Ma & ett yer ARH alee oy to 4 LU ety aie 9 4 . ’ as i oF 4H pe heary Ree Meas: vy yo ~~ bth hel Te aoe ad hgh STUN ELA Tish yt ‘ Cae os" ya a ee Moire 7 fae , re ty Paty f : i reat ae art : 4 i ° Yur ‘ i ot ee 4 14. i ’ p 1, . ' , ¢ i ML Ea whey ; fe aes ett ee een ee vO) : hi ho . Fy . ' A ‘ eee i : ran yen Ba a oe : ft. ‘ ‘ a av MY ' iy 7 ty - ' 7 ‘ af « F \ eitora i boo i ’ u A “4 ey : \ ' i ' P : j : aah t 10 kale z 44h ' vine Fi . ( vi 3 rR EMIS SLT Ee Sa Fy \ : \ wi y C A ph ad in Ml ioc akg? y Lite a toa oye t nw if t ey * ! ve ' Ae 1 « ‘ en ¢ 4 ' ' ot H . i 2 iy ; : a . a . ‘ ry ry ; ' i j ‘ i i 4 7 ' ; #2 | i & f { i : ' ’ ae ; oes : : , i temiat 7 weirs : : ri : in Rae awh s 1? at PENT NOR atop el at van } i J \ its hen PE eat ft , MH he if Th ge Bik RYN | i 4 4a My 7h 40 ' : car : 1 on iE 3 1 ‘ ze gos Cn Ass 14. OU te * ‘ MAD beet nee D Oaer bones ot veel J _ peated | ee aa « eee . ‘ ey AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW EDITED BY PROF. A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M. Member Central Society of Veterinary Medicine ( Paris). Honorary Fellow Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (England). Foreign Corresponding Member Academy of Medicine Bruaelles ( Belgique). AND Prof. ROBERT W. ELLIS, D.V.S. WM. HERBERT LOWE, D.V.S., Associate Editor. WITH THE COLLABORATION OF Prof. W. }; Coates, M.D., D.V.S., New | D. ARTHUR HuGues, Ph.D., D.V.M., In- York-American Veterinary College. spector Commissary Dept., U.S. Army, Prof. O. SCHWARZKOPF, D.V.M., : icago, Ill. Army, Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Prof. LEONARD PEARSON, Dean Vet. Dept., Prof. W. L. WriitaMs, V.S., New_ York SArOneny of Penn., etc., Philadelphia, State Veterinar College, Ithaca, N. Y. a. Prof. S. STEWART, Kansas City Veterinary | L. A. MERILLAT, V.S., Chicago Veterinary College, Kansas City, Mo. : College, Chicago, Il. 6, os M. H. McKiuir, M.D., V.S., of McKillip | D. E. Sacmon, D. .M., University of Mon- Veterinary College Chicago, Ill. tevideo, Uruguay. ~*~ 4 - F. C. GRENSIDE, V.S., Pres’t V.M.A., New Prof. VERANUS A. Moore, New York State. York ‘eee Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y. y Prof. M. H. REYNOLDS, University of Minne- | RicHARD P, Lymay (Harvard), Sec’y A. V.& sota, St. Anthony Park, Minn. M. A., Kansas, City Veterinary College, <% Won. H. DALRYMPLE, M.R.C.V.S., Veter- Kansas City, Mo. a o inarian Louisiana Ag. Exp. Sta., Baton | C.J. MARSHALL,.V.M.D., Pres'tPa.8.V.M.A.., é Rouge, La. Philadelphia, Pa. ; . 4 Joun P. O'Leary, V.M.D., Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Ys VS 4 And several others. s si ? ; VOLUME XXXIV. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 509 WEST 152d STREET. Ce er eT pints s Fabs wae eet ees Nee owed se eh Oe SN See Se a eee ee ee et wether eee ee ~ he = oe + othe he. ee ee ers Ree ee Oe ee eee oe eee vast vg o the Cape thd lend SO ee te eeee Oh ee ee ee er are _ Animals, Domestre,. Clinseal Blood i j t | An F esos Radiograph. | Pui Fri Alp, Po tat SSP ee tee we ee ee ee ee ee a ee | 745 ee ee ee - Cow Anaesthesia, General, Chiors! Hy- drate poh partes SO Bovine Tatereuicaa Control, The Problem of... ‘a Bovine Tuberculosis, bey Cae. tral and Prevention of 0 | Bovine Tuherculosis, The Com- trol ot ; ee Bovine. Vaccamation of, Against Tuberculosis Aas Removal of Foreign Body from 33° se Carcinoma of. m a Liot- Ai cadena Horse al Bremon, Dr Surprised by His- - Friends Bs Bromeral, EF aperymentai Re- searches Lpon the givaaed Act isn iat 7 eats iy re : 38 of c225-- of - "Woodeti of Anlewal Indust: acded Gold Medal. Sat fe od Animal Industry Ver ri Flaspectors’ Assocation. wa moa Dog, Inv aginatyon mlapsus of the Colon 4 ivary, im Stenss urieus Case of Foregn : ai rag 1 747 Ae fea’ pare: %07 ancer. Epithelial, ii a Cow = 07 ine me Dunemper 4 ‘signe 7” orm — ore Distemper, Ultravisible | ate ~ @us ent of Distomatosis— - a of the Breast of a ee Cline None’ = 433 gta Cai Milas Carat and Charactes oi ' Cerehen. Spinal ‘Chelera. » Chroma ’ Chrosie ' Chylous Clinical Examination of $ cn eit time Report, Ohia 2 yay. i¢, a is decile Vircs AAS aial Doaber carkossa Wevons of Ce borses Cerere Spinal Menengiss 16 ik Vorage. Posonmyg . Cerebrai Yeberculosis in 2. He vise ~ Chact, Catile and Grain invests gain, Labosatory Civil Ser vice F.xaminetion Chief Veterinarian, Philippine Service, Cowtl Servier Lxam- IMBStion Chinese Ideas od Dis | @@aes and their cestagions | Chieral Hydrate im Genera) As Hog Control of, by Serum [mmumzstion ._. Chorea, Iaphragmatic. Curious Case uf Chorea mm Horses... .. Bacterial Dyscwtery Thorace Choker Loe meereges Rumenot - Metrytes im 3 Buch. Ascrtss m a Cat ; Civil el Exammations. gi. . 24g, 408. 551, = Chinical idaeciee s of the Chronic Chronic Rk od of Sespiciieas Horses Chowal Notes Clintwal Notes on | Cathe | oases Dee. nS tee a +3 pit ea ye Be Claitics! Pathology 6! tee inca - of Domestic Antmnais Choaca) Formation in a Bitch Clonem, New Solution of A tbe: mri of Milk. Z Cledesdale and Percheron Sta! hens for New Jersey Coates” Prof. Entertauns {istis- gished Guesis Sin Water Treatment for Creo vinits Collecting Cowhey Sengs College. Indiana ivallege, Kansas City oa pier Tee Susm tend eee eee eee eee eee Ae ee ee ee ee oe oe ee ee re ent ha ee hi ee ee ae oe eee oe er PPC Ss eh eed i nee ewe ves wr iawe ee ee a a an ee awe ene + <2 . a wwe aint ota a eae ee ee fit “5 Act . a8} F) | Courteright. Dr. W. Yeo Intety + Cow, Epitelia! \ i= ' _ bmpaction ; er: Miase! [asa | Caw, Paralysis of the Sab-Scap | Delwery of a Moneteons Pestas. | Delta Chaptr | Deamark. Measures Aang st res TIME GE SPALENER, MHI 8 “SY akties te iy Pah m a. eee ay es Cow. Mata = a. i. Cow, Hypertraphied Cotyledou : of the Rumen im &. whey Nerve im a... ae = @chhon wih Tuberculian. .._. Cyst, Rectal, in 2 Marc... +, Abpie termity ; Pas) * va mal Tebercelosis © v igs Depilation in Vetermmecy Sure am, Lieto: Reaction wiih Tchesccie: 2 yee a We ee a 7 ms of the Liver ma ree tables Pe ea ge we RT ase pase yo i F i; i ! % 5 Eee hs Ses Hed 6 a> sie : “In ~j Pat eee oe / ee | eee eee eee eo reas Su Vin Dt eed Mewes teen 6 BRR 0 PCa SS POVE THR eee eee " Bee ‘Eikeetive. Nea The ‘Field of the, Veterinarian te ebeeeat uit Treated hy — Radwal Operation Jer ees Perot tas audal Or: c. ice veo from the janctival Surface va Lower Epttheboma = oun of Birds, Ultrawistle pcre : puthelioma of the Mamma A eh ata eae oe CROPEAN Creowicies — Alteranons ef Sih Maxillary Gland During Attack of Ra Ines ° ia‘ Study af the. Acting) of Bac /. tenam Flora of the Digestive Se te MFR ea, Hy ~~ Bibliography 7, igh yon. 442 pan? ers sBo Choral Hvdate in General Ana sthesia «> ee bontarion< Thseace< und Their “Proohtla e) “Aceoribiag. str: . Chinese tdeas ase. —Pleyenth> Annual Mecting ot Tnterstate Asaomatroan of Live “Steck: Samtary Boards “Encopean ltems of Vetermary lnterest J rei psig tny » Steiacfin Reape \ ats a 2) atepaiion “at she: External (rental fivgens foy Vrimary Careamoma of Prepore thanders of Bones. Higpophagy lmperte! boststute of ¥xnert- mrntas ~Medwite oar Nt Petersburg International Congress on la hercubesis loternattonal Veteriiary Con- aress “Intra-Lierma Reactor Manwai Gf Anatomy sad 1is- stctron of the Horse Necroiogy New Contnbutnon te Study of Vacemation of Bevis against Tubercaloses Ovarietomy in Goats Peremancows Teberculimatioc Permanent Fixstiw of 2 Meta he Tube w Urethrs of a Dog, te Prevent & rethral Stewiure atter Urethrotom, Plantar Tenotomy Projlapsus of Rectam Rabies Lawmuniration Rabies in Young Doge Some New Compounds Iedi cated wh Vetermary Practice Special Report of New York State Veterimary College Vallianme ac an Antidete ter . Acute rous Porkon- ur The Treatment of Tetanus bv Intra-Rachidian Injection of Salphate of Magnesia. The Ulrraviethie Viruses Trasbot’s Monument P Value of Tubercaln Reactions WVeternnary Netes ra) European ltems of Veterimary triterest Fustremgvtis (rages. vation of hwe Curious Horm Growth in a bxammaton, (lrvecal of the Biged: 6f Glandered Horses Examinations, Civil Service 2%, Of. 244 QOH, 551, Sam. Exanteles of Fffictent Siatr San tary Service Examples of Malyenant [usecase wt -Ammals Exchastges, Afstraces from SRL Fed, S37 An Obscr #3. & M2 inet cat! St nos the Pxtemal Gen ane tor Prumaty Caro mot athe Prepuce ">. * 7. at American Horses bag J (Gestation hu tia in a owe Steer Sut 9 operation in Sup uberculos1 ~H Ly Wedding of tbe» Patellac Arthritis, Wa, ae Cuae! Keport ; ‘winer Growrh on the Mole. tals Aurhy reed - by rtment A) Veterinarian. The if Rules. 723 (Fractare with © 32 hers, Indigo Treat ; 4 742 Associated with Piro @ Infection m a Cow 244 peran. of the Digestive nas: 4 bostrows, Piclivetysc it treis.: 533 etna pAnimal ; Intomteation | eis: Giteom. 30a, 443. ta Hoth Disease, Mode — _ Quarantine {abt it: Ui: firus s&s on x Pears ’ aN Be By Serieneretes, ‘ot the oO OF CONTESTS, VOLUME LAKH. ‘ yet mt of. te ss ns rise Views eRe har re ea my Nes : wai ; PRA Hracture, Deterred. Thisptacoment Ot a Spal (43 j racture Futisvwing a Peer joes One : ad) Practured -Meivis © Catxed. Live hehe 2K Fractured Re wi a tor se 2) Fracture ‘Spel, Deferred Us placement re 44% Fracture. Subpenost-?) ot tie Metataraus =31 . apes ay with ‘ ume Of the First Pastere Failowing a (u tancouk Lpaittor €s French Review Ra. 247. 3h, 542 Ogs, TH Fullerton, Dr Wm R. Marriage at S00: Gangrenous Pecumora ~. ae Gas. Oxygen, The Dve ol on Race iiorses . .. wi Gaseous Distension of ‘the Eau ae Sromach 7 Gastro- Enteritis foliow«és bs Jaund Jal: Coreen ma Dog. Clintcal Notes Jas General Aviesthesia, Chioral Hy- drate in Genital Organs, External, Ex trpation of for Carcuoma of the Prepuce = Genstal Organs im Horses, Ab nomaties of aa Georgia, News from. 24s ae es Comaissioner Madress " . 35 German Review. S$. 241, 404 (Gestation, Extra Uterine Getting at a Dog's Mind Glandered Horses A Clinical Fxammation of the Blood of 1x8 (landers . ,- 192, ‘730 (landers, A Clinical Treatise 379 Giandets. Action of Urine of Healthy Horses’ Upen Virus mo} $63 Glanders Killg a Physicuan _! Glanders of Bones 5 Glands Bronchial Lymph, Tuber citlosts at * to ands: Retrugharynges! Ly miph atic) Tadercuicais- of es (ands -Supra, Kenal, ( arcu 4 atin Sheep - ne Cian Suiee Maxi tiary Atters Jitons oof.) Dering 2s ack of Rathes 4%; a a pee ‘of Ataxia in. bi cn dae oo SY ~~ Heree, Piola Saat bites one y Horse; Péoutseeites of the; Horus, Pearse « . fst fo. Saddic, The a yibwre es of “Horse, Salivary 4 akculas it - Horse Shoeing, Pikes Rules. : Horses, Cases oi Choérea im ~ Horse, Tamor of the Simidies-if iia wine ce + Horse, Vorviting in -. !Hospital. Field, Authorized te . Hew Dogs are Pamorred 7 Mydrate. Chiorai, 2a Geers! eet pact _ Hyperteaphied — Cotylede: Sees Maen te ae imiernal Surface of, hare of Horse, Prrakwais: Atem a Horses, - Agnieteiws of Oreaens 4% Goemsial ae Moseg terion, ote Uekucel post Views at idariders - tlorses, Cenaus of Stemo’s Duct Horses, Amersrau, Experts if, Haersee, Glandered, Clinical Ex amination of the Bho wl of. Horses, Hear: Thecase 3: Horses ta the New Vork Poine Departmen Horses. mi the United Siares Valwe of. 4,5... o vp dee Number in the i’micsé Hoces. Race, Pe Les: of tines gen on... Horee Si Aiviten.: Horses, Outbreak of Herpes 9 7 Tomssrans and Trichorrsexis Nodosa ...-... ee ty peers: Splenic Abscess in he ar Bhs: ore¢ Synovectomy of the Tare 9a" aa! Sheath in 4... .. pee Horse, Tuberowhosix in a. . . See Horses, The inijarious Effect: 5/ - Three-Calked Shoes Upon “he Hock Joints of |... ... aa es est Horses, Vacation for War Departmen: Huff, De 1. B.. Marriage of Anasthe sca tHydrophotia Hyitothorax, A Case of Hydrametry a 3 Wat Hydrogs Liter in a Cx. (ow ‘ M1 : : Hye’ Achim of Brintucal Exoermernial Resear Sacks Keview oo 0.5) 5D Eth yea” Ateans of Vereraeary inserest, : 5 eget ! -Earopras ia ; “Sabot wi the Howse. A Cass of... ae moa. 4 Jaundice Followteg Geastric En- Far Mdowirent Ste - War Horses : 30) Animas —— wae 7 of - 9 toereent eds ‘Tl raxiet's bap ee Destroy me « Dog We ut AS cr phat. eulis ot Zapper merts With : Mesa ar Sporied Disease. -f) cae travisihle Sirus 5 ae Male, Fibrosas Tumor on 7s _¢ Municipal Meat inapect xen Murder, The Bess Meage i eho at siest eo heavens it took Ra Ta SNE een 3 Viewsat Mare +4 ee ee Oe MNiqnanr Cateerk. a Secs 9 Oieygenated Wares ened In; ress -snk Hs Lady ‘Aaitietans Setum jc the ere Freevhaieed Sarcoma RY% | Fahes ot rhe Sab. Scapsiar ye ONerve m@ 4 Cow . 3) Papillary Acanthomres on ‘he in ) Patterson, Hon, $. L. Casuals: | ternal Serface of the Fare of eentt of Agvtenitace North i a More odraa Me EL TE 412 | Paraphiracsis Comeptocared ee (“Sev Francis Whivtelt ching neers Bly = Bee Parasite, Animal '- Parasite Devease 7 > Parret, 8 rae and Vaca! or eens - Pastiera, yataan ai : pies: Pathology and Different! Shee: a ats chi, Dr Fam a Ma | ) monte of Indectnows Diseases of Amenale 8; mh Cheosra), of the Plocd ? of Domestic Ant ora Pathology, Comparative, Kitts we ee) b re 7 Pare The Significance of j a - 392) ta tee Practitioner 439 : eetioasy Batiegs: rt ow Pathetogr, Text-hone of Com os parettve General Fa Gobi Water, Pathoiay Veteermty. Fried. WEES - _ beverr and Frater ASR ~ 485 . Peruhartties of the iferse {tlh Tend sue Thor 1 Peivd, Fractere of, Dvetokre e% : : 734. Penis. Carcincoena of es : eaimehnen of Permsvivania, Control of Towher- evtd-af: Horse oo > ge ctlosis. Chomesriz, Animal< jr peo wy, Oosar Symp- Pesasnicasia Stete VM A Diabetes | Milivews m Twente-fith Annewersars 12k, hte Percheron and Clydesdale Srai- a yo) 1" few for New Jersey sbi ols at » (402°) Peresttamenet Twhereutinanon at 396 | Pericarditia, Traceatec = try Perscurdiwe Penetore 06. a. | - > Teeuraatic Permarditis ee Pericardiecs: Biquured Coton » TARR OF CONTLRVE, VEL ME RFR, ieiven ime rs ae Preert Bibiana’: Viessomart oka | Prevention af Pechioe Titscesde- L). Sin do? bedtividea: Herda.... ews : Problems Cowfraaing whe Pye “= < fesion \ Profesos. ther Presomi Re spierssbaliss = te mh inege eg Preble Confront t ; “ihe Phare Tey interesting & ang + gf of Coatagreas ‘Dre- eases Accordng © CUbiner Protruetes of Sacadl inteetines Shown, ele Atsdomenei Well Prahlec th Relation of the Quarantine. Fowt- amd Month The . 08, 443. Bs, Lirevinkle irae 8 Rece. Horecs, The Use of Or: | gen Gas on a | Radweraph, An lotercsuns _ Rare Accident Dare Prec | Nawey . Reactions, fatea-ferine Reactions, Tubercuiin, ¥ ate~ « Rectal — in a Mare Recem Studies Begerdme Ue Causation and (pxrarcte: af Amma Tubercutce>: Prepuce, Carcusoms 0! the. Rectan. in a Deg, Aseputaine Present States of the at Ver of . erinary. RA Oe. Jar § Hectyn. os. ses eo een EAA ie rar » . eh Pr = a a eer a Le ~~. ae 2 race hgtheloa | Preputte! Cwitice, Oxciasion of. Je? ot im 2 Cow. «Roden BOE oe Segiogt Addeoss, itis, Abdominal Absorsa | YOM. Si "ee ee i freee Hog Cholera by nod “Sheath, Tarsal. Synovesiors: ef Sheep, Carcinoma of hs Conference of Veterinarione. wa Feheca ..-.-. Hig feonesee Valter Veterinary Medwal Association . Georgia State. Veterinary \ied- - wal Assocation 24%. .&. Timo State Verermary Ved wal Association a Iiiness Vetermars MerGen! and Surgical Awsociatiup FF Jotersationsa? ( imgerets on tT o- herceheeis a3. % TathG UP CRETE RTS, YOR Be F5kis Screg Gd beargmesitir i: Puasoiine Revqpech, Eqmere (aeerus 6h 129 £ the et images a. beets Beep tens Sheng wt Piammeng of s Ung ae Per teens! bayer wae ; a at Baxteren of oe 4 umd des Chem Aber en hy enmag tae ot Rates | | Fae GY COTE NESE. Tee WRT ] 3 Pa Sureery, Weterwmry, | pelatee The Relations 2% Scare to feed Pied ‘Fever os Infectoous oy compe Be 7 .. ¢. Uhtrevieitle 5 ro ie mean ot jae | _ Olrewrst wwe 4h4 he ot & . a tee Farsal The & > 5 ee $: tive ase Sen coastal Ter Verormisinn and Hie Pe- frente, hameeware. 8 Ligpeo Diane % Teanper etary : ee oede wr it Hil i | in i i ie | i gel Peat & ch i i 1 tt oe ti A ia . i: | il Hl Uy i 7 ; ot ree Porm anim £ ‘Traeresecet a Altevsstie of Suficreg Bieow yg Avringneracy of Pore 1S pecan - = Rent Pree . =e |e ruag pedbieng ! e a ;, The Foeld 4 the Veversmanan " Patclier fs | | oe a) cepeevt a: The Hague, romegeceeanelie 4 | ape : > lreeterat Bec. of the — ( alked Shoes igen the Meovt Set: bei geet: ~~ Pan. on a The Prapiem of Hovwwe | wer Rachedena avi | ghate of <8 ‘ eis at Es re ies * 2 3 & } chet et PE A of eh es PAG Treatesent «Prelagsus of the R cotape mae rete tere ne ve *“-* ! Cos of Prasne * von ** ten ee eee — aig aoe Tuberculosis im Memestic Ani- Sy ay Sw eee den sete wanes © = the va gy eo : “Throne le- Tagernions ae ke Pape eee or se * Se fed KY bo ears ee | | PAGE Tubcreuioss, Vaccination of Beo- wine Agams: R= 44 i a Herds, The Value of Tuberculin in the Comssel Ry Gigi oe Pe soe s. tui ae ke. a3 Turpartene, Bgeny ot a Cane of ‘th . . Tumor, A Laerge........ ...... ites Tumor, Fibrows, Growth on the Leg of a Male ans Tumor of the Sinuses im a Tomer, Tesiated Sutures, Treatment i B Tes Crecks Lb cgee as a2) T fees Fil ih 107 Typhoid Fever from Milk. 2g7 ee roaherse Remecnot- « Ja? Motes. Carcinome of im 0 meg Ultravisible Viruses... ... agi Neeed + ieporay Valee of Horses Say smb eee caer . - Upper Lacisives in a Horse, Ab SY PRP ee ae pone 732 U Mea lespecusn Uerthee! Striciave ie Tag Goons stim te Prevent.............. ay Urethra, Tubereulosis ol a i. ; ma Dog NS a3 Action of Upon the Virus Use gy Ran for Preserva- Use of Tuberculin in Controlling - is m Herds......,. of ot One Gas on Race heries” : Extre...... ad Uterine Gimton. oe Se. 50 ead oo eg weettr Hine Be . $44 Uterus in Cow, Amputation of, $45 Uteres im Sow, Torsion of. 04% Ushypienic Roosting............ go Vacancies im the Army Veter- mary Service Filled 637 Vacation for Horses . es Vaccmation of Bovines Against Tuberculosis “al Wiehe vey Merb: or BPS melas of Laon gate Conditions. f Horses m the United ees Tiberculin im the Can- trol of Tuberculous Herds. 903 e of Tuberculin Reactions . s71 a Cava, Posterior, Hemor from ... ye ratrum, Sulphate, iigederdide Beeston of . 240 Tuberculoss Dorsal, ys a Moilepeit ‘Attack of. pi orm, tt is ermarian and His Patients m ture lerinarian, Civil Service Ex- ee ee oe zs ter r sarians, Conference of 6a, 654 cern Ariens, cae. Pie ee ree E. of. . 963 Veterinary Service. Vacancies in the Army Filed... ... 697 Vv ean rs -. 3 Virws, The Ultravisible Te Vocal Organs of the Parrot at, Vomiting im Morse, A Case of.. Wanted the Other One. _.. War Horses, $5,000 Mowument to W atkins, von Without Horas r sgt Ef pe Douglass Vaccine Meth- ae ide nveinns of ere sOme ran Yellow Fever, Ultravisible Virus 443 Zoological Park, New York .. . 160° AMERIC ‘AN VETERINARY REVIEW. OCTOBER, 1908. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris, August 15, 1908. PROLAPSUS OF THE REctUM.—Prolapsus of the Rectum is a frequent accident met with in all species; but horses, swine and dogs are probably the animals for which the care of the surgeon is most required. In the pages of our Review I have had op- portunity to relate cases among the items of our foreign Re- views. A general résumé of the various treatments which have been recommended is presented in the Sournal de Zootechnie, by Mr. L. Auger, which considers the subject up-to-date. Let us look into it. There are two forms of prolapsus; one partial or mucous, in which there is only protrusion of the mucous membrane, which, after gliding over the muscular coat, has appeared out- side, and another, total, where the rectum is turned inside out, finger-glove fashion. The former is a mild accident, demanding generally a treatment of no difficulty; while, on the contrary, the latter, much more severe, is, in some instances, difficult to reduce, and principally to keep reduced afterward. To the point of view of treatment, it is proper to observe the distinction thus established between the two forms of the disease. * * % The treatment of the mucous prolapsus is simple: reduction, and if this is impossible, resection. In some cases no interference is necessary. Cases of re- covery are recorded where free and repeated washings of the 1 —- 2 EDITORIAL. protruding organ, carefully avoiding all traumatism and allow- ing a light diet, were only necessary. Yet in small species, dogs especially, it is necessary to interfere as it is impossible to pre- vent traumatism of the mucous, which will promote violent ex- pulsive efforts and give rise to a total or complete prolapsus. Reduction, then, shall be tried as early as possible in small species. In large animals one can wait two or three days. Pre- liminary care is essential. The mucous must be well washed; all foreign bodies or false membranes must be removed; vaseline is then spread over and by careful pressure, reduction can be attempted. Should the protruding mass be tumefied and big, astringent applications or scarifications can be resorted to. If the reduction is impossible, or if the mucous is torn or gan- grenous, it must be resected. In large animals, the operation is done in the standing posi- tion, and consists in cutting off with the bistouri or the scissors the mucous membrane all around the anus. A hemorrhage, quite abundant, takes place, but soon stops. A suture is made of mucous to mucous, although it is not essentially necessary. It, however, hastens recovery. In small animals the operation is the same, but the suture is too difficult to apply. To avoid the hemorrhage, one can use the thermo-cautery to cut off the mucous, or, again, use ligatures. Then the mass is divided into two or four parts with waxed thread or an elastic cord, which is passed around the base of each part. * * * The treatment of the total prolapsus is often difficult. It consists in reduction and contention of the reduced organ. These can be attempted only if the accident is not of too long standing and if the mucous is perfectly free from lesions, as in both con- ditions it would be better to resort to amputation. To proceed to the reduction, large animals are placed in their stall, standing with their hindquarters elevated and higher than the fore. Casting is to be avoided if possible. Small animals, of course, shall be laid on a table and their hindquarters kept EDITORIAL. 3 raised. The same care shall be applied upon the protruding part, and the attempt to reduction will be carried out as in the case of a mucous prolapsus. Sometimes they will be followed with good results, and, again,, quite often with failures. These are due generally to two causes: (1) Violent expulsive efforts, or, (2) the size of the mass protruding. | Against the first, chloral in intraperitoneal or intracecal in- jections are indicated. Chloroform and ether are also good. Drench of diluted alcohol has been recommended for cattle and pigs. Against the second, astringent applications or compresses with moist cloth or the elastic band. If all these fail, scarifica- tions of the mucous, stimulating the hemorrhage by tepid lotions, will do good. After the use of these various applica- tions, the mass is reduced in size, and returning it to its position may be easily made by slow and regular pressure. One must not be satisfied in merely pressing the rectum back into the pelvis. This must be stretched with the arm or hand or the finger, whether working in large or in small animals. If these fail, repoussoirs must be used, although perforation of the rectum may result in their careless application. Sometimes tepid irriga- tion will answer the purpose better. Laxative and careful diet complete the treatment. | * * % But it is rare if expulsive efforts do not reproduce the acci- dent again, and on that account “ contention” of the organ is necessary. Numerous are the means recommended, but they are not all efficacious. Pessaries are contra-indicated, as acting as foreign bodies and promoting the expulsive efforts. Com- pression has given good results, whether made with pads or a copper ring held against the anus and secured in place by bands, etc. These apparatuses must be left in three or four days. They interfere with defecation and can be easily displaced. Sutures are much better. The X suture or again quill four sutures are recommended. The objection to their use is that they must be let loose at least one hour a day to allow the dropping of the +t EDITORIAL, feces. Closing the rectum and anus with wire or needles has also been recommended. The suture of Walravens André, or the purse or tobacco-pouch string suture, are left in place four or five days and is one of the easiest modes to insure contention, even in larger animals. Finally, colopexia, or the contention by peritoneal sutures of the organ is an excellent method of treat- ment for dogs when the other preceding methods have failed. This colopexia is a simple operation. The abdomen is opened on the left flank after antiseptic precautions have been taken; the peritoneum is open, perforated, and, by pulling gently upon the colon, the reduction is obtained and with sutures is fixed on the abdominal walls. This operation has been performed by many surgeons, and the number of successful cases on record proves its superiority. * * a But if reduction has not been obtained, contention is impos- sible, and the organ is more or less injured, ablation or cauteri- zation remain for the surgeon to resort to. Ablation is performed in several manners. For large animals the classical method seems the choice operation, but it is rather complicated and on that account the simple method of Viborg and Stockfleth has some advantages. “ After division of the protruding mass, made from backwards forwards, a_ hollow, smooth, wood cylinder is introduced in the rectum and an elastic ligature is applied near the anus; the rectum is slowly cut through, the feeces dropping through the hollow cylinder. When the section is complete the apparatus drops of itself.” Another method, also well recommended, as allowing to make an immediate ablation, almost without any hemorrhage and without stricture, and perfectly secured as far as sequel of the operation: “ One takes a very long thread of catgut, each end of which is passed through the eye of a curve needle, and after drawing the displaced organ sufficiently to permit operation on healthy tissue, one needle is introduced from inwards outwards in the superior portion of the protruding mass and is drawn suffi- EDITORIAL. 5 ciently to leave on each side an equal length of the thread. About one centimeter from this first opening of the suture, the needle that is outward is introduced from inwards outwards and through the same opening from inwards outwards the one which is on the inside, thus making a furrier suture which is continued all around the organ and secured.” Finally a Russian veterinarian recommended cauterization with nitric acid. The protruding part is coated over with it; three or four days after the mortified tissues are removed and another cauterization renewed, and so on. The application of the acid has to be done three or four times. The author claims for this mode of treatment one hundred successes out of one hundred cases where he has applied it. For small animals, sutures are difficult to apply. Ablation by ligature is the best treatment. The mass is divided in two halves by a vertical in- cision and each is tied up at its base as near as possible to the anus. Strong, fine cord or an elastic ligature will answer the purpose. * * * GLANDERS oF Bones.—Glanders assumes in horses most varied forms; and, if some cases are so manifest that an imme- diate diagnosis is imposed, there are others which remain unsus- pected; and are detected only at post-mortem by true surprising discoveries. Among these must be placed the case published in the Revue Generale by Mr. A. Conte, sanitary veterinarian. It comes as one more addition to be made to the rare cases of glanders of bones which are already on record. A gelding has been worked, and stabled, with one belonging to a different owner. He has drunk from the same pail and has eaten from the same manger. Three weeks later the other horse is killed for glanders. The gelding has become a suspected animal and is malleined, with the result of slight organic re- action, local reaction of an average severity and a strong thermic reaction; the temperature running up to 41°—after the eigh- 6 EDITORIAL. teenth hour. The general condition is perfect. No symptom of nasal, tracheal, or pulmonary glanders. No pimples on the skin, chancres, cords or swellings. On the right side, above the spur vein, there is a painless tumor, as big as two fists, situated deeply and rather fluctuating. This is opened and gives escape to thick whitish grumulous pus. It appears that the horse has had two other similar abscesses some time before. Those were not con- sidered as farcinous. At any rate, a donkey that had lived for some time with the horse, has been malleined twice without re- sult. However, with the pus of this third abscess, a dog is in-. noculated and the result is negative. A second malleination of the horse is made, but gives unsatisfactory results. But at a third test the thermic reaction is again present, the organic re- action is wanting and the local is positive. Still no symptoms of glanders on the skin or in the respiratory apparatus. Another abscess has formed on the left side. The pus is innoculated to a dog and to two male Guinea pigs. On the former it is nega- tive. The Guinea pigs died after having shown the character- istic symptom of orchitis. Glanders is positively demonstrated and the animal is at last destroyed. The autopsy is very interesting. Skin, subcutaneous con- nective tissue and superficial lymphatic glands are normal. _Piti- tuary, mucous membrane of turbinated bones, larynx, trachea and large bronchia are normal. The liver, spleen and kidneys are also normal. The pleura shows the ordinary lesions of dry pleuresy with adherence of both layers. It is covered with long reddish pedunculated growths constituted by slightly indurated tissue, fibrous in appearance and containing no pus or tubercles. The lungs are not congested and present no special lesions. Only three tubercles, deeply situated, are detected. Bronchial lym- phatic glands are larger than normal, but free from tubercles. The lesions that are most interesting and the most important are on the ribs, involving on the left side, the seventh and twelfth, and on the right the ninth and the fifteenth. The left seventh is the most altered, Widened in its antero-posterior diameter, but ‘EDITORIAL. 7 not changed in its coloration, it shows on the internal surface a swelling, hard, smooth to the touch, bosselated on its surface and about as big as a man’s fist. The borders are thickened and rounded. The twelfth left rib has similar lesions, but less de- veloped. On the right side these are still less accused. On the ninth rib there is a projecting mass about the size of a pigeon’s egg. On the fifteenth only the internal face is more convex and widened for about four or five centimeters. All these neoplasms are closed and have no adherences with the other ribs or the sur- rounding tissues. On their surface the pleura is inflamed, red- dish and covered with the vegetations already spoken of. Cut through, the ribs are found hollowed by an anfractuous cavity containing an oily liquid, yellowish and rather rich in bacilli of -gianders. This case which I have resumed here in a concise manner, besides the fact of being a valuable addition to the pathogeny of glanders, proves also, as the author remarks, that closed lesions of glanders, like those of tuberculosis, are not dangerous as far as contagion is concerned, even towards animals which are very susceptible to it, such as donkeys. And again, it confirms once more the already known fact that a negative innoculation to dog is not sufficient for the conclusion that the disease does not exist and that the formation of abscesses in the lympathic glands in the neighborhood of a point of innoculation, is not always present in the Guinea pigs experimentally injected by subcutaneous in- jection. But above all, it shows that mallein, notwithstanding its failings, is yet at the present time the choice reactive in the practical diagnosis of glanders. * * * BIBLIOGRAPHY.—A copy of the translation of the latest re- vision of the excellent little work of Prof. Dr. Bernard Malkmus, by the Dean of the College of Veterinary Medicine of Ohio State University, Dr. D. S. White, and Dr. Paul Fisher, State Veterinarian of Ohio, and published by Alex. Eger, of Chicago, has just come to me. 8 EDITORIAL, ““ Qutlines of Clinical Diagnosis of the Domestic Animals ”’ is an ouvrage well known on the continent of Europe, having been published in French-as well as in German, and having received at the hands of the profession all the welcome and credit it de- serves. | The American translators have made a good selection in choosing it for their work. They have no doubt, by a valuable contribution, added to our American literature, and while they seem to have tried to fill up a need for the students under their charge, it is certain that students of other colleges as well as veterinary practitioners, will learn much by reading the work. In the last original third edition recent clinical observations and new methods of examination have been introduced, the num- ber of illustrations has been increased, and if these are repro- duced in the American publication, Doctors White and Fisher have added besides here and there, short notes of their own. Covering nearly 250 pages, illustrated by 57 plates, some of which are colored, and by a color scale for the quantitative de- termination of Indican, and with contents of great value. “‘ Out- lines of Clinical Diagnosis ”’ will certainly prove a valuable ac- quisition for any one who will realize that, as Prof. Malkmus says, “the only safe foundation for the treatment of animal diseases is a correct diagnosis of the malady.” This book is the one to help to get at it. oe With an affectionate dedicacy to his old teacher, if I am not mistaken, Dr. Samuel Howard Burnett, M. S., D. V. M., of the New York State Veterinary College, has written a book, which is published by the house of Taylor & Carpenter, of Ithaca, and has for its title “ The Clinical Pathology of the Blood of the Domesticated Animals.” After having examined the work of Doctors White and Fisher, it had seemed to me that there remained something which, so to speak, left the book incomplete; and as I open the work of Dr. Burnett, it becomes evident to my mind that it came just in time to complete the first. EDITORIAL. 9 The examination of the blood as a means of diagnosis is certainly one which has imposed itself since the discoveries that have been made in late years in its composition and condition during some specific diseases. As says Dr. Burnett, “‘ Among the recent methods of examination, that of the blood has taken a prominent place. * * * It should be more generally used by veterinarians.’ But to realize this, veterinarians had to be educated, and as there has been a lack of accessible data concern- ning the blood of animals, there was a real need for a text book which would give the practitioners and the students the means to obtain the knowledge necessary to proceed with this new method of examination. “Clinical Pathology of the Blood of Domestic Animals ”’ is written to that effect and fills the need. The subject is divided into eleven chapters. The enumer- ation of their contents will give an idea of the field the book covers. Chapter one treats of the methods of examinations; the second, of the morphology of the formed elements; the third, of the normal blood of the several domestic animals; the fourth, of the variations in red corpuscles and hemoglobin; the fifth, of the influences affecting the leucocytes; the sixth, of the special diseases of the blood; the seventh, of general and infectious diseases; the eighth, of the specific infectious diseases due to bacteria and fungi; the ninth, of the infectious diseases due to protozoa; the tenth, of the diseases whose cause has not been definitely determined ; the eleventh, of the diseases due to animal parasites. | As one can judge by this concise enumeration, the field cov- ered by the author is a wide one. Written in an easy reading manner, concise and yet complete, the text is illustrated by four colored plates and twenty-four figures, and each chapter is pro- vided with a list of references which the reader can benefit by. Dr. Burnett’s work is, if I am right, the first original work on this subject in America. There cannot be the slightest doubt that the first edition will be rapidly exhausted and that it will 10 EDITORIAL, become not only the text book of all English reading students, but also of all the scientific practitioners who are always ready to learn of the means by which the diagnosis of a disease can be made in a positive manner. en Mey I have received the three first numbers of “ Veterinary Notes,” published by Parke, Davis & Co., and they were welcome. There is a similar publication here issued by a large firm in pharma- ceutical and chemical products, but the American edition is more to the point. It is, as claimed by the editor, “ A Journal of Practical Therapeutics,” which every one will read and benefit thereby. In the twelfth semi-annual report of the Chief of the Cattle Bureau of Massachusetts for the year ending November, 1907, which I have received lately, Dr. Austin Peters calls especial attention to the prevalence, at that time, of Rabies and Gland- ers, and to the condition of Tuberculosis amongst the cattle in the State. Dr. Pierre A. Fish, of Cornell University, has also favored me with a little pamphlet entitled “ Abstracts of the Work,” done in his laboratory, where I read the reviews of the services rendered to the veterinary profession by Professors Law and Gage, and also a short introduction of Director V. A. Moore. Good likenesses illustrate these three articles. |The pamphlet then contains the “ Observations on the Schools of Europe,” by Prof. P. A. Fish; an article on “ Tetanus,” by D, K. Eastman and G. R. Chase; one on “ Experiments with Barium Chloride,” by W. E. Frinck and H. B. Tillou, and one on “ Rhus Toxi- codendron,” by J. H. Frost. o * 6 EuROPEAN ITEMS OF VETERINARY INTEREST.—Perhaps the following European sundry information may interest some of our readers: An association has been formed here of scientific investi- gators for the study of Cancer. Among the members of the EDITORIAL, 11 Board of Officers are the names of two well-known veterina- rians, Director G. Barrier, of Alfort, and Prof. G. Petit, the learned teacher on pathological anatomy in the same school. In the Review of July there appeared from one of our col- leagues and collaborators, Dr. E. Van Es, a call in relation to a subscription which is started in Holland to erect a monument to the memory of Prof, Thomassen, Many of our friends will, no doubt, be willing to contribute. The inauguration is said to take place when the Ninth International Veterinary Congress will be held. — Director Degive, who resigned some time ago his position at the head of the Belgian Veterinary School at Cureghem, has been elected Emeritus. His successor to the directorship is Dr. Dupuis, already well known for his numerous publications. In the Jtalian schools, the appointment of directors or pro- fessors in Veterinary Schools is made by election. The appoint- ment is for a number of years, which varies, and a second or a third term is admitted. Prof. Negrini has just been re-elected director for three years in the School of Parma, and Prof. Brus- asco to the School of Turino. Some while ago Prof. G. B. Dessart, of the School of Cure- ghem, died at the age of 76. For many years he had the pro- fessorship of surgical pathology, obstetrics and veterinary juris- prudence. He wrote considerably and many are the articles that were published in veterinary journals. He also wrote a very good work on jurisprudence and one on deontology. In closing, I must make a correction. In my article on “ Tallianine,” in the July issue, I stated that this preparation was “almost entirely ignored on the Continent, at least in France.” This is a mistake, as I have since learned that last year over 25,000 ampoules have been sold to French practition- ers. A. L. THE FIELD OF THE VETERINARIAN. - Subjoined is an editorial which appeared in the Philadelphia Ledger during the recent meeting of the American Veterinary 12 EDITORIAL, Medical Association. Such articles in the public press do much to broaden the lay mind as to the character and scope of the work of the veterinarian and his relation to the public welfare. The science, as a science, may advance without the concern of the general public, but without an appreciation and support on the part of the general public it is impossible for the profes- sion to accomplish its mission. It is, therefore, pleasing to read this liberal recognition of veterinary progress. “The members of the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, meeting in this city in their forty-fifth annual convention, are bringing a wealth of technical knowledge and experience to bear upon questions that even a decade ago would have been considered altogether foreign to the field of the veterinarian. Of foremost importance among these questions, especially in view of the approaching Tuberculosis Convention at Washington, is the problem of the relation of tuberculosis among cattle to the same — disease in human beings. “It is evident that legislative parsimony has hitherto stood in the way of adequate precautionary measures to prevent the trans- mission of the disease through bacilli contained in impure dairy products. The eloquent plea of Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Vet- erinarian and dean of the Veterinary School of the University of Pennsylvania, should be heard and heeded in this connection. He urges upon our legislatures the need of appropriations for the establishment of state veterinary schools for the training of specialists in the inspection of food products and the prevention of communicable diseases among animals. The work of the Department of Agriculture under Secretary Wilson is receiving high praise from thé veterinarians, and President Dalrymple’s address fitly recognized the debt of the meat consumers of the country to the meat inspection service of the Bureau of Animal Industry. “ The general diffusion of scientific knowledge regarding the diseases of cattle and their connection with the ills that human flesh is heir to is the most valuable result of such a convention. The progress of the science of veterinary medicine has in a EDITORIAL, 13 few years relegated to the backwoods the old-time horse doctor, mingling a little “horse-sense’ with a vast deal of quackery. Nowadays breeders of blooded stock and lovers of horses will intrust their splendid animals only to the care of those who know just what to do. “ The empirical methods of the ‘ pow-wow ’ doctors, some of whom still survive in some counties of the state, cannot compete with the rational and scientific procedure of specialists who satisfy the exacting standards of the American Veterinary Medi- cal Association. The work of investigation and enlightenment that goes on under the beneficent auspices of this association has the heartiest godspeed of the friends of our domestic animals.” TO A JERSEY COW. Here’s to you, Lady, sleek and fine, True daughter of a royal line! From small black feet to dainty head A lady born, a lady bred. The quiet, mouse-hued coat you wear, - Those faun-like eyes, that timid air Of fine reserve, plain as your face Proclaim your ancient, honored race. Here’s to you, Lady! May you know Fresh clover field where’er you go. May daisies nod and cowslips spring About you like a fairy ring; May bird songs mingle with your bell, That tinkles down the shady dell, And still pools mirror back the sky, Where you may drink and wade breast high. - Here’s to you, Lady! May you chew The cud of happy memory, too, . And coming lowing from the field, To gentle hands full udder yield. But ere you sink to peaceful rest, Grant me, I beg, this one request : That I may drink this health to you In that pure beverage which you brew. / —May E tis NIicHots. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. CONTROL OF HOG CHOLERA BY SERUM IMMUNIZATION, By A. D. Metvin, D. V. S., Chief Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture. . Read Before American Veterinary Medical es Philadelphia, Pa., September Io, 1908. It.is probable that most of those present are familiar in a general way with the experimental work conducted by the Bureau of Animal Industry during the last three or four years, concerning the cause and prevention of hog cholera. It will be remembered that as-a result of experiments recorded in Cir- cular 43 and in Bulletin 72 of this Bureau, the conclusion was reached that the so-called hog cholera bacillus is not the true cause of hog cholera, but that this organism plays the part of a secondary invader, the true cause of the disease being a virus which is present in the blood of hogs affected with hog cholera and which, under certain conditions of filtration, is capable of passing through the finest porcelain filters. Up to the present time this filterable virus has resisted all attempts at artificial cul- tivation and we know of its presence only through the effect upon hogs when fluids from sick animals, free of all known bac- teria, are injected into susceptible animals. The methods of immunization described herein have been arrived at by the Biochemic Division of this Bureau and the investigations for the past four years have been under the direct supervision of Dr. M. Dorset, the Chief of that Division, and through whom the Department has had the process patented in such manner as to insure to all the people in the United States the right to its free use. It is a well known fact that hogs which have recovered from an attack of hog cholera are completely immune when subse- quently exposed to the same disease. 14 CONTROL OF HOG CHOLERA BY SERUM IMMUNIZATION, 15 These two facts—the presence of the filterable virus in the blood of hogs sick of hog cholera, and the immunity in hogs which have recovered from an attack of that disease—form the basis for the preparation of the serum which we have used suc- cessfully in immunizing hogs against hog cholera. Method of Securing Immune Serum. Without attempting to go into the method of producing this serum in detail, it will be sufficient to say that the protective serum is produced by a process of “ hyperimmunization,” carried out as follows: An immune hog is injected with large amounts of blood from hogs sick of hog cholera. These injections will not pro- duce more than a transitory effect upon the health of the im- mune, although they would prove certainly fatal to a susceptible hog. This treatment of immune hogs with large amounts of disease-producing blood is known as “ hyperimmunization,” and gives to the blood of the immune the power to protect susceptible hogs from hog cholera. After a week or so, when the immune has recovered from the effects of this treatment, blood is drawn from the immune by cutting off the tail. The blood drawing is repeated three or four times at intervals of a week between the drawings, after which the immune is usually bled to death from the. carotid. After each drawing from the immune the blood obtained is defibrinated and mixed with a suitable antiseptic. If preserved in sterile bottles this defibrinated blood, or serum, as it is called, will retain its potency for years. The protective serum having been obtained from an im- mune hog in the manner indicated, the potency of this serum is determined by injecting susceptible pigs with varying amounts of the serum and at the same time exposing them to hog cholera along with untreated control animals. In practice it will, of course, be found best to first collect large quantities of serum and to mix this before testing. A standard serum will thus be secured at a minimum cost. 16 A. D. MELVIN. Method of Protecting Susceptible Pigs. ‘A standard serum of known potency having been secured, either of two methods may be used for protecting susceptible pigs. These are known as (a) the serum-simultaneous method and (b) the serum-alone method, The first of these, which is to be recommended for use, es- pecially in herds which have not been exposed to hog cholera, consists in injecting subcutaneously on one side of the body of the pig to be vaccinated a suitable quantity of serum and simul- taneously on the other side of the body a small quantity of viru- lent blood taken from a hog sick of hog cholera. Experi- ments have shown that hy this method pigs are given a firm im- munity lasting at least six months and probably much longer. The “ serum-alone method,” which consists simply in the in- jection of the protective serum without the simultaneous use of disease-producing blood, appears to confer only a temporary im- munity upon the treated pigs, unless they be exposed to hog cholera a short time after receiving the serum, in which case they also acquire a lasting immunity. For these reasons the “serum-alone”’ method is admirably adapted to the treatment of hogs in a herd where hog cholera has already broken out, but which have not themselves shown visible symptoms of disease. The experiments which are being carried out to determine the curative properties of the serum are not yet complete, ‘but from the results thus far obtained we know that serum in the doses used for immunization can not be depended upon to cure hogs which already show visible symptoms of hog cholera. Further work along this line is needed. It should be stated that neither the serum-simultaneous nor the serum-alone method, when properly applied, appears to injure the hog in any way. ‘Cost of the Serum. In order to determine the cost of producing serum for prac- tical use, every item of cost would, of course, have to be taken into account and allowance made for all sources of revenue. CONTROL OF HOG CHOLERA BY SERUM IMMUNIZATION. 17 Owing to the conditions under which we have been working, that is, manufacturing serum for experimental use only, and utilizing the same force for the production of the serum and for carrying on varied experiments, we are unable to give an exact cost price of the serum thus far produced. Sufficient work has been done, however, for an estimate to be made. With the dose of serum at 20 cubic centimeters, and with the production car- ried out with strict economy, it seems likely that the cost per dose can be brought to 25 cents. This estimate is based upon the supposition that each hyperimmunized immune will furnish 150 to 200 doses of serum, and that the carcass of the immune after final bleeding will be utilized for food. There seems to be no objection to the use of such a carcass for food purposes, provided the post-mortem examination discloses no reason for rejecting it. I have recently been informed by Dr. C. E. Marshall, of the Michigan Agricultural College, who has begun the preparation of this serum for distribution to farmers of that state, that it is their purpose to charge at present 2 cents per cubic centimeter for the serum, though they hope to be able to reduce the price materially before another season. It will undoubtedly prove to be true that the cost of the serum will vary with the conditions of manufacture, and the proportionate cost should decrease as the amount of serum produced increases. In any case it seems certain that the serum can be produced cheaply enough for prac- tical purposes. Results of Practical Tests of the Serum. The statements which have been made above concerning the protective power of serum from hyperimmunized immunes are based upon tests upon several thousand hogs. These tests were not carried out in small experiment pens only, but in great part upon farms under practical conditions. During the fall of 1907 approximately 2,000 hogs were treated on 50 different farms, a considerable proportion of untreated hogs being left in 18 A. D. MELVIN. all cases as a control on the action of the serum. Both methods of vaccination were used and the herd conditions varied widely. The herds can be roughly classified as (a) those in an infected district, but themselves free from disease, (b) those which were known to have been exposed by contact with sick hogs, but which had not developed disease at the time of treatment, and (c) herds in which hog cholera was present and hogs sick and dying at the time of treatment. In no cases were any of the ordinary methods of combating hog cholera by disinfection and separation of the sick from the apparently healthy practiced. Where disease was present at the time of treatment, the treated were allowed to run with the sick animals along with a number of untreated animals, which served as controls, and the success following vaccination can therefore be attributed to the action of the serum. In the herds where hog cholera appeared subsequent to treatment, all of the vac- cinated hogs remained well, while more than 65 per cent. of the checks died. In the herds which had been exposed, but were apparently well at the time of the treatment, 4 per cent. of the treated animals died, while approximately 90 per cent. of the checks succumbed. In the herds where disease existed at the time of treatment, and where we did not anticipate very great success, 13 per cent. of the treated animals were lost, whereas 75 per cent. of the checks died. These successful field trials, confirming as they did numerous tests carried out under experimental conditions, have convinced us of the efficiency of this method of dealing with hog cholera, and although improvements will undoubtedly be made in many of the details of producing the serum, the method is believed to be now in such condition as to make the practical use of it en- tirely feasible. In order that the states most concerned in this question might be brought into closer touch with the work, and also for the purpose of discussing plans for effective co-ordination of the state and federal work in dealing with hog cholera, twenty-five CONTROL OF HOG CHOLERA BY SERUM IMMUNIZATION, 19 of the chief hog-raising states were requested to send repre sentatives to Ames, Iowa, where the Bureau of Animal Industry maintains a farm devoted to experiments with hog cholera. In response to this invitation, representatives from twenty different states visited Ames and were shown the details of the serum pro- duction, A general discussion at these conferences developed the prac- tically unanimous opinion on the part of state and federal repre- sentatives that the serum should be prepared by each of the states for distribution to the hog raisers, and all state represent- atives expressed their intention to undertake the work as soon as funds could be secured. At the present time a number of states have actually begun work. If the serum is prepared in sufficient quantities there seems to be no doubt that a great saving can be effected simply by treating animals in exposed herds or in herds in which the disease has just appeared. If the greatest good is to be accomplished, however, we should not be content simply to reduce the losses from hog cholera, but should undertake systematic efforts to eradicate the disease. We are all familiar with the course which hog cholera usually takes when it appears in a neighborhood. A herd de- velops the disease, which may not be recognized as hog cholera for several weeks after it has made its appearance. Following this the neighbors’ hogs will become infected, and from there rapid progress is made, the number of new foci increasing more rapidly as the infected area widens, until finally the losses in a single county may be enormous. It is evident that in order to control the disease there must be some means of confining it to the original center of infection. This has been attempted by the British Government through the quarantine of farms where hog cholera exists and the slaughter of all infected animals. That such procedures alone will not yield the desired results is shown by the official reports of the prevalence of hog cholera in England. In this country such methods would not be suitable, for, aside from the enormous expense involved, it would in my opinion be entirely impracticable to thoroughly disinfect extensive farm 20 A. D. MELVIN. premises and to carry out a quarantine which would be effective against such carriers of disease as dogs, crows, buzzards and other animals. Plan for Eradication of Hog Cholera by Serum Immunization. I have already stated that the serum from hyperimmunized hogs can be used to protect hogs from hog cholera, and that a large saving can be effected if the serum is applied promptly after the disease appears in a herd. Why, then, should not this serum be used as an agent for the eradication of hog cholera? It seems reasonable to believe that it can be used successfully for this pur- pose, but complete success can not be expected without: proper organization and the direction of the work by health authorities. In order that the possibilities of well-directed work along these lines may be brought to the attention of those who may in the future have this work to perform, I desire to submit the fol- lowing plan for combating hog cholera through serum immuniza- tion: (1) The serum should be prepared by the State Experiment Statioris, or by State Live Stock Sanitary Boards which are prop- erly equipped with laboratory facilities, the efficacy of all serum to be determined by such laboratories before distribution. (2) The field application of the serum should be in the hands of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board or State Veterinarian. (3) The states should be organized into districts, each in charge of a deputy State Veterinarian, or a deputy appointed by the Live Stock Sanitary Board. These districts should be small enough to permit the deputy to exercise close watch over them. (4) The deputy State Veterinarians should keep a supply of serum on hand so that prompt action may be taken when infec- tion appears, (5) Hog raisers generally throughout the state should be informed when the serum is available for distribution, and, if necessary, compulsory notification of the presence of disease in a herd should be imposed. (6) Upon notification to the State Live Stock Sanitary Board or State Veterinarian that hog cholera has appeared in a certain CONTROL OF HOG CHOLERA BY SERUM IMMUNIZATION, 21 neighborhood, the diseased herd or herds should be immediately quarantined, the premises disinfected as thoroughly as possible, and all hogs on the farm which have been exposed or which are not visibly ill should be treated with serum alone. All hogs on the farm which have not been exposed should be treated by the serum-simultaneous method, and of course the prompt removal of dead animals should be enforced. At the same time all hogs on surrounding farms should be treated by the serum-simul- taneous method. _ Prompt action of this kind should result in confining the disease to the first herd where disease appeared, though we must admit the possibility of infection being carried beyond the vac- cinated belt by birds, lf this should occur the procedure should be the same as in the first case of disease, though the probability of dissemination by birds will not be great owing to the com- paratively small size of the infected area. With a well-organized live stock sanitary board and an effi- cient corps of deputies throughout the state, there seems to be no reason why hog cholera should not be kept well under control and possibly in time eradicated by proceeding along the lines just indicated. By starting the work in early spring or summer the task would probably be much simplified and the cost reduced to a minimum. Aside from the eradication of hog cholera, which is an end we should all strive for, it seems that an immense saving to swine breeders and to the hog industry in general can be accom- plished through the protective inoculation of pure-bred hogs. Some of these hogs represent years of patient effort on the part of breeders, and their loss is a loss to the swine industry in gen- eral which depends for its success in great measure upon the de- velopment and preservation of the superior characters possessed by these pure-bred animals. There is no doubt that the hog raisers would gladly co-operate with the state authorities and any outbreak of disease would be promptly reported, as the farmer would have everything to gain and nothing to lose by so doing. THE CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN INDIVIDUAL HERDS.* By Veranus A. Moore, Director, New York State Veterinary College. Before we can hope to successfully search for methods by which to control a disease of animals, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of its nature, its means of dissemination, and its dependence, if any, upon the habits of the people. In a previous report I pointed out the occasional close relationship existing between the practices of owners and certain of the physi- cal disorders of their animals. It is important here that in the discussion of the control of bovine tuberculosis we do not lose sight of the human element as an adjunct to the natural means provided for its dissemination. With the wide distribution and extent of bovine tuberculosis, the opinion is oftentimes expressed that it is almost, if not quite, pan-epizootic in character ; but upon more careful reflection, keeping in mind the known facts con- cerning it, we are forced to recognize the great significance of the individual and the personal responsibility of the owners of infected cattle. This throws a new light upon the situation, in which bovine tuberculosis stands out very clearly as a morbid- complex, involving alike the parasitism of the tubercle bacilli upon their hosts and the blind activities of the cattle owners in assisting these bacteria to pass from the infected to the well animals. Another member of this committee will discuss the cause and distribution of bovine tuberculosis. In my part of this report, it is necessary to anticipate this and to state simply that its specific character is demonstrated and that its virus is widely and more or less thickly scattered through the herds of our country. As tuberculosis appeared in cattle early in the known history of the species, it had a long time to become disseminated through its natural channels of transportation and transfer before it en- . Part of the report of the Committee on Diseases, American Veterinary Medical Association, Philadelphia, September, 1908, 22 THE CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 23 countered the hostile activities and barriers of preventive med- icine. The efficiency of these natural methods of dissemination has been heightened during recent years by the steady increase in cattle traffic, especially in dairy districts. We are confronted, therefore, by this serious situation, in which the natural powers of dissemination have been and still are being accelerated by the habits of the dairymen. The problem before us then is, how is the veterinarian, either in a private or official capacity, to assist, in fact to lead, the work of controlling this scourge of cattle in this country and in the near future. With the gathering of statistics the enormity of its ravages has become sufficiently apparent to cause a widespread awaken- ing concerning it. The veterinarians as well as the laymen have been almost overwhelmed by the knowledge of the extent of this parasitism. Because of the apparent suddenness with which this scourge has come upon our herds, much ill-considered legis- lation has been enacted. This, however, was largely due to the misconception of the nature of the disease by the profession. In the past the plagues of animals or epizootics which have been controlled under the advice of veterinarians have been of an entirely different type of disease. Tuberculosis is the first in- fectious disease of animals to be controlled where the infected individual retains for a considerable time a proportionately large money value. It was to be expected that a clear conception of the knowledge of the parasitic nature of tuberculosis, which in- volves the long struggle that goes on between the invading or- ganism and the host, should require considerable time to crys- tallize. It has been a lack of appreciation of the value of the slightly infected individuals which has checked progress in its elimination. Thanks to the untiring efforts of Koch, Smith, Bang and a host of others, we are coming into possession of a clarified knowledge of the real nature of this disease.. With a knowledge of what tuberculosis is, we need for our purpose only to look into the past to ascertain how it came about that the pres- ent condition exists. 3 24 VERANUS A, MOORE. As bovine tuberculosis is disseminated largely by the intro- duction of tuberculous animals into sound herds, it is natural that the increasing demand for milk, which in certain districts of large dimensions has caused a marked increase in the activity of the traffic in dairy cattle, should have rapidly augmented the amount of the disease. These conditions have existed through- out the country, so that in every state we find we are drifting rapidly to the same condition which existed in Denmark, Norway and Hungary a few years since, when from 35 to 45 per cent. of the dairy cattle were infected. The country is now awake to this condition, so that the control of this most insidious of animal infections has become almost simultaneously a problem for the nation, the state and the individual. The point of view of each is in a measure different from the other, but the solution of the - problem is the application of the same sanitary principles, viz., segregation and prevention, The first of these is difficult for the state, but the two are practicable for the individual owner. As the family is the unit for the state, so the individual herd of cattle is the unit to be dealt with in the control of this disease. As the veterinarian stands as the guardian of the health of the herds, he is in a posi- tion to give that advice and counsel which will enable the owners to protect the sound herds and to weed out the diseased animais from the infected ones. The problem after all is a personal one. The man who owns a sound herd is responsible if he allows this disease to enter. If he has awakened to the fact that he has a diseased herd, is he not responsible if he continues to propagate the infection? A negative reply to this question is based on the ground that the individual owner is ignorant of the nature of this disease and does not know how to proceed wisely. As the health officer of a community instructs its people how to protect themselves from epidemics, so the veterinarian should assist cattle owners in their efforts to control this disease. Their source of information being largely the personal instruction given by their veterinarians, the responsibility of the veterinary profession is clear, In this respect, however, the veterinarian cannot be a ee se pet THE CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS, 25 charged generally for the existing conditions, because the deal- ings amiong men, which have made possible and actually have brought about the extensive dissemination of tuberculosis among cattle were largely transacted entirely independent of veterinary advice. But now that the virus has been spread, and the cattle owners instructed through public bulletins and the press concern- ing its effect, the veterinarians are logically the only persons to assist the individual dairymen in eliminating the infected animals. ‘In this the practitioner has not only responsibility, but very great opportunity. . The cattle owner is called upon for his own interests to de- termine whether or not his herd is or is not infected with tubercu- losis. The fact should be ascertained for economic reasons if for no other. As this cannot be done without the aid of tuberculin, it is evident that the owner must himself apply the test or employ a veterinarian to do so. It is clear to every professional mind that tuberculin should not be used by those not capable of making a physical examination. It is claimed by many agriculturists that this test is a legitimate part of agricultural work, and some agri- cultural colleges are instructing their students in its use. As the veterinary profession is being differentiated from animal hus- bandry, it is evident that eventually work of this kind will be per- formed by those who are properly trained and who can do it best, but at this time the question vital to this cause is the co- operation of the veterinarian with the owners of individual herds. In New York the efforts to eradicate this disease are largely in- dividual. During 1904-6 the state tested less than one-third of the animals that were examined with tuberculin. It is the influ- ence of the individual veterinarian on the individual dairyman and the wisdom of his professional advice that will do more than any other influence to set the unit right. I have emphasized the significance of the individual influence of the veterinarian over his client to the end that the latter will assume his share of the obligation in eliminating tuberculosis from his animals. This should be done, first, because it is better economy; secondly, the consumers do not want dairy products 26 VERANUS A. MOORE. from tuberculous cows, and thirdly, there is a feeling developing that the state should not compensate owners for tuberculous ani- mals. In New York the compensation for such animals has recently been increased, but the question whether such a law is right is being discussed in many quarters. The question, why should a man be paid for a tuberculous animal any more than for one dead of anthrax or any other disease, is being asked repeatedly. We do not pay farmers for decayed vegetables; why should we pay for infected milk? In some states there is no compensation, and in certain states where there is, its discon- tinuance is being urged. The tendency seems to be that payment for such cattle from public funds is not to last. It has been amply shown and in many bulletins for distribu- tion among dairymen, that tuberculosis can be restricted if a little thought be given to the subject. Our national government as well as several states distribute tuberculin. All that is lacking to remove bovine tuberculosis is the introduction of efficient methods for preventing its entrance and spread and for cleaning up infected herds. The details of these methods are to be worked out for each group of animals, according to the existing condi- tions. There can be no rule for the wise and economic eradica- tion of this disease that can be applied generally. As the con- ditions vary, it is the veterinarian who, being versed in its prin- ciples, can direct the procedure that promises the best results. It is because of the variety of conditions involving the intrinsic value of the reacting animals either for fertilizer, beef or breed- ing purposes, and the extent of the infection in the entire herd which indicates the probable future of the non-reacting animals, that the economic eradication of this disease must be accom- plished in a personal, individual manner. It is not my intention to omit the significance of proper legis- lation as a valuable adjunct in the elimination of tuberculosis. There is great need for the existence of laws that will prohibit all actions which tend directly to its spread. A new statute in New York makes it unlawful for a man to sell, except for imme- diate slaughter, animals suffering with an infectious disease un- THE CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS, 27 less by a written contract specifying the disease from which the animal is suffering and signed by both parties. A copy of this contract shall be filed with the Commissioner of Agriculture. Laws to prevent interstate traffic in infected animals, and in fact many other means of protection, such, for example, as prohibit- ing auction sales of cattle unless they are guaranteed to be free from tuberculous infection, are not only very desirable but should be enacted and enforced. It is clear, however, that such legisla- tion will not eliminate the infected individuals from diseased herds. To require by law the universal testing of all cows and the slaughter of all of the infected, as occasionally advocated, would be of temporary value only unless retests were made and in many instances remade. Local and perhaps state laws and regulations should prohibit the sale of dairy products from in- fected cows, Such a demand by the consumers has gradually enforced the tuberculin test and the elimination of reacting ani- mals in many localities. Such laws or regulations cannot be en- forced generally without large approriations, which the legisla- tures of the country are universally refusing to make. The elimination, therefore, reverts back to the action of the individual cattle owner, directed by his veterinary adviser. The fact should not be lost sight of that animals slightly affected with tuberculosis still possess their beef and usually their breeding value, hence their depreciation is not so great as it seems when the infected individuals are detected early in the course.of the disease. In this respect tuberculosis differs from all other diseases of cattle that have called for special methods of control. This value of infected animals renders it very desirable that the veterinarians should advise the owner relative to the choice of procedures and that the owner be allowed to act upon such advice. Experience shows that many cattle owners prefer to have their herds dealt with by privately employed veterin- arians. The interpretation of the action or the non-reaction of tuber- culin has been difficult for many cattle owners to understand. Our experience is that after a positive reaction, one can find 28 VERANUS A. MOORE, active tuberculous lesions on post-mortem examination. When reported as not found they undoubtedly exist, but may be in parts ordinarily inaccessible, such as the bones, or they may be microscopic in size. In cases where there is no reaction the animal may be infected but the disease may be in the period of incuha- tion or it may be arrested and healing. The healing may be temporary or permanent. The percentage of cases in which the disease is temporarily arrested in a dairy that is infected and which will not respond to tuberculin seems to depend upon the length of time the infection has been in the herd and the number of cattle that are distributing tubercle bacilli. It is important that dairymen should understand the possibilities of future re- actions when they purchase cattle on the tuberculin test from in- fected herds. The explanation of the failure of tuberculin to react in certain if not all arrested cases, is found in Eber’s theory as modified by Smith for the action of tuberculin and in the heal- ing process in arrested cases where the lesions are surrounded by a fibrous wall. In such cases the specific product is largely confined to the focus, and any that might have been in the sur- rounding tissues or circulation may have been eliminated, so that the tuberculin does not come in contact with it. An appreciation of the action of tuberculin, and the conditions under which it may fail to react, will enable one to judge more accurately of the results of a test and from the conditions anticipate the prob- able future of animals that do not respond. The following sum- mary may be considered as a working basis on this point: 1. When a herd is extensively infected, a considerable per- centage of the non-reacting animals are liable to have the disease in a latent or dormant stage. These animals may react at any time during a period of several years. 2. When there are very few reactions in a herd, those that fail to react are more likely to be free from infection. 3. Where there are no reactions the negative results can be relied upon as indicating that tuberculous infection does not exist. ee Dita ™~ Ss oP eee THE CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 29 4. An animal that reacts and later ceases to react should not be returned to a sound herd. 5. Dairymen should buy cows from sound herds only. 6. The elimination of bovine tuberculosis depends upon the individual efforts of the cattle owners. 7. Tuberculin should not be applied by unskilled persons. 8. The great aid tuberculin affords is its power to cause a reaction in very slight active infections. This enables the owner to save the beef or breeding value of the animals. - A review of the Jegislation for the control of bovine tubercu- losis that has failed in its purpose and the methods which have given the best results, either in countries as in Denmark or in private herds in this country, warrant the conclusion that tubercu- losis can be practically eliminated from cattle. This cannot be accomplished by acts of legislatures but by the persistent applica- tion of an intelligent system of action that will prevent the further spread of the virus and eliminate as quickly as consistent the animals already infected. Laws may and undoubtedly will be of much assistance, but the real results must come from the wise, conservative and scientific advice given by the practitioner of veterinary medicine and followed by the individual owner of cattle. When the owners eliminate this disease from their herds, bovine tuberculosis will no longer be a matter of state or national concern. ENCLOsED find check for $3.00 to square account for another year. Let the Review come as I simply cannot do without it. —(A. J. Savage, D. V. S., Colorado Springs, Colo.) Too RouGH FoR THE Cows.—Mrs. Rorer, of cook book fame, tells of seeing a maid drop and break a beautiful platter at a dinner recently. The host did not permit a trifle like this to ruffle him in the least. “These little accidents happen ’most every day,” he said, apologetically. ‘‘ You see, she isn’t a trained waitress. She was a dairymaid originally, but she had to abandon that occupation on account of her inability to handle the cows without breaking their horns.”—Everybody’s Magazine. THE TRANSPORTATION OF LIVE STOCK. By Dr. N. S. Mayo, Chief of the Deseret of Animal Industry, Republic of Cuba. Read Before the Forty-fifth Annual coma, of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, at Philadelphia, Pa., September 9-12, 1908. With the rapid growth of methods of. transportation both by land and sea, the closer commercial relations that are being formed with foreign countries, and the widening sphere of in- fluence of the United States of America, the transportation of live stock to distant parts, not only within the: United States proper and our colonies but to foreign countries as well, promises to be an important industry. The greater part of Central and South America is well adapted to the growing of live stock, the pastures are extensive and abundant, with a tropical, or at least mild climate, and it would seem that these countries are ad- mirably adapted to the growing of the world’s meat supply. While the general conditions are favorable, there are two serious obstacles to the realization of this prophecy in the near future; first, the class of cattle that are raised in these regions are not such as the world’s market demands. They are of the small, lean, Spanish type and develop slowly. Then, again, tropical countries are not well adapted to the growing of grain for fatten- ing purposes, so that before these countries become formidable competitors in the world’s markets, they must first improve their cattle by importing and breeding better animals. This they are beginning to do, A good many pure-bred animals of the best beef breeds are now being imported from the United States, but mostly from Europe, and it would seem that the breeders of the United States should make a stronger effort to obtain this trade, for they are better adapted to supply animals immune to Texas fever, as practically all of these countries are infested with cattle ticks, After the cattle are grown in those countries, they will either have to be shipped to foreign countries to be fattened or they 80 THE TRANSPORTATION OF LIVE STOCK. 31 -will have to import grains for the purpose, as tropical countries do not grow grain for this purpose. _ In the transportation of live stock, the object is to deliver the animals at their destination in as good physical condition as possible, to avoid losses by disease or injury en route, and to avoid hardship or suffering of the animal. The transportation of animals within the United States is so extensive, and the methods so well understood and so well regu- lated by law, that but little need be said regarding this phase of transportation, so I shall consider largely transportation to foreign countries. Before shipping live stock to foreign ports, and investigation should be made regarding the general conditions in that country and the diseases existing there to which imported animals would be subject, and, so far as possible, the animals should be im- munized, or vaccinated, against such diseases as Texas fever, black leg, anthrax, or rinderpest. If swine are to be shipped they should be immunized against hog cholera. Cattle should be tested with tuberculin and horses and mules with mallein; all tests and immunizations should be officially certified to. Before shipping to a foreign port a thorough study of the quarantine regulations should be made, and they should be strictly complied with, for with the increased transportation of live stock, the danger from the dissemination of transmissible diseases is greatly increased. If the animals are pure-bred and registered, the certi- ficates of registry should accompany the animal. All animals should be carefully examined before shipping, to be sure that they are free from transmissible diseases and external parasites. Except where cattle are exported to tick-infested countries, they may carry a few ticks as evidence of immunity to tick fever. It is not a good plan to ship females in an advanced stage of pregnancy; while it can be done, the care of young animals born on a voyage is great, and as a rule takes time and attention that is needed for others. The risks, too, on shipping females in this condition is much greater than otherwise. 32 N. S. MAYO. If animals are to be shipped by rail, the cars should be care- fully cleaned, disinfected and dried before the animals are loaded. The car should be well bedded to prevent the floors becoming slippery. If “ green” horses and mules, that is, those that have not been exposed to shipping or stock-yard fever, are shipped, care should be taken to avoid public stables or stock-yard stables as you would shun the plague. When animals are shipped by rail to a port of exportation and there re-embarked, they should have at least two days’ rest before reloading. The animals should be inspected at the port of export by an inspector of the United States Government and a certificate of inspection obtained from him. It is. always ad- visable to have experienced shipping agents attend to the arrange- ment of the shipping, as any irregularity in the Consular invoices _ or shipping bills is liable to cause endless difficulties and worry. The attendant in charge should be a person familiar with the care of animals, a close observer, good worker, and possessed of natural ingenuity, because there will be many difficulties to be overcome that will require all of these traits. A close ob- server will notice anything abnormal and will remedy it before the animal is down and out. Before loading the animals, they should be exercised and fairly fed with laxative food. Horses and mules should have shoes removed and hoofs trimmed, to avoid breaking. If it is possible, select a steady ship fitted with bilge keels. All stalls and fittings should be substantial. If temporary quarters are built they must be strongly bolted. It is a source of great danger and vexation to have partitions or other necessary fittings break loose in rough weather, just when they are needed most, and when it is practically impossible to repair the damage. When- ever a number of animals are shipped, one or more hospital stalls, ten by ten or eight by ten, should be provided so that a weak or ailing animal can be removed when the first symptoms appear. The use of slings for sick or ailing animals on ship is a delusion and a snare; leave them behind. Be sure that the ship is well provided with wind sails for hatches, and ventilators and electric Pe ‘i SOT eee Pe eae ee eT gee a ee tay Ie Re pln te a ee ee ee THE TRANSPORTATION OF LIVE STOCK, 33 fans for the between and orlop decks. Animals must have an abundance of fresh air. Horse stalls on ships should be 8 feet long by 2 feet 4 inches in width and as high as possible; on the between deck there should be at least 7 feet 2 inches space be- tween decks. The front and haunch bars should be strong, and the side bars should be removable at the front end so that an animal cannot knock them out by kicking. The floor should be well cleated to give a good foothold and prevent slipping. In case any of the animals are vicious and difficult to handle, they should be so placed where there is the least danger of injur- ing persons or other animals. Feed and water the animals regu- larly, but do not overfeed. It is better to err by giving them too little than too much. They should be watered often, Attendants should be quiet and not excite the animals unduly, as the nervous strain on animals in transit is great. Horses and mules should be removed from their stalls on shipboard daily during good weather and exercised by walking them in the passageways. They should also be groomed. In cleaning and grooming, re- move horse No. I to a passageway, clean the stall, and shift horse No. 2 to stall No. 1, and so on until the end, when horse No. 1 can be placed in the remaining vacant stall. The stall should be well bedded to prevent the floor from becoming slippery. In case straw or other material is not available, ashes from the boiler room answers well. After Treatment.—While animals do not show the effects of a sea voyage immediately on landing, if they are put to work at once or are subjected to any hardship they fall away very quickly and become greatly debilitated. For this reason they should have at least a week’s rest with laxative food, gentle ex- ercise, and protected as much as possible from extremes of tem- perature. While the suggestions offered are simple, I hope they may prove practical to any one who may be called upon to take charge of the transportation of live stock to foreign ports. Upon this subject very little can be found in veterinary literature, as the writer can testify to from experience. 34 N. S. MAYO. In conclusion, I would say that the transportation of live stock in any numbers should be in charge of a competent veter- inarian; they must have plenty of fresh air and space, opinions of steamship owners to the contrary notwithstanding. A care- ful attention to the small details will add much to the comfort of the animals, and will be a corresponding saving for the owner. THERE is an increasing demand for veterinarians trained along animal husbandry lines. mars New REQUIREMENTS UNDER THE New York Law.—The recent amendments to Article IV. of the New York State Agri- cultural Law, relating to diseases of domestic animals, includes a new section designated as 63-a, important changes in Section 67, which relates to the organization for carrying on the veter- inary work, and important amendments also to sections 68 and 70-a. Among the new requirements and provisions are those which provide larger payment to owners of cattle condemned by the state for tuberculosis, definite provisions for following the segre- gation system in caring for tuberculous animals, and definite pro- visions relating to the disposition of wholesome meat from re- acting animals. It is now illegal for any person to sell an animal known to have a communicable or infectious disease, except for imme- diate slaughter, unless such sale be made under written con- tract, signed by both parties and specifying the disease. A copy of this contract must be filed in the office of the Commissioner of Agriculture. A provision has also been inserted intended to prevent the use of impure tuberculin, Another new provision, which is in line with veterinary as well as general medical legislation in other states, requires that veterinarians shall immediately report to the Commissioner of Agriculture the existence among domestic animals of any infec- tious or communicable disease coming to their knowledge. Such reports must be in writine and shall include a description of the diseased animal or animals, name and address of the person in charge, and the location of the animal or animals, Copies of the amended law and blank forms for reporting cases may be obtained by veterinary practitioners upon applica- tion to the Department of Agriculture at Albany, ADDRESS OF HON. N. KAUMANNS, IMPERIAL GERMAN AGRICULTURAL SPECIAL COMMISSIONER TO THE U. S.* It is with a feeling of profound pleasure that I have accepted the kind invitation of your president to attend the meetings of your highly esteemed association. The brief space of time ac- corded to me and other causes have made it impossible for me to comply with your wishes, to give you an insight into the standing and the position the veterinary surgeon occupies in the various communities of Germany as a professional man and as a man of science. It is almost needless to say that a man who devotes his life and energy to the study and practive of veter- inary science, and possesses all the necessary qualities and attain- ments and skill, is positively assured of the highest respect and uncurtailed recognition on the part of the public. I take the deepest interest in your proceedings and delibera- tions, not only in a general way, for among the more important subjects which come up for discussion there are some that appeal directly to my individual interest because I have on behalf of my government dealt with these questions to a considerable ex- tent at various times. In this connection I will mention among other subjects only the highly malignant tuberculosis and hog cholera, as well as the injurious Texas fever of the Southern States, and also the great importance of the veterinarian in rela- tion to the ptiblic weal. There is probably no city in the world where in this direction so much strenuous work is demanded of the veterinarian as in Chicago, the city of mammoth slaughter houses. Nowhere in the world is the importance of the veter- inarian in regard to the welfare of the community more strongly marked than there. The veterinarian more. than any other factor in public life in that city has the means, through his knowledge * Delivered’ before the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Philadelphia, 1908. : 35 36 N. KAUMANNS., and conscientiousness, to prevent unspeakable distress and suf- fering among the population, and it is he, furthermore, who through incorruptible and energetic actions is enabled to raise the importance and character of an entire industry.. Gentlemen, when I state that I take great interest in your proceedings, I desire at the same time to express the wish that a more close relationship between the old and new world may spring into existence also as far as your profession is concerned. The great achievements recorded in your domain in the Old World have demonstrated to us that veterinary science must closely be allied with the medical science, The veterinarian must prepare the way for the physician in many cases, and he has the power to save an entire community from scourges of various kinds. Both sciences should supplement each other, and veter- inarian and physician should be co-workers. How often they have to work hand in hand is shown in the fight against tubercu- losis among cattle, which has also spread to an alarming extent in your country. I know that you all look upon our two great savants in Berlin and Marburg—Koch and Behring—with the highest measure of admiration and veneration, and in conjunc- tion with these two gentlemen many of you have achieved an immense amount of good in combating and exterminating tu- berculosis and the many other infectious diseases. Most of the diseases prevalent in this country are also only too well known in Europe, although there some of them are called by different names, Very few of these diseases belong exclusively to your country. I mentioned Texas fever. German agriculture is in- terested in your labors, at least in so far that Texas fever, ac- cording to the results of my own researches, very likely has much in common with the infectious diseases of cattle in Africa, espe- cially with those that are transmitted by the parasite piroplasms, and may be really identical with the contagious disease known as recurrent fever, so that a uniformity in the methods of treat- ment for the purpose of combating these diseases is a matter of ’ ADDRESS OF HON. N. KAUMANNS. 37 course. A similar disease exists in Germany and is known there as red murrain. I say similar, because it can also be transmitted by other kinds of ticks. But, gentlemen, it does not lie within my province to discuss the causes or treatment of animal diseases. Prof. Ellenberge: intends to speak to you to-morrow of the treatment adapted to tick fever, and I shall feel very glad if I can learn from your lectures and discussions that further progress has been made in combating this plague. Such a disease is able to cause an im- mense amount of havoc and losses among animals, and therefore it is of paramount importance that, first of all, preventive meas- ures should be adopted. Protection must be sought against an enemy not when the latter has made its threatening appearance, but before it has had time to begin its work of devastation; and against foreign countries the quarantine forms the most effective protective measure when it is of long enough duration to meet the exigencies of the case. If the administration of such a quar- antine consists of able and efficient men, then it will prove more successful and be in better shape to benefit animal industry than can be accomplished by prohibitive entry, which often prevents breeders from importing valuable animals. Gentlemen, veterinary science does not belong to any special country, it is an international establishment, and for this reason all nations should participate in the achievements which this science everywhere accomplishes. In behalf of your association it is my devout wish that it may step into yet closer relationship with the Old World. And to your efforts and endeavors allow me, gentlemen, to propose a hearty vivat, crescat, floreat. Tue Colorado State Veterinary Medical Association will meet in special session in Denver this month to discuss state legislation. Tue LetsureLy Boy.—Friend—Why did you discharge your errand boy? Butcher—Customers claimed he was too slow; said he took so long that when they ordered veal it arrived as beef.—( Puck.) REPORTS OF CASES. “Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him, By recording his observations, he adds to the duowinter of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.’ TRISMUS. By W. B. Wetcu, B. Sc., D. V. M., Marshal, Mo.* Read before the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association, 1908. The term trismus is applied spasm of the muscles of masti- cation. As this is only one of the conditions found in that dis- ease the use of the term trismus is inappropriate and misleading. The spasm of the muscles of the jaws while being the symptom probably first noticed is not the most serious, nor is it the condi- tion which causes the most discomfort to the patient, or the factor which causes death unless relieved. There has been a gradual increase in the number of cases there until the high point was reached last year with fifteen cases. I think that it is confined mostly to Saline county. The disease has been up for discussion in several of our association meetings, but in these discussions nothing definite was brought out as to the cause or pathology and no treatment was sug- gested. The majority of cases are in mares which have been turned out with their young colts, after being in pasture for several days or weeks and are caught up, fed corn and put to work. Yet many cases occur where no work is performed and the sud- den change of food from the pasture grass to the corn is the only constant condition found, It brings one to the conclusion that the change of food is responsible for the symptoms noted. On approaching the animal your attention wilt be attracted first to the drawn condition of the lips and inability to open the mouth. The mucous membranes are congested, eyelids swollen and the eyes watering. Sometimes tears running down the cheeks. The muscles of the jaw and temples are in a state * Editore—In your Sontemiber number of the Review P saw an article under the head. of “A Diagnosis Requested,” by my friend Dr, Kern, of Beloit, Kansas, Eggi ae an answer to his request sitates be of interest to others, I send you an article written b preelt and read before the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association in February, 1908. This article will fully answer his query. R full espectfully yours, W. B, Ween, 88 REPORTS OF CASES. 39 of tonic spasm, jerking and moving constantly. Animals are depressed in the early stages. * * * There are spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm which can be heard several feet away. Rapid breathing which becomes more accelerated as the disease advances and the muscles of respiration take on the same condition of tonic spasm as the muscles of the jaws. Animals in the last stages become very nervous and can not retain one position long and keep moving about, legs jerking and the power of co-ordination seems to be lost. They stagger about and some- times fall. The pulse and temperature are not much affected at first, but later the temperature rises, the pulse becomes thread-like and rapid and at last imperceptible. The breathing becomes shallower and more distressed until finally the animal suffocates from the apparent inability of the muscles of respiration to relax and, let air into the lungs. I am sorry to state that owing to the inconvenience of the surroundings, I have never held a post- mortem and can only promise to give you these conditions at some future date, but from the nature of the disease the quick termination in death, or the rapid recovery under proper treat- _ ment, I should expect but little light on the subject from the post- mortem conditions. There are at least two diseases that can be mistaken for this condition, namely: Tetanus and Heart Exhaustion. That trismus is mistaken for tetanus by the layman ac- counts for the numerous quick cures that have been reported of tetanus, but no matter how near the symptoms are alike there is one never-failing test. Even in the mildest cases of tetanus upon lifting the head by the lower jaw the eyeballs are re- tracted, forcing the membrane nictitious over the eyeball. This condition is never seen in trismus, and by this one symptom these diseases can be differentiated. Also the spasmodic con- traction of the diaphragm which is always a constant and dis- tressing symptom of trismus is wanting in tetanus. The history of the case will almost always differentiate trismus from heat exhaustion, as this condition has a history of very hot weather, rapid work or exhaustive journeys, very high temperature and sudden collapse. While trismus was no pre- vious history of hard work temperature in the first stages only slightly above the normal and a gradual increase of the severity of the symptoms. 40 REPORTS OF CASES. The treatment has been varied, chloral hydrate, fl. ex. gel- semium, morphine, belladonna, stimulants, bleeding from the jugular, have all been tried with varying results but with a loss I think of at least 50 per cent. Belladonna seems to be indi- cated on account of its relaxing muscular spasm, and strength- ening a weak heart, but in severe cases any drug is difficult to give by the mouth and one would probably have to resort to the use of atropine subcutaneously. But the use of drugs are of only secondary importance. Noticing a great desire for water in horses in this condition I have in all late cases gratified that desire to its fullest extent. The ideal place for the treat- ment of trismus is when the patient can get to a trough full of cold water and sup water continuously, if a horse hose can be arranged so a stream of water can be kept running over the head and body it will be advantageous, if no proper place can be found one can fill a tub, place it on the manger, if the horse is still stand- ing, and let it drink from the tub while the head and body is sponged with cold water. In case the animal is down it can be raised on the sternum and ‘the tub placed in front of it on the ground and cold wet blankets thrown over the body and sponges to the head. I also continue to give beliadonna every hour, also chloral hydrate per orem if possible otherwise per rectum. To illustrate the desire for water—a mare that was found sick in the morning was put on the treatment above indicated. The owner placed her in a stall and put the water in front of her in a bucket; in 24 hours she drank 12 buckets of water and took 30 minims of fl. ex. belladonna in each bucket full, making a complete recovery in that time. When first seen she could not be moved for fear of falling and was in a deplorable condition generally. This is the line of treatment I have adopted which in the last two years saved at least 90 per cent. of the animals af- fected, Of course we can only surmise at the cause of trismus, but I think it likely it-is a toxamia due to the absorption of ptomaines from the intestinal tract. NINE CASES OF ROARING. By Prof. Srwon J. J. Harcer, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. The results of these cases have not heretofore been published. In all instances excepting the last two cases, which were aryte- REPORTS OF CASES. 41 nectomies, the operation consisted in resection of the ventriculus laryngis lateralis. I. Sr. g., hunter, roared slightly, which disqualified him in the show ring. After a speedy recovery from the immediate effects of the operation, no improvement was noticed, but with- out waiting to see if time would show any amelioration, the ani- mal was sold. II. Sr. coach gelding. Roaring marked. After the larynx was spread open, no appreciable disparity in the mobility of the two vocal cords was noticed. True unilateral paresis can be doubted. It was either a question of erroneous diagnosis or a bilateral impediment in the abductors of the vocal cords. After the operation the horse still roared. III. Bag driving gelding, said to be able to trot a mile in 2.40, but was incapacitated for his work. After driving a city block at fair speed the noise could be easily heard in the carriage. Operated in July, 1907. In two months the horse was driven and the owner said that he could not hear the noise in the car- riage. I rode behind this horse and found that he could go a mile at full speed without any signs of tiring, but the laryngeal sound was still quite perceptible. IV. Sr. Trotting-bred gelding. History not recorded. Oper- ated January, 1907. Left vocal cord slightly immobilized. Horse was driven in ten weeks. “ He roared some yet but not nearly as much as before”’ and in June was sold for 240 dollars. The new owner made the horse perform very severe work and after four months the roaring became increasingly aggravated until last May, when the horse had to be destroyed. Post-mortem revealed ossification of the laryngeal cartilages and ulceration of the interior of the larvnx. No cause for this ulceration was dis- cernible. V. Bg. chronic roarer. Operated July, 1906. Reported that after the operation the horse was worse than before. (Septem- ber, 1906.) VI Bg. chronic roarer. Operation, July, 1906. The result was reported to be “ perfectly satisfactory.” | “VII. Black g. trotting-bred. Operated July, 1907. Was unfit for any service other than slow work. When seen six months afterwards, Dr. Jas. McDonough, of Montclair, N. J., reports as follows: Although you could still detect a little noise, I wish to say that he was rendered entirely serviceable for any kind of service he could perform and the operation was a success from that standpoint. 42 REPORTS OF CASES. VIII. Sr. m. Operation in 1902. The laryngeal stenosis was such that the mare was unable to do any kind of work. After the operation she was never used for fast work, but was very satisfactory for moderate work and was driven in a milk delivery wagon until 8 months ago, when she was traded off for a fairly good horse. ; IX. Black stallion, Special Blend. Racing record 2.16% on mile track. The roaring interfered with his speed when driven to his limit. Some months after the operation he was used for light driving and in the fall he was campaigned over the racing circuit around St. Johns, N. B., Canada, where he was owned, and paced winning races with heats as low as 2.20 on half-mile tracks, which may be considered equal to his previous one-mile- track performances. The horse still made a little noise, but it did not seem to interfere with his speed. SUPERNUMERARY TOOTH. By Manton Russet, V. S., Bangor, Iowa. On July 20, 1908, a gray Percheron horse, 3 years old, weight 1,600 pounds, was brought to my veterinary hospital to be treated for fistula of the ear. History: The owner said the horse had suffered from a discharge of the ear for about a year, and had been treated for fistula of the ear, but from the treatment had not been able to stop the discharge. The horse had got so unruly that he had to be chained with a log chain to the manger before he could be bridled. The horse was twitched and cocained in five places, from the base of the ear downward to the frontal bone. On examination I found a small opening into the ear. I then introduced a probe into the opening of the fistula, but could not trace the opening more than two inches down the side of the ear. I then made an incision down the fistula trace for about three inches in length. I could not find any farther trace of the fistula. I then examined the head for enlargement, but was not able to find any part abnormal. I then cleansed the wound with absorbent cotton, and again took the probe to explore for further openings. I found at the lower perforation of the incision a small open- ing in which I introduced the probe, and on light pressure led down to the region of the parietal bone. There was a small REPORTS OF CASES, 43. amount of albuminous fluid came out around the probe. On ro- tating the probe a hard substance was felt in the region of the parietal bone. I then made the incision longer and deeper toward the hard substance. I then introduced my fingers, and could plainly feel a molar tooth imbedded in the parietal and squamosal bones. The tooth being very solid, and the horse beginning to get restless, 1 deemed it best to cast the horse to remove the tooth. The horse was immediately cast, and firmly secured. The head was then firmly held by assistants, and I introduced a pair of root forceps, but cou'd not loosen the tooth. I then intro- duced a pair of molar forceps, and with slow and steady pressure broke the roots of the tooth loose. I lifted out the tooth, and on cleansing the wound I found in the cavity small pieces of roots, which I removed with a curved bone chisel. The wound was then cleansed with a solution of permanganate of potassium, the horse was relieved, and immediately arose to his feet. After treatment the wound was dressed with the following, used once a day: Te MRR EE MoBIMONNOS 6d ick inca bide stds 40 oz. II Tinet. Iodine ..-.... Dies aiein she: sag oz. II RE FUER og inant aah kw seca 0z. SS i AN NR Mi RRS Fa a pe yas Sm pts. I On August 15, 1908, the horse’s wound is entirely healed, and the animal is being worked every day, and gives no more trouble in being bridled. Description of Tooth. The tooth is a well-developed and perfect molar. It is an inch and three-quarters in length, and three and one-quarter inches in circumference. It has four well-developed roots, and a perfect crown. The tooth was imbedded in the parietal and squamosal bones, about a half an inch enclosed. Tue South Carolina Experiment Station has been separated from the Clemson Agricultural College and Dr. Enoch Barnett, formerly Assistant State Veterinarian, has been appointed vet- erinarian to the station. Dr. M. Ray Powers, State Veterina- rian, will hereafter devote his entire time to state investigations and to college and quarantine work. Robert O. Feeley, D. V. S.. (N. Y.-A. V. C. ’06) succeeds Dr. Barnett as Assistant State Veterinarian. ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. REQUIREMENTS OF PRELIMINARY EDUCATION. Of the large number of good and excellent reports on veter- inary education in the United States made by individual veterin- arians or committees since the year 1885, none may have more far-reaching results for better or worse than that just submitted to the Secretary of Agriculture by the committee of five veterin- arians appointed for said purpose. As a member of the army veterinary service, a branch of our profession that is undergoing severe scrutiny on account of its claims for proper recognition and higher usefulness, 1 have studied this report with mixed feelings of approval and disapproval; the latter because it needs no prophetic eye to foresee that one or two of its features may be readily used by our adversaries to defeat our aims. Little can be said against the “recommendations for the course of study.” This has been carefully arranged and the grouping of the subjects is logical, except in a few minor in- stances.* We only miss the lectures on “ veterinary prope- deuties ” as an introduction into the course, and that of “ veter- inary history” as a rational finish. Yet, as this course stands, and if taken seriously by students and teachers, it is a mighty big problem to be solved by a youthful mind. That it can be properly solved by the average mind in three years of six months each, as recommended, I believe to be unreasonable to think and know to be impossible to accomplish. This course, while not quite complete according to modern requirements is a really compre- hensive four years’ course, unless it is huddled through after the fashion of the old two-year schools, and should not be degraded into a pseudo-scientific three-year course of six months each, Such an attempt is full of contradictions. But the proposition becomes “ contradictio ad absurdum,” if we scan the recommendations for the “entrance examination” (page 406, A. V. Review). Save me the shame, Mr. Editor, to *(c) Soundness is made a subdivision of surgery, and (¢) jurisprudence one of sootechnics, ~ 4d ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, 45 recapitulate them; they constituted the education that is required of the day laborer to cast his vote at election, and skilled labor and the trades exact often more of their members. It is suffi- cient for a course in farriery, but utterly insufficient for one in veterinary medicine. In the army we ask more, by examination, of a commissary-sergeant and quartermaster-sergeant, who handle groceries and general merchandise for which they are paid $35 per month. True, this is the so-called ‘‘minimum requirement,” but where is the requirement that we can hold up before the world without humiliation? Sorry must we be, indeed, when, after ‘twenty-five years or more of struggle for a better preliminary school education by the many of our brightest, most enthusiastic and honorable veterinarians, all of their noble impulses, labors, suggestions and hopes are made to collapse into a dead naught by such a public declaration of educational impotence. I know of all the arguments, pro et contra, on the question of this pre- liminary education, and do not desire to enter into their dis- cussion if I can keep out of it. But I do say that, as an army veterinarian, I shall fight this particular feature until the last breath of my life, as it directly and “ with intent to kill” tra- verses our aims in the army to become commissioned veterin- arians, to represent our science with more dignity and be enabled to give to the government the full measure of our scientific and practical capabilities. _ At this juncture I must declare my firm belief that we shall not be granted a commission in the army until we exact of our future veterinary candidates for the army service the same pre- liminary education as is required by the medical department of the army, and this by our own wish and petition. This is, in extract, as follows (G. O. 134, W. D., June 15, 1906) : “ (6) Written examination on the following subjects: mathematics (arithmetic, algebra and plane geometry), geog- raphy and general history, general literature, Latin grammar and the reading of Latin prose. English grammar, orthography and composition will be determined from the applicants’ exam- ination paper. “Candidates claiming a knowledge of ancient or modern languages, higher mathematics, or scientific branches other than medical, may be given examination therein. 46 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. “This examination will be omitted in the case of applicants holding diplomas or certificates from reputable literary or scien- tific colleges, normal schools or high schools, or of graduates of medical schools, which require an entrance examination satis- factory to the faculty of the Army Medical School.” The classification of veterinary colleges, as set forth in this report, is an innovation upon which I congratulate the members of the committee. Their scalp will be demanded by those who feel hurt, but it must bear new fruit. Anyone acquainted with the innumerable attempts, made in the years gone by, to fix a “uniform standard,” a “ single standard,” a “ minimum stand- ard,” etc., for our American veterinary colleges, has long since come to the conclusion that they have been a dismal failure. That the nineteen colleges of to-day, as enumerated in the report, all of different age, foundation, endowment, faculty and leader- ship, should be of one class, is impossible because unnatural. That eleven of such schools can be of one class is at least im- probable from the same reason. If four, six, or perhaps seven of them could be made really first-class, we could congratulate ourselves in America upon this number. Then we could cease to be clogged by our weakest members among the colleges and be induced to follow the leadership of the strongest. But this would imply that these first-class colleges as conform to Resolu- tion VIII. of the Seventh International Veterinary Congress of 1808: “ The Congress resolves: “1. That intending students of veterinary medicine should possess the certificate of university maturity (which is equivalent in America to the degree of B. A. or M. A.). “2. That the duration of the veterinary studies should be at least eight terms’ (which means four years of study or more). This accomplished, such colleges would be of one class, of the first class. They would without trouble propose and accept one veterinary degree, an aim impossible of achievement in the chaos in which, we are groping at present. Finally, they would furnish a “ base of supply ” from which the Department of Agri- culture could draw its veterinary inspectors, the army its veter- inary officers, the veterinary and agricultural colleges their in- structors and professors, the states and municipalities their health officials. Heaven may grant that we may witness some day the realization of such or a similar plan of professional vet- erinary evolution. OLoF SCHWARZKOPF. ee eS ea ae ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 47 ARMY VETERINARY NOTES. According to the Army and Navy Register, of September 5, Brig.-Gen. J. B. Kerr, Commandant of the Mounted Service School, Fort Riley, Kansas, in his annual report ending August 31, 1908, recommends additional veterinarians for this and other military schools, and incidentally pays this tribute to the efficient work performed by our veterinarians at Fort Riley: “ Training Schooi for Farriers and Horseshoers. The work of this school continues to be satisfactory. A certificate as horseshoer is issued to only such men as are qualified to earn the extra compensation now furnished for the actual shoeing of the animals of an organization. Certificates as assistants or helpers are issued to the other worthy cases. In connection with the bill recently introduced in Congress for extra officers to fill the many details away from organizations - attention is invited to the necessity of a certain number of extra veterinarians. The two instructors in this training school have been retained on account of their special qualifications and their regiments are deprived of their services. Another is urgently needed. The Military Academy, service schools and remount de- pots should be supplied with veterinarians without crippling regi- ments.’ In pursuance of General Orders No. 79, War Department. May 14, 1908, prescribing a physical examination, annually, of all officers below the rank of major, the army veterinarians are now undergoing this examination at their different stations. The - object of this medical examination is to ascertain those officers who have become physically disabled in active service, and if found incapacitated, to retire them from active service. Under the present law army veterinarians are not entitled to retirement and can be discharged at the pleasure of the Secretary of War, but the War.Department has so far been generous in this respect and has retained in active service several veterinarians who have become physically disqualified, one of them being now 73 years of age. This order is, to a certain extent, a test case as to whether the pending Army Veterinary Bill in Congress, which contains a threatening clause that veterinarians found physically disqualified upon the enactment of this law, may be discharged from the service without compensation. We sincerely hope that the present generous policy of the War Department will be con- 48 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. tinued until Congress has passed some law to put the army vet- erinarians on the same footing in this respect as all other officers of the army. Three army veterinarians attended the Philadelphia meeting: Dr. G. E. Griffin, Field Artillery, and Dr. F. G. Foster, Cavalry, officially, and Dr. Chas. B. Jewell, Fort Riley, privately. Dr. Jewell was elected one of the vice-presidents of the A. V. M. Assoc. APPLICATIONS to take the Civil Service examination for ad- ditional veterinarians in the Department of Agriculture of the State of New York, should be in the hands of the State Civil Service Commission at Albany on or before October Io. THE TUBERCULIN TEsT SUSTAINED BY THE Court.—lIn the case of the Dairymen vs. the Board of Health of Meadville, Pa., Dr. C. C. McLean, Milk Inspector, the Court of Quarter Sessions, on September 14th, handed down a lengthy opinion in favor of the. Board of Health. The plaintiffs and the defendant differed only as to the means of determining the presence of tuberculosis in milk-producing cows. The former suggested that the disease be determined by physical inspection. The latter insisted upon a scientific test, and, in this case, the tuberculin test. Both agreed that the milk of a sick or diseased cow is not wholesome, should not be used, and that such cows should be segregated from the balance of the dairy. According to the testimony offered the tuberculin test is per- fectly harmless. Upon agreement it was conceded that all dairy- men might secure such a test without any expense by applica- tion to the state sanitary board. The Court makes the deduction that “It, therefore, follows that the only conceivable reason for resisting the tuberculin test, while admitting that the milk of sick cows should not be sold, is that the tuberculin test discovers and exposes a larger number of sick and diseased cows than could or would be discovered by a physical examination suggested in the bill.” The case was decided in favor of the defendant. The members of the pro- fession will be glad to learn of Dr. McLean’s victory in court because he intelligently maintained the profession’s position and also because of their interest in his welfare. s Le ee ET Le Pe oes = = FP ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Lrautarp, M. D., V. M. A CAsE oF VoMITING IN A Horse [J. Paul, G. B. V.-C.].— With the history that the horse was off its food and looked dull and depressed, the author called and found the animal vomiting, a condition which had occurred suddenly. The horse had been worked after his meal, and on his return he refused eating. Rupture of the stomach was suspected. Aromatic spirits of am- monia and ipecac were prescribed. At a subsequent visit, finding the condition the same, subnitrate of bismuth, extract of bella- donna, pulverized ipecac and gum acacia were prescribed, to be given in an electuary every three hours. The first dose partially checked the vomiting, and after the second it entirely disap- peared.—(Veterinary Record.) A Case or HyprotrHorax [N. M. Swanston, Capt. A. V. C.].—Concise record of the case of a horse that took pneumonia complicated with pleurisy. On the fourth day of the disease four quarts of fluid were drawn off; then the next day, one; fourteen days after, ten more; and then, three days later, twenty- six. Four days after another puncture gave but four ounces. The horse died. The lesions found at post-mortem were those revealed in similar cases.—(Veterinary Record.) SpLENiIc ABSCEss IN A Horse [F. J. Dunning, G. V. S.].— Bay mare of nine years presented the following symptoms: Very dull appearance, capricious appetite, head carried low, extremities cold, hind legs swollen, mucous membranes congested, pulse feeble and quick, respiration accelerated, temperature 105°. Feeces and urine normal. Percussion revealed dullness on the left side, which seemed to involve the posterior lobe of the lung. Auscultation gave crackling noise. Diagnosis unsatisfactory. Animal placed on observation; gets rapidly weaker, tries to lay down, drops and dies. Post-mortem: Blood stained fluid in the abdomen. Huge mass attached to the left side of the stomach. 49 50 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. It is ruptured and its decomposing contents have escaped. It was an abscess of the spleen with much new tissue formation and weighing exactly_40 pounds. Peritonitis and enteritis were also present. The abscess involved the external wall of the stomach, but no foreign body could be found.—(Veterinary Record.) UTERINE HERNIA IN A Mare [W, Waters, M.R.C.V.S.].— Aged eight years, this mare, near her time to foal, is found after two or three days of discomfort with a large swelling of the udder, about the size of a man’s body and extending from the usual seat of the udder to the xyphoid cartilage of the ster- num. It hangs about one and a half feet from the ground. The udder is of course carried forward so that each teat seems as big as and in the position of the sheath of a gelding. This con- dition had occurred during the night. Diagnosis was certain. The mare was slung. But after five days, labor set in and the slings were taken off. The foal was born alive but soon expired. The mare improved, but of course remained with her hernia. The swelling has considerably reduced and the mare can yet be a useful animal.—(Veterinary Journal. ) DEATH FROM HEMORRHAGE FROM THE POSTERIOR VENA Cava, Due to Utcerations [H. Gamble, Capt. A. V. C.].— Horse has colic. Gets pint of linseed oil with one ounce of tur- pentine and enema. He grows worse. Receives 8 grains of morphia. No improvement and he soon shows signs of imminent collapse. He dies in two minutes. Post-mortem.—Large blood-clot in abdomen. When this is taken off and the intestines are removed, two bleeding points are observed on the under surface of the vena cava, about five inches back of its entrance to the anterior fissure of the liver. These points were ulcerations and opened into the vein, which was the seat of extensive phlebitis. Death was due to hemorrhage from the vein. All the other organs and tissues were normal.—(Vet- erinary Journal.) Case or PuysostiGMiIne Porsonine [Edward Elphick, M. R. C. V. S.\.—Horse has colic and symptoms of impaction. Linseed oil failing to relieve, one and a half grains of physostig- mine sulphate was given subcutaneously. Half an hour after there are intestinal murmurs, flatus, no increased uneasiness. Pulse is fairly strong and slow. Respiration slightly increased. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 51 Temperature 102° F. An hour and a half later the animal is in a state of collapse. Respiration up to 60. Pulse is hardly per- ceptible, pupils contracted. The mucous membranes are cya- notic, the temperature subnormal and the extremities are cold. The bowels have moved three times and micturation has taken place. Treatment: Stimulants, hot blankets, hand-rubbing and bandages on the extremities. In the evening the animal improved and ultimately got well—(Veterinary Journal.) THREE CAses OF Heart Disease 1n Horses [W. E. Scho- field, Capt. A. V. C.].—1st. Has been treated for intermittent fever. Examination of the heart showed only a certain amount of weakness of the beats, The animal dropped dead suddenly during the night without a struggle. Post-mortem: Mitral valve thickened and dark purple in color. Acute endocarditis is also present. Tricuspid is also diseased, but to less extent. 2d. This animal dropped dead while at work. Post-mortem: Heart larger than usual. Its tissue is firm and of good color. Mitral and tricuspid affected with verrucose endocarditis of some standing. 3d. One morning this animal suddenly dropped dead. Post- mortem: Heart appeared normal externally. The mitral valve is extensively affected with verrucose endocarditis. The tricuspid quite normal.—(Veterinary Journal.) A REMARKABLE ACCIDENT TO A MARE [G. Maynall, M. R. C. V. S.|.—The history of a mare that had the skin of the head torn by being caught on a stake of a box-stall and had a large wound with a piece of skin loose and hanging measuring about one foot by nine inches. The entire cheek was uncoverered and the tear extending to near the chin. Attempts to obtain rapid cicatrization with stitches was only partially successful, and it » took forty-six days for the healing process to be completed.— (Veterinary Journal. ) PROTRUSION OF SMALL INTESTINES THROUGH THE ABDO- MINAL WALL.—RECOVERY [ Capt. Griffith, A. V. C.|.—In taking a jump, a mare came in contact with a stake and tore her ab- domen. The intestines protruded, and about eight feet of the ‘bowels were exposed. With careful antiseptic preparations these — were returned, not without some difficulty, and the wound closed with stitches. Four silk sutures were applied in the muscles and five in the skin. During convalescence the mare had several 52 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. attacks of colic which gradually became lighter. The animal was discharged after seventy-four days of convalescence. At one time a slight discharge was observed, being due to one of the deep sutures. Since her recovery the animal has been again under treatment for abdominal pains.—(Veterinary Journal.) Cuirnicavt Notes [F. Clide, Lieut. A. V. C.].—1st. Abscess in the pelvic cavity—One month after being castrated, a horse has abdominal pains. His temperature is up to 102°. Rectal . examination reveals a short distance in the rectum a large swell- ing situated on the right side. Forward, as far as the finger can reach, the bowels are quite immovable. The swelling is hard and seems as Jarge as a cocoanut. Abscess is diagnosticated. Unsuccessful attempts were made to disperse it by manipulations. The animal died after a couple of weeks. The autopsy showed a thick-walled abscess in the wall of the rectum. It contained pus and cheesy debris. A loop of the floating colon was firmly fixed by new tissue round the right internal abdominal ring. There were also a few smaller abscesses in the gastro-splenic omentum. There was no generalized peritonitis. 2d. Ascites due to cirrhosis of the liver—An American stallion donkey has been more or less under treatment since six months, suffering with general debility, irregularity of the bowels and capricious appetite. All kinds of treatment have failed, and finally his condition is such that he is destroyed without a satisfactory diagnosis being arrived at. Autopsy: Thoracic organs normal; liver enor- mously enlarged, weighing forty-two pounds. It was light in color and with the lobulated appearance very marked from ex- tensive cirrhosis. Very little normal liver tissue was left. About two gallons of clear, watery, dropsical transudate were present in the peritoneal cavity. The kidneys were pale and flabby.— Journal of Compara. Pathol. and Therap.) FRENCH REVIEW, By Prof. A. Lrautarp, M. D., V. M. FRACTURE WITH SEQUESTRUM OF THE First PASTERN FOt- LOWING A CuTangous Quittor [EF, Larieux, Army Veterin- arian,|.—In December, 1907, a mare, eight years of age, is laid ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 53 up for cutaneous quittor of the left foreleg. Recovered after about two weeks. She is after four days disabled again, being lame and having the lower part of the same leg very much swollen. A blister and rest are prescribed, and after nearly two months she resumes her work. One month later she is again laid up, lame on three legs and with a similar condition of the coronet and fetlock. With another blister she has so improved that an attempt is made to trot her, when she stumbles, and her condition gets worse and worse notwithstanding treatment. She does not stand up any more and, always lying down, she is soon covered with bed sores. Incomplete fracture is suspected. In the presence of her bad condition she is destroyed. The entire lower part of the leg, coronet, fetlock and lower extremity of the cannon is surrounded with very hard, lardaceous tissue, where several fistulas are running; some pus surrounds the joint. The first phalanx is rather deformed in its superior half by extensive osteitis. The super-internal part of the bone is gone, and on the centre there is a sequestrum, loose and surrounded with little splinters of bones. The lesions of osteitis extended as far as the lower end of the metacarpal bone. The author considers that the cutaneous infection, extending deeply, had, spread to the fetlock, giving rise to a rarefying de- formans osteitis, with fracture taking place at the moment the mare was made to trot, and finally causing the formation of the sequestrum.—(Revue de Pathol. Compar.) Curious CASE oF DIAPHRAGMATIC CuHorEA [M. M. Demora and Adriansen. |—Horse has traveled on railroad for five hours. At its arrival he refused to drink and has several chills. The mucous membranes are injected, the pulse small and the tem- perature 38°. He gets 10 centigrams of pilocarpine. The next day the diaphragmatic chorea is well marked. The jumpings of the contractions are 56 in a minute. Mustard poultices, opium and chloral drenches are prescribed. Seen six times during the day he has the diaphragmatic contractions all the time, but they are less frequent and weaker. Second sedative drench is given in the evening. The next day same condition. The contractions are stronger, more frequent, and again 56 per minute. Ausculta- tion of the heart reveals a double movement of the first beat. Chloral per rectum is given. Then bromide of potash in 20- gram doses is given. After having taken 30 grams, improve- ment manifests itself, although the double beating of the heart 4 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. persists. The horse now takes liquids, but with difficulty, and drinks like a dog by lapping. He takes the drinks containing bromide better. The following day the symptoms return more severe than ever. Suspicion is aroused that the animal is subject to this trouble and that he is in the habit of receiving bromide from the dealer to conceal his affection. During the day 40 grams of the bromide are given. After two days the horse seems to be in perfect health except the condition of his heart, where the double beat is always heard. To insure our suspicion, say the authors, we stopped the bromide for one day and gave in place the iodide. The symptoms of the first day return in a few hours and the bromide had to be resorted to again to relieve the horse.—(Rec. de Medec. Veter.) INVAGINATION AND PROLAPSUS OF THE COLON AND C&CUM IN A Doc [Mr. Parent].—Six weeks’ pup, nine days after re- ceiving the first Phisalix vaccination against distemper, has in- testinal hemorrhage. The blood is in the state of nature, red, with an odor sui generis, and has been expelled during the day two or three times every hour. There is no vomiting. The next day a sausage-like body is felt in the abdomen about 10 centi- meters long; it is movable, elongated, and situated in the upper part of the abdomen. It is an invagination of the colon. Wash- ing of the intestinal tract by long enemas are prescribed, with boiled water, and the animal being held with the hind parts raised. No change is obtained except that the bloody feeces have passed away. After a few days there is prolapsus of several centimetres of the intestines. They are returned in place and sutures of the anus applied. But nothing would give a perma- nent result. It is not a true prolapsus, but the invaginated colon which makes its appearance on the outside. This condition was allowed to remain, and it was only after over two months that surgical interference was decided upon, Laparotomy was performed. A certain portion of the invagina- tion was relieved without difficulty; another portion demanded more care on account of easily broken adhesions, but in the last portion these were such that it was impossible to separate the portions of intestine glued together. Resection of the intestine was made and both ends of the intestines brought together, but the dog died the following day.—(Rec. de Medec, Veter.) TreatTMEeNt oF CANKER IN THE Foor [Dr. Drouet, Army Veterinarian.|.—It is the record of a success obtained in the ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 55 treatment of this troublesome disease with iodoform. Since sev- eral months an animal was under treatment for canker of three feet, the two hind ones and the left fore. All known and recom- mended treatments had been tried without good results when that with iodoformed ether was heard of and resorted to at once. It proved perfectly successful, and in a short time the animal was able to resume work. He was not only cured but radically so. Since two months no signs of relapse have been observed.— (Rec. de Medec. Veter.) STRYCHNIA POISONING OF A Doc. ReEcOvERY By PERI- TONEAL INJECTION oF CHLORAL [Mr. Bringard]|.—Called to a dog which shows extraordinary nervous symptoms, possibly rabies, the author finds an animal which is laying on its side, has tetanic accesses, returning at close intervals, resembling electric discharges. The legs are stiff. There is opisthotonos. The teeth are tightly closed and abundant saliva flows from the com- missure of the lips. All these are of the nature of strychnia poisoning. Indeed the dog has been well all day and has run out, where he has mussed through all kinds of swills, and it is probable that in one of them he has picked up one containing some of that! poison, as in fact it was but a few minutes after he had come in that he was taken ill. With a syringe of Pravaz an injection of one gram of chloral dissolved into five of water was thrown into the peritoneal cavity. In two minutes the anesthesia was complete. All the muscles were then relaxed. After about half an hour, although the dog was still asleep, the contractions reappeared as strong as ever. But by degrees they diminished in severity, and when the dog woke up at the end of one and a half hours they were all gone and the dog had recov- ered. This is a new treatment that lovers of dogs will bear in mind. For the author the dose to employ must be estimated be- tween 20 and 25 centigrams for each kilogram of the animal. The chloral must be dissolved in four or five times the volume of water.—( Bullet. Veter.) BELGIAN REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautarp, M. D., V. M. SYNOVECTOMY OF THE TARSAL SHEATH IN A Horse. ReE- covery [Prof. Hendrickx].—This operation was performed upon a horse which had been treated previously without success 56 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ¢ with two injections of tincture of iodinesmade in the right tarsal sheath and followed by deep actual cauterization. After these treatments the lesion, instead of improving, had grown worse, and the lameness was so severe that the animal-had to be laid up for good and became useless. The right hock measured 64 centi- metres in circumference when it was decided to resort to the operation, viz., the excision of a flap of the tarsal sheath, made with all aseptic precautions possible so as to avoid its infection. A cutaneous piece of skin, limited by elliptic incisions in shape and measuring 15 centimetres in length upon 7 in width, was removed; the tarsal was first punctured so as to remove a certain quantity of synovia and then a piece of its walls, of the size of the flap of skin dissected, was excised. Clots of fibrine and fibrinous bands within the sac were removed, and the edges of the wounds were stitched with catgut for the sheath and silk for the skin. An elastic and dry dressing was applied enveloping the entire hock. The next day the horse stood on his leg; the general condition was good and improvement was gradually ex- hibited in his movements. After fifteen days cicatrization was complete. Daily applications of tincture of iodine stimulated the resorption of the inflammatory exudate. In five weeks there remained nothing of the previous trouble and the horse resumed his work.—(Annales de Belgium.) Tue Use or Bortc ActpD FOR THE PRESERVATION OF ALI- MENTARY Propucts. Its Toxicity [Prof. G. Dupuis and L. Coppens |.—It is one of the disinfecting agents most used on ac- count of the weak irritation it produces and of its innocuity when taken internally. Its antiseptic qualities and the weakness of its toxicity have contributed to the generalization of its use. It therefore seemed to be the ideal alimentary antiseptic, and for that reason was rapidly called upon for the preservation of dried meats, fish, milk, butter and margarine. But hygienists were watchful, and they ask if it was not dangerous to add boric acid to alimentary products. Some objected to it entirely. Others said it was not dangerous. Results of experimentation and clin- ical observations show that the question was worth being taken into consideration. Animals have died after three or four weeks of a diet mixed with boric acid. Men taking it internally in treatment have exhibited manifestations more or less marked of intoxication. Even one case has proved fatal after the washing of the stomach. Conclusions: Boric acid must be considered as an antiseptic whose internal. administration is not entirely without danger.— (Annales de Belgi.) ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 57 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES Upon THE Hypnotic AcTION oF Bromura [Prof. A. Van Den Eeckhout].—The properties of this new preparation have been the subject of a series of ex- periments by the author, and he has observed that out of the whole series of compounds of valerianic and butyric acids with which he has experimented, Bromural was the only one which kept its hypnotic action on animals. And -he concluded that his experiments showed it to be possessed of rapid effects for frogs, rabbits and dogs that, administered in therapeutic doses, it gave rise to no nocive secondary phenomena, that it exercises its prin- cipal effect on the cerebrum and leaves the bulb and marrow intact, that it was harmless, as large doses are seldom fatal. It possesses also a secondary action upon the respiratory centre, while therapeutic doses scarcely influence it; larger ones do, as observed by the reduction in the quantity of air expired. Blood pressure is not affected by it and remains normal.—( Annales de Belgium. ) TREATMENT OF THE FEMORO-TIBIO-PATELLAR ARTHRITIS [F. Hendrickx|.—This affection is very common is some coun- tries, and although probably no statistics exists of the losses that result from it, it is likely they are very large. The positive pathogeny is yet to be established. It may be of infectious origin. Why not? At the time that it attacks colts, umbilical and in- testinal infections are very easy. And there is nothing extraor- dinary in supposing that the stifle joint might become the centre of the localization. For the authors, the primitive lesions consist in the arthritis, manifested principally by the synovial hyper- secretion and the displacement of the patella occurring as a com- plication. There is hypersecretion of synovia, distension of the capsular and inferior patellar ligaments, finally displacement of the patella. : Hence in the treatment it is not sufficient to eliminate the ex- cess of synovia, but it is necessary to prevent as much as possible this displacement. Puncture and irritating injections will fill the first indication. Hoping to realize the second the authors, after having made the manipulations demanded of the first indication, have exposed the internal tibio-patellar ligament, excised about one centimetre of it in its upper portion and with sutures sewed the two stumps together. The operation is not severe but the result was not satisfactory. And they then resorted to another method of op- 58 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. eration due to Mr. Deghilage, which has given them good results. This operation consists in the section of the patellar insertion of the external ischio-tibial muscle, thus removing the principal abductor muscle of the patella or at least reducing its action. The operation is very simple, without dangerous complications, and is one that can be recommended especially when the animal to be operated upon is not too old.—(Annales de Belgium.) Upon THE PUNCTURE OF THE PERICARDIUM IN TRAUMATIC Pericarpitis [Prof. Lienaux].—Although preconized since some years by Prof. Moussu, of Alfort, this operation is not fully entered into the domain of general practice as much as it deserves. Made on the animal in the standing position in pref- erence to being cast, which is always dangerous in those patients, the place of selection for the puncture is in the angle formed in the left hypochondriac region and the xyphoid cartilage of the sternum. With the bistouri, an incision is made; the insertion of the abdominal muscles are divided so as to reach the layer of adipose cellular tissue that separates there the sternum from the point of the pericardium. Soon this is felt distended and fluctu- ating with the finger pushed through; then a trocar similar to the one used for puncture of the cecum is introduced and the fluid is allowed to escape; sometimes thin and clear, or again sanious, foetid and mixed more or less with blood. Sometimes a drainage tube is introduced and left in place so that the flow of the exudation can continue. Of course this is only a palliative treatment and is one that can only give some special advantages, namely, the possibility of granting a new lease of life, permitting the animal to be fattened. The puncture, says the author, ought Lo be attempted whenever there is a dropsical condition caused by traumatic pericarditis. The use of the drain is one that ought not to be neglected.—(Annales de Belgium.) A Case or PoIsONING WitH Spirits OF TURPENTINE [R. Straunard|.—A heavy draught horse received early one morn- ing a drench for worms, prepared by a druggist. He struggled very much while receiving it and he soon had colic and laid down. He passed faces three times and had a profuse discharge from both nostrils. His pulse was 80; temperature, 40.5°; respira- tion, 50. The nasal discharge was rusty, spumous, It subsided late in the day. The throat is painful. The loins are stiff. A strong odor of turpentine came. from the breath. Treatment: Injections of caffeine; 2 grams are made three times during the ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 59 day. It is only in the evening that they give rise to a local swell- ing at the point of injection. Temperature is then 40; pulsa- tions, 66; respiration, 44. Micturition, which first was rare and painful, has become clear, more abundant and more frequent. The urine has a slight odor of violet. An injection of artificial serum was then administered and repeated the next day, acti- vating the improvement obtained with the first. There were some slight respiratory troubles on the right side with some muco-purulent discharge, but these gradually diminished and dis- appeared.—( Annales de Belgium.) GERMAN REVIEW. By J. P. O Leary, V. M. D., Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Y. Rep Lympxu Nopes [Med. Rat. Dr. Baum, Dresdenx.—The following brief notes are compiled from an extensive work by Baum on the presence of red lymph nodes in the domestic ani- mals, 1st. In most of the domestic animals lymph nodes are present which by their intense red color are designated red lymph nodes. They are divided into two groups, those which have no lymph vessels (hemo-lymphoid nodes) and those which have afferent and efferent vessels (hemo-lymph nodes). 2d. They occur within the most extreme limits. They are found more regularly and are more numerous in sheep and cattle, occasionally in dogs, and probably not at all in horses. 3d. They may be found in almost all parts of the body, pref- erably, however, in the abdominal and thoracic cavities and in the proximity of the true lymph nodes. 4th. They vary in size from a millet seed to a walnut, but are usually from that of a pinhead to a pea. In number they are variable, and particularly so in the different species of animals. 5th. Microscopically they are differentiated from the two glands in that the lymph sinuses and particularly the subcapsular tissues are more prominently developed and contain a. greater number of red blood corpuscles, and that the parenchyma is formed of a homogeneous, lymphoid mass which contains germ- inal centres; but a distinction between the cortical and medullary substance is not recognizable-——(Deutsche Tier. Wochenschrift, 1907, No. 34.) 60 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. Tue AcTION OF THE SPLEEN IN TRYPANOSOMIASIS [A, Laveran and A. Thuroux|.—The specific action of the spleen in infectious diseases has not yet been fully explained. *Laveran has expressed his opinion in opposition to the protecting action of the spleen in malaria. In trypanosomiasis the spleen is al- ways enlarged. Various authors have ascribed to this organ a protecting trypanolytic action. Laveran and Thuroux have again taken up the work from an experimental standpoint and from which they conclude that the trypanosomes in the spleen in vivo immediately after death have the same appearance as those in the blood. The described changes appear only post- mortem. The splenic juice has no trypanolytic properties in vitro. The course of the trypanosoma infection was not per- ceptibly altered in animals in which the spleen had been removed. The role of the spleen in the trypanosome diseases, as in malaria, seems to be limited to the retention of the disorganized parasites from entering the circulating blood.—(Annales de l’Inst. Pas- teur, 1907, page, 593. TUBERCULOSIS OF THE BroNcHIAL LymMpH GLANDS TurRouGH INTESTINAL INFECTION [Calmette, Guerin and Dé- léarde|.—The authors infer from their experimental investiga- tions on animals and the clinical symptoms in children, that in all cases of tuberculosis of the bronchial lymph glands, tubercle bacilli were found in the mesenteric lymph glands even when the latter appeared to be healthy. The disease of the mesenteric lymph glands, which precedes that of the bronchial lymph glands, as in all cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in children and adults, is of intestinal origin. The infection with tubercle bacilli oc- curring in children and adults in the majority of cases originates in the digestive tract through the consumption of the milk of tuberculous cows or from foodstuffs, particles of dirt, etc., which have been contaminated with human tuberculous matter.— Deutsche Tier. Wochenschrift, No. 24, 1907.) Dr. W. W. Courtwricut, an Inspector in the Quarantine service of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry and stationed at Ft, Collins, Col., sustained a severe injury while attending to his official duties. He received a kick from a horse just above the left temple, which resulted in partial paralysis of one side of his body. CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION. VETERINARIAN—PHILIPPINE SERVICE. The United States Civil Service Commission announces an examination on October 21, 1908, at the places mentioned in a list printed by the Commission, to secure eligibles from which to make certification to fill vacancies as they may occur in the posi- tion of veterinarian, in the Philippine Service, at an entrance salary of $1,500 or $1,600 per annum. Appointees are allowed field expenses when absent on duty from their permanent stations. The examination will consist of the subjects mentioned below, weighted as indicated : Subjects. Weights. 1. Letter-writing (a letter of not less than 125 words on some subject of general interest. Competitors may select either of two subjects given)......... 10 2. Veterinary anatomy and physiology............... 20 Si WaeEIArY DAtWOOP Yo 56s FE eS kes as es 20 Ge VEARALY ORCHID 55 i FRE RS Ook de eS. 40 Sed aening ahd SXMETICNCE:... iis. pabie die wes» OVE Ts. oe 10 MNT he IRA i Whe SILT te Kah SKS CD 100 Seven hours will be allowed for this examination. Applicants must indicate in their applications that they are graduates of reputable veterinary colleges. Information relative to employment in the Philippine Service, cost of living, leave of absence, transportation, climate, clothing, medical attendance, contract, etc., is contained in section 31 of the Manual of Examinations revised to July 1, 1908, a copy of which may be had oes application to the Civil "Service Commis- sion, Washington, D. C. Age limit, 18 to 40 years on the date of the examination. The medical certificate must be filled in by some medical officer in the service of the United States. Applicants should appear before medical officers of the Army, Navy, Indian, or Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service. If such an officer 61 62 CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION, can not be conveniently visited, a pension examining surgeon may execute the certificate. Special arrangements have been made with Pension Examining Boards throughout the country to give such examination for a fee of $2, to be paid by the ap- plicant. This certificate must not be executed by the family physician of the applicant. The medical officer should indicate his rank or official designation on such certificate. Each applicant for the Philippine Service will be required to submit to the examiner, on the day he is examined, a photo- graph of himself, taken within three years, which will be filed with his examination papers as a means of identification in case he receives appointment. An unmounted photograph is pre- ferred. The date, place, and name of examination, the examina- tion number, the competitor’s name, and the year in which the photograph was taken should be indicated on the photograph. This examination is open to all citizens of the United States who comply with the requirements. This announcement contains all information which is com- municated to applicants regarding the scope of the examination, the vacancy or vacancies to be filled, and the qualifications re- quired. : Applicants should at once apply either to the United States Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C., or to the Secre- tary of the Board of Examiners at any place mentioned in the list printed by the Commission, for application Forms 2 and 375. No application will be accepted unless properly executed and filed with the Commission at Washington. In applying for this ex- amination the exact title as given at the head of this announce- ment should be used in the application. As examination papers are shipped direct from the Commis- sion to the places of examination, it is necessary that applica- tions be received in ample time to arrange for the examination desired at the place indicated by the applicant. The Commission will therefore arrange to examine any applicant whose applica- tion is received in time to permit the shipment of the necessary papers. Tue Missouri Valley Veterinary Association will hold its semi-annual meeting in February. Tue Veterinary Department of the Colorado Agricultural College has a larger attendance this year than last. . BIBLIOGRAPHY. THE PATHOLOGY AND DIFFERENTIAL D1AGNosts oF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF ANIMALS. By Veranus Alva Moore, B. S., M. D., Professor of Com- parative Pathology, Bacteriology and Meat Inspection, New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. With an Introduction by Daniel Elmer Salmon, D. V. M., Former Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. Third Edition Revised and Enlarged. 127 Illustrations. Ithaca, N. Y.: Taylor & Carpenter. 1908. This is an indispensable book to the student and to the prac- titioner alike. In the recent revision, Dr. Moore has amplified the text and incorporated many new facts pertaining to the path- ology and diagnosis of the infectious diseases of animals brought out by the activity in the study of comparative pathology and bacteriology since the publication of the second edition. This rapid increase of new knowledge, and the elimination of obsolete methods and interpretations, made the third edition advisable. The grouping of the infectious diseases in accordance with the classification of their etiological factors is an attractive feature of the work. The book is concise and comprehensive and in every way in strict harmony with the present state of our knowledge of pathology and differential diagnosis. We commend it to the student and to the practitioner. The subjoined Table of Con- tents conveys a very satisfactory idea of the plan of classification and the scope of the work: TABLE OF CONTENTS. List of Illustrations—List of Reference Books—Introduction. Chapter I.—General Consideration of Etiology, Infection and Specific Infectious Diseases. Chapter II.—Diseases Attributed to Wound Infection. Chapter III.—Diseases Caused by Bacteria—Genus Strepto- coccus. Chapter IV.—Diseases Caused by Bacteria—Genus Micro- coccus. Chapter V.—Diseases Caused by Bacteria—Genus Bacterium. Chapter VI.—Diseases Caused by Bacteria—Genus Bacillus. 63 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chapter VII.—Diseases Caused by Bacteria—Family Spiril- lacez. ; : Chapter VIII.—Diseases Caused by Fungi. Chapter IX.—Diseases Caused by Protozoa—Genus Piro- plasma. Chapter X.—Diseases Caused by Protozoa—Genus Ameeba. Chapter XI.—Diseases Caused by Protozoa—Genus Try- panosoma. Chapter XII.—Infectious Diseases for which the specific cause is not yet determined. Chapter XIII.—Immunity and Protective Inoculation. Chapter XIV.—Disinfection. Pror. Coates ENTERTAINS DisTINGUISHED GueEsts.—Prof. W. J. Coates, Dean of the New York-American Veterinary Col- lege, entertained Docteur S. Arloing, Correspondant de I’Institut, Professeur a la Faculte de Medecine and Directeur de l’Ecole Nationale Veterinaire. Lyon, and Docteur J. B. Piot Bey, Direc- teur Veterinaire aux Domaines de |’Etat, Correspondant de l’Academie de Medicine, Le Caire, on their return from the In- ternational Congress. Doctor Coates had planned giving these distinguished gentlemen a dinner, at which the entire faculty of the New York-American Veterinary College, the Chancellor of New York University, Dr. Munn, chairman of the University Council; Dr. Weiss, of the old A. V. C. Trustees, and the French Consul to the United States, were to have been present to receive them; but Drs. Arloing and Bey came to the veterinary school in West Fifty-fourth street, New York, with letters of introduction, with but one day between the time of their arrival there and the day of sailing for Europe; so Dr. Coates had to content himself, after showine them through the school, with a drive around the city, during which they were shown many public buildings of note and some of the prominent private dwellings. They visited the Medical Department of New York University and were greatly interested in the Histological, Pathological and Bacteriological Laboratories, used in the education of the medi- cal and veterinary students. They were also especially inter- ested in the Bacteriological Department of the Board of Health; took great pleasure in noting the method of making the vaccine, and, finally, visited the Tichner-Grand “ Horse Mart,” in West Sixty-first street. SOCIETY MEETINGS. AMERICAN: VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The forty-fifth annual meeting was held in the auditorium of Houston Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., - September 8, 9, 10, 11, and was called to order at 10 A. M. of the first day by President W. H. Dalrymple. When the meeting had been formally opened the President introduced Mr. William F. Gleason, secretary to Hon. John E. Reyburn, Mayor of Philadelphia, who, in the absence of his Honor, extended a very cordial welcome to the members of the profession and their families to the City of Brotherly Love. The mayor’s secretary was followed by Vice-Provost Edgar F. Smith, who in an eloquent address welcomed the A. V. M. A. within the portals of the grand old university of Pennsylvania. Dr. Smith said the invitation to the university bore the message of welcome; reminded his hearers that the university was the child of Franklin; that sixty acres in the heart of the town had been given up to educational purposes; that the profession would find itself in a congenial atmosphere, and alluded to the need of having the minds of the laity impressed with the supreme im- portance of veterinary science in connection with agricultural and public health progress. “ Open wide the door. Enter and be happy.” Sir Edward W. Patton, of Philadelphia, also spoke words of welcome. He said that veterinary medicine had been growing faster, during the last few years, than most any other branch of medical science. Dr. W. Horace Hoskins extended cordial greetings on behalf of the local members of the profes- sion and welcomed the delegates from other Urs tata BE associa- tions. The response to the several addresses of welcome was made by Dr. H. D. Gill, of the New York-American Veterinary Col- lege, in his usual able and eloquent manner. At the conclusion of the formalities attending the opening exercises, the President delivered the annual address as follows: PRESIDENT DALRYMPLE’S ADDRESS. “The exalted position to which this association did me the honor of electing me at our last annual gathering has claimed 65 66 SOCIETY MEETINGS. my attention almost iricessantly up to the present moment, and with a gradually increasing sense of the immense responsibility it carries with it. For, to occupy the office of executive head of the American Veterinary Medical Association, which em- braces this entire western continent, as well as the colonial de- pendencies of this great republic, is not only a position of great honor, but one, which, if conscientiously filled, demands a great deal of serious thought and earnest endeavor. “Onward and upward seems to have been the motto of this organization from its inception, when a few earnest souls met together and called it into- being, up to the present time, with its membership almost 1,000 strong; and onward and upward the motto must continue to be; a thought, however, which, although inspiring earnestness and devotion, tends to create within the hearts of those who are chosen to guide its destinies, a sense of conscientious foreboding lest the onward pace should slacken, and the upward tendency be checked by the gravitating influence of inertia, or any other factor, retrogressive in its effect, which God forbid. “Tf we are to be guided in our forecast by what this asso- ciation has accomplished in the past, then the future is replete with great things yet to be achieved. But we must not forget that the men who have, hitherto, ‘ held the tiller’ form a galaxy of the most brilliant mental stars which the veterinary profes- sion in this country has produced; some of whom have gone to their higher reward, leaving us poorer by their departure; yet richer for having lived and labored for the noble cause which we, as a profession, here represent to-day, viz., the cause of hu- manity in its broadest and deepest sense. “Buoyed up with the rich legacy of earnest devotion to the interests and advancement of our noble profession which our predecessors in the executive chair have bequeathed to us, may those of our membership who are to lead and guide this great body in the future, be stimulated and encouraged to the accom- plishment of even greater things, in keeping with the spirit and the demands of our modern civilization. “T feel that I cannot proceed further without making brief allusion to the serious inroads which the “ grim reaper” has made into the ranks of this association during the past year. Death is no respecter of persons—a fact which has again been fully exemplified by his having deprived us, not only of a num- ber of earnest workers among the rank and file, so to speak, of SOCIETY MEETINGS. 67 our membership, but of some of our leaders; men like our late lamented Roscoe R. Bell, to whose individuality, earnestness, de- votion and ability this association and the profession generally owes so much for what it has achieved, and stands for to-day in this country—‘ Requiescat in pace!’ “T trust that the committee on necrology will draw up suit- able resolutions of condolence to be adopted by this association, and that copies will be sent to the families of our deceased con- fréres, showing to them how deeply we regret and deplore the great loss which they and we have sustained. And we should not forget to note, also, the further loss which the veterinary profession has sustained during the past year by the removal, through death, of several distinguished representatives in other countries, who held reputations of an international character. “T am sure it must be very gratifying to all who are in any way associated with the ‘ healing art,’ to meet here in the ‘ City of Brotherly Love,’ with its world-renowned university, whose medical department ranks with the highest in the land; whose diploma, if I mistake not, was the first to receive recognition in European countries, and whose Department of Comparative Medicine is an honor to any civilized nation. “It must, I am sure, be very gratifying, also, to the members of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association that ‘Dame Fortune’ should elect the annual meeting of this asso- ciation in Philadelphia during the 25th anniversary of their organization, to help them celebrate the auspicious occasion. “ And, although immaterial to this body, I may, perhaps, be pardoned for adding, that there is an element of personal grati- fication in our meeting here at this particular time, as it was in Philadelphia, in 1894, that the speaker first saw ‘the light of day ’ as a member of this, which is probably the most influential organization of its kind of modern times. Consequently, I have the pleasurable feeling akin to that of the young man on his return to the place of his nativity after an absence of fourteen long years. “T believe a presidential address is expected to contain a résumé of all the important professional events that have trans- pired anywhere and everywhere during the fiscal year, and to forecast as many that may, and a considerable number that, per- haps, never will, happen in the future. Or, in other words, one is expected, in a measure, to refer to, discuss, and possibly criti- cize, events that have actually happened which concern the asso- 68 SOCIETY MEETINGS. ciation and the profession generally, then venture upon sug gestions for future guidance, and, finally, to draw upon one’s imagination in order to make up for what one’s knowledge is deficient in. I am afraid it is upon the latter that I have had to depend for the makeup of my address. “In order to obtain an idea of what I would say, and how I should say it, I have scanned the horizon of presidential addresses from the year of my ‘membership birth,’ right up to, and in- cluding, that masterpiece delivered at Kansas City by my dis- tinguished and honored predecessor, Dr. James Law, with the hope of discovering something new; something untouched; some hiatus, so to speak, through which I might be able to discern some undiscovered points or topics which would afford a clue upon which I could lay hold, in order to be able to present some new ideas, or some old ones furbished up to present-day require- ments. But to my utter dismay and undoing, I found that the entire field of presidential-address topics had been covered. Gen- eral practice has had its share of attention; state veterinary med- icine has been touched upon; our great National Bureau of Animal Industry, with its important pathologic and biochemic divisions, has received well-merited recognition; and the schools have, by no means, been left out. In short, I found nothing but discouragement by my search, as the number and variety of topics, already utilized, included any and everything, from the life-history and pathogenicity of the lowly bacterium, and the equally lowly trypanosome, up to, and including, a most impres- sive eulogy on the public character and career of that distin- guished American citizen, Hon. Tom L. Johnson, of Cleveland, Ohio. Is it any wonder, then, that I should have exclaimed : ‘Woe is me, for I am undone,’ so far as new ‘ thunder’ was concerned, “ Our constitution tells us that one of the objects of the asso- ciation is, ‘to promote good-fellowship.’ This, of itself, is a most laudable object, and one without which no organization can well be held together. Congregation and good-fellowship, sa- vored with an element of conviviality, do not seem to be alto- gether confined to we creatures of higher intellectuality, but ap- pear to be instinctively adopted by those lower down the scale, evidently for the sake of companionship as well as protection. ‘ Good-fellowship, companionability, ‘ brotherly love’ might, perhaps, be the more appropriate term on this particular occa- sion—call it what we may—is a most indispensable primary fac- SOCIETY MEETINGS. 69 tor in the accomplishment of important results in other directions sought to be brought about by such an organization as ours, as its tendency is to synthesize, rather than analyze; to unify, rather than produce discordance; to eliminate, rather than create, fric- tion. In short, to bring about and maintain that community of good feeling among individual members which makes for the best interests of the organization as a whole. “I think there can be little question that the American Vet- erinary Medica! Association has been strikingly successful in its effort to accomplish, and maintain, good-fellowship among its members, when we consider the ever-enlarging annual list of applicants for membership, and the formidable and healthy growth and splendid development of the organization itself. Speaking from personal experience, I may say that there is no event of the vear to which I look forward with so much pleasure as our annual gathering, with its wealth of good-fellowship; where friend meets friend, and new friendships take their birth; where professional experiences are exchanged; where mutual benefit is obtained; where the continent’s brightest professional intellect is focussed. And what does it all mean? Is individual benefit the sole object to be attained? Not so! True, the indi- vidual does benefit, and that very materially. But the aim has a much wider and more beneficent scope, viz., to raise the standard of our noble profession higher, and yet higher, before the world, and to endeavor to be, and remain, worthy of the standard which we float from our ‘ masthead.’ Good-fellowship creates unity; in unity there is power; long may it remain an unruffled factor in the membership of this great organization! : “ Another object of this association, our constitution tells us, is ‘to elevate the standards of veterinary education.’ “Tn all spheres of human effort the demand of the twentieth century is for a higher standard of education, whether it be the training of the intellect or the so-called special senses, in order to keep abreast of modern advancement in the numerous and varied ramifications into which man’s effort is directed by the arts and sciences. “Institutions of learning and of training of all kinds are constantly adding to their requirements for matriculation and graduation, and, thereby, increasing, it would seem, the dif- ficulties to be overcome by the aspirant to proficiency, and to honors, in the different fields of the world’s work. These dif- ficulties are, however, more apparent than real, I think, when 70 SOCIETY MEETINGS. one takes into consideration how much better the educational preparation of the youth of to-day is, on account of the great ad- vances made in public school and high school equipment and curriculi, than it was even a decade ago. For the educational preparation of the professional man of to-day to remain in statu quo, would be a very anomalous state of affairs, when modern advancement and demands are calling to ‘him ‘ come up higher; ’ and when his present-day more advanced scholastic or academic preparation, at the other end, is saying to him, ‘ go up higher.’ “In order, therefore, to articulate both, that is, to meet, and keep abreast of, the demands of to-day, in the different professions, and at the same time provide more advanced work in keeping with, and to respond to the higher class preparation afforded by our educational system, generally, throughout the country, professional education and training must advance. ““ May we not apply this thought to the education with which we, as an association, are more intimately concerned, viz., that of the veterinarian? There can be no doubt that the twentieth century requires, and is calling for, the man of higher educa- tion and attainment to cope with, and endeavor to solve, the many new problems that are ever springing up in the field of comparative medicine; and I think there can be no question, also, that the prospective student is, as previously stated, now much better equipped than formerly to enter upon a course of profes- sional study requiring a higher standard of intellectual training. To meet the necessities in the case, therefore, it seems to me, we must look to the professional schools and colleges to perform their part well, as they appear to occupy the important central position, and in them seems to rest the power of satisfying the demand at each end of the line, so to speak, and which, I take it, is a position of grave responsibility. “The veterinary schools of America, as a whole, have done a splendid work; they have fulfilled a great mission; they have educated and turned out able and capable men. But we must not lose sight of the fact that the requirements of a decade ago are not those of to-day. They are ever on the advance, and they keep on advancing. So that there must be a gradual elevation of the standard to meet those requirements, ‘This is so in all other professions and callings. A condition imposed by the Carnegie Foundation is, that before the professors of State Uni- versities and Colleges are eligible to be placed upon the Carnegie pension list for teachers, the requirements for matriculation at SOCIETY MEETINGS. 71 these institutions must be not less than a specified number of units. This is going to have a very salutory effect in bringing up the standard of these great centres of learning throughout the country, because, with the entrance requirements increased, the curriculum of study is more than certain to be in keeping with the higher matriculation standard. “Tt would seem that our National Department of Agriculture has caught the infection as to higher standards. Or at least, in so far as the eligibility of graduate veterinarians for special de- partments of its work is concerned. I cannot think otherwise than that this recent move on the part of the Department of Agriculture is in an upward direction, and in keeping with the educational spirit of the times; and although at first, and for a time, it may create a ripple of dissatisfaction in some cases, I am forced to the opinion that it will eventuate in the greatest stimulus which the veterinary profession in this country has ever experienced. “ May it not be truthfully said, that the eyes of the world, or at least, those of our foreign customer-countries, are upon the great meat inspection service of the Unitetl States? Conse- quently, it becomes the. bounden duty of the national authorities to foster our immense export trade in meat and meat food- products by seeking to raise the standard of education for those who are to be employed in its protection. “I know of my own personal knowledge that in Secretary Wilson the veterinary profession of America has no truer nor stancher friend, who realizes, to the full, that our monumental live stock industry, on which such a large proportion of our citizens depend for their living, can never attain to its greatest measure of success without a thoroughly educated and equipped veterinary profession. And if such is deemed a necessity to . guard the health of those who consume our meats, and for the benefit of the people generally, is it not just as much so for the private citizen, in order that he may be the recipient of abler and more enlightened professional service? “T think it is a fact, and I believe all will agree with me, that the great school of comparative pathology in this country is the National Bureau of Animal Industry, to which the profession is indebted, more than to any other factor, for the advancement that has been made in this important branch of work in recent times, and whose researches claim the attention of scientists, not only on this western hemisphere, but all over the civilized world. TZ SOCIETY MEETINGS. Can it possibly maintain this well-earned reputation unless there be a gradual elevation of the standard of education to equip its staff to meet the ever-growing demands of the times? ‘** Permit me, here, to quote a short paragraph from the sum- mary of an address on ‘ What the American Medical Association Stands For,’ by Dr. Geo. H. Simmons, of Chicago, before the © Kentucky State Medical Association last year: _ “* Tt (the American Medical Association) stands to-day, as it has stood for sixty years, but now in an entirely practical way, for a higher standard of medical education, for a gradual eleva- tion of this standard, until the physicians of the United States shall equal in scientific attainment, as they equal in intellect, the physicians of any other nation on earth.’ ‘May we not apply the foregoing to our own case? For, has the medical profession any juster grounds for such a claim than has the veterinary profession? Surely not! ‘A further short paragraph from the summary of the same address might also be apropos here. Dr. Simmons says: “* The American Medical Association stands for uniform legislation in all tHe states; for a law based on principles adopted after careful scientific study of the problems involved that shall be equitable and just, and that shall make possible rational reciprocity among the states.’ Which refers, of course, to the medical practice acts in the different commonwealths. “To obtain this ‘ rational reciprocity’ in the medical profes- sion, with its many different schools of medicine, and its large numbers of institutions representative of each school; and, besides, the many graduations in the quality and value of the different diplomas, must of necessity, it seems to me, be sur- mounted by much greater obstacles than would be the case with the veterinary profession, with its comparatively limited number of diploma-granting institutions, and with its one main allopathic. school. “ The trend of professional opinion, both medical and veter- inary medical, I think, seems evidently to be in this direction of reciprocity among the states; and which I believe is a prospec- tive condition, concerning our profession, worthy the best thought of this association. “Tf I mistake not, one of the first steps in the accomplish- ment of this end, would be uniformity in the educational require- ments, both for matriculation and graduation, in the different veterinary institutions throughout the country, somewhat similar SOCIETY MEETINGS. 73 to that which obtains in some other countries. The ‘ one portal ’ through which to enter the profession, and a single diploma- granting body, as is the case in Great Britain and Ireland, would’ not, I presume, be altogether practicable in the United States, owing to certain conditions existing with us. But, if all of our veterinary colleges and schools were uniform in their require- ments, and those requirements sufficiently high to meet modern demands, then their diplomas would, logically, be of equal value, which would amount, practically, to the same thing. Given, therefore, the uniformity spoken of, as regards the education of the student, both preparatory and professional, and equality in the value of the diploma, reciprocity might not only be eventually brought about, but the work of the State Examining Boards be greatly minimized, so far as testing the eligibility of graduates to practice in the different states is concerned. Or, in other words, all diplomas being of equal value, no matter from which institution obtained, would, or should, be passports to practice the science and art of veterinary medicine and surgery in which- ° ever state the holders chose to select. “Of course all this may savor of the es, of a de- ranged intellect, and be thought altogether ahead of our condi- tion and time. But, I think there is no getting beyond the fact. that it would, and if ever it crystallizes will, be an ideal state of affairs, and that would make for the best interests of the profes- sion, eventually. “In glancing over Circular No. 133, of the National Bureau of Animal Industry, recently issued, entitled, ‘ Report and Recom- mendations Regarding Veterinary Colleges in the United States,’ I was forcibly impressed with the thought, that the approval, by the Secretary of Agriculture, of his expert committee’s report, will go a long way toward solving the problem of uniformity in educational requirements, and make for equality in the value of: the veterinary diploma. It cannot but have its influence for good, ultimately, upon the profession, as a whole, in this country, when we consider for a moment that the National Department of Agriculture alone gives employment to over 800 members—a number about equaling the entire membership of this organiza- tion—and that they, in order to be eligible, in the future, for admission to the civil service examination for Bureau appoint- ments, will be required to show that they are thoroughly qualified, in every way, to fill these important positions. 74 SOCIETY MEETINGS. ‘IT may be in error, but the ‘signs of the times’ seem to indicate to me that the future, and the not far distant future at that, will find a standard of education for veterinarians in this country which will enable them to * equal in scientific attainment, as they equal in intellect, those of any other nation on earth.’ ‘Another object of this association is ‘to enlighten and direct public opinion regarding veterinary problems of state medicine.’ ‘“ T believe that this association, through its membership scat- tered throughout the country, has accomplished, and is accom- plishing, most excellent results in this important direction, if we may judge by the number of the states having satisfactory laws to control the different infections of our domesticated animals, some of which are communicable to human beings. “From my own personal experience, the enlightenment of public opinion to the importance of this branch of medicine, that is, to the point of action, on its part, has, I am free to admit, ' been one of the most arduous tasks that I have tried to undertake during the entire course of my professional career, and I pre- sume I am by no means alone in this experience, if the whole truth were known. It is all the more gratifying, however, when success does crown one’s efforts, especially if those efforts have been encompassed around with discouragements and, apparent, insurmountable difficulties. Like some other matters we have been discussing, it is a question of education. “The public mind, as a rule, however, is of sufficient plastic- ity to be moulded in the right direction, provided the proper methods are used in the operation. True, the operation is fre- quently of the ‘major’ class, and requires time, and lots of patience. But the prognosis being generally favorable, the re- sults are worthy of abundant effort, as nothing tangible is pos- sible of accomplishment in the absence of an educated and enlightened public opinion, which, I am sure, it may truthfully be said, this association, and reputable,members of the profes- sion generally, are endeavoring to do their part in bringing about, Would that the Congressional mind was more receptive to en- lightenment with regard to the needs of our Army Veterinary Service. “Tt might be appropriate, here, to allude briefly to an event of great moment that is to take place shortly, and which, if fully availed of by the members of this association, should aid us, very materially, in this important work of enlightening and directing SAS a SOCIETY MEETINGS. 75 public opinion. I refer to the coming International Congress on ‘Tuberculosis, which is to begin its labors in Washington City, as no doubt all of you are aware, on the 21st instant. ‘* This will be one of the most important and influential Con- gresses ever held on this, or any other continent, and the veter- inary profession has rightly been given a place on the proggram, there having been provided an entire section (section VII.) which will be devoted exclusively to a discussion on * Tubercu- losis in Animals in Its Relations to Man,’ and of which our dis- tinguished ex-President, Dr. Leonard Pearson, is the worthy President. ‘This will be an opportunity rarely afforded the veterinary profession of any country to hear and participate in, with eminent foreign representatives, discussions of the many im- portant points and problems connected with the ‘ great white plague,’ to which humanity pays such extortionate toll, and through whose insidious inroads so many of the valuable food- producing animals of this and other countries succumb. “To attempt to control and eradicate tuberculosis without due regard to the animal source of infection, would, it seems to me, be but a one-sided effort, futile in its results, notwithstand- ing the opinion of a few eminent scientists to the contrary. Consequently, the veterinary profession has a most important, and I should say, indispensable, part to play in this great and beneficent work, not merely when viewed from its economic aspect, but for the sake of humanity. Let us show to the world, therefore, that we are not only capable, but that we are willing; in fact, indispensable, as combatants in the general onslaught against this insidious scourge which leaves world-wide destruc- tion and death in its wake. I would, therefore, earnestly urge upon all who possibly can, to attend this great gathering of de- voted men, whose deliberations will be heralded, not only all over this country, but throughout the world. “The menu prepared for this annual meeting is a veritable ‘feast of intellectual fat things,’ ‘fit for the proverbial gods,’ and I feel sure that your appetites must be keenly whetted for the fray. Consequently, it would exhibit a most unpardonable lack of thoughtfulness and good judgment on ie part, did I attempt to ‘ prolong the agony.’ “ Before closing, however, there is junk one other object of this association that I would like to touch upon, viz., ‘ to protect the material interests of the veterinary profession and present to the world its achievements.’ 76 SOCIETY MEETINGS. “ Naturally, one of the main purposes of organization is for protection. That is generally understood and accepted. The question might be germane, however, How can this association best protect those interests? I don’t know but that the best answer to the interrogatory would be simply to enumerate the other objects, such as, Promotion of good fellowship; elevation of the standards of education; the cultivation of medical science and literature, and the enlightenment and direction of public opinion regarding veterinary problems of state medicine, etc. All of which, when finally summed up means, I take it, education. Or, in other words, with a thoroughly educated veterinary pro- fession, both intellectually and morally, combined with an edu- cated and well directed public opinion, which it is one of the chief aims of this association to secure, the material interests of the profession will largely take care of themselves. “TI question very seriously if any similar organization, in any country, when we take into account the many diverse branches of work in which the membership of this association is engaged, is presenting to the world its achievements to such an extent as is this. And I believe I am more than justified in the statement, when we consider, first of all, the compilation of most valuable literature, a great deal of which is original, that every year forms the Report of our Proceedings, and which is widely distributed. “Then let us look at the monumental amount of research work done, and the literature, showing the results obtained, by what might be termed the ‘ veterinary division’ of our National Department of Agriculture, which is scattered to the ‘ four winds of heaven.’ % “ Have we not, also, our great professional literary medium, the AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, through whose pages we are able to, and do, show to the world at least some of our achievements? And have we not the colleges, themselves, with their quarterly periodicals, endeavoring to fulfill a similar mis- sion? Have we not, also, the veterinary departments of our State Boards of Health, and our Live Stock Sanitary Commis- sions working in the same cause, and to a similar end? And last, but not least, I think, have we not the veterinary divisions of our agricultural colleges and experiment stations, in almost every state and territory of this great union, engaged in the investigation of the many occult problems connected with the diseases of the lower animals, and publishing to the world their SOCIETY MEETINGS. 77 achievements in the form of bulletins, whose number may be said to bé ‘legion?’ Is there another country in the world, I say, with an association whose membership units can, and do, make such a showing in achievement ? “Long may the American Veterinary Medical Association continue to exhibit its wonderful accomplishments in behalf of the profession as a whole, and mankind, generally; and may it ever stand out prominently before the world, with the motto still emblazoned upon its unfurled banner, and which can be read from afar, ‘Onward and Upward!’ “T trust that our Forty-fifth Annual Meeting may be an un- qualified success in every particular, and that all of its delibera- tions may be conducted in such a manner as to promote the best of ‘ good fellowship’ among the entire membership.” THE GREAT ATTENDANCE, As has been the custom for a number of years, the calling of the roll was dispensed with, and a registry bureau was estab- lished at the entrance which was in charge of Mr. H. Preston Hoskins, U. of P., 1910. Every member and visitor was re- quired to sign a card giving his name, degree, address and his relation to the meeting—whether a member or visitor—before receiving a badge. In this way the desired information was ob- tained. The total number of registrations was 611, divided as fol- lows: Members, 243; gentlemen visitors, 237; ladies, 131; total, 611. Quite a number designated as visitors are now members, having filled out their registration cards prior to becoming mem- bers. -There were also others at the meeting who failed to regis- ter at all, so the attendance was even larger than the registra- tion indicates. From the registrations made the following lists of those in attendance has been arranged: AtaBAMA—Members, C. A. Cary, Auburn; W. B. Fleming, Montgomery. Lady visitor, Mrs. C. A. Cary, Auburn. CALIFORNIA—Members, R. A. Archibald, Oakland; C. M. Haring, Berkeley; A. R. Ward, Berkeley. Gentlemen visitors, Edward Records, Jr., San Francisco; W. L. Williamson, San Francisco. Lady visitors, Mrs. R. A. Archibald, Oakland; Mrs. C. M. Haring, Berkeley. ‘ CoLorapo—Members, George H. Glover, Fort Collins; Chas. G. Lamb, Denver. 7s SOCIETY MEETINGS. — ConNneEctTicut—Members, Harry E. Bates, South Norwalk; Thomas Bland, Waterbury; V. M. Knapp, Danbury; G.: W. Loveland, Torrington; Richard P. Lyman, Hartford; H. H. Newcomb, Bridgeport; Mulford C. Thompson, Sharon. Gentle- - men visitors, G. Capewell Atwood, New Haven; Chas. F. Rob- erts, New Haven. Lady visitor, Mrs. H. E. Bates, South Nor- walk. DELAWARE—Member, H. P. Eves, Wiknington. Gentlemen visitors, J. R. Kuhns, Dover; J. W. Montague, Wilmington; Chas. F. Dawson, Newark; H. B. McDowell, Middletown. Lady visitor, Mrs. H. P. Eves, Wilmington. District or CoLtumB1Aa—Members, Adolph Eichhorn, Wash- ington; A. M. Farrington, Washington; R. W. Hickman, Wash- ington; Lee H. P. Maynard, Washington; A. D. Melvin, Wash- ington; John R. Mohler, Washington; R. A. Ramsey, Wash- ington; William Thompson, Washington; John P. Turner, Washington; B. T. Woodward, Washington. Gentlemen vis- itors, D. E. Buckingham, Washington; M. Page Smith, Wash- ington. Lady. visitors, Mrs. D. E. Buckingham, Washington; Mrs. John P. Turner, Washington; Mrs. B. T. Woodward, Washington. Grorcia—Members, Robert J. Pre Dodge; E. M. Nigh- bert, Atlanta; T. E. Jago, Athens; C. R. Jolly, Atlanta. Lady visitor, Mrs. E. M. Nighbert, Atlanta. IpaAHo—Gentleman visitor, G. E. Noble, Boise. Lady vis- itor, Miss Agnes Noble, Boise. ILtLt1nois—Members, A. H. Baker, Chicago; L. E. Day, Chi- cago; O. E. Dyson, Chicago; D. Arthur Hughes, Chicago; Joseph Hughes, Chicago; George B. McKillip, Chicago; L. A. Merillat, Chicago; H. D. Paxson, Chicago; James Robertson, Chicago; H. R. Ryder, Chicago. Gentlemen visitors, L. C. Tiff- any, Springfield; Joseph P. Dunn, Chicago; Alexander Eger, Chicago; Master Sherrington P. Hughes, Chicago; W. T. Keen- er, Chicago; Frank Kover, Chicago; H. P. Rasmussen, Chicago; Harry H. Howe, Savanna; C. P, Shaughnessy, Chicago. Lady visitors, Mrs. A. H. Baker, Chicago; Mrs. L. E. Day, Chicago; Mrs. D. Arthur Hughes, Chicago; Mrs. H. R. Ryder, Chicago. InptIANA—Members, O. L. Boor, Muncie; E. M. Bronson, Indianapolis; Dickinson Gorsuch, Glencoe; J. O, Greeson, Ko- komo; Joseph W. Klotz, Noblesville; J. R. Mitchell, Evansville; MEMBERS. A. M. A Group or A. V. Houston Hall, 3 an = = +] > _ r wn a = = ~ Loe | San! ~ Oo > ~ = nn oo Y - - i = r — SOCIETY MEETINGS. 81 G. H. Roberts, Indianapolis; O. R. Whitestine, Huntington. Gentlemen visitors, J. L. Axby, Lawrenceburg; Robert F. Harper, Indianapolis; J. C. Rodger, Anderson, Lady visitors, Mrs. J. L. Axby, Lawrenceburg; Mrs. O. L. Boor, Muncie; Mrs. Dickinson Gorsuch, Glencoe; Mrs. J. W. Klotz, Noblesville; Mrs. J. R. Mitchell, Evansville; Miss Jennie Mitchell, Prince- ton; Mrs. O. G. Whitestine, Huntington. Iowa.—Member, G. A. Johnson, Sioux City. Lady visitor, ‘Mrs. G. A. Johnson, Sioux City, Kansas—Members, R. F. Eagle, Kansas City; L. R. Baker, Kansas City; Chas. H. Jewell, Fort Riley. Gentleman visitor, F; S. Schoenleber, Manhattan. Lady visitor, Mrs. Chas. H. Jewell, Fort Riley. Louistana—Member, W. H. Dalrymple, Baton Rouge. Gen- tleman visitor, Fred. J. Mayer, New Orleans. Matne—Member, George F. Wescott, Portland. Gentleman visitor, W. H. Robinson, Woodfords. MaryLanp—Members, Charles R. Biles, Elkton; Samuel S. Buckley, College Park; William Dougherty, Baltimore; Michael T. Griffin, Baltimore; J. P. Grogan, Baltimore; Herbert Hoopes, Belair ; Glenn W. Horner, Westminster ;G. Allen Jarman, Chester- town; Samuel E. Lloyd, Baltimore; F. H. Mackie, Baltimore; Wm. H. Martenet, Baltimore; Harry A. Meisner, Baltimore; E. F. Sanford, Baltimore; E. C. Schroeder, Bethesda; Robert V. Smith, Frederick. Gentlemen visitors, H. H. Counselman, Baltimore; Frank M. Keller, Baltimore; W. S. Gimper, Balti- more; Wm. H. Ivens, Chestertown; Joseph D. Hoopes, Belair; Thomas Shields, Govanstown. Lady visitors, Mrs. Herbert Hoopes, Belair; Mrs. F. H. Mackie, Baltimore; Miss Martha Watson, Fallston. MassAacHusetts—Members, Francis Abele, Jr., Quincy; Daniel Emerson, Lynn; H. B. Hamilton, New Bedford; Harry Lukes, Springfield; Charles H. Perry, Worcester; J. G. Pfersick, Greenfield; Benjamin D. Pierce, Springfield; Calvert H. Play- den, Reading; Charles R. Simpson, Somerville; J. F. Winches- ter, Lawrence; George M. Blair, Springfield. Gentlemen vis- itors, George E. Harder, Pittsfield; W. J. Hennessy, Worcester ; A. A. McDowell, North Adams; R: J. Marshall, Williamstown ; W. T. Pugh, Southbridge; W. M. Simpson, Malden; Jesse A. Viles, Lowell; A. G. Walker, Taunton; H. F. Leighton, Wal- * 82 SOCIETY MEETINGS. pole; Roger N. Perry, Worcester; Kenneth M. Simpson, Mal- den. Lady visitors, Mrs. Daniel Emerson, Lynn; Miss Margaret Flint, Reading; Mrs. A. A. McDowell, North Adams; Mrs. Chas. H. Perry, Worcester; Mrs. J. G. Pfersick, Greenfield; Mrs. B. D. Pierce, Springfield; Mrs. C. H. Playden, Reading; Mrs. W. T. Pugh, Southbridge ; Mrs. C. R. Simpson, Somer- ville. MicuicAN—Members, Judson Black, Ricdunond ; S. Bren- ton, Detroit; J. S. Donald, Bay City; George W. Dunphy, De- troit; G. D. Gibson, Adrian; L. Kenneth Green, Detroit; James J. Joy, Detroit; Harry E. States, Detroit; George Waddle, Kala- mazoo. Gentlemen visitors, W. E. Coomer, Bay City; William Hansen, Greenville; J. Hawkins, Detroit; Theodore F. Krey, Detroit; H. L. Schuh, Grand Rapids. Lady visitors, Miss Bren- ton, Detroit; Mrs. S. Brenton, Detroit; Mrs. J. S. Donald, Bay City; Miss Adeline Joy, Detroit; Mrs. Mary Schroeder, Detroit; Mrs. H. E. States, Detroit. Minnesota—Members, Charles E Cotton, Minneapolis; G. Ed. Leech, Winona; C. A. Mack, Stillwater; M. H. Reynolds, St. Anthony Park; C. S. Shore, Lake City; S. H. Ward, St. Paul. Missourt—Members, Lloyd Champlain, Kansas City; H. H. George, South St. Joseph; A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City; Frank C, McCurdy, St. Joseph; R. C. Moore, Kansas City; B. W. Mur- phy, St. Joseph; S. Stewart, Kansas City. Gentlemen visitor, Master Albert S. Kinsley, Kansas City. Lady visitors, Mrs. H. H. George, South St. Joseph; Mrs. A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City; Mrs. S. Stewart, Kansas City. New Hampsuire—Member, Lemuel Pope, Jr., Portsmouth. Visitors, F. L. Blake, Portsmouth; C. E. Burchsted, Concord; F. P. McCushing, Keene; Harry H. Crawford, Manchester. Lady visitor, Miss Mary McCushing, Keene. New Jersey—Members, T. Earle Budd, Orange; Henry W. Dustan, Morristown; William Gall, Matawan; S, G. Hendren, © Montclair; R. W. Hewitt, Camden; John B. Hopper, Ridge wood; W. B. Kille, Salem; Bassett Kirby, Woodbury; Charles Labash, Passaic; E. L. Loblein, New Brunswick; J. Payne Lowe, Passaic; Wm. Herbert Lowe, Paterson; W. J. Reagan, Pater- son; T. E. Smith, Jersey City; L. E. Tuttle, Bernardsville; George B. Vliet, Hackettstown. Gentlemen visitors, E. D. Bach- SOCIETY MEETINGS. 83 man, Newark; L. J. Belloff, New Brunswick; H. G. Black, Ham- monton; J. H. Conover, Flemington; Robert Dickson, Fair- haven; G. F. Harker, Trenton; George O. Forsyth, Pemberton; W. B. Hobson, Paterson; L. D. Horner, Woodstown; J. B. Jones, Atlantic City; H. J. Kohler, Trenton; A. P. Labash, Perth Amboy; James L. Lindsay, Jersey City; James McDonough, Montclair ; Charles E. Magill, Haddonfield; Harry C. Millar, As- bury Park; A. A. Moody, Camden; Osear Nelson, Woodcliff Lake; Thomas B. Rogers, Woodbury; C. T. Rogers, Wood- bury; W. Runge, Newark; J. A. Stuart, Burlington; S. C. Tre- maine, Bridgeton; Frank A. Wright, Burlington; Harry H. Wil- ensky, Mt. Ephraim. Lady visitors, Miss Rhoda A. Ashcraft, Mullica Hill; Mrs. Wm. Herbert Lowe, Paterson; Miss Rogers, Woodbury; Mrs. W. Runge, Newark; Mrs. L. E. Tuttle, Ber- nardsville; Mrs. George B. Vliet, Hackettstown. New Yorx—Members, E. B. Ackerman, Brooklyn; W. L. Baker, Buffalo; George H. Berns, Brookyn; W. Reid Blair, New York; S. H. Burnett, Ithaca; W. J. Coates, New York; J. F. DeVine, Goshen; Robert W. Ellis, New York; P. A. Fish, Ithaca; Harry D. Gill, New York; F. C. Grenside, New York; H. D. Hanson, New York; Thomas J. Herr, New York; W. G. Hollingworth, Utica; Frank Hunt, Jamestown; Wm. Henry Kelly, Albany; George A. Knapp, Millbrook; George W. Meyer, New York; Veranus A. Moore, Ithaca; John P. O'Leary, Buffalo; M. M. Poucher, Oswego; J. L. Robertson, New York; Charles C. Schloemer, New York; Clarence E. Shaw, Brooklyn; T. G. Sherwood, New York; Walter J. Taylor, Ithaca; W. L. Williams, Ithaca. Gentlemen visitors, A. W. Baker, Brasher Falls; David W. Cochran, New York; C. R. Eno, Pine Plains; Alexander Findley, Camden; Robert A. McCausland, Brooklyn; W. J. McKinney, Brooklyn; Robert S. MacKellar, New York; Frank H. Miller, New York; P. V. Weaver, Glen Cove; L. R. Webber, Rochester; Bellmont Bell, New York; Malvin Dough- erty, New York; Arthur S. Houchin, West Shokan; William F. Kirschner, New York; Henry L. Sommer, New York; Raymon M. Staley, New York; R. E. Waters, Gravesend; F. E. Poucher, Oswego. Lady visitors, Mrs. W. L. Baker, Brasher Falls; Mrs. George H. Berns, Bay Ridge; Miss Nellie C. Berns, Bay Ridge; Mrs. David W. Cochran, New York; Mrs. Robert W. Ellis, New York; Mrs. H. D. Gill, New York; Mrs. H. D. Hanson, New York; Mrs. A. S. Houchin, West Shokan; Mrs. Charlotte W. St SOCIETY MEETINGS. Hunt, Jamestown; Mrs. George W. Meyer, New York; Mrs. P. J. O'Leary, Brooklyn; Miss May Stafford, Auburn; Mrs. L. R. Webber, Rochester. NortH CaroLtina—Members, Tait Butler, Raleigh; Adam Fisher, Charlotte; W. J. Hartman, Raleigh. Lady visitor, Mrs. Tait Butler, Raleigh. Outo—Members, F. E. Anderson, Findlay; W. A. Axby, — Harrison; J. H. Blattenberg, Lima; T. Bent Cotton, Mount Vernon; A. E. Cunningham, Cleveland; J. D. Fair, Berlin; W. C. Holden, Delphos; J. C. Meyer, Cincinnati; H. T. Moss, Ger- mantown; John V. Newton, Toledo; Edgar H. Shepard, Cleve- land; W. B. Washburn, Tiffin; Davis S. White, Columbus. Gen- tlemen visitors, Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati; Robert C. Hill, West Alexandria; H. N. Manley, Dayton; R. J. Michener, Lebanon. Lady visitors, Mrs. W. A. Axby, Harrison; Mrs. R. J. Michener, Lebanon; Mrs. John V. Newton, Toledo; Mrs. W. B. Wash- burn, Tiffin. PENNSYLVANIA—Members, John W. Adams, Philadelphia; F. S. Allen, Philadelphia; E. P. Althouse, Johnstown; Harry E. Bender, Lititz; Adolf Berg, Germantown; U. S. G. Bieber, Kutztown; Francis Bridge, Philadelphia; Thomas Castor, Phila- delphia; Amos O. Cawley, Milton; Thomas S. Carlisle, Chest- nut Hill; H. B. Cox, Philadelphia; E. S. Deubler, Media; G. A. Dick, Kane; E. C. Dingley, Philadelphia; Mayhar W. Drake, Philadelphia; John H. Engel, Philadelphia; D, B. Fitzpatrick, Philadelphia; Albert F. Elkin, Smicksburg; Frank U. Fernsler, Lebanon; George S. Fuller, Philadelphia; Carl W. Gay, Swarth- more; Charles T. Goentner, Bryn Mawr; Guy M. Graybill, East Petersburg; James Graham, Germantown; R. C. Gross, Eliza- bethtown; F. A. Hamilton, Du Bois; S. J. J. Harger, Philadel- phia; Jacob Helmer, Scranton; W. Horace Hoskins, Philadel- phia; Edwin Hogg, Wilkes-Barre; Philip K. Jones, Pittsburg; Louis A. Klein, Harrisburg ; William J. Lentz, Hatboro; Stephen Lockett, Philadelphia ; John F. McAnulty, Philadelphia; A,. J. McCloskey, Chestnut Hill; C. Courtney McLean, Meadville; James Mahon, Philadelphia : C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia ; Henry Marshall, Bridgeport; T. E. Munce, Harrisburg; E. W. New- comer, Mount Joy; Irwin C. Newhard, Ashland; Otto G, Noack, Reading; Leonard Pearson, Philadelphia; E. S Porter, New Castle; Edgar W. Powell, Bryn Mawr; John Reichel, Philadel- phia; John J. Repp, Philadelphia; W. B Rhoads, Lansdowne; SOCIETY MEETINGS. 85 W. H. Ridge, Trevose; F. H. Schneider, Philadelphia; B. Frank Senseman, Philadelphia; E. L. Simpson, Knoxville; Charles W. Springer, Uniontown; W. J. Tomlinson, Williamsport, B. M. Underhill, Media; James A. Waugh, Pittsburg; S. E. Weber, Lancaster; W. E. Wight, Pittsburg; George H. Woolfolk, Ches- ter; Elken H. Yunker, Philadelphia; J. W. Sallade, Auburn. Gentlemen visitors, Wm. Russell Andress, Philadelphia; Wm. Bender, Philadelphia; G. G. Blank, Allentown; Dr. H. P. Bolich, Ashland; Bertram Allen, Philadelphia; Charles Auerbach, Phila- delphia; H. W. Barnard, Philadelphia; James M. Bourke, Phila- delphia; Henry Bower, Collegeville; John L. Bradley, Mercers- burg; H. P. Brooks, Philadelphia; Harry Brooks, Philadelphia; C. W. Brown, Philadelphia; S. E. Bruner, Greensburg; H. W. Burd, Philadelphia; H. C. Campbell, Philadelphia; Samuel Coane, Philadelphia; Harry R. Church, Luzerne; W. B. Collom, Philadelphia; Milton E. Conard, West Grove; Joseph J. Corkill, Mauch Chunk; N. B. Critchfield, Harrisburg; Howard H. Cus- tis, Malvern; Charles H. Detwiler, Royersford; Nathan M. Drake, Philadelphia; Warren T. Edwards, Philadelphia; Fran- cis Falls, Lancaster; George W. Famous, Berwyn; Howard B. Felton, Olney; John C. Foelker, Allentown; Wm. W. Fox, East Downingtown; B. M. Freed, Sharon; W. D. Fuller, Somerset ; George M. Garrett, West Chester; John O. George, Strasburg; Alexander Glass, Philadelphia; D. A. Gorman, Kittanning; John E. Gregory, Gilbert; C. C. Harrison, Philadelphia; William F. Gleason, Philadelphia; J. P. Gerety, Philadelphia; Arthur D. Goldhaft, Philadelphia; R. S. Hamilton, Philadelphia; Howard E. Hoff, Philadelphia; Oliver T. Hendren, Roxborough; W. L. Herbert, York; Joseph S. Hibbs, Fallsington; D. E. Hickman, West Chester; Fred S. Hope, Philadelphia; H. Preston Hos- kins, Philadelphia; Cheston M. Hoskins, Philadelphia; George B. Jobson, Franklin; Joseph Johnson, West Grove; Frederic S. Jones, Roxborough; Ralph L. Kann, Mechanicsburg; Thomas J. Kean, Philadelphia; Kerro Knox, Philadelphia; Robert W. Keeper, Chester; Thomas Kelly, Philadelphia; J. T. Kiethline, East Stroudsburg; D. R. Kohler, Boyertown; William J. Lee, Philadelphia; Charles Lenhart, York; Richard P. Lienhardt, Wayne; Charles Lintz, Chester; James T. McAnulty, Philadel- phia; James A. McCloskey, Chestnut Hill; William J. McCoy, Philadelphia; W. O. McHugh, Pittsburg; M. J. Maloney, Phila- delphia; Henry D. Martien, Philadelphia; Wesley Massinger, Chalfont; J. W. Mather, Berwick; A. R. May, Boiling Springs ; 86 SOCIETY MEETINGS. John P. Miller, Reading; Warren B. Morgan, Philadelphia; P. F. Murphy, Philadelphia; William S. Nicholas, Bedminster; J. F. Olweiler, Elizabethtown; Adam W. Ormiston, Germantown; J. H. Oyler, Harrisburg; Edward A. Parker, Philadelphia; Wm. Henry Paxson, Lahaska; Howard F. Pegan, Cochranton; J. Chester Pennell, Philadelphia; M. A. Porter, Philadelphia; Edw. W. Patton, Philadelphia; Frank K. Nice, Philadelphia; Horace Ridge, Trevose; Edward A. Rile, Ambler; C. S. Rockwell, Phila- delphia; F. B. Rutherford, Philadelphia; James T. Ross, Frank- ford; C. A. Schaufler, Philadelphia; A. H. Schmoyer, Boyer- town; Edgar F. Smith, Philadelphia; J. J. Staley, Philadelphia; Samuel B. Stewart, Philadelphia; William R. Smith, Philadel- phia; Frank Standen, Philadelphia; Fred Stehle, Jr., Philadel- phia; Ellwood B. Stevens, Fox Chase; Hilbert S. Stoker, Wilkes- Barre; George K. Swank, East Mauch Chunk; Elmer E. Tower, Philadelphia; George W. Teufel, Philadelphia; H. W. Turner, New Hope; John H. Turner, Wellsboro; William T. Webb, Quarryville; Richard G. Webster, Chester; Grant A. Wehr, Den- ver; A. W. Wier, Greenville; Fred Weitzel, Pittsburg; J. At- kinson Wilkinson, Oxford; Walter G. White, Philadelphia; John H. Winstanley, Philadelphia; I. W. Zellers, Harrisburg; Joseph J. Zilligen, Philadelphia; John H. Zollinger, Philadelphia; Tal- cott Williams,’ Philadelphia; Edwin S. Stuart, Harrisburg; Charles Williams, Philadelphia. Lady visitors; Mrs. E. Bauer, Philadelphia; Mrs. H. W. Barnard, Philadelphia; Mrs. Franklin Briggs, Woodbourne; Miss Brown, Philadelphia; Mrs. Thomas Castor, Philadelphia; Mrs. H. B. Cox, Philadelphia; Mrs. H. P. Brooks, Philadelphia; Mrs. Harry Brooks, Philadelphia; Miss Emma Brooks, Philadelphia; Mrs. G. A. Dick, Kane; Mrs, B. M. Freed, Sharon; Miss Du Bois, Philadelphia; Mrs. Charles T. Goentner, Bryn Mawr; Mrs. G. M. Graybill, East Peters- burg; Miss Hall, Philadelphia; Mrs. W. Horace Hoskins, Phila- delphia; Miss Margaret E. Hoskins, Philadelphia; Miss C. Dor- othy Huber, Philadelphia; Mrs. S. J. J. Harger, Philadelphia; Miss A. Jobson, Franklin; Miss Jessie I. Jobson, Franklin; Miss D. A. Jobson, Franklin; Miss Evelyn M. Kooker, Philadelphia; Mrs. W. S. Kooker, Philadelphia; Mrs. Calvin Leightman, Hazleton; Mrs. Charles Lintz, Chester; Mrs. Bernard McCurdy, Philadelphia; Miss Ella McCurdy, Philadelphia; Mrs. A, J. McCloskey, Chestnut Hill; Miss Mary McDonald, Philadelphia ; Mrs. McKnight, Philadelphia; Miss Meriam McCartney, Phila- delphia; Mrs. C. Courtney McLean, Meadville; Mrs. James ee ‘SOCIETY MEETINGS. 87 Mahon, Philadelphia; Mrs. C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia; Mrs. Henry Marshall, Bridgeport; Mrs. John P. Miller, Reading; Mrs. William Mullen, West Chester; Mrs. T. E. Munce, Har- risburg; Mrs. Frank K. Nice, Germantown; Mrs. Howard F. Pegan, Cochranton; Mrs. E. W. Powell, Bryn Mawr; Mrs. A. W. Ormiston, Germantown; Mrs. W. H. Ridge, Trevose; Miss Mabel Ridge, Trevose; Mrs, C. S. Rockwell, Philadelphia; Mrs. W. L. Rhoads, Lansdowne; Mrs. James T. Ross, Frankford; Mrs. C. A. Schaufler, Philadelphia; Mrs. B. F. Sensemen, Phila- delphia; Mrs. F. H. Schneider, Philadelphia; Miss Thompson, Philadelphia; Mrs. Martha Vansant, Fox Chase; Mrs. J. W. Vansant, Fox Chase; Mrs. R. G. Webster, Chester; Mrs. W. E. Wight, Pittsburg; Mrs. I. W. Zellers, Harrisburg. Ruope IsLanp—Visitor, J. M. Armstrong, Providence. -. SoutH Carotina—Members, Enoch Barnett, Clemson Col- lege; Benjamin McInnes, Charleston. Visitors, G. F. McInnes, Charleston; John H. Morse, Sumter. ) TENNESSEE—Members, W. P. Ellenberger, Nashville; J. W. Scheibler, Memphis; George R. White, Nashville. Gentlemen visitors, A. O. Kennedy, Columbia; J. W. Scheibler, Jr., Mem- phis. Ledy visitor, Mrs. J. W. Scheibler, Memphis. Texas—Visitors, L. E. Johnson, San Antonio; J. G. Kerr, McKinney. VERMONT—Gentlemen visitors, Frank W. Chamberlain, Bur- lington. . VircintA—Members, Harry Bannister, Roanoke; C. R. Clark, Hampton; John Spencer, Blacksburg. Gentlemen visitor, G. E. Finney, Onancock. Lady visitors, Mrs. H. Bannister, Roanoke; Miss Edna Bannister, Roanoke. _ WaAsHINcton—Member, S. B. Nelson, Pullman. Lady vis- itor, Mrs. S. B. Nelson, Pullman. CanapA—Members, F. T. Daubigny, Montreal; Albert Dauth, Montreal; John D. Du Chene, Quebec; E. A. A. Grange, Toronto; Charles H. Higgins, Ottawa; William Jakeman, Glace Bay; D. McCuaig, McAdam Junction; J. G. Rutherford, Ot- tawa; Thomas Thacker, Renfrew. . Gentlemen visitors, Wm. N. Middleton, Cayuga; H. W. Jakeman, Halifax. Lady visitor, Mrs. Wm. H. Middleton, Cayuga. 88 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Cusa—Member, N. S. Mayo, Santiago de las Vegas. Visitor, Gerald E. Griffin, Havana. GERMANY—Visitor, N. Kaumanns, Berlin. Honpuras—Visitor, S. Moncado, Tegucigalpa. New Soutu Wa.es—Visitor, Thomas G. Doyle, Sydney. NEW MEMBERS. The total number of new members elected number 126. The various seatings of the Executive Committee were greatly pro- longed in the examination of credentials of applicants, and many were laid on the table for further investigation or were rejected outright. The following is a complete list of those elected to membership : Allen, John Franklin (Ind. V. C., ’07), Greenwood, Ind. ; Anderman, Frederick W., M.D.C. (Chic. V. C., ’93), Hartford City, Ind.; Anderson, Wm. Albert, D.V.S. (K. C. V. C., ’07), Sleepy Eye, Minn.; Axby, Leonard, M.D.C. (Shic. V. C., ’03), Lawrenceburg, Ind.; Baker, John Bennie, D.V.S. (K.C.V.C. ’08), Mitchell, Neb.; Bannister, H., V.M.D. (U. P., 90), Roanoke, Va.; Barnes, Clarence Lyon, D.V.M. (N. ys SNe CS 06a; Manhattan, Kans; Becker, Charles J., D.V.M. (Cin. V. C., ’08), Jamestown, Tenn.; Berg, Adolph (Berlin, ’06), Philadelphia, Pa.; Biles, Charles Ross, V.M.D. (U. P., ’06), Elkton, Md.; Bolich, Harry Peter, V.M.D. (U. P., 08), Ashland, Pa.; Bol- ser, Felty ire V.S. (Ont. V. C., ’°85), New Castle, Ind.; Bower, Bey (U. P., ’97), Collegeville, Pa.; Carter, R. W., V.S. (Ont. gin ee Fe Jobstown, N. jis Case: LE. EB. D.V.M. (Nove. V. ch ’o8), Auburn, Ala.; Chamberlain, Frank Wilbut, B.S., D.V.M. CN... ¥. sa ¥ es 06), Burlington, Vt.; Conrad, Burton Wesley, D.V.S., B.Sc. (K. C. V. C., ’07), Labetha, Kan. : Cos- ford, S. E., VS. (Gite TS; 87), Rapid, S. Dakota; Cox, Harry B, D.V.S. (A. V. C, 95), Philadelphia, Pa.; Cum- ming, David, V.S. (Ont. V. ‘oh ’70), Port Huron, Mich. ; Cus- tis, Howard Hansell, V.M.D. (U. P., 07), Malvern, Pa.; Dick, George Alexander, Mg tcay (U. P., ’04), Kane, Pa.; Dryden, Wm. A., V.S.: ( Ont. 9 Cade ‘Columbus, Ind. ; Edington, Bruce H., M.D.C. ile ¥ C: ’07), Mt. Sterling, Ohio : Emig, W. H., M.D.C., V.S. (Chic. V. C., ’08), Lima, Ohio; Engel, John Herman, VM.D. (UF 08), Philadelphia, Pa, ; Exline, James C., M.D.V. (McK. 7, C. 05), Walenberg, Colo. ; a SOCIETY MEETINGS. 89 Farmer, Thos., D.V.S. (Chic. V. C., ’88), Grand Blanc, Mich. ; Fenckinck, Derk, M.D.V. (McK. V. C., ’07), Chicago, Ill.; Fernsler, Frank U., V.M.D. (U. P., ’02), Lebanon, Pa.; Find- lay, Alex., V.S. (Ont. V. C., ’91), Camden, N. Y.; Fitzpatrick, D. B., (U. P., ’93), Philadelphia, Pa.; Foster, J. P., B.Sc., V.S., M.D.V. (Ont. V. C., ’00; McK. V. C., ’08), Huron, S. Dakota; Fox, David F., D.V.S. (Chic. V. C., ’91), Sacramento, Cal. ; Fraser, Walter, M.D.C. (Chic. V. C.), Fort Myer, Va.; Fred- erick, E. B., V.S., D.V.M. (Ont. V. C., ’93, and Ohio S V. C., oo), Canton, Ohio; Fridirici, Ulysses Grant, V.S. (Ont. V. C., 90), Tamaqua, Pa.; Fuling, Geo. G. (Ont. V. C., ’82), Rich- mond, Ind.; Goodrich, Gilbert G., M.D.C. (Chic. V. C., ’05), Larke Park, Minn. ; Graybill, Guy Martin, V.M.D. (U. P., ’07), East Pittsburg, Pa.; Greeder, Herman, D.V.S. (Cin. V. C., 07), Detroit, Mich.; Gross, R. C., V.S. (N. Y. C. V. S., 94), Elizabethtown, Pa.; Hanewalt, David. C., V.S. (Ont. V. C., -’91), Nashville, Tenn.; Hanna, Robert Lee, V.M.D. (Ind. V. C.), Brookville, Ind.; Harms, Herbert Frederick, D.V.S. (N. Y. A. V. C., ’08), Pearl River, N. Y.; Harrison, Geo. H., D.V.S. (Chic. V. C., ’90), So. St. Joseph, Mo.; Heiny, Edgar, V.M.D. (Ind. V. C., ’08), Lebanon, Ind.; Hendren, Oliver Tripple, V.M.D. (U. P., ’07), Philadelphia, Pa.; Hilty, Reuben, D.V.M. (Ohio S. V. C., ’07), Bluffton, Ohio; Horner, G. .W., V.M.D. (U. P., ’00), Westminster, Md.; Hobstman, Edward, D.V.M. (Cin. V. C., ’08), Sioux City, lowa; Howe, Walter E., V.M. (N. Y. S. V. C., ’97), Denver, Colo.; Hurt, G. M., V.M. (Iowa S. C., ’04), East Lansing, Mich. ; Huyett, Walter M.D.V. (McK. V. C.,’99), Wernersville, Pa. ; Jago, Thomas ward, V.S. (Ont. V. C., ’92), Athens, Ga.; Jeffrey, Fred V.S., Ph.G. (Ont. V. C., 87), Toledo, Ohio; Johnson, ph, V.M.D. (U. P., ’98), West Grove, Pa.; Jolly, Charles .M.D P “ SEROUS % Zz i . (U. P., ’90), Atlanta, Ga. ; Jones, Philip K., V.M.D. (U. P., ’98), Pittsburg, Pa.; Kartrade, E. H., D.V.S. (K. C. V. C., 08), Hardwich, Minn.; Keane, Chas., D.V.S. (U? of Cal., ’97), Sacramento, Cal.; Kelly, Thos., V.M.D. (U. P., 06), Philadelphia, Pa.; Kelley, S. G., D.V.M. (Ind. V. C., 706); Elwood, Ind.; Kiernan, J. A., V-S. (N. Y. C. of V. S., ’94), Raleigh, N. C.; Lampe, W. H. G., D.V.M. (Cin. V. C., 08), Nashville, Tenn.; Langley, Wm. Gilbert, M.D.V. (McK. V. C, ’03), Dalles, Texas; Lauman, Frederick Joseph, D.V.S. (K. C. V. C., ’07), Wichita, Kan.; Lentz, Frank Edwin, V.M.D. (U. P., ’07), Hatboro, Pa.; Linch, Chas., D.V.M. (N. Y. S. 90 SOCIETY MEETINGS. V. C., 05), Albany, N. Y.; Lovell, Roy, M.D.C. (Chic. V. C., 06), York, Nebraska; Mackie, Clemant Leroy, V.M.D. (U. P., 06), Towson, Md.; Mahon, James, D.V.S. (U. P., ’06), Ash- land, Miss.; Marshall, Henry, V.M.D. (U. P., ’97); Bridge- port, Pa.; Marstellar, Ross P., D.V.M. (Ohio S. U., ’05), Col- lege Station, Texas; Mauldin, C. E., V.M.D. (U. P., ’04), New Orleans, La.; Maynard, H. P., D.V.M. (Ohio S. U., ’04), Washington, D. C.; McAdony, I. S., B.S., M.D.V. (McK. V. C., ’08), Auburn, Ala.; McCushing, Francis P., V.M.D. (U. P., ’07), Keene, N. H.; McCloskey, A. J., V.M.D. (U. P., ’08), Chestnut Hill, Pa.; McCoy, Franklin Clare (Ind. V. C., ’o07), Orleans, Ind.; McDowell, Harris B., D.V.S. (A. V. C., ’88), Middletown, Del.; McEvers, Albert E., M.D.V. (McK. V. C., 08), Chicago, Ill.; McKillip, George B., M.D.V. (McK. V. C., ’08), Chicago, Ill.; McNair, Fred Henry, D.V.M. (N. Y. S. V. C., ’05), Berkley, Cal.; Meiser, William A., V.S., M.D.V. (Ont. V. C., ’05), McK. V. C., ’06), Newport, Pa.; Moody, Arthur Henry, V.S. (Ont. V. C., ’85), Three Rivers, Mich.; Morel, F. F., M.D.C. (Chic. V. C., ’07), Chicago, Ill.; Mueller, Ferdinand A. (Ind. V. C., ’96), Indianapolis, Ind.; Morrison, W. E. D., D.V.M. (Ames, Iowa, ’84), Los Angeles, Cal.; Nelson, Chas. A., D.V.S. (K. C. V. C., ’08), Granite Falls, Minn. ; Newhard, Irwin Chas., V.S. (N. Y. C. V. S., 93), Ash- land, Pa.; Noble, George, M.D.C. (Chic. V. S., .’91), Boise, Idaho; Norgaard, Victor A., V.S. (Royal V. C., Copenhagen, ’89), Honolulu, Hawaii; Noyes, Ralph E., D.V.S. (K. C. V. C., ’07), Jasper, Tenn.; Oesterhaus, John H., B.Sc., D.V.S. (K. C. V. C., ’05), Fort Riley, Kan.; Parker, Cowles C., D.V.S. (K. C. V. C., 08), Mineola, Texas; Potter, Geo. W., D.V.M. (Ohio S. V. C., 06), Hixson, Tenn.; Prien, Otto Louis, M.D.V. (McK. V. C.; ’06), Laramie, Wyo.; Prouse, Wm. Caleb, V.M.D. (U. P., ’07), Minneapolis, Minn.; Redhead, Wm. H., D.V.M. (Ohio S. U., ’04), Cleveland, Ohio; Renter, Walter W., D.V.M. (Cin. V. C.; ’07), Kansas City, Mo.; Rodger, J. C., V.S. (Ont. V. C., 87), Anderson, Ind.; Rogers, Arthur B., B.S., M.D.C. (Chic. V. C., ’07), Sioux City, Iowa; Rowe, John, D.V.S. (National V. C., ’94), Germantown, Md. ; Rustad, Alvin P., M.D.C. (Chic. V. C., ’07), Fergus Falls, Minn.; Selby, Orval C., M.D.C. (Chic. V. C., ’08), Worthing- ton, Minn.; Senseman, B. Frank, V.M.D. (U. P., ’91), Phila- delphia, Pa.; Shaw, Chas. Wyman, D.V.S. (A. V. C., ’92), New York, N. Y.; Simpson, Wm, Martin, D.V.S. (Montreal SOCIETY MEETINGS. 91 V. C., °87), Malden, Mass.; Snyder, Eugene J., D.V.S. (K. C. V. C., ’07), Kansas City, Mo. : ; Spear, William Henry, D.V.S. (McGill V-C., 0) Portland, Me.; Staples, William D., M.D.C. (Chic. V. C., ’05), Anniston, ‘Ala. Stover, John Price, Vor (Ont V2G; 23): Shady Grove, Pa.; Tansey, Ed. J., V.M.D. (Ind. V. C, , ’08), Moravia, Ind.; Traum, Jacob, D.V.M. (N. Y. S. * <) ’05), Washington, D. C.; Vermilya, i, de M.D.C. (Chie. V. C., ’06), St. Paul, Minn.; Vulhainy, oe 8) (One ee, 91), Crowley, La.: Wagoner, & V. SOK Ve G; 94), Richmond, Ind.; Walch, Clarence is CRC: V; €) 07), Sioux City, Ta. ; Warnoch, David, Mkcys (Glasgow V. C., Scotland, 89), Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada; Weber, John H., M. D.C. ete V... C768); Pendleton, Ore. ; Weitzel, Frederick, V.M.D. (U. P., 02), Pitts- burg, Pa.; Wilkins, John E., V.M.D. (Ind. V. C., ’08) ; Green- ville, Texas; Windsor, Arthur E., M.D.V. (McK. V. C., ’o05), Postville, la.; Woodfolk, George H., D.V.S. (K. C. V. C., ’06), Chester, Pa.; Worcester, Harry, D.V.M. (Cin. V. C., ’07), Mid- dletown, Ohio. ig Bes Sao RECEPTION BY THE PROVOST. At the close of the morning session, Provost Charles C. Har- rison, of the University of Pennsylvania, gave an informal re- ception to the delegates, and a luncheon was given by the uni- versity in the recreation room of Houston Hall. These lunch- eons were continued during the following days of the conven- tion so that those in attendance were not obliged to return to their hotels in the middle of the day. A CABLEGRAM FROM PROF, LIAUTARD., “Paris, Sept. 8.—John Smith joins sending greetings with best wishes and hopes for better education, reforms and im- provements.—Liautard.” A MESSAGE FROM DIRECTOR ARLOING. “New York Harbor, Sept. 12.—Remercimant confraternels voeux pour success trevanz de association.—Arloing.”’ COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE AND EDUCATION. Since the educational problem is still uppermost in the pro- fessional mind, we give space in the following pages to the entire report of Dr. Leonard Pearson, chairman. The reading of this 92 SOCIETY MEETINGS, report provoked a heated debate, and a motion to approve the report was lost. It was finally referred to the Executive Committee. Upon recommendation of the Executive Commit- tee it was received and referred to the Committee on Publication for insertion in the Proceedings of the Association. “ During the past year the veterinary schools of the United States and Canada have been visited and investigated by a com- mittee of five veterinarians appointed by the Secretary of Agri- culture of the United States. The committee was appointed to gain definite information regarding the equipment and facilities for teaching in the various schools, and also to indicate to the Department the necessary matriculation examination and the course of instruction to qualify graduates for admission to the Civil Service examination. The report of this committee was submitted to the Secretary of Agriculture May 28, 1908, and is published as Circular 133 of the Bureau of Animal Industry. This circular shows the objects of.the investigation, the organiza- . tion and procedure of, the committee, the colleges visited and it contains twenty-seven recommendations. “The findings as to individual colleges are not published in this report, but are filed with the Secretary of Agriculture. No statistics of the colleges or reports upon any individual institu- tion are made public. Each college has, however, received from the Secretary of Agriculture a statement as to the criticisms of the committee with relation to that institution. “The published report (Circular 133) recommends certain minimum educational requirements of matriculation. The standard is that of the second grade examination as adopted by the United States Civil Service Commission, supplemented by history and geography of the United States and its possessions. Recommendations are also made in regard to conducting and putting in force the recommendations as to the minimum stand- ard for matriculation. A course of study is recommended which, manifestly, is modified from the outline for a course of study that was presented by this committee at your last meeting and that is to be found on pages 92 and 93 of the proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Association for 1907, but with regard to which the association took no action. The minimum length of the course of instruction shall cover a period of three years of not less than six months each, exclusive of final exam- inations and holidays. It is proposed that this course of in- struction shall have as a minimum 150 days of actual teaching SOCIETY MEETINGS. 93 in each year and a minimum of 3,200 actual teaching hours for the entire three years. The minimum amount of time that shall be devoted to each constituent part of the course is set forth. It is recommended that the course shall be graded, that exclusive night classes shall be discontinued; that there shall be at least five veterinarians on the faculty, that each of these shall have not less than three years experience in teaching or in practicing veterinary science subsequent to graduation from a veterinary college, and that not more than three of the five shall be gradu- ates of any one college. It is advised that five of the eight groups of subjects into which the curriculum is divided shall be taught by veterinarians. Other recommendations have to do with the management of students, the admission of students to advance standing, requirements for graduation, the keeping of records of students’ attendance and work, and of making reports to the Department of Agriculture. “The nineteen veterinary colleges of the United States and Canada that were visited by the committee are divided into three groups, designated Classes A, B and C. Class A comprises eleven institutions whose graduates are recommended as eligible to the United States Civil Service Examination for veterinary inspectors in the Bureau of Animal Industry. Class B com- prises four institutions whose graduates have been allowed to take the United States Civil Service Examination subsequent to 1898, but are not now recommended. Class C comprises four institutions which are new and do not yet have graduates, or whose recent graduates are not eligible to the United States Civil Service Examination and are not recommended. “This entire report, with all its recommendations, has been approved by the Secretary of Agriculture, under the date of June 8, 1908, and it is assumed that these recommendations are now regulations and are intended to be binding upon the veter- inary colleges of the United States who desire that their gradu- ates shall be eligible for the United States Civil Service examina- tion for appointment as veterinary inspectors in the Bureau of Animal Industry. “Some action on the part of the Secretary of Agriculture was highly necessary on account of the numerous schools of low grade that have within recent years been established in the United States and that have been maintained in this country and in Canada. The same results might, no doubt, have been reached by the Veterinary Examining Boards of the United States, act- 94 SOCIETY MEETINGS. ing jointly, if joint action could have been secured. Thus far, however, it has not seemed to be possible for an effective plan of co-operation to be designed or enforced for the purpose of securing co-ordinate action on the part of the State Examining Boards, for the purpose of raising the standards and improving the course of instruction in the veterinary schools. The great results that these boards have accomplished inthis direction have come from the work of the more careful boards in a few of the leading states, acting independently. What the boards could not agree among themselves to do is now essayed by the United States Department of Agriculture. “There can be no doubt that every veterinary college in the United States will endeavor to comply as nearly as possible with the standards and obligations established by the Secretary of Agriculture. The results will be most beneficial with regard to institutions of low grade. Whether the results will be equally beneficial as concerns the leading institutions of those grouped under Class A is most decidedly open to question. “It is my understanding that all of the sections of this re- port are intended to be binding upon veterinary colleges, and that the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture of the recom- mendations makes it compulsory for all veterinary colleges to arrange their courses of instruction and to conduct their work in accordance with these recommendations, which now are rules. If this is a correct interpretation of the act and intent of the Secretary, it will be necessary for every veterinary college in the United States and Canada to make material changes in its curriculum, staff of teachers and methods. While such changes are, no doubt, desirable in some cases, it is a question as to whether many changes, made merely for the purpose of meet- ing the letter of the rules, would be for the better; some would positively weaken the veterinary college and its work. ‘“‘ Moreover, there is also reasonable ground for doubt as to whether the Secretary of Agriculture has any right, either legally or morally, to say that all the subjects entering into the course of instruction shall be grouped and divided in a certain way, and that certain subjects shall be under the control of certain professors and other subjects under the control of other profes- sors, or whether any useful purpose can be achieved by such an order. For example, to say that a professor of anatomy must give at least 200 lectures and 300 hours of laboratory work is to interfere with a detail of pedagogy with regard to which the SOCIETY MEETINGS. 95 Secretary of Agriculture has positively no right to interfere. The essential is that veterinarians entering the service of the United States Department of Agriculture shall have a sufficient knowl- edge of veterinary anatomy. It is reasonable to require that the institution in which the student received his teaching in anatomy shall have adequate equipment and facilities for teach- ing anatomy. Furthermore, a sufficient amount of the student’s time must be set aside for the study of anatomy, so that this subject shall not be unduly infringed upon by the other sub- jects of instruction. But to say how, or in what proportion, the professor shall divide his instruction into lectures and laboratory work, is going further than such an order can properly go, and is irrelevant. Anatomy is a subject difficult to teach by lectures. If there is adequate opportunity for dissection and if there is adequate instruction in the dissection room, it is well known that the lectures upon anatomy become, to a large extent, a matter of form. In one of the foremost medical schools of the United States the lectures on anatomy have been abolished. In all of the leading medical and veterinary colleges, the tendency is, more and more, to teach anatomy in the dissecting room rather .than in the lecture room, and this tendency is quite in line with the whole trend of modern teaching, under which pupils are not merely told about things but are required to do things with their own hands, and to learn by close personal contact with the ob- jects studied. Of course if a veterinary college with limited facilities for dissection is handicapped by larger classes of students than it can properly handle, it is then necessary to do a large part of the anatomical teaching in the lecture room, but this is far from being an ideal condition and should not have the sanction, and much less should it be required by the Secre- tary of Agriculture. ““T do not mention this matter for the purpose of discussing the way in which anatomy should be taught, but to emphasize the point, for the support of which numerous illustrations might be taken from this official document, that the report endeavors to establish a sort of control in the management of schools that is not appropriately vested in the Secretary of Agriculture. This cannot but produce confusion and do harm, unless the Depart- ment is willing to admit that certain parts of its peremptory regulations are not to be enforced. “To return to the subject of anatomy, and again to use this merely as an illustration. If a precise method for teaching 96 SOCIETY MEETINGS. anatomy may properly be required by the Department of Agri- culture, then this subject should be considered by a board of the leading teachers of veterinary anatomy of North America. The committee appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture to investi- gate veterinary schools surely cannot claim for itself expert knowledge as to how class instruction in anatomy had best be given. This knowledge is possessed in largest measure by those who have made a careful study of the results of various methods for teaching anatomy, in this and other countries, and who have: themselves had experience in teaching this branch. If this subject is to be considered in such detail as to justify the recom- mendation even as to the minimum amount of time that must be devoted to anatomy and as to how this time shall be appor- tioned between lectures and laboratory instruction, then the question had best be referred to the Association of Veterinary Faculties and by them submitted to a committee of the teachers of veterinary anatomy. ‘“ Precisely the same type of criticism applies to the pre- scribed instruction under most of the other headings. Numerous, peculiar disharmnonies can be pointed out. For example, there shall be 50 lectures in parasitology and only 40 in pathology. Only 10 hours, lectures 4nd laboratory work included, need be devoted to post mortem examinations. Twice as much attention is required to be devoted to dentistry as to shoeing. Laboratory diagnosis is required to be taught by the professor of pathology, thus having a tendency to divorce the professor of the practice of veterinary. medicine from the laboratory work required in the diagnosis of the diseases with which he must deal. The subjects of hygiene, including the principles of the prevention of disease, the control of infections, meat hygiene, milk hygiene, etc., is very much divided and scattered. For example, the professor of physiology is expected to teach a certain amount of hygiene, the professor of pathology gives instruction in meat inspection, the professor of the practice of medicine gives instruction in controlling infectious diseases and the professor of zootechnics furnishes instruction in dairy inspection. As shown by the de- velopment of the great Institutes of Veterinary Hygiene at some of the leading foreign veterinary schools, as in Berlin, Hanover, Dresden, Budapest, Brussels and Copenhagen, the modern tend- ency is to concentrate these subjects under one head; and these subjects are being best developed where such concentration is practiced. There may be some difference of opinion as to — SOCIETY MEETINGS. 97 whether physiological chemistry should be taught by the pro- fessor of chemistry or by the professor of physiology, or whether toxicology should be taught by the professor of materia medica or by the professor of chemistry, and as to whether animal loco- motion should not receive attention in connection with conforma- tion and judging rather than in physiology. The subject of the physiological action of drugs or of pharmacodynamics seems altogether to have been omitted, unless it is to be understood as included in therapeutics; in that case it is a question as to whether it might not more appropriately be handled by the professor of materia medica or pharmacy than by the professor of the practice of medicine. “T think I have said enough to show that the Department of Agriculture is not on safe ground when it attempts, in effect, to establish, by a decree, the way in which subjects constituting the course of instruction shall be classified and divided. With all possible respect to the committee which has worked conscien- tiously and hard on this. problem, I do not believe that the men composing it will be willing to assert that they are competent, either individually or collectively, as experts, to decide these very large and momentous questions. Questions of this kind should be referred to those responsible for instruction in veter- inary schools, namely, to the Association of Veterinary Faculties. And, even then, a general, iron-clad rule for all colleges cannot be made. Local conditions must govern to some extent. “A very remarkable requirement is that not more than three of the five veterinarians of each faculty shall be graduates of any one veterinary college. This regulation makes no reference to the competency or skill as a teacher of the members of the fac- ulty or to the time they shall devote to class instruction and to scientific work. It merely provides that not more than a certain number shall be graduates of the same college. Ifa college has five veterinarians on its staff, four of whom are from the same school; or ten, eight of whom are from the same school, and all of whom are tried and proven teachers, that school cannot rank as of Class A and its graduates will be debarred from the service of the United States Department of Agriculture. But if this school shall dismiss one of its experienced and capable staff and shall employ some graduate of an inferior school, without teach- ing experience, and not necessarily with real ability to teach, the college may then rank as of Class A, however much the quality of instruction may suffer. 98 SOCIETY MEETINGS. “Tf a college shall develop some of its men by sending them abroad, where, for long periods, they are placed in touch with the best the world has to offer in the way of veterinary educa- tion, and shall then recall these men to do teaching work in the mother institution, it may not be possible to give them em- ployment, under this rule, however much they may know or however much they may have been influenced by other colleges, simply because they are, perhaps, graduates from the best veter- inary college in America and do not have a diploma from some other inferior school. But there is nothing to prevent this va- cancy on the teaching staff being filled by a man of no special knowledge or experience who graduated three years ago from the least efficient college of Class B or of Class C, and then the rules of the Secretary of Agriculture would be complied with. “This recommendation shows complete disregard for sound principles of teaching. The question should not be as to what ‘college a man has graduated from, but as to whether he is a well qualified and efficient teacher. . This is all that properly con- cerns the Department of Agriculture, 7. e., that the men who wish to enter its employ shall have been well taught. The source of the knowledge of the teacher is immaterial so long as it is a good one. Have the great veterinary schools of other countries been damaged by using their own best graduates as teachers? Do medical colleges suffer from this cause? Eminent educators claim that the best teacher is the alumnus, who comes back to his alma mater after broad experience elsewhere; the man who knows the traditions, the faults, the obstacles of the institution, and who is able to see them in the light furnished by other colleges and who is then able to cor- rect the faults with full knowledge. Such a man will be most likely to give his college and his classes the best that is in him—service for which he cannot be paid from the treasurer’s office. What we need in veterinary faculties at this stage of our development is filial devotion to the institution of a kind that a professor employed from outside cannot give—a passion to serve the institution, irrespective of the amount of the salary check. Where can one find this loyalty to a college more surely than among her own sons? The Secretary of Agriculture must not interfere with this condition. He is badly advised if he at- tempts to. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 99 “No doubt this regulation was made for the purpose of pre- venting some struggling veterinary college from filling their faculties with their own graduates. If this was the real intent of the committee, a better way to prevent such occurrence could surely have been devised than this sweeping, indiscriminate regu- lation. “Tt is not at all likely that any veterinary college in North America can fully and strictly comply with the letter of every one of these regulations. Certain exceptions will have to be made with relation to the best colleges. Since this is-the case it would have been far better if some of the recommendations had remained as recommendations instead of having been converted into regulations through the approval of the Secretary of Agri- culture. Of course the Department may contend that the schools are not required to observe its rules, but this is not true. The penalty for not observing them is to blacklist the college and to publish to the world in an official document of the United States that the recreant college is unworthy to furnish veterinarians for the federal service. This penalty is so severe that the rules are in effect, compulsory. “There is a very large and important question of principle in this connection which it appears should enter. into my report and which should be discussed by this association. This ques- tion is as to the extent and nature of the power of the Department of Agriculture with regard to the conduct of veterinary educa- tion. Undoubtedly, the Department of Agriculture, as an em- ployer, has the right to say that it will not employ a man to do expert work unless the individual shows that he is qualified to do the work properly. As a means of testing his qualifications, the Department of Agriculture requires what is equivalent to a letter of recommendation, in the nature of a diploma from a veterinary college. In addition, it requires the candidate to pass an examination. In connection with the recommendation, or guarantee, the Department of Agriculture is safely within its rights when it goes back to inquire into the competency of the guarantor; that is, the college that has issued the diploma held by the candidate. As proper subjects for inquiry with relation - to the guarantor (the college) the Department may ask: how long is your course of instruction? What are your facilities for instruction, as to equipment and staff? Upon what terms are students admitted? What are your requirements for graduation? If it shall be evident that the institution is one that is equipped 100 SOCIETY MEETINGS. to furnish a veterinary education of the required grade, and that its management is such as to give assurance that the rules are regularly and impartially enforced, so that there is a warrant that a graduate from such an institution is likely to have the collateral training that is required by the Department of Agri- culture of veterinarians, in respect to subjects that cannot be brought out sufficiently in the Civil Service Examination, then the Department of Agriculture should recognize the diploma of that institution. “ This, I believe, is as far as the Department of Agriculture may properly go. It has absolutely no right to set up a classi- fication of subjects, or to attempt to enforce regulations as to the internal administration of the veterinary colleges, that do not affect the quality of the instruction. It can examine things as they are, and on the basis of what it finds it may decide that the institution is sufficient or that it is insufficient. It should not, however, attempt to arrogate to itself the power to say that within the school certain things must be done in this and in that way. There may be several ways equally good. The Department of Agriculture may approve or it may refuse to approve things as it finds them. If a certain condition is unsatisfactory, a college should be informed as to the particular feature in which it is unsatisfactory. No one will deny the Department this power. But it is too early in the veterinary development in this country to attempt to organize and conduct all of our veterinary colleges in accordance with a model made at Washintgon. “The veterinary schools of this country have developed to their present status in the face of numerous difficult obstacles. Their development henceforth must, necessarily, be influenced to a very large extent by local conditions. Local conditions cannot be disregarded and individual initiative must not be repressed. “In the development of our schools we ought to be influ- | enced and, to a large extent, guided by the development of the veterinary educational systems and institutions in older countries. The pitfalls that have entangled them, we should avoid. The success that they have achieved, we should endeavor to emulate. Perhaps, in a given instance, these pitfalls cannot be avoided or the successes followed if we are obliged to keep to a certain rigid course defined by the Secretary of Agriculture. “So much by way of statement, now as to suggestion. It is admitted that it is important that the Secretary of Agriculture shall be fully informed as to the condition of each veterinary ~~ ee eS OO ANNES e+ SOCIETY MEETINGS. ; 101 college that furnishes candidates for employment in the federal veterinary sanitary service. As the condition of institutions can- not be learned excepting by personal visit (catalogues, periodical publications and statements of officers have, in some cases, been known to have been misleading), therefore, let the practice con- tinue of sending around a committee of visitors who represent the Secretary of Agriculture, and let this committee make an inspection of each institution and gather statistics and facts con- cerning it. If it shall develop that a veterinary college is not equipped, or conducted, in such a way as to furnish the required guarantee of fitness for its graduates, let the institution be noti- fied as to its shortcomings. “A list could then be published every year showing the in- stitutions whose graduates will be admitted to the Civil Service Examination, and showing those whose graduates will not be admitted to this examination. There should also be published, at the same time, a statistical statement giving, in detail, with regard to each of the various veterinary colleges of the United States, the number of teachers, the number of hours of class instruction given by each teacher and in what subject, the num- ber of hours of instruction required of each student in each subject, the conditions under which each student was admitted to the school; if upon certificate, the source and scope of the cer- tificate ; if upon examination, the nature of the examination and the subjects examined in. A financial statement of the institu- tion should also be obtained and published. The equipment of the school should be described and the equipment and material used in instruction in each subject should be noted. Each sep- arate institution could then be judged upon its individual merits. A certain college is capable of training men presumably com- _petent to render the government the services required—or it is not. Its equipment and methods are sufficient, or they are in- sufficient. The quality of the work is adequate or it is inade- quate. Such are the questions and the only fair questions. The point that concerns the Secretary of Agriculture is not: How does this school measure by my arbitrary standard? But it is: Is the work of the school a good and sufficient one, and how does it measure up to its own standard? “If this were done the Secretary of Agriculture would then be dealing in each case with actual conditions and facts. We would not be in the foreign and false position of formulating regulations for the conduct of veterinary schools with regard to 102 SOCIETY MEETINGS. points upon which he has no personal knowledge, upon which competent experts differ widely, and with regard to which he has no authority. “The condition of veterinary affairs in this country is not as it is in France, Germany and other continental countries. There the government regulates the arrangement and scope of the instruction furnished by the veterinary schools but with this important difference, which the Department of Agriculture ap- pears to have overlooked—the government owns the schools and supports them. Here the federal government furnishes not one penny for veterinary education and is every year taking, without return, the results of veterinary teaching that has cost the schools and the states many thousands of dollars. “ There are ten state veterinary schools in this country and eleven private schools. The states make certain requirements upon the schools they support, the State Boards of Veterinary Examiners make other requirements. Any state, any examining board and any large or small employer of veterinarians has the same right to establish conditions as to how veterinary schools shall be conducted to meet its requirements as has the Department of Agriculture; and suppose these requirements shall conflict— suppose a certain examining board requires that not less than three-fourths of the instruction in veterinary anatomy shall be given in the dissecting room, that toxicology shall be taught by the professor of chemistry, and that there shall be a professor of veterinary hygiene to gather together the scattered subjects un- der this heading. What is the poor school to do? It will be blacklisted by the United States Department of Agriculture or by the examining board, and its graduates will be denied the right, however competent they may be, to work for the United States . Government under the Department of Agriculture, or to prac- tice in a certain state—and perhaps the state is the one that is supporting the school. “The essence of my contention is that the whole function and power of the Secretary of Agriculture in this matter is to determine what schools are capable, and are actually training veterinarians able to do the veterinary work for which the Sec- retary is responsible to the people of the United States. One school may do this work in one way and another in another— both equally good. He may prescribe certain minimum require- ments in so far as these relate to the efficiency of the men he may employ, but he has absolutely no right or excuse to pre- SOCIETY MEETINGS, 103 scribe forms, methods and details of courses of instruction and of management that do not directly and necessarily effect the efficiency of the graduates as prospective employees of the De- partment of Agriculture. No universal standard for the arrange- ment and division of studies can be prescribed; the only just rule in regard to teachers is that the students shall be well taught. To go beyond this is an arrogation of power for which there is no need, that affects the Department of Agriculture and for which there is no warrant or valid precedent in history, morals or law. “While no exception is taken to the integrity or impartiality of any number of the recent departmental committee, there would have been less criticism in some quarters if none of the members of the committee had been directly connected with veterinary schools. If the work of the committee were re- stricted to its only proper function, to make a survey and get facts and to report separately upon the conditions of each school, a suitable committee could easily be made up without going out- side the staff of the Bureau of Animal Industry. “Undoubtedly the general effect of the work of this depart- mental committee will be wholesome. If it does little or nothing to improve the good veterinary colleges, and even if it hampers and injures them, it will, at least, arouse and stimulate the bad veterinary schools or cause them to discontinue. We should, as a profession, be grateful to Secretary Wilson and to Dr. Melvin for organizing this committee and for bringing to pass the good that surely will follow its work, while we may hope that a new, safe and sound direction will be taken and that a part of their work will promptly be undone. “There are now nineteen veterinary colleges in the United States and Canada. This does not include the contemplated veterinary schools in Alabama, Illinois and Utah. One veter- inary school, a department of the George Washington Univer- sity, has been established during the past year and it is to be opened this fall. “Tt is significant to note that of the eleven veterinary col- leges arranged in Class A by the departmental committee six are state institutions, and of the four new veterinary colleges to be opened this year, or next, three are state institutions. “It appears that public opinion, the great power that molds policies and makes laws in this country, is finally coming to favor public support for veterinary education. This is in con- 104 SOCIETY MEETINGS. sequence of the growing realization of the importance of a well- trained veterinary profession to the public welfare. “As the country becomes more densely settled, and as the government becomes more mature, and our leading men permit themselves to look beyond the turmoil of the moment and con- sider the needs of the future, there is an ever-increasing realiza- tion of the importance of preventing the waste of our natural resources. A great deal of thought has recently been focused upon this subject through the action of President Roosevelt in calling a conference of the Governors of the states to consider means of conserving and perpetuating the natural resources of the United States. The chief attention of this conference was given to forestry; to minerals, coal and iron ore; to water pow- ers and to navigable streams and irrigation. Not much was said about the conservation of the fertility of the soil, and yet this is by far our greatest and most enduring source of natural wealth. This is the foundation upon which American power and supremacy rest, and it has therefore, been treated quite as waste- fully and destructively as the forests. | “We know now, more clearly than ever before, that the chief wealth of the United States is agriculture. Just as this critical time in the industrial and financial status of the country, the railroads, the manufacturers, the merchants and bankers are all hoping for good crops, and agree that the return of good times depends on a good year for the farmers. The national debt of the United States, the earnings of the railroads, the capitaliza- tion of the Standard Oil Company or the United States Steel Corporation are all small, as compared to the value of the crops raised on the farms of this country. Successful agriculture, then, is the keynote of the economic condition and of the progress of the United States. Great efforts are now being made through public agencies, as the national and state departments of agri- culture and the numerous richly supported agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and at numerous recently established local or state colleges or high schools for giving practical in- struction in agriculture, to improve farm practice and to improve the varieties of crops and breeds of animals, to introduce new crops and especially, and above all, to build up the fertility of the soil, “Tt is the experience of all countries and of all times that conservative, and at the same time profitable, agriculture is not possible, on a large scale, excepting with the aid of domestic _— ae SOCIETY MEETINGS. ; 105 animals. As the population increases and, with it, the need for more extensive agriculture, more animals are required. In or- der that these animals may do their proper part in the develop- ment of successful agriculture and in contributing to the indus- tries and to transportation, and in furnishing wholesome food supplies for the nation, it is necessary that they shall be healthy. For the protection of the lives and health of animals reliance. must be placed upon the veterinary sciences. Hence, it is im- portant to the public that these sciences shall be developed, as they can be only in adequately equipped and supported veterinary schools. “The support for these schools has been very meagre as com- pared with what older countries have found necessary in this regard. In the future they will be supported more generously. The next few years will surely witness great development in this direction, and it is high time, as judged primarily by the needs of the public and secondarily by the development of our pro- fession. “There is already a large, unsatisfied demand for veterinar- ians of special competency; men equipped to do teaching, re- search and public administrative work. On account of the scarcity of men of sufficient training to do this work that has to be done, it is falling into the hands of men who are not trained veterinarians. “A great deal of milk hygiene work is conducted, very in- competently, by laymen, because there is not a sufficient number . of available well trained veterinarians. A great deal of laboratory work that should be done by veterinarians especially trained as pathologists and bacteriologists, is now carried on, less efficiently than it should be, by men of no veterinary training, just be- cause the schools, on account of their weakness, have not been able to develop a sufficient number of men of these special quali- fications. If the veterinary profession is to grow into and hold these new lines of work, the equipment of the schools must be enlarged and improved. It is important to the public that the work requiring veterinary knowledge shall be done by veterinar- ians and not by men drawn from other fields. “To train men adequately to do this special work, that is done in Europe by veterinarians, and that the veterinary profes- sion here aspires to, requires extensive and expensive laboratory equipment and requires, more than all, the undivided time of highly competent men, who ought to be and must need be well 106 SOCIETY MEETINGS. paid. The meagre income of the veterinary schools has not made it possible for the constituent veterinary sciences to be any- where near adequately developed or taught. The older veter- inary schools have taught men to deal with the ailments of in- dividual animals; the newer, public /veterinary schools must teach men to deal with the diseases and hygiene of animals in mass, from a public standpoint, as well as to deal with. indi- vidual animals. As it is quite impossible to supply from tuition fees the equipment and maintenance funds that are necessary, and as few successful appeals have been made to philanthropists for the endowment of veterinary schools, it is necessary, if this work is to be done, to obtain public funds. “When such proposals have been made they are likely to be objected to by the uninformed or the unthinking, as an effort to obtain public money for private benefit. This same objection was made, and had to be met, with regard to public support for agricultural education, for agricultural experiment stations, for the irrigation of arid lands and so so, and so on. All of this work has amply justified itself by the results that have sprung from it. “No individual capable of helping himself and no strong cor- poration would continue to suffer avoidable losses comparable to the losses that afflict this country year by year, that result from the prevalence of preventable diseases of animals. They would take the only successful course that can be taken, namely, to discover and develop successful methods for preventing these losses, and then put them into operation. This is precisely what , we ask the public to do in developing veterinary schools and laboratories for training veterinarians. “ Suppose for a moment that there were ten strong State veterinary colleges in this country, supplied with ample funds to make it possible for at least one man in each institution to. de- vote all of his time, under favorable auspices, to developing and teaching some one of the major veterinary sciences. Consider how rapid would be the progress not only of these schools with their students, but of all the schools and all veterinarians of the country if ten capable, high-class men could devote all their time to veterinary physiology and ten to veterinary surgery, and ten to veterinary medicine and ten to animal engineering. The dis- coveries and teachings of these groups of ten would permeate the whole veterinary profession, to the enormous advantage of ani- mal husbandry and animal industry in the United States, AP eres eri, ea ~S SOCIETY MEETINGS, 107 “Why is it that most of our standard textbooks in all of the branches of the veterinary sciences are translations or compila- tions from foreign sources? It is because there are so few men in this country or in Great Britain who are so situated that they can give their best thought and energy to the development of the sciences they are interested in. They have to couple their teach- ing and research work with some more remunerative employment, as administration work or practice, and so they cannot do the necessary original work and produce the much needed veterinary literature. In Germany, France, Austria, Hungary, Denmark, Sweden, Holland, Belgium and Switzerland, veterinary teachers are employed by the government to teach and develop certain branches of veterinary knowledge; they devote themselves to this work and they produce the veterinary literature upon which we in this country and in England so largely depend. In the United States there is one veterinary journal; in England there are four ; in France there are six; and in the German language there are seventeen, including three weeklies, showing the relative numbers of productive scientific workers in these countries. In the few instances where it has been possible in this country for men to devote themselves to and ‘specialize upon a limited veterinary field, note the result: Consider what has been done by Law, Salmon, Smith, Moore, de Schweinitz, Schroeder, Stiles, Mohler, Ravenel, Frothingham, Connaway, Dinwiddie, Dorset and Ward. “With ten men working, with their assistants, in ten state veterinary colleges to develop each one of the seven principal _ groups of the veterinary sciences, the veterinary profession would quickly be placed in a wholly different light before the public. “In my report last year I recommended that an appeal be made to the federal government for a fund for the support of veterinary education, somewhat as agricultural education and re- search are now supported, but not necessarily in connection with the same institutions. The federal contribution, if made, should be not for the purpose of supporting the work of one or two veterinarians of an agricultural college or an agricultural ex- periment station, but should be for the purpose of maintaining complete and adequate veterinary colleges. A large part of the veterinary work that has been done in the agricultural colleges and experiment stations in this country has been of very limited or very local value. “ This is no reflection on the men who have been engaged to do this work, although naturally there have been some misfits in 108 SOCIETY MEETINGS. these positions; it has been due rather to the inability of college and experiement station veterinarians to specialize in a limited field, owing to the poor equipment that they have had to get along with and to the lack of sufficient assistants to make it possible to cover their routine work without exhaustion. “Tf a federal appropriation of a few thousand dollars a year were made to each agricultural college or experiment station for veterinary work the result would inevitably be disappointing to the profession and the public. We need a limited number of well equipped colleges in each of which there shall be a group of strong veterinarians working in co-operation. This would es- tablish in each of these places opportunities for consultation and a favorable atmosphere to specialize upon veterinary problems. Such a condition cannot exist in an agricultural college or ex- periment station where one or two veterinarians are working in association with more or less unsympathetic men, engaged in other lines of teaching or investigation. To prevent the fritter- ing away of federal grants for veterinary teaching,.it ought to be provided that not less than a certain amount, say $20,000 or $30,000, or whatever it may be, shall be appropriated to any one state, and this only on condition that an equal amount shall be raised from local sources. “ No state needs, or, at this time, should have more than one state veterinary school or veterinary research laboratory. For any state to establish, under present conditions, a second public veterinary college or a second research laboratory would be most unwise and ought to be strongly opposed, not only by the entire veterinary profession of that state, but by all clear thinking citi- zens. To establish a second institution when the first one is unable on account of insufficient funds for maintenance to do the work that state needs and expects from that institution, would be the worst possible public policy and could have but the one effect of duplicating a weak institution and of preventing the people of the state from enjoying the benefits that would come from an adequately supported, capable and efficient school or research laboratory.” EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, The Executive Committee held six sessions during the week of the convention, some of which were prolonged far into the night owing to an enormous amount of accumulated business. Dr. William Herbert Lowe, chairman, presided at the several sessions, SOCIETY MEETINGS. 109 : H F Every member, with the single exception of Dr. J. H. Mc- Neil, Columbus, Ohio, was in attendance, which is a remark- able circumstance when it is taken into consideration that most of the members had to journey from distant parts of the con- tinent. Another remarkable circumstance about the Executive Committee of 1907-08 is that its membership included both the Veterinary Director-General of the Dominion of Canada and the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, the highest veterinary official of the respective governments, as well as two members of the expert committee appointed by Secretary Wilson to investigate the status of the colleges and members of college faculties and examining boards of North America. The business of the Executive Committee was transacted with dispatch. A large number of applications for membership were acted upon and several important recommendations were made which were promptly adopted by the association. COMMITTEE ON DISEASES. Special interest was shown in the report of the Committee on Diseases, three members of this committee presenting indi- vidual papers on different phases of the tuberculosis problem: Dr. Veranus A. Moore, chairman, on “ The Control and Pre- vention of Bovine Tuberculosis in Individual Herds”; Dr, John R. Mohler, Chief Pathologist Bureau of Animal Industry, on “Recent Studies in Animal Tuberculosis,” while Dr. O. E. Dy- son, of Chicago, considered the subject from an economic point of view. Space will be given in the pages of the Review for the valuable report of this committee. THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. The report shows that the total cost of the 850 copies of the 1907 “ Proceedings,” including stenographer and all other items of expense, amounts to $2,022.79, which is about $700 more than the cost of the 1906 volume. This is accounted for by the fact that it contains 63 pages more reading matter and a great many more cuts and half-tones than the preceding one. Each book cost the association about $2.40, leaving a balance of only sixty cents from each member’s dues, in addition to the initia- tion fees, to pay the running expenses of the association. This means that the cost of the publication will have to be kept lower or the annual dues will have to be increased. 110 SOCIETY MEETINGS, COMMITTEE ON NECROLOGY. This committee, Dr. A. H. Baker, chairman, reported six deaths and offered resolutions as follows, which were adopted: Roscoe R. Beil. It is with the most profound regret that we have to pay tribute to the memory of our late associate and esteemed friend, Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, whose death occurred February 8, 1908. His death, though sudden, was not altogether unexpected to those acquainted with his condition. He, himself, was aware of the cause of his sickness, Bright’s disease, but with that de- termination and energy so characteristic of him he journeyed to our last annual convention at Kansas City, Mo. He was born in Augusta County, Virginia, on the 16th of September, 1858. His parents were William H. and Eveline Shields Bell. He leaves a family consisting of his wife, Re- becca (nee Moss), two sons, Bellmont, aged 16; Hollingsworth, aged 14, and a daughter, Virginia, aged 3 years. His early education was obtained in the public and private schools in Richmond, Va., which prepared him for Norwood College. In the year 1880, after completing his college course, he came to New York City. In a short time he became a member of the staff of the Spirit of the Times, which he held until he became a student of the American Veterinary College. He was graduated with honors in the class of 1887 and the following year was elected to the chair of materia medica. He retained that position until 1907 when failing health forced him to relinquish that work. Not only did his alma mater recognize his worth, but the Bureau of Animal Industry, also appreciating his ability, ap- pointed him, in 1888, an inspector to assist in the eradication of contagious pleura-pneumonia, He retained the position until 1892 when, recognizing that he must apply his energy to his increasing practice and also to his duties as professor of materia medica at the American Veterinary College, he resigned. Dr. Roscoe R. Bell’s career as a veterinarian was threefold. As a teacher he was successful, being capable in speech, in- teresting and persuasive, and always prompt at his post of duty, cordial to all; he was held in the highest respect and esteem by his pupils which the nineteen years of actual work will attest. SOCIETY MEETINGS, 111 As a journalist, all well know that the AMERICAN VETERIN- ARY REVIEW is a journal second to none, a fact largely due to his energy and ability. The call-book that bears his name is a reminder of his fore- sight, and, being perpetual, it will ever be a reminder of him even when the numerous editorials and other journalistic records have passed from memory. As a practitioner he was a man of keen observation and sound judgment, the result of which caused his clients to trust him implicitly and become personal friends. His duties were never so arduous that he neglected becom- ing an active member in the local, state and national associa- tions; each association honored him with their highest gift. As president of the various associations, all will remember him as a fair, courteous, and talented presiding officer. Dr. Roscoe R. Bell was pre-eminent among veterinarians of this continent; his acquaintance and friendship was universal. No man has devoted more time to the interests of the profes- sion and no man has succeeded in being more highly appre- ciated. Whenever, since his death, a body of veterinarians have as- sembled in America all have paid their mark of respect to his memory. This association, of which he was an active member, recogniz- ing his sterling worth, honored him with the highest gift at their disposal, and now it becomes the sad duty to honor his memory by adopting resolutions of respect and incorporating them in our records and sending a copy to the family: Wherecs, The unerring reaper has seen fit to remove from this sphere one of the most untiring, energetic, and loyal mem- _ bers of the veterinary profession; and Whereas, We recognize his untiring efforts to advance the cause of veterinary science, not alone on this continent, but throughout the world; Whereas, We recognize the great loss to this association of this brother veterinarian, educator, and journalist, Dr. Roscoe R. Bell; therefore, be it Resolved, That we record our appreciation of him by having space set apart in our records to his memory and this obituary and resolution inscribed thereon; and be it further Resolved, That we extend to the family of the late Dr. Ros- coe R. Bell our consolation in their bereavement. 112 SOCIETY MEETINGS, Thomas B, Raynor. At this association’s first assembling in 1863 there went forth from this city one who then typified the hope and made for the strength of to-day, a part of the record of the growth and progress of this association. Following in the pathway of his father, associated with four brothers, who served under the same parental apprenticeship, each of whom gave more than fifty years service to his and our profession, this year 1908 records the finished work of the last of these five brothers, in the death of our colleague and co- worker, Thomas B. Rayner. Passing far beyond the three score and ten, his last years on earth filled with the deepest sorrows and much physical suf- fering, we should not complain that he now rests from his labor and toil in that bourne from which no traveller returns. Commending to every member his half century’s faithful work in his profession, his deep interest and loyal support of this and kindred veterinary associations to which he gave liberal- ly of his earthly possessions and timely aid in all their needs, we should cherish his memory as a fitting example of one who did well what he could. To his family we extend our sympathy in recording this minute on our records in testimony of our appreciation and regard for our late fellow-member. William S. Kooker. Almost reaching the seventieth milestone in his well-spent life, there has passed from our midst our esteemed colleague, William S. Kooker. Privileged to pursue his vocation, which he has zealously fol- lowed for about fifty years, until the moment of his final sum- mons, he has entered the mysterious sleep that knows no waking. His lifework among those with whom he daily labored ful- filled in every respect that of a true and sincere worker in all he elected to do. To the family who mourn keenly this irreparable loss, this association extends its deepest sympathy and adds this minute to our records as a fitting testimonial to one who sought in vain glory for his every day performance of faithful work. W. C. Bretherton, It is with regret that we have to record the death during the last year of Dr. W. C. Bretherton, of New York City, where —— -- = "7 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 113 a al he was a well-known practitioner of veterinary medicine for many years. Albert Youngberg. It is with regret that we have to record the death of Dr. Albert Youngberg, which occurred on September 27, 1907, from ptomaine poisoning at Selma, Cal. Dr. Youngberg graduated from Chicago Veterinary College in 1892, practiced his profession at Lake Park, Minn., till about 1905, when he removed to Selma, Cal. W. C. Ferguson. It is with regret that we have to record the death of Dr. Ferguson, of Paterson, N. J., which occurred during the last year. He was a graduate of the American Veterinary College, and was a successful and highly respected practitioner of his profession.”’ REPORTS OF SECRETARY AND. TREASURER. Secretary Lyman presented a comprehensive report of the work of the Secretary’s office and made some valuable sugges- tions worthy of careful consideration. Dr. Geo. R. White presented a neatly printed report of the transactions of the Treasurer’s office. Every item is enumerated. The report shows total receipts amounting to $4,353.92 and disbursements $3,315.18, leaving a balance in bank at opening of meeting of $1,038.74. The funds received during the meet- ing are sufficient to swell the amount to more than $2,000. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe, in behalf of the Nominating Com- mittee (consisting of Ex-Presidents Robertson, Williams, Hos- kins, Pearson, Butler, Winchester, Stewart and Lowe), submit- ted the ollowing names : For President—S. Brenton, Michigan; M. H. Reynolds, Minnesota, and J. G. Rutherford, Canada. For Vice-Presidents—O. L. Boor, Indiana; P. A. Fish, New York; E. A. A. Grange, Canada; C. H. Jewell, Kansas; Chas. G. Lamb, Colorado; B. McInnes, South Carolina; C. J. Mar- shall, Pennsylvania; John R. Mohler, District of Columbia; C. H. Perry, Massachusetts, and A. R. Ward, California. For Secretary—H. D. Hanson, New York, and R. P. Ly- man, Connecticut. 114 SOCIETY MEETINGS, For Treasurer—G. E. Leech, Minnesota, and Geo. R. White, Tennessee. The names were submitted alphabetically so as to avoid showing preference. The election resulted as follows: President—J. G. Rutherford, Canada. Vice-President—C. J. Marshall, Pennsylvania. Vice-President—John R. Mohler, District of Columbia. Vice-President—P. A. Fish, New York. Vice-President—Chas. G. Lamb, Colorado. Vice-President—C, H. Jewell, Kansas. Secretary—Richard P. Lyman, Connecticut. Treasurer—George R. White, Tennessee. PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS. The papers presented were all of a high order of merit and covered a broad field. As may be seen at a glance, the work of the educator, the laboratory man, the sanitarian and the prac- titioner each received consideration. The Review has been for- tunate in securing copies of the papers of the greatest value, and aside from those published in this number, it will produce others monthly for several issues. “Veterinary Science an International Institution,” Hon. N. Kaumanns, Imperial German Agricultural Commissioner to the United States, German Consulate, Chicago. ‘The Important Relation of the Veterinarian to the Public Health,” Frederic J. Mayer, M.D., Special Medical Inspector, Louisiana State Board of Health, New Orleans. “The Transportation of Live Stock,” N. S. Mayo, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. “Shipping Fever of Horses,” Charles H. Jewell, Artillery Corps, Fort Riley, Kans. “Glanders in the Metropolitan District,” Harry D. Gill, New York, N. Y. “A Clinical Examination of the Blood of Glandered Horses,” S. H. Burnett and C, D. Pearce, Ithaca, N. Y. “The Eradication of Cattle Ticks in the South,” W. P. El- lenberger, Nashville, Tenn, “The Work of the Bureau of Animal Industry in the Con- trol and Eradication of Cattle and Sheep Scabies in the West- ern States,” Robert A. Ramsay, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. SOCIETY MEETINGS, 115 “The Control of Hog Cholera by Serum Immunization,” A. D. Melvin, Chief Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D:G; “Opsonic Therapy,’’ Robert A. Archibald, Oakland, Cal. “The Bier Treatment,” S. J. J. Harger, Philadelphia, Pa. “ Pustular Eczema,” F. C. Grenside, New York, N. Y. “Milk and Milk Inspection,” C. Courtney McLean, Mead- ville, Pa. “ Hygiea Not the Child of A®sculapius,” Lloyd Champlain, Kansas City, Mo. “The Army Veterinarian,” G. E. Griffin, 3d Artillery, Of- ficial Representative, U. S. Army. “‘ Disease of the Mammary Glands of Cows,’ Hans Jensen, Weeping Water, Neb. “The Pathological Effects of Captivity on Wild Animals,” William Reid Blair, New York, N. Y. “The Making of American Veterinary History,’ D. Ar- thur Hughes, Chicago, Ill. “Our Personal Responsibility to the Profession,” Charles G. Lamb, Denver, Colo. “Pyemic Arthritis,” John Spencer, Blacksburg, Va. “ The Significance of Pathology to the Practitioner,” A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City, Mo. “ Shifting Lameness,” Geo. R. White, Nashville, Tenn. ELIGIBILITY TO MEMBERSHIP. Upon recommendation of the Executive Committee, Article 6 of the by-laws, in reference to what shall constitute eligibility to membership in the association, was referred to a special com- mittee of three members to be appointed by the incoming presi- dent, for that purpose. THE HONOR ROLL, Eligibility to the “ Honor Roll,” established in 1904, was modified, upon recommendation of the Executive Committee, to read as follows: ‘‘ Members who have been in active mem- bership for twenty-five consecutive years and continuously there- after until death or honorable withdrawal from the association, shall be eligible to the honor roll of the association, and shall be exempt from dues. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to report the names of members who are eligible to this list at each 116 SOCIETY MEETINGS, annual meeting. The list shall be referred to the Executive Committee for consideration and recommendation.” Upon recommendation of the Executive Committee the names of Drs. C. T. Goentner, L. H. Howard, Austin Peters and Benj. D. Pierce were placed upon. the “ Honor Roll.” SECRETARY'S SALARY. Owing to the growth of the association and the additional duties of the Secretary’s office the Executive Committee deemed it proper to recommend to the association that the Secretary's salary be raised to $500 per annum. The recommendation was adopted by vote of the association. The Secretary was instruct- ed to furnish a bond payable to the association for the same amount and under the same conditions as is now the case of the Treasurer. REINSTATEMENTS. By recommendation of the Executive Committee the associa- tion reinstated the following to active membership: Baker, Walter L., V.S. (Ont. V. C., ’88), Buffalo, N. Y.; Bird, Rob- ert H., M.R.C-V.S. (R. C. V. S., 73), Greeley, Colo.; Dauth, Albert (Laval University, ’99), Gateau de Lac, Canada; Ernest, John, Jr., D.V.S. (A. V. C., ’90), Salt Lake City, Utah; Formad, Robert J., V.M.D. (U. P., ’88), Washington, D. C.; Hamilton, Robert, M.R.C.V.S. (Glasgow V. S.), Victoria B.C. ; Hogg, Edwin, V.M.D. (U. P.), Wilkesbarre, Pa.; Lloyd, Sam- uel Erdman, D.V.S. (A. V. C., 93), Baltimore, Md.; McDon- ough, James, D.V.S. (A. V. C., ’91), Montclair, N. J.; Schaufle, Chas. A. (Stuttgart, Germany, ’81), Philadelphia, Pa. ; Schoen- leber, Francis S., M.S.A., D.V.S., M.D. (Chic. V. C., ’90); Schwarzkopf, O., D.V.M. (Royal Veterinary School, Berlin, ’80), Fort Sam Houston, Texas; Staples, Shirley Bruce, B:S., D.V.S. (Louisiana S. U., ’91), Alexandria, La. RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED. The following were submitted by the Committee on Reso- lutions, Dr. S. Stewart, chairman, and were unanimously adopted ; Privilege of Membership to Veterinarians of the New World— Representation From Other Veterinary Associations. Resolved, That the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion extend the privilege of membership to veterimarians of ne OD et re er 7T SOCIETY MEETINGS, 117 the new world, and that veterinary associations in other coun- tries of North, Central and South America be invited to send representatives to our annual meetings. Amendment to Army Veterinary Bill. Resolved, It is the opinion of the members of the American Veterinary Medical Association assembled in annual convention at Philadelphia, Pa., September 8 to 11, 1908, that the pres- ent Army Veterinary Bill (H. R. 11790), “ To Increase the Efficiency of the Army Veterinary Service,” passed by the Senate at its last session, should have the following amendment added to Section 6: “If found disqualified for active service on ac- count of wounds or disability incurred in line of duty, their cases shall be disposed of in conformity with the requirements of Sec. 3 of the act approved October 1, 1890” (26 Stats., p. 562) ; : Be it resolved, That the American Veterinary Medical Association, as a body, request that the bill with the above amendment be enacted into law and that every member of this association use his earnest effort to bring this about at the com- ing session of Congress. Be it further resolved, That copies of these resolutions be forwarded to the Secretary of War, Chief of Staff U. S. Army, Chairman of the House Military Committee, Chairman of the Senate Military Committee, and to the Speaker of the House of Representatives. International Congress on Tuberculosis. Whereas, The International Congress of Tuberculosis, which convenes in Washington, September 21, has added a separate section relative to tuberculosis of animals and its relations to man, recognizing in this act the importance of the veterinarian in the fight against tuberculosis; Be tt resolved, That the American Veterinary Medical As- sociation extends to the Congress its heartiest appreciation of this recognization for the need of co-operative work between the medical and veterinary professions and adds its earnest good wishes for a meeting productive of good-will, as well as for the highest benefits for man; and be it further ‘Resolved, That the association manifest its appreciation through the attendance of the Congress by as many of its mem- bers as possible. 118 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Distribution and Saie of Tuberculin and Mallein. Resolved, That the distribution and sale of tuberculin and mallein should be regulated by law, with the object of prevent- ing its fraudulent use. Tuberculin Test of Cattle for Interstate Shipment. Resolved, That enacted laws prohibiting the interstate ship- ment of animals affected with or known to have been exposed to a contagious or infectious disease, be rigorously enforced by the Bureau of Animal Industry, and that all cattle intended for breeding or dairy purposes, be prohibited from entering inter- state trade, unless officially tested with tuberculin and certified as being free from disease. Tuberculin Test of Cattle for State Fairs and Live Stock Ex- positions. Resolved, That the management of state fairs and live stock expositions be requested to assist in the eradication of tubercu- losis to the extent of prohibiting the exhibition of all cattle for prizes, or their exposure for sale, unless they are officially certified as having received the tuberculin test within a period of six months, and no reaction shown. Symposia in Lieu of Reports on Intelligence and Education and on Diseases. Resolved, That the president-elect, in organizing his com- mittees on intelligence and education and on diseases for the | incoming year, be requested to so select such committees as to provide for a symposium upon some topic affecting veterinary education, to be presented at our next meeting in lieu of the report of the Committee on Intelligence and Education; and a similar symposium upon some one important disease to be pre- sented in lieu of the report of the Committee on Diseases, and that the titles of various papers constituting each symposium be entered in the official program of the association by the Sec- retary. Commendation for the Secretary of Agriculture. Resolved, That this association commend the Secretary of Agriculture for the investigation that he has caused to be made of the status of the veterinary colleges in this country. Appreciation of Kind Words from Germany's Representative, Resolved, That this association express its appreciation for the kind words of Mr. Nicholas Kaumanns, the German Impe- Se Se eS Se ee a ae Bilt tie ils Beal Real SOCIETY MEETINGS. 119 rial Special Commissioner of Agriculture, and that we join with him in his wish that there shall be a closer relation between the veterinarians of the old and the new world. Appreciation of Work of Local Committee. Resolved, That this association express its sincere apprecia- tion to the Local Committee of Arrangements for the splendidly planned and perfectly conducted arrangements for this meeting ; for the delightful entertainment of members and visitors; for the excellent meeting quarters provided by the University of Pennsylvania ’midst surroundings which were themselves inspir- ing and that did much to elevate the tone and ideals of the con- vention ; and also for the uniform courtesy and untiring labor in our behalf, which will long be remembered with pleasure by all. INSTALLATION OF OFFICERS. President Dalrymple appointed Ex-Presidents Winchester and Butler to conduct President-elect Rutherford to the plat- form, who performed their duty with due ceremony evidently to the satisfaction of all. It was apparent from the start that no mistake had been made in the choice of Dr. Rutherford. His brief remarks were pregnant with words of wit and wisdom. After. the installation of the five Vice-Presidents, Secretary and Treasurer, resolutions were passed expressing the appre- ciation and thanks of the association to Dr. Hoskins and his associates of the Local Committee. In response to cries of “ Hoskins,” “ Hoskins,’ that gentleman appeared on the plat- form as ‘‘happy as a big sunflower,’ and voiced and bowed his acknowledgments to the assemblage of his colleagues. Reso- lutions especially thanking the ladies of the Local Committee and a motion extending a vote of thanks to the retiring officers were also unanimously adopted amid wild cheers of enthusiasm. Dr. L. A. Merillat, in an eloquent speech, made in behalf of the Chicago delegation, extended a most cordial invitation to the A. V. M. A. to come to their city in 1909 which was enthusiastically applauded. No better place could be selected. Chicago is centrally located and is equally accessible from all parts of the continent. THE CLINIC. The clinic was held September 11th at the University of Pennsylvania, Veterinary Department, Thirty-ninth street and 120 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Woodland avenue, Philadelphia. The visitors had an oppor- tunity of inspecting a magnificent veterinary establishment, mod- ernly constructed and efficiently equipped. As on previous days of the meeting luncheon was served at midday by the University for all those in attendance. A special feature of the clinic was an exhibit of eight cases of epizootic lymphangitis. The animals were isolated in a se- cluded spot in a field on the opposite side of the street from the new veterinary buildings where a most interesting clinic was held by Professor Pearson. About one hundred cases of epi- zootic lymphangitis were in quarantine in Pennsylvania at the time of the meeting. Operations and Demonstrations. Prof: S. J. J. Harger, of the Faculty, directed the conduct of the clinic with great success. I.—Bay gelding, Fistula of the branch of the inferior max- illary bone (left). Trephining and removal of necrotic tissue by Surgeon, W. Axby, Cincinnati, O. Tooth not affected, so allowed to remain. I].—Bay gelding, Cold abscess on point of shoulder. Ex- cision by Surgeon, J. W. Klotz, Indianapolis, Ind. II1.—Black gelding, Pus in nasal sinuses. Trephining by Surgeon, C. H. Jewell, on Williams’ operating table. 1V.—Bay gelding, Spavin. Subcutaneous cunean tenotomy, followed by firing, Surgeon, F. G. Schneider, Philadelphia, Pa. V.—Gray mare, Ringbone, near hind. Firing and blistering by Surgeon, G. H. Roberts, Indiana Veterinary College. VI.—Black gelding, Ringbone on off fore. Median neu- rectomy (standing) by Surgeon, Geo. S. Fuller, Philadelphia, Pa. VII.—Passing the stomach tube for demonstration, by Sur- geon, B, F. Senseman, Philadelphia, Pa. VIII.—Side-bone, Plantar neurectomy, Scissors operation, by Surgeon, H. D. Gill, New York, N. Y., assisted by E. M. Bronson, Indianapolis, Ind. IX.—Fox terrier bitch, Ovariotomy, by Surgeon, W. G. Hol- lingworth, Utica, N. Y. X.—Gray gelding, Foot lameness, Plantar neurectomy, by Surgeon, F, G. Schneider, Philadelphia, Pa. ‘ XI.—Pony. Diagnosis by Surgeons, E. L. Loblein, New Brunswick, N. J., and T. E. Smith, Jersey City, N. J, : rn HEH this ee a a SOCIETY MEETINGS, 123 ‘XII.—Black mare, Enlarged hock, lameness. Tarsal neu- rectomy, by Surgeon J. H. Blattenberg, Lima, O., assisted by Dr. W. E. Wight, Pittsburg, Pa. XIII.—Collie dog, exhibited by Dr. Henry D. Martien, Phila- delphia, Pa., because of the presence of two perfectly formed penises, and two bladders, both of which were functional. XIV.—Demonstration of the use of the “ stocks ” of the hos- pital of Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, by Prof. John W. Adams, of the University Faculty. XV.—Chestnut gelding, Navicular joint lameness. Low plantar neurectomy, by Surgeon, Chas. H. Perry, Worcester, Mass. . XVI.—Surgeon Frank H. Miller, New York, N. Y., op- erated on bitch for adenoids. The foregoing is an incomplete list of the operations and demonstrations performed during the forenoon. The entire af- ternoon was likewise devoted to surgery and a number of demon- strations were also made. There was an abundance of clinical material and some of the most eminent veterinary surgeons of America performed operations. It is useless to attempt to de- scribe the individual operations or even to enumerate the cases further, for one had to be an eye-witness to appreciate the skill and dexterity of the demonstrators, * * . NOTES OF THE A. V. M. A. .MEETING., A good many went from the meeting to Atlantic -City. The sentiment seems to be strongly in favor of ‘Chicago for the 1909 meeting place. A reception given Tuesday evening, September 8, at the Hotel Walton, proved to be a most enjoyable affair. _ The local committee of ladies proved to be such a congenial party that they contemplate continuing the organization. Some one counted 65 members of the Ancient Accepted Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine at the A. V. M. A. meeting. Commercial features were entirely eliminated from the meet- ing. No exhibits of drugs, books or instruments were allowed in Houston Hall. 124 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Shriners at the A. V. M. A. meeting went over, September 12th, to Atlantic City where they were heartily greeted by the nobility of Mecca Temple who had, that day, made a pilgrimage from New York to the city by the sea. Among the guests at the A. V. M. A. meeting were Mrs. Wm. N. Middleton, Cayuga, Canada; Messrs. Wm. N. Middle- ton, Cayuga, Canada; H. W. Jakeman, Halifax, Canada; Gerald FE. Griffin, Havana, Cuba; N. Kaumanns, Berlin, Germany; S. Moncado, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, and Thomas G. Doyle, Syd- ney, New South Wales. One of the first things that attracted the eye of the visitor upon arrival at Philadelphia was “WELCOME A. V. M. A.” displayed over the entrance to the City Hall. The letters were composed of electric lamps and the effect was brilliant when illuminated at night. The twenty-fifth anniversary of the Pennsylvania State Vet- erinary Medical Association was handsomely remembered by the delegates in attendance at the A. V. M. A. A pleasant incident occurred at the banquet, September ro, when Dr. Gill, in behalf of the delegates, presented a beautiful gavel to the Pennsylvania association through its popular president, Dr. C. J. Marshall, of Philadelphia. It seemed strange indeed for the A. V. M. A. to be as- sembled in annual convention without the presence of Roscoe R. Bell, who for many years was foremost in everything calculated to advance and uplift the profession. The members, however, were glad to have an opportunity to welcome his young son, Master Bellmont Bell, who enjoyed the social features in a way that only a boy can do. He was a guest of the Hoskins family. Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Veterinary Director-General and Live Stock Commissioner of Canada, is honored on both sides of the Atlantic. In January the honorary degree of Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, England, was conferred upon him, and at the forty-fifth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, held in Philadelphia, he was exalted to the highest honor in the gift of the profession of the western hemisphere, SOCIETY MEETINGS, 125 The representatives of the profession assembled at the A. V. M. A. meeting at Philadelphia were very much pleased to have Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, present on that occasion as their guest. The Secretary is deeply interested in all scientific progress and especially in the veterinary profession. Although not generally known, he is a member of the profession himself, having quali- fied many long years ago under the old law. Four of the members of the A. V. M. A., in attendance at the Philadelphia meeting, viz., Drs. R. A. Archibald, C. M. Har- ing and A. R. Ward, of California and S. B. Nelson, of the State of Washington, as well as a number of visitors, came all the way across the continent; three of them, Drs. Archibald, Haring and Nelson, being accompanied by their wives, yet there are members living on the Atlantic Coast who were willing to allow one of the greatest veterinary gatherings that has ever as- sembled in the world come and go without scarcely giving the matter a thought. Strange, indeed! ““A MorninG GaAtiop.”—Dr. W. Jacoby Lentz, late Resi- dent Surgeon at the Veterinary Department of the University of Pennsylvania, was an especially busy man during the week of the A. V. M. A. convention at Philadelphia. He took time, however, to get married on the evening of September 9, and also to dedicate a pleasing piece of music entitled “ A Morning Gallop,” two-step, composed by himself, to the A. V. M. A. Dr. Lentz is an estimable young man of considerable pro- fessional attainments. He graduated from the U. of P., 1904, and successfully passed the examinations of the state exam- ining boards of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. He was duly licensed, in that year, to practice his profession i in New Jersey as well as in his native state. The profession appreciates the honor the young composer has conferred upon it by dedicating this appropriate piece of music to the A. V. M. A., congratulates him on his marriage and wishes him long life and much happiness. ASSOCIATION OF VETERINARY FACULTIES AND EXAMINING Boarps oF NortH Amertca.—Met at Hotel Walton, Septem- ber 7th with Dr. Joseph Hughes, of Chicago, President, in the chair. Dr. Tait Butler officiated as Secretary-Treasurer. There seemed to be only one problem before the meeting, viz., the Government investigation of the schools and the report 126 SOCIETY MEETINGS. and recommendations of the expert committee appointed by Sec- retary Wilson. A heated debate arose. The work of the com- mittee was criticised and the right or authority of the Secretary of Agriculture to classify veterinary colleges of the United States into different grades according to standards of his own creation was questioned. On the other hand, it was considered that the committee had given us a good working basis from which to build. It was declared that the committee had accomplished more in a few short months than had been accomplished in years towards placing veterinary education on a higher plane. The work of the committee had caused colleges to build new departments, install laboratories and make additions to their faculties. The following resolutions were finally agreed upon and adopted : . ; “That the action of the Secretary of Agriculture in having had made an inspection of veterinary schools is hereby approved.” “That the Association of Veterinary Faculties and Exam- ining Boards of North America approves in general terms the report of the Committee on Veterinary Education appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture, and accepts it as a basis upon which to take united action for the elevation of the profession and as a definite starting point for unifying, improving and ul- timately leading to a higher standard of veterinary education.” The association decided to divide its work into two sections, a Faculty Section and a State Board Section. These sections to hold preliminary meetings before the general meeting. The new president was instructed to appoint a chairman for each section. The election of officers resulted as follows: President, Dr. Tait Butler; First Vice-President, Dr. M. E. Reynolds; Second Vice-President, Dr. A. H. Baker; Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. Chas. G. Lamb. Tue BANnguet.—This proved to be a social function of no mean order. The attendance was large, and an excellent menu was served, His Excellency, Hon, Edwin S. Stuart, Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; C. C. Harrison, Pro- vost of the University of Pennsylvania; Hon, N, B. Critchfield, Secretary of the State Department of Agriculture; Talcott Wil- liams, Editor of the Philadelphia Press, were among the dis- tinguished guests who occupied seats at the banquet table. a ne | : Ye en Bere me ye. SOCIETY MEETINGS, 127 The retiring President, Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, presided as Toastmaster, in a happy and entertaining manner. Toasts were responded to as follows: The State—Governor Edwin S. Stuart. The University—Provost C. C. Harrison. National Veterinary Control Work—Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agri- culture. The State Department of Agriculture—Hon. N, B. Critch- field. The Press—Talcott. Williams. State Meat Hygiene Service—Dr, Leonard Pearson. State Examining Boards—Dr, M. H. Reynolds. . Our Canadian Triumph—Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Veterinary Director-General Dominion of Canada, President-elect A. V. M. A. The Ladies—Dr. Frederick J. Mayer. : His Excellency Governor Stuart said that “in the state of Pennsylvania we have a corps of ten meat inspectors, all -quali- fied veterinarians, constantly engaged in the inspection of slaughter houses, animals and animal food products. This work has already shown its worth to the state to an extent that can- not be gauged by its cost.” The Governor made a plea for the conservation of the state’s natural resources which are being wasted. He added that “ it is upon successful agriculture that the prosperity of this country depends to a greater extent than upon any other single factor.” Further, he insisted that the animal industry in this state is a most important part of its agriculture, representing as it does an investment of $150,000,000. For this reason, and for the sake of humanity, these animals should be protected from disease and should be kept in healthy condition. Continuing, he said: “ For this protection of domestic animals and for a large part of their development the veterinary sciences have to be relied upon. Veterinary work also has an important part in public health relation. It is necessary that the sources of our foods of animal origin shall be free from infection. The veterinary profession has a great deal of responsibility in regard to the protection of the meat and milk supplies. “In the-control of tuberculosis of cattle what is known as the Pennsylvania plan has proven its value and has been advised 128 SOCIETY MEETINGS, in other states. Altogether, we have reason to be proud of the veterinary institutions and conditions in Pennsylvania, and we are glad to exhibit them to the profession of the United States and Canada.” NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY, The nineteenth annual meeting was called to order by the President, W. L. Baker, in the assembly room at Bagg’s Hotel, at 10.30 a. m., September 2, 1908, in the City of Utica. About forty members were present at the opening session, but during the day the number was increased to at least seventy-five. After the address of welcome by the Corporation Counsel, representing the Mayor, which was responded to by H. D. Gill, of New York City, President W. L. Baker gave his address. We will not attempt at this time to discuss any of the papers, as we feel confident that the Editors will’ find space to reprint them in full in the future numbers of the Review. The Sec- retary-Treasurer’s report showed 141 members in good standing and the sum of $540.64 in the treasury. . The Board of Censors reported favorably on the application for membership of W. S. Eggleston, W. L. Clarke, Geo. R. Chase, A. J. Battin, J. N. Frost, John Gordon Wills, W. J. Taylor, Thomas Sheldon, W. A. Young, W. H. Wheeler, CH Rowe and John Drew, and these gentlemen were duly elected. The Committee on Resolutions, Robert W. Ellis, Harry D. Gill and Claude D. Morris, reported as follows: “ Inasmuch as Roscoe R. Bell departed this life in the zenith of his ambitions, this committee desires, in the name of this society, to record expressions of our deep appreciation of his worth to the profession in general, through his literary contribu- tions, kindly advice and personal influence, in elevating and maintaining a high professional standard throughout the veter- inary world, ‘This committee recommend that a biographical record of the life of our late member, Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, be inscribed as 4 memoriam in the minutes of this society.” “ Be it resolved that it is the sense of this society that we desire to express our feelings of respect and appreciation to ee SOCIETY MEETINGS, 129 Professor James Law for the great work he has done in behalf of the veterinary profession in this country, standing out in strong relief as representing and typifying the highest ideals of the social and professional activities of life; that during his long career he has with unceasing consistency exemplified the noblest traits.of man and made an endearing impression not only in the hearts of his immediate students, but also in the minds and hearts of all who have had the privilege of his acquaintance and coun- sel. We appreciate that in behalf of his forethought and purpose of mind we have the State Veterinary College at Cornell, and that as a lifelong instructor of veterinary medicine at that in- stitution and recent director, not only the state of New York, but the whole country has profited through his efforts, and we also recognize that as an author and writer on veterinary medi- cine he has no peer in the world. On behalf of these exalted attributes of his nature your committee recommend that the society convey to Prof. James Law this expression of our respect and esteem.” “Your committee desires to present a testimonial of appre- ciation of the untiring efforts of Prof. Veranus A. Moore, not only in this society, but in the interest of the profession in gen- eral, in the solution of perplexing scientific problems; despite the fact that he is actively associated with no less than twelve scientific hodies, has assumed the duties of Director of the New York State Veterinary College, and continues to contribute to scientific literature. We appreciate the great demand on his time and wish to encourage him by this recognition. “Resolved, That this testimonial of our appreciation be spread upon the minutes of this society.” “In appreciation of the appropriate generosity of one of our members in presenting to this society a memento which not only carries with it an expression of fellowship and good will, but also of historic relation, which will be a living symbol of the nine- teenth annual meeting of this society, held at Utica, September 2, 1908, “Be it resolved that the society extend to Dr. J. M. Currie their sincere thanks for this implement of beauty and useful- ness, in the form of a gavel.” 130 SOCIETY MEETINGS. The Legislative Committee, W. G. Hollingworth, — reported as follows: “T regret very much to be compelled to make a report of the nature necessary in regard to the outcome of the proposed amendment to the veterinary law which was placed in the hands of our legislators in Albany last winter. I will admit I was con- ceited enough to think there would not be much difficulty to be able to get the law through, but I have come to the conclusion that New York is not Pennsylvania or New Jersey as far as loyalty goes with the veterinarians. The letters I received in many cases were very unpleasantly worded. There must be a better feeling and unity among the veterinarians in this state if they wish to accomplish any legislation in regard to progression, something which is very slack in this state. “To be loyal to the profession which we represent we must work for the cause; majority always rules, and if the majority of our profession in the state would unite, their influence would be felt among our servants at Albany. I am willing to work for anything which will in one way or another tend to help the good cause along, whether to my liking exactly or not. There is too much rivalry and selfishness among our profession. “A man to be a worker must put his shoulder to the wheel, be on hand at the critical moment and have his presence felt. There is not a law ever drawn up which would meet the ap- proval of everybody, so whenever a bill goes to the Legislature we must expect opposition, but if the same is in the majority and the majority can impress on the committee that they are right, or it is necessary, give and take a little, the measure will be reported. Knowing the objectional points in the bill, and also the part of the state where most of the objection came from, as chairman of this committee I think we should try again. I also fear that our society lost a very important chance to go on record in regard to special legislation during the last session. I think the time is ripe, and nothing can be accomplished without trying. It is very discouraging to the veterinarians that have the profession at heart to be confronted by such an amount of opposition when they, the opposers, know in their own mind it means another step backward to try and block the wheels of progress; but to make it unpleasant for one that they have no liking for, influence is brought to bear and a point scored for Mr. Groucher, much to his discredit. ee eC — SOCIETY MEETINGS. 131 “Tt is very easy to find out who the promoter is. Another thing is, that in framing an amendment it should be for the in- terest of the profession, not to make it unpleasant for any special one, or to get back at anyone, so to speak. Our professional ties should be closer together. Do not for personal reasons try to block necessary legislation, because you have had some unfriendly dealings with an officer of the association, just to embarrass him. That is too much like cutting your nose off to spite your face.” In addition to the very interesting and instructive papers that were read in the morning and afternoon sessions, and which we trust will find space in the future numbers of the Review, we must not fail to mention the thorough discussion of the two most leading subjects at present, viz., glanders and tuberculosis, at the evening sessions. This new feature of the program, holding a banquet each evening, followed by the program, worked ad- mirably. The first evening was devoted entirely to the subject of glanders, the second to tuberculosis. The second evening’ we were honored by the presence of our Commissioner of Agricul- ture, Raymond A. Pearson, who outlined the policy of the De- partment of Agriculture in regard to tuberculosis. The election of officers resulted as follows: For President, R. W. Ellis; Vice-President, W. G. Hollingworth; Secretary and Treasurer, J. D. DeVine; Censors, George H. Berns, W. L. Williams, F. D. Holford, W. H. Phyfe, R. C. Reed. The third day was devoted entirely to the surgical clinic. Dr. Hollingworth’s spacious and well-equipped hospital made it possible to perform two or more operations at the same time during the day. Over twenty cases were operated on during the day. President Ellis appointed the following committees : Legislative Committee—W. G. Hollingworth, Chairman; Wm. Henry Kelly, J. M. Currie. Committee on By-Laws—W. L. Baker, Chairman; Geo. H. Berns, W. L. Williams. Committee on Resolutions—Harry D. Gill, Chairman; E. B. Ackerman, James Law. Committee on Medical Jurisprudence—Claude D. Morris, Chairman; Veranus A. Moore, F. C. Grenside. Committee on Arrangements—P. A. Fish, Chairman; G. S. Hopkins, S. H. Burnett, W. J. Taylor, J. N. Frost. Question Box Committee—Geo. H. Berns, Chairman; W. Reid Blair, Chas. E. Clayton. M. Hamitton, Secretary. 132 SOCIETY MEETINGS. NOTES ON THE NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY MEETING. The nineteenth annual meeting of the New York State Vet- erinary Medical Society, held in Utica, September 2d, 3d and 4th, was, without doubt, the most successful, satisfactory and profitable one held in many years, if not ever. President Baker’s plans for the literary program certainly worked out to advantage, making it possible to accomplish much more in the time allotted than it has been possible to accomplish in the same length of time under previous arrangements. The master stroke in these plans was the assignment of the two great subjects, Glanders and Tuberculosis, to the two evening sessions, in the order named. On each evening a banquet was held, and the subject for consideration presented after the coffee had been served. The evening session was thereby opened, and continued, in the banquet hall. This feature of the programme was very satisfactory; as the members were loath to leave, and were still enthusiastically dis- cussing glanders at midnight of the first evening. Just before Dr. Geo. H. Berns, the essayist for the evening, opened the subject of Glanders, Dr. J. M. Currie, of Rome, a member of the committee of arrangements, presented the so- ciety with a beautiful gavel which he had had made from a piece of wood taken from the corduroy road near Herkimer, that was built anc used during the battle of Oriskany. The presenta- tion was made with an historical sketch that was most interesting. The more so because of the very clear and pleasant manner in which it was delivered. That the long evening session in the dining-room, after a day of close attendance in the assembly hall, had not dampened the ardor of the members, was evidenced by the fact that they were still discussing with animation and in the most earnest manner, the subject of tuberculosis more than an hour past midnight on the occasion of the second evening session, at which they were honored by the presence of the Commissioner of Agriculture of their state, Mr. Raymond Pearson, whose address to the mem- hers, expressing his desire for co-operation in their work, was most welcome and gratifying, and foretells the accomplishment of much good through a better understanding and closer re- lationship between the agriculturist and the veterinarian. A most desirable condition, when we consider that there are ap- proximately 2,600,000 cattle in New York state. awe an, oiitcaeinmmanals SOCIETY MEETINGS. 133 A prominent member of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, in a familiar comfortable position, listening to the reading of a paper, at the late meeting in Utica, when he was sketched (entirely without his knowledge) by the young lady stenographer during her leisure moments. The sketch, which Miss Zoller made hurriedly with her pencil, on the back of her note paper, was so good, that we determined to reproduce it for our readers. 134 SOCIETY MEETINGS. The success in carrying out the literary program was aug- mented very materially by the local committee of arrangements, whose genial chairman, Dr. Walter G. Hollingworth, aside from his great executive ability, has the happy faculty of making every one feel at home; and his good nature is positively con- tagious. The assembly hall had taken on a cheery look by the touch of his hand, and was decorated with our country’s flag. The members seemed unwilling to absent themselves from the ses- sions for a moment in search of recreation, as has been frequently observed on other occasions, but remained in close attendance, earnestly discussing the matters that were presented to them by the essayists. Another very important factor in the success of the Utica meeting was the large attendance. Out of a member- ship of about one hundred and forty, seventy-five were present— practically every county in the state being represented. Twelve new members were admitted during the convention, and the society is in a sound condition financially. The third day was exclusively devoted to clinical work, which began at 8.30 a. m. at Dr. Hollingworth’s modern and spacious hospital, the splendid appointments of which were a rev- elation. Clinical material was in abundance, more than 20 horses having been presented for surgical operations and diag- nosis of their ailments before the clinic day had been reached. Among the important operations was a “second operation” in a roarer by Prof. W. L. Williams, of the State College, at Ithaca, the subject being a sorrel mare which had been operated upon for roaring a year previous, and had at this time an ossifica- tion of the thyroid cartilage. An operation on a cryptorchid yearling was next performed by Dr. J. F. De Vine, of Goshen, N. Y. The right testicle, which was down, was removed standing, the colt then being thrown for the removal of the second organ. Dr. P. J. Axtell, of Binghamton, N. Y., then performed plantar neurectomy, standing. Prof. Williams operated for roaring due to paralysis of the left vocal cord, on Geldine, a trotting stallion, who had raced with a tube in his trachea. This operation was performed under general anesthesia, Dr. De Vine operated on a case of scirrhous cord in an aged gelding. —— | a SOCIETY MEETINGS. 135 A case of arthritis of the atlo-axoid articulation in a roan gelding was operated on by Dr. Axtell, under general anesthesia, on the operating table. Dr. J. M. Currie, of Rome, N. Y., pre- sented an exaggerated case of exuberant granulation on the off hind leg, for examination. Dr. R. N. Gordon Darby, of Fort Plain, N. Y., operated for scirrhous cord, on a black gelding, assisted by Dr. E, G. Moore, of Trenton, N. Y. A case was presented for Besuosis to Dr. F. C. Grenside, of New York, N. Y. A chestnut gelding that had run away some time previous, presented as a result of injuries received at that time, lameness in the off fore, and atrophy of the an- terior and posterior spinatus muscles of the off fore scapula. Another clinical case in which advice was sought was pre- sented to Dr. Geo. H. Berns, of Brooklyn, N. Y., with a pro- nounced spavin that had been fired and blistered several times without satisfactory results. Double torsal-neurectomy was recommended by Dr. Berns, to be performed later in the day. A most interesting case for diagnosis had been driven in from eighteen miles out in the country two days previous and was turned over to that careful and painstaking diagnostician, Dr. Berns. The case proved so unusual that Dr. Berns called in consultation Drs. Grenside and Williams. The subject, a slightly built young bay mare, impressed one at first as a case of rabies, as she would, while peacefully picking hay from the floor, sud- denly reach for her forearm and bite at it violently, and would reach for the other arm at the same time with the hind foot of the opposite side. These contortions would last but a few minutes, during which time she would nearly fall down, when they would subside and she would be quiet again, as before. These “spells” would come on about every fifteen to twenty minutes—seldom at longer than half-hour intervals; and,. ac- cording to the owner’s statement, this condition had existed for two and one-half years. She sometimes fell when the “ spell” was extra bad, which frequently was the case in harness—as the owner drove her regularly despite this condition, which he said he could usually dissipate by “ hitting her with the whip.” She had a “ spell” which he tried to dissipate in that manner when driving her away from the clinic, which resulted in her going down and mixing up into a terrible tangle. Drs. Berns and Grenside gave the following extemporaneous “field” diagnosis: Dr. Berns said: ‘‘ This is a peripheral irrita- 136 SOCIETY MEETINGS, tion of the sensory nerves, over a circumscribed portion of the body, best marked in front of the inside left fore-arm and im- mediately behind the right elbow. Probably due to the same obscure condition of the nervous system which causes involuntary shaking of the head.” Dr. Grenside, who at this time did not know Dr. Berns’s diagnosis, said: “ It is pruritis, of nervous origin.” Dr. Williams — did not give an opinion. An adjournment for luncheon was taken at noon-day, when a sumptuous spread was served in another part of the hospital, where long tables had been plentifully supplied with many good things to gratify the inner craving of the operators and their ladies. The presence of the horse ambulance and other appliances in the dining-hall in no way detracted from the pleasure of lunching. The repast over, the clinic was resumed and continued until 6.30 p. m., during which time many valuable points were demon- strated in surgery, in which Drs. Williams, Baker, Ide, Axtell and others took part. Drs. Baker and Axtell each performed tarsal neurectomy; Dr. Axtell also performed peroneal tenotomy for relief of stringhalt, and Dr. Baker, the retiring president of — the society, demonstrated puncturing the stomach by passing the trocar into it at a point just posterior to the xiphoid appendage of the sternum. The doctor first pumped the subject’s stomach full of air through a stomach tube. Dr. Currie demonstrated various methods of destroying large animals painlessly and rapidly. The clinic and roth annual meet- ing were thus brought to a close, each one present expressing entire satisfaction at the wonderful accomplishments of Dr. Hollingworth in getting so much good material together and at the splendid facilities he had for handling it. ILLINOIS STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION, The twenty-sixth semi-annual meeting called to order 10 a.m., July 15, 1908. Minutes of last meeting read and approved. Applications for membership read and each elected to member- ship as follows: Drs. W. S. Tomlinson, Galesburg; G. J. Graem, Elmwood; W. G. Neilson, Monmouth; W. J. Morgan, Seaton; eae ae ——CCO SOCIETY MEETINGS, 137 Oscar A. Sego,. Springfield; Wilbur C. Doss, Lewiston; J. L. Montooth, Neaponset; J. C. Brown, Joy; W. W. Warnock, Aledo; L. B. Michael, Collinsville; Jno. Harrison Wolaver, As- sumption; R. D. Denton, Carthage; H. L. Wickwire, Ipava; Albert R. Cowser, Glasford; E. K. Kane, Warren; A. M. Mair, Streater; W. H. Stephenson, Stockton; H, C. Barth, Amboy; Geo. B. McKillip, Chicago; A. C. Spurling, West McHenry. The following communications were then read: Macoms, ILL., July 7, 1908. Dr. STRINGER, Paxton, IIl.: Kinp Frienp—I ‘received your invitation to Dr. Cale to the meeting of the Illinois Veterinary Medical Association. Dr. Cale wanted that I should write and inform you that he could not attend, as he is in the St. Francis Hospital, where he has undergone two severe surgical operations for rupture and ap- pendicitis. He was sorry, especially as the meeting is so close. Respectfully yours, Mrs. Harry B. Cate. Dr. Martin moved that the Secretary send a letter of sym- pathy to Dr. Cale, and it is the wish of this association that he may hasten to a speedy recovery. Carried unanimously. A communication was then read from the President of the A. V. M. A,, Dr. Dalrymple, requesting that this association send a delegate to the meeting of the A. V. M. A., to be held at Philadelphia, Pa., September 8-12, he stating that “ The associa- tion will be pleased to grant the privilege of the floor in debate to delegates.” Moved by Dr. Martin that the President appoint a delegate to the A. V. M. A. carried. Dr. L. C. Tiffany, of Springfield, was appointed by Dr. Mills as delegate. A communication was read from the manager of the Palmer House, Chicago, inviting this association to hold its annual meet- ing at the Palmer House. Reasonable rates were offered and a convention room would be furnished free of charge. The communication was referred to the Committee of Ar- rangements. Next in order was the reading and discussion of papers. Paper by Dr. G. C. Eckley, Monmouth, “ The Benefits of Local Associations.’’ This was a very able paper, and was very interesting from the fact that it did prove that the local associa- —— of much benefit to the veterinarians in that part of the tate. 138 SOCIETY MEETINGS, Several took part in the discussion and all present seemed to agree with the doctor that the local associations were of much benefit and protection. Dr. Martin states that this is an age of consolidation and amalgamation, and that it was his intention to make an effort to create a local organization in his territory. Dr. Geo. Eckley reported that a quack that was practicing in that vicinity without a license left instanter when he heard that there was a summons issued for his arrest. Dr. Hanawalt re- ported one quack at Yates City that quit after being placed in jail five days. Paper by Dr. T. J. Gunning, Peoria, ‘One of the Lame Points of the Veterinary Profession.” The doctor criticized the veterinary colleges in a mild way for not giving more instruc- tion upon the diseases of the eye; that he had taken a special course in an eye, ear, nose and throat college and he has found that he has been well repaid for his effort. He states that in many cases of diseased eyes in a horse where the veterinarian had failed to effect a cure, that cures could have been effected had he had the proper knowledge of such diseases and treatment. The paper ‘was discussed by several of the members. The most interesting part of the discussion was that upon periodic ophthalmia. The doctor believes it to be a germ disease, and begins in the conjunctiva and extends from that over the eye. Dr. Tiffany thinks it very similar to glaucoma in the human. Discussion closed. Dr. Hanawalt, of Galesburg. Paper, “ Eclampsia.’’ This subject has been before the association at several previous meet- ings and still continues to be a subject of much interest. Like azoturia, its pathology is not very well understood. Some veter- inarians report very satisfactory results treating this trouble with bromides and nerve sedatives, such as potassium bromide, gel- semium, viburnum prunifolium and asafeedita. Dr. Hanawalt reported a case with very marked symptoms of eclampsia in a gelding. This seemed just a little bit funny, for the disease had always been considered one wholly peculiar to females. Dr. Brownlee recommends bromides internally and ice packs to the head, Adjourned for lunch at the Union Hotel. The menu was very elaborate and a very pleasant social hour was spent. Meeting reconvened at 1.30 p. m. Dr. A. H. Baker gave a very interesting talk on a case of sarcoma, The horse having periodic symptoms of colic over a oy “= SOCIETY MEETINGS. 139 period from the 1st of April to the middle of June. The doctor’s description of the pathology of sarcoma was very instructive and was much appreciated. The next in order was the report of the Legislative Committee by Dr. Martin. He stated that nothing of importance had come before said committee during the past six months. The resolutions upon the death of Dr. Bell that had been sent to the Review, and published in the April number, and also to family of Dr. Bell some time previous to this meeting, as drafted by Dr. Mills and signed by Drs. Mills, Glendenning and Stringer, were read and approved by a unanimous vote. Mrs. Dr. Bell had replied to the receipt of same, thanking the associa- tion for its kind sympathy and high esteem that it held for Dr. Bell. The following resolution was read and adopted unanimously : Whereas, We acknowledge our indebtedness to Governor Charles S. Deneen for his favorable attitude. toward the veter- inary profession within our state for a more liberal education in the science of veterinary medicine and surgery, the result of which is already apparent in the demand for a higher standard of excellence in our profession, we offer our professional and personal support to the advancements thus inaugurated and com- mend to every veterinarian the need of careful and earnest co- operation to insure the success of these improved conditions to the betterment of the great live stock interests of the State of Illinois ; be it Resolved by the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Associa- tion in semi-annual convention assembled, that we appreciate the wise, patriotic and progressive administration of Governor Charles S. Deneen. Particularly do we commend the conduct of affairs under his direction in that branch of the state government in which we, as veterinarians, are interested, viz., the eradica- tion and control of contagious and infectious diseases among domestic animals. The important changes brought about by him in the department of live stock inspection, which were favorably commented upon by this body a year ago, have found their fruition in a distinct advance in the cause of live stock sanita- tion, and a more active and aggressive movement for the pre- vention and extermination of diseases among domestic animals. The following question to the association was read: Hon. George Prince has lost several pigs from an ulcerative sore mouth and throat, and wishes to ask the association what it is and its 140 SOCIETY MEETINGS. cure. Dr. L. A. Merrillat stated that the disease was somewhat prevalent and was known in Germany as Schneifelkrankheit, commonly known in this country as contagious ulcerative sore mouth in pigs. The disease extends over the nose and sometimes over the head. Thorough disinfection by the use of coal tar dips disinfecting the premises, or better still, keeping healthy animals away from infected ones and infected premises. Dr. James Wright, State Veterinarian, requested that a rep- resentative veterinarian from each county in the state be ap- pointed to ascertain the number of animals slaughtered in his respective county and the number of slaughter houses, and re- port the same to the Chairman of the Advisory Board, Dr. Joseph Hughes, Chicago. He stated that this report would be of much yalue to the veterinarians in this state. The question regarding the licensing of non-graduates was brought up and thoroughly discussed. The discussion was some- . what animated, but it brought out the fact that our State Board of Examiners were using every precaution to protect the veter- inary profession and that our state law is a good one and is sufficient to protect the profession where honest state attorneys are appealed to. At the close of the meeting Dr. W. C. Hanawalt presented an interesting case for examination. It was a horse having a soft fluctuating tumor on the inside of the foreleg at the head of the radius. It appeared to be a serous cyst, but Dr. Hanawalt stated that the aspirator proved it to be a varicose vein. Our mid-summer meetings are proving to be a success, and are growing better each year. Meeting adjourned to meet in annual session at Chicago, December 1-2. N. I. Strincer, Secretary. YORK COUNTY (PA.) VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY. A goodly number of the members attended the quarterly meeting of the society held in the parlors of the National Hotel, York, Pa., September 1. Representatives from all sections of the county were in attendance and shared in the discussions. et SOCIETY MEETINGS. 141 The most interesting questions brought before the society were the discussions of “the Meat-Hygiene, the work of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board and what they are doing for the public at large,” delivered by Dr. G. M. Graybill, of East Petersburg, Pa. Dr. Graybill attended the meeting by special invitation, and his address was heartily received by the York County surgeons. At the conclusion of his address, Dr, Graybill was given a rising vote of thanks. “ Tuberculin, Its Experiments, and Its Reactions,” together with “ The Treatment of Simple and Compound Fractures of the Limbs of Domesticated Animals,’ were discussed by those present. The next meeting will be held Tuesday afternoon, December 1, 1908. E. S. BaustIcKEr, Secretary. Tue address of Dr. Burt J. Eno, Ironton, Ohio, is now Phil- ippine Islands, care of the Governor-General. Dr. Eno, who has been appointed to the Philippine service, sailed Sept. 25 for his post of duty. A GOLD cuff button was found after the clinic of the N. Y. S. V. M..S., at Dr. Hollingworth’s Hospital, at Utica. If the owner will communicate with Dr. Hollingworth, 54 Lafayette street, Utica, N. Y., he will be glad to return the same. THE city of Greenville, S. C., has appointed Dr. Clarence E. Smith, of Newbern, N. C. (K.C.V.C.), to the position of meat, milk and food inspector. Greenville is the first city in the state of South Carolina to appoint a graduate veterinarian to the po- sition of meat. and milk inspector. We congratulate the city of Greenville and we congratulate Dr. Smith. “THE Need of State and Municipal Meat Inspection as a Supplement to Federal Inspection’ was the subject of an able paper by Dr. A. M. Farrington, Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, presented at the twelfth annual convention of the Association of State and National Food and Dairy Departments, at Mackinac Island, Mich., Aug. 4-7, 1908. He particularly recommended a system of central slaughter houses for smaller cities and towns. Ger- many has more than 600 of these. 4 NEWS AND ITEMS. Society was out in full force at the Newport. Horse Show, September 7-9. Dr. RaLpH W. BaLKAM, Sarles, N. D., has leased the veter- inary hospital formerly conducted by Dr. Switzer, in Spring- field, Mass. Professor Ropert W. Ettts, D.V.S., was obliged to decline a cordial invitation to attend the banquet of the Alpha Psi Fra- ternity held at Chicago on the evening of September 4. Dr. C. L. Barnes, of the Veterinary Department of the Col- orado Agricultural College, acted as official veterinarian at the Northern Colorado State fair the fore part of September. » Dr. W. H. Lyncu, Portland, Me., en route to the Inter- national Congress on Tuberculosis, Washington, D. C., made a pleasant visit to relatives at Mount Vernon and Lynchburg, Va. Ex-Presidents Robertson, Williams, Hoskins, Pearson, But- ler, Winchester, Stewart and Lowe were in attendance at the forty-fifth annual meeting of the A. V. M. A. at Philadelphia. Dr. Harry C, MILLAR has been a member of the Board of Health of Asbury Park, N. J., for the past four years, and Dr. Thomas Bland, Waterbury, Conn., serves his city as Health Commissioner. THE entertainment provided for the ladies at the A. V. M. A. ~ meeting was a continuous performance. Luncheons, reception, banquet, automobiling, theatre-going, boat-sailing, sight-seeing and shopping are only some of the features of the entertainment afforded. The social features were all that could be desired. Dr. W. G. HottincwortH, Utica, N. Y., on his return home from the International Congress on Tuberculosis, found his appointment as official veterinarian of his city awaiting him. 142 ae Se a oe ae anil oe end ol eel ao a NEWS AND ITEMS, 143 Dr. Hollingworth is chairman of the Oneida County Education Committee of the New York State Charities Aid Society for the prevention of. human tuberculosis. The right man in the right place. Dr. A. R. Warp, Professor of Veterinary Science and Bac- teriology in the University of California and Director of the State Hygienic Laboratory, is spending a year’s leave of absence at eastern institutions doing research work in bacteriology and writing his book relating to the pure milk problem. He attended the A. V. M. A. meeting at Philadelphia and the International Congress on Tuberculosis at Washington. It is still President Dalrymple. At the meeting of the Inter- state Association of Live Stock Sanitary Boards, held at Wash- ington, D. C., the week following the A. V. M. A. convention at Philadelphia, Dr. W. H. Dalrymple was elected president of that organization. Dr. S. B. Nelson, Pullman, Wash., was chosen vice-president, and Dr. C. E. Cotton, Minneapolis, Minn., secretary-treasurer. SECRETARY LyMAN ReturNs To Kansas Citry.—On Sep- tember 17, Dr. Richard P. Lyman, Secretary of the American Veterinary Medical Association, left Hartford for Kansas City to resume his chair—the Practice of Medicine and Obstetrics— in the Kansas City Veterinary College. He will also teach first year surgery. All communications, hereafter, for Dr. Lyman should be addressed to him at Kansas City, Mo., in care of the Kansas City Veterinary College. Dr. THEoporE F. Krey, who lectured last year at the New York-American Veterinary College, in place of the late Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, during the latter’s illness and subsequent to his death, has moved to Detroit, having accepted the position of head of the Depart- ment of Experimental Medicine (Veterinary), Parke, Davis & Co. Dr. H. D. Hanson, as announced in the September ReE- yIEW, has been appointed Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the New York institution. MarriaGE OF Dr. C. M. Harine.—It will interest many readers of the Review to learn of the marriage, at Berkeley, Cal., on August 22, of Dr. C. M. Haring (N. Y. S. V. C., ’04) to Miss Grace Moody (Univ. of Cal., class of ’05), a successful “144 NEWS AND ITEMS. High School teacher. Dr. F. H. McNair (N. Y..S. V. C., ’05) acted as best man at a prettily appointed evening wedding. Dr. - Haring was recently made Assistant Professor of Veterinary Science in the University of California, an acknowledgment of his splendid work for the live stock interests of the state. Dr. Haring was a delegate to the meeting of the A. V. M. A. at Philadelphia and the Tuberculosis Congress at Washington, D.C. He and his bride will visit Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Ithaca and other places before returning to Cali- fornia. Drs. A. R. Ward and Haring have for nearly two years been carrying on a series of tests for the attempted artificial im- munization of calves against tuberculosis. The results of their tests will be published in the near future. WESTERN CANADIAN NOTES. R. A. McLoucury, V. S., reports a few trials with Yohim- bin (Spiegel), a new sexual tonic and stimulant and states that good results were obtained with sluggish stallions. Dr. Patton, Coutts, Alta., who has been seriously ill at the Medicine Hat Hospital, his illness necessitating surgical inter- ference, is recovering slowly. Tue Globe, Toronto, reports the marriage of Madeline Ham- ilton Dwar, of Paris, Ont., at Lethbridge, Alta., Sept. 5, 1908, to Dr. W. T. Patton, Coutts, Alta. AN EPIDEMIC of matrimony has struck the Saskatchewan In- spectors of the Health of Animals Branch, Dr. J. C. McMurtry succumbing in August, Dr. N. P. Olsen in September, prognosis in both cases favorable. Aux Canadian veterinarians rejoice in the election of Dr. J. G. Rutherford to the presidency of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Honor has been done to the recipient, the association and to Canada. No one man has done more for the veterinary profession in British North America than Dr, Ruth- erford. He was responsible for the placing of a model act re- garding the profession on the statute books of Manitoba; he created and organized the Health of Animals Branch and later the Canadien meat inspection service, and was the power behind the throne in raising the standard of veterinary education in Canada incidentally by the reorganization of the Ontario Veter- inary College on a three-year course basis under the aegis of the University of Toronto, aa a \J f V/ eye AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. NOVEMBER, 1908. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris, September 15, 1908. VETERINARY Notes—A CorrectTion.—The “ Veterinary Notes ” (No. 4) of Parke, Davis & Co., have arrived, with the likeness of Wm. Herbert Lowe, D.V.S., President American Vet- erinary Medical Association (1905-6), on the outside cover page. It is the continuation of the series of Presidents of the A. V. M. A., inaugurated by the Editor of “ Veterinary Notes.” I have read the biography of the Ex-President of our national association, and may be allowed to correct some parts of it, in- correctly stated by “ Veterinary Notes.” It is said that “ Dr. Lowe is now, and has been for several “months, the Managing Editor of the AMERICAN VETERINARY “Review. He had for many years been a member of the staff “of editorial collaborators, and the late Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, “realizing early in the present year that he was soon to pass “ away, called in Dr. Lowe and asked him to assume the task of “ directing the editorial work of the journal, as the associate of “Dr. A. Liautard, of Paris, who still continues his position as “ Editor-in-Chief.” The corrections are to the effect that Dr. Lowe is not man- aging editor of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REvIEW. This im- portant post is occupied by Dr. R. W. Ellis. When Dr. Bell’s health began to fail rapidly in November last, Dr. Lowe was requested to contribute to the editorial work of the Review, and in January, 1908, was made Associate Editor to Drs. Liautard, Bell and Ellis. On the death of Dr. Bell in the early part of the 147 148 EDITORIAL. month following, the direction of the editorial work of the journal passed into the hands of Dr. Ellis (the then only remain- ing editor in America), with the approval of the Chief Editor, Prof. Liautard. Dr. Lowe was continued on the staff as asso- ciate to Drs. Liautard and Ellis, which position he has creditably filled and still occupies. All material for publication, as well as all business communications, should continue to be addressed to the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 509 West One Hundred and Fifty-second street, New York, N. Y. ie BrpLtioGRAPHy : Tue History oF THE SCHOOL OF ALFORT. —A so far unique addition has just been made to the literature of the veterinary profession of the whole world. Prof. Railliet, of Alfort, and Mr. Moule have completed the enormous task that they undertook, and to-day the History of the School of Alfort is published and will, in a short time, be found in the library, not only of every Alforian veterinarian, but in that of every veterinary institution, whether in the old or in the new world. It is indeed an enormous labor, almost a work of giants, that these gentlemen have accomplished, which has demanded sev- eral years of long and patient researches among the many docu- ments that were put at their disposition in the national archives, those of the schools, and with the books, pamphlets and pro- fessional journals where information of more or less value could be found. And these investigations were necessary, for if already pre- vious attempts had been made, attempts which on many occa- sions were not very exact, the well-known reputation of the two authors of the new work imposed upon them that every effort should be exerted so as to do justice to the subject and show to their readers at large the well due homage belonging to their undertaking and to their alma mater, which is that also of so many generations of veterinarians, that of the many who have figured in the work of spreading veterinary science, and of those who from Alfort have given to many schools of the different ae ms eee A a SN ee a | EDITORIAL, 149 parts of the world the benefit of their Alforian education, among which I extract from the book the schools of Padua, Dresden, Vienna, Hanover, Turin, Carlsruhe, Munich, Berlin, Milan, London, Madrid, Naples, Abouzabel in Egypt, La Plata, Lis- bonne, Bruxelles, Constantinople, Bucharest, New York, Phila- delphia, etc., etc. The work, which covers over 800 pages, is handsomely il- lustrated by 92 plates, among which are those of Bourgelat, Ber- tin, Chabert, Vicq d’Azir, etc., etc., from the first days of the creation of the school to modern times, and the manner in which the whole work has been done and is offered shows how well the House of Asselin & Houzeau appreciated the superiority of the new publication, which is arranged as follows: First, a preface, where the authors state that “ although the school is nearly one century and a half old, no one has yet at- tempted to describe the various stages of its development.” There was a want which had to be filled and they have attempted to do it as a respectful homage to their alma mater and also to show the relative importance that belongs to the school in rela- tion with the development and progress of the veterinary pro- fession. The “ History of the School of Alfort” is divided in four parts. In the first are three chapters: (1) Veterinary medi- cine before the foundation of the schools; (2) The first veterinary schools, Lyon, Limoges; (3) The School of Paris: Temporary in- stallation. Transfer to Alfort. The second part treats of the evolution at Alfort, and is, from 1766 to 1903, divided into nine periods. There the au- thors consider the theoretical and practical teaching of the school, treat of what related to the students, to the curriculum, to the professional societies, etc., and recall the memory of the victims of their professional duties. The third part treats of the financial questions, and the fourth. of the various buildings and materials. It is not possible in this short notice to mention all the points of importance and value that can be found in this new book. Historical facts, anecdotes that have taken place in those many 150 EDITORIAL. years, faults and errors that have been committed, most valu- able advice for other similar institutions, etc., etc., all can be found in MM. Railliet and Moule’s last publication. They certainly deserve much credit, and the veterinary pro- fession the world over must feel indebted to them for the work they have so conscientiously and successfully accomplished. * * ok IMPERIAL INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AT St. PETERSBURG.—Among the material accumulated on my desk during my vacation, I found numbers 4 and 5 of the Impe- rial Institute of Experimental Medicine at St. Petersburg. They complete the thirteenth volume, and in them I saw the Comptes rendus of the scientific works carried out at the institute during the year 1906. Their number and value are of great importance. To give an idea of the work done in that institution, let us give a glance to the peculiar subdivision of the departments where the scientific researches are carried out and look at the number of assistants or workers each department occupies be- sides the principal director and his special assistants, who are quite numerous. There are altogether twelve sections or ser- vices : 1. Section of Physiology, which, besides the staff, has fifteen investigators. Among the work that has been carried out in that laboratory, it is stated that 5,978 vials of gastric juice have been prepared and delivered. 2. Section of Pathological Anatomy, with eleven co-workers. 3. That of Biological Chemistry, with twenty-three workers. 4. That of General Microbiology, with four assistants. . 5. That of Epizootology, where, with the staff and twelve other assistants, works on glanders, tuberculosis and trypan- osomes receive special attention, In this laboratory there have been prepared and delivered 25,883 vials of mallein, 12,975 of tuberculin, and 641 of antidysenteric serum. 6. The Laboratory of General Pathology has, besides its staff, ten workers. ee ee ye : 5 : : 3 EDITORIAL, 151 7. The Practical Service for the Preventive Treatment of Rabies has a large staff and only four outside workers. 8. The Pathologo-Bacteriologic Laboratory counts thirty- eight co-operators. g. The Service of Public Hygiene. 10. The Pathological Laboratory. 11. The special laboratory for the preparation of products against pest; and finally 12. The Service of Disinfections. Each of these have published a large number of reports and papers relating to their special work, all of great value. They constitute important evidences of the immense amount of work carried on by the institute. In previous issues of the Review, I have made our readers acquainted with notices of some of them. In the last numbers that I have received there are contribu- tions of great interest to veterinarians, upon which I will have occasion to refer later on. Certainly, the contributions of Dr. W. W. Podwyssotzki on the “ Alterations of the Sub-maxillary Gland in Rabies,” that of Aimée Hortwitz, Study of the bac- terian flora of the stomach and small intestines of dogs, are deserving of more than this general notice. oo * * PLANTAR TENoTOMY.—Is plantar tenotomy as taught in our classical works to be reserved for desperate cases? Is it, as claimed by some, more injurious than the disease against which it is performed, and, on these accounts, is it losing its popularity to see that of the perforatus tendon alone be the indication in incurable sprains of the tendinous apparatus of the canon, in- curable affections which so often give rise to frequent return of lameness and end generally in rendering an animal useless? Such is the object of a communication that I have found in the June and July issues of the Recueil de Medecine Vet- erinaire, written by an army veterinarian, Mr. A. Querreau. For fifteen years he has experimented with this mode of treatment, and, as the results of his experiments, he has come to 152 EDITORIAL, the conclusions that the advantages that the tenotomy of the perforatus presents are such that it is certainly the most radi- cal and most economical treatment to resort to in cases of reci- diving or incurable sprains of the tendons, of the radial reinfore- ing band, of the suspensory ligament, and even in the relief of some incurable lameness due to traumatic synovitis of the great sesamoid sheath. Indeed, this operation gives, until the cicatri- zation is organized and is complete, radical rest to the perforatus, to the radial band, to its ring, and to its insertion upon the sec- ond phalanx. It differs from the classical tenotomy by remoy- ing entirely a function (that of the flexion of the phalanges), and simply relieves a secondary action, that of the perforatus. When this is divided, flexion of the phalanges upon each other remains integrally insured by their principal flexor or the perforans. And, besides, it places the weak tendon (perforatus) under the influ- ence of the strong (perforans). Indeed, the former is the weak- est as long as it is liable to snap in its entire length, from its radial band to its insertion upon the second phalanx. — Finally, perforatus tenotomy is justified by the general principle so often applied in surgery, namely, that it is better to remove an incur- able organ than to preserve it when its condition of disease and pain may compromise the functions of surrounding organs that have remained healthy. % * vs Mr. Querreau performs tenotomy of the perforatus in two different manners, according to cases: (1) Subcutaneously and according to the classical manner, when its objects are to remedy lesions of the radial band, of the ring, or of the great sesamoid synovial. (2) On the contrary, it must be performed’ open, when it is to relieve lesions of the body of the perforatus, accompanied with induration of the tendon, In describing the various stages of the operation and the specific cares in the dressing, Mr. Quer- reau insists upon the necessity of packing well the cavity and the surface of the wound with pads of iodoformed gauze before the closing of the wound with sutures. The use of a shoe with a os ate hs a a ‘EDITORIAL, 153 long toe is also recommended to avoid knuckling. There is al- ways a large callous following the operation, but this is almost completely resorbed after a few months. A great number of observed cases are recorded of the suc- cesses obtained with this tenotomy against sprains of the radial band (15 cases and 13 perfect successes), against sprains of the perforatus in its metacarpal portion (6 cases with 6 successes), against incurable lesions of the great sesamoid sheath (2 cases, with one success and one failure). | To resume: The efficacy of perforatus tenotomy is shown clearly by the above considerations. The greatest objection is the possibility of leaving a permanent more or less disfiguring nodule on the length of the tendon, nodosity which is no more unsightly than that left by the retracted and indurated tendon before operation and which cannot be more objectionable than the ugly cicatrix which is left by other forms of treatment such as blistering, firing, etc. With this single objection, there cannot be a doubt that this operation is bound to become the favorite means of treatment for injuries of that kind. * * * ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF INTERSTATE ASSOCIATION oF Live Stock Sanitary Boarps.—It was quite a surprise to me to find in my desk lately the report of the eleventh annual meeting of the Interstate Association of Live Stock Sanitary Boards. I acknowledge with regret that this was the first infor- mation, as far as I recollect, of the existence of such an organi- zation ; and the perusal of the comptes rendus made me feel that, personally, I had sustained a great loss by not having known of it before, of its meetings and of its work. I have no doubt that some of my readers will feel as I did. The eleventh annual meeting was held in the parlors of the Murphy Hotel, in Richmond, Virginia, on September 16 and 17, 1907, more than one year ago. I cannot give a detailed ex- amination of the subjects that were treated, and yet in reading 14 EDITORIAL, the titles of the papers that were presented and discussed, one may judge how interesting the meeting must have been: “State Control of Hog Cholera,” by Dr. J. H. McNeil, of Iowa; “ Tick Eradication,” by Dr. Tait Butler; ‘‘ Federal Inspec- tion of Meat,” by Dr. A. D. Melvin; “ Purchase of Cows for Slaughter Subject to Post-mortem Inspection,” by Dr. I. E. Dyson; “ Relation of State Veterinarians and Live Stock Sani- tary Boards to the Public Health,” by Dr. C. G. Lamb; “ Rabies * and Its Control,” by Dr. Austin Peters; “ Animal Parasites,” by Dr. J. G. Ferneyhough. The meeting lasted two days and important resolutions were taken : On the subject of “ Federal Meat Inspection,” “ that the dif- ferent states should organize and put in operation a system of meat inspection.” On the subject of “ Eradication of the Fever Tick,” “ that the appropriation made by Congress for this work be increased to $500,000.”” | On the subject of “Hog Cholera and Tuberculosis,” “ that the attention of the sanitary authorities of each state and national government be called to the fact that these diseases are assum- ing such importance that their eradication can only be accom- plished by the combined and concerted action of all sanitary au- thorities and that such steps should be taken to insure perfect combination of such authorities, to the end that these diseases may eventually be wiped out.” | On the subject of “ Milk Inspection,” “ the association urged upon all state authorities and the public, generally the absolute necessity of state supervision of the milk supply, and that all states pass laws requiring the testing of all dairy cows with tu- berculin.” The comptes rendus concludes with reports of the sanitary condition of some states, for instance, in Arkansas by Dr, W. Linton, in Colorado by Dr. C. G. Lamb, in Illinois by Dr, J. W. Wright, in Maryland by Dr. G, Allen Jarman, in Missouri by 99 ¢¢ EDITORIAL, 155 — Dr. D. F. Luckey, in Minnesota by Dr. M. S. Whitcomb, and in Virginia by Dr. J. C. Ferneyhough. No’ doubt that by this time the twelfth annual meeting of this working association has taken place and that at an early date I may be fortunate enough to glance at their next report. The profession at large, I am sure, would like to hear from it. ey HrpropHacy.—Hippophagy is‘no longer a special subject of curiosity. It has entered into the customs and habits of people, although in some countries it has spread more extensively than in others. Anyhow, its origin is old. Already, in olden times, horses were certainly killed and used for human food. Accord- ing to Julius Caesar, Gallics were especially fond of horse meat; and, according to Pliny, young donkeys were especially fattened for the table of patricians. But it must be acknowledged that there is a great difference between the use that was made of horse meat in olden times and that of to-day. As it is certainly less on account of palatable taste, than to palliate against the difficulties for obtaining meat for use that horseflesh is resorted to. And yet there is an important opening offered for this use. For some time, physicians, at least in France, have become great propagators of the use of horse meat. In prescribing to their patients the continued ingestion of raw horseflesh, in preference to that of beef which is higher in price, they have incited poor, and even people in better social situation, to obtain from the muscles of healthy horses a better supply of energy for their fail- ing strength. Hippophagy has been the object of many writings. Phy- Sicians, veterinarians and sanitarians have all published articles upon it. Laws, sanitary regulations, slaughter-houses, and shops have been established, and the number of solipeds that have been delivered for public consumption has, since 1866, when it was officially recognized in France, been constantly increasing. In Paris, between 1866 and 1869, the number scarcely reached 3,000; in 1906 there were nearly 60,000. In Germany, during 1906, nearly 150,000 solipeds were slaughtered and sent to market. 156 EDITORIAL, In Belgium, says the chief editor of the Gazette du Village, the number of horses slaughtered, in proportion to the extent of its territory, is even larger than in France. Therefore, the de- velopment of hippophagy is slowly progressing in all countries, except in England, where no shops exist where horse meat is sold. 7 ifs In a recent communication on the subject of hippophagy, I read the following taken from the comptes rendus of the meet- ing of the Congres Hippique: “ But certainly it is America which leads in this special in- “dustry (that of horse meat supplied as food). There, horses “are raised especially for this purpose. They are typical horses, “not too big, but having an excellent meat. “ When hippophagic shops made their appearance in America, “the butchers that sold bovine meat protested and made vigor- “ous objections and all possible efforts to stop them. But Car- ““negie became interested in the question; he gave the new in- “ dustry its aid, and to-day, in the suburbs of Chicago, there exist “special factories where horse meat is prepared in all manners. “It is made in preserves, it is made in sausages, it is salted and “ frozen.” “These factories do not exrort their products.” I do not know how far those statements are correct and I cannot help thinking that the writer has committed a grave error, as an examination of the twenty-third annual report of the Bureau of Animal Industry shows that between 1891 and 1903, no horses had been inspected at abattoirs for slaughter, except in the years from 1899 to 1903, when about 3,000 were inspected, in 1899, a little over 5,000 in 1900, to drop below 2,000 in 1901 and 1902, and finally died out in 1903 with 344 inspections. At any rate, if there are horse meat shops in the United States, I must acknowledge that I do not know’ it. * Ba * In the July issue of the Review there was a list of the gen-. tlemen that Prof. Leonard Pearson had invited to serve as mem- as. EDITORIAL, 157 bers of the National Committee for the United States at the ninth International Veterinary Congress. In Circular No. 2, just issued by the Executive Committee at The Hague, this list has been published, among those of other countries, and a glance at them shows that indeed these national committees will be representatives from Holland, of course, and then from North and South Africa, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Hungaria, Italy, Norway, Roumania, Russia, Servia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Our ~ American friends can be assured that they will be in good com- pany. The circular gives also the following program of the work of the Congress: A.—The Congress will open on September 13 and close on September 18, 1909. N. B.—The names of the reporters will be published after- ward. B.—Official opening meeting, September 13th, at 2 o'clock p. m. C.—General meetings: September 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, at 9 o’clock a, m., September 14, at 2.30 o'clock p. m. SUBJECTS. 1. Government efforts against swine plague and hog cholera (swine fever) based upon the recent researches. regarding their etiology, vaccination, sero-vaccination, etc. 2. The protection of the practice of veterinary medicine. 3. The role of the veterinarian as expert in zootechnical questions. 4. The conditions necessary to obtain the doctorate in vet- erinary science. 5. The sanitary control of milk and the obligatory systematic inspection of meat. 6. The methods employed in removing the carcases and meat, with the object of rendering them harmless. 7. The prophylaxis and pathology of protozoan diseases (piroplasmoses, trypanosomoses) with demonstration of the 158 EDITORIAL. specific parasites and of the transmitting animals (ticks, mos- quitoes, etc.). 8. The governmental control of sera and bacterial dias and their preparation by the government. g. Avian tuberculosis in its relation to tuberculosis in mam- malia. 10. The sterility of cows and its dependence upon ie infec- tious diseases of the genital organs. 11. Governmental efforts against tuberculosis, with regard to the ways of infection in this disease. 12. Construction and interior of stables in relation to the prophylaxis of diseases of animals, especially tuberculosis, and also to the hygiene of milk. D.—Sections of the Congress: | 1. Public veterinary medicine; control of food. II. Path- ology and bacteriology. III. Practical veterinary medicine. IV. Zootechny and veterinary hygiene. V. Tropical diseases of ani- mals. E.—Meetings of Sections: the 16th and 17th September, at 2.30 o'clock p.m * First SECTION, 1. Inspection of fish, game, poultry, crustaceze, and of other animal foods, not included in the question 5 of the general meet- ings, in relation to the hygiene of man. 2. Insurance of stock in relation to obligatory meat ingpec- tion, 3. Disinfection of the vehicles of transport and animal prod- ucts in international traffic. 4. Sero-therapy and sero-prophylaxis of foot-and-mouth dis- ease and their value from the point of view of legal sanitary police. SECOND SECTION, The diagnosis of infectious diseases by means of the re- cently discovered reactions of immunity (except the subcutane- ous injection of tuberculin and mallein), EDITORIAL. : 159 2. Etiology and pathogeny of malignant tumors, especially of carcinoma. 3. Vaccination against risbeirbadents: 4. Anatomo- and histo-pathological diagnosis of rabies. TuirD SECTION. I. Specific chronic enteritis of cattle. 2. Infectious pleuro-pneumonia of horses. 3. Hemostasis in the modern methods of castration. 4. Pathology and therapeutics of streptococcic infections in the domestic animals. -5. New investigations of the two last years concerning chronic deforming arthritis of horses. _ Fourtu SEctTIoN. 1. Physiology of milk-secretion; relation between the external form of cows and the production of milk. _ 2. Influence of the various foods upon the quality of the prod- ucts (meat, milk). Application of Kellner’s principle in the nourishing of animals from the point of view of the production of milk, meat and strength. 3. Prevention of the prejudicial effects of the so breed- ing for special purposes. 4. Teaching of zootechny. Firru SEctIon. 1. Hygiene in the maritime transport of cattle. 2. Sanitary police in colonies. 3. Teaching and laboratories for researches in tropical dis- eases. F.—Official closing meeting, September 18, at 2 p. m. - As final notes, the circular adds: 1. The amount of the contribution has been fixed at 10 guilders = 17 shillings — 21 francs = 17 marks. . 2. The application for the membership is to be addressed to Professor D, F. van Esveld, of the State Veterinary School at Utrecht, General Treasurer, accompanied by an order for the above-mentioned amount. 160 EDITORIAL. 3. The members will receive the plan of the statute of the Congress, in addition to their card. 4. The names of the reporters will be published as soon as possible. 5. During the Congress the monument of the late Professor Thomassen will be inaugurated in the Veterinary School at Utrecht. 7 w~ Ak New Yorx’s zoological park has 4,050 living specimens, the next largest being in Berlin, where there are 3,150 specimens. VETERINARY COLLEGES OF THE OLD WortLp.—President James, of the University of Illinois, has returned from his trip abroad, which had for one of its missions an investigation of» the principal veterinary colleges of the old world. He was aston- ished at the importance attached to these institutions and the activities of several nations in extending and perfecting their work, Belgium has spent over $1,000,000 on a new plant for its veterinary college, and Germany has planned to expend con- siderably more than double that amount in reconstructing and re- equipping its veterinary schools. It is likely that work on the new state college, which will be located at the Chicago stock yards, will soon begin. The breaking of ground has awaited President James’ return, with the helpful suggestions he has gathered on the other side.—(The Breeders’ Gasette.) A Larce Tumor.—tThere arrived at the Bourbon Stock Yards, Louisville, Ky., on October 18, 1908, a cow weighing about 1,100 pounds, and probably ten years of age. Her abdomen was very large and, while she was able to walk from the car, she was soon afterward found down and unable to rise, where- upon she as ordered. destroyed by the city live stock inspector and the carcass was taken to a nearby fertilizer plant for final disposition, Upon dissection there was found in connection with the uterus a tumor which weighed, including the very small por- tion of normal uterine tissue remaining, 350 pounds. From a macroscopical inspection only, the tumor seemed mostly of a fatty character, although portions of it were quite hard and dense and apparently fibrous in structure—(G. W. Butler, Veterinary Inspector, B. A. I., Louisville, Ky.) a ae ORIGINAL ARTICLES. MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. By Dr. BERNARD BANG, Proressor oF PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS, RoyAL VETERINARY SCHOOL, COPENHAGEN, DELEGATE OF THE DANISH GOVERN MENT. Report of the Danish National Committee submitted to the International Congress on Tuberculosis, Washington, D. C., 1928. Measures against tuberculosis among domestic animals were first taken by the state by Act of April 14, 1893, relating to the Prevention of Infectious Diseases Among Domestic Animals. According to section 11 of this act cattle owners are prohibited: (a) From sending animals (cattle and pigs) that obviously suffer from tuberculosis, to fairs and cattle shows, to common pastures, stables, etc., of other cattle owners as well as from selling such animals, except for slaughter. (b) From selling or using as human food animals or any part of an animal, obviously suffering from tuberculosis, unless a vet- erinary surgeon’s certificate be produced stating that a previous examination of the carcass and the entrails has shown the meat to be fit for human consumption. (c) From selling the milk of cows suffering fromtuberculosis of the udder or using it as human food or in the preparation of food or as food for animals, except when boiled. These measures have, however, produced few practical re- sults. It is true that a number of animals have been rejected when presented for admittance at fairs and common pastures or for exportation, and no doubt the sale of such animals for other than killing purposes has now and then been prevented; still, it is difficult to impose fines in such cases, the term “ obviously tuberculous” being too vague. Paragraphs b and c were amended later, so as to provide more fully for the cases mentioned in them. By the Act of April 14, 1893, relating to State Help Towards the Combating of Tuberculosis Among Cattle, an attempt was 161 162 BERNARD BANG. made to encourage cattle farmers to take measures to get rid of tuberculosis among their stock. By this act a sum of 50,000 Kr.* yearly (afterwards increased to 100,000 Kr.) was—for a term of five years—placed at the disposal of the Ministry of Agricul- ture to pay for gratis distribution of tuberculin, for the injection of this substance by veterinary surgeons, for measuring the tem- perature of the animals and for giving directions as to isolation, if the farmer in question wished to apply the tuberculin test to ascertain which of his animals were infected with tuberculosis, but only on condition of his binding himself to keep the healthy animals safely isolated from those suffering from tuberculosis. As the primary object of these measures was to promote the breeding of healthy young cattle, at first only young animals were tested gratis; soon, however, the test was also applied gratis in the case of full-grown animals, and gradually it became quite common to subject the whole stock of a farm to the tuberculin test . in order to make it possible to isolate the healthy among the full- grown animals. The passing of this act was chiefly due to a proposal of B. Bang, who for some years past had been studying the efficacy of tuberculin for proving the existence of tuberculosis among cattle and other domestic animals and who had worked out a system for the extermination of tuberculosis in an infected stock by thorough isolation of the animals that were not yet attacked and by preventing the transmission of infection through raw milk, According to Bang, tuberculosis is a purely contagious dis- case. It is true that infection may take place in the uterus so that the calf is born tuberculous, but this happens very rarely, practically only when the cow is highly tuberculous. Most calves are born healthy, even if born of somewhat tuberculous cows, and they will remain so, if they are only preserved from infection. In the first place, tubercle bacilli are not ubiquitous. They are mostly found in stables, where tuberculous animals discharging "1 Kr, (Krone) = 100 O, 1 (Ore) = about 26 cents, ee Spun Poel re Te or a ee er aes aS a ee a MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 163 tubercle bacilli are or have lately been stabled. Secondly, raw milk very often transmits infection, mostly, it is true, when the udder of the cow is attacked, but also frequently when this is not the case, partly because tubercle bacilli may be excreted through an apparently healthy udder, if the cow is highly tuberculous, partly because the pure milk may be fouled by the introduction of tubercle bacilli through flux of the uterus or by particles of the feces of highly tuberculous cows. The tuberculin tests proved that-a great number of cattle of all the herds among which tuberculosis had long been prevalent were infected with this disease. Post morfem examinations proved, however, that most of the reacting animals were only slightly affected; in many cases only small caseous-calcareous de- posits were found in a few of the lymphatic glands, processes that no doubt often remain unchanged for years or are even sometimes cured. According to Bang, therefore, there was no reason to kill milch cows that did not show clinical signs of tuberculosis, but only reaction to tuberculin. So long as they were stabled in isolated stables, there was no reason why they should be killed or why their milk should not be used and calves bred from them, provided the latter were as soon as possible removed from the infected stable and were not infected by being fed on the raw milk of tuberculous animals. The highly tuberculous animals should not, of course, be allowed to form part of the stock, but should be killed as soon as possible—a measure which had cer- tainly been taken rather often in former times though not nearly as often as circumstances demanded. It will be seen that these measures—devised by Bang and founded on the above facts—for combating tuberculosis among cattle, interfered as little as possible with the breeding. He wanted farmers to remove from their stock only such animals as from reasons of general economy they would feel inclined to remove, 7. ¢., the animals that a merely clinical examination proved to be tuberculous. They were allowed to keep those that 164 BERNARD BANG. did not appear tuberculous until subjected to the tuberculin test, as long as they found they yielded sufficient milk, and to breed their calves, if only they took good care to keep the latter isolated from the perfectly healthy animals. If the isolation could not be carried out in any safer way (which would, of course, be prefer- able), a part of the stable might be partitioned off by a wooden partition, reaching from the ceiling to the floor. The common water-pipe would have to be cut off, or if this was not practicable, it might be sufficient to let the water pass first through the part of the stable reserved for the healthy animals. If absolutely necessary, it would be permissible to have tight-fitting doors in the partition wall—though this has certainly often proved a drawback, it being, of course, very difficult to keep such doors shut when not in actual use. Whenever it is at all possible, as it would be in the case of a large stock, there ought to be two sets of stable hands—one for the healthy animals, one for the in- fected ones. If this was not possible the servants would have to tend and milk-the healthy animals first and have two sets of boots or shoes and overalls as well as of implements, one for each class of animal. In the pastures the two divisions would also have to be kept apart as much as possible, though the danger is considered to be less when the animals are grazing than when they are in the stable. As from the very outset it was quite clear to Bang that isolation of the animals on the same farm, especially if such had to be effected in one building by means of a partition wall, could not be a complete guarantee against the introduction of con- tagious matter among the healthy animals, and that the tuber- culin test was not in every case quite infallible (for instance, the animals might have been infected just before the test and so be © unable to react), he directed that the healthy division was to be subjected to the tuberculin test once—or preferably twice—a year, so that those animals which, in spite of the isolation proved to be infected, might be removed without delay from the healthy division to the reacting one, his object being the gradual purifi- ie Oe a a ee ee ee MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 165 cation of an infected stock during the course of several years. It would thus become possible for a farmer possessing a stock in itself valuable, though infected with tuberculosis, to gradually convert it into a healthy one by breeding from his own stock. As early as 1892 Bang was enabled by a special government grant to demonstrate the practicability of his theories by gradu- ally changing a highly tuberculous stock into a healthy one. The farm of Thurebylille was selected for this experiment. On the first application of the test 131 animals reacted, while only 77, mostly young animals, were found to be healthy. Of the milch cows 8o per cent. reacted, and of the young cattle and calves only 40 per cent. The isolation of the two classes, the reacting and the healthy ones, from each other was effected by partition- ing off a part of the stable with a solid wooden partition, the shed occupied by the.calves forming part of the healthy division. There were two sets of stable hands, one for each of the two divisions, which were, moreover, kept apart when grazing as well as in the stable. The practicability of the plan was soon proved, as the calves which were born in the infected division of reacting parents were nearly all found to be healthy (very few being born tuberculous ) and remained so, provided they were at once removed from the infected stable and fed on boiled milk, their mother’s milk (raw) only being given to them an the first day. Still, as had been expected, year by year some of the animals of the healthy division did not pass the half-yearly test; in other words, some infection was introduced into the healthy division in spite of the isolation. Generally it was only one or a few per cent. that did not pass the test; on a few occasions, however, it was as much as nine per cent. It will thus be seen that the elimination of the infection proceeded rather slowly, but then circumstances were rather unfavorable, because the isolation was not a thorough one, the daily control less effective than might have been desired, and lastly because the farmer was not suffi- ciently alive to the importance of removing highly tuberculous animals, discharging great quantities of bacilli, from the reacting division. 166 BERNARD BANG. In spite of these drawbacks the healthy division increased year by year and at last the task of eliminating the disease was successfully accomplished by selling the remainder of the reacting division, about thirty head of cattle. The farm is now one of those that supply Copenhagen with “ Milk for Infants” (1. e., superior milk) ; the stock is every year subjected to the tuberculin test and the last time, in 1907, not one out of 211 animals re- acted. . As the Act of 1893 provided generous assistance to such cattle farmers as were anxious to improve the sanitary condition of their stock by employing the method which had been tried at Thurebylille, a great number of both small and large farmers set to work, in many cases with excellent results. At all large farms, however, where tuberculosis is generally very prevalent, the elimination of infection progressd slowly, just as had been the case at Thurebylille, a few of the animals of the healthy divis- ion reacting whenever they were subjected to the test a second time. The stricter the isolation, the better the results; the best results being, of course, achieved, when it was possible to remove the healthy animals to another farm. The thorough disinfection of stables where highly tuberculous animals had been stabled, in order to destroy all contagious matter, often proved a very diffi- cult task, especially in buildings where the woodwork and the stone floors were old and dilapidated. Where tuberculosis was not very prevalent, as was very often the case among small herds and sometimes even among large ones (in one case, for in- stance, only 6 animals out of 134 reacted), it was of course easy enough to root out the infection completely. By means of the numerous tuberculin tests which—especially during the first few years after the introduction of Bang’s method —were applied to cattle in all parts of Denmark, much valuable information was obtained as to the extent of tuberculosis in Den- mark, closely corresponding with the results obtained in all other countries where tuberculin was largely used. In many herds the clisease was very prevalent. Among /arge herds (i. e., herds num- bering 50 or more animals), only few proved to be quite free o& : ———————— ee rl ee MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 167 from tuberculosis. Among stocks of this size the average num- ber of reacting animals was 50 or 60 per cent., while among small herds (numbering less than 50 animals), a great number, about one-fourth, were perfectly healthy, and the number of re- acting animals in infected “ small” stocks, was considerably less than that of the large ones, hardly 30 per cent. The fact that a great many small stocks consist of none but healthy animals (in 1898 there were 2,203 stocks, numbering 30,101 animals, on an average 14 in each), clearly shows that the opinion, prevalent among many medical men, that tubercle bacilli are ubiquitous, is fallacious. They are never found except in places where animals (or human beings) discharging tubercle bacilli, live or have lately lived. Tuberculosis is a purely con- tagious disease. This view is strikingly confirmed by a closer examination of herds, among which tuberculosis is found. Only such herds are perfectly healthy as are kept up by breeding, receiving hardly any increase from outside, except a calf now and then, while the prevalence of tuberculosis is generally the greater the more fre- quently the stock is increased by buying cattle at fairs, and con- sequently the most infected parts of the country are those where a brisk trade in cattle is being done and where buying and sell- ing of cattle is common. Another way by which infection may be introduced among hitherto healthy stocks is by feeding calves on skimmed milk from a co-operative dairy, amongst whose suppliers will always be found owners of tuberculous cattle. In cases where the in- fection had been introduced through the milk, the cows were very often healthy, while it was the calves or the young cattle that reacted; sometimes the peculiar fact might be observed that only animals of the same age, for instance, yearlings or two-year- olds reacted, and when this happened, the heating apparatus of the dairy was found to have been out of order just at the time when milk was supplied to the set of animals that had reacted. In all other cases the tuberculin test proved conclusively that tuberculosis 1s more prevalent among old than among young. 168 BERNARD BANG. cattle. A close examination of 40,624 head of cattle, which dur- ing the years of 1898-1904 where subjected to the tuberculin test for the first time, showed that of calves under 6 months 12.1 per cent. reacted, of yearlings (from 6 to 18 months) 27.5 per cent., of two-year-olds (from 1% to 2%) 38.6 per cent., of full- grown anima's (from 2% to 5) 44.9 per cent., and of animals over 5 years old 48 per cent., figures which correspond with the results of tuberculin tests in other countries, as well as with the experiences of slaughter-houses and with the results of the study of human tuberculosis. The method recommended by Bang for enabling cattle farm- ers to combat tuberculosis by their own efforts, i. e., strict isola- tion of the healthy animals and feeding calves on uninfected milk [milk of perfectly healthy animals or milk heated to 85° C. (now only 80° C.)], had at first many enthusiastic followers, as will be seen by the following tables: Stocks. arg tested Percentage o Total pire sly me Total | Of these calnelr Number thine Number | reacted April 1893—June 1894.........+00+ 327 327 8401 3362 40.0 June 1894—October 1895.......65. 1873 1645 44902 17303 38.5 October 1895—May 1896.......... 930 749 20791 6622 31.9 rl a resi Rien UE Bs = 8 | tie | May 1898—January 1899.......++6 1454 618 35533 7725 21.7 IBD. svcscevapedsesmnbheur 1293 543 33568 6759 20.1 300 ss incevs duvinkiseumces 1101 47 26078 4976 18.0 TOOK J ccbadencecncendasencs 695 259 18818 2857 15.2 WQS cisencdssccccaccewane 895 306 23347 3531 15.1 | x POPUP ERE LTTE te 646 213 193604 2875 14.8 WIG. deaivevcectuabevveies 738 277 23164 3750 16,2 1905. cctcoeve sovesverses 705 2a 24161 3370 13.9 9906, fcc ciccecvussubeusass 689 294 25035 3308 13.6 1907 sis cisivcoensbsduarie 580 232 22982 2252 9.8 5 DS eel ae MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 169 After a few years, however, there was a sad falling off. The carrying out of the above measures demands great vigilance and perseverance on the part of farmers as well as on that of their servants, qualities not often met with! The importance of strict isolation was not at first realized by all, the watchfulness was often relaxed, the disinfection of the stables was not always as thorough as it should have been, the milk was not always suffi- ciently heated. Many farmers thought the method too trouble- some in the long run. If accidents happened so that too many animals of the healthy division reacted on the repetition of the test, the farmer would lose courage and listen to the many voices (especially those of butchers and cattle dealers), eager to assure him that the tuberculin test was mere humbug. The serious mis- use of tuberculin in employing it for the immunization of cattle intended for export to Germany for killing purposes—these ani- mals, according to the peculiar German regulations, are to be subjected to the tuberculin test in passing quarantine at the Ger- man frontier—contributed greatly to the dissemination of wrong ideas among the public. The well-known and unfortunate cir- cumstance that highly tuberculous and consequently infectious animals sometimes do not react at all or only very slightly, must also be taken into account, veterinary surgeons sometimes neglect- ing to subject the non-reacting animals to a sufficiently careful clinical examination, so that it sometimes happened that a spe- cially infectious animal was placed among the healthy ones. However, although there was a great falling off, many farm- ers have persevered and most of them—both owners of large and of small stocks—have obtained excellent results. For instance, on the first application of the test in 1894 at the farm of Borup- gaard in Jutland, 139 out of the total number (82 per cent. of _ the full-grown animals) reacted and only 86 were found to be healthy. When the test was applied at the same farm in 1908, out of 245 animals only one calf reacted and so slightly that the reaction must be considered doubtful. This excellent result had been attained by strict isolation (division of the large stable by 170 BERNARD BANG. a wooden partition and separate stables for calves and young cattle). According to the careful calculations of the owner of the farm, the total expense of the isolation was about 1,000 Kr. When the test was first applied in 1896 at Count Wedell’s estate, Wedellsborg (Funen), 166 of the animals reacted and only 74 were found to be healthy. Now there is a stock of 264 head of cattle, of which only 3 reacted in 1908. . In this case the division of the stable had been effected by means of a brick wall. Although during the first few years very few of the animals did not pass the half-yearly tests, the result was now and then rather bad, as when on one occasion as many as 22 per cent. reacted, which discouraged the owner of the estate so much that he very nearly gave up the whole thing. Fortunately, however, he per- severed, and eventually reaped the reward of his exertions. A well-known cattle breeder, Mr. Ahlmann of Langholt and Striben (Jutland), had, in 1895, 271 reacting and 68 healthy animals. At present the reacting division has been reduced to 10, while of the remaining stock on his two farms only 6 out of 373 animals reacted at the last test. Mr. E. Tutein of Edelgave (Sealand), had, in 1895, 115 reacting animals and 48 healthy ones; the last time the test was applied, only 2 out of 158 re- acted. As early as 1899 Bang in the report submitted by him to the veterinary congress of Baden-Baden (Congress Report, vol. I., p. 541), expressed his opinion that the best way of root- ing out tuberculosis in a large stock among which the disease had long been prevalent, would be to subject at first only calves and young cattle and none of the full-grown animals to the test, as experience had shown that among such a stock 80 per cent. or more of the full-grown animals would react. Consequently only very little would be gained by isolating the 10 or 20 per cent. of non-reacting cows, as a great number of these animals, having for a long time been exposed to infection, would turn out to be in- fected, even if they did not react. Not a few of such cows will be found to have in some of the lymphatic glands small tubercles of long standing, encysted, it is true, and consequently harmless vl MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 171 but still in some cases liable to break out again. By not subject- ing the full-grown animals of their stock to the test, farmers would avoid the unpleasantness of learning (and of having to tell their friends!) that the greater part of their stock was infected, and the task of isolation would be the easier at first. It is really beyond comprehension that every great cattle farmer, who is the owner of a valuable herd and knows it to be infected, does not take the simple precaution of isolating his calves from the full-grown animals of his stock and feeding them on uninfected milk, 7. e., milk that is sufficiently heated or milk from a few perfectly healthy (non-reacting and clinically examined) cows. In countries where the “artificial” feeding, which is common in Denmark, is unknown, a way out of the difficulty would be to make some perfectly healthy cows act as wet nurses and suckle the calves. Indeed, as has been proved by the Hungarian Ujshelyi, good results may be achieved, even if the mothers are allowed to nourish their own calves, provided the calves are kept in separate stables except when they are let in to their mother for feeding two or three times a day. This breaking away from the isolation rule involves, of course, some danger of infection; there is, however, a great difference between such a brief exposure to infection and constant cohabitation in the same stable day and night. Of course the isolated calves should be subjected to half- yearly tuberculin tests so that the infected ones may be removed as soon as possible, and the healthy stock which is being formed by the above measures should of course be kept continually apart from the old infected stock. The Ostertag method of keeping the healthy animals isolated only as long as they are young and later stabling them together with the full-grown cattle, cannot by any means be recommended, as the infected stock, even though its sanitary condition may be improved by removing the most in- fectious animals by means of a careful clinical control, will never be so completely rid of animals that may transmit infection, as to obviate further danger. This cannot be attained by the clini- cal control alone. 172 BERNARD BANG. For great landed proprietors, owners of several farms, it will be an easy matter to get rid of tuberculosis by sending all the healthy animals of their stock to one of their farms and gradually—by means of the above method—eliminating the in- fection from the herds of their other farms. The following ac- count of how matters were managed at the farm of Ourupgaard and three other farms at Falster, belonging to Mr. Fr. Tesdorpf may serve as an instance to show how infection may be rooted out in this easy and cheap way. Here a beginning was made in 1893 by subjecting calves and young cattle of the stock of Ourup- gaard, but no full-grown animals, to the tuberculin test, with the result that 31 reacted while 152 were found to be healthy. The healthy animals were strictly isolated first at Ourupgaard, in separate stables, later at two of the other farms. During the succeeding years the testing of this healthy stock of young ani- mals, as also of the calves that were born, was continued. At first the result here, as at many other farms, was sometimes rather unsatisfactory, for instance in 1896, when 23 animals out of 361 reacted, but in time as the isolation was carried out more and more carefully, better results were obtained, until last year, when at the four farms belonging to Mr. Tesdorpf, only 11 animals out of 876 reacted. At one of the farms there is still a herd of 114 reacting (or non-tested) animals. Just as good results have been obtained by Count Danneskjold- Samsoe at his three large farms in the island of Samso. Here, as early as in 1891, a beginning was made by testing the calves, of which relatively few reacted. The reacting animals were killed and the healthy calves and young cattle were kept isolated: for some time, only, however, until the beginning of the calving season, which was certainly a great mistake (one that could not be prevented, the test being a private one), They were then placed in the large, well appointed stable together with the non- tested cows, which, though apparently healthy, infected the others, so that when at length Bang, in 1898, prevailed upon Count Danneskjold-Samsoe to have the whole stock, which dur- MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 173 ing six or seven years had been continually recruited with abso- lutely healthy young animals, subjected to the test, 286 animals reacted, while only 29 were found to be healthy! From that time the healthy animals were kept isolated at two of the other farms. In 1901 there were at one of these farms 208 animals which all passed the test and at another 126, four of which re- acted. In December, 1907, there were in the healthy division 593 animals, of which two reacted, though doubtfully, on being subjected to the test. In addition there was still at one of the farms a reacting division of about 30 cows. So the great task of changing a large tuberculous stock into an all but healthy one by breeding had been accomplished in 10 years, an excellent re- sult indeed ! Excellent results may also be obtained by isolation at one farm as will be seen by the two following instances. In 1896 Farmer Langermann of Faurholm had 45 calves subjected to the test, 15 of which reacted. From that time until now, the calves bred at the farm have been tested and kept isolated, while the full- grown animals of the stock were not tested at first. That they were highly tuberculous was proved by the fact that 19 of the apparently healthiest cows reacted on their being subjected in 1900 to the test as an experiment. Gradually a perfectly healthy stock has been bred, numbering—in April, 1908—197 animals, none of which reacted when tested. At the large estate of Voergaard in Juttand (belonging to Mr. Scavenius), the same method of leaving the full-grown animals untested at first was adopted. In 1895, 94 yearlings and two- year-olds were tested, half of which reacted. The result of con- tinued isolation of the calves and the young cattle and repeated tuberculin tests (of the calves twice yearly, of the older animals only once) is that there were in 1907 healthy divisions number- ing 443 animals of which only 9 reacted upon the application of the test, and a reacting division of 41 animals. The manager of the cattle farm was much struck by the gratifying fact that the cows live much longer now than at the time when tuberculosis 174 BERNARD BANG. was prevalent among them, a fact that is of course of the great- est importance as regards the profits of cattle farming, and which is generally taken too little into account. _ It is by no means only at the large farms that excellent re- sults have been obtained by the method of isolation. It is indeed quite possible to carry it out at the same farms as well. The diffi- culty at these farms is, of course, to find two sets of stable hands to tend and milk the two divisions, but on the other hand there is the advantage that at a small farm nothing escapes notice and that the farmer can personally see to the execution of his orders. — A small farmer, if he has only intelligence enough to grasp the main point, can, much more easily than a great landowner, take care that the transmission of infection is avoided. Generally it will not be necessary to have two sets of stable hands, if only the rule of tending and milking the healthy division first is strictly adhered to and if the hands change their boots or shoes, and— preferably—their overalls as well, on going from one division to another, and use different sets of implements in the two divisions. It is a fact that the carrying out of the method of isolation has been attended with excellent results on many small farms. Where only few animals reacted, it was easy enough to get rid of the disease; but also in cases where almost the whole stock was infected, the gradual elimination was ofteri successfully accom- plished. It may here be mentioned that it repays one’s trouble to work for small farmers, men who have felt their economic existence threatened by the prevalence of tuberculosis among their cattle. These men are deeply impressed with the impor- tance of getting rid of the disease and so take more care in per- forming their daily duties to avoid the transmission of infection than do most others, The result of a computation made by Bang in 1905, was that at 66 small farms, of which the average number of stock was 29 head of cattle, a gradual changing of what were for the most part highly tuberculous herds into healthy ones had been successfully accomplished by the method of isolation. When this work was MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 175 begun the total number of reacting animals on these 66 farms was 1,045, and of healthy ones 780; when it was finished there were 1,896 healthy animals and none reacting. On being asked, several of these farmers told Mr. Bang that the work had cer- tainly caused a good deal of trouble, but that the expense was nothing to speak of. Thus one farmer had by spending a sum of less than 200 Kr. on the establishment of two small provisional byres in one of his farmhouses, succeeded in changing his highly tuberculous stock (12 cows and heifers of which he had to sell for a mere song within a few years) into a perfectly healthy one, numbering 30 head of cattle—in 1907 there were 36—which have been several times subjected to the tuberculin test and have each time been found to be healthy. Other farmers have achieved similar excellent results at still smaller cost. It will thus be seen that there is not the slightest doubt that both small and large cattle farmers may gradually change a tuberculous stock into a healthy one, if they are determined to do it and if they have quite grasped the nature and the modes of infection of tuberculosis. N. O. Nielsen, veterinary surgeon (Remkolde near Vording- borg, Sealand), has had the good idea to persuade a great num- ber of the small cattle farmers of his district to join an associa- tion with the object of “‘ promoting the breeding and maintenance of healthy, non-tuberculous stocks of cattle and pigs.”’ Only such farmers are allowed to join who have had their stocks subjected to the tuberculin tests and, in case of its proving only partially healthy, have suitably isolated the healthy animals from the dis- eased ones. No increase of the stock: by animals of other stock except calves under one month is allowed, unless they come from a healthy stock and have been found healthy on being injected with tuberculin. The object of the association is, besides setting a good example, to facilitate the purchase of healthy animals, as members who want to buy or sell may apply for advice to one amongst them, who keeps a list of the farms where healthy ani- mals are for sale. To some of the members is delegated the task 176 BERNARD BANG. of superintending the heating of milk at the dairies. Members pay a subscription of 2 Kr. yearly. The association was started in December, 1905, and has pros- pered so much that it has now 125 members possessing stock amounting to 2,740 cows and young cattle. [According to a report dated January 1, 1908, 2,070 of the 2,442 animals of the association were healthy and only 14 of the members had react- ing (isolated) animals, 372 in all.] Within three years the task of rooting out tuberculosis from 25 stocks of cattle has been accomplished by means of killing or selling the reacting animals. (On the first application of the test 85 stocks—most of them very small, it is true—were found to be healthy.) More than half of the cattle of the four parishes—the scene of the labors of the association—belongs to members. There is no doubt that such association may do much towards rousing an interest in small farmers in the great problem: How to breed healthy cattle and pigs. ‘* Union is Strength,” may be more truly said of Den- mark, where so much is achieved by co-operative farming, than of any other country. The growing interest in the rational application of the tuber- culin test and the method of isolation has—in addition to the founding of the above association—manifested itself lately in another way. During the last seven or eight years several thousand head of Jersey cattle have been imported into Denmark direct from the island of Jersey. These cattle, as well as all other cattle that are imported for breeding purposes, must undergo a brief quarantine detention and are subjected to the tuberculin test (in accordance with the Act of February 5, 1904, relating to the Combating of Tuberculosis among Cattle and Pigs). This has further cor- roborated the truth of the already well-known fact—that tuber- culosis is all but unknown among the Jersey cattle, an interesting circumstance which is accounted for by the fact that the Jersey stock has been kept pure for more than 100 years, the importing of cattle, except for immediate slaughter, being prohibited, prob- MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 177 ably to prevent the introduction of rinderpest. Of the Jersey cattle mported into Denmark, only very few animals reacted on being subjected to the test, and when these animals were killed, it was either quite impossible to demonstrate the presence of tuberculosis (accidental fever) or it was found to be present in a very slight degree only (perhaps caused through human infec- tion?). On being placed among infected Danish cattle, healthy Jersey cows will very soon become tuberculous; sometimes even they have been known to give way to the disease quicker than Danish cattie. The man who first imported Jersey cattle and who is the most eager advocate of the introduction of this excellent breed, which, owing to its wonderfully rich milk, is of special value to a butter-producing country, viz., Mr. J. Larsen (Gaard- bogaard), was. fortunately also a very eager advocate of the use of tuberculin and has always taken good care to keep his stock free from tuberculosis. Consequently it has been easy for him to induce the majority of the cattle farmers who import Jersey cattle to keep their newly imported animals free from the disease by means of isolation. There are at present about 5,000 head of Jer- sey cattle in Denmark—on small as well as on large farms— most of which are either quite free from tuberculosis or success- ful efforts are being made to make them so. At many of these farms the stock is composed exclusively of Jersey cattle, at some the breed is mixed. The foregoing is chiefly an account of what is being done in Denmark to combat tuberculosis among cattle by the cattle farm- ers, assisted by the state, which pays the expenses attendant on the tuberculin tests on condition the farmers bind themselves to keep the healthy animals safely isolated from the infected ones. In conclusion follows an account of the two measures with the same object (as passed by the Legislature) : The amendment in 1898 of the Tuberculosis Act of 1893 provides that all cows found suffering from tuberculosis of the udder are to be killed and that a partial compensation is to be paid to the owner by the state; further that all skimmed milk and 178 _. BERNARD BANG. butter milk returned from dairies to be used as food for calves and pigs is previously to be heated to 85° C. In 1904 an amend- ment was added providing that the compensation for a cow, killed on account of tuberculosis of the udder, is to be increased a little, so as to represent one-third the market value of the carcass, calcu- lated at the current average price for meat of inferior quality if the meat is declared by a veterinary surgeon to be fit for human consumption (which happens very rarely), and five-sixths of the market value of the carcass if the meat is condemned. By an amend- ment of the provisions relating to the heating of the milk it was pro- vided that the milk is now to be heated to 80° C. instead of to 85°C., and that this provision is also to apply to cream, destined for the making of butter for exportation. The object of this later provis- ion, which has, of course, in itself.nothing to do with the endeavors to combat the prevalence of. tuberculosis among domestic animals in Denmark, is to keep Danish butter free from viable tubercle bacilli. It cannot be said to have revolutionized the dairy work to any great extent, as the heating of buttermilk has always been performed indirectly by heating the cream. Long before 1898 it was common enough to heat the cream very considerably in order to insure the perfect purity of the butter. There is no doubt that the usual heating of the cream and the adding of cul- tures of acidifying bacteria before the churning has contributed much to the practically invariably superior quality of Danish butter. The object of the killing of cows suffering from tuberculosis of the udder is to get rid as soon as possible of these animals, through which, more than through any others, infection may be spread to calves, pigs and other domestic animals and also, un- doubtedly, to human beings, especially children, if the milk is taken raw. The endeavors to combat tuberculosis of the udder have met with great sympathy among Danish farmers. About 2,500 samples of milk of cows, suspected of suffering from this form of tuberculosis, are sent in yearly through veterinary sur- geons to the laboratory of Dr. Bang, and the microscopic ex- MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 179 amination of these samples, either of the particles, produced by exudation or—in case of the milk being unchanged—of the sedi- ment after centrifugation showed tubercle bacilli to be present in about 30 per cent of the cases. After the killing of the cow parts of the diseased udder are subjected to examination in order to ascertain the correctness of the diagnosis, which in only about one per cent. of the cases has turned out to be at fault. About 700 cows are killed every year and the compensation paid for them generally amounts to 50,000 Kr. yearly. The object of the killing of cows suffering from tuberculosis of the udder is of course best attained if the case is established when still at an early stage. The fact is therefore worth mention- ing that of the 6,228 cows suffering from tuberculosis of the udder, destroyed in Denmark in the course of ten years, 2,149, or 34.5 per cent. were still at a very early stage of the disease, as the secretion of the diseased gland still had the appearance of natural or almost natural milk. In many other cases also the root- ing out of these infectious animals has had great hygienic im- portance, as cows suffering from tuberculosis of the udder may often go on living for months after their milk has changed, and even though at this stage the milk is not generally mixed with uninfected milk, it still contributes to spread infection in the stable by being milked on the floor. The compulsory slaughter of these animals is therefore in- dubitably justified, but much more ought to be done. The best thing would be to order all cows, suffering from ‘“ open tuberculosis,” i. e., all which discharge tubercle bacilli through any of the ex- cretory ducts, to be destroyed to the owner and partial compen- sation granted. Should the authorities hesitate for the present from acting upon this recommendation—partly because of the expense, partly because it may be rather difficult in some cases to decide whether a coughing cow is suffering from pulmonary ° tuberculosis, especially of an ulcerative, infectious form—there is at any rate one form of tuberculosis, which is extremely easy to diagnose, as the presence of the bacilli may be proved directly, 180 BERNARD BANG. viz., tuberculosis of the uterus. This disease, which seems to be even more frequent than tuberculosis of the udder, is most in- fectious; not only are enormous masses of tubercle bacilli every day spread in the stable through the discharge from the vagina, but a great number are no doubt mixed with the milk during the milking. It is six years since the veterinary authorities of Den- mark recommended that the same action should. be taken with regard to cows suffering from this disease as with cows suffering from tuberculosis of the udder, but up to the present day their advice has been disregarded. The most important of all the measures against tuberculosis among cattle and pigs which have been carried out in Denmark is the law relating to the heating of skimmed milk and. buttermilk to 80° C. before it is returned from the dairies. As in Denmark nearly all milk not sold directly for consumption is sent to co- operative dairies, it is clear that there is very great danger of a wide dissemination of tuberculosis, if raw skimmed milk and but- termilk are returned to the suppliers to be used as food for calves ‘ and pigs. There will always among suppliers of a dairy be one or more farmers who have a highly tuberculous stock, one or more cows of which yield in the course of the year great quanti- ties of infected milk, and so, by employing this milk, after it has been skimmed, to feed other stocks, the infection is spread to hitherto healthy herds." As mentioned above, this was formerly done on a large scale, and there is no doubt that most stocks of cattle and pigs in Denmark would gradually be infected in this way, if measures had not been taken to prevent it. Of course the heating of the whey ought to have been enforced by law as well; this was proposed, but the proposal was not accepted, chiefly because the heating of the whey is rather troublesome. It is, however, to be hoped that this measure will be carried out some day, though, as whey is mostly used for feeding pigs, it is not so important as the other dairy products, as regards bovine tuberculosis, and, besides, cheese making is not nearly so con- siderable in Denmark as butter making. MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 181 In Denmark the observance of the law regulating the heating of skimmed milk is controlled by the police as well as by the margarine and butter inspectors, who procure samples at the dairies and send them to the laboratory of Prof. Storch, where they are subjected to his color test, which consists of pouring a. few drops of paraphenylen-diamin and peroxide of hydrogen into the milk. The milk turns blue if it has not been heated to 80° C. Offenders against the act are fined. On the whole the regulations governing the heating of milk are fairly scrupulously carried out, though, of course, there are exceptions. The best plan would be for one or two of the suppliers of each dairy to apply the above easy and simple test every day. This is done in some places and has produced very good results. One useful provision of the Tuberculosis Act is that the sedi- ment, deposited on the sides of the cream separator, is to be burned, which is no doubt always done now, In old days this product was now and then used as food for pigs, and thus many pigs were infected, as it contains enormous masses of tubercle bacilli which are separated from the milk by the centrifugal force. Act oF FEBRUARY 5, 1904, CONTAINING MEASURES AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS AMONG CATTLE AND PIGs. A sum of 100,000 Kr. granted every year by the Rigsdag (Parliament) on the recommendation of the Committee of Ways and Means, shall be placed at the disposal of the Minister of Agriculture for the support of cattle farmers, who wish to employ tuberculin as a diagnostic remedy in combating tuberculosis among their cattle, the tuberculin test being applied according to detailed regulations issued by the Minister. The support shall be granted to none but such farmers as guarantee their ability to keep. the animals, proved by the test to be healthy, safely isolated from the animals affected by tuberculosis, or which have not been subjected to the tuberculin test. “The Minister of Agriculture shall—on the same conditions —be entitled to employ part of the sum to support cattle breed- 182 BERNARD BANG. ing associations which wish to subject the animals selected for breeding purposes to the tuberculin test as well as to support farmers’ associations desiring to subject cows belonging to cot- tagers to the tuberculin test.” Farmers who do not fulfill their obligations with regard to isolation shall return to the state the grants which have been made to them in accordance with the above provisions. Any veterinary surgeon superintending the application of the tuberculin test on a farm shall satisfy himself under penalty of a fine that safe isolation between the animals is established and if his orders to this effect are not obeyed by the farmer, he shall notify this to the chief veterinary surgeon of the country. “Applications from cattle farmers, cattle-breeding associa- tions and farmers’ associations desiring to take advantage of the opportunity offered to them by this Act of having their cattle subjected to the tuberculin test, shall be sent direct to the Minis- ter of Agriculture.” SECTION 2. Importation of live cattle from abroad shall only take place at such places as are mentioned in the regulations issued by the Minister of Agriculture. Immediately after their arrival the animals shall be quarantined and shall in accordance with the regulations of the veterinary police be subjected to the tuberculin test, according to regulations issued by the Minister of Agricul- ture, within five days after their arrival at the quarantine stable. After the test the non-reacting animals shall be left at the dis- posal of the owner while the reacting animals shall either be re- turned or taken direct to a public slaughter house or to a slaugh- ter house recognized by the Minister of Agriculture, where same shall be destroyed under control of the veterinary police. The expenses incurred in providing the requisite quarantine stables at the places of import as well as the expenses of the tuberculin test—but none of the expenses attendant on the other measures mentioned in this section—shall be borne by the state. MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 183 “ The regulations relating to tuberculin tests, mentioned in section 1, shall also apply to such other diagnostic remedies as may be recommended by veterinary authorities for the combat- ing of tuberculosis among cattle and are approved by the Minister of Agriculture.” SECTION 3. Animals imported for killing purposes may be exempted from quarantining and the tuberculin tests ordered in section 2. “Such animals shall—after having been branded (see section 4)—hbe taken direct to a public slaughter house or to a slaughter house recognized by the Minister of Agriculture. “ The Minister of Agriculture shall be entitled to permit cat- tle imported for killing purposes—after having been marked— being taken direct to a cattle market, where the animals shall be stabled so as to be—in the opinion of the veterinary police—duly isolated from all other cattle. From this place they shall be taken direct to a public slaughter house or to a slaughter house recog- nized by the Minister of Agriculture.” The animal imported for killing purposes mentioned in this section shall be killed within ten days after their arrival, in this country. SECTION 4. weiss The Minister of Agriculture shall issue regulations for the marking of the imported animals.” SECTION 5. Cows suffering from tuberculosis of the udder shall be killed in accordance with the regulations of the state under control of the veterinary police or in a public slaughter house... The owner shall be entitled to a compensation for the animal amount- ing to one-third of the market value of the carcass, calculated at the current price, according to regulations issued by the Minis- ter of Agriculture. ~The owner shall. further be. entitled to a compensation for such parts of the animal as are declared by the 184 BERNARD BANG. veterinary surgeon to be unfit for human consumption, amount- ing to half of the value of the condemned meat, calculated as. above. Such parts of the animal as are declared fit for human consumption shall be left at the disposal of the owner. The compensation as well as the expenses attendant on the killing shall be paid by the state. SECTION 6. None but such milk and buttermilk as has been heated to a temperature of at least 64° Reamur (80° C.) shall be returned from dairies to serve as food for cattle and pigs. Exceptions from this rule may take place when the heating cannot be per- formed on account of an accident, which fact shall be made known to the person to whom the milk is to be returned. The heating mentioned in this section shall also apply to all cream destined for the making of butter for exportation. The sediment scraped off the sides of the cream separator during the cleaning of the same shall be burned. SECTION 7. “None but such milk and buttermilk as has been sufficiently proved in the opinion of the Minister of Agriculture to have been heated to a temperature of at least 64° Reamur (80° C.) shall be imported from abroad. The Minister of Agriculture shall, however, be entitled to grant exemption from the above prohibi- tion when special circumstances necessitate it.” SEcTION 8. The carrying out of the provisions of this act shall be en- forced by the veterinary police, the custom-house officers and the butter and margarine inspectors in accordance with the directions of the Minister of Agriculture. SECTION 9. Offenders against the provisions of sections 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 shall be liable to fines of from 10 to 20 Kr, for the first offense, MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 185 in case of repetition to fines of from 20 to 200 Kr. Repeated offences against section 6 shall not be looked upon as such if at least one year has elapsed since the offender was last fined. The fines shall accrue to the exchequer. The proceedings in these cases shall be summary. In the case mentioned in section 7 the prohibited articles shall be confiscated and heated to the tem- perature defined in the above section. In Copenhagen the pro- ceeds of the sale of such articles shall accrue to the municipal fund, in other places to the poor fund. SECTION IO. This act, which shall not apply to the Faroe Islands, shall come into force October I, 1904. In North Dakota the state allows no compensation whatever to owners who suffer loss occasioned by bovine tuberculosis, yet a law has been passed there providing for state aid in the case of glandered horses. THE Grim REAPER.—Death has been uncommonly busy dur- ing the past year. Old Sam Garlick passed in his checks last week, aged eighty-three; Aunt Peggy Skinner skipped the gut- ter at sixty, and Jake Spooner’s stump-tailed bull died a linger- ing death of hollow horn. Thus passeth away mankind and youth in its very prime.—( Tripoli Leader, Ia.) A NesraskKA Weppinc.—A beautiful wedding took place early in October at the home of Mr. James Ely, Auburn, Nebr., when his charming daughter, Miss Alice Ely, was united in mar- riage to H. L. Feistner, D.V.S. Both Dr. Feistner and his bride are natives of Nebraska. We quote from an Auburn, Nebr., paper: ‘‘ Dr. Feistner is a veterinary surgeon by profession and there is not another young man in the city who possesses a more sterling character than he. Sincere in all his beliefs, loyal to what he thinks is right, self-respecting in the largest sense of the word, with scrupulous regard for integrity, he has in him the elements which will make him a highly successful man, and one who will have the respect of all of his fellows.” The REvIEw congratulates Dr. and Mrs. Feistner, wishing them long life and much happiness. IMPORTANT RELATION OF THE VETERINARIAN TO PUBLIC HEALTH.* By Frep. J. Mayer, M. D., Specrat MepicaL INspector LovuIsSIANA STATE Boarp OF HEALTH, SECRETARY LOUISIANA STATE SANITARY ASSOCIATION. In the State of Louisiana, outside of New Orleans, not many years ago, the veterinarian was an unknown quantity; horse doc- tors galore infested every community who, for a song, yea, verily, too often without a note of warning, armed with a gen- eral utility barlow blade, reeking with microbian filth, would scrape the buccal mucous membrane of one’s favorite steed to cure the botts, deliver a sledge hammer blow on a plank laid over the poll of your Arabian for cerebral congestion, trephine the forehead with a common wood auger or tenpenny nail driven home for blind staggers; saw off the tail of the dove-eyed Jersey for hollow horn; instantaneously relieve glanders by forced in- halation of the fumes of burning feathers, filthy rags or noxious, malodorous weeds; infallibly cure anthrax by inunction, incan-. tations, bleeding or cruel, crucial incisions in the tumors; stop tetanus by counter irritants, stuffing the wound with burnt wool and drenching with cockroach tea; and as a general alterative and tonic, or for kidney troubles, weak back, sore eyes or blind- ness, or as a last resort, when other procedure, medical or surgi- cal, had failed, they would cut out the hooks and with a germ- infected blade remove the nictitans membrane which nature: provides the horse in lieu of hands to cleanse the eye of foreign’ bodies; in view of all these barbarous practices, is it a wonder that this correlated branch of medicine and comparative anat- omy fell: into disrepute, and that the horse doctor had no. status. in medical and scientific circles. But a great change has come about; how great the change is manifested by the passage of Act: 22 of 1908, regulating veterinary practice. Section 15 pre- scribes : | *Read before the American Veterinary Medical Association, Philadelphia, 1908. 186 IMPORTANT RELATION OF THE VETERINARIAN TO PUBLIC HEALTH. 187 » “ That any person who practices or attempts to practice vet- erinary medicine or veterinary surgery in this state. without having first complied with the provisions of this aet shall, for each and every instance of such practice be guilty of a misde- -meanor, and on conviction thereof be fined in the sum of not less than $25 nor more than $100 or imprisonment for not less than one month nor more than six months, or both, at the dis- cretion of the court, and any person filing or attempting to file as his own a license of another, or a.forged affidavit of identifica- tion, shall be guilty of a felony and upon conviction thereof shall ‘be subject to the punishment prescribed by law for the crime of forgery. All fines for offense under this act shall be paid over _to the Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners to constitute a part of the fund of said board.” __ “Section 18.. Be it further enacted, That the Grand Jury of each parish in this state is hereby given. inquisitorial power over all offenses against or violations of this act, and the judges. of the State District Courts shall give the same in their charges to the Grand Juries, and it shall be the duty of the Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners or any, member thereof to report any viola- tion of this act to the proper authorities.” = And Act 274 of 1908: e “ An Act to encourage the breeding of live stock; to create and established the Louisiana Live Stock Sanitary Board, specify- ing who shall constitute the same and how they shall be ap- pointed; fixing compensation ‘for the service of members, dele- gating powers and authority for regulating live- stock sanitary matters and the right to establish and maintain quarantine lines, prevent the introduction and spread of Texas and tick fever or any of the infectious or contagious diseases of live stock ; appoint offi- cers and inspectors for the enforcement of regulations, and to fix their compensation; to prescribe their qualifications, powers and duties and to prescribe penalties for the violation of ‘this ‘act; to provide a sufficient appropriation to carry this act into effect.” The final passage of these acts show that the people are awakening to the difference between the educated veterinarian 188 ’ FRED. J. MAYER. and the horse quack, and to no one factor or collection thereof is this more attributable than to the ethical teachings by precept and example of your learned president, who as Professor of Com- parative Medicine in the State Agricultural College, as Agri- cultural Editor of the New Orleans Picayune, as ofttimes con- ductor and lecturer to Farmers’ Institutes, he has won the dis- tinction by universal consent of being called State Veterinarian, and as such consulted by municipalities and parishes, although no such office exists in law; but he has done more, as President of the State Sanitary Association, as honorary member of the State Medical Society, as one of the original protagonists of the Louisiana System of Hygienic Education, he has raised the veterinarian above his honorable calling to a still higher plane— that of the sanitarian. _ For too many centuries the reproach has lain against prac- titioners of medicine, whether among men or the lower animals, epitomized in the lines of the caustic poet: “Some fell by laudanum and some by steel And death in ambush lay in every pill; The piercing caustics ply their spiteful power, Emetics wrench and keen cathartics scour; The deadly drugs in double doses fly And pestles beat a martial symphony.” A wholesome reaction has set in, in both branches of medi- cine, and polypharmacy is giving way to drugs administered for certain physiological effects, to serum-therapy and other meas- ures to strengthen or increase the phagocytic resistance to patho- genesis and to measures of prevention. Who in medicine to-day would think of combating tetanus in man or horse without re- sorting to the prophylactic use of anti-tetanic serum? In the cholera of both man and the hog, the immunizing value of vac- cine virus, while yet in the experimental stage, holds forth some promise, indeed in the latter recent reports are gratifying in a lessened mortality; but it is not alone as an advocate of pre- ventive medicine in veterinary practice that your attention is | IMPORTANT RELATION OF THE VETERINARIAN TO PUBLIC HEALTH. 189 asked but to the “Relation of the Veterinarian to Public Health,” and that his first duty and highest function, like that of the physician, is to protect the public health, by bringing to bear the modern teachings of veterinary sanitary science to the suppression and prevention of disease common to man and the lower animals. This newly recognized responsibility raises the veterinarian to full fellowship with his medical brother, for no medical man is better equipped than the comparative anatomist and physiologist to teach and practice those preventive measures for the suppres- sion of contagious and infectious ills that depend on the lower animal kingdom for their transmission to man, or that are inter- communicable. | A Post-GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF COMPARATIVE MEDICINE. May I be pardoned the temerity of expressing the hope that this great international organization will take the initiative in establishing a post-graduate school or Institute of Comparative Medicine devoted to the study of those diseases common to man and the lower animals, and to the relation of insects to disease in both, where medical men and veterinarians may take a course, which neither should neglect; and that the university extension feature pursuant to the Louisiana System of Hygienic Educa- tion be added thereto and made its capstone. This system is based on the principles that: “ Life is not mere living, but the enjoyment of health;” that “ The sanitary safety of the repub- lic is the supreme law;” that education must precede sanitary legislation to make the latter effective; that, having an inalien- able constitutional right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happi- ness, all of which are inseparably connected with the sound mind in a sound body, it is the highest duty of the state to furnish this instruction to the masses; that this instruction can best be conveyed by the Louisiana System which correlates and co- ordinates all educational factors, medical, veterinary, legal, peda- gogical and clerical, and focuses them on the supreme duty and effort of enlightening the masses in the cause and prevention of 190 ‘ FRED. J. MAYER. communicable diseases, and most especially of those common to man and the lower animals or that are conveyed. by insects, this being accomplished by a course of illustrated public lectures, be- fore colleges, high schools, agricultural, pedagogical institutes ; before legal, clerical, press and other conventions, and by special popular institutes of hygiene, by correspondence, sanitary «cate- chisms,and hygienic sermons.. This scheme of hygienic educa- tion; never carried out in-its éntirety, was. tentatively tested in Louisiana in the early eighties, passed -the: experimental ‘stage successfully in the nineties, and in 1905-6 converted an entire people, black-and white, to the mosquito doctrine of yellow fever transmission, so that to-day the bronzed’ dragon of death no longer stands as a menace to the commercial advancement of the state. The intelligent application of the principles ‘of this schane Of education to the larger problems jnivolved in “other communi- cable diseases, will have the same effect ii removing’ the annual blight*that falls ‘upon the home’ and’ ‘farm. But is there any crying necessity for such an Institute of ‘Comparative Medicine? Does a high humanitarianism plead for it, or ddes public, econ- omy demarid it? Are physicians and veterinarians sufficiently posted in. comparative medicine to preclude the necessity for its establishment ? One fact alone would warrant its founding, and that is that there are still some who, wrapping the mantle of the great’ “Koch about them, insistently deny the possibility of thie intércommunicability of human and bovine tuberctlosis. A brief allusion to some of the other diseases common to man and the lower animals will add strength to the argument in favor of its establishment, permit me then “to. tell you that, which you yourselves do know.” Actinomycosis..-How many modern specialists in medi- cine or even the all-round, well-posted general practitioner would recognize a case of actinomycosis in the family cow, and trace a connection to some case that had baffled his skill, and yet the sporogenous Actinomyces bovis (ray fungus) is perceptible to the IMPORTANT RELATION OF THE VETERINARIAN TO PUBLIC HEALTH. 191 maked' eye in the pus. and secretions of those infected, and the disease is common to both man and the domestic animals, the infection entering through mouth or nose, wounds, decayed teeth or infected food; while its intercommunicability has. not been proven, it is is terally recognized that barley, oats or rye serve as a vehicle for the fungus. Crookshank has poeited out its long and frequent unrecognized existence in England. ANTHRAX.—How frequently in both man and the shat ani- mals has the sporogenous Bacterium anthracis (Charbon) found entry. through wounds, abrasions, etc., in skinning charbonous carcasses, or in eating their meat or drinking infected milk, or in sorting wool of charbonous sheep, or eating foodstuffs contam- inated by infected flies: or grown on infected pastures where earthworms brought up the spores, as pointed out by Pasteur, and more recently confirmed by Bollinger, or by béing bitten by infected flies or mosquitoes. One would suppose that a dis- ease known to Moses and described by Homer, and. probably the first disease in which the agency of. bacteria was indieated by Pollender (1849), Davaine (1863) and Koch. (1876),: would have attracted more general attention, for its suppression by physicians and lawgivers, on the Gulf littoral of Louisiana, where some of the finest grazing savannahs in the world have in many instances been made unfit for stock raising because of the willful, wanton and persistent neglect to cremate or deeply inter with sanitary precautions all infected litter and charbonous carcasses, the latter ofttimes dragged at the tail end of a cart over country roads probably infecting every foot of territory traversed, since the sporulation of the Bacillus anthracis takes place outside of the body, as it requires free oxygen; and then dumped where dogs, buzzards and flies serve as wide distributors of this resistent germ, entering new channels of infection, sometimes miles from the original focus of infection, carried on the feet or excreta of buzzards, or washed by creeks that traverse the infected area to pastures green and new. 192 FRED. J. MAYER. Small wonder that the disease has caused an economic loss, in one year on a single plantation, enough to have established and endowed an Institute of Comparative Medicine in every parish where a focus of infection exists. GLANDERS, caused by the non-sporogenous anaerobic Bacillus mallet found in the nasal secretions of glandered. animals, and easily destroyed by boiling or bacillicides of ordinary strength, is another disease of animals (horses, asses) contracted by man through handling diseased horses or their trappings, the bacillus finding entry through wounds, abrasions or the mucous mem- brane of the nose, and yet how infrequent is the necessary dis- infection practiced of the soiled discharges of those infected, even where the disease is recognized, and how often is destruc- tion of all diseased animals postponed until the whole drove is infected; in the rural districts of Louisiana no effort is made to protect the infected from flies, mosquitoes or other insect car- riers of bacteria; nor is mallein resorted to as a diagnostic test in epidemics of epizootic where a reasonable suspicion of gland- ers should exist. Buzonic PLacue.—The continued existence of the plague in South America, and its recent presence in California, is near enough to centres of rodent population in the United States for serious thought and active steps for the destruction of rats. The Indian Commission recently reported that “ Bubonic plague in man is entirely dependent on the disease in the rat, being con- veyed from rat to rat, and from rat to man by the rat flea; that these infectious fleas are frequently carried in clothing and bag- gage.”” More recently they quoted Verjbitski’s doctoral thesis wherein, among other things, he has shown that all fleas and bugs which have sucked the blood of animals dying from plague, contain the Bacillus pestis; that their feces contain them as long as the Bacilli pestis are present in their intestines; that infected fleas communicate the disease for three days, and bugs for five days after infection; that the Bacilli pestis can remain virulent IMPORTANT RELATION OF THE VETERINARIAN TO PUBLIC HEALTH. 193 for five months on infected textiles; that while the rat flea does not bite man, human fleas bite rats, and that fleas on dogs and cats bite both man and rats; that human fleas and fleas on cats and dogs can live on rats, which accounts for the infection of many children in India after playing with these domestic animals. Dr. McCoy, M. H. S., has also observed leprosy in rats in San Francisco; add these sanitary dangers to the great economic loss inflicted by the rat, by what it eats and destroys, and the sanitary and economic necessity of exterminating them is ap- parent. The veterinary sanitarian by his greater knowledge of animal life than the medical sanitarian will find here a wide field for usefulness and civic duty, for he is the one the public will naturally turn to for information and advice on this subject in the event of plague visitation. HypropHosia.—The unrecognized germ of which is con- veyed to man by the bite of any animal infected, whether dog, wolf, horse or cat, is probably also conveyed by midges and flies (Nocard) and mosquitoes, and by the milk of the infected. Here is a disease recognized since the days of Aristotle, for which Pasteur provided a method of attenuating the virus re- sulting in an antitoxine vaccine for the protectiom of individuals, and yet only a small per cent. of those bitten ever receive the treatment, and many that do are too far gone to be benefited as free cauterization of the wound should have taken place within thirty minutes after being bitten, or by failure to note what Roux has pointed out that the saliva of a mad dog is virulent for three days before symptoms appear. Surely the combined influence of the medical and veterinary professions ought to force the passage of dog-muzzling ordinances in every community and the killing of ownerless dogs, the maudlin sentimentalist to the contrary notwithstanding. SMALLPOx.—Over one hundred years have elapsed since Jenner gave us a prophylactic, the intelligent application of which has stamped out the disease in Germany so effectually that Nie- meyer twenty-five years ago in substance said that it had lost 194. : FRED; «Js - MAYER. its significance there, and was only seen among barbarous people. ‘The veterinary profession,could aid in lifting this reproach and in breaking down the prejudice against vaccination, by installing a vaccine farm in every. populous centre, giving the masses an opportunity of seeing how the vaccine is made and receiving the inoculation fresh from a healthy calf, as was once done in Lima by the Peruvian authorities in-their successful effort in-breaking down the unreasonable prejudice against it. It seems almost a work of supererogation: to call the atten- tion of a profession that was the first to apply. the tuberculin test to cattle and that pointed out the danger of milk from tuber- culous cattle which causes such enormous loss in human life and money, for in the United States alone, twice as many souls died from tuberculosis in 1907 as died from yellow fever there in one hundred years, and the economic. loss there has. been conserva- tively estimated at 300 millions of dollars annually. It is as- sumed that the: intercommunicability of human and bovine tuber- culosis is accepted by you in spite of the statement of. Koch, in Igot, that “human tuberculosis differs from bovine, _and. can- not be transmitted to. cattle,” : The researches and writings of Rebels: Mevartian Soneles shank, Ravenel, Salmon, Smith, Mohler, Moore, Melvin, Cotton and Schroeder, and both the eminent British and-German Commis- sions on Tuberculosis, have most convincingly negatived the con- clusions of Koch and confirmed the early teachings of Villemin (1865) and Chauveau (1868) as to the intercommunicability of human and bovine tuberculosis. Behring’s experiments proved its transference to man through the medium of tuberculous milk, and that a large per cent. of infants are infected in this way; his experiments on newborn foals, calves and guinea pigs proved that the baccilli could pass through the intestine into the blood current while later in the development of the mucous membrane, their passage was inhibited, and he concluded the same obtained in in- fants, which would account for the greater frequency of tuber- culous infection in infancy. Since from five to seventy-five per es IMPORTANT RELATION OF THE VETERINARIAN TO PUBLIC HEALTH. 195 cent. of the dairy herds tested throughout this country respond to the tuberculin test, we have here unquestionably the chief source of tuberculotic infection in children. The Schneiders of Cruzot proved that in France, for in combating depraved milk and furnishing a wholesome quality, they reduced the infant mor- tality during the first year of life (the most dangerous period) from eighteen per cent., the average for all France, to nine per cent. in one year. It is hardly an exaggeration to say that fifty per cent. of the infant mortality of Christendom is due to the ingestion of tuber- culous milk, that the assertion of the Royal Commission (1895) that: “As regards man we must believe that any person who takes tuberculous matter into the body as food incurs some risk of acquiring tuberculous disease.” The Bacillus tuberculosis, whether human, bovine, avian or ichthian, is probably the same, differing only in so far as the nature of its environment makes necessary for its existence, this difference being modified or changed when introduced into a new environment as by suc- cessive passages through different animals, even where the change is from avian to animal, or from mammalian to cold- blooded ani- mals. Milk, “the great uncooked food,” is the vehicle of trans- mission of other diseases, e. g., the Bacillus diphtheriae, which has been found in the ulcers and milk of cows and proliferating in the raw milk after it is drawn. Hundreds of epidemics of scar- let fever have been traced to the milk supply, infected by being: exposed to the sick or convalescent; or through bottles from the sickroom not properly sterilized. Anthrax, as hereinbefore stated, has -been conveyed by both the milk and meat, and yet the. masses fear more the milk of cows that have been vaccinated, although the latter is entirely safe; as to meat, the wonder is the infection is not more general: A wealthy town in South Louisiana has an open market, daily cleaned by a flock of buzzards, whose beaks and feet-laden with: microbian ; filth convey the Bacillus anthracis.to the cleaver’s. block. 196 FRED. J. MAYER. Matta FEVER has been traced to the milk of goats infected with the Micrococcus melitensis (Bruce), and so the list of milk- borne diseases could be extended, including cowpox, gastro- enteritis, milk sickness and the relation of the last to low, swampy areas, and the milk of cows suffering with puerperal sepsis, sup- purative wounds or any condition likely to septically affect the milk supply, not to speak of typhoid fever and the many out- breaks traceable to the milk supply from cows drinking sewage- polluted water, or milked by typhoid convalescents, many of whom remain walking laboratories for the production of the Bacillus typhosis, or milk that has been received in cans washed in polluted water, or milk in which an infected fly has accidentally dropped, suffice it that milk from the time it leaves the cow until it reaches the consumer should be carefully guarded from in- fection, whether from diseased cows, or cows improperly housed or fed, or from cows in a tuberculous environment. What a field. for the philanthropy and labors of the veterinary sanitarian; as your profession first applied the tuberculin test to cattle, which is a reliable diagnostic in ninety-seven per cent. of cases when properly applied, and through the use of which we must in a measure be guided in eliminating tuberculosis from dairy herds, continue the good work and teach the multitude, for it is only through an enlightened public opinion that the sanitarian can hope to find that co-operation necessary to secure the enactment of sound sanitary laws covering the subject matter of this paper, and their execution when enacted. Every state should have an Institute of Comparative Medicine, whether it should be in connection with the state universities or the medical or veterinary colleges, or the Department of Agriculture, is not material, so the basic principle of the scheme is preserved—the education of the masses. In a city like New Orleans, whose geographical position entitles it to be the entrepot of the Mis- sissippi Valley, Latin-American and Oriental trade, it should be in connection with a great veterinary school, the establishment of which would be more than self-supporting ; first, by reason of its ES Oe ee ee a IMPORTANT RELATION OF THE VETERINARIAN TO PUBLIC HEALTH. 197 proximity to Latin-America, from which source it could draw matriculants ; second, because of semi-tropical conditions there, it would afford the exporting interests unrivaled opportunities of studying tropical diseases in horses, mules and horned cattle, and give a tremendous impetus to stock raising in the South. The Gulf littoral could supply the tropical world with a grade of medium sized, wiry mules, suitable for agricultural and war pur- poses and better able to stand continuous work and strain in the tropics than the Northern breeds, but the successful pursuit of this occupation is contingent on the knowledge to be obtained in a veterinary institute. But the humanitarian overshadows the economic; the great question of the hour is, Shall we in the light of presentknowledge, and ability to do so, limit the encroachment of that great white plague that annually cuts down, in our own country, and in the flower of life, one-fifth of a million of human souls, and many at an age of greatest productivity and usefulness, and consigns them to the scrap pile of oblivion? A part of the responsibility of pre- vention rests on your profession, hence the “ important relation of the veterinarian to public health.” FIFTY-EIGHT cases of typhoid fever occurred from milk fur- nished to sixty-nine families from a dairy in which an attend- ant had typhoid. The attendant, though ill, milked the cows and attended his sick wife, who also had typhoid. The excre- ments were emptied in an open cesspool where millions of flies gathered. This is an instance in which Denver finds herself, and the veterinary fraternity earnestly hopes that the city will wake up and pass a law creating the office of dairy and milk inspector and when such law is enacted put a competent veter- inarian in charge of it, not someone trained along other lines. RECENTLY a student of the Colorado Agricultural College was taken sick. A diagnosis of appendicitis was made and an operation recommended, which was undergone by the patient. At the operation there was found, instead of one vermiform ap- pendix, three appendices, one in a normal state, one containing some earthy concretions, and a third containing much pus and in a sloughing condition. THREE DISEASES OF ANIMALS WHICH HAVE RECENTLY ASSUMED IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE SANITARIAN.* By JoHN R. Monier, Curer or PatTHoLocicaL Division, BuREAU oF ANIMAL Inpustry, U. S. Dept. of AGRICULTURE, The three diseases to which I desire to call your attention to-day are infectious anemia (swamp fever), mycotic lymphan- gitis (pseudo-farcy), and chronic bacterial dysentery (Johne’s disease). These diseases have recently been found to have a greater distribution in the United States than has heretofore been known, and they have therefore assumed importance to you as’ state sanitary officers, not only on account of their own individual | character but also because of the great similarity which they bear to other more common infections with which they may be readily ° mistaken. A brief discussion of the more important. features of | each of these three diseases will be given below. INFECTIOUS ANEMIA. Infectious anemia, known also as swamp fever, American surra, malarial fever, and typhoid fever of horses, the unknown disease, no-name disease, plains paralysis, and pernicious anemia, has recently been the subject of much investigation, and the, cause of the disease has now been definitely determined as an’ ultramicroscopic body which is capable of passing through the pores of the finest Pasteur filter, like the infection of foot and. mouth disease, rinderpest, hog cholera and similar diseases. The. disease is most prevalent in low-lying and badly-drained sections of the country, although it has been found in altitudes as high as, 7,500 feet on the marshy pastures during wet seasons. . Therefore , proper drainage of infected pastures is indicated as a preventive. It is also more ‘prevalent during wet years than in dry sea- a en * Presented to the twelfth annual meeting of the Inter-State Association of Live Stock Sanitary Boards at Washington, D. C., Sept, 14, 15, 16, 1908, 198 THREE DISEASES OF ANIMALS. 199 sons. It usually makes its appearance in June, and increases in frequency until October, although the chronic cases may be seen in the winter, having been contracted during the warm season. Cause.—It has been conclusively proven that infectious anemia is produced by an ultramicroscopic organism which is transmissible to horses, mules and asses by subcutaneous inocu- lation of blood serum. The virus which is present in the blood may be transmitted to a number of equines in a series of inocu- lations by injecting the whole blood, the defibrinated blood or the blood serum which has been passed through a fine Pasteur filter, thus eliminating all the visible forms of organismal life, includ- ing bacteria, trypanosoma, piraplasma, etc. This virus has also been found to be active in the carcass of an affected animal twenty-four (24) hours after death. Following the’injection of the infectious principle there is a period of incubation which may extend from ten (10) days to one and one-half (132) months, at the end of which time the onset of the disease is manifested by a rise of temperature. If uncomplicated the infection runs a chronic course, terminating in death in from two (2) months to one and one-half (12) years, or even longer. The probability. of the virus being spread by an intermediate host such as flies, mosquitoes, internal parasites, etc., is now receiving careful con- sideration. From experiments already conducted it appears that this disease, formerly supposed to be confined to Manitoba and Minnesota, is more or less prevalent in Kansas, Nebraska, Colo- rado, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota and Texas. SymptToms.—Swamp fever is characterized by a progressive, pernicious anemia, remittent fever, polyuria and gradual emacia- tion in spite of a voracious appetite. The disease begins to manifest itself by a dull, listless appearance, and by general weakness, the animal tiring very easily. This stage is followed closely by a staggering, swaying, uncertain gait, the hind limbs being mostly affected. There is also noted a weakness and ten- derness in the region of the loins, and at the same time the pulse increases in rapidity and may run as high as seventy (70), though 200 JOHN R. MOHLER. weak, stringy and intermittent. The temperature may rise to one hundred and three (103) degrees or higher, remaining high for several days, and then dropping, to rise again at irregular inter- vals. Towards the end of the disease, the temperature occasion- ally remains persistently high. The horse may improve for a time, but usually this temporary improvement is followed by a more severe attack than the first. Venous regurgitation is some- times noticed in the jugular before death. The quantity of urine passed is enormous in some cases. Death finally occurs from exhaustion or syncope. The blood shows a gradual but marked diminution of red corpuscles, the count running as low as two million corpuscles per cubic millimeter, the normal count being seven million per cubic millimeter. If the blood is drawn from such an animal, the resulting red clot with be about one-fifth (1/5) of the amount drawn. Occasionally a slow dripping of blood-tinged serum from the nostrils is observed as a result of this very thin blood oozing from the mucous membranes. Petechia are some- times noticed on the membrana nictitans and conjunctiva, and paleness of the visible mucous membranes is usually in evidence, although they may have a yellow or mahogany tinge. Often a fluctuating, pendulous swelling may appear on the lower lip, point of elbow, sheath, legs, under the belly, on some other pendant portion, especially late in the disease, which is indicative of poor circulation, thinning of the blood and consequent loss of capillary action. Lesions.—After death the carcass is found to be very emaci- ated and anemic, the visible mucosai being very pale. This marked absence of adipose tissue makes skinning a difficult task. Subcutaneous and intermuscular edema and hemorrhages are fre- quently observed, although it is remarkable in many cases to see how few macroscopic lesions may be present. The predominating and most constant lesion is probably the petechia so often ob- served in the muscle or on the serous membranes of the heart. The heart is generally enlarged and may be the only organ to in le THREE DISEASES OF ANIMALS. 201 _ show evidence of disease. In other cases the lungs may be studded with petechiz, with a serous exudate present in the tho- tacic cavity. The pericardial sac, in addition to the petechiz already noted, generally contains an increased amount of fluid. The abdominal cavity may show a hemorrhagic condition of the _ intestines and peritonitis which probably results from overfeed- ing in consequence of the ravenous appetite present. The liver sometimes presents a few areas of degeneration although usually normal. Spleen is at times found to be enlarged and covered with petechiz. Kidneys may appear normal or anemic and flaccid, _ but microscopically they usually show a chronic parenchymatous degeneration. Lymph glands may be enlarged and hemorrhagic. DraGnosis.—The diagnosis of the disease is not difficult, _ especially in advanced stages. The insidious onset, remittent _ fever, progressive emaciation and anemia, unimpaired or raven- ous appetite, staggering gait and polyuria are a train of symp- toms which make the disease sufficiently characteristic to differ- entiate it from other diseases affecting horses in this country. The peculiar relapsing type of fever is sufficient to differentiate it from the anemias produced by internal parasites, while it may be readily separated from surra by the non-susceptibility of cattle and the great ease with which the trypanosoma may be found in the latter affection. ProGnosis.—The prognosis of the disease is very unfavor- able. Veterinarians in different sections of the country where the disease is prevalent claim a mortality of seventy-five per cent. (75%) or even higher. Recovery only takes place when treat- ment is begun early, or when the animal has a long convalescent period. TREATMENT.—The treatment of the disease has so far been far from satisfactory. The iodide, permanganate and carbonate of potash have been used. Arsenic, axytol, quinine and silver preparations have been suggested, but all have been without uniform success. Intestinal antiseptics have been résorted to and the results are encouraging but not altogether satisfactory. el 202 JOHN R. MOHLER. Symptomatic treatment seems to be the most dependable. For instance, Dr. Davison, of this Bureau, was able to reduce greatly the mortality from this affection by giving an antipyretic of forty (40) grains of quinine, two (2) drams of acetanilid and thirty (30) grains of powdered nux vomica four times daily. In the late stages with weak heart action, alcohol should be substi- tuted for acetanilid. Cold water sponge baths may be given, and in addition frequent copious injections of cold water per rectum, which has a beneficial effect in reducing the temperature and likewise in stimulating peristalsis of the bowels, which, as a result of the disease, show a tendency to become torpid during the fever. Avoid giving purgatives unless absolutely necessary, on account of their debilitating effect, but instead give laxative, easily digestible foods. Not infrequently a dirty, yellowish tinge of the visible mucous membranes has been observed, in which cases twenty (20) grains of calomel in from two to four (2 to 4) drams of aloes in a ball of two-dram (2) doses of fluid extract of podophyllin may be given. Following the subsidence of the fever a tonic was administered, composed of iron, quinine, nux vomica and gentian, in combination. Mycotic LYMPHANGITIS. Epizootic lymphangitis, pseudo-farcy or Japanese farcy is a chronic contagious disease, particularly of equines, caused by a specific organism, the Saccharomyces farciminosis, and charac- terized by a suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous lymph vessels and the neighboring lymph glands. Owing to the fact that this affection does not spread as ‘an epizootic, and that its causal factor is an yeast-like fungus, the name mycotic instead of epizootic lymphangitis is suggested. This disease was first described by Italian and French veterinarians, and the specific organism was discovered by Rivolta in 1873. The presence of the disease in the United States was first observed by Pearson in Pennsylvania in 1907, although it is probable that it has ex- isted in various parts of this country for many years. More recently its presence was definitely established in Ohio, Iowa, ee — THREE DISEASES OF ANIMALS. 203 California and North Dakota, and there is a probability of its existence in Indiana and several Western states. The disease is also present in the Philippine Islands, Hawaiian Islands and Porto Rico. - BacrerioLocy.—The Saccharomyces farciminosis form ) slightly ovoid bodies 3-5 microns long and 2.4-3.6 microns broad, which are somewhat pointed towards the poles and have a sharp double contour. They have more or less of a homogeneous con- tent and grow by budding. This characteristic can be especially well observed in old growths on culture media. Their staining with the ordinary stains is quite unsatisfactory; however, they may be readily recognized in fresh smear preparations or in the hanging drop of a small quantity of the suspected pus, where the above described bodies can be distinctly noticed. A satisfactory method of staining the organism is the Claud- ius method, which is as follows: . 1. Stain with 1 per cent. aqueous solution of methyl violet for 2 minutes. 2. Wash. 3. Place in a half-saturated solution of picric acid for one- half minute. 4. Decolorize with chloroform or clove oil. 5. Treat with xylol. 6. Mount in Canada balsam. The organisms grow very slowly in the various culture media ; it requires about ten days before vegetation is noticed on agar in the form of grayish-white granules which gradually grow to larger colonies, appearing considerably elevated and having a wrinkled surface. It also grows in bouillon in which a white _. flaky deposit makes its appearance after fifteen or eighteen days. In taking cultures it is advisable to open a fluctuating abscess over which the skin should be shaved and well cleaned with bichloride solution and alcohol. The abscess should be opened with a sterilized scalpel and culture media may then be inocu- lated in the usual way. In case of a mixed infection, the organ- ism may be isolated by plating. 204 JOHN R. MOHLER. The period of incubation varies greatly ; it extends from three weeks to four months or even longer. In artificial inoculations — with pus through wounds in the skin, inflammation and swelling — of the lymph vessels may be noticed in twenty to sixty days, which show in their course a development of hard nodules from which abscesses form. The natural infection is without a doubt caused through superficial wounds such as galls, barbed wire cuts, or through various stable utensils, harness, bandages, insects, etc. Solipeds are mostly susceptible but cattle may also be infected. Symptoms.—The inflammation of the lymph vessels is usually first observed in the extremities, especially one or both hind legs; it may also appear on the fore legs, shoulder or neck, more rarely on the rump, udder and scrotum. The lesions, as a rule, develop in the tissue adjacent to the place of inoculation. In the early stages of the disease the lymph vessels appear very hard and thickened, and along their course hard nodules develop, ranging in size from a pea to that of a hen’s egg. Later these nodules soften, burst spontaneously and discharge a thick yellow- ish pus. The surface of the resulting ulcers or abscess cavities soon fill up with exuberant granulations which protrude beyond the surface of the skin, giving a fungoid appearance. The af- fected extremities are considerably enlarged, similar to cases of simple lymphangitis. In rare cases the mucous membrane of the nostrils may also become affected, showing yellowish flat ele- vations and ulcerations, and these may extend by metastasis to internal organs. In cases where the mucous membrane is -af- fected the submaxillary lymph gland may also become enlarged and suppurate. The constitutional symptoms accompanying this disease are not often marked or may be absent. There is usually only a very slight fever observed which seldom runs over 102° F. The appetite is not impaired except in the advanced cases. Lesions.—Of the anatomical changes the skin and the sub- cutaneous tissue show the most marked lesions. They may be- come 2/3-inch thick and indurated as the result of fibrous tissue THREE DISEASES OF ANIMALS. 205 formation due to the inflammation present. On the bacon-like ‘cut surface suppurative areas and granulating sores may be noticed of various sizes; also enlarged lymph vessels filled with clotted lymph mixed with pus. The neighboring lymph glands are usually enlarged and frequently contain suppurating foci. Rarely the internal organs may show metastatic abscesses. DraGnosis.—The diagnosis is based on the characteristic appearance of the ulcerations which show exuberant granulation of a bright red color, inverted edges and a thick, creamy glutinous discharge. These manifestations differentiate the disease from glanders in which the ulcers are crater-like, do not contain ex- uberant granulations and the discharge is of a viscous, oily character. The submaxillary and other lymph nodes, as well as the corded lymphatics in glanders, are more firmly attached to the adjacent tissues, and are therefore less movable. In some chronic cases of mycotic lymphangitis, however, the lesions may closely resemble those of farcy, and in these cases the microscopi- cal examination of the pus will disclose the nature of the affec- tion. In the pus the saccharomyces can be easily seen in the un- stained specimen and is recognized by its size, shape and highly refractory double outline. TREATMENT.—Treatment consists at the onset of the disease in entire extirpation of the nodules, lymph vessels and neighbor- ing lymph glands in case the lesions are localized. In cases where the nodules formed abscesses their opening is recommended, fol- lowed by the application of the actual cautery or a 1-250 solu- tion of bichloride of mercury. It must be borne in mind that the organism is highly resistant to almost every antiseptic and the best results will be obtained from the application of a solution of a strong antiseptic following the opening of the lesions. In the most favorable cases recovery results in from five to seven weeks; as a rule, however, it requires several months. PROPHYLAXIs.—In order to prevent the spreading of the dis- ease the affected animals should be isolated, the products of the disease should be destroyed, and the stable should be disinfected 206 JOHN R. MOHLER. with very strong liquid disinfectants in consideration of the great resistance of the causative organism. CHRONIC BACTERIAL DySENTERY. Chronic bacterial dysentery is a chronic infectious disease of bovines caused by an acid-fast bacillus simulating the tubercle bacillus, and characterized by marked diarrhea, anemia and emaciation, terminating in death. Recently the disease has been observed in the United States for the first time by Pearson in Pennsylvania cattle and later by Beebe in Minnesota and Mohler in Virginia cattle, and in an im- ported heifer from the Island of Jersey, at the Athenia Quaran- tine Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry. . The former has proposed the name chronic bacterial dysen- tery for this affection and it has also been termed Johne’s disease, chronic bacterial enteritis, chronic hypertrophic enteritis and chronic bovine pseudo-tuberculosis enteritis by various European investigators. The disease was first studied in 1895 by Johne and Frothingham in Dresden, but they were inclined to attribute the cause of the peculiar lesions of enteritis which they observed to the avian tubercle bacillus. In 1904, Markus reported this dis- ease in Holland, and subsequently it was observed in Bais iE. Switzerland, Denmark and Great Britain. Cause.—The bacillus, which has been invariably demon- strated in the intestinal lesions and mesenteric lymph glands in this disease, is a rod about 2 to 3 microns long and 0.5 micron wide. It stains more or less irregularly like the tubercle bacillus and, moreover, the similarity goes further in that the organism is also strongly acid-fast, which fact led Johne and Frothingham to surmise that the disease was caused by avian tubercle bacilli. However, it has now been plainly demonstrated that the bacillus of chronic bacterial dysentery is readily distinguished from the latter organisms, for while it resembles the tubercle bacillus in form and staining qualities, no one has succeeded in growing it in culture media or in reproducing the disease by injecting ex- periment animals. * : . : Di THREE DISEASES OF ANIMALS. 207 Symptoms.—Probably the first symptom noticed is that the animal is losing condition despite the fact that its appetite is good and the food nourishing. This is soon followed by a diarrhea which, while moderate at first, soon becomes excessive and may be either irregular or persistent, the feces being of the consistency of molasses and passed frequently. In the meantime the hair becomes dry and harsh and the animal falls off considerably in weight. The temperature, however, remains about normal. The appetite does not seem to be greatly impaired until the last few weeks of life, but nevertheless emaciation continues, ‘the animal becomes more and more anemic, great muscular weakness and exhaustion are manifested and death follows, apparently as the result of the persistent diarrhea and great emaciation. The dis- ease may continue for four or five weeks or may last for a year or even longer before death intervenes. Lrestons.—The lesions observed in post mortem are re- markably slight and out of all proportion to the severity of the symptoms manifested. The disease appears to start in the small intestines, especially in the lower portion where the lesions are usually the most marked, but it also involves the large intestines, including the rectum. The mucous membrane may alone be af- fected, although usually in the long-standing cases the sub- mucosa is also invaded and the entire intestinal wall is then much thicker than normal and the tissue infiltrated with an inflamma- tory exudate. The mucous membrane or inside lining membrane is markedly wrinkled or corrugated, showing large coarse folds with more or less reddening or hemorrhagic patches or spots on the summits of the ridges, especially noticeable in the large in- testines. The mesenteric lymph glands are usually somewhat en- larged and appear watery on section. The other organs do not appear to be affected except from the anemia present in the lat- ter stages of the disease. . DIFFERENTIAL D1aGnosis.—The principal disease with which bacterial dysentery may be confused is tuberculosis, but the ap- plication of the tuberculin test will readily diagnose the latter 208 JOHN R. MOHLER. disease while no reaction will be noted in case the injected animal is suffering with only the former affection. The disease may also be mistaken for the parasitic affections resulting from stomach worms (verminous gastritis) and intestinal parasites, especially uncinariasis, but a microscopic examination of the feces is nec- essary in order to establish definitely the diagnosis. TREATMENT.—As with all other forms of infectious disease, it is advisable to separate immediately the diseased and sus- pected cattle from the healthy animals. The feces passed by the former animals should be placed on cultivated soil where healthy cattle would not be exposed to them, as the bacilli producing the disease are readily found in such manure. The stalls, stables and barnyards should also be thoroughly disinfected, special atten- tion being given to those places which have been soiled by feces. The administration of medicines has thus far been quite unsatis- factory, although treatment should be directed toward disinfect- ing the intestines with intestinal antiseptics, such as creolin in two teaspoonful doses given twice daily, hypodermically. Salol, turpentine, or subnitrate of bismuth in a starch or wheat flour gruel may also give temporary relief, but the diarrhea is likely to reappear and cause the death of the animal. In all cases the food must be carefully selected to assure good quality, and should consist preferably of nutritious dry feed. Vain REcRIMINATION.—"* Calling names don’t make any real difference,” said the conservative campaigner. ‘ No,” an- swered the scientist. “If it did those Latin titles we have be- stowed on germs would have discouraged them long ago.”— (Washington Star.) Owners of dairy cattle, in the State of New York, who purpose to have their herds freed from tuberculosis and to keep said herds free from the disease, may, under the amended agri- cultural law, obtain state aid by complying with conditions pre- scribed by Commissioner of Agriculture, SS ici’ A. Pearson. Applications for examination for tuberculosis should be made on official blanks supplied by the Department of Agriculture. DAIRY INSPECTION*, By W. G. HoiiincwortH, D.V.S., Utica, N. Y. There is no subject of greater importance to the veterinarian, especially one who has the benefit of a rural practice, than dairy inspection. Why? Because the whole community subsists on products of the dairy during the most critical period of their physical ex- istence, and the health of the community depends largely upon the healthful condition of our dairies and the cleanliness of the products produced from such; and by competent inspection the death rate, especially among children, which is largely caused by polluted milk, either caused by neglect of the producer or the consumer, would be greatly lessened. I mentioned competent inspection. How are we going to have this come about? Only by protecting the young graduate from the illegal practition- ers that are scattered so thickly among us. They are thriving on what rightly belongs to the veterinarians who have fully complied with the laws. Now, if these laws are effective, why not make an example of some of them. If they are not, let us improve them. These unqualified men are a menace to the dairymen. They may be handy in a case of dystokia; but take, for instance, a dairyman that has anthrax in his herd. It is their notion that the cause of death is due to a poisonous weed. They take no precaution. Why? Because they do not know how. The owner will ask, What am I to do with this carcass? Why, skin it and give to chickens or hogs; maybe the dogs come in for a meal. Some bury it. How often you see or hear of someone infected by skinning a cow. Get dead animals off the premises if pos- sible; burn them; do not make a cemetery of the farm; thor- oughly disinfect the place where the cadaver has lain. *Read before the 19th annual meeting, N.Y. S. V. M. S., Utica, N. Y., September 3, 1908. 209 210 W. G. HOLLINGWORTH. Now, in regard to sporadic diseases. Their panacea is to cut a hole in the skin of the tail; sew in a piece of salt pork; bore a hole in the horn and pour turpentine in it and a pound of sul. magnesia. Others give a piece of salt pork to make them chew their cud, ete:-—It seems to me that we have enough to contend with without letting these fellows reap the harvest that rightly belongs to the others who are well worthy of proper recognition. | In the city we have the automobile which, with a certain class, has developed a sort of insanity, ‘“‘ Dementia Automobile- ania,” which in time, with the reckless handling of the ma- chines, more headstones and monuments, relief will come. In the country, we get the farm desertion,.a very serious thing for the veterinarian and the state at large. The sons and daughters are flocking to the cities seeking work and when they get it they are not any way near compen- sated as they would be on the farm. The trouble is the rising generation want to see more life and gaiety, notwithstanding the ruination of health that such living leads to. The attraction on farms are many now to what they used to be. There is the rural delivery; many farmers get the morn- ing papers as soon as their city friends, also their mail. There is the telephone; it is a rarity to go to a farmhouse and not see this instrument of gossip. There is the trolley roads that are constantly being built, much to the convenience of the farmer, along with the good roads movement. All these things, along with other ways of entertainment which can be advised, will lead to a way to check this ‘ dementia rusticana” that is prevailing at present. In regards to the good roads movement, the farmers must unite and see to it that the laws to check this horseless vehicle from ruining them be enforced, which they are doing by speed- ing so fast they suck up the top dressing and distribute it to the farm buildings and houses much to the detriment of clean- liness; in fact, the farmers have had to move their aeration oo z ree eee oe. lle i eel DAIRY INSPECTION. 211 stands on account of this dust and dirt that comes in clouds from the roads caused by the excessive speed of the automobiles. A campaign of education would greatly help to benefit the dairymen. Farming and dairying now and years ago are en- tirely different. We want more educated farmers. When we come across a farmer’s son of intelligence that tries to learn, see to it that he is properly educated; have him attend an agricul- tural school; if money is lacking, there are philanthropic people that would lend the necessary funds; all they want is a personal note, and it would be a very ungrateful person that would not attend to this in due time. When he graduates, there will be plenty of openings awaiting him. He will set up a rivalry amongst the rest of the community where he is located; he will do things so differently and his ways will be copied. Our institutions of education should devote more time to agriculture, especially the high schools in rural districts. In- dustrialism is an important problem; have the hand and brain work in unison; more time should be devoted to plant and ani- mal life. Let them study languages, etc., that like, but it would be more credit for colleges to turn out more students of agri- culture than bank clerks, school teachers, etc. He is a factor in his community who has improved the condition of some vege- table, or, by scientific breeding, has improved his dairy. It wants an active brain. to do such things, and by education a foundation has been laid for the student to build a good sub- stantial frame on, and by so doing you will keep them on the farms. The farmers are not the only ones that need the education; the consumers of the dairy products need it also. Some do not seem to realize what the farmer means to the success of this great country. Just think, for a moment, what would befall us if the farmer should change his ideas of livelihood. Take the dairy for one thing. There are some that have gone out of the dairy business for various reasons. One is the scarcity of help, and another is the insufficient compensation for the products of the dairy. Some have gone into sheep raising; others 212 W. G. HOLLINGWORTH. into hay and grain. Another is they find it impossible to com- ply with the regulations which they are required to live up to if they want to sell milk for city consumption. Here is where the veterinarian knows better than anyone else what the farmers can do and do it right. They, the veterinarian or the veterinary inspector, are the ones that should attend to these regulations rather than the health officials. Our farms are not as productive as they were years ago. The fertility of the soil has been lost, due to constant vegeta- tion and not enough replenishing. The productiveness of the soil is of great consequence to the dairyman. By constant fer- tilization, he can produce sufficient food to supply his stock dur- ing the season that they cannot help themselves. A farmer does not lose when he grains his stock; the manure is of much more value by so doing, and the farmer, by not let- ting the refuse of the stable go to waste, greatly improves the richness of the soil. Now, instead of having to dispose of some of his stock, due to lack of sufficient fodder to winter them, he will have to increase his belongings. And here is a propo- sition for a dairyman: That is to raise stock from his best cows, and by so doing, he will have young stock to take the place of the ones to be discarded, and this is a very necessary thing for a dairyman to do. And another thing is to know which cows are paying their way. To do this is to number or name each and every milker in the herd and weigh the milk, and by so doing an accurate account can be kept. To be able to furnish dairy products to a community that is rapidly growing is a proposition which the farmer must wake up to. He is a necessity; we cannot exist without him. There is no doubt that a successful farmer or dairyman is a most in- dependent person. How many young men that have inherited fortunes could make themselves useful to a community by in- vesting in a farm. I have a friend that bought a farm that cost him twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) by the time he had it stocked, etc. Last year his gross receipts amounted to eight thousand dollars DAIRY INSPECTION. 213 ($8,000), divided as follows: His dairy produced three thousand six hundred dollars ($3,600), his hogs two thousand three hun- dred and fifty dollars ($2,350), his sheep one thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars ($1,750), and other receipts enough to make the amount. His total expenditure was four thousand dollars ($4,000), making his net receipts four thousand dollars ($4,000) on the investment. Now, where could this man invest this amount and get such returns? It is a matter of much importance that our veterinary schools should see to it that they pay more attention to milk and meat inspection. Our boards of health would seek their advice in regard to such duties, and it would create a source of revenue for the qualified veterinarian, just as our neighboring State of Pennsylvania has done by passing a state meat inspection law. The veterinarian, and especially the rural practitioner, should be the one to encourage this dairy inspection, and that is what the country districts lack, is rural practitioners. The cities are caring for themselves. Many cows die just because the cost of getting a city veterinarian would be too great, and so the unqualified man is called in, much to the regret of the in- telligent farmer. | To make dairy inspection a success, we must have laws to back it up, and at present there is a man at the head of the agri- cultural committee, a Mr. Boshart, a very large farm owner and business man and a thorough believer in the veterinarian, that is working on this line. The object of such legislation would be to better the products of the dairy farms and also benefit the producer in turn, and by so doing and with the help of the Agricultural Department stamp out the fraudulent con- ditions existing in some districts. _ A few words about the frauds that are going that the con- sumer has to pay for and the dairyman gets the blame un- justly. There are in this state five hundred and _ ninety-one (591) milk-gathering- stations situated in different parts of the state; they purchase milk from the producer and reship it for consumption; the fraud consists in skimming milk and selling 214 W. G. HOLLINGWORTH. it for whole milk. The procedure of this adulteration is as fol- lows: They put thirty-six (36) quarts or a little less of whole milk in forty (40) quart cans; then they fill this up with milk that has been skimmed, and this is shipped to New York as whole milk. The Department of Agriculture estimates that 10 per cent. of the milk of some districts shipped to the cities is skimmed in this manner. Now, the amount that the consumer is cheated out of will figure, no doubt, into the millions. The fraudulent dealers make a good thing, as they sell the cream for six dollars ($6.00) or eight dollars ($8.00) a can, which is clear profit for them if they are not caught. Naturally, pure milk rather than artificially purified milk is what we expect to produce under competent dairy inspection, and to accomplish this with the limited experience I have had in this line I have adopted a few rules to be governed by: 1. Is to see to it that the buildings and surroundings are in as hygienic condition as possible. . Proper care in feeding. Healthful condition of herd. Healthful condition of help. Cleanliness of stables and cows. Certain requirements about milking. Proper care of milk immediately after milking. Proper straining and cooling. g. Proper care of utensils. 10. Proper conveyance of milk. 11, Agreement signed by producer and dealer. Rule 1, Barns should have all the light that is possible and good ventilation; if possible, have it situated on high ground; a cement floor is the best; surroundings must be clean; do not have manure pile just outside of the door so the cows have to walk through it coming and going; it brings unnecessary filth to the stable and smears the appendages which greatly interferes with the milking, that is, as to cleanliness. Rule 2. In regard to proper care of feeding, if you expect to get milk you must feed; the quantity of milk depends on it; to GOTO) Gt —————ee—Ee——————— LL !LCCtCt=Cisi‘=™S DAIRY INSPECTION. ‘ 215 it is better not to give dry rations just before milking on ac- count of the dust that naturally rises; if the dairyman insists, a moist food can be given; better not give food that might produce a taste or odor too near milking time as it might be noticeable in the milk; do not let silage remain about the stable, as the odor of it might be absorbed by the warm milk, if the milk is not taken out of the stable immediately after milking. Rule 4. The healthful condition of the help is very neces- sary; no sickly person should assume care of stock; in case of a contagious or infectious disease on the premises radical measures should be adopted, and so it may be in regard to convalescent stages; take typhoid, where the feces are infected for months after; some of the discharges might in some way pollute the water and in due time might infect the milk, and by so doing an outbreak of typhoid might result; there is diph- theria and scarlet fever also. The physicians in charge of rural patients should be com- pelled to see to it that strict measures are carried out in this line. Notify the dairy inspector, if there is one in the locality, and he in turn will govern himself accordingly. What would give a veterinary inspector more pride than to assume charge of an investigation of an outbreak of some contagious disease sup~ posed to be due to milk pollution? That would be the case if veterinary inspection weré established. The boards of hea|th would find it necessary to call upon us. The rule as to milking—the words ‘“ be clean’’—are neces- sary to be taken into consideration: Care of the milk after milking. As soon as the milker is through with a cow, he should remove the milk from the stable to a proper receiving place where the animal heat can be re- moved. The aeration of milk is a very necessary thing to do. It removes the gases and helps to remove the odor, but the stands must be located in a proper place, not along the roadside where it will collect the dust, etc., from them. The necessity of keeping milk at a low temperature, about 45 to 50 degrees F., as this checks bacterial growth. 216 . W. G HOLLINGWORTH. Care of the utensils. There has been a law passed which makes this compulsory. I am of the opinion that the women are the ones to see to it that the utensils are kept clean. The woman is a very necessary adjunct to the dairy farm; she is naturally more cleanly and observing about such things, but she must not be made a drudge of. Give her a varied life. By so doing, a great many more would be contented to remain on the farms and get married to some farmer’s son, and they, in turn, start a life o£ industrialism on a scale within their means. Conveyance of milk. It is a common thing to see a farmer carrying garbage and milk cans and possibly manure in the same wagon box; also milk exposed to the sun’s rays and possibly has to be carried a long distance; this should be abandoned. Healthful condition of herd. Of these rules the one that gives me the most anxiety is the one pertaining to the health- ful condition of the herd and I am in a quandary to know what is going to be done to eliminate the diseased animals, the one most especially is tuberculosis, which is rapidly gaining head- way in this state among our dairy herds. In 1897 I tested herds that supplied milk to my city by order of the Board of Health and I found about 7 per cent. Now, within a year or two I have tested some herds in the same locality and found 60 per cent. That may have just happened so, but it scares me to think of it, and I see no reason why other parts of the state should be dif- ferent, with the lax condition of affairs as they exist at the present time. Very often I am asked to test a herd. I am only too willing to act if I have an opportunity of holding a post- mortem examination on the reactors. Few comply with my request, but the large majority want to rid the dairies or herds of this disease, only to dispose of the reactors to some innocent person. Now, this is the way that the disease is spreading. There is another serious proposition and that is over-testing, so to speak. Some dealers just previous to sale, knowing that the prospective purchaser requires cows that will not react, will get tuberculin and inject them, They do not care whether they have a reactor or not. They have found out that a recent re- DAIRY INSPECTION. 217 actor may not react a second time within a period of a few days. I always advise a purchaser that he had better retest in three months if he is anxious to have a healthy herd. The use of milk from the herd should be discontinued if any diseases should break out that is affecting any num- ber of them. The use of milk from any cow should be discontinued while she may be suffering with any febrile malady. It is quite proper not to use milk from a cow that has just freshened, or one that the afterbirth is retained, or one that is nearing the period of gestation. The quantity she gives is of no consequence and should not be mixed with the milk for human consumption. To have these require- ments lived up to a great deal depends on the dairyman, whether he is a conscientious person, or dishonest, or careless, or ig- norant. Whatever may be the cause the way to rectify it is to have the herd or herds under veterinary inspection, and I have every reason to think that a great deal of diplomacy can be used in such cases’. Because we are trying to carry out dairy inspection there is. no reason why we should get the enmity of the dairymen. “ Animals indisposed should be taken from the herd and proper care given them according to the nature of the case. There is another sad state of affairs: that is the falsified tests. I have every reason to believe that such are given out, and I am very . sorry to think that one of our profession would belittle him- self for a mere sum to lend his signature for such purposes. He cannot have the interest of the dairy at heart, or his profes- sion, especially if he looks ahead and thinks what the conse- quences might be, as the healthful condition of the community depends much on reliable dairy inspection. The procedure of handling of tuberculosis by the Depart- ment of Agriculture, I think, could be improved, in regard to compensation especially. It does not seem right to keep the dairyman the length of time without his check for the con- demned animals, if the state has the funds; if they haven’t, then they should go slow. I can call to mind one herd that the state 218 W. G. HOLLINGWORTH. officials tested early in the spring and as yet this dairyman has received no compensation. I think the post-mortems should be held in the neighboring vicinity so the results of such could be witnessed by the owner | and neighbors as well as medical men, many of whom have never seen a case of bovine tuberculosis. Their indorsement would go a great ways. When they are shipped away it makes the farmer suspicious as to the findings. Of course, the owner has the privilege of going to see the same, but there is an extra expense for him. _ | Many farmers are not advocates of the tuberculin test, but if you can demonstrate to them, before their eyes, what the test has done it will be a great help to us in regard to inspection. The health departments of our cities are asking for a better quality of milk. They are not partial to pasteurization but ask for clean milk from healthy cows. This is of as much conse- quence as pure water, and some means must and will be ad- vanced to bring this about. Stamping out would be expensive and next to impossible. The Bang system would not be popular. Perhaps the time will come when we can immunize the young stock as successfuslly as is being advocated. As our population increases, so the demand for our dairy products will increase also. Take New York city. The demand for milk increases at the rate of seventy-five thousand (75,000) quarts yearly, and other cities in proportion. A milk famine will be the result if some plans are not advanced to encourage the dairyman to continue this very necessary occupation, and make it an investment rather than a side issue. Dairy inspection would greatly help the farmer, as the inspector would see to it that the dealer lives up to his contract as well as the producer. There are some dealers that want the best end of the deal. It was only a few days ago that I saw a notice in the papers where the Department of Agriculture seized forty carloads of dirty cans that were going to be shipped back to the producer. These cans must be thoroughly cleaned immediately upon empty- ee ee DAIRY INSPECTION. 219 ing. By proper inspection such cans as these would be watched and attended to. In regard to certified dairies, there is no doubt that these: are blessings to a community. They have been brought about by dairy inspection and we must encourage them, as one in a lo- cality has wonderful influence upon neighboring farms. They have to get better prices for their products on account of the extra cost of producing them, but there is a ready market for such. There is one thing that the veterinary inspector should see to and that is to have the public have confidence in his judgment, so when they see his signature affixed to circulars of certified products they can depend on it. A man’s reputation or char- acter in a position of trust is worth more than gold. A RECENT number of The Breeders’ Gazette contains an ex- celent portrait of Dr. Wm. F. Pflaeging, State Veterinarian of Wyoming. The next meeting of the New York State Dairymen’s Asso- ciation, to be held in Utica, December 8 to 11, will be devoted almost entirely to the consideration of bovine tuberculosis. “THE REVIEW is a very: welcome monthly visitor.’ So- says Horace B. F. Jervis, V.S., of Houlton, Maine, in sending his check for the renewal of his subscription. Dr. Jervis has just returned home from a European trip. A CareFuL DairyMAN.—“ There,” said the honest dairy- man, as he put a gallon of water into his two-gallon milk can. “No one shall say that my milk is not clean. If that don’t wash it, I don’t know what will, unless I put in a little soap.” —(Harper’s Weekly.) Ir was a veterinarian, in the person of the newly-elected sec- retary of the New York State. Veterinary Medical Society, John F. De Vine, D.V.S., of Goshen, N. Y., who made the report of the proceedings of the recent International Congress on Tu- berculosis to the Medical Society of Orange County, N. Y., on the occasion of its recent quarterly meeting held at Port Jervis, October 20, 1908. THE USE OF TUBERCULIN IN CONTROLLING TUBERCULOSIS IN HERDS. By C. J. MarsHart, V. M. D., UNiversity or PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA, Pa. Read at the International Congress on Tuberculosis, Washington, D. C., 1908. There is an increasing desire on the part of breeders and dairymen to get and to maintain herds free from tuberculosis. Consumers, physicians and veterinarians are also interested in this subject. By good luck or good management many herds have never been infected with tuberculosis. Even more care and better judgment may have been exercised in guarding herds that have become infected. Tuberculosis may be detected in the advanced stages by a physical examination. The physical diagnosis depends upon the stage to which the disease has progressed, its location and the cleverness of the observer. No pathognomonic symptoms are known by which the disease can be diagnosed in its incipiency and there is no case recorded of a herd that has been infected with the disease and made free from it where the diagnosis has depended on a physical examination alone. Ability to recognize the physical symptoms is an absolutely necessary qualification of the veterinarian, but by this means alone we have never been able to detect all cases and we may never hope to do so. In tuberculin we have an agent that will show the disease in all cases to within a very small percentage. Tuberculin has been used and its action has been critically stud- ied for the past eighteen years. We have yet to find one case where tuberculin has injured or has produced any ill effects in a healthy animal, when properly used. There is no doubt, in the minds of those who have studied it most critically and used it most extensively, of its reliability and harmlessness. It has been criticised for its abuse, not its use. 220 THE USE OF TUBERCULIN IN CONTROLLING TUBERCULOSIS IN HERDS. 221 Tuberculin is but one link in the chain that is used to elimin- ate tuberculosis from a herd. When its judicious use is com- bined with the necessary isolation of reacting animals, thorough disinfection, ventilation and proper sanitation, its value cannot ‘ be gainsaid. We have a very large number of examples to show what it will do in controlling tuberculosis when accompanied by other measures for its suppression. Seeing is believing with many people, and too many cannot understand that a disease exists till they can see its external effects or experience losses from it. Unfortunately, in the case of this disease, much of the damage has been done before there is ocular evidence of its presence. The true cause of tuberculosis of cattle is no more a mys- tery; its, presence can be detected at an early stage. Its con- tagious nature has been established beyond all doubt. The disease can be caused in no other way than by the tubercle bacillus and this germ does not multiply outside of the animal body, although it may retain its life and virulence for a long time. Agents for destroying the tubercle bacillus outside of the animal body are well known and can be applied practically. For these reasons the task of eliminating it is not impossible. It is, however, diffi- cult in some cases. We realize, more and more, that tuberculin is a safe, re- liable test when honestly and intelligently used. There is no doubt but that its use should be restricted to those who are com- petent and skilled in its use, as well as in the disease of animals, who possess good judgment and are as truthful as tuberculin is itself. There is no better means for defeating the value of this test than to allow it to become an household remedy. Any in- telligent person can soon learn to use a hypodermic needle and _a thermometer. There are other things about the tuberculin test that are more complicated and at times men the most skilled in its use are put to their wit’s end to know how to handle peculiar questions that arise in connection with this subject. It would be as easy, and far safer for the community, to try to teach the average farmer to be his own blacksmith, wagon 222 Cc. J. MARSHALL, builder, lawyer, physician, etc., as to instruct him to do his own testing for tuberculosis. We need more persons who are skilled in the use of tuberculin and in the control of diseases of animals — in general. The states or governments should spare no effort in training men as thoroughly for this work as the importance of - the subject requires. The time may not be ripe for legislation to srtahand the com- pulsory eradication of tuberculosis from all herds, but many in- dividuals have discovered that the disease can be controlled and that it is more economical to do this than to let it run its natural course. The state should at least furnish such men the neces- sary assistance. With our better class of breeders and dairy- men this idea is spreading. The demand for meat and milk from tuberculosis-free herds is helping to bring about this desirable condition of affairs. ‘Medical milk commissions require a tuber- culin test once yearly, at least. There is no other known means of ascertaining whether a herd is free from tuberculosis. The transmissibility of the disease from animals to man is an important question, but it is certain that this disease is trans- mitted from animal to animal, and those interested in dairy cattle cannot afford to allow it to run unchecked in a herd. It will be a difficult matter to convince the masses of the fully established harmlessness and the usefulness of tuberculin so long as some agricultural and daily papers continue to malign its use. It is hoped that these agencies will soon see the facts in their true light and recommend the truthfulness and good quali- ties of tuberculin rather than continually to condemn it and to herald the mistakes and blunders that are made by those who are incompetent to use it. Even those most enthusiastic in the campaign against bovine tuberculosis do not recommend the immediate slaughter of all animals that react to the test. No country, perhaps, could af- ford such extravagance. There is no doubt but that a majority of the animals that fail to pass this test have a monetary value, The sooner public opinion is educated to this fact, and that the products of such animals can be handled in such a way that their =) vare a) 2 aS ee ee ee be ete, | THE USE OF TUBERCULIN IN CONTROLLING TUBERCULOSIS IN HERDS. 223 safety can be assured, the sooner will ways be devised to use them profitably, and thereby encourage the cutting off of the main sources of infection. A sufficient amount of knowledge has already been accumu- lated in reference to this disease to eliminate it from our herds in a few years if all parties concerned were in possession of the already known facts, and could and would make the necessary effort and sacrifice to apply them. ‘The first necessary requisite would be a thorough knowledge of the disease on the part of the owner and his willingness to accept and follow the known facts in reference to handling it. No person should undertake this task unless he is willing and able to follow every require- ment faithfully. Testing the herd once and cleaning the stable of all known sources of infection is a good beginning, but these measures must be followed year after year till the task is com- pleted. This is especially true in herds where cows are con- stantly being added from the open market. It has been found by experience that some cows will pass a satisfactory test at the time of purchase and react to a sub- sequent test in two months or less. This may be due to one of several conditions. First of all, the test may have been made carelessly or dishonestly, or the animal may have been in the incubative stage of the disease at the time of purchase and there- fore fail to react. It is known that there is a period of incuba- tion for tuberculosis of from one to three weeks. It is also known that animals will not react to a test during this period. Another possible cause for a reaction soon after purchase is the fact that the stable may not have been disinfected before the new members were added to the herd and thus they may have contracted the disease in their new quarters. Some animals have a much higher resisting power to this disease than others; this is especially noticeable in the new members of a herd. It has been demonstrated that it is not safe to put newly ’ purchased cows with the old members of a herd till they have first successfully passed a retest. This can be applied two or three months from the time of the original test and a double 224 Cc. J. MARSHALL. dose of tuberculin should be used. Cows from tuberculous herds may develop the disease in the future, even though they be re- moved to a sanitary. stable after having passed a satisfactory test. For this reason it is not advisable to purchase cows from herds that are known to be highly tuberculous, even though they pass the test successfully. The lesion of disease may become dormant for a time and the diseased area encapsulated but later it may break down, when the proper conditions are supplied. In large dairy herds where cows are being added to take the place of undesirable ones, it is a difficult matter to keep the dis- ease out entirely. It can be kept within bounds, and in a form that will seldom show itself physically. The chances are very great that the herd has tuberculosis where the tuberculin test is used only at the time of purchase. In cases where many reactions are found at the time of test, a retest should be made in not more than six months. If the percentage of reactions is not more than from two to five, and the sanitary conditions are good, the retest can safely be left for a year. In large herds the test should be made at least once a year, even though it has previously passed with no reactions. The records show hundreds of cows that have been tested at least once each year and sometimes twice, for several years, and are still breeding regularly giving a full and profitable amount of milk and are in perfect health, so far as can be determined by any known method. It is a question as to whether a cow that reacts once to the test should ever be considered free from tuberculosis even though it may appear healthy and, later, pass the tuberculin test. Some of the most common errors made with tuberculin are due to carelessness or dishonesty. The test may be applied when the animals are in no condition for it. This is especially true in cows offered for sale by dealers. Such animals may be heavy springers fatigued and overheated by being driven from ten to twenty miles in the heat of the sun and then kept in a ° strange stable with no water, or an inadequate amount. The weather may be excessively hot and the stable badly ventilated, ee ee eS ee Pe ee ee i ie a nt agape 5 eosin. ty Heth poties THE USE OF TUBERCULIN IN CONTROLLING TUBERCULOSIS IN HERDS. 225 or an animal may be of a nervous temperament and become unduly excited. Dealers are often anxious to get the animals through the test early in the day so that they can be shipped or sold and for this reason the temperature readings are sometimes not carried on long enough after the injection to show the re- action that might take place. The animal may have been injected with tuberculin before an honest test is applied. It happens oc- casionally that an animal will not react on successive tests where the intervals are less than two months. The test should never be applied unless the animals are quiet, contented and undis- turbed. In applying the test it is necessary to establish a normal tem- perature before making the injection. This can usually be done ‘by two preliminary temperatures. The test may not prove satisfactory if the initial temperature is above 103° F. In cases of a high initial temperature, if the temperature is not above normal the next morning the animal is usually considered to be free from the disease. Where the temperature is high at the beginning and remains so it cannot be decided whether the high temperature is a continuation of the pre-existing fever or is a reaction to tuberculin. It is best, by all means, to start with a normal initial temperature. A temperature measurement should be taken not later than ten hours after injection—eight hours is preferable, and in cases of retest it should be earlier than eight hours. The last tem- perature should be taken not earlier than the sixteenth hour but it must be followed longer if there is any upward tendency and a reaction is not already established. The point at which a reaction is considered positive is a rela- tive quantity. A temperature that rises gradually from the eighth to the sixteenth hour from 102 to 104 or above, under ordinary conditions, can be considered a positive reaction. In well marked reactions the temperature may rise to 107 or higher. This is more liable to occur in cases of recent infection or where the disease has not become generalized. 226 c. J. MARSHALL. In advanced cases of tuberculosis or where the disease is suspected from a physical examination, a rise of one degree should be interpreted as a reaction. In herds where a large number of reactions have been obtained the line may be drawn more closely on doubtful cases. Animals that show a question- able rise in temperature at the time of test should be isolated and retested in about two months. In this case a larger dose of tuberculin should be used. It may be advisable to use three or four doses at one time. During the time of testing the herd should be fed, watered, milked and stabled as usual. Water can safely be given soon after a temperature has been taken but it should not be allowed freely just before a temperature measurement. In stables where there is a constant water supply, there is no danger of the animals. taking enough to interfere with the temperature. Tests in hot, muggy weather may not be satisfactory. So far as possible it should be arranged to do the testing in the cooler parts of the season. Advanced stages of pregnancy seem to make little if any difference with the test. Many successful tests have been made during the day of parturition. ; The utmost care should be exercised in sterilizing thermo- meters, needles, syringes, hands, clothing, etc., before and during the time of making a test. Contagious abortion, tuberculosis and other contagious diseases may be carried from animal to animal or from herd to herd if this precaution is not taken. For those who are in sympathy with the work, the plan for handling tuberculosis is somewhat as follows: In herds where no animals are purchased, or but few, the tuberculin test is applied, the reacting animals are isolated and the stable disin- fected. If a large percentage of the herd fails to pass the test, the above measures should be resorted to again in six months. Where but few reactions are found the retest can be deferred for one year, It is not safe to allow more than one year to elapse before making the retest, which should be repeated yearly. In herds where animals are purchased frequently, the test f 4 | i y ia qe i" te THE USE OF TUBERCULIN IN CONTROLLING TUBERCULOSIS IN HERDS. 227 should be applied at the time of purchase by a veterinarian ap- proved by the purchaser. Animals thus tested and passed should be kept on probation for two months and retested before they are allowed to mingle with the older members of the herd. The stable in which these animals pass the period of incubation should be carefully disinfected before they are admitted to it. The test of the herd should be applied at least once each year. In cases where many reactions are found the test should be made every six months until a low percentage is obtained. It is not advisable to test too frequently. The repeated use of tuberculin may pro- duce immunity to the test. The sale or distribution of tuberculin should be controlled by state laws and it should be given out only on the order of an official veterinarian. Every animal tested should be reported to some officer who has charge of this work and the records of such tests should be available for public investigation. Every effort should be made to disseminate what knowledge has already been accumulated in reference to handling tuber- culosis. The disease can never be satisfactorly controlled as long as ignorance and old, false ideas reign supreme. THE next annual meeting of the American Veterinary Med- ical Association will be held in Chicago, September 14 to 17, 1909. A VETERINARIAN IS A Puysictan.—The Morning Press, Santa Barbara, California, of October 15th, states that the School Board refuses to recognize the Health Board as a legal body because Dr. J. H. Hester, one of the members of the Board of Health, is a veterinarian, in contradistinction to be- ing a “ physician,” as the law requires, and demanded his re- moval. The mayor refused to remove Dr. Hester on any such ground, as the veterinarian has a broad knowledge of compara- tive medical science and best knows the needs of an efficient dairy inspection. A later report says that a legal opinion has been given to the effect that a veterinarian is a “ physician.” Dr. Hester will retain his seat on the Board of Health as a guardian of the health and lives of the human population from infection of animal origin. REPORTS OF CASES. “Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By recording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.” OBSTETRICAL CASES.* By P. A. AAcEsEN, V. S., St. ANscAr, Iowa. No. 1—April 19, was called to Mr. Kleinworth’s farm and found one of the most difficult cases I have ever seen. Mare strained hard and could not stand up and half of the placenta loosened. In exploring I found a transverse presentation, but could not find head, tail or legs. I at once injected oil and tried to get a different presentation. Failing in this I punctured the foal and lots of gas escaped and then succeeded in getting a posterior presentation. I then explored for the legs and found them to be bent so it was impossible to lift them up to the pelvis. To make as quick delivery as possible I amputated the limbs in the -hip joints and got them out and found two hock joints on each leg. The extra bones were bent over each other. I then fastened a rope in the pelvis of foal and two men pulled without results. I then made two long cuts, one on each side of the backbone (and more gas escaped), then one man pulled and the foal came out with balance of placenta. After disinfecting the wound we went to our dinner. Upon our return the mare was standing. Two weeks after she was put to work. If the mare had been able to stand up I think I could have delivered her in one hour, whereas it took three hours. No. 2—On May 10 I was called to Mr. Robertson’s place to attend a mare. As I was sixteen miles from home and not quite ready to start I told him that it would take about three hours before I could get there. On my arrival found mare in severe labor pains and vagina very swollen. I found I had a difficult case. Posterior presentation with back downward. I succeeded in getting the legs through the pelvis and expected to turn the foal. Not succeeding I explored again and found the head over the hip. I put the repeller in the nose and mouth and pushed it back about one foot. Then I found other trouble. The belly was too large. I made an incision at the belly and removed * Report made to the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Association. 228 REPORTS OF CASES. 229 its contents. Then I succeeded in turning the foal and the mare was delivered and came out all right. No. 3—Anterior presentation of monster. This was at the Austinson farm. The head, as large as a candy pail, was turned downward. I punctured the head and the water emptied out. By succeeding in introducing both of my arms I telescoped the skull bone. I found the skull devoid of brains. In my professional practice of forty-three years I have never met so many obstetrical cases as last season. I was called to thirty-three cases during the period named. A TWO-HEADED CALF. The Review is indebted to J. W. Rossiter, D.V.S., Fostoria, Ohio, for this picture of a two-headed calf. Dr. Rossiter writes that the spinal column was double dividing or parting just back of the shoulders and connected by short ribs. There were two hearts and two sets of lungs, one stomach and single intestines. The animal had two tails. 230 REPORTS OF CASES. ANTIPERIOSTIN.* A NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR THE TREAT- MENT OF BONY GROWTHS AND GALLS. By Veterinarian S. WAcus, Vienna. Translated by J. V. Lappey, D.V.S. Of the samples of various modern medicaments that have recently been submitted to me, Dr. Klein’s Antiperiostin inter- ested me most, since several commendatory testimonials in re- gard to its uses and results obtained by Austrian and German veterinarians have already been published. To judge from its composition, Antiperiostin is a solution of (C-10 H-10 J-2 O-5 Hg), which is prepared by a special process. ; The principal application for Antiperiostin is found so far in all cases of exostoses and bursal enlargements. In my prac- tice, in which occur many surgical cases, I have applied Anti- periostin in addition to above conditions, also to acute inflam- mations of tendons, tendinous bursae and articulations, as well as in spavin. I have had the opportunity to apply and to test Antiperiostin repeatedly in cases of newly developed bony growths as well as in those of old standing. First of all I can state that in cases where there was lame-. ness, due to these new growths, the same was abated in about three to four days, when the respective animal could again be worked. It should be mentioned, however, that a few days after the application of Antiperiostin an edematous swelling set in which, however, was not serious and in a short time resolved itself. As is the case with other counter-irritating applications, the usual consequences also presented themselves here. The area thus treated became gradually covered with an extraordinarily hard scab, which in a measure appeared to be equivalent to a pres- sure bandage. After three to four weeks these scabs would be- come loosened and the exostoses which had existed were either entirely removed or had become reduced to a hardly noticeable minimum, In recent new growths, also in. periostitis, the patho- logical process had run its course in a highly satisfactory man- ner. The analogous procedure in the various kinds of galls and bursal enlargements produced equally satisfactory results. f *Reprint from Tierarztliches Zentralblatt. REPORTS OF CASES. 231 In other acute inflammatory processes where consequently a marked lameness existed complete cures set in after about eight to ten days. To corrobate the above I will cite from my case-book all those cases which were treated by me with Antiperiostin. Case 1, June 12, 1906.—Light wagon horse belonging to the firm of Sch. & Co., affected with spavin, presents three hours after application an edematous swelling of the respective ex~- tremity with an accompanying serous transudation at the seat of operation; in the next few days resolution of the edema and a desiccation of the exudate to a thick and closely adhering scab took place. After the fourth day the horse was used for work. Lameness had entirely disappeared and in about six weeks the scabs fell off. Case 11, July 14, 1906.—Middle-weight carriage horse be- longing to F. & Co., had gone lame in varying degrees for some time in near hind leg due to an old bony growth just below the hock-joint: On the fourth day after applying Antiperiostin the horse traveled entirely sound and is being used regularly ever since. Case 111, August 24, 1906.—Middle-weight draught horse belonging to the express firm, L., went lame in near front leg due to two old bony growths and a thickening of the flexor ten- dons. Six days after an Antiperiostin application it was all ready able to work. The bony growths have almost entirely disap- peared. Case IV., August 25, 1906.—Light wagon horse of the same firm was treated with Antiperiostin for tendinous bursal enlarge- ments on both hind legs. After eight days it had made a com- plete recovery. Case V., January 5, 1907.—Russian coach horse belonging to the firm of S. & H. went lame in the off-foreleg due to a recent exostosis. Six days after Antiperiostin had been applied the horse was fit for work. The bony growth has been entirely removed. In the last four mentioned cases the same accompanying local changes presented themselves as in case No. 1. One application of Antiperiostin sufficed to produce these astonishingly quick and excellent curative results. The hair will fall out at the seat of operation with Anti- periostin, as is the ease with all counter-irritating applications, but these will grow again in a comparatively short space of time. ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. PROVISION FOR PHYSICALLY DISABLED VETER- INARIANS. ¢ the greatest importance to the profession. : The Army was represented by Drs. Griffin and Foster offi- cially and by myself of my own volition. The chairman of the — Army Legislative Committee (Dr. Turner, of Washington, ‘4 D. C.) was present and rendered his report which consists, in brief, as follows: That the committee, feeling dissatisfied with the Veterinary — Bill which passed the Senate at the last session of Congress, on — account of no provision for those physically disabled in the ser- — vice in the line of duty, used all their power to prevent its pass- : ing the House unless so amended. The association accepted this report with its hearty approval, — and passed resolutions* to the effect that should Congress amend — the present Veterinary Bill so as to provide for those worthy — members of the profession in the army that it would have the © support of the association, and it further voted that copies of — said resolution be sent to the Secretary of War, Chief of Staff, and the chairman of the Military Committee of both the Senate " and House. C. H. JEwetu. Tue Kansas City Veterinary College has an enrollment of , over five hundred for the current session. This excellent in- stitution has added several veterinarians to its faculty, inclua- ing: Dr. H. Jensen, of Weeping Water, Nebraska, instructor in Pharmacy and Materia Medica; Dr. S. L. Stewart, of Coffey- ville, Kansas, Director of Laboratory Anatomy; Dr. C. C. Kins- ley, Oakley, Kansas, Hospital Clinics. * The Resolutions were published in October Ruvinw, page 117, 282 The forty-fifth annual meeting of the American Veterinary — Medical Association is an event of the past and it was in all — probability the greatest meeting in the history of the associa- — tion. Its deliberations were of the highest order and will be of ~ | | | ) i t ~ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Lirautarp, M. D., V. M. Fisrous Tumor GrowTH ON THE Lec or a MuL_e [D. Sil- vestro Rabagliati, B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S.|.—Record of a case in a mule which was stopped working on account of her condition. She had a large tumor-like mass involving the whole metacarpal region of the off leg and extending from the knee to the foot. The growth was irregular, raw, and looked like granulating tis- sue with small centers of suppuration.. The anterior part of the wall of the hoof was partially separated from the rest. The upper part of the wall, the heels and the frog, being composed of a very irregular growth of horn in fungoid masses. The mule had marks of having been fired on the off thigh. The animal being incurable and useless, she was destroyed. Post-mortem—Carpus normal. Metacarpus much enlarged with great mass of fibrous tissues surrounding the bones. Ten- dons are normal. Suspensory ligament had lesions of old stand- ing sprain. Large exostosis on the head of the small internal metacarpal, also on the upper third of this bone there was a large splint, interfering with the action of the suspensory liga- ment. There was one also on the external metacarpal. The sesamoids were much enlarged with exostosis. There was also one on the os suffraginis and on the os pedis, which had very large side bones. The navicular bone was normal.—(Veter. Record.) -COMMINUTED FRACTURE OF THE Os CALcIs [Lieut. H. C. Stewart, A.V.C.|.—Discovered disabled on early morning, a field battery horse presented the near hock and surrounding tissues much swollen and inflamed. On examining the leg no evidence of fracture, such as crepitation, etc., could be made out on ac- count of the swelling of the parts. The gastrocnemius tendon was much relaxed and similar to what is observed in case of rup- ture of the flexor metatarsi muscle. No weight was put on the leg and moving was possible only by scarcely touching the ground with the toe. The position of the point of the hock was some- what similar to that of the point of the elbow in the condition 233 234 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, known as “ dropped elbow.” Diagnosis: Fracture of one of the large bones of the-hock, possibly the astragalus or the os calcis, most likely. The animal was destroyed and a. fracture of the lower half of the os calcis was discovered, and, after boiling the joint, this bone was found to have been broken into thirteen pieces. The cause of the accident was a kick from another horse. —(Veter. Record.) NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF A LARGE FLAGELLATE, As- SOCIATED WITH PrROPLASMATA INFECTION IN A Cow, IN Brit- 1isH CotumBIA [Thos. Bowhill, F.R.C.V.S., F.R.C.S .—Inves- tigations have recently been undertaken by the author in order to determine, if possible, the cause of a disease known locally as red water. He writes that, during his investigations, he found with an atypical piroplasmatic infection in the blood of a cow killed for post-mortem, a’ flagellate belonging to the trypan- osomide. The parasite presented a flagellum at both extremi- ties, but whether it was a true trypanoplasma or a trypanosome with a flagellum was a matter for future consideration. The piroplasmata observed occur mostly in pear and polygonal form. A few flagellates were Some times seen, but in only a few in- stances did he observe a true bigeminate leaf form. These parasites may be modified form of the Piroplasma bigeminum. The malady runs a chronic course and the parasites are difficult to find. Infected animals succumb after a third attack. The role played by ticks in the spread of the disease is not yet fully determined. The author proposes to name the parasite Piro- plasma hudsonius bovis.—(Veterin. Record.) A MAcrormatIon [IW E. Blackwell, M.R.C.V.S.|.—A case of difficult parturition in a cow with a fcetus in breech presenta- tion. The abdomen of the little fellow being distended and em- physematous, an incision was made through the median line and the viscera removed. More room being obtained, examination was possible. It was then found that the foetus was abnormally large and that the hind legs were fully flexed but with the points of the hocks turned underneath the sternum and between the fore legs, while the hind feet were just above the udder. In other words, the hind legs were turned completely round with — the points of the hocks looking anteriorly. The stifles were in the pelvic cavity. With much difficulty and considerable trac- tion the cow was delivered but not without an abundant hemorrhage which was arrested with cold applications. Two days after the cow was doing well.—(V eter. Record.) al i SR ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 235 Two Cases oF ScrotaL Hernia in Dogs [Prof. F. Hob- day, F.R.C.V.S.|.—First Case—Two-year-old dog had scrotal hernia on the left side. Put to sleep with morphia, he is oper- ated on. The swelling was reduced and an incision made over the external abdominal ring. The inguinal canal being thus ex- posed, the finger was passed into the canal to push the bowel and the omentum into the abdomen. The internal ring being then free, it was sutured with fine silk, the stitches being made close together and with great care that no space be left at either end as it is at this point that most frequently a return of the bowel takes place. The skin was sutured with silkworm-gut and coy- ered with iodoform colloid. Complete radical recovery. Second Case—Pekinese, two months old, had a right scrotal hernia. Operated, as in the preceding case, six or seven months later. Had several sutured abscesses. Was discharged after a month. Had diarrhea and a violent cough, which caused much strain, until one day the dog looked dull and would not move any more, On the side where the hernia had been there was a swelling of different nature, dark, tense and painful to the touch. Evidently it was a piece of bowel or omentum strangu- lated. Gersuny’s operation is tried but fails, and castration with removal of the right testicle by covered operation was indicated. It was performed and followed by radical and complete recovery. —(Veter. Journ.) ENTEROTOMY—REMOVAL OF ForEIGN Bopy FROM THE BowEt—Recovery [A. Johnson, M.R.C.VS., and F. Hobday, F.R.C.V.S.|.—Japanese spaniel bitch has had no action from the bowels, notwithstanding castor oil and enemas. She vomited several times and abdominal palpation revealed the presence of a foreign body. » Laparatomy was performed, the dog being put to sleep with morphia, and antiseptic care being taken. The foreign body was found twelve inches behind the stomach, the bowel there being rather inflamed. An incision through the in- testines brought out a smooth pebble about one inch long and half an inch thick. A double row of Lembert’s sutures was ap- plied with fine stitches of silk. Antiseptic care was resorted to, and, with hygienic measures and careful diet, a recovery took place without any unusual event.—(Veter. Journ.) DEATH FROM OBSTRUCTION OF THE BOWEL By A PEBBLE [D. Chasterley, M.R.C.V.S.|.—Aged fox terrier being treated for otorrhea was taken with vomiting which was relieved with subnitrate of bismuth. After a few days he is found in collapse, 236 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, almost unconscious, and extremities cold.. Is revived with stimu- lants. Finally he dies. Post-mortem: The only lesions found were in the large intestines, which were intensely discolored and contained a large pebble one ounce in weight and one and one- half inch in diameter.—(Jbidem. ) FRACTURED Petvis Causep Distoxia [C. W. Tieonsend M.R.C.V.S.|.—Five-year-old mare cannot foal on account of ab- normal small size of the pelvic cavity. She is destroyed. A large callous involving principally the pubic bones and the region round the cotyloid cavity was found, preventing the extraction of the foal. The passage was reduced by nearly one-half its normal width.— ([bidem. ) FRACTURED JAW IN A Horse’ [M. M. Hodgkins and Sons, M.R.C.V.S.].—With a kick the jaw of a mare was fractured in two places. Holes were drilled on each side of the fracture and the pieces of bones brought into position and held together with silver wire. After one month the mare went to work, the wires being left in sitw.—(Ibidem.) INTERESTING FRAcTURE FoLLowinGc A Previous ONE [Clement + Elphice, M.R.C.V.S.|.—History of a bay gelding, thirteen years old, which was a bad worker. He has had three or four falls without any discernible cause. Walks in a peculiar way, the body swaying from one side to the other, with marked platting of the fore and hind legs, and every few yards a drop- ping of the hind quarters. His motion looks rather that of loco- motor ataxia. Backing is difficult. By rest the animal seemed to improve; but finally relapsed. He was destroyed. The post- mortem showed that all the organs were healthy. But there was a large callous on the body of the second lumbar vertebra on the off side and another smaller of more recent formation. There was also a slight protrusion of this last into the vertebral canal.— (Ibid.) CLOACAL ForMATION IN A Bitrcu [H. Brassey Edwards, M.R.C.V.S.\,—Bitch, ten days old, has been unable to pass faeces and nevertheless has taken moderate amount of milk. In the perineal region the prominence usually felt in imperforated anus is missing. Dog is put to sleep. A probe passed into the vulva, a short incision is made over the perineal region above the vulva. But on dissection no trace of the rectum was found. Laparatomy was then decided upon, but before the abdomen could be opened the dog died. At the autopsy the rectum was found to have an ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 237 opening into the neck of the uterus and evidently the dog had been passing fzeces and urine through a common orifice.—( V eter- Journ.) FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautarp, M. D., V. M. EPITHELIOMA OF THE MAMM2, GENERALIZED By CIRCULA- TORY SystEM IN A Stut [Mr. A. Daille|—An old slut had a tumor of the mammez in the inguinal region for which she was operated. An abundant hemorrhage having occurred, another growth situated in the left flank was left for further interference. Two months after recovery from the first operation the animal had become cachectic and soon died. At the post-mortem were found on the left flank, at the deep face of the abdominal muscles, under a much-thickened peritoneum, an enormous growth weighing 3 kilogrammes 650 grammes (over seven pounds) and as big as a man’s head. Suspended to the left psoas muscle and the trans- versalis lumborum it did not extend in the lumbo-sacral arch. The spleen was congested and had a whitish pisiform nodule, similar in aspect to the large one in the abdomen. The kidneys were full in the cortical substance with similar neoplastic no- dules. The lungs contained numerous tumors also. The right semi-tendinosus muscle has one in its femoral portion, which oc- cupies the greatest portion of the fleshy part of the muscle. A subcutaneous abscess, back of the left shoulder and due to a septic injection of artificial serum, had given rise to myositis of the olecranon muscles. The growth of the flank was surrounded by a thick fibrous capsule, sending partitions and forming lodges in which was contained the neoplastic tissue, firm, white-yellow- ish and lardaceous. The nodules of the kidneys and lungs had the aspect of sarcomas. Under the microscope the growths ap- peared made of epithelial cells, with disorganized development. It was an atypical epithelioma, having in places the structure of adeno-epithelioma.— (Revue Veterin. ) A Case oF JAaBot IN THE Horse [MM. Grosjean and Les- bougris, Army Veterinarians |.—This is a peculiar case. In 1904 a horse has colic, accompanied with abundant salivation and re- 238 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. peated movements of mastication. Gastric indigestion is suspect- ed, treated, and in less than an hour the animal is well. Six months later, return of the trouble, but more severe. There are violent pains which last for four hours and ended by the animal coughing through the nostrils food which has not the gastric odor of that which has been in the stomach. Ruptured stomach is suspected. It was an error, as the animal gets well over his trouble. Perhaps we have to deal with a jabot of the cesophagus and hygienic dietetic treatment is prescribed. For two years the condition is about fair, the animal has spells at irregular in- tervals and these seem to occur only when there has been com- mitted an error in his diet. In the last year of the life of the horse he has had about ten attacks. The last one, more severe, was accompanied with rejection of greenish spumosities, and from that day he presented all the symptoms of broncho-pneu- monia which carried him off after eight days of sickness. In making the post-mortem no indication of jabot was found in the thoracic cavity. It was in the abdomen that it existed. Preced- ing immediately the stomach, of which it seemed to be a diverti- culum, it formed an ovoid mass as big as a man’s head which was hard on-pressure. Its walls were formed of a very thin serous and a mucous membrane. There was no muscular tissue involved and the lesion was not a simple dilatation. It was the consequence of a hernia of the mucous through the muscular coat. —(Revue.Veterin. ) PARAPHIMOSIS COMPLICATED WITH GANGRENE IN A Doc [M. Barrat|.—This is not a rare accident in the dog after coitus; although it is not generally serious it may become so, as is proved by this case. Having been left with a slut in season, and satis- fied himself and her, a well-bred dog three days after, besides having paraphymosis, is in a bad condition. His nose is dry, the eyes hollow, belly retracted, no appetite. The penis, which has resumed its normal dimensions, hangs out of the sheath, greenish in some places, in others blackish. The end of the urethra alone is red. The organ is hard and gives the sensation of a dry mass. Back of the swelling of the head of the penis the preputial ring has given rise to a strangulation sufficient to bring on mortification of some tissues but not enough to arrest micturition. The dog urinates normally. Treatment: The dog was secured, the mortified and ready to slough tissues are re- moved or excised, the prepuce is incised so as to enlarge its en- trance and permit the return of the entire penis. Daily wash- ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 239 ings and injections of phenic acid water with substantial tonic treatment brought out a rapid recovery.—(Jbidem. ) HyproMETRY or Hyprops Urert in a Cart [Mr. P. Leblanc]. —Rather uncommon pathological case. A female cat that has had several litters of kittens shows, since several weeks, a much- enlarged abdomen. She eats well, has no cough and is other- wise in apparent good health. However, she has a peculiar ap- pearance. She looks like a balloon. Her abdomen has the shape of a spheroidal mass no matter in what position the cat is placed. The abdomen is not drooping nor fluctuating, as in ascitis, In feeling the abdomen one gets the sensation not of a liquid mass collected in the peritoneum, but more of a big cystic tumor or a large collection occupying in all probability the uterus. An ex- ploring puncture allows the escape of one litre of citrine, aqueous liquid, odorless, but not having altogether the characteristics of an ascitic liquid. The cat is destroyed. The lesions of post- mortem revealed an enormous intrauterine collection. The uterine horns are enormous, communicate together at their emer- gency from the body of the uterus, and both contain one litre of liquid similar to the one obtained with the puncture. The walls of the uterus are thickened; the ovaries and the other or- gans are healthy.—(Journ. de Zootechin.) GANGRENOUS PNEUMONIA COMPLICATED WITH SEPTIC Lo- CALIZED AND Fiprinous PLeuRIsy—Post-MorTEM [A. Chanier, Army Veterinarian |.—Paulonia was a six-year-old mare, which was under treatment for a traumatic exudation of the left haunch, which had been treated by puncture with the actual cautery and a blister. Nothing abnormal occurred for a few days when, towards the tenth day, she looked dull and low-spirit- ed. Perhaps she had been cast during the night, as the hairs of the tail are roughened and the wound of the cautery and blis- ter is raw and bleeding. The temperature is only a little higher. Two days later the aspect has become alarming. Anorexia, great thirst, conjunctiva injected, the forehead is hot while the ears and extremities are cold; serous discharge escapes from the nos- trils. No cough, either spontaneous or by pressure of the throat. Breath odorless. On percussion there is an area of tympanic resonance; respiratory murmur is absent in the lower third of the left lung; no pathological bruit is detected. Heart sounds plainly heard and normal. No sound by succussion. Percus- sion gives the sensation of subcostal liquid collection. Explor- ing puncture gives escape to 1400 grammes of sero-blood clear 240 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, fluid, after which the mare seems relieved. Two days later re- lapse. - The animal throws all her weight on the right lateral biped. There is great hypersensibility of the left costal walls. Several clots of blood have been expelled through the nostrils. Breath is still normal. The left tympanitic resonance still ex- ists. Respiration is louder on the right. New thoracenthesis gives out only 1250 grammes of colored fluid. By exclusion in the differential diagnosis, localized intrathoracic effusion is di- agnosed. The mare died after five days of illness. Post-mortem—Pulmonary lesions. On the anterior lobe of the right lung there is a spherical induration as big as a child’s head, composed of a central zone and a peripherical. This is formed by the splenization of the lung tissue; the other is a cen- ter of pulmonary gangrene, filled with sanious, fcetid mush, where are found bronchia and blood vessels more or less necrosed. The left lung is atelectasied in its antero-inferior region. At the lower part of the gangrenous center there is an opening going through the mediastinum into the left pleural sac, ' and, hence, formation of a large suppurative collection whose cavity is lined by a fibrino-purulent layer, here yellowish and there red brown or dark gray. The heart is normal. Peri- cardium contains 500 grammes of cloudy, reddish fluid. There were also abdominal lesions. The kidneys and the liver had un- dergone softening and degeneration. There were also hemor- rhage, perineal and subperitoneal; also hyperemia of the pelvic curvature of the large colon, ecchymotic spots in the mesentary and a_ wide subcutaneous hemorrhage in the right flank. The muscles were softened and dis- colored, especially those of the hind leg. The march of these manifestations must have occurred as follows: (1) Localized infection of the right lung by a septic foreign body; (2) Gan- grenous pneumonia followed by perforation of the lung and anterior mediastinum with infection of the left pleural sac; (3) General intoxication ending in death.—( Revue Gener. dé Medec. Veter.) HypoprerMic INJECTIONS OF SULPHATE OF VERATRINE [ Mr. Detchevers|.—Some years ago the author published an article on the use of that drug for post-partum inflammatory mammitis. It is a method which has given him and many others excellent results and it deserves to be more generalized. Post-partum mam- mitis implies with the arrest of milky secretion often the loss of a part of the udder and not rarely that of the life of the ani- ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 241 mal. Mr. Detchevers has resorted to those injections as prophy- lactic measures and has had good success. To be efficacious the injection must be made during the febrile initial stage as much as possible. After it, often as early as the next day, the -. mammitis is on the road to resolution. In severe cases it can be renewed without fear. Employed in full febrile stage it has the advantage of not interfering with the milky secretion, not reducing the appetite, nor the rumination. As prophylaxy, the injection must be made two or three days after calving, and it can be renewed every ten days during the critical period; that is, twenty or thirty days after parturition. The dose is from 5 to 8 centigrammes, which can be raised to 10 for large animals. —(Semaine Veter.) GERMAN REVIEW. By J. P. O’LeEary, V. M. D., Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Y. INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING THE PatTHO-HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE LENs IN THE VARIOUS ForMs OF CATARACT IN THE Horse [Dr. Ferd. Mette |.—The author had examined 19 eyes of 13 horses which suffered from cataract. The cause of the cataractic clouding was found in previous attacks of peri- odic ophthalmia (cataracta symptomatica). In some cases the formation of the cataract was attributed in part to old age (cataracta senilis). The well-known classifications: clouding of the lens (cataracta capsularis), clouding of the lens substance (cataracta lenticularis), clouding of the lens capsule and sub- stance (cataracta capsulo-lenticularis), the author found the fol- lowing exceptions: 1st. The pathological changes in the lens capsule consisted: (a) deposits on the anterior of the capsule, (b) the formation of fibrous tissue on the inner surface of the capsule, (c) proliferation of epithelium on the inner surface of the lens. Ina case of cataracta symptomatica, we found on the inner surface of the anterior capsule a deposit of organized fibrous tissue which evidently had formed through fissures in the capsule of the lens. 2nd. On the substance of the lens the following anatomic conditions were perceptible: (a) Extensive sclerosis and destruction of the lens fibres. (b) Vacuole formations. ~(c) Morgagnic bodies. 4 bo ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, (d) Fatty degeneration of the lens fibres. (e) Cholestearin crystals. (£) Calcareous deposits on the lens substance. (g) Hematoiden crystals. (h) Connective tissue degeneration. 3d. In the cataracta capsulo-lenticularis, we find anatomic changes in the lens capsule and substance. In their nature they coincide with the lesions described under 1 and 2. “All the above- mentioned changes are not observed separately, but are found more or less simultaneously on the lens capsule and lens sub- stance.—(Monatsheft fiir praktische Tierheilkunde, XVIII. Band.) AN OuTBREAK OF HERPES TONSURAUS AND TRICHORRHEXIS Noposa, CoNTAGIOUS IN CHARACTER [Vet: H. Schindler and ~ J. Moser|.—These diseases appeared among the remounts of the 5th and 15th dragoon regiments. Herpes tgnsurans affected the greater number of horses in a mild form, and was treated successfully with tincture of iodine. Trichorrhexis nodosa at- tacked 61 per cent. of the remounts. The symptoms were char- acteristic, particularly on the hairs of the tail, and, in some cases, on those of the mane. Numerous whitish-gray spots and nodular swellings were perceptible, at which point the hairs were easily broken. The belly hairs were ravelled and appeared like a hair brush. The body hairs were not affected. In some cases the tail became denuded of hair to such an extent as to deserve the name of rat tail for considerable time. CARBONEUM SULPHURATUM IN THE TREATMENT OF DISTO- matosis [Vet. R. Floris, Gyér|.—During the current year great floods occurred in Hungary, and, as a result, distomatosis ap- peared very frequently in many localities, Hitherto no remedy had been discovered which when given internally would destroy and expel the liver fluke. The treatment of distomatosis former- ly was limited to the liberal use of good, nourishing food in con- junction with bitter medicinal agents and the mineral salts, In many cases 50 per cent. of the animals affected died. In the beginning of this year Chief Veterinarian Julius Taar published the results of his experiments with carboneum sulphuratum on horses affected with intestinal worms. Floris made similar ex- periments in cases of distomatosis. He prescribed carboneum sulphuratum in gelatine capsules, 10-15 grammes pro dosi, The succeeding day the faces were colored a ‘dark brown and had a disagreeable, penetrating odor. At each defecation 5-10 dis- ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, ‘ 243 tomum were visible in the excrement. The above medication was repeated three to four times a week for animals of all ages. During the course of the treatment the animals showed good appetite. No ill-effects from the CS, were observed. The treat- ment is very inexpensive, one dose costs only a few cents.— (Allatorvosi Lapok, 1907, No. 45.) News From GeEorGta.—The work of the State Veterinary Association of Georgia has been rewarded by the enactment of a law creating a State Board of Veterinary Examiners and regu- lating the practice of veterinary medicine, this act being passed by the Legislature on August 1oth, and approved by the Govy- ernor on August 17th. The law requires the endorsement of the State Veterinary Association for the five members of the Board. The candidates were elected by the association on September 3, and were confirmed and officially appointed by Governor Smith on September 17th, being Drs. Anderson, Jago, Jolly, Morris and Schwencke. The new examining board met for organization on October 7th, drew lots for terms of office and elected Dr. Anderson, of Macon, president; Dr. Jago, of Athens, vice-president; and Dr. Schwencke, of Thomasville, secretary. The first regular ex- amining session of the board will be held in Atlanta, on De- eember 22d, to issue licenses for practice in Georgia. The law requires all persons who profess to be veterinarians and who charge for their services, to be properly licensed, under penalty of fine and imprisonment. The fee required for examination is $10.00, and the license when once issued is permanent. Candi- dates holding diplomas from recognized veterinary colleges are licensed upon payment of the same fee, by showing proof of graduation. The examining board depends solely upon the fees for travel and other expenses of the work, so the task will be largely a labor for the good of the cause. But the members of the pro- fession are elated over this recognition and help, and feel con- fident that it will be the source of much good in the near future. During the same session of the Legislature, a bill for the establishment of a State Live Stock Sanitary Board and appoint- ment of a regular State Veterinarian, met an untimely death at the hands of the Agricultural Committee, and was reported un- favorably to the House, on account of an appropriation clause of $2.000. A similar bill will be introduced at the next session, which we sincerely trust will meet with a better fate. CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. #4: EDITOR: OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, DEPARTMENT OF AGRI- CULTURE. The United States Civil Service Commission announces an examination on November 24-25, 1908, at the places mentioned in a list printed by the Commission, to secure eligibles from which to make certification to fill a vacancy in the position of editor in charge of the departments of entomology, economic zoology, and veterinary science, in the Experiment Station Record, Office of Experiment Stations, Department of Agricul- ture, at $1,500 per annum, and vacancies requiring similar quali- fications as they may occur in that Department. The examination will consist of the subjects mentioned be- low, weighted as indicated: Subjects. Weights. 1. Spelling (twenty words of more than average dif- OME: no. ke Bee ais N b's we Wi sad bem etl ae Cue 3 2. Arithmetic (fundamental rules, fractions, percent- age, interest, discount, analysis, and statement of Siinple ACCOUNTS) i... Padi Vealiae Se Ie ee 3 3. Penmanship (the handwriting of the competitor in the subject of letter-writing will be considered with special reference to the elements of legibility, rapidity, neatness, general appearance, etc.).... 3 4. Letter-writing (a letter of not less than 150 words on some subject of general interest. Competitors miay select either of two subjects given)....... 6 5. Copying from rough draft (the writing of a smooth copy of rough-draft manuscript, including the correction of all errors of spelling, capitalization, SYA, CCH. cp se aN bo she oe Aline eS 5 6. Editing and: abstracting 24 [026/60 ui se ities 10 7. Proof-reading and indexing.........0.sseee000. 10 8. Special subject—(a) Economic zoology and veter- inary science, or (b) Animal husbandry and dairying 3065 fs. sd AGeks o sebes SOS 40 9. Training and experience (rated on application).... 20 Totabec so evi valde ois Fae ce ete al 100 " a | CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 245 A rating of at least 70 per cent. in the special subject chosen is required for eligibility. Some knowledge of French and German is required, and the candidate’s proficiency in these languages will be considered in the rating for training and experience. The position to be filled as the result of this examination re- quires a man of special qualifications, including not only funda- mental knowledge in the subject chosen, but considerable ad- vanced training, and general familiarity with its literature. Two days will be required for this examination. Age limit, 20 years or over ‘on the date of the examination. This examination is open to all citizens of the United States who comply with the requirements. This announcement contains all information which is com- municated to applicants regarding the scope of the examination, the vacancy or vacancies to be filled, and the qualifications re- quired. Applicants should at once apply either to the United States Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C., or to the secre- tary of the board of examiners at any place mentioned in the list printed by the Commission, for application Form 1312. No application will be accepted unless properly executed and filed with the Commission at Washington. In applying for this ex- amination the exact title as given at the head-of this announce- ment should be used in the application. As examination papers are shipped direct from the Commis- sion to the places of examination, it is necessary that applications be received in ample time to arrange for the examination desired -at the place indicated by the applicant. The Commission will therefore arrange to examine any applicant whose application is received in time to permit the shipment of the necessary papers. CHIEF, CATTLE AND GRAIN pee FIGATION LABORATORY. The United States Civil Service Commission announces an examination on November 9, 1908, to secure eligibles from which to make certification to fill a vacancy in the position of chief in the cattle and grain investigation laboratory, Bureau of Chem- 246 CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. istry, Department of Agriculture, at $2,500 per annum, or less, and vacancies requiring similar qualifications as they may occur. Men only will be admitted to this examination. Competitors will not be assembled for any of the tests. The examination will consist of the subjects mentioned be- low, weighted as indicated: Subjects. zy Weights. 1: Education and tramine (3 )e. 0 i 40 2. Practical experience in the examination of cattle food materials, grains, cattle remedies, and in the enforcement of state feeding-stuff laws........ 40 3. Original contribution to the literature of cattle food and grain analysis and composition, or essay on “ The Enforcement of a Feeding-Stuff Law’”’.. 20 Tal ANS AR ee 100 Age limits, 25 to 45 years on the date of the examination. The examination is open only to applicants of mature years, whose education and training are such as to enable them to carry on and direct original work in cattle foods and grains and to aid in administering the National Food and Drugs Act in so far as it applies to cattle foods. This examination is open to all ctizens of the United States who comply witli the requirements. This announcement contains all information which is com- municated to applicants regarding the scope of the examination, the vacancy or vacancies to be filled, and the qualifications re- quired. Applicants should at once apply to the United States Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C., for application Form 304 and special form. No application will be accepted unless properly executed and filed, in complete form, with the mate- rial required, with the Commission at Washington, prior to the hour of closing business on November 9, 1908. In applying for this examination the exact title as given at the head of this an- nouncement should be used in the application. Tue veterinarians of Saskatchewan will approach the new legislature and endeavor to get a bill through the coming session. At the present time an ordinance is in force admitting veterina- rians to practice on payment of a fee of $15 provided they are graduates of a college approved by the A. V. M. A. ; ie 1a i i-4 i 9 ; 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 3 ANIMAL PARASITES AND Parasitic Diseases. By B. F. Kaupp, D.V.S., Instructor in Parasitology, Kansas City Veterinary College; late Veter- inary Inspector, Bureau of Anima] Industry, United States Department of Agriculture; Secretary of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Associa- _ tion; late President of the Missouri State Veterinary Medical As- sociation, etc. 207 pages, 73 illustrations. Chicago, Alexander Eger, 1908 Parasitism is becoming a highly important study accessory to the vast field of bacteriology and bio-pathology, a thorough knowledge of which is essential to the veterinarian whether in private practice or engaged in veterinary sanitary work. The study of parasites as the cause of irritation, depletion and exhaustion interfering directly with the functions of the organs they invade is not sufficient for the modern practitioner. - He must know in what way they contribute to the production of toxins which interfere with vital functions, but what most concerns the sanitarian is the fact that certain parasites are the bearers of dangerous microbian infection from animal to animal and from animal to man. Students have been greatly handicapped in pursuing the study of animal parasites and parasitic diseases for the want of a suitable text-book, having to depend largely upon such in- complete notes as they were able to take from lectures. Therefore, a hook that gives the essentials in a concise and comprehensive manner will be helpful to the student and appre- ciated by the profession in general. While Dr. Kaupp, in his treatment of the subject, has made no attempt at exhaustiveness, he has been remarkably successful in presenting the essentials of parasitology in a simple and con- cise manner, adapted to the student and others interested in the subject. He has condensed much valuable data in one small volume and his classification is comprehensive and well adapted for the purposes intended. ; Dr. Kaupp has had twelve years’ experience in teaching para- sitology. In the preface to his book he says that he has long felt the want of a concise text-book incorporating the names of the common parasites of domestic animals. The work is di- vided into four chapters, treating the following subjects, viz. : External parasites, internal parasites, protozoa and the prep- aration of specimens. 247 248 BIBLIOGRAPHY, The names of parasites are arranged in tabular form at the © beginning of each of the first three chapters. In the first column — of the table will be found the Branch; in the second the Class; in the third the Order; in the fourth the Family, and in the | last the Genus and ‘Species, names by which we know the para- — sites. By reference to this table one can trace each species at a — glance down through the classification to the starting point— — the Branch. Each parasite is dealt with in the order of the tabulation. The facts about each are noted under the headings: Synonym, Distribution, Description, Life Cycle, Animals Infested, Parts Infested, C onditions Produced (pathological anatomy), Symp- toms, and Treatment when the latter is of any avail. His student, Mr. C. D. Folse, has greatly aided the author in illustrating the book by making pen drawings from the more common parasites in his collection. These are natural size and according to measurements. The photomicrographs are made by the author himself with an ordinary kodak over the ocular lens of the microscope and given time exposure. In short, Dr. Kaupp’s book contains in brief all about the common parasites and is worthy a place in every veterinarian’s library. The work of the publisher leaves nothing to be de- sired, the paper, letterpress, illustrations and binding being uni- formly good. ee eve Se Oe ae ee ee a i —— =e ee Pe, ee Dr. Kaupp has recently accepted a professorship in the Veter- — inary Department of the Colorado State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts at Fort Collins, Colorado. We bespeak a large circulation for his excellent book. Tue Veterinary Department of the Colorado Agricultural College is now making and distributing Black Leg Vaccine to the farmers and stockmen of Colorado. They expect very soon through the Experiment Station to take up the work of Hog Cholera Serum as recommended by the Department of Agricul- ture, Tue Colorado Veterinary Medical Association met at the State Capitol, Denver, on the 24th ult., to consider needed legis- lation. The law as it now stands permits anyone to practice veterinary medicine, surgery or dentistry, providing he does not in any way advertise as a veterinarian, The law has proved to be entirely inadequate, and an amend- ment will be asked for, Py ig BAF SOCIETY MEETINGS. INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON: TUBERCULOSIS. The Review begs to offer its readers a brief report of the . transactions of the International Congress on Tuberculosis held in Washington, D. C., from September 28 to October 12, and | especially of those of Section VII., in which veterinarians of | national and international reputation took leading parts. The sessions of this section, which were of the highest value, dealt _ with the very important subject of “ Tuberculosis of Animals ' and Its Relation to Man.”’ It is not necessary to dwell upon the significance of the latter portion of this subject, but it should be mentioned that there was no question discussed at the con- _ gress m which a greater interest was manifested than in this one. Koch’s position on the question of the relationship of bovine — and human tuberculosis is well known to all veterinarians and with his presence at this congress it was thought probable that the relation and the danger of animal tuberculosis to man, whether through milk or otherwise, would be definitely established. This phase of the subject as well as the economical side of animal _ tuberculosis chiefly concerned Section VII., and we cannot re- | frain from congratulating the veterinarians who participated for the excellency and high character of their work, which was noted all through the transactions. It is difficult now even to estimate _ the amount of benefit which will be derived from this congress. However, it seems from the character of the papers and discus- sions that with the energetic and thorough work now undertaken _ by the municipal, state and federal health and sanitary depart- - ments, it will be possible not only to check the spread of tuber- _ culosis but to considerably diminish it. The opening session of the scientific program of the congress _ took place on September 28, on which occasion addresses were made by the official representatives of the various foreign coun- tries. Secretary Cortelyou presided as a representative of Presi- _ dent Roosevelt, who was the president of the congress. This session was very impressive and will be, without a doubt, a : _ pleasant recollection to all those who.were in attendance. Prac- _ tically every civilized nation was represented, sending their great- est specialists for the good cause of aiding in the determined fight against tuberculosis, the greatest menace to the development and prosperity of every country. 249 250 - SOCIETY MEETINGS, After the ceremonies of the formal opening were concluded the various sections went to work in the different halls to carry out their extensive programs. ee 3H .- SAMUEL H, BURNETT AND CHARLES D. PEARCE, each side of the face there was an ulcer which was discharging | a purulent fluid of a yellowish-white color. There was also a unilateral, thin, slightly opaque, nasal discharge from the left nostril. This animal gave a strong agglutination reaction 1 ;800 . and was destroyed. Red corpuscles, 6,000,000; leucocytes, 16,- 000; lymphocytes, 11 per cent.; large mononuclears, 5 per cent.; polymorphs, 82 per cent.; eosins, .45 per cent’; mast cells, .5_ per cent. The red corpuscles are diminished. The leucocytes are much increased, a marked polymorphonuclear leucocytosis. The number of large mononuclears is high, about double the normal. Case No. 9.—Gray draft gelding, weighing about 1,600 pounds. | Five years of age. No external symptoms could be found. He gave a positive agglutination reaction 1:800; but did not react to mallein. Red corpuscles, 6,500,000; leucocytes, 6,500; lym- phocytes, 24 per cent.; large mononuclears, 6.9 per cent.; poly- morphs, 61 per cent.; eosins, 6.3 per cent.; mast cells, .59 per cent. The red corpuscles show a diminished number. The total number of leucocytes and the percentages of the several varieties except. the eosinophiles are normal. The eosins are increased. Case No. 10.—Bay draft gelding, weighing about 1,650 pounds, five years old. The submaxillary gland was enlarged and very painful on palpation. Animal did not eat well and had a temperature of 103 degrees. The agglutination test was posi-_ tive 1:800. Red corpuscles, 6,400,000; leucocytes, 14,000; lym- phocytes, 19 per cent.; lare mononuclears, 3.7 per cent.; poly- morphs, 74 per cent.; eosins, .7 per cent. ; mast cells, .7 per cent. | The examination shows a diminution of the red corpuscles and a polymorphonuclear leucocytosis. The leucocytes also show an increased number. | Case No, 11.—Bay draft gelding, advanced in years, weigh- ing about 1,500 pounds, much emaciated. There were painful | lymphatic nodules over the chest and forelegs. Some of these were suppurating and discharging while others appeared as tume- factions. Animal refused to eat and had a temperature of 104 _ degrees. He gave a positive agglutination reaction, 1:8co and SF SI a RRR OT rT TE BY APE Tila alan A CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD OF GLANDERED HORSES, 345 was destroyed. Red corpuscles, 4,195,000; leucocytes, 8,666; lymphocytes, 23 per cent.; large mononuclears, 5.5 per cent. ; polymorphs, 68 per cent.; eosins, 1.2 per cent.; mast cells, .7 per cent. The red corpuscles show a marked diminution. The leuco- _ cytes are somewhat increased. in number, the increase being in the polymorphonuclears. Case No. 12.,—Buckskin gelding, ett about 1,250 pounds, advanced in years. When first seen it was thought that _ the animal was suffering from pleurisy, was treated accordingly and later brought to the hospital. About the third day after coming to the hospital he broke out with lymphatic swellings over the neck, chest and fore limbs and a hi-lateral, dirty, opaque dis- charge from the nostrils set in. Temperature remained about | 105 degrees. The blood gave a strong agglutination reaction, 1:800. Later the animal was destroyed. He was apparently taken with an attack of acute glanders. Red corpuscles, 5,600,- 000; leucocytes, 25,000; lymphocytes, 9 per cent.; large mono- - nuclears, 5.4 per cent.; polymorphs, 85 per cent.; eosins, none; mast cells, none. The red corpuscles are much saducec ‘Com- pare with the condition in Case No. 3. There is a marked poly- - morphonuclear leucocytosis. The number of large mononuclears is also increased. No eosinophiles were observed. Case No. 13.—Brown gelding roadster, weighing about 1,000 1 pounds, and fifteen years of age. The history of the case was _ that the animal was not eating. Temperature was found to be 103 degrees. There was a slight nasal discharge and on the _ septum were scars which appeared to be healed glanders ulcers. The blood gave a positive agglutination reaction, 1:800. Red | corpuscles, 4,700,000; leucocytes, 8,000; lymphocytes, 23 per , cent.; large mononuclears, 5.7 per cent.; polymorphs, 68 per _ cent.; eosins, 2.2 per cent.; mast cells, .5 per cent. The number of red corpuscles is much below the normal. The leucocytes are i somewhat increased, the increase being in the polymorpho- _ nuclears. Case No. 14.—Buckskin draft gelding, weighing about 1,600 pounds and twelve to fourteen years of age. Animal was con- _ siderably run down by hard work, but showed no symptoms of 346 SAMUEL H, BURNETT AND CHARLES D. PEARCE, glanders. This was one of the reactors in a stable that was tested by the agglutination method; reacted 1:800. Red corpuscles, 7,428,000 ; leucocytes, 12,000; lymphocytes, 13 per cent.; large mononuclears, 4.6 per cent.; polymorphs, 80 per cent.; : costal .57 per cent.; mast cells, .3 per cent. In this case the cubes of | red corpuscles is high considering that the animal was not in good condition; but the number is within the normal limits for a horse. There is a marked polymorphonuclear leucocytosis, the other varieties being present in normal numbers. Case No. 15.—Gray draft gelding, advanced in years and weighing about 1,500 pounds. When first seen the animal was_ not eating well and had a temperature of 103 degrees F. The | blood was tested and found to react at a dilution of 1:800. When this reaction was reported another physical examination was made. — In the meantime the animal had developed small lymphatic swell- ings on the neck, breast and fore limbs. He was then tested | with mallein, showing a typical reaction. Later the animal was destroyed. -Red corpuscles, 6,500,000; leucocytes, 10,000; lym-_ phocytes, 12 per cent.; large mononuclears, 3.4 per cent. ; poly- | morphs, 82 per cent.; eosins, .5 per cent.; mast cells, .19 per cent. The red cptpliitles are diminished. There is a well-marked — polymorphonuclear leucocytosis. Case No, 16.—Bay draft gelding about 8 years old, in good — condition and weighing about 1,500 pounds. The animal had a_ viscid, unilateral, nasal discharge. The submaxillaty gland on— the same side was enlarged and indurated. The blood gave a _ positive agglutination reaction; a few days later a mallein test — was made, with a typical reaction. Later the discharge ceased. — The horse is now at work and is apparently well. The examina- — tion of the blood gave the following: Red corpuscles, 6,972,000; hemoglobin, 76 per cent. ; leucocytes, 8,444; lymphocytes, 23.8 , per cent.; large mononuclears, 5.2 per cent.; polymorphs, 67.6_ per cent.; eosins, 3.2 per cent.; mast cells, .2 per cent. This — shows a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin and a moderate increase in the number of leucocytes, The increase is mainly in~ the polymorphonuclears, the other varieties showing little,, if 7 | variation from the normal numbers. ) { 4 A CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD OF GLANDERED HORSES. 347 The following tables, I and II, show the number of red cor- puscles, leucocytes and the percentages of the several. varieties of leucocytes in the cases examined: TasLte I—Numbers of Red Corpuscles and Leucocytes in Cases of Glanders in Horses. Case Red Leuco- No. Sex. Age. Temp. Corpuscles. cytes. Remarks. : a 8) Re fluct. 6148000 6640 no symptoms 2° oF 10 perst. 6174000 9555 submax. gl. enlarged, ulcers. 9 vs Old =. 105 7730000 20750 nasal discharge, submax. gl. Pe enlarged, emaciated. ere Pea”. 303 6500000 6000 submax. gl. enlarged, nasal dis- charge, gg 14 102 6500000 9422 few farcy buds. 6 ¢g 15 102 7142000 7600 no symptoms. Aas 10 102 6300000 12000 no symptoms. : ee ee 105.4 6280000 15000 — typical mallein reaction. Souk) s old. 1045 6000000 16000 ulcers on face, nasal discharge. : 5 norm. 6500000 6500 no symptoms. 10 g 103 6400000 14000 submax. gl. enlarged. ir g old 104 4195000 8666 emaciated, farcy. 12 gold 105 5600000 25000 nasal discharge, farcy, 13° g 1S 103.5 4700000 8000 slight discharge, scars. I4 g 13 2 hee 7428000 12000 no symptoms, 15 g tn 103 6500000 10000-~—s small lymph. swellings. I g norm. 6972000 8444 viscid discharge. — Tas_e II.—Differential Counts of Leucocytes in Cases of Glanders in Horses. c og Varieties of Leucocytes. Ze RP Er t ~ v Ss Lympho- Large & oa cytes. Monuclears. Polymorph. Eosins. Mast Cells. J % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. Haq” 390° 1992 S.8. 388. GI.) aoe 138 40 & BS OSH5) 18> F740" $6; S3S.- 1 73 6075 2.9 277 Be ae 3 20750 15 3113 4.5 934 8o. 16600 Nn 7. .28 4 000 "40° % ‘TF: 660 = s8. 3480 0.9 54 3 18 5 0422 22 2074 10. 942 65. 6124 I 44 .-4 Q 6 7600 2 1076 7.8 503 55. Me 0.) O14... .5... B 7 12000 14. 1680 yy See ee 9480 1.3 156 ae 36 o- FRO) 32° '' 1800 3. 450. &4. 12600 0.090 14 .16 24 8 16000 11 1760 5. 82 13120 0.45 72 5 80 9. 6500 24 1560 6.9 440 61 3065 6.3 410 59 «38 10 14000 19 2660 3.7: Biee a. 10360 0.7 98 7 98 II 8666 23 1993 5.5 477 68. 5804 1.2 104 7 61 I2 25000 9 2250 5.4 1350 8s. 21250 area ee 13 8000 23 1840 S.7 | 4865 68. 5440 2.2 176 5 40 14 12000 13 1560 4.6)°:85a):) Sb: 600 0.57 68 3 36 I5 10000 12 1200 3-4 340 82. 8200 0.5 50 19 6-19 16 8444 23.8 2010 $25.40 e> 67:6 5708 3.2 270 2 17 348 SAMUEL H, BURNETT AND CHARLES D. PEARCE. Summary.—Only two of the cases had a normal count of red corpuscles. These two cases were so slightly affected that no clinical symptoms were observed. In one case, a very pro- nounced one, there was polycythemia. In all of the others there was anemia. The lowest count was 4,195,000. In four cases the leucocytes were practically normal. In these four cases there were no clinical symptoms observed, except in case No. 4 a sticky nasal discharge which dried up later. One of these cases, No. 9, did not react to mallein. The other cases show more or less leucocytosis, the increase being in each case mainly or entirely in the polymorphonuclears. One case exam- ined during the mallein reaction showed a considerable increase in the polymorphonuclears over the number present the day be- fore. The worst cases were those showing the most marked leucocytosis. There were also cases having a marked leuco- cytosis; but showing no easily detected symptoms of glanders. It is unfortunate that post-mortem examinations of these cases could not be made. It would have assisted a great deal in inter- preting the examinations of the blood. However, it seems from the marked increase in the leucocytes that the disease was actively progressing in these cases, Nos. 7 (1st exam.). and 14. In Nos. 1 and 9 there were no gross clinical symptoms and no changes of importance in the blood. In No. 4 there was a unilateral, nasal discharge and enlarged submaxillary lymph gland on one side while the leucocytes were normal. The nasal discharge had dried up a month later. The blood in this case gave information of prognostic value. Such a result, it seems, might be expected considering the lack of changes in the blood. It is hoped that studies of the changes in the circulating blood may be made of a large number of cases of glanders. These examinations strongly suggest that the blood may afford valuable information as to the extent of the disease or at least as to whether the disease is actively progressive or not. These examinations also suggest that the examination of the blood is valuable in examination for soundness. Finding the blood as A CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD OF GLANDERED HORSES. 349 in case No. 14, for example, shows that that animal is not sound. The condition of the blood in such a case is not diag- nostic of glanders; but it shows that something serious is the matter. An animal showing such changes in the blood could not be certified as being sound. A Surpwreck.—Muggins, gazing intently at a dead dog, in a resigned tone at last said: “Here is another shipwreck.” “ Shipwreck! Where?” blurted out Juggins. “Where, my dear friend?” quoted M. “ There is a bark lost forever.” Juggins growled and passed on.—(London Fun.) New Jersey ComMMIssion Witt PurRCHASE STALLIONS IN France.—Dr. T. Earle Budd, of Orange, E. T. Gill, of Haddon- field, and Professor F. C. Minckler, of New Brunswick, sailed for France the early part of November as a State Commission, to purchase stallions to improve the class of horses for farmers’ uses in New Jersey. After examining 195 horses in the state, the commission found them too light in weight and otherwise deficient in qualities desired. Dr. Budd will visit Professor Liau- tard while in France. ANIMALS IN Art.—“ Sheep are in strong demand in the pic- ture market,” said the manager of a department store art gal- lery. “If I were a painter of animal studies I would confine my work entirely to pictures of sheep. They sell better than any other animal pictures. I suppose the reason is that sheep lend themselves to more artistic poses than other quadruped subjects. They can be more effectively grouped, and the contour of their bodies is in soft and rounded lines well adapted to artistic work. Then sentiment is a factor in the popularity of these pictures. The women and children always are attracted by them, especially by pictures of sheep lost in a storm, which appeal to their sym- pathies. Cows are a poor second to sheep in popularity, and the demand for horses is very light. The horse is a somewhat conventional subject and one very difficult to portray artistically, while the sheep can be easily and effectively introduced into a picture.” —(Philadelphia Record.) THE BIER TREATMENT. By Pror,. Simon J. J. Harcer, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Read at the 45th Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical _ Association, Philadelphia, 1908. Although the passive hypereemia or stauungs-hyperemie of — Bier has been but little employed and is of unknown value in — veterinary surgery, I am led to present this paper because com- — parative therapeusis permits us to borrow certain remedial 4 measures from the physician, and vice versa, and often with ~ much success. | 7 a The therapeutic effect of active hyperemia, increased blood — irrigation, is well-known and its modus operandi will be spoken E of later. When a part suffers an infection or a solution of con- tinuity, reactive inflammation with hyperemia follows. This, — though classed as a pathologic phenomenon, pathology teaches — us, is of therapeutic sequence—protective and reparative—pre- 4 venting further infection and repairing the injured tissues. ; To combat, therefore, an inflammation too actively, though a this is often the first resort, is not scientific treatment and op- — poses itself to Nature’s healing power unless congestive statis — is of such extreme acuteness as to pass beyond the stage re- | quired by Her. The surgeon has for a long time unknowingly imitated na- — ture’s method by the use of friction (massage), revulsives, lini- — ments, vesicants, hot air, hot water, Priesnitz’ dressing, the — thermo-regulator of Ullmann, photo-therapy, the actual cautery, — etc. Applied over an inflamed joint, tendon or muscle, these cure — by increasing the congestion and inflammation of the parts. The — actual cautery successfully applied to a spavin or a splint quickens the ostitis and léads to early anchylosis, In side bones it hastens — the ossifying process. The nicety of judgment in “ firing” a spavin consists in not producing too little irritation but what the co-ossification will be completed and yet not too much to in- 850 THE BIER TREATMENT. 351 cite an arthritis in adjacent bones unaffected. Exostoses of the phalanges involving the superficial bony layers and brought in close proximity to the cautery are quite amen- able to treatment. With an interarticular extension, on the other hand, the diseased epiphyseal cartilage is too large, too deep- seated, and the effects of the cautery too superficial to result in speedy anchylosis. We call such treatment counter-irritation, and yet, how falsely! It is local excitation, intensification rather than counter- irritation; the very antithesis of the word-meaning. A cup ap- plied to the chest wall draws the blood to the surface; but the pleura over a corresponding area also becomes congested. Cau- terization of skin of the back induces congestion of the deep muscles, vertebre, menenges and spinal cord. lIodin and local astringents acts by virtue of reactive congestion. Cold irriga- tion causes primarily vasomotor constriction and anemia fol- lowed by vasomotor paralysis and increased blood flow to the part. The practical uses of active hyperemia, though misin- terpreted in meaning, are, therefore, not new to us. Bier, formerly of Bonn, now of Berlin, aims at the same re- sults by creating passive congestion or blood stasis in diseases of the extremities by mechanical compression. He encircles the arm or leg on the proximal side of the diseased area with an elastic bandage. This was spoken of in a fragmentary way by Ambrose Paré in 1875, Nicoladoni and Helferich, but Bier systematized and developed it. It has the advantage over active hyperemia in that it is painless and transmits its effects to deep-seated tis- sues. He conceived this idea from the absence on post-mortem of active tuberculous lesions in lungs with hemal stasis due to heart disease; on the other hand, in left-sided stenosis, restricting the blood to the lungs (anemia), the latter were very prone to be actively tuberculous. This method has been used by medical men of Europe and America in the most varied kinds of affections, and certainly with superior results. It is ecommmic and simple of application and - 352 SIMON J. J. HARGER. has revolutionized surgical therapeutics. Ice, scarifications, the vertical position, sedative and antiphlogistic remedies (anti- phlogosis) are thrown to the winds. The same vascular exci- tation that was supposedly restrained by such means is now a teleologic factor in organic repair. The so-called antiphlogistics, when. efficacious, act through hyperemia after a temporary ischemia. Local sedatives are useful only when nature passes to the point of producing a total arrest of circulation. The compression is made with an Esmarch bandage, rubber webbing and tubing, piece of suspender, or elastic tourniquet. Two or three turns of the band should overlap, to prevent ex- cessive pressure at one point, and shifted up and down on suc- cessive days. The following points may be observed: (1) Apply the bandage as far away from the ‘diseased tissue as possible (arm and thigh in man); (2) It should not be painful or un- comfortable, shown by uneasiness, pawing and biting. A pain- ful bandage is one not properly applied; (3) The superficial veins and lymphatics are compressed, the deep ones and the arteries unmolested. There should be arterial pulsations on the distal side; (4) CEdema or “ cold congestion ’’ must be avoid- ed. The leg should remain warm; (5) Where the skin lies against a resisting surface pressure-necrosis must be avoided; (6) Moderate pressure gives the best results; (7) When cedema appears, remove bandage and massage the region; (8) Reapply the bandage after the cedema has subsided. The points of elec- tion in the horse are the canons, forearm, elbow, tibial region. The duration of the application is modified by the tension of the bandage, the regional anatomic disposition, the nature of the affection and the stage of the treatment—two to ten hours and even longer, and shorter periods toward recovery; in the horse, for ten to eighteen hours; in the dog not well determined. Therapeutic Application.—The Bier hyperemia was first em- ployed in tubercular arthritis. The patient obtained rapid relief, and joints which called for resection and amputation were made useful. = — —" PPV Papen EW Sear a THE BIER TREATMENT. 353 } i bi ; fi y t Ne In erysipelas, parotitis, sinusitis (frontal and antral), coryza, necrosis of facial bones, parulic fistula of the teeth and matoid- itis, a rubber band is applied around the neck for twenty out of twenty-four hours or until facial cedema is manifested. In acute pharyngitis the pain soon subsides and the patient is able to swallow. Maxillary fistula has been so treated without surgical interference. In orchitis a rubber band is placed around the scrotum. Bierism is most recommended in acute infections and pus for- mations in the extremities. These include suppurating joints, articular synovial fistula with intense pain, suppuration of ten- dons and their bursa, bone fistula, white swelling, compound frac- ture of the phalanges, furunculosis, panaris (felon), osteomy- elitis, operative and infected wounds of all kinds. Infections of fingers and hand with a tendency to spread up the arm, like those contracted during bovine parturition, can be aborted, after a proper surgical dressing, by passing a small rubber band around the base of the finger or the forearm. Suppurative processes of the large articulations, synovials and tendons have given the most brilliant results in comparison with the routine surgical treatment. The bandage is maintained for as many hours—twenty and even twenty-four daily. The pain ceases, pus formation, after a temporary access, subsides, fis- tulas dry up without curetting and providing for drainage, and the articular functioning is restored. Phlegmons and osteomy- elitis have been treated successfully. Dr. Alfred Gordon has ameliorated and in a few instances cured neuroses like writer’s, pianist’s and telegrapher’s cramp, acroparethesia, erythromelalgia and tic of the neck associated with an impoverished local blood supply. Much of the success depends upon securing the proper degree of stasis. Effects of Hyperemia.—(1) Hypereemia, active or passive, is an analgesic, a local nerve sedative and relieves pain. This is known from experience. 354 SIMON J. J. HARGER. (2) It is bactericidal. The blood from the compressed part shows, in vitro, greater bactericidal properties than the normal blood. The theory of phagocytosis of Metchnikoff is well known. Leyden and Lazarus have found in the hyperzemic area an in- tense leucocytosis and an increase of the bacteriolytic elements of the blood, such as opsonins, lysins, alexins, coagulins, agglutins, etc. According to Dr. J. C. Hollister, it is principally a con- dition of hyperopsonization. He found that the opsonic index of the blood serum exuding from a diseased area is less than normal—(1) about .5. After hyperzemic stasis begins, the op- sonic index rises to approach that of the general circulation. Bier has also shown by exploratory puncture that abscesses giving pure cultures of staphylococci become sterile in a short time after applying the band. (3) It opposes itself to generalized toxemia from toxin ab- sorption: (1) The elastic band closes the absorbing channels— veins and lymphatics; (2) Toxins imprisoned in the tissues for some time lose their poisonous effects. If a fatal dose of strychnia be injected into the leg of a guinea pig supporting an Esmarch bandage, the latter can be removed at the end of from one to four hours with impunity (Czylhaz). If, likewise, rab- bits are injected with virulent streptococci, only 25 per cent. are fatal; the survivors are not immune. This shows that the toxin not only fails to manifest its immediate effects, but that its properties are destroyed in situ. ‘ Veterinary practice.—When we come to speak of the Bier treatment in veterinary practice, we do not have at our com- mand the data which the physician has. Our information must be collected from the isolated experiences of a few continental veterinarians. In the domestic animals, especially in equines, we find numerous lesions of the extremities which actually cause death or reduce their economic value by impairment of function and blemish, such as arthritis, synovitis, open-joint broken knees, suppuration of tendons and synovials, contusions, subcoronary abscess, diffuse coronary suppuration and deep penetrating street naif. THE BIER TREATMENT. 855 Roder, of Dresden, declares passive hyperemia most effica- cious in traumatisms of the coronary region and mild phlegmons; also to promote healthy granulations after resection of the lateral cartilages. He found it less useful in large diffuse phlegmons and tendonitis. The ligaturing is maintained six to eight hours at first, and, if pain is not relieved, twelve to eighteen hours. Parent has obtained excellent results. He employs an elastic band 3 mm. thick, 3 cm. wide and 1 metre long for eighteen hours, renewed after twelve hours. It is applied 10 centimeters above the diseased articulation. He cites: (1) Deep, irregular wound of knee, much pus, enormous swelling, walking on three legs, no appetite, arthritis suspected. Classical treatment failed. Applied ligature. -Next day improved, swelling less, eating; daily improvement, and at end of eight day only a small wound which cicatrized rapidly remained. (2) Painful suppurating wound on outside of hock, with fever (39.3°C) and anorexia. In eight days cicatrization was almost complete. Kunnemann employed the elastic ligature of Bier with suc- cess several times in diseases of the members in dog. However, he questions its everyday use in veterinary practice on account of the complexity of the technique and the difficulty of regulating the tension. Mammitis in woman is successfully treated by cupping, an- other means of inducing passive hyperemia. This disease, com- mon in diverse forms in milch cattle, often leads to the de- struction of one or more quarters. Cups large enough to cover one or two quarters, and even the whole udder, the last giving the best results, are exhausted with a small vacuum pump. Walter had remarkable success in three cases of parenchyma- tous mastitis in cows. One was as follows: Udder (left half) swollen, hard, painful, skin stretched, red, hot, anorexia, tem- perature 4o° C. After oiling the skin, the glass was adjusted - over both quarters, and, after. producing a marked raising of _ the skin, remained suspended for five minutes; a small quantity _ of yellow milk was aspirated. This was repeated twice at ten- 356 SIMON J. J. HARGER. minute intervals. On the second day there was more milk, the — udder was smaller and softer. The cup was applied for ten minutes at fifteen-minute intervals. The milk increased and — was frequently drawn. The third day the appetite had returned — and no treatment was necessary, This should also be efficacious in purulent collection of the lacteal sinus. Sturham speaks also of the good results. obtained in two cases of diffuse phlegmon of the leg in the horse caused by contusions. Schmidt, of the Vienna School, made the most systematic | study of the method of Bier in animals. He relates his experi- ence in six cases of trauma of the coronet; seven of suppurative inflammation of the great sesamoid sheath, with more or less success; also in inflammation of the perforans and perforatus, street-nail, necrosis of the podophyllous tissue with cartilaginous quittor, without appreciable results. Two cases of penetrating wound of the phalangeal articula- tions with synovial discharge were cured in twenty-one and twenty-five days respectively, after routine treatment had failed. A third was a complete failure. The band was applied on alter- nate days above and below the knee and hock. A few patients would not tolerate the band. In a purulent synovitis of a hind fetlock joint which had become aggravated after a week of antiseptic treatment, Lemine — and Ducrotoy secured cicatrization of the fistula in fifteen days, although the mare was still lame. The band, which temporarily increased the cedema, was maintained for twelve hours daily and gradually reduced to two hours. All symptoms were at once ameliorated. . In a second case of traumatic synovitis of the bursa of the extensor pedis with inflammatory swelling of the knee from a fall, a recovery was effected in four days. A third one of throm- bosis of the internal saphena vein with intense lameness, swell- ing of the leg and pulmonary thrombosis and treated ineffectually for ten days, improved immediately and rapidly on the applica- tion of the elastic band around the region of the tibia, THE BIER TREATMENT. 357 By analogy, we may think of an elastic band placed around the neck like a cribbing strap in coryza, acute pharyngitis, pharyn-_ goplegia, post-pharyngeal and guttural adenitis and suppuration, parotitis and subparotid abscess; also of a band around the arm or forearm against the irreedial osteomyelitis i in the St. Bernard and other canine breeds. After all that has been said about Bierism, what has been gained or what can be divined? In measuring the superior merit of a new agent, our homage to nature’s virtues and results from classical remedies must be reckoned with. We are handicapped by forcible restraint, absence of speech and of intercommunicable intelligence between patient and bene- factor. Rubbing, tearing, biting and leg movements are con- tending factors in regulating the pressure. Thickness of hair and skin and resistance of the parts underneath are factors in avoid- ing accidents. That the Bier treatment has given some marvellous results in diseases of man is accepted by physicians who laud it as one of the most renowned discoveries since the days of Lister and Pasteur. In many ailments it has replaced all previous reme- dies. As veterinarians, we may profit by these facts. In our patients we have many conditions, like arthritis, open-joint, etc., quite unamenable to known remedies, and anything more effica- cious is eagerly sought. In some instances, at least, the results have been better than those obtained by the usual means. ‘The discovery of Bier opens a new and promising line of work and seems destined to have a fair trial, even though, simple as it is, it is a radical departure from older methods. Much de- - pends upon intelligence and experience in its application, the perfection of its details and the proper selection of the clinical material. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rec. de Med. Vet.; Rev. Gen. de Med. Vet.; Berl. tierarz. Wochen.; Amer. Vet. Review; Jour. Amer. Med. Ass., Medical Progress; Dr. Alfred Gordon, Pamphlet. PY/EMIC ARTHRITIS.* By Dr. Joun Spencer, Veterinarian, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va. Prior to the more recent bacteriological research the theories — advanced regarding pyemic arthritis in young animals were as numerous as the writers. Observed in all species, it affects par- ticularly colts, calves, lambs and young pigs. Up to the middle of the last century Lecoq reports one-fifth of sucklings destroyed by it. Out of 187 colts that died in the provincial breeding stud, Wurtemberg, during fifteen years, 85 were killed by this disease. While its frequency has diminished with the progress of hygiene of stables and barns, its mortality remains 50 to 90 per cent. of the subjects affected, and most of those that survive remain with persistent chronic swellings of the joints, and continue to be sickly and backward in growth. CAUSES. In 1869, Bollinger first drew attention to the correct etiology of this form of arthritis, when he demonstrated it to be a gen- eral infection proceeding from the primary navel infection, prin- cipally by the Streptococcus vulgaris, which naturally and easily eccurred at the time of birth through the fresh navel coming in contact with infected soil or bedding, giving rise to certain pathogenic conditions about the umbilical vessels (Omphalo- phlebitis), with thrombosis of the portal vein and its branches to the liver, followed by general pyzmia. SYMPTOMS. Frequently a chain of general symptoms precede articular manifestation. Their duration, however, are in keeping with the severity or virulence of the infection, while all cases of neg- aA paper read before the American Veterinary Medical Association, Philadelphia, 1908, 358 PYAEMIC ARTHRITIS. 359 lected pervious urachus (according to our experience) have led to pyemic arthritis, this condition is not essential to its produc- tion. The earlier manifestations are usually those of fever with indifference or entire lack of desire to suck; the little subject is listless and gaunt. In mild cases these symptoms may be over- looked and the first noticeable symptom is that of lameness, which at first simulates traumatism; metastasis, quickly followed by suppuration, being usually sufficient to unveil its true identity to the experienced; the umbilicus is swollen—painful and irritating; the patient lies down most of its time, is feverish and becomes rapidly emaciated, the affected joints are much swollen, hot and painful, the animal being unable to bear weight upon the lame leg; foetid diarrhoea, followed by constipation, usually occurs; such complications as are usual in pyzmia set in, ophthalmia, pneumonia and nervous disturbances, quickly followed by a fatal termination. : CourRSE. In foals the course is usually acute, the average duration being from a few days to as many weeks. The prognosis is very unfavorable; estimates of mortality range from 50 to go per cent.; the remainder gain health slowly if at all. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOsIs. The metastatic character of this disease is very suggestive of articular rheumatism, but the latter’s rarity to attack young animals and far greater rarity to suppuration serves as a guid- ance, especially when the former is associated with the usual manifestation of umbilical suppuration or pervious urachus; trau- matism is also permanent in the injured region. Post-mortems reveal evidences of general pyemia. Com- mencing with the umbilicus, we find suppurative inflammation along its course, with thickening of the umbilical vein; within the inner umbilical ring abscess formation is usually present, with thrombosis of the portal vein; the synovial membranes are thick- ened and reddened, the synovial fluid increased in quantity ‘and 360 JOHN SPENCER. opaque, which shows the presence of numerous streptococci, upon bacteriological examination. The appearance of the articu- — q : lar cartilage will vary with the duration and degree of attack, when death occurs within two or three days of the onset; very — little change may be noticed, but where the attack has been pro- longed for weeks, extensive ulceration is usvally present frequent- _ ly extending into the bone. About the affected joints purulent infiltration between the tendons and ligaments is usually exten- sive; foci of infection may be present in nearly all tissues of the body, especially liver, lungs, kidneys, muscles, and subcutaneous — tissue. Evidences of pleurisy, endocarditis, and pericarditis are rarely wanting, with fatty degeneration of important affected — organs. TREATMENT. The treatment of pyzemic arthritis is limited to its prevention; the proper disinfection and dressing of the umbilicus at the time it is severed prevents this trouble. It is the only preventive measure known to us (Moore). All authors lay great stress on prophylaxis, but where the disease is comparatively rare, or where colis are foaled in the absence of attendants such measures are likely to be overlooked or applied too late; but where prompt- ly and properly done there is little or no danger. As previously stated, a neglected or persistent urachus will always lead to this form of arthritis; such conditions demand prompt attention; the measures recommended are clamping or ligating the umbilical stump; we have not found this satisfactory. Others again resort to injecting the urachus with such irritant antiseptics as iodine, carbolic acid, and nitrate of silver solutions, These are excellent when carefully used, but are attended with danger if the anatomy of the parts is not accurately known. We have found astringents externally give the best results without risk. Among the drugs most frequently resorted to when arthritis is apparent are salicylic acid, salicylate of soda, quinine, hypo- sulphite of soda, arsenic, various iron preparations with laxa- tives, as oil, salts, calomel, etc., giving surgical and antiseptic PYAEMIC ARTHRITIS. 861 attention to the joints where suppuration occurred, yet these cases were tedious and unsatisfactory, the mortality varying between 50 and go per cent. Those which did not die remained sickly and unprofitable. The spring of 1906 was marked by severe loss among foals in parts of Ontario, one practitioner of our acquaintance having as many as 20 cases on hand at once. By his consent we placed ten 10 c.c. bottles of antistreptococcic serum in his hands for trial, giving him directions for his guidance. Out of five cases treated, four made rapid and complete recoveries, the fifth, as he ex- pressed it, was beyond all hope of recovery before the serum arrived. In the spring of 1907, we had the pleasure of witness- ing some very rapid and complete recoveries in typical and se- vere cases. Experience with it has taught us that large doses (10 c.c.) daily are necessary for a two to three weeks old foal. We have seen no advantage or disadvantage in dividing the quantity, giving 5 c.c. morning and evening. As soon as reso- lution is established, reduce the dose to half, or even less, through- out the illness. Where the disease is prevalent it is advisable to give 5 to 10 c.c. immuning doses on eighth and fifteenth day, which, with proper care of the umbilicus at birth, will effectually prevent the trouble. Our favorite remedy for persistence of the urachus consists in frequent applications of a saturated solution of alum and borax, to which should be added an amount of car- bolic acid equal to 2 per cent. of the whole mixture. When the disease has been well established, before serum treatment is at- tempted, and extensive suppuration about the joints has taken place, no time should be lost in giving exit to the pus at the most dependent parts of the abscess; the resulting cavity should be carefully flushed out with warm antiseptic solutions. Resulting enlargements may be lessened or dispersed with such absorbents as Tr. Iodine, combined with daily friction. The patient should be kept under the best hygienic conditions; the mother should have equally good attention, with careful but generous diet. 362 . JOHN SPENCER. Among cases so treated by us, we will give details of a few representing all degrees in severity of attack: No. 1. Grade Filly—On the seventeenth day after birth the owner noticed the foal was lame in left hock, which, upon ex- : amination, was found swollen and painful. Suspecting in- jury, he consulted us as such. Local treatment was prescribed. On the third day following’ our attention — was called to another suspected injury of the right hind fetlock. Our interest was at once aroused sufficiently to visit his farm and make a personal examination, when we recognized a typical case of pyzemic arthritis. The foal was very lame, gaunt, listless, and required aid to rise and suck. Very little outward manifestations of suppuration were evident about the umbilicus, yet the stump was hard and tender. 5 c.c. serum were given daily, which delayed the apparent rapid progress of the disease; the colt’s appetite regained somewhat and slight general improvement was noted. On the fifth day following a large amount of pus was evacuated from the hock, which did: not involve the synovial membrane; about the same time extensive sloughing occurred about the fetlock extending to the coronet. Two days later an abscess of considerable proportion appeared over the lumbar region, followed by a painful swelling of the left stifle, when we increased the dose to 5 c.c. morning and evening, improve- ment at once becoming apparent, resolution taking place suffi- ciently rapidly in the stifle to prevent suppuration. The abscess on the back healed very rapidly; nothing eventful except a rapid recovery took place, the only trace of the disease existing being a slight blemish of the fetlock where sloughing was extensive. The foal has developed as well as its associates which escaped. Case No. 2. Grade Filly.—Apparently healthy until the third week after birth, when it suddenly and without visible cause de- veloped a painful swelling in one stifle. Our diagnosis being pyzmic arthritis, we at once resorted to serum treatment. Lame- ness and swelling increased during the delay in procuring serum, but disappeared as suddenly as it came after three days’ injec tion, leaving the colt as thrifty as its mate. PYAEMIC ARTHRITIS. 363 Case No. 3.—Standard bred; dropped two weeks premature. Since its mother had no milk an attempt was made to raise it by hand. During the second week the foal became dull, which symptom was quickly followed by swelling and lameness in both hind fetlocks. Antistrepococcic serum was given in 10 c.c. doses daily, giving apparently good results, all swelling disappearing on fourth day without suppuration. When examined by us a week later we found this case in an emaciated condition, and it required assistance to rise. Both elbows presented large open wounds. Closely following our visit a large, painful swelling appeared in the region of the right elbow, which did not yield to serum treatment, the foal dying two days later. The case bore strong relation to one of a local septic infection contracted from the elbow wound, as it was not provided with bedding other than soiled sawdust, the wounds being in a filthy condition. The case, however, had scarcely a fighting chance for life without the disease. Case No. 4.—Grade percheron, which was brought to the hospital at the age of six weeks with a history of having dis- charged pus at left hock for three weeks. Upon examination was found to be lame and unthrifty, the navel still swollen and tender, with pus streaming from a greatly enlarged hock. One ounce influenza serum daily for four doses, together with local antiseptic dressing for the same period overcame all infection. The hock healed and reduced in size rapidly. Case No. 5. Saddle-bred Colt.—Brought to the hospital at the end of second week after birth. Upon examination was found feverish, dull and constipated, with drawn flanks, navel greatly enlarged and tender. This colt was given one ounce influenza serum on Friday, repeated on Monday. The navel was bathed freely with warm creolin solution. Constitutional symptoms disappeared within the next two days. A small abscess was formed three inches posterior to the navel on the median line. This was opened and flushed out once. This case returned to health promptly. 364 JOHN SPENCER. Case 6. Pure-bred Percheron.—Foaled in a dirty yard and was a weakly colt. Ten days after birth well-marked symptoms of illness were apparent. The foal became constipated and dull, was indifferent about sucking. These symptoms were soon fol- lowed by lameness and swelling in left hock, which became so severe as to render the foal unable to rise without assistance. This being a bad case we ventured to double our former dose of in- fluenza serum, which proved exceedingly irritating to the kid- neys, and, on the fourth day, we were compelled to reduce the dose to 10 c.c. each morning and evening. Marked improvement soon followed, yet this case did not convalesce completely until we had administered a teaspoonful of nuclein and normal salt solution in equal parts, twice daily by the mouth, in a little water. Enlargement of the hock was reduced quickly by the in- ternal administration of 10 grains Pat. Iodide, twice daily, with Tr. Iodine locally applied. Case No. 7. Clydesdale Filly—Strong and well nourished. On the twentieth day after birth was noticed dull and gaunt, with slight stiffness. Two days later was very lame, its left stifle swollen and painful. Influenza serum was given in 30 c.c. dose daily for three days. The colt returned to health in less than a week, making a complete recovery. Case No. 8. Grade Clydesdale.—Strong when foaled. Ten days after birth urine flowed from navel freely, which persisted for ten days in spite of treatment, at the end of which time well marked lameness set in. When examined by us ten days later we were informed by the owner that every joint in the body had been swollen and that the foal required assistance to rise. Its emaciated condition bespoke the truthfulness of his remarks. One ounce of influenza serum was given on Friday, followed by a similar dose on Monday. In, less than a week this case had ap- parently made a complete recovery. Late reports confirmed this opinion, the foal regaining thriftiness. Case No. 9. Clydesdale.—Pervious urachus from birth, which persisted nearly a week, at which time the colt became stiff. A aa ae PYAEMIC ARTHRITIS. 365 large abscess formed on the left costal region. During the two weeks following, abscesses formed on both front legs, both hocks and on right costal region. Antistreptococcic and influenza serum were alternated daily in 30 c.c. doses from June 27 until July 10, at which time a large, painful swelling appeared on the left hip. The treatment was now changed to influenza serum daily, conjoined with nuclein solution by the mouth. Improve- ment was apparent on the second day, the foal making a complete recovery. Case No. 10. Standard-bred Filly.—Developed a painful idio- pathic coronitis during the second week after birth. Upon ex- amination was found gaunt and listless with emphalitis and great lameness. The administration of one ounce influenza serum was followed by a complete convalescence in less than a week. Case No. 11. Clydesdale-—Foaled in a dirty box stall. Dur- — ing second week was noticed dull. When examined three weeks later we found the foal with arched back and unable to rise or to stand unaided. The owner gave us the assurance that every joint in the body had been inflamed, yet no suppuration had oc- curred. Four bottles of influenza serum, administered in as many days, gave us no results, the colt dying a week later. Dr. C. J. Brodie, Claremont, Ont., also gave us his co- operation, and gives detail of some nine cases with two deaths, resulting unquestionably from contaminated serum, which had been previously uncorked. Both cases in question were appar- ently making excellent progress, but died in 18 and 24 hours re- spectively after the cloudy serum was injected. SUMMARY. Pyzmic arthritis is a disease of young animals, due to infec- tion gaining access to the system through the navel wound coming in contact with soil, dirty floors, or soiled bedding; shows itself by suppuration of the navel, followed by general symptoms of illness, with lameness and suppuration of the affected joints, which, if not checked early, terminates in death or else leaves 366 JOHN SPENCER. the patient sickly and unprofitable. Preventive treatment, for which consists in disinfection and protection of the navel at the moment of birth, providing the animal good hygienic quarters the first few days of its life, and where infection has already taken place an early resort to antistreptococcic serum and we be- lieve recovery will be much assisted in a more rapid convalescence by conjunction with nuclein, especially in weakly foals. Large doses of serum should be employed early, and discontinued as soon as resolution is established. The treatment should be coupled with thorough disinfection of parts involved, good, general care, with well-regulated generous diet of the mother. References—Williams, Fleming, Moore, Friedberger, . Froh- ner, Cadiot and Almy. A TuHorouGuiy Up-to-Date Meat INspEcTION SERVICE.— The great meat packing establishments have been held up to the world as examples of the highest development of specialized industry. They are the result of an evolution of years of grad- ual improvement. The federal meat inspection service, in spite of its organization into a great business almost immediately fol- lowing the passage of the law, to-day stands side by side with, and is as modern and up-to-date as, the finely organized business that it supervises. The bureau furnishes a sufficient number of inspectors for the work, and they will work as fast as the im- proved appliances of the establishment permit or its needs de- mand. The government will not require the proprietor to. stop his work to send for the inspector or to wait for him to retire and make an elaborate report, a procedure common in the in- spection systems of foreign countries. The American meat in- spection is probably the model for the world. Its employees are capable and expert veterinarians, bacteriologists and chemists, and the regulations and organizations are so stringent, and the transfer of inspectors and inspection of inspectors so frequent, that collusion or dishonesty is practically impossible. The con- sumer of meats which bear the stamp “U. S. Inspected and Passed’’ may have the very comfortable assurance that he is buying and eating products from healthy animals, prepared under clean and sanitary conditions.—(Review of Reviews.) a eee wae is Kae ee THE ATTRIBUTES OF A SADDLE HORSE. * By Dr, F, C. Grensivez, New York, N. Y. The object of the study of the external conformation of the horse is to enable us to determine the merits of an individual for the purpose for which he is required. The conformation desirable differs in a measure in different classes of horses, but there are certain points which any good horse should possess, in order to be up to a reasonably high standard of excellence. For instance, every good horse must show evidence of the possession of sufficient chest capacity, and well-developed di- gestive organs, in order to have stamina and ability to maintain good condition and perform a desirable amount of work. Valuable as a correct knowledge of conformation is, in af- fording indications of a horse’s capabilities and wearing ability, we may form very erroneous conclusions, until we have deter- mined by experience largely, the character of his nervous organ- ization. We may get a horse so perfect in conformation as to fill the eye of the connoisseur, and:still be comparatively worthless when it comes to performance. On the other hand, we may get a specimen of horseflesh with well-marked defects of conforma- tion that is a brilliant performer, which excellence is almost entirely due to his nervous organization, so that we must not over-estimate the indications of conformation, valuable as they are, and we must be particularly careful not to underestimate the value of an animal’s nervous organization, in influencing his at- tractiveness and ability to do things. We hear and think so much of conformation that we are apt to forget what an important role the nervous system plays in contributing to qualities that make horses valuable. ' It is well for us to endeavor to realize how much influence the nervous organization has in contributing to speed, action, WRead before the 19th Annual Meeting, N. Y. S. V. M.S., Utica, N. Y., Sept., 1908. 367 368 ; ¥. C, GRENSIDE, style, high-stepping, carriage, power, courage and stamina. When this vitalizing, power-giving, controlling element of nerve force is adequately supplied to a horse’s physical mechanism, constructed so as to prevent friction, to conserve energy and promote mechanical advantage in movement and balance, then we have an individual bordering on perfection, providing he has sufficient and good quality of material, in his various com- ponent parts to confer wearing ability. In studying a horse’s conformation, and in endeavoring to form an opinion as to his power, stamina and wearing ability, we observe his tout ensemble before going into details as to his points. Other things being equal, the long, low, deep horse has the most power, stamina and constitutional vigor, and can to the greatest degree economize force, and stand wear and tear. Judging from the character of the horses we frequently see used for riding purposes in this State, we might be led to form the conclusion that there are no essential differences between a harness horse and a saddle horse. Certainly one can ride any sort of a horse, even a draught — horse, and one can drive any kind of a horse, even a race horse, but it does not follow that they are the best for these respective purposes. Individual tastes differ very much as to the qualifica- tions demanded ina horse for riding purposes. Some equestrians, and their number seems somewhat on the increase, care prac- tically nothing for any gait but the trot. As long as a horse can shuffle along in some sort of a way in the walk, that gait will pass, providing he can trot fast. Others do not care so much for speed in the trot, but want that gait performed with decision and force, which means a pretty fair amount of action at both ends. To the latter the canter is of very secondary im- portance, though they may attach some to the walking gait. There are others that consider the trot of minor importance, and particularly demand a good smooth canter and a good walk. The majority, however, of riders of experience that have given the subject much thought desire to have all three gaits as good THE ATTRIBUTES OF A SADDLE HORSE. 369 as possible. Change of gait in riding is conducive to the com- fort of the rider, and the variety gives additional enjoyment to. a ride. The horse as well as the rider derives relief from a change of gait. If a vote were taken among riding men (those that ride on _the road and in the park) as to the values to be assigned to the three gaits, on a scale of one hundred points, the majority would be in favor of giving at least forty to the trot with thirty each to the walk and canter. The trot is the gait at which the rider gets most exercise, and covers ground well at the same time. It is usually less tiring to a horse than the canter, and less injurious to the feet and legs, particularly if the ground is hard. Assuming that the walk, trot and canter are the desirable gaits for a saddle horse, let us endeavor to determine the at-~ tributes essential in an individual which contribute to the proper execution of these, as well as the other attributes necessary in making up a good saddle horse. One of the greatest delights in riding a horse is elasticity of movement, which confers easy paces. This is in a large measure due to the high nervous organization of the easy mover. There cannot be any question but what the thoroughbred pos- sesses this in its very highest state of perfection. The question then would be naturally asked, ‘“‘ Why is he then not the most perfect saddle horse?” Some people think he is, and don’t want to ride anything else, and many men with this taste are very good riders. The average rider, however, will not say so, for he demands level-headedness, reliability and good manners, and he is willing to concede some loss of elasticity of movement for greater tractibilitv. Great perfection is an attribute apt to be associated with serious defects so that we find most thor- oughbreds excitable and highstrung and some of them obstinate - and intractable. They have as a rule sensitive mouths, and are apt | to be very fussy with them, quick in their movements, and unless -a rider is of lightish weight, and has good balance and hands, he is apt to experience a great sense of insecurity on their backs. 370 | F. C, GRENSIDE. Many of them carry low heads, have little action or speed at the trot, and are apt to stumble. Still, with all these tendencies to defects he is the horse to aim at, for he undoubtedly gives two things without which no saddle horse can be considered very high class, viz: elasticity of movement and quality. Quality ap- peals even to the casual observer by its attractiveness, but with two-fold force to the horseman, as he knows that it also means toughness, ability to stand “‘ wear and tear’ and wiriness. Oc- | casionally we find a thoroughbred, however, with fair speed at — the trot, sufficient action, well-carried head, tractability and sure- footedness, then we have a gem; but usually in order to get these latter qualities, some other blood that has been tempered with cold blood has to be infused. _ The saddle horse in order to be well balanced should have his head up, nose in, neck arched, and his legs well under him. His head should be of moderate size, clean-cut, or in other words, show quality, with well-carried ears. It is particularly im- portant that he should be able to bend his neck at the anterior part, otherwise he cannot flex his head upon it, be well balanced and have a steady, responsive mouth. A horse may have the unsightly ewe or bulging neck at the inferior part, but still have a good carriage, providing its anterior part is well formed. Length of neck adds very much to the attractiveness of a horse, and contributes largely to the long rein the horseman prizes so much. It also gives flexibility to that organ, and is apt to be associated with a responsive mouth. The neck should show muscularity, but be clean-cut with an absence of beefiness. The withers and shoulders are points of very considerable im- portance, and perhaps constitute the most essential feature in differentiating the conformation of a saddle and a harness horse. It is no reflection upon a harness horse to say he has riding shoulders, but it is an aspersion upon a riding horse to say he has harness shoulders. The make-up of the withers and shoulders so modify each other’s form that it is difficult to study them separately. It is of importance in a saddle horse to have the THE ATTRIBUTES OF A SADDLE HORSE. 371 withers of moderate prominence and clean-cut, for if they are flat, round or beefy it is a difficult matter to keep the saddle in position. It is not easy to keep the saddle from rolling on round withers with a man’s saddle, and it is almost impossible in a lady’s horse. Such withers necessitate tight girthing, making it very uncomfortable for a horse and inducing fatigue, while girth sores and seriously bruised withers are apt to result. The with- ers, however, can be too high, and if sparsely covered with muscle as they usually are, are also very liable to bruising. Thin, high withers are usually indicative of delicacy of constitution and defective muscular development. Some low-withered horses have easy paces, but the majority of round, beefy-withered ones lack the smooth, easy play of the shoulders upon the thorax, and are apt to roll. In considering the withers with relation tc the highest point of the croup, they should be at least as high, otherwise, the saddle and weight of the rider gravitates forward, throwing too much weight upon the anterior extremities. This * js accentuated in horses with a dip just behind the shoulders. The shoulders should have a pretty fair amount of length | - and obliquity, in order to give range of movement in promoting a reasonable length of stride. Length and obliquity of shoulder also have a very important effect in dispersing concussion, and consequently in enabling the forelegs to stand “ wear and tear.” Straight-shouldered horses in doing saddle work are very apt to become unsound in the fore extremities. Fully eight-tenths of the lameness occurring in saddle horses is in the forelegs. Great length and obliquity of shoulder, however, is apt to result in a lack of action, and a fair amount of action of the right sort adds to the attractiveness, and usually the sure-footed- ness of a horse. 7 For reasons already given, it is particularly important that the forelegs of a horse should show strength and wearing ability, and be well poised. The back is very frequently referred to as of first importance in a riding horse, and shortness of this point emphasized as being patticularly desirable. It no doubt in- 372 F. C, GRENSIDE, creases the mechanical strength of a horse’s back, particularly if associated with well-sprung ribs and muscularity, but in order — to contribute to elasticity of movement moderate length is neces- sary. The short-backed horse must have long fore and hind quarters, otherwise he is a poor specimen, either to ride or to ~ look at as an object lesson. The roach-backed horse is usually a rough-gaited one, while the slack-loined one lacks strength. The full and easy flexion of the stifles and hocks in the trot adds much to the comfort of the rider, particularly in a woman’s mount. TRANSPLANTED A Doc’s Lec.—Some of the wonders of ex- perimental surgery accomplished at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in this city were made public the other day | at the opening session in Philadelphia of the American Philoso- phical Society. Dr. Alexis Carrel described the grafting of one dog’s leg on, another dog’s body. The leg was taken from a dead dog and grafted on a fox terrier. In’three weeks’ time the wound healed and the dog was able to use the new leg. He had perfect control of it. Cats’ kidneys have been transplanted to other cats, even after the organs have been in cold storage sixty days. Human arteries and jugular veins have been interchanged and the patients have not been able to tell the difference. It is entirely possible, Dr. Carrel thinks, to apply some of these methods to the relief of suffering humanity. This is the end toward which the Rockefeller Institute is working. The chief difficulty will be to get healthy organs to transplant. It was suggested by Dr. W. W. Keen that when a healthy man dies his kidneys may be kept in cold storage until it is pos- sible to operate upon some one suffering from an incurable kid- ney disease. What has been done with the kidneys, Dr. Keen thinks, can also be done with other human organs. Already a knee joint from the leg of a dead man has been used to replace an injured joint in a living person.—(N. Y. Sun.) : THE ARMY VETERINARIAN AND OTHERS. By Geratp E. Grirrin, D. V. S., Veterinarian, Third Field Artillery, U Army. Read before the 45th Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Philadelphia, 1908. Gentlemen of the American Veterinary Association: The subject of the Army veterinary service has, to my personal knowledge, been before this association for twenty years until, I presume, the older members are heartily tired of it. But, gentlemen, if you are weary of listening to the barren reports of your committee each year, how weary must we of the Army be, waiting and hoping for a quarter of a century. Hoping for much, only to be met with continual disappointment. I am here with Veterinarian Foster, of the Cavalry, as a representative of our efficient and invincible Army. I do not believe the authorities at Washington thought the Army needed representation here, nor does it, but I do hope they believed the Army veterinary service needed representation, and therefore I take this opportunity of placing our needs before you, trusting that your influence may be exerted in behalf of this service. This association has grown so fast and increased in member- ship so rapidly that it resembles a child suddenly developed into a healthy giant, incapable of determining its own strength, and I am of the opinion, as are hundreds of others of this associa- tion, that one of the best ways in which to test this strength is through the War Department and Congress in an effort to estab- lish a decent, competent and effective veterinary service in our splendid Army that is organized in every branch except this. Before proceeding further, a brief outline of Army veter- inary history may be of interest to the younger members of this association. In the seventies, and before, any able-bodied man could be- come a veterinarian in the U. S. Army, a vacancy existing and he making application to the commanding officer of the particu- lar regiment. 378 to | pty GERALD E. GRIFFIN, These vacancies were frequently filled by stablemen of the service and by nondescript civilians, all without examination as to professional knowledge. This condition maintained until about 1880 when the War Department issued an order to the effect that thereafter applicants for the position of veterinary surgeon in the Army should be graduates of a veterinary college. At that time and until 1899 the entire veterinary work of the Army was attended to by twelve veterinary surgeons, ten with the pay of $75 per month, and two with the pay of $100 per month, all having the rank—yes, rank—and allowances of a sergeant-major; with this exception as to allowances. They were not furnished with either rations or clothing. This condition continued until 1898 when a committee of this association, known to us in the Army as the Huidekooper Committee, was instrumental in persuading Congress to pass a bill creating a decent veterinary corps, but by some means that none of us ever clearly understood, and called by your com- mittee “a fiction of procedure,” the bill was killed, although it was “ awaiting only the signature of the President.” The discussion in Congress on this bill opened the eyes of the veterinarians of the United States to the prejudice existing against their profession. This prejudice has almost disappeared, due, undoubtedly, to the work of this association and to that of the Bureau of Animal Industry; although I believe it still exists in the minds of superficial and narrow-gauged individuals who instinctively connect the word veterinarian with that of “ horse doctor.” I may remark in passing that the time of which I have just spoken was a trying one for us in the Army. The flaying re- ceived from several members of Congress, although undeserved and groundless to say the least, made me for one feel as if I was associated with a gang of criminals in belonging to a pro- fession into which to gain admission I had to give three years of preliminary study and to expend upwards of two thousand hard-earned dollars. ane aah ae Mia a ae Rag ra ae ee ee aaa eat THE ARMY VETERINARIAN AND OTHERS. 375 As a substitute for this bill the War Department, realizing that the veterinary profession was of some importance, had a bill introduced and passed providing that thereafter all veter- inary candidates for appointment in the Army should be grad- uates of a recognized veterinary college and that they should pass such examination as the Secretary of War might direct. This bill made certain provisions for those in the service, but insisted on the examination. On passing this examination suc- cessful candidates were appointed veterinarians, first class, with the pay and allowances of a second Lieutenant of Cavalry. The failures, in the service, were provided for by an appointment as veterinarian of the second class, with the pay of $75 per month and all of the allowances of a Sergeant-Major. Nearly all of us were in field at the time in Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines, away from books, and when the order came, as high as 50 per cent. failed on the mental examination, which was a severe one and continued for eight days of six hours a day. The vacancies created were slowly filled by successful ap- _ plicants from civil practice, and from that time we began to get good men, gentlemen with the interest of the service and the profession at heart and possessing dignity, self-esteem and ambition. After a time Congress abolished the position of vet- erinarian, second class. Promoted those in that class and called all veterinarians. This is the status at the present. The law says a Cavalry or an Artillery Regiment shall con- sist of certain members and among them it says “two veter- inarians;” nevertheless, we are not considered as belonging to the Army, nor have we any military place in it that I know of. It is proper to suppose that if a regiment of Cavalry or Artillery is part of the Army of the United States and that a veterinarian is part of that regiment he certainly is a member of or is part of the United States Army, be he enlisted man, officer or miss- ing link; such is not the case, for it has been decided that a veterinarian shall not wear the letters U. S. on his uniform, as such a mark of honor and distinction is reserved for commis- sioned officers and enlisted men of the U. S. Army alone. 376 GERALD E. GRIFFIN. This decision places us in an awkward position, especially — when serving with militia or with troops of other armies and — in time of war we would, if captured, have an uncomfortalig 3 half hour trying to explain things. The omission of the letters U. S. may appear to be a small — thing to you gentlemen, to us in the Army it is one of the pro- _ verbial straws, and when you come to consider it it will, I am_ 4 sure, indicate clearly the position occupied by your colleagues in a the service. e Some years ago a Secretary of War in a letter to the military — committee of the Senate remarked as follows: “If the country is — willing to pay for more ‘ Colonels, Majors and Captains’ (refer- — ring to a veterinary bill then before this committee) the money — a should be expended upon the fighting force of the Army to . furnish promotion to the hundreds of gallant fellows who have — been enduring hardship and facing death on the battlefield.” I have often wondered if the Secretary of War thought the veter- — inarians remained at home when hardships and death had to be — faced. He certainly knew that our place is on that same battle- — field facing death and hardships with our outfits at the front, — where we are not protected by the Geneva Convention, where — when not occupied professionally, the rifle and revolver are the — instruments in hand and that the national flag and the regimental — standard mean as much to us as it does to any Colonel, Major — or Captain. . No provision that I know of is made for the safekeeping of | the Army veterinarian from hardship or death on the field, and — 4 I also know that many of our veterinary comrades have been — summoned to their last muster by the hands of the enemy of — our country and by the gaunt specter of yellow fever while serving in the tropics, while still others have had their health ruined by service in our island possessions, Many are unfitted for service by reason of old age and length of service and disability, but up to the present no provision has been made for taking care of them and filling their places with young and virile blood. The privilege of retirement, which is the right of the meanest soldier, is denied to the veterinarian. THE ARMY VETERINARIAN AND OTHERS. 377 I do not believe the Secretary of War intended to convey the impression that the veterinarians of the Army were not gallant fellows for gentlemen gallantry and bravery are cheap com- modies in our service and among our people and after a service of twenty-five years in this Army I can truthfully say I have never seen or heard of a coward. The Army of the United States, with its sixty-five thousand gallant fellows, would storm hades itself if they were so ordered and could locate it, and I can inform you that the rear rank would not be the place in which to look for its forty-two veter- inarians, unless some of them were ordered to the rear for pro- fessional duty; bowed down as some of them are by weight of years and active service and disease. We have been accused of not knowing what we want, of not agreeing together, and of other sins. Gentlemen, we do not disagree beyond an honest difference of opinion fairly expressed. We know what the service needs and what it is bound to have sooner or later—a properly organized veterinary service, com- petent and capable, with an experienced veterinarian at its head to properly direct and guide, and we know also that if Congrcss made each and every one of us a Brigadier-General to-morrow without this organization which we know is necessary, the ser- vice and the country would not benefit one iota. As we now stand we are as a body incompetent and incapable of rendering the efficient service of which we are capable. In time of war all of us, able to do so, would go to the front with our regiments, leaving the important work of examination of remounts and the veterinary work and sanitation of remount, reserve and recuperation corrals as well as veterinary base hos- pitals, not in the hands of such men as compose this association, men of professional standing, education, family, paying practice and property interests who would not leave their homes until the necessities of the country were imperative, but in the hands of veterinary failures and green youngsters fresh from the coun- try districts and from colleges not recognized by this associa- tion, untrained, unsoldierly and undisciplined who would only 378 GERALD E. GRIFFIN. be too glad to give their questionable services for a compensa- — tion of $100 per month flat and no allowances or status; while | at their head, if they had one, would probably be one of them- — selves whose professional mind and executive ability would, ten — to one, be exercised in compounding specifics for bots, “ heaves”? and glanders. We are all of us in favor of the present bill, now before Con- gress and awaiting action in the house. It having passed the — Senate. But, gentlemen, we regret that this bill makes no pro- vision for our comrades in the service suffering from disease and disability contracted in the line of duty. . We do not as men and brothers desire to gain advancement for our profession or ourselves by stepping over the diseased bodies of these comrades who were ever willing and ready to sacrifice their lives and health in the service of that flag which has never known defeat. We, as men and veterinarians, trust that the War Department and Congress will look at the matter from this point of view and attach an amendment covering this oversight to this otherwise satisfactory bill. And now a few words as to others. I have in mind the veterinary service of the Quartermaster’s Department, U. S. Army. A service composed of sure-enough civilian veterinarians whose compensation is fixed by law at $100 per month and no allowance whatever. They serve where they may be sent. Heretofore it was only necessary for an applicant for a position in this Department to lead the authorities to believe that he was a veterinary graduate when he was immediately appointed, for you must remember that a position as veterinarian at $100 per month flat, and abso- lutely no status would not appeal to graduates of New York, Cornell, Pennsylvania and colleges of that class, so it followed that this Department had to do its recruiting among the inferior colleges and places and consequently appointed what it could get, which accounted for the many resignations and vacancies. These green chaps were placed upon their own professional responsibility and as their veterinary training, education and in- THE ARMY VETERINARIAN AND OTHERS. 379 telligence, in a great many instances, were limited, they did not do much to illuminate the veterinary profession in the Army or out of it. This condition of affairs is being remedied by the present Quartermaster-General—General Aleshire—an eminent authority on the Army horse, who now compels veterinary candidates for appointment in his Department to take a not very rigid civil ser- vice examination. I have been given to understand that very few men are willing to take this examination, they probably believing that a veterinarian’s position paying but $100 per month and carrying with it no allowances and a status not superior to that of a teamster is not worthy of being sought after. There are good men in the veterinary service of the Quarter- master’s Department—first-class men—but having examined— no, talked—with a number of applicants for positions in this Department and having served as Supervising Veterinarian, Quartermaster’s Department, Army of Cuban Pacification, for two years I can say that most of these men, and | have known many, are no better than they ought to be. _ The Quartermaster-General is powerless to improve the pay or the status of these men. It looks to me now that no distinction should be made be- tween the veterinarians of the Quartermaster’s Department and those of the Army, but that all should be on the same foot- ing, for I am sure that if the men in the service in 1898 were not deemed good enough to remain in that service without an ex- amination there are those in the Quartermaster’s Department to whom the same law should apply. The old Army veterinary service previous to 1898 was cer- tainly superior in every respect to what the veterinary service of the Quartermaster’s Depatment is at the present moment. I thank you for your attention and appreciation, but before I take my seat permit me to say that the few remarks I have made have not been made in any spirit of complaint, faultfinding or criticism. 380 ’ GERALD E. GRIFFIN. Things move slowly in the service. It is harder to change a custom there than it is to have an order revoked, which, of course, accounts for the slow progress made by us. The War Department has many matters of importance on its hands probably more pressing than a veterinary service, but I know it is favorably disposed toward us. I will say here that all Army officers, except two, with whom I have come in contact are in favor of increasing, advancing and organizing the veterinary service of the U. S. Army. (In reply to a question :) As to the feeling among the members of the profession serv- ing in the Army. They feel that they are neither fish, flesh or good red herring. They are in the Army and yet do not belong to it, which feeling is, as a matter of course, not conducive to good results professionally or to good fellowship socially. Yes. I think the War Department is wrong in not consulting with us as to the needs of the service. I do not know who gets up the veterinary bills, nor what is being done to advance them. We are not permitted to have a hand in this, Personally, I am trying to do my whole duty according to my lights, and what I have said here to-day I, as a soldier—for I am one—and an Army veterinarian, consider part of my duty to the service. UnuyoGrenitc Roostinc.—The Countryman—Down here, sir, we make it a rule to go to bed with the chickens. The Britisher—Er—don’t you find it beastly unhealthy ?— ( Puck.) Stupents of the Veterinary College, Toronto, conducted extensive hazing operations this year on the freshman class, so extensive in fact that sufficient freshmen could not be found, and civilians who happened to be passing the building at the time were pressed into service and several initiated in the most ap- proved style. The police on duty around the college were forced to send in a riot call to headquarters and a squad of constables was required to club the vets into submission.—(Farmer’s Ad- vocate, Winnipeg, Manitoba.) REPORTS OF CASES. “Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him, By recording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.” THE USE OF OXYGEN GAS ON RACE HORSES. By L. C. MARSHALL, V. M. D., Rome, Pa. In the early spring of 1908 the writer had, in training a fast trotting mare. In the beginning or training she showed great dyspnoea when driven a mile in 2.30 or faster. The labored breathing would last from thirty to forty minutes after a work- out. The time between racing heats is twenty-five minutes and in order that a horse may give a good account of himself it is necessary that he should be cooled out as soon as possible. The groom usually follows the same routine of caring for a horse between heats. While he may not be schooled in the principles of physiology, he has learned by experience certain things that are important. The animal should stand with his head to the open door or window so he can get all the pure air possible. The fifth of the volume of atmospheric air is oxygen and it is known that this element is consumed rapidly during hard or rapid work. The writer reasoned that instead of giving alcoholic -drenches, as is too often the case under such conditions, which would consume oxygen still faster, that it might be advisable to supply still more oxygen than normal. The mare was given a fast workout and immediately oxygen gas was administered from a tank that had been provided for the occasion. The results were most gratifying. Normal breathing was re-established much sooner than when it had not been used. The same experiment was repeated in a few days and the results were equally as satisfactory. She gradually got in better condition, so it was not necessary to resort to the oxygen treatment. She raced well the balance of the season with no more trouble. 381 382 REPORTS OF CASES, The writer is not aware that oxygen gas has been used before for the above purpose. Since experimenting with it there have appeared a few references in the daily papers to its use on athletes. , It was used on some of the runners in the Marathon races during the past summer. Some experiments were conducted at Huntington Bay, Long Island, during the summer, under the direction of Dr. E. E. ~ Smith, professor of physiology at Fordham College. Oxygen gas was administered to one of the athletes just before swim- ming 100 yards on time. He made the distance seven seconds faster than he could under similar conditions without having taken the oxygen gas. Another swimmer took three inhalations of oxygen gas and . swam under water one minute and thirty-six seconds and came from the test with apparently no exhaustion. Miss Eline Golding, the champion woman swimmer, swam a quarter of a mile on a triangular course in eight minutes and four and two-fifths seconds. Two minutes before she started to make this record she took three inhalations of oxygen gas and remarked after leaving the water that it took much less effort than under normal conditions. After reading of the above tests I decided to try it just be- fore a heat on a horse that had band wind. For this experi- ment a horse was selected that could go very fast for five-eighths of a mile but was unable to finish the heat. He was given a fast heat under normal conditions and at the five-eighths of a mile was blowing so hard that it was not considered safe to force him further. He was then walked till normal respirations were re-established, which took thirty minutes. He was then given oxygen gas and started immediately in another heat. He was exhausted at the five-eighths as in the previous effort. Oxygen gas was given at once and normal respirations were re-estab- lished decidedly sooner than in the previous heat, when oxygen was not given. Whether oxygen gas administered to a horse just before a race will increase his endurance or not I am not prepared to say, but I am convinced that if given, after a heat, to a horse that is exhausted it will be of great benefit. REPORTS OF CASES. 383 SHOULDER JOINTS HIGHER THAN TOP OF NECK. The accompanying illustration represents a remarkable case reported to the Revrew by Dr. E. E. Bittles, veterinarian, New Castle, Pa. The subject was an 18-months-old colt that ap- peared to be in perfect health and no sign of any injury, but the body settled down between the scapulas until the shoulder joints were two inches higher than the top of the neck when the colt was grazing, which all came on in a very few days. CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS OR FORAGE POISON- ING? By A. T. Fercuson, D. V. S., Cleburne, Texas. I have just had three cases of what I would term forage poisoning, all three occurring on the same farm. The first being that of a gelding, about eleven years old and weighing about 1,000 pounds. The second was a sorrel gelding, 384 REPORTS OF CASES. about seven years old and about 1,100 pounds weight. The third was a bay mare fourteen years’ old, about 1,000 pounds. All of these animals died with the same symptoms, with little or slight variations. The first animal the day before was in all respects in good health. The following morning the owner found it did not eat; it had a staggering gate; became partly blind; vertigo. These symptoms became more severe until the animal went down; there is an inability to swallow; pain is absent; the temperature below normal; pulse normal and respiration sporadic, at times quick and catching. The animal remained in a state of coma for several hours and finally died without pain or any outward symptoms to indicate that there was any suffering. In this case treatment seemed useless. The second case: The animal was at work and at 6 o’clock was taken out of the harness. He immediately became very violent and unmanageable; ran away and was stricken with ver- tigo; broke through every fence he came in contact with. He was found next morning two miles away in a complete state of stupor, brought home with great difficulty and terribly cut up. He was given an hyperdermic of 1 grain of arecoline. The ani- mal was extremely vicious and unable to swallow. He remained quiet for several hours, when delirium developed, with inability to stand: with rigidity of the spinal muscles. _He went down and remained in a state of coma for 6 hours, evidently painless, with all other symptoms similar to the first case; finally died without a struggle. The third case: That of a mare fourteen years, was being treated for intestinal worms, but before this was completed, the animal showed signs of vertigo, with staggering gait, refused its feed, and was unable to swallow. There seemed to be an in- ability to hold up its head. After staggering around in an aim- less manner it went down; went like the other two into a coma or deep sleep, with lack of all sensation. Pulse normal, respira- tion unchanged, temperature below normal; a weakness is ob- served in the tail. Stimulants were given but with little results; the animal remained four hours in an apparent sleep and finally died painless and without a struggle, On questioning the owner, I found he had been feeding very liberally of smutted corn. Much of it was moldy and decayed. J ordered that the feed be entirely changed for one month, and that a general house-cleaning be undertaken at once. PALO LAR ae ROT ee REPORTS OF CASES. 385. In all three cases it was impossible to administer medicine by the mouth owing to the partial inability to swallow and the impairment of eyesight. What treatment was given was entirely hyperdermic, and with great risk to those in attendance, until the animal had become practically insensible. In every case there was lack of pain. Vertigo, coma, low temperature, normal pulse in first stage, afterward became rapid and irregular, was very manifest in all the cases. CARCINOMA OF THE PENIS. By B. F. Kaupp, D. V. S. Pathologist, Veterinary Department, Colorado Agricultural College. On July 10, 1908, a black gelding, 8 years old, belonging to the college farm, was presented by the farm foreman to the clinic of the veterinary department. ZW LA Ly (¢ ke , Za 7 ) "eo, + Tay. X 3X1. b. Connective Tissue. a. Nuclei. c. Epithelial Cells. An examination of the penis revealed the fact:that there was a new growth involving three inches of the free extremity. An 386 REPORTS OF CASES. operation was decided upon and the growth removed including apparent healthy tissue. A microscopic examination of this part showed a scirrhous carcinoma. An abundance of fibrous stroma and nested epithelial cells. The horse. made an apparent recovery ; that is, the owner thought he had recovered. On Octob:r 15th was stopped by the college farm foreman who complained that the horse had a bloody discharge, not abundant but sufficient to Photographed by Stewart. cause a soiling of the hind legs. . There was also some odor present. As the horse was of broncho type and an examination impossible unless he was restrained, the foreman was advised to send him over to the clinic where he could be put on the table and a thorough examination made. This was done, and it was found that a new growth about the size of a hen egg had formed upon the stump of the penis. This was removed and sent to the laboratory for diagnosis. The new formation had less fibrous stroma than the original tumor. The accompanying photograph REPORTS OF CASES. 387 was taken from a sectioned surface of the second tumor. The drawing was made from the microscopic study and shows the fibrous stroma, connective tissue cells and the meshes or spaces filled with the large nucleated epithelial cells. The farm foreman was advised of the inability or impossibility of curing cancer. He then decided to dispose of it for dissecting material. CHRONIC THORACIC CHOKER. By F. C, Mecxsrroru, M. D. C., St. Marys, Ohio The following subject was a 10-year-old gelding which at different times this summer choked on grass, of which he was relieved every time by a stomach tube and pump. Later this fall his condition became so aggravated that he could hardly eat a feed without getting choked. He rapidly became emaciated and weakened to such an extent that he could not be worked. I informed the owner that treatment would be useless, so he de- cided to have the horse destroyed. A post-mortem was held, but we did not find anything wrong with the cesophagus till we opened the thoracic cavity, where we found a pouch in the cesophagus about 8 inches in circumference and about 5 inches long, full of finely comminuted food. This pouch was about 5 inches from the cardiac opening of stomach. About 2 feet su- perior of this pouch the cesophagus was filled with the same kind of material. The cesophagus seemed to be in a partial state of paralysis for it was enormously dilated all along its course. The wall of pouch was slightly thickened, but the mucous membrane was normal, it having clinging to it a few immature bots. The reason why the animal would so easily choke will be evident if we study the physiology of the muscular walls of the cesophagus, and why food should accummulate in this miniature stomach as it may be termed. I considered it an interesting case, worthy of publication, to assist others in making a diagnosis in cases of chronic chokers. A GOOD INTESTINAL ASTRINGENT. By J. J. Farrett, M. D. C., Montpelier, Vt. For the benefit of practitioners who have experienced diffi- culty in securing a good intestinal astringent, I would like to relate my experience with gallogen. 388 REPORTS OF CASES. The chief advantage of this drug is its ability to pass through the stomach unaltered, thus enabling it to reach the affected parts and there produce its effects. - For the larger animals one-third of an ounce administered three times a day for about a week will check a very severe diarrhcea. In chronic cases, should a tendency to looseness re- appear, it may be necessary to repeat the treatment. In my ex- perience, further treatment than this have been unnecessary. In dogs from 4-15 grains three times a day gives most satis- factory results. Where the diarrhcea is suspected to be of specific origin it is well to combine the gallogen with an intestinal anti- septic, such as Xeriform, of which 5 grains is the dose for a medium-sized dog. The administration of gallogen is much facilitated by the fact of its being odorless and tasteless. For horses and cows where there is no anorexia it can be made up in powders and mixed with the feed. In cases where there is loss of appetite it is best given in capsules. In the treatment of dogs it can be given in capsules or concealed in a small piece of meat. Such satisfactory results have I obtained with this drug that I feel it my duty to make them known. It is very gratifying to state that with gallogen cures have been effected in cases where with ordinary astringents relief was obtained only temporarily or not at all. CorNELL University has bought within the past year for the benefit of the College of Agriculture and the Veterinary College, approximately 500 acres of ground contiguous to its other holdings. MICHIGAN’s Practice Act SUSTAINED BY THE SUPREME Court.—Lansing, Nov. 4—Practicing veterinarians who failed to register under the law of 1907 before January 1, 1908, can- not now be registered and continue in practice under a decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Leo W. Kerbs against the State Veterinary Board, The law was passed in June, 1907, and provided that persons who had been engaged in the practice of veterinary science for five years must register with the State Veterinary Board before January 1, 1908, or be prohibited from practicing in this state. This provision of law the court holds to be mandatory. ‘ i == =" - ™ ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. VETERINARY FIELD HOSPITALS AUTHORIZED. . The Army and Navy Register, of October 31st, contains the following interesting news for Army veterinarians: “The recommendation has been made to the War Depart- “ment that steps be taken to equip the military force in the “field with such materials as will permit the maintenance of “a veterinary field hospital. Such an institution has been in “existence at Camp D. S. Stanley, Tex., and the results achieved “led to the suggestion that such hospitals be adapted in a per- “manent way for all encampments. The question has been dis- “cussed in the General Staff of the War Department with the “result that it is considered that paragraph 92 of the Army “ Regulations contains sufficient authority for the establishment “of veterinary field hospitals and no further regulations are “necessary. In other words, whenever a veterinary field hos- “ pital is needed the authority for, and means of, its maintenance “exist in full measure.” _ This is good and curious news. Army veterinarians know that they have tried in vain for the past twenty years to have such veterinary field hospitals established with marching columns and at the camps during manoeuvres. The paragraph of the Army Regulations, referred to above, has several times been taken as a basis for recommendation of their establishment, but without success. A report of the results attained at the veter- inary field hospita! at Loon Springs, Tex., was ordered and for- warded, and Dr. Foster, 12th Cavalry, hearing of it, made a critical report of the hampered veterinary service at this sum- mer’s manceuvres at Chicamauga Park, where such hospital was not in operation. This seems to have turned the tide. The above decision of the General Staff, apparently easily arrived at, means another step forward. It means good progress when taken in conjunction with the several substantial veterinary hospital buildings now finished or under construction at our new and modern mounted posts. 389 390 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. A “ Veterinary Field Hospital, U. S. Army,” being an estab- lished fact, a brief description will be given in the next issue of the Review; outlining the necessary steps to be taken for its establishment when needed, to enable veterinarions concerned — to make use of the provision cited before the manceuvres of next year. 2 THE OFFICIAL ARMY VETERINARY BILL AND OTHER BILLS. Just as if to remind us of the days gone by when there were never less than two veterinary bills in circulation asking for sup- port, with dire results chronicled or forgotten, so we are now, at the last moment before reconvening of Congress, besieged by well-meaning and courageous friends to abandon the official Army Veterinary Bill in Congress and to substitute new ones for it. One of the new bills suggested is by Dr. Nockolds and the other by Dr. Fraser. The first comprises a complete veterinary organization, well thought out and surely operative with some minor changes. Its reading makes one long for its enactment, but on second thought reminds one of the story of the fox and the sour grapes. It will be a valuable draft to go by when the time comes to prepare a veterinary organization scheme. The other bill again recommends a commission for 2nd lieutenant, and after five years of service that of Ist lieutenant. It is made to suit the very young men in the service, but does not consider the very old men, nor does it concern itself with any working scheme that will benefit the Army generally. Now, a word of warning and encouragement. The facts before us, from which to draw conclusions, seem to be these: The official bill before Congress was made by the General Staff, approved by the Chief of Staff and by the Secretary of War, and is now half passed. Its faults have been pointed out time and again, but out of respect and in good taste and foresight, we should at least not question the sincerity of its purpose. Jf this bill passes with the amendment asked for by the American Veterinary Medical Association, it will give us some temporary relief as far as most urgent individual benefit is concerned, as ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 391 it practically confers a commission upon us. Its drawback is that we know beforehand that it cannot “ improve the efficiency of the veterinary service,’ because it lacks provisions for co- operative veterinary work and for professional supervision. If this bill fails to pass and is out of the way, then we are free to start anew and try again and try better. No new veterinary bill has any claim before the present Congress because there is one already before it not yet entirely passed, but neither is it dead. Moreover, there is no time to carefully prepare and forward any kind of new measure. Single-handed attempts, as of yore, will only tend to confuse our friends and give a powerful weapon to our adversaries of which—we trust—there are perhaps less than in 1901, but plenty enough left to defeat us for another seven years. Conclusion: “ Allow the bill to pass if it can; help it; if it is going to die, kill it dead, to end suffering and agony,” as pro- vided for in Army Regulations, and in order to give us a new and clear right of way. O. S. GLANDERS Ki.ts A Puysicran.—Chicago, Nov. 19—Death from glanders, rare in a human being, overtook Dr. Thomas M. Wilson, of Atwood, Ontario, at the Presbyterian Hospital in this city to-day. Dr. Wilson absorbed the germ of the disease while conducting experiments at Rushwell College. ~Mitx.—Dr. John S. Fulton, of Washington, the secretary of the International Congress of Tuberculosis, once told this milk story: “He said that a city man took a house in the country for the summer. He sought out a farmer at once, looked over the cows on the farm, found them to his liking, and said: ““My servant will come to you every morning for a quart of milk.’ “* All right,’ said the farmer; ‘it will be 8 cents.’ “*But it must be pure milk, mind,’ said the city man; ‘ ab- solutely pure.’ 7 “In that case it will cost you 10 cents.’ “Very good. And you will milk the quart from the cow in my servant’s presence?’ “*Yes—for 15 cents.’” ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautarp, M. D., V. M. TUBERCULOSIS OF THE DorSAL VERTEBR® IN A Mare [W, — Brown, M.R.C.V.S.|.—Animal five years old had “ filled hocks” and from them rather stiff motions. Treated, she got over it. Later she had influenza badly, and then presented a ~ most noticeable manner of moving her neck and head which were very stiff. Notwithstanding special treatment applied for this, the immobility of her neck and head persisted, and in fact grad- ually became more marked. At that time she always rested her near foreleg in a forward position about one foot in front of the other and stood with her nose pointed out. When trotted, she went lame on the near foreleg, and grunted going down hill. The appetite remained good, but she had to be fed from the manger owing to her practical impossibility to take her food otherwise. She was placed in a box stall loose; she was turned out, but gradually became thinner, “lost the muscles of her neck,” gradual paralysis set in, and she was destroyed. At the — post-mortem the lesions were found on the dorsal vertebre, which were firmly attached together and which had nodular growths on the spinous processes. These were examined at the Royal College and pronounced to be tuberculous. The record of the case was illustrated by handsome photographs (a Record.) ABDOMINAL ABSCESS WITH PERITONITIS AS SEQUELZ [J. J. Aitken, Capt. A.V.C.|.—The history of a fatal case of perito- nitis which was observed in a twelve-year-old mare. The mani- festations had been quite obscure and the diagnosis difficult to make. The animal, while on observation, was treated for anemia. Her temperature had ups and downs varying between 1ror° F, and 103.4° F. She had some abdominal pains, but rectal examinations were not very satisfactory. Various diffi- culties had been noticed in her defecation, Possibility of an abdominal tumor was entertained, Finally, after a few days, the 892 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 393 mare died. At the autopsy, a small quantity of purulent ma- terial was found in the left iliac region. There were evidences of well-marked peritonitis in the portion of the peritoneum form- ing the vesico-uterine ligament and also congestion of the floating colon in which some three or four pounds of fzecal matter tinged with blood and coated with mucus, were found. There was an abscess in the vesico-uterine ligament, with rupture of the walls through which its contents had escaped in the peritoneal cavity. The abscess was large enough to contain about two pints of pus. The spleen was slightly enlarged. The other organs were found healthy.—(Veter. Record.) _A Case or TupBercuosis IN A Horse [James Anderson, M.R.C.V.S.|.—Big_ well-bred six-year-old Clydesdale gelding reported as having worms and being off his food. He, indeed, passed lots of Strongilus armatus. He is in a weak condition, pulse slow, temperature 101° F., respiration normal, mucous membranes rather pale. He stands with near forefoot a little in advance of the off forefoot and carries his head a little de- pressed. He got some worm powder and began to eat better. Yet he points his foot more, his neck is stiffer and more ex- tended. He moves more stiff and on backing cannot take off his forefeet from the ground. Temperature is raised, 103° F. The condition grew worse. He carries his head lower and his nose pokes out more. There is a small swelling in front of the scapula, running up the neck a few inches. Tuberculosis of the neck is suspected, and tuberculin injected gave a good reaction, the temperature running up to 106° F. The animal is killed as tuberculous. Post-mortem shows that he was suffering from general tuberculosis, both cavities being affected. In the abdo- men, tubercular peritonitis, spleen badly affected and weighing twenty-two and one-quarter pounds. Bacilli were found on examination, mesenteric glands are diseased, liver cirrhotic with- out tubercles, kidneys enlarged but free from tuberculosis. Tuber- cular pleuresy extensive. Lungs perfectly healthy. Bones of the neck are more or less affected with tubercular periostitis. In some cervical vertebre the spinal canal is also the seat of dis- ease.— (Veter. Record.) TUBERCULOSIS OF THE RETROPHARYNGEAL LYMPHATIC Gianps [Walter Jowett, F.R.C.V.S.. D.V.H.|.—To show the frequency of such lesions and the importance of their being 394 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, et looked for at post-mortem, the author extracts from his notes taken at a hundred consecutive post-mortems the following facts: In the lungs, lesions were found in sixty-five cases, in the bronchial glands in sixty-two and in the mediastinal glands in forty-two. Next in order of frequency come the retropharyngeal glands affected in thirty-nine animals. In the mesenteric glands lesions existed in thirty-five animals, in the liver in thirty-four, — the portal lymphatic glands showed lesions in sixteen. The pleura was diseased in sixteen, the peritoneum in three only, the submaxillary in five, the spleen in three, whilst the dorsal and sternal lymphatic glands, udder and mammary were found diseased only in two. These post-mortems have been made in animals which in the — majority of cases gave no clinical indications; to all appearance were in perfect health and in many cases in good condition. But all had been reacters to tuberculin test. An important fact to notice is that in four of the thirty-nine animals where. lesions existed in the retropharyngeal glands, no other trace of tuber- culosis could be found elsewhere. In eight of the one hundred animals which had reacted, the lesions were detected only after a most searching and minutious examination, namely, in the retropharyngeal glands alone in four, in the liver and portal glands alone in two, in the bronchial glands in one, and in the mesenteric alone in one.—(V eter. Record.) IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN IN A Datry Cow [H. Thompson, M.R.C.V.S.|.—Dairy cow gets in a field of ripe standing oats and overgorged herself. Result, an impaction of the rumen, with all its manifestations. Treatment, Hyposulphate of Soda, and standardized fluid extract of ginger of Parke, Davis & Co. in one and one-half ounce doses. Six hours later, no change. Sul- phate of magnesia, aloes and same dose of fluid extract of ginger. After ten hours, slight improvement; linseed oil and a third dose of ginger. After two hours the bowels are moving. Cow is improving, but yet gets another dose of ginger. To the effects and actions of this last drug, the author attributes the success of the case.—(Veter. Record.) SarcoMA oF THE Hinp Lec 1n A Doc—Amputation [G. H. Wooldridge, F.R.C.V.S.|.—A male dachshundt, much re- duced in flesh, has had a tumor in front of the left metacarpus, which was excised but recurred after a while and grew quite rapidly. This second growth was removed, but same results ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 395 followed. Attempts to check it with caustics failed. The dog grew thinner and a swelling appeared behind the thigh, which became hard, indurated and not very painful. Malignant sar- coma was suspected, the owner being very desirous to save the dog’s life, if possible, he was put on the operating table, anzs- thetized, the leg amputated at the tibio-tarsal joint and the en- larged popliteal lymphatic glands removed. The case did well, wounds healing rapidly. The dog regained his spirit and put on flesh. Examination of the nature of the growth under the microscope proved it to be spindle-celled sarcoma.—(Veter. Journ.) Curonic Merritis In A Bitcu [By the Same].—Record of a fox terrier slut which had occasional drip of blood-stained discharge—from the vulva. Pus in the uterine horns was made out; histerotomy recommended and performed. The uterus re- moved weighed two and one-half pounds. The contents con- sisted of purulent bloody material.—(Jbid. ) CARCINOMA OF THE TESTICLE AND ALOPECIA IN A Doc [By the Same|.—Aged black Pomeranian dog was brought to the author to be destroyed on account of “his age, of the swelling between his hind legs and being bald.” The swelling was a dis- eased testicle and if removed the dog might live a few years ‘more. The owner would not consent. The alopecia began by the dog loosing some of his hairs on his neck. He was treated by an empiric without result. Then the hairs on his belly began to fall and at that time the swelling on the testicle made its ap- pearance. Soon and gradually the hairs on the back came off. The general condition had been good all the time. There was no apparent irritation of the skin and no other lesion than the loss of hair could be found. The right testicle was large and firm, the left was also, but not as much. Both were painless. The right testicle weighed. one pound and one ounce. It was carcinomatous in nature.—(J/bid.) AMPUTATION OF A BuLLock’s Lec AND SuccEessFUL AP- LICATION OF A WoopeEN Lec [John Cameron, M.R.C.V.S.|.— A steer had a broken leg about the right metacarpal bone. The leg was much swollen and as it was at night the true nature of the injury was not exactly made out. Yet splints and ban- dages were applied and covered with plaster of paris. A week later a small“abscess appeared above the top of the bandage, 396 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. which was opened. After a while, noticing that the animal did not use its leg as well as might be expected, the bandage was removed and it was found that union had not taken place, that a large patch of skin-was dead, leaving a big open wound and exposing a comminuted fracture. The leg was amputated at the knee, between the rows of small bones, with all antiseptic precautions possible. The wound did comparatively well, al- though some difficulty was met with on account of the shrinkage of the skin, saved to cover the stump. An artificial leg was made, to which the animal soon got quite accustomed. He re- ceived abundant nourishment, grew bigger and fatter, to finally come to a useful end.—(Veter. Journ.) FRENCH ‘REVIEW. By Prof. A. Lrautarp, M. D., V. M. RUPTURE OF THE TENDON OF THE INTERNAL FLEXOR OF tHe Metacarpus [L. Dupas, Army Veterinarian].—No record of a similar accident has been found by the author. A twelve- year-old trooper has become suddenly very lame on the right foreleg. He walks with difficulty, carrying his hind legs under him and with a jump advances his fore parts; the right leg being thrown forward as one piece and slightly in abduction. The animal rests on his well leg. On the internal face of the forearm, a little below the lower end of the radius, there is a very tender spot, with a slight cutaneous abrasion. The pain is such that the animal rears up when the slightest pressure is put on it. Besides these, an abnormal subcutaneous depression is felt, with the sensation of bone under, Upwards this is bound by a small swelling, and below, the free extremity of a hard, rolling cord is detected. There is no ‘swelling nor bloody infil- tration. A diagnosis of rupture of the tendon of the internal flexor metacarpi was made, probably due to a kick. Douches were prescribed. Improvement is already marked on the following day. Walking is less difficult. Flexion and extension of the canon are still reduced, There is a slight cedema, which fills and conceals the depression of the inside of the forearm observed ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 397 the day before. The tendinous cord is not so readily defined. The animal was better the second day. A blister was applied on the leg. On the 26th day after the accident the horse went to work.—(R. G. de M. Vete.) DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA OF THE RiGHT LOBE OF THE Liver In A Cow [Mr. Rouard, Army Veterinarian].—This was a surprise of post-mortem and was discovered in a cow that had never revealed her condition by any manifestation. The ani- mal was in fair condition. On opening the chest a mass, black in color and as big as the fist was found lying on the anterior face of the diaphragm muscle. In the right and superior por- tion of the phrenic centre, there was an opening, only big enough to push the thumb through it. It is regularly round and has some reddish connective bands which unite the posterior face of the muscle to the anterior of the liver. A portion of the right lobe of the liver has passed through that opening and on the anterior face of the diaphragm is continued with the mass in the chest, which is covered by the diaphragmatic pleura. In excising the growth carefully there were found in it the pleura, the peritoneum surrounding the liver, Glisson’s capsule and the hepatic tissue in its normal condition.—(Rev. Veter.) EPITHELIAL CANCER OF CAUDAL ORIGIN IN A Cow [Prof. Noussu|.—‘‘ In clinics, the most unexpected observation can be recorded and the most ordinary (in appearance) lesions may prove of exceptional interest.” A cow has had three peculiar lesions on her tail which have shown a tendency to spread. The first appeared on the tip of the organ, then some way higher, and the third nearer to the root. They all have had a warty appearance, var‘ed in size and were surrounded by a skin which was thick, inflamed and ad- herent to the tissues underneath. Examination under the micro- scope of sections from these tumors revealed their nature, it was an epithelial cancer. Complete amputation was performed and temporary relief obtained; but after a short time the cancerous generalization had made extensive progress. Among its mani- festations was a peculiar deformity that had taken place on the hip of the left side. An enormous swelling having developed between the ischial tuberosity and the trochanterian region. A rectal examination confirms the suspicion of abdominal general- ization. The lymphatic glands are all involved and form a bos- selated chain which extends in the subsacral region from the tail 388 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. way forward. The animal was destroyed. At the post-mortem — no lesions were found in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, — all the viscera being free from disease. The sub-lumbo-sacral — neoplastic tumor of the hip is enormous. It is granular, with © lardaceous, yellow-grayish tissue. Here and there it shows a — centre softened and containing pus and necrosed muscular tissue. The muscles surrounding are also involved; the veins of the thigh and hip, largely dilated, are thrombosed.—(Rec. de Med. Veter. ) DEPILATION IN VETERINARY SURGERY [ Messrs. Simonian and Neau, Army Veterinarians |.—Having observed that an ab- — normal swelling would often take place on a field of operation where antiseptic measures had been minutiously carried out and where, notwithstanding, healing by first intention had taken place, the authors inquired into the cause of this, and found that this swelling could be attributed to shaving. Having a median neurotomy to perform, they had the region shaved the night before the operation, and when the time for operating came, they found that the shaved part was the seat of a local inflammation due no doubt to infection by the razor. They then experimented, with ail kinds of razors and have never met with one which would not have the same accident more or less. In- deed, to be of perfect use, the razor must be extremely sharp, have an edge varying with the condition and hardness of the hair and besides be applied in given i oops some being rather difficult to shave. To avoid the use of the razor, coistd not some other means succeed as well in removing the hairs from a field of operation? The authors have tried a depilatory mixture which is truly per- fect. Take equal parts of monosulphide of sodium, quick lime and powdered starch. Mix the sodium and starch first, add the lime and when the mixture is thorough, add enough water to make a paste. The hairs are clipped as short as possible, the region washed and dried and the paste spread over. It is left on ten or fifteen minutes, when the surface is thoroughly washed to take off the paste. There then remains a surface absolutely glabrous, not irritated and asceptic, in which the hair-bulbs re- main perfect and where hairs will grow over again, with their original color. The paste must be used when freshly prepared and only for the time it is to be used.—(R. G. de M. Vete.) TUBERCULOSIS OF THE BLADDER AND OF THE Uretura [Mr. Bedel|.—-A cow coughs, loses flesh rapidly and makes frequent ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 399 efforts to micturate. The prescapular lymphatic glands are swollen and auscultation reveals suspicious rales in the thoracic cavity. Tuberculosis was suspected and tuberculin test decided upon. But the animal died before it could be applied. The autopsy revealed a generalized tuberculosis in all the thoracic and abdominal organs. The vesical mucous membrane pre- sented, near the neck of the bladder, some small nuclei of tuber- culosis; five existed in the urethra, accounting for the difficulty of micturition observed during life-—(Revue Veter.) BovinE NopuLar HELMINTHIASIS IS AN CEsOPHAGOSTO- miasis [Mr. Marotel].—This disease is characterized by the for- mation in the intestinal walls of tuberculiform nodules, in all of which is enclosed a larval nematode. The zoological nature of these worms is yet much discussed; some consider them as uncinaries, others claim that they are cesophagostomes. The studies of the author which have brought him to this last opin- ion, have caused him to form the following conclusions: (1) —TIn bovine nodular helminthiasis, the metamorphosis of the larve into adults always takes place in the canal of the intestines and never inside of the nodules. (2)—It ordinarily takes place towards April and June when the worms, aged eight or ten months, measure about four or five millimetres. (3)— It gives birth to typical cesophagostomes. It is, therefore, an cesophagostomiasis and not an unciniarosis.—(Rev. Veter.) Fatal HEMoptysiIs IN A STEER SUFFERING WITH BRONCHO- Pneumonia [Mr. Pierre Bitard|.—-This animal was going to be put to fattening regime to prepare him for market. He has been working hard and been exposed to heavy rain for a whole day. He probably felt the effects of this exposure, as he was taken with rheumatic pains all over, his joints were swollen and an attack of acute rheumatism was threatened. This was, how- ever, avoided, and thanks to an energetic treatment of alkalines and salicylate with frictions and warm blanketings, the steer resumed a satisfactory condition and was placed then under the regime for getting fat, which he followed for over two months, when he suddenly gave signs of being very ill. The author visited him and found him suffering with broncho-pneumonia. A severe treatment was prescribed and followed by return of the appetite and rumination; the only symptom remaining being a certain irregularity in the respiration and a thick hard cough. One morning he was found dead in his stall. In the abdomen 400 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. the visceras were found bloodless. In the chest, the lungs are pale and emphysematous. The right lung is hepatized and on ~ the upper border presented a broad surface where the visceral pleura is raised, and under it is a hard, dark mass, a large clot of blood extending into the bronchia, trachea and vasal cavities. —(Prog. Veter.) ITALIAN REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautarp, M. D., V. M. A Case oF NepHracoia [Dr. Arnaldo Fumagalli|.—The diagnosis was confirmed only at post-mortem, although by ex- clusion of possible cystitis, acute or chronic nephritis, or even of a moving kidney, nephralgia had seemed the only possible conclusion to arrive at. The history of the case was that a steer, aged six years, that had never been ill, had done heavy work, and had been at times, say every eight, ten or twenty days, presenting peculiar symptoms. He was dull, would not lay down, kept his hind legs spread apart with the tail raised and striking right and left. These manifestations would last several hours, at times diminishing and then again returning more severe; saliva would flow abundantly from the mouth, the respiration would be accelerated, the eyes much injected * * * and then all would stop as quick as it came; all the troubles would subside and by his appearance the animal seemed in per- fect normal condition. Unable to make a diagnosis at once, the author visited the animal several times and watched for an occasion to observe the symptoms himself, but he could never detect anything that would guide him. He, however, observed that on pressing over the lumbar region he could obtain from the steer a manifestation of pain more marked on the right than on the left side, no matter how slight was the pressure. Rectal examination, chemical analysis of the urine, minute examina- tions of all the functions, nothing abnormal could be detected. As the animal was in good condition he was sent to the abattoir. The most careful inspection of every organ failed to show the slightest lesion, except that the right kidney presented a strong APSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 401 pigmentary color similar to that of roasted coffee seed; the left kidney had its normal aspect. The absence of all lesions seem to justify the diagnosis of nephralgia due to periphic irritation of the renal branches of the great sympathetic—(// Nuovo Ercolani.) Tue ACTION OF THE URINE OF HEALTHY Horses UPon THE Virus OF GLANDERS [Dr. Prof. C. Nencioni].—After sev- a eral experiments that the author made to find out what would be the effects of the urine of healthy horses upon the bacillus of glanders, he arrived at the following conclusions: 1. That the urine of healthy horses kills in a maxima of forty hours and a minima of thirty, the virulent bacillus of glanders. 2. Filtration through a F. Chamberland filter does not take off from the urine its microbicid quality. Therefore, the idea that the death of the bacilli is due to vital concurrency be- tween micro-organisms must he laid aside. 3. Heating at 100° C. during twenty minutes has no effect upon the microbicid property of the urine towards the bacilli and consequently it is not to thermogenous substances that urine owes its power of destruction towards the virulency of the bacillus. 4. Bacillus mallei keeps in water its pathogenous power much longer than in the urine of healthy horses. The microbicid action of the urine cannot be attributed to an hydro- litic phenomena.—(/] Nuovo Ercolani.) A Curious CASE oF Foretcn Bopy 1n A Carr [Dr. Alfonso Palagi|.—On the 7th of July, 1907, a calf was bought and after remaining twelve days at his new owner’s he was resold to an- other man. At that time he was in good health and remained so for fifty days after, when he was kept among others turned out to fatten. On the morning of the 5th of September, the owner discovered that on the right side of the abdomen, a little above and in front of the umbilicus, the calf had a swelling as big as the head of a boy, oval in shape and rather hard to the touch. The author was called and examined the calf, which ex- hibited much pain when the tumor was manipulated. On that account a thorough diagnosis could not be made out, although it was evident that it was not a hernia. Thinking it to be an abscess, proper treatment was prescribed and directions left, that information be sent as soon as the tumor showed indications of 402 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, getting soft. After a few days the only change that was reported — was that the tumor had diminished, was not larger than a turkey’s egg, but that it still remained hard. However, on the 17th of the same month, seventy-four days from the date of the first — purchase, a yellowish discharge, mixed with sand and air was — noticed coming out from the apex of the tumor and on passing the hand over it, the owner felt a rough body pushing away through the skin, he took hold of it and pulled away a branch ~ of willow tree, as big as a pencil, and measuring fifty centimetres in length. Cicatrization followed without difficulty. It is won- derful to see such a long piece of wood remaining for such a time and having never given rise to any morbid manifestations.— (Il Nuovo Ercolani.) LACERATION OF THE Rectus Femoris [Prof. G. Gamba- rotta|.—Heavy draught horse drawing a very heavy load, slipped backwards in starting and dropped heavily to the ground. The harness was taken off, the animal remained quiet for some little time and after violent efforts, succeeded in getting up. The right hind leg is disabled. The horse walks with great difficulty on three legs, the toe of the right hind foot drags on the eround, the external angle of the hip is down and all the joints of the leg are in semi-flexion. There is a wide depression on the stifle and the anterior face of the thigh. Diagnosis of the laceration of the rectus femoris was made and the prognosis is quite seri- ous. The owner will not allow the horse to be killed on ac- count of his qualities and of his value. During three days con- tinuous irrigations were applied on the stifle joint and after that a severe irritating blister was applied. Three weeks after, the animal rested on his leg and two weeks later was able to resume his work.—(JI Bullet. Vet. Ital. and B. V.) — Sautivary Ca.cuLus In SteNo’s Duct or Horses [Dr. Nicola Oreste|.—A concise case recording the history of a horse which presented the symptoms of calculus in the duct of steno. As the animal was a stallion used for private breeding purposes, it was objectionable to have him operated on the cheek on ac- count of the cicatrix, and it was decided to attempt to remove the stone per mouth. With a speculum widely open, the cavity was kept sufficiently large to allow the introduction of a grooved probe into the opening of the canal and to push it some five or six centimetres when the calculus was felt. With a gentle pres- sure from outside, it was displaced and soon there dropped into ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. : 403 the hand of the operator two calculi, one weighing ninety grammes and the other sixty. The former was seven centimetres long and twelve in its larger diameter, the latter was only four centimetres long and eleven in diameter. There was no further trouble.—(La Clinica Vetcerin.) Cutt, DERMO AND OPHTHALMO REACTION WITH TUBER- cuLIN [Dr. Alberto Panizza, of Modena, Veterinary School|.— The author has made numerous experiments on these methods of diagnosis, he passes in review the work that has been made before him and relates his own which he has carried on with many animals, which he has divided into four series. In a first series he tested the cuti reaction of Lignieres, in the second the dermo-reaction as described by Vallee, in the third the oph- thalmo-reaction as modified by Lanfranchi, and in the fourth the three together. He then came to the conclusions: 1—Cuti and dermo-reactions when applied separately to non- tuberculous animals cannot be relied upon. 2—Ophthalmo-reaction has a very characteristic and marked effect on tuberculous animals, which does not occur in healthy animals. 3—Ophthalmic reaction will also « occur in cases of actino- mycosis. 4—When ophthalmo, cuti and dermo reactions are applied simultaneously there will be an ocular reaction in diseased ani- mals and a doubtful one in healthy. 5—Which may be confirmed by resorting after, to the oph- thalmic test alone.-—(La Clini. Veter.) AN OBSERVATION OF EustronGyLus Gicas [Dr. Rinaldo Pico|.—Similar ‘cases are not common, and although kidneys are the ordinary seat where the nematode develop, there are cases where it is found in other parts of the organism. Besides those already on record, the author relates the following: A pointer dog after making a bad jump presented on the left inguinal region a small swelling. At first it seemed not to interfere with the dog, but after a few days it grew so much larger that it required attention. It formed in the left groin a tumor rather well defined, about as big as a potato and having on the centre a cyanotic spot. To the touch it is hard, rather bosselated, not painful or reducible. Suspecting it to be a fibro- ma, the dog was secured and anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of chloral hydrate. Proceeding in the removal of the 404 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, growth it was found to contain a large cyst in the centre of — which was a big strongilus gigas, female, which measured — seventy-five centimetres in length. The dog had never pre- © sented any trouble about his urinary function. After his death, — which occurred two weeks later, a careful post-mortem examina- — tion failed in finding any lesions in the kidneys or in any part © of the urinary apparatus.—(La Clin. Veterinaria.) GERMAN. REVIEW. By J. P. O'Leary, V. M. D., Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Y. INTOXICATION THROUGH ANIMAL Foop Sturrs [Dr. Movel, Toulouse |.—When man and animals contract severe dis- eases through eating animal food stuffs, it is usually the meat which has undergone a specific decomposition with the forma- tion of toxins microbic in origin. However, it remains for us to decide how these changes are brought about. As a result, two very distinct groups of diseases present themselves and which must be more clearly differentiated from each other than has hitherto been the case. The term (Fleisch vergiftung) “meat poisoning,” constitutes an abusus lingue. The name “intoxication”’ can only be applied to Botulism, the basis of which is a very poisonous toxin (similar to that of tetanus). Van Ermongen was the first who discovered the bacillus botulis- mus. The poison originates in the dressed meat of healthy ani- mals or in its conserves, where it accumulates in the deeper parts and is protected from the air. The meat assumes a changed appearance, and the disease resulting therefrom is distinguished in this particular manner, that mycotic intestinal inflammation is lacking throughout.. The prominent symptoms are those of diplopie, mydriasis, ptosis, which can only be the result of poison- ing in the strict sense of the word. ‘Totally different from the sausage poisoning, together with its nature and symptomatology, are the other diseases emanating from meat, the so-called “ meat poisonings,”’ which occur more frequently and appear epidemic- ally among people at intervals, arise from an infection which the slaughtered animal had acquired during life. The regula- Sara NRT eg at ban AESTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 405 tions prescribed for determining the harmfulness of this infected meat depends exclusively upon its origin, and almost invariably inquiry reveals the fact that it was derived from animals which had been affected with umbilical and uterine inflammations, septic enteritis, pneumo-enteritis and similar diseases. The meat, al- though in a fresh condition, is dangerous to eat; it has a normal appearance, a good taste and odor and even chemical examina- tion reveals nothing harmful (Eber). Infection is due to the Bacillus enteritidis (Gartner, 1888; Johne, 1894), and to close- ly related microbic types, gastro-intestinal inflammations be- ing the predominating lesions. The infection in man, however, resembles typhoid fever, cholera, and their intermediaries. The micro-organisms in many respects resemble the B, paratyphicus B, the bacillus psittacosis, the bacteria of hog cholera, cholera nostras. They all belong to one family and resemble very much the coli (Eberth) group. They are all equally virulent for man and animals. They prevent or retard the process of putrefactive decomposition. As the muscle sugar undergoes fermentation, for this reason the suspicious meat appears normal. With re- gard to the remarkable epidemics caused by such meat infections, one in particular deserves especial mention, and which occurred in the French city Gand in 1905. A veterinary meat inspector examined some sausage which had been declared suspicious by the police, as some persons became ill after eating it. The in- spector found this sausage to all appearances healthy. He ate two or three pieces of it, as did also a colleague and an employee of the slaughter house, and thereupon released the sausage, be- cause it had a good taste and smell. Ten to twelve hours later all three persons became sick, had fever, vomiting and diarrhoea. The attending physician pronounced it a case of ptomaine poison- . ing. On the fifth day the inspector died. Could this have been the result of meat poisoning? The autopsy on the body of the veterinarian proved otherwise. The stomach and intestines were intensely inflamed; here and there gangrene had set in, and in all the organs myriads of microbes were present, with which other animals were inocu- lated successfully. In the liver and kidneys and large vessels, masses of these organisms were found in clumps and to the ex- tent that after straining a section they could be discovered with the aid of a lens. The most remarkable fact in connection with ‘such meat infections is that the period of incubation is very short, frequently only a few hours, also that the severity of the 406 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. disease bears no relation to the quantity of the aliment eaten. Finally, a great deal depends upon the individual susceptibility and immunity. C oncerning the pathogenesis of these meat in- fections the etiological investigations have furnished additional data which is very interesting. As to the dissimilarity of these diseases, gastro-enteritis is the more prominent, the intestines particularly contain enormous quantities of bacteria. These may be distributed from the dejections of the diseased animals by the various intermediaries and infect anew both man and ani- mals. Opportunity also presents itself to infect the freshly- drawn milk in such stables where infected animals are housed and which accounts for the mysterious appearance of epidemics in the country of gastro-intestinal inflammations, continued fevers, cholera infantum and similar affections which hitherto had been difficult of explanation. Publications of this nature are intended at the present time to attract the attention of med- ical practitioners, veterinarians and hygienists to the etiology of these diseases. Poisoning through eating cream puffs occurs in the same manner, also milk diet, vegetables, and even by eggs, the latter when hens are kept in crowded roosts, the oviduct becomes in- fected and before the shell is formed. In England and America the fact has long been demonstrated that oysters are dangerous, even when they are eaten while fresh, if they are taken from polluted waters or reservoirs the drainage of which was defective. Similar conditions prevail with regard to fish and clams. As a result of these opinions the question arises, How preventive measures can be employed to obviate such infections. They must consist solely upon sanitary police supervision with regard to the origin of the food stuffs in question, not merely in the line of meat inspection. The control should be extended to the rural districts, which is more important than that of cities and large towns.—( Deutsche Tier. Wochen., Feb, 22, 1908.) Tue Aupirory AND VOCAL ORGANS OF THE Parror [A. Denker|.—No essential anatomical variation exists in the’audi- tory apparatus of the parrot and that of other birds, with the exception of the macula neglecta being absent. Tense elastic fibres of various lengths are present in the basilary membrane which act mechanically. These individual cords vibrate to the sound of a tone. Not only the parrot but also the other birds hear the human voice. The faculty of the parrot to imitate the human voice is not due to the formation of the larynx, as that ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 407 organ is not so widely different in construction as compared with other birds. The peculiarity of the parrot in imitating the human _ voice is derived from the well-developed arching of the mouth and pharynx and to the peculiar formation and great develop- ment of the muscles of the tongue-—(Der Tierarzt, 47 Jahrg 7) No. 5.) | PAPILLARY ACANTHOMES ON THE INTERNAL SURFACE OF THE Ears oF THE Horse [Proscholdt, Berlin|.—In the course of his clinical experience, Proscholdt observed frequently pecu- liar formations on the inner surface of the ears of horses, and which in many cases were visible at a distance on inspection of the ear, but nevertheless were only visible in the majority of | q cases when the muscle of the ear was averted. They appear as circular elevated growths which are sharply differentiated _ from one another by their color. Proscholdt made this disease the object of his investigations and arrived at the following histological and clinical conclusions: 1st—On the inner surface of the ear we frequently find flat _ warts of various shapes and sizes. 2d—They occur in two types, the pigmented and non-pig- mented. 3d—The non-pigmented type predominates. 4th—The position of the wart is exclusively on the inner surface. 5th—Both types resemble each other very closely histologic- 4 ally and differ only in pigmentation. 6th—The neoformations are to be designated as papillary acanthomes. 7th—The term acanthome has hitherto not been employed in veterinary medicine. 8th—The new formation is composed of a primary epithelial and secondary connective tissue growth. gth—The experiments conducted with regard to its trans- 4 _ missibility to horses, dogs, cats and rabbits, were resultless. 10th—The etiology of the acanthomes remains unknown.— (Aus der medizinischen Klinik der Kongl. Tierarzt. Hochschule, Stuttgart, Archieves fiir Wissenschaft und Prakt, Tievheit. kundl.) _____ Ir is impossible for a man attempting many things to do all things well.—( Xenophon.) CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION. ~ VETERINARIAN. The United States Civil Service Commission announces an — examination on December 15, 1908, at the places mentioned in the list printed by the Commission, to secure eligibles from — which to make certification to fill a vacancy in the position of veterinarian (male), salary $1,200 per annum. Quartermaster’s Department at Large, Washington, D. C., and vacancies re- quiring similar qualifications as they may occur in any branch of the service. The examination will consist of the subjects mentioned be- low, weighted as indicated: Subjects. Weights. is. ether-WERGNG 6.5 wig apenas eons Bola tas Gn 10 2. Veterinary anatomy and physiology...... 20 3- Veterinary pathology .........+....«+. 20 4.. Veterinary. Practice: Oa $519,808 00 micst two. years..........55 peta tate He 4, _ 571,789, 00 MURR TOATS oS po cies Chen's Gales eee s 831,693 00 478 M. H. REYNOLDS. Total of Both Classes. | First VOGe ss ak Pe et Pea ana eg $1,180,478 00 First ‘two years. sin cee PUES NS 1,310,346 00 For seven years....-...> bee tacts Sie Wa honed 1,764,969 00 Net Loss To OWNERS. Pure Bred Cattle. First year... «iss spn aaa aaa aan $219,667 88. First tW0 -years: . pecs 9uss tev iv eens ee tens 240,588 63 Por hee Weare ee aa ae 292,890 50 Picet year. fo. ces eo ke eae $227,895 66 First ‘two- years ic 3c). ce ee Pee ere 299,704 80 Por Bevel: Fears. Fo Se ee ae es 497,222 65 Total of Both Classes. First yeat. e505. 005s ca sate Weer $447,563 54 First two yeataics 3.0 Fal vse see te tn eee eo 540,293 43 Fir, REVS YORE 5 ie SW in) ei eres 772,113 15 Net Cost to STATE FOR REIMBURSEMENT. Pure Bred Cattle. First FORC. 5 ee OG Bess ate wes $209,387 00 Pint two OR ris ee 230,326 00 For SEVER: FOMNOG le» Fo hs eV a eee Cee 282,672 00 Creamery and City Dairy Herds. Pitel YOGS basses 6660s i divas $176,282 00 Firat TWO FORD. ess ooh vee cee aes 242,388 00 For. UG Veni k,n i ey ee ee 407,652 00 Total of Both Classes. Pits FOE 8. eee $385,669 00 Pifet FOC Pere io. oe ss ine owed bea yy as 472,714 00 Por SEVEN POA. i aS ee 690,324 00 THE PROBLEM OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. 479 Cosr or Testina. Cost of Testing by Veterinarians—Creamery, City Dairy, and Pure Breds. Ma MMMM atria Bing vl vag 9b A.%. o-¥ #1834 Cs $650,175 00 Rte AS: OO yp af ig sab a «0s Sa e's 1,300,350 00 te MMMM ROI iis isis o.6 x. 4 $650,000 00 Be irst, CWO VATS... 1... ee eee eet eee ees 1,300,000 00 a TS Ret Oi eign inns «Ie ep 2,925,000 00 Cost oF OrricE MANAGEMENT. 3 (For creamery, city dairy and pure bred cattle at 34 per thou- sand tests, possibly high for work on large scale.) BINGE YOO: 5 keen eee ete eee $44,200 00 my First two years.........- 6.2 e sees ee ee eens 88,400 00 OER VOATS: os ed eset eee ees 198,900 00 480 M. H. REYNOLDS. AMOUNT OF TUBERCULIN USED AND Cost. Creamery, City Dairy and Pure Bred Cattle. First year about 2,600 litres or 650 gallons, costing. $26,000 00 First two years 5,200 litres or 1,300 gallons, costing. 52,000 00 For the seven years 11,700 litres or 2,925 gallons, COSHNG 2 6. e ee eek bees beh wale seein we 0k Oa Tota Cost oF ERADICATION. These figures indicate that the total cost of eradication in seven years on this basis and from these classes, city dairy, creamery, and pure bred herds would be as follows: First y@ar’) gis Abi aca ces ee ee $1,756,080 00 First (WO: YOS0S foie. ssliiiky Ga yee ee an 3,213,460 00 For the seven years.:.i5:cisiiccia seat cueie oti 6,857,000 00 Data.—It is interesting to note in this connection that on this basis there is. required .5 of a gallon B. A. I. tuberculin per thou- sand cattle, per test. Testing by veterinarians would cost on the basis previously given very nearly $0.50 per head. Testing by farm school grad- uates, etc., would cost about $0.43 per head. The cost of disinfection on the basis given amounts almost exactly to $1 for each animal tested for each disinfection. It is possible that some more economical plan for utilizing tuberculous cattle than by slaughter and carcass salvage may be developed. This may come with tuberculosis stock farms under private management licensed by the county or state; or possibly with tuberculosis farms managed directly by the county or state. No difference what form this plan may assume, it is safe to say that it will receive a royal welcome after it has made good, as we say in American phrase. In order to stand test, any plan for utilizing tuberculous cattle must answer favorably to one difficult question: Is it profitable in cold dollars? Can tuberculous cattle whether mixed THE PROBLEM OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. 481 grades or pure breds of many breeds, be purchased at the average price of carcass salvage and then be managed profitably in the United States, with the products honestly labelled and competing in the open market with similar products from healthy cattle? With this question in mind the writer has been unable to formulate anything that would stand careful analysis. Neither __ has any method suggested by others come under observation that _ does not appear hopelessly impracticable. Several have sug- gested plans, some features of which may yet be utilized, and _ we may all wish earnestly that something better may appear. In Conclusion.—It need not be argued in this connection as to whether vigorous control work on a large scale should be done ; by the state alone or by the state with federal aid or whether by federal authorities chiefly. Abrogation of police powers of a _ state involves legal questions which need not enter into this dis- cussion. But whether this final work of eradicating tuberculosis _ from these three classes of cattle is to be undertaken by the state alone or by the state with generous federal aid, it is very evident that the work must be done with individual states as units. Hitherto there has been too much theorizing and too much ; guessing. Students of this problem have been dealing too much _ with glittering generalities. It seems high time for us to develop _ some tried bases for more efficient work; time for statements of __ basic principles and quite time to outline large plans. Our own- _ ers and consumers and legislators are entitled to practical plans __and prosy statements of probable cost and probable results. Let us all—all who are directly interested in this problem and _ familiar with it, endeavor to work out practical methods of doing i much larger and much more efficient work than we have been doing. “ Still achieving ;. still pursuing, Learn to labor, and to wait.” In Prussia the price of medicine is regulated by the state, a new price list being published every year. SHIFTING LAMENESS.* Grorce RR. Wuite, M.D., D.V.S., NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE. When honored by the Secretary of the American Veterinary Medical Association with an invitation to contribute to this program, by presenting a paper that would be of interest to the general practitioner, I cast around for a subject which would be of most benefit to those fellow practitioners who would do me the honor to listen to the reading of the paper, or others who might chance to read same when published either in the printed proceedings of this meeting, or in the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. The subject which I have selected appealed to me as one of sufficient importance and interest for presentation on this occa-— sion. In this age of modern veterinary science the study of lame- ness in general, and special lameness in particular, is not receiving as much attention as it very justly deserves. Lameness may be defined as pain or stiffness manifested by — weakness or soreness in one or more limbs, associated with per- verted function of the limb or limbs affected. The term “ shift- ing lameness ” is self-explanatory. From the viewpoint of the practitioner of veterinary med- icine, accurate diagnosis of lameness is the most difficult; how- ever, the most important problem with which he is called upon to contend. It is always puzzling and is indefinite in many cases. Accurate diagnosis stands essentially for two things: Accuracy of observation based upon extensive practical experience, and the basing of conclusions on facts gleaned from the actual symptoms presented, rather than assumptions or “ fine-spun theories.” We view with a degree of pride the advances in our knowl- edge of veterinary science. This pride is in a measure justified when we compare our knowledge of to-day with that of only — *A paper read before the 45th annual meeting, American Veterinary Medical Association, Philadelphia, Pa., September 8, 9, 10, tr, 1908. 482 ow A tM a ne i eo tal el Se eee er a Steers a Shei sep SHIFTING LAMENESS. 483 _ a few years ago. But we are mistaken if we assume that veter- inary medicine and surgery has already attained the rank of a perfect science, for we have as yet made only a few steps in that direction, This applies to physical diagnosis in particular, which, of course, includes lameness. Unfortunately, the knowledge of lameness by the average general practitioner has lagged far behind many other branches of veterinary science. As an example may be mentioned veter- inary sanitary medicine. We, as general practitioners, must freely admit, without hesitation, that most of the gifted members _ of the veterinary profession have deserted our ranks and entered the field of college or experimental station work, or the domain of sanitary veterinary medicine. They have been attracted to other fields of endeavor by attractive salaries and official posi- tions with less work and worry than is encountered by the aver- age general practitioner. Of course, we must all admit that the opportunities for honor and achievement are greater with the man who.chooses sanitary science or experimental medicine as a profession; however, it is a great misfortune that the ranks of the general practitioner are to be depleted by some of our best and most gifted men de- serting us. Their advice and counsel is needed most where the darkness is greatest. The trained diagnostician recognizes the fact that the loca- tion of lameness is one of the most tedious and difficult prob- lems which daily confronts him. His reserve faculties are here constantly brought into action. It is here that his skill is sub- jected to the severest test. It is here that a mistake in diag- nosis often causes embarrassment by inviting adverse criticism and uncomplimentary comment. It is here that reputations are quickly made, and it is here that they are more quickly lost. We must ever be on our guard in diagnosing lameness. One reason for this is that we do not sufficiently train our senses to the necessary keenness of perception. We are too often insensible to the distinction between facts and fancy in our observation, 484 GEORGE R. WHITE. and too quick in arriving at the conclusion. There is no subject more worthy of consideration, no time more fitting, no place better suited to the act, than the discussion now before the Amer- ican Veterinary Medica! Association of the subject of this paper —‘ Shifting Lameness.” It has been correctly suggested that the diagnosis of lame- ness is a triple problem, viz: I, Recognition of the Affected leg; II, Location of seat of lameness; III, Determination of cause or nature of lameness. The treatment of lameness deserves secondary consideration, as that is often simple when once a correct diagnosis has been: made. Of course, the prognosis in “ shifting lameness” is al- ways indefinite, as this depends altogether upon its etiology, or we might say the systemic disease which is always its forerunner. We must bear in mind the fact that shifting lameness—exclusive, possibly, of septic arthritis in foals—is not a sign of: localized soreness, but it-is a pathognomonic symptom of one of the fol- lowing three’ systemic affections: Osteoporosis, Millet Disease, Rheumatism. The stages of lameness may be classed as acute, sub-acute, and chronic. The stage must be established or determined from the history of the case. We will now briefly consider the path- ology of the lameness producing lesions, of each of the three systemic diseases in which “ shifting lameness” is a prominent and well marked symptom: OSTEOPOROSIS, The bone and joint lesions, which produce lameness in osteo- porosis, are of a gradual, slow developing character. The dis- ease causes absorption of the calcareous or compact bone sub- stance, which, of course, leaves the bone in an impoverished, porous and weakened condition. It also attacks the articular cartilages of the joints—most often those of the hock, stifle and hip, of the hind leg, and those of the knee and elbow of the fore- leg. The smooth, glistening surfaces of the affected joints be- ora Pa Fe eee ee ~_— 2 ie ae! ir nl aay: pitt in ONE digi. wtih port) RM SOLS AOA he nr i PLEO ICS PM A TD rected SHIFTING LAMENESS. 485 come rough and uneven, something similar to ulceration, with no pus formation. There is synovial distension and periarticular infiltration. The synovial and articular function of the joint is distorted to such an extent that the movement of the affected joint or joints causes friction, hence pain and lameness. The bones of the limbs rarely if ever become enlarged. The marrow is more vascular than normal. The synovia is thick and light brown in color and contains broken down debris from the ulcer- ated articular cartilages and bone. Occasionally a ligament or tendon may become detached at its insertion by tearing the periosteum from the diseased bone. Shifting indefinite lameness, involving first one leg and then the other, is always suggestive of beginning osteoporosis. Of course, if the disease has advanced to the degree where the char- acteristic symmetrical swelling or thickening of the maxillary (superior and inferior) bones takes place, the diagnosis is easy. However, until the occurrence of this characteristic enlargement of the face and jaw bones the lameness from osteoporosis can easily be mistaken for that of either millet disease or rheumatism. MiILvtet DISEASE. In millet disease the bone becomes decidedly softened; how- ever, there is no tendency to absorption of the calcareous or com- pact bone substance. There is a marked tendency to detachment of the ligaments and tendons at their insertion. They frequently tear away and carry bone substance and periosteum with them. There is a well marked, or, we might say, profuse, infiltration into the joints and tendon bursae; however, the supply of true synovial fluid is in all cases considerably diminished; in fact, in many cases its secretion is entirely suppressed. In cases where the synovial fluid is scant, adhesions of important structures sometimes occur. The disease has even produced ankylosis of one or more of the important joints. The articular surfaces of the affected joints show numerous indentations of an ulcerative or softening character; of course, 486 GEORGE R. WHITE. these leave the joint in a roughered condition and capable of pro- ducing friction and pain at every movement. The kidneys present all the pathological lesions usually met with in acute and chronic nephritis. RHEUMATISM. Rheumatism is a constitutional inflammatory affection, for a long time thought to be of lactic acid origin; however, it is now considered a toxaemia as a result of bacterial development. It has a tendency to attack articulations as well as muscular tissue. In fact, it can truly be said that rheumatism is no re- spector of tissues. It has an acute onset and does not present peculiar or constant lesions. Although the joints are the chief seats of invasion, still in many instances, and even in aggravated cases, the pathological changes presented are slight or altogether absent. Especially is this true in muscular rheumatism. Usually the synovial membranes of the affected joints are injected, dis- colored, and: swollen, and. their articular surfaces coated with fibrin. The soft parts around the joints are often extensively in- filtrated and swollen, which causes them to be extremely sensi- tive to the touch. These swellings are often soft or they may be tense and elastic, or edematous and pit on pressure. There is never suppuration unless there is mixed infection. The effusion accompanying rheumatism is chiefly of a serous consistency; however, it contains a small amount of fibrin and leukocytes. A similar exudate appears in the periarticular tissue, the tendon and synovial sheaths. In protracted cases the car- tilages may become eroded. The synovial fluid is usually in excess and deeply colored with red. There is a tendency to for- mation of coagula and false membranes, which, when they be- come organized, produce lameness and stiffness. Softening and rupture of the tendons has been observed by several well known authorities. Calcification sometimes occurs. The affected joints often become denuded of their articular cartilage. Whenever we are called upon to examine a horse suffering from lameness of the shifting variety, it behooves us, as con- SHIFTING LAMENESS. 487 scientious practitioners, to make a correct diagnosis in the living animal. To do this we must intelligently consider the several differential diagnostic points between osteoporosis, millet disease and rheumatism. These we will now briefly consider. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS. OSTEOPOROSIS. . Shifting lameness. . Chronic or slow onset. No history of millet feeding. . Recoveries are extremely rare. No decided kidney or urinary changes. Bowel action normal or near normal. Very slight elevation and variation of temperature. . Course and severity not influenced by atmospheric condi- tions; however, same is decidedly altered by climatic changes. g. Almost always assumes the chronic type in spite of care and treatment, unless there is a rapid change to another more favorable climate. No results from treatment with salicylates or asperin. 10. Lack of spirit, sluggishness, ease of fatigue, even with moderate, slow and light work, are prominent symptoms. In the beginning there is presented very slight articular or bone (ostitis) lameness, which becomes gradually aggravated, accom- panied by a slight elevation of temperature. No generalized or localized muscular soreness. | 11. “ Choppy,” awkward, and clumsy gait, with a decided tendency to stumble. They frequently l'e down and have no de- sire to get up. 12. No tendency toward the development of complications involving either the heart, lungs or kidneys. 13. Tongue not coated, and there is no sour odor from _mouth, unless the jaw bones have become involved to such an extent that mastication is interfered with. 14. No discoloration of visible mucous membranes. OI ANRW DH | af =f i ; j 4 tr. i. 4 i ' + ee CO Ge aay BFE Se 488 GEORGE R. WHITE. - 15. No noticeable localized muscular atrophy. General emaciation develops gradually and slowly. 16. No tumefaction of vulva and vagina in mares. 17. The mule is as much susceptible as the horse, and the ‘lisease affects them similarly. 18. Localized or generalized inflammation of the joints, characterized by heat, slight swelling, and some pain on pres- sure. Infiltration into the tissues in close proximity to the af- fected joints. However, infiltration and swelling of the joints is by no means a constant symptom, as we oftentimes observe lameness with no visible evidence of joint involvement. 19. In most cases there is a well marked synovial distension. 20. Does not attack tendons, hence rupture of them never takes place. | 21. The bones become enlarged, thickened and softened. They may be easily pricked with knife or needle, and are readily indented by pressure. The teeth become loosened and mastica- tion is impaired, difficult or impossible. Of course, in such cases digestion and assimilation is imperfect. Characteristic sym- metrical face and lower jaw enlargement occurs in over 95 per cent. of the cases. 22. There is a tendency for the ligaments and tendons to tear away from their insertions, carrying periosteum and bone with them. MILLET DISEASE. 1. Shifting lameness. 2. Acute or sudden onset. 3. History of millet feeding. 4. Discontinue millet feeding and the symptoms rapidly dis- appear; a large per cent. of the cases make quick and complete recoveries, 5. At first there is overstimulation of the kidneys, char- acterized by frequent and copious flow of urine. This is fol- lowed by partial or complete suppression of urine. The urine in the sub-acute and chronic stages is thick, light colored and’ SHIFTING LAMENESS. 489 scanty. When the disease advances to the stage where chronic nephritis begins, we get intermittent colicky pains and other symptoms ordinarily encountered in cases of suppression of urine, including those of uraemia. 6. Bowels constipated. 7. Slight elevation of temperature (102-104) of the remittent type, which continues throughout course of the disease. 8. Course and severity not influenced by climatic or atmos- phere conditions. g. Rarely ever becomes chronic, provided the millet feeding is discontinued early. Medical treatment is unnecessary. We get no results from treatment with salicylates or asperin. 10. Lack of spirit. and energy, associated with restlessness, loss of appetite, accompanied by indigestion, staring coat, pain- ful expression, and general debility. Very little muscular sore- ness. 11. “ Stilty,” uncertain “ straddling,” and painful gait, often- times eliciting a groan at each step. There is constant uneasiness and the animal frequently shifts weight from one leg to another in rapid succession. There is a “tucking up” of flank and the animal assumes a cramped position with back arched and head dropped. 12. There is no tendency to the development of cardiac and pulmonary complications. However, kidney involvement is con- stant. 13. Tongue coated and peculiar sour smelling odor from mouth. 14. Visible mucous membranes are reddened. 15. There is no localized muscular atrophy; however, gen- eral emaciation takes place rapidly. 16, In mares there is often a tumefaction of the vulva which extends into the vagina. 17. Mules are not near so susceptible to millet disease as horses; however, when once contracted by the mule, it runs a severe course, and often leaves permanent lesions from which they rarely completely recover. 490 GEORGE R. WHITE. ° 18. Localized or generalized joint soreness characterized by heat, swelling and pain. The joints involved are usually hock, stifle, knee and elbow. 19. Diminished amount of synovial fluid in the affected joints. In fact, its entire absence is not by any means infre- quent. 20. No softening of the tendons, and they have no tendency to become ruptured. 21. No thickening or enlarging of any of the bones. No loosening of the teeth or interference with mastication. 22. There is a tendency for the ligamentous and muscular attachments to tear away from their insertions, carrying peri- osteum and bone with them. RHEUMATISM. Shifting lameness. Acute or sudden onset. No history of millet feeding. Spontaneous recoveries are frequent. No decided kidney or urinary changes. Bowel action normal. Temperature varies from normal to 106-107 degrees. Its severity and course is altered to a slight degree by climatic changes. Atmospheric conditions play an important role in the development of symptoms, course and termination of rheumatism. 9. If not treated it ordinarily assumes the chronic type. In most cases the disease readily yields—temporarily, at least—to treatment with salicylates or asperin. 10. The animal becomes languid; has no desire to move; has a restless and painful expression. In most cases there is very pronounced lameness and generalized or localized muscular sore- ness. The elevation of temperature usually precedes any articu- lar or muscular symptoms, 11. The gait varies in rheumatism, depending upon its loca- tion and severity and character of tissue involved. The affected CON AMS WN nore a ry inept nes” YE a PRR pet A Bees Aad J SHIFTING LAMENESS. 491 joint is usually held in a semi-flexible position and absolutely mo- tionless. 12. There is a tendency to complications, such as myocard- itis, pericarditis, endocarditis pleurisy, bronchitis, etc. No kid- ney complications develop. 13. Tongue is not coated and there is no sour odor from mouth, 14. Visible mucous membranes slightly injected. 15. Oftentimes there is a decided localized muscular atrophy. This may involve one muscle or a group of muscles. Emacia- tion takes place slowly. 16. No tumefaction of vulva and vagina in mares. 17. The disease is no more severe in the mule than it is in the horse. It is no respecter of animals. Appears in horse, mule, dog, cat, sheep, goat, and even wild animals. 18. Localized or generalized joint soreness, characterized by heat, swelling, pain and injection of affected joints. ‘The sore- ness wanders from joint to joint, from joint to muscle, or from fascia to tendon, etc. It is no respecter of tissues. However, it rarely ever attacks bone. A joint which has once been rendered weak by previous injury or disease is especially liable to suffer. Infiltration and swelling of the soft parts about the affected joints causes them to be very sensitive to the touch. The swell- ings may be soft, tense, elastic, or oedematous and pit on pres- sure. In some cases there is no swelling or other external mani- festation of disease; however, pressure or movement will elicit excruciating pain. 19. Excess of synovial fluid in the affected joints. 20. The tendons sometimes become softened and rupture. 21. No symptoms of bone lesions. 22. No tendency for the ligaments and tendons to tear away from their attachment. For the past ten years, when called upon to diagnose cases of “shifting lameness,” I have pursued the following course, and I am gratified to state that very few mistakes in diagnosis have been made during that time. My routine is as follows: 492 GEORGE R. WHITE. - Examine maxillary bones. If they are not thickened we are quite safe in excluding osteoporosis. Make inquiry into the his- tory of millet feeding. If informed that no millet has been fed, we can safely exclude millet disease. This leaves us to make a diagnosis of lameness from rheumatism by excluding the other two. : BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ander’s Practice of Medicine. Law’s Veterinary Medicine.. | Cary—Osteoporosis. Printed Proceedings United States Veterinary Medical Association, thirty-fourth and thirty-fifth annual meetings. Mohler—Osteoporosis—Special Article. Merillat’s Principles of Veterinary Surgery, Vol. 2, page 636. Berns’ Osteoporosis, Vol. 22, page 455, AMERICAN VETERI- NARY REVIEW. Goubaux and Barrier—Exterior of the Horse. Fair—Lameness—Printed Proceedings, page 305, thirty- eighth annual meeting, American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion. Freidberger and Frohner’s Pathology and Therapeutics of Domestic Animals. Malkmus’ Clinical Diagnostics. Moller’s Operative Veterinary Surgery. W. Williams’ Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery. W. Williams’ Principles and Practice of Veterinary Medi- cine. Hinebauch—Printed Proceedings thirtieth, thirty-third and thirty-fourth annual meetings United States Veterinary Medical Association. Wellner—Printed Proceedings thirty-sixth annual meeting American Veterinary Medical Association. Moussu and Dollar—Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Goats and Swine. THE POISON WEED PROBLEM IN THE ARID WEST. By Gro. H. Grover, M.S., D.V.M., VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, COLORADO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Of all the untoward conditions which hamper the live stock industry in the more arid regions of the West, that of poisonous plants on the open range certainly has the greatest economic sig- nificance. While this question is paramount with the stockmen and depreciates the leading industry of this enormous area, yet strange as it may seem, very little systematic work has been done looking to a practical solution of the problem. The open range conditions still prevail largely, and always will, because of the existing climatic conditions. A conservative estimate has placed the annual loss of live stock in Colorado alone at $100,000. Poisonous plants are often aggressive in the struggle for possession of the land, and thus become pestiferous to cultivated crops and supplant native grasses. Animals because of hunger eat more or less freely of them. The results are not always acute poisoning, but on the con- trary, may, as in the case of loco weeds, bring about a protracted condition of unthriftiness, failure to breed or put on flesh, fol- lowed by cachexia and death. The valuation of the animals actually destroyed does not near represent the aggregate loss sus- tained by poisonous plants. The loss of a few animals and a per- manent injury to many, combined with the monopolizing of grazing lands by noxious weeds, have in many instances depre- ciated land values and curtailed profits until the owner is at last forced into bankrupicy and obliged to abandon otherwise ideal ranges. The total loss to the state from poisonous plants no doubt ex- ceeds one million dollars annually. 493 494 GEO. H. GLOVER. In the realm of toxicology we are still groping in the dark; the problems are many and intricate; it must be acknowledged that we have not made great headway. The following are a few of the many obstacles to contend with in poisonous plant investi- gation. ae att ns Some Animals More Susceptible Than Others,—Plants in- jurious to one species are harmless to others. The horse, mule, and goat eat poison ivy with impunity. Clover and alfalfa may cause a true intoxication, with bloating, under certain condi- tions, in ruminants; horses pasture upon the green plant with- out danger. Individuals of the same species show a wide di- vergence of susceptibility to poisons. As has been well said, “What is one man’s meat is another man’s poison.” Poison ivy produces a violent inflammation of the skin on most persons. Some will escape and are apparently.immune at one time, and equally as susceptible at another period of life. Throughout the vegetable kingdom, from bacteria all the way up to the mighty oak, we find species of plants poisonous under certain conditions, but few of them poisonous under all conditions. Some Plants Are Poisonous Only at Certain Stages of Growth.—The lupines (wild pea—horse beans), are found grow- ing in almost every section of the state and in great abundance on the Western Slope, and in many places are cut for hay; they are poisonous only at the time of going to seed. Larkspur (Del- phinium), is very deadly early in the spring, and loses its toxicity almost at flowering time. The death cama (Zygadenus veneno- sus), growing from a poisonous bulb, is very deadly early in the season, but gradually becomes less harmful and dries up in July. Sorghum and kaffir corn, which became popular forage crops in the non-irrigable sections of eastern Colorado, have produced such disastrous results from feeding green at certain stages of growth that their cultivation has been generally abandoned. In Bulletin No. 37, of the Idaho Experiment Station, is found the following bearing upon this subject: “ The roots of the wild parsnip or water hemlock, which are so virulent in the early THE POISON WEED PROBLEM IN THE ARID WEST. 495 Fic. 1.—Astragalus Mollissimus. Commonly called “ Wooly loco.” 496 ‘* "GEO. H. GLOVER. spring, have been fed to cows in the late summer and early fall without ill effect. Another member of the same family, the hemlock water parsnip, has a root which is poisonous in the early spring, but harmless after midsummer, while the roots of another plant of the carrot family, poison hemlock, contain no trace of poison during March, April or May, although consider- able quantities of the active principle coniin are present in the leaves and stems by May. Later in the season the roots also become dangerous.” . Variations According to Season, Climate, Etc—There are other serious difficulties to contend with in a systematic investiga- tion of this subject. The danger of certain plants varies accord- ing to season, climate, character of soil, etc., from year to year. A dry season is generally favorable for the development of poison in most plants. A plant may be poisonous in one country and harmless in another. Jimson weed is more active in America than in Europe. Some plants become less poisonous by cultiva- tion, such as wild hellebore and aconite. Where the plants con- tain poison in small quantity the native stock obtain a certain amount of immunity and will feed without harm on a range that will prove disastrous to other animals. The active principle may exist performed in the plant, which is generally the case, or it may be formed by the action of ferments during mastica- tion and digestion. Unusual Conditions May Affect the Quantity of Poison in Plants.—In sorghum and kaffir corn a stunted growth, resulting from arid conditions, is best suited for the development of prussic acid, the most powerful poison known. The poisoning by Johnson grass (a near relative of sorghum), is no doubt due to the same cause, as shown by Crawford and by Jeffries. The common potato, which beiongs to the same genus as black nightshade, spreading nightshade, bitter sweet, and other dangerous plants, contains an active alkaloid solanine which de- velops in large quantities when potatoes become green from ex- posure to the sun. This is no doubt the cause of the sudden and THE POISON WEED PROBLEM IN THE ARID WEST. Fic. 2.—Delphinium Geyeri Green. One of the more common lark- spurs. Not in bloom. 498 GEO. H. GLOVER. mysterious death of horses in the vicinity of Greeley that had been turned into potato fields after digging time, many small potatoes having been left on the surface exposed to the sun. The wilted leaves of the wild cherry are poisonous. In the eastern section of the state a scrubby cherry is found growing along the small streams and arroyas, and some loss in cattle has been reported. Several species of cherry are. found growing abundantly along the ravines in the mountains. Poison Found in Different Parts of Plants—Another dis- couraging feature in poisonous plant investigation is that the poison is not always found in the same part of the plant. In the case of wild hellebore, aconite, showy milkweed, thorn apple, and many others, the entire plant is poisonous. In wild parsnips the roots contain most of the poison. In lupines and yellow dock the seeds are dangerous. In potatoes the roots may be harmless and the tops poisonous. In the mountain laurel and wild cherry it is the leaves. In milkweeds the stems are said to be poisonous. In the crowfoot family it is found that the flowers are especially dangerous. Conditions Under Which Poisonous Plants Are Eaten.— Most poisonous plants are bitter and are avoided by animals. When confined to a certain range and not interfered with, they learn to avoid them, but are frequently poisoned while being moved from one locality to another. When an animal is hungry it will eat weeds that it would not otherwise touch. While driv- ing the herd at the time of the roundup or to market they will be seen reaching for the tops of weeds that at other times they would not molest. It is a matter of common observation that the greatest amount of poisoning occurs under these conditions, and the reasons assigned are that the animals when driven for some distance become ravenously hungry and have not time to make the same choice of forage plants as when at rest. The time of greatest danger is during or immediately after a rain or snow storm in the spring months. Alfalfa, whether green or cured, is known to be much more dangerous for cattle THE POISON WEED PROBLEM IN THE ARID WEST. 499 Fic. 3.—Delphinium Nelsonii. Dwarf larkspur. In bloom. 500 GEO. H. GLOVER. and sheep when wet from rain or dew. This seems to be the case with some poisonous plants, especially larkspur. The ex- planation most commonly proposed for this phenomenon, how- ever, is that when the ground is wet the roots are more readily pulled and eaten, and being much more poisonous, the danger is enhanced. The Chief Offenders.—The list of plants that are poisonous at all times and under all conditions is a short one; those that have been known to poison animals under special conditions, constitute a long list and range all the way from bacteria and fungi to the poison oak. Loco and larkspur are the chief offend- ers on the Western ranges and no doubt are responsible for fully 98 per cent. of the loss in Colorado. Loco Weeds.—That certain plants known to the Spaniards as loco weeds (crazy weeds) were dangerous to horses, was tradi- tional among the natives and early settlers prior to 1860. Ex- ceedingly interesting were the many theories advocated to ac- count for the strange phenomena induced in animals from eating these plants. The “ cow men” were as a unit in declaring that these plants were directly responsible, on the other hand there were those possessing less intimate knowledge of the subject and reasoning from analogy, by casual observation of the “ feast and famine ”’ method of conducting the range cattle business, who were equally sure that there was nothing to it but malnutrition induced by starvation and neglect. Of the many theories advanced by the cattle men to account for this condition it may be of interest to mention a few of the most common—First: Sand in the stomach, gotten while digging for the roots of the loco weeds. Second: Parasites commonly found in crown of the roots which eaten by animals poison them. Third: A fungus growing upon the plants which was supposed to account for their being very poisonous in some places and not so in others. These and many more equally absurd hypotheses had no scientific value in themselves and were of interest only so far THE POISON WEED PROBLEM IN THE ARID WEST. 501 as they added to the sum total of evidence against the particular plants as being in some way the causative factor. Although several investigators have undertaken to solve the mysteries surrounding this perplexing problem nothing definite was ever acomplished until the Department of Agriculture under- took the work in a systematic way four years ago. The Experi- ment Station at Fort Collins co-operated with the work in Col- orado by furnishing live stock and assisting in post-mortems. In Bulletin No. 121, part 3, issued by the Bureau of Plant Industry, is found a brief report of the results of both field work and jaboratory conclusions. In this report we find the fol- lowing: ‘‘ The name loco-weed has been applied to a large num- ber of plants, but two are considered especially obnoxious— Aragallus lamberti and Astragalus mollissimus.” “ The prin- cipal pathological changes are pronounced anemia of the whole system, diseased stomach walls, and in acute cases a congested condition of the walls of the stomach, while in chronic cases, there are frequently ulcers. There is an excess of fluids in the various cavities of the body. This is especially noticeable in the epidural space of the spinal canal. In most locoed females the ovaries are found in a diseased condition.” In regard to the possibility of exterminating the weeds, the report says: “ There seems to be no way of ridding the ranges of this, however.” In regard to the care of the disease the re- port informs us that, “it was found that locoed cattle can in most cases be cured by a course of treatment with Fowler’s So- lution.” As to the cause of this condition, Albert C. Crawford, phar- macologist, reports, ‘‘ It is the inorganic constituents, especially barium, which are responsible for this poisonous action at least in the plants collected at Hugo, Colorado.” The discoveries revealed by this investigation already are of much scientific value—their economic significance is in the future. . Larkspur.—In the category of poisonous plants of the West, the several species of larkspur easily take second place. 502 GEO. H. GLOVER. The genus Delphinium contains no less than eighteen species in Colorado and many of them are known to be poisonous at times. The poisoning occurs mostly in the spring time and in- variably during a rain or snow storm. Last spring in one in- stance seventy-four head of cattle died out of a herd of about two hundred. The conditions in brief were—catile grazing upon larkspur after a spring shower that did not last to exceed ten minutes. The same favorable conditions existing a large num- ber of animals are liable to succumb, making the loss heavy in each instance. Larkspur grows in great abundance in the mountains and the greatest damage is done at an elevation of over 7,000 feet. Dragendorff and Marquis report that in Delphinium Staphisagria a number of bases (delphinin, delphinoiden, staphisagrin) have been isolated. Several Western species of larkspur have been reported to yield an alkaloid, delphocurarin. This alkaloid has been used in vivisection work and promises to be of some com- mercial value. As to treatment for poisoning by larkspur atro- pine as a physiological antidote and potassium permanganate as a chemical antidote seem to give the best results. The stockmen relieve the bloating by “ sticking” in the rumen; bleeding from the ear vein or tail is thought to best afford relief? Most of the poisoning occurs when the animals are alone on the range, and therefore any effort calculated to curtail this heavy loss to the stockmen must be prophylactic in nature. In referring to my note book I find that of seventeen cases of heavy losses from poisonous plants in various sections of the state, sixteen of them were found upon investigation to have been caused by larkspur. When you think of poison weeds in the Rocky Mountains, remember that it is mostly a loco-weed and larkspur proposition. The accompanying cuts were made from photographs taken from specimens from the Veterinary Department poison weed her- barium. THE VALUE OF TUBERCULIN IN THE CONTROL OF TUBERCULOUS HERDS. By VERANUS A, Moorg, Ithaca, N. Y. Presented at the International Congress on Tuberculosis, Washington, D. C., Sept., 1908. The awakening to the fact that tuberculosis existed to any considerable extent in the cattle of America was a result of the discovery of tuberculin by Robert Koch and its later application as a diagnostic agent. A careful inquiry into the extent and distribution of bovine tuberculosis shows that it is most preva- lent in those districts where -there has been the greatest inter- change of cattle. As its dissemination depends largely upon the introduction of infected individuals it was not strange that with an unrestricted cattle traffic, many infected animals were innocently bought and sold, thereby carrying the disease and spreading its virus. The usual slow development of tuberculous lesions in cat- tle, and the fact that many infected individuals are spreading the bacilli before their true condition is suspected, made it pos- sible for a large number of herds to become extensively dis- eased, as a result of the increase in cattle traffic caused by the constantly growing demand of our large cities for milk. When the extent of bovine tuberculosis was first ascertained there was a tendency to radical state control and slaughter of infected animals because of its supposed sanitary significance. The disease appeared to be one of such magnitude that the peo- ple looked to the state for both counsel and financial assistance in its eradication. The state efforts by legislation and official control, however, have not eliminated it as quickly as was gen- erally anticipated. With a growing knowledge of tuberculosis and its parasitic nature, we are growing to realize more and more that it is not so much a matter of state, as it is one for the individual to deal with. Like a noxious plant its seed must 503 504 VERANUS A. MOORE, be kept out. While the state and nation have their responsi- bilities concerning it, the individual cattle owner must in the last analysis see to-it that his herd is protected from infection, which usually comes with the purchase of tuberculous cattle or the feeding to calves of milk from tuberculous cows. It is therefore largely a personal problem, the solution of which is to be found in the methods adopted and followed by the indi- vidual owner protected by proper legislation and given as much other assistance by the state as the legislature may see fit to confer. The burden of the effort to eliminate bovine tubercu- losis is with the individual farmers in whose herds the disease may exist. The work before us is to formulate methods that will enable individual cattle owners to apply the present knowl- edge of tuberculosis to the existing conditions in their herds with the least loss and the quickest returns. It is my purpose, therefore, to discuss the subject of bovine tuberculosis as an individual matter, and to point out the value of tuberculin in this personal conflict with it. As tuberculin made it possible to determine the presence of tuberculous infection, it is also the one indispensable agent to rely upon in the control of this parasitism. While many of our states have passed laws relative to the use of tuberculin in the official effort to control tuberculosis, a large number of cattle owners have privately attempted to eradicate it by the same means. In New York I have collected some data on this point. In 1907, I secured the results of the tests made (1904- 6) with tuberculin on 683 herds, containing a total of 12,721 animals. Of these only 262 herds, including 3,088 ani- mals, were tested by the state, while 421 herds with 9,633 ani- mals had been thus examined by privately employed veterinar- ians. The practical dairymen have come to recognize the in- efficiency of a physical examination, and the necessity for some specific reaction to detect tuberculous infection. This has caused the value of tuberculin to be appreciated and employed by a steadily increasing number of cattle owners. VALUE OF TUBERCULIN IN THE CONTROL OF TUBERCULOUS HERDS. 505 In using tuberculin certain apparent discrepancies have ap- peared which have caused many dairymen to question its value. This is due to the lack of knowledge concerning it. The dairy- man does not distinguish between active, healed or latent tuber- culous lesions, and up to a comparatively recent date patholo- gists have been unable to instruct them in the significance of these technical differences. It is important, however, that the interpretation of the reaction or non-reaction of tuberculin should be clearly understood. ‘The experience of the last few years has called into question certain interpretations and con- clusions concerning its accuracy that heretofore were accepted. The findings of Carini, that failure of tuberculin may be ex- pected in about 17 per cent. of cases, and Ligniéres, that a toler- ance may be established which results in a failure of the tuber- culin to give a reaction in certain cases where later post-mortems reveal the presence of tuberculous lesions, have been somewhat general when tuberculin has been applied under certain condi- tions. The phenomenon of the tuberculin reaction has not been satisfactorily elucidated. The explanation offered some ten years ago by Eber, and recently modified by Smith will, if cor- rect, do much to clarify the confusion regarding the non-reaction of tuberculin in cases where there are healing tuberculous lesions. According to this theory for the action of tuberculin “the tubercle bacilli have induced certain tissue changes, and with them certain new functions of the tissues have been aroused, which are the result of immunization.” It is the action of the specific product resulting from these changes upon the tuber- culin that causes the latter to split off a poisonous substance which produces the elevation of temperature. A study of tuberculous lesions shows that when the process of healing begins there is formed about the foci a wall of fibrous, or fibrous and cellular, tissue which tends, to a certain degree, to separate the lesions from the surrounding tissue and the circulation. The specific product resulting from the tissue changes as stimulated hy the tubercle bacilli in the focus is 506 VERANUS A. MOORE. therefore largely confined to. the diseased area and cannot act upon the tuberculin if it is subsequently injected. This ex- plains the failure of tuberculin to react in those cases where tubercles are healing. As a small part of the specific product cf the tubercle may be disseminated in the circulation or sur- rounding tissues and as its elimination may be slow, it is not unlikely that the partial reactions that often occur, may be ex- plained on the hypothesis that there still remains enough of the specific substance to liberate poison sufficient to disturb the tem- perature, but not to cause a characteristic rise. More extended investigations are necessary to. determine at what stage in the: healing process reaction ceases either in part or completely. It is presumable that a number of conditions contribute to this result. In an experiment with 17 tuberculous cows, 12 failed after a certain time to react. The post-mortem examination revealed lesions that were small and few in number and in all cases but one they showed evidence of healing. In four of the five cases. that reacted, quite as much reactionary tissue existed about the tuberculous foci as there was about, those in the animals that failed to react. In one the disease was very active and general. In other words, the line of demarcation between the lesions in animals that react and those that fail to do so is not always apparent. Likewise, the failure of the ani- mals to react during the period of incubation and the reaction that occurs before the lesions are in evidence, bring us to an- other point that must be recognized and explained on the same basis. Because of these limitations of tuberculin, results have been accepted as failures, when the conditions were such that the tuberculin could not cause a reaction or when the reactions have occurred before the lesions were of sufficient size to be readily found, or were localized in organs and tissues not ordi- narily examined, In the application of tuberculin by veterinarians for eradi- eating tuberculosis in private herds, it is very important that the limitations of its action he fully appreciated and explained to the owners. This is desirable in order that the necessary a VALUE OF TUBERCULIN IN THE CONTROL OF TUBERCULOUS HERDS. 507 precautions may be taken, and the expectations of the owner so adjusted that he will not be disappointed by the results. The tendency of cattle men to believe that when an animal fails to react, or ceases to react if it has previously done so, it is perfectly safe to be placed with sound animals, cannot be overcome with- out duly acquainting them with the facts. 1f the limitations of tuberculin and the possibilities of infection are taken into ac- count, the conservative method of dealing with bovine tubercu- losis, as first recommended by Prof. Bang, has great possibili- ties. In the state of New York it has been applied in a num- ber of private herds with excellent results. In certain breeding herds it has been the means of saving valuable strains of ani- mals. After separating those that respond at the first test, re- peated injections at proper intervals have pointed out the in- dividuals that were infected, but did not respond in the begin- ning. The breeding from the infected animals has been suc- cessful so that the infected individuals have been replaced by sound offspring. The infected animals are eventually a loss to the owner beyond what beef value they may possess; but valuable strains have been preserved so that the final depreciation is not serious. There are scores of infected herds in New York state that are being replenished with sound animals after this method and the Commissioner of Agriculture of that state is recom- mending it to the dairymen generally. The real purpose of the Bang method is to build up a sound herd from a tuberculous one. The existing conditions relative to the duration and extent of the infection are important factors in considering the probable outcome of the non-reacting ani- mals in the original herd. In certain herds where the Bang method has been applied under my personal, observation, the re- sults have been quite different respecting the original non-react- ing animals. In one case, where there were 17 reacting and 13 sound individuals, but one of the 13 subsequently reacted, al- though tested semi-annually for four years. In other herds a much larger percentage have been victims of this insidious in- fection. 5u8 VERANUS A. MOORE. In one herd of 491 animals tested, there were 96 cows that did not react. These were placed by themselves in a practically new barn, and three months later, and every six months there- after, the herd was tested. Those that responded were promptly removed and the stable thoroughly disinfected with 5 per cent. carbolic acid after each test. The results of the consecutive tests of the non-reacting animals are exceedingly instructive. They are as follows: 1904, July, 96 tested, 31 ceaaet, 65 se not react, 32. 3% % react 1905, Jan.,65 “ 8 57 peg etigy (et July, 57 “ce 15 “ec 42 “ee “ce “cc 26.3% “cc 1906, Jan., 42 “ce 15 ay 27 “ “ce ce 35.790 oe July, 27 “ce 3 “ce 24 cc ay tay I 1.1% “ 1907, Jan., 24 “cc 2 “ 22 “ce se cc 8.3% “a July, 22 ae I “c 21 “ e a 4.5% “a 1908, Jan., 21 ““c I “ce 20 ce “ce ee 4.8% “ee Aug., 20 “ce I ee 19 “ce ce ce 5 Jo “ce During this time these animals were kept by themselves. There was no opportunity for infection after they were removed from the general herd. Several of the reactors were examined post-mortem. The lesions were slight in extent but of long standing. They were surrounded by a wall of fibrous tissue. The conclusion seems to be warranted that these animals were infected while associating with the diseased cattle and that the lesions had become arrested before the first test was made. The lesions in those examined post-mortem were too old, and the tests were made too frequently, to suspect that they could have started and reached the stage of development found in the short time between tests. The repeated tests of the reacting animals in the same herd support this hypothesis. The tuberculin test made three months later showed fully 25 per cent. of non-re- actors. Several of these continued not to respond, while others reacted again later. This oscillating of the morbid process be- tween an active and an arrested condition is an important factor in considering the future of the supposed healthy animals and in interpreting the tuberculin reaction. VALUE OF TUBERCULIN IN THE CONTROL OF TUBERCULOUS HERDS. 509 In addition to the value of tuberculin in eradicating tuber- culous infection from a herd, it is indispensable in examining cows to be purchased in order to prevent its introduction. It they fail to react, and they come from infected herds, it is very necessary that the test be repeated. Experience has shown that when a herd becomes extensively infected (50 per cent. or more reacting) a considerable number of the non-reactors are suffer- ing from latent or dormant tuberculosis which may become ac- tive later. The failure to recognize this fact has caused the disease to reappear in many herds where the reacting animals from the first test had been destroyed. This is illustrated from the following observation. In July, 1906, 92 cows from a tuber- culous district were purchased on the tuberculin test. They were tested every six months thereafter. They were kept by themselves for a year, and were never exposed to known in- -fected cattle after their purchase. The results of the subse- quent tests were as follows: 1907, Jan., 92 tested, o reacted. June, 92 tested, 3 reacted, 89 did not react, 3.3% reacted ee ee ee em GR OE ger Qo oi gic. hh. yaseiigmlinalie Sate ig cena > Saati asi MaMa, by” aaa In 1907 there were purchased for a dairy herd on the tuber- culin test, 65 cows from a dealer who had secured them from a district in which there is considerable tuberculosis. At the same time, 52 cows were bought from a herd that has been kept free from this disease. The results of the subsequent. tests of these two groups of cattle which were kept separate and not exposed to other diseased animals are instructive. (1) Cows from Infected: Herds. 1908, Jan., 65 tested, 17 reacted, 48 did not react, 26.2% reacted Aug., 48 “ re ‘“ 48 662 £6 leeks O 7 ‘“ (2) Cow's from a Tuberculous Free Herd. 1998, Jan., 52 tested, 0 reacted. Pe, $228 s 510 VERANUS A. MOORE. These animals were exposed to as much infection, if there was any at all, in barns and pastures as the previously men- tioned cases. It is unfortunate that we have not records of these animals extending over a longer period of time, but they are sufficient to point out the importance of considering both the accuracy of tuberculin and its limitations. Tuberculosis is unlike most other infectious diseases in that the tuberculous animals still retain their beef and breeding values if the disease is detected early. It is this intrinsic value of the slightly infected animal, which in some cases exceeds that for its milk production, that justifies the opinion set forth in this paper, that for the best and quickest results in eliminating bo- vine tuberculosis it must be controlled in individual herds. It is in this connection that the subject comes close to the practicing .veterinarians, who, as guardians of the health of the animals, have not only great responsibilities concerning the prevention, of this disease, but also unlimited opportunities. The work in New York has pointed out very clearly the dan- ger of building up herds with non-reacting individuals taken from herds in which there is a greater or less amount of tuberculosis. The sound herd rather than non-reacting individuals should be sought for by the purchaser. This will require more attention in breeding and less indiscriminate buying of cattle. The essen- tial facts that have been elicited from the results of our work and which we have found to be important in the control of tuber- culosis in individual herds may be summarized as follows: 1. The cattle should be tested with tuberculin, subcutaneous injection, and all of those giving a reaction should be removed, The reacting animals should be either destroyed, slaughtered for beef under proper inspection, or kept for breeding purposes after the Bang method. The choice of procedure must depend upon existing conditions, 2, The herd should be retested at intervals of from six months to a year and all reacting animals promptly removed. 3. Cattle for dairy or breeding purposes should be bought from sound herds only. VALUE OF TUBERCULIN IN THE CONTROL OF TUBERCULOUS HERDS. 511 4. Animals that have once reacted should not be placed with sound cattle, although they may cease to react and remain well to all appearance, 5. Milk from cows of uncertain health should not be fed to calves unless previously sterilized. 6. It is desirable that the owners keep a record of the tuber- culin tests of their cattle, made by competent veterinarians. Such a record of each animal is a valuable asset. 7. The application of tuberculin should not be trusted to un- skilled persons. 8. In eradicating tuberculosis the individual herds are the units to deal with, and their owners must be held responsible for them. THE management of the recent International Congress on Tuberculosis at Washington, D. C., awarded to the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, a special gold medal for the best pathological exhibit. The Review con- gratulates the Bureau on winning the highest prize in competi- tion with other governments and with the leading tuberculosis institutions of foreign countries. It is an honor of which we. may all feel proud, A DIFFERENT VIEW OF THE SITUATION.—Since reproducing the little extract from the Farmer’s Advocate, Winnipeg, Mani- toba, in regard to hazing at the Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto, ‘the REvreEw has learned some facts that show that account to be misleading. It would seem that the young men instead of “ pressing civilians into service” as there stated, were, on the contrary, raided by a curious crowd, who forced themselves upon the students, even to the extent of entering the court-yard of the college; where, becoming mixed up with the freshmen, they were initiated in due form. Upon being released, they stirred the crowd outside to an attack upon the students, who naturally resented it and sought to protect them- selves and their, rights, and police interference became neces- sary. This throws a different light on the matter, and justifies the display of righteous indignation in the vigorous young men of that venerable institution. SHIPPING FEVER.* By Cuas. H: JEWELL, V&TERINARIAN, U. S. ARMY. The term shipping fever is one generally applied by ship- pers of horses, to all the various febrile conditions of a con- tagious or infectious nature, attacking young animals during or following shipment. These troublesome fevers are always present in the large sale stables of our great cities and costs our live stock owners many thousands of dollars annually. It seems to be one of the great problems for veterinary science to solve and I believe it is ene of the duties of our great Bureau of Animal Industry to take up the work of eradicating these much-dreaded diseases from our great horse markets. From a professional standpoint we recognize four (4) dif- ferent forms-or types, namely, influenza, strangles, catarrhal fever and pharyngitis with or without its accompanying laryng- .itis. All of these are infectious and cause great losses and in- conveniences to the mounted service, especially when new and young animals are purchased. It is not uncommon to have fifty to seventy-five per cent. of such animals disabled on this account for several weeks and not unusual for large numbers to succumb from one of the many complications which so often follow an attack of any one of the above disorders. The most common complications are pneumonia, pleurisy, purpura haemor- rhagica and rheumatism. The symptoms of the various forms may be enumerated un- der the head of each disease and a general treatment can be pre- scribed with the exception of special cases. Influenza.—Symptoms: High fever, 103° to 107° F., great muscular weakness; loss of appetite; yellow color of the visible mucous membranes; discharge from the nostrils; legs * Presented to the forty-fifth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Associat'on, Vhiladelphia, 1908, 512 SHIPPING FEVER. 513 a may be swollen; eyes swollen and watering; colicky pains; dung coated with mucus; flatulence causing the anus to be constantly open; respirations may be accelerated, especially when the lungs are involved; pulse full and bounding in the early stages later may become weak; nervous symptoms may occasionally de- velop. Strangles.—Symptoms: High fever, 103° to 106° F.; muscular weakness; sore throat and cough; profuse discharge from both nostrils of a thick sticky nature; constipation; full bounding pulse; legs may be swollen; loss of appetite; the early swelling and abscess formation of the glands of the sub-maxil- _ lary and partoid regions and in some cases the formation of ab- _ scesses on different parts of the body, such as the neck, shoulder, etc. Pharyngitis Symptoms: Those cases which appear in a contagious form show marked fever, 103° to 106° F.; loss of appetite; weakness; throat sensitive to the touch; head held stiffly and extended ; water and feed are ejected through the nos- trils when the animal attempts to swallow; discharge from the nostrils of a dirty green color; cough is often severe; breathing at times very difficult on account of the inflammation of the lining membrane of both the pharynx and larynx; swelling of _ the sub-maxillary glands; pulse accelerated; bowels constipated. Catarrhal Fever—Symptoms: This form of shipping fever, when uncomplicated, runs a much milder course than the pre- ceding classes; usually we see a profuse sticky nasal discharge; temperature ranging from normal to 102° to 104° F.; mucus rale heard when the ear is placed over the trachea; throat may be slightly sore; legs occasionally swollen. The symptoms re- semble very closely those of acute nasal catarrh, with the ex- ception of the nasal discharge; which is more profuse in catar- rhal fever and the latter disease takes an epizootic form, attack- ing all young animals within certain areas. As to the con- tagious or infectious nature of the above diseases the profes- sion as a whole is united, but as to the incriminating germ in a 514 CHAS. H. JEWELL. any one of these maladies, we are as yet in the dark. It is my belief that each, representing distinct symptoms, must be caused by some specific infection. Treatment.—The treatment of these disorders varies accord- ing to the severity of the symptoms manifested; first we look to the surroundings of the animals, such as the provision of a comfortable box stall free from drafts, the food should be laxa- tive and of a tempting nature, all sick animals should be isolated if possible from the healthy ones to prevent further spread of the disease, in cases of strangles the abscessed should receive surgical attention, pharyngitis is often relieved by local applica- tions, such as cold or hot packs and if the swelling be so great as to endanger the life of the animal it may be necessary to perform tracheotomy, the mild cases of catarrhal fever need only ammonium chloride 2 drams in the drinking water twice daily, should the legs swell it should be alternated with postass. nitrate one-half ounce once daily, complications must be treated as the symptoms arise. In all cases where the fever runs high and accompanied by great muscular weakness the following prescription, which has combined, a valuable stimulant, tonic and diuretic is of the great- est value: ht Spts. Nit. Dule. Spts. vini Recti aafAxvi. Quinine sulph. 5ii. M. Any of the quinine which may not dissolve can readily be made to do so by adding a small amount of sulphuric acid, say one to two drams of the concentrated acid. Of this mixture give two ounces diluted with four ounces of water, administered with a dose syringe every two hours and gradually lessen the in- terval as the fever diminishes. This invariably reduces the tem- perature in one to three days, without the injurious effects so often seen by the use of dangerous antipyrites such as aceta- fd) | SHIPPING FEVER. _ 51 nilid and the other closely allied products. In cases where the heart is very weak this treatment is greatly augmented by the hypodermic injections of small doses of strychnine, one-half if. grain, twice daily. Many of the newer products have been tried by the veterinarians stationed at Fort Riley, Kansas, and in most instances with gratifying results; among them is tallianine, nitrox antitoxin, antistreptococcic serum and influenza antitoxin, the two latter has been most used as a preventive, of which I will speak later. Tallianine in many cases seemed to work like magic in reducing the fever and strengthening the animal, and again the results were nill. The later product which is now claimed to be heavier charged with ozone and more stable, I have not had the opportunity of observing its effects. The nitrox antitoxin has given uniform results in all cases upon which we have used it and has proven highly beneficial especially in cases where we have lung complications. It reduces the fever very quickly and increases the vigor. It should be in- _ jected intravenously and at blood heat, using precautions as to antisepsis. Most of these new drugs are great aids in the treat- ment of these maladies; but on account of their high price most practitioners can only use them as adjuncts to the older and cheaper remedies. Preventive Treatment.—This consists of employing means to prevent young horses coming in contact with the contagion, such as infected animals, stables, cars, etc., through an intelli- gent disinfection of stables, cars, utensils, etc., which may have become contaminated, and the use of antitoxins. The latter is along the lines of advanced medicine and deserves more than a passing notice. These serums are prepared from blood taken from horses, whose immunity to these diseases is at its maximum. This immunity is produced by the animal having passed through a previous attack rendering the blood strong in antitoxic prop- erties. The blood must be drawn and handled in a manner to keep it perfectly sterile, if contamination takes place it is worth- less. The serum is passed through a filter and then tested upon 516 CHAS. H. JEWELL. culture media to test it for contamination, if sterile it is then tested upon a guinea pig to test its safety; if it then meets all requirements it is sealed under strict aseptic precautions. There are three different products or serums upon the market at present, namely, Park, Davis & Co.’s influenza antitoxin, Mul- fords’ diphtheria antitoxin and Pasteurs’ antistreptococcic serum. Of these we have used all three to a certain extent in the army and all apparently have antitoxic properties, but the immunity produced is transient, lasting all the way from two weeks to three months. The experience gained by their use at Fort Riley showed the influenza antitoxin of Park, Davis & Co. to produce a longer immunity than the antistreptococcic serum. The serums were all tried at different times upon horses pur- chased in the St. Louis sales stables and shipped to different army posts, but since these animals had, in most cases, the con- tagion of some one of these fevers within their systems at the time of injection, the test could not be considered a fair one, yet the results in each case seemed to denote that there was a material benefit derived. The animals which I had an opportunity of observing stood the shipment well, the cases were tardy in de- veloping after arrival and in most instances mild in form. At Fort Riley, we have upon two occasions used the serums to control outbreaks of influenza with very satisfactory results. The first outbreak in which we used the antitoxin was in the spring of 1907, when we injected about twenty young animals, which had not previously passed through any form of shipping fever, with antistreptococcic serum and about thirty with in- fluenza antitoxin, the outbreak was immediately checked and we did not have any more cases develop under two weeks, then at different intervals several cases developed, five which re- ceived the antistreptococcic serum developed very mild forms of influenza, and later three which received the influenza anti- toxin came down with a mild attack of the same disease. In the spring of 1908 we had another attack of influenza, which threatened to severely cripple the Mounted Service School Lénaill Oa ~ _ te ee Nan a 2 wanes Salle A a eI ot a] io ? Hd a 7. > ‘A é 7 =< . . . x 1 if ’ SHIPPING FEVER. 517 and we injected seventy-four young horses, which had not pre- viously been affected, with influenza antitoxin, and thus far only two horses have developed influenza or other forms of shipping fever and from two to three months have elapsed since the ani- mals were injected. _- Six private horses which were associated with the school horses were injected with diphtheria antitoxin and among that number not one case of fever developed. Conclusion.—The results of our experience seem to be highly gratifying and I believe that there are many advantages derived by the immunization of young horses against these dreaded fevers. The advantages are as follows: if horses are injected before shipping into markets where the contagion is sure to be met with, it insures the dealer to almost a certainty that he can dispose of his animals before they are taken sick with shipping fever and thus insures him against the loss of some of his ani- mals which if they are not injected is pretty sure to happen; if the animals are to be shipped it insures their reaching their destination before being attacked and should they have an at- tack after the immunity is worn off they are under better condi- tion to withstand it than when weakened through shipment; in case of an outbreak under conditions whereby a business is liable to be crippled one can by injection of the well horses check its spread and save great loss by the increased work which the animals can accomplish. I believe with thorough disinfection and repeated injection that outbreaks can be thoroughly stamped out by the use of antitoxin. The objections which might be raised is the expense incurred by repeated injections of a large number of animals, and also the short period of immunity produced, but if through its use we can save the life of two or three animals out of a hundred the expense is soon eliminated even without taking into consider- ation what a large firm might lose in the loss of work from ani- mals being laid up with some form of shipping fever. The length of immunity usually carries the animal over the period 518 CHAS. H. JEWELL. when the contagion is at its greatest virulence and then if the animal suffers an attack it is very mild, owing to the lessened virulence and the increased resisting power of the animal, the result of the antitoxin. This is a subject which should concern the advanced men of © { our profession, since the majority of veterinarians concede that our future treatment of contagious diseases will be along the line of immunization. | | This work is in its infancy and there is a great future for serums and serum therapy in both human and veterinary medi- cine. A Lesson FRoM Nature.—‘‘ Young gentlemen,” lectured the eminent instructor, “ you are old enough now to put away — the childish and trivial amusements that sufficed for you when you were younger. Learn a lesson from the dumb brutes and even from the reptiles. When they arrive at maturity they com- port themselves with a certain dignity.” “It isn’t-so with the rattlesnake, professor,’ objected the young man with the bad eye. “ The older he grows the more rattle he plays with.”—(Chicago Tribune.) Petrinc A Horse.—‘* Not many people know how to pet a horse, from the horse’s standpoint, at any rate,” said a trainer. “Every nice-looking horse comes in for a good deal of petting. Hitch a fine horse close to the curb and you'll find that half the men, women, and children who go by will stop for a minute, say ‘ Nice horsey * and give him an affectionate pat or two. “The trouble is they don’t pat him in the right place. If you want to make a horse think he is going straight to heaven hitched to a New York cab or delivery wagon, rub his eyelids. Next to that form of endearment a horse likes to be rubbed right up between the ears. In petting horses most people slight those nerve centres. They stroke the horse’s nose. While a well- behaved horse will accept the nasal caress complacently, he would much prefer that nice, soothing touch applied to the eyelids. Once in awhile a person comes along who really does know how to pet a horse, Nine times out of ten that man was brought up in the country among horses and learned when a boy their pecu- liar ways.” —( Exchange.) we — a ites ee en Tete 7 ep a A «gp EEE PPG OT THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PATHOLOGY TO THE PRACTITIONER. ; By A. T. Kinsey, M. Sc., D. V. S., ParHotocist, KANsAs City VETERINARY COLLEGE. Presented to the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation at Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 10, 1908. _ Pathology is the science of disease. It includes the etiology and pathogenesis (course, pathologic anatomy and physiology) of disease. Pathology, like some other subjects pursued by vet- erinary students, has advanced rapidly in the last few years. Veterinarians that graduated twenty years ago, fifteen years ago, and even ten years ago did not have the opportunity of obtain- ing a comprehensive understanding of pathology because patholo- gic knowledge was imperfectly classified, and an understanding of pathologic principles was not deemed essential in the educa- tion of veterinarians. Veterinary practitioners’ professional duties are primarily the prevention, treatment and relief of disease of the domestic ani- mals. A thorough understanding of the normal structure and functions of the various organs of the animal body is a pre- requisite to the comprehension of disease. Rational treatment is dependent upon a correct ante-mortem diagnosis of the disease. The underlying principles of an accurate ante-mortem diagnosis, regardless of method employed in obtaining the same, are the pathologic lesions and modified functions. Ante-mortem diagnosis may be determined by a clinical ex- amination alone, especially in those diseases having characteristic or pathognomonic symptoms as tetanus, spavin, etc. The diag- nostician consciously or unconsciously notes the perverted func- tion of the voluntary musculature evidenced in tetanic contrac- tions in an animal afflicted with tetanus, and the abnormal osseous formation that alters the structure and produces pain during the activity of the tarsal joint in an animal afflicted with spavin. The recognition of the pathologic lesion is the basis of the diagnosis. 519 520 A. T. KINSLEY. a A correct ante-mortem diagnosis, in some cases, is obtained only by laboratory examination, as in lukemia and _ follicular mange. Lukzmia is not distinguishable from Hodgkin’s disease and lympho-sarcoma except by a microscopic examination of the blood of the affected animal. Follicular mange is so similar to eczema that it is necessary to demonstrate the presence or absence of the follicular parasite to differentiate the two diseases. Lab- oratory diagnosis is looked upon with considerable disrespect by some practitioners, probably because of their lack of knowledge of its importance. The laboratory is only an extension of a hos- pital ward, and a hospital ward is in reality a laboratory where the pathologic phenomena of disease can be more closely ob- served. Laboratory diagnosis is not necessarily a microscopic examination. In some pathologic diagnoses, as the examination of urine for albumin, all the apparatus required is an alcohol lamp or Bunsen burner, a few test tubes, and a bottle of concen- trated nitric acid. The technique is simple; it requires only a moment’s time; the reaction is easily recognized, and the pres- ence or absence of albumin having been determined, the diag- nostician has this additional information to aid in diagnosis. The presence or absence of sugar in the urine can be determined by the addition of a few drops of a 1 per cent. aqueous solution of picric acid to a small quantity of urine; a mahogany or carmine color indicates the presence of sugar; any other color indicates its absence. The hemoglobin content is quickly, easily, and ac- curately determined by use of a hemoglobin scale book, a book containing several sheets of absorbent paper and a color scale. This test can be made by a practitioner efficiently in one minute’s time, and a knowledge of the relative percentage of hemoglobin is of considerable value in diagnosis and also treatment. In the ablation of carcinomata and soft sarcomata, the op- erator is often at a loss to know whether the entire growth has been removed. The following test applied to the dissected. sur- face of the ablated tumor has been found quite reliable: . 1. Wash the cut surface until all the blood has been removed. a“ —— ee a eS — > Se Get oe. . ae itr ne < gel g A Sy. rn) atk aemae pene ee E> ra worthe “pam THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PATHOLOGY TO THE PRACTITIONER. 521 SS 2. Submerge the cut surface in 5 per cent. aqueous solution nitric acid ten minutes. 3. Wash in running water five minutes. 4. Submerge cut surface in methyl alcohol two to three min- utes. 7 5. Examine cut surface with unaided eye to ascertain whether any tumor or glandular tissue is exposed. The effect of the above method is to render all malignant tumor tissue and glandular tissue dull, and opaque, white and fibrous tissue is rendered gelatinous, translucent and homo- geneous in appearance and somewhat india-rubber-like in con- sistency. Fat is unaltered. If dull, opaque, white spots appear on the cut surface of the ablated mass, more of the tissue must be dissected away. The agglutination test for glanders is now at the command of practitioners. Inoculation of small animals, as guinea pigs and rats, may be resorted to in determining the specific infectious agent in an outbreak of an infectious disease. Thus the micro- ‘scope is not essential for every pathologic diagnosis, and a laboratory diagnosis is not essential in all diseases, however its application is extensive, and a thorough knowledge of it is of inestimable value to veterinarians. Some pathologic diagnostic methods require so much time and apparatus that the successful practitioner can better afford to send the specimens to some pathologist for diagnosis. Practitioners are frequently called upon to diagnose disease by post-mortem examination. Correct interpretations of lesions observed in post-mortem examination is certainly the application of pathologic principles or is applied pathology, and may be illus- trated as follows: In the group of diseases designated septi- cemia, soft tissues have a parboiled appearance and are hemor- rhagic. Acute inflammation, regardless of its cause, is accom- panied by loss of lustre, swelling, increased amount of blood in the affected area, and more or less tissue destruction. Chronic inflammatory disturbances result in proliferation of fibrous con- 522 A. 'T. KINSLEY. nective tissue or fibrous hyperplasia. Granulomata’are a group of diseases in which the principal lesion approximates granulation tissue, as in glanders, tuberculosis, actinomycosis, botryomycosis and epithelioma contagiosum. New growths or tumors are quite variable in their gross appearance, but there is little difficulty in differentiation of them from other morbid conditions by macro- scopic examination. Sufficient concrete examples have been enumerated to indicate that a knowledge of pathology is abso- lutely essential in arriving at a correct post-mortem diagnosis. The symptoms are suggestive of the treatment of disease, but the lesions are the only true guide to the rational application of remedial agents. When the lesions have been determined in a given disease, the specific reason why those tissue changes oc- curred should be understood by the prescriber. However, there — is and probably always will be different interpretations of the existing lesions and the medicaments that will give relief to the same. Thus active pulmonary hyperemia is treated by some prac- titioners with febrifuges and heart depressants, while a neigh- boring veterinarian claims equaJly good success in the treatment of the same condition with heart stimulants. Where is the discrep- ancy? The actual lesion existing is excessive dilatation and en- gorgement of the terminal capillaries of the bronchial veins. The practitioner that prescribes febrifuge and heart depressants to a horse afflicted with active pulmonary hyperemia invites an extra amount of blood to the cutaneous tissue, thus diminishing the quantity of blood in the internal organs and in this way relieving the hyperemia of the lung. In addition, heart depressants diminish the force of the heart and this tends to diminish the quantity of blood passing to the lung. If the cause of the active pulmonary hyperemia was undue exposure in which the cuta- neous vessels have been constricted, then the febrifuge is cor- rectly prescribed. But if the active pulmonary hyperemia is a result of irritation to the pulmonary mucous membrane, the febrifuge is contraindicated because the reaction of the mucous membrane in the production of an hyperemia is nature’s method ee ee ee ae ee a eee ee THE SIGNIFICANCE OF -PATHOLOGY TO THE PRACTITIONER. ' 523 of neutralizing or overpowering the effects of the irritant upon the mucous membrane, and a heart stimulant is indicated to in- __ crease the activity of the heart and thus maintain the hyperemia ____ by sending more blood to the scene of action. From the patho- logical point of view all active hyperemia and inflammatory dis- turbances should be treated by those means which will maintain the increased quantity of blood flowing into the affected part. Bier’s treatment of disease consists in maintaining an excessive amount of blood in the diseased tissue by mectianical means. The foregoing is the same proposition except it depends upon physiologic and pathologic processes rather than mechanical in- terference. Cdema is usually a secondary condition due to de- pressed circulation, as valvular stenosis or insufficiency, obstruc- tion of venous outflow, vasomotor neurosis or hydrzmic blood. Efficacious treatment depends upon the specific cause ‘of the cedema, 1. ¢., the prescriber must know and understand the exist- ing pathologic condition to successfully treat the case. Fever is an excessive high temperature, a result of disturbance in the ther- - mogenic or thermo-regulating nerve centres produced by toxins or metabolic tissue products. The proper treatment for the relief of fever, from the pathologic viewpoint, would depend upon whether the fever is the result of nervous influences producing _ cutaneous disturbances and failure of radiation or dissipation of i “heat, or whether it is the cause of excessive oxidation in the tissues. The treatment of fever must be combative, for this process is not, like active hyperemia or inflammation, a protec- tive action, but is destructive and injurious. Prognosis of disease is of considerable moment, and many practitioners have gained an enviable reputation by accurately foretelling the outcome of disease. To give the prognosis of a diseased condition requires an understanding of the existing lesions and a knowledge of the termination of those lesions. If a practitioner examined an animal with a swelling in the region of the withers and prognosed a speedy recovery, his prognosis may be correct if the swelling was inflammatory, but if the swell- ing was sarcomatous his prognosis would probably be incorrect. 524 ‘ A. T. KINSLEY. In the preceding an attempt has been made to show the im- portance of pathology and its relation to the practice of veter- inary medicine and how practitioners may readily confirm their clinical diagnosis by pathologic tests. It has been indicated that a pathologic knowledge is the sheet anchor for accurate diag- nosis, both ante-mortem and post-mortem, macroscopic and microscopic, for rational treatment and for correct prognosis. We predict that the practitioner of the not far distant future will be employed to prevent disease in the domestic animals, his financial reimbursement being proportional to the degree of suc- cess he has in the prevention of disease; each sick animal in his charge will mean a deduction from his income. When this time comes the practitioner will be of necessity a pathologist, and will determine the hemoglobin content and the opsonic index as readily as he now determines the character and frequency of the pulse. TROUBLES OF THE INANIMATE.—‘ Tough old world, this,” sighed the anvil. “I get nothing but hard knocks all day long.” “ Yes,” assented the bellows, ‘‘ and I am always hard pressed to raise the wind.”—(Boston Transcript.) VETERINARY Directory oF ILiinors.—The Board of Live Stock Commissioners of Illinois has issued a very useful little book of 115 pages, neatly bound in leather, containing a revised list of the veterinary surgeons licensed to practice under the terms of an act entitled “An Act to regulate the practice of veterinary medicine and surgery in the state of Illinois.” It also contains the names and addresses of the members of the Board of Live Stock Commissioners, Board of Veterinary Ex- aminers, State Veterinarian, Secretary, and a copy of the Veter- inary Practice Act of Illinois. Two divisions of licensed veterinarians, an alphabetical one and one of veterinarians by counties, are included in the direc- tory. The name, post-office address, county, and kind of license, whether graduate or non-graduate, are given. The name of the college is stated in case of graduates. The directory contains 1,289 names, of which 656, or something over 50 per cent., are graduates. — ON Se ee ig, mae > Sas sf Je: ae 2 4. So - ” Oh Te GS SS THRE LT a a ce ee ae ee Ta ee en a ee REPORTS OF CASES. “Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him, By recording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.” INFECTIOUS ANEMIA OR SWAMP FEVER. By G. H. Acres, V.S,, SupBuRY, ONTARIO, CANADA, I have just read Dr. Mohler’s very interesting article in the November REVIEW on infectious anemia, typhoid fever, also called swamp fever and other names. I have seen and treated a number of horses suffering from this disease during the past eight years, and have found it prevalent in both North and South Alberta, the Yukon Territory and Northern Ontario. The symptoms, causes, etc., described by Dr. Mohler are so well given that I will not repeat them. I would like, however, to draw your attention to my latest method of treatment of the above, and the results obtained; also my theory of infection. I believe that this disease is found only on low-lying and swampy pastures, where the water becomes stagnant during the hot months of the year. I have never seen an outbreak of this disease caused by putting a diseased animal in a stable with healthy horses, but I have seen horses feeding on high, dry pas- tures, with good water, contract the disease in this way: A dis- eased animal turned out in said pasture with healthy horses, ex- pels the germs which are excreted in the faeces of the diseased animal, which germs again become virulent after coming in con- tact with the ground, particularly if the weather is at all wet, and healthy animals grazing in the immediate vicinity become in- fected. Regarding the treatment of this disease, | have always been very careful about feeding, and give little or no hay; green food if procurable, but very little; plenty of fresh water and warm bran mashes; small amounts of boiled oats. My reason for this is that I believe the germ is situated principally in the intestines, and in order to secure good results from internal antiseptics, the intestines should be practically empty. I think a little exercise every day, if the animal can take it, is good. I have treated sev- 525 526 REPORTS OF CASES. eral cases near here within the past few months, and have ob- tained the best results with the following treatment: When the first case was observed, the men in charge were instructed to watch the remaining animals very carefully. Immediately, one refused its feed, and appearing sick, was at once put in the stable and treatment commenced. In this way, they were caught in the early stages; medicinal treatment was as follows: 2 drachm doses of Liquor Cresol in a pint of water, four or five times daily; if the animal is very weak, grain doses of strychnine three times daily are beneficial. The following was given three times daily in a bran mash: Potassium-chlorate, % oz.; Antifebrin, 2 drachms; Ferri-sulphate, t drachm. In cases where strychnine was not being given, nux-vomica was added to the above. I have tried quinine sulphate, potassium iodide, iodii resub, arsenic, hydrochloric acid and other drugs, but obtained the best results from the antifebrin. treatment. The animal, however, is gen- erally subject to several relapses which none of the drugs above- mentioned seem to prevent. This occurred in the cases which I have been treating recently; so frequent were the relapses, that I despaired of the recovery of the animals. The first case brought to my notice was so far gone that she died after the third relapse. Five remaining cases did well, excepting for the continued relapses. I then decided to try Antistreptococcic Serum. I obtained an ounce vial of this, and injected the con- tents hypodermically into a bay mare, which had just recov- erd from her second relapse, and had been under treatment about three weeks. For two days following the injection, the liquor- cresol was continued, with light diet. On the third day the former was stopped, and exercise increased daily. In two weeks more, she was put to work in a logging camp, and is doing very well. Two more animals were then injected; one had been suffering for six weeks, and had had four or five relapses; the other had been sick about four weeks, and had had three re- lapses. The injections were made when the temperature was near normal. The second case was a very bad one, but after the serum, he made a rapid recovery, and is now working every day. The other animal had a relapse and eventually died. There remained tyvo cases yet, both of which had been sick for over two months, and had had so many relapses that hopes for recovery were given up. One horse made a splendid recov- ery, and is now doing light work and rapidly gaining in flesh and strength. The other, a few days after the injection, de- REPORTS OF CASES. . 527 veloped lymphangitis in the’ foreleg, with a temperature of 105° F. In the course of a few days, the temperature became normal, but the leg remained enlarged and painful for several days. I communicated with Parke-Davis & Co. regarding the serum treatment, and they kindly sent me a dose of serum to try on this last animal, which I did about a week ago. This was two weeks after the first injection, and at this time he was very weak, and unable to move. The animal is now able to be exer- cised, and appears to be making a good recovery. I believe that if one or more doses of this serum were given to the animal during the first symptoms, or at the end of the first attack, a per- fect recovery would follow, and the utility of the animal would be restored. So far, I have only injected the serum when the temperature was near normal. Under the medicinal treatment, few of the animals which did recover were able to do any work, and were continually subject to relapses. I think it would be well worth while giving this serum treatment a thorough test, but at the present time, it is too expensive for private experi- ments, although I am sure any practitioner who has had any experience with this disease will realize what a great help it would be if it is proven conclusively that the antistreptococcic treatment is reliable. A short time ago, I sent a sample of blood drawn from one of the above-mentioned cases to the Biological Laboratory at Ottawa for analysis, and was informed that the germ influenza was very prevalent under the microscope. They are now mak- ing cultures, and I expect to-receive further information shortly. From the clinic, no symptoms of influenza were to be observed, excepting the high temperature and labored breathing, which we have in most forms of fever. The blood obtained formed a solid clot shortly after extraction, and only a small portion re- mained red, as described in Dr. Mohler’s article. If any readers have had any experience with this serum treat- ment, I should be very glad to hear from them. NEW LIGHT UPON NYMPHOMANIA IN THE MARE. ‘By Mark WuirTeE, V.M.D., DENvER, CoLorapo. We are all aware of cases of nymphomania in the mare due io ovarian diseases and inflammation of the vaginal mucous membrane and clitoris, but I have something new. 528 REPORTS OF CASES. My attention was called to a fine mare that had been a suf- ferer of nymphomania for over two years, without any improve- ment. My course of examination was first to pass my hand in the rectum and feel_the ovaries, to ascertain if there was any enlargement of the organs. I found that the ovaries were normal in size and had a normal feel. So I informed my client that the trouble must be elsewhere and that it was not a case, in my judgment, for ovariectomy. Next I examined the vaginal mem- brane and the clitoris and I found that the sack-like gland of the clitoris (which has for its function the manufacturing of sebaceous lubrication material) filled with a calcarious material to its utmost, imprisoned so it could not get out. So I curetted out this material, which reminds one of the “‘ bean” that we often remove from the gland of the horse’s penis when washing the sheath. Here is the important point that should be of much value to the practitioner when dealing with these cases. This cal- carious deposit had laid in this gland of the clitoris for years and acted as a foreign body setting up irritation and creating much inflammation of the organ, followed by excessive passion, stimulation and symptoms of nymphomania. The important lesson taught by this case is that many mares have suffered their ovaries to be removed unnecessarily; that most or a large per cent. of cases of nymphomania of the mare are due to nothing more than the filling up of this gland of the clitoris. We know how annoying to the dog it is when the Anial glands (which are sack-like) become filled up with sebace- ous material and almost run the dog mad. This same gland sit- uated on the horse’s penis, no doubt causes considerable annoy- ance to the animal, when the so-called “ bean” forms. It is quite possible that some of the profession are in pos- session of the knowledge that I have only just gained pertain- ing to nymphomania in the mare, but I must confess that my education and experience has not afforded me such knowl- edge. So if I have not told the profession anything that is new to them, I most modestly beg their pardon for my presumption. The practitioner often meets diseases and important conditions of animals that are entirely new to him and fore'gn to his educa- tion and text books, but he is too modest to report such cases to the profession, for fear that he has not come across anything of interest, and would only be exposing his own individual ig- } BEPORTS OF CASES. 529 norance, if he should report such cases. For this reason many veterinarians are in possession of knowledge of great interest and value to the profession, that will go down with them into their graves. Do not be too quick to remove the ovaries of the mare. TALLIANINE AND PHENOL TREATMENT IN TETANUS. By J. Fercus Donnetty, V.S., St. JoHn’s, NEWFOUNDLAND. On September 25th a client of mine brought one of his horses to my infirmary, wishing me to have a look at him, and also stated that he seemed rather stiff in his action. Upon examination of the animal I noticed that he was de- veloping tetanus, and ordered him to immediately take him home and I would go and see what could be done for him. Upon ar- riving at his stable I found the animal in question showing well- marked symptoms of this disease, and upon examination found both knees cut, the skin. covering the head of the Humerus badly torn, and anterior to the angle of the “ Il:'um” another abrasion which had a scab formed. Questioning the owner relative to the history of the case, I was informed that another horse kicked and knocked this one down some time ago, and it received the above cuts. I told him that the horse had tetanus, and I was very much afraid that nothing could be done for him, but that there was a new treatment now being used and if he wished I would try it. He seemed perfectly satisfied, as only a month previous he had paid $200 for him. I began my treatment as follows: First I placed the animal in a dark place away from all other horses and gave strict orders that no one was to go near him, only the man in charge, and he was to be very careful when approaching or working about him. I then plugged his ears with cotton wool, and opened up all the cuts, having to dissect a large piece of the muscle from the shoulder, which I then treated with a 5 per cent. solution of Phenol, and applied Ac. Borasic after. I then gave him 30 c.c. of Tallianine intravenously, and ordered % 5 Phenol to be given in his drinking water twice a day. 530 REPORTS OF: CASES. The animal could eat and drink fairly well, but was very stiff. and the Membrana Nictitans was about two-thirds over the eye and tail erect. The following day I again gave 20 c.c. Tallianine and the usual dose of Phenol. I continued this treatment for 4 days when I reduced the dose of Tallianine to 10 c.c. and then stopped its use, but con- tinued Phenol for 8 days after, when all symptoms had disap- peared. I then placed him on tonics and about one week later he was hitched and used a little in the mornings, and to-day he is hard at work and looking much better than before his attack. PERSISTENT HYMEN. By M. Pace Smitu, D.V.S., WASHINGTON. D. C. On October 14, 1908, a sorrel mare was sent to the Hos- pital of the United States College of Veterinary Surgeons, for examination. . This mare is owned by Mr. James S. E. Maddox, of War- rentown, Va., and is valued at $5,000. She is a sorrel, about 2% years old. About eight months ago the owner noticed a membraneous sac protruding between the lips of the vulva, after each act of micturation. Owing to the value of the mare, the owner became alarmed and sent to this city for a veterinarian. She was examined by several veterinarians, all of whom said that there was a rupture of the vaginal wall, allowing the bladder to pass up into the vagina. They said the mare could not be operated on and would never breed. Dr. Harry W. Achisen was called in later and ordered the mare sent to the Hospital. On October 15 I examined the mare and found that by press- ing firmly on the so-called tumor, that it reflected back into the vagina, forming a curtain, attached all around its edges. The meatus being on the floor just posterior to it. This curtain was nothing more than a persistent hymen, very much thickened and entirely imperforate. Behind the hymen was a quantity of gray- ish-colored thick fluid which pressed the hymen out and gave it the appearance of a cyst. a oe, a REPORTS OF CASES. 532 A consultation was held by Drs. Robinson, Achisen and myself. We decided that the case was very simple and only required a rupture of the membrane, and the removal of a por- tion of it. When the first incision was made about a quart of the thick grayish fluid flowed out. After the operation the vagina was flushed twice daily with an antiseptic solution, and on October 25th the mare was shipped home, ready to breed. SUBPERIOSTEAL FRACTURE OF THE META- TARSUS. By Pror. L. A. MERILLAT, CHICAGO VETERINARY COLLEGE. Subperiosteal fractures (fractures without displacement) occur occasionally in the extremities of horses, but it is usually the tibia and the radius that sustain this injury. A kick on the internal face of the tibia or the anterior face of the radius just above the carpus is always looked upon suspiciously by the know- ing practitioner, for what at first seems to be only a simple abrasion of the skin often proves to be a serious fracture of the bone by the sudden separation of the broken segments two or three weeks later when the inflammation by softening the peri- osteum allows the fragments to collapse. The writer has recently observed a case of this character on the metatarsus. The subject—a horse—received a kick on the antero-internal part of the lower third of the metatarsus and after three days’ rest returned to work still slightly lame but able to withstand the ordeal of drawing his share of a large truck. The claudication, however, increased from day to day and at the end of fourteen days the horse was thought too lame to work. A few days’ rest restored him to apparent usefulness —the lameness had again disappeared. On the morning of the eighteenth day when the teamster entered the stable expecting to hitch him. into the team the leg was found dangling from a compound, oblique fracture of the metatarsus, and for the first ‘time realized that the apparently trivial abrasion of the skin was in reality a serious injury that had fractured the bone. 532 REPORTS OF CASES. SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF PURULENT .SYNO- VITIS. By R. W. GANNETI, D.V.M., NEWARK, N. Y. While I was House Surgeon at the Berns Veterinary Hos- pital, Brooklyn, N. Y., Dr. Berns removed about three inches of the flexor pedis perforans tendon at the hock in a desperate case of suppurating tendon sheath. Opening the sheath freely, disinfection having proved of no avail. Recovery followed in a comparatively short time. There was a certain amount of lack of control of the foot when off the ground, but no lameness. Recently I was called to see a mare which had sustained a severe kick on the outside of the hock. Splinters of tibia were removed. The flexor pedis perforans synovial sheath was found open and infected. The animal was very lame. Tempera- ture 103° F.; no appetite. The leg was swollen considerably. - Treatment.—The sheath was laid open for about four inches on the outside of the hock and for about three inches at its lower portion on the inside of hock. A quantity of pus and synovia escaped. Tincture of iodine and 2 per cent. carbolic solution were injected faithfully for three weeks. Meantime, the patient was growing steadily worse, being scarcely able to stand with the aid of slings, and when down was unable to arise. After guiding the probe-pointed bistoury into position through the outer opening I severed the tendon, but removed none. Pain and fever ceased, in two or three days, appetite returned and an uneventful recovery took place in about four weeks... There is the same swinging or lack of control of the corono-pedal articu- lation when the foot is off the ground; but no lameness at farm work, RELAPSE AFTER APPARENT RECOVERY IN AZO- TURIA CASE. By Mark Wire, V.M.D., Denver, CoLo, Horse attacked with azoturia 2 p. m.; apparently well at 6 p. m. and no signs of any physiological disturbances, walking normal, and muscles of hind quarters soft and normal in size. 7 a. m. the following morning horse again showing typical symptoms of azoturia, stiff in hind legs, and paralyzed in near ae eciitie REPORTS OF CASES. : 533 fore leg. When attempt was made to turn horse around he fell to the ground, apparently giving away and falling to the front. On examination I found great toxic disturbafices with paresis of the hind legs, urine slightly discolored, which showed great discoloration the day before. The horse received a good physic during the night and was able to make his urine from the first. This horse lived until the second night following, being placed in a sling and let down as often as he showed discomfort. The point of interest in this case is the long period of time which elapsed before the horse went down, the paralysis of the front leg and the apparent recovery and re-attack when the bowels and kidneys were all well opened, the gluteal muscles normal and soft. Foop ror SQurIRRELS.—Most people who feed the gray squir- rels in the big parks fail to realize that it is no kindness to give these pretty little animals such soft shell nuts as almonds, peanuts and chestnuts. Human beings who do not have to actually forage for food naturally enough feel that it is thought- fulness itself to save the squirrels work. ‘The fact is, however, that a squirrel’s teeth grow so rapidly that, deprived of their normal use, they might even through their very uselessness be- come long enough to put this charming rodent of the trees in danger of starvation. Hickory, pecan and hazel nuts are the proper food to throw to the squirrels —(E-xchange. ) TAKING THEIR TEMPERATURE.—For three days on a trans- atlantic cattle steamer, with passenger accommodations, Mrs. Billings had been endeavoring by persistent and continuous ques- tionings to obtain some ideas as to nautical proceedings, and the other passengers had about reached the end of their patience. “Well,” remarked Miss Talbot at dinner as she passed the salt, “I am glad to find that they treat the cattle so humanely ao Why, they take the temperature twice a day regu- arly.” “Oh,” cried Mrs. Billings in a high, piercing crescendo, “do they really? I’m so glad to hear it, but I shouldn’t think they could very well.” “Why not, madam?” inquired an elderly man on her left. “ Well—well, why,” said Mrs. Billings, “I should think that it would be hard to keep a clinical thermometer in a cow’s mouth long enough to get any temperature without having it crushed.” —(Youth’s Companion. ) ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. WHAT BENEFIT CAN WE DERIVE FROM THE GEN- ERAL STAFF BILL? In response to the above query, coming to me from different army colleagues, | gladly quote Sec. 4 of the Bill: “ That “the veterinarians appointed under this act shall be on the same “ footing as commissioned officers of the Army as to tenure of “ office, retirement, pensions and increase of pay, and in all re- “ spects shall be governed by the rules and Articles of War as “are commissioned officers of the Army.” Remember that we are mortals, and that the following “ honor-roll of our dead” comprises all young men except one: 1. Dr. Albrecht Heusinger (Germany) 7th Cavalry, killed by the Sioux in Yellowstone Valley, 1873. 2. Dr. Samuel Going, M.R.C.V.S., 1st Cavalry, killed in the Nez Perces War, 1875. 3. H. Humphreys, V.S., 2d Cavalry, died from wounds, 1885. 4. M. J. Treacy, M.R.C.V.S., 8th Cavalry, died from yellow fever, Cuba, 1899. 5. Dr. Samuel Gelston, 3d Cavalry, insane from sunstroke and bolo cut over head, disappeared, Philippines, 1go1. Dr. Paul Gettler, O. M. Department, died from abscess of liver, P. L., roo1. In addition we lost from time to time, a number of capable men, who resigned as unfit for further mili- tary service to save their lives, some of whom have long since gone to éternal rest; while others, still living, are reminded by continuous pain of hardship and perils undergone. We were never more than twelve up to 1899, and not more than eighteen as Jate as the Philippine campaign. Figure the percentage of loss and reflect. Even now we have “ our own four,” of whom one has only one leg and the other three are physical wrecks from amoebic dysentery, and for whom we seek the “ amend- ment” to this Bill. As for the dreaded section which “ elimi- nates,” this will be found in any other veterinary Bill. No further comment is necessary, as I do not want to preach — a sermon. But I am pleased with one cool-headed young man among us, who writes me: I shall favor this Bill when the time comes to consider it “At present I want a change in our status, and want it quick.” 1 second this common-sense motion. O, S. 584 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 535 A NEW PUBLICATION OF THE VETERINARY DE- PARTMENT, BRITISH ARMY. A book of special interest to our army veterinarians and entitled : ‘“‘ Animal Management. 1908. Prepared in the Veteri- nary Department, for the General Staff, War Office,” has recently been published. The contents are as follows: I. Animal structure and function. Il. The points of the horse, colors, markings and age. III. Stable construction and fittings. IV. Stable management, grooming, washing, clipping, clothing, methods of securing, bedding, stable tricks and vices, daily routine. V. Foods, feeding and watering. VI. Manage- ment of horses in the open, condition and exercise, marching, feeding, swimming, watering, picketing. VII. Saddles and sore backs, collars and sore shoulders. VIII. The foot and shoring. IX. Transport by rail and sea. X. The mule, donkey, camel and ox. XI. The prevention and first aid treatment of disease. Plates of grasses, herbage and weeds, are added in a pocket. It is impracticable to fully review this book, consisting of 370 pages of closely printed matter and liberally interspersed with fair wood-cuts. Briefly, it may be stated, that it is evidently in- tended for officers of the mounted service of the British Army, because it is elementary, avoiding technical terms in the text and explaining subjects that are familiar to every graduate of a veterinary college. Yet, there is also a mass of matter that is more or less unknown to the young veterinarian who enters the army service, because it cannot be taught in a college that does not make a specialty of training veterinary students for the army. The novice in this service, after reading the book, will feel that he knows something of what will be demanded of him, and he _ will be spared many of the painful pitfalls which he prepares for himself either by his own overwillingness or by his ignorance of the real object in view. The more experienced army veteri- narian will find, every now and then, subjects touched upon which remind him of the hours and days spent in anxious study, in close observation or experiment to discover for himself the secrets that are here nicely laid bare. Three chapters are of special merit. That one “saddles and sore backs, collars and sore shoulders,” is a masterful exposition of the subject, the best I have read in English, French or German. ‘‘ The mule, donkey, camel and ox,’ explains much that we were trying to learn in our Philippine campaign when the “carabao and the 536 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. zebu trotting bull’? were burdened upon us as new charges, thousands of them being used for transportation by our Quarter- master’s Department. The book commends itself generally for its simple, lucid style, and furnishes most entertaining reading for several evenings. There has never yet been written a book on “ Military Veteri- nary Science,’ one that is intended for veterinarians only, a truly scientific book that no army officer would care to read. It is very desirable and necessary that these officers should know something of our science, and the more they know the better they co-operate with us in the practical ends to be attained. Yet, the subjects of military veterinary hygiene, military veterinary surgery, military veterinary history, etc., have all been separately treated in a scientific manner by English, French and German veterinary officers, and it would seem that the time is on hand when all these subjects could be gathered together into one com- prehensive, technical treatise, and we would encourage our Brit- ish Army colleagues to make an attempt. In the meantime, we heartily approve of this book and recom- mend it to our army veterinarians. It is for sale by: Wyman . & Sons, Fetter Lane, London. Price: One shilling and sixpence. Perhaps it can be had through W. R. Jenkins, 851 Sixth Avenue, New York City. OLor SCHWARZKOPF. Tue only serious and formidable thing in nature is will.— (Emerson. ) SixtH SENSE IN Brrps.—In the animal kingdom the birds seem to be really the class most highly favored by nature. Though they are not placed near the summit of the line of evo- lution, their ability to fly marks them off as having some advan- tages over nearly all the mammalia. Their mysterious power of changing their polarity or weight in order to dive in water or soar in air has been often discussed, and the almost incredible velocity of their motion when migrating, sometimes amounting to four miles a minute for vast distances, has no parallel among other animals. In addition, experiments with carrier pigeons at night demonstrated beyond doubt that these birds at least possess a highly developed sense of direction. —(New Century Path.) ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M. SARCOMA OF THE Liver [E. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.S.|.— A twelve-year-old Irish terrier dog has since a week an exten- sive enlargement of the abdomen, but until then has always been in good health. He is much emaciated, the abdomen is not painful, ascitis is evident and a solid enlargement is also felt in the abdomen. Tapping on the median line is not followed by escape of fluid. This operation performed in various places is again without result. No sickness is manifested by the animal, nor pain but the enlargement of the abdomen seems to increase. The dog is found dead one morning in his kennel. On opening the abdomen a tumor was found attached to the spleen and an- other on the mesentery. There was a large amount of fluid in the abdominal cavity; dark-yellowish in color. The liver re- sembled an enormous tumor with irregular nodules on its sur- face. These were whitish in some parts and of a marbled ap- pearance in others. The whole organ weighed five pounds. The neoplasm was a typical spindle-celled sarcoma.—(Veter. News.) DouBLEeD TELESCOPED INTESTINE ACCOMPANIED BY TWIST [H. Thompson, M.R.C.V.S.].—A foal is found very ill one morning. He was a colt, twelve weeks old, running with his dam in a field. That morning he was found lying on his back, propped up by a fence. Pulled away, he jumped up, but laid down again, assuming the same position, on his back, when he seemed to have much relief. Notwithstanding treatment, he dies in four hours. Post-mortem revealed a beautiful twist of the intestine, one portion of the gut overlapping the other in form of a half knot. On examining this part, it was found to be telescoped and that the invaginated portion measured six feet and two inches in length and besides this, the latter part of this telescoped portion was doubly telescoped to the extent of two feet and 2 inches.—(Veter. News.) ‘ 537 538 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. Corp WaTER TREATMENT FOR OPEN Joints [H. Thomp- son, M.R.C.V.S.|.—A horse got his legs entangled in some barbed wire and received an extensive jagged wound in front of the bend of the-hock. The synovial bursa was torn and synovia escaping freely. Following h?s usual form of treatment in similar cases, cold water irrigation was applied continuously for a week and then stopped, when the wound was filled with healthy granulations and synovia had ceased to run out. In about two weeks all lameness had subsided and the wound dressed with iodoform, charcoal and pulverized sulphate of cop- per to keep the granulations down.—( Veter. News.) SomEe EXAMPLES OF MALIGNANT DISEASE IN ANIMALS [J. Burton Cleland, M.D., Western Australia].—These examples of cancerous conditions show the widespread geographical distri- bution of such diseases. CARCINOMA OF THE BrREAsT OF A LiIoNEss.—Found in an animal that died in the zoological garden of Perth, at about the age of ten years. In the lower part of the breast there was a hard dense scirrhous mass about the size of the palm of the. hand. The right sublumbar gland was enlarged. There were numerous secondary growths in the lungs, liver, spleen and omentum. One of the kidneys was also diseased. CARCINOMA OF THE Upper IN A Datry Cow, large scir- rhous-looking mass in the udder and secondary deposits in the iliac and sublumbar glands. SovaMous EpIrHELIOMA OF THE PERINEUM OF A Cow, a large cauliflower like papillomatous mass projected from the perineum, firm with some yellowish granular areas. EpITHeLIOMA GROWING FROM THE CONJUNCTIVAL SURFACE or Lower Eye-Lin or A Horse, DISPLACING THE GLOBE. Probably originated in one of the gland appendages of the skin. ALVEOLAR SARCOMA OF THE M€DIASTINUM IN A BULLOCK. A big lobulated mass as large as an infant’s head, covering the base of the heart to the left side and in front of the auricles and large vessels. On section it was moderately firm with scat- tered extravasation of blood. CARCINOMA OF SuPRA RENAL GLANDS OF SHEEP. The right supra-renal gland was enlarged, rounded, white, hemor- rhagic and adherent to the kidney below and to the liver above. There were some nodules in the liver and in both lungs.—(Journ, of Comp. Pathol. and Therap.) ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 539 Case or ATAXIA IN A Horse [Capft. Jolliffe, M.R.C.V.S.\— After being ridden some distance, to reach a certain place, a . _ horse is found seriously ill, he is extremely exhausted and walked back to his stable with great difficulty, supported on either side. His weakness and exhausted condition with high _ temperature and a rusty nasal discharge justified a diagnosis of influenza for which he was placed under treatment. He rallied - and was progressing favorably when towards the 14th day - after the attack, all signs of constitutional illness having dis- appeared, he showed loss of co-ordination of the muscles of _ the legs and a consequent ataxic gait. He walked with his hind legs apart, in a marked ataxic manner. The legs were raised unnecessarily high. The tail was weak and could be raised with- out resistance or difficulty. The forelegs also seem to be un- steady but not as much as the hind ones. Covering of the head and eyes increased the amount of ataxia and the horse had great difficulty in turning, and the unsteadiness was greater. _ No alteration in the sensations could be demonstrated. The knee and ankle jerks could not be obtained. The sphincters _ were normal. Although the general condition was good, all the treatments used having failed (iodide of potassium, biniodide _ of mercury, strychnine counter irritation, etc.), the animal was destroyed. At the post-mortem, nothing could be detected in the spinal cord and brain, except when the specimens were » stained by the Marchi’s method, when various degrees of de- ’ generation were found in the posterior columns and in the an- ’ terior tracts. The specimens were taken in mid-thoracic region, upper cervical and lumbar.—(Veter. Jour.) . Two InrerestinG Cases or TuBercutosis [ Prof. F. Hob- day, F.R.CV.S. and E, Belcher, M.R.C.V.S.|.—1st Case: In , a five-year-old bulldog; has never been ill, never run out in the street, had no possibility of heredity from its family, had asa rule never had any milk, lived on meat cooked in the house, no members of the family where he was had been known as _ consumptive. The manner he was infected remains a mystery. His coat was harsh and staring with an unpleasant smell. Oc- casionally he seemed tc have “heart pains,” breathed heavily. _ Auscultation of the heart gave muffled sounds; pulse irregularly intermittent. Nothing definite is arrived at and at the request of the owner the dog is killed. Post-mortem: Pericardium much thickened, and adherent to the heart in several places. Fibrous 540 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, tumors, not caseous, exist in the muscular heart structure; they are irregular and flattened. Over the left auricle, there is a sac formed by the pericardium, whose inside is studded with tubercles, distinctly.caseous. There were also nodules in the . spleen and the mesenteric glands. The case was one of tuber- culosis. 2d Case: Female cat had a swelling in the parotid lymphatic glands, which was treated as an abscess. After a while, the sub- maxillary gland, then the prepectoral and finally the precrural became enlarged. The cat was destroyed as suspect of tuber- culosis. At autopsy, scarcely any organ could be found which did not contain tuberculous lesions. The pleura, the lungs, thoracic and abdominal lymphatic glands were all full of case- ous tubercles in which the microscopic examinations revealed large number of bacilli—(V eter. Journ.) DestroyInc A Doc with Morpuia {Henry Taylor, F.R. C.V.S.|.—A dog was, at the owner’s request, going to be de- stroyed. The author injected sub-cutaneously 4 and % grains of morphia which he followed by 4 more a few minutes later. In fifteen minutes after the dog received 8 grains more through the right intercostal region into the lungs. The animal was in deep sleep but did not show any indication of dying soon. Then every ten or fifteen minutes doses of 5 and 6 grains were given until not less than 45 grains had been administered. At last convulsions followed by coma took place and the dog died, but not until an hour later.— (Veter. Journ.) RupturEeD COLON AND OLpb-StTaNbING PERICARDITIS [C. Powell, M.R.C.V.S.|,—Five-year-old gelding had colic and as he gets worse the author is called and finds the horse in great pain and restless. Temperature is normal, there is slight tympany, the mucous membranes are rather pallid. The most noticeable fea- ture of the case is the distressed character of the breathing, which is accompanied with an haggard expression of countenance very peculiar. Respirations were quick and short, nostrils dilated, pulse quick, small and irregular. Sounds of the heart seemed very muffled in character. Lungs normal. Purge, stimulants and enemas are prescribed with chloral to be given as needed. Next morning the horse seems better. Another examination re- veals the same condition as before. Temperature has risen two degrees, Later the body gets covered with cold, clammy sweat. The horse dies. At the post-mortem there was found lesions of i i] i : ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 541 acute peritonitis with a rupture of the colon. And, on opening the chest, the heart was seen adherent to the right side of the chest wall, by adhesions which existed between a large portion of the surface of the right ventricle, the pericardium and two ribs, which had at some previous epoch been fractured; the ragged ends piercing and lacerating the pericardium and also the heart itself as evidenced by an old cicatrix.—(Veter. Journ.) _ CASEs OF CHOREA IN Horses [Joachim Da Costa, C.B.V.C.}. —No. 1. Brown country-bred entire, six years, very spirited, worked on a sandy road, dragging with his mate for a distance of four miles, a wagon that had one of the wheels stuck fast. As a consequence, he was all in a perspiration, very tired, and in being unharnessed he fell on the ground in a semi-conscious state. Stimulants, hand-rubbing, etc., brought him to and in a few hours he seemed alright. The next day, he began pawing his forefeet and showed soreness on the slightest pressure on the shoulders. On the third day he had an involuntary spas- modic contraction of the levator humeri muscle. Spasms coming on at intervals whilst standing, walking and lying, or again by raising the head, frightening the animal or touching the sore parts. The general condition was otherwise good and the tem- perature normal. Electuaries of belladonna and camphor were given for a week. Spasms and pawing stopped but returned after four days. Same treatment for one week longer gave the same results. Then to the electuary treatment, full doses of bromide of potassium and bicarbonate of soda were added, bringing a good permanent and satisfactory result. No. 2. Bay colt, three years old, was forced to run with his mother for a long distance and in state of perspiration was given a wash in a river.- He refuses his food, shivers and is treated by the owner. Soon, however, he is taken with sud- den involuntary contractions of the abdominal muscles. The spasms are seen far from him, flattening the abdomen each time and a sudden gush of air felt at the nostrils synchronous with the convulsive movements of the abdomen. The animal was submitted to the same treatment as the preceding, camphor, bromide and bicarbonate, and recovered in a little over two weeks.— (Veter. Record.) 542 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M. TREATMENT OF TOE CRACKS BY TWISTED SUTURES OF THE Watt [Mr. Mouilleron|.—This treatment is only indicated and can only be applied to animals which have been operated by the classical method by the thinning process or again in those when after a complete operation, the cicatrization of the soft tissues is complete and already protected by a thin layer of new horn, and when the repair is sufficiently advanced to avoid all secondary infection. The object of the treatment is specially to favor the cicatrization in immobilizing the foot and to avoid the annoyance of ordinary protecting dressings which in time promote atrophy and contraction of the foot. The treat- ment is as follows: On each side of the thinned surface, begin- ning as near the coronary band as’possible, four nails are driven through the thickness of the wall as in the method of treat- ment called ‘‘ barring of the crack,” and when the point of the. nail appears on the level with the thinned portion of the wall, the other point of the nail, which is the head, is cut off a short dis- tance from the point of implantation. A pad of oakum or wadding with hoof ointment, tar or like ingredient, is laid in the hollow of the front part of the hoof and a solid malleable wire is passed in figure 8 style round the first, then the second nail and so on, as is the thread, silk or wire used for twisted suture. The ends of the two wires are twisted together and cut short. The dress- ing can remain for months before it needs to be renewed. Claims of the author: It gives complete immobilization, pre- serves the integrity of the foot, prevents deformity and removes all danger of contraction. It reduces the indisposition of the animal to its minimum, gives a perfect solid dressing and is unusually easy of application.—( Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.) Draretes In AntmMALsS [ Mr. Bru|,—The author relates his observations of this disease in two cows and three dogs. In the first cow he has noticed that the disease progressed very rapidly and that all treatment was entirely useless. In one cow there was no polydisy but frequent efforts for micturi- tion with evacuation of only a small quantity of urine, In the other case the animal drank with avidity and always a large a ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 543. quantity of fluid, and when returned to her stall she would fre- quently, after a few moments, stretch herself to urinate and then expel only a very small quantity of urine. In neither of these two cases were ocular manifestations noticed. Both animals. died in a very short time. In the observations of the dogs, one had great thirst and was blind in both eyes by cataract. In an- other there was evacuation of large quantity of urine, reddish in _ color. There was also loss of sight, no polydisy. In the third was noticed great thirst, abundant urination and difficulties of sight. The march of the disease in dogs is relatively slow, ani- mals can live awhile but the troubles of the sight render them useless.— (Rev. Veter.) DentaL ABNoMALIES [M.M. Bourdelle and Darnaud|.— Among dental abnomalies, some are characterized by the presence of one or several teeth being implanted in the bony structure of the palate. Palatine teeth, as they are called, are the object of the two following records. In one the abnomaly consists in two second dentition incisives (nippers) situated 4 or 5 centi- meters back of the incisive arch, which is otherwise perfect. ‘These abnormal teeth are resting side by side, on each side of the median line, implanted vertically in the palatine roof. They are well formed, with an external dental cavity and resemble perfect teeth of second dentition. At the time the animal had them, they did not seem to disturb him, but later they may and will have to be pulled out. (Why wait until then?) The other case was observed in the upper jaw of a sheperd - dog in which existed a strong palatine canine implanted obliquely and transversally from right to left in the palatine roof back of the incisive openings. It was no doubt the left canine which in developing made its way out of its ordinary location. In other words, teeth may be truly supernumerary teeth as in the first case or again teeth which are displaced from their ordinary location. _—(Rev. Vete.) TEMPORO-MAXILLARY SUPPURATIVE ARTHRITIS IN A Cow [Mr. Bonnet|.-—About a week after a normal delivery and cleanings, a cow cannot feed. Temperature and respiration are normal, general condition satisfactory and vaginal exploration shows that everything is normal in that direction. Failing to make a positive diagnosis, tonics are prescribed and for a while the animal shows some improvement. But this does not last ott ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. and soon the animal again refuses all kinds of food, solid, liquid, dry or green; she loses flesh, her milk diminishes and yet she has no fever and appears as gay as usual. However, new mani- festations are soon present. The cheeks are swollen, thready saliva escapes from the mouth and on examination of that cavity, the lingual canal and the inside of the cheek are found literally packed with food, scarcely chewed and having a strong odor of maceration. Extracted, this weighed two kilograms. Re- lieved of this mass, the animal takes some liquids, but when she is offered solids, she tries to take it and cannot. Another ex- amination of the mouth is made and is negative. However, out- side on a level with the left temporo-maxillary joint a small swelling is observed, diffused, not very painful, hard and not warm. A blister is applied. But the animal does not improve, she loses ground and is destroyed. The lesions found consisted in swelling of the bronchial lymphatic glands, containing yellow pus, very offensive. And an abscess in the left temporo-maxillary joint, with fcetid pus similar to that of the bronchial glands; the cartilage of the articular surfaces was necrosed and the ar- ticular surfaces much roughened and soft. No other lesions were found in any part of the body.—(Journ. de Zootech.) TREATMENT OF TETANUS WITH OXYGENATED WATER AND INJECTIONS OF ANTITETANIC SERUM [Mr. Dabert].—A_ horse is taken with lock-jaw, probably sequela of a punctured wound of the foot. Treatment, quietness, obscurity, and in the morning 10 c.c. of serum. The disease progresses and after three days one litre of oxygenated water at 12 deg. is ordered to be taken in two doses. The animal is worse the next day; he receives sulphate of eserine, three injections of serum and two litres of oxygenated water. The horse improves, has a relapse after a week and the same treatment is started again. Soon con- valescence sets in and slowly the animal recovers.—(Journ. de Zootech.) CompLete Uterine Torsion tn A Cow with RUPTURE OF THE Ricur Horn, Due to Traumatism [Pierre Bitard].— A six-year-old pregnant cow is eighteen days behind her time. She has colic for past two days and has been treated by an em- piric until in great danger of dying, then the author is called. She is standing up, raising now and then one hind leg, spe- cially the right. Her features are contracted, the head carried ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 545 low, eyes are sunken, the vertical fissure back of the zygomatic process is much marked (an alarming symptom, says the au- thor). Respiration is accelerated, heart beats strong and re- peated, pulse small, filiform 106, temperature 38.3°. Abdomen is very large, flanks hollow. Repeated palpation of the abdo- men fails to reveal anything about the foetus. Vaginal ex- ploration detects a complete torsion of the uterus to the left. The twists are numerous and prevent the introduction of the hand beyond it. Rectal examination shows that the vagina is also involved in the torsion and permits feeling a solution of continuity, which is supposed to be on the right horn. The calf cannot be detected. The cow is condemned and slaughtered. The torsion is readily exposed, a large quantity of fluid escapes from the horn, perhaps 70 litres, there is also a great quantity of serosity in the abdomen. The right horn is very large, hard, black in color and has on its superior face a solution of con- tinuity, which involves the serous and muscular coats. The mucous membrane is infiltrated and forms a large hematoma in the uterine cavity. The accident was the result of heavy falls sustained by the animal.—(Progres Veter.) Rectat Cyst 1n A Mare [Mr. Douville, Adjunct Professor- ? Alfort|.—After suffering with dull and intermittent colics for some time, without gaining a permanent relief, an eight-year- old mare was brought to the attention of the author. After being put in a stall where she began to eat, the mare stops sud- denly, and colicky symptoms are manifested. With difficulty, she passes some hard and dry balls of manure and suddenly as the last ball drops out, there appears a red mass which, it is said, has been noticed lately by the owner. The tumor is regu- iq larly spherical, the size of a child’s head, it fills the space be- : tween the vulva and the base of the tail, which is kept elevated and pushed to the left. The mucous membrane is red and has _ some superficial abrasions. The tumor is painless and gradually _. subsides by moderate pressure applied on it. By rectal examina- tion, the presence of the cyst is readily detected on the supero- lateral wall on the right side of the rectum; and when gradual _ pressure is put on it, its contents is felt running backwards and downwards alongside the arm of the explorer, and at the same _ time, goes and collects near the anus, where it forms a pro- jecting cord. An exploring needle was introduced and 800 i _ grams of fluid removed. The cavity was then filled with a solu- 546 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. tion of tinct. of iodine, iodide of potassium and water. After proper massing of the growth, this mixture was withdrawn. The mare was relieved for two days of her colic, when they returned and a second operation had to be done. This was followed by — immediate and permanent disappearance of all difficulties. — (Rec. de Med. Veter.) ITALIAN REVIEW: By Prof. A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M. A Rare CASE OF THE ABNORMAL DELIVERY oF A Mon- strous Fatus |Dr. Guido Finzi|——The author was called to assist in a peculiar case of accouchement of a cow. Aged six years, the animal has had several normal parturitions before and was in excellent condition. When first taken in labor, she pre- sented nothing abnormal, but soon after she has violent and fre- quent pains and she made powerful efforts without any results. The water bag had burst, the pulse became accelerated, the vulva swollen and the vaginal mucous membrane highly congested. Vaginal exploration revealed the severity of the case, as the four extremities were found at the uterine opening. Was it a right or a left cephalo-iliac position could not be made out? The conformation of the foetus was certainly abnormal and its size enormous. To distinguish the fore from the hind legs was also very difficult on account of their anatomical conformation and of their special position. With difficulty a cord was secured to two of them and tied up as high as possible, whether the hock or the knee. Finally, the foetus was extracted, no less than eight men being required to pull on the rope. The cow after two days was well and ruminating. The foetus was a monstrous in- dividual. The rachis was flexed in the opposite direction than — normal and the extremities much distorted, instead of being im- | planted so as to come together under the abdomen, it did on the — back. The external conformation of the carpus and of the tarsus — was almost identical, hence the difficulty in distinguishing them by manipulations within the uterus.—(La Clin. Veter.) Some Rare Cases or Ecutnoccocct In Bovines [ Doct. Agostino Toderi|.—Cases of echinoccocci are rather frequent in 2. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 547 bovines and are detected at post-mortems by the meat inspectors. They are found principally in the lungs and the liver and also more rarely in the spleen, the kidneys and the heart. The author has observed one case in a steer which had one cyst of echinoc- cocci occupying completely the left ventricle of the heart. As the case was discovered at the meat inspection, the effects of this condition of the heart upon the circulation remain unknown. Doct. Toderi relates two cases. In one with the animal in ex- cellent condition, he found the parenchyma of the lungs full with echinoccocci and also the costal and visceral pleura. The sternal pleura was covered with them. They varied in size from that of an apricot to that of a large pomegranate. The liver was enormous and weighed 56 kilograms. It was full of cysts. In another case the lungs and the sternal pleura were exten- sively involved. All the other organs were healthy.—( Archiv. Scient. della Acad. Veter. Ital.) THREE CASES OF Poripactity [Drs. Alete Borella and _ Guido Fingi|.—The first was in a two-year-old ¢olt, which had no record of abnomaly in his pedigree. The posterior legs were normal and perfectly straight, without any blemishes of any sort. The forelegs have a normal aspect as far as the fetlock when the digital region is bent a little outwards. On the internal sur- face, between the inner rudimentary metacarpus and the fetlock there are two supplementary digits. These are well developed, having three phalanges, two horny feet and a coronary band. The foot is moderately well formed and resembles much the toe of cattle. The supplementary digit is ankylosed with the meta- carpus, but the interphalangeal joints are not. The animal can walk without difficulty, but when trotting stumbles and is liable to fall. . The second case was also in a colt which had the same ab- nomaily, viz, two supplementary digits on the forelegs. These have also three phalanges, a foot smaller than the normal one and having the form of the claw of cattle. This is elongated and curved towards the principal toe. The articulation with the in- ternal metacarpus and the interphalangeal joints are moveable. The colt walked and ran without any impediment. His mother had on the internal face of the right foreleg just below the rudi- mentary metacarpus a small osselet which represented a first phalanx. The third belongs to a pig. It consisted in a supplementary digit entirely developed also.—(La Clin. Veter.) AESTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. LAMENEss IN A Horse DUE TO THE REPAIRING PROCESS OF A Muscutar Laceration | Dr. Ruggero Fracaro|.—While be- ing led by the bridle, a saddle horse, seven years of age, became suddenly lame on the left hindleg. A little below the point of the rump, there was a large swelling, spherical, not very warm, nor painful, rather elastic to the touch, and having a certain amount of fluctuation. It looked like an hematoma or a trau- matic exudation of serosity. Below the swelling was a marked depression or hollow indicating a solution of continuity in the muscular mass of the long vastus and semi-tendinosus. How did this occur? Could not be found out. However, by proper treatment of cold water applications first and blister- ing afterwards, the acute symptoms subsided, the effusion re- sorbed and the animal returned to work in due time. ' Some three months later, he was again disabled, on the same leg. His lameness being characterized by a difficulty in carry- ing the leg forward, the action being interfered with by the pres- ence of a cord on the seat of the old lesion filling the old lacera- tion and having the size of the thumb of a man’s hand. It was an organized cord formed by the cicatrized connective tissue and the muscular fibres. Relief could certainly have been obtained by a sub-cutaneous division of the cord, made with a blunt myotomy knife, but the animal was sold and lost sight of.—(La Clin. Veterin.) A Fata Kticx.—Joseph Coggins, of Ashford avenue, while attending a-sick horse on Friday last was kicked in the face, re- quiring six stitches to sew up the cut. The horse, which was a valuable animal, died later from colic.—(Dobbs Ferry Register.) He Expiarnep.—At a school one day a teacher, having asked most of his pupils the difference between an island and a peninsula without receiving a satisfactory answer, came to the last boy. “ T can explain it, sir,” said the bright youth. “ First get two glasses. Fill one with water and the other with milk. Then catch a fly and place it in the glass of water. That fly is an island, because it is entirely surrounded by water. But now place the fly in the glass of milk, and it will be a peninsula, be-' cause it is nearly surrounded by water.” The boy went to the top of the class. . ~ CORRESPONDENCE. AUTOMOBILE DISCARDED FOR THE HORSE. Denver, CoLo., Dec. 12, 1908. Eprrors AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW: Gentlemen: For the benefit of my brother colleagues that may be contemplating the purchase of an automobile to displace the horse in their practice, I desire to give them this “tip.” I have used a machine for the past months in my practice in Denver; I drove a machine 23,000 miles at a cost of $2,500. I found the automobile wholly unreliable for my business, and very ex- pensive. If | saved an hour to-day, [ would lose two to-morrow ; in other words, after figuring the time lost on account of break- downs, tire troubles and necessary adjustments, and the time the machine was in the shop that I really did not save any time, but that I was losing much valuable time. I found that when it became necessary to go to the shop for repairs that I fell in the hands of men without any conscience or honesty. They would work on my car one hour and probably charge for two or three, at the rate of 75 cents per hour. I found that the auto did not equal the horse on muddy or sandy roads or in rainy or cold weather. It requires more thought to keep up with the running of the machine and keep it all together than it does to look after one’s practice, or study how to make a living therefrom. A doctor, in my judgment, needs to think over his cases and business when he is traveling from one to the other during the day, but it is impossible to do so when running a machine, for it must have your entire thoughts. An automobile will consume the profits of a medium business. No man can afford to use one from a business stand- point, they can only be looked upon from a luxury viewpoint. The automobile can only be afforded by the rich. There will be a reaction within the coming year back to the horse, since — every one that has the auto fever must buy an auto, or two, be- fore he opens his eyes to what a fool he has been to spend two _ or three thousands of dollars per year just for something to get around the country with, when formerly he only paid twenty or thirty dollars for a horse per month. Great good will come 549 550 CORRESPONDENCE. through the auto fever; that is, the people will not be satisfied any more with a common horse, or buggy, but they will buy a four or five hundred dollar horse, where they formerly bought a hundred dollar one. The automobile causes the people to lavish and squander their money and makes them extravagant. I am using the horse again with more satisfaction and comfort than ever before. It is all a mistake to believe that a doctor can turn off more business with the machine than he can with the horse. He cannot do it. Respectfully yours, Mark Wuirte, V.M.D. THE BrRAKEMAN’S JOKE.-—‘“ Ran over a cow this morning up above Coffeyville,” said the brakeman to a reporter. “ How did it happen?” asked the reporter. . “She was drinking out of a creek under a bridge,” shouted the brakeman as he swung on to the last car and went grinning out of town.—( Kansas City Times.) Goat’s $15,000 Meat.~—A peasant followed by a goat walked into the local bank at Aurillac to pay in some money. As he was going out a clerk noticed that the goat had a piece of paper in his month. He vaulted over the counter and caught the animal just in time to prevent it swallowing a bond worth £3,000, which it had nibbled off the counter.—(London Evening Standard.) Tue Saw or THE Mosguito.—tThe bill of the mosquito is a complex institution. It has a blunt fork at the head and is apparently grooved. Working through the groove and pro- jecting from the angle of the fork is a lance of perfect form sharpened with a fine bevel. Beside it the most perfect lance looks like a hand saw. On either side of the lance two saws are arranged, with the points fine and sharp and the teeth well de- fined and keen. The backs of these saws play against the lance. When the mosquito alights, with its peculiar hum, it thrusts its keen lance and then enlarges the aperture with the two saws, which play beside the lance until the forked bill with its capillary arrangement for pumping the blood can be inserted. The saw- ing process is what grates upon the nerves of the victim and causes him to strike wildly at the sawyer.—( Exchange.) — a CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. EDITOR. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, DEPARTMENT OF AGRI- CULTURE. The United States Civil Service Commission announces the postponement to January 6-7, 1909 (in view of the small num- ber of applications filed), of the examination scheduled for No- vember 24-25, 1908, at the places mentioned in the list printed by the Commission, to secure eligibles from which to make cer- tification to fill a vacancy in the position of editor in charge of the departments of entomology, economic zoology, and veteri- nary science, in the Experiment Station Record, Office of Ex- periment Stations, Department of Agriculture, at $1,500 per annum, and vacancies requiring similar qualifications as they may occur in that Department. _ The examination will consist of the subjects mentioned be- low, weighted as indicated: Subjects. Weights. 1. Spelling (twenty words of more than average difficulty). 3 2. Arithmetic (fundamental rules, fractions, percentage, in- ~ terest, discount, analysis, and statement of simple ac- A hee ot ea nk Sak aM a Sora o 6-8 3 3. Penmanship (the handwriting of the competitor in the subject of letter-writing will be considered with spe- cial reference to the elements of legibility, rapidity, neatness, general appearance, etc.)............... 3 4. Letter-writing (a letter of not less than 150 words on some subject of general interest. Competitors may ; select either of two subjects given).............. 6 5. Copying from rough draft (the writing of a smooth copy of rough-draft manuscript, including the correction of all errors of spelling, capitalization, syntax, etc.). 5 Re PIUING ANGE ADOPRCEN iis a ie eda ee ec ene eee 10 Bie TOO! Treading ANd MGeKINE ws kee we eee secs fe) 8. Special subject: (a) Economic zoology and veterinary science, or (b) Animal husbandry and dairying............. 40 9. Training and experience (rated on application)........ 20 Br ecg hry oN aR One aa 100 1 ( bo CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. A rating of at least 70 per cent. in the special subject chosen is required “for eligibility. Some knowledge of French and German is required, and the candidate’s proficiency in these languages will be considered in the rating for training and experience. The position to be filled as the result of this examination re- quires a man of special qualifications, including not only funda- mental knowledge in the subject chosen, but considerable ad- vanced training, and general familiarity with its literature. Two days will be required: for this examination. Age limit, 20 years or over on the date of the examination. This examination is open to all citizens of the United States who comply with the requirements. This announcement contains all information which is com- municated to applicants regarding the scope of the examination, the vacancy or vacancies to be filled, and the qualifications re- quired. Applicants should at once apply either to the Un:ted States Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C., or to the secre- tary of the board of examiners at any place mentioned in the list printed by the Commission, for application Form 1312. No application will be accepted unless properly executed and filed with the Commission at Washington. In applying for this ex- amination the exact title as given at the head of this announce- ment should be used in the application. As examination papers are shipped direct from the Commis: sion to the places of examination, it is necessary that applications be received in ample time to arrange for the examination de- sired at the place indicated by the applicant. The Commission will therefore arrange to examine any applicant whose applica- tion is received in time to permit the shipment of the necessary papers. VETERINARY INSPECTOR. Bureau or ANIMAL INDUSTRY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The United States Civil Service Commission announces an examination on January 20, 1909, at the places mentioned in the list printed by the Commission, to secure el’gibles from which CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. | 553 to make certification to fill vacancies as they may occur in the position of veterinary inspector, at $1,400 per annum, in the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture. As the Commission has experienced considerable difficulty _in securing eligibles for filling these positions, qualified persons are urged to enter this examination. It will be noted that the entrance salary of this position has been increased to $1,400 per annum, promotion to $1,600 to be made after two years’ satisfactory service at $1,400, and pro- motion to $1,800 after satisfactory service for two years at $1,600 per annum. The examination will consist of the subjects mentioned below, weighted as indicated : Subjects. Weights. 1. Spelling (twenty words of average difficulty in common ee ee ER Pa BiG 0 Oa Nae ea ai aa 5 2. Arithmetic (simple tests in addition, subtraction, multi- plication, and division of whole numbers, in common and decimal fractions, and of United States money). 3. Letter-writing (a letter of not less than 125 words on some subject of general interest. Competitors may . select either of two subjects given).............. 5 4. Penmanship (the handwriting of the competitor in the subject of copying from plain copy will be considered with special reference to the elements of legibility, rapidity, neatness, general appearance, etc.)....... un un 5. Copying from plain copy (a simple test in copying accu- rately a few printed lines in the competitor’s hand- WCEONE Ps Sr Oat Clee so v's ork leaiae denies 5 6. Veterinary anatomy and physiology................. 15 7. Veterinary pathology and meat inspection............ 30 8. Theory and practice of veterinary medicine........... 30 MMNPIEP er sc igs Wile Figs <5 soak oe os 100 The last three subjects include general questions on anatomy and physiology, a consideration of the pathology of diseases in general, and such special pathology as is characteristic in dis- eases common to food-producing animals. The symptoms, diag- nosis, and treatment of diseases incident to domesticated animals will be considered. 554 CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. A competitor who fails to attain an average percentage of at least 70 in the sixth, seventh, and eighth subjects will not be eligible for appointment, and the remaining subjects will not be rated. ps Seven hours will be allowed for the examination. Age limit, 20 years or over on the date of examination. Applicants must be graduates of recognized veterinary col- leges. Those graduating prior to or during 1897 will be ad- mitted if from colleges having a course of not less than two years in veterinary science; applicants graduating since that time must be from colleges having a course of not less than three years and must have taken the whole course or its equivalent, and at least two years must have been spent in the study of veterinary science in such colleges. These facts must be shown in the application. ; This examination is open to all citizens of the United States who comply with the requirements. This announcement contains all information which is com- municated to applicants regarding the scope of the examination, the vacancy or vacancies to be filled, and the qualifications re- quired. Applicants should at once apply either to the United States Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C., or to the secre- tary of the board of examiners at any place mentioned in the list printed by the Commission, for application Form 1312. No application will be accepted unless properly executed and filed with the Cothmission at Washington. In applying for this ex- amination the exact title as given at the head of this announce- ment should be used in the application. As examination papers are shipped direct from the Commis- sion to the places of examination, it is necessary that applications be received in ample time to arrange for the examination de- sired at the place indicated by the applicant. The Commission will therefore arrange to examine any appl'cant whose applica- tion is received in time to permit the shipment of the necessary papers, —— Tuere Are Orrers.—Old Emdee—Well, how do you like your profession? Young Emdee—Profession is O. K. It’s the practice I’m kicking about.—(Tozn and Country.) OBITUARY. GEORGE O. FORSYTH, V.M.D. The sad intelligence reaches us of the sudden death of Dr. George O. Forsyth, veterinary practitioner of Burlington County, N. J. His funeral took place from his late residence at Johnstown, December 19, 1908. Dr. Forsyth was a successful practitioner, well known throughout Central Jersey. He was a graduate of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania and a prominent member of the Veteri- nary Medical Association of New Jersey. W, F. CARR, V.S. It is with deep regret that the REvrew is called upon to chronicle the sad demise of Dr. W. F. Carr of Bay City, Mich., which occurred Sunday evening, November 15, 1908, at 7.30 o'clock, at Mr. U. M. Guilford’s ranch, situate about 20 miles west of West Branch, Mich., where Dr. Carr and a party of friends were on a hunting expedition. Dr. Carr had shot a fine deer and in the evening, surrounded by his friends, was examining the various kinds of rifles of his associates when one of the fire arms, which was not supposed to have been loaded, went off, the ball striking him in the left breast and going through him. Medical aid was summoned from West Branch and Bay City but he died the same night at 11.30 o'clock. He was conscious, however, up to the last mo- ment of his life and used this precious time to good advantage arranging for the welfare of his wife and attending to a proper adjustment of his business affairs. His body was brought to West Branch and from there to Bay City and thence to Buffalo, N. Y., for interment. _ Among those in the hunting party was his old friend, Dr. John Wende of Buffalo, with whom he had been associated ‘in practice until four years ago, when he moved from Buffalo to Bay City. Dr. Carr was a successful practitioner and‘ enjoyed the acquaintanceship of a Jarge circle of friends who deeply mourn his untimely death. G. A. BARNES, V.S. The sympathy of the profession goes out to the family and friends of Dr. G. A. Barnes, veterinary surgeon, who is reported to have been burned to death in the destruction of his 0m by fire, December 10, 1908, at Woodville, East of Toledo, hio. 555 SOCIETY MEETINGS. KEYSTONE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, The regular monthly meeting was held on Tuesday evening, December 8, 1908, in Donaldson’s Hall, Broad and Filbert streets, Philadelphia. Dr. John Reichel occupied the chair. There were present twenty members, several professional visitors and many of the students of the graduating class of the Veterinary Department of the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. H. C. Campbell was elected a member. The program committee reported the possibil'ty of a helpful schedule of sub- jects for the year and able and well-known speakers for the meetings. The evening was devoted to symposium on Foot and Mouth Disease or Aphthous Fever. Dr. Laycock, in charge of the state control and eradication of the disease at Norristown, very kindly came to the city to address the association. He gave the meeting first-hand infor- mation as to the actual conditions of the field work, and detailed the means being pursued in the inspection, control, disinfection and eradication of the plague. Dr. C. J. Marshall read extracts from the circular on this disease, issued by the secretary of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, especially emphasizing the wisdom of the “ stamp out” method and the characteristic clinical features of the disease. Dr. John Reichel reviewed what has been so far discovered as to its etiology, and concluded by exhibiting five specimens of the several stages of the disease in cattle and swine—these specimens form part of the collection in the pathological mu- seum of the Veterinary Department of the University of Penn- sylvania. The meeting adjourned at 11.20 p. m, S. Lockett, Secretary. VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, The regular monthly of this association was held on the even- ing of December 16, 1908, at No. 514 Ninth street, N. W,, 556 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 557 Washington, D. C. The president, Dr. John Lockwood, occu- pied the chair. Dr. Lockwood brought up the question of recommending the extension of the dog-muzzling ordinance in the District for an- other six months (the six months’ period covered by the present ordinance having expired on the 16th instant). A discussion developed the fact that the largest number of cases of rabies occur during the winter months; also that 200 rabied dogs were discovered in the District during the past six months. Resolu- tions were adopted recommending the extension of the order for another six months, and the secretary was instructed to for- ward copies of the same to the President of the United States, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Commissioners of the Dis- trict of Columbia. Dr. H. J. Washburn, of the Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, then read an extremely interesting and instruc- tive paper on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, which was received with much interest, thoroughly discussed, and a rising vote of thanks was extended the doctor. The annual election of officers will occur at the next meet- _ ing, January 20, 19009. F. M. AsupauGu, Secretary. MISSOURI VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The semi-annual meeting of at association Will be held in Kansas City, February 2 and 3, The program will be filled a repletion with up-to-date and current scientific topics. The subject of hog cholera and vac- cination and many other absorbing sepia of the present time will be presented. The committee on local arrangements are busy. An excel- lent clinic is planned for the afternoon of the second day and a banquet for the first evening. Every veterinarian in the middle west should plan to attend this meeting. You can not afford to miss it. The business and social entertainment will repay the expense of attending. Don’t forget the date—the first Tuesday and Wednesday in February. J. I. Greson, President. B. F. Kaupp, Secretary. 558 SOCIETY MEETINGS. YORK COUNTY (PA.) VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY. The above society held its quarterly meeting in the Na- tional Hotel parlor, York, Pa., on Tuesday afternoon, Decem- ber 1, 1908, with a good attendance of city and county veteri- narians. Aphthous fever, or the foot-and-mouth disease, gland- ers, and tuberculosis, were discussed in general by the members present. The secretary reported a case of dumb rabies in a dog which had occurred a few days previous to the meeting, and Dr. Charles Lenhart a case of rabies in a cow. The next meeting will be held on the first Tuesday in March, 1909. E. S. BausticKer, Secretary. WE passed, in the course of an hour, two dead cows and more than fifty dead chickens. A strong smell of gasoline per- vaded the atmosphere, and there were wheel tracks in the dust. Sherlock Holmes became greatly interested. “ Watson,” exclaimed he, after deep thought, “there has been an automobile along here! ”—( Louisville Courier-Journal. ) Mentatity oF Deep Sea Fisu.—Fish that inhabit the depths of the sea beyond the penetration of daylight depend largely in their search for prey on the senses of hearing and smell. One would think they would have no use for eyes at all; but nature has provided some of them with organs for the emission of phosphorescent light, and in some cases the eye itself performs the double service of illumination and vision. There is thus a feeble light in those gloomy depths. An examination of the brains of some of these creatures made recently in Ger- many by Dr. Trojan shows that the conformation of this organ, as well as the distribution of nerves, favors the senses of smell and hearing. The feeble development of the optic lobes and nerves indicates that vision is imperfect, while the powerful olfactory and auditory nerves, the huge “ ear-stones” and the size of the corresponding brain centres show what a prepon- derent part is played by sounds and smells in the mental life, if such it can be called, of dwellers in the marine abysses.—(E4- change.) NEWS AND ITEMS. Tue New York “ Smoker” was a notable social event. SoME men resemble goats; they can’t help “ butting in.” Ir is the wise head that makes the still tongue——(Luwucas.) Mark Twatn: All education is preparatory. It is life that gives the finals, not college. Tue Colorado Veterinary Medical Association will hold its annual meeting in Denver on January 2, 1909. Let us be of good cheer, remembering that the misfortunes hardest to bear are those that never come.—( Lowell.) THe AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEw is certainly a blessing to the profession.—(J. C. Myers, M.D.C., Norfolk, Nebr.) THE annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association will be held March 2nd and 3rd, 1909. Troop M., Fifth Cavalry, will sail from San Francisco Jan- uary 10th for Honolulu, which will be their permanent station. Tue difference between a man’s handshake and the wag of a dog’s tail is that the wag is always sincere.—(Marion (Ga.) Patriot.) Dr. C. Courtney McLean, of Meadville, Pa., was among the exhibitors at the 1908 National Horse Show, Madison Square Garden, New York City. SECRETARY Hat. C. Simpson reports that the prospects are very bright for a grand meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Asso- ciation at Fort Dodge, January 19, 20, 21, 1909. Dr. W. Rem Bratr, veterinarian of the Bronx Zoological Park, New York, has under his charge nearly twice the number of animals as there are in the London Zoological Garden. A Sure RuLtE.—De Canter—Is there any sure way to tell the age of a horse? De Trotter—Yes. Ask the dealer and multiply by one-half. 559 560 NEWS AND ITEMS. Two Bap Bitres.—Diogenes being asked “ What is that beast which is the most dangerous?” replied, ‘ Of wild beasts the bite of a slanderer and of tame beasts that of the flatterer.” On Thursday afternoon, January 14, Dr. Leonard Pearson will speak before the New Jersey State Board of Agriculture, in the State House, Trenton, on the Problem of Animal Tuber- culosis. THE Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey meets at Trenton January 14th and the State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners at the State House, Trenton, January 29, 30. MyrtLe Station, Ontario, Canada, Dec. 15, 1908. Enclosed find exchange order for $3.25 for Review for year 1909, which is the best evidence of its appreciation by— (Geo. L. Robson, V.S.) An Exception.—‘‘ Animals,” said the teacher, “ frequently become attached to people, but plants never do.” “How about burs, teacher?” queried the small boy at the foot of the class—(Chicago News.) Tue Agricultural Department of the Transvaal is now under the direction of C. E. Gray, M.R.C.V.S., Principal Veterinary rae of the Transvaal, during a six months’ absence of Mr. F. B. Smith, Director of Agriculture. ANNOUNCEMENT is made of the marriage of Dr. William Russell Fullerton and Miss Susan Marion Hantelmann, Decem- ber 16, 1908, Chicago, Ill. Dr. and Mrs. Fullerton will be “ At Home,” Dubuque, Ia., after February 1, 1909. Eprrors AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW :—Enclosed here- with please find check in payment of my annual subscription for the best veterinary journal on earth.—(O. L. Borr, Secretary Indiana State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners, Muncie, Ind.) Expertence.—* Experience would be a wonderful asset but for one thing.” * What's that?” “ You never can sell it for what it cost you.”—(Cleveland Leader.) NEWS AND ITEMS. 561 Comparisons ARE Opious.—Perkins, Jr.—Why don’t ye buy that horse of Seth’s, pop? He’s got a fine pedigree. Perkins, Sr.—Pedigree! The question is, is he wuth any- thing? Why, boy, them sassiety folks what comes here in the summer has pedigrees.— (Brooklyn Life.) Cart W. Gay, B.Sc., D.V.M., is the new head of the Agri- cultural Department of the Colorado Agricultural College. It is expected that Professor Gay will teach Zootechnics in the Veterinary Department. This will make six veterinarians on the campus engaged in teaching veterinary science. Tue Sioux Falls Veterinary Hospital is the name of a new veterinary establishment just opened by Drs. Graham and Mc- . Gilvray at Sioux Falls, S. D. The hospital is equipped with all - necessary appliances for the successful practice of veterinary sur- gery as well as for the treatment of sick animals. EXPLAINED.—* Ma,” said Mrs. Malaprop’s little boy, “ what is ‘ antimony?’ ”’ “Sh, that’s not nice to talk about!” replied Mrs. Malaprop. _“Tt’s what a lady gets when she’s divorced from her husband.” — ( Exchange.) VETERINARIAN WILLIAM Drmonp has been selected as chairman of the committee to have charge of the tenth annual banquet of the Road Horse Association of New Jersey, to be held at the Kruger Auditorium, Newark, on Wednesday even- ing, February 3, 1909. ‘““Some Common Distnrectants” is the title of Farmers’ Bulletin 345 issued by the Bureau of Animal Industry, Decem- ber 17, 1908. In its preparation care has been taken to correct popular misconceptions as to the value and limitations of various disinfectants in general use. CHANGED His AmBition.—“ It used to be the height of my ambition to own a motor car,” said the worried-looking man. * And what is the height of your ambition now?” asked the friend. “To sell it.”—(Philadelphia Inquirer.) $s, 000 MoNuMENT TO War Horses.—A monument has just been erected at Port Elizabeth, South Africa, to the memory of the horses that died during the Boer war. It cost upward of $5,000, and is in the shape of a stone watering trough, with a bronze cavalryman giving a drink to a horse. : ? 562 NEWS AND ITEMS, Dr. Etprince N. Brown, C.V.C., ’06, has received the ap- pointment of Assistant Meat and Live Stock Inspector for the City of Nashville, Tenn. His term of office begins January 1, 1909. The Board of Health re-appointed Dr. Joseph Plaskett McGill, ’93, as Chief Inspector, a position he has held for over six years. Dr. L. M. StecKxet, O.S.U. ’07, formerly with the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, has gone abroad to’ take up post- graduate work at the Royal Veterinary College of Berlin. Dr. Steckel, before sailing, paid a visit to the Review office. We wish him “ Bon Voyage” and a safe return to the states after completing his studies on the continent. A CONFERENCE for the veterinarians of New York state at the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, at Ithaca, N. Y., is announced for January 12 and 13. A very attractive program has been arranged, including lectures on im- portant veterinary subjects, clinics and surgical exercises. The laboratories will be open for demonstrating to the vistas: veteri- narians modern methods of diagnosis. Dr. Cuas. A. McKim, state veterinarian of Nebraska, will leave Lincoln on January 11th to resume private practice in Nor- folk, that state. Dr. McKim has held the position of state veterinarian in his state since July 1905, and his friends in the profession will re- gret to learn that he has left the state service; which circum- stance has been brought about through a change in the admin- istration, as a result of the recent election. May good fortune attend the doctor in his return to his old field of practice. VETERINARIAN FOR TUBERCULOSIS DIRECTOR IN KANSAS.— The constitution of the Kansas Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, organized at the Governor’s con- ference on Tuberculosis December 3, 1908, stipulates that one of the Board of Directors shall be a member of the state veteri- nary association, It is.almost a foregone conclusion that Dr. Bur- ton Rogers, Manhattan, Kansas, Secretary of the Kansas Veteri- nary Medical Association, who has an intensified interest in the subject, will be nominated for Tuberculosis Director at the forth- coming annual meeting of the state association to be held at Topeka, January 12 and 13, 1909. NEWS AND ITEMS. 563 AtpHA Pst FRATERNITY.—The biennial convention of the Alpha Psi Fraternity was held at the Alpha Chapter House, Columbus, Ohio, on the first and second of December, 1908. The new National Council are Drs. A. F. Schalk, president; R. J. Walker, Jr., vice-president; R. E. Warren, secretary; H. P. Gill, treasurer. The social part of the evening was well arranged. On the evening of December first, the members of the Alpha Chapter gave a dance at the New U. C. T. Hall; and on the evening of December second, the retiring Council, the delegates, Drs. Cook, Reinhard, Schoen and Adams, and several members of the faculty were entertained with a “ smoker” at the House. CLYDESDALE AND PERCHERON STALLIONS FOR NEW JERSEY. —The State of New Jersey is now the owner of 3 Clydesdale and 8 Percheron stallions recently purchased in Europe by a committee of the State Live Stock Commission, consisting of E. T. Gill of Haddonfield, F. C. Minckler of New Brunswick, and Veterinarian T. Earle Budd of Orange. The stallions ar- rived the latter part of December and are now at the state farm at New Brunswick, where they will be kept until thoroughly ac- climated. These stallions will be placed in charge of the several horse breeding associations for the purpose of improving the stock in New Jersey. The action of New Jersey in establishing a commission to _ assume supervision of horse breeding in the state is in line with the tendency of the times throughout the United States and the countries of the world. Pennsylvania, Iowa, Minnesota, IIli- nois, Missouri, North Dakota, Utah and Wisconsin are among the states which now have a system of inspecting and licensing stallions kept for public service, but New Jersey is believed to be the first that has provided for state ownership of stock horses to be stationed throughout the horse breeding centres. Dr. Budd reports a very yuh eis call upon Professor Liau- tard while in Paris. - BANQUET OF THE. VETERINARY PRACTITIONERS’ CLUB.—One of the most enjoyable social functions which it has been our privilege to attend was the annual banquet of the Veterinary _ Practitioners’ Club of Hudson County, N. J., which was held ~at the Columbian Club, Jersey City, .on Tuesday evening, De- cember 15, 1908. 564 NEWS AND ITEMS, After full justice had been done to an elaborate menu, Presi- dent Meiners called upon Dr. Thomas E. Smith to fill the role of toastmaster, which he did to the satisfaction and gratification of everybody. Hon. James Baker, a member of the New Jersey Legislature, responded to the toast ‘‘ New Jersey” in an able | and eloquent manner. Prof. James J. Hopkins, Principal of the Jersey City High School, delivered a masterful address on “ Education as an Asset,” setting forth in an incontrovertible manner the inestimable value of an adequate preliminary educa- tion before taking up the study of a profession, and pointed out, to the complete satisfaction of his auditors, why the preparation should be no less thorough or extensive for the study of the veterinary sciences than for any of the other learned professions. It is Dr, Smith’s privilege to number this able educator, as well as the distinguished legislator, among his esteemed friends. Other toasts were responded to by Drs. F. C. Grenside, James L. Robertson, Geo. H. Berns, H. D. Gill and Wm. Herbert Lowe. The success of the affair was largely due to the efforts of the banquet committee, Drs. R. J. Halliday, J. L. Lindsay and T. E. Smith. The Veterinary Practitioners’ Club is affili- ated with the.Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey, and the Review predicts that its potent influence will be an im- portant factor in the advancement and upbuilding of the pro- fession in that state. GETTING AT A Doa’s Minp,—Is such a thing as animal psychology possible? One may reason about the processes of his own mind; he may even compare them with those of other minds, as described to him in words. But one can neither be a dog nor talk to a dog; how, then, may we be sure of what or how a dog thinks or of whether he thinks at all? Now, a dog cannot talk, at least with human speech, but vocal utterance is not the only sign of what is going on in the mind. Signs unnoticed by the ordinary man have been skilfully discovered and utilized by the students of animal psychology, sometimes with a cleverness that is little short of astounding. Take, for instance, a recent method devised by Dr. Zeliony, a Russian investigator, which may prove to be a key that will unlock a large chamber in the animal mind. He uses it, for example, to inquire how great a musical interval a dog is capable of appreciating, and he shows conclusively that a dog may tell the difference between musical sounds only a quarter of a tone apart—tmore than a good many humans are able to do, NEWS AND ITEMS, 565 This is how he does it:—The sight of food makes a dog’s mouth water; in other words, it acts through the brain on the glands that secrete saliva. Likewise, almost anything associated with the idea of food will, by association, also make the animal’s mouth water. Dr. Zeliony feeds a dog day after day to the sound of a single musical tone, until that tone and the food are inextricably connected in the dog’s mind. Thereafter the sound of that par- ticular note will always cause secretion of saliva. But no other note will so act, and if the sound be higher or lower by more than one-quarter tone—no “ watering at the mouth.” To the dog a sound having a particular pitch means food; one of another pitch does not, and he can detect that it is of an- other pitch when it is “ off ” by a quarter of a tone. This method is as convincing as it is clever, and its results are certainly aston- ishing.—(Arthur E. Bostwick in the N. Y. Herald.) THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS SAFEGUARDED.—Veterinarian G. E. Nesom, Director of Agriculture, with the approval of the Honorable, the Secretary of the Interior, under date of Novem- ber 2, 1908, issued from the Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, General Order No. 12 prohibiting the landing of domestic ani- mals infected with any dangerous communicable disease, or that have been exposed to such infection, at any port in the Philip- pine Islands except as provided for in said order. General or- der No. 12 is an amendment to General Order No. 10 issued June 5, 1908. The original order is materially amended, all of rule II being stricken out and the following substituted there- fore: 1. Whenever any domestic animals, as defined in Section 1 of Act 1760, arrive in a port of the Philippine Islands from any foreign port and are found to be infected with or exposed to any dangerous communicable disease, as defined in Section 2 of Act 1760, such animals will be prohibited from landing except as hereinafter provided. 2. Imported animals found to be infected with or exposed to anthrax, on arrival in any port of the Philippine Islands will not be allowed to land, but must be taken, with all effects pertain- ing to them, beyond the jurisdiction of the Philippine Islands. 3. Whenever any domestic animals, arriving at the port of Manila from any port, are found to be infected with rinderpest or foot-and-mouth disease. the Director of Agriculture will grant 566 NEWS AND ITEMS. special permission for the discharge of any or all of such ani-. mals from the vessel or vessels on which they arrive, into suit- able vessels or lighters on which they may be held at the port of Manila under the supervision of an authorized representative of the Director of Agriculture, until such time as they may be exported or slaughtered as hereinafter provided. 4. Any vessel or lighter or any other form of water craft to which animals are transferred, as provided in Section 3 of this rule, will be regarded as a quarantine corral and subject to the rules and regulations governing the same: provided that no ani- mals held in quarantine on such vessel, lighter or water-craft will be permitted to land, except for immediate slaughter until the expiration of the minimum quarantine period required under the provisions of Section 1 of Rule I, General Order No. to. 5. The Director of Agriculture will allow animals, so held in quarantine at the port of Manila, to be landed at a point desig- nated by him, as near as practicable to the municipal slaughter house and to be conducted by the shortest practicable route, to be approved by him, into such slaughter house and to be killed immediately. The carcasses of such of them as are diseased and are unfit for human food at the time they are killed must be im- mediately transported to the city crematory and burned. 6. The Director of Agriculture will refuse to permit the transfer from the ship or vessel on which they arrive at the port of Manila to any other vessel, lighter or other form of water craft, or to the shore, of all animals hopelessly ill with any dan- gerous communicable disease or suffering from such disease to such an extent as to render them unfit for human food; provided that the Director of Agriculture will, in his discretion, authorize the killing of such animals on the ship or lighter, and their im- mediate transfer to the crematory where they must be imme- diately burned. 7. Landing privileges similar to those authorized in Sec- tions 3, 4, 5 and 6 of this Rule will be extended to animals ar- riving at other ports of entry in the Philippine Islands, whenever such ports provide suitable slaughter houses, approved by the Director of Agriculture, in which animals may be conveniently landed and killed without danger of spreading infection. This order shall take effect immediately upon its approval by the Secretary of the Interior. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. 567 VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. In the accom anying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us of the dates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included in the following list : : Date of Next Place of Name of Organization. Meeting. Meeting. Name and Address Secretary. American V. M. > ct oe aan Sept. 14-17, 1909.| Chicago... Ape P.Lyman, KansasCity,Mo. Vet. Med. “Assne rad ts ae ae ~ + 14, 1909.... Trenton... fice If og es rt Lowe, Paterson. Fintan ecbgbisisae cto see} NOW-Feyen « ow, Willimantic 5 OO 5 x< <_peenon, Indianapolis rr Ul, We MME coo Ueis oes aaaeeeh nce fipeedews beceee so ower, baton houge Spang ac suite :| 2d Thu. ea. mo .| St.P.-Minneap abe H. wes, i PS a ine asen & deka seed evan h baaee cass ouis 00. incinnatl rR ae Cc Robert, Agricultural Col eee er DS et ae .......| C. L.Willoughby, Experiment .| June, 1909....... Pwiineipia. Be Ay yoodward, Wash’n, ag an es ries Galcnasts seeeraaee ~H. Martin, El Reno. Z awe oR ae Jersey Se A. F. Mount, Jersey City. _ Vet. Ass’n Dist. of Columbia..... ea, mo.. Fay: 4 ae Ww aves= F. M. Ashbaugh, Wash., D.C. 7B. A: I, ve. In, A., -Ceeage beans 2d Fri. ea. mo...| Chicago....... Se Seg tile : Durmeanaas Veterinary Society... ics] ccecsiesasvecsecs [deescaccacseces erchant, Li ae York Co. (Pa.) V. M. y aid Sana 1st Tues. in Mar. York, Pa:.;... E. S. Bausticker, York, P a ppine V. M.A........... Weds Shedae oxeees Ab, NS ee et SS Se PEs McMullen, a _ Montana State V. M. A......22003] SII. RS: Cen a muermare Ass'n of Alberta... 2.)