Soa hot N Ainge cartel ac tutarea nego Aan TbrogeyesThenahs mk chen : e Len RA Fe ier 9 Sr . sta! Serene nar ooh teak aaah Oa AapateuAgnng mre ae ain = kit Meee JAresented to The Hibrary of the University of Coranta by The Ontario Research Foundation Digitized by the Internet Archive In 2009 with funding from Ontario Council of University Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/journal48ameruoft JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n) EDITED AND PUBLISHED FOR The American Veterinary Medical Association BY PIERRE A. FISH, ITHACA, N. Y. COMMITTEERK ON JOURNAL FE. TorkANCE, Chairman G. R. WHITE A. HICHHORN, Secretary V. A, Moore C. J. MARSHALL L. FROTHINGHAM W. R. Buatr C. H. STANGE R. A. ARCHIBALD H. JENSEN M. JACOBS G. H. ROBERTS N.S. Mayo R. P. LYMAN SUB-COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL C. J. MARSHALL, Chairman R. P, LYMAN A, EICHHOPN, Secretary a gS ; ee XLVIU AA 4:33 _NEW SERIES VOLUME. I ITHACA, N. Y. Published by the American Veterinary Medica) Association 1916 657820 Authors Index cae Oe PAGE LAINIE UAL ea SM Oop ok tore tm eae 718 EAT PES it 0 WYN ae al RR en A 620 BakcorpeAs y Ele ttt. ts o/c ee 119 Bakers As, Weicos0 ss cee eee 506 Bannister: H.... oc 5.15 sear ee 793 Bosshart, J. Ki 242) ee oe 321 SOW Oe wee El iho crete ase creeaene 172 sieve h Wier Ecce . sae 739 aba a, AK este ee an ee eee 31 Cleveland, (W: : O85 2 oe ces 459 AOmvarTe: hs AL oe sj ccheee ie has 117 DIOCKS WV Se Woo nas santo ereon es 213 VO MAKO OME sat tetevite Ye, sual’ s venedend 315 Duckett sAcibacm ere eee fs he 726 PUTA UG Rie WN oso oS oe oni eaegate 772 LD fice at bd tral 8 ee cere ee 5 ba eS 320 | ATED RAN Scar oe pe ae eels ats re iat lets 63 Bichhorn, “A... <2. - 121, 254, 478, 669 BLA Ate eters Oe. RPE hs, Meee 650 ITS SUSU teers Makes s keicaver tenets 617 Harrnmnotons A: Mu. oat scene <6 491 ini sw Jes eWE aoe, vin Le occas Sas 61 ISTIDN ADE LAN OR oN. cod cholonapeae ene ok 109 FSe UA IG GW Rinres Vie eterna eas 18 FSA YS eee ULL oy od. Cece 636 LLP CTR Oo) Cates FEE Bee ee Shs ae 566 EOS Oe IMR Wd eter tai, setae 98 MY JA eee My Mtoe a6 sd. SRE OOD Bennett (li. We. sapere. fa x! os ie 794 SUMAN ity) He. ..ukeees «. ee. SoS Gloveny, Nog JM) Neel sw 487 | Golding; Gyre Ca M0 oe es 65 Goubeawiia, Gea: scsi uke. sow, Crestor si cosy nk ve: &: Sees 574 Greenwood, B.A...) 5. Mite, «s 709 cop. a PAGE SSE NEO ia OSes easter cae" 18 real pire GPs. Geet dons)» = agaiaie mere 450 famine: *\C. - Mitre matsp ss 225, 239 Himmelberger, L. R.....-...-. 450, 574 ‘Hoskins, Hesetece tebe oe ees 160 Hoskins, W. Horace....100, 101, 456 Hidyt, “CP fb. <2 so -cus-vors ene enemiens 742 Hughes, “Jiosephis . c. 2: sneer 487 Jervis: Ee Bal. ou. eee 590 J. G.Wiac8 woe ec ae ae 387 JONES; 1G Bisco ch teenies euste sper 173 J. Bs, Meo. ft eee 510 Keine Wer allies.) cis ches oe eee 315 Kansley SAC cites tea cnee eee 49, 248 Kno wes, CAL Des, tara eee 286 Dacroixa dd: Mason oe. eee 136 TeV ois sexes ceniakeierepeookte S.5 tens 659 hamiberty es As scswte eleekee seis. esis 39 BPH adesYan ign bynes 5. ona 705 Liautard, A.....67, 70, 259, 264 393, 523, 668 bongley;.O:cAccs eee eee 317 Tymans Hiss ote 487 MelLean, fli: :). | 2.1. <2. Gee 795 Matron, PS C3. ucvo s eee 742 Marshall, Gin die'. ans 00 «nee 80, 429 Marshall, “He=./2s..2 5... sae 731 Mayi, N Sie «. «+ seen 88, 311, 793 Merry: As CBT & Seraceerrs eaendis eae 611 Moypr,, Sood. 5 3 tat se ene 552, 565 Mohler, J. R...121, 273, 363, 402, 532 Moore, V.-A:- “gts teveee 208,.442 Murphey: 0sS.ctaniass.s einerete 142 Newsom, I. E............. Re ee 637 Nighbert, 2. Wie, ora, see ais 613 AUTHORS’ INDEX, VOL. XLVIII, NEW SERIES, NO. I rei PAGE PAGE ae. Segoe eS 133, 389, 521, 661 | Schroeder, E. C....... Sea eeees 304 7 SS BS a 6367], sehultz, C. B..-.. 5... F248 Se gee 687 [op FRE 4 ie Se eee Tiss) Shipley, Li. Uns. =... --- <---> 718 Pendergast, W. M...... 467, 619, 621 | Sisson, S. ......-------++--s> 637 0 SS GNP eee eee 574. | Stange, C. H........... 105, 156, 718 Steckel Ties Minit. satin =\- ei 53 2 Se Se eo 62 |. Stewarts SG. Liss sche: O20 20. enone 637 AMAR ie PP ec scte'o eee s = - + 314 | Strayer, J. En... os2..- 52.5 32. 190 Geguelds, MH. ....2.-.--...--- 772 Roadhouse, C. L........-.--.--. 420: \ "Bheobalds. ERots sae aes 460 Barer T, DB... .... ..v. Sede 74 3 ifeoss; Crittenden: .......5...-. ee ek A RE De ae ee oe 260 Runge, Paul .............+---. Gf) sWans, Agnew, R...025< cos. dene 605 eENEREOT Eid. Gas cre Sra tess © aunts 77 Wertz, Sass. occ coes «ce eette oils 64, 65 Peer AC Se ose ses 745 “White, Gumi reese cee 93 PEE NS ons S/o sa Gos steve ai eve 56 | Wood peAn) Tac dice nier.se nes et 718 List of Illustrations, Vol. XLVIIL New Series Vol. I. PAGE Bronze Medal Presented to the ‘A. V. M. Aq. 2.2.6 nine ete s see ae eeess 15 pene ee ET Rt VOt OL 20 ENO 6 oe kon nn 5,0 >» WL Re minh oo we A as hee me 192 Cell Inclusion from Conjunctiva, in Hog Cholera.............-.0.s0 eee ee 451 SERRE EE > Cea TANIA SRY tay dia) s bo a} iso fe ss 0.0 9 ig we bie eiwielasie awe «ees 578 Sere tee witht win” CUlia. <5... 2k 2s = sieie!s nm n= Sige nl Aa ean Ree 62 Horse Recovered from Lupinosis, in Field................0.eeeeeeeeess 293 CURR ERAT, Ti OITOSIN... . ccikla dip win 5 wea = alsin ee a saa mele 9S 910 ems 295 NENAN yn t a cise oe a Saige alah» « « © afi MEN nian Se S510 % Wiel aloh «Hope 289 Operation for Intestinal Intussusception, Cow................ ene eee eee 323 mai baienuinline Diane dVntOSe oo cesle + ss =. 4 a RleustActro-e ee ee oss e vlete wre Re Rel eles 729 eee ten CST TERT ISTMOM HUE do facet ns gtalee OT te ois! ciate ib aleliarnse a pit 's, © vie heel eng tig 175 MIDE aT Aa MNT Bain: mio, «© $ AR on 20 oh sini g a Ge) Palainn wah, ome ee 60 a Saha GIVI BGVCEATION os. 5 on. = an ao 0 ote wine ok oa 0 eleven 61 Sere SACRIOMG 1 PLOPHO srs. sgn o bids oo gd ou ss cs ean wala hw oes 25 Index to Volume XLVIII. New Series Volume I. ; PAGE Abderhalden Reaction. Abstract 626 Abortion, Contagious in Domesti- eated Animals. Abstract . Abrachia in a Colt, A Case of Symmetrical. Abstract Abseesses, Interdigital, in a Span- iel Treated by Vaccine. Ab- SURACHH srtrsse els ork sii oe caterers Abstracts from Recent Literature = 298 472 67, 195, 325, 622, 748 Adrenalin in Hemoptysis. Ab- SULAC akin Se se ee ore 67 Anesthesia in Animals, Respira- COnYes SADStTacthso ci: ©... - > Spee 630 Anthrax, Vaccination Experi- MEWS AP AIMS best.) herr a se einen . 669 Army Veterinary Service, The SPI bISN creeper eect a trae so ese, 3 311 Atheromatous Great Mesenteric Artery Cause of Death. Ab- SiAPSKU De Giueh okt cesar 6 oro cae 331 Atlas, Fracture of, in a Toy Pom- eramian.§ “Nbstract 2.2 s..2 4s 68 Azoturia, Cases of, and _ their Treatment, Case Report....... 193 Bacteria in the Animal Body, ° Modification of. Abstract.... 622 Book REVIEWS. 255, 376, 507, 650, 795 Anaesthesia and Narcosis of Animals and Birds (F. T, G.) VOD Gaye eee atanst ct neta: 377 Animal Castration. J. V. La- RGR ere erste aie eee a eee a 255 American Illustrated Medical Dictionary. W, A. N. Dor- LENG | S65 oe aerate ee EE 509 Essentials of Veterinary Law. Henpnwayen cone cin cco es 796 Infectious Diseases of Animals and their Control in War. MAGS EE ions ae ee - 795 . Lymphatic Glands in Meat Pro- ducing Animals. P. Godbille 652 Medical and Veterinary .Ento- mology. Wm. B. Herms.... 650 Principles of Veterinary Sur- Sera, eee Ace Merillat, 2. c2es 507 Special Cattle Therapy. M. R. SUOMON: «chem eee oct GE 255 Veterinary Posology. Banham and? Y ote)... cos eee 376 PAGE Wound ‘Treatment. Merillat, Hoare “and others 22. ./-=% 255 Caesarian Section with Removal of Entire Uterus. Case Report Carcinoma and Cryptorchidy in the Horse. Abstract Carcinoma of the Liver in a Dog. Case Report Catarrhal Fever Complicated with Trregular Strangles and Termin- ating in Glanders. Abstract. . Cellular Extracts and Their Inm- eee ee eee portance as Therapeutic Agents. Cerebral Softening. Abstract... Certified Dairies, The Success and Failure of the Tubereulin Test AM Sse oe eS ee Chicken Cholera. Abstract..... Chloroform Anesthesia, Unusual Sequel. of) Abstractsshas2 se CHRONICLES, EUROPEAN...2, 264, 393, 523, Abortion, - Hpizootic: .. ...eeee Anesthesia, Respiratory....... Antitetanic Serum and Acci- ONES ss bi taceieecs! iene Arteries, Slow Rupture of..... Blood Sera and Hemorrhages. . Camphor and Tetanus........ Cartilage Grafting........... : Cecum, Mammalian Chronicle, American ......... Dyeing War Horses.......... Epithelioma, Contagious, in Chickens OUT 25. see ee Gaseous Gangrene............ Johne ’s Diseasers f2.25 we eee Nematodes and Their Treat- Ment M.S se ae eee aie Pyoculture and Opsonie Index. Sugar in Surgeny.«.. 3. os sdnen Coccidiosis in Cattle and Carabaos in the Philippine Islands and its Relation to Rinderpest....... Colleges Recognized by the A. V. Mi. A., ais Ottis -coreesrevnerea COMMUNICATIONS. ..73, 254, 372, 506, 650, 793 INDEX OF VOLUME XLVIII, NEW SERIES, VOL. I v PAGE PA Very Useful Person’’.... 73 Across a Gap of 2000 Years... 650 PAM U NMEA NGS deca: eos oes eens sie Bane <3: 9% 793 BNO IETEUN:, « epsie'ie wie:6! 5 fove,/ouueves€ caus, 506 Anthrax-an Marr: .......2 2. cass 254 Army Reorganization ........ 506 Foot-and-Mouth Disease ..... 794 PN Oa ee GECLICOY aiiarecsoe 216-0)5,0°s0sn0 793 RADIOS? cross so semis cts cee es 372 Salmon Memorial Committee... 375 Veterinary Emblem .......... 793 Conglutination Test with Special Reference to the Diagnosis of Glanders, Preliminary Report STD ores ie ensoe 62 BOS Sw 6 we eS e ere . Contagious Abortion in Cattle, the Cause and Occurrence of..... : Contagious Animal Diseases, An Ideal State Law for Co-oper- ation Between State and Fed- eral Authorities in -Work of PBIRACUCALING © - 5 os sce e's oe esas Contagious Epithelioma in Chick- ens, Control of, by Vaccina- HOME SADStract!.<: s~ cele esas Counter Irritants or Blisters.... Depigmentation of Hair and Skin with Return to Original Color. Case Report .......... Dermatitis, Granular, of Equidae, The Parasite of. Abstract Discussions ..140, 182, 300, 425, 540, 560, 574, 686, Diseases of Calves, A New Mode of Infection in. Abstract .... Disease Resembling ‘‘ Forage Poisoning’’ in Horses and Mules, Wherein Oat Hay In- corporated the Primary Factor 57 Diseases and Treatment in Iowa. Dog,as a Carrier of Parasites and Disease. Abstract .......... Dourine, A Contribution to the Study of the Changes in the Blood Count in. Abstract... Dourine and the Complement Fix- ation Test. Abstract......... Ear Mite, Notes on a Little- Known, in Rabbits .......... 702 EprvorIAL...1, 133, 259, 385, 513, 657 Animal Protection and the Vet- erinarian bee, MAL eee: Army Service, Veterinarians PU Giese so sian ees oe 3 ees A. V. M. A. Meeting at Detroit 389 658 385 Eye PAGE A. V. M. A. Members and the SOUTH AD «Nec cemnve <= ss 2 657 A, V. M. A. Officers and Com- mittees 1915-1916.......... 513 Bureau of Animal Industry... 521 Emblem, Veterinary.......... 658 Foreign Mission, Dr. C. J. Mar- shall tooo -Ole.. < 7.% es es 662 Glimpse at the Transcontinental Trip and Oakland Meeting, A 10 ‘Sieh Standards*’ 2...:..«.. sa 661 Reorganization Committee .... 393 Retrospect and Prospect...... 135 Second Pan-American Scientific MONOTOSS wy alot eee cites = senor us 518 Stockmen and Live Stock Sani- tatye Control. sou 26% tee 260 Therapeutics, Should our System of, bee Revised. . pane 314 Hinny Mule and Her Twin Colts. Case Report ......-----:++5> 62 Hodgkin’s Disease in a Mule. Case Report ......--.+--+--- 746 Hog Cholera ....----+-++++ ++ 3] Hog Cholera, Cell Inclusions in,. . 450 Hog Cholera Control.........--- 156 Hog Cholera Investigations, A Review of Recent Progress in.. 160 Hog Cholera Serum. Abstract .. 623 Hog Cholera Serum, Preparation Ofs = Abstracts -yaeiaeis i sh-.-.-/ja em 325 Hog Cholera Serum, Separation of the Anti-Body Fractions in. A SIT ACEI... tierra cleterers “oleic as 197 Hog Cholera Virus, The Action of a Coal Tar Disinfectant on,... 315 Illegal Practice ............-:- 597 Immature Veal, Biological Com- parison Between Mature Beef Pte ly vee Vofs1 2 |. eee Ole eco 757 Incisors of a Horse, Numerical Anomaly of. Abstract ...... 331 Insufflation, The Method of In- tratrackeal. Abstract ....... 630 Intestinal Intussusception in Cat- Ges CASS STE DOMi oer irieiieie 321 Intestinal Obstruction by a Stone in a Dog. Case Report....... 617 Intestinal Obstruction with Peri- tonitis Due to Hemorrhage in the Floating Colon of a Horse. PANTS RRL Ge as.) <%<. «2. «ORRIN 75 Lactation in a Foal. Case Report 32 Lactation in a Seven Day Old. CAIEe ICABC REPOLL jyisretaeitets 61 Laminitis and Leucocytic Extract. Cage ReVOrt: oi. *.cks 3.0 sop none 65 Larynx, Growth in the. Abstract 762 Lead Poisoning in Calves, Acute. Case Report ee 742 | PAGE Lead Poisoning, A Case of in a Pig. RUSITACE ce ci gode wie tua Leptomeningitis and Lymphadeni- tis, Hemorrhagic in Anthrax. At RGE, atte eee x a sgh aps ees 633 Lightning Stroke in a Horse, Death from. Case Report.... 64 Live Stock and Veterinary Con- ditions in) (Georgia 2 ae gait a 613 Lobeline Sulphate ............. 188 Lupinosis of Horses and_ the Treatment “2a sce eee 286 Meat Dried in Vacuum Compared with Chilled and Frozen Meat. Abstract 222. 3. 95. soca 625 Meat Inspection, Municipal..... 611 Milk in the Interests of the Pub- lie Health. Control of the Pro- duction; Distribution and Sale of. “Abstract 5. 2. two .c ose 196 . 132) 257, 316, ole 654, 800 Nematodirus Filicollis, Rud, The Life History of. Abstract.... 628 Necrology .74, 252, 372, 510, 653, Miscellaneous 798 Boehme, Walter G...........: 653 Bunker, -Madison. ..2....cs5 653 Butts, Emmet, K.. oa 57. ss ere 510 Carter: Vitti... nee cee ee 653 Chrisman, JG..nsc.26 acl eee 372 Desmond: = Jolin feeeehace eee 653 Elliot; James? Sis. s.r. ooo 253 Pirb, Daniel Bis. 5 seas can eee 799 Ferster;.J ames° He: <2 < <2 asses 798 gohes#sArthumes.<. ons eee 799 Kelly, Albert Bouleware....... 372 Evaatand SMP gs sit nice sprains 252 McCall, James: Fs o 4496.6 Recetvedsttom @ jp Marshall) Secretary 5.2. sees to. ecetved: from) N.S. Mayor Secretary? 225.54 25.4 ea ere Received, front Ne 54 ayo, SCGhekary ... 4000. aioe ada Recerved from Nz S. Mayo, Séerétary..2. 52.20. 0.6.00. Received from N. S. Mayo, Secretary............5..6.. Received front Mis. Mayo, Secrefary- 3.52 .600.6..005% Received from N.S: Mayo, Secretary. 2.20... J. 6008. Recetved from Nes: Mayo; Sectetary. oc 5.1022 wees es. Received from N. S. Mayo, Secretary...........5...... Received from’ N. S: Mayo, Secretary.........2..0...... Received from N.S. Mayo, Secretary.................. Received from-N. S. Mayo, Secretary...... Bi cata E: : Total receipts, 1993, 1429s. oe 2b Sc bce DISBURSEMENTS FOR IQ13, ’I4, 715. To M. P. Ravanel, Madison, Wis., for expenses to New etre aCe IECEEI. 2 G6 «sc hoe a cad dl can mp adsneme odds To Chas. F. Roberts, New Haven, Conn., for steno- graphic services in reporting New York meeting (Won RACCO\Lo LE) MA ee ef Seo Renna Om ae Sal a To C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia, Pa., for stenographic work, stamps, felegrams and salary. .........sd.000 To Clarissa B. Coburn. Philadelphia, Pa., for steno- graphic services, by C. J. Marshall, Secretary....... To Johnson & Prince, Philadelphia, Pa., for duplicating lettetss by G. J. Marshall) Secretary... 2 044./es. some To Tohn S. Pollard, Providence, R. I, for expenses as Regiment pecrelaty, TOLS-T9. ...%..++ >. 0.04. ahke omen To R. P. Marsteller, College Station, Texas, for ex- penses as Resident Secretary, 1912-13............4+- To David F. Fox, Sacramento, Cal., for expenses as Residentasecretany,, 1012-5... '. ¢¢ 1. ais,ehiee meee To JT. FE. Newsom, Fort Collins, Colo., for expenses as Resident seccetary, IO12-13......05..0s> oe neadeueee ate To W. W. Dimock, Ames, Iowa, for expenses as Resi- NOME DECTCLATO. TOTS). o'j.. «so s«.0a de paae aeons To J. F. DeVine, Goshen, N. Y., for expenses as Resi- MON SECKCCALY: TOT2=1 9): ars =< cia. + ic: vsitly Ripa i disse To F. H. Mackie, Baltimore, Md., for expenses as Resi- Geta SEChetary LTOUlS Ss. cw». s-<:c + «0c een ee s& ste. « To J. T. Seely, Seattle, Wash., for expenses as Resi- Mane eCherarwve NOL2-1 %.:. oa 4.5 rit gota MeteeiaeW ian ace 2 To C. C. Clarke. Washington, D. C., for typewriting URVee OG OMe ee INDOULOD . .rclan< 151s msn hereeeeRMM els « muxhe an To Hon. FE. C. Snider, Washington, D. C., for expenses PAD ANCHIEL SDGAKEL.. ..c.ccr..ons PPM Milas wates 9 «9a es 93 oo SOCIETY MEETINGS. Oct: Oct. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 2 . Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. To Robert W. Ellis, New York, N. Y., for cablegram ton Dre Aw leiantandsleanis slirancenierurletiieeertes To Francis S. Alley, Nashua, N. H., for expenses as Resident: Secretary, 1912=139%..2 . =) Aenea cose ere To F. F. Brown, Kansas City, Mo., for expenses as Resident Secretafy; TOU2=03) eek cols ae siete To W. Dean Wright, Portland, Wash., for expenses as Resident Secretary, “1912-13 s> 425. ae eee To Samuel H. Burnett, Ithaca, N. Y., expenses as Icibrariany sIO12=13\ apes etek eietetert iene To G. W. Dumphy, Detroit, Mich. for expenses as member Committee on College Investigation........ To E. B. Ackerman, Brooklyn, N. Y., for expenses as member Committeeron Glandersseesee sseeeeeeeeeeee To Septicus Sisson, Columbus, Ohio, for expenses on account of Committee on Revision of Veterinary Anatom cala Nomenclatingene meee erie sae To David Cochran, New York, N. Y., for expenses incurred at Fiftieth Anniversary Meeting........... To John W. Spence, Philadelphia, Pa., for stationery, PRIMING EbCres Sate. . 1906 Anderson, L. J:. >, Centerville; Cal. a . San Francisco Vet. College 1915 Anderson, M.O.. » St: Josephs, Miom=..-+ = Ontanion Viet Collesenna. 1886 Arburna, ‘Joseph i Oe Sonoma, Cal.. . San Francisco Vet. College 1915 Ashbaugh, Frederick M.. W ashington, Dec U.S. Col. Vet. Surgeons.. 10904 Aymond, Sidney Clay... Bunkie, Dan UrshCol Ven Surgeons... 10912 Baddeley, Joseph C..... Walla Walla, “Wash... U.S. Col. Vet. Surgeons.. 1908 Baileys Weour ewer ee lowell ind: 4 Mic Kallip Viele) Cols amano Baker Guy: Gaaacer oor Spencer, Towa........ Iowa St. Collegess2is 5-2. Noor, Baker, Robert Ernest... Biddle; Va....:...... U.S. @ollege of V2Si3.2-) som Bales, Harold W........ Liberty, Miss.. ) Kans: St. Agra Colle eto og Balke, Ernest J.......... Adam Neb.. St. Joseph Vet: Coly..... r19r4 Barnett, William A...... Clemson, College, § '§.C. Ohio St: Univ. V. C.. >... 1013 Barnhart, Emmett F.... Cleveland, Ohio. . . Ohio State Univ. V.C.... 1007 Bayler, Theodore M..... Kankakee, VN . Chicago Vet. College..... IQII Beavers, Joseph A....... Canton, Miss.. we CAVet)Collese: 2a Beattie, Joseph Gilmore. North Portland, ‘Ore.. K. C. Vet. Colleses.55 71 eneos Bell, Ralph Mack... » Berkeleya Galley see ever N.Y. State Vet#Cola: 224) 10e9 Biggs, Anson W.. . South Omaha, Nebs. Ke, Vets Colleges: 1908 Bolender, Fred Jourette. Galvestons dlexes sone em Ulto. ©. Of VE Se 1914 Brandenberg, LEOx v LakotagiNe Denar iN. Yenotate: Vets College.. 1913 Branson, Roscoe Noses Wichita. Kanss2...2-) Kans. St, Agr College. IQII Brashiers Warl\Sse- ee Chicagoist se bIicasonvn oe Sef; so Shee SOS) Brookbank, Roscoe &... Washington, D2@.. » W.is: ©: of Vis: 2. 4. sa naoo Brown, Sylvester....... Traverse City, Mich.. Chicago Vet. Col........ 10942 Buller, John J........... santa, MonieayiGal se] sant Brancisco.s Vil. ae Oe Burdett, CynilH. 225 2 Centralia. scans ceers KC. Vet. Colleger ner. a maio na Burns, Albert He. .:...Hleplers Kancaemeere soe OSepon Viet. Colter mano ie Burkland, Herman W... Atlanta, Ga...°:..... Ohio St. Univ.. IQII Cady, .Bert.J...<.: 2c, Berkeleyas Callen, Qa NES cotate Vet. Col. 1904 Garnite; James) Ss... 22 HOnuablaineyINe DY) aoe IN- Ye9.. Vi. Colleges > eno my SOCIETY MEETINGS. 127 Year of Name. Address. College. Gradua- tion. Carter, E. B............ Austin, Minn.. .. Chicago Vet. Col........ 10912 Carter, Rolla E......... Grant, Neb.......... St. Joseph Vet. Col...... 1909-14 Casper, Geo. T.. Albuquerque, N. M... McKillip Vet. Col....... 1905 Chamberlin, Leroy M...W ashington, D. C.... U.S.C. of V.S.......... 1914 Channing, Chas. E. ; - Washington, Wes. (Ue SMG. of Ve Syieren. ae. 200d Chreve, Raymond M.... Panora, Iowa........ Chicago Vet. Col........ 1910 Christian, Robert V..... Manhattan, Kans..... Kans. St. Agr. College... 1911 Cline, Clifford M....... Maryville, Mo........ St. Joseph Vet. Col...... 1910-14 Collett, Howard B...... Calgary, Canada..... Ontario V.C............ Igri Collins, Fred W......... Pawnee City, Neb.... K.C. V.C.. 1913 Collins, Frank. . . Monroe, La.. Chicago V. c 1908 Corbin, Cecil J.. cee N. Y.. v2 NEY] State Vet. Col. IQII Commins, Frederick E. San Francisco, C ale... Sey Veta ollege....... 1910 Corwin, George E....... C anaaneGonn: 8 ./.... Ws on G.Gh Vic eee aes DOs Corcoran, Michael...... Augusta, Kans...... St; Joseph, V..C.....25... 1914 (orl hoy B.... 25... sand Fork, W..Va.:...U.S.CoobV. Si.c..cc020 IgA Gox es Walter 2..2.-..>.. Baltimore, Md-...:.. UsseC. VeSu.c¢ eer! Teo7 Crane, Adelbert G...... Chicago, Ill.......... McKillip’s V.C......... 1913 Davis, Harry E......... Arlington S.D....... McKillip’s V.C......... 1914 Deiling, N. J........... Dallas Center, Ia..... Iowa State College...... 1908 Way tnank |.c.-.2..5... Washington, D.C. :... UsS; C. of V.S....7.: <2. “mor Dellert, R. B........... Winnipeg, Man....... Ontario V.C............ 1910 Dillahunt, Peter A...... Springfield, Ohio..... Ontario V.C............ 1893 Woran; John, T.....:... Beatrice, Neb:....... St: Joseph V. C.. 1909 Drury, James.......... Ypsilanti, Mich...... Ontario Vet. C ol. 181 Eagan, Paul H......... Eugene, Ore.......... Colorado St. Agr. Col.. TQ12 Eatman, O. R.......... Gadsden, Ala...:..... McKullip V. C.......... 1909 Edelin, Allen A......... Washington, D. C.... U.S.C. of i Sins ec-nes | Mme Edmunds, Arthur L..... Franklin, N. H.. 46 ae V. 2k Se LOO y Egan, John M.......... San Francisco, (¢ ‘al.... S. F. Vet. C ‘lle Oe? Igt2 lliss Percy LL... 2... os Merrill, Ta..... ... lowa St. College. . ko win OES Piseve Mark Ac. 2.u. Marion; Ohio..<¢2;,. Ohio St. Vet./Gol.veace.7 1900 Essex, John J........... Chevy Chase, Md. Geo. Washington Univ IQT4 Feeley, Robert O....... Clemson College, S.C. New York American..... 1906 Ferguson, Chas. W...... Auburn; Ala,.......... Chicago Vet. Col....,-:. “19r0 Ferneyhough, R. E...... Warrenton, Va....... U.S.C. of V.5.. 1907 WerTnbOwle.is.cs. 2 ay oh. s. caraenas Guba. 2.- K.C: V.C. Le. ees 1QO0Q Bit Chr Gar l UW's ss0.0 ene reade, NaY.. ese. NoY. Se et: ( “ol. ‘Cornell 1909 Folsom, Jr.. Fairmont, W. Va..... Ontario, V. C........... 1908 Foster, J. D.. . Néwtown, Pa.:...... U.S.C. of V.5..4.<.25-... 1908 Foster, Samuel Wee. Portland, Ore........ Washington St. Col...... 1910 Freeman, 1 fil EE aes Paco eaeete Indl Cal: Veto heme eeemaeanea aes irio V. C. 1907 Forbes, S. D............ Alexandria, Va....... Geo.W ashingtonUr niv nV ie . I9O%d Ost. NOViGt....c6e.6ea) Washington, Dy Ce...’ U2SGof Veo. fence TOTS Fuller, John R.......... Weiser, Idaho........ Kans. St. Agr. Col....... 1912 Gallagher, John J....... Lovelock, Nev.. Ne i ek eo et OOK Galloway, Peter F....... Richmond, Va.... . Un S23 GaObWiSs....c9+s-" LOI Gamble, cee Dees Washington: D. C..... UxSiCrof VuS.: .a:-s 2.5. T1908 Gates, Wm. L.. .. Clarksdale, Miss...... Ontario Vet. Col. 1908 Giflee, Joe W. , Omaha, Neb:. «....4. K CoveG. 1912 Grenewald, Geo. J. . Elkhorn, Wis......... ge ee Vet. Col. 1014 Golding, Cyril... DeanWinubas Cal. -.22: x4 . Vet. Col.. ieee! MGT Gordon, George. . Pn. ee Gnica coy lle eae Chicaws WeiG inne. 5 ails (SUG ie Gordon, William D...... San Jose, Cal......... S. F. Vet. Col........... ro014 128 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Name. Address. College. Graf, John.. ..... Elma, Towa.. Sao. NileLGiliyS WeCrg6-c0.5 ec Graham, Leroy Bie Cedar Rapids, Ia. eat OsepanvelGse Graham, Oswald H..... Grapp, Gustav 13 Bere trac Groff, Benjamin W..... Grossman, James D..... Gruber;John dean ae Guard, Willard F...... Guyselman, PHC... 4. Hallman, Elam T Haworth, Chas. C.. Hayden, Chas. E Hayes, Jesse Henderson, Levi C.. Hill, George IBlo. Hoekzema, Otto ist Hollander, Ferdinand. . Hollingsworth, Fred. H.. Hollister, Wm. 1G. Houck, N. Gx Hull, Martin... are ease Huthman; GH. ..<-5. Jervis, James G.... Kaylor, James M Keller, T. O Kelsey, Harry R Kelf, E. M.. Kelser, Raymond. Ne _ Keneday, Frank T Kern, Harry F... Kinsey, George W Kirby, Amos C..... Kochermpbrankieles see Ladson, Thomas A..... Landon, Frank M...... Langford, Samuel M.... Lassen, Christian W..... Weew Walter. 2.02 c Ibis ASOSe Shu a gobo ee 6 Lemley, George G...... Lenfestey, John H..... Leonard, Milton M..... Lewis, Walter K....... Lewis, Watson F........ Lipp, Carl F..... 7 scrantoni)S: Ce. p Bort Deposit, Md... 5 Bete . Massillon, Ohio...... 3 Ames, owas F ; Monte Vesta, Cal Halstead, Wm. E...... Hassloch, August C.... Hazelwood, Robert V.... . Twin Falls, Idaho. ... > Ademco, IMMER ec os ac . Avon, Ill.. Br Washington, Dace . South St. Joseph, Mo. . Payette, Idaho. +25. pelontlands| Ores ae See Vancouver. B.C. Une OLtonh =e Jungerman, Geo. F...... ee cnn eMantlaba belo sees cam: Kettlehon, Arthur H.... King, Samuel A......... King, William M........ . Napeville, Iil.... East Lansing, Mich.. Tthaca, INE Noes 55 vee Alexandria, Va... 2 0. Bessemer, Ala........ McBain, Mich....... New Orleans, La...... Council Bluffs. . Oklahoma Se Okla. Morrill, Kans. . Barry, Til. Ridgeville, Ind.. Newport News, Va.. Twin Falls, Idaho. . . Columbus Wise... Washington, D.C... San Francisco, Cal... . Wheeling, W. Va..... . Hannah, N. Dak...... S Sunbury basen ae Hyattsville, Md....... . Gr. Barrington, Mass.. Martinsburg, W. Va. . Pendleton, Ore...... Brundidge, Ala....... Goldtieldiayeeeraee leyonsn@hione see AShievillemiNen Geer ne Colum biasgs Cae Indianapolis, Ind..... . Vet. Dep. Ohio St. ‘Univ.. WSS Ca Gi Websedas suc Ontario Vet. College. ... Ohio St. Uni. Vet. mie O. S. U. Vet. Col.. 7 OFS] Un VetaColk . Colorado Agr. Col.. . Ala. Poly. Inst. Vet. - Dept . Binghamton, N. Y.... » New. York Citys. >. . 72) Donnellson) llsee ser U.S. GJoRV. S.. N:-VoiG@of V. S:.. ChicagomVii Caenesiaee IN. Yestate VeiCams see Geo. Washington Univ... Cincinnati Vet. Col... . KA Cave Ce Chicago V. Ge . Grand Rapids, ViC.e = Chicago Vet. College..... MUR SEE VOINGIS sero ae JChicdp own Cesena ane wees © HUMOImR Ae. e5.. es ae . Do aan . Ontario V. C.. Kansas City, Wee. . Kansas City V. C.. ; oe Chicago VaG@ic fe ee = NicKallipisaVey Ga ereee a Wists (C5 Gi Wo Sac . Winters, CHL ane . Washington, D. C.... Savane: Geo. Washington Univ... Ontario Via Cee eee ere . Colo. Agri. College....... Mickallipiss Ve Camere 5 Weiss (Co @r \We.Ss- M. A. C. and C. V.C.. Grand Rapids V C.. Univ. of Pa., Vet. Dept. . ; WS RCOL Wii Ss-.aoeee Onis Wie (Caeetone bon c ae MickKallipis) VeiGa... eer Ala. Polytechnic Inst..... Iowa St. College......... GinicagoeViyC ssh steans cee @hicagowVaCs co occ Cornell University....... Ontario Vet. College... . Cormmell6Uinive scene pe) KansasiCityaV: Cit so. Year of Gradua- tion. IQ14 1909 TQI4 1907 1898 IQI4 1908 Igt2 19t2 1910 1914 1801 Igio IQI4 IQI4 stop Ke) 1904 IQIt 1909 1914 1904 1910 1895 1913 1908 IQII 1g12 1908 1908 1893 1912 1910 1913 1914 1908 IQII IQI5 IQ14 1913 1891 1910 IQI5 1905 1903 IQ12 1906 1910 IQI4 1913 1912 1914 1900 1907 1913 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Name. Lothe, Herbert......... Love, Grover V........ Lovejoy, J. E.......... Lowrey, F. H.S........ McAlister, R. C......... McCaughey, Nat W..... McClelland, Alfred H.. McClelland, Frank FE... . McCord, Frank A.. McCowen, Dx McCoy, Ellis E.. McNaughton, D. D: Major, John P.. ae Mansfield, Chas. M..... Marquis, F. M.. oe Mason, Wm. Dire... Mattrocal, Daniel...... Mauer, George C.... Maze, Luther A.. Meads, | eae eee - Meyst, Frederick W..... Middleton, Asa C.. : Millen, Chas. i pe eee Miller, Thos. C......... Molgard, Peter C..... Morehouse, Walter G.... Mount, Willet G.. - Muller, J. Herman..... Munce, Thos. W........ Murphy, Joseph W...... Myers, Harry E....... Mydland, Gustav H..... Nash, Elmer D Newman, Lloyd V..... Paine, Harold...:..... Parrish, Roscoe D...... Parrish, William W...... Pearce, Frank Ho... Ebelps; Chas, D..:,.. ..... Phelps, Oliver J........ Pickens, Earl M....... Piney Wceslie Di ee Pritchard, John W...... Pritchett, Lamor F...... Prucha, Joseph V....... Quinn, PE... Reihart, Oliver F. : Reynolds, Francis... ... Ricebarger, Benj. F..... Roberts, Jas. W......... Robinson, Edwin A..... Ross, Crittenden....... [Moje s haga o Ore Roshon, Harry B.. .. Reading, Pa......... » Adniyer Ot bate. fancn cs 5 cas Year of Address. College. Gradua- tion Madison, Wis........ Ohio St. Uni. V.C....... 1913 . Chalmers, Ind........ ‘ee VeCs oor LOL . Washington, D. C.... U.S.C. of V.S.. 1909 Montreal, ee ee Ontario V2C2 1905 Corvallis, Ore.. _. Washington State College. 1909 Horicon, Wis.. Vapi Ss/C. Veo 1914 : Walton, Net Yea eeess N. Y. State ‘Vet. Col. Igi2 Buffalo, N. Y........ N. Y. State Vet. Col.. 1909 .. Edmonton, Alberta... Ontario_V. C.. Igio .. Edgeley, N. D........ Kansas City V et. Fors i 1QI3 _. Clay Center, Kans.... Kansas City Vet. Col.. 1907 . Devil’s Lake, N. D.... McGill Univ, Vet. Dept... 1892 . Anderson, S.C....... Ala. caleece i Institute. 1913 Washington, D. C.... U.S.C. of V.S.. 1907 ) Oakland, Calizw.ac. sarc: be. VC. 1914 Elko, Nev........... W ashington St. Col. 1906 Madera, Cale..cace ey te V. Cp. IQI4 .. Cleveland, Ohio. ..... Ohio St. Univ.. 1892 .. Chelsea, Mich........ Ontario Vet. Col. .. IQtt . Enid, Okla........... Grand Rapids V et. Col... IQIl Washington, D.C.... U.S.C. of V.S.......... 1909 . Grundy Center, Ia.... McKillip’s....... 1908 Cleveland, Ohio...... N. ¥. State Vet. C aise 1903 Walhalla, N. D....... St. Joseph Vet. Col... .. 1908 . Ruskin, Neb.. tn, WiSiobee Wine , IQI4 Salem, Ore.. ... N. Y. State Vet. Col. 1907 . Red Bluff, Cal. tok Vos 1914 . W ashington, D.C.... U.S.C. of V.S.. 1909 Washington, Pa...... Univ. of Pennsylva ania. IQI5 Columbia, S. C....... Chicago Vet. C ‘ol. . 1905 . Fostoria, Ohio....... Ontario Vet. on ey 1905 Everest, Kans........ Kansas Sta. Agr. Col..... 1914 Helena, Mont........ Grand Rapids, Vet. Col.. 1900 . York, Neb........... Kansas City Vet. Col..... 1912 . Rosetown, Sask....... Ontario Vet. Col......... 1897 . Omaha, Neb......... Kansas Agr. Col. IQI4 Tampa, Fla.......... Auburn he ae: 1913 Carson, Ia........... St. Joseph Vet. Culnaae - IQ13 . Clear Lake, Ia........ Chicago Vet. Col.. . Igtt . Lexington, Ky........ Cincinnati Vet. Col... .:. IQI5 ~elthaCa NG Ve gesuese. WN. Vo. V./Gaou ee eee, akQut Benicia, Gale. a: sa,.s. 0: Vs Cowitawaceeee sy SOLS Fessenden, N. D...... Mckillip’s.............. Ig10 Auburn, Ala.......... Ala. Poly. Inst.. sree Cope: Be eee ic. Ne ee Cornell... 1907 .. Indianapolis, Ind..... Cincinnati V. om sues L903 . Omaha, Neb......... Chicago Vet. oe IQI5 . Washington, D. C.... Geo. Washington Univ... 1914 St. Charles, Ill........ Toronto Vet. Col........ 1906 Davis Greek:Cal: 2.4... 'S:- Ba VAG IQI5 Petersburg, Va.. SUS ete Se. 5 ss IQI4 New York City. .. Iowa State College. . Peer IQI4 Winnipeg, Can....... McKillip’s.............. I914 130 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Year of Name. Address. College. Gradua- tion Roswell, Wm. L........ Corty, Pa.. fe) Univeot kal IQT4 Roueches ReGen eae Cleveland. Ohio. ..... Chicago Vet. Col.. . 1906 IRS lies (Coe ig owe « Washington, DCE es ASSO sal VSS ea eee IQI4 Sevenster, John. 9) -..-. klamburc Lowa see U.S.V.C. and Moe S. SOL 1905 Severovic, Mirko F...... (Chicago eeaeasee MckKillip’s. IQT4 Schader, Curtis H.. . Sunnyside, Wash..... Chicago Vi et. Col. . IgI2 Schaefer, Gal » Weigel INi@okoscsonsce IX, CW Cs: 1913 Schermerhorn, Robt. J. Redlands, Calica Steves. IQI4 Schleich, Fred. H.. . Williamsport, Ohio... Ohio St. Univ.. Io14 Schneider, Francis 0... . Nicholasville, Ky..... pene Vet. Col... 1914 Schucengost, Robt. H... Swea City, Iowa..... McKillip’ eis IQI4 Shartle, Walter W...... Indianaplis, Ind...... indian Vet. Cok 2 909 Shikbs, Emest As... -s0earborm, Mor... @bicaromViet Colkense sae IQII Shillinger Jacoby Esa. cea Scone Vicar eee Geo. Washington Col..... 1914 sims, Frank ©:...:..... Aurora, Neb. 4. ..... Kansas) City, Vet. Colle... ssnono Stamp, Ashley G........ Parma, Idaho........ Kansas City Vet. Col..... 1915 Staab, John J.:......... Cleveland; Ohio... >.<. MecKaullip’s- tie TOrA Steele bidwardekee..-) ae hester = Neat emt N ye State Vet. Colm. 128 1914 Stevens) Guy, Gaa-a) Groton NG Yn. eee N yen Collezene 2 VL ma Stickel, Wim. Bt. 5. .ce Bina’ Mills. Cale”. ayes Cole. nee 1913 Stouffer, David F....... Bellevue, Neb........ Kansas City Vet: Col..°.. 1606 Stroup: Winkle cree COnMthe Muss eee Alasseolye: Insta IQI2 Sugg, Redding S........ Rocky Mount, N.C... Ala. Poly. Inst.. IQI5 Taylor, Lawrence L..... Condon, Ore......... McKillip’s. 1909 Teil, John A.. goog oF eleKOns ING IDES yeas. Clierio) Vet. Col.. TQ12 Thompson, John Nee :’ Manila, P: 1.......... Kansas’ City Vet: Col. 1907 Thornton, Edward L.... Fort Kent, Mies aaa Ue... Caloly Viensee ea LOOT Trigg, Wie, ea _ Washington, DAH . Geos HEC Univ... 1914 Rripper te -7Aceeee ae Walla Walla, W ash. . | McKillip’ Ss. oe MOOT Turlington, John A...... Melfa, Va.. e UeSteavise IgIo eiylera|ohntliner sae Pomona, Cal. .. Chicago Vet. Col 1891 Walmsley, F. D.. oe Uitica, N. V.. Boe UNG GS Wo Col. 1904 Ward, Victor.. . Paso Robles, Galtratws S. Eva Ce 1912 Watson, Thos. W. . Hillsboro, Texas...... Ontario Vet. Col.. IQOI Webb, A. Weere Eee Osdens Utah... . . Ohio St. Univ.. IQII Webber, O.'Bso) ees RochestemaNa You. 2. N. Y. St. Vet. Col.. IgI2 Webster, Wins Olen a aUiticas Ohare 2) 4.) peyickallijoise IQI4 Weeks? Cormehusi@5.. Washineton) Ds ©. 2... Un S:C5 of V. Se 1906 Wershow, Max......... Columbus, Ohio...... Ohio State Univ. sso 1913 White, Logan A.. = wloux Rapids: la:-aop), Lowa St..Unlve. . ose eaaerOud! White, VCE ne eblacktootlidahons., 1) Ohio St-Univas= sa ere LOE Whiteman, Harry J-p oe Weatrobem@baaea es eee Univ oneennsylvanias- sano ne Whitney, A. Homer... » Nankarsiansse se eee eanssist.yAgr. | Colkweay IQI2 Williams, Geo. M.. » Boone lowes.) - see aicago) Vets Cole sane aero re Wintringham, Henry 1 Be Petaluma Calera el Vel Cen IQI4 Wood, Ezra P.. , Charlottesville, Var Suis Sur olV. Sx. 1908 Wood, Frederick W. . Manila, P. I.. ENE VE OSV. Ce. So LOOT Zell, Charles A.. ; - Chicago, MS oteake oe Royal V. C. of Munich... 1900 Zickendrath, Ernest C... Palo ito Callen ee eeVietColn. ‘ IQII (To be continued in the next issue.) SOCIETY MEETINGS. 131 NORTH DAKOTA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The fourteenth annual meeting of the above association was held in the Veterinary Building, Agricultural College, Fargo, August 4-5. The meeting was called to order by President Ifarmer, and about forty members were present. Several well is ela papers were presented ; among the more interesting was Dr. C. C. Jackson's paper on ‘ ‘Dourine.” LBs Jackson, as an agent for ae Live Stock Sanitary Board, has been doing considerable work in conjunction with the B. A. I. in the eradication of this disease in the western part of the state and was familiar with his subject. A good discussion followed. Geo. R. White, State Veterinarian of Tennessee, was present both days, and on Wednesday afternoon gave stereop- tican demonstrations on the castration of cryptorchids, mules, ruptured boars and an operation for inguinal hernia on boars not necessitating castration. On Thursday morning Dr. White gave his lecture and demonstration on “‘ Surgical Restraint of Domes- tic Animals.” This lecture was alive with interest and was enjoyed by all present. The association now has a membership of almost one hun- dred. The next meeting will be held at Fargo the last week of July, 1916. The following officers were elected: Drs. R. E. Shigley, Pres- ident, Kenmare; R. S. Norton, Vice-President, Velva; B. C. Tay- lor, Treasurer, Hillsboro; W. J. Mulroony, Secretary, Havana. W. J. Mutroony, Secretary. CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION. The 1915 summer meeting of the Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association was held at New Haven on Thursday, August 12. The members gathered at the hospital of Dr. George L. Cheney, where several interesting cases were presented for diagnosis. Following the clinic and a buffet lunch, the mem- bers boarded a launch which had been chartered for the occasion and sailed to Mansfield’s Grove, where they enjoyed a very ex- cellent shore dinner. This was followed by a sail to Savin Rock, another shore resort near New Haven, where the party spent a very enjoyable evening. The attendance was very good, no business meeting was held. The annual meeting will be held at Hartford on the first Tues- day in February, 1916, A. T. Gityarp, Secretary. NEWS AND ITEMS. ATTENTION is called to the fact that the AMERICAN VETERI- NARY Review has become the official organ of the American Veterinary Medical Association and will hereafter be published at Ithaca, N. Y., under the name of the JouURNAL OF THE AMERI- CAN VETERINARY MEDICAL AssocIATION. All communications, remittances, etc., in future, should be addressed to Dr. P. A. Fish, editor, Ithaca, N. Y. NortHWweEst JowA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION met in Sioux City the end of August, when 40 or 50 veterinarians from sur- rounding cities congregated there and held a clinic at Dr. J. N. Litchy’s place. All owners of lame horses were invited to bring their animals for free examination, says the Sioux City, /owa, News. Conpbucts FIivE THousAND REMountTs; Has Suip SUNK AT Enp.—Dr. E. R. Forbes, British veterinary surgeon (formerly State Veterinarian of Texas), after safely conducting to England in eight months’ time five thousand remounts, had his ship sub- marined and sank August 19 fifty miles at sea off the Coast of Cornwall. Dr. onies | is now examining army horses at Cincin- nati, Ohio. ANTHRAX VICTIM REPORTED IS IMPROVING.—Dr. Carl Viers, a veterinarian, of Vermillion, S. D., who has been suffering with anthrax, a cattle disease, in a local hospital, is improving steadily. Dr. Viers contracted the disease by rubbing a mosquito bite at the time he was operating on the carcass of a steer that had suc- cumbed to anthrax. A portion of the flesh of his left arm was removed to prevent a spread of the malady—Sioux City, Jozwa, News. Dr. Henry JuEN Is MADE BorDER CATTLE INSPECTOR.—Dr. Henry Juen, of Belleville, has been appointed an inspector of cat- tle on the Mexican border. He departed for El Paso, Tex., Wednesday. Dr. J. H. Maloney, of East St. Louis, will accom- pany Dr. Juen. Both veterinarians will inspect cattle shipped into the United States from Mexico. Dr. Juen is a son of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Juen, of South Spring street, Belleville —St. Louis, Mo., Times. 132 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Assn.) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N. Y. Committee on Journal F. ToRRANCE, Chairman, A. EICHHORN, Secretary, C. J. MARSHALL, W. R. Buarr, R. A. ARCHIBALD, M. JAcoss, N. S, Mayo, G. R. Wuite, V. A. Moore, L. Froru- INGHAM, C. H. STANGE, H. JENSEN, G. H. Rosperts, R. P. LYMAN. Sub-Committee on Journal C. J. MARSHALL, Chairman, R. P. LyMAN, A. EICHHORN, Secretary The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JOURNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. VoL. XLVIII. N.S. Voy. I. NOVEMBER, 1915. No. 2. RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT. In any organization for the community of interest there must be a leading spirit—one who is farsighted enough to see not only the need of the times but the possibilities of the future, one who has sufficient energy and persistence to translate dreams into acts. From the old world there came one who possessed not only ideals but energy and by idealizing the real he has been able to realize the ideal, at least relatively, in veterinary organization. It is doubtful if Dr. Liautard, as an active participant in the formation of the U.S. Veterinary Medical Association, fully appreciated the chance of its later development into the American Veterinary Medical Association and the possibilities opened up for welding the veter- inary profession of this and adjacent countries into a more capable and homogeneous mass. Five or six decades ago the veterinary material of this country was decidedly raw from an educational standpoint as compared with European standards. The diagnosis was easy to Dr. Liau- tard’s clear vision and as a remedy he organized one, if not the first of the veterinary schools which has survived. Education, then as now, is fundamental to real progress. fmphasizing the educational ideal, he later established the American Veterinary Review, which at the outset was the official organ of the U. S. Veterinary Medical Association. In 1890 an 134 EDITORIAL extra number of the Review was printed, devoted exclusively to the proceedings and papers presented at the first meeting of the association held in Chicago. (The twenty-seventh annual meeting of the association.) From the records this appears to be the first separately printed volume of the proceedings. In subsequent years the association, with its growing membership, printed its own proceedings and the official connection of the Review became less apparent. From an historical standpoint it, therefore, seems fitting that the association in considering the abandonment of its separate volume of proceedings, which because of its considerable size, was beginning to cost about as much as the annual dues amounted to, and to substitute a Journal for it, that the old rela- tions with the Review should be considered and this publication taken over for the use of the association. Even in the separate volume of the proceedings 11 was neces- sary to abridge the transactions of the meetings and this abridge- ment must, of necessity maintain in the new Journal. The essential items must be presented and there must be space for contribu- tions if the periodical is to be a Journal in fact as well as name. It will be our aim to strike a happy medium in this respect, to omit no item of importance of the association’s affairs, and yet have a sufficient variety of articles of timely interest to appeal to the pro- eressive practitioner, who, after all, is the bulwark of the profession. The prospect offers promise. The association member in pay- ing his dues contributes not only to the support of the associa- tion, but to the uplift of the profession and receives in return a periodical which keeps him informed of its activities. The prac- titioner who is not a member may acquire information beyond his own narrow sphere and keep in touch with the profession as a whole, and ultimately see that the association needs him and he needs the association to complete and round out his career. As a unit working in mass formation for the betterment of the pro- fession he will find his efforts productive of more fruitful results than anything he can hope to accomplish in his individual isolation. In transferring the ‘office of publication from New York City to Ithaca, N. Y. in a limited time, many details are involved which unavoidably tend to delay. Time is required for tabulating the proceedings of the meeting and the papers and discussions there presented, and much work is thrown upon the stenographer in a short space of time before the material can be available for the EDITORIAL 135 Journal. From the necessities of the case the first number of the new volume had to be issued by Doctor Ellis, at some inconvenience, from the New York office. There has been unavoidable delay in performing some of the arrangements at the new office of publica- tion and some indulgence must be asked. Our acknowledgements are due Doctor and Mrs. Ellis for the assistance they have rendered in overcoming these delays as much as possible, and endeavoring to make a difficult task easier. It has not been our desire to inaugurate violent changes as regards the form and appearance of the Journal. Some may be desirable, others unavoidable. We prefer a gray cover because that is the academic color for veterinary medicine. Typographical change and re-arrangement of material is more or less necessary under new conditions. An important function of any veterinary periodical is the educational one of disseminating knowledge of recent facts in practice, therapeutics and general matters pertaining to the pro- fession. A broad-minded practitioner should include in his study the representative journals of his own country, and at least make an effort to get in touch with one of the foreign journals; but for community of interest there must also be due consideration for the ordinary and every day affairs that touch all practitioners. For the future we ask the co-operation of all members of the profession. Any suecess worth having must be based on truth, progress and efficiency. With co-operation all prejudice may be overcome. America should have a foremost place in the world- brotherhood of veterinarians. Pea, SUTURES AND SUTURING* J. V. Lacrorx, Kansas City, Mo. For the purpose of joining tissues wherein there has been ef- fected solution of continuity, sutures, of some kind have long been employed to procure prompt coaptation of wound margins. The term ‘‘suture’’ is applicable to material employed in the pro- cess of joining tissue as well as to the joined structures after co- aptation has been effected; consequently, in one sense, there is no great difference in the significance of the terms ‘‘sutures’’ and ‘‘suture materials.’’ We shall limit our consideration of suture materials to those commonly employed. Suture materials are of vegetable, animal and metallic origin. Of vegetable origin, we have linen thread put up for use in various ways, and this constitutes a very strong and durable agent that is particularly serviceable in uniting surface wounds in thick-skinned animals. Linen thread is very effective when empolyed as a hg- ature for bulky masses of tissue, but it becomes very dense after having been in situ for a few hours and is quite prone to cut through tissue encompassed when tension is great. However, it 1s a very serviceable material for emergency work upon the large animals and does not become absorbed even when buried in the tissues. For the purpose of reenforcing marginal sutures, linen tape is very useful, since because of its shape, it does not readily cause pressure necrosis under tension. Of animal origin, the materials usually empolyed are gut, kangaroo tendon and silk. Gut is very frequently employed and when not treated in any one of the numerous ways to retard its absorption, will become absorbed in a few hours. The time re- quired for its absorption depends upon the character of the tissues containing it and the size of the suture material. Tissue that is vascular and that tends to keep sutures in a moist state, will ab- sorb sutures earlier than will tissue that is not so well supplied with vessels. When it is desirable to have a gut suture remain in position for several days, it 1s treated by being chromicized or iodinized or otherwise rendered more dense. Used in the approx- imation of some sub-surface wound margins, it is very dependable. * Presented at the meeting of the A. V. M. A. Section on Practice. Oak- land, Cal. SUTURES AND SUTURING 137 Where there exists material retraction of heavy muscular or tendinous structures attending accidental or intentional division of same, heavier suture materials are employed for effecting coaptation of the retracted margins or ends. For this purpose kangaroo ten- don or other prepared fibrous animal tissue is used. However, in the use of buried sutures, due regard must be given the vascularity and bulk of tissue sutured and the amount and size of the material employed. Where tissue is vascular and tension is great, neces- sarily strong sutures are required. Buried gut sutures may be so inserted that because of unequal distribution of tension anemic necrosis caused by pressure is the result. Likewise an excessive amount of suture material will produce a similar effect. Silk suture material because of its strength and soft texture, constitutes a valuable agent for almost any case where suturing is indicated. For intestinal work or fixation operations where there exists malposition of viscera of small animals, silk is very useful. For the reduction of certain herniw in the large animals, heavy braided or twisted silk suture material is often employed. Silk sutures may be buried when used for approximation of sub-surface tissue, and the superficial structures can be brought together with a separate suture, and there results little or no disturbance because of the presence of this buried material if sterile. ; Metallic suture materials usually employed are silver and cop- per wire. We shall not here consider steel in any form, nor alum- inum or gold plates which are serviceable in bone surgery. For the purpose of approximating margins of cartilage when wounded, metallic sutures are very serviceable; many veterinarians employ wire for the closure of abdominal wounds of small animals in order to insure their being left in situ should the subject be inclined to molest the wound. In certain fractures of the Jaw in the horse, copper wire may be employed to good advantage; it may be wound arount the base of teeth, thereby immobilizing the affected parts. In addition to affecting approximation of tissues that have been divided, sutures are useful in many instances in that they are the means of joing the margins of the skin where wounds have been inflicted, and in this manner there is made use of a natural protection for the underlying tissues, which would otherwise need to be protected by means of dressing material of some sort. To render possible primary union of tissue, perfect apposition of wound margins with complete immobilization of the structures 138 J. Ve UACROEX in the immediate vicinity is essential, and the use of some kind of suture materia] is necessary. While in some instances it is pos- sible to bring about this result by the use of bandages or other ap- pliances, such measures in veterinary surgery are applicable only in wounds of the extremities. For the purpose of accomplishing prompt healing of wounds and lessening the amount of granulation, sutures are of service even though perfect coaptation of wound margins is not effected. It is possible to train toward the normal position with sutures tis- sues that have been divided in such manner that approximation of the divided portion is impossible, and the result of such suturing is very desirable in some instances. An example is the suturing of the divided portions of the extensor carpi-radialis where the distal portion has been detached from adjacent structures and con- siderably mutilated. In such cases by retaining in a suitable po- sition the lower portion of the tendon for a week or ten days, the tissues are trained in such manner that excessive granulation with resulting unnecessary blemishes is avoided if subjects so affected are given proper after-care. To make possible primary union of skin and fascia protect- ing the sub-surface from exposure and thereby obviating danger of exuberant granulation and in some instances suppuration, su- tures which approximate the margins of the skin and fascial wounds with reenforcing sutures to prevent pressure necrosis and tearing out of the marginal sutures, constitute a very practical method of treating many wounds. Where fibrous growths are removed from horses’ shoulders by means of approximation of the skin and fascia, primary union of same results, and complete recovery in from two to four weeks without exposure of the underlying tissues and without suppuration, is possible. Contrast this with a similar sur- gical wound that is left exposed to heal by granulation. Recently the writer removed a fibrous mass from a horse’s shoulder, and facilities were not at. hand for the execution of a good technic from the standpoint of asepsis. The subject was not confined except with halter and twitch; the hair was clipped from the surgical area and the parts painted with tincture of iodin; a local anesthetic of cocain was used, and the fibrous tissue was re- moved. An opening for drainage was made, the upper part of which was two inches below the lower commissure of the margins of the wound made for extirpation of the fibrous tissue; and the SUTURES AND SUTURING 139 larger opening was firmly untied by means of a glover’s suture. The cavity was packed with sterile gauze which was left in position for twenty-four hours. After-care consisted in cleansing the drain- age wound daily to allow free discharge of wound secretions, The horse was kept on pillar reins for ten days. Primary union of the apposed wound margins occurred in this case, which proves that with ordinary care such results should be the rule and not the excep- tion in general practice. For the control of hemorrhage by ligating vessels singly or by ligating en masse, some kind of suture material is necessary. In diminishing nutrition of the parts involved in degenerative changes such as certain forms of goiter in dogs and in mammary tumors of sows, good results are accomplished by ligating the parts affected en masse with a material of linen or silk, whereas in some instances radical surgical removal would fail to bring about the desired effect. For surgical purposes, suture material is sterilized and kept so while in suitable containers. and when employed by the veter- inary surgeon under certain conditions, care and skill are neces- sary to prevent its contamination. It is a regrettable fact that among veterinarians comparatively little suturing of surgical or traumatic wounds is done in a manner to make possible wound re- pair with little or no suppuration. With hemostasis and perfect coaptation and almost complete immobilization of surgically clean wound margins with provision for drainage where necessary, pri- mary union of the contacting surfaces is the usual outcome. If tension upon sutures is not too great and where immobilization of wound margins is possible by means of reenforcing sutures of some kind, prompt and complete repair of wounds necessitating little or no after-care, is the result. The extra time and skill required in the execution of such technic is justified when after-care and results are considered. For sub-surface coaptation of tissue, several rows or tiers of prepared gut when employed as continuous sutures are preferable to other means of suturing. With continuous sutures, a maximum degree of tension distribution is attained, and comparatively little time is consumed in suturing. However. the average veterinarian habitually employs interrupted sutures in many instances where a continuous suture would be preferable. The use of a buried, con- tinuous suture in laparotomies of small animals precludes all pos- 140 J. V. LACROIX sibility of herina, and where in some instances the buried suture prevents primary union of all of the surface margins, this causes no serious inconvemience to the subject. . There is no better example of the good effects to be derived by the proper employment of sutures or of the improper use of same than the contrast between the time required for complete recovery of a patient operated upon for the removal of a large shoe boil and so treated that primary union of the skin results in one case and healing by granulation takes place in the other. An exposed granulating surgical wound is an exhibition of unskillful and barbarous methods practiced by veterinarians, who should give some real thought and effort to the improvement of their way of treatment of wounds both surgical and traumatic so that their methods of handling may become more humane and more practical. ) ABSTRACT OF DISCUSSION. Dr. McNair: Personally I have had considerable trouble with suture necrosis in cats and dogs. I have found that I get the best results in kittens from two to three months old. I operate upon the side entirely and while some of my cases healed by first inten- tion, quite often there is a necrosis of the skin at the point of opera- tion. One practitioner friend makes a small opening and coats it over with balsam. I have not tried that but it has 1mpressed me. Dr. CAMPBELL: Dr. Lacroix was associated with me in prac- tice the past summer, but I do not recall his saying anything to me in regard to the necrosis of the skin of cats. He has performed the operation of Caesarean section on seven, I think, and has had healing by first intention. I believe he uses very little suture ma- terial and perhaps that has something to do with it. The inner structures are caught up with one continuous suture and the needle passed through just a few times and the whole securely bandaged with gauze. Contrary to my expectation the bandages have not been pulled off and the healing has been very satisfactory. Dr. BLATTENBERG: The subjects we have to deal with—their uncleanly existence, their unwieldy proportions, their unyielding dispositions, all these make it very difficult to bring about first union. The conditions which seem absolutely necessary for bring- ing about this union is simply cleanliness, asepsis. Hemostasis interferes with union because the capillary oozing does so much SUTURES AND SUTURING 141 toward retarding union by first intention. ‘‘We would reserve the right to make direct shipments to either veterinarian or owner in accordance with our regular conditions provided for this work.”’ The campaign against hog cholera in Lowa has been sufficient to demonstrate that vaccination must be one of the chief factors in preventing great economic losses from hog cholera; that temporary immunity is not satisfactory to the large majority of farmers; that virus will be used with serum more safely when under reasonable control than if we attempt to prohibit its use entirely ; that Iowa had on January 1, 1915, a greater per cent of increase in hogs than any of the surrounding states; that a state should have one policy and continue without frequent changes, as anything else causes con- fusion, delay and heavy losses; that every factor which can be used successfully should be employed; that the first and most es- sential thing is to prevent heavy losses and that eradication neces- sitates organization and education over a long period of years; and finally, that it is folly to adopt new plans until they are known to excel the old. - A REVIEW OF RECENT PROGRESS IN HOG CHOLERA INVESTIGATIONS* H. Preston Hoskins, V. M. D., Assistant Professor of Veterinary Science, University of Minnesota. Hog cholera investigations can be divided into two groups, namely, those-of the laboratory and those of the field. These two groups naturally overlap each other, more or less, in all directions. In some instances it would be impossible to carry on certain labora- tory investigations entirely independent of field studies, while the reverse is also true, but to a more limited extent. At the present time the most important field investigations that are being carried on are those of the Federal Bureau of Ani- mal Industry, started about two years ago, and being kept under way at the present time on a large scale, by an appropriation of $500,000 made by Congress and approved by the President under date of February 23, 1914. According to a report! made by Dr. Dorset at the eighteenth annual meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Associa- tion, held in Chicago, February 16-18, 1915, the work of the Bureau is divided into three major projects, as follows: ‘‘Project A.—A definite area (one county) has been selected in each of fifteen states. Observations relative to the control or eradication of hog cholera are being made in each of these areas. The Department of Agriculture places, generally, three qualified veterinary inspectors in each area and furnishes the serum required for its work. The states are expected to co-operate by carrying on the needed educational work and survey the county, and by en- forcing the necessary quarantine and sanitary regulations. ‘‘Project B—This project consists in the supervision of all establishments which conduct an interstate business in hog cholera serum and virus, and the work is intended to protect veterinarians and farmers against the use of worthless or dangerous serums and viruses. The work under this project is carried out entirely by the Department of Agriculture and consists in the inspection of serum and virus plants, the issuance of licenses to qualified estab- lishments, the supervision of serum production in licensed estab- lishments, the examination and testing of samples of serum and * Read at the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association, St. Cloud, Minn. HOG CHOLERA INVESTIGATIONS 161 virus, and the collection of evidence bearing upon violations of the law under which this project is established. ‘*Project C.—This consists of demonstrational and educational work among farmers, in co-operation with the state colleges. The idea pursued in this work is to organize clubs for educational, demonstrational, and other work in the prevention of hog cholera: and to work with county advisers and farm demonstrators to pro- mote educational and propaganda work concerning methods of preventing hog cholera through sanitary and quarantine measures and the use of serum. The fundamental idea of this last project is to demonstrate to farmers how they may, by their own efforts, reduce losses from hog cholera. “The work of the Bureau of Animal Industry may thus be said to consist: first, of educational work as a basis for its other activities; second, of control work to prevent the interstate ship- ment of contaminated serums and viruses; third, of experimental work in selected areas to determine the most effective and prac- ticable means for reducing losses from hog cholera, and of finally eradicating this disease, if possible; and lastly, of laboratory re- searches on subjects concerning the etiology and prevention of hog cholera.’’ It should be borne in mind that these county experiments are not intended to demonstrate how to eradicate or control hog chol- era, but, according to Dr. Dorset, they are rather a series of ex- periments on a large scale, by which it is hoped to ascertain the best and most practicable methods for the control of hog cholera. Different plans of procedure have been adopted in the differ- ent counties. Healthy but exposed herds have been treated, some with the single and some with the double method. In infected herds hogs showing slight symptoms are usually given the single treatment, but the apparently well hogs are given either the single or the double treatment, according to the plan being followed in that particular county. Not wishing to tire you with a lot of figures, [ will give only a brief summary of the conclusions arrived at by Dr. Dorset, based on the data gathered and supplied by the inspectors in charge of the work in the diffierent counties. Dr. Dorset draws no conclusions as to which is the best method of controlling hog cholera, stating that this question is of such vast importance and that the problem is of such immense difficulty that 162 H. PRESTON HOSKINS careful preliminary work on a large scale must be carried on be- fore recommending any kind of a nation-wide campaign. Observations were made on the effect of the double treatment administered to pregnant sows, and Dr. Dorset considers that the figures indicate that the double treatment does not produce abor- tion in pregnant sows. Almost 1500 pregnant sows were treated under all conditions, with abortions in less than 12%, most of these taking place in infected herds, the sows being given the single treatment. The inference is drawn that the sows that aborted were really in the first stages of the disease, and the abortions were due either to this fact, or resulted from rough handling of the sows at the time of treatment. Mention should be made of the figures gathered by Dr. Fischer? in Ohio, illustrating the same point. Fischer reports that less than 9% of the sows given the double treatment subsequently aborted, and that this rate is probably not higher than might be expected under ordinary conditions where no treatment whatever is applied. At the State Serum Plant we have been able to make a num- ber of observations along this line. It is rather the exception than the rule to have sows abort following the administration of the double treatment. We get quite a number of young sows from the stock yards, when we buy our pigs for virus purposes. If these young sows go over one hundred pounds we usually double- treat them, rather than inoculate them for virus purposes. These sows rarely abort, if they are pregnant, as many of them prove to be. It sometimes happens that a pregnant sow is inadvertently hyperimmunized, for serum production, and either before being bled or during the bleeding process she is noticed to be pregnant. Such sows have frequently received from 1000 to 1500 e. ¢. of virus, without producing an abortion. Even the somewhat rough hand- ling these sows receive, incident to placing them in the crates for hyperimmunizing or tail bleeding, has failed to produce an abortion. Young sows not suspected of being pregnant have frequently been used for virus production. During the course of the disease, or at autopsy, their condition is discovered. Once in a while sueh young sows abort, but usually they do not. It has been. observed that very frequently the condition of pregnancy seems to increase their resistance against the hog cholera virus. They show consider- _ably less of a temperature reaction than the other pigs in the same group, and these sows are usually the last to succumb. We have HOG CHOLERA INVESTIGATIONS 163 tested the serum drawn from a number of sows while in a preg- nant condition, and have found it to be potent, according to the Government test. Continuing with the work of the Bureau, Dr. Dorset has com- piled figures on the effect of the double treatment on sterility. Observations were made on over 200 sows, treated and untreated. Of the treated sows 5.6% appeared to be sterile, and of the un- treated sows 6.7% appeared to be non-breeders. Dr. Dorset nat- urally draws the conclusion that the double treatment, when prop- erly administered, does not produce sterility in sows Perhaps the one great objection to the use of the eaels tre satment that we most frequently hear is its failure to permanently protect, and the consequent reinfections in herds treated with serum alone. To see just how great an objection this was under practical con- ditions, observations were made on this point. In 1605 herds that were treated by the single method exclusively, recrudescenses oc- curred in about 514%. The results in Renville County, this state, were even better than this, there being only about 4% of reinfec- tions. Not a single drop of virus has been used by the Government vetermarians in the county, since the work was started over a year ago. Virus has been replaced by disinfectants in the attempts to keep down the number of recrudescences. To the laboratory investigator, the most important lines of work, in connection with hog cholera, at the present time are: 1. The isolation and artificial cultivation of the causative organism, with satisfactory proofs of its etiological relationship to the disease. 2. The perfection of an attenuated virus or a true vaccine, for preventive inoculation, to take the place of the dangerous, ex- pensive and cumbersome double method. 3. The standardization of hog cholera serum, especially a method that is more accurate and less time-consuming than the only method in use at the present time. 4. A method for the quick and accurate making of laboratory diagnoses of hog cholera. Before going further with this paper the author will take occasion to say a word concerning the publication of results of ex- perimental and research work. There are two tendencies that are generally noticeable, namely, the tendency to publish results pre- maturely, and the opposite tendency to withhold valuable material 164 H. PRESTON HOSKINS from publication. In the former case we refer to poorly drawn conclusions usually based on insufficient work, and published for the sake of obtaining priority. In the other case reference is made to negative results often obtained by investigators, or work con- ducted by them, which, through modesty, they do not think worth while publishing. In many instances much duplication of effort could and would be avoided if access could be had to these results. Most of the laboratory research and experimental work on hog cholera that is being done at the present time. is being con- ducted in the veterinary departments of our agricultural experi- ment stations, in many cases in connection with the state serum plants. This is true of such states as California, Kansas, Kentucky, _ Indiana, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Oklahoma and a few others. In some states this work is carried on by the state live stock sanitary board, as in Ohio and Pennsylvania. Considerable research work is being done in the scientific laboratories connected with our larger commercial producers of biological products. One of the questions receiving considerable attention at this time is the isolation and cultivation of the specific causative or- ganism of hog cholera. The value of a convenient and economical method for the artificial cultivation of the hog cholera virus can hardly be estimated.Numerous investigators have reported having seen all sorts of things in the blood of hogs infected with cholera. The work that has attracted most attention in this country has been done by Dinwiddie, of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, and by King and his associates in the Parke, Davis and Co. Research Laboratories. Dinwiddie first reported his findings in a paper*® read before the American Veterinary Medical Association, at Indianapolis, several years ago. His work has subsequently been published in bulletins’; ° of the Arkansas Station. Dinwiddie’s organisms are intracorpuscular bodies, associated with the erythrocytes, while King’s® organism is a spirochete. The latter is said to be relatively large, measuring five to seven microns long and one micron in width, being flexible, round and blunt at its ends, actively motile, and revolving around its longitudinal axis. King claims that this spirochete can be readily distinguished from bacteria on account of its lack of rigidity and its characteristic motility, which is de- scribed as being undulating, with the spirals fixed. It can be dif- ferentiated from blood films by its refractive properties and its characteristic morphology. HOG CHOLERA INVESTIGATIONS 165 King, Baeslack and Hoffmann‘ report the examination of the blood of forty-eight normal hogs without finding any spirochetes, whereas the examination of the blood of forty hogs suffering with cholera, all revealed the presence of a spirochete. In the case of six hogs which retovered from the disease, spirochetes were found during the course of the disease, but were absent after recovery. The sick hogs referred to were infected with twelve different strains of virus. Laboratory diagnoses of cholera were made in two instances by means of dark field examinations of blood revealing spirochetes. In other instances these were found a few hours before any symp- toms appeared. Spirochetes were found with less difficulty in the blood of hogs suffering from the acute form of the disease. Spiro- chetes are easily demonstrated in the scrapings from the intestinal ulcers of hogs dead from cholera. The organism was also found in the erypts of the cecum and in skin lesions. Attempts to iso- late the spirochetes from the spleen, liver, lymph-nodes, spinal cord, cerebro-spinal fluid, bile and urine were reported as having been unsuccessful.* Hayes,’ of California, has examined twelve specimens of blood from cholera hogs and reported that he was unable to find spiro- chetes present in any of them. According to the latest report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry (1914)'° the Biochemic Division has made some observations on the presence of spirochetes in hogs. These studies have shown spirochetes to be present in considerable numbers in the contents of the intestines, especially in and around the ulcers found in the intestines of sick hogs. Spirochetes could not be demonstrated in the blood, but large numbers of the same spiro- chete were found in the intestinal contents of healthy hogs. Based on these findings, the conclusion is drawn that King’s spirochete is an intestinal saprophyte of the hog, and in no way connected with cholera. It may enter the blood with other secondary infec- tions. King holds to the belief that his spirochete is capable of break- ing up into granules and that these granules may play an import- ant part in the life cycle and physiological functions of the organism. They are present in the blood of cholera hogs, in cultures of Spiro- chaeta suis, and are capable of producing the disease in healthy hogs. Granules were not found in the blood of normal hogs. both susceptible and naturally immune. 166 H. PRESTON HOSKINS These granules are undoubtedly the same as those referred to in annual reports of the Veterinary Division of the Indiana Ex- periment Station. Craig and Whiting" refer to them as irregular, round bodies or granules, similar to the forms seen in normal blood and known as hemoconia or blood dust. The same investigators also report having seen filaments in the blood, free and attached to the margins of the blood cells, in both healthy and diseased hogs, but more numerous in the latter. In an earler report’ the state- ment was made that these two forms of organisms undoubtedly bear a close relation to hog cholera, but proof of the fact that they are the direct cause of the disease has not yet been secured, because of the fact that it has thus far been impossible to isolate them. In a later report,'® referring to the filaments, they state that they are to be considered as a clinical phenomenon, the result of disintegration of the erythrocytes. The same report states that the so-called gran- ular bodies show a tendency to increase in number when placed in artificial culture media. The nature of the media used is mentioned in the latest report available’* and they consisted of milk, hay and meat infusions and bouillon, and various sugar media. More than 60 germ-free filtrates were studied with the aid of a Zeiss ultra- microscope. In summarizing their work, King and Hoffman’® claim to have practically fulfilled Koch’s laws, in so far as it is possible with an organism possessing the biological characteristics of the spirochetes, and that it may logically be concluded that Spirochaeta swiss is more established as the specific cause of hog cholera than any other known organism. King and Drake’ have suggested the possibility that, at some time or period in its life eyele, Spirochacta suis is capable of pass- ing through bacteria-proof filters. In this connection it might be well to call attention to the work of Von Betegh.1* This investigator claims that the ultra filtration of the filterable virus of hog cholera is questionable. He states that the virus, in the form of the heart’s blood, emulsions of spleen, kidney and lung tissue, after being filtered through a Bechhold dise collodion filter, did not produce hog cholera when injected into young pigs. He believes that the viruses that we usually call filterable are not filterable at all, and that their filterability de- pends entirely on the filter used. The unfiltered virus contained strongly refracting bodies and organisms resembling spirochetes, HOG CHOLERA INVESTIGATIONS 167 and when cultivated on agar, showed colon bacilli, bipolar organ- isms, and others resembling Bacillus suipestifer. In their latest publication, King and Drake'® announce that a pure culture of Spirochaeta hyos (formerly Spirochaeta swis) has been secured and that typical hog cholera of the acute type has been produced by inoculating a hog with this culture. Two German investigators'® recently startled the scientific world with the announcement that they had isolated and cultivated the causative organism of hog cholera, but this work was not re- ported in detail, and the methods of isolation and cultivation were not given. Arnheim”® has criticised the findings of King and his co-workers on the ground that up to this time spirochetes have not been filtered under pressure, and furthermore that salvarsan, a well-known spirochete poison, is not of any value in hog cholera. This invest- igator was able to demonstrate spirochetes in the blood taken from the tails of infected hogs, but was unable to find them in the heart’s blood. He was able to find them in the intestinal tract. He be- lieved that the spirochetes found in hog cholera originate from the intestines. Uhlenhuth*' has made a study of the effects of various disin- fectants upon the hog cholera virus. He found that corrosive sub- limate and carbolic acid would not kill the virus in a comparatively short time. ... .2: County Farm Bureau owning or interested in swine, or pork production, may become a member of this association by agreeing to the constitution, signing a member- ship card and by paying an annual membership fee of one dollar, and such other dues as may be regularly assessed. MEMBERSHIP CARD en tila Farm Bureau Swine Breeders’ Association. I do hereby agree to work in co-operation with the.......... County Farm Bureau and the officers of this association to promote swine industry and to prevent the spread of hog cholera. I will obey all rules and regulations prescribed by the organiza- tion and co-operate with the work in every way possible. I hereby agree to notify the County Live Stock Inspector and Farm Adviser, and through them the State Veterinarian, and if any of my hogs are sick from any cause, whether known to me, or unknown, and if I hear of my neighbor’s swine being affected with any disease, I will report at once to the County Live Stock Inspector and the Farm Adviser. Should I’ship any swine into: . 222.23.52- County I will abide by the local ordinance in relation to movements of swine. TOME Me a rsaieta kes ae aan oe eee ARTICLE IV. OFFICERS AND DUTIES. Sec. 1. The administration of the affairs of this association shall be vested in the following officers: A President, Vice-Prest- dent and Secretary-Treasurer, and Executive Committee of five members. The President and Secretary shall be ex-officio members of the Executive Committee and shall constitute two of the five members. Sec. 2. The term of office for all officers shall be for one year. Sec. 3. All officers shall be elected at the regular annual meet- ine, except the executive committee, which shall be appointed by the president. See. 4. At all elections a majority of votes shall be necessary to elect. Votes shall be taken by ballot. Sec. 5. Each officer shall be entitled to one vote. Sec. 6. The President shall preside at all meetings of the asso- ciation, appoint all standing committees and perform all other duties not otherwise specified. HOG CHOLERA 245 Sec. 7. The Vice-President shall perform the duties of the President in his absence. Sec. 8. The Executive Committee shall within two weeks after the election appoint the members of the Board of Control and allot to each member appointed a district of which said member is a res dent. Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of each and every member of the Board of Control to be familiar with all conditions existing within their respective districts, and to report the same to the County “Farm Adviser once every month, or as much oftener as a new out- break of cholera occurs. Sec. 10. The time and place of holding the annual meeting of this association shall be permanently fixed by the members of the executive committee. ARTICLE V. VACANCIES. The officers shall have the power to fill all vacancies. ARTICLE VI. MEETINGS. Sec. 1. The association shall hold a regular annual meeting during the Spring, the date and place to be set by the officers and announced at least two weeks prior to the time of meeting. Sec. 2. The officers shall hold a monthly meeting in the office of the Farm Adviser, or (Sec. 2) the officers shall meet on call of the president. Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the president to call special meetings of the association at the request of a majority of the offi- cers, and notice of same shall be given in advance. Sec. 4. Special meetings may be called at any time and place within the county of .......... by the president and secretary, or by three members of the executive committee. Sec. 5. Business of any nature relating to the promotion of the plans and purposes of the association may be transacted at any meeting of the association, either annual or special, except the elec- tion of officers. ARTICLE VII. COMMITTEES. The committees shall be appointed by the executive committee. The number of committees and number of persons on each com- mittee to be regulated by the character of the work to be done. Committeemen shall serve for a term of one year, or for a length of time specified at the time of their appointment. Their duties shall be outlined at the time of their appointment. The Farm Adviser shall be ex-officio on all committees. ArtTICLE VIII. AMENDMENTS. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any regular or special meeting. Notice of such amendment must be given at least two weeks in advance. 246 Cc. M. HARING ARTICLE IX. ORDER OF BUSINESS. The following shall be the order of business at all regular meet- ings of the association and officers: 1. Call to order by the president. 2. Reading of minutes of previous meeting. 3. Report of committees. 4. Unfinished business. 5. New business. 6. Adjournment. ARTICLE X. EXACTING CLAUSE. See. 1. This constitution shall be in effect on and after its adoption. Sec. 2. All officers elected at the time this constitution is adopted shall hold office only until the next annual meeting. By-Laws. 1. A member shall be considered to have been properly noti- fied of any proposed action of the association, by its officers, when- ever such notice shall have been mailed to each member, or published in two issues of such county papers as may be designated by the officers. CopE OF ETHICs. Sec. 1. Members of this association are expected to cooperate with the County Live Stock Inspector, County Farm Adviser and the State Veterinarian, in efforts to control and eradicate cholera as well as other diseases among swine in .......... County. Sec. 2. Every member of this association whenever sickness occurs in his swine which appears to be infectious in nature, shall immediately notify the County Live Stock Inspector, County Farm Adviser and the State Veterinarian of the existence thereof. Sec. 3. No member of this association shall allow a careass of any hog which dies to remain upon the ground, but he shall immedti- ately dispose of such carcass by cremation, if possible; otherwise, by burial in quick lime. Sec. 4. Whenever cholera appears among hogs of a member of this association he shall have his swine treated with anti-hog-chol- era serum and also thoroughly clean and disinfect all infected yards, pens, ete., with a disinfectant of recognized strength, in order to prevent the spread of the disease. He will also allow a placard to be tacked on a prominent place on the fence adjacent to the en- trance of his premises; such placard shall state in plain language that cholera exists among hogs on these premises, and shall warn all people to keep away from the hog pens thereof. HOG CHOLERA 247 See. 5. Every member of this association shall prohibit strangers, and especially vendors of patent hog remedies, from visit- ing his pens. Sec. 6. Every member of this association, whenever cholera exists among his hogs, shall refrain from visiting the hog pens of other swine raisers 1n............ county, and shall also clean and disinfect his hands and change his clothing and shoes after hand- ling his infected hogs and visiting the infected pens, before he holds any intercourse with any other swine raised in............ County Sec. 7. Whenever it has been determined that cholera ex- ists among the hogs of any resident of............ County, the president of this association shall urge all swine breeders who are raising hogs in the vicinity of such outbreak, to allow all such hogs to be immunized with anti-hog-cholera serum. See. 8. Every member of this association shall have displayed in a prominent place on a fence near the entrance of his premises, a stenciled sign reading as follows: ‘* Member of............ County Swine Breeders’ Association—no visitors allowed in hog pens with- out permission.” See. 9. Every member of this association agrees to see that the rules of the association and its code of ethics, as well as the laws Opie COUNTY OL... 1.2. oi 25% anid State Giese... concerning the eradication of hog cholera, are properly comphed with by his neighbors, and each member further agrees that when violations of these rules, code of ethics and laws come under his observation, he will immediately notify the member of the executive committee who lives in his district, as well as the president of the association, and also, if necessary, the State Veterinarian. See. 10. As hogs which are vaccinated by the sero-simultane- ous method for producing immunity against hog cholera are, in many instances capable of transmitting cholera to non-immunized hogs, every member of this association agrees, whenever his hogs are so vaccinated, that he will permit his premises to be placarded as follows: ‘‘HOGS ON THESE PREMISES HAVE BEEN VAC- CINATED WITH VIRUS AND SERA: NO VISITORS ARE AL- LOWED IN THESE HOG PENS.”’ Such a member shall also handle his hogs and prevent the ex- tension of hog cholera infection, as provided for in Section 6 of this article. See. 11. The members of this association agree, wherever pos- sible to remove their hog pens from portions of their ranches that abut on public roads. See. 12. very member of this association agrees that when- ever new hogs are purchased from outside of............ County, that they shall be placed by themselves for a period of at least thirty days before being turned in with the other hogs. 248 A. T. KINSLEY DISSEMINATION AND PREVENTION A. T. KINSLEY, Kansas City, Mo. DISSEMINATION. The original source of the virus of hog chol- era like the origin of other viruses and pathogenic agents is un- known. The following are the principal sources of virus of hog cholera: infected swine, the discharges from infected swine, the carcasses of swine dead of cholera, virus used in simultaneous im- munization of swine; food, water, vehicles of transportation, stock yards, and any other substance, object or animal contaminated with the discharges of infected swine, or the tissue juices or products of the carcasses of swine dead of cholera. From the foregoing the ease of dissemination of infection is readily comprehended. The virus is transmitted from an infected swine on non-infected premises to other swine, soil, food, water, and bedding, thus practically insuring infection of the surround- ines and of other swine on the same premises. Serious outbreaks of cholera are sometimes traceable to the introduction of a boar or other animal that is infected. ‘If the careasses of swine dead of cholera are permitted to remain in the hog lot other swine will be- come infected by eating of the infected flesh and the soil and sur- roundings will also become contaminated with the virus. (Some men have shown their faith in the protection of swine against chol- era with serum by putting the carcasses of swine dead of cholera in their pens and thus infecting the premises). From the lack of care in the use of virus in simultaneous im- munization, there is little doubt but hundreds of farms have be- come infected. Food hauled in wagons or other vehicles that have been pre- viously used in transporting cholera infected swine may become con- taminated and infect healthy, susceptible swine and thus produce hog cholera. Water is frequently the source of-infection. This is especially noticeable in the spread of hog cholera in sections of country in which there are many small streams. Such enzootics usually fol- low the streams. The contamination of surface water is due to the discharges and even the careasses of cholera infected hogs being washed into small streams. Many hog raisers have fenced and made pastures of the low lands and the small streams of water, thus increasing the possibility of infection. HOG CHOLERA 249 Most every state in the union and many foreign countries per- mit the shipment of cholera infected swine to market centers. By this means stock yards, stock cars, and the railroad right of way becomes contaminated with the discharges of cholera infected swine and the chances are that some of the discharges contain the virus of hog cholera in sufficiently virulent form to produce cholera in healthy, susceptible swine. By this means, cholera is, no doubt, frequently transported hundreds of miles and new centers estab- lished. As yet few if any states actually require the cleaning and disinfecting of cars that have been known to have been used to trans- port cholera infected hogs to the market, and therefore, the cars continue as a source of infection for some time after the cholera in- fected hogs have been unloaded. By the practice of shipping chol- era hogs to market, practically all public stock yards become in- fected and are therefore a source of danger in the community. The cholera infected swine are hauled or driven from the farm to the railroad station along or over the public road which thus becomes a source of infection, the virus of which may collect upon the feet of horses, wheels of wagons or other vehicles and be transported to farms where infection had not been present. The possibility of virus carriers of hog cholera infection must be admitted, for such carriers and distributors of infection occur in other infective diseases. It has been claimed by good authori- ties that swine immunized simultaneously do not eliminate the virus but this claim has not been satisfactorily proven. Because of the possibility of simultaneously immunized swine eliminating intfec- tion, they must be considered a source of infection. Dogs, crows, buzzards and pigeons are scavangers and are an important factor in the dissemination c. infection. Visiting back and forth and exchanging labor are prolific means of carrying in- fection from place to place. Careless veterinarians have in some instances apparently been responsible for the transmission of hog cholera from infected to non-infected premises. Garbage containing seraps of pork has been a means of dis- seminating hog cholera virus. PREVENTION. It is probable that more proprietary remedies have been devised and advertised as hog cholera cures than for any other disease of domesticated animals. The application of thera- peutic agents, other than anti-hog-cholera serum, has not proven satisfactory in any proven outbreak of cholera. A. T. KINSLEY bo Or So With this disease as with any other, prevention is far better than treatment. This is a preventable disease but unfortunately it has been responsible for extensive losses of swine for so many years in practically every country, that the swine breeders and raisers have apparently become accustomed to the losses and accept it as a matter of fact and until recently, with little concern as to meth- ods of prevention. The prevention of hog cholera may be accom- plished by complying with the laws of hygiene, the enforcement of sanitary police regulations, and by immunization of swine by the use of anti-hog-cholera serum. The laws of hygiene of other domesticated animals than the swine are fairly well provided for by the stock raisers. It has been the custom and it is far too common at the present writing to consider that anything is good enough for swine. Thus, many men having extensive financial interests in pork production are constantly seeking fermented grain, moldy and otherwise spoiled or damaged foods for their swine, because such food stuff can usually be pur- chased for less money than a clean, wholesome food. Such foods interfere with the digestion, thus weakening the animals and ren- dering them more susceptible to disease. Swine that are given the proper diet are not necessarily immune to cholera but they are much more resistant than swine affected with digestive derangements. Swine should also receive an abundance of clean, wholesome water and not be required to drink water from polluted streams or stag- nant pools. Many cases of what would probably have been fatal cases of cholera have been nursed back to health by providing good surroundings and a liquid diet, consisting of sweet milk from a cow. Hog pens should not be placed, as they frequently are, in lo- cations: where they cannot be properly drained. It is not neces- sary for swine to have mud and filth for their existence, they will thrive better when kept in sanitary quarters. Sanitary police regulations or general sanitation in relation to control of hog cholera has certainly not received the proper con- sideration. If rules and regulations were instituted prohibiting the dissemination of hog cholera, the losses could be rapidly dimin- ished. The following provision for quarantine and shipping reg- ‘ulations were recommended by the committee on uniform methods for the control of hog cholera at the meeting of the United States Live Stock Association in December, 1913: 1. The shipment or movement, interstate, of swine affected with hog cholera to be prohibited. HOG CHOLERA 201 2. Exposed swine to be shipped under permit and placarded. 3. The movement of cholera infected swine over the public highways of the state to be prohibited. 4. Provision for moving exposed swine under permit in ap- proved manner. 5. Careasses of animals, and particularly of swine that have died of cholera, to be burned within twenty-four hours after death, or under special permit to be disposed of otherwise. 6. The shipment by rail of swine for purposes other than im- mediate slaughter to be permitted only through special pens and unloading chutes or through portable chutes directly into wagons. If unloaded in regular loading pens, to be moved under permit in approved manner. 7. Publie stock yards to be under close supervision and cleaned and disinfected at intervals determined by the proper state author- ities. 8. Railway cars for the transportation of swine other than such as are intended for immediate slaughter to be cleaned, washed and disinfected before swine are loaded. 9. All cars in which diseased swine are found, or in which ex- posed swine were shipped for immediate slaughter, to be cleaned, washed and disinfected. within twenty-four hours after unloading. or cars to be held until the presence or absence of diseases has been determined. 10. All cars or vehicles of transportation carrying cholera ex- posed swine to be placarded in a conspicuous manner, ** Cholera Exposed Swine for Immediate Slaughter” 11. Owners of swine and persons in charge, including attend- ing veterinarians, to report without delay to state authorities all outbreaks of cholera among swine. 12. Live stock sanitary authorities to quarantine all infected herds and premises, but may permit shipment of exposed swine for immediate slaughter as above provided. 13. Infected premises to be quarantined not less than sixty days after last traces of disease have disappeared and premises have been cleaned and disinfected. 14. Infected premises to be cleaned and disinfected under supervision prescribed by live stock sanitary authorities. (Continued in the next issue.) MRS. LIAUTARD As we are going to press, news reaches us of the death of Mrs. Liautard at the age of seventy-five years. She had been an invalid for many years and had re- ceived untiring’ care and devotion throughout this trying period from Dr. Liautard. It has been her ill- ness and his unwillingness to leave her side, lest she should slip away from him during his absence, that has kept him away so long from America, where so much of his hfe’s work has been accomplished. Only trouble of this character could have kept Dr. Liautard from attending the fiftieth anniversary of the A. V. M. A., which was planned in his honor and of which he would have been and was—even in his ab- sence the central figure. Mrs. Liautard was a former resident of New York. Her delicate health was unequal to the vicissitudes of a sea voyage, because of the seasickness to which she was subject. Dr. Liautard did not hesitate to lay aside his own ambition and forego the honor prepared for him in order to consecrate himself to her welfare. To him it was less of a sacrifice than it would have been to many others, less noble in character, to ac- cept the duties laid upon him and devote himself tenderly to her care.” Our sympathies go out to Dr. Liautard in this period of deep affliction. bo NECROLOGY DR. JAMES 8. ELLIOTT The death of Dr. James.S. Elhott of Clinton, N. Y., occurred October 12, at a Utica hospital. The cause of his death was an at- tack of Bright’s disease from which he suffered a little over two weeks, Dr. Elhott was born in Cumberland, England in 1864. He came to America in 1884 and graduated from the Toronto Veteri- nary College with the class of 1892. His practice in Clinton began in 1894, where his skill and services were much esteemed, both as a veterinarian and a public-spirited citizen. For the past three years he was officially connected with the State Agricultural Department where his services were much appreciated. Dr. Elliott is survived by a wife and four children. DONALD McINTOSH Dr. Donald McIntosh, professor of Veterinary Seience at the University of Illinois, Urbana, died on September 5, at his sammer home in Portland, Me. He lacked but a few months of serving the university for thirty years continuously, and thousands of students are willing witnesses to the helpfulness and reliability of his instrue- tion. He lived for his work and worked to the last; only five days before his death he had retired from active service on a university pension. Dr. McIntosh went to the University of Illinois as spec- ial lecturer and in June, 1886, was elected to his permanent position. He arrived at a time when the university possessed but three build- ings for instructional purposes and the student attendance was but 332.—Breeders’ Gazette. COMMUNICATIONS Editor, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, ithaca: NY, Dear Sir: A recent case of anthrax in man in a New York Hospital was given unusual publicity by the daily press. This was primarily due to the great respect which the patient enjoyed in his community, and also to the extraordinary courage he manifested during the course of his horrible affliction. ; My stenographer happened to be in New York at the time, and reading of the case, he lost no time in communicating with the at- tending physicians, calling their attention to an anthrax serum which has been prepared by me and which has been extensively tested, for boths its prophylactic and curative value. The stenographer had this information from taking dictation from me while I was preparing a paper on the subject for the Amer- ican Veterinary Medical Association’s meeting at Oakland, and also from notes which he transcribed for me in connection with the work during the progress of the experiments. Upon telegraphic request the serum was forwarded to New York, and was repeatedly administered to the patient with apparent- ly good results. From the reports of the attending physicians the infection had subsided, but as a result of extreme heart weakness he suecumbed quite suddenly; his recovery from anthrax being an- nounced in the bulletins sent out by the physicians. In the meanwhile the daily press heralded the serum as a won- derful discovery, and made many mistatements as to its prepara- tion, application, origin, etc. It is needless for me to explain the difficulty of having scientific matters correctly quoted in the daily press. It was a useless task to have correct data published as to the serum and its preparation. I was placed as a central light in many newspaper dispatches which was rather an embarrassing po- sition, realizing the undeserved credit given to me. I have undertaken the experimental work in immunization against anthrax with a view of establishing a more satisfactory method of immunization than those which are now employed in this country. The simultaneous method—consisting of an injec- tion of a potent anthrax serum and a carfully standardized spore vaccine—proved very promising and to my mind superior to the Pasteur method. The results of these experiments were embodied in my paper read before the A. V. M. A., in which have also been ‘included the results of field experiments. During the progress of the work we had occasion to treat a considerable number of affected animals with our serum, and ob- tained remarkable recoveries in a very high percentage of cases, in- cluding some of the most severe types. The stenographer, knowing REVIEWS 205 of these results, praised the curative qualities of the serum somewhat beyond its known value, which naturally was interpreted by the newspapers as something wonderful. It is needless for me to state that anthrax serum has been pre- pared in Europe by many institutions, and that this phase of im- munization has been practiced for several years. We have, how ever, succeeded in concentrating the serum by a method of precipi- tation and are now endeavoring to prepare the specific proteids of the immune serum in a dry form to insure its keeping qualities and to prevent contamination. Furthermore, the vaccine which is be- ing used in connection with the serum is an accurately standard- ized spore vaccine, by which it is possible to establish accurately the number of spores given to an animal. Although I am satisfied that members of the veterinary and medical professions are familiar with the work which has been ear- ried on in the immunization against anthrax, nevertheless I deem it advisable to state my position in the case in order that I may not be misjudged as attempting to claim priority for something which should and is known by all professional men to belong to others. It might be of interest, however, to state that in the course of the experiments it was necessary for us to obtain anthrax serum for comparative tests, and to our surprise we found that it was not ob- tainable in this country. We therefore imported a quantity of such serum, and to our further surprise the comparative tests revealed our serum to be at least twice as potent as the one of foreign make, and this may in part explain the splendid curative value of our an- thrax serum. Very truly yours, A. EICHHORN, Chief, Pathologival Division. ——_ Oo ANIMAL CASTRATION—J. V. Lacrorx SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY—Mart R. STEFFEN WOUND TREATMENT—MerIi.Luat, HOARE AND OTHERS Published by the American Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Chicago, Il., 1915. These books form numbers 7, 8, and 9 in the Veterinary Medi- cine Series edited by Dr. D. M. Campbell. It may be inferred from Dr. Lacroix’s preface that the book on ANIMAL CASTRATION is intended largely for students. Although some of the information relative to restraint and preliminary ar- rangements is presumably known and used by those in practice, there is much that will appeal to the practitioner as well as to the 256 REVIEWS student. The book contains 144 pages including 23 ilustrations, of which the most are reproductions from clear photographs showing methods of restraint, the operating field and different stages of op- eration. The typography is claer and the quality of the illustra- tions is enhanced by the excellence of the paper. SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY is a work of 157 pages and covers quite a wide variety of topics which the practitioner is likely to en- counter in his routine practice. We note the absence of any dis- cussion of contagious abortion, a topic of considerable practical im- portance in many localities and on which many veterinarians would doubtless be glad to get further ight. The usefulness of the book might be still further increased if there were a table of con- tents for convenience of reference. The topics are treated con- cisely but clearly; the style is informal and interesting and the general effect indicates an extended personal experience by the author. A concise work of this character should appeal to the country practitioner. Wound TREATMENT is a book of 186 pages. Besides the well known authors, Merillat and Hoare, whose articles on Treatment of Wounds; Antiseptics, Past and Present, in Wound Treatment ; and the Suppression of Hemorrhage, form the body of the book, there are a number of other contributions, by well known veteri- narians, pertinent to the subject. The chapter by Lewis on standardizing disinfectants, while brief, is very good. It explains clearly how to test the strength of a dis- infectant and reference is made to the extensive investigations made by Rideal-Walker in England and Anderson and MecClintie in the United States Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. Owing to the necessary brevity of the chapter it might have added some value if the exact references were given to the reports forming the basis of the statements made regarding methods of standardizing disinfectants. The following chapter by Lothe and Beach on the bactericidal properties of the antiseptics and disinfectants contains concise and lucid directions for disinfection and the phenol coeffi- cient of a number of common disinfectants is given together with their cost. Although each article cannot be treated in detail, it is sufficient to say that they are timely, worthy of study, and productive of thought. A number, if not all, of the articles have appeared in Dr. bo or ~“ MISCELLANEOUS Campbell’s Journal, but as arranged in this convenient form they will doubtless be welcomed by many practitioners. As to contents and general make-up, the books may safely be said to maintain the standard of the series and be useful to many veterinarians for study and reference. Pa ie —— ) ———_- MISCELLANEOUS The annual meeting of the Hudson Valley Veterinary Medical Association is announced for November 3, at Catskill, N. Y. The subject for discussion is Parturition and its Sequels. The next meeting of the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association will be held at the Merchant’s Hotel, St. Paul, Minn., January 12-14, 1916. The Iowa State Veterinary Association will hold its meeting January 17-19, 1916. The clinic will be held at Ames on the 17th. A special car will convey the members to DesMoines for the re- mainder of the program. A reeord Mor weight has been established by a calf born near Alliance, Ohio. At the time of birth it balanced the scales at 159 pounds. The mother was a grade shorthorn and the sire was a Holstein bull. The counties of LaSalle, Bureau and Putnam, Illinois, have been placed in closed quarantine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease by a federal order, effective September 25. Dr. J. G. Rutherford of Calgary, Alberta, has been appointed on the Dominion Development Committee to inquire into agricul- tural production, transportation and markets. According to the views of the State Veterinarian of Wyoming, dourine is being stamped out of that state. Out of 245 stallions tested only three were found to be affected. Dr. Orrin E. Dyson, State Veterinarian of [lhnois is reported ill with typhoid fever, supposed to have been contracted while en- deavoring to eradicate Foot-and-Mouth Disease. A federal order effective October states that the Secretary of Agriculture has revoked the quarantine placed upon the states of Indiana, Michigan and Virginia. The quarantine status of Ih- nois, New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania remains unchanged. bo C1 (00) MISCELLANEOUS In an attempt to prevent the spread of Foot-and-Mouth Dis- ease in McDonough county, Il., it is reported that all churches, Sunday Schools, picture shows and other meetings have been or- dered discontinued. Public schools are excepted. In an effort to eradicate hog cholera from Harsen’s Island, Mich., it has been found desirable to place a quarantine upon dogs. The stock yards at Rock River, Wyoming, have been placed under quarantine by the State Veterinarian, until the yards are cleaned and disinfected according to government regulations, be- cause cattle shipped from there to South Omaha, Neb., were found to be infected with scab. Dr. Thomas H. Edwards of the Ninth Cavalry, Douglass, Ari- zona, has received orders to proceed to Manila for duty in the Phil- ippine Islands. A horse at North Attleboro, Mass., was electrocuted by coming in contact with surface water charged with electricity, caused by a ground wire attached to an electric light pole. Veterinary education is receiving proper recognition in Aus- tralia. The college at Melbourne University under the direction of Prof. H. A. Woodruff gives two courses of study, one of 4 and one of 414 years. The college at the University of Sydney, under the direction of Prof. J. D. Stewart provides a thorough 4 year course. It is reported that 335,793 American horses have been sold to Europe between August 1, 1914, and October 1, 1915, at an average value of $220 per head. Additional costs are: transportation $85, insurance $10, feed $3, and the horse has from four to ten days’ service in the battle line to pay for himself. The Allentown (Pa.) Call referring to the Foot-and-Mouth Dis- ease states that the lesson has been a severe and costly one, but it has been worth every cent spent for it in that it has taught the country and the state to be careful. The value of being irreproach- ably free from disease is coming to be more and more of value. The Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the U. 8. Live Stock Sani- tary Association is called for December 1 and 2, at the Hotel LaSalle, Chicago. This meeting will follow just after the conference called by Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Vrooman. T. B. Harries of Calgary, Canada, Lt. A. V. C., is seeing ser- vice with the 22d Divisional Train, somewhere in France. SOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U.S. Vet. Med. Assn.) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N.Y. Committee on Journal F. Torrance, Chairman, A. E1cuHorn, Secretary, C. J. MARSHALL, W. R. BLAIR, R. A. ARCHIBALD, M. Jacoss, N. S, Mayo, G. R. Wuite, V. A. Moore, L. FrotH- INGHAM, C. H. STANGE, H. JENSEN, G. H. RoBErts, R. P. LYMAN. Sub-Committee on Journal C. J. MARSHALL, Chairman, R. P. LyMAN, A. EICHHORN, Secretary The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements pubiished in the JOURNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. VoL. XLVIII.N. S. Vor. I. DECEMBER, 1915. No. 3. Bois Jerome, November 1, 1915. To My AMERICAN CONFERERS AND FRIENDS: It is only in the last days of October (the 29th), that I re- ceived information of the changes made in the publication of the American Veterinary Review, and of the promises made to our friends, by my co-editor, Prof. Ellis, of an expression of farewell on my part, at an early date. Distance and circumstances have not allowed me to acquit myself before this, and I do it to-day, in advancing the invoice of my usual, monthly communication for January, 1916.* Since 40 years, or about that, when the American Veterinary Review was first trusted to my care by the UNITED Stares VETERI- NARY Mepicau ASSOCIATION, and given to me afterward, I have en- deavored to make it one of the best means to elevate our profession and to put it on the footing worthy of being its noble representative ! All my efforts and all my energy I have used with that object in view. The last change and selection of the Committee of the National Association seems to say that I have not altogether failed. But no matter how earnest and with personal disinterested * Dr. Liautard attached this communication addressed to the American Veterinary Profession, to his chronicles for January, 1916, but having reached us in time for publication in the December issue we give them to the profession now. 260 EDITORIAL motives that my endeavors may have been, they could not have succeeded or corresponded to my professional ambitious views, had it not been for the kindness, the indulgence, the support and the assistance of every nature, that all my friends in America, all our readers, collaborators and correspondents, have given me; and also the good staff I -was fortunate enough to attach to the work. It is to them Aut that I owe thanks and expressions of grati- tude. It is to them that I address myself to-day ; for without them, the great object of the United States Veterinary Medical Association could not have been realized. Now, it is the JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, which will continue the work. It has at its head, one whose efforts will never be wanting, and who will keep well in view the main original object of the creation of the journal, viz: the ele- vation of the AMERICAN VETERINARY PROFESSION! oa A tee 3 herds NTMI = 155 52 uh Oe a «ee 0 herds ADE See ee ke 8 lemme SE 6 herds AIST rh | sks ete yoo sPhce 16 herds *Up to August 22, 1915 | Its'sst‘02e$|3a 60 OSTs|sco'ser' era ctlzcT‘asti66 larz‘s |Fzs‘sz |sFr2‘69 |202‘2 |T96‘2 |T20's |°*" “STVLOL SL [13 “IBW\h “AON |9C"6S6'S |01°Sz0'9 90°8ST'6TT FOL’ |L (SSP |PoLT |FOST |2€ [0b |Or |*°°°*** UIstOdSTAA € |r ‘adviog ‘494|FP'808'T P8' SSF 9T'E18 ol 96F 0 |FIT |68T £61 ial i id cae SOMA ; A piel ann PS aI cee Ors Mao - 7 ails weed ts t lec -wemlet sonleees lrroog losscoee eve lo lo loupe laze lo |e a |-o-cr->> coroner € |FS “AVAL “AON ICT'STF'S |€9'F9T'S |(0G°06'89 9681 0 jeg {G28 [886 |S Isc 6s "'** "pussy epouy rE [6c “AdV|T “AON |OF'8S6'LL |S8°P89'LT |I9'L6T‘'FE6 O&h 16 |LT |69€ |SSO'GT |686 FI [S62 |8S8 |706 |° °° vrueayAsueg 68 |3 ‘adyie “AON |Z8°LS9°3 PO PPL cL |IP'OOL'e9S |OST'ZT |L [9ST IF66h I6T0F |F0G |Tas jece | °° oro 0g. |st Aen re “Aon |co'09e'L [6E'9L0°OT |LE°80e'srF |180°9 |8E JOST |68h jOTH'S |s9l |€6T JOST |°*°°" "310K MON 8 |6 UNL 6G “AON|ZS'0LS'T G6SC6 88'900°E2L |9FT's (8 16 STS FIST 16 6 0g str SOSA MAN T |83 ‘Wee 6s “AON 09612 C6681 0¢°6S6'F FOL 0 |0 9% 8 g € ¢ ‘oarysdure py] Avo NT § |€ ‘“WeC\, “AON |OS'LL ZL'L98 0L'S6F 19 9S9'T 10 |L88 IIT SOFT |ST Be ge. ee eens vuRyUOyy QT |8T “ABW ST “PO|OS'LTS‘T 3186'S recipOla (62 (0 |eG8 \s66'S lLF6s l68eu tle (etc is UBS 6 |83 ‘Adyic “AON|OL°68P'8 |LL'TE9'8 |ET'Ss9L086 [006 {IT |2L [GOS |L0T'S |F6 (96 86 |° °° S}eSnqouSSETT OT [St 48s “AON |9Z'T0'9 jog'6es‘s =| FE" LOa‘F9 68L6 |0 |Z6L |Ic9T |#96 |6h |9G {9g seers sss puBpAre yy igh NCH eae "AON |SS'T6L'T 0S 398s OO'O9S FEL |980F |T 916 |8T6 |1S6's |€L (6 on ae * Ayonquey - |9 ABN G “FL|98°E0T F1°639'T 8613682 oss‘T |0 {0 eTe LIST |9 6 9 pecs Cs easier 6 |63 “AVW\S “AON|S#'62E'T ZOGlGBimlsaGuee Gok ISt6S IO \Ge- Pee Sipe ier (St SP ly "2a BAOT 6L |S “ABI GT *390|90°689'T CGSTEr (S2eSS'szT |TP89 |0 |ST9 |Tz8e |SS8s |90L |STT |O@T |" *” evuRIpuy ec |¢o “AdViT “AON |09'L82'66 |6T'TLP'99 [SP PPS'SEGT |3FO'6S 133 |SP2T |PEF ES [SEES |60L |FSL |89L |°°°°'° °° ** Stout “18 “ABIN|OT “AON |08°0T 00ST 00°08 eg 0 |0 G SF ¢ ¢ Vecone jiimeott: * 19 FO “4SIq T |tg ‘0qd'9 *AON|0S'60¢ OVSseT |92°290'8 1G 0 (32 (6? 3ST rat rf a ct Paes, OLBMBTA(T ¢ |tt ‘advl6t ‘Aon|6s'tre't slop sse’s $loT9g9E'et $ [918 0 0 epr lee, lige lee lee [2° °°": quonoeunog ‘$09 QNIL9I4NISIO WWA sjewiuy 40 Sanat Nain NI OJA0H1S30 aa OaSIvuddy jo saquiny |isyog | d33HS | NIMS | J1LLVO S3SIWIYd | SYINMO | SOYIH ULVLS “ON ALMadOd Wi0l {240} . SLVI6L ST6L “St ATE OL ‘ASVASIG HLQOWAGNV-LOOA AO NOLLVOIGVYA SOILLSILVIS GNV GUYALHSAVIS STVWINV JO LYOday (To be contwmued) THE SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST IN CERTIFIED DAIRIES* C. L. Roapuouss, Berkeley, Cal. In the course of several years supervision of six certified dairies in the San Francisco Bay region for the San Francisco County and Alameda County Medical Milk Commissions by members of the Veterinary Division of the University of California, considerable data has been collected which should be of concern to those inter- ested in the tubereulin test. _ These dairies offer special advantage for such observations be- cause the herds are constantly under supervision and regulation with respect to tuberculosis and other diseases. The animals have been pastured on ground used only for healthy animals and pur- chased stock has not been admitted on the premises until it has passed the test. There is also satisfactory co-operation on the part of the owner in most certified dairies which makes the results more reliable than they would likely be on an equal number of animals from other sources. The methods of supervision in the certified dairies in this see- tion are as follows: 1. Limiting the purchase of stock to herds where less than 10 percent. of the animals react to the tuberculin test. 2. Semi-annual tests of all animals, alternating the sub- cutaneous and intradermal methods of testing. 3. Placing the responsibility for the health of the animals upon one individual. (The monthly veterinary inspections required by the Medical Muk Commission is designed to de- tect physical cases of tuberculosis as well as other diseases. However, in certified dairies physical cases seldom occur.) “Tur Ten Percent Ruue.’’? When this work was begun in 1905 Ward and Haring followed the practice, which was then ap- proved in this county, of allowing all purchased animals passing the test to be added to the certified herd. However, it was soon learned here, as elsewhere, that it was not possible to reduce the number of reacting animals in the herds at subsequent tests by such procedure when purchases were regularly being made. ‘This led to the intro- *Presented at the meeting of the A. V. M. A. Section on Sanitary Sci- ence and Police, Oakland, Cal., September, 1915. THE TUBERCULIN TEST IN CERTIFIED DAIRIES 421 duction of what has here been termed the ‘‘Ten per cent Rule’’, the effect of which has been to limit the purchase of animals to smaller herds, as experience has shown that it is very difficult to find large herds of dairy cows in this state that would show less than ten per cent of reactors. It is possible to violate the spirit of the ten per cent rule by purchasing a single cow or a few cows from several owners, but this has not been’ done where the dairymen purchase the stock from the original owner, as they have become impressed with the value of this rule in lessening the danger of reactions at sub- sequent tests. Even with the enforcement of the ten per cent rule, which must be regarded as stringent in the purchase of stock, it has been found that of the 82 reacting animals removed from the various dairies during the past year, 65 of them, or 79.2 per cent, have been purchased during the last three years. This result, to- gether with the fact that it is difficult and expensive to locate and buy cows from herds where less than ten percent of the animals react, has encouraged the dairymen to raise more calves from their own herds. Tuberculosis in calves raised in certified dairies is as follows: HEALTH OF CALVES RaIsep IN CERTIFIED DAIRIES No. of Calves No.ofthese No. of these . raised Calves raised Calves on milk from reacting tested cows Dairy No.1. 4 4 0 Dairy No. 2 No report Dairy No. 3 150 150 1 *Dairy No. 4 200 200 27 Dairy No. 5 20 20 0 Dairy No. 6 60 60 0 Although the number of animals raised is limited to 434 the result is significant. SEMI-ANNUAL TUBERCULIN Tests. Alternating Subcutaneous and Intradermal Methods. As every attempt is made to minimize tuberculosis in certified dairies, it is the practice in the SanFrancisco Bay region to test all animals at six month intervals. The sub- cutaneous test was used exclusively until the second half of 1914 when the intradermal method of testing was introduced. The fol- lowing data for each dairy shows the results from the two methods of testing : *Dairy No. 4 showed 18% of cows in the herd reacting at the time of the first test. The first lot of calves were fed refuse hay from the mangers of the dairy barn. 422 Cc. L. ROADHOUSE RESULTS FROM SUBCUTANEOUS AND INTRADERMAL TUBERCULIN TESTS IN CERTIFIED DAIRIES Datry No. 1 No. animals No, animals Percentage ; tested condemned condemned Subcutaneous Test June, 1914 132 1 Bi Intradermal Test December, 1914 125 | 5.6 Subeutaneous Test June, 1915 Bal 3 2.29 Dairy No. 2 Subcutaneous Test February, 1914 209 12 4.6 Intradermal Test September, 1914 279 16 Dak Subcutaneous Test March, 1915 298 10 oo Datry No. 3 Subcutaneous Test January, 1914 315 5 1.5 Intradermal Test July, 1914 330 16 4.8 Subeutaneous Test January, 1915 350 + dail Dairy No. 4 Subcutaneous Test May, 1914 196 15 7.6 Intradermal Test November, 1914 ee, 9 Li) Subcutaneous Test May, 1915 204 8 3.9 Dartry No. 5 Intradermal Test November, 1913 39 0 0 Subcutaneous Test June, 1914 43 1 Do Subcutaneous Test January, 1915 36 0 0 Dairy No. 6 Subeutaneous Test _ December, 1913 66 1 nes) Intradermal Test July, 1914 135 i Pye Subcutaneous Test January, 1915 142 1 | THE TUBERCULIN TEST IN CERTIFIED DAIRIES 423 A summary of the above is given in the following table: Animals Tested During First Half of 1914 by Subcutaneous Method No animalemtestederr. «4... s. Maca iees 1011 Nov animalgpreactimm.< .. <0... .sieaee ents 35 Percentagemeactine: ....-... 0... eee 3.4 Animals Tested during Second Half of 1914 by Intradermal Method INOS aliemeienestedas +s... . 6c os. cee 1080 No: animals rescuing... 2... eee 5d Percenieeredenime..... 222... eee 5.0 Animals Tested during First Half of 1915 by Subcutaneous Method Nov ammuaaingiesied:: 222%... . . ...-.c gee 1161 No. amlialsmeacting.... 2.2.2... 60s oe8 26 Pereentaee Teaching... . f.% a eed. eee 2.2 The point of greatest significance from the above data is shown in the summary. To the subcutaneous test of 1914, 35 animals, or 3.4% reacted. The intradermal test, made six months later on the same animals, showed 55, or 5% reacting. As there were more than 1000 animals included in this result, the statement made by Haring and Bell that the intradermal test is somewhat more search- ing in its diagnosis of incipient cases of tuberculosis in animals than the subcutaneous test would seem to be supported. RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE HEALTH OF THE Herps. The Medical Milk Commissioners have insisted that all tests and examinations of animals be conducted by the official veterinarian, or under his direct supervision. The reasons for this procedure are manifold: first, it fixes the responsibility upon one individual; second, it leads to uniformity in technique and interpretation; third, special- ization is developed, increasing the accuracy of the work; fourth, the filing of uniform records at a central point for a period of years makes it possible to accumulate data of value which is a guide for the future. Identification cards are preserved for all animals in the various herds and ear tags are recorded, and such details can best be done by the man who is doing such work regularly. THE FAILURE OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST IN CERTIFIED DAIRIES. During the past year one of the largest certified dairies in the east- ern part of the United States has had certification temporarily with- drawn on account of tuberculosis developing among the animals in the herd. The Board of Veterinary Experts (Moore, Klein and 424 Cc. L. ROADHOUSE White) appointed by the Milk Commissioners* reported that the most important source of infection in the herd was from animals purchased and added to the herd. They state that ‘‘ All cows were tested with tuberculin at the time of purchase and only those that passed the test were shipped to the farm. The cows which were pur- chased were from herds that had been assembled by dealers.’’ Dur- ing a period of four and one-half months 111 animals were pur- chased. These animals when tested one year later showed 55 react- ing, or 49.5%. There are other conditions which are reported to have contributed to the spread of the infection, but it was the failure of the tuberculin test to detect tuberculosis in purchased stock no doubt that led to the withdrawal of certification at the time. If the ten per cent. rule enforced under our supervision, or some similar re- striction on the percentage of reactors allowed in a herd from which stock was purchased, had been followed, we believe that the risk of an occurrence of this kind would heave been greatly reduced, except in those cases where unscrupulous methods were used by the person selling the animals. From this incident we must be impressed with the great risk that is taken where there is permitted the wholesale and promiscuous purchase of stock for admission to a healthy herd, subject to the tuberculin test. Some of the recommendations of Moore, Klein and White in the report, to which I have referred above, deserve mention : 1. That the —————— Dairy Company extend as rapid- ly as possible the plan which they have recently instituted of raising cows to replenish the herd and that the practice of purchasing cows for the dairy be discontinued as soon as possible. 2. That until sufficient cows can be raised upon the farm extreme care be exercised in purchasing new cows. By ‘‘ex- treme care’’ we mean that insofar as is possible cows be pur- chased from herds that are free from tuberculosis, and that the purchase of cows from miscellaneous lots of cattle assem- bled by dealers be discontinued. 3. That all animals not obtained from tuberculosis-free herds be required to pass a tuberculin test before purchase and that they be segregated from the herd until they have passed a retest, which should be made two or three months after their arrival at the farm, a double dose of tuberculin being used. *Twenty-sixth Report of the Medical Milk Commission of Essex County, N, J. THE TUBERCULIN TEST IN CERTIFIED DAIRIES 425 4. That a test of the entire herd be made regularly at intervals of approximately one year. These recommendations are in accord with the procedure fol- lowed in this region, with two exceptions: first, the ten per cent rule is used in the purchase of stock, rather than the segregation of such animals from the herd and their retesting three months later: and second, semi-annual tests of all animals in the herd are made, rather than the annual testing recommended by them. When stock is purchased it is usually because there is an increased demand for milk. It would, therefore, not be expedient in such ease to segre- gate purchased animals for three months before they could be used for certified milk production, and, if this were insisted upon, it would increase the cost in maintaining such herds, which we be- lieve the ten per cent rule avoids. From our results, we feel that a proper restriction in the num- ber of reacting animals which there may be in a herd from which animals are to be purchased, with semi-annual tests, is as safe as the segregation above mentioned and that it is less burdensome to the dairy owners. ——_0O-———_- ABSTRACT OF DISCUSSION. Dr. Torrance: I would like to ask Dr. Roadhouse what was the method of disposing of these animals? Were they slaughtered, and if so, were post mortems made to confirm the test or not? Dr. RoapHovuseE: The milk commission made no disposal of these animals but recommended to the owner that they be slaugh- tered and that the animals be posted where it was possible. Of course, in most cases, the animals were slaughtered at the comple- tion of the test and the lesions sought for. The owners have been satisfied with the results, and now they usually do not ask this. In the regular routine it increases the labor to make post mortems, and post mortem examinations are held only when the owner re- quests it. The owner is encouraged to sell such stock for beef, but the milk commission has no authority over them as long as they are removed from the premises. Usually they were sold for beef by prac- tically all six dairies, but where the number of reactors is large as in the case where one dairy had 35 animals and 15 reactors among them, by the intradermal test, the owner felt that the loss was too great, and I know this particular man sold these animals to other dairies, which is done, no doubt, in other places. There is nothing to prevent it, at present, in California. Dr. Kinstey: I would like to ask the Doctor if the premises were disinfected after the first subcutaneous test, before the ani- mals went into the same stalls, to be milked ? 426 Cc. L. ROADHOUSE = Dr. RoapHovusE: It is one of the rules of the milk commission that the stalls arid mangers be disinfected at the close of each test. This is carried out under the supervision of the inspection depart- ment. Dr. Kinsey: It is rather hard, it seems to me, to interpret the findings. It is certainly unfortunate that we have not the le- sions of these reactors to go with the reports to verify the different tests. In the state of Missouri, particularly around Kansas City, all cows going out fer dairy purposes are tested. Those going to the Kansas side are given the subcutaneous test, and those going to the Missouri side are given the intradermal test. In the last three years for the Missouri side, we have tested some 6000 cattle. For the two years preceding this one, about 4500 head of cows were tested. They have been re-tested twice. The dairies are tested once a year by the intradermal method. Of the 2800 and some odd head tested last year, we got 23 reactors, 22 of which showed dis- tinct lesions when killed under government supervision at our Kan- sas City packing houses. Of the remainder, something over 2800 went in our dairies and were tested during January, February and March of this year, one of those 2800 reacted, and showed lesions on post mortem examination. It is possible and quite probable that we give the tuberculin test to cattle that have been tested within a week or ten days, and yet our findings, I think, have been remarkable on the re-test when one animal in 2800 reacted under such circumstances. Now in the year previous out of 2800 head not a single reactor was found the first year; with something like 1300 of the 1800 the second year tested, not a single reactor. Perhaps it is in our lack of efficiency in making the test, but we find that our percentage of reactors is practically the same as the subcutaneous reactors in the same class of animals in the yards. Dr. McNair: I would like to ask Dr. Roadhouse or other gentlemen doing work along this line what in his judgment is the value of auscultation or the examination of pharyngeal secretions in the detection of tuberculosis. Dr. Stums: I would like to know if Dr. Roadhouse has the hypodermic needle which he uses. I have made the test and always had difficulty with the needles I used. They are not satisfactory. Dr. Day: I would like to ask Dr. Roadhouse which test he finds the most practical, the subeutaneous or the intradermal? It is a question in our state as to the practicality of it—the time con- sumed in applying the tests. The accuracy of it, I think, is pretty well tested, but it is a question as to which is the most practical. Dr. DaurymMpLe: I would like to ask Dr. Roadhouse if he found any difference in the season of the year in which he made the tests? That is, the hot or the cold season? THE TUBERCULIN TEST IN CERTIFIED DAIRIES 427 ~ Dr. Roapuouse: I wish our cattle in California were as free from tuberculosis as the animals which have been reported from Missouri, or Kansas City. Dr. Kinsley has been fortunate in com- ing in contact with animals which are quite free from tuberculosis. I would like to ask Dr. Kinsley if these were beef animals or dairy animals? Dr. KinstEY: Cows used in the ordinary dairies in and around the city. Dr. RoapHouse: Usually in California when we test that kind of stock, especially if they are in dairies that have a hundred ani- mals or more, we find from 20% to 30% reacting. Dr. Kinsuey: We test our cows every year, and the reacting animals are sold to the packing houses. Dr. RoapHouse: In checking the intradermal and subecutane- ous methods as Dr. Kinsley has testified, the results seem quite good. In this testing, may I ask, if the best animals which were re-tested by the intradermal method were given the subcutaneous test also? Dr. Kinstey: On the Missouri side of the state line, we used the intradermal test once a year, testing all dairy animals supplying milk in Kansas City. Dr. RoapHousE: Do I understand that you sometimes use the subcutaneous test ? Dr. Kinstey: No, the state line divides Kansas City, Missouri, and Kansas City, Kansas, and our stock yards are on the line. The cows going to Kansas are checked and tested by the subcutaneous method. Dr. RoapuHouse: Then you did not check the intradermal test as against the subcutaneous? Dr. KinstEyY: No. Not in the last six or seven years. We do sometimes get cows in Missouri which have been recently tested in Kansas, according to the Kansas regulations. Dr. RoapHouseE: From the report which Dr. Kinsley gives from his section, it would seem that he did not talk upon the point I thought he referred to. It was a question concerning the results from the intradermal test as compared with the results from the subcutaneous test, which I was interested in. Dr. RutHerForD: I would lke to ask whether any note was made of the proportion of the newly purchased animals which re- acted after the second test. Six months later you tested 1080 eat- tle. If you tested 1080 there must have been 104 newly purchased cattle. What I wanted to know was whether in your testing, you had checked the number of newly purchased cattle which reacted as against the old stock which had already passed the test ? Dr. RoapuousE: It was checked only in this way: in the data which I gave, where the effort was made to determine what per- centage of reacting animals were from the animals recently pur- chased, as I gave in the report, 82 animals reacted during the past year (July 1, 1914 to July 11,1915). Of these 82 reacting animals, 428 Cc. L. ROADHOUSE 65 I believe was the number, or 79% of them, were from animals which had been purchased during the last three years,—not dur- ing the last year. Dr. RurHErForRD: You say you had 976 cattle that had passed the test and were presumably free from tuberculosis. To those animals you added 104 new animals. What percentage of the new- comers reacted to the second test? That is the poimt I would like to get at. I have had a good deal of experience in cleaning up dairy herds, and I must say, like you, I was more than delighted to hear of the astonishing success attending the work in Kansas City, as I never ran across anything like that. It certainly speaks well for the health of the stock in Missouri and Kansas. I don’t think we would find that condition anywhere else, on this continent or the old world either. I was particularly interested in endeavoring to discover how much of the disease had been introduced by these new- comers. Dr. RoapHouse: That question I think I can only answer by the figures I gave, that 79% of reactors last year were from pur- chased animals within the last three years. I have not the figures except in that form. Dr. RutrHEeRFORD: That would imply, I suppose, that the great majority of those reactors to the second test were cattle that had been purchased in the interval between the first and the second test. Dr. RoapHousE: When this work was done it was not with the idea of preparing a report for this meeting, so that I am obliged to take only such results as our records show, and that question can be answered only in the general statement which I made about pur- chased animals. In reply to Dr. McNair’s question as to whether any work was done in the matter of pharyngeal secretions: I can say that it is not a part of the routine work, and as the work is not done as an in- vestigation, we cannot make any report on that. There are two bulletins which have been published within the last two years, one by the California Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion by Haring and Dow, and one in Montana by Welch, and both of these bulletins show the apparatus which they used in this work. I might say that a very small dental syringe is the type used with the intradermal method and to that is attached a needle about one-fourth inch in length and the injection is made in the folds of the dermis, so that the needle is not long enough to pass through the skin. Dr. Stums: I wrote to Dr. Welch and he said the one which he illustrated was not a satisfactory syringe, and that he had been looking for years for the right thing but had not found one which exactly suited him. Dr. Roapuouse: I find the syringes usually made and sent out by the biologic people are not durable. A 6 ¢e.c. subcutaneous syringe is put up for the subcutaneous test, fortunately the threads AN IDEAL STATE LAW 429 of the small needles which we can purchase will screw onto the 6 e.e. syringe, and will be tight if a few rounds of thread are wrapped in the threads of the syringe, and with care in connecting the small needle with the large 6 ¢.c. syringe, we are able to inject 30 to 40 head with one syringeful, and it works satisfactorily, because the larger syringe is more durable. In answer to Dr. Day’s question as to which test is the most practical, I would say a review of the work which has been done by the men mentioned and others would lead us to believe, that animals will react through the intradermal test in certain cases which do not react to the subeutaneous, and in other cases animals will react to the subeutaneous test which have failed to react under the intradermal; that with the proper interval between the tests, the actual number of reactions, in a given herd, results when both methods are used. Writers on the intradermal test recommend it particularly for range cattle because it is not easy to conduct the subeutaneous test on relatively wild animals, and for animals which have high temperatures. It may also be used for hogs, as their temperatures are irregular from handling, and young stock which are not suited for the subcutaneous test. It also seems to be con- sidered preferable to the subcutaneous in climates where the tem- perature of the dir is higher than that of the animal, on account of the difficulty of keeping the thermometer down to the proper tem- perature,—low enough so that the subcutaneous test is reliable. Dr. Kinsey: Mr. President, I would like to ask Dr. Ruther- ford, if he questions my statements, to write to our state depart- ment at Columbia and get some reliable information about the use of tests, or get some of the B. A. |. reports concerning the test in the Kansas City Live Stock Yards. Dr. RurHerForD: Not for one moment did I question the ver- acity of Dr. Kinsley’s statement. | simply took the liberty of commending him on the particularly good health of the stock in his section. — OQ" AN IDEAL STATE LAW FOR COOPERATION BE- TWEEN STATE AND FEDERAL AUTHORITIES IN THE WORK OF ERADICATING CONTAGIOUS ANIMAL DISEASES C. J. MARSHALL, State Veterinarian, Harrisburg, Penn. It is the duty of the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry to prevent the introduction or spread of the transmissible diseases of animals to or within federal territory under its jurisdiction. In accordance with state rights it is presupposed that each common- 430 Cc. J. MARSHALL wealth is prepared and equipped to handle such diseases within its borders. The Organie Act of May 29, 1884, establishing the Federal Bu- reau of Animal Industry, specifically provides for the cooperation of states and territories in the eradication of contagious, infectious and communicable diseases and in the execution and enforcement of this act. It also provides that when the properly constituted state authorities signify their readiness to cooperate for the eradication of communicable diseases, the Department of Agriculture is author- ized to expend for disinfection and quarantine measures so much of the appropriation as may be necessary to prevent the spread of the disease from one state or territory to another. Furthermore, pro- vision is made whereby any individual may furnish information regarding diseased animals and may bring violations of this act to the attention of the United States Attorney of his district whose duty shall be to prosecute such violations. When from the nature and extent of the disease it is feared that it may get beyond the control of the local authorities and spread to other states and countries the federal government takes all possible precautions to prevent such an occurrence. The federal government has a legal right to quarantine a state and to prevent the interstate movement of livestock or anything that may carry contagion, en- dangering the livestock of another state or country. It cannot establish or enforce quarantines against livestock on premises or portions of territory within a state except as to the interstate movement of such livestock, neither can it force an entry or compel the destruction of animals or property. A state cannot do so unless it is provided with the necessary legislation. Under the present organization of the federal bureau an effi- cient veterinary sanitary force is maintained at all times and is in readiness for emergency work. Under ordinary conditions this force of men render valuable public service in the work of meat in- spection, tick and scab eradication, and are able to conduct research work on many diseases. In the past such work has proven of in- estimable value to the livestock interests of the country. In cases of emergency it is always available for quick and efficient action. Each state should maintain a somewhat similar service. Such men could be used to advantage at all times. The federal government is not able to look after meat hygiene work in houses that are not doing an interstate business. It is reasonable to suppose that the AN IDEAL STATE LAW 431 poorest class of animals is slaughtered in places not under inspec- tion. About 60% of the cattle, sheep and hogs slaughtered in this country are subjected to a federal inspection. This leaves 40% of the meat supply of every state which is uninspected. ' Milk hygiene is even more important and very little is done in the various states on this subject. The meat and milk hygiene service, and the minor transmis- sible diseases of animals, that should be looked after by the state would furnish an abundance of work for a good-sized veterinary sanitary police force. With such a force it would be possible for the state to furnish trained men to co-operate with the federal forces in case of emergency. In this respect most of the states have been remiss in the past and in a great majority of cases were able to furnish no experienced, well-trained assistants to co-operate with the federal forces. Aside from the regularly employed agents of the state and fed- eral governments, each state should have an abundance of well-edu- eated and efficient veterinary practitioners who may be called into public service when needed. All veterinary practitioners should be compelled by law to report promptly all dangerous communicable diseases of animals. In controlling foot-and-mouth disease the pri- vate practitioner can render most valuable service. The State Vet- erinarian in Pennsylvania is authorized to employ local practitioners to do any kind of work when it is deemed necessary. In this way a large number of competent men scattered over the state are in con- stant touch with the work of the Board. They are kept informed and are familiar with the laws and regulations, and most of them can be called upon for assistance in cases of emergency. It.is also important that the state furnish adequate means for a thorough veterinary education to a sufficient number of men to look after veterinary sanitary police measures. The day and gen- eration have passed when men with business ability alone are con- sidered prepared to be entrusted with matters which involve tech- nical knowledge which they do not possess. Practically every state loses more than five per cent. of its livestock valuation each year from preventable diseases. Veteri- narians should not be criticised for inability to prevent such losses when the state provides inadequate means, or none at all, for prop- erly training men in matters of animal hygiene and furnishes no money to control or eradicate these diseases. Very few of our 432 Cc. J. MARSHALL states spend any money for veterinary education. If five per cent. of the preventable losses were spent for veterinary education and veterinary hygiene work in each state, the work could be done satis- factorily and millions of dollars saved annually for other purposes. The general plan of organizing the work of co-operation be- tween the federal and state forces should be carefully planned and thoroughly understood by both sides when it is necessary to combine forces to handle unusual conditions, as is necessary in exterminat- ing foot-and-mouth disease, or other possible diseases that are equal- ly as important. This would depend to a great extent upon the equipment of the state. It is especially true in reference to the number of available men, their qualifications and experience. The outline of the work to be covered in foot-and-mouth disease, for ex- ample, is somewhat as follows :— 1. Locating the disease. 2. Placing quarantines on premises and territory. 3. Appraising livestock and other property. 4. Preparing burial trenches. 5. Slaughtering diseased herds. 6. Disinfecting premises. 7. Farm-to-farm inspections. 8. Issuing permits. 9. Releasing quarantines. 10. Auditing and paying the bills. The federal and state forces should each have a main office, and an efficient and sufficient office force to handle the business promptly and accurately. If the disease is wide-spread, the infected terri- tory should be divided into districts and a competent, experienced man, who is familiar with the territory and the people, placed in charge of each district. It is best perhaps for both the federal and state governments to have a representative in charge of each dis- trict. If so, these men must understand each other thoroughly and work in absolute harmony. If this cannot be done, each had better be given a separate territory or separate duties and then held re- sponsible for his part of the work. Where the work is done to- gether, each should have free access to the other’s records at all times and the field work should be routed and planned together so that duplications will be avoided. The districts should not be too large. The men in charge should be in daily touch with the working force and at the same time keep AN IDEAL STATE LAW 433 the main office informed daily of the progress and new developments. In reference to locating centers of infection, the main office should know where the suspicious shipments have been received and, by co-operating with the railroad officials, shippers, dealers, ete., this information can be obtained. The general public should be informed through the public press, agricultural papers, fliers, posters, public meetings, etc., of the pres- ence and location of the disease; the symptoms, nature and import- ance of the disease and the measures to be adopted to prevent and eradicate it. In most cases the owner will report suspicious symp- toms, either to his local veterinarian or to the state or federal officers. This plan should be encouraged in every way possible. It has been very unusual for owners to hide or attempt to hide the disease and it is believed that if they can be assured of prompt and fair settlement, none would deliberately try to deceive the proper officials. As soon as the disease is located, or where there is reasonable suspicion of its existence, and where susceptible animals have been exposed to the disease, a special quarantine should be placed at once. Loeal, federal and state agents should have authority to place such quarantines. If possible to do so, a guard should be placed over the premises. Curiosity on the part of stock-owners and others to see how the disease looks is often responsible for its spread. A quarantine alone is not enough to keep such people away. Neces- sity often demands that the people on quarantined premises must leave the place. This might be done safely if a guard were present to disinfect their shoes, fumigate their clothing, ete. By this plan it would also be possible for children on quarantined premises to continue their school work safely. Special quarantines, or those on a district or section of country, should be handled by the main office. The method adopted by the federal bureau in classifying territory as free, restricted, exposed and ¢losed was considered satisfactory, and should be followed as closely as possible by the state authorities. It is not practical in all eases for the state and federal quarantined area to be divided in the same way. A state may consider it safe to move animals within the federal quarantined area for certain purposes, when the federal government could not permit such a movement across a state line. The state authorities may not be satisfied to aecept shipments from 434 C. J. MARSHALL out of the state when government regulations would permit them. The main office should look after details of this kind. On the matter of appraisements, a representative each of the federal and state governments should work together. These men should be familiar with the breeds and prices of livestock, and be able to place a just valuation on animals and other property that is to be destroyed. In case the owner is unwilling to agree to the ap- praisement allowed, the Pennsylvania law provides for appointing sworn appraisers. The slaughter method has been adopted as the best means for controlling the disease and the sooner it can be done the better. An experienced person should be selected to destroy the animals. If any safe way can be devised to slaughter exposed animals, and save the hides or the carcasses for food it should be done. It is seldom feasible to manage the destruction so as to accomplish this saving, for the reason that it is not safe to move exposed animals to slaughter houses; there are seldom any facilities for conducting the work on the farm and moreover there is but a limited market for the meat slaughtered on the farm. As soon as the animals are disposed of, the premises should be promptly disinfected. This should be carefully and thoroughly done under the supervision of a man especially trained for this kind of work. Reinfections occurred in very few cases during the past outbreak, yet, much of the work was done in very cold weather under adverse conditions. Farm-to-farm inspections may be done by either state or fed- eral men. The diagnosis’should be verified in all cases and the most experienced and reliable men provided to examine all doubtful cases. There is perhaps more danger of diagnosing other condi- tions as foot-and-mouth disease than there is of failing to recognize and include true eases. The diagnosis is not always easy. It is especially difficult in those cases that have partially recovered, and in many instances at the beginning or the ending of an outbreak. Permits for holding sales, moving livestock, hides, fodder, ma- nure, ete., intra-state should be handled by the state forces. In most cases the state men are more familiar with the territory, peo- ple and the state regulations than the federal men. Permits should be issued without expense to the owner, and by none except those specially authorized to do so. The federal men have rendered valuable assistance in an advisory capacity in the AN IDEAL STATE LAW 435 matter of issuing permits. All transportation companies, stock yard companies, shippers and newspapers should be promptly noti- fied by the main office of any changes in the regulations. Before starting with the actual work of eradication a thorough understanding should exist as to the payment of accounts; not only as to the share of expense each party should bear, but as to the ac- tual payment of same. When it is decided that payment of claims is to be divided in a certain manner (as for instance, each paying 50 per cent.) in- stead of paying the claim by two vouchers, each for the exact share decided upon, it might facilitate matters and give more general sat- isfaction if such claims were paid in full at one time, either the state or the federal Department making the payment and being re- imbursed by the other for its share of the expense. If a full under- standing of the division of the expense were entered into before such expenses are incurred, no dispute would arise by this method, and better work might result. However, legal difficulties arising out of the prohibition against the federal government making loans must be avoided. During the past outbreaks claims for cattle, etc., were paid by two vouchers, one by the state and one by the federal Department of Agriculture. It frequently happened that live stock were mort- gaged to an extent of over 50 per cent. The share of neither de- partment was sufficient to defray this mortgage, and as a result much confusion and delay took place in the settlement of such claims, with a corresponding degree of hardship and dissatisfaction on the part of the owners. Funds should also be made available for the prompt payment of temporary laborers, such as men employed in the digging of trenches, the labor incident to disinfection, ete. Such funds were not always available during the past outbreak. It is extremely difficult to get competent labor quickly, and at the proper rate when the payment of wages is a matter of doubtful promptness. The majority of this class of workers are dependent upon their daily wage for their daily bread, and however good their claims might be they are not in a position to wait. This might be handled by spece- ial temporary disbursing agents, who could be bonded and sent out with the field parties. It is extremely important that definite plans be adopted for obtaining funds and for making prompt payment of all just claims 436 Cc. J. MARSHALL when it is necessary to destroy livestock and personal property for the public good. In certain states the limit of appraisement has justly been raised to full market value in eases of foot-and-mouth disease. Some states have neglected to set aside funds for meeting such appraisements, but have trusted to the generosity of future legislatures to appropriate the money. This plan is too uncertain and far removed to appeal to our practical breeders and livestock men. Many of them are unwilling, and cannot afford, to accept promises that are not bankable. Colorado has adopted a plan that seems reasonable and just. It is as follows :— The governor has authority, in emergency cases under certain conditions, to issue certificates of indebtedness. These certificates are practically notes of the state carrying four per cent. interest, and, under the constitution, the legislature is required to make an appropriation to care for such certificates whenever it meets. Under the law passed last winter in Colorado, in case of an out- break of foot-and-mouth disease, or any other highly contagious disease, the stock board informs the governor and he authorizes the board to destroy such livestock and property as may be necessary, after the appraisement, and upon certificate from the board as to the indebtedness of the state, the governor causes certifivates of in- debtedness to be issued. As these carry four per cent. interest and are certain to be cashed at the first session of the legislature, they are practically the same as cash and will be accepted by all banks the same as any other security. Under this plan the credit of the state is used for any amount that may be necessary to stamp out any serious live stock contagion. The plan is simple and, it is believed, will be effective. Co-operation of state and federal government officials must exist to the fullest extent if prompt and efficient work is to result. The system of dividing the matter of expense equally between the state and federal governments, which existed during the recent out- break, seems to have been just and equitable, and one which gave general satisfaction to all concerned. The actual work should be done on a fifty-fifty basis also, if possible. The subject assigned for this paper was ‘‘An Ideal State Law for Co-operation Between State and Federal Authorities in the Work of Eradicating Contagious Animal Diseases’’. The ‘‘ideal’’ is so difficult of attainment that some authorities define it as ‘‘vis- ionary, or existing only in imagination’’. Therefore, while having AN IDEAL STATE LAW 437 an ideal in mind, I prefer to confine my efforts on this subject to a comprehensive law which may be tangible, rather than to an ideal whieh is only visionary. This is a matter which has receivel our attention and efforts for a number of years and has resulted in the adoption by the Legislature of Pennsylvania of what is known as the Act of July 22, 1913. The inception of the present law was the act of May 21st, 1895, which created a State Livestock Sanitary Board, and defined its duties. The original act has been amended from time to time and was finally codified into what has proved an efficient and comprehensive law, under which we have been enabled satisfactorily to handle several epizootics, as well as the ordinary run of transmissible dis- eases which are of daily occurrence. It has also given us power to impose restrictions upon the interstate movement of diseased and undesirable animals and enables us to secure assistance from the federal Bureau of Animal Industry by a section which definitely provides for co-operation with the authorities of the National Gov- ernment (Section No. 34). Such assistance is not confined to inter- state cases, but may be and has been, available for work within the state. The federal employees are appointed agents of the State Live- stock Sanitary Board and issued identification cards. They then have the same authority as regular state agents, but receive no com- pensation from the state. In this way the federal men have rendered to the state valuable assistance. The Board has never had occasion to regret that such authority was given, but has felt under deep obligations to the federal government for the valuable service it has rendered in exterminating two outbreaks of aphthous fever. In the discussion of an efficient livestock sanitary law we must first consider the foundation upon which it is to rest. There should be provided a livestock board or bureau in the Department of Ag- riculture. Such body must be composed of men who shall be well versed in livestock diseases and not of so-called practical business men or practical farmers whose views will incline only toward min- imizing the immediate financial losses occasioned by destruction of diseased animals. Under the direction of this body there must be an efficient corps of trained men whose services as sanitary police may be available at any time upon short notice. For this purpose it is not necessary to maintain a large standing force, but a small corps of regular employees may be used in an emergency as a nucleus 438 Cc. J. MARSHALL for the formation of a larger force to handle unusual conditions. Under ordinary conditions the regular employees may be profitably used in the work of meat and milk hygiene and in handling the usual run of dangerous diseases which are constantly encountered by owners of livestock. In order to be of greatest service the livestock authorities thus created must be provided with legal authority to enforce such requirements as may be deemed necessary. Probably the most important requirements will be an efficient quarantine, which should be elastic as well as drastic. Such a quarantine could be made to cover all classes of animals, individual- ly or collectively, and all materials which may convey contagion. It should also be made to apply to individual premises, as well as to all premises and territory within described boundaries. In addition to quarantine, a comprehensive law must provide for appraisement and destruction of animals and property, when such action shall become necessary in order to prevent the spread of disease. Pro- vision should be made for equitable and prompt adjustment of all losses thus sustained. In order that such a law shall have force it is necessary to pro- vide penalties for infractions of the statute itself, of quarantines, and of rules and regulations adopted pursuant to the law. In formulating the Pennsylvania law, these were the salient points around which were collected the auxiliary requirements necessary to place it on a workable basis. While we do not presume to offer it as an ‘‘ideal’’, as we are aware of several minor points wherein it may be improved, we have found it to be sufficiently comprehensive to enable us satisfactorily to handle our sanitary work. This law also empowers us to make rules and regulations for the enforcement thereof. Furthermore, it has been declared to be fair and just and has received the endorsement of the progressive and broad-minded livestock owners and breeders of our state. The law should be broad in its terms; the powers conferred on the livestock board should be comprehensive; details should be omitted. Wide range of authority is essential if officials are to get efficient results, particularly in emergencies. An aitempt to regu- late minor matters in the statute itself is sure to lead to embarrass- ment and to hamper officials when they have to deel with unforeseen contingencies. No scheme which is elastic, and adaptable to all conditions, can be devised, unless it embraces power, lodged some- ‘ AN IDEAL STATE LAW 439 where, to make changes and do unanticipated things, without the de- lay which would be unavoidable if‘an amendment of the law itself at the next session of the legislature were required before the board can move. Vesting in the board power to make rules and regulations is the ‘“ideal’’ provision for taking care of details. Such rules and regu- lations, of course, are not valid unless in harmony with the guiding principles prescribed by the statute. The only serious inconvenience we have encountered in the op- erations of our law and regulations is the fact that in some respects they conflict with parallel laws and regulations of other states and those governing the federal Bureau of Animal Industry. These discrepancies are very confusing and embarrassing to transporta- tion companies and shippers; also to livestock owners living near state borders. A railroad agent may receive rules and regulations from the federal authorities and half a dozen or more states, from which his road draws its livestock traffic. All of these regulations may differ on essential points and it will be impossible for the agent properly to construe the intentions of the various authorities. Nearly every regulation which may be drawn will be provided with exceptions to cover various classes of livestock and various exigen- cies which may arise, as in the case of livestock for immediate slaughter being differentiated from feeding or breeding stock and subject to an exception of the general provision of the regulations. That which is permissible under an exception to a regulation of one state may be prohibited by the regulation of an adjoining state which has not provided for such an exception. In one instance a shipper obtained a permit in Ohio to move and ship a load of cattle. When the railroad agent refused to ac- cept the consignment on the grounds that the Pennsyivania regula- tions prohibited the importation of such cattle, the shipper became meensed, threatened a law suit and to withhold his future patronage from that railroad. The shippers thought that by complying with the regulations of one state and obtaining an official permit, he was at liberty to carry out the intention of his permit. In another instance a shipper obtained a permit from a federal agent in New York to ship a load of dairy cows into Pennsylvania. After viewing the federal permit the railroad agent received and forwarded the consignment. At that time the Pennsylvania regu- lations forbade the importation of dairy cattle and when the ani- 440 Cc. J. MARSHALL mals arrived at destination, were quarantined and held under ob- servation for six weeks, which occasioned loss and inconvenience. It was natural for the shipper in this case to assume that the federal authorities had jurisdiction over interstate shipments. His as- sumption was correct in so far that the federal authorities could for- bid the interstate shipment, but was wrong in assuming they could affirmatively authorize it in conflict with Pennsylvania regulations. If these objections can be overcome by the adoption of uniform laws and regulations by all states, in conformity with similar laws and regulations of the National Government, we will make rapid progress in the work of livestock sanitary control. There does not appear to be any serious difficulty in the adoption of a uniform national and state law, but when we approach the subject of uniform regulations we will probably encounter numerous perplexities and controversies, owing to differences of sanitary problems in various sections of the country. This will be especially true in regard to interstate movements by common carriers. It may be of interest to refer to a difficulty of this nature which arose in our state during March, 1915, at a time when the foot-and- mouth disease outbreak was under control, and restrictions were being gradually lessened. Under federal regulations it was per- missible to ship livestock, for immediate slaughter, out of federal modified and exposed areas. The Pennsylvania regulations forbade such shipments to enter our state, and were even more drastic in forbiding such shipments to pass through the state enroute to other states. A reference to the map will show the keystone position held by our state, as such shipments could not reach New York, New Jersey or the New England States except by passing through Penn- sylvania or Canada and, of course, Canada was closed to livestock from the United States. From certain experiences we felt. justified in adopting and en- forcing our own state regulation; so far as we are aware no other state adopted a parallel regulation. Hon. Francis Shunk Brown, Attorney General of Pennsylvania, declared that we had legal authority under the sanitary law, to adopt and enforce such a reg- ulation. Hon. Martin G. Brumbaugh, Governor of Pennsylvania, upheld our action as being an advisable precautionary measure to prevent reintroduction of foot-and-mouth disease into the state. The regulation was also endorsed by various breeders’ associations. AN IDEAL STATE LAW 441 Of course, the railroad authorities vigorously opposed our action, but after a conference, at which our position was clearly and fore- ibly stated, the railroads withdrew their objections and took im- mediate steps to comply. As far as practicable such situations as the above, and all other problems which may arise, should be antic- ipated and uniform regulations be prepared for adoption by the various state and national authorities. Such uniformity should cover so far as practicable the trans- missible diseases of animals, the manufacture, sale and use of bio- logical products and meat and milk hygiene. Municipalities and local boards of health should adopt the laws and regulations of the state and the state should follow the federal government. Probably the best method for attaining the desired uniformity would be for the federal authorities to have supreme jurisdiction over livestock sanitary control work in each state, with the state organizations acting as auxiliaries and being in immediate charge of the field work. I realize that this proposition is somewhat vis- ionary and approaches too closely to the ‘‘ideal’’, to be practical at this time. But I am convinced that a final solution of this prob- lem of uniformity can, and probably will, be worked out along these lines, just as has been done in the case of the military forces of the various states. The Pennsylvania law has stood the tests of the lower courts in a number of instances and its constitutionality has been upheld by the Superior Court. The opinion rendered by the learned Judge Orlady of the Superior Court will be gladly forwarded to anyone who may desire it. Larce AREA TicK-FREE. Areas amounting in the aggregate to 12,313 square miles, situated in the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Virginia, was freed from the tick quarantine on December 1. Previous releases bring the total for the year’s work to about 50,000 square miles—the greatest area released in any one year since systematic tick eradication was begun in 1906. At that time there were 741,515 square miles under quarantine; there are now 465,733 square miles, or less than two- thirds of the original area. WHAT GENERAL AND WHAT SPECIFIC RULES SHOULD BE OBSERVED IN FIXING THE PERIODS AND DURATION OF THE DIF- FERENT FORMS OF QUARANTINE AGAINST FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE* VERANUS A. Moors, Ithaca, N. Y. The assembling of men for the purpose of discussing the sub- ject of quarantine and its application to a particular disease is not new to sanitary science. The term itself refers to the old sanitary system of detention in the lazarets of ships and men for forty days for the purpose of fumigation. Quarantine dates back to 1348. Since that time, there have been many international conventions on the subject. Paris, Vienna, Constantinople and Rome have each entertained gatherings of this kind. However, it was in the con- ference at Venice in 1892; Dresden in 1893; Paris in 1894; and again at Venice in 1897 that the the controverted points were set- tled relative to the rights of communities to close their borders to any and all traffic that was lable to carry infection to other indi- viduals or countries. There is, perhaps, no other topic in preventive medicine that has received more careful attention than this. The necessity of quarantine has been recognized and already statutory authority has been given to the proper officials by state and national legislative bodies to enforce it whenever it 1s deemed necessary in order to prevent the spread of a communicable disease. The prin- ciple, therefore, that such protection is a legal obligation is clearly established and the correlated question of authority to enforce it is granted throughout the civilized world. The adjusting of a quarantine has been a matter of much con- troversy. From the beginning its purpose has been to protect men and animals against infectious diseases. While this appears to be simple, many perplexing questions have arisen relative to the re- quirements to be observed when the quarantine is laid either as a means of eradicating or as an aid in combating infection. The two most important are to determine the time necessary to enforce it and the restrictions required to insure its efficiency. For centuries the time was an arbitrary period fixed by the authorities. The ree- *Read at a Conference called in Chicago, November 29-30, by Assistant Secretary of Agriculture for the discussion of foot-and-mouth disease. RULES IN FIXING PERIOD OF QUARANTINE 443 ords show that the effect of such a definite time was satisfactory in many instances but there were numerous exceptions. In some in- stances these allowed new cases to arise which became centers for the further spread of the disease. However, such quarantines did much to hold the plagues in check. That was all that could be accom- plished, for the nature of the disease was not understood. In recent times, the development of definite knowledge con- cerning the cause of the diseases to be guarded against has shed new light upon the requirements of quarantine. After the etiology of the plagues was known; when the channels by which the virus escapes from the body were recognized; when the degree of resis- tance of the infecting agents to external influences was determined ; and when the ability of the virus to find another host was under- stood, it was easy to explain that for the protection of a community a quarantine could not be raised arbitrarily but should be held until the individuals thus segregated are no longer capable of transmit- ting the virus. This changed the practice of holding a quarantine for an arbitrary period to one that fixed its duration in accordance with the time during which the infected individuals are dangerous. In addition to this, such restrictions were added as necessary to prevent the escape of the virus. Those who reason in terms of mathematical precision may have difficulty in understanding that animals alike in all obvious re- spects, which become infected with a given virus, at the same time do not die or recover and eliminate the germs from their bodies in a like manner. The fact is they usually do not. Why this is so has not been entirely explained for the phenomenon is a struggle be- tween two vital forces, the individual infected and the invading organisms. The resistance of the host is not known and the invad- ing power of the organism is not determined. As the struggle comes to an end the animal body may entirely free itself of the virus or a few of the organisms may remain in some tissue or organ where they may multiply and from whence they may escape for a very Jong time to infect others. These are called ‘‘carriers’’ or spreaders and they present the most difficult problems in sanitary science. Again, in the process of healing, a diseased focus may remain some- where in the body which may become surrounded with protecting tissue and the individual appear to be fully recovered. The virus in these areas may die or, after a time, grow through the retaining wall and either start up the disease anew or escape from the body to infect other individuals. There are many illustrations of this, 444 VERANUS A. MOORE the most conspicuous, historically, being the cattle that carried con- tagious pleuro-priieumonia from Europe to South Africa and Aus- tralia months after recovery was thought to have been complete. Successful quarantine must take into account many factors. Most of them come to us not as clearly defined tangible facts but rather in the form of biological forces which manifest themselves in the unfolding of the disease. They are the controlling elements al- though they can be understood only in so far as our knowledge of infectious diseases is able to accurately interpret them. However, the principles to be observed are clear. The quarantine is placed to prevent the spread of the virus. It must be maintained until there is no danger of the animals transmitting it either immediately or at any future time. It is difficult for those not trained in the habits of microscopic life to appreciate that viruses are vital forces that take no heed of the opinions of men. The fact cannot be too force- fully emphasized that naturally infectious diseases are spread in accordance with the means—simple or complicated—provided by the laws and forces of nature for that purpose. The agencies for the transmission of infectious diseases were not designed for the con- venience of animal owners or sanitary officers but rather to enable the virus of the disease to perpetuate itself and to be transferred from the infected to the uninfected individual. We should not forget that the virus of foot-and-mouth disease, for example, is a definite factor in nature’s economy and is provided for quite as much as the perpetuation of other living things. We look upon the transfer of pollen by the insect in the fertilization of clover as a wonderful provision of nature because clover is useful toman. The transfer of the virus of a plague from one host to another is often just as wonderful and always just as securely provided for, but, be- cause its effect operates against human interests, there is a tendency to condemn and to pass judgment without knowledge. The fixing of a quarantine period and defining its specifica- tions are dependent upon the character of the disease and the nature of its etiology. There must be knowledge of the location of the virus within the host, of the time in the course of the disease it is eliminated and its ability to spread after escaping from the body in order to adequately safeguard against it. Again the purpose of the quarantine modifies both its duration and requirements. If it is to protect a community against the introduction of a foreign disease it is obviously more drastic than if it is used only as a tem- porary means of combating the malady. When employed for RULES IN FIXING PERIOD OF QUARANTINE 445 permanent protection it should remain for the maximum period of incubation and for the longest known time required for the hight- ing up anew of arrested lesions. In case of certain diseases the virus, after it escapes from the body, is able by numerous and in- sidious ways to disseminate itself to such an extent that it is diffi- cult or impossible to confine it to the quarantined area. These are all important considerations in determining just what proced- ure shall be followed... In any case a margin of safety must be al- lowed.* In order to apply the principles underlying quarantine to foot-and-mouth disease it is necessary to have the knowledge ob- tained from clearly defined answers to the following questions, namely : 1. What is the nature of the virus? 2. What is the period of incubation ? 3. How does the virus escape from the body and by what agencies is it carried from the infected to the susceptible animals? 4. How long after apparent recovery are the animals capable of transmitting the virus? 5. Is it possible by practicable quarantine methods to prevent the virus from spreading after it leaves the body ? Because of the extreme infectiousness of this disease it has not been studied experimentally in this country. The work with it has been regulatory and for the purpose of diagnosis. The character of the virus has not been determined other than to learn that it will pass through bacterial proof filters and that it escapes from the open lesions of the affected animal. The period of incubation varies within undetermined limits. Exposed animals, as a rule, develop symptoms in from three to seven days but in occasional cases it is much longer. In New York it was found that now and then two and three weeks elapsed before symptoms appeared. After the virus escapes from the lesions it is carried on any article with which it comes in contact—the clothing or hands of attendants, on food, litter, implements, domesticated animals or insects. The troublesome cases are those that carry the virus after healing. There are reports that animals have infected others months after apparent recovery. These are exceptions but they *Rabies affords a good illustration of this. The average period of ineu- bation of rabies in dogs in less than 40 days but by enforcing a quarantine of six months on all dogs going to Australia the disease has been kept out of that country. 446 VERANUS A. MOORE affirm the possibility of such individuals spreading the disease for this period and we do not know for how much longer. Unfortu- nately we have no means of determining in advance how long an infected animal may harbor the virus. Zschokke investigated its ability to remain in the feet. ‘‘He found the vesicles which occur in the skin of the interdigital spaces and the plantar cushion may also extend under the horny capsule forming there, furrow-like spaces along the sensitive laminae of the wall and sole. He also found hidden vesicles in the hoof which did not open to the outside. The virus would remain there until it was brought to the surface by the natural wearing away of the hoof.’’ There is nothing to prevent animals thus affected from eliminating the virus for an in- definite time. Loeffler, after careful investigation, recommended that no animal that had recovered from foot-and-meuth disease should be permitted in the channels of commerce. A faetor of still greater significance is the ability of the virus to escape by insidious ways and to be carried from the infected to well animals notwithstanding the barriers of quarantine. It is so difficult because of the many possible carriers, that Dammann stated it could not be prevented. He did not mean that infected cattle could not be isolated long enough,in insect proof enclosures with efficient guards, but that it was impossible by the usual or even more than ordinary rigid enforcement of quarantine regulations to prevent the virus from escaping and infecting other animals. His con- clusion is confirmed by the best live stock sanitarians of Europe. It is the verdict rendered after long experience and observation by men who have endeavored to eradicate foot-and-mouth disease by quarantine and police control. In passing judgment upon this phase of the subject we must not be controlled by the experience with a few herds or even outbreaks. Data from many infected districts and numerous epizootics are required, for by the laws of chance, fortunate results may, in a few cases, follow any procedure. In this country, where experience with this disease is very limited, we are not in position to judge unless we supplement our knowledge with the results of those whose experience is sufficient to indicate the shortcomings and value of quarantine. We are dealing not with a local question but a nation wide problem. Because of this greater responsibility our quarantine regulations should be safe, reliable and sound. I have dwelt somewhat at length on the principles underlying RULES IN FIXING PERIOD OF QUARANTINE 447 the determination of the important factors in quarantine for the purpose of pointing out the many elements involved in safeguarding our live stock interests by this method. Until more data are avail- able the best we can do is to live up to the knowledge we possess unswerved by individual experiences to the contrary. When Cap- tain Ross went to India to study the mosquito as a carrier of ma- laria he was often almost persuaded that the accused insect was in- nocent. He laboriously studied, one after another, 999 specimens in vain but the thousandth one revealed the story of the anopheles as the intermediate host and spreader of the malaria plasmodium. There is a common tendency to yield to the findings in a limited nitmber of cases. There are people willing to formulate regula- tory measures suggested by a personal experience. While such ex- periences have their value and while they may represent the major- ity it is well to remember that although it is the usual that ordinarily happens, it is the unusual that most often causes the trouble. . As I understand it, the questions involved are the object of.the quarantine and the enforcement of its requirements. There are two clearly defined purposes for which quarantine has been employed in connection with foot-and-mouth disease, namely, first to control it, and secondly to temporarily check its spread until drastic measures can eliminate the diseased animals and render safe the premises occupied by them. There is no other disease that ever gained entrance to this country so difficult to re- strain by quarantine as this, due not only to its high degree of in- fectiousness but also because practically all species of animals are susceptible. Again, the undetermined limit of time that recovered animals may be carriers cannot be dismissed without careful con- sideration. Both Hess and Loeffler* found that a limited number of recovered animals carried the virus for seven months. Never- *Loeffier’s conclusions relative to virus carriers are as follows:— ‘*Regular supervision of such farms is indispensably required. ““One of the most important results of the researches concerning foot-and- mouth disease is, that the fact has been doubtlessly ascertained that, just as in numerous human infectious diseases, some of the recovered animals will re- main carriers and continue the spreading of the virus. “*Tt seems that the number of such animals is limited. *“How long such animals can spread the virus, has not yet been ascertained. According to present experiences, even 7 months after the end of the epizootic, new infections have been caused by them. ‘“As yet no method is known to distinguish the virus spreaders. ‘“TInfected animals are to be placed under observation for at least 7 months. They must not be offered for sale, and should be kept separated from healthy animals, ’’ 448 VERANUS A. MOORE mann in his last annual report of the Veterinary Officers of Prus- sia pointed to more than one hundred outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease attributed to virus carriers. The experience in practically all European countries points to the failure of quarantine as a means of eradication. The outbreak in Germany in 1892 which cost that country $25,000,000 and again in 1911 with a still heavier loss speak with emphasis on the weakness of this method. When such veterans in sanitary science as Dammann state that it is im- possible to enforce a sufficiently strict quarantine to hold the virus of this disease in check, it seems presumptuous for us to consider it otherwise. When men like Loeffler and Hess find animals seven months after recovery capable of spreading the virus we have no experience in this country, and there is none in any other, to deny the possible danger of allowing recovered animals to go at large within that time. From the present knowledge of foot-and-mouth disease and the available data concerning methods for its control two kinds of quarantine seem to be necessary—namely, federal and local. The federal quarantine is imperative for all animals coming from countries in which foot-and-mouth disease exists. It should be rigidly enforced and maintained so long as there is a possibility of the animals transmitting the virus. In addition to this, strict supervision of all imported articles or substances that might bring the virus is essential. The outbreaks of 1902 and 1908 illustrate in a striking manner the necessity for such care. The local quarantines need not be considered at length. They are, however, of the greatest importance in checking the spread of the disease. The Secretary of Agriculture has formulated regula-_— tions for this purpose and issued them as B. A. I. Order No. 231.* *““(a) Quarantined area: Any State or any portion thereof quarantined for foot-and-mouth disease in live stock. (b) Closed area: Those portions of the quarantined area from and to which the interstate and foreign movement of cattle, sheep, other ruminants, and swine is absolutely prohibited, and the movement of the dressed carcasses of such animals, the hides, wool, hair, horns, or hoofs of such animals, and of hay, straw, or similar fodder, manure, or litter is restricted. (c) Exposed area: Those portions of the quarantined area from which the interstate and foreign movement of cattle, sheep, other ruminants, and swine is permitted for immediate sl aughter after inspection and certification, and into which such animals may be removed for any purpose, also from which the inter- state and foreign mov ement of the dressed carcasses of such animals, the hides, skins, wool, hair, horns, and hoofs of such animals, and of hay, straw, or similar fodder, manure, or litter is restricted. (d) Modified area: Those portions of the quarantined area from which RULES IN FIXING PERIOD OF QUARANTINE 449 This order leaves little to be added unless from experience changes or additions seem to be necessary. It provides for rigid quarantine of the affected premises and the country immediately surrounding them, and, under proper veterinary supervision, it permits the limited movement of animals in the next adjacent zones. This plan in itself is excellent. There is, however, need for a better mechan- ism for promptly enforcing it in the different states. Many of them are not organized in such a way that immediate action is assured. The delay of a single day may cause heavy additional losses. To guard against this there must be a closer sanitary supervision. We should find, if possible, the best method of bringing this about. I suggested district veterinarians under the state veterinarian whom animal owners and practitioners could call at once and who should have authority to enforce quarantine measures and to aid in making the diagnosis in eases of doubt. They would serve as sanitary supervisors and their territory should be no larger than they can properly cover. An expert district veterinarian would give both technical assistance to practitioners and have authority to enforce, whenever necessary, regulatory restrictions. The enormous value of our live stock warrants the necessary expenditures for efficient protection. Whatever system of quarantine is finally adopted, dhe federal and state governments should recognize their obligation to the ani- mal industries of the country. They should be prepared to meet emergencies. In the eradication of an epizodtic there must be co- operation. In plagues like foot-and-mouth disease where control necessitates the destruction of the entire herd, often of valuable animals, it would seem wise for our legislative bodies to consider adequate indemnity for the unfortunate owners. With proper pre- cautionary measures such epizodtics should be very rare. But if, perchance, they do appear and herds have to be destroyed, would it not be wiser and eventually cheaper to have indemnities sufficient to encourage co-operation rather than those that provoke opposition ? the interstate and foreign movement of cattle, sheep, other ruminants, and swine is permitted for immediate claughter without inspection, and into which such animals may be moved for any purpose, also from which the interstate and foreign movement of the dressed carcasses of such animals, the hides, skins, wool, hair, and hoofs of such animals, and of hay, straw, or similar fodder, manure, or litter is permitted without any restrictions whatever. (e) Free area: Those States or portions thereof which are not quaran- tined for foot-and-mouth disease, and on which no restrictions whatever are im- posed. ’’ 450 L. R. HIMMELBERGER Eradication is for the good of the public and those who are benefited might bear a part of the burden placed upon the owners of the condemned animals. A campaign of education should precede or accompany regulatory work. The people should learn that the slaughter of infected and exposed animals alike is not the motion of any individual but the method arrived at by the crucial test of re- search and experience. To be fully prepared each state as well as the federal government should have a definitely formulated plan of attack that could be apphed immediately should foot-and-mouth disease or any other animal plague appear. Finally the conclusion seems to be justified that when the dis- ease appears in a country generally free from its infection like the United States, quarantine should be enforced for protection against all importations that may bring the virus. Local quarantine should be employed only as a means for temporarily combating the disease. Its eradication is to be accomplished by the heroic meas- ures of slaughter and disinfection. This conclusion is reached in full recognition of what has been accomplished with quarantine in isolated instances and in certain infected countries like the Philip- pine Islands. The slogan should be ‘‘we cannot afford to have foot- and-mouth disease in this country.”’ QO CELL INCLUSIONS IN HOG CHOLERA L. R. HIMMELBERGER, Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. In 1907, Halberstalder and Prowazek' found in the econjune- tival epithelium of persons suffering from trachoma, inclusions of the cell outside of and next to the nucleus. The bodies are seen near the nucleus as irregular masses and they become larger and finally break up into granules. Prowazek held these inclusions to be the result of the reaction of the cell to the virus. Since this announcement many observers have reported on finding these bodies in trachoma. Some have ascribed to them the position of being the etiological factor. It appears to at least have been established that these cell inclusions are characteristic of trachoma. Cell inclu- sions received their first claim to importance through the work of CELL INCLUSIONS IN HOG CHOLERA 451 Negri, who found them to be of eminent diagnostic value in lyssa. Bodies within the cell have been observed in many diseases caused by the filterable viruses. The Benda bodies in epithelioma contag- iosum, the Lentz canine distemper bodies and the Shiffmann bodies in fowl plague are all claimed by their observers to be of signifi- cance. Uhlenhuth,? in a general study of hog cholera, reports on the observations of trachoma-like bodies in that disease. These in- clusions according to Uhlenhuth differ from the trachoma bodies in being slightly larger. They were found on the average in eight to ten days after the injection of the virus, sometimes in both eyes, sometimes in one and at times in the upper or lower lid only. In most of the hogs they soon disappeared. In a few cases, however, they persisted until death. In several cases the bodies were found four to five days after the injection of the virus. These bodies have also been observed in hog cholera by Meyer* in an examination of ‘a limited number of hogs suffering from this disease. Cell inelusion from conjunctiva of cholera hog. (Plate was retouched). The writer has systematically examined smears from the con- junctival epithelium of a number of hogs and has ‘observed cell inclusions under various circumstances. We have never found the inclusions in the epithelial cells after death. All cells do not con- tain them even in a positive case. In fact the bodies are found in but a small percentage of the cells in a given microscopical field. The inclusions are found outside the nucleus in the cell protoplasm and vary in size from one-fourth to one-half the size of the nucleus. The protoplasm of those cells containing inclusions is more granular than the negative cells and presents granules staining more deeply and of the same staining qualities as the cell inclusion. The bodies observed by the writer were distinct and of regular structure, in that they were sharply circumscribed. Staining with Giemsa’s solution, the nucleus is stained a deep blue, the cell protoplasm a pale blue and the inclusion body a purplish hue. The protoplasmic 452 L. R. HIMMELBERGER granules are stained much the same as the inclusion and appear to be distributed in the immediate vicinity of the included body. In those cells containing the larger bodies the nucleus is compressed and distorted. These bodies were found in ninety-five per cent of the cases examined during the period at which the body temperature was beginning to rise; in other words in the first stages of the disease. In only a small percentage of the cases were cell inclusions observed at the time the temperature was at its maximum, 106° to 108° F. Examination of the sections taken at time of death failed to show the presence of cell inclusions. Only a few cases have been ex- amined in section however. Smears made from the conjunctiva of hogs after death failed to show the presence of inclusions when ex- amined. There is a great difference of opinion regarding the significance of these bodies, in rabies, trachoma and other diseases in which they have been observed. Whether they may be considered as the ac- tual pathogenic organism, some stage of its life cycle or whether they are mere reaction products of the cell against the virus, is a question difficult to settle. In order to throw some light on these questions, Uhlenhuth produced mechanical inflammation of the con- junctiva in a number of hogs. After the inflammation had set in, smears were made and examined but no inclusions were found. Eye secretions from cholera hogs transferred to the conjunctiva of other animals, the ape, dog, cat, etc., failed to transfer the bodies. In the examination of one hundred and thirty hogs, only four or five per cent. showed the presence of the inclusions. Attempts to transfer these bodies to the conjunctiva of other normal hogs failed. In a study of the Negri bodies, Watson‘ is lead to believe that they are definite protozoan parasites, placing them in the sub-order of Cryptocysts or Microsporidia of the Sporozoa. Spore stages were observed by Watson and if any analogy exists between the Negri bodies and rabies and the cell inclusions of other diseases, there may be some grounds for consideration of them as a stage of the life cycle of the etiological factor. Wolbach, however, classes the trachoma bodies as non-parasitie, and as evidence of this he cites studies of sections which showed inclusions in only the thinned or superficial epithelium, while, were they parasitic, the deeper layers of the stratified epithelium should show the effects of the invasion. He concludes that trachoma bodies A COMMON PARASITE OF RABBITS 453 are present in only injured epithelium and that granules of like appearance can be demonstrated as the result of disturbed mucous secretion. As regards the included bodies in hog cholera we have no evidence of their parasitic relationship to the disease. Uhlen- huth calls attention to the very high viruleney of secretions from the eyes of pigs sick with hog cholera. The injection of this material in the amount that a eapillary tube one centimeter long would hold, produced the disease in as short a time and in as severe a form as large amounts of virulent blood. While the high virulency of eye secretions suggests the possible involvment of the secretory cells of the conjunctiva, it would not be safe to consider these bodies of etio- logical significance in hog cholera. Noguchi has recently announced the successful cultivation of trachoma bodies in vitro, which should open the way for determining the relationship of cell inclusions in general to disease processes. REFERENCES 1. HALBERSTALDER AND PROWAZEK:—Arbeiten aus d. Kais. Gesundheitsamt. 26-43. 2. UHLENHUTH, HAENDEL ET AL:—tbid Bd. 47-2. 3. Meyer:—TZenth International Vet. Cong. in London, 1914. 4. Watson:—Journal Exp. Med., Vol. 17, 1913. 5. WoLBACH AND McKEE:—Journal Med. Res., Vol. 24, 1911. ——-(»— HASSTILESIA TRICOLOR (STILES and HASSALL, 1894), A COMMON PARASITE OF RABBITS IN THE UNITED STATES MAauvricE C. HALL, Ph.D. Assistant Zoologist, U. 8. Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. In Europe the hares and rabbits are animals of some little im- portance as food animals. Meat inspection regulations contain provisions covering the conditions under which these animals may be passed for food or condemned; poaching among the rabbit war- rens of private game preserves is a specific offense which carries at times rather severe penalties; and European veterinary papers not infrequently publish articles dealing with the diseases and parasites of rabbits. In the United States the status of the wild rabbit varies from that of game in the eastern United States to a pest in many _ 454 MAURICE C. HALL parts of the West, but whether we regard it as game to be preserved or a pest to be eradicated the parasites which affect it deserve a certain amount of attention. In a paper now in press the writer has listed sixteen species of nematode parasites from hares and rabbits; a casual examination of readily available papers indicates that at least fifteen species of cestodes occur in hares and rabbits either’ as strobilate tapeworms or as bladderworms; while the following flukes, Fasciola hepatica (the common sheep liver fluke), Dicrocoelium dendriticum (a rather com- mon fluke in sheep and cattle in Europe), and Distoma tricolor, and possibly others which have not come to my attention, have been reported from hares and rabbits. It is with the last named fluke that this paper deals. Distoma tricolor, described from Sylvilagus mallurus (Lepus sylvaticus) and Lepus americanus by Stiles and Hassall in 1894, is of very common occurrence in the intestines of rabbits in Maryland, Virginia and the District of Columbia, being present in large num- bers in every rabbit examined some years, though there are years when it is of apparently rather rare occurrence. Dr. Hassall tells me that it has also been found in heavy infestations, suspected of killing the rabbits, on Long Island, N. Y., by Dr. Austin Peters. Dr. Francis of the Texas Experiment Station tells me that this fluke is very common in jack rabbits around College Station, Texas. It is evident that a parasite which occurs from New York to Texas is of wide distribution and probably rather common. That it is not found or reported oftener is probably due to the fact that the fluke is about one millimeter long and looks something like a small seed to the naked eye. The wide distribution and common occurrence of this fluke in American rabbits makes it desirable that it be referred to some genus other than the collective genus Distoma. It does not con- form to the generic diagnosis of any existing fluke genus known to the writer and it seems necessary to establish for it not only a new genus, but a new family. I have accordingly created a new genus named after Stiles and Hassall, to whose collaboration veterinarians, physicians and zoologists are indebted for the immensely valuable author catalogues and host catalogues of the Bureau of Animal In- dustry and the Public Health Service. The status of the fluke is then as follows: Superfamily Fascioloidea Stiles and Goldberger, 1910. A COMMON PARASITE OF RABBITS 455 Superfamily diagnosis—Trematoda: , Flukes with organs of attachment consisting of an oral sucker and a ventral sucker which is situated not far from the oral sucker. Reproductive organs usually posterior of the ventral sucker. Body not subdivided. Her- maphroditic, with the exception of the Schistosomidae. Type family—Fasciolidae. Railliet, 1895. Family Hasstilesiidae Hall, 1916, new family. Family diagnosis—Fascioloidae: Small, compact flukes of rel- atively great width. Genital aperture posterior of acetabulum, midway between this and the posterior end of the body. Two large testes, the posterior located in the median line, the anterior entirely to the left of the median line. The ovary is entirely to the right of the median line, lateral of both testes and either extends shght- ly anterior of the posterior testis or else overlaps the anterior border of the posterior testis and the posterior border of the anterior testis. Esophagus short; intestinal ceca extend to the posterior border of the body and are rather tortuous. Ovary is dorsal of the right in- testinal cecum in the specimens I have examined: Stiles and Has- sall state that it is ventral. Left testis is ventral of the left intes- tinal cecum. Type genus.—Hasstilesia. Hall, 1916. Subfamily Hasstilesiinae Hall, 1916, new subfamily. Subfamily diagnosis— Hasstilesiidae: Characters of the family. Type genus.—Hasstilesia Hall, 1916. Genus Hasstilesia Hall, 1916, new genus. Generic diagnosis —Hesstilesiinae: Acetabulum slightly smal- ler than the oral sucker. Posterior testis in posterior third of body, anterior testis in middle third body. Genital aperture near the anterior border of the posterior testis. Cirrus pouch well developed. Vitellarium in middle third or anterior two-thirds of body; trans- verse vitelline ducts pass near the anterior border of the posterior testis. Laurer’s canal present. Uterus extends from the so-called shell gland on the right side anteriorly around the acetabulum, de- scending over the left or anterior testis or between the testes, then back from the left side between the testes, the metraterm terminat- ing to the left of the cirrus pouch at the genital pore. Ova ellipiti- cal. Execretory system not well developed, excretory pore terminal, the very small contractile end portion giving off two fine canals. Type species.—Hasstilesia tricolor (Stiles and Hassall, 1894) Hall, 1916. 456 W. HORACE HOSKINS Species Hasstilesia tricolor (Stiles and Hassall, 1894) Hall,1916. Specific diagnosis —Hasstilesia: .65 to 1.2 mm. long by .35 to .64 mm. wide by .82 mm. thick. Body elliptical, showing three colors in fresh material, the uterine portion yellow to brown, the vitellaria white, the rest of the body gray. The anterior five-sixths (not two- thirds, as Stiles and Hassall state) of the body covered with minute instable spines. Oral sucker 88 to 112 microns in diameter. Ace- tabulum about one-fourth of the body length from anterior end. In- testinal ceca much looped dorso-ventrally and extending inward toward the median line just posterior of the acetabulum. Laurer’s canal opens dorsally about half way between the acetabulum and the genital pore. Pharyngeal bulb about 40 microns in diameter. Esophagus about 30 to 40 microns long. Testes 160 to 272 microns in diameter. Vas deferens and penis well developed. Ovary 80 to 120 microns in diameter. Ova 13 microns by 20 microns. Hosts—Lepus americanus, Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus (‘‘Lepus sylvaticus’’). Location.—Intestine. Distribution.—District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia, New York, Texas. REFERENCES STILES :—Ch[arles] Wardell & Hassall, Albert. 1894:—Nouvelle espéce de douve intestinale (Distomum tricolor) chez le lapin a queue cotonneuse (Lepus sylvaticus Bachman) et chez le liévre du nord (Lepus americanus Erxleben). [Abstract of 1895a, by Stiles] Bull. Soe. zool. de France, Par., v. 19 (9) nov.-déc., pp. 160-162, fig. 1. 1895—-A new species of intestinal fluke (Distoma tricolor) in the cotton-tail rabbit (Lepus sylvaticus Bachmann) and in the northern hare (L. ameri- canus Erxleben) Vet. Mag., Phila., v. 1 (11) (Nov., 1894), Jan. 17, pp. 729-737, pls. 1-2, figs. 1-8. ee SALMON MEMORIAL ADDRESS* W. Horace HoskINs, Philadelphia. I well remember, in the latter seventies, when our country was seriously turning its attention to the consideration of animal dis- eases and how it was confronted with the possibility of having contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle becoming a nation-wide scourge. I vividly recall the great, conference at Chicago when it was found that it had reached Illinois and the possibilities of its *Presented at the meeting of the Philadelphia Branch B. A. I. Employees. SALMON MEMORIAL ADDRESS 457 extension to the great grazing plains of the unfenced territories of the West. The Treasury Cattle Commission was then the body charged “with the responsibility of dealing with this animal plague. Conspicuous then among those who were gravely considering the problems of elimination was one whose name has since been en- scrolled on the nation’s walls of fame as a great public servant. A Commissioner of Agriculture followed the Treasury Cattle Commission and this official likewise recognized the intelligent and broad gauged services of this splendid representative of his profes- sion and assigned him to several important posts of service—investi- gating diseases that were causing great losses to animal industry in various sections of our land. When in 1884 the Bureau of Animal Industry was created by an Act of Congress, the position of Chief of that Bureau was given to this man and for twenty-five year no one ever filled an official role in the public service with greater fidelity, more intense zeal and distinguished achievements than this representative of his call- ing. Some of you will remember that the cardinal act establishing this Bureau restricted the number of employees not to exceed twenty. When I realize that today it utilizes the services of nearly twelve hundred members of my and some of your profession in a quarter of a century’s growth, I may be permitted to repeat here what I once stated on the floor of the Convention of the American Veterinary Medical Association that I knew of no man in my pro- fession who under the trying vicissitudes of our politically gov- erned country could have so well and faithfully filled this position as the now lamented Dr. D. E. Salmon. Blessed with a well-balanced mind; fitted by a training in the best school of our land preparatory and professionally; signally endowed with a kindly disposition and warm-hartedness, keen of preception in selecting men for places they were well adapted to and of developing men for special fields of service as the needs arose, ever eager to conserve the highest and truest interests of his fellow man, to which end he bent every energy and force within him, never for a moment forgetting or overlooking the economic side of the varied problems confronting him in this great work; that our land might prosper and foster animal industry as one of its truest sources of real wealth; he labored on in the upbuilding of his de- partment and gave of the best part of a good man’s life—a service 458 W. HORACE HOSKINS rich in results—true in its aims and purposes and fruitful of untold and unmeasured blessings to the prattling baby at the mother’s feet to the the blossoming childhood; the blooming manhood and womanhood and the conserving of old age that comfort, peace and strength would be theirs even unto the end through a wholesome food supply. Your positions, this association, your lives of useful helpful service to mankind and the uplift of your and my wonderful galaxy of states, is the outgrowth of the work so faithfully planted, so well watered and nurtured, so devotedly fostered and promoted by the lifetime of public service rendered by this man to whom I pay this loving tribute. It was my great privilege and it was a precious one indeed, to have mingled thirty-five years of my own life in the veterinary pro- fession with him as a co-laborer in the upbuilding of our calling that it might conserve man’s needs and a country’s growth with a fidelity to its highest purposes and I count it a rich treasure indeed that I enjoyed in this period his sincere friendship. A politically governed country has the richest of charms and allurements and its pathway is likewise strewn with sore trials and bitter disappointments. Ingratitude is the basest experience of an official career. It was this good man’s lot to taste of the bitterness of a nation’s ruler’s ingratitude. Time cannot efface nor memory obliterate the cruel, unjust and ungrateful treatment meted out to this great public servant, but a loving profession, a nation’s bene- factor can keep fresh the memory of those rich deeds, faithful trust he preserved and public services rendered and a nation’s children’s children may continue to rise up and call his name blessed. Let us unite our efforts to fittingly perpetuate the good name of our co-worker and co-laborer. -With loving devotion let us en- shrine his memory in the annals of America of a life well lived, a work well done and through the perpetuation of the story of his public services, hold forth to future generations the richest reward of duties well performed, an honored and revered name among those who knew him best. May I invite you all without regard to place or station, to con- tribute the most you can possibly give to the richest memorial that may grace a well lived career, not in gold or silver that may tarnish, not in marble or stone that may crumble and decay, not in canvas that time may obliterate, but in a living working fund that shall REPORTS OF CASES 459 aid the deserving student to an education in some aspect of your and my work, that shall establish a fellowship for advanced study in your and my field of service that our labors may be easier and lighter or an honorarium to some well deserving worker who has contributed some worthy addition to our knowledge and lessened our toil and responsibility. In keeping with his modest, unassuming career, his lifetime of search for greater and truer knowledge, his restraint of boastful proclamation of great things achieved, his deep consciousness, at all times, of the greater problems to be solved, let us rear such a memorial as would have met his approval in life and make future generations more conscious of his devoted publie¢ services. ——_Q—_-— REPORTS OF CASES DEPIGMENTATION OF HAIR AND SKIN WITH RETURN TO ORIGINAL COLOR I. O. DENMAN, Middletown, N. Y. While at Walton, N. Y., I saw an unusual case which was very interesting to me as I have never seen a similar case and have been unable to find an account of one in the literature. The case was a bay gelding 7 years old, weighing about 1400 Ibs. used by the Risley Lumber Co. of Rock Rift, N. Y. for hauling wood. This horse had a large cold abscess of the shoulder and was treated in my hos- pital, the abscess walls being sloughed out with copper sulphate, resulting in a complete recovery. About two months later my at- tention was called to the case as the foreman said the horse was getting speckled. This was indeed true as small areas of depig- mentation were appearing over the entire body. These gradually increased in size until after 2 or 3 months the horse was covered with round white spots of hair and skin varying in size from that of a dime to that of a half dollar. There was not at any time the slightest trace of any inflammation, eruptions, or lesions of any kind on the skin. About this time the horse developed a slight case of heaves and daily doses of Fowler’s solution and linseed oil were prescribed. Soon after beginning this treatment it was noted that 460 REPORTS OF CASES the white spots were no longer increasing in size and later a decrease in size was notediuntil after 4 months they had entirely disappeared leaving the original color of a solid bay. To me the above case presents an interesting study. What is the cause of the depigmentation and why did it appear in areas? Was the copper sulphate a causative factor and did the administra- tion of arsenic bring about the return of the pigment? Op ANTITETANIC SERUM AND MAGNESIUM SULPHATE IN TREATING TETANUS HENRY THEOBALD, Roselle, Ill. During a period of 8 months I had occasion to treat 5 cases of tetanus with what I consider fair success. Case No. 1. In May, 1914 I was called to a case which the owner mistook for a case of founder but on my arrival found a typical case of tetanus. It was a 12 year old gelding which when being unhitched from the wagon, had run away into an old wind-mill that had been torn down, thereby tearing a gash of 8-10 inches above the left knee, leay- ing an ugly lacerated wound. The owner said that he had washed the wound after it happened, but outside of the cleansing no more attention was paid to it until he called me. When I examined the horse I found him all stiffened, with practically all muscles rigid. The membrana nictitans was very much in evidence; the tail curved to one side; the muscles of the neck as hard as a board and in fact unable to move due to general stiffness. Locomotion was so impaired that it was dangerous to be near him for fear he would fall over, as every such attempt showed plainly that when he moved, it was with the utmost effort that he sustained balance. The jaws were set but could be opened 14 of an inch with some force. . The wound was grown over with an.abundance of proud flesh, the knee swollen and very painful. In standing he appeared as if straddling some object; at no time having the legs in a normal position, for about two weeks. REPORTS OF CASES 461 - In the process of treatment I curetted the wound and gave it a cleaning with a strong solution of tr. of iodine and ecarbolie acid. After curetting a long retaining cavity was thereby established, which I packed with absorbent cotton saturated with equal parts of tr. of iodine and carbolic acid, and left in the wound until the fol- lowing day. Then I proceeded to give 1500 units of antitetanic serum (P. D. & Co.) and 40 ©. of concentrated solution of mag- nesium sulphate, 20 ¢.c. behind each shoulder. The necessary steps were taken to clean the parts where in- jections were made, as clipping the hair and washing and painting with iodine. (I mention this as abscesses formed which can not very likely be traced to infection with the needle.) As the patient was unable to eat I advised the owner to keep a pail of water within reach, and also proceeded to give a bran mash which was made of a rather sloppy consistency, figuring that he might be able to get a little nourishment and also to help as a lax- ative. The stall was darkened, not admitting any light, and being in a remote end of the barn, far enough away from all noise, I figured that the patient might have a chance. The second day I noticed hardly any change, only that the patient had partaken very sparingly, and with much effort of the bran mash and drank about 14 pail of water. The treatment of serum and mag. sulph. was repeated as on the first day, and every succeeding day until 12 doses of the serum had been given, but the mag. sulph. sol. was continued for 15 days in all, three days longer than the serum. Daily attention was given to the wound such as curetting and strong antiseptic cleansing and packing. Did not notice much change until the 4th day when to my sur- prise the muscles of the jaw seemed to relax. Ordered the owner to secure some alfalfa which was in season and nearby, and handed the animal a small handful which he grasped firmly with his lips and held there until he was able to work it between his teeth. After he worked it into his mouth he was unable to masticate it, but kept on munching and smacking for a long time before he swallowed it without having set his teeth on it. The patient from this day on kept on improving very nicely; on the 6th day he ate and masticated the alfalfa, although with effort and there were hopes 462 REPORTS OF CASES of his recovery. On about the 10th day a number of abscesses formed at the point of the injection of the mag. sulph. sol. which were promptly opened and cleansed. (Abscesses kept on forming from later injections of mag. sulph. and in every other patient treated the same way.) From this time on the patient did finely and after the serum for 12 days, the mag. sulph. was continued for 3 more days. All this time the patient kept on eating continuously having a ravenous appetite (i.e. after 10 days) was able to move around the stall which he seldom did, devoting most of his time to eating bran mashes and alfalfa all day long. Plenty of fresh water was given, the same being given every 2 hours to be sure that he should not have to drink any that was warm, or full of dust or feed. An iron tonic was now given for 2 weeks in the form of a powder on the feed. Whenever the animal showed great distress during the first 10 days potassium bromide was given in 14 doses 4-5 times daily. The heart, whenever it was deemed necessary, was stimulated with camphor and aromatic spts. of ammonia but no medicine was given when the patient was quiet and the heart action good. The animal quite often showed distress after eating which was overcome with the bromide. About a week after dismissing the case the owner called again and I then found that some of the abscesses had healed with some infection left in them which caused considerable swelling. I opened them and ordered the patient turned in pasture where he was kept for 2 months. He was put back to work and performed as well as ever. Case No. 2. I was called to a case the following June which had developed tetanus but could not find a wound of any kind. This was a yearling colt but for his size looked like a 2 year old full of life, though stiff when the owner brought him from the stable. This one was able to walk with a straddling gait but when about 20 feet from the barn made a leap or attempted to leap like colts of that age are wont to do, with the result that when he struck the ground, he bounded like a rubber ball for about 100 feet on all four until he fell, almost falling on top of the owner. He was made to rise in which we assisted, but was a nervous wreck when we got him into the box-stall away from the noise. The jaws were not set in this patient but there was considerable diffi- REPORTS OF CASES 463 culty in mastication the first 3 days, i.e. whenever I gave him some- thing to eat on my visits. I gave the owner the usual instructions pertaining to cold water, grass and bran mashes but on my daily visits for seven days the owner had paid very little attention to him, as it was hay- ing season and he was too busy to bother with him. The serum and mag. sulph. were given in the same doses as case No. 1 and after a week the patient was turned into pasture, a little stiff but made a nice recovery. With this case I was at a loss to understand what cured the patient; my treatment or the want of water and feed as I am positive that he did not get enough from the owner in a week to make one meal. Anyhow I took the credit. Case No. 3. This was in August, 1914 at the same place where I had Case No. 1. It was a 5 year old geldng that the owner valued very highly. The case was fully as bad as No. 1 if not worse; he was treated the same way with a nice recovery. The owner did nobly in per- forming his work supplying alfalfa, bran mashes and water as per orders. It took about 4 days before the muscles of the jaw relaxed and as they were locked rather tightly, I was surprised to find him improving from then on although not as speedily as No. 1. On the 7th day the owner called me late at night and said he was afraid the horse would die. I rode out and found him panting and sweat- ing profusely, with a fever of 106°. I could not account for the condition except that some of the ab- scesses might have caused it, as the lungs were normal and no other symptoms of other trouble. I gave him 1 oz. of quinine sulph. sol. and used a rectal injection a little colder than luke-warm water (a pail full). This was about 10 o’clock at night and then left my pump with orders to again give an injection at 12 o’clock and again at 4 o'clock. The next morning about 10 o’clock there was no sign of fever and the patient was doing well. Both front legs of this patient were swollen twice their normal size due to the injection of mag. sulph. and remained so about 2 weeks after the last injection. I found swelling following in every case which seemed to gravitate in some patients to the fetlock joint but it gradually receded after 2 weeks from the final injection. After about 3 weeks this horse was turned to pasture, given a brief 464 REPORTS OF CASES rest and put back to work. In all he was no more that two months out of service and the owner claims does his work fully as well as before. Case No. 4. Called by a neighbor early one morning in Sep- tember who said his horse was down with colic. I went out and found the horse laying in the pasture unable to get up, because of tetanus. We assisted in getting him on his feet when he also started to hop on all four feet striking the ground with all at the same time. He bounded along for about 300 to 400 feet when he got down again and was unable to get up. I told the owner that his horse had lock-jaw but he decided to kill him as he was 25 years old, and did not want to spend the mony as he was not worth it. Case No. 5. November 13, 1914 I received a call from a neigh- boring town from a butcher who said his driver was acting rather funny. He said he was stiff all over, refused to eat and in fact was un- able to reach for the feed in the feed box. From this information he had given I concluded that it was a case of tetanus, which it proved to be. When I told the owner that the mare had tetanus he decided not to bother with her, and have her destroyed as he had never heard of any being cured, and asked me whether I did not agree with him. I then told him of the mortality in tetanus, and also of the suc- cess I had had with the treatments I had given to other patients during a period of seven months, however, not forgetting to tell him that there were plenty of chances for the patient to die as I did not want to promise any too much on the strength of those that had made recoveries. I was told to go ahead and try my luck as the mare was a 5 year old and valued at $300. T proceeded to look for a nail-prick in one of her feet, and I will say, that was the only foot I tried to examine as she was unable to stand it from the excitement caused by doing so even with the utmost care to keep her quiet by gentle manipulation of the leg. Realizing that it was impossible to lift her feet, I decided not to excite her any more, and looked for wounds over the rest of the body, but did not find any. This mare oecupied the first of 4 stalls, past which the other 3 horses had been driven going to and com- ing from work. REPORTS OF CASES 465 I suggested that we allot her the last stall to keep her more dis- tant from noise. We undertook to move her there, but found that she could not move and had to leave her where she was. Her condition was such that she could not open her mouth at all and she surely was a pic- ture of misery. All the muscles were rigid, having the consistency of a board; the tail curved almost at an acute angle and remained so for sev- eral weeks. The membrana nictitans was very evident, covering most of the eye-ball. The muscles all remained rigid for over 3 weeks except the masseter muscles which relaxed gradually after 4 days of treat- ment. Grass being out of season, I recommended that carrots be given which were first ground up and mixed with bran and water to a sloppy consistency of which the patient partook rather sparingly for the first few days. As stated before the owner being a butcher, he had many occasions to meet his friends and customers which (contrary to my orders) he permitted to see his lock-jaw horse. The attendant informed me almost daily that the owner had shown his mare to at least 10-20 persons every day and demon- strated to them how stiff she was by moving her from one side of the stall to the other with the effect that she would bound on her feet like a rubber ball and continued in these spasms for 5 to 10 minutes. I had very little co-operation in this case as far as the owner was concerned as regards quietude and rest, as all the other horses were led past the patient several times a day, his continuous per- sistence in asking strangers to see the animal and besides allowing 2 dogs around the stable howling incessantly, although given orders to remove them. It was more indifference than contrariness in his actions in allowing the noise, and in spite of it all the animal made a splendid recovery, although more protracted than the other cases, no doubt due to excitant causes. The treatment was the same as the other cases had received, except that I gave more potassium bromide than to the others, figuring that the noise would have to be counteracted. As stated before the muscles did not relax for some time but after 4 or 5 days the masseter muscles relaxed to such an extent that carrots could be sliced 14 to 1% inch thich and eaten that way instead of adding them to the mash ground up. Mashes of bran were given, however, for several weeks. The 466 REPORTS OF CASES mare started to eat hay in about a week in small quantities and rather slowly requiring about 10 minutes to masticate the small amount she would prehend, and laboriously work between her teeth. When dismissing the case I gave orders to put her in a box-stall as she was doing nicely, (after about 15 days) or to exercise her daily which the owner promised to do, but instead turned her out in the yard or let her out in the street during all kinds of weather. A few days after Christmas I had oceasion to go to his town and found the animal trotting around the town almost fully recovered, only a little stiffness remaining. I encountered the same trouble in abscesses forming at the point of injection of mag. sulph. but never got any fever above 102° from them. Last June the mare gave birth to a nice colt which is a picture of health. The mother is better than ever (the owner’s words) and as he said, ‘‘ You had to show me.”’ LATER CASES WHICH WERE IN THE LAst STAGES In December, 1914, was called to a 7 year old gelding that had stepped into a piece of barbed wire and tetanus developed. When I got there I told the owner that it was useless to treat him as he was more dead than alive then, having not partaken of any feed a week previous to my visit. The owner having heard of my suc- cess with my treatment insisted on me taking a chanee which I did, giving the serum and mag, sulph. that night but was called on the phone next morning and told the horse had died during the night. This animal was down when called. In July, 1915, was called to a place where the owner told me his suekling colt about 2 months old had cramps. I went out and found the colt down with tetanus. Did not treat him as there was no chance for his recovery and in fact he died 2 hours later. In August, 1915, called by a livery-man who told me over the phone that his horse was all stiffened up and that about 2 weeks be- fore he had run away and slipped on the side-walk thereby break- ing the skin on both knees. From this I concluded that the knees were infected as most of them get so, after such a long time and went out to treat him. When I got to the barn I saw a typical case of tetanus with the rigid muscles, the dilated nostrils, the membrana nictitans pro- truding over the eye, tail curved, the straddling posture and all symptoms that accompany tetanus. REPORTS OF CASES 467 I informed him as to the condition of the horse, of which he thought very lightly as he had heard of the luck I had had in treating them, and figured that I could not lose him. I proceeded as in the former cases in the line of treatment, with what I thought fair luck as the masseter muscles were relax- ing on the 4th day when the owner told me that in his estimation the horse did not drink enough water. I informed him that if it was within reach and if the horse was thirsty- he would help himself, but the owner thought that he could not swallow, although he had swallowed mashes for a day or two. I told him not to worry and give him water every 3-4 hours so it would be fresh, but instead of doing so with.a pail gave it in a pint syringe until he had the patient so excited and nervous that he got down. He ealled me up. I took my sling but was unable to get him back on his feet. This case was fully as bad as No. 1 but feel almost positive that he would have recovered if the water had not been given in a syringe. He was past the stage where he would starve to death as he was eating bran mashes and evidence of the muscles of the jaw relaxing. These eight cases have geen treated by me within a period of 15 months and according to my judgment the treatment has been very successful (maybe lucky) in at least those cases where the animal still had a chance. Where the animals were down and in the last stages the treatment was of no value, the same as in other diseases the best of treatment and medicine was of no avail. In conclusion will say that I have used antitetanic serum ex- tensively as a prophylactic in nail-pricks and wire-cuts and have not had one case develop tetanus after its use. —— CAESAREAN SECTION WITH REMOVAL OF ENTIRE UTERUS WALTER M. PENDERGAST, Syracuse, N. Y. On August 5th at 11 A. M. was ealled to see a Boston bull bitch that was in labor. Upon examination found one hind leg of pup presenting in the passage. At 4 P. M. no progress having been 468 REPORTS OF CASES made I gave her one ampule of pituitrin and another at 7 P. M. with no results. Efforts to extract the pup with forceps failed so at 9 A. M. August 6th I decided to perform Caesarean section. Patient etherized, field of operation scrubbed with soap and water, shaved and painted with tincture of iodine. Incision about 3144 inches long was made through abdominal wall, and uterus exposed to view. The uterus was gangrenous and in pulling it through the incision it ruptured, so I decided to remove the entire uterus and foetus intact. Ligated the uterus with catgut just posterior to the bifurcation and removed the uterus which contained one foetus about twice the normal size. The ovaries were also re- moved. The abdominal muscles were closed with interrupted eat- gut sutures and the skin wound with interrupted silk sutures. The wound was swabbed with tincture iodine before inserting the skin sutures. The patient had a profuse hemorrhage due probably to the fact that I neglected to ligate the ovarian arteries. On the follow- ing day the bitch appeared bright and lively and in ten days the abdominal wound was entirely healed. The bitch made a fine re- covery. Previous to this case I had operated on five bitches with only one recovery. In these five cases the uterus was sutured and re- turned to its normal position. In a large per cent of these cases the uterus is badly infected and lacerated and I think in such cases the removal of the entire uterus would be productive of much bet- ter results. I feel sure that the above case would not have re- covered if the uterus had been returned to the abdominal cavity. On December 15, Congressman Lobeck introduced a bill (5792) providing for the classification of salaries of veterinary inspectors, lay inspectors and clerks employed in the Bureau of Animal, In- dustry. The bill provides that the entrance salary of veterinary inspectors shall be $1400 with an annual increase of $100 until a maximum of $2400 is reached; lay inspectors (grade two), an an- nual increase of $100 up to a maximum of $1800; lay inspectors (grade one), an annual increase of $100 up to a maximum of $1600. Clerks of the Bureau shall receive an entrance salary of $900 with an annual increase of $100 per annum to a maximum of $1500. Upon evidence satisfactory to the Secretary of Agriculture, promo- tions shall be made upon the efficiency and faithfulness of the em- ployee. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE CHANGES IN THE BLOOD Count In Dourtne. N. Popesco, Archiva Veterinara.—The strict measures employed by the sanitary police to control dourine in Rou- mania have not given the desired results. The statistics of the vet- -erinary service show that this disease is on the increase. In 1910, 79 cases of dourine were diagnosed, and in 1911 there were 407 cases. The cause of the spread of this affection may be attributed, ac- cording to Popesco, to the difficulties that are met in making a diag- nosis and the insidious development of the disease. The object of the present work is to find a method of early diagnosis based on the relation which exists between certain morphological and numerical changes in the blood cells and the different stages of the disease. The observations of this author were carried out on 11 dourine horses. From these investigations he drew the following couclu- sions : ; 1. In experimental or natural dourine, there are constantly found numerical morphological changes in the blood elements. 2. The leucocyte count in dourine, in general, is like that ob- served in other trypanosome diseases. 3. During the first days (1 to 20) following the infection by the Trypanosoma equiperdum, there is an increase of from 1,000,000 to 3,000,000 above the normal in the red cells. 4. Coincident with the increase in erythrocytes, normoblasts are observed and there is a hyperleucocytosis varying between 11,200 and 22,000 which persists in the majority of cases until the animal dies. 5. During the period of incubation the number of polynuclear neutrophiles is increased (79 to 84 per 100) and also the eosino- philes (3 to 11 per 100), as well as other constituents: mononu- clears, normoblasts, lymphocytes in stage of division and neutrophi- lic myelocytes. 6. In the cases of dourine of acute development the diminu- tion of the red cells is not very marked. The early and certain diagnosis of dourine cannot be made by an examination of the blood constituents. This examination, however, is susceptible of furnishing helpful data for rendering a diagnosis in doubtful cases. (Nore :—In this country during the past four years the Bureau of Animal Industry has made use of a modification of the comple- 470 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE ment-fixation test for diagnosing dourine and has found that this method gives highly satisfactory results. It has been possible to detect cases in the very early stages of the disease as well as in the latent forms of the affection. Judging from the results thus far obtained by this procedure, it is quite safe to predict the ecumplete eradication of this malady in the United States in a very few years). | GILTNER. 1 --- ON THE ACTION OF VERATRUM VIRIDE WITH SOME REMARKS ON THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF THE MEDULLARY CENTRES. William Cramer, Physiological Department, Edinburg Univ. From the Jour. of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. VII— July, 1915— Nos. 1 and 2.—‘‘The use of veratrum viride has recent- ly been strongly recommended by Dr. Haultain in the treatment of eclampsia. According to him the drug is most efficient in reducing a high blood pressure, slowing the pulse and inducing diuresis, and it was at his request that I undertook the following investigation with the object of finding, if possible, the physiological basis for its therapeutic application.’’ The author summarizes his experiments with the following con- clusions :— ‘‘Veratrum viride in small doses has a selective action of the afferent (pulmonary) nerve-endings of the vagus. In cats it thus produces reflexly slowing or stoppage of respiration and a fall of blood-pressure due to vaso-dilatation. As a rule there is in addi- tion a marked slowing of the heart-beat produced reflexly through vagus-inhibition, but in cats this effect is sometimes absent. These effects of small doses are dependent on the integrity of the vagus nerves. ‘The drug after having stimulated the afferent nerve-endings of the vagus, paralyzes them so that a second or third dose is with- out effect. ‘“‘With larger doses the drug in addition to the effects just mentioned, paralyzes the cardio-inhibitory nerve-endings of the vagus and has also a direct action on the medullary centers leading to vaso-constriction and to paralysis of respiration. These addi- tional effects are not dependent on the integrity of the vagus nerves. ‘“Since large doses of the drug have so many diverse and part- ly antagonistic actions, the general result of a large dose of vera- trum viride is very complex and irregular. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 471 ‘““The manner in which veratrum viride acts reflexly on the medullary centers leads to the conclusion that impulses arriving at the respiratory centre can be communicated to the vaso-motor centre and to the cardio-inhibitory centre and that a central con- nection exists between these medullary centres. ‘“The question whether veratrum viride owes its action to vera- trine or to protoveratrine or to another alkaloid is discussed and left undecided. It is pointed out, however, that in the light of the present observations, the pharmacological action of veratrine and protoveratrine requires reinvestigation. ‘‘Veratrum viride is therapeutically valuable, as in suitable doses it affords a means of producing a lasting vaso-dilatation through acting reflexly on the vaso-motor centre.’’ REICHEL. ———_{)---- — Fortrau Sac ATTACHED TO THE GASTRO-SPLENIC OMENTUM OF A Rassir. P. Bruce White B.Se. Jour. Comp. Pathol. and Therap. This case supports the view of many who consider that the so-called eases of abdominal pregnancy are due to uterine rupture with sub- sequent extrusion of the fetus. On the opening of the carcass of a doe-rabbit there was found a large tumor attached by a pedicle to the gastro-splenic omentum, but otherwise free in the abdominal cavity. Examined more attentively later, the tumor was found to have a stomach shape with greater and lesser curvature. It was attached towards one end of the lesser curvature, which measured 3.5 em. long. The sac was 6.5 em. long, 5.4 em. deep and 3.5 em. thick. With the fingers it was easily ascertained that the sae contained two bodies movable on each other. The larger occupied two-thirds of the sac and the other the remaining part. The wall of the sae was smooth and polished. An incision of the great curvature re- vealed a well developed fetus, covered with hair and exhibiting signs of mummification. The sac was of a fibrous texture, adherent in some places to the torn chorion, and in others to the amnion, which closely invested the fetus and contained no fluid. The well developed placenta showed no signs of attachment to the sac wall. Lying in the hollow of the back of the fetus was the second body, a large organized clot. The pedicle showed signs of torsion. The left horn of the uterus was greatly constricted about half its length 472 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE and showed unmistakable signs of a rupture. It was evident that the fetus had escaped into the abdomen through a rupture in the wall of the uterus. LIAUTARD. ——_Q—_—_ A CAsE OF SYMMETRICAL ABRACHIA IN A Cott. P. Bruce White. Jour. Comp. Path. and Therap—kExternally the malformation was quite symmetrical, there being no trace of either of the fore limbs. The anterior ends of the scapulae protruded slightly on each side of the weak and narrow chest. There was considerable umbilical hernia but the other external parts were normal. On examination of the abdominal viscera, there were found several large cysts on the surface of the liver and mesentery. They contained yellowish fluid. The testes were small but remained in the abdomen. Dissection showed no traces of the missing limbs. The glenoid cavity was quite unformed but could be ascertained with the fingers. The whole musculature was rudimentary. The supra- and sub- spinatus muscles blended into a thin sheet of muscle, extending over the external face of the scapula. The subscapularis was better de- veloped. The serratus magnus was to some extent developed as were also some parts of the pectoral muscles. The vascular and nervous arrangement could not be made out thoroughly. The brachial plexus was undersized and the brachial nerves suddenly broke up into a brush-work. The scapulae were the only representatives of the limbs and girdle: they were much reduced. In the left shoulder blade the glenoid and coracoid borders tapered away to a point terminated by a sharp curved process. The spine was feebly developed as a slight longitudinal ridge fading away at either end. The blade of the scapula was to a large extent cartilaginous. There could be found no traces of nodules or any structure which might be regarded as rudiments of the missing limbs or coracoid process. LIAUTARD. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE , 473 THE Dog As A CARRIER OF PARASITES AND DisEASE. Maurice C. Hall, U. 8. Dept. Agric. Bull. 260, Nov. 23, 1915. —This bulletin, which is intended especially for the use of physicians, veterinarians and health officers, emphasizes the fact that while a dog that is properly cared for and kept within reasonable bounds is an animal with many delightful and useful qualities; on the other hand the dog that recognizes no owner or no restraint, that carries vermin and disease, that kills sheep and destroys property—these dogs must be eliminated. Such dogs are both a nuisance and a danger. Dogs play a part in the spread of such diseases as ringworm, favus and foot-and-mouth disease, but it is as carriers of parasites that dogs are of primary importance. The bulletin disregards the numerous parasites of the dog which are confined in all stages of their development to the dog or related animals and deals only with those parasites which are transmissible in some form to man and the domesticated animals. Of the latter group the paper deals in detail with those forms which are known from the United States and gives passing mention to those which are of minor importance or not yet known from the United States. Those known from the United States include rabies, which is, of course, still of more or less prob- lematical etiology though commonly regarded as of a protozoan nature, hydatid, gid, cysticercosis of various forms in eattle, sheep, hogs and reindeer, tapeworm and roundworm transmissible to man, tongueworm, fleas and ticks. A discussion of the life histories, so far as known, and of the prophylactic measures, especially as they concern the dog, is given for these parasites. It is noted that the dog is at present the subject of criticism from three quarters: public health officers are insisting on a restric- tion of the dog’s unwarranted liberties in order to lessen and in time to eliminate the menace of rabies; sheepmen accustomed to being forced out of business by sheep-killing dogs have been taking more aggressive action looking toward eliminating worthless dogs; and parasitologists are insisting that the dog is so responsible for the spread and so essential to the existence of many important para- sites that we must curtail his hberty to protect ourselves, our fam- ilies and our stock from the evil results of his unrestrained wan- derings. M. C. HAtu. 474 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE VETERINARY ACTIVITY IN THE War. Dr. J. Kostrhum, Army Veterinarian, Tierarzth. Zentralb, 1915, p. 148—In an introductory remark the author describes the extraordinarily difficult problems which confront the veterinarians in the field, which require, aside from professional skill, considerable physical endurance as well as experience and a keen sense of duty. He further describes in detail a case of dystocia in the mare. The fetus was dead in dorsal po- sition, with the head bent to the side in a way so that the fetus en- tered the genital organs with its neck. After great effort embry- otomy had to be performed, and that with unsuitable instruments. He therefore points out the necessity of equipping the veterinarians with instruments for parturition. A frequent occurrence among the animals was abortion, espeec- ially in the months of January and February, which resulted from mechanical irritation, irregular and abnormal methods of living, ex- traordinary work with subsequent rapid cooling off, especially where this occurred in a damp, cool atmosphere. Calked wounds are very frequent, and complications develop as a result of contact with snow in the form of necrosis with an exten- sive and deep loss of substanee. It was therefore very important to bandage the parts and rest the animals affected with such wounds. Among the infectious diseases, glanders, influenza, scabies, pustular stomatitis and anthrax were observed. Cases of influenza occurred only sporadically, and only rarely was the disease localized in the lungs. According to Kostrhum, this was attained as a result of the individual quartering of the animals, the frequent bivouacing of doors and the frequent change of the location. The author en- ergetically recommends the use of neosalvarsan, since it greatly re- duces the period of convalescence and is therefore only apparently more expensive when compared with the symptomatic treatment. The combating of outbreaks of glanders proved very difficult. Individual cases recurred repeatedly. The measures employed in ~ time of peace could be employed only to a limited extent. Also the insufficient disinfection of the harness, the constant changing of the horses and the use of stables which had not been disinfected were responsible factors in its propagation. It appears that the chronic cases of glanders which remain in a latent form in the mild climate of.the southern theatre of the war turn into acute cases when the animals are transferred to the more ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 475 rigid northern climate of the Carpathians, wherefore the author is inclined to accept an influence of climatie conditions upon this disease. (NotE :—At the present time the German army has five labor- atories at the different fronts for the purpose of testing animals for glanders and other infectious diseases.) EICHHORN. —_-(j}--—-—- THE PREVALENCE OF FootT-anD-MoutH DiIsEASE.— (ENGLAND). Leaflet No. 292, Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. From the Lancet—N o. 18 of Vol. II—October 30, 1915.—This disease has been rather prevalent in England during the year 1914. A total of 19 outbreaks is recorded in the report of the Chief Veterinary Officer of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. A leaflet on the subject is therefore quite opportune, especially as the malady spreads so rapidly, and a knowledge of its symptoms, the subjects that may be affected, the nature of the infection and its carriers, is important to stock-owners, medical men, and veterimary surgeons. All the domestic animals and ruminants may be infected with foot-and- mouth disease. Human beings may contract the complaint, though they are not the most susceptible class. Cattle are the most suscep- tible, then come sheep, pigs and goats, and afterwards horses, dogs and cats. All suspected outbreaks of the disease are to be reported immediately to the authorities. The filterable virus to which the disease is due produces its effects usually within 48-72 hours, but the incubation period may exceptionally extend to 10 days. A high temperature—105°F. in cattle, lameness, slavering at the mouth, and smacking of the lips are present. Lameness in a number of animals, especially if noticeable in more than one species—eattle, pigs, or sheep, for example—should arouse the gravest suspicion. The lameness may escape the casual observer, as the animals may be so footsore as to remain lying down. Slavering is not so notice- able in pigs and sheep as cattle. The lesions consist of vesicles ap- pearing about the mouth and on the finer parts of the skin and about the feet at the junction of skin and hoof. In milech cows the milk yield falls considerably and the lesions may appear on the teats and cause permanent injury to the udder. Very young calves may die from enteritis. The contents of the vesicles are infective, as is 476 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE also the blood in the early stages of the disease. The virus may be easily destroyed, by antiseptics, but under certain conditions which exist in nature it may remain active for months and be carried long distances. Contact and cohabitation of the animals favor the spread of infection, and attendants, utensils, wind-blown saliva, foodstuffs, and water-supply may all act as spreaders of the epi- demic. Roads along which affected animals have passed and wagons in which they have travelled may remain infective for some time. As showing the difficulties in the way of controlling the spread of the infection it may be noted that rats, fowls, birds, cats, horses, and dogs may act as carriers of the virus. The leaflet says that human beings may possibly convey the disease to animals. The spread of infection is very insidious. A good deal of evidence has been col- lected which goes to show that a human being may, through his clothes, make the clothes of others infective. Animals which have recovered may be harborers of infection for a considerable time. The commonest method of infection is through the mucous mem- branes by way of the alimentary canal; 1/250th of a drop of fluid from the vesicles is sufficient to cause infection. Personal hygiene and disinfection, control of attendants on outbreaks, confining the milk-supply to the infected place and boiling it before giving to other animals, are measures of prevention advocated. The conclud- ing paragraphs of the leaflet draw attention to the importance of reporting the existence, or suspected existence, of the disease ‘promptly. Great loss in stock and money and long periods of pre- valence of the disease may result from inability to isolate and stamp out the disease by reason of lack of immediate notification. REICHEL. —--Q-——-- ScroraL HERNIA IN A SHIRE-F'0AIL—STRANGULATION—RADI- CAL OPERATION—ReEcovERY. H. Caulton Reeks, F.R.C.V.S. Vet- erinary Record.—A valuable foal showed an ordinary scrotal hernia. The owner was advised to leave it alone as it would probably disap- pear as the foal grew,and at any rate caution must be given the oper- ator of its presence when castration was to be performed. Instead of following this advice, the owner bought a truss, applied it and inside of 24 hours violent colic was manifested, strangulation was plainly marked and the case seemed hopeless. However, after casting the ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 477 foal, attempts were made to reduce the hernia. They failed and the little sufferer was left to himself after receiving a full dose of castor oil and methylated ether. Directions were given to have small doses of ether given every two hours. The next day the case was still serious, showed less violence in the colic and the next morning all pain had subsided, the foal was in much better condition. Operation was suggested and consented to by the owner. It was performed as follows: The left scrotal sae was opened and gave escape to a large amount of inflammatory fluid and the pro- truding intestine exposed. Attempts to reduce it failed, although there was no adhesion. Greater pressure was resorted to but no reduction was obtained. In trying to pull the intestine per rectum it was found that the fingers of the hand in the rectum could touch those of the other hand near the protruding intestine. With great care, a scalpel was used and an incision made through the inguinal ring. After this it was an easy matter to pull the intestine per rectum, and with careful manipulation return the whole into the abdominal cavity. At that moment the testicle made its appear- ance and was removed with the ecraseur. During the process of reduction a portion of the intestine ap- peared enormously thickened, almost leather-like in consistence and with a mottled dark red and purple coloration. The wound of the abdomen was carefully attended to with antiseptics, iodine, sutures, pads, etc., and the little fellow allowed to get up, which he did in a short time and went to suck his dam. The case went on without any serious manifestation and ended with complete radi- cal recovery. LIAUTARD. An important bulletin (211) for country practitioners has been published by the Agricultural Experiment Station of the Colorado Agricultural College at Fort Collins, Col., on Colorado Plants In- jurious to Live Stock. The authors are Dr. G. H. Glover and W. W. Robbins. A number of the plants are doubtless common to other states and the information and suggestions will undoubtedly be useful over a wide area. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY ' MEDICAL ASSOCIATION PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, you have heard the very eloquent me- morial with reference to our beloved Dr. Salmon. What do you wish to have done with the report? Dr. KINSLEY: Mr. President, I move that we accept it and refer it to the publication committee to be published in our proceedings, or in whatever form they are to be published hereafter. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: You have heard the motion. Do I hear a second? Dr. MurpHeEy: I second the motion. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The motion has been made and seconded that the report on Dr. Salmon be received and referred to the publication committee for publication in our annual report. Any remarks? If not, all in favor of the motion signify by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no’’. The ‘‘ayes’’ have it. It is so ordered. A committee was appointed to attend the International Vet- erinary Association meeting, which committee was composed of Dr. Hichhorn, Dr. Mayo and myself (if you will pardon me for appointing myself one of the committee.) Dr. Hichhorn is present and is ready to report the findings of that committee. We will be glad to have him report at the present time. Dr. Hichhorn read his paper ‘‘ Report of the Official Tour of Europe’’ as follows: REPORT OF THE OFFICIAL TOUR OF EUROPE OF THE DELEGATES OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION TO ATTEND THE INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CON- GRESS AT LONDON, 1914. A full report of this tour was published in monthly instal- ments in the American Veterinary Review and it is not deemed ad- visable to take up the descriptive phase of the tour, since this has been exhaustively treated in that publication. It is respectfully requested that the association adopt the report as published in the American Veterinary Review as our official report, and consider this as a supplementary report in which it is aimed to discuss brief- ly the veterinary education, meat inspection, sanitation, ete., as it impressed us and to point out all features which might be advanta- geously utilized for the welfare, progress, and standing of the vet- erinary profession in this country. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A 479 - Professionally, our tour was an extraordinary success and we wish to express our heartiest thanks to the association, since the numerous honors and courteous attentions shown us everywhere were primarily the result of our official connection with our great association, and we also desire to show our appreciation to all those abroad who spared no effort to make our stay very profitable and interesting. It is to be regretted that we are not in a position to report on the results of the deliberations of the Tenth International Con- gress, since only the opening and closing meetings were held by that great organization. The unfortunate and untimely war of the present interfered with the execution of the program of the con- gress and the few foreign delegates who arrived in London soon re- turned to their homes in answer to the return call of their countries where their services were needed. The committee on arrangements for the congress, no doubt, did their utmost to make the Tenth International Congress a success and every one who had the privilege of being at the several func- tions which were held in connection with the congress was highly impressed with the elaborate preparedness of taking care of the large number of visitors expected and also to make the professional part of the congress of great interest to the participants and also of benefit to the various countries which they had the pleasure to represent. In this regard great credit is due to Sir John McFad- yean and Sir Stewart Stockman, who were primarily instrumental in the arrangements for the congress. One could see on their faces the sad disappointment and no doubt they had the sympathy of every one present. The tour which our party undertook prior to our arrival in Great Britain, however, was enjoyed by every one and gave us an opportunity to observe and visit many veterinary institutions and also to study to a small degree the sanitary organizations of the various countries in regard to veterinary problems. The party visited the veterinary schools of Brussels, Alfort, Berne, Milan, Budapest, Vienna, Dresden, Berlin, Hanover and Utrecht. We were greatly impressed with the magnitude, equip- ment and thoroughness of the work in practically every school which we visited. All veterinary colleges in continental Europe are Government institutions which are maintained by regular ap- 480 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A propriations from the representative governments. It is natural that under such‘ conditions the schools are developed to the highest perfection. It is not deemed advisable to take up individually the various schools since that has already been stated. With the exception of one or two, each school impressed us beyond our expectations with its thoroughness. First of all, the preliminary education required to enter at present in all of the veterinary colleges abroad is far beyond our standard, and the various representatives of the colleges informed us that only because of these requirements has the veteri- nary profession been elevated in these respective countries to the present high position. A high school education is required in every country of continental Europe at the present time to enter upon the study of veterinary medicine. In some institutions they even re- quire a two-year college education in natural science prior to taking up the study of veterinary medicine. The curriculum in the vet- erinary colleges extends over a four-year period of 9 to 10 months each. In every college great stress is laid upon the clinical work for the benefit of the students, and in most of them ambulatory clinies are being maintained which afford an opportunity for the students to familiarize themselves with the actual work in practice, especially in bovine practice which naturally has to be neglected in the colleges located in large cities. The spaces reserved for the colleges are located in most in- stances in convenient parts of the, cities allowing these institutions considerable ground upon which the numerous buildings are lo- cated. In every school there are various departments, each depart- ment having its own building in which to conduct the educational as well as research work in that particular branch. Thus, the sub- jects of physiology, physics, and chemistry as a rule are housed as one department in special buildings; anatomy in another one; pharmacy, pharmacology and botany have also special buildings, ete. The hospitals are of modern construction and equipped with all up-to-date appliances for the treatment of various diseases. A ward for infectious diseases is isolated from the others. The same arrangement is maintained for the hospitals for small animals. The laboratories are well equipped and the students are required to do all work in histology, bacteriology and pathology, etc., in preparing specimens, sections, ete., connected with the laboratory study of these different branches. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A 481 It is aimed at the present to give the students an opportunity to study bovine diseases, and in some institutions various breeds of cattle are maintained and in one particular institution pregnant cattle are brought in for the purpose of affording the students an opportunity to study normal and abnormal parturitions. A professor is at the head of each department having his corps of assistants assisting him in his work. This is not entirely confined to teaching and a great deal of time is devoted to research work. As a result of this arrangement most of the advancement in veterinary science has originated in veterinary schools abroad and there is a tendency to even extend the experiments and investigations in the various branches in the veterinary colleges. Of course, the teaching staff, also those engaged in research work in these schools devote all their time and attention to their respective work. The members of the faculty and their assistants devote their entire time to the welfare of the schools and the benefit of the students. The arrange- ment appears especially of great advantage since a professor in charge of a department makes this particular line his hfe work and develops his branch to the highest standard. As a result one can see in each department splendid collections of various materials which from an educational point of view are all of special advantage to the student. It is needless to point out the advantages of an arrangement of this kind in veterinary education as compared to a practice by which practitioners are charged with the teaching of various branches as is practiced in some of our institutions. The practitioner has no time to study and keep up with all phases of his subjects. Furthermore, he can devote only a small fraction of his time to the preparation of his branch and his teaching cannot be developed to such an extent as would be the case if he could devote all of his time to certain branches for the benefit of the students. We cannot refrain from briefly mentioning the veterinary mu- seums and libraries which are maintained in connection with every veterinary college visited. The most interesting collections, of path- ological and normal specimens preserved by the most recent methods may be seen. The buildings and equipment are everything that could be desired, being equipped with the most modern appliances utilized for teaching. Roentgen apparatuses, projectoscopes, ete., are employed in most every department of the different colleges in Europe. 482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A We must, however, consider that all the European institutions are old and developed gradually to their present standard. Never- theless, we can do our best to learn by their experience aiming towards the highest standards for the veterinary profession in the shortest time in which it ean be attained. Only through require- ments of a high standard of the prospective students and through proper veterinary education can we hope to attain a standing which the veterinary profession should command. The committee had a splendid opportunity to make compara- tive observations in meat inspection in the various countries and also to compare them with the meat inspection practiced in the United States. One striking feature in this regard is the control of the abattoirs and stock yards in all countries of continental Europe. They are municipal institutions erected and managed by the re- spective municipalities and in every respect under full control of these authorities. The expenses of maintaining these establishments are met by a fixed charge for each animal killed and accordingly most of the abattoirs are self-sustaining enterprises. With the exception of a few abattoirs we were very favorly impressed with these establishments as they are conducted abroad. It should be considered, however, that the meat industry in Europe is not com- parable with the commercial features of this industry in this coun- try, since large packing interests are unknown there and the killing is almost entirely confined either to small wholesale or to individual butchers. We desire especially to point out the establishments of Germany which appeared to be model in the construction, sanitation and man- agement. In France and Italy we observed that the old ‘‘cell sys- . tem’’ of butchering was still in vogue. The inspection as practiced in the abattoirs is controlled by the rules and regulations governing the meat inspection of the respective countries or the municipalities. In Germany all animals slaughtered for consumption must be in- spected and they have accordingly the control over all food animals which reach the consumer with the exception of those slaughtered for family consumption. The meat inspection system is divided in a similar manner to the one in this country, that is, into ante- and postmortem inspection. Veterinarians employed by the municipal- ities are in charge of the inspection which from our observations is very thoroughly carried out in all abattoirs we visited in Germany. In some of the other countries we observed a laxity in the inspec- PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A 483 tion, in one particular instance the veterinarians only passing up and down the aisles without giving the individual careasses the necessary inspection. The regulations governing the meat inspec- tion vary to some extent in the different countries but the differences are not very striking and are very much the same as those governing the Federal meat inspection in the United States. In this regard it may be mentioned that in the disposition of the carcasses affected with certain diseases the regulations in Europe are much milder than in the United States. In connection with the abattoirs they maintain so-called sanitary abattoirs in which all the condemned and retained carcasses are finally disposed of. A laboratory is.also maintained in the sanitary abattoirs for bacteriological meat in- spection. The sterilization of the meat which has been condition- ally passed is also done in this building, special sterilizers being provided. The meat is cut up into certain sized pieces, placed in baskets and these baskets then shoved into the sterilizers where the sterilization is accomplished under steam pressure. Such meat must be sold under declaration in special shops known as Freibanks. Some of the abattoirs visited were very impressive in their construction. Architecturally they appeared neat. From a san- itary point of view they possessed everything that could be desired. In the more modern establishments such as are in Dresden the con- struction was carried out on a very elaborate seale including labor- saving appliances. The large killing halls are so constructed that the buildings are provided with ample light and air and the entire establishment might be considered free from odor; even in the tripe room one is impressed with the absence of disagreeable odors. Similar arrangements could not be expected in the establish- ments of this country on account of the variance in the commercial end of the industry. One could readily see everywhere that the meat inspection in this country is at least as efficient as in any European country and the food passed under our method of in- spection is assurance to the people of its wholesomeness. The veterinary: service of the different countries could be only satisfactorily discussed by an elaborate description which would take too much space for a brief report of this kind. The sanitary regu- lations relative to the control of infectious diseases vary considerably in the different countries and one might favorably compare them with the existing conditions in the different states of our country. The least attention is paid to the control of tuberculosis. There is 484 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A no concerted effort in Eurpoe towards the control of the disease by legislative measures. In some countries the governments are aiding in their efforts to eradicate the disease from their herds but com- pulsory measures do not exist in this regard. The compulsory tu- berculin test is unknown and no attention is paid to the milk supply with regard to tuberculosis. No control is exerted over traffic with tuberculous animals and a man knowing of this disease in his herd will not hesitate to dispose of affected animals to the best advantage ; he will even sell such animals to his neighbor. A great deal more at- tention is accorded to the control of glanders. In some of the coun- tries which we visited the authorities have successfully eradicated the disease with the aid of stringent measures enforced by govern- ment officials. In this regard probably Austria attained the best results within the shortest time since the acceptance of the eye test for the diagnosis of glanders and by the inauguration of other measures for the control of the disease in stables where it appeared they succeeded in eradicating glanders in most of the provinces of Austria. Prussia has also attained similar good results, but the complement-fixation test has been used instead of the eye test. Rabies is being controlled in the various countries by muzzling orders which are strictly enforced, and as a result of this the disease has been practically eradicated from most of the countries which we visited. Compulsory reporting of outbreaks of various other dis- eases and subsequent strict quarantines are required in most infec- tious diseases, and thereby the sanitary authorities are always in position to establish the extent of the respective diseases in the different countries. The veterinary organizations and the methods of control of various diseases as practiced in the different countries have been more fully treated in the general report of the committee. The failure of the last congress which was to have been held in London, as a result of the European conflict, is to be greatly regret- ted since various problems were to have been exhaustively treated on that occasion and no doubt all countries would have greatly profited by the resolutions which would have been adopted as a re- sult of the earnest deliberations which are characteristic of the vet- erinary international congresses. At the present time it is difficult to foresee the time when it will be possible to hold the next congress but it appears that it is not too early for our association to con- sider the possibility of inviting the next congress to this country. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A 485 The neutrality which has been maintained by this country through- out the European conflict would no doubt assure the veterinarians of all nations a hearty welcome. An official invitation from our association in due time will further assure our professional brethren abroad of a successful meeting. The benefit which the veterinarians of this country would derive from such a meeting and the advan- tages to the country would justify a thorough preparedness and an early consideration of an earnest appeal to the permanent com- mittees of the International Veterinary Congress to decide upon the place of the next meeting in the United States. Such an invitation could be issued as soon as the war clouds disappear and after the restoration of the much desired peace, when each one will return to his former occupation working for the welfare and benefit of humanity. Dr. EicHHoRN: Mr. President and Gentlemen: We were treated with the utmost courtesy by the different countries we visited officially and privately, and, no doubt, a great measure of this is due to the fact that the association granted us the privilege of representing it officially during our tour, and for this reason, Mr. President, I move that the association extend a vote of thanks to all those who aided us in our successful trip, and that we express our grati- tude for the kind reception we were accorded at every place we visited. Sec- onded by Dr. Kinsley. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, I can heartily endorse everything that Dr. Eichhorn has said with reference to the courteous reception given us while we were abroad. What do you wish to do with the report Dr. Eichhorn has pre- sented? Dr. KINSLEY: I move that the report be received. Seconded. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the report of Dr. Eichhorn be received and referred to the publication committee. If there are no objections, it is so ordered. Now, gentlemen, a motion has been made by Dr. Eichhorn. Dr. Hoskins: I move the adoption of the motion and a vote of thanks be extended to the people who assisted in making the tour of our committee so successful. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that this associa- tion extend a vote of thanks to those who made our trip so pleasant and con- tributed in many ways to the pleasure of the tour. Any remarks? If not, it is so ordered. There are a few suggestions contained in Dr. Eichhorn’s report, which I think the association should act upon. One is particularly in reference to this association extending an invitation to the International Congress to meet in America at its next meeting. Dr. Hoskins: I move that the recommendation be referred to the execu- tive committee to be acted upon as the committee shall see fit. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. 486 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the question of extending an invitation to the International Congress be referred to the executive committee and that they make a recommendation to the association for action. Any remarks? If not, it is so ordered. : It is now a little past eleven o’clock which was the time appointed for the report of the reorganization committee. Is the committee ready to report? Dr. RUTHERFORD: Mr. President, pardon me a moment, I want to ask one question of Dr. Eichhorn with reference to education. Is it in order to ask it now? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I think it would be in order at this time. Dr. RUTHERFORD: My question refers to what you said in regard to a high school education in many of your colleges. Does a high school education in Europe mean more than our high school education, in other words, is there a higher standard there than in our high schools? As I understand it, they do not have high schools such as we have. Am I right or wrong? Dr. EIcHHORN: Iam not ready to discuss the difference between the edu- cation in this country and abroad, but it requires the same number of years to go through the gymnasium, as they eal! it, or the high school. In Europe they have four years public school and eight years gymnasium, or high school, and in this country we have eight years public school and four years of high school. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Is the committee on reorganization ready to report? Dr. CAMPBELL: I do not understand it is. The report was put in the hands of the executive committee with instructions to report back to us at this time, but I understand it is not yet ready. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: As I understand the proposition, as it stands at present, the executive committee is not yet ready to report. They ask for more time for consideration. Dr. CAMPBELL: I wonder if they would not be willing to set a definite time to make that report so that we will all know when the matter of reorgan- ization will come up so that we may be present to take part in the discussion. Dr. JENSEN: Mr. Chairman, I believe that the executive committee could make that report tomorrow afternoon at the time appointed for the completion of business just before the election of officers, if that is agreeable. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: You mean tomorrow afternoon? Dr. JENSEN: ‘Tomorrow afternoon before the election of officers. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: If you mean Thursday afternoon, all we have left is the election of officers and there probably would be a good attendance of the members at that time, and it would possibly be advisable to postpone the matter until Thursday evening at the time of the election of officers. Dr. CAMPBELL: In this connection I want to remind the executive com- mittee and members of the association that the report of the committee on re- organization was made in that very way two years ago, on the last day of the session, and the last session of that day, there was not an opportunity to con- sider it at that time. It is possible the association might wish to send this back to the executive committee for some minor changes; it is quite probable they PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A 487 would wish to do so, and it seems to me, it is advisable to have this subject up for consideration one day in advance of the last meeting of the session. In this way the matter may be reported back to the executive committee and time allowed to make whatever revisions the committee may see fit to make before re- ferring back to the association. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Tomorrow morning at nine-thirty we have another business session and it is rather short and if agreeable to the members of the association we can bring the matter of reorganization up for consideration at the session tomorrow morning, if that will be agreeable to Dr. Campbell. Dr. CAMPBELL: Yes. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Then the report of the committee on reorganiza- tion will come up tomorrow morning at ten o’clock instead of nine-thirty. I am sure we will have sufficient time if we begin our meeting at ten o’clock in the morning instead of nine-thirty as scheduled at the previous meeting. There are three or four reports for tomorrow morning in addition, which have not been called at present and there is one other report on the program for today and that is the report of the committee on necrology. Are you ready to make that re- port, Dr. Campbell? Dr. CAMPBELL: I am waiting for certain information and the report is not yet ready but it will take less than five minutes to get the report ready when I get the information desired and I would rather have some time to complete the report. Will there not be time to get that report tomorrow morning? It will be ready at that time. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: We will hear your report tomorrow, Dr. Campbell. The report of the committee on advertisements of veterinary remedies by Dr. G. H. Glover, chairman, was listed for tomorrow but Dr. Lyman is here and will make the report now, if you so desire. Dr. R. P. LyMAN: Gentlemen, this report I find in my mail upon arrival here and as it is written by our chairman Dr. George H. Glover, I will simply read the report of the committee as presented by him. I will say that the com- mittee has done a large amount of work by correspondence with the publishers of many papers carrying advertisements and so on. Dr. Lyman then read the report of the committee on advertisements of vet- erinary remedies as prepared by George H. Glover, Chairman, as follows: REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ADVERTISEMENTS OF VETERINARY REMEDIES Gro. H. GLover, Chairman JOSEPH HUGHES R. P. LYMAN Mr. President and Members of the Association: The work of your committee has consisted largely in close in- spection of the advertising columns of agricultural and livestock papers, and calling the attention of the owners or managers to those 488 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A advertisements which are considered objectionable, and asking them to discontinue the same. A lawyer was first cousulted for advice as to just how far we could go in denouncing specific fake ‘‘cures’’, without making us personally liable in a suit at law. I was informed that, in substance, we had better ‘‘make haste slowly’’, and while we might express a doubt, and make manifest a disapproval of certain advertised ‘‘cures’’,we must openly brand them as fakes, unless we are prepared to prove the truth of our assertion. The burden of truth resting with the one who dares to publicly denounce an apparent fraud, seems to reverse the order of justice and in this instance places your com- mittee in a dilemma. Many letters have been written to editors and managers of newspapers, and many arguments have been used to induce them to reject certain questionable advertisements. We have succeeded in some instances and failed in others. Some of these advertisements are so glaringly fraudulent, that it seems like questioning a man’s intelligence to assume that he approves of them. : Biagio 2%. See st: 462 684 * ‘i a SLC) 2 ra ne a ae 958 1347 Es a . LS a 16027 bs : 7 p AUC) See Ra eee 33966 1947 = = % September ........... 20729 2747 ***22091 = * OC EOUOle isc dathn «+ 14115 3459 . * * Wovember” ...: 320)... 8527 is 3 * * WeeemBer .. 5. .sc sees 5594 = a = ANG TU CofS\ Fea Re 100961 15544 22091 0 1733 * No reports received to cover such months. ** Report covers from February 21 to March 6, 1915. *** Report covers from September 28 to October 4, 1913. SWITZERLAND 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Month Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases eimaies @ 5. «bf. < 759 1301 1036 2685 1229 GUMMY: So os ciele 2) = 1013 586 703 1220 904 oo) a 603 620 672 1469 * 559 ae ee! seo Re. 348 256 577 757 WME a9 s\n 5 a's oles es > 393 428 1226 673 2 CN ea 4796 4267 2505 384 Ahh? Se ie ae 59805 5903 5588 3119 LUGE eee ae 109347 3608 10273 3607 Beprember iss... se 5373 2021 21292 4309 Bt notes Alsi). sis) e lama 1515 2096 9906 3326 Wovembers. i. /... 02%... 1566 1943 9650 777 CC RTIOT iy, oy nisi. en's os 1432 1740 5822 1825 PGI ste ig tai z-) 0" cz. +. < 186950 24769 69250 24151 2692 * Last report received from Switzerland. 540 JOHN R. MOHLER ITALY ‘ 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Month Localities Loealities Localities Localities Localities PANUAPY he sees: 57210 14870 15722 3707 1233 February .5.c.n... | SO08T 9053 7291 2337 1123 Micrcheeecretcrctensi sce cls 100491 3580 8570 2107 * 838 a. Cini t ine a ae 68671 9435 5777 1815 Iya ete Slo cig eieceunis 95625 12831 7302 1217 BURG ree ce settee 406343 3661 11506 439 UA oe hie cvs Se centers ea 112902 3369 16957 1300 PAUCUST Ieee ices 39082 2658 9284 1758 September ........ 28373 1880 14046 851 Octoborscescmiecs 18232 30805 14238 2146 November erence 29136 81392 8240 1361 December ........ 19452 53045 4371 1661 MOWAT See Ucn eee 1024609 226679 123304 20699 3194 * Last report received from Italy. AUSTRIA The status of foot-and-mouth disease in Austria May 31, 1911; 787 dis- tricts, 11,013 farms HUNGARY The status of foot-and-mouth disease in Hungary May 31, 1911; 1,609 districts, 19,045 farms. RUSSIA Outbreaks Cases AMIS USED LON Oey erceet ters «collet see ten aT ARR etonet o's! aise oR Memes 7,215 590,349 September: “VOW Mes Vivace ore.c ests chepeten etoile) =. 6 ats) sia arr aeeetenorete 6,225 545,671 Oetoper p90 eee oii.) oe. ote 3 = crete oc 5. = cle nee 4,467 314,759 Totals: 2.745 ia ho eho te wlan ies ee os «= 17,907 1,450,799 Marohy 190 SS Oo allan < Ge a tne ok oie Sates a) so oh NG te eran 374 26,017 (No report from Russia between October, 1910 and March, 1914, and none since March, 1914 to date). ee © rd ABSTRACT OF DISCUSSION. Dr. Huenes: I do not wish to discuss this paper from the standpoint of the practitioner and ordinary observer of the dis- ease because that has been exploited to such an extent that it would be time wasted, it would be useless for me to endeavor to bring to your attention the salient features of this disease. But I want to endorse everything Dr. Mohler has said. There are a few little things that probably I might take issue with him upon, but they are so inconsequential that they are better left unmentioned. FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 541 This disease, foot-and-mouth disease, I have been observing since I was seven or eight years old. Prior to my taking up the study of veterinary medicine, I had cases to observe—at least three outbreaks on our establishment and in the country surrounding it. I had a chanee, in consequence, to become conversant with it early in life. I remember driving a wagon regularly to the fields where the cattle were,—the wagon containing cabbages, that the cattle might be sustained throughout the outbreak. These animals were quarantined under very strict and rigid regulations, and the dis- ease was allowed to run its course, which it did and disappeared, leaving the animals without any mortality, further than the trouble and commercial obstruction incident to the presence of the disease, in the way of quarantines, etc., removal or barter or selling of cattle, shutting down of fairs and markets, the disease at that time was not looked upon as a serious one. Where the disease came from was a problem that was confronting the people. It came ordinarily heralded by newspaper reports intimating that it was at some dis- tant point, say, 100 miles away, and that it might be expected to visit our territory. Ordinarily it came with the regularity of clock work, so that, granting that we had an outbreak, we will say in this year, and that outbreak ran its course, the disease disappeared leaving our cattle in the condition which had previously existed, and did not return until a certain irregular period afterwards—maybe two years—maybe five years. So that it is not to be supposed for a moment that that disease or that outbreak had clung around the establishment or around the locality or neighborhood, but rather that it was brought in. When one comes to ask himself how it is possible that this disease could originate in a state like Michigan where it has originated, he is only asking the question that I have heard asked many times, thirty, thirty-five and forty years ago. So it seems in that respect we are not making any progress in the mat- ter of being able to definitely determine how this peculiar disease appears in a locality, and when probably the next outbreak comes, it will descend upon a community thousands of miles distant. I have no knowledge, of course, of serum therapy in this dis- ease. Consequently I don’t feel that I am in any way competent to discuss it. I am a close reader. There is not anything that has been published on this subject that I have not endeavored to lay my hands upon, and when I could not get it through English echan- nels, I had the matter translated, so that with regard to those dairy show cattle, in the course of time, there will appear a very complete and a very exhaustive report of the handling of those animals. I don’t believe that any form of quarantine that could be imposed would control this disease, and as a consequence, I highly endorse the methods adopted by the Bureau of Animal Industry. There is no compromise to be made with me on this subject. But I have been criticised. It has been stated that I have been an obstruction- §42 JOHN R. MOHLER ist by associating myself with those dairy herd people to the detri- ment of the field‘veterinarian. I want definitely and. positively to go on record. I have gone on record before, at the last meeting of the United States Livestock Sanitary Association on this matter, and answered any question put with the regularity of clock work. You have been the obstructionist. I have not been. I want to reiterate here that I associated myself with these dairy people when they were in desperate straits. There was a feeling in Chicago at the time when the disease was discovered at the stock yards and a valuable herd of this kind was on exhibition, that something must be done to save them. The expression was heard abroad: ‘‘ What of this valuable dairy herd? Why should they be slaughtered as others have been?’’ Now in the placing of a quarantine, naturally the owners were excluded. Their men to a great extent were ex- eluded. The attendants of these animals were only allowed to con- verse with outsiders from a second story window. Finally the notion got abroad that these cattle had to go underground, and that got these dairy show people by the ears. As a consequence they sent their manager to me to know whether I would represent them. I want to say again at this meeting that before I concluded to do so, before I would give them an answer in any way, I said: ‘‘It has got to be satisfactory to the State of Illinois that I shall associate my- self with you’’ and also to the Washington authorities. I saw the state veterinarian of Lllinois. He said: ‘‘It will please me im- mensely if you will act as a go-between’’. Then I called up Wash- ington by long distance, and I got Dr. Mohler on the telephone. I told him what the existing conditions were in regard to this herd. That there were probably thirty cattle at that time of the dairy show stock which had been removed from the infected quarters to the hospital where they were segregated. Dr. Mohler stated that in his opinion it might be well for me to ally myself with those people, and he gave me some directions as to how, in his opinion, I should endeavor to counteract the disease. So that, you should not accuse me of playing false to the profession, and of being an ob- structionist. I am not in any sense. I merely allied myself with those people with the object of endeavoring to determine as to whether or not these cattle could be saved. You understand that if they were slaughtered, the dairy industry of this country would be set back probably fifty or a hundred years, because there are cattle in that herd of inestimable value. And while I am speaking on that subject, although it is digress- ing a bit, I might state that the owners of these cattle to-day con- sider that they have been ill-treated on every side. They were held up at the Union Stock Yards at Chicago, and the most extortionate and extraordinary bills rendered,—$40 a day for hay,so much apiece for each stall occupied, and at the end of about two months the bill presented by the Union Stock Yards& Transit Company was $40,000, FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 543 and they were asked to promptly settle. They did settle. They set- tled under protest. Now, the question arises why didn’t the state or federal government start in after these cattle and slaughter them? If they had considered the conditions existing —the feeling exist- ing—they certainly would have to pay well for those animals. And now what is the state of things? Why, these dairy people aren’t recompensed,—haven’t been recompensed. Should they not, m fairness, I ask, be recompensed for what they have lost? What have they done? Merely carried the eattle through quarantine— not a self-imposed quarantine probably but a compulsory one. But they have paid their bills, and their bills amount to about $200,000. Is it fair, I ask, for the federal government to send men to value these cattle to find out whether they are worth that amount, and then these men value those cattle at meat value? A number of the ealves sold for $2000 or $3000 and awaiting delivery, and still they are only worth, in the opinion of these men sent by the government, what ordinary veal is worth. Just imagine that! Jersey cattle, four weeks old, worth say $10 and $15 a head, when the owner ean, or could, dispose of one of those animals for $1000. Numbers and numbers of such instances are on record, but I have digressed. I wanted only to throw a little side light on the existing conditions for the information of you veterinarians. These people should not be exasperated. They should not be irritated because they repesent a great combination of interest, the great dairy interest, and they are of extraordinary power in this country, and if something is not done—and there is no secret about this—I pity the organization known as the Bureau of Animal Industry. That is exactly the sen- timent that prevails and exists to-day as I know it. So that we veterinarians who have or can in some way modify and make lght the burden of these people, ought to do it, because numbers of them are almost financially ruined. Some of them have gone broke and have sold the cattle, or allowed them to go for bills which piled up against them. If something is not done—well, I would hate to think of the consequences because I know a thing or two. Now in regard to slaughter: I will say again, I strongly en- dorse the position taken by the Bureau of Animal Industry in the matter of slaughter. It is the only way to control this disease. In Illinois to-day we have or are having fresh outbreaks—numbers of them. Dr. Mohler is, of course, conversant with the progress of the disease. I merely have my knowledge from the Chicago papers as they arrive, but they are not by any means getting this under control, and I would have liked to have heard Dr. Mohler deal a little more especially with the subject of the distribution of cholera serum, because we know that here has been the most glaringly bungling affair. This last outbreak in Lllinois was caused by the distribution of serum that never should have gotten out. I know something about this too. I know the true history of the entire 544 JOHN BR. MOHLER s matter most thoroughly. I venture to say there is not half a dozen men who probably know as much about this latter outbreak, but we will pass that over. : A number of interesting features developed in connection with my relationship with this dairy herd. One thing I might state is that when I commenced to study this disease I saw a disease that was of a mixed character; a dis- ease probably closely simulating measles, simulating small pox, simulating typhus. I don’t know that the symptoms of the latter were just as marked, but it occurred io me steadily: am I attempt- ing to earry through a bunch of catt!e which, when they have run through the course of this disease, will disseminate it? That was incessantly dinned into my ears from all sources. Will the cattle on recovery still be carriers? So that I made a very exhaustive study of this question, from a comparative standpoint. I am not enough of a scientist—even though | were I might not make any progress—but as a man of common sense, one who probably can take a view as intelligent as the average—I could not see how I would have cattle that would be dangerous. Besides I commenced to check over in my mind the history of the outbreak that I had seen in my early life, and I reached the conclusion that no subse- quent outbreak that had occurred ‘to my knowledge was due to the cattle that had recovered. So I eliminated from my mind that question. At the same time it was dinned so steadily and con- stantly into my ears and into my mind that cattle which have this disease are liable to be carriers, and not only that but they are liable to contract the disease again, that it kept me in a constant state of hot water. What is my belief to-day? That cattle which get this disease and recover are immune. I don’t believe that any man in this room could infect these dairy show cattle with the virus of foot-and-mouth disease. I don’t believe that on the date we left the quarantine at the Union Stock Yards in Chicago—we were quarantined on the first of Novenber and we left the Union Stock Yards on the 12th of December after quarantine—that we carried any disease with us. I expressed that belief at the time. I have expressed it many times since. I am expressing it to-day. I still firmly believe it. That such is the case was proven at the out- set by the test that was conducted, and there never was a more gruelling test. I don’t believe any animal was ever subjected to such a gruelling test as these animals were before they were released by the Bureau of Animal Industry. Now, gentlemen, these cattle have gone to their respective homes, with one exception and these cattle are commingling and have for months commingled with the cattle that remained on the farms and with the hogs that remained on the farms, and there is no outbreak of the foot-and-mouth disease on these farms. Of course, that is a kind of satisfaction to me. I realize that my association with this bunch of cattle would either - FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 545 frightfully discredit me, or at least, not allow me to escape criti- cism. Well, the criticism, I am thankful to say, has been mild. It has not brought me any particular credit, however. I set out to allow these cattle to get well. I maintained a strict quarantine. Did I treat them with any medicine of any kind? No, I did not. They did not need it. I might say, though, I did in some instances treat a few, in this way: The bulls weighing 2500, 2600 and 2800 lbs. were so lame they could not stand up or walk. Why? Their feet were swollen. There was not merely the little vesicle we see be- tween the digits that is indicative of the foot-and-mouth disease, but there was a general swelling and when the swelling receded - the flesh receded, especially at the soles, the consequence was that the dry horn had to be removed, but this is inconsequential. In the cases of many of these animals, probably thirty bulls, I had to go down several times and treat their feet, but these thirty bulls are just as sound as ever. There is not a single instance where any- thing went wrong except one, and that was the animal that got the necrotic infection between the digits. To-day that bull is in good condition, and his foot is not in any way destroyed although we expected to lose him. I hold that the virus of foot-and-mouth disease is a very be- nign one, notwithstanding we hear stories of the frightful malig- naney of the disease. It is malignant probably if it is treated. You gentlemen, many of you are practitioners, and probably you can take a different view of the handling of infectious diseases from that taken by the strict scientists here in this body. You know as well as I do that we have numbers of infectious diseases, which, if you attempt to treat them, will prove very difficult, but if you cause them to run the regular course will do very well, and if your treatment is anything, it should be of the most simple char- acter conceivable. Take a common ease of strangles, for instance. I can take a case of strangles and I can cause it to develop and take such an irregular course just through using certain medicinal agents, that I lose the case. But if I let it alone, it will get along very nicely. Dr. KNowies: I might say in reference to the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in Montana, that as Dr. Mohler has stated, it was introduced by a trainload of cattle taken in there, and that is a very good illustration of how foot-and-mouth disease can be handled by the observation of thorough sanitary and quarantine regulations, and full co-operation of owners and veterinarians with the sani- tary officials. In the Montana outbreak there were some 1200 head of cattle, horses and mlues, and some hogs; also some sheep. The exact number I do not remember, but there were no new infections except the few cattle on the range that Dr. Mohler speaks of, and the stock-men were as one in co-operating with the state and gov- ernment officials in stamping out the disease, realizing, owing to 546 JOHN R. MOHLER the magnitude of the range country and the enormous value of live- stock in Montana, that the loss would be inestimable if the disease once got a hold. But by strict observance of the sanitary and police laws, the disease was eradicated within a very short time, and Mon- tana has been a free state and is to-day. Dr. ErcHHorn: I just want to make a few remarks in reply to Dr. Hughes, as far as carriers and immunity is concerned rela- tive to the disease. According to Dr. Hughes’s observation in one single case, he claims that carriers do not exist in that disease, and also that the immunity is an established fact. Now I don’t know how far Dr. Hughes’s experience goes in foot-and-mouth disease, but he stated that his experience is chiefly based on the observa- tions of the dairy show cattle. From the literature which I fol-_ lowed very carefully, there is no doubt that we have to contend with carriers in this disease. This is an acknowledged fact by the greater scientists all over the country where the disease is prevalent. This has been proven by such men as Loeffler, Zschokke of Switzerland and Neverman of Germany. A great many others also have stated that. They have gone further and established how the virus is carried by some of the animals. That vesicles may many times appear in the horn or the foot or inside of the horny capsule, and unless the virus is eliminated from these vesicles, it may remain in fissures and come to the surface by the natural erowth of the horn. When the virus comes to the surface it starts the disease again. Now as to immunity from the disease: of course, everybody who has ever had anything to do with this disease knows it to be an established fact, not by observation but by scientific proof, that immunity exists.in these animals, but it is of relatively short dura- tion, and the duration varies considerably in the different cases. Most of the observations have proven that immunity in animals is of a year’s duration or even longer, but there are cases on record —authentic cases—where immunity did not last more than a month, and even cases where it did not last longer than two weeks. I think the data collected in the outbreak of 1902 and 1903 proves satis- factorily that re-infections have occurred within a very short time. I think it is really superfluous to go into a discussion of this because I believe the teachings in regard to foot-and-mouth disease by men who are acquainted with the progress of the work and study of this disease should familiarize the student with the facts as to what extent carriers may become dangerous in the control of the disease, and also what part immunity plays. Dr. Hucues: I have intimated that there are few of you who have been around the disease more than I have, and few have read upon this subject of foot-and-mouth disease more than I have. - Not that I am a linguist, or one who is educated and versed in various languages, but [ have gone through considerable straits to have translations made and knowledge furnished me from varied sources. FAS FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 547 Among the European observers there is no man, I think, who stands higher than Dr. Bang of Copenhagen. I have a supreme respect for the gentleman. I have the privilege of knowing him. Dr. Bang is a linguist, a scholar, a scientist, a practical man. J ven- ture to say there is not a more practical man in the entire European country than Professor Bang. He is a member of the Veterinary College of Copenhagen, a school that won’t take a back seat to any school in Europe. Does Bang know anything about foot-and-mouth disease? He has been in the thick of it. Denmark has been har- boring this disease actively since 1869. England has harbored this disease from 1839 to 1887 without having gotten rid of it once. Surely these people must be observers. Will you permit me to read a little extract from a comparatively recent paper of Dr. Bang dealing with that subject, foot-and-mouth disease? ‘‘In no instance was it possible to determine in what way the disease was first introduced into the country,—and this was also the case with later epidemics—but there can hardly be any doubt that it came to us from Germany, which was very badly ravaged during that year.”’ (1869). ‘‘I am inclined to connect the dying out of the disease with the introduction of a very careful system of disinfec- tion of the railway wagons used for cattle transport, this disin- fection having originally been very faulty. Later, during the next few years there occurred a few very remarkable occurrences on estates (four) which the disease had attacked six months to a year previously. At all four places all the cattle which had been born on the estate after the last attack were killed, and also all cattle subsequently added (respectively, twenty-one, four, thirty-five, and, [ think, about forty head), whilst I let the greater part of the stock live,—that is to say, all the animals which had been through the dis- ease on the previous occasion, and all these animals showed them- selves to be immune.’’ There is one instance where a. practical man expresses his belief in the fact of their immunity. ‘‘As during this period there was not a trace of the disease else- where in this country, and there could not have been any possi- bility of infection from abroad in any of the places mentioned (ex- cept through fodder, which is imported by’ all farms here), it must be assumed without a doubt that the infection had remained hidden on the farm from the previous attack.’’ I think that is possible, but the carrier business, I don’t take any stock in. Think of a small pox patient being a carrier two or three years later, or a patient being a carrier of the measles a year afterward! That is a surface trouble; that is not a typhoid condition. ‘‘All the houses therefore were subjected to a very thorough disinfection, and, es- pecially at Brorupgaard. 1 remember that some rather expensive improvements were carried out in the woodwork of the buildings. Nevertheless strangely enough, the disease returned a third time on this farm, on March 2, 1895, that is to say, over a year later. On 548 JOHN R. MOHLER this occasion all animals introduced to or born on the farm since the ‘ previous outbreak were also killed immediately, making seventy- seven head of cattle in all, whilst I allowed all animals which had previously had the disease to live. They all proved to be immune, even those which had had the disease two years previously. The only possible explanation seemed to be, according to the farm peo- ple, that shortly before the appearance of the disease, the cattle had been fed on hay which had been lying in the loft over the cow- house since the previous outbreak. This hay was, of course, burnt, together with any other fodder which might possibly be thought to have been infected through the boots or clothes of the cow-man, and a large sum of money was also spent on rebuilding the cow-house, from which all wood-work was removed and replaced by iron, stone and cement. Since then the disease has not re-appeared on this estate.”’ I don’t want to detain you gentlemen, but I could read to you a little further on where Bang comes out in an absolute flat-footed fashion and endeavors to controvert the notion that immunity does not exist for from one to seven years. He says it is rather indefi- nite, but that it may be permanent. In fact, he says: ‘‘I firmly believe that immunity is the rule.’’ Dr. EicHHorN: I believe myself that immunity of a year or longer duration is the rule, but there are exceptions, and there are quite a number of them stated. Now as far as the carrier is con- cerned, my previous statement was not based on the instance of just one or two eases, but the last official publication of the German, or rather British government, showed that they made the utmost efforts through their official veterinarians to determine to what ex- tent carriers are responsible for foot-and-mouth disease in Germany. They instructed their men to make the most careful observation and follow each individual outbreak from its origin. Not less than about a hundred cases are cited with the location, the number of animals affected, and all the details, in which they could not trace the disease to any other source than to carriers. Now I think such extensive statistics must be given consideration. Dr. Huaues: I would state, Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, that Bang, having reviewed the literature of the world on this sub- ject, has reached the conclusion that immunity is the rule. There is only one single case that I can find,—one single instance in which this disease was disseminated through a carrier, and that was through a bull that was shipped to Northern Sweden and a crack was discovered in his foot. It was supposed that the virus filtered into the crack and that it remained concealed for a considerabl period. . As far as observations of students in Germany go, I don’t take any stock in it. In reading the literature I find that the Ger- man policy is to put into the field the young men—they won’t let FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 549 the old practitioners do the work. Why? Because they dissem- inated heresy, so they send their youngsters down to make observa- tions. Now if there is an irresponsible, it is a recent graduate. Dr. FroraincHim: Mr. President: I would be very much obliged if Dr. Hughes would leave with us this reference of Dr. Baneg—where it is published... ‘Dr. Hugues: The paper I alluded to, is a paper presented by Professor Bang at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College of Copenhagen, October 16, 1911, translated from the Ugeskrift for Landmaend, Nos. 43 and 44, 1911. To which Dr. Bang has since made several emendations and additions. Dr. MureHey: I don’t know anything about the immunity of foot-and-mouth disease, but I am thinking about the immunity of public sentiment, and there was considerable of that in Lowa. There was a law passed down there which was vetoed by the governor limiting the area of quarantine districts, and according to the news- paper accounts the two men who pushed such legislation and who stated that there was no such thing as foot-and-mouth disease were the Messrs, March and French who were exhibitors at the Na- tional Dairy Show at Chicago, and it is a matter of interest to the men in Iowa to see the psychology and viewpoint of the gentlemen. Dr. MonueR: Personally I shall not even attempt to convince Dr. Hughes with reference to the facts all the rest of us know and which are supported by the most noted foot-and-mouth disease au- thorities in all countries concerning immunity and virus carriers in this disease. However, | am very glad for the sake of accuracy of statement that he somewhat qualifie d his remarks about Professor Bang. What Professor Bang has written on the subject of foot- and-mouth disease is open to all and no individual has a monopoly of it. I too am familiar with what Professor Bang says along this line and he very clearly states that as a rule the immunity lasts for two years. I think we all concur in that statement, but Pro- fessor Bang does not give this as the minimum length of time of the immunity in all cases. In fact, he distinetly states that while im- munity is the rule, there are exceptions. In talking on the subject of foot-and-mouth disease with Professor Loeffler not many years ago he told me among many other interesting facts that he had known of cases where reinfection had occurred within the same year. Dr. David 8. White, Dean of the Veterinary Department of Ohio University, stated to a committee of the United States Senate that at Vienna, Austria, he had seen one cow that had contracted foot- and-mouth disease five times in one year. Personally, I had an op- portunity of witnessing the recurrence of foot-and-mouth disease in one animal that had recovered from the disease four weeks pre- viously. Text books cite a number of similar authentie cases of this same character, showing a short duration of immunity. It is be- yond controversy that these are exceptional cases, but, gentlemen, 550 JOHN R. MOHLER it is these exceptional cases that the U. 8S. Bureau of- Animal In- dustry is attempting to locate and eliminate. It has been the ex- ceptional cases which have always caused trouble. They are the cases that caused the infection at Niles, Mich. They are the ones that became infected on August 8 and served to keep the foot-and- mouth disease alive in this country up to the present. Those ex- ceptional cases which act as virus carriers have been held respon- sible by certain authorities for the recurrence of the disease in por- tions of Germany. Bang himself cites an instance where a Dutch bull having recovered from foot-and-mouth disease was taken to Sweden with the result that the disease broke out in the latter country, due to virus carried in an old fissure in the foot of the bull. Loeffler likewise gives similar instances of virus carriers, but no one thinks of these otherwise than as exceptional, unless it is Dr. Hughes who states they never occur. I am not attempting to con- vince Dr. Hughes on these points; I know I cannot if Bang and Loeffler cannot, but I am very glad to have the opportunity of chal- lenging his statements and of asserting that in the eradication of this disease the exceptional cases must not be ignored. Now, so far as contaminated hog cholera serum starting a new outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in Illionis is concerned, we do not know enough about the infection of the different herds to draw any definite conclusions at this time. In my paper I went into the details so far as the facts would warrant. On August 8 | was called up at half past one by a telephone call from Chicago and the infor- mation came from Dr. Jenison, our inspector in charge at that place, to the effect that hog cholera serum shipped out from a certain establishment in Chicago had apparently caused infection in the large herd of hogs he had visited that afternoon. The facts which came to me over the telephone that night and which have been established beyond a doubt were that nine shipments had been made from this serum company in Chicago to eleven people who are lo- cated in six different counties in Illinois, one county in Minnesota, one in Michigan, and another in Indiana. These shipments of sus- pected serum were immediately traced to the respective farms and the premises quarantined. Several days later infection was found on these farms in four counties in hnois, The vaccinated hogs in Saginaw County, Michigan, never did contract the disease because of the prompt action of the men on the Live Stock Sanitary Board and Dr. Dunphy. The animals were destroyed and buried four days after they had been vaccinated without having contracted the disease and a similar method of disposing of the animals was fol- lowed with the still healthy vaccinated herds in Ford and Henry Counties, Illinois. The Governor of Indiana was asked to take similar action with the vaccinated hogs in Posey County, but he ap- parently was hopeful that the herd would remain healthy. A few days after taking the matter up with the Governor the animals came’ FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 551 down with foot-and-mouth disease. They were destroyed and the premises disinfected in the usual manner. : You will note that eight out of eleven herds which received this particular serum became infected with foot-and-mouth disease. Strange as it may seem, we have not thus far obtained positive re- sults from laboratory experiments with this serum. If I see the results in the field giving positive evidence of infection, such evi- dence is more substantial than one thousand negative diagnoses in the laboratory. The serum which is suspected of having caused the infection was made on October 29 last at a time when there was not the least suspicion that the serum plant in Chicago was infected. The amount of serum in this batch was 41,000 ¢.c.’s. A test of it for potency and for foot-and-mouth virus was made in the customary manner by the inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry who has charge of the serum plants in Chicago, and after waiting a certain period of time without anything objectionable developing in the test animals, permission was given to the firm to dispose of this material. The ten hogs which were used in the test, two of which received as much as 40 ¢.c.’s each, were subsequently taken to a farm four or five miles out of Chicago and to-day are alive and healthy, as are all the other hogs and cattle belonging to the farmer and which have been daily exposed to the original hogs that were used in the test of the Chicago serum. When this new out- break occurred in these different herds as a result of what we may assume to be the contaminated serum, we collected samples of the left-over serum from the infected farm, had them forwarded under seal to Washington, and Dr. Eichhorn took the material out to the experiment station, inoculating three calves and twelve hogs intra- venously and subcutaneously. As a result of these inoculations there have been absolutely no indication that the serum, which was collected in the field by men sent out to investigate the outbreak in these recent cases of suspected hog cholera serum infection, caused the infection. In no case has any of those fifteen animals developed foot-and-mouth disease. There is only one possible explanation I can make, and that is, that the field vaccinations were made in large herds, consisting of from 34 to over 200 animals, and only one or two animals in these herds at first contracted the disease. These evidently were very sus- ceptible animals and they alone contracted the disease at the be- ginning. In order for us to reproduce these field conditions it will be necessary to continue the inoculations on a much larger number of animals in order that we may find an animal sufficiently sus- ceptible to come down with the disease if the serum is contaminated, since the virus must evidently be in a weakened condition from con- tact for nine months with one-half of one per cent carbolie acid with which all serum is preserved. bo K. F MEYER Mi] or Dr. Hughes has referred to the appraisement of the dairy show herd. Two of the three men who were selected by the department to appraise these animals were unknown to me before they became appraisers for the government. I knew only one of these gentle- men. That man I have no reason in the world to apologize for. I refer to Dr. Sigler of Indiana, one of the finest men who ever breathed the breath of life. He is a member of this association and I stand sponsor for him, because I have known his worth for a long time before he became an appraiser. One of the other two ap- praisers has been the official appraiser for the state of Michigan during the outbreak in that state, while Dr. Sigler had held a simi- lar position for Indiana, both having given excellent service and entire satisfaction to all sides before appraising the dairy show cat- tle. If Dr. Sigler does not know the value of an animal, I am very much surprised. Born and raised on the farm and owning a large farm himself, he knows the values of farm animals. He appraised the show animals according to his interpretation of the law as passed by Congress. He was not affected or influenced, nor were either of the other two, by any official or other person. They merely read the law and placed their honest interpretation on what they con- sidered to be the intent of Congress. eee €or STUDIES TO DIAGNOSE A FATAL DISEASE OF CATTLE IN THE MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS OF CALIFORNIA* K. F. Meyer, San Francisco, Cal. In 19138, Dr. Charles Keane, the State Veterinarian of Cali- fornia, asked the writer’s co-operation in establishing the diagnosis of a fatal disease particularly prevalent in Sierraville, California. From the description given, the malady corresponded in many respects with bovine hemorrhagic septicemia. No bacteriological evidence had, up to that date, been collected, the diagnosis having been simply anatomical. The experience which the writer had had in Pennsylvania in establishing conclusively the tentative diagnosis of hemorrhagic septicemia, which had been suggested by the late Leonard Pearson, made the problem, so generously offered, a very attractive one. “Presented at the meeting of the A. V. M. A. Section on Sanitary Science and Police, Oakland, Cal., September, 1915. STUDIES TO DIAGNOSE A FATAL DISEASE IN CATTLE 553 In 1913 two specimens from Siskiyou County were received in such a condition that a careful bacteriological examination, which was attempted, failed completely; only contaminating or- ganisms of the cocci and coli groups were isolated. In 1914 our attempts were more successful, and I was fortu- nate in autopsying one case of the disease in California and three cases in Nevada where, according to Dr. W. B. Mack, a disorder which is in many cases similar, if not identical, to the one in Cali- fornia, is causing severe losses in Carson and Sierra Valley. Dr. J. P. Iverson, Deputy State Veterinarian of California, has, in a gratifying and untiring manner, autopsied a large number of animals and forwarded to me a number of specimens and cultures for laboratory study. Thus far, about ten different specimens from California have been examined. The conclusions which can be drawn from this material are instructive in many respects, and I select this opportunity to present the same, not because they are in any way final, but because they will stimulate discussion and will encourage work along the same lines. 1. SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF THE DISEASE: It is difficult to ob- serve diseased animals because the incipient symptoms are not very pronounced and they succumb to the disease in a very short time. In some cases, however, the most prominent symptom observed was the passage of blood-tinged urine which apparently contained even clotted blood. Liquid feces, with marked bile stain or coagulated blood, were passed. In some cases a hemorrhagic diarrhoea was very marked. In some retarded cases the feces were very hard, dark colored, and formed, covered with adherent mucus. The tempera- ture in some of the cases which I observed was above normal, but not above 105 degrees. The respirations were rapid and markedly abdominal; the general behavior, depressed; the skin and hair, rough. In one case a local swelling on the metacarpal joint, with impaired locomotion, was noted. The cattle are very frequently found dead without having shown any alarming symptoms. According to the stockmen, the animals will die in from three to four hours following the passing of blood-tinged urine. I have the impression that the clinical diagnosis is impossible and I have, therefore, concentrated my efforts on the post mortem findings which, however, were not conclusive. 2. ANATOMICAL FINDINGS: There was a marked icterus; num- 554 K. F MEYER erous petechiae and hemorrhages were, found in the subeutis. In some cases there was pronounced localized hemorrhagic edemas and exudation with enlargement of the subcutaneous lymph nodes. The abdominal cavity contained either a small amount of yellowish fluid, or a large amount of well clotted blood. The omen- tum, peritoneal lining and mesentery were well mottled with hem- orrhages, and diffused areas of inhibition surrounded the larger blood vessels. The most prominent lesions were either in the duo- denal loop and the adjacent portions of the liver, or in the liver alone. The wall of the duodenum was thickened, jelly-like and dark reddish, frequently covered with fresh fibrin meshes and ad- herent to the liver; the contents were bile stammed; the mucous membrane was slightly swollen and showed fine hemorrhages. In the jejunum and colon there was either liquid, dark blood- like material, or bile stained, slimy chymus, or dry, adherent, sticky contents. The regional lymph nodes were enlarged, soft and in some portions hemorrhagic. The mucous membrane of the ab- omasum showed occasionally petechiae and a few erosions, or was also involved in the inflammatory reaction of the duodenum. The liver was always enlarged, of a peculiar light-yellowish color and soft in consistence. In the middle and Spiegel’s lobe there was a large, saffron-yellowish, irregularly shaped area, fri- able and well defined, which on section imposed as a very large hemorrhagic infarct. The anemic necrotic tissue showed very dis- tinetly several thrombosed blood vessels, mostly veins, occasionally arteries. The serous membrane of the gall bladder was also in- filtrated and affected by the inflammatory reaction caused by the infarct. The portal lymph nodes were soft, enlarged and imbed- ded in a gelatinous mass. The presence of these hemorrhagic in- farcts was recorded in every case of which I obtained material in 1914. Also, in specimens quite recently collected, in 1915, the in- farct was present. The autopsies in Sierra and Siskiyou counties correspond therein, in every respect. Two cases autopsied by the writer in Nevada had similar lesions in the liver, but the process had, apparently, further ad- vanced. In a two-year-old steer a large abscess was found in the middle of the liver. It would have been explained on the basis of a foreign body perforation, were it not that a second autopsy of a steer, which was killed and autopsied on the same day, offered a better interpretation of the process. In the latter animal a fibrous STUDIES TO DIAGNOSE A FATAL DISEASE IN CATTLE 555 inflammation of the diaphragm, which had also incited by continua- tion a similar inflammation in the right pleural cavity, covered a typical yellowish hemorrhagic infarct. The abscess in the first animal was, therefore, only the result of infarction and a prominent ‘sign of the etiological identity of the processes. This striking occurrence of the liver infarcts in the different localities has, in my judgment, a considerable bearing on the di- agnosis. - The spleen was, in most of the cases, small; perhaps in some portions slightly enlarged and soft. On the capsule a few small or large hemorrhages were noted. The kidneys were dark brownish, spotted with punctiform hemorrhages, and in the medullary por- tion were diffusely reddish and streaked. The urine was always dark brownish and blood-tinged. The degree of hemaglobinuria varied with the different cases. In the thoracic cavity a small amount of fluid was found in both pleural sacs. The pleura was smooth and stained with hemor- rhages of varying sizes. In the lung parenchyma, small infarcts or diffuse lobular and lobar hepatization were noted. In a few cases, extensive inflammatory processes along the trachea, larynx and pharynx were recorded. The regional lymph nodes were cor- respondingly involved and hemorrhagic. The heart contained always well coagulated blood. The epi- and endo-card showed petechiae, suggilations and hemorrhagic extravasations; the myo- card was turbid, flabby and soft. Judging from the constancy of occurrence of the lesions, the etiological factor was predilective for the liver, lung, serous and mucous membranes. Involuntarily I recalled the postmortem findings of cases of hemorrhagic septicemia autopsied in Pennsylvania, and I expected to be able to prove, bacteriologically, in a very short time, the eti- ology of the above mentioned lesions. My late assisstant, Dr. Crocker, and myself pointed ont, in 1912, that the descriptions of the postmortem findings as given in text-books are incomplete; namely: in acute cases an apparent localization and filtration of the Bacillus bovisepticus takes place through the blood vessel sys- tem of the lung and liver. In such eases the bacterium is never found in the blood, but always in the infarcts and can from there be easily isolated in pure culture. The extensive bacteriological examinations which were con- 556 K. F MEYER ducted with the material of about twelve cases (ten California cases) did not reveal such conclusive results and therefore need more detailed discussion. 3. BAcTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION: The pieces of organs were wrapped in cloth or muslin soaked in a weak bichloride solution, placed in Mason jars and forwarded on ice to the laboratory. In about eight cases, glucose broth was inoculated with blood material from the liver, lung or spleen. In most cases the cultures revealed the same organisms obtained otherwise, or they were found to be sterile (particularly the blood). The microscopic study of the tissues did not reveal, in any case, bipolar organisms which could be diagnosed as B. bovisepticus without further isolation. Leishman or Giemsa stain was uniform- ly used for the demonstration. In the liver infarcts, spore bearing, Gram positive rods were found in every case, frequently associated with diplocoeci resembling pneumococci. The ordinary culture methods gave no satisfactory answer as to the bacterial flora in the liver, lung infarcts and lymph nodes. Pieces of tissue immersed in glucose broth gave rise usually to the growth of anaerobes or intestinal organisms, some of them staining bipolar, as everyone knows. We immediately used, therefore, the primary animal inoculation as a means of isolating the various or- ganisms seen microscopically ; experience had also taught us that the presence of the B. bovisepticus, when rare, is revealed only by their pathogenicity for rabbits or mice. Always one or two rabbits, guinea pigs and mice were inocu- lated with emulsions (1:2) of the liver infarcts, lymph nodes and spleen material. In this manner we obtained, from about twenty- five rabbits inoculated, two animals which had died from a typical bipolar infection. The material used on these animals came from a two-year-old heifer and a seven-month’s-old calf. In the first case, an emulsion of the hemorrhagic mesentery and, in the second case, lymph node material had been inoculated subcutaneously. The two rabbits succumbed to the infection in seven and five days, respectively. The bipolar organisms were found in the purulent fibrous exudate of the peritoneum and the heartblood. Subsequent identification showed the comparatively low virulence of the iso- lated organisms for rabbits, which explains the long course of the disease following the inoculation and other points to which I shall refer later, The B. bipolaris isolated from these rabbits gives all the STUDIES TO DIAGNOSE A FATAL DISEASE IN CATTLE 557 cultural identity reactions recognized as typical for the B. bovi- septicus. Also the pathogenicity tests are characteristic, with the exception that, generally, large doses are required to cause a fatal result in laboratory animals. It is also pathogenic for calves by intravenous inoculation. Death resulted in a three-weeks’-old calf following the injection of 3ec. of a 20-hour’-old broth culture of strain 22 (calf strain) in 22 hours. The two strains are identical and serologically protect against each other and also against B. bipolaris septicus strains which were obtained from varied sources in the United States. The animals similarly inoculated with the same material, or with the organs of ten other cases, remained alive, or succumbed to various other infections which are particularly valuable because they weaken the above recorded positive findings of bipolar or- ganisms in various respects. (1) All the guinea pigs inoculated with the liver infarct ma- terial died from infections with anaerobes associated with B. coli and diplococci. The anaerobes resemble the B. chawvei, microseop- ically, because on the serous membranes of the infected animals they form only aggregations of pairs. Culturally and_ serologically they are, however, a type of pseudo malignant edema bacilli, which have not as yet been described and need further extensive study to be classified. These organisms are: present in every ease and in every infarct and, when the cadaver is not fresh, they are found in every organ. They were isolated from the California and the Ne- vada eases and they were, before death, in the diseased livers, be- cause material removed immediately after death, in two calves, contained only these anaerobes in the liver infarcts. The organism is not pathogenic by subcutaneous application to calves, and is probably a secondary invader from the intestinal tract. In our experience in Pennsylvania these anaerobes were also present, but less prominently, and in every instance the B. bovi- septicus was also isolated without the slightest difficulty. We have thus far failed to repeat the condition in California. 2. Some rabbits succumbed to infections with the B. necro- phorus, probably due to contamination of the material. I may men- tion here that the anaerobic bacillus isolated from the infarcts is causing local necrosis and abscess formation, but never septicemia, in rabbits. 3. The guinea pigs which succumbed to the infection with 558 K. F MEYER anaerobes frequently showed, in the blood and exudate, a diplo- coccus with a marked capsule indistinguishable from pneumo- cocecus. The same organisms were found in some blood and liver cultures sent from three cases of the cattle disease, in the muscle smears of blackleg cases autopsied in the same localities, and in the pus from the two Nevada cases referred to above. In our experience these organisms are secondary ‘associates with numerous anaerobic organisms. Biologically they are close- ly related to the pneumococci. With pure cultures one produces on intravenous inoculation in calves a fatal septicemia, in rabbits local necrosis and septicemia, in guinea pigs necrosis and sepsis, and in mice local edema and septicemia. For the first two animals, ~ large doses have to be used to produce speticemia. These bacteria are doubtless not responsible for the cattle dis- ease, but have some importance as secondary invaders. In some cases of typical blackleg the same organisms have been found and therefore they do not need further consideration. 4. Most of the mice inoculated with lymph node, liver or spleen material, remained alive, or succumbed to the same anaerobic organisms as did the guinea pigs. The mice inoculated with the same material, which caused a B. bovisepticus septicemia, were sick for several days, but recovered; they were not immune to a subse- quent injection with bipolar organisms. As stated in detail, in two out of twelve cases carefully tested, the primary animal inoculation furnished evidence which would support the anatomical diagnosis of hemorrhagic septicemia. The bacteriological study of the two strains (Strains 10 and 22) suggests the view that the organisms were either present in small numbers only, or that they are exceedingly low in virulence for the laboratory animals. Our experience with hemorrhagic septicemia supports both conceptions and again brings forward the fact that the bac- teriological diagnosis of hemorrhagic septicemia is not as easy a procedure as is generally considered. We read everywhere, and have doubtless also been taught, that the B. bovisepticus is very pathogenic for rabbits. Numerous investigators have shown that bipolar organisms can also be found in healthy animals, and that they frequently localize themselves in tissues and take part actively in pathological processes originated by quite different groups of or- vanisms. The careful bacteriologist realizes that the diagnostic demonstration of bipolar organisms is considered limited for these STUDIES TO DIAGNOSE A FATAL DISEASE IN CATTLE 559 reasons. On the other hand, we know that in advanced pathologi- eal lesions caused by bipolar organisms, particularly when necrosis is present, the bacteria are very rare or entirely absent, a condition which is well illustrated by the liver lesions in some of the cases which I have seen. The very small percentage of cases (Cases I and VI) in which bipolar organisms were isolated, is difficult to explain. Low virulence or localization of the organisms in organs which have not been tested, has to be considered; the question can only be settled by further experiments. I feel that the bacteriological evidence thus far collected is by no means sufficient to make a conclusive diagnosis of hemorrhagic speticemia. 5. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE CATTLE DisEASE: The disease makes its appearance usually at the beginning of July. Sporadic cases occur until the beginning of January. Even after the animals have been removed from the pasture, fatal cases are noted in the stable. During some weeks the extent of the disease is enzootic. Two or three dead animals are found on the ranch on the same day. So far, outbreaks on high, swampy mountain pastures only, have attracted our attention. Age and sex apparently have no influence on the epidemiology. In the same localities anthrax and blackleg exist endemically but the entire livestock is prophylactically im- munized against these two diseases and there is no doubt in my mind but that the evidence thus far collected eliminates these two diseases. The telluric and climatic conditions in the Sierra Valley are similar to those commonly found in localities where hemorrhagic septicemia is endemic. SHUVINAY 0°O [T—FeY OFTUM ‘0°0 G—STq vourINs ATsnosuepnaqnug 0° G—FIQqey 2°) G—SId ‘2a G—daoyg 2°) G—}RO4) 2°) G— os1oy{ ‘2°0 G—V oslox] A[SNOTIABAZUT poolg Fo eo1n0g poyenoouy speunuiy WOR quoutiodxny avd GSVaSiIq FTAL AO ALITIAVOINDWWO/) ‘¢ LUVHO “syRO oy} Sur}vo FO 4[NSet ay} SB STRUTT [TBS a4} UL poyou oq p]Nos asueyo ON “UOTy -LIJNULBUL UL poez[Nset syVo JO Surpass Oatsnpoxe ayy se ‘sstd 0} pos Way [Rou W109 PUB TRIq WIT szRO ay} quetetddns 04 AressedeT SRM 4] > SMUVNGY eee ae biG (re ler s: | op ” ” Cae co Ree lice err | Se Lif lap ecere Shale. eer ee m r Coulee? | oz | euler rt judy ye eet || ie eee ore er Pilon | ace Gee bel: ie Secunia. | tbe) | ree | ES. 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On the fourteenth day this animal evidenced symptoms as observed in other afflicted ani- mals. An explanation of the relation of this material to the oats is not attempted, but it is important that chicken excreta found in feed when fed to horses produced symptoms similar to those evi- denced by horses fed the oat hay in question. The supply of this material gathered from the oats was limited and did not permit of further experiment. The feeding of dried chicken and pigeon excreta from other sources, disguised in wholesome feed, resulted negatively in experi- mental horses. The excreta of chickens fed exclusively on the Griffith oats, disguised in wholesome feed, resulted negatively when fed to experimental horses, as well as the dried contents of the in- testinal tract, brain and liver of horses fatally affected as the re- sult of eating the Griffith oats. (See Chart 7). The careass of CHART 7. No Errect EXHIBITED BY HoGs EATING CARCASS OF HorRSE AFFLICTED WITH THE DISEASE Date | Prace | FEED | ANIMALS | 1 SyYMpToms =e | 1915 | March 15, Griffith’s | Carcass of horse |Twenty shoats| None observed. Farm | No. 2; and corn. |weighing from fiity| ito one-hundred pounds. March 16 ‘el ss we -! te ‘ | April 5 | REMARKS: During the time the fleshy portion of the carcass was being con- sumed no ill effects were observed. At the end of twenty days the carcass was completely consumed except the bony skeleton. The corn which was fed to the hogs in connection with this carcass, was from the same lot which had been given to horse and mule stock, as well as experimental horse No. 1, one horse was consumed by twenty thrifty shoats with apparent relish, followed by no noticeable change in the health of the hogs. Since these observations, State Veterinarian Musselman investi- gated an outbreak of a fatal disease in horses resembling forage poisoning, wherein chicken fecal excreta seemed to be involved. On 588 GRAHAM, HIMMELBERGER AND PONTIUS visiting the farm where horses had died, he found two animals affected. Two harns for storing feed and housing the horse stock were in use, which we will designate as barn A and barn B. The feed from barn A was hauled to barn B for feeding the animals stabled therein. No sickness was observed in barn A which originally stored all the feed, but feed from this stable seemed to be respon- sible for a disease resembling forage poisoning occurring in barn B. It was later found, after careful inspection, that barn B had been used for housing chickens and that large quantities of chicken ex- creta still remained. In placing the feed in the mangers, indefinite amounts of this litter were unavoidably included. The type of the disease as observed by Musselman in the two animals affected and as described by the owner and the local veterinarian in previously affected animals, resembled so-called ‘‘forage poisoning.’’ The local veterinarian in charge designated the condition as ‘‘a paralysis of the throat.’’ The possibility of chicken excreta contaminating feed to the ex- tent of resulting fatally when fed to stock is not a serious problem on well managed farms, but it seems worthy of more careful obser- vations in connection with fatal diseases of horses and mules where- in symptoms resembling forage poisoning are manifest, in order to determine the relation existing therein. CONTAMINATED WATER AS A Factor. It is not known just what role farm water supplies might play in this disease. To obtain evidence of the possible danger of feed contaminating water sup- plies, the cleaned threshed oats were placed in cotton bags in the bottom of a twenty gallon earthen container and covered with water. Fresh oats. were supplied every third or fourth day and the water replenished as consumed by the animal. From this jar horse No. 4 was allowed to drink, receiving corn meal, wholesome oats, and clover hay as a ration (see Chart 8). A period of twenty-three days from the time the watery solution was first allowed elapsed before any symptoms were manifest. On the twenty-fourth day the animal appeared very weak and incapable of standing, presenting symptoms similar to animals previously affected. Poisonous Factor in Oats Not TRANSMITTED FROM ONE GEN- ERATION OF THE PLANT TO THE NExt. ‘To determine if the poison- ous factor in the oats was propagated in the germ cell of the grain, three plots of ground 50x100 feet were prepared and sown. To all appearances these oats made a normal growth, and when ripe were A DISEASE RESEMBLING ‘‘ FORAGE POISONING’’ 589 CHART 8. CONTAMINATED WATER AS A POSSIBLE FACTOR IN FORAGE POISONING. Horse No. 4. PLACE DATE FEED WATER SYMPTOMS Experi- | April 13 | Corn meal; clover | Water in which ment hay from Experi- | oats had been Station ment Station Farm} soaked. May 6 eS cx Animal dull. May 7 "s Animal down and unable to rise. REMARKS: The poison was probably taken into the animal’s system through the drinking water. This animal ate and drank heartily until the even- ing of May 6th, when it appeared dull. Was unable to stand the following day. cut with a hand scythe. They were fed to an experimental horse daily over a period of four weeks, supplemented with corn meal. No ill effects noted, suggesting that the primary factor in the orig- inal oats is not transmitted to the next generation. The remainder of this crop of oats will be fed during the month of January in order to duplicate as nearly as possible the time elapsing from harvest until the original oats were fed with fatal results. CONCLUSIONS It is evident from these observations that a particular lot of oat hay was responsible for the outbreak of ‘‘forage poisoning”’ oc- curring on the Griffith farm and that this disease could be induced in experimental animals (the horse) by the feeding of this material to experimental animals over a period of time which resembled in a measure the incubation period of some infectious animal diseases ; also that drinking water contaminated with these oats resulted fat- ally when given to experimental animals. Other animal species, i. @., guinea pigs, rabbits, chickens, swine, white mice, goats and sheep, were apparently non-susceptible. It is of interest to note that the oat hay responsible for this disease, though apparently clean, was later found to be contaminated with the exereta of chickens, which on being fed disguised in wholesome feed resulted fatally. Up to this time, however, we have not been able to isolate the causative factor of the disease occurring as a result of feeding this particular lot of oat hay, nor have we been able to show that oat hay from other sources produces ‘‘forage poisoning’’ in horses and mules, 590 H. B. F. JERVIS LITERATURE CONSULTED Bulletin 65—Bureau of Animal Industry, 1914. Reprint, Cornell Veterinarian, June, 1913. Bulletin 173—Kansas Expt, Station, 1910. American Veterinary Review—Vol. 42, January, 1913. Circular 122—Bureau of Animal Industry, 1906. Report of the State Veterinarian, Annual Report of the Dept. of Agricul- ture of Pennsylvania, 1902. Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals, HUTYBA AND MAREK. 8. Bulletin 106—Louisiana Exp. Sta., July, 1908. 9. Bureau of Animal Industry Report for 1897. D> OH» Oo bo be (J OF INTEREST TO SOUTHERN PRACTITIONERS H. B. F. Jervis, Columbia, S. C. On settling in the ‘‘Sunny South’’, for practice, I was almost at once confronted with the so-called ‘‘black-tongue’’ of canines. I had heard of, and had frequently read, in the various journals, accounts of this dreaded malady, but since last Spring seeing an article from Florida attributing the cause of this disease to the hook worm, I had supposed that I would find that the disease was well in hand. On getting my first case, I naturally made a microscopic ex- amination of the feces for hook worm ova, but failed to get any re- sults, and I may say in many subsequent searches I have also failed to find any semblance of one. Though many veterinarians, and many Doggie M.Ds. were using thymol, and in a few instances claiming results; the fact of finding no ova headed me off from that track altogether. I must make admission that quite a few of my earlier cases died, and that promptly, but that left me the privi- lege of several autopsies, and I was only too glad to take advantage of them. . I will here state that my experience has been confined to the immediate vicinity of Columbia, 8. C., and I will here relate the symptoms as met with here. Symproms. Marked lassitude and general malaise, complete inappetence, temperature usually sub-normal, occasionally normal, but never above normal. Blood-stained fluid feces, passed with great evidence of pain, very marked fetor ex ore, a peculiar con- OF INTEREST TO SOUTHERN PRACTITIONERS 591 dition of the skin, best described as paper skin. If one takes up a hand full of skin, instead of the normal elasticity, one finds that the fold of skin so taken up remains wrinkled for some time, only slowly going back to its normal position. One other symptom first called to my attention by a southern colleague, was when the disease is said to be confined to the intes- tines; on passing one’s thermometer into the rectum, on removal it is blood-stained. This is a fair description of the general symp- toms met with here. Until recently, I had seen no cases of black-tongue with lesions in the mouth, and was beginning to be quite disappointed, until one day a client of mine, Mr. J.C. D., for whom I had treated a case of the intestinal form, and the dog made a recovery, rang me up saying that he had another dog taking the black-tongue, and would like me to come to his house at once. On arrival, I found a well bred pointer bitch, mother of the one which had recovered, decidedly ill, refusing all food, and giv- ing off the most vile odor that one can imagine. Long strings of saliva were hanging from the angles of the lips, and on examining the mouth I found great streaks of the gums were in the process of sloughing; the tongue was intensely inflamed, and great patches of it were beginning to slough. The bitch showed every symptom of absorption, terrible fetor ex ore, emaciation and weakness. The bitch posted on to a quick finish, and died in forty-eight hours. Just before she died, the owner brought me his third and last dog showing exactly the same symptoms, though perhaps not quite so bad as the bitch was at that time, but afterwards proving just as bad a case. On getting the bitch over to my place, the first thing I did, was to get hold of a colleague of mine, and get his opinion on the case, as I had already formed an opinion that here we had an en- tirely different condition to the former cases of black-tongue, con- fined to the intestinal tract, and felt sure that this case, showing these mouth lesions, was a condition with which I was quite famil- iar, having met with it sporadically, not only in the frigid zone of Aroostock County, Maine, but also in England and Canada, and this condition is nothing else but the ‘‘Necrotie Stomatitis’’ of the various text-books. My colleague at once made the diagnosis of black-tongue, and several of the Doggie M.Ds., also made the same diagnosis, saying, ‘‘ There is a real old fashioned case of black-tongue 592 H. B. F. JERVIS so well known in the southern states.’’ In spite of this positive stand taken, I kept to my opinion, and I may say that my opinion is the same to-day and that this so-called black-tongue is nothing else than the well known ‘‘ Necrotic stomatitis’’ of canines. Post-Mortem Frnpincs. On those dogs afflicted with the so- called intestinal form of black-tongue, the following lesions were invariably present :—marked inflammatory changes in the alimen- tary canal; the mucous membrane of the stomach, and the entire intestinal tract is swollen, and its surface shows numberless hemor- rhagic spots varying from a pin’s head up, and the presence of a profuse dark brown colored mucus is noted. Most of the organs are markedly hyperemic. The mesenteric glands are swollen and show. hemorrhagic centres. This set of symptoms compares very vividly with those recorded by Hutyra and Marek, under canine typhus, or gastro-enteritis hemorrhagicum, and by Law, Vol. II, p. 256, under hemorrhagic gastro enteritis of dogs. On those cases showing the so-called black-tongue, with lesions confined to the mouth, a complete absence of any of the former lesions is noticed, and one merely finds the following :—the region of the gums is of a dark red, brownish or purplish hue; the entire tissues of the mouth assume a spongy condition, and before death . bleeds very easily on pressure. The affected parts, take on later a yellowish hue, and the superimposed parts are found to be of a soft jelly-like consistency. On peeling this off from the diseased gums, ete., one finds a large ulcerous area, with irregular and jagged edges. This compares very favorably with the symptoms of stomatitis ulcerosa, necrotic stomatitis, ulcerative stomatitis of carnovira, etc., variously recorded by Law and others. ‘“T will now drop the term ‘‘intestinal form of black-tongue,’’ and from now on will speak of it as ‘‘hemorrhagic gastro enteritis of dogs.’’ In all my cases of gastro enteritis of dog cultures upon agar and blood-serum, proved negative, giving no growth whatever from heart’s blood or any of the organs. In cases of necrotic stoma- titis, | got a pure culture of Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus from the mouth, though I can quite conceive that in some cases one might get cultures of the Bacillus necrophorus, or in fact any other organ- ism, but in my cases it has happened to be the staphylococcus. Causes. (Gastro-enteritis canum) These are not very well known, but Law looks upon the cause as a poison, probably of the nature of a toxin or toxins taken with the food or water, OF INTEREST TO SOUTHERN PRACTITIONERS 593 _ §romatitis Utcerosa. Saunders says this condition is gener- ally seen in old, debilitated dogs, and in weakly, anemic and pam- pered dogs of all ages. My experience has been that one meets with it in dogs of all ages, sorts and conditions. I have seen it in the pampered dog; the out-door farm dog and the lap dog in northern Maine. In the South, it has been mostly in hunting dogs, owing chiefly to their predominance above other kinds in this sec- tion. Law gives as possible causes, general lowering of health, in connection with privation or disease, especially distemper, etc. Superadded to all these, is the bacterial infection of such dis- eased parts, through which the ulceration is started, maintained and extended. This infection not being that of a specific organism, but usually of a multiplicity of the organisms that live in the healthy mouth, taking the occasion of the existence of a wound, or a reduction of vitality to colonize the mucosa which would have otherwise remained sound. ; - TREATMENT :—(Gastro-enteritis canum). In my hands, disin- fection of the intestinal tract, with the usual intestinal antiseptics has proved a dismal failure. I would like to state here, that my experience with flushing out the entire alimentary canal, much as it would seem to be indicated, has been absolutely of no avail, and in every instance in which I have employed this method, I have always wished that I had refrained from its use. The patient always seemed to race on to the finish after its use, never seeming to recover from the marked exhaustion following this procedure. It occurred to me that here was a condition in ‘which the well known Bulgarian bacillus was indicated. The Bacillus bulgaricus was first isolated in Massol’s laboratory, after which it was brought to the attention of Metchnikoff, who quickly foresaw its possi- bilities and popularized its use, both as a hygienie aid and a thera- peutic agent of vital import. There are two varieties known as T'ype ‘‘A’’, and Type ‘‘B’’. Type ‘“A’? seems to produce better results in a clinical way. Let us dwell for a moment upon the bi- ology of this organism so that we can the better understand it. The Bacillus bulgaricus is one of the laetic-acid ferments, pro- ducing a very much higher percentage of laectic-acid than does the ordinary lactic-acid bacillus found in sour milk, therefore, it is capable of withstanding and thriving in a higher percentage of acid which it generates. The true Bacillus bulgaricus ‘‘A’’, under favorable conditions produces on an average four per cent of lac- 594 H. B. F. JERVIS tic-acid. It is because of its ability to withstand acid, that it is capable of passing through the normal gastric digestion process unharmed. Ordinary lactic-acid bacilli are far less resistant te acid, hence, unless an animal ingesting them is suffering from marked gastric derangement characterized by marked acidity and fermentation, they will be destroyed by the normal Hel of the gas- tric juice, and so cannot exert any action in the intestinal canal, which they do not reach alive. The Bacillus bulgaricus will not grow at the ordinary room temperature as do the ordinary common lactic-acid bacilli, but it will grow at the body temperature. The organism does not grow well on the ordinary laboratory media, growing only very sparingly, a fact that unfortunately precludes the possibility of the average veterinarian preparing and maintaing pure cultures. Lactic-acid therapy has lost favor with a host of physicians, partly because of exaggerated claims made for it, and partly be- cause many of the commercial preparations claiming to be pure cultures of the Bulgarian bacillus have proved utterly worthless. Among the commercial preparations stated by the American Medi- cal Association in its list of ‘‘New and Unofficial Remedies’’, to be practically pure cultures of the Bacillus bulgaricus are: 1. Hynson Westcott & Co., Bulgare Tablets; 2. Fairchild Bros. & Froster’s Lactampoule; 3. Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories, Massolin. For any others see the pamphlet published by the association. Of the three mentioned, I have used Lederle’s preparation, the Hynson Westcott Tablets, and also Tht Abbott galactenzyme tablets, with equal results. Dr. J. Favil Biehn, of Chicago, writing upon the Bacillus bul- garicus as a therapeutic agent, says of it that it is his main reliance in gastro-enteritis in children. He says, ‘‘for five years tablets or galactenzyme bouillon has been my main reliance in the treatment of gastro-enteritis in infants. The children in the cases I have seen varied from three to four and a half years of age. Under ordi- nary circumstances, as these cases are seen by the average practi- tioner, the mortality should not be over four per cent when this treatment is employed ; in fact, a number of observers have reported several hundred consecutive cases without a single death. These children not only react to this bacillary treatment very rapidly, but in spite of from four to twenty bowel movements a day they generally continue to gain in weight. .Originally, after OF INTEREST TO SOUTHERN PRACTITIONERS 595 an initial purge—preferably of calomel followed by castor oil, or a laxative saline—I placed the sick baby on a starvation-diet for forty-eight hours with the Bacillus bulgaricus. Now, however, even in the highly toxic cases, in which the temperature is sub- normal, where the patients evidently have little or no reactive vi- tality remaining, I do not resort to the starvation-diet, but order a continuation of the breast feeding, or of the modified milk, or whatever the child may be receiving; provided the food being given is of the proper kind for the child. If I prescribe the galactenzyme bouillon (Abbott) it is added directly to the feeding. I believe, however, that equally good re- sults are obtainable from the galactenzyme tablets (Abbott) pro- vided they are not too old, and have been kept in the ice-box, 1.e., contain living, viable Bacillus bulgaricus. Indeed, it has seemed in some cases that better results followed the use of the tablets than of the bouillon culture.’’ In the writer’s experience with the Bacillus bulgaricus in gas- tro-enteritis hemorrhagica of dogs, I find it best to start right off with the bacillary treatment, omitting any purge and allowing only a milk diet, provided the patient will take it voluntarily. In those cases in which the patient will not even take milk, and most of the cases one gets there is complete inappetence, I just administer from four to six tablets three times daily, and usually inside of thirty-six hours the patient will begin to lap all milk offered him. I also refrain from administering any agent tending to check the bowel movement, depending entirely upon the Bacillus bulgaricus, and I find that it seldom fails, and one can bring a dog around in pretty good shape by this method, beyond being very run down and poor in flesh. This can usually be easily rectified and in the course of a week or ten days, under a course of tonic treatment one usually begins to see the semblance of a normal canine again, Necrotic Sromatitis. The treatment of this condition calls for a very careful nursing, and to my mind this is half the battle. Persistent washing of the mouth with the various antiseptic mouth washes, i.e., potass. permang. 1 per cent; glycothymoline; potass. chloratis; two percent solution of creolin painted on lesions with a brush, swabbing with tannic acid and glycerine, ete. The pa- tient’s bowels should be kept acting freely by oceasional laxatives. Just as important as the persistent washing of the mouth is the per- sistent administration of nourishment. I administer eggs and milk, 596 H. B. F. JERVIS concentrated beef broth, in small amounts every two or three hours with a syringe and this is a part of the treatment which under no consideration must be neglected. After the signs of resolution are apparent, i.e., the dog show- ing desire to lap up fluids of his own accord, one must begin to build the patient up with appropriate tonic remedies. SUMMARY. I. It is the writer’s wish that the vulgar term, or misnomer, black-tongue, should be dropped once and for all by the veterinary profession, as we have had enough of such, in our present day lit- erature. II. That in the Bacillus bulgaricus we have a very effectual therapeutic agent to combat the condition known as gastro-enteritis hemorrhag. canum. III. There seems to have been a confusion in the past; two diseased conditions having been, as it were, fused into one, and termed black-tongue. IV. There is no sueh condition, as black-tongue in the dog. The condition which has in the past been so diagnosed consists of two distinct and separate conditions, viz., gastro-enteritis hemor- rhag. canum, and necrotic stomatitis of dogs. N. B. In a recent bad case of necrotic stomatitis, the writer made an autogenetic vaccine, and derived great satisfaction from its use, and when ogeasion arises he will make further trials along these lines and will duly report through the medium of the JOURNAL. REFERENCES Law’s Vety. Med. Vol II. Hutyra & MAREK, Vol. I. SAUNDERS’ Canine Med. and Surg. J. Favin Breun, A.M., M.D., The Therapeutic Uses of Bulgarian Bacillus. The nineteenth annual meeting of the Minnesota State Veteri- nary Medical Association was held at the, Merchants Hotel, St. Paul, January 12, 13 and 14, under the presidency. of Dr. E. 8. Shore of Lake City. The clinic was held at Dr. C. E. Cotton’s hospital. ILLEGAL PRACTICE* GEORGE J. GOUBEAUD, Flushing, L. I. The illegal practice of veterinary medicine has reached a stage wherein, in my opinion it is becoming a positive menace, a source of grave danger to the health of the community through the ignorance of the person who attempts to apply a knowledge that he does not possess, thereby endangering the lives of the public through the transmission from animal to man of such diseases as: anthrax, rabies, glanders, tuberculosis, and many others. He does not know of their existence, much less of their presence when they do exist. He is usually the one person who can be thanked for the spread of foot-and-mouth disease, Texas fever and many of the other com- municable and transmissible diseases of the animal kingdom, with the resultant loss of animals and their money value. It is difficult for a lover of the veterinary profession to use temperate language in denouncing this class of common vulture. ‘The quack, the nostrum vender, the patent medicine agent, the pre- scribing druggist, the dispensing wholesale and retail chemist, the vaccine manufacturer, the stableman doctor, the itinerant horse dentist, the correspondence school graduate, the graduate of the dis- reputable veterinary college, and the graduate of the reputable vet- erinary college, who was unable to pass the examination of the State Board of Regents and secure a state license, and the employer of the unlicensed man. And there is still another class of fakers who should not be tolerated, and I believe your attention should be called to them—they are the fake canine specialists, the dog doctor dealer, the adept in stealing and selling stolen dogs. Most all of this class pose as veterinarians. I have not mentioned them all— time forbids it. This is indeed an appalling array for the prospective student to gaze upon and ask him to join our ranks. It is said that this is an age of competition, and if such be the case, I do not know of any business or profession that has so many illegal, unjust and unserup- ulous competitors. The lay public is led to believe that these men are regularly qualified veterinarians, and if the real danger lay alone in deception, *Address of the President of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City, January 5, 1916, 598 GEORGE J. GOUBEAUD and the consequent fraud that is practiced, I do not think that much danger would ‘result, but the loss inflicted is where the animal is unscientifically, inhumanely, and often’ times: diabolically mis- treated. The loss by death and of money value is not the only result, but where a contagious disease exists, it is not recognized until irreparable damage has been done. | The term ‘‘quack’’ has been applied to the illiterate, the char- latan, the humbug and the crook. He is shunned by those who know his qualifications. He is an usurper, in that he takes to himself a title that is not legally or justly his. For ages he has been de- rided, ridiculed, and the butt of the sarcastic humorist, and at ttmes his brutal and crue! acts upon a poor dumb creature know no hmit. He is usually devoid of principle, honor, reason or sentiment. His stock in trade consists of his ability to drink rum, repeat filthy stories, use foul language, steal prescriptions of qualified veterin- arians, and scheme how to defraud and beat the law. His brazen indifference of law is amazing. The native born is not the only offender. The foreigner, who has not as yet lost his sea-legs, swears allegiance to his adopted country with one hand and with the other he is arranging how to beat the law. The uostrum vender and patent medicine man are an equal danger. Their frauds, willful and often malicious endanger life and property. They are persons who care not what damage is in- flicted so lone as they receive a profit from the sale of their con- coctions. Laws are being made and enforced that are gradually driv- ing these fakers out of existence. There are millions in their concoctions and they are spending millions not only to avoid existing laws, but to prevent others from being placed upon the statute books. The prescribing druggist, that semi-professional crook, that avaricious creature, that man who not only disposes of the forbidden drugs, but has been selling drugs that will not only kill the innocent, but the victim as well. He will renew your prescriptions when you forbid it. He delights in the profits derived by the sale of com- pounds, the knowledge of the ingredients he is stealing from some veterinarian. He will stock a stableman’s medicine chest, and he affects to be offended when you question his right. He will dis- pense without qualm the most dangerous drugs and when called to ILLEGAL PRACTICE 599 aceount, he will tell you that if he does not do it, someone else will. Some of the wholesale chemists and vaccine manufacturers are in the same class. They will sell to anyone who desires to buy irre- spective of the consequences. The veterinarian who is employed by. them or associated with them is no better. The veterinarian who from his college days to the day that he begins life as a full fledged professional man has been taught by precept and example, professional courtesy and honor. The code of ethics is being ob- served by the better element and the foremost leaders of the profession. As time advances he develops a fondness for the hidden mysteries in the bacteriological field; by study, by personal inves- tigation and experimentation, he has discovered and developed through the aid of other veterinarians a serological form of treat- ment for certain contagious diseases and by the aid of his pro- fessional brothers he is enabled to place before the public a treat- ment that has some merit. No sooner has the treatment met with approval, than he proceeds forthwith to sell the remedy to anyone who has the price. He cares not whether his serum is injected into a glandered horse or a tuberculous cow. He forgets and does not care about the self-sacrifice of the men who taught him and the men who helped make possible the existence of his treatment. He com- mercializes the product. The result—he becomes careless in the preparation of his serum, foreign organisms gain entrance into this biologie product, and what follows is an outbreak of some contagious disease. The hypodermic syringe and the biologic material are responsible for more damage than we are aware of. You are doubtless aware of the outbreaks that have been caused by the intro- duction of some of these sera. The unserupulous manufacturers are the first to ask our aid, and having secured it, they are the first to become our enemies, and when the damage has been inflicted, they will again seek our assistance, only to repeat their contemptible acts at the first oppor- tunity. The stableman doctor—you all know him, and I am sorry to say we are in a measure responsible for his existence. The damage that he has inflicted, is in my opinion, equal to the damage caused by diseases. He usually does not possess the rudiments of a common school education, much less a scientific training. He is a most dangerous and expensive possession. My last experience was in a stable containing 23 horses, 21 of which were suffering from glanders 600 GHORGE J. GOUBEAUD (12 of these were clinical cases). These men are most cunning and they will resort to any trick to hoodwink their employers as well as the veterinarian. We alt know this. We all know that we will be sent for at the last moment and when the animal dies, the stable- man will inform the owner that the doctor could not do any more than he did, and the owner believes him for he does not take time to investigate, nor do we take the trouble to notify the owner of the true conditions, and the stableman gets away with it at our expense. It is most amusing to listen to the statements of shrewd and able business men concerning the veterinary ability of their stablemen. It is surprising the amount of culpable ignorance they develop in this respect. Their favorite statement is that ‘‘My man has been around horses all his ife—he knows all about them, and that is the reason I never need a doctor—he was raised with horses.’’ One made this statement to me, and to prove its correctness, he brought me into his stable, which contained 50 horses. He asked me to look them over. I did. I picked out three cases of clinical glan- ders. One horse had setons in his shoulder, and his hoof upon the same leg was sloughing off, the result of a punctured wound. I also knew that he had three children and that they had diphtheria. When I was leaving the stable, I asked him how his children were and if the housekeeper was treating his family. Suffice it to say I was not employed to treat this man’s horses, but another veteri- narian was. I feel that we must tolerate stablemen, but by no means en- courage them. The itinerant horse dentist is another fake. He comes the nearest to being a clown and a sleight of hand performer than anything I know of. He is certainly a spell binder. He will operate upon a tooth of a horse that needs no operation. He will extract teeth that are sound and substitute a most odoriferously decayed molar with the expertness of a sleight of hand performer. The correspondence school graduate is another class. He is usually a man seeking a short road to success, and the institution that encourages him is criminal. The poor deluded, misguided creature needs enlightenment and our sympathy, and I believe that the institution which humbugs this class of poor simpletons should be put out of existence. The next in order in the class of fakers is the fake canine spee- ialist, the dog doctor dealer, the adept in stealing and selling stolen _dogs. Most of this class pose as veterinarians. Their stock in ILLEGAL PRACTICE 601 trade consists in their ability to be guilty of dishonorable acts; to talk dog talk with the ability that would put a race track tout to shame. They are supplied with a hypodermic syringe, distemper vaccine and a case of tablets, guaranteed to cure any and every dis- ease that a dog suffers from, and a pair of ear cutters. The veterinarian is again responsible to a certain degree for the existence of this creature. He is responsible because he has in a certain measure taught him a few rudiments. He has advised him to employ some of the agents which are not found in the nos- trum of the proprietary medicines. This dog fake specialist usually employs a veterinarian to per- form his operations. He pays the veterinarian for his services—he dresses the animal’s wounds himself, charges the entire bill to the owner of the dog with the understanding that he is the one who has performed the operation; that he is qualified to perform operations and that he is a full fledged veterinarian. I am sorry to say that some of the veterinarians know this and they are perfectly satisfied to allow an usurper to take credit for the work which they perform and they do not care about the result or effect it will have upon the publi as long as they are paid for the operation. The graduate of the disreputable veterinary college is another class. The institution which grants him a diploma, is at best a fake and a humbug. It bears little semblance to decency and its faculty is no better. All that is desired is a candidate—the next the money. The school cares not to what depths it attempts to drag the profession. It has lost all feeling of self-respect and decency. It desires not to impart knowledge, it cares not to what humiliation its students and graduates are subjected. It is deaf to appeals and it will continue until an aroused public sentiment demands that it close its doors. And the unlicensed graduate, who cannot and who in defiance of the law will not take the state examination is another class. He is equipped to a certain degree, but his requirements have not been completed, and at a time that he should show by his conduct that he is entitled to practice, is the time that he flunks. He will en- gage in practice in defiance of the law, or he will hire himself out as an assistant, which he usually does. He knows that he cannot legally report cases; he knows that he cannot hold positions under the civil service; he knows that he is unjustly competing with lega- lized, qualified men; he knows that he engages in an unfair compe- 602 GEORGE J. GOUBEAUD i a a tition; he knows that every act of his while performing professional duties is in violation of the law, and still he continues in his de- fiant and Illegal course, and I am sorry to say that he is encouraged by some of the legalized, qualified practitioners, who employ him. Some of these encourage him in not taking the examination, and they know why; they ridicule the law to their illegal assistant— and they know why; and they know that the law protects them and not their assistants, and they know that they cannot afford, or will not pay, the salary to a competent, qualified assistant. Their prac- tice will not afford it, or they are too miserably cheap to pay a decent sum, or they are afraid of a legalized, qualified man. They are fearful, lest after he has saved sufficient to start in practice for himself, that he may .open an office and begin his professional career in opposition to his employer. They know that a successful practitioner must have a personality that is taking with the public as well as scientific ability, and they are afraid lest their assistants develop this to the detriment of the employer. They know these things and they still further know they are guilty of illegal, un- just and unfair, if not unscrupulous acts. They know the ability of the assistant and they also know of the illegal standing of that employee. They mock and ridicule the law all in the presence of of the assistant, and in their hearts they know why. Some of them will fly into a fit of rage and denounce anybody charged with the enforcement of the law, and they will threaten to go personally to Albany and have the law changed, and they also know why, and if the law could be changed, it would be for their own individual: benefit. Some of these employers claim the law is unjust. They will state that their assistants do not engage in general practice, and again they know that this is not so. They know that no just or liberal practitioner objects to an assistant who accompanies his em- ployer, dresses wounds, dispenses medicines, and does the nurse’s work. There is no valid objection to an illegal assistant performing nurses work and the employer is aware of this. We are all aware of it, and I do not know that we as a body object, but what is ob- jected to is that an employer sends out his non-registered assistant to engage in general practice in competition with a registered man. He knows that he does not employ the assistant as a nurse, but to engage in general practice. Some of the assistants develop expert- ness in a few instances, and their employer is very deficient in these individual cases. He uses the assistant to perform these operations ILLEGAL PRACTICE 603 and the money derived more than pays the salary. A case in view will illustrate the point I wish to make. I know of a veterinarian who employed an unlicensed assistant. This assistant had little ability, but he possessed a knack in handling a vicious dog. By continuous application he became an expert in ovariotomy in cats and dogs. The employer had a mortal fear of a dog. He would put a ‘eat to shame climbing a telegraph pole in his efforts to escape the harmless toothless pup. He knew that his assistant had abso- lutely no fear of the dog and he knew that his clients rather favy- ored his assistant. He did not care. His assistant made the money out of canine practice, which more than paid his salary. He also had the assistant do other work, such as night calls, urgent calls, clerking, bookkeeping, janitor and driver service. He knew that he would not have any canine or feline practice if it were not for his assistant, and he also knew that when his assistant left him he would lose his dog and cat practice. He was everlastingly ridicul- ing the law. as well as defying it. He continually urged his as- sistant not to take the state examination. He knew why he did these things—the result was that the assistant became discouraged at his position, circumstances arose that compelled him to take the state examination—the -result—he has left his employer and has built up a nice paying practice; his employer has no assistant and has no canine practice to speak of, and is still engaged in general practice. This is not an exception. I can cite any number, and so can you. The practitioner who employs a non-registered or an illegal assistant shows an utter contempt and disregard for the hardships and the ambitions of the young practitioner. He forgets the time when he did not have the price of a week’s board and did not know where to get it. He does not remember the time when he was noti- fied that his rent was past due. He does not remember the time when he was to receive a dispossess notice. His only possession was a scientific training, a hustling ability and taking personality. Illegal practitioners met him everywhere, the leading members of the profession saw that this ambitious, worthy young man was being handicapped by his illegal and unscientific competitors. They framed and had passed laws that protected him. Expenses were incurred in having a law passed, and his only subscription was the *“‘widow’s mite’’, The framers of the law asked nothing ee 604 GEORGE J. GOUBEAUD from him, but that he be straight. The law was passed and he . grew fat under its protection. His legal standing gained him a position that he could defend, and by attending to his practice, and he stuck close to it, as did the proverbial leech. He sought the friendship and acquaintance of men whom he thought would be of assistance to him. He denied himself the pleasures and recrea- tion of life, lest by his absence he lose a call. Instructions were given by him to his friends where to find him in ease his services were required and wherever he was needed, he could be communi- cated with immediately. He was never known to lose a call, and he never lost an opportunity to secure a prospective client, and as time advanced he built up a practice that demanded help, and he forthwith proceeded to employ an illegal practitioner. He has lost his memory, his high ideals have been cast to the winds. He forgets the laws that were passed for his benefit. He denounced injustice once, but he cares not about justice now. He bemoaned his position once, but he is on easy street now. He mocks and ridicules the law that gave him a standing; he cares not for the suffering, hardship, injustice and humiliation he inflicts upon others. He is deaf-and blind, but not dumb. Just accuse him of these acts; just call these facts to his attention, and he will denounce you most vigorously. His audacity is amazing and his reasons are as illogical as are his illegal acts. The employer of a non-registered man defies the law and he knows it, and he also knows that an accomplice in the commission of an offense is equally guilty, and he knows that he is guilty, and he will continue in his way of law breaking, but let someone injure him in the same manner as he has injured others. How quickly he will invoke the law that he continually breaks. Now gentlemen, to sum up—these conditions exist and they will continue to exist until some drastic action is taken and the law enforced, and when it is enforced, which I hope will be soon, let us see to it that there are no repetitions. We have it in our power to enforce the law and let us all pull together and-do so. The Western Pennsylvania Veterinary Club, with Dr. Fred Weitzel of Pittsburgh as secretary, has been organized to super- sede the Western Pennsylvania Veterinary Medical Association. VETERINARY PREPAREDNESS R. Vans AGNew, Veterinarian 5th Cavalry, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. As almost every stratum in society in our country is taking up the question of preparedness in a serious frame of mind, either for or against that state; it is time that the 14,000 veterinary surgeons of the United States should look at the question as it particularly affects them, and still more especially must the A. V. M. Associa- tion, for it is the organized part of the whole body. Therefore it can prepare to a useful degree from the very start of war if that unfortunately happened. No veterinarian can look back with pride on the organization of the veterinary department during the insignificant Spanish and Philippine wars: but with that failure to spur us on, we must not ~ be found wanting in the next war. It is a question of organization: to get which we must first know what we will require; the next thing is to acquire it; lastly, if we are called upon, to perform each his part with his utmost ability. There is no better proof of a good organization than in the fact that it is elastic and in sudden emergencies can be promptly and rapidly enlarged to meet them, consequently, with our small army we must develop our schemes of preparedness very thoroughly with a view to a sudden and enormous expansion that will have to be met with order and efficiency. It is my intention to give to the A. V. M. Association a general idea of what would be required of us in war times. To begin, our army at present has only 15 regiments of cavalry and six of field artillery. There are two veterinarians to each regiment, making 42 in all. This is in-our supposed army of 100,000 men. Superficial reading of newspapers on the war in Europe gives one the impression that cavalry is no longer an effective arm of the seryice and therefore will not be used, and that motor power has driven the horse and mule out of the war game as a draft animal. To offset that we read that about 300,000 horses and mules have been bought in this country during the last 18 months and are still being bought by European nations to use for war purposes, also in ‘‘The Field’’ an English paper, on ‘‘Horses in the War’’ that ““since the beginning of the war more than 100,000 horses have 606 R. VANS AGNEW passed through the hospitals.’’ This is on the British side alone. If we take the Freneh, German, Austrian and Russian figures at an approximate pro rata number of horses used by each nation, we can safely say that nearly a million will have been wounded or killed in this war. The only section in the battle line in Europe where cavalry is not being extensively used is on the western side in France and Belgium, owing to the smallness of the country. On the eastern front cavalry is freely used and in our vast country this would also happen for we would be able to manoeuver as much cavalry as we wished. Anyhow we can make up our minds that huge numbers of horses would be used by us in our next war. One thing this present war has brought out is the need of enormous quantities of guns that are mobile in character and can be shifted about quickly and easily, so we can look for a very large inerease in field artillery to offset the contemplated decrease in cavalry, which means that the same, if not a greater number of horses will be needed. Our present army has 21 regiments using 42 veterinarians, supposing it was suddenly increased to 150 regi- ments requiring 300 veterinarians for the regiments alone and prob- ably 400 more for our first army purposes, and these 700 men wanted inside of a week. That would be the situation to say noth- ing of the equipment and medicines to be collected at the same time. As the ruling body of our profession in America, it is surely up to the A. V. M. A. to take this matter up seriously and draft a well organized and elastic scheme whereby it can put proper and competent men into any and all positions that the government may call on the veterinary profession to fill in time of war. At present the quartermaster department is in charge of the remount system; the buying and issuing of all veterinary supplies and the employing of civilian veterinarians in time of war; this it is needless to say is not in agreement with the ideas of the army vet- erinarians or of any medically taught man who has to receive lay orders on his own profession. Consequently our army veterinary organization is poor and in time of war it proved so top-heavy as to be very expensive and fairly worthless. It will continue so until the authorities learn that the indispensable condition of effi- ciency in peace or war is responsibility. Hlowever, it is the present system and we must make the best of it and aid it as much as possible. VETERINARY PREPAREDNESS 607 Our remount system was very small before the civil war and was handled by the quartermaster’s department which continued to do so for the first two years of hostilities. But the service proved so unsatisfactory that on July 28th, 1863, General Stoneman was made chief of a cavalry bureau to take charge of it, and depots were established at St. Louis, Mo.; Nashville, Tenn.; Harrisburg, Penn. ; Wilmington, Del. ; and Giesborough, Md. Details of the depot at Giesborough are most instructive. It comprised 625 acres; five thousand men were employed in its con- struction and after completion there were 1500 regular employees. It was started in August, 1863. Within three months the capacity of the plant was 15,000 head and by February, 1864 was increased to 30,000 head; though the greatest number of animals kept there never exceeded 21,000 head. The veterinary hospital had a capacity of 2,650, the stables 6,000 and the sheds 10,000. The yards and corrals covered 45 acres. The total estimated cost of the whole depot was $1,225,000.00. One can gain some idea of the extent of the work done at the depot. Onenamersanvary 1, 1664... so 202.0 ees 15,721 Received by purchase Jan. 1, 1864 to June Me UL AAI Re? Ee CAs RN MA 5,326 Received from other depots for issue........ 59,507 Received for recuperation................ 85,980 Received by transfer from artillery.......... 4,120 Totalmiowve 170,654 Issued to'troops im the’ field)... 2.4. 96,006 Issued to officers after June 30, 1865......... 1,574 Issued for sale or sold at department......... 48,721 MOIS Me ee ites es ve ae OP a eee et 24,321 ich a une’ dO) 1866: 2.) A 32 Totalese is 170,654 In this report the enormous number of deaths strikes one very forcibly but can be partially accounted for by a lack of knowledge and sanitation in those days. This depot handled in all about 210,000 animals, the greater part of which were sent to the troops of the army of the Potomac. This one depot will give us some idea of the vast number of 608 R. VANS AGNEW animals needed by an army of approximately one million men in. those days, and the same number and even more will be needed in the present or future wars. The cavalry bureau was finally merged into the Q. M. department about January 1, 1865. In 1908 the Q. M. General started the present system of re- mount depots. The first one at Ft. Reno, Okla., comprising 10,000 acres with necessary buildings and feeding capacity for 2,000 to 3,000 head. The second one at Fort Keogh, Mont., comprising 100,000 acres and necessary buildings and with feeding capacity for 4,000 head. The third one at Fort Royal, Va., comprising 5,000 acres with the necessary buildings and feeding capacity for 1,200 to 2,500 head. In time of war these depots could be capable of very large ex- pansion, but their usefulness would depend largely upon the power or powers we would be fighting against and the situation of the battle fronts. Anyhow we would require at least two other depots and possibly three with a capacity of 25,000 animals in each of the six places. These animals will have to be received, inspected, isolated, treated, properly fed and watered, and shipped out sound and fit for service, calling for large veterinary hospitals, stables, isolation hospitals, sanitary surroundings, proper feed and good water, all of which will have to be overseen by veterinarians and many of them. These depots are just the receiving stations and do not come in contact with the armies in the field. In the field the veterinary service could be arranged so as to be mobile in character at the extreme front, gradually getting more stationary on the lines of communication towards the military base. To every division of infantry (about 7,500 animals) and every brigade of cavalry (about 3,000 animals) is attached one veteri- narian and 25 well trained horsemen. These men should have had some training in farriery work such as they would get around vet- erinary hospitals in civil life and also discharged farriers from the army. They should be all mounted and equipped with necessary veterinary supplies in order to come up behind when an army is on the move or after a fight, to collect the wounded animals, ex- amine and first aid them and arrange for their transfer to the rear to the field hospitals, thus relieving the regimental aid stations of severe cases and inefficient animals. Roughly speaking it would VETERINARY PREPAREDNESS 609 require 500 veterinarians and 3,000 veterinary men to carry out this scheme in an army of 500,000 troops. To give some idea of the value of an efficient veterinary corps. these figures are taken from ‘‘The Field,’’ an English paper, and are from the report of the Secretary of the R. S. P. C. A., on some re- sults of the English Army Veterinary Corps: ‘‘The total number of animals treated in hospitals to last August was $1,134. Of these 47,192 were returned to remounts as cured, 4,266 died, 4,843 were destroyed and 1,842 were cast: and sold. Beyond these 22,991 re- mained in the hospitals and at the conyalescent horse depot.”’ Practically more than 100,000 horses were treated in the hos- pitals during 11 months of a war in which cavalry was only used as a fighting arm for a few months and motor transportation is supposed to have superseded the draft animal, and this in an army of about 200,600. No wonder that we have to take this matter up seriously when we think of the hundreds of thousands of dollars we can save the country by effective arrangements, and also save wounded and sick horses besides increasing the striking power of our armies. If the government knew where it could immediately employ 1,000 good veterinary surgeons who have studied over, and for these conditions and in many cases have done enough field work to gain some idea of what would be required in the army, it would probably turn our work over to us and give us a chance to prove our responsibility in the matter. At the start of a war veterinarians will be wanted for meat in- spection; hay and grain inspection; buying and inoculating horses ; buying veterinary medicines and supplies; remount stations; con- valescent depots; inspection of horse-shoeing and army field work. All these subjects except the army field work are to a great extent well known to the members of the A. V. M. A., but each man can perfect himself a little more in them if he intends to join his coun- try’s army in time of war and many can do the field work if they wish. There are national guard troops of cavalry and artillery, and there are U. 8. troops of cavalry and artillery scattered over the United States and I am sure that veterinarians could arrange to join these troops on their practice marches each year. Any army veterinarian would gladly help. For instance, here at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, there are four troops of cavalry. In 1915 610 R. VANS AGNEW each troop made a practice march of three days and the squadron (or whole four troops) made three marches, making seven marches in all, and they will no doubt have these this summer of 1916. I am very positive that arrangements can be made to take one veterinarian along with each troop and four veterinarians when the squadron marches; this would accommodate 16 veterinarians and the same could be done elsewhere. Speaking personally I would say that if any veterinarian wishes to take advantage of this offer I will be only too glad to arrange it for him and can guar- antee that he will be given a good time in every way by the officers of the second squadron of the fifth cavalry. In this manner a great many veterinary surgeons will under-- stand field conditions, ete. in the army, and these are the most use- ful to know in war time, also they will learn that riding a horse is an indispensable accomplishment and that resourcefulness under adverse conditions is the true test of a man’s knowledge; labora- tory knowledge solely is not enough. This article is merely tenta- tive, it is for the purpose of bringing before you a general idea of what should be done and what is needed to do it. But there is no doubt that it should go further than the experimental stage and that a committee of members of the A. V. M. A. should be formed in order that the association may eventually be able to afford the war department precise knowledge of the number of veterinarians who can immediately take up the different specialized lines of work that each one is most competent to perform when summoned. Definite collaboration and aid from the 8S. P. C. A. will have to be arranged. In the meantime it is earnestly requested that mem- bers will give this subject consideration and collect conerete ideas about it so that by August 22nd in Detroit we shall have something definite to work on. An acceptance by the government of our plan of service wili increase our professional status and raise our moral status, in that every man would feel a personal pride in being really useful to his country in her need. The Idaho Association of Veterinary Graduates will hold their next regular annual meeting at Blackfoot, Idaho on February 3 and 4. A good program and banquet are planned, also a good elinie at Drs. White and Williams’ new veterinary infirmary. MUNICIPAL MEAT INSPECTION* A. E. Merry, Syracuse, N. Y. _ At the different meetings of this society there have been papers read upon the subject of meat inspection, and discussions follow- ing which have played a very important part in arousing pub- lic interest in securing in this city a meat inspection ordinance which was passed by the common council in July, 1913. Briefly, however, I will attempt to give you the more important working points of the ordinance, and a few of the results which have at- tended our use of it. The first requirement of the ordinance is the appointment of a veterinarian and two assistants whose duty it would be to enforce it. All meat which is brought into Syracuse must be presented for inspection and be stamped except that which has been inspected and stamped by the Bureau of Animal Industry, state or munici- pality which maintains a system of post-mortem inspection and marking equal to the standard maintained by the city of Syracuse. The ordinance also calls for a license in each slaughter house and market within the city limits, and this license is not to be granted until such slaughter house or market conforms to the re- quirements of this ordinance. It also restricts the hours of killing or slaughtering of animals within the city limits. It provides for the construction, sanitary conditions and equipment of such places and the health of the people or persons employed therein. This ordinance was to have been put into operation January 1, 1914, but due to the objection and strenuous opposition on the part of butchers and meat men, who were desirous of rescinding it, matters were delayed for a considerable length of time. How- ever, provision was made in the budget for 1914 for the appoint- ment of the required number of inspectors, and a number of meet- ings of the health committee of the common council were held to give the butchers and meat men an opportunity to offer their ob- jections to the ordinance. After considerable time had been spent, it was found that their chief objection was to the term ‘‘license’’ being used and that they would be perfectly willing to submit to the term ‘‘permit’’ instead. This point was granted, inspectors *Presented at the meeting of the Central New York Veterinary Medical Association, November, 1915, Syracuse, N. Y, 612 A. E. MERRY were appointed and began work April 1, 1914; a motorcycle be- ing provided asia conveyance to be used in reaching country slaugh- ter houses, and a system of stamps and report blanks was worked out and provided. As we had no stamping station, we tried the system of inspect- ing the meats after they had been delivered to the markets and be- fore they were offered for sale in the markets. During the remain- ing nine months of the year there were 7,589 carcasses inspected at slaughter houses, and 12,471 carcasses inspected in the markets and on the streets; or a total of 20,060 carcasses, out of which 15,000 pounds of meat were condemned. Shortly after January 1, 1915, it was decided to use as stamp- ing stations our two public markets, one located on the north side and one on the south side, and since then the butchers and farmers have been required to drive to either of these places where inspectors have been stationed during the hot weather from 7 until 10 A. M., and in cooler weather from 8 until 11 A. M. During the first nine months of this year 7,529 carcasses have been inspected in the slaughter houses and 17,394 carcasses in- spected at these stations; a total of 24,923, out of which 34,054 pounds of meat have been condemned. So that in eighteen months of inspection nearly 25 tons of meat have been condemned and con- fiscated. From time to time violations have been discovered and in a few cases arrests have been made where we had proof and evidence sufficient to obtain a conviction. On one occasion the pleura was stripped or peeled, removing the tuberculous lesions from the ribs of an infected animal and when the carcass was detected in the market the butcher who had placed it there pleaded guilty and a fine of $25.00 was imposed by the court. On another occasion a man was arrested upon the warrant of an inspector for having bob veal in his possession within the city limits. But in this case the jury disagreed. Another case where a man was found delivering bob veal to a meat market, upon being arrested pleaded guilty and was fined $50.00. This perhaps has had its effect upon certain persons engaged in the business, and now in a majority of cases when a butcher finds that he has a generalized case of tuberculosis, he either buries the same or carries it to one of the rendering tanks. We are bothered very little with immature veal, VETERINARY CONDITIONS IN GEORGIA 615 On the whole we feel that the butchers have co-operated re- markably well and in the majority of cases they seem as anxious as the city to have their meats and sanitary conditions right. At the present time we are lending our efforts to obtaining a suitable stamping station and a year from now we hope to be able to offer for your inspection a fully equipped stamping station. An inspector goes to the meat markets every afternoon to look over the condition of the meats on hand, to see that they are stamped and also take in the sanitary conditions of the markets. The markets in the outlying sections of the city have been painted and the in- terior of the coolers in all sections of the city have been shellaced and a large percentage of them white enameled. We found that shellac could be used during the warm weather when the meat was in the cooler, one side of the cooler being shellaced while the meat hung on the other side, and that shellac made a very good sub-coat for the white enamel. I want to take this opportunity to extend to all of you an in- vitation to visit us at any time and look over our system and offer any suggestions which you may have and which may be of advant- age to us. ————)-——. LIVE STOCK AND VETERINARY CONDITIONS IN GEORGIA* Dr. E. M. NIGHBERT Of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. Inspector in charge of eradicating Cattle Ticks in the States of Georgia and Florida. Atlanta, Ga. In my invitation to attend this meeting it was stated that I might present the subject of eradicating cattle ticks or any other subject I desired; therefore, in addition to that subject I wish to present in a brief way some of the things I think important to the veterinary profession, especially in this state. It was noted that your program carried among scientific subjects the lay subject. “Veterinary Practice by Farm Demonstration Agents’’; this will be touched upon later in this paper. *Address before the Georgia State Veterinary Association, Macon, Georgia, October 26, 1915, 614 DR. E. M. NIGHBERT Eradicating the cattle ticks in Georgia is the first step in clear- ing the way for a profitable cattle industry. It is a co-operative work; therefore we are co-operating with your state veterinarian, upon whom rests the responsibility of carrying on this work for the state. The efforts of one man are insufficient in this movement, however, so county officials, farmers and business men are required also to co-operate along certain systematic lines. The work began in 1906, and has made satisfactory headway, resulting in freeing nearly one-third of the state from this serious menace to the cattle industry. Completion of the work will be of much value to the farm- ing and business interests. Improved sires and herds are being intro- duced in the area freed of infection for the purpose of improving the native cattle. The cotton farmer being a beginner along this line of maintaining improved cattle and other live stock on the farm, necessarily will seek advice and suggestions for his guidance and protection. Naturally the veterinarian will be expected to render valuable services. / In 1899 the state enacted its first law for the protection of live stock against the spread of disease. It applied only to the dis- eases of cattle, especially to the spread of the cattle fever tick. This law attracted but little attention and interest until 1906, when the general campaign of tick eradication was inaugurated. Since the establishment of this act general improvement in the way of more adequate laws for the protection and fostering of a great live stock industry, to which the state is especially suited, has been made effective. Recently, additional acts with regard to dairies, slaughter- ing, abbatoirs, meat inspection, markets, and pure food have become effective, including an act to regulate the practice of veterinary medicine and surgery in the state. Naturally the veterinarian is interested and will assume a prominent part in carrying out certain phases of these laws, which are for the protection of public health and live ctock against the spread of disease. Therefore, the pro- fession today bears a greater responsibility and relationship ts modern progress along economic agricultural lines, public health, and live stock sanitation than ever before. The responsibilities of the profession are greater year by year, requiring higher education, experience, and practical knowledge of present-day conditions. The live stock of this country is worth today nearly six bil- hon dollars. Notwithstanding all the motor-driven vehicles, there are more horses and mules on our farms today than there ever were. VETERINARY CONDITIONS IN GEORGIA 615 Cattle are increasing in numbers and value; this condition also ap- plies to hogs. With the country growing older and no new conti- nents to be discovered and converted into farms, and the population increasing, we must make the best of what is here before us. There- fore, diligent study of the great live stock industry in health and disease must continue, that the industry may be fostered, en- couraged, and protected. THE VETERINARY PRaActTITIONER. I believe and know that the veterinary profession is equal to the demands to which it is sub- jected. In my experience of several years actively engaged as a veterinarian I find the profession as a whole equally qualified and as reputable as any other body of scientific men in this country. Their opportunities are varied and difficult of accomplishment, but they have been taken advantage of in a scientific and professional way that has been of great service to the public. It must be kept in mind that all professions have their full share of men of ques- tionable motives. To illustrate, please allow me to make a brief comparison: note what has been revealed since the recent federal narcotic law has been in effect with reference to the unscrupulous physician; note what has recently been revealed within the borders of this state concerning the unscrupulous lawyer, all of which are well known to you. I am not venturing a eriticism; these in- stances are merely mentioned to indicate the importance of keep- ing such conditions in the veterinary profession reduced to the minimum, which may be accomplished through your organization. No profession should be judged or criticised as a result of the action of a few. I have seen your membership increased from a few to your present body of over fifty men. To-day you are recognized as an important agency in the state and are in a position to aid in the systematic plan to develop a live stock industry. You realize, [ am sure, the importance of live stock in connection with cotton farming. The State Agricultural College, established during the past seven years, is the main factor in fitting men for proper live stock breeding required in connection with modern methods of carrying on farming operations to suit present-day conditions. The veteri- narian is likely to overlook the importance of a practical knowledge of the soil and crops of his territory, when, in fact, he should ae- quaint himself with all the things that affect the farming interests in order that he may be able to discuss them accurately. There- 616 DR. E. M. NIGHBERT fore, I believe the veterinarian should make it a point to attend the farmers’ meetings and become acquainted with all the local live stock conditions. He should continue his study of feeds and feeding, live stock breeding, and marketing, and make it a point to attend the Farmers’ Short Course at the college. By so doing he will soon become a-factor in modern things agriculturally in his com- munity. VETERINARY PRACTICE BY FARM DEMONSTRATION AGENTS. This is a day of organization and concentrated action in order to get things done; therefore, I wish to say in connection with the subject of ‘‘ Veterinary practice by Farm Demonstration Agents,’’ that the farm demonstrator is a representative of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, or of the State College of Agriculture, or some other agricultural agency interested in the development of farm resources. In fact, he may be considered an envoy sent to negotiate with farmers with the view of doing certain things. He may not be a scientific expert or trained professionally along the many lines of his work. In reality I beheve he is intended to be more than that, because he is supposed to possess all the quali- ties of a practical man with a working knowledge of the needs of his territory and the ability to introduce and demonstrate prac- tical and permanent farming methods. In addition, he is in a po- sition to put his clientele in touch with the proper divisions of state and federal agencies, when subjects not thoroughly understood con- front him. I believe you will find the farm demonstrator a good man to become acquainted with. I believe you should cultivate his interest and co-operation, although perhaps it is possible that he, as well as other laymen, may at times assume responsibilities along the line of veterinary practice which are greater than his knowledge or qualifications would permit. In conclusion, the great struggle of mankind has been to reach the point of understanding diseases and other natural con- ditions that hindered his legitimate progress. State governments and education have given the people this opportunity. The great propaganda of education has in a large measure pushed aside ig- norance, superstition, and prejudice. Education is always followed by scientific advancement, and man is decidedly the beneficiary. The present methods of dealing with the ailments and infectious diseases of live stock are the best !uman skill and mind have to offer, nevertheless new conditions will continually confront us, and REPORTS OF CASES 617 we shall always have use for all the knowledge that can possibly be obtained along the lines of our work. The veterinarian should keep in touch and co-operate with all state and goverment agri- cultural agencies; study everything modern possible along his line of wark; be broad and liberal as a man and professionally ; and make this association a live one and a greater factor in foster- ing and encouraging public enlightenment and better scientific knowledge among its members. So will the veterinary profession continue to advance and remain in the ranks as one of the leading professions now serving the people. —— Q-————_- REPORTS OF CASES INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION BY A STONE IN A DOG RoBert W. Evuis, New York, N. Y. The value of high enemas in stoppage of the bowel is pretty generally appreciated by veterinarians—in both large and small animals—as well as by physicians in human patients. The writer, like many others, can recall many instances where it has been the only means of relief, and submits the following case as an example of what is frequently met in canine patients, and as an exemplifica- tion of the value of this mechanical form of treatment in contra- distinction to the futility of the administration of medicinal agents per orem in such conditions. A dachshund (female) two and one- half years old, was brought to the office for treatment, with a his- tory of not having eaten anything for eight days, and having been vomiting persistently,—especially after drinking,—during that per- iod of time. There was some uncertainty about the bowel move- ments, but the owner ‘‘did not think there had been a movement for a few days.”’ A diagnosis of stoppage of the bowels was made, a high enema given, also a cathartic administered; although there was very little hope of the patient retaining it. Vomiting soon occurred, at which time, in addition to the med- icine administered, a foul-smelling material, closely resembling soft fecal matter, was brought up. 618 REPORTS OF CASES a Mechanical obstruction was suspected as the cause of the stop- page and the suspicion fully explained to the owner who after a careful mind-searching, recalled the fact that the dog had swallowed a stone nine days previously; the day before the loss of appetite and vomiting had been noticed. Instructions were then given the owner to persist with the high enemas, as it was the only form of treatment from which relief could be hoped; it being explained that medicinal agents of any kind would not remain in the stomach so long as the passage be- yond that organ was blocked. The dog was very weak from eight days’ fasting, to say noth- ing of the exhausting effect of the vomiting, and the owner was pretty low spirited; but accepted the situation and faithfully con- tinued the high enemas of hot soap-water, to which a small quantity of glycerine was added, twice daily, which finally resulted on the third day, in the passage of an irregularly shaped stone, measuring three inches in circumference and weighing half an ounce. The equipment for the high enemas consisted of a rubber tube seventeen inches long and one-fourth inch in diameter, regular catheter tip one end. The opposite, or open end, was slipped over the rectal tip attached to an ordinary fountain syringe. The tube well soaped, was passed in a little way before the flow was started, then gradually advanced until sixteen inches of its length had entered the intestinal tract. Each flooding breught out some- thing, but no relief was obtained until the stone came down, when immediate improvement in the dog’s spirits and condition generally, was noticed, with a cessation of the vomiting, and the following day the appetite returned. To summarize, the dog swallowed the stone on the 9th day ot the month, stopped eating on the 10th, began vomiting on the 11th, was brought in for treatment on the 18th, (nine days after swallow- ing the stone), passed the stone on the 21st, (after three days treat- ment) and began eating on the 22nd. The stone remained in the dog’s alimentary tract twelve days and she fasted that length of time. REPORTS OF CASES 619 RUPTURE OF THE DIAPHRAGM WITH RECOVERY WALTER M, PENDERGAST, Syracuse, N. Y. On August 2 at 8 P. M. was ealled to see a large black horse which the owner said had colic. Found the animal down in the stall, sweating profusely. History. This horse had worked in a team on a sewer excava- tion all day. He ate his feed at 6 P. M. and was found down in his stall at 8 P. M. Symptoms. Patient seemed to be in considerable pain. He would lie down and stretch out on his side and occasionally would sit on his haunches. Respirations were about thirty and were short and labored; pulse 60. Peristalis was quite active with no sign of bloat. Rectal exploration did not disclose much except that the in- testines seemed to be farther forward. Gave him one grain arecolin and one ounce chloral hydrate. obtained good action from the arecolin and the chloral seemed to quiet him to a certain extent. Repeated this treatment in two hours. Patient showed more or less pain all night. On the following morning the animal was still in some pain but not so acute. The res- pirations were very short and labored, temperature 103°. Up until this time I was at a loss to know what the trouble was, but the man- ner of his breathing led me to suspect a rupture of the diaphraghm. On auscultation a distinct rumble of the intestines could be made out extending almost to the point of the elbow on the right side. I informed the owner that I suspected a ruptured diaphragm and that the animal would probably die. I had given him 1% oz. aloin on my first visit and on August Ist the patient was purging freely. On August 2nd the patient was free from pain and began to eat a little. He still had that short labored breathing and there was a slight edema between the front legs. The patient continued to im- prove until August 7th when I discontinued my visits. The patient was given absolute rest for six weeks and was gradually put to work again. He had a slight attack of colic about October 1st but not enough to warrant calling a doctor. 620 REPORTS OF CASES PARTURIENT FEVER? THoMAS A. ALLEN, Brockville, Canada. On November 12th I was called to see a Holstein heifer, aged two years and reported to have been five months with calf. The symptoms presented indicated acute indigestion and pos- sibly caused by an over-feed of meal or ensilage. I applied the usual treatment in such cases with good results. By the 19th all untoward symptoms had entirely disappeared. On the morning of the 20th, 7 A. M., no unfavorable symptoms were apparent to the attendant, but when he returned to give the noon feed he was greatly surprised to find his patient completely pros- trated and in his opinion in a dying condition. I arrived about 12:30 P. M., and found the patient lying on the left side, head and limbs stretched out, head twisted over and partly resting on the opposite side; mouth open; tongue protruding; eyes glassy and entirely without sensation; temperature sub-normal; pulse indis- tinct; no motion in limbs or head, and when rolled up on the sternum the head flopped over on the right side; in doing so ex- hibiting that pecular kink in the neck. I first gave a hypodermic injection of strychnine, then tried to administer a stimulant but found it impossible as it caused symp- toms of strangulation. By this time I was satisfied that I had a well marked, typical case of parturient fever, and at once gave the milk fever air treatment. I left my patient well propped up and in good hands. I re- turned at 5:30 P. M. and found a decided improvement and lying on the right side; the attendant informed me that she turned over without assistance; lying on the sternum; head held up at times; ears moving as though warding off flies and the eyes becoming sensi- tive to touch. . I repeated the strychnine and reinflated the udder, then left for my office. On my return the next morning, 9 A. M., I found to all ap- pearances a perfectly healthy cow and anxiously looking for her morning feed. No further treatment was prescribed more than careful dieting for a few days. The attendant informed me that the heifer got to her feet about 7 A. M., but I feel certain that -was not the first time. Now, the question is, was it or was it not, parturient fever? REPORTS OF CASES 621 WHAT WAS THIS TROUBLE? WaLTER M. PENDERGAST, Syracuse, N. Y. History. On September 20th I was called to see a Holstein herd in which several animals were affected. The owner stated that the affected cow came in from the pasture at night, appearing dull and showing lack of appetite. From September 20th to 30th we had twenty cases in this herd. On September 27th another herd about six miles distant showed seven animals affected, with symp- toms almost identical with those of the first herd. All of the ani- mals affected were cows in milk with the exception of three young heifer calves about six months old. Symptoms. In the early stages the animals showed lack of appetite, high temperature 104° to 106°, pulse and respiration some- what increased, milk secretion greatly decreased and what little could be drawn was thin and watery and contained clots of floc- culent matter. The milk also showed minute blood clots which gave it a distinct pinkish cast in most of the cases. All four quarters of udder were affected, but did not show any swelling or tenderness. There was slight constipation with the feces a very dark color, al- most black. In two or three days there was generally marked im- provement with fall of temperature and return of appetite. After one or two weeks the animals seemed to return to a normal con- dition except some loss in condition. TREATMENT. The first cases were given 114 pounds of epsom salts, but some of the latter cases which did not get the salt seemed to do about as well. A fever mixture was given every three hours until temperature returned to near normal. Potassium nitrate 14 ounce and sodium bicarbonate 1 ounce were given twice a day for four days followed by sulphate of iron in 4 dram doses twice a day. All of these cases appeared in cattle that were kept out at pas- ture; those stabled in the barn were not affected. On these two farms the pastures are on low, flat, clay soil, some of which had been overflowed a short time before the attack. It appeared to me that this trouble might be due to a fungous growth on the vegetation due to the excessive amount of rain which we have had the past summer. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE CEREBRAL SOFTENING. Veterinary Major Floriot. Rec. de Med. Vet. An eight year old gelding was found one morning lying in his stall and unable to get up. He had a few skin scratches on the orbital arches and a slight discharge. He moved his legs and the skin all over his body remained insensible to the pricks of a pin. His temperature was 37.1°C. Respirations a little accelerated. He had never shown any brain symptoms. Frictions of oil of tur- pentine were prescribed and 20 e.c. of ether injected subcutaneously. He then got up for a few minutes and then dropped. Coffee and_ alcohol were given. He got up again and remained standing for three-quarters of an hour. He laid down after this and died a few hours later. Post -MORTEM. Body in good condition. Blood normal. Tho- racic and abdominal organs normal also. In the cranium, there was no fracture, the meninges appeared normal. In the brain the right lobe was the center of softening and in the ventricle two fibrinous clots were found. Cephalo-rachidian fluid was very abundant. The spinal cord was normal. : Wy be ———— () ———_ MOopIFICATIONS OF BACTERIA IN THE ANIMAL Bopy, XI. STupDIES ON Non-CAPSULATED ANTHRAX. (VERANDERUNGEN VON BAKTERIN IM TIERKORPER, XI. UNTERSCHUNGEN UBER KAPSELLOSEN MIz- BRAND). Dr. Oscar Bail; University of Prague. Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten: Origi- nale, Vol. 76, pp. 38-46, 1915.—In a previous communication the author described (this Centralblatt Vol. 75, Orig., No. 2) a strain of anthrax bacillus obtained by heating a normal culture to 48° to 49°. This was now used to study the relation between capsule formation, spore formation and pathogenicity. It was found that there was no apparent relation between capsule and spore forming power, but between capsule forming power and virulence there was a close connection. The new strain was entirely similar in its characters to the regular form of anthrax bacillus, being different of course, in having no capsule and a much diminished virulence. An examination of over 100 cultures in fluid serum and of 3000 col- onies taken off agar plates showed only capsule free forms. Neither ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 623 the capsule forming power nor lost virulence were restored on pass- ing this bacillus through several susceptible animals. Edema is produced when the culture is injected subcutaneously, in mice and rabbits. BERG. ee 0 el Hog Cuouera Serum. ‘‘Lab. Bul. No. 2, 10-23-15. Experi- ment No. 82 Hog Cholera Serum, begun 6-16-13 by E. W. Mumma and John Reichel.’’ Mulford Veterinary Bulletin No. 2, Vol. 7, January, 1916.—‘‘ Problem: To determine the value of carbolic acid and trikresol in the preservation of hog cholera serum, defibrinated blood. Carbolic acid is generally used as the preservative of hog chol- era serum, even though comparatively little is known of its value as a germicide in such a product as hog cholera serum in the form of defibrinated blood as originally prepared by Dorset, McBryde and Niles. That carbolic acid itself has little or no effect on the po- teney of the product is conclusively established. Whether trikresol is equally harmless and as effective as a pre- servative remains to be shown. Hog cholera serum as generally prepared is not sterile. The blood as drawn from the serum producing animal is invariably con- taminated and subsequent handling in defibrination allows for ad- ditional contamination, up to the time the preservative is added, varying in degree with the care exercised in its preparation. Even though it is possible to obtain sterile blood from a serum producing hog this can only be said of experimental trials and in producing hog cholera serum, defibrinated blood, in a practical way the question of sterility must be entirely sacrificed. Carbolie acid will-not sterilize this contaminated product and the question naturally arises does it hold the organism in check whether present in large or small numbers,’ Results of the experiment are briefly summarized as follows: ‘1, Carbolic acid must be used in less than 0.75% to avoid changes th the physical appearance of hog cholera serum, defibri- nated blood. 2, Trikresol must be used in less than 0.6% for the same reason. 3. Carbolic acid added in amounts up to 0.75% to lightly or heavily contaminated defibrinated blood first caused a decrease jn 624 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE the number of bacteria followed by an increase exceeding the first bacterial count: 4. Trikresol with a carbolic acid coefficient of 2.87% added in amounts up to 0.6% was also followed by an increase then a de- erease practically equal to that which occurred in the carbolized samples. 5. All of the controls, without any preservation, showed an in- crease in the bacterial count from the time the samples were first set aside (8-12°C) along with those to which a preservative had been added. This increase was followed by a noticeable decrease, and the last account was on an average lower in the control samples than those treated. That putrefactive changes took place was ap- preciated by the odor and liquefied appearance of the product. 6. No odor or putrefactive changes were observed in the car- bolized and trikresolized samples. Both preservatives served well in this respect, but this alone must not be accepted as proof of the value of either preservative for defibrinated blood. 7. From the limited number of examinations made in these experiments, as to the types of bacteria which survive and then flourish in the carbolized and trikresolized samples, it can be said that the types were not limited to the spore forming bacteria alone, as organisms of the colon type, staphylococci and streptococci were found as long as the samples were kept. 8. Contaminated hog cholera serum, defibrinated blood, cannot be sterilized by the addition of carbolic acid and trikresol in prac- tical amounts, and the numbers of bacteria are not kept in check by the preservative. 9. No evidence is brought forth here to show that carbolic acid or trikresol would not serve well as preservatives when added to a sterile product. 10. Hog cholera serum must be prepared in a sterile manner or sterilized by one means or another to enable carbolic acid or trik- resol to serve as a satisfactory preservative. 11. The physical nature of hog cholera serum, defibrinated blood, probably has much.to do with the limitations of carbolie acid and trikresol as preservatives, and it is highly probable that both would prove more effective if the insoluble, inert material, fibrin, cellular debris, ete., were eliminated from hog cholera serum. These inert materials undoubtedly exert a large influence in the compli- ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 625 cations following the use of the product, and for this reason alone should not be allowed to remain in hog cholera serum on the market.”’ REICHEL. 0 LACERATION OF THE STOMACH BY DUODENAL OBSTRUCTION DUE ro AscaArips. Veterinary Major Floriot. Rec. de Med. Vet. A gelding eight years of age had slight colics. Rectal injections were given and frictions of turpentine were prescribed. An injection of pilocarpine was made. No relief following after a few hours, 40 grams of tincture of opium were administered. The colic subsided but returned more violently the next day. Then the face had an anxious look; the body was covered with perspiration; the legs were cold; there were acid eructations and suddenly he dropped down and died. At the postmortem the principle lesions were in the abdominal cavity. In opening it, there was an escape of red, wine-colored fluid mixed with food. The stomach was ruptured along the great curvature; the edges were ecchymotic and the mucous membrane was covered with bots in large quantity. There was one ascarid engaged in the pylorus. About sixty centimeters from the pylorus the duodenum was literally packed with ascarids on a length of 20 centimeters, making a most complete obstruction. About 100 worms were counted in the small intestine. The other organs were normal. A. Py ea wee Mear Driep in VacuuM COMPARED WITH CHILLED AND FROZEN Meat. (LA VIANDE DESHYDRATEE PAR LA VIDE, COMPAREE A LA VIANDE REFROIDIE ET CONGELEE) by Raynal; Paris. Recueil dé Medicine Vétérinaire, Vol. 91, pp. 605-608, 1915.—Certain French papers have advocated the use of meat dried in vacuum. The author claims that such meat cannot replace chilled or frozen meat. Theoretically, the outer dry layers should protect the inner meat fibers. Practically this is not true. Such dried meat requires great care in handling, as the outer dry layer is very fragile, easily breaking and exposing the inner part of the meat. The author recommends the following methods of preserving meat : a—for short periods, from 8 to 20 days, but if possible, not to 626 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE exceed 10 days—chilling at minus 2 to plus 2 degrees C. (28-36 degrees F.) : b—for long periods, from 5 to 16 months—freezing at minus 5 to minus 28 degrees C (plus 21 to minus 18 degrees F). The author points out many of the disadvantages of the dried meat and the advantages of the other two varieties. BERG. es od EQUINE TUBERCULOSIS by Captain J. D. Broome, A.V.C., Vetert- nary Record.—This is the record of a post-mortem on a fourteen year old gelding which was destroyed on account of his condition : the cadaver was much emaciated. Stomach and intestines full of ingesta. Diaphragm studded with tubercles, varying in size from that of a barley grain to a pigeon’s egg. The tubercles were over the muscular and tendinous portions of both surfaces of the diaphragm. The spleen had several large tubercles with numerous smaller ones over the peritoneal covering. Some were on the liver, close to the lymph glands. They were on the covering of the organ, none in the structure. The kidneys we:e normal. The renal lymphatie olands were enlarged and tuberculous. The glands near the pan- ereas were also diseased. There was one tubercle in the wall of the stomach close to its junction with the duodeum. The mesenteric, colic, internal and external iliac lymphatic glands were normal. The lungs were crammed with miliary tubercles but the pleura was free from them, except where it covered the diaphragm. The med- iastinal glands, the bronchial and supra-sternal glands were also tuberculous. The submaxillary, the pharyngeal and post pharyn- geal were also presenting different stages of the disease. A. L. ee 6 THe ABDERHALDEN Reaction, D. D. Van Slyke, M, Vinograd- Villechur and J. R. Losee. New York Jour. Biological Chemistry, Vol. 23, pp. 377-406, 1915.—The present work was undertaken in the hope of providing for the measurement of serum protease a quantitative method sufficiently simple, accurate, free from sub- jective influence, and specific for proteolysis to afford definite con- clusions concerning at least the facts of the Abderhalden reaction, ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 627 These experimenters did not use the Abderhalden ninhydrin test; instead a very delicate and accurate quantitative chemical method of measuring the extent of the ferment action was used. The preparation of placenta substrate, ete. was carried out as di- rected by Abderhalden and every precaution taken to insure free- dom from error. They state ‘‘The difference even in the averages, is not great, however, and the individual variations of both preg- nant and non-pregnant sera make the results from both overlap so completely, as to render the reaction, even with quantitative tech- nic, absolutely indecisive for either positive or negative diagnosis of pregnancy. Further evidence of non-specificity is seen in the fact that carcinoma tissue was digested to about the same extent as was placenta.”’ For an interesting discussion of the nature of the Abderhalden reaction in immunological, rather than chemical terms, see Bronfen brenner; Biochemical Bulletin, Vol. 4, pp. 86-89, 1915. It is highly probable that above findings will weigh. heavily against the acceptance of the Aberhalden test. Similarly negative results with this reaction were obtained by Berg; Report of Chief of Bureau of Animal Industdy, 1914, p. 32. BERG. —_0-——_- Locauizep TeraNus by Doctor Pozzi. Academie de Medicine.— The author related one observation of localized tetanus, with a para- plegie form of the lower limbs, appearing early, five days after the wound was received, viz: a severe injury of the left foot which had necessitated sub-malleolar amputation. First, tonic spasms which later became very painful and yet remained localized to the left leg and thigh and were now and then manifested in the right also, leaving the patient no rest nor sleep. At first the temperature was elevated, but gradually dropped down. The cicatrization went on normally. The condition of the subject was very good. The treatment consisted in large doses of chloral and pantopon with massive doses of antitetanic serum. Great im- provement has followed but slowly and the leg still remains con- vulsively contracted at the thigh. This stiffness will probably re- main for along time. Cases of limited or localized tetanus are very rare and those which affect only one leg are exceptionally observed. And. 628 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE Tue Seat or THE Emeric ACTION oF VARIOUS Drugs, Cary Eggleston and'‘R. A. Hateher, New York. Jowr. Pharmacology and Exper Therapeutics, Vol 7, pp. 225-253, 1915.—Throughout this en- tire series of experiments (on dogs) it is to be observed that the smallest emetic oral dose was always larger than that required by in- travenous administration, with but two exceptions, namely, the ipecace alkaloids, in which cases the doses for the two modes of ad- ministration were practically the same. In our previous studies on apomorphine and on the digitalis bodies the oral dose was also found to be materially larger than the intravenous dose. Conclusions.—Practiecally all alkaloids and alkaloidal drugs in common use which produce nausea and vomiting, either as their chief or as their side actions, do so by direct action upon the vomit- ing center; i.e., morphine and preparations containing it, emetine, cephaelin, quinine, ergot, apomorphine, nicotine and lobeline, pilo- carpine, aconitine, and veratrine. Sodium salicylate, picrotoxin and the digitalis bodies also pro- duce nausea and emesis through direct central action. The evidence in favor of the central action does not in every instance exclude the possibility of the drugs also having an irritant action on the alimentary mucosa when given orally. It is probable that the ipecae alkaloids, veratrine and sodium salicylate may have this reflex action in man, at least in susceptible individuals. Some of the advantages claimed for certain proprietary prep- arations of opium, such as narcophin and pantopium are refuted by the results of the present experiments, this is also probabley true to a certain extent of some of the proprietary preparations of salicy- lic acid. ——o—— BERG. THE Lire History or NEMATODIRUS FILICOLLIS, Rup., A NEMA- TODE PARASITE OF THE SHEEP’s INTESTINE. Charles N. Boulenger. Parasitology, Cambridge (Eng.), Sept., 1915, v. 8 (2), pp. 1383-155, pls. 8-9, text figs. 1-5.—In his historical sketch Boulenger notes that the common form from the United States, regarded by Curtice and by Ransom as N. filicollis, is N. spathiger. It also appears that the worms from Africa regarded by Maupas and Seurat as N. filicollis are N. spathiger. Boulenger is thus in accord with Railliet and Henry who were the first to call attention to the confusion between the species Nematodirus filicollis and Nematodirus spathiger, ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 629 Boulenger gives a detailed account of the developmental stages of N. filicollis from the egg to the ensheathed larva. Embryos de- velop in the eggs in water or moist feces if sufficiently aerated, the presence or absence of light being of little or no importance, while temperature conditions are, as usual, of great importance. The most favorable range of temperature is between 19°C. and 27°C. Eges are in the 7 to 8 celled stage when oviposited and appear in the feces in this stage. The morula stage is attained in 3 to 4 days, quickly followed by the ‘‘tadpole’’ stage. At the end of 2 weeks the embryo is five times as long as the containing shell. During the next two weeks the young wotm undergoes two moults, appearing at the end of this time as a transparent, highly refractive larva, enclosed in a sheath which consists of the unshed skin derived from the second moult and still surrounded by the skin shed at the first moult. It was found that these larvae would hatch from the shell more readily when submitted to alternate moistening and drying. It was found, however, that exposure to temperatures between 24 and 32°C. was much more efficacious in causing the eggs to hatch. Having undergone two moults within the shell, the larvae are in the third stage when they leave the shell and are about one milli- meter long. ... om. See oe 184 Stanton Ave., Detroit, Mich. Gee DeGibsen’ x. 225.) sic Take. a | eee Adrian, Mich. simon Black st Nis op ee ee setters coche ois RT an Richmond, Mich. WieradiGaliner fe i. SRR oie. So ee East Lansing, Mich. a VETERINARY EMBLEM The chairman of the committee on Emblem of the A. V. M. A. is desirous of obtaining all information and data possible on vet- erinary emblems used by veterinarians, veterinary societies and veterinary branches of the armies of this and foreign countries. With the idea of obtaining and compiling as much information as is necessary to bring the matter intelligently before the com- mittee, he is anxious to give an opportunity to all the members of the A. V. M. A. and veterinarians in general, so as to submit such designs as may be suggested for an emblem. In order that data may be compiled for a report and a definite end reached more quickly, suggestions and communications should be sent to the chairman, O. A. Longley, 616 Eye St., Fresno, Calif. ———=() —— - VETERINARIANS AND ARMY SERVICE At the February meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Medical Association, Dr. Vans Agnew ealled attention to the diffi- culty experienced by the Quartermaster’s Department in getting efficient veterimarians for emergency service. Under present con- ditions the department advertises for veterinarians and frequently has to employ men not very well qualified. It seems self-evident that any plan which will increase the efficiency of the Army Vet- erinary Service should receive due consideration and that the earlier it is considered, the better. As a National organization the A. V. M. A. may be expected to take some action in the matter. It’s next meeting is still some months away, but it is none too early to give the problem consideration and formulate plans for promoting the desired efficiency. The Missouri Valley organization, with commendable promp- titude, appointed a special committee to consider the matter and the following report was adopted ; EDITORIAL 659 ‘“‘In view of the difficulties experienced by, and to facilitate _ the work of the Quartermaster’s Department of the United States Army, the Missouri Valley Veterinary Medical Association rec- ommends that the American Veterinary Medical Association pre- pare, for the use of the Quartermaster General, a list of qualified veterinarians available for” army service in case of emergency; such a list to indicate the branch of service for which the veteri- narian is best adapted.’ Committee : N. S. Mayo B. W. MurPHy J. H. OsTERHAUS gS os ee ee SHOULD OUR SYSTEM OF THERAPEUTICS BE REVISED? At the risk of being branded as iconoclasts, wise, thinking, practitioners now seldom hesitate to challenge the views about drugs that were forced upon them in the class-room and over which they were compelled to ‘‘burn the midnight oil’’. In fact, wherever the subject of therapeutics is discussed now-a-days among old, ex- perienced, progressive, practitioners the cherished belief they once entertained about the curative properties of drugs is without excep- tion is actually ridiculed, and it is extremely doubtful if there could be found in the whole profession a single man who would or could attribute his success to a profound knowledge of orthodox thera- peutics. On the contrary, almost everyone unhesitatingly insists that the conventional instruction he received was so erroneous that years elapsed before the truth dawned upon his deluded mind. It seems that the teaching of therapeutics loses attraction when not metaphorically adorned and that those engaged in that enter- prise have been slow to shape their instruction to conform with modern discoveries in medical sciences. What is wrong with this branch of our science that those who practice it most should respect it least; that few thinking men will follow its consecrated doctrines through life; or even court a closer acquaintance with its dogmas after a few years of experience; that success in practice comes only after its fallacies have been dispelled ; and that almost everyone so soon loses faith in its principles? The whole system of therapeutics, that is, the time-honored system ex- 660 EDITORIAL tolled from the lecture platforms and in our voluminous text-books seems to need revision; or better still it should be eliminated in order that it might be rebuilt of a different fabric and upon an en- tirely different foundation. True, the system is slowly undergoing revision but the trans- formation is too slow and it is unfortunate that the changes come more from the practitioner than from the teacher of therapeutics. Students are still taught that drugs are very effectual weapons against disease. They are taught without equivocation that these weapons may be depended upon to fight disease, and from these pre- cepts the impression is invariably gained that such a thing as a mortal termination of a disease must henceforth be a curiosity. It does not matter how much the pathologist, the physiologist and the surgeon preach the gospel of simple therapeutics, or how much modern discoveries expose the fallacies of the system, this branch goes merrily on with dreams that start the student out with an en- tirely false conception of the healing art. This is not as it should be at this day and age. Are there not enough truths in this branch of our curriculum to occupy the time of students without burdening them with a misguiding travail that neither disciplines the mind nor respects facts? It seems plain that the unsuspecting student has been misled too long for the good of the cause, that the time is here to speak the plain truth about the actual merit of drugs, that the days of the shot-gun prescription are over and that the medical armament of the day does not contain the best weapons of the physician. In short, the student as he leaves college should already be the skeptic, the agonistic he is sure to become as soon as he begins to think for himself. The harm arising from this childish faith in our academic therapeutics is by no means imaginary; it is real. The recruit is armed with ordnance the expert has learned is too freakish to com- prehend, too unreliable to insure, too intricate to control, and his mind is diverted from such harmless and effective weapons as effec- tual quarantine, perfect disinfection, scientific ventilation, rational surgery, balanced regimen, bodily comfort, seasonable clothing, comfortable bedding and cheerful surroundings, all of which the present system of therapeutics teaches by inference, are secondary to its medical propaganda. In spite of years of experimentation, investigation and research uncertain theories predominate over facts, exaggerations overshadow EDITORIAL 661 truths and the best arguments are still drawn from the realm of empiricism. Does not our cherished system of therapeutics need revision ? L. A. M. —--90-——_ “HIGH STANDARDS” We recently received a bulletin, issued at a veterinary college, containing an article on the above subject with certain paragraphs marked for our benefit. One paragraph states that the country boy is needed in the veterinary profession and that it is well when comparing equivalents to consider ‘‘whether the training which a youth receives in his daily farm life is not equal to that of a high school diploma’’. It all depends on whether a veterinary trade or a veterinary profession is desired. Contact with animals and their surround- ings is not a substitute for knowledge. If a boy should be born in a stable he is not necessarily ‘‘called’’ to be a veterinarian, be- cause of the environment of his birth, any more than a boy accident-- ally born in a church is ‘‘called’’ to be a clergyman. Many of the old-fashioned ‘‘horse doctors’’ were country-born and bred and we have no doubt that a great number of them had an intense love for animals. Is it wise to go back to that standard? There is nothing incompatible between a country boy and a high school diploma or even a university education. Many have acquired both and we be- lieve the number is growing. Is it not stigmatizing the country boy unnecessarily to insinuate that he is incapable of a high school diploma? The country “‘horse doctor’’ did not consort to any great extent with other professional men, nor did he always stand high in the respect of the community. Other professions have not accepted vocational experience as a substitute for edueation. Why should the veterinary if it aims to be on a par with other profes- sions? Of course we need the country boy; we also need the city boy. We need any boy with brains. The final paragraph asks: ‘‘Is it better to study Caesar, or milk cows when the veterinary embryo is in the making??? Milk- ing cows does not materially assist a professional man in writing prescriptions, which should involve some knowledge of Latin. Again it seems to us, especially ‘‘when the veterinary embryo is in the making’’, it is better to cultivate brains and that Caesar is quite as good as milking for the purpose. Poh- FP 662 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES DR. C. J. MARSHALL TO GO ON A FOREIGN MISSION The reports which have been published of the excellent work of the military veterinarians on the western battle front in Europe have induced a friend of the University of Pennsylvania to donate a fund to be used to send a veterinarian to England and France to make observations in the hope that information will be obtained which will be of service in this country. The veterinary corps of the English Army has been especially efficient in caring for horses wounded in battle or exhausted by hardships and it is believed that much can be learned from the experiences of the members of this corps, which will be of value to veterinarians and others. Dr. C. J. Marshall, Professor of Veterinary Medicine in the Veterinary School, has been selected for this important mission and it is ex- pected that he will sail from New York on the steamer Rotterdam on March 7th. He will go first to England where he will study the organization of the veterinary corps of the English Army and the methods in operation in the concentration camps to prepare the horses for service and to protect them from infectious diseases. From England he will go to France where he hopes to have an op- portunity to observe the methods of treating wounded and exhausted horses at the front and in the base hospitals. He will also study the measures taken to prevent the introduction of infectious disease and observe the methods used in caring for the horses in the mili- tary camps and remount stations. Gg ee EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Bois Jerome. SuGAR IN Surcery. In a series of articles published in La Clinica Veterinaria, Doctor Girardo Bussano, assistantand lecturer docent in the veterinary high school of Milano, has ¢alled attention to the application of sugar in veterinary surgery and ‘sustained his suggestions by the record of quite a number of successful eases where sugar was the essential element of treatment. Proceeding with an historical part, the author tells of Galen, who recognized the antiputrid property of sugar and had used it for the preservation of cadavers. Continuing by the various ap- plications, which gradually brought it in use in human surgery, EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 663 where he found it employed against ulcerations of a serious nature, in hospital gangrene, in wounds with large loss of substance and again in catarrhal ulcers of the mouth and fauces, in chronic catar- rhal pharyngitis, laryngitis and tracheitis, or in catarrh of the nose and frontal sinuses, Bussano tells of its properties in cases of in- toxication with metallic salts, such as copper, lead, silver, gold or mercury. Its beneficial effects are then demonstrated by the records of experiments, where its antiseptic properties are shown by Fisher, Billroth and others. Kiihne, after experimenting with so- lutions of sugar, for the washing of the abdominal cavity, advo- cated irrigations of that cavity in the treatment of acute peritonitis and concluded that sugar prevents intestinal putrefaction. Later on Magnus and others experimented to establish the man- ner in which the organism would behave in regard to the introduc- tion of solutions of sugar. Such were injected under the skin and into the veins. Experiments were made on animals and one man. The conclusions from the experiments were that sugar offered a means of treatment without presenting danger. Its disinfecting properties, its ready absorption, its deodorizing power and the sound and rapid development that its application promotes in gran- ulating surfaces, all point to its usefulness. These facts thus reviewed from the literature extending from 1883 to the present time, found their application at the clinics of the Milano school, where numerous trials were made and wonder- ful results obtained. The indications where sugar was used varied much. It was used with sutured solutions of continuity, instead of being dressed with antiseptic powder, iodoform, xeroform, or others. Or again in open wounds with loss of substance which were to cicatrize by granu- lation and which were treated likewise. However, it was in in- juries of the foot that sugar was used in the greater number of cases. The modus operandi is very simple and is as follows: with sutured wounds simply the application of the sugar finely powdered, so as to form a kind of crust under which the cicatrization will pro- ceed without suppuration. With open wounds where loss of substance exists or after foot operations, when a part or whole of the wall has been removed, the parts are first thoroughly and minutely washed with sterile water and then a coat of sugar is applied so as to form a rather thick coat upon which should be applied the absorbing and com- 664 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Sow 2 Se eee ee pressing gauze or bandage, supported by the necessary apparatus. The first dressing can be left 48 hours but the following ones can be left 7, 8 or 9 days and sometimes 10 or 11. When the dressing is changed the wound looks well, oranulat- ing with healthy color, unless the pressure of the dressing has been too great, when the granulations may not have as sound and rosy an aspect but look as if they had been asphyxiated. What is readily to be observed, in foot injuries, is the rapid formation of the new horn. which in a few days has assumed con- ditions such that the wearing of a shoe is possible. As the author remarks, he has had many opportunities to re- sort to sugar medication and the results he has obtained justified his endorsement of its use. ; Out of a large list of cases he has selected and described twenty of various kinds and severity: such as a large gangrenous wound of the middle of the anterior face of the left metartarsal, which is handsomely illustrated, cases of canker of the foot, fibro-sarcomatous growth, complicated punctured wound of the foot with removal of the sole and wall, several lacerated wounds more or less compli- cated, cartilaginous quittors, injuries with loss of substance of all kinds, fistulous tracts, chronic abscesses, ete., ete. This valuable subject is then brought to a close by the following general conclusions : 1—Solution of sugar injected subcutaneously, in the abdomin- al cavity or in the articulations of animals used for experiments, is reabsorbed in a short time and without giving rise to accident except a slight elevation of the temperature which passes off very rapidly. The same solution, at a higher degree of concentration, 25% and a temperature of 29°-30°C. can be injected into horses, in the trachea, or in the veins (jugular) with the double advantage of be- ing more rapidly absorbed and yet easily tolerated. From 500 to 1000 ¢.c. can be injected every day, without giv- ing rise to any disturbance of the organic functions and more than that if the injections are renewed for several days in succession, a noticeable improvement is observed in the general condition of nu- trition and on that account the injection can advantageously take the place of the ordinary injection of physiological serum. The solution can be made with simple distilled water or in physiological serum by the addition of 250 grammes of sugar for 1000 ¢.c, and thus a solution of 25% can be obtained. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 665 2—Sugar in powder, applied on any kind of wound or solution of continuity, acting by its absorbing and antiseptic properties gives rise at the same time to an hyperactive nutrition and repara- tive action on the granulating layer of -the wound, which in a short time carries it to rapid and solid cicatrization. 3—Sugar, applied directly to a sutured wound, protects it from any possible infection, thus insuring a first intention cicatri- zation. Applied upon a wound which has not been closed with sutures and where loss of substance exists, no matter what may be its nature or extension, it promotes rapidly the development of granulations of good appearance and accelerates the process of repair. 4—In general, in operations on the foot, accompanied with more or less loss of substance and especially in the partial or total re- moval of the sole, treatment with sugar, besides quick cleansing of the wound, activates also the rapid formation of the horny tissue, which can be observed a few days after the surgical interference. 5—Sugar possesses besides, the immense advantage of being a strong deodorizing agent, removing the bad odor that impregnates the dressing, especially in cases of canker of the foot where the odor is characteristic and so truly repulsive. 6—With the sugar treatment the formation of pus is not ob- served, even in large wounds with or without loss of substanee. With the sugar on the contrary, it has been observed that the secretions in the wound diminish from the very beginning of the treatment and would disappear almost entirely. If a dressing with sugar has been properly applied, it can re- main undisturbed without any inconvenience for 8 or 10, or even 12 days. 7—Sugar can be used in solution or in its natural state, as it is found in the stores. It needs no special preparation before use. Consequently it is an excellent material, as useful, as practical, not only on account of its low cost but because it can be found any where at a moment’s notice. 8—As to the therapeutic properties that common sugar pos- sesses the author prefers it to glucose because of its fixed character, its low cost, it is easily pulverized and adheres well to the tissues, forming stronger and more compact layers. 9—By its absorbing, antiseptic and cicatrizing properties, sugar represents a therapeutic agent of the first order, which ean 666 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES render great service in veterinary surgery, especially in private practice, as a substitute for the common antiseptic powders of today. Saree CAMPHOR AND TETANUS. That prevention is better than cure, is an old medical saying, which notwithstanding its age and per- haps on its account, is one of necessity at the seat of war. That tetanus has been relieved and its fearful mortality has been reduced is no doubt due to the extensive use of antitetanic serum injections, whenever these were possible. But there are circumstances where injections of serum are not possible, when the expected prevention does not take place and it is then that the practitioner thinks of his arsenal of curatives and looks for the ones which are likely to give him the results he desires. The choice is difficult. Many are the modes of treatment and many the drugs which have been tried. An army veterinary major, Mr. Poret, a great advocate of the preventive qualities of the serum has thought it would be an advantage to find an agent, upon which the practitioner could fall back, as a serious adjunct in the treatment of lockjaw and selecting camphor, he experimented with it. He had a tetanic horse to treat and he injected subcu- taneously in this animal 200 grammes of concentrated sterilized camphorated oil, representing 50 grammes a day. In a few days, the disease, which was progressing slowly, improved so much that recovery at short notice, say a few days, was considered imminent. Was this a simple coincidence, and would the horse have got well without the camphor, was the question ? Fortunately, a second case came. One of lockjaw from a punc- tured wound of the foot. Serum injections had been given late. The disease had existed three days. Between 200 and 250 grammes of concentrated camphorated oil injected subcutaneously was fol- lowed by quick recovery. Still another case occurred in an establishment where prevent- ive injections were made quite often, on account of the frequency of lockjaw cases. This case was treated with camphorated ether, 5 ¢.¢. of which were injected into the jugular three times a day. He received also 5 ¢.c. of oil by subcutaneous injections. Chloral was administered per rectum. The result was slow but recovery followed. Similar results were again recorded in a colt, whose tail had been amputated and which did not have any preventive injection of serum, also another horse which was treated intravenously. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 667 While Poret treated his patients, he observed that the dose of 20 ¢.c. was the highest the animal could stand and that only when given gradually. High doses gave rise to manifestations, which subsided rapidly, it is true, but could assume alarming characters. ‘These experiments, which appear in the Bulletin de la Societe Centrale were not offered as complete. The treatment was not pre- sented as one with a specific microbian agent, nor as an antitoxic experimentally tested, it was only a therapeutic initiative which after all may prove its usefulness when it has been tested by others. It certainly deserves it. In the same compte rendu of the Bulletin, there is another ree- ord, an experiment on two horses affected. with acute tetanus, where Mr. Lecuyer injected three times a day, in the jugular, 5 c.c. of camphorated ether and under the skin 45 c.c. of the same oil in 8 or 9 doses. Both horses recovered. Why not try it? Q-———— GASEOUS GANGRENE. This important subject has been the oc- easion for a valuable communication before the French Academy of Medicine at one of its last sessions. It related to work done by Professor Weinberg and Seguin. From it, it appears that if the Bacillus perfringeus is the most frequent in gaseous gangrene, there are cases where the principal part is acted by other anaerobics, such as the septic vibrio, the Ba- cillus edematicus, ete. More frequently, the severity of the dis-. ease depends on microbian associations, which are different accord- ing to the cases. That wounds, complicated with gaseous gangrene, end in death or septicemia, death is always due to an intoxication, which in many cases is the result of the simultaneous action of sev- eral toxins secreted by the associated pathogenic microbes. To these microbian poisons, the authors give the name of ceno- toxines which act in common upon the organism and that of ceno- tary to the general intoxication they give rise to. Weinberg and Seguin have succeeded in preparing sera against the most important microbes of gaseous gangrene. The anti-per- fringeus serum, antimicrobian, is useful in the cases where the B. perfringeus is the principal agent, providing it is used before sep- ticemia is fully developed. Antiseptic vibrion and anti-edematous sera are antitoxic. According to the authors, it is difficult to prepare from one animal a serum that will act against all the toxins, It is not likely that one antipolytoxic serum can be prepared 668 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES against gaseous gangrene, as the number of pathogenic microbes found in that:disease becomes increasingly greater. For the authors, it seems the best means to reduce the number of fatal cases of gaseous gangrene is to treat preventively all wounds with a mixed serum, one made of the active sera which are prepared against the microbes known as the most dangerous in that disease. A. LIAUTARD. THE PurcHASE oF Army Mutes IN U.S. A. ‘‘It has been stated officially that the Government have had to spend £12,000.000 in America on horses and mules to meet the vast requirements of our- armies abroad. This figure history may show to be under rather than over the mark. Since mule-breeding is not carried on in the United Kingdom, this indispensable beast of transport had to be purchased abroad; but much money expended in America would have been saved to this country had the horse supply been in a less unsatisfactory state than it was at the time the officers of the Remount Department of the War Office had to secure animals for war service. From one firm in the United States the British Remount Commission, under Major-Gen. Sir Frederick Benson, purchased 120,060 mules and 60,000 horses. Reference is made to the Guyton and Harrington Mule Com- pany Properties, the head-quarters of which are at Kansas City, Mr. J. D. Guyton being president, Mr. W. R. Harrington vice-president, Mr. J. F. Guyton treasurer, and Mr. W. K. Harrington secretary. The company have 500 buyers in the field, and thus it covers prac- tically every State in the Union. Kansas City ranks second as a railroad center in the United States, having thirty-two distinet rail- road lines, while it is famous as a hay market (the most important in the States), for agricultural implements, live stock, meat packing, and eran." Some day it will be possible to tell how shrewd calculation and much forethought on the part of the chief of British Remount Com- mission in America enabled our Government to deal on such an ex- traordinary big scale in horseflesh, and how the vast purchases were shipped to Europe and other theatres of war. The Guyton and Har- rington Company may well be proud of their achievement.’’—The Veterinary Record. VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS AGAINST ANTHRAX* ADOLPH EICHHORN, Washington, D. C. The disease of anthrax is widely spread throughout the world, and it is being recognized as one of the most destructive scourges of live stock in the United States. In certain sections it is more prevalent than in others, particularly in the southern states, and since no determined effort has been made towards its suppression, it appears to be on the increase, its presence is now being recorded in localities where it has never before been recognized. As the spores of the causative agent of anthrax retain their virulence and remain lodged in the soil in an active state for many years in the infected localities, it is very difficult to prevent the spread of the infection and the eradication of the disease is thereby rendered a most serious problem. Various factors have to be considered in the prophylactic con- trol of anthrax, such as the prevention of the continued impregna- tion of the soil with the virus by the proper disposition of the ecar- casses dead of the disease, the destruction of the virus contained in the soil by its proper drainage and cultivation, and the prevention of outbreaks through the immunization of the susceptible animals. In order to attain the greatest success in the control and eradi- cation of the disease it appears that the best results can be accom- plished only through proper attention to all of the above factors. The execution of such measures would require the earnest co- operation of the stock owners, but even then, on account of the peculiar geographical conditions of certain parts of the country the drainage and cultivation of the land would not always be feas- ible, and our efforts must therefore be directed principally towards the sanitary measures and protective vaccination. The enforcement of proper sanitary police regulations in connection with the control of anthrax no doubt would materially effect a reduction of the dis- ease, but unfortunately it is rather a difficult task to obtain the co- operation of the interested parties. The proper disposition of the infective material, particularly of the dead carcasses, should be considered of the utmost importance, since such material constitutes the greatest source of danger towards *Presented at the meeting of the A. V. M. A. Section on Sanitary Science and Police, Oakland, Cal, September, 1915, F 670 ADOLPH EICHHORN the spreading of the disease. Drainage from the soil polluted by carcasses dead of‘anthrax may carry the infection to distant points and deposit the spores over large areas hitherto uninfected. Buz- zards and other birds (Dalrymple), dogs, and even flies may also carry the infection from such sources into uninfected localities. Therefore, in an effort to control the disease, an educational propa- ganda must be carried out and stringent compulsory measures adopted for the proper disposition of the infective material from the premises where the disease appears among the stock. PROTECTIVE VACCINATION. A material reduction and checking of the disease may be successfully accomplished by periodical vaccina- tion of all stock in infected localities. This method, even if prac- ticed alone, would have splendid results in minimizing the losses from this disease in anthrax localities. However, such vaccination must be carried out regularly and irrespectively of whether the dis- ease has already appeared on the premises or not. Fortunately, in anthrax, we have at our command various methods of vaccination which have proved highly efficient in the production of immunity. As a matter of fact, this was one of the first infectious diseases in which protective vaccination was success- fully demonstrated, and we are indebted to the great Pasteur for devising the procedure of the vaccination for this disease. Pasteur proved that anthrax bacilli when cultivated at a temperature of from 42 to 48°C. will gradually lose their virulence, and also that when removed from such an attenuating temperature and culti- vated under normal incubation temperature will not change their pathogenicity. Thus, cultures attenuated for twenty-four days will be pathogenic for mice but not for guinea pigs and rabbits; whereas, if attenuated for only twelve days at the higher temperature they will be virulent for mice and guinea pigs but not for large rabbits. The attenuated cultures will retain their reduced virulence under or- dinary conditions and only in very exceptional instances was any in- crease of virulence observed. This characteristic of the anthrax bacillus led Pasteur to employ the attenuated forms of the anthrax cultures for vaccination purposes. Accordingly, he prepared a more weakened vaccine from cultures which had been attenuated for twenty-four days (premier vaccin) and for a second injection, cultures which had been attenuated only for twelve days (deuxieme vaccin). In the epoch-making demonstration at Pouilly le Fort, before a commission appointed by the French government, he suc- VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS AGAINST ANTHRAX 671 cessfully demonstrated its effectiveness on sheep and cattle. In this instance the vaccinated animals withstood the injection of virulent anthrax bacilli, whereas the controls died. Since that time vaccination against anthrax by the Pasteur method has been very ex- tensively employed throughout the world. Many millions of ani- mals were vaccinated by this method, and the results in general must be considered very favorable. At the same time, it must be acknowledged that in vaccination by this method it is essential to have a potent vaccine, and one which is properly tested for its pathogenicity. There are disad- vantages in this method of vaccination and these must be given due consideration. The unstable keeping quality of the Pasteur vaccine is a very important factor to be considered. Experience in this line proved that Pasteur vaccine may deteriorate within a very short time after its preparation, and this has also been demonstrated during the work of the Bureau of Animal Industry in the control of the manufacture of biological products, when periodical tests were undertaken with the products of the various manufacturers. In repeated instances a vaccine proved inert within three months of its preparation. At other times, again, it remained potent for a period of a year. This no doubt, is due to the method of preserv- ing and handling the product. When exposed to light and warm temperature it deteriorates very rapidly, and when it is considered that the products of manufacturers are being stored under unfavor- able conditions in branch houses and also on the shelves in rural drug stores the loss of potency can be readily explained. For this reason it is aimed in the new regulations of the department of ag- riculture governing the preparation of biological products to re- duce the time limit for the use of Pasteur anthrax vaccine to three months from the date of its preparation. The injection of an inert product into animals would impart to the stock owners and veterinarians who employ the same a false sense of security, and bring this method of vaccination into disre- pute. At times, no doubt, great losses have resulted from the ap- plication of inert vaccines. Other disadvantages of the Pasteur method which must be con- sidered are: first, that it requires two handlings of the animals be- fore immunity is established; second, that the losses from vaccina- tions are not insignificant; third, that its standardization is not carried out very accurately; and fourth, that the administration 672 ADOLPH EICHHORN of Pasteur vaccine in herds where the disease has already made its appearance is apt to induce the disease through the reduction of the resistance of the animal during the development of immunity in the process of vaccination, and for this latter reason it is best adapted only in herds in which the disease has not yet appeared. These deficiencies of the method have been recognized by many investigators who have endeavored to devise other methods of vacei- nation, and particular attention has been directed towards the preparation of a spore vaccine, because of its superior keeping qual- ities. In Russia at the present time the method of Zenkowsky, and in Hungary, a spore vaccine prepared by Detre, is being success- fully employed; although, aside from its keeping qualities, this product has all the other disadvantages of the Pasteur method. Successful vaccination by spore vaccines was also demonstrated by Nitta, in Japan, and others. Other means of vaccination with at- tenuated living cultures, aggressins, dead bacteria, ete., were tried but proved of no advantage. Sobernheim established that injections of increasing amounts of virulent virus into immune animals produced a serum which has ereat protective value against anthrax. Such protective serum may be produced in the various susceptible animals. PRODUCTION OF SERUM. The anima!s which are selected for the preparation of serum are subjected to a preliminary treatment either by sero-vaccination or by Pasteur’s method, then at certain regular intervals they are infected with increasing doses of viru- lent anthrax cultures. For this purpose they receive about ten to fourteen days following the preliminary treatment an injection of from 1/200 to 1/1000 of a loopful of virulent culture. In sheep it is advisable to exercise greater care, especially at the first injec- tion of virulent material, when a very small quantity of the culture should be employed, whereas in cattle and horses it is not necessary to employ less than 1/200 of a loopful. The first injection of viru- lent culture is usually followed by a considerable reaction inasmuch as the animals usually develop a febrile condition which persists for several days. The subsequent inoculations are then carried out at intervals from two to three weeks in such a way that the dose is soon increased to a loopful, then to several loopfuls and then gradually to several agar cultures, and finally to an injection consist- ing of several large mass cultures. This is quite easily accomplished — in cattle and horses and in three to four months the animals may be- VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS AGAINST ANTHRAX 673 come so tolerant to this injection that they will withstand the sub- cutaneous inoculations of two to three mass cultures without note- worthy reaction. At times considerably extensive local infiltration may follow the injection which, however, retrogresses within a short time and the general condition of the animals is only slightly in- fluenced. In sheep the immunization causes greater difficulties on account of a greater susceptibility of these animals and it is diffi- cult to prevent a very small percentage of the animals which are being used for serum production from dying in the course of the hyperimmunization. Nevertheless, it is possible even in sheep to produce such an immunity that they will withstand the injection of several mass cultures without reacting. The more virulent the strain of the anthrax culture which has been used for the treatment of the animals the more care must be exercised in the course of the hyperimmunization, but in that case the anthrax serum would also be more potent. Therefore, it is ad- visable to use anthrax strains which have been obtained more recent- ly from fatal infections. It is also advisable to use strains of differ- ent origin for the immunization. It is immaterial whether bouillon cultures are used or suspensions from agar cultures, but it is more practical to use the latter method for the inoculating material, since in this instance the quantity of fluid to be injected may be limited to a relatively small amount. Quantities of 500 to 1000 ¢.c. of the bouillon cultures cause, as can be readily seen, considerable tech- nical difficulty for injection, whereas the suspensions from four or five mass cultures may be readily distributed in 50 to 60 cc. of fluid. Fresh cultures which have been cultivated for about twenty- four hours at 37° are as a rule more suitable for inoculation, whereas older cultures with pronounced spore formations possess no advan- tages over the young cultures. The inoculations should be made subcutaneously. Intravenous injections as first employed by Sclavo are less effective. The po- tency of the anthrax serum is in no way increased by this method of immunization. Besides, there exists the danger of emboli, when in the later stages of the immunization process larger amounts of culture material have to be administered. Animals which have been treated with subcutaneous injections will produce finally an anthrax serum of remarkably high potency. As a rule, the animals which have received one to two agar cul- tures show a specific protective action of their serum, but for prac- 674 ADOLPH EICHHORN tical purposes it is not advisable to use the serum at such a period. As a rule only when the animals stand one-half to one-mass cultures is the potency of the serum sufficiently strong. A similar condition is manifested in animals used for the production of immune sera for other diseases, the individuals showing a varying response to the injection for the production of immune bodies; i.e., an animal will at times produce a potent serum relatively early, whereas an- other with the same method of treatment will develop a serum of the same potency only after a considerably longer preparatory treat- ment. Accordingly, from observation it has been noted that sheep produce the most potent serum, and in this species of animals the individual differences are of almost no consequence so that almost every animal produces a good anthrax serum. Horses produce also a potent serum, but in this species single individuals may show ereat variations. The anthrax serum from cattle is quite potent, but in its protective value it does not equal horse and sheep serum. Ts is best to draw the blood fourteen to sixteen days after the last injection. An earlier bleeding should be avoided. Not infre- quently it occurs that animals after an apparent recovery following the inoculation reaction and after a period in which they are free of fever on the eighth or ninth day suddenly develop a rise in tem- perature. This has been established by Sclavo and Burow. Then again, repeated regular blood examinations showed that at this time and even later, up to the tenth and eleventh days following inoculation, occasional anthrax bacilli may appear in the blood of the animals in greater numbers. The bleeding is carried out in the ordinary way and the blood is collected in large sterilized glass cylinders or similar receptacles of about two or three liters capacity. Seven or eight liters of blood may be drawn from cattle, horses about the same quantity, and sheep about one and one-half liters. After two or three days another bleeding is made. In this instance, how- ever, only a small quantity of blood should be drawn. The ani- mals resist these operations very readily, and after a lapse of fourteen days they are ready for another injection, which is then followed in from fourteen to sixteen days by repeated bleedings. Thus, in the period of a year the same animals may be bled ten to eleven times, and such animals can be used in this way for several years, alternating the injections with the bleedings, provided they are kept in a well-nourished and healthy condition. In order to obtain the largest possible yield of serum from the VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS AGAINST ANTHRAX 675 blood drawn into the glass cylinders a weight is attached to the same and released on the clotted blood in about twelve hours after being drawn. The diameter of the weight is about half an inch less than the cylinder and its weight is about two pounds. In about twenty- four hours the clear serum is then siphoned into sterile bottles and preserved with 0.5 per cent of carbolic acid. If proper precautions have been practiced it is not necessary to pass the serum through Berkfeld filters; however, if there is the slightest doubt as to its sterility, it is advisable to filter the serum before bottling. It is advisable to distribute the serum in various-sized brown bottles, which should be securely corked and paraffined. STANDARDIZATION OF THE SERUM. The testing of the serum must be carried out primarily to determine its potency. It is to be regretted that for this purpose there are no accurate or definite methods known, as it is almost impossible to establish the absolute protective value of the serum, because the animals on which the serum is being tested are so very highly susceptible to the disease. Nevertheless, it is possible to establish a relative value for all prac- tieal purposes through laboratory experiments, and some of the in- vestigators believe that rabbits are best adapted for the purpose. The standardization test as recommended by Sobernheim is still employed by various investigators for the determination of the pro- tective value of anthrax serum. This test is carried out as follows : Potency TEST Rabbit A—2 cem. immune serum (intravenous) Follow immediately by a sub- zh B—3 ‘ i Ne cutaneous injection of 1/1000 1 C—4 < Be ‘ loopful of a suspension of vir- at D—5 ‘* me ae ze ulent anthrax bacilli in 1 ¢e. rig E—6 ‘! es ae aie of 0.7 per cent sodium chloride ‘< — F—(Control 1/1000 loopful of a sus-| solution, animal) pension of virulent an- Hs G—(Control thrax baeilli in 1 ee. of animal) 0.7 per cent sodium chlor- ide solution. According t6 extensive experience, a serum is considered po- tent and satisfactory for immunization purposes, when, of the five rabbits given the serum at least two remain alive and the others die only later than the control animals. Should more than the two ani- mals remain alive, or even all five, whereas the control animals die in about forty-eight hours, the serum has an extraordinary potency. 676 ADOLPH EICHHORN It should be noted that it does not follow that those rabbits which receive the smallest serum dose should die, since not infrequently they may remain alive whereas the rabbits receiving larger doses succumb. This method of standardization has not proven as accurate and reliable as the test recommended by Ascoli, and which has been em- ployed in the experimental work with serum prepared in connection with our experiments. In this test a twenty-four hour old attenuated bouillon culture is used which is of such a virulence that when introduced subeutane- ously in a 0.25 ee. dose into 350-gram guinea pigs it will kill them in from two to three days. These test cultures must be previously standardized in such a way that they will kill guinea pigs which have been twenty-four hours previously injected intraperitoneally with 2 ee. of normal serum. Guinea pigs treated in the same manner and with the same dose of titrated standardized immune blood serum must remain alive. The testing of the serum is carried out on six guinea pigs, each receiving intraperitoneally 2 cc. of the serum to be tested, and twenty-four hours later the established dose of the test culture is injected subcutaneously in the axillary region. The serum is con- sidered satisfactory for immunization purposes if at least four of the guinea pigs remain alive over six days, whereas the control ani- mals die within three or four days. For protective and curative purposes in man, only such serum should be selected which, by ear- rying out the same conditions of the test, protect the guinea pig in 0.5 to 1 ce. doses. EXPERIMENTAL Data. On September 8, 1914, two horses, Nos. 48 and 96, were vaccinated against anthrax according to Pasteur’s method. On September 29 these two horses were given approximate- ly 1-100 of a loopful of virulent anthrax bacilli subcutaneously. Horse No. 48 showed no apparent reaction following the injection. Horse No. 96, however developed local anthrax at the point of inocu- lation. The swelling became enlarged and there was a considerable area of edema below the same. This condition persisted for approxi- mately a week, and finally disappeared. The animal, however, showed no appreciable rise in temperature during this period. The following chart gives in detail the process of hyperimmuni- zation : = | VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS AGAINST ANTHRAX 67 HyYPERIMMUNIZATION Date Amount of Virus Results given each horse 9-29-14 | 1/100 loopful | No apparent reaction in horse 48. Horse 96 developed anthrax at point of inocula- tion; large swelling; edema of neighbor- ing tissue. Persisted about one week. 10-24-14 11-15-14 12- 9-14 1 loopful No noticeable reaction in either animal. 10 loopfuls ; Ditto 5 ec. of an emul, repre.| Horse 48 showed temperature of 102.2° \% growth of agar culture| the following day; horse 96, 101°. Both animals developed small, hard nodules at point of injection. 12-29-14 | 20 ce. of emulsion repre.| Both animals developed small abscess at washing of growth from | point of inoculation; soon recovered from two agar cultures same. 30 ce. of emulsion; growth No reaction. from eight agar cultures 40ce. of emulsion; growth| Slight reaction in horse 96. Horse 48 from two mass cults. from| showed quite an intensive reaction, de- flasks, surf. area 6x2 | veloping a large swelling at point of in- inches. oculation; persisted several days. 30 ¢e. of emulsion; growth | from four mass cultures No apparent reaction. from flasks, surf. area 6x2% inches 50 ce. of emulsion; growth from eight mass cultures | Slight local reaction in each case. from flasks, surf. area 6x21 inches 3- 5-15 3-31-15 bo = — D © | e Or Or 4-19-15 Ditto Slight local reaction in each case. 4-28-15 ohare Seay ek | Slight rise in temperature in both cases. 5-11-15 ; as | Slight rise in temperature and local reac. 5-24-15 Pe pire? cy _| Slight rise in temperature and local reac. 6-12-15 ie | Slight local reaction. In the above work four strains of anthrax bacillus were used known to us as ‘‘ Davis”’, ‘6071’, ‘‘Burt’’, and ‘‘ Boener’’—the first two strains being highly virulent types, and the latter two very much weaker. In all cases where the larger amounts of anthrax virus were given the injections were made at four to six different points to minimize abscess formation. It might be well also to state here that the irregularity in the time between injections was due to the fact that this work was in- terfered with by the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in this 678 ADOLPH EICHHORN country, and for this reason it was also impossible to subject the blood to periddical tests, in order to ascertain its immunizing value at the different intervals between injections. Experience proved that horses may produce highly potent serum following the injec- tion of the first or second mass cultures. It is therefore advisable to subject the blood of the animals to periodical tests for potency throughout the course of immunization. | On June 25, 1915, six liters of blood were drawn from each horse into the glass bleeding cylinders previously described. Since this date these animals have been bled regularly, taking six liters of blood from each horse, giving an injection of virus in the inter- vals. between bleedings. =e In standardizing our serum, that taken from each horse was tested separately. The following procedure was carried out: Three series of guinea pigs were inoculated intraperitoneally with vary- ing amounts of serum, and 48 hours later were injected with 0.25 ee. of a 24-hour bouillon subculture of an attenuated strain known as ‘‘Davis D’’. This culture had been attenuated by growing it at a temperature of 42-43°C. for a period of twenty days. Previous tests of this culture showed that it was uniformly pathogenic for eulnea pigs, killing them in two to three days, but failed to kill rabbits. The results of this test are contained in the following table: SeruM No. 48 Serum injected intraperitoneally ; virus 24 hours later subeu- taneously. Guinea pig No. Amt. of serum Amt. of Virus Results il 1— ¢.e. A c.c. Remained alive 2 1.5 c.c. aot, clea Died on third day 3 BG. IS Sa V4 ¢.¢. Remained alive 4 2.5 ©.¢. yy ee. Remained alive 5 3.- ¢@.¢. Y, @.c. Remained alive - 6 3.5 €.¢. Y, ©.c. Remained alive’ VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS. AGAINST ANTHRAX 679 Serum No. 96 Serum injected intraperitoneally ; virus 24 hours later subcu- taneously. Guinea pig No. Amt. of serum | Amt. of Virus Results al | i ee, y ee. Remained alive 2 1.5 c.e. | YY ©.e. Remained alive 3 2.— €.¢. as Died on third day 4 PRION EE | % ©.e. Remained alive 5 a 3.- @.¢. 4 ¢c.c. Remained alive 6 3.5 ©€.¢. : Y e.c. Remained alive Normau Horse SERUM Serum injected intraperitoneally ; virus 24 hours later subcu- taneously. Guinea pig No. Amt. of serum Amt. of Virus Results 1 1— ¢.e. 4 ee. Died on fourth day 2 1.5 @.c. YY c.c. Died on third day 3 2— ¢.c. YY ¢@.c. Died on fourth day 4 8.5 ee. A @.c. | Remained alive 5 3.— €.¢. YY €.e. Died on fourth day 6 | 3.5 cc. | Uy cc. Died on third day In view of these results it was decided to use the ‘‘Davis D”’ culture in the preparation of our spore vaccine, to be used simul- taneously with the serum. Extensive tests to determine whether or not the immune sera possessed a bactericidal property, proved negative. PREPARATION OF SporE VAcciINE. The four cultures used for the hyperimmunization of the horses were attenuated at a tempera- ture of 42.5°C. for varying periods. From time to time they were tested for their pathogenicity by inoculation into mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits. The cultures removed from the incubator after twenty days of attenuation proved satisfactory for our purpose, inasmuch as the test inoculation demonstrated their virulence for the mice and guinea pigs but not for rabbits. 680 ADOLPH EICHHORN For the purpose of producing a spore vaccine it is desirable to use a peptone-free agar media, and after inoculation with the attenu- ated culture to grow the organism at a temperature of 37.5°C. for four to seven days by which time an abundance of spores will have formed. The growth is then washed from the slants and collected in a sterile flask and heated to a temperature of 60°C. for one-half hour to destroy the vegetative forms of the organism. A measured quan- tity of this suspension can then be plated out in the usual manner -and the spore content of 1 ¢.c. of the suspension established. A dilution can then be made to the desired amount for inoculation pur: poses. Thus, if it is desired to use for vaccination 1,000,000 spores, it is best to dilute the vaccine to a quantity of which 1 ¢.c. would con-~ tain this number. Of such vaccine, 1 ¢.c. would constitute the dose for cattle and horses, with corresponding smaller doses for calves and sheep. In all forms of vaccination against anthrax in sheep, the great- est care must be exercised, since these animals are very susceptible to the disease and at times vaccines which have no ill effects on cat- tle will prove fatal to sheep. Therefore the dose of the spore vaccine for sheep should not be more than one-fourth the amount given cattle. In the preparation of spore vaccines it is essential to submit every lot to a test for pathogenicity by inoculating approximately one- quarter of a million spores, that is, 14 ¢.c. of the standard suspension into guinea pigs and rabbits, before employing the same for vaccina- tion purposes. The guinea pigs should die in from two to five days, whereas the rabbits should remain alive. In consideration of the keeping qualities of the spore vaccine, large lots can be prepared without fear of deterioration. In the bot- tling and storing of the same, proper care should be taken to prevent contamination. TECHNIC OF ADMINISTRATION. For immunization purposes by the simultaneous method the serum should be injected first. It is desirable to divide the herd into groups of ten or twelve and inject first each animal of the group with the serum, following this with the injection of the spore vaccine. The serum should be injected on one side, either on the neck or back of the shoulder, and the spore vaccine on the other side; the injections being made subcutane- ously. VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS AGAINST ANTHRAX 681 In herds where the disease has already made its appearance, it is necessary to take temperature measurements in all animals and subject to the simultaneous vaccination only those which show no rise in temperature. All others should be given the serum alone treatment, in doses varying in accordance with the severity of the symptoms manifested by the individual animals. If the examina- tion reveals a considerable number of infections it is advisable to use the serum alone in all animals, and in three or four weeks re- vaccinate by the simultaneous method. The dosage should depend on the potency of the serum, serum of a high potency, naturally, being most desirable; thus in some in- stances serum in 5 ¢.c. doses for large animals and 3 e.c. for smaller animals, was found to be effective for immunization purposes. Un- fortunately all hyperimmune animals do not yield serum of such high potency and for this reason it is obvious that accurate potency tests should be carried out by the producer of the serum. In the treatment of anthrax, serum should be administered in large doses. An animal showing only a high temperature with no other manifestation of the disease, should be given from 30 to 50 c.c. but if the gravity of the disease is pronounced, 100 e.c. should be administered. In almost every instance a drop in temperature may be observed and a diminishing of the severity of the symp- toms. At times, however, a relapse occurs about the second or third day following the serum injection, when it becomes necessary to administer another dose of serum. It has been proven that animals affected with anthrax, even after the bacilli are found in the blood circulation, may recover after an injection of potent se- rum, The simultaneous treatment, as in the Pasteur treatment, may at times result in a temperature and systemic reaction in the ani- mals. These manifestations are indicated by elevation of the tent- perature and sometimes a swelling at the point of inoculation of the spore vaccine. These symptoms, however, are usually of short duration and only in very exceptional cases will they result in the loss of the animal. However, if the reaction following the injec- tion of the spore vaccine threatens the life of the animal, a second injection of serum should be administered. The anthrax serum injected simultaneously with the vaccine has a counteracting effect upon the reaction which may follow the injection of the spore vaccine during the process of immunization. 682 ADOLPH EICHHORN At times anaphylactic reactions are observed as a result of. the serum injected, especially in cases where the serum is foreign to the animals treated. These manifestations appear as a rule with- in one-half hour after injection, in the form of urticaria-like erup- tions, swelling of the head, slight chills, and rise in temperature. More severe symptoms have also been noted to follow such injections, but almost invariably subside within a few hours. A series of experiments was conducted at the Bureau experi- ment station at Bethesda, Maryland, to establish the efficiency of the simultaneous method of anthrax immunization on cattle and sheep. For this purpose six head of cattle and five sheep were given the simultaneous injection of anthrax serum and spore vaccine. Three weeks subsequent to immunization they were subjected to in- fection tests which consisted of a subcutaneous administration of 14-ce. for the cattle and 1¢-ce. for the sheep, of blood from a guinea pig which died from an artificial infection with our most virulent strain of anthrax. The microscopic examination of the blood of the guinea pig showed it to be heavily charged with anthrax bacilli, but in order to make the test as severe as possible, it was deemed advisable to use such excessive amounts. Three additional cattle and two sheep were used as checks, receiving only the virulent blood. As a result of this infection all animals manifested an elevation of temperature rang- ing from 103°-107°F. The control animals especially are markedly affected with typical manifestations of anthrax and all succumbed within two to eight days following infection. All but one of the vaccinated sheep succumbed to anthrax, but at a later date than the check animals. Of the immunized cattle a marked temperature re- action was noted, but all of these animals with the exception of a small, undersized, weak calf which died in six days following infee- tion. While in the above test the sheep succumbed and one of the small calves died of anthrax, nevertheless, the potency of the serum was demonstrated. The excessive virulent blood used for the infee- tion was extraordinary and could not be compared with the amount of virus taken by a susceptible animal in cases of natural infection. Fietp Tests. On June 21, 1915, Doctor Ashworth, a Dairy In- spector for the District of Columbia, notified our office that a num- ber of deaths among hogs were occurring on a farm in Maryland just outside of the District. The symptoms described by Dr. Ashworth pointed suspiciously to anthrax. VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS AGAINST ANTHRAX 683 A visit was made to the Maryland farm the same morning, and after an autopsy on several animals followed by a bacteriological ex- amination, a definite diagnosis of anthrax was established. This was later proven conclusively by animal inoculation tests. To date, seven shoats and four sows had died of the disease, and three shoats, four sows, and one boar were showing symptoms of anthrax, several of the sick animals manifesting the characteristic edema of the throat region. (It is desired to make particular men- tion of the boar, a fine pure-bred animal, which was in almost coma- tose condition, showing a profuse bloody diarrhea, and a tempera- ture of 106°F. One of the six sows was also in a very critical con- dition. ) On the afternoon of June 21, the affected animals were given injections of the immune serum, the boar receiving 100 ec., the sows 50 ce. and the shoats 30 ec. On the following day a visit was made to the farm to immunize the remaining hogs which as yet had shown no symptoms of the disease. A total of 188 were given protective doses of the serum, the large hogs weighing 75 lbs. or over receiv- ing 10 ¢.c., and the smaller animals 5 ©¢.c. Marked improvement was noted in the sick animals that had been treated the day before. On June 23, another visit was made to the farm. All of the sick animals showed still further improvement. The boar was given 60 ¢.c. more of immune serum and the sow that had been the sickest was given an additional 30 c¢.e. The result of this work was that every affected animal recover- ed, and up to the present time not a single death from anthrax has been reported in those animals that received protective doses of the serum. In the fore part of July an outbreak of anthrax was reported from Queen Anne County, Maryland. On July 13 two inspectors from the Bureau were detailed to make an investigation with a view to using our immune serum and spore vaccine in an effort to control the outbreak. The disease had made its first appearance about one month previous to this time, when a farmer lost a cow from anthrax. A few days later a neighbor on an adjoining farm lost a hog from the . disease. Following this, the disease made its appearance on five other farms in the immediate vicinity, the greater percentage of animals stricken, dying of the apoplectic form of the malady. 684 ADOLPH EICHHORN Animals on some of the farms had been treated with single in- jections of a commercial vaccine, before the arrival of our in- spectors. Immunization tests were at once started with the Bureau serum and spore vaccine. The results follow: The animals on six farms where losses had occurred from an- thrax were vaccinated; the cattle, horses, and mules receiving 10 c.c. each of serum and 1 c.c. of spore vaccine, except, however, in cases where there was reason to believe an animal might be in the incubative stage of the disease, when the vaccine was omitted and the dose of serum increased. Sheep and hogs on the infected farms were given the serum alone treatment, receiving from 5-10 c.c. each. The day subsequent to vaccination a mule on one of the farms _ showed symptoms of anthrax—there was an elevation of tempera- ture and a characteristic swelling on one side of the neck (the side opposite to where vaccine had been injected). This animal was given an injection of 60 ¢.c. of serum and made a speedy recovery. In all 399 animals, including horses, mules, cattle, sheep and hogs on farms where the disease had broken out, were treated with the Bureau serum and vaccine. Previous to this an aggregate of 10 cattle, 3 mules and 13 hogs had died of anthrax on these farms. On the morning of the day fellowing vaccination a cow on one of the farms died of anthrax. But exclusive of this, no losses from an- thrax have occurred on any of these farms. Approximately 140 animals on several other infected farms were vaccinated by a representative of the State Live Stock Sani- tary Board with a commercial vaccine. Within a day or two fol- lowing this vaccination three cows and one mule died of anthrax and since then two more cows have died of the disease. Another opportunity was afforded us to test our serum and vac- cine in an outbreak of anthrax in Noxubee County Mississippi, where a number of farms were reported infected with the disease. A quantity of serum and spore vaccine was furnished, and an inspector detailed from the Bureau Station at Birmingham, Ala- bama, to conduct the work. On various farms where the disease had made its appearance, a total of 125 cattle were given the simultaneous treatment against anthrax. Besides three animals which showed symptoms of the disease were given 30 ¢.c. of serum alone. No deaths from anthrax occurred immediately following or since the vaccination, the af- fected animals having all recovered from the disease, VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS AGAINST ANTHRAX 685 Use or ANTHRAX SERUM IN TREATMENT OF ANTHRAX IN MAN. Extensive data are available on the effectiveness of anthrax serum on the treatment of the disease in man. It is recommended that from 30 to 40 ¢.c. of serum be injected in three or four different places. Should no improvement follow in 24 hours an addition of from 20 to 30 ¢.c. of serum should be administered. _ In most instances the results are very favorable and this treat- ment is acknowledged to be superior to any mode of treatment known for this disease. CONCENTRATION OF SERUM. Experiments are now being con- ducted with the drying of the immune serum with a view to pre- paring the same in pellet form. For this purpose the serum has been dried in shallow pans in a serum drying apparatus. After thorough drying it is seraped from the pans, milled into a fine powder, and prepared in a pellet machine into proper-sized pellets. The same procedure is also being employed with the spore vaccine. This procedure would greatly simplify the administration of the serum and vaccine and besides the products would be in a form less apt to deteriorate or become contaminated. Through fractional saturation of the serum with ammonium sulphate the proteids containing the protective bodies of the serum were successfully precipitated and further work along this line is now being conducted. However, this work and the work on the drying and concentration of the products are still in the experi- mental stage and it is our aim to properly work out a method most suitable for immunization of animals in the field. CONCLUSIONS 1. Horses are suitable for the production of highly potent an- thrax serum. Serum of such horses should protect large animals in 10 ¢.c. doses. 2. The use of the serum alone treatment is indicated in cases where the infection has already occurred in a herd. Since the serum confers only a passive immunity it is advisable to. revaccinate the herd in from three to five weeks by the simultaneous method. 3. The serum possesses great curative value. Depending on the severity of the infection, the curative dose is from 30 to 100 e¢.c. ; the injection to be repeated if necessary. 4. For the simultaneous treatment, a spore vaccine carefully standardized, is preferable to the ordinary Pasteur vaccine. 5. Spore vaccine should be employed in preference to the Pas- 686 ADOLPH EICHHORN teur vaccines for immunization with vaccine alone. The possibility of more accurate dosing of the spore vaccine and the better keeping qualities of the same, gives this product a decided advantage over the other. 6. Experiments with concentrated serum and dry spore vac- cine are very promising. This methed would greatly simplify the vaccination process and also insure the product against subsequent contamination and deterioration. I was ably assisted in the technical part of this work by Doctor Raymond A. Kelser, Assistant in Pathology and Bacteriology, to whom credit is due for the painstaking and careful execution of the details of the experiments. i Sr ABSTRACT OF DISCUSSION. Dr. Kinstey: I think Dr. Eichhorn and the department should be congratulated upon the nearness of the completion of this method for vaccination against anthrax. It appears to be superior to any that we have had before. I also note that it should be used within three months after the date of preparation. If the govern- ment can assume and enforce such supervision over our present anthrax vaccine it will certainly be beneficial to those people who live in the anthrax regions. I had an opportunity last summer of studying anthrax in Texas. We found anthrax vaccine in the coun- try drug stores which had been there something over a year. It was cloudy and unfit for use. The state at that time had, I believe, no supervision over the distribution of anthrax vaccine, and I do not recall just what supervision the department had over it, but I do know that in the state there were apparently several centers of an- thrax which was the result of the improper use of vaccine, or the use of improper vaccine. Dr. WINTRINGHAM: I would lke to ask Dr. Eichhorn to clear up some doubts in my mind regarding the use of the old Pasteur vaccine. I believe we should not vaccinate cattle in that territory where no outbreak of anthrax has occurred, or where the herd has not been threatened, because I believe that such vaccination will possibly contaminate that range. I would like to know if this is possible. Dr. EicoHorN: From my experience, it is advisable to period- ically vaccinate, and systematically, all cattle in the anthrax region, and only through such efforts will it be possible to control the disease and protect the masses from anthrax, because if you wait until the disease appears on the premises, it is usually too late and losses can- not be avoided. By the systematic use of vaccine, the losses can be avoided or at least reduced. COCCIDIOSIS IN CATTLE AND CARABAOS 687 Dr. GERALD: I have had considerable experience with anthrax. I believe I can answer Dr. Wintringham’s question by stating my own experience. This year I have vaccinated something like 10,000 head. I vaccinated 6,000 head on the range where there had never been any anthrax, and on this range we lost two head out of 6,000, using a commercial vaccine. Dr. Mayo: The necessity for anthrax vaccine was forcibly im- pressed on me in Cuba where it was a common disease, and causes more loss particularly on the sugar plantations after the grinding season begins. The cane is practically all hauled by ox carts, often several yoke of cattle being attached to a cart. It is usually the dry season. The infected animal passed the organisms with the exere- ment. The drivers use ox goads, and as soon as an ox becomes sick, they prod him along, and also prod others, and it is very readily disseminated, apparently from the inhalation of dust. This is pure- ly theoretical. By calling the attention of the plantation owners to the importance of vaccinating all the working cattle before the beginning of the grinding season, the mortality was reduced to a comparatively small amount. —— (.) — — COCCIDIOSIS IN CATTLE AND CARABAOS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ITS RELATION TO RINDERPEST* C. H. ScuHuttz, Seattle, Wash. Severe outbreaks of Rinderpest occur every few years in differ- ent provinces of the Philippines, in spite of all the preventive measures that have from time to time been enforced. During my stay in the Islands I was veterinarian on the staff of the Insular Bureau of Agriculture in Manila, first as assistant in the laboratory for veterinary research at Alabang, Rizal, near Manila; later, in charge of infected Rinderpest territory ; and finally, from February until October, 1914, conducting experiments relating to the ecultiva- tion of Rinderpest-virus at the Bureau of Science in Manila. These different assignments provided unusually favorable oppor- tunities for scientific study of Rinderpest, as produced by inocula- tion of experimental animals and at immunization stations, as well as in outbreaks in the field. Rinderpest in experimental animals was usually produced by subcutaneous inoculation of a greater or *Presented at the meeting of the A. V. M. A. Section on Sanitary Science and Police, Oakland, Cal, September, 1915. 688 Cc. H. SCHULTZ less quantity of virulent blood in sterile potassium citrate or normal salt solution. The blood was obtained from animals (cattle or carabaos) that were in the early febrile stage of the disease. It is well known that experimental animals show a marked variation of susceptibility to the contagion. (Rodgers' 1901; Wooleyv* 1906; Ruediger* 1909. ) The symptoms of developed cases of the disease are quite con- stant and reports of many observers in many countries correspond reasonably well. The description given by Wooley® is very clear and comprehensive. Maherley’s* articles although written in 1897 furnish one of the best descriptions written in English and cover all phases of the subject. Hutyra and Marek’s Text Book’ also con- tains an exceedingly well written article on Rinderpest. During the first days of the febrile period, the animals often show marked constipation, feces are passed scantily, formed into hard, dry masses or balls, covered with a distinct layer of mucus, often, but not always, streaked with-blood. Animals that die dur- ing the first few days show no diarrhea. In the large majority of cases, certainly in all that live more than six days, this period of constipation is followed by the more or less severe diarrhea and dysentery. When diarrhea begins, thick flakes of mucus pass out, the odor is not particularly offen- sive and color is nearly normal. As soon as the secretory glands of the intestinal tract become seriously involved, the discharges change from slimy to watery, and are peculiarly grayish and offen- sive. In robust, well fed animals, before the bowels are exhausted, great masses of mucus, formed into large croupous, gelatinous membranes are passed. At times these are pale yellowish, trans- parent; they are readily picked up and can be rinsed in water and small selected particles examined under the microscope. These will be found to be teeming with agamonous division forms of coccidia. In the early stages of severe acute attacks, great numbers of sporo- zoites may readily be distinguished. I have found these protozoan parasites in immense numbers in the discharges of all cases of so- called Rinderpest which I have examined, in the Philippines, in several places in China and in chronic carriers in Japan. The severe type of diarrhea soon causes great weakness and emaciation ; mucus appears in small flakes or irregularly formed particles only, shreds of tissue are passed, discharge becomes grayish and always, in severe cases, offensive. In chronie cases it is never sanguinous, COCCIDIOSIS IN CATTLE AND CARABAOS 689 while in acute and moderately aeute cases it may be tinged by blood or blood-clots may be expelled. Careful investigation usually shows that these clots are composed of masses of mucus, stained by blood escaping from the injured mucosa. Hutyra and Marek’ give a good description of them. The only cases of Rinderpest where I have not been able to demonstrate coccidia in great numbers, were a few peracute cases, in which no lesions were found in the fourth stomach, but where the entire mucosa of large parts of the small intestines had separated from its basement membranes, was loaded up with blood coagula and ingesta, forming long cylinders, corresponding to the lumen of the bowel. Other animals in the group, that lived longer, invariably showed the familiar forms of coccidia. It is difficult to distinguish the smallest forms in certain stages of development and when aga- monous division of schizonts is very rapid their outline is indistinct. Such cases were found among carabaos that had been immunized by the simultaneous method about eight months before and were used as work animals on Rinderpest infected fields and pastures of the Calamba Sugar Estate, 50 km. south of Manila, Luzon, P. L., during the summer of 1914. History, as well as early symptoms of these animals, would in- dicate beyond a doubt, so-called Rinderpest; temperature and _ be- havior were characteristic and corresponded to the rapid propaga- tion of the virus in the blood. Hutyra and Marek’ say that the early symptoms are due to this cause. A few of the carabaos died before diarrhea set in and feces were found formed into hard round masses covered with blood, in the colon and rectum. During experiments which I was called upon to execute at the Pandacan Quarantine Station in Manila, four animals were in- oculated with very small quantities of virulent Rinderpest blood to determine the least amount that would transmit the disease. The virulent Rinderpest blood was taken from a case of inocu- lation Rinderpest No. 3690, on the fifth day after it had received 10 em. of citrated Rinderpest blood subcutaneously. When the blood was obtained from No, 3690, the animal was drowsy, ears hanging down, eating very little, shght discharge from nose ap- peared, morning temperature 40° C., evening temperature 41° C. Subsequently it passed through a very severe characteristic attatk of so-called Rinderpest. 690 Cc. H. SCHULTZ The experiments were begun on February 22, 1914, in sheds re- served for this purpose at the Pandacan Quarantine Station. Ist: A susceptible strong Dalupiri bull contracted the disease when injected with 1/100 cem. of virulent Rinderpest blood (di- luted). Discharge from eyes, nose and diarrhea were typical. Coe- cidia began to appear with the beginning of diarrhea; disappeared on recovery. Recovered, but proved susceptible to a subsequent in- jection of 5 cem. of virulent blood (citrated) on March 28th. Re- covered again, however. During this second attack, all symptoms appeared in well defined form. 2nd: A susceptible Fuga cow (smaller animal) showed a typi- cal attack of Rinderpest after receiving a subcutaneous injection of 1/10,000 cem. of virulent Rinderpest blood (diluted). Injected eyes, discharge from nose and mouth, dry scaly skin eruption on neck and forequarters, temperatures of 39.5° to 40°, abdominal pain (cramps), diarrhea and dysenteric, slimy discharges. Coecidia ap- peared in evacuations in immense numbers. Died on 19th day. Lesions characteristic. 3rd: Another susceptible Dalupiri bull, a very robust animal, received 1/1,000,000 cem. virulent Rinderpest blood (diluted) sub- cutaneously. It developed a moderate attack of Rinderpest; high- est temperature 39.8° to 40° on the 12th and 13th days; anorexia; drowsy; discharge from nose, injected eyes; diarrhea during a few days only, when feces were dark colored and offensive. Coecidia in great numbers; later marked drooling. Good recovery in about 16 days. As a result of a subsequent subcutaneous injection of 10 cem. virulent Rinderpest blood (citrated) on March 28th, animal died on 17th of April from a typical attack of Rinderpest. Lesions char- acteristic. 4th: Another susceptible Fuga cow, neat, nervous animal, re- ceived 1/100,000,000 cem. of virulent Rinderpest blood (diluted) subcutaneously and developed a typical attack of Rinderpest. In jected eyes, frequent urination, moderate diarrhea, discharge was offensive, blood and mucus in feces, coccidia in masses; discharge from nose and drowsy appearance; marked distress. Made good but slow recovery in about 20 days; was greatly emaciated. Injected with 10 ccm. virulent Rinderpest blood (citrated) on March 28th, animal showed slight diarrhea, diminished appetite, nasal discharge, temperature of 39.6°. It died from acute bloat, due to indigestion, on April 17th. No marked lesions characteristic of Rinderpest were found on post-mortem examination of the car- cass; emaciated, however; tissues bright and clear. These experiments demonstrate, that the contagion exists in minute form in the blood of animals during the febrile stage of Rin- derpest and that minute quantities may transmit the disease. The COCCIDIOSIS IN CATTLE AND CARABAOS 691 small amounts were obtained by diluting 1 cem. virulent Rinderpest blood with increasing amounts of physiological salt solution and were carefully injected with sterile, close fitting Record syringes. Subsequent attacks due to much larger quantities of virus speak for an amount of virulent material resulting in super-infection, a condition characteristic of protozoan diseases (Malaria, Texas Fever). The time between the first injection of virulent blood on Feb- ruary 22nd and. the second injection, March 28th, was too short. The complicated processes occurring in the tissues and hemogenetic organs resulting in the production of anti-bodies are not well under- stood; it has been observed, however, that active immunity or greatly increased resistance is acquired slowly. Schilling*. The discharges from the eyes, the nose and the bowels were characteristic and changed with the course of the disease. In diar- rheal and dysenteric mucous discharges, coccidia could invariably be found in immense numbers, often several hundred in a micro- scopic field. Mucus was obtained by washing the feeal discharges and fresh material was examined with 1/6 objective. Mucus may be passed through fixing fluids (Zenker’s or Bichro-acetic) washed and preserved in 5-10% Formalin solution. After studying a great number of so-called cases of Rinderpest in many localities, I looked carefully through available literature and found that many observers, Eustace Montgomery’, A. Balfour’, Hutyra and Marek’ state, that symptoms and lesions of Rinderpest and Coccidiosis are similar, often identical. The descriptions as found in several of the best text-books on veterinary science usually correspond. In Hutyra and Marek’, Volume I, p. 248, under ‘* Dif- ferential Diagnosis’? between Rinderpest and Coccidiosis, we find the statement that : ‘“‘Exereta retain their original color for a longer period in Coe- cidiosis than in Rinderpest, but may become mixed with blood even at the beginning of the attack.’’ Further we find the statement that: **Coccidiosis remains exclusively confined to the intestinal tract and in older animals the rectum is the seat of severe lesions.’’ Whereas: ‘‘the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and eye remain nor- mal,’’ A further statement says that the disease (Coccidiosis) is not contagious, and 692 c. H. SCHULTZ ‘4° cannot be transmitted even by inoculations.’’ The first assertion is not important and requires no specific answer. The second and third statements are contradicted by all ob- servers of Coccidiosis in rabbits, cats, hogs, chickens and other birds, Basset?, (1909), Fantham?? (1910). Sussman *° (1912), says that usually coccidian Rhinitis in rabbits appears as a sequel to coccidio- sis of the intestines or liver. Brugge, Warringholtz und Stieg’? (1909) furnish a good de- scription of coccidiosis in cattle. They also quote Zurn (1878), from whose original article they publish important parts. Ziirn’s article is very interesting, because it is the first publication on Coe- cidiosis—Red Dysentery—in cattle. His post-mortem notes give a splendid description of lesions as found in animals dead from acute gastro-intestinal coccidiosis. He carefully mentions the changes on the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, the trachea and the eyes. Ztrn’’ (1878), wrote: ‘‘During life the diseased animal showed marked weakness, they were languid, laid down a great deal; when they attempted to move their gait was unsteady ; emaciation increased gradually, the coat was staring; the eyes sunken, between the lids and conjunctivae smeary slime collected; slimy discharge from the nose, weak cough ; moderate fever; respiration was normal, appetite capricious, inter- mittent diarrheal and offensive evacuations from the bowels; tucked up abdomen. Microscopie examination of parts of intestines demonstrated a serious enteritis due to gregarines. The psorosperms were found in immense numbers in the solitary follicles of the small intestines and even in the enlarged mesenterial glands.”’ The process, due to coccidia was evidently not confined to the intestinal tract. The rectum may or may not be the seat of severe lesions; in severe attacks of coccidiosis, the protozoan can readily be demon- strated wherever lesions are found, in the conjunctival sacs, the nasal discharge or in the structures of the intestinal walls and con- tents. The experiments described above show that coccidiosis can readily be transmitted by blood inoculations, provided the blood is taken from an animal during the febrile stage, when the virus multi- plies rapidly in the blood vascular system. Protozoa go through a more or less fixed life-cycle and the period during which the blood is secured determines its viruleney. Veterinarians in charge of im- COCCIDIOSIS IN CATTLE AND CARABAOS 693 munization-stations in the Islands have a great deal of practical ex- perience on this point. It is well known that when blood is secured too late, a larger quantity of it is required to transmit the disease. This is due to the fact, that the protozoan has passed out of that stage of its development where it can multiply rapidly in the blood. These observations prove that even the fourth assertion of Hutyra and Marek is not correct. Whenever susceptible cattle or carabaos are subjected to simultaneous inoculations of virulent Rin- derpest blood and anti-Rinderpest serum, they invariably show the symptoms mentioned above. In all cases of constipation, diarrhea or dysentery resulting from these blood injections, coccidia can be demonstrated with facility in great numbers. In cases that recover, agamonous forms become gradually less numerous; in severe cases they persist. Observers agree that post-mortem lesions as well as symptoms are practically identical, and that in both diseases marked devia- tions occur. Balfour’* (1911) reported from Egypt that he was called to see cattle at Kodack, on the White Nile. The animals were suffering from what certainly appeared to be Rinderpest. On revisiting Ko- dack he found a small herd of sick cattle, which were weak, anemic and appeared to have a mild attack of Rinderpest. Some had died Goats with them were found to be infected with coccidia. In the light of these facts (and timely warning issued by Montgomery), it appears that the cattle at Kodacl which appeared to have Rinderpest may very well have been suffering from coccidiosis. Coccidia can readily be demonstrated in the discharges from nose and eyes in animals showing these symptoms in Rinderpest, by the same simple methods that would be used to identify the proto- zoan parasites in rabbits or fowl. The description of lesions and symptoms of Coecidian enteritis in eattle as found in Law’s'”’ text-book describes the great majority of acute cases of Rinderpest correctly. On the other hand, if you desire a detailed description of symptoms of acute coccidiosis, read the article on Rinderpest in Hutyra and Marek’. During December, 1914, I visited the Immunization Station at Mexico, Pampanga, P. I., where carabaos were subjected to simul taneous immunization against Rinderpest on a large seale. Several hundred animals were subjected to the treatment every week; Dr. John R, Burns, the veterinarian in charge has had a great deal of 694 c. H. SCHULTZ experience in this kind of work. When a susceptible animal, which showed high temperature and beginning of severe diarrhea—caused by injection of virulent Rinderpest blood sent out from the Labora- tory at Alabang—was exsanguinated, the stomach showed hyper- emic areas and diffuse inflammation of the mucosa. In parts of the rectum beginning desquamation of the epithelium could already be observed. In fresh material from all the lesions sporozoites and schizonts could be found in great numbers. In the thick secretions from the inflamed eyes of severe cara- baos that were examined, schizonts in different stages of develop- ment could often be recognized. The nasal muccus membrane, as well as the folds of the post-_ pharyngeal regions in different species of animals often show severe invasions by coccidia. They are commonly found as _ schizonts, round or oval bodies, in different stages of development, and appear to multiply rapidly, not only in the epithelial cells, but in albumin- ous secretions that are moist or semi-fluid, (intestinal casts, mucus flakes, ete.). At first the nasal discharge is serous, then it becomes mucoid, whitish, thick, even streaked with blood. Its character may also be influenced by a multitude of secondary invaders. The respiration may become difficult because coccidia begin to develop in the bronchioles and lung tissue. Evidently the virus is carried throughout the organs by the blood and the protozoa develop wherever suitable environment is found: they require oxygen. This explains why coccidia have been found on the pleurae, in the lungs and many other organs. Basset’, R. Metzner’®, anonymous article in Progrés Vétérinaire 1912 La coccidie du Dindon*. Rinderpest in the Philippines disappears during the dry sea- son and reappears soon after the rains begin. Certain sections (Pampanga, for example) are never entirely free. Animals kept and pastured on the fields of Pandacan Quarantine Station located in a bend of the Pasig river, near Manila, showed no evidence of coccidian infection during the dry season of 1914. A few weeks after the rains began, however, the same animals, running on the same pastures, showed constipation, feces were formed into round hard masses, covered with more or less mucus. In some instances, large flakes of mucus were passed, a simple microscopic examination of this mucus never failed to demonstrate great numbers of mero- zites or schizonts in different stages of development. In a series of ob- COCCIDIOSIS IN CATTLE AND CARABAOS 695 servations extending over say ten days, all the forms of the coccidian life-cycle, with the exception of oocysts could be observed. This corresponds to the reports on coccidiosis as observed by Balfour® and Montgomery‘ in Africa. Cattle, carabaos, goats, sheep, horses and chickens were afflicted, showing the disease in its chronic form. All these animals were carriers, having evidently taken up the para- sites in limited quantities, on infected pastures and being accus- tomed to their presence in their alimentary tract, they showed no grave symptoms. A great number of animals from different parts of the Islands were observed, often on the day that they left the steamer which brought them to Manila. The common symptom was constipation ; feces being in the shape of hard, dry, oblong or roundish balls or dises, covered with mucus, often streaked with blood. Occasionally an animal was observed during a diarrheal period, when the last part which passed out was composed of slimy mucus in which round- ish or pear-shaped, well formed, ivory white firm lumps of mucus, 1 or 2 em. long and half as thick, were found. The microscope showed that these contained no cellular structures, but were com- posed of masses of round or oblong bodies with more or less distinct outlines and a denser round central zone—schizonts in all stages of development. These more or less pear-shaped lumps have often been mentioned and considered characteristic of Rinderpest. Schi- zonts in this stage resemble ova of oxyuris, but are invariably of different sizes. Instances where so-called Rinderpest has been carried into clean herds by fodder cut on infected fields have been observed several times. In 1913, Rinderpest appeared suddenly in two dairies on Calle Alix in Manila a few days after the cows—previously fed on hay— were supplied with grass cut on wet fields. In one dairy, 24 ani- mals out of 26 died. These milk-cows were valuable Australian animals, known to be very sensitive, and therefore kept well iso- lated. All circumstances point to a common source of infection— the green grass from infected fields. Soon after the beginning of the rainy season, about July, 1913, guinea-grass (Panicum maximum) was cut in the fields of the Pan- dacan Quarantine Station, loaded into canoes, taken down the Pasig river to the launch that made regular trips to the Matadero at Sisiman, where Australian cattle are kept in quarantine until they 696 0. H. SCHULTZ are slaughtered. The distance from Manila across the bay is ap- proximately 30 miles. None of the men employed at Pandacan ac- companied the shipment. The Australian cattle proved to be very susceptible, many became sick about the fourth day after eating the fresh grass. Several died. Diagnosis established from symptoms and lesions by the veterinarian in charge: Rinderpest, acute form. Cause: infected grass, cut in fields that had been fertilized heavily with manure from cattle that were being immunized against Rinder- pest. The Doctor stopped feeding foragé from the Pandacan fields at once and without other measures the sick animals improved and the outbreak was checked. Detail history and post-mortem reports relating to these two outbreaks can be found in the files of the In- sular Bureau of Agriculture in Manila. Similar observations have been made in Shanghai. Keylock’* (1909) reports that Rinderpest which is endemic in the coast region and river deltas of China, is brought into the dairies by means of feeding materials, oileake meal and rice straw. In fact, he says, there is no other way than the latter to account for some of the out- breaks of the disease in local dairies. Coccidia are evidently only facultative parasites. They develop during the warm moist weather, dry out, assume resistant form and lay dormant, probably in sporelike form until placed in favorable environment—as in the intestinal tract of ruminants. Outbreaks that occur in northern China and Manchuria in winter, when the country is covered with several feet of ice and snow, and when cattle are seldom moved from place to place, are due to infected fodder. The protozoa developed during hot, moist summer weather, ad- hered to the forage plants when they were gathered, remained dor- mant until fed to animals in winter and reproduced the disease if the new host was not resistant to their development. The best places to study coccidiosis in its chronic form are the cattle pens and killing beds of the abattoirs in Shanghai. About 75% of the Chinese cattle shipped to the Shanghai abattoirs are afflicted. I am indebted to Dr. Arthur M. Stanley, Chief Health Officer of Shanghai, for permission to examine cattle and pens in the slaughter-house in the International Concessions ad libitum. The authorities of the French Concession readily granted permission to visit the abattoirs and cattle sheds in their Concession; in this place observations could be made on Chinese buffaloes (carabaos) which were slaughtered according to Mohamedan rites. COCCIDIOSIS IN CATTLE AND CARABAOS 697 Coccidiosis must therefore be regarded as extensively distri- buted throughout the coast region of China and Manchuria, affect- ing not only cattle and buffaloes, but also sheep, goats, deers, hogs, chickens, ducks, geese and many species of wild animals, Upon my return to the Pacific Coast in April, 1915, reports soon reached me that in many localities young stock had died under mysterious circumstances. Some stock owners thought that the animals were poisoned. Veterinarians were not able to identify the cause of the losses—which appeared to be due to a complication of diseases; hemorrhagic septicemia, malignant catarrhal fever, symptomatic anthrax, all were considered as possible factors. Knowing that Manchurian corn has been imported in ever in-— creasing quantities during the last three years, and that corn, oil and bean-cakes come from highly infected territories, my curiosity was at once aroused. The fact that a great number of the cattle in our dairies were constipated and showed, during certain periods, feces heavily coated with mucus, even tinged with blood, attracted attention at once. Occasionally animals with intermittent attacks of slimy diarrhea were found. The microscope invariably demonstrated the well known forms of coccidia—identical to those that had been observed so often in Far Eastern countries. In all the dairies where the bulls are kept penned up and fed on alfalfa hay from the irrigated districts of eastern Washington, these animals were severely afflict- ed. A visit to local stockyards solved that puzzle. When a train- load of steers from the irrigated districts around Toppenish was unloaded, many animals showed the characteristic constipation and hard, dry, caked feces, covered with heavy layers of mucus. Mi- croscope showed coccidia in the form of merozoites and schizonts in great numbers. Evidently the irrigated districts, subjected to cold winters and hot summers, supplied with a liberal amount of moisture during the growing period of alfalfa, have become infected and present favor- able environment for the multiplication of the protozoa. Doefiein*® says that many protozoa have a remarkable ability to overcome unfavorable circumstances. Often a period of rapid division ends with the production of an encysted zygote, which is able to multiply only after a drying out (resting) period. When the required moisture is again supplied, a new period of rapid di- vision begins. 5:5 70:5 este cate alee eee A. C. Farmer, Berlin* Wey GIBUREY RS Luks .o Te cee ee KK. T. Davison, Athenia We WeNLOZACOs Gite wiks’s os dR) Seem eee oe G. A. Lipp, Roswell. FROM THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE A. V. M. A, 785 New York.. .C. P. Fitch, New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca Beret CaO «5. 5 oie Mgudeect an cep eoas sn Boel eee B. F. Kaupp, Raleigh* Mardi Dakota.c.%..« aseganae oes C. H. Babeock, New Rockford* Ohbiog, + .. S. Sisson, Div. of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State | University, Columbus (LS ELIT holy a Joseph E. Nance, Anadarko* EP OD eco ke ws ss W. Dean Wright, 1227 Missouri Ave., Portland Pennsylvania..... E. H. Yonker, 2344 North 18th St., Philadelphia Philippines..... William Boynton, Bureau of Agriculture, Manila PRUE UNCON 280 ej. talldte bre ss eotats Carlos Ortiz, 26 Villa St., Ponce* Rhode Island:......... J. S. Pollard, 183 Harrison St., Providence een MCCAY GONNA, ic Baars s 0) Seales aid 5 B. K. McInnes, Charleston SOUT Tn DET 00) 0 en eae 2 sare S. W. Allen, Watertown Tennessee.......... No one appointed as yet, M. Jacob, State Veterinarian, Nashville, acting NRREIM eta o 2 Sie Tn5 Che Gch. gre a gc,o 1s s"S 6 os ome A. A: Foster, Marshal] Mies Ss. John Ernst, Jr., 125 E. 4 South St., Salt Lake City* Vermont....F. H. Rich, Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Burlington. OUI ET SE ee a a William G. Chrisman, Blacksburg* UNECE O TS I en Pa re Carl Cozier, Bellingham 0 ROSE WSs RS E. Layne, Huntington 0) PDS Tie aie RS W. A. Wolcott, Madison VERONA: aviys 55 Hugh R. Millard, 2507 Central Ave., Cheyenne *These men have not yet filed acceptance of appointment. RESIDENT PROVINCIAL SECRETARIES CANADA LG are F. A. MeCord, 215 Queen’s Ave., Edmonton British Columbia... .- J. G. Jervis, 3694 Victoria Drive, Vancouver Mamipoba: .: 1:03... William Hilton, 334 Elgin Ave., Winnipeg* PROS TUNISWICKS:, a5. ee La ee iele D. McCuaig, MeAdam Junction PMOVEISCOUA ares. See oe a eee George Townsend, New Glasgow COMTario.: =... =. George Hilton, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa Prmce Edward Isle... .,.....0..:0% 4» W. H. Pethick, Charlottetown REI posse Ss cass 08 Gee Coke M. C. Baker, 194 Milton St., Montreal* DUOMO WAT. LP.) PS ee H. L. Dixon, Maple Creek* *These men have not yet filed acceptance of appointment, 786 FROM: THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE A. Y. M. A. LIST OF COLLEGES RECOGNIZED BY THE A.V.M.A. Alabama Polytechnic Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine. Chicago Veterinary College. Cincinnati Veterinary College. Colorado State College, Division of Veterinary Medicine. George Washington University, College of Veterinary Medicitte. Grand Rapids Veterinary College. Indiana Veterinary College. Iowa State College, Division of Veterinary Medicine. Kansas City Veterinary College. Kansas State Agricultural College, Veterinary Department. McKillip Veterinary College. Michigan Agricultural College, Division of Veterinary Medicine. New York American Veterinary College. New York State Veterinary College. Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine. Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto. St. Joseph Veterinary College. San Francisco Veterinary College. State College of Washington, Veterinary Department. Terre Haute Veterinary College. United States College of Veterinary Surgeons. University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine. — _—.-———- On account of numerous inquiries coming into the secretary’s office, the following information concerning the A.V.M.A. dues and the privileges of members with respect to the Journal has been pre- pared: Dues are payable in advance beginning on the first day of the annual convention. On receipt of the dues, the secretary issues the membership card for the current year. Although in 1914 no convention was held dues for that year were collected in the fall of 1914. Members who paid their dues in advance at the Oakland convention received 1915 membership cards. Members who have delayed paying their dues and pay them now will of course receive ~ only the 1915 membership card. The 1916 dues are not payable until August 22, 1916 and bills for such dues will not be sent out until about that time. However, any member who may desire his 1916 card now may receive it at once by paying his dues in advance. At the Oakland meeting the association voted to increase the annual dues to five dollars. This is a change in section 2 of article SOCIETY MEETINGS 787 X of the by-laws and goes into effect August 22, 1916. Accordingly. applications for reinstatement must now be accompanied by eleven dollars, to cover the six dollars obligated at the time of suspension and one year’s dues in advance. Since applicants for membership must pay one year’s dues in advance, this action of the association in increasing the dues has also necessitated a modification of sec- tion 1 of article VIII, increasing the sum which must accompany applications to ten dollars. Applicants for membership who have paid their subscription to the Journal in advance since October, 1915 may have this credited as a part of their membership fee by writing to the Editor, Dr. P. A. Fish, Ithaca, N. Y. and asking him to notify the secretary. Such applicants need remit only seven dollars. The Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, formerly the American Veterinary Review, comes free to every mem- ber who pays his dues in advance. The United States Post Office Department requires the secretary or editor to secure written con- sent from each member to whom the Journal is sent that two dollars of his dues be used to help defray the expenses of the Journal. Accordingly, coupons for this purpose have been attached to the printed application blanks and statements of dues sent out from the secretary’s office. According to the constitution and by-laws, members remain in good standing until they are eighteen months in arrears. How- ever, in order to comply with the Post Office regulations, only those members who keep their dues paid up to within the current year may receive the Journal without other payment than their dues. The price of the Journal to all others, whether members or not, is three dollars a year. Any one can secure the Journal at this price. ss PS SOCIETY MEETINGS WISCONSIN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Association held its annual meeting at the State Capitol, Madison, Wis., January 18, 19 and 20, 1916. The unusually large attendance, and the great interest mani- fested, was conclusive evidence of the fact that the Wisconsin Vet- erinary Medical Association is a real live organization. We had the pleasure of having Dr. J. V. Lacroix of Kansas City with us who gave a very interesting talk on ‘‘The Surgery of Fistulous Withers,’’ which was followed by a demonstration of same at the clinic the next day. 788 SOCIETY MEETINGS We were also very fortunate in securing Dr. H. Preston Hos- kins of Minn. as one of the speakers. He spoke on ‘‘Some Phases of the Use of Serum in Controlling Hog Cholera.’ We were fully convinced that there was still much to learn pertaining to this broad subject. The dinner session, attended by 150 guests, was held in the brown room of the Park Hotel, January 19, and proved a joyous oceasion, Dr. L. A. Wright acting as toastmaster. Brief speeches followed the banquet, directed by the toastmaster, in which the fol- lowing took part: C. P. Norgard, Head of the State Board of Ag- riculture; S. A. Baird, President of the State Breeders’ Associa- tion; A. Hopkins, Secretary of the State Breeders’ Association ; Dr. Joseph Hughes, Chicago; Dr. J. V. Lacroix, Kansas City; Dr. H. P. Hoskins of the University of Minnesota; and Dr. O. H. Eliason, State Veterinarian of Wisconsin. All made special pleas for co-operation between the veterinary profession and the live stock breeders. Dr. A. S. Alexander, Professor of Animal Husbandry of the University of Wisconsin, proved his ability as an instructor and entertainer when he gave his favorite talk on ‘‘Rural Life in Scot- land’’, illustrated by stereopticon views, this being the real “‘after dinner mint’’ of the occasion. After two days of strenuous work in the convention hall, the third and last day was devoted to clinical work at Dr. J. P. West’s Infirmary, in charge of Drs. Lacroix, Heer, Ferguson and their worthy assistants. The following literary program, in conjunction with several very interesting committee reports, was carried out very success- fully : Use and Limitation of the Tubereulin Test........ Dr. C. M. Crane Tuberculosis Eradication....... AT Se AVR eS Dr. J. P. West Diate Inspection !'.ts 72. eee eel oe eae ee ae Dr. O. H. Eliason Establishment of Inspected Herds................. Dr. J. F. Roub Avian-Tuberculosis; <2. 000 ss © aeiraeincke bie een Dr. B. A. Beach The Dog as a Carrier of Parasites and Disease....Dr. H. E. Horel The Effect of Pituitary Gland Extract on Milk Secretion in the OGWie as wets oe Pe ee ee Dr. F. B. Hadley Some Phases of the use of Serum in Controlling Hog Cholera Debs Sac oss See io oe ole nin oe 0) nba e gun gE tle SOCIETY MEETINGS 789 WUNaRA ER TSE fe 12h aie Catia WE SIDI C03 ws od DO SA Dr. D. E. Murphy ' Hydrovele in a Yearling Bull.................... Dr. R. 8. Heer Siricuuneo! ihe; Hsopharusy 2.255. se oe Dr. L. A. Wright RPEMEIGP AY LUNCHES fe S25 268 oc x. S elegy cons esl ye sede Dr. J. V. Lacroix Some Specific Substances which Influence Reproduction. .. . Prof, EK. B. Hart ai iviian is ve) eiiets eo =, 0) ‘a 16 @ (a © © ¢) @ © 4, 6:0 nie erm oie “e).e/(e" 9) 6.0) 16)\q) (ee Hemoerrhacic Septicemia.........0. 50.02. eee. Dr. L. J. O’Reilley Weme aiemorrhacic Hnterilis: . aos... 6.65.5 eek Dr. W. R. Swan Horace! oisoning in Cattle: afc... cs eee Dr. J. F. Roub ©) EvIpS Stal va oF: pga eee ce eee Dr. V. 8. Larson Pamerrenanita im Oatile peccc:. coche ais oe Steere Dr. R. E. Schuster The following officers were elected and installed for the en- suing year: Dr. L. J. O’Reilley, Merrill, President; Dr. Herbert Lothe, Sharon, Vice-President; Dr. W. A. Wolcott, Madison, Seere- tary; Dr. J. F. Roub, Monroe, Treasurer. The meeting was voted an entire success and adjourned, to meet at Menomonie, Wis., next July, on invitation of Dr. J. D. Lee. W. A. Woucort, Secretary. ery ee Kansas VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The twelfth annual meeting of the K.V.M. A. was held in the City Building, Kansas City, Kansas, January 5-6, 1916. It was one of the best meetings ever held by the association and in- terest did not lag from start to finish. In addition to interesting papers and talks by the members, the association was very fortunate in having Dr. A. Eichhorn of the B. A. 1., Washington, and Dr. H. Palmer of H. K. Mulford Co. to take part in the program. Dr. Eichhorn’s paper ‘‘The Treatment of Diseases with Bio- logical Products*’ was an excellent paper and created much inter- est and discussion. The author informed the secretary of the asso- ciation that the paper will appear in the veterinary publications in the near future, and the association can assure the veterinary pro- fession that a treat is in store for it. Dr. Palmer gave an illustrated talk on the ‘‘Manufacture of Biological Products.’’ Dr. L. W. Goss, Pathologist K. 8. A.C. and member of the as association, gave an interesting illustrated talk on the ‘‘Outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Kansas.’’ Dr. J. W. Guilfoil was elected president for the coming year ; the present secretary was re-elected, 790 SOCIETY MEETINGS Fifteen new members joined the association. The next meet- ing will be held at Wichita, January 2-3, 1917. J. H. Burt, Sec’y-Treas. O———_- VIRGINIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The meeting of the Virginia State Veterinary Medical Associa- tion convened at Richmond, January 13 and 14. We had the best meeting the association has ever experienced. There were sixty per cent (60%) of the membership present. Our program was one of the best ever rendered. The papers and addresses were of the highest type. Dr. Horace Hoskins of Philadelphia gave a very interesting talk in which he eulogized the life of Dr. D. E. Salmon, and out- lined to our association the memorial fund which was responded to by every member of the association present. Dr. C. H. Hayes, a specialist on hog cholera, in charge of the extension assigned to the state by the B. A.I., gave a splendid talk on the preparation and administration of hog cholera serum, accompanied by stereopticon views. Dr. Henry Marshall of the B. A. I. packing house work at Richmond gave a splendid paper on White Scours. | Dr. 8S. C. Neff of Staunton, Va., gave a very interesting and in- structive paper on septicemia, as the result of a kick. The banquet, which was served by Mr. James Disney, manager of the Murphy Hotel, was a regular seven course Virginia dinner. There were eighty covers. The guests of honor were Gov. Stuart, ex-Gov. Mann, J. L. Houston, speaker of the house, and a number of senators and representatives, Dr. Henry Marshall of Richmond, Dr. C. H. Hayes of Burkeville, Va., and Dr. W. Horace Hoskins. Dr. Ferneyhough, chairman of the committee, presided as toastmaster. Those responding to toasts were Gov. Stuart, ex-Gov. Mann, Hon. Westmoreland Davis, Hon. J. L. Houston, speaker of the house, Col. Leedy of the senate, Representatives Grasty and Willis, and Dr. W. Horace Hoskins. The officers for the ensuing year are: Dr. H. H. Adair of Bristol, President; 1st Vice-President, Dr. D. V. Glover of Lexing- ton; 2nd Vice-President, Dr. D. E. Buckingham of Washington, D.S.; See’y-Treas., Dr. W. B. Chrisman of Blacksburg. The time and place of the next meeting is Ocean View, July 13 and 14, 1916. W. G. CHRISMAN, Sec’y-Treas, SOCIETY MEETINGS 791 FLoRIDA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The second annual meeting of the Florida Veterinary Medical Association was held February 7 in the State Board of Health Lab- oratory with a representative attendance of officers and members. The only officer absent was Dr. F. H. Armstrong of Pensacola, vice-president. Several prominent Department of Agriculture at- taches were present and addressed the convention. Officers were elected for the ensuing year, the former board of officers being re-elected. They are: President, Dr. C. F. Dawson, Jacksonville; Vice-President, Dr. F. H. Armstrong, Pensacola ; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. Fred W. Porter, Tampa. The following were elected to honorary membership in the association: Dr. Nigh- bert and Dr. Logan of the United States Department of Agricul- ture and Prof. C. H. Willoughby of the University of Florida. The following members attended the convention: Dr. Dawson, Dr. W. A. Munsell, Greene Cove Springs; Dr. W. J. Tanner, St. Petersburg; Dr. Fred W. Porter, Tampa; Dr. W. O. Kemp, Key West; Dr. W. P. Link, Tampa, and Dr. A. Dolan, Sanford. F. W. Porter, Secretary. a OKLAHOMA GRADUATE VETERINARY MeEpIcAL ASSOCIATION The semi-annual meeting of the Oklahoma Graduate Veteri- nary Medical Association was held at Oklahoma City, January 18 and 19, 1916. This was a very successful meeting as harmony ‘pre- vailed. There was a large attendance and some instructive papers and addresses were given; also some interesting discussions upon various subjects were held. Among those giving addresses and papers were: Dr. V. W. Knowles of the B. A. I. in an instructive address on vaccination and sanitation in eradication of hog cholera ; Dr. J. G. Eagle gave an addres on the serum treatment of hog cholera ; Dr. E. V. Robnett, State Veterinarian, presented a paper on hemorrhagic septicemia of cattle ; Dr. D. W. Gerber read a paper on influenza of horses in its various forms ; Dr. C. R. Walters gave a paper on the accuracy of the intra- dermal tuberculin test ; Dr. C. E. Steele told of experiences on his recent trip to Eu- rope with a ship load of mules for the English Government ; 792 SOCIETY MEETINGS Dr. J. E. Nance described in an interesting manner his ex- periences in the Philippine Islands as a veterinarian in the service of the B. A. L.; Dr. J. 8. Grove, inspector in charge of the B. A. I. at Okla- homa City gave an address for the uplifting of the veterinary pro fession, which was beneficial to all who were present ; Dr. Fred Eagle in an interesting talk discussed the betterment of the profession ; Doctors F. F. Meades, A. O. Hughes, J. M. Vrba, E. M. Prather, J. E. May, W. F. Hall, J. A. Lowell, F. M. Starr took part in the various discussions. R. C. Smira, Secretary.., ——_ o—_—_ CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION ? The annual meeting of the Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association was held at the Hotel Garde, in Hartford, on Tuesday, February the first. Eighteen members were present and the following officers were elected: President, Dr. G. E. Corwin, of Canaan; First Vice-Presi- dent, Dr. G. L. Cheney, of New Haven; Second Vice-President, Dr. F. D. Monell, of Derby; Secretary, Dr. A. T. Gilyard, of Water- bury; Treasurer, Dr. Thos. Bland, of Waterbury. Doctors J. S. and E. F. Schofield of Greenwich invited the as- sociation to their town for its next summer meeting. This invitation was accepted with much enthusiasm and sey- eral papers were promised. The secretary was instructed to confer with the Schofields regarding the date of the meeting as well as the program. ‘The members present entered into a very interesting and lively discussion of cases, and everybody seemed to be willing to talk, and the afternoon slipped away very quickly. Dr. Bland passed around copies of a booklet containing a copy of the Veterinary Practice Laws of Connecticut and a list of the veterinarians licensed to practice in the state. This pamphlet has been compiled for the association by Dr. Bland and copies of it may be had upon application to the secretary. A. T, GiLyarD, Secretary. COMMUNICATIONS A VETERINARY EMBLEM Editor of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, Ithaca, N. Y.: Dear Sir: Some two years ago the Rockland Co. N. Y. Vet- erinary Association suggested to the American Veterinary Medical Association the importance of adopting a distinetly veterinary em- blem that might be used on vehicles or in miniature be worn as a pin. The blue cross was also suggested as the emblem. The subject was carefully considered and much data regarding the cost as well as suggestions as to the form and colors to be used were taken to the Oakland meeting. At Oakland a communication was received from a prominent army veterinarian, stating that an international conference was to be held at Bern in the near future to adopt an international veterinary emblem for the protection of horses in war. The writer also stated that it was quite certain that the emblem adopted would not be a blue cross, as to most veteri- narians the blue cross is the emblem of the British Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. In view of this information, it was thought best to postpone the consideration of the subject until the international congress has adopted what may be called an universal emblem. N. 8. Mayo. —— 0——_- ILLEGAL PRACTICE Editor of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, Ithaca, N. ¥.: Dear Sir: Thinking that reports of prosecutions of illegal practitioners might be regarded as news items of interest, I send you the following which you may publish in the next Journal if you see fit: H. M. Cleaves, who claims to be a veterinary surgeon, and who has been practicing in Norfolk, Va. and vicinity, was recently ar- rested and tried before a Justice of the Peace, who fined him fifty dollars and cost, in default of which he was sent to jail. Respectfully yours, H. BANNISTER, Sec’y. 0 Editor of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, Ithaca, N. Y.: DEAR Sir: In relation to the case report in the February num- ber under the head of ‘‘What Was This Trouble?’’ by Dr. Walter M. Pendergast of Syracuse, N. Y. I would suggest that it reads very much like an outbreak of anthrax in cattle partially immune. Partial immunity might have been brought about by the eattle being native to anthrax soil or by vaccination, 794 COMMUNICATIONS i a ee The sypmtoms—excessive temperature, suppressed and bloody milk secretion, dark feces, and the history—inundated pasture and the fact that cattle kept in the stable escaped, to me points strongly to anthrax. R. W. GANNETT, 74 Adams St., Brooklyn. o——_ Editor of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, Ithaca, N. Y.: The December and January numbers of your Journal afford very interesting reading, to both the profession and stock owners ; to all, in fact, who are interested in the detection and suppresion of contagious diseases in the animal kingdom. The articles are particularly interesting to me, as one who acted as veterinary inspector under the British Government in the North of Scotland, for the County of Inverness, where, in the years 1872,- 3. there was more than one outbreak of epizootic aptha, (com- monly called foot-and-mouth disease,) in both the bovine and ovine tribe. In the recent outbreak in the United States, referred to in said articles, it is beyond my ken how this disease, with its specific symptoms, could, for one week, baffle the profession in its diagnosis, especially since this was not the first outbreak in this country: the delay thus occasioned causing tremendous unnecessary expense to the federal government, in the final stamping out of the disease. To me, this seems a remarkable lack of professional knowledge, allowing the plague to get sixteen days headway, without recogni- tion. The abnormal temperature and depressed condition in the latent period of foot-and-mouth disease, is always the forerunner, without visible lesions, and isolation for four days in the first cases suspected, if an error, would at least be an error on the safe side. In my opinion, the symptoms should have been recognized at once. This being a specific disease, it has a latent period, in my ex- perience, of only four days; an incubative period of less than twelve days, and a special appointing period, certainly within fourteen days. I need not go over the physical symptoms of these periods, but they are conclusive and of a specific character. I certainly agree with the energetic measures taken by the fed- eral government in the quarantine and general slaughter, in all af- fected areas, and the extreme care exercised in disinfecting every possible means of transmitting the contagion, and indeed the crow, black though he be, could be painted a little blacker because of the part he plays in carrying the germs of this scourge. In my experience in handling this disease in Scotland, I never knew a case to end fatally, in either the bovine or the ovine tribe. Its lesions are limited to all mucous membranes, with a temperature REVIEWS 795 up to 106°; difficulty in mastication, deglutition and rumination ; with a profuse dripping of saliva, resulting in a peculiar smack- ing of the lips. These are specific symptoms of the disease, and I have known animals to reduce in weight from 600 pounds to 400 pounds. But the convalescent period is short, within two months the animal will regain its normal weight, under favor- able conditions, unless there are serious foot lesions, which may assume a chronic character. I mean in the bovine and ovine. We did not, in the North of Scotland, resort to the slaughter- ing process, or even the strict quarantine, as at that time, the move- ment of animals in that district was very limited, and as a rule, within six weeks the epizootic ceased to exist. I am recording this from personal observation while acting as government inspector in that country. I can understand the complications existing in this country be- tween the federal and state veterinary departments, and can illus- trate the indifference of the veterinary department of the State of New York, by the following condition: Why was bovine pleuro-pneu- monia allowed to ravage the whole of Long Island for ten years, be- fore it was detected and stamped out by a private practicioner ? You will admit that this deserves an answer from the veterinary staff of the agricultural department of the State of New York. It is bad surgery to try to heal up a wound while a foreign body remains in it. I am induced to offer the above remarks in the belief that I am the only veterinary surgeon, at least in the United States, who had full government supervision and handling of this malady before the stamping out process was ever thought of, some fifty years ago. L. McLean, M. R. C. V. S. ae REVIEWS INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF ANIMALS AND THEIR CONTROL IN WAR Pror. HERMANN MIESZNER, Hanover, Germany 162 pages and 37 illustrations. Published by M. H. Schapper, Hanover, 1915 The author, who is Professor and Director of the Department of Hygiene of the Royal Veterinary High School, in Hanover, Ger- many, endeavored to treat this subject in a most practical way, free from unnecessary theories, yet from a purely scientific point of view. He divided the subject into two part, general and special. The general part describes the field hospitals and depots for horses, the moving laboratories for serological examinations behind the 796 REVIEWS battle fronts, and finally a thorough chapter devoted to disinfec- tion. The special part deals with the symptomatology, pathological anatomy, symptomatic therapy, serum, vaccine and chemotherapy of the different infectious diseases, such as glanders, anthrax, rabies, scabies, influenza, strangles, coryza, dourine, contagious pleuropneu- monia of cattle, peripneumonia bovum, and rinderpest. The use of salvarsan and arsinosolvin is described in detail. Special attention is given to the differential diagnosis of various diseases. The routine laboratory tests, and the various biological tests applied to animals for diagnostic purposes are well described and illustrated. The illustrations picturing the ophthalmic reac- tion are especially noteworthy. This work now occupies a unique place in veterinary literalure since it represents the first publication which describes the ways and means by which it is aimed to control animal plagues under such un- favorable conditions as exist during the present conflict. The author has certainly treated this important subject very thoroughly, and the volume deserves careful attention, especially by the veterinary sanitarians. EICHHORN. ——-— (y- ——- ESSENTIALS OF VETERINARY LAW HeEnry Bixpy HEMENWAY, A.M., M.D. Fellow, American Academy of Medicine; Fellow American Medical Ass’n, ete. Published by the American Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Chicago, Il., $3.00. This volume of 340 pages is published as No. 10 in the Veteri- niry Medicine Series. The author states there has been a request for a handbook which could be used as a text in veterinary schools and agricultural colleges. The perfunctory way in which veteri- nary jurisprudence has been taught in many of the veterinary schools and the absence of such instruction in many of the agricul- tural colleges, would indicate that. such a book is of timely interest, not merely as a text book but as a book of reference for the many who have passed through college without adequate information on this subject. The book has been divided in four parts including ten chapters. Part I deals with fundamental and general legal principles as a REVIEWS 797 basis for the more specific principles applicable to veterinarians and agriculturalists. Part II appertains more particularly to veterinary practice. Information is given relative to the authority of the state; license to practise ; revocation of license; what constitutes veterinary prac- tice; veterinary contracts; errors of judgment; liabilities for the acts of others; cases of malpractice, liability for accidents; liability for operation ; right to sue for fees; amount of compensation ; liens; expert testimony, ete. Part III deals more particularly with veterinarians, in the government service. Their jurisdiction and authority as officers are discussed especially with reference to quarantine, destruction of property, appraisement and liability for infectious diseases, ete. Another chapter deals with dairy inspection, dairy products; the meat industry, including transportation of live stock, quarantine regulations, supervision of slaughter houses, ante and postmortem examinations, meat inspection, ete. A few pages are also devoted to biologie products. Part IV pertains to animals generally. A chapter is devoted to the ownership of animals and another to bailment. This section has much legal information, especially for the agriculturalist but also of use to the veterinarian. A number of pages is devoted to the citation of cases. Following a complete index is a short chapter on Collecting by Mail, by W. B. Parker. Although the summary given above is incomplete, it is suffi- cient to indicate the general scope of the work. Veterinarians should have a more extended knowledge of their rights, liabilities and responsibilities ; they should know enough of the legal aspects of the live stock industry to be of service to advise and co-operate with their agricultural clients. Heretofore this knowledge has not been easily obtainable in concise form. The present book meets this need. Po ALE. aE NECROLOGY JAMES H. FERSTER Dr. James H. Ferster was born in the State of New York sixty-three years ago, March 2, 1853. As a young man he located at Rochester, N. Y., where he was engaged in the advertising busi- ness, later going to New York City, where for a number of years he was on the staff of the New York Sun. Following his newspaper experience, Dr. Ferster practised as a veterinary physician and surgeon in Plainfield, N. J., and then moved to New York City, where he has since engaged in veterinary practice. He was graduated in this state March 4, 1890, and for a number of years lectured in the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons on eanine pathology. He was a member of the New York Driving Club, the R. D. A. N. Y., and the Nassau Driving Club, serving as president of the two former clubs in 1914, and he also was a prominent factor in the re- cently organized New York State Association of Horsemen. Dr. Ferster was taken with pneumonia, but within a few days was reported to be on the road to recovery. He suffered a relapse, however, and all efforts to check his decline were unavailing. He leaves one son, Charles Ferster. Dr. Ferster was a great friend to little children. A few weeks before his death, Dr. Ferster published, in the Trotter and Pacer, the following lines: I place one hand in God’s and then I know T cannot fall; and then as far below As I can reach, I stretch my other hand And in the slum and depth of wickedness I find A fallen fellow man. I shout ‘‘ Hello! ’Tis Christmas morn—look not below But up.’’ I grasp his. hand and hold it tight As mine is held by Thee, and pray for might To help me put his trembling hand in Thine. Then Thou wilt draw him by Thy power divine Unto Thyself. Then_he, like me, will stand One hand in thine; the other stretched toward man, For he can reach some man that I cannot. He knows some tender chord I have forgot. And as I see him lift, and place some other’s hand In Thine, I quietly give thanks that Thy great plan For saving man is through his fellow man. Give thanks for more: Give thanks that God saw fit Jn saying men to let me help a bit! NECROLOGY 799 D. ARTHUR HUGHES David Arthur Hughes died at Chicago, February 14, from an attack of grippe, followed by pneumonia, with heart complications, at. the age of forty-six. Dr. Hughes was born in Liverpool, Eng- land and came to America at the age of fourteen. He graduated at Cornell University, specializing in literature and later returned to specialize still further and to obtain an advanced degree. He was a winner of a Shakespearean prize. He graduated from the New York State Veterinary College at Ithaca, N. Y., with the class of 1903, and was married in 1907. For a number of years Dr. Hughes has been Inspector of Food Supplies for the Quartermaster’s Corps, United States Army at Chicago. He was also Professor of Dairy Inspection, Milk Hy- giene and Medical Botany, at the Chicago Veterinary College and editor of the Quarterly Bulletin. Dr. Hughes was a voluminous writer. His signed articles were frequently seen in English and American veterinary, agricultural, medical and secular magazines. His interest in literature and veteri- nary affairs was profound and the profession suffers a decided loss in his untimely end. DANIEL B. ERB Dr. Erb died of heart failure last January at the age of 86 years. He wasa resident of East Petersburg, Pa., and had practised farming and veterinary medicine for many years, although of late he had retired from active work. He is survived by five children, twenty-two grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren. MISCELLANEOUS CHRISTIAN CO-OPERATION In Foor-Anp-MoutH Disease: . P. Fitch, Ithaca, iN: Ye T. P. Spoon, Burlington. W. J. Mulroony Paul E, Woods, Ottawa F. A. Lambert, care O. S. U., Columbus, Ohio. , F. Sheets, Van Wert, Ohio. J. C. Howard, Sullivan. co. E. Steel, Oklahoma City. © L. A. Wilson, Toronto. AG SF American Veterinary 601 Medical Association A5 Journal v.48 cop.2 Biological & Medical Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET i UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY STORAGE see eel sae ager th e v : a fasiavn : Tatler Serpe aera be ‘ eecS fade et URI Rey pment ; ee raat