white. 1903.
„ daya'num (Dayan). Green, white, violet. Colombia.

1872.

ZYGOPETALUM

922

ZYGOPHYLLUM

daya'num candi'dulum (whitish). White, pale

purple. Colombia. 1875.
, ,, rhoda'crum (rose-pointed). Sepals and petals

tipped with rose. 1874.

„ sple'ndens (splendid). White, marked brown-
purple. Colombia. 1875.
(Warscewicze'lla) di'scolor (two-coloured). Pale and

deeper yellow, purple. Costa Rica. 1849.
„ atrocceru'leum (dark-blue). White, shaded violet ;

lip violet. 1905.
dormannia'num (Dormannian). White, sulphur.

S. Amer. 1881.

euglo'ssum (beautiful-lipped). See Z. INTERMEDIUM.
expa'nsum (expanded). Green, marked with brown.

Ecuador (?). 1878.

fimbria' 'turn (fringed). White, purple ; lip yellow-
white, fringed. Colombia. 1880.
forcipa'tum (pincer-like). Pale yeDow, brick-red.

Trop. Amer. 1883.
gairia'num (Gairian). Violet, black-purple ; lip

purple-rose. Ecuador. 1879.
Gautie'ri (Gautier's). Green, brown, white, purple.

Brazil. 1867.
(Kefferstei'nia) Ge'mma (bud). White ; Up with dark

blotches. Colombia. 1874.
Gibe'zice (Madame Gibez's). White, unmarked ; lip

white, veined violet.
(Kefferstei'nia) grami'neum (grass-leaved) . Green, blue.

November. Popayan. 1844.
graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). Green and purple.

1892.
grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Sepals and petals

olive-green, striped reddish-brown. Mexico. 1866.
(Bo'llea) hemixa'nthum (half-yellow). White ; lip

yellow, with darker crest. Colombia. 1888.
interme' 'dium (intermediate). Green, blue. November.

Brazil. 1844.

;w'sia'nww(Jorisian). Lip fringed. Venezuela. 1890.
Klabo'chii (Klaboch's). Whitish-ochre; lip white,

all spotted with purple. Colombia. 1885.
Klabocho'rum (Messrs. Klabochs'). White, brownish-
purple ; lip white, crimson-purple. Ecuador. 1879.
burfordie'nsis (Burford). Lip reddish- violet in

centre, covered with papillae. 1879.
„ ornati' 'ssimum (much-adorned).

Segments tipped
with mauve-purple. 1884.

la'cteum (milky). White, dotted with brown. Pan-
ama. 1872.

Lali'ndei (Lalind's). Pale rose to bright violet ; lip
golden-yellow. Colombia. 1874.

lamella' sum (plaited), i. Yellow-green ; lip yellow-
white. August. Colombia. 1875.

lamina'tum (plaited). Pale yellow ; lip white.
Country unknown. 1885.

lawrencea'num (Lawrencean). White, tipped mauve ;
lip velvety-purple. Colombia. 1878.

Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). White, lined reddish-
purple ; lip mauve-purple. Ecuador. 1879.

lenligino'sum (freckled). Green, freckled with purple.
Brazil. 1843.

leopardi'num (leopard-spotted). Green- yellow, spotted
with brown ; lip mauve-purple. Hybrid. 1886.

Li'ndeni (Linden's). White, veined with rose-purple
on the lip.

Linde'nice (Madame Linden's). Light rose ; lip white,
veined rose. Venezuela. 1894.

(H untie1 y a) lu'cidum (shining). Brown, purple,
orange, white. Guiana. 1889.

(Huntle'ya) margina' turn (bordered). White, purple-
crimson. Colombia.

Macka'ii (Mackay's). i. Green, lilac. March. Brazil.
1825.

„ crini'tum (hairy). See Z. CRINITUM.
„ interme' dium (intermediate). Paler ; lip large.

maxilla' re (tooth-like-/Zowraf). i. Brown, green.
September. S. Amer. 1829.

(Huntle'ya) Melea'gris (Guinea-hen). Tessellated with
pale yellow and brownish-purple. Brazil.
„ a'lbido-fu'lvum (whitish-tawny). White, tawny
upwards ; lip white, carmine. Brazil. 1868.

micro' pterum (small- winged). Light green ; lip white,
with purple bars. Brazil. 1881.

murraya'num (Murray's). $. Green, white. July.
Brazil. 1837.

(Kefferstei'nia) mysta'cinum (moustached). Yellow-
green ; lip white, dotted purple. Colombia. 1881.

Z. obtusa'tum (bluntish). Green, with brown bars ; lip

pale violet. 1878.
,, pa' liens (pale). Light mauve ; lip light ochre, orange.

1881.
„ Pati'nii (Patin's). Rosy-pink ; lip yellow. Colombia.

1874.
,, pentachro'mum (five-coloured). Green, marbled

brown ; lip white, lined mauve. 1885. Hybrid.
„ (Warscewicze'lla) pi'ctum (painted). Lip yellow-
white, with dark purple lines. Trop. Amer. 1883.
„ prothercea'num (Prothercean). Dark chocolate ; lip

violet, with reddish markings. 1899.
„ Rivie'rii (Rivier's). See Z. INTERMEDIUM.
„ Rce'zlii (Rcezl's). See Z. INTERMEDIUM.
„ (Promena'a) Rollisso'nii (Rollisson's). Pale yellow;

lip white, spotted crimson. Brazil. 1843.
„ rostra' turn (beaked), f. White, brown. September.

Demerara. 1827.
„ ruckeria'num (Ruckerian). White, green, marked

purple. 1885.

,, russelia'num (Russelian). Cream, tipped reddish-
purple ; lip red-purple. Ecuador. 1878.
„ sanderia'num (Sanderian). Green, marked with

brown ; lip blue-purple. 1883.
,, sanguinole' ntum (blood-coloured). Straw, with

blood-red spots ; callus dark purple. Venezuela.
„ stapelioi'des (Stapelia-like). Greenish-yellow, barred

dark purple ; Up purple. Brazil. 1828.
„ „ hetero'pterum (various- winged). Partly blotched

and streaked. 1883.

„ „ ni'grum (black). Green, black. June. 1835.
,, ,, ru'brum (red). Green, red. June. 1839.
,, stenochi'lum (narrow- lipped). See Z. CRINITUM.
„ tri'color (three-coloured). See ACACALLIS CYANEA.
,, triu'mphans (triumphant). Snow-white ; lip blue-
black. Colombia.
„ vela' turn (veiled). Yellow- white ; lip edged crimson ;

fragrant. Colombia. 1866.
,, veluti'nwm (velvety). See Z. INTERMEDIUM.
„ Verves' ti (Vervaet's). White, tipped claret-crimson ;

lip claret-crimson. 1882.
„ viola'ceum (violet). Violet, tipped greenish-yellow.

Guiana. 1835.
„ wailesia'num (Wailesian). White ; lip violet along

the middle. Brazil. 1856. Scented.
„ Walli'sii (Wallis1). Cream, tipped bluish- violet ; lip

darker violet. Ecuador. 1869.
„ ,, ma'jor (larger). Flowers much larger. 1888.
„ (Warscewicze'lla) Wendla'ndii (Wendland's). White ;

lip lined violet-purple. Costa Rica.
„ „ di'scolor (two-coloured). Yellow-green ; lip white,

with violet blotch. Costa Rica.
„ Whi'tei (White's). Creamy-white ; lip partly yellow.

Colombia. 1890.
„ (Promena'a) xa'nthinum (yellow). Yellow, darker in

centre ; lip spotted. May. Brazil. 1838.

ZYGOPHY'LLUM. Bean-caper. (From zugos, a yoke,
and phullon, a leaf ; leaves in pairs. Nat. ord. Bean~
capers [Zygophyllacea?]. Linn. io-Decandria, \-Mono-
gynia.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, and from
South Africa where not otherwise mentioned. Annual,
seeds in a hotbed in spring, and then the plants hardened
off, and placed in the open border. Perennials, by cut-
tings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
in heat; sandy peat and fibrous loam, with a little
charcoal and freestone.

Z. a'lbum (white). 2. White. October. Canaries. 1779.
„ atriplicoi' 'des (orach-like). Armenia ; Persia. 1837.

Hardy herbaceous.

„ cocci'neum (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. Egypt. 1823.
„ cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). 6. October. 1774.
,, Faba'go (Fabago). 1-4. Yellow, coppery-red at the
base. July to September. Mediterranean region,
&c. 1596. " Common Bean-Caper."
„ fce'tidum (stinking). 4. June. 1790.
,, „ insua've (unpleasant). 4. July. 1790.
,, frutico'sum (shrubby). See Z. FRUTICULOSUM BILOBUM.
„ fruticulo'sum (subshrubby). i-ij. July. Australia.

1820.
„ „ bi'lobum (two-lobed). Orange. Leaflets narrow.

Australia. 1837.
„ fu'lvum (fulvous). 3. Tawny- yellow, with red centre.

July. 1713.
„ macula' turn (spotted). 4. October. 1782.

ZYGOSEPALUM ROSTRATUM 923

ZYZYGIUM

Z. ma'jor (larger). See Z. FABAGO.
„ microphy'llum (small-leaved). J. July. 1816.
„ Morgsa'na (Morgsana). 3. August. 1732.
„ prostra'tum (prostrate). See SEETZENIA AFRICANA.
„ sessilifo'lium (stalkless-leaved). 3. July. 1713.
„ si'mplcx (simple). \. July. N. and S. Africa ; St.

Jago. 1825. Annual.
„ spathula'tum (spathulate). June. Cape Verd Islands.

1824. Stove herbaceous.
„ spino'sum (spiny). 1-2. Yellow, streaked with yellow.

July. 1830.

ZYGO'STATES. (From zugos, a yoke, and states,
standing ; two processes project from the base of the

Roman yoke. Nat. ord.

ZYGOSETALUM EOSTBA'TDM.

ITUM.

See ZYGOPETALUM

column and recall the
Orchidaceae.)

Stove epiphytal orchids. Divisions ; offsets. Fibre
of peat, sphagnum, and crocks, in small baskets, to be
suspended, or to be tied on blocks.
Z. cornu'ta (horned). Brazil. 1837.
„ greenia'na (Greenian). White; lip white, streaked

with green. Brazil. 1869.
„ luna'ta (crescent-shaped). Brazil. 1837.
ZyZOPHTLLUM. See ZYGOPHYLLUM.
ZYZY'GIUM or SYZY'GIUM. See EUGENIA.

THE END

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