‘ © Lea etd ya SOD As be me I EPI ut FREE . WS ean) Ciedem hed a tala) Be ened eed dt oe lenaptasden ehanetproceebnakbioreaseeete te tnenean peas teatee % Neier. wh Ore tard htt - av eh Ne een pee a atbegaranor ton po orgres te pre ert i 7 09) Se Oa Pet oe ke a Net an eee ; ees ™ octet hz a ; ot > rte ss , = cr, Bx awe Cone padded r a: of as Presented ta The Wibrary of the University of Coronte bu The Ontario Research Foundation ade i Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Ontario Council of University Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/journal49ameruoft oy — fh “toh nas er ’ > - s » ie f wF JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medieal 7 Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U.S. Vet. Med. Ass’n) EDITED AND PUBLISHED FOR The American Veterinary Medical Association BY PIERRE A. FISH, ITHACA, N. Y. COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL F. TorrRANcE, Chairman G. R. WHITE A. EICHHORN, Secretary V. A. Moorr Cove MARSHALL L. FROTHINGHAM W. R. BLAIR C. H. STANGE R. A. ARCHIBALD H. JENSEN M. JACOBS G. H. RoBerts N. S. Mayo Rk. P. LYMAN SUB-COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL C. J. MARSHALL, Chairman R. P. LYMAN A, EKICHHORN, Secretary XX e y ae “Index Volume XLIX 57%? _NEW_ SERIES VOLUME I PPAAGA N. Xe Published by the American Veterinary Medical Association 1916 ES ‘ 4 lo & \ on | i = j ¢ to c if er 65'7321 Nee ee STi eo 4. 87. Vas | List of Illustrations, Yolnme XLIX. New Series ¥ali2 PAGE Mata nahohsse st sler: eu Bay saae mya oA ack, SONU A et, Grae oT bm gah sk S 92 Atpnormal :'Calé i: 00 5.2 Semahis pl cred ene iat sy Ne ose eek aens pe ie oie © Slee ahcae eee 100 PARALYSIS OF PIGS iol: PigswithsParalysis ot. Hind ers.) Plate ioc silo casun eee 244 Hig. 2. Cross section through Seiatic Nerve. Plate I.........- a. 244 Fig. 3. Cross section through Sciatic Nerve. Plate II........:.... 244 Fig. 4. Longitudinal section through Sciatic Nerve. Plate II...... 244 inymphancitis.im Cattle, cases Land ’2;s iPlate Waele sip onptseeteantotoneen a enatigs 256 Mwo readed alten. 5; -cectzts oc alters tart ue aegte pe rons Bs ot ous Scenes rays aca ee a ae 25 ite Three Chambered) Heart an la) eleven. 2) 9i,. -crses Tumor of Rectum and Mesentery 2 2 320.581. sone vs ee 475 Bioi:2). iymph Vessels and Sarcomay Cells’. ...°0: 3. .,.'.. ak See 476 DRA VALE VOLS EMO hs civ ote in. + «yo HS 's.6 alae ce ROR eM Subnet s hain etait} vt 480 TVET IOLA. COUMNOLOMUS.<. > os cndvas cles MARAE DI.S Vee Carl hs oslo Oe eee 512. SOLED MALI OD a ee i6 twin, allele Maes, 0) osdheralalatoppte Meare i eines (ORS a 5 2/9 nue ofeat see tea 512 POS CLOUT O TEL nS 05's 5 cco, abl csaa: nye. bib aSaiRaabenpiotah elite t 41 cra lcAvca ate hier yee 513 HABOIOlAe MELODALICH,. (5 6 oevins oie ela ess SGT DRIES hcp mx bole, aie Slik diel Oyner ey oe 5138 Shesp Atucted with, Masciola: os) cogetrrvw Nera y % opere 6 byl s 6 Mhin thy Ree ee 515 R. A. Axchibald, President A.V.M:A.. Mrontispiece........%.s wes. sven 629° LAMHNESS AND Its Most COMMON CAUSE / , Big. ‘I Horse ’s) Hoof.” .. vcnta preteen one ht uaa) & 8. oss Acta 654 MigAS Soof supported. on three pliers... ..n...... 2. ween Siena 654 Fig. a. atl6of with shoe on three@-Plers. 66... 1.1 es. 65s sae ee 655 Mig, 4.% Hoof with shoe with threejcalks!.............. dep eprenaaee 655 Fig.'5. “Hook with shoe withhve GRIER gaw. .. vst. « . se eeee 656 Fig. 6. *Bhietwath five calks (5 ..si ui stale vise sve ss \ 0 eee 657 ul ‘ 5 CA ns ’ pi LUSTRAT oss voLu ME ne ; PE TIVE CHANGES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES tae ate of Hippocampus from Brain of Dog. es Be egri Bodies and Nucleoli. a ee Section of Normal Ganglion Nodosum. Plate. Ir | Fig. 4. Section of same from Rabid Dog. Plate IT. Fig. 5. Section from another case showing further degeneration, ie ‘Plate Ill Fig. 6. Section from a third case showing advanced degeneration. ; P ven Plate III = GER > ae sd nitary Cow Barn a rm “Sanitary Dairy Barn g Milk th Inspector Taking Milk Samples eee del BRM EQ RE Sel Ht Cerin salah. feos ocd a o's 2s oe ee ee n 676 mation of bone. (Congenital) : 833 - eture of, Tibia in dog et and Amputation of left leg in dog showing periostitis of end of bone 835 nital Luxation of the Radio-UInar-Humeral Joint eee 843 Author’s Index A. E. Babson, E. W. Bemis, H. E. Bergh, H. Blair, W. Reid IBOeGHE TM Wein Hed. cy! sess ete cee Se Chiyp se EL VIB ticity nl af ress galls qteiiss = tenes Brandenburg, T. O. Butler, Tait S. Cahill, E. A. Carel Cook, H. E. Cooledge, L. H. Cooley, A. S. Cuimrmeadiae Miyeae ae tisk cement.” ae Dakin, Daubigny, F. T. DeGroodt, J. A Dehelly Drew, A. P. Dufresne, Dumas, Klis, Robert W. Baar, 7) DD, Fast, C. A. Faust, Otto Flowers, R. G. REED Gannett, R. W. (Calihnoter a VCR CR, Shy ie eS aera) 05 Greenwood, R. A. Griessman. Louis Gutberlet, J. E. Hadwen, Seymour Hallman, &. °T. Hardenbergh, J. B. Hart, George H. Heer, R. S. Hester, J. H. Hill, Reuben L. Fills, ie eV. Hoskins, H. Howard, S. R. Huyett, W. G. Johnson, E. P. 320 400 320 \ Mis hy : , Ns ; z + PAGE Katippybol,-7.cits ia ctnspene ts bnceeee 470 Kinsley; oAs SD. tt Ae eee ee 179 Klemm: SRiouis: Ac 2b ha ete ae 49 Knowles} A. 3D isi. csi oe 517 Tuamibert; . As os see eee 381 lauterecken, Steiret; 55) agen 100 Deo. James see sorts eae ee 852 heibold; VAsrAS iar eae 404 Tene vein Ge ues oe eet Sake 102 Liautard, A. ....5, 161, 312, 450’ 641, 783 MeDonough, James ........%.. 653 Mackie, “Gui Weisscc too tee 361 Maloney, 'To> By xh.) Sa eee 70 Mayer}. Re 2/820 ste se) eden eee 702 Meyer, Kiya st anes een ee 17 Mohler: J. oRi aie ee ok eee 169 Moore,—Veranus A. .2 22hje nei 365 IN. SE Me Aono aie e Saree ee eee 2 Newton, Richard Cole .......... 810 PACE 3 13) Loin los oo, aban 443, 444, 447, 448, 639, 777, 781 PL Ge Berea, She eee 402 Reynolds, “Mi He. oe ae ee 523 Rhea, (Rian asia. 6 Se le ar eee 561 Riley; |, William: A‘ os thereto ee 801 Roadhouse, +O." <<. ce eee 17 Roberts, G: Av)... pss ieea ene 12, Radertin Whe os Se eee 99 Rum Gey Paral. \2s.0e, haynes Renee 257 Rs RRA aoe ah ce ic che 4 Salado: Si Wie 2 Ci sale ategh ees 516 Schlenker, Lawrence ........... 403 Schwarzkopt,) Ocenia, soe 59 Sheets, |B. ch. oa Waterss aera 840 Sinathy Wi Vaiss wesc a teaere pee 53 Steckel, Lee Mes... ests ees 669 POLO PVE Us tS osur in. Alcoela: 2: shbd/ Glen Cine Bas 392 . MV LOTSOANV 0a) ai" Sinisa ohaue ih Sueneaenes 35 MAP EUIE Gia ve Soest Sottast Ache 17, 254, 678 Underhill’ 3B. Mics cdelvwrcs ween 663 VeTis eA ONO Wi. ste. nk Wein aie 251 Waugh, James Ay inv. vjn sated 701 Ward, Archibald’ R.°. 4.2.8 wee 456 Wehrbein, a OP MUR I OG hon, 238 Weestoriy Wi. Aly tetas oc aoe ee 845 Williams, ra E) ts isl. AR 199 Wright, Li A. sois'.s o's.eN yee 842 Cg | ; aay Us ; 4; wie . Index to Volume XLIX. New Series Volume 2. hie ie PAGE | PAGE ai Abdominal Cavity, Puncture of | Camphor. The Use of Intraven- Rael EOS eh LECTION LI * esc oy vic slg ets, sieves ate 840 | ous Injections of. Abstract. . 528 Ae _ Abstracts from Recent Literature | Caneer of the Tail. Abstract... 715 Ve 107, 264, 407, 528, 705, 844 | Carcinoma of the Adrenal Gland he Address of Welcome ........... 852 | in the Horse, with Hemorrhage ai Adeno-Carcinoma of Undescended | into the Abdominal Cavity. a Testiele, Abstract .......... 538 >. Abstract... 754 Jue eee 533 | a Amputation of Prolapsus Reeti in | Catarrhal Fever, Stock ‘Yards we BONY vin A DStract?.: 212.4 /.iae- 272 Fever or Shipping Fever, Bac- e ; Announcement, Local Committee. 293 LErlOlogy..Of awa cee 179 By _ Army Veterinary Legislation ... 121 Cattle ‘Abortiens The Outlook at Bacillus Pseudo-Tubereulosis Ro- for the Control. ote, see 199 * dentium. A Comparison of Cestode Infection in Chickens, B, * Various Strains of- the, with Studies on the Transmission ~~-—s Special Reference to Certain and Prevention of 232223 u00n 218 i % Variation Phenomena. Ab- Chloral Hydrate for Operative SB SUUTEX Glia Fe Mi a Se ee 542 Purposes. Intravenous Injee- ‘ Bacteria of Milk Freshly Sirsa tions\of., Abstract... eee 268 f - from Normal Udders. Abstract 708 | Chondro-Sarcomatous Growth. Bee Stings in a Horse. Rapidly Abstract. oo. eee 114 Fatal Results of. Abstract.. 710 | CHRONICLES, EUROPEAN ..5, 161, phe Book REVIEWS... ..152, 438, 623. 312, 450, 641, 783 = : 771, 881 Another Treatment for Tetanus 455 | _ Diseases of the Dog and their Bacteriotherapy and Wounds.. 450 Ke treatment. Miiller-Glass ... 881 Bibliographic A c¢knowle dg- Bed £, Laboratory Manual in General MAGUS tajier a) hica eae 647, 789 : Bacteriology, A. Ward Glit- Botal. About the Foramen of 787 : LEE OE I cas a ne ely ma 882 Diagnosis. Palpebro-Intrader- me _ Outlines of Lectures in Special 10 E ESM MTL AYA ee A 318 pt Pathology. Samuel Howard Difficult Diagnosis ........... 163 sy 12 LEE A ey Gr eae 883 Equine Strongylidosis ....... 161 ] i Text Book of Meat Hygiene, Glanders; in Man .22pe ces 783 7 with Special Consideration on Glanders, Remarks on .,..... 785 ’ Ante-Mortem and Post-Mor- ‘* Humanity, Above all Nations ‘ tem Inspection of Food Pro- 18)? toto 5 het se 788 plied ducing Animals. Richard Intraspinal Injections of Gases 454 a PGT apeMA TT es ee ET 771 Ligature of Blood Vessels in _ — Text Book of Pathogenic Bae- Foot Diseases +...) . goa < 642 el teria and Protozoa. Joseph Mallein Test,, Intrapalpebral.. 9 a IMIG O20 E07 a ee pa 152 Melanosis« hfs < 2he eee 312 pi Veterinary Handbook and Vis- Polyvalent Serum Again ..... 641 Ve iting List. Thomas B. Rog- Pyoculture Aga )...5.2.4 05. 165 ' RMR TSC Dacian. SS Ac OM oe 438 Rabies, Hereditary °4.2..2..: 316 3 Veterinary Therapeutics. E. Tuberculosis, Swine .......... 5 j ¥ Wallis Hoare ...-......... 625 | Wounds and Sera ... 2.9)... 452 i. _Botryomycosis. Case Report ... 523 | Combating of Glanders in the ‘Bovine Tuberculosis Fight. Ab- Field by Immunization. Con- ., SIEACH VER ae 3 BR rec ae eae 706 | cerning the Pfeiler Proposal e Broken Back. Abstract ....... 705 | for.,, Abstract! 2ucriost antes eens 5356 , ; Calf, An Abnormal. Case Re- Commercial Pasteurization in Bae DOTS et ey Sn een ee 100 | Safeguarding Milk Naturally 7 Calf Without Front Legs, A. Infeeted with Tubercle Baeilli, i Dane URepart.. 62.6... Lecce 400 The Value of Efficient...... .. 678 OS v " : ff PRT 2 —s t VI. INDEX OF VOLUME XLIX, NEW SERIES, VOL. II - SS ee Ue en ee a PAGE _ PAGE ComMMUNICATIONS ..148, 301, 436, 620 Why Join the A.V.M.A.?.... 1 MLO RAZ eye aye bony state es 150 Worthy Tribute to a Worthy Hemorrhagic Septicemia ..... 620 Man, A ......-. Dre eeehemnntias 639 MiovimowePichimes) =. eal. gece = 624 | Entamebic Dysentery in the Dog. — Necessity of a Live Stock Sani- Abstract Eas ely Liat ee pets oi. 108 tary Commission or Bureau Epidemiology of Equine Influenza. in the State of New York.. 621 (Pink Eye, Brustseuche.) Ab- Organizations Interested in Our stract SoSH REC CLAACES OGIE C9 yee 848 Hood Supply... ts «4 het t 4 2G 436 Epitheliosis Infectiosa Avium Salmon Memorial Fund ....-. 148 Contagious Epithelioma, Chick- Trans-Atlantic Shipment of en Pox, Diphtheria, Roup, Can- THGSeS ae oe ag Pee 301 ker. Abstract tetera tenes 529 Transporting Horses and Mules 43 Epizootie Lymphangitis Microor- D : ; ; ; ganism, The Culture of the. eath from Lightning Stroke Mistract 265 PAM S Ga Ciba vet tunis coxeeeu ct eee ores 710 Rae Me SS Eradication of Tuberculous Cat- Demodectic Mange of the Dog. tle from Milch Herds. Ab- The Bordet-Genou Reaction in stract 6) ea ee 715 These ADS tractinses Hsnaiicwciote s tcoce 118 Eversion of the Rectum and Va- Destruction of Diseased Animals gina ina Sow. Case Report ... 399 to Protect Public Health .... 716 | HEyersion of the Rectum, Excision. Diaphragmatic Rupture in Dogs. Abstract... 402 Sateen 414 ‘Abstract, .......-........... 535 | Examining Boards ..........5% 70 Distemper, Formol in Severe Fasciola Magna, Bassi, A new _ Cases of. Abstract ....... 543 Host for, Together with Obser- Distomiasis, The mode of Infee- vations on the Distribution of tion in Pulmonary. Abstract. 407 Fasciola Hepatica, L. in Canada 511 Dropsical Uterus and Rachitis Feeding Cotton Seed and its Pro- of Fetus. Case Report ...... 840 duets to Swine, Effects of.:.. 18 Drugs, Ceeal Administration of Fight Against Tuberculosis, An _Abstract ....... bette eee ees 266 Appeal to the Veterinarians to Kehinococcus Cysts in the Lungs Help im: the: 33.2°%,/5..a0N 810 Cause Pneumothorax in a Cow. Fistulous Withers in the Horse Abstract ............ eee eee 120 and its Operative Treatment. EprIToRIAL. .1, 157, 305, 443, 629, 777 GasemReport <..2j.0-. so aoe 702 Above all Nations is Humanity 158 | Flagellates of Insects in the Evo- Annual Meeting at Detroit, The 777 lution of Disease in Vertebrates, Appointment of Committee on The Significance of Certain Na- Livestock Sanitary Affairs.. 640 tural. “Abstract 9s... eee ws 850 Assaults on Legislation ...... 159 | Flexor Pedis Perforatus Tendon Kanal’ Appeals A. 36 ses..ees 638 Slipping off the Os _ Caleis. Horecast: WA nese st. nce ere eee 443 ASSEPACT Alin. cls/Gccie tos eee 409 Free-Martin, The Sterility of.. 781 | Foreign Bodies in the Digestive Hypodermal Anaphylaxis .... 309 Tract of Bovines. Case Report 838 Pnomature wMlGHti ie... stem an 448 | Fowl Typhoid, A Report of an Impairedness or Preparedness 444 Outbreak: of -.. 6 ..ky wee ees 35 Improvement in the Prepara- Fracture of the Jaw in Dog. Ab- tion of Anti-Hog Cholera Serum 446 SULEGUS « sardis isis. ahe reve, Sam baste i ee 410 Journal for the Profession, The 3 Free Martin, The Theory of the 713 Man Behind the Gun, The.... 2 | Giant Nematode, Diocthyme Renale OMmeial Program of the A.V. ( Kustrongylus) in the ‘United M.A. for the Detroit Meeting 629 States and Canada, The Oeceur- Prepare for the A.V.M.A. Meet- rencé Of ‘the ./ 4.1% cass ate 801 ing at Detitort.., + cannes 805 | Glanders in Man, Contribution Poultry Practice. (yfrasasee 160 to the Diagnosis of. Abstract 711 U.S. Veterinary Inspeetors.. 447 | Glanders in Wild Animals Kept Vet ary Legislation for the in Zoological Gardens ........ 659 m) os as ee 157 Goats, Peeuliar Breed of. Ab- Veterinary Service in the Army 4 EP ROU.. slave aces att cy ONG 407 x! PAGE By. e Bein ionaina Seutatum, The Life ai Hustory of. Abstract-....... 270 ee Green Discoloration of the Bones Pesot a sheep. Abstract. .../.,. S44 _ _ Halting or Lameness in the Horse 648 Tan - Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Vaecina- ‘) tions Against Spec Oat OCA ey chee 55 mi Boe venolera, . wir... va re oles 245 Hog Cholera Serum and Virus. Ps: Experimental Work. Abstract 119 + Hog Cholera Virus, Observations ag on 2800 Pigs Inoculated with. . 817 ‘ Horses Injured by Bee Stings. ed PSSSIER AUG Ue eens wie oho os ake Ns 413 * "Horse; The National .......... 251 ps Horse in War, The Changed a RaemmuaOL Theses. os. Sa 59 -How Many Lives Has Liver Fluke Disease, Its Treat- ment and Control. Abstract . 4: Luxation of the Radio Ulnar- Humeral Joint. Case Report. . Lymphangitis in Cattle Caused by an Acid-Alcoholic Fast Or- ganism, Case Reports of. Case | Ini 2) UDI 2a eee Ore ie Cane INDEX OF VOLUME XLIX, NEW SERIES, VOL. II » Vil PAGE Lympho Sarcoma of the Fowl... 470 Maceration and Decomposition of the Fetus in Mares. Case LCi( OL Orig Casa or TRS NRL ee ARCs. 259 Mange in Army Horses, Treat- TIONG OL. 1) MAUS UECLG tin eee er oree ca 27] Milk Fever (7?) Abstract ..... 845 Milk Fever Case, An Unusual. , Case tReport.: .is sit... ye ee Milk Fever Four Months After Calving. “Abstract! ~ 2) cyst ene 844 Milk Production, Problems in.... 796 Milk Secretion, Some Aspects of the Physiology OL, -<..4- «tee 485 Milk Supply of New York City, The—A Lesson in Municipal SamiteGlOM,<, <2ic uns tuckensl cus eee 670 Miscellaneous .154, 303, 440, 773, 885 Moist Eezema in the Horse. Ab- SCTE Clute. Ye ose Paayareene Oe eee 705 NEcROLOGY...302, 439, 623, 772, 884 Whele- hr axis, ities tee eee 302 Bagnell- Charles \ Hw ss. <:-eepee 627 Brodie, Thomas Gregor ...... 884 Carpenter, Henry Gay ..:.... 627 Corcoran. Richard (Bo. <2 er 302 ID een icete Jake y NB aes Bigs ets oc 627 rater iO 5... iiss She eemeeas 172 Gallagher, John Joseph ...... 172 VOISMOe TONS A Li. olay slate ween 627 roldentasWr.. Cae ie eee eee 439 ierallar din SEs se eee S aes eee 854 eAexa vba yy ex Hl NE Ree Rca cor Se Sobol 772 Peck Howat). cee earner 884 Perkins: -RomanZo, erseater 884 Potter, Charles Beecher....... 884 EUG He) 2 oe Se eae eee 439 ike. Marry iW... Guus atts cee 439 Smith,5S: Mois. 52. cee eee 884 New Disease in Ducks, Is Leuco- eytozoon Anatis the Cause of a. Abstract. oc) jc eeiers se aera eee 264 Nicotine Poisoning. Abstract .. 407 Nymphomania in a 16 year old Mare.’ A. DStraeiine 1. 1c aaenenenaees 541 Obstetrical Case, An Unusual. Case (RG POru yy 7a. arctan eee 409 Odd Obstetrical Cases. Case Re- port, 7k: oe cakes pc TOL Oesophageal Obstruction, Oesoph- agitis Following. Abstract... 113 Olecianon Proeess of the Ula, Fracture of the. Abstract.... 848 Paralysis of Pigs 9. : agrees oS Parasitic Affeetions of the Horse, Contribution to the Study of. Case. Reporte. .2 3. o..e eee 102 Parietal Bone in a Dog, Fracture Or the. ‘Aipstracty tt. aee es 714 VIIL PAGE Pasteurization is not a Substitute for Dairy Hygiene Pasteurization of Skim Milk and Whey as Food for Calves, The Perforated Bowels in the Horse. Case Report Peritonitis and Traumatic Peri- carditis in the Camel. Ah>*~set Persistent Constriction wo. ~¢ Cervix Uteri in the Cow ap- proaching Parturition. Ab- SPTUC UM ern canoe areca ete, Noa lanes Petechial Fever and Endocarditis Complicated with Articular Rheumatism in a Horse. Ab- SMP AG bisa terat sheen ine naa speyere, eee, Buie Petechial Hemorrhages in the Larynx and Kidneys in Hog Cholera, Notes on the Oceur- rence of Physical Examination of Dairy Cattle. in Accordance with the Regulations of the State and City Codes, The requirements of Policy of the Profession. A Pub- ING y URE Rat Mlscs al ahe entire ene Walaa Polypus of the Larynx. Abstract Preparation and Use of Anti- Rinderpest Serum, The Develop- ment of Ideas Regarding the. . Preservation and In Situ Fixa- tion of Veterinary Anatomical Subjects by Intravascular In- President’s Address, A.V.M.A... President’s Address, N. Y. State Vet. Med. Soe. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V.M. A. 125, 274, 415, 544, Business Session, Fifth 3usiness Session, Sixth Business Session, Seventh Directory of Members Honorary Members Honor Roll Members Meetings of the Association Officers and Committees 1915- Nig Ji OL We SB oe os SRA Presidents jection Report, Committee on Necrology « Report, Committee on Resolu- LIONS ® pitavemcdty 5 «picture da ene eee Report, Committee Salmon Me- OPV oes) i wc os ek Ones Bae Report, Committee on Veteri Narye HUUSLORY n'y 4.s saa ts Report, International Tubereu- losis Commission 411 541 718 129 = % INDEX OF VOLUME XLIX, NEW SERIES, VOL. II Pig var PAGE Report, Resident Secretaries of — the A.V.M.A. Report of the Treasurer of the PACE AIS neta iced eae ANS oe, Resident Secretaries Secretaries Prolapsus of the Rectum in Pigs, Two Cases of. Case Report .. Prolapsus Recti, Mortified. Ab- SUPACTAG ys WUE skates keriea neers Prostate Abscess in a Dog, En- ormously Enlarged. Abstract Pelmonary Tuberculosis in a Canadian Horse. Abstract Purpura Hemorrhagica. Abstract Purpura Hemorrhagica Treated with Normal Horse Serum. Case Report Rabies, The Reliability of Cell Proliferative Changes in the Diagnosis of Rabies in Cattle, A Contribution to the Study of. Abstract.... Rachitis in Calves. Case Report. Reeent Developments in Veteri- nary Science? Should the State Board Examinations Inelude. . ROCLPLOCUGY Aas. oe ies aro eee Rectum and Bladder, Paralysis of the: ADStract |, sales eee eee Red Blood Cells in Vitro, The Preservation of Living. Ab- SULEAGU) Soto kel salar a ora eae enema Removal of the Nasal Septum. GasetReport) :-) 2's, eae Removal of a Shell Splinter with the Aid of an Electromagnet. Casey Report’)... 054s eae Response to Address of Welcome. Rheumatism and its Treatment, Bacterial Infection as a Cause Dial AIbStractin sk... Cee Rose Chafer Upon Chiekens, The Poisonous Hffeets of the. Ab- SUUVC Wiabs ar gis%) clalte ob se ates Round-Celled Sarcoma ‘in the Heart of a Dog. Case Report. Scapular Wound by QObus. Ab- stract ‘*Serapie’’, Investigation into the Disease of Sheep Called. Ab- SUT RED wine awe. Got th Pp wees Ck Secretary ’s Office Sheep Disease Hemorrhagiea Sep ticemia, A Further Contribution to the Knowledge of—and its Control by Serum Vaceination, Abstract CoO d Kare h os Vie se BAS 6 bbe 724 86 ae 564 560 100 114 Feat ; nr: PAGE reatment and Reet ne i ES eee 183 , Fever of Horses .. . 169 Z pping of Horses, Modern Re- — quirements in tkhe—Especially i in Cities Bia: te lefid cates alo 7 Socrery MEETINGS ..... 137, 294, 432, 614, 761, ‘Alabema. Veterinary Medical - Association American Veterinary Medical __ Association ......-.-..-+-. 852 5 Arkansas Veterinary Association 298 mH British Columbia Veterinary As- =a oe — sociation 614 hy. ‘Central New York Veterinary ng edical Association. x4 i. hay orado Veterinary Medical _ Association Connecticut Veterinary Medical : a Association Sse Valley Veterinary Med- _ ical Society ‘daho Association nary Graduates as ( int ‘Meeting of the California, BS State Veterinary Medical As- is sociation and its Southern ia her eed, icky Veterinary ; ~ Association . Massachusetts Veterinary Asso- ae ps station SP eaves parte Bays “chon eke s 432 jigan Veterinary Medical Bi i aston ae ouri Valley Veterinary As- : sociation Sener Sia eer cre 138, x mtana Veterinary Medical Me PE ASSOCIALION: 27)... . 294, Ps tN Yational Association Bureau of ‘ tet ez - Animal Industry Employees. eS New ‘York City Veterinary Med- he et eal Association ..142, 144, th ¥ 139 oe Mialin oo Hae ceegnl =) s) gleiehe OMe ss bp Ab. ees eet ate! je of Veteri- Sis ese lejere 6 a Joc 9 te o) - * eterinary Medical _ ei 298, 614, 617, er “York ‘State Veteri inary Medical Society : )klahoma Graduate Veterinary iat ee Association ‘Second Pan-American Scientific Congress Pinger wear ste.) S t Souther Tier Veterinary Medi- deg eal Association, INA CYS cane: 3 ’ Thhag py anesse Veterinary Medical es: Association > ys ENS ee eee : pe Avashington State Veterinary me 2 - Y _ Medical Association ....... 765 et VV 7isconsin Veterinary Medical i) ssociation AGF ae 875 aA PAGE. Splenetic Tick Fever in Cattle, Some Experiments with Bae- terial Vaccines for the Cure of. Spore Bearing Microorganisms, A_ Note on the Extreme Resistance of Two Spotted Fever, Rocky Mountain. A’bstr acti) er 72\ rita, © eee ae Streptococcus Pneumonia in Cat- tle. “Abstractes oii am eae Stricture of the Esophagus. Case ROPOLE. >. «there eeenaers terete eee Strongylidosis, A Clinical Study of Equine. Case Report Strychnine Poisoning. Abstract Sulphur Poisoning. Abstract Sulphuret of Carbon Against Gas- trophilus Equi. Abstract . Suppurative Arthritis of the Hoek. Abstract Synovitis and Tendinitis, Badin Usedeins ~Abstrache se. eeee Tetanus Antitoxin, The Treat- ment of Tetanus with. Case — Reporty (>. «i te a\eeeeeaanee Three Chambered Heart in a Heifer, A. Case Report Three Years old Colt had Navi- cular Disease. Abstract ...... Thrombosis, A Case of. Case Re- port Traumatism ina Horse, Psychical. Abstrae Zs Triplets. Trypanosomiasis, mic and Intrapalpebral Reac- tion in the Diagnosis and Dif- ferentiation of. Abstract .... Case Report Tubercular Meningitis in a Cow. Abstract co ee een ee 18% Excess: abdonmnal timid 2a aes eee 64% TlisroLogicaAL EXAMINATION OF TissuES: Forty-two histologi- cal studies were made of tissues from swine as follows: six heart muscle, four aortae, seven lungs, seven livers, nine spleens, and nine kidneys. Eighteen sections consisting of seven spleens, all four aortae, three heart muscles, three lungs and one liver showed no microscopical lesions. Among the twenty-four sections showing microscopical lesions, the following was observed: Hyperaemia—Kidneys 66-2 /3%, livers 86%. , kidneys 22%, heart muscle 16-2 3% Gere 22%, heart muscle 16-2/3%. WEIGHTS OF [INTERNAL ORGANS OF SWINE: Weights of internal organs were made and compared with the total weight of hog. In most cases there was some congestion of the internal organs and the Inflammation—Lunes 57¢ Hemorrhage—Livers 57% relative weights were usually somewhat high, though varying with- in rather wide limits, INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA IN CALVES 17 Of thirteen hogs the limits were as follows: Livers varied from 1.87% to 4.50% of total weight Spleens varied from 0.07% to 0.20% of total weight Kidneys varied from. 0.28% to 0.80% of total weight Hearts varied from.. 0.38% to 0.81% of total weight Lungs varied from... 0.99% to 3.33% of total weight Concuusions: While several agents before mentioned have proven efficient in prolonging the period of safe feeding of cotton- seed meal no practical means for eliminating the toxic element, or elements, has as yet been developed. The writer believes the effect of the above agents are purely chemical in rendering the gossypol, and possibly other toxic sub- stances, non-toxic. He has noted with others that hogs having range and rooting a great deal, apparently gain minerals from the soil and forage which enables them to withstand the cottonseed meal longer than when confined, especially when on a board floor. Since iron salts did not prevent all deaths and that a number of iron fed swine developed conspicuous rheumatic symptoms, the writer does not believe iron to be the logical antidote, but has hopes that a safe method of feeding the meal to swine will be discovered. —_— 0 ———_ THE BACILLUS ENTERITIDIS AS THE CAUSE OF INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA IN CALVES* K. F. Meyer, J. TRAUM AND C. L. Roapuouss, Berkeley, California. J . INTRODUCTION. I. Plan of Feeding Experiment. It. Course of the epidemic. a. Discussion of the Clinical Symptoms. b. Discussion of the Pathological Anatomy. e. Discussion of the Bacteriologic Findings. III. Calf Feeding Experiments with Isolated Culture, IV. Discussion of the Outbreak from an Epidemiological Viewpoint. V. Discussions of Identity of B. paracolon with the B. enteri- tidis (Gartner) and Meat Poisoning Organisms. VI. General Conclusions. *From the Laboratories of the University of California. Presented at the meeting of the A. V. M. A., Section on Sanitary Science and Police, Oakland, Cal., September, 1915, 18 MEYER, TRAUM, ROADHOUSE In the course of a feeding experiment on calves at the Agricul- tural Experiment Station of the University of California (under direction of C. L. R.), infectious diarrhea or scours in a severe form made its appearance. The writers were able to determine the _etiology of this outbreak and to prove that the B. paracolon or B. enteritidis (Gartner)! is also responsible for infectious diarrhea of calves in the United States. In view of the fact that scours has not been extensively studied in this country, we report today our find- ings. I. THe PLAN OF THE FEEDING EXPERIMENT. The object of the feeding experiment was to determine what influences the feeding of alfalfa hay or grain had upon the health of young calves. The procedure in this experiment was to allow the calves to run with their dams for four days; then to receive whole milk until ten days old, after which period there followed a reduction of whole milk at the rate of one pound per day and the addition of a like amount of skim milk until the calves were receiving all skim milk. In addition the lots were handled in separate pens as follows: Lot I, consisting of four calves (Nos. 1220, 1222, 1228 and 1239), which received, beginning with the fifth day, alfalfa hay until thirty days old. Lot II, consisting of five calves (Nos. 1241, 100, 1240, 1236 and 1237) which received, beginning with the fifth day, grain and al- falfa hay until thirty days old. Lot IIT, consisting of five calves (Nos. 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218 and 1219) which received, beginning with the fifth day, grain until they were thirty days old. The grain fed to Lots II and III consisted of rolled barley, three parts, whole oats, two parts, and bran, one part, by weight. Lot IV-a consisted of five calves (1201, 1207, 1210, 1211 and 1213). (1) The paratyphoid-enteritidis group of intestinal organisms ean be separated serologically into two large groups (I and IT.). Recent investiga- tions have shown that the representatives of these groups can be further elassi- fied on account of their specifie pathogenicity for man and animals. Various subgroups have been suggested, but in this paper the following simple classifi- cation is used: I, Paratyphoid B. group: (1) Human paratyphoid B. baeilli. (2) Paratyphoid B. baeilli of calves, hogs, and foals. (3) Meat poisoning paratyphoid B. bacilli. Il. Mnteritis (Gartner) group: (1) B. enteritidis (Gartner ).—meat poisoning. (2) Paracoli bacilli of calves, INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA IN CALVES 19 Lot IV-b consisted of five calves (1229, 1230, 1231, 1234 and 1235). Lots I[V-a and IV-b (10 animals) were check lots and they re- ceived until 30 days old no grain nor hay, but whole milk and skim milk as outlined for the other lots. At the age of 30 days and until they were 90 days old the calves in all lots were to receive : Skim milk 14 pounds per 100 pounds live weight Grain mixture 1 pound per 100 pounds live weight Alfalfa hay ad libitum. The calves for this experiment were bought promiscuously from local dairies. The whole milk and skim milk were purchased from Berkeley and Oakland creameries and fed to the calves in a raw state. Bacteria counts made on these milks on three occasions showed an average count of 5,000,000 for the skim milk and 250,000 for the whole milk. The experiment was continued until December 12th, 1914, when, on account of scours and deaths among the calves the feeding ex- periment was abandoned. The pens were scraped and disinfected and the milk pasteurized by heating with a steam hose to a tem- perature of 160°F., then allowed to stand for 30 minutes, after which it was rapidly cooled in the cans. After the disinfection of the pens and the pasteurization of the milk, only two new cases de- veloped (Nos. 1235 and 1236), one of which (No. 1236) died. From the autopsies recorded below and from Table V it will be noticed that none of the lots escaped infection. Some of the calves were treated with various agents, but since others received no treatment and recovered, it is impossible to draw any conclusions relative to the efficacy of the agents used. : II. Coursk oF THE EPIDEMIC AMONG THE CALVES. 1. Nov. 2, 1914, calf 1207, lot IV-a, aged 39 days, was chloroformed ; had been ailing for several days and had difficulty in breathing. Autopsy (J. T.) revealed necrobacillosis of the larynx. 2. Nov. 16, 1914, ealf 1237, lot II, age 30 days, was found dead ; decomposition had so far advanced that it made bacteriologic ex- amination unsatisfactory. Diagnosis enteritis. 3. Nov. 21, 1914, calf 1222, lot I, age 57 days, was brought to the Veterinary Science Laboratory. The calf had been scouring since Noy. 19th; on Nov. 20th it had a temperature of 106.6; Nov. 21st the temperature was 106.3 and the animal was killed; autopsy 20 MEYER, TRAUM, ROADHOUSE (J. T.) revealed carcass in poor condition, the tail and tissues sur- rounding the anus soiled with yellowish nauseating feces. The subeutaneous tissue of the right inguinal region showed a bloody effusion. The thoracic cavity, outside of a large number of small hemorrhages on the epicardium of the auricles and ventricles (prob- ably due to mode of slaughter) and one hemorrhagic infaret in the lung, showed no apparent changes. The abdominal cavity proper showed nothing abnormal. The small intestine viewed from the ser- ous surface showed dark bluish red discolorations. The stomach re- vealed no noteworthy alterations. The rumen contained about 7 pounds of hay. In the abomasum one large curd, rubber-like in consistency, was present. The entire length of the small intestines was reddened, thickened and hemorrhagic. The greatest portion showed a dark red discoloration. Bloody mucus and a slight amount of yellowish ingesta were contained in the small intestines. The mesenteric lymph nodes were very much enlarged and edema- tous; hemorrhages were present in the hilus; the large intestines were reddened, and the folds, especially on the ridges, showed linear and punetiform hemorrhages. The liver was enlarged and purplish in color. Gall bladder contained a turbid bile, but was not dis: tended. Spleen was slightly enlarged. The kidneys showed no apparent changes. The bladder contained clear urine, but showed a few petechiae on the mucous membrane. Cultures from the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen and gall-bladder showed a motile rod which fermented dextrose and mannit with production of acid and gas, but produced no changes in lactose and saccharose. Novy. 22, 1914, 14 ¢.c. of a 24 hour broth culture obtained from the gall-bladder was inoculated subcutaneously into guinea pig 102 and a 1 ¢.c. dose was given subeutaneously to rabbit No. 3. The guinea pig died 28-XI-14, showing swelling at point of inoculation, but no pus formation. Liver showed several irregular neerotie areas; spleen enlarged; lymph nodes, especially precrural and mesenteric, were enlarged and hemorrhagic. Cultures from heart blood and liver yielded the same organism as inoculated. The rabbit had been losing weight and was found dead 2-XII-14. No autopsy was performed. tL. Autopsy of Calf No. 1220 of Lot I: Died on December 6, 1914; autopsied (K. F. M) on December 7, 1914. Rigor mortis was passed. The cadaver emaciated; the tail and tissues sur- INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA IN CALVES 21 Se LSS a a es Se rounding the anus soiled with yellowish, fecal matter. The sub- cutis and muscles were rather dry and slightly icteric. The ab- dominal cavity contained a few c¢.c. of turbid fluid. The small and large intestines were edematous, deep bluish-red and filled with liquid, slimy, frothy, brownish blood-tinged contents. The mucous membranes were edematous, swollen and covered with bright streaks of red hemorrhages and small blood coagula. The lesions were most marked in the small intestines. The solitary follicles and Peyer’s patches were very prominent; the submucosa and mus- cularis were infiltrated with yellowish exudate. The abomasum contained a casein clot and some hay material mixed with stringy slime. The mucosa was remarkably edematous, deeply folded and reddish gray. On and between the folds were superficial erosions and numerous petechiae; toward the duodenum the inflammation increased in intensity. In the duodenum a slimy bile-stained con- tent covered the thickened and reddened mucous membrane. The mesentery showed distended lymph vessels and prominently en- larged lymph nodes. The nodes were soft, on section grayish, of a medullary appearance, with a few petechia. The spleen was about twice its normal size and its capsule tight. On section the follicles were slightly visible, the pulp soft and deep-brownish. The liver was noticeably enlarged, smooth, shiny, brownish-yellow. The parenchyma was indistinct and a few pin-head sized, grayish foci were noticed. The kidneys were swollen and‘showed small hemor- rhages in the cortex. The lungs were deep red and only slightly collapsed; in the trachea and bronchi a slight blood-tinged mucus found. On the epicardium and pericardium there were a few pe- techiae. The.myocardium was soft, turbid and grayish. Pathologic-anatomical Diagnosis: Hemorrhagic gastro-ente- ritis; spleen tumor; acute lymphadenitis of the mesenteric lymph nodes; parenchymatous degeneration of the liver, kidneys and my- ocardium; focal necrosis in the liver. _ Microscopic Examination: Liver: In sections of the liver, fixed and stained as usual, small foci of necrosis and fibrinous ex- udation were observed. Between the lobuli aggregations of large endothelial cells with slight round cell infiltration were noted. The liver cells showed cloudy swelling and some fatty infiltration. _ Spleen: Similar necrosis and endothelial cell foci, as noted in the liver, were found in the pulp. These lesions were identical with the pseudotubereles quite recently studied and deseribed by to bo MEYER, TRAUM, ROADHOUSE Joest!, so that a further detailed discussion of this observation was superfluous. Bacteriologic Examination: Heart blood, spleen, liver, mesen- teric lymph nodes, kidney and intestinal material were inoculated in bile lactose broth and ineubated for 12 hours at 37°C. The eul- tures thus obtained were plated in Endo and modified litmus-lactose agar. The following findings were recorded : Heart blood: Gram negative, non-lactose fermenting bacilli pure. Spleen, Mesenteric Lymph, Liver: ditto; ditto; ditto. Kidney: ditto; ditto; and a Gram positive coccus. Jejunum and colon: Gram negative, non-lactose fermenting bacilli pure; cocci and a lactose fermenting bacillus. The further study of these organisms identified the non-lae- tose fermenting bacillus as a B. paracolon. Dd. Autopsy of Calf No. 1240 of Lot II: age 24 days; in agony; chloroformed Dee. 7, 1914, and autopsied (K. F. M.) Pathologic anatomical findings were identical with those of Calf No. 1220. B. enteritidis isolated in pure culture from mesen- teric lymph nodes, gall-bladder, heart blood and liver. : 6. Autopsy of Calf No. 1230 of Lot IV-b, check lot: age 51 days old; autopsied (J.T.) December 9, 1914. Anatomical find- ings identical with those of calf No. 1220 and ealf No. 1222. Cultures from heart blood, positive. 7. Autopsy of Calf No. 100 of Lot IT: age 26 days; autop- sied (J.T.) December 9, 1914. Cadaver decomposed; findings similar to those of calves Nos. 1220 and 1222. 8. Autopsy of Calf No. 1211 of Lot IV-a, Check lot: 87 days old; autopsied (J. T.) December 11, 1914. Pathologic-anatomie findings identical with those of calves Nos. 1220 and 1222, excepting that the small intestines showed more blotchy red areas and liver showed many areas of foeal necrosis. Cultures from heart blood, spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes and gall-bladder yielded B. enteritidis. 9. Autopsy of Calf No. 1239 of Lot I: 32 days old; .autopsied (J. T.) December 15, 1914. This animal was killed and the anatomical lesions were found to be identical with those of calves Nos. 1220 and 1222, excepting (1) Ztseh. f. Infekt. Kr, der Haustiere, 1914, XV, p. 807-337, INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA IN CALVES 23 that the large intestines were remarkably pale. Cultures from the spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes and heart blood yielded B. paracolon. 10. Calf No. 1236 died December 25, 1914, 42 days old, but was not autopsied; had been scouring since December 20, 1914 and on that day had a temperature of 105.5. a. Discussion of the Clinical Symptoms: The records of the enzootic among the calves of the feeding experiment demonstrate that in a comparatively short interval out of a lot of 24 calves 8 succumbed to a disease resembling clinically infectious diarrhea (one dying later). At first the symptoms were not well recognized by the attendants, because an infectious cause was not suspected. In the late cases, however, the well marked course of symptoms, 1. e. the depression and weakness of the calves; the inappetency and the rough, lusterless condition of the hair and coat attracted the at- tention of the observers. As a rule fever could be recorded at that time. In 24 to 48 hours afterward the brownish-yellowish feces, usually blood-tinged and of an exceedingly nauseating, repulsive odor, made their appearance. This condition would last several days, the animal showing gradual loss in flesh, and the abdomen being tucked up. Shortly before death the animals were mostly lying on one side, showing rapid respiration and localized muscle tremors. The temperatures were normal or subnormal, usually un- satisfactory on account of the paralysis of the sphincter ani. In the fatal cases, with one exception, the animals died within three to five days, and as already mentioned, at least six calves visibly infected recovered. In a few cases the symptoms of intoxi- cation were more marked than the diarrhea. When comparing these observations with the accounts given by C. O. Jensen!, J. Poels?, Titze and Weichel*, etc., we recognized a similarity to the so-called Paracolibacillosis, so ably described by Jensen. The fact that the calves older than five days were attacked by the disease and that the course was a comparatively long one strongly suggested from the beginning that coli infection was not responsible for the deaths of the calves. The age incidence is ap- parently a great factor in the clinical diagnosis of calf scours; how- (1) C. O. Jensen; Kalberruhr in Koue-Wassermann: Handbuch der Path- ogenic Microorganismen, II Edit. 1913, VI, p. 126. (2) Rapport over de Kalverziekte in Nederland, 1899. (3) Arbeiten a. d, Kais. Gesundheitsamte, Bd. 33, Heft 3, 1910, p. 516, 24 MEYER, TRAUM, ROADHOUSE ever, not to such an extent that a bacteriological examination would be made superfluous. Christiansen* has summarized recently in a very able article on paracolibacillosis the statistics collected at the laboratories in Copenhagen, and he finds that 37.8% of the calves affected with paracolibacillosis were at an age of from 14 days to one month, 27% of one month of age or over and only 7% under 8 days of age. When calf scours occur in the early days of life, we are probably dealing with direct coli infections; in older animals para- colibacillosis is to be suspected. Infections due to organisms other than representatives of the paratyphoid-enteritidis group, like dip- lococei, pyocyaneous and proteus, occur also in older calves and, therefore, without a bacteriological examination a definite diagnosis is not possible. The cases under discussion are a fair example of this condition. b. Discussion of the Pathological Anatomy: The post-mortem findings can be considered as characteristic for a paracoli infection, inasmuch as intestinal lesions, accompanied by bacteremia, were present in every instance. The hemorrhagic inflammation of vary- ing degrees was always associated with an exceedingly marked en- largement of the mesenteric lymph nodes. These nodes were at least twice the size of normal, very pale, soft edematous, and only in the cortical zones were a few hemorrhages seen. The septicemia condition was indicated by an acute spleen tumor; the organ was two or three times its normal size; the capsule was very tight and in some instances covered with petechiae and hemorrhages; the pulp was soft and hyperemic and the follicles were indistinet. In one specimen a few small necroses could be detected. The liver was always enlarged, of yellowish-brown color on section and at times showed numerous, grayish foci of necrosis. The general ic- terus present indicated the severe impairment of the liver. In the dark kidneys, numerous small petechiae in the cortex were present. In one animal the beginning of a hemorrhagic broncho-pneumonia was noted. These findings correspond in every respect with those deseribed by Thomassen, Jensen, Christiansen and others, and can be consid- ered characteristic. However, when colibacillosis occurs in older calves the lesions resemble greatly those of paracolibacillosis and the diagnosis is difficult. The hemorrhagic diathesis on the spleen and (4) Paracolibacillose hos Kyaeget; Saertryk of Maanedsskrift for Dy- rlaeger, XXVI. 1915, INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA IN CALVES 25 epicardium is, however, more marked in colibacillosis than in para- colibacillosis. The microscopic examination of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes revealed the presence of the well-known necroses which have recently been the subject of numerous publications, particularly by Joest who has described such lesions under the name of pseudo- tubercles. Christiansen also discusses these conditions in his last report. Doubtless they are characteristic for the infections of the typhoid-paratyphoid organisms in man and in animal, but that they are the sequels of emboli of spleen cells or cells from the lymph nodes, in the sense of Mallory, is not conclusively proven. In fact, Christiansen has infected a splenectomized calf with paracoli or- ganisms and found the usual necroses and pseudotubercles in the liver just as he had observed them in spontaneously infected animals. The exceedingly toxic character of the organisms causing the enzootic probably accounts for the absence of secondary broncho- pneumonia and serous fibrinous exudates on the pleura and peri- toneum, which have been mentioned by Jensen and others as usually present. c. Discussion of the Bacteriological Findings: The blood, organs and intestinal contents were enriched in lactose bile for about 12 hours, and then spread on a modified ltmus-lactose medium (100 ¢.c. of Liebig’s 3% agar, reaction plus 0.4, mixed with 13 c.c. of al% lactose-litmus solution, previously sterilized in a water bath). The pure cultures obtained from the heart blood or organs were in every instance transplanted on various media; the reactions and changes noted are shown in Table I. The fermentation of the car- bohydrates are tabulated in Table Il. The organism was iso- lated without difficulty from the heart blood, the intestines, liver, spleen, etc. It is a short rod, with rounded ends, stains easily with the ordinary aniline dyes, but is not Gram nor acid fast. In alkaline broth, short coccoid or long filaments with marked motility were constantly seen. The cultural characteristics studied in com- parison with many other bacteria show that the organism is a mem- ber of the paratyphoid-enteritidis group. ontq oy OFF rwodeoqy oO} ot OFF 074 oO} 0491. Orne 0441 0 9ouese -1ON A WSUS | 04tC oid ota ses Ses a9 WOTy eu Ory -BInSe -Byuse pesueyo | -oo ‘Sur | poSweya | -oo ‘Sut LOL “Usp Pay ug -Wappeay 1eae ~ pas-qesyney UOl}N}OS Y9S}ay) || MOyaIsIeg | | Moyaisieg probry pues yst -MOT[ox ‘SUL “IB9T) ease OF OFF S) s R oI 2 | + = Sh © = dal} = et B. = auty -eSen| © = = = “exLV OF OF oF = a = oid = p se 2 ror) S on Pa ° = os S 2 2 od | Cd | od | oC Peele Stade ontd B € Sate |e = = gz = satuojoa | = zy = © ysryatqd | & od | Nd | od | om oes ae Me ie by outed ~ > Ezy 5 eS, wor} mor} 3 = $ 5 -BULLOF -BULLOT S > = = sed seo = 5 = x pre | ses on | y prov S =f asueyo | Ay sy Ay | eb goraoros | ON “PIQIUL | -PIQINL | -prqany, . ssapto[op eS, | sede MIN Yyolg 8S0}/2W | YyO1G aS0}9e7 |yjoNg asoanjg | “jopuy | yjorg | aunelag | seay yeSeopuy | asoyaey pap smut] SOMLSTYALOVAVAYD Teo @) ‘| @1avy, % 61 prow Wt Pow BWOF'T | Pr’ %6'0 Plow %0E'T pre BOT SLOT} MOD %0UF PH % TO | oulpexle %etT0 | prow %Ge'sg PHB WSs pre %¢G9% jt ‘ON Jeo [eyuourtstodxgy % OF POV %0G'0 | OULTBYLV %ES"0 | pre %OF's PHB WOE PLO’ %09'% OSSl SIPYI1ajUa “gT % 8's OUT[VATS WHET") | OULeHTe %OF'O | prow Wee's PIO’ W's PIO’ %OL'S LTSL Spyiiaqua “Eg | ) % OF 00°0 | OULLEHTE 24090 | pre %ovs PHB %00'E PHB %0L'S OBST SIPI1aqUa “ET PLOW %H0B'0 | OULTBALB %EG'O | Prev %01'°S PLOe %Gs'E PPE %01'S BBSl SIPIaqUa “g— %08'F pre %0g'0 00 | PLOB® %01'3 PPE %0z'E PLOW %09' GEST SIPI1a}Ua “ET ~T %1 I eg ca! ~1 :uMmayg Jo uoYRUstseg ssouIqviy ULIGXO(T ULOT[BG OSOUULB IT 9SOJIBT RL) oy LON : : ; SULVUGAHOGUV,) JO NOMLVINGWYA A *("}U0D) JT] AIAVY, pre YOLT | pre 6ST poe %WGT | pre %ost | PHB WEST] Pre %Gs'T pre % GT S]O.1ZU0/) Pre %09G oulTeyTe %Z'0 | prow’ %Woe'e | 0°0| Pree Were PHe WOVF jt “ON J[e9 [epuourtredxgy Plow %GG's aes oulTeyTe %Z'O | prow %cee | 0'°0| prev %oG"¢s prow %CH'S OSS Sipipiiaqua “g_ pre %063 se ourpeyye %Z'0 | prow %ceg | ourpeyye % 10) prev %oe'e PLHe WOH TI@L Sipyiiazua “g— pre Y06S ouT[eyTe %T0 | prwewe % Fg 0°0| - PIER %0L'S Pree %Co'F OBST SIpiyrsaqua “g_ prow %c9's | ple %eo | oureyre %T'0 | pre % ee | oureye % ¢'0| prow %ee'e pre % CF BSSL SIpijriaqua “g_ PHe %0es «Hw BWso |oureyre %zo | pre % ge | oumeyre % ¢-o| pre %og'e prow % O'F GESL SIPYyLiaqua “g_ St | WT AT On ae %T % AT :urerjs Jo worpeustsoq oTIUAB YL osounyey asoqpoRryT SOR IL WSOIBYOIVG aSO[NAO'T asooupy) “HORN (N 0Z/T WEN po}yeajty Udy} pue sAep G AOF Po}eqnout atom “poyRyost suIeays a} YA poejejnoour ‘soyeapAyogteo oatpoodsot oY} YIM VIPOUL OOIF BSNS BY} :SMOT[OF SB INO pollIwd o19M $}S0} OIL, SHLVYGAHOAUVY) FO NOMLVINAWYAY “[] AAV, - 28 MEYER, TRAUM, ROADHOUSE The fermentation of the arabinose was very characteristic, in- asmuch as only after several transplants an arabinose fermenting ‘‘mutant’’ was obtained. The strains behaved in every respect lke the Bacillus enteritidis described by Titze and Weichel, Christian- sen and others. For further identification, the bacillus was tested with various agglutinating sera and the following results were ob- tained : TaBLe IIT Antisera Bacillus isolated from calf 1239 B. Typhosus (Cross) 1:200 B. paratyphosus A (polyvalent 1, 2, 3) 0 B. paratyphosus A (G) 0 B. paratyphosus B (4 & 5) 0 B. paratyphosus B (homo) 0 B. suipestifer (G) 0 B. suipestifer (V) 0 B. enteritidis (A.M.N.S.) (1:16,000) 1:10,000 B. enteritidis (G) (1:10.000) 1:10,000 B. typhi murium No. 1. 1:10,000 B. abortivuis equarius 0 B. typhi suis . 0 B. Voldagsen 0 TasLeE IV Strains of calves No. | 1211 | 1229 | 1222 | 1230 | 1239 | 1239(P) Antiserum B, enteri- E | | | | ie tidis (GS 1:40,000) 1: :10 ,000 | 1:8,000}1:20,000 1: 20 ,000)1:10,000 1: 20 ,000 Antiserum B, enteri- tidis No.18(1:6,000) 2,000 | 1: 1,000] i 1,000 1 2,000| 1 1:2,000| 2,000 _ INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA IN CALVES 29 TABLE V Examination to determine the existence of carriers among the remaining calves. ‘Clinical symptoms and temperatures | Agglutination *Feces examination enriched No. Calf | Lot No. on following dates race tue in bie broth 1 1201 IVa |104.6 (11-XII-14), 103.0 Staphylococci, B. coli (12-XIT-14) 0} and streptococci 2 1210 IVa |106.2 ( 9-XIT-14), 103.0 (12-XIT-14) 0| B, Coli, staphylococei 3) 1213 IVa |No symptoms 0) PES See be ren cces be A 4 1215 III |No symptoms 0| Staphylococci and B. coli 5 1216] III |No symptoms 1:100) B. coli & staphylococci 6 1217 | III |No symptoms 0| B. coli 7 1218 III |No symptoms OQ): ie ere eae 8 1219 III |Visibly sick, blood-tinged diarrhea; 107 (7-XII-14) 106.2 (8-XII-14), 106.8 (9-XII-14), 106 (10-XIT- 14, and remained high 1:100| B. coli, staphylococci for several days and B. alkigenes 9 1228 I No symptoms 0|B. coli and B. meta- coli 10 1229 IVb |104.6 (8-XII-14) weak, 104 (9-XITI-14) 0| Staphylococci, strepto- cocci and B. coli TEE 1231 IVb |No symptoms 0| Staphylococci and B. 12 1234 IVb |Sick and scouring, 103.6 coli (11-XII-14) 104.5 (13- XII-14) 1:100} B. coli and B. alki- 13 1235 IVb |Visibly depressed and genes blood-tinged feces, 103.7 (30-XII-14) 103 (7-1-15) 103 (12-1-15) 1:200| B. coli 14 1241 Le 103.6 (11-XII-14), 103.8 (13-XII-14), 103.4 (23- XIT-14), 102.3 (25-XIT -14) 0| B. eoli and B. staphy- lococei Control, Healthy, non contact Ol .eefeci ee Sa eee *Bacteriological examination of feces made by Miss Grace Griffith, The isolated bacteria are pathogenic for guinea pigs and rab- bits. They produce exceedingly active toxins. Even the smallest doses when repeatedly applied to rabbits will cause loss in weight and a predisposition to secondary infections to which the animals invariably succumb. The organisms isolated from the various calves are typical representatives of the Bacillus enteritidis Gartner group. 30 MEYER, TRAUM, ROADHOUSE Pathogenicity tests on calves: To strengthen the bacteriologi- eal findings and the conclusions that the enzootic among the calves was caused by the Bacillus paracolon, two feeding experiments were carried out. These experiments, of which records are given below, demonstrated the high pathogenicity of the isolated organisms for calves. Both animals promptly developed clinical symptoms, but only the first calf, which was three weeks old, succumbed to the in- fection; the second one—38 days old—was temporarily sick, but recovered. Since the serum examination of the second calf re- vealed an agglutination of 1:1,000 with the Bacillus enteritidis Gartner, 14 days after feeding, it may be safely assumed that this animal was really infected, but survived, in the same manner as the six other calves which were affected in the outbreak and recovered. III. Frepinc Experiments: (1) Calf No. 1, raised at the University Dairy, 17 days old, was fed (J.T.) with pasteurized milk containing 25 ¢.c. of a broth culture of strain 1239, January 14, 1915. On January 15, 1915, the animal showed a temperature of 106.0, a very severe diarrhea of repulsive odor and was very depressed. January 16, 1915: The animal was somewhat more active; maximum temperature 103.0; the diarrhea was still very marked and of bad odor. January 17,1915: found dead in the stable. Autopsy (by K.F.M.and J.T.): Rigor mortis was still pres- ent. The muscles were slightly icteric. In the peritoneal cavity there was a small amount of fluid. The intestines were deeply red- dened, swollen and content was blood-tinged and slimy. The mu- cosa was edematous and studded with hemorrhages; the hemor- rhagic inflammation was found in the jejunum and ileum. The cecum was slightly reddened and had a slimy content. The spleen was small and dry. The liver was dark-brownish, architecture indistinct and showed a few focal neeroses. The kidneys were slightly swollen and turbid. Mesenteric lymph nodes were consid- erably enlarged, even for the age of the animal; soft and grayish on section; in the cortex there were a few hemorrhages. The lungs were collapsed and grayish-red; the myocardium, grayish, turbid ; the blood, well coagulated. , Pathologic-anatomical diagnosis: Wemorrhagie enteritis, lym- phadenitis, degeneration of the parenchymatous organs, INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA IN CALVES 31 Bacteriological examination of experimental calf: The en- riched cultures from the various organs gave the following results : Mesenteric lymph nodes: B. paracolon. Liver: B. paracolon. Spleen: B. paracolon. Heart blood: Streptococe. Bile: Streptococer. Small intestines: B. paracolon, streptococe: and B. coli. Control test of feces from University Dairy calves on 18th, 19th and 21st of January, 1915, enriched in bile, were negative for the B. enteritidis. (2) Calf No. 2: age 38 days, was fed (by J.T.) 25 ce. of 1239 on January 27, 1915; showed a rise in temperature and diarrhea, but apparently recovered in a short time. Jan. 28th—105.3, drank all the milk fed. Jan. 29th—105.0, drank well, blood stained feces. Jan. 31st—102.6, blood-streaked feces. Feb. 1st—104.0, diarrhea and very depressed. Samples of feces examined on 4th and 5th of February, 1915; negative. Blood examined February 13th, 1915, gave an agelu- tination 1:1000. The two calves were raised at the University and neither had been sick nor directly exposed to the infection before entering this experiment. They were under our observation from January 11, 1915, and at no time before the feeding of the cultures did these ‘animals show a rise of temperature or other indication of disease. While under our observation the calves were fed pasteurized whole milk and skim-milk with a little grain and hay. IV. Discussion OF THE OUTBREAK FROM AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL VIEWPOINT: We attempted to explain in what manner the infec- tion was introduced. It is the general belief that paracolibacil- losis is a stable infection, or is introduced either by milk or by means of apparently healthy carriers. That the disease was the result of stable infection could naturally not be investigated inas- much as the calves used in the feeding experiments came from vari- ous dairies. The suspicion was then directed toward the milk, but only indirect evidence is available that this food was responsible for the introduction of the infection, since from the moment the milk was pasteurized only two new cases developed, which, however, may as well have been infected previous to the pasteurization of the milk, 32 MEYER, TRAUM, ROADHOUSE At the same time, thorough disinfection was carried out. That the milk occasionally harbors the Bacillus enteritidis Gartner, has been shown by Zwick?, Hubener*, and Klein‘, etc., particularly when col- lected from animals which are suffering from various forms of mas- titis. The report of the government veterinarians for the State of . Oldenburg in Germany” mentions that in 1902 the number of cases of calf scours was very small. Several veterinarians and farmers attribute this result to the obligatory pasteurization of the milk in the cereameries. According to Tapken the infectious diarrhea has fre- quently been spread by the use of unboiled, skimmed or whole milk. To what extent carriers were responsible for the infection, we could not determine, since we had no opportunity to investigate this point before the calves were placed in the feeding experiments and are, therefore, unable to express a definite opinion on the de- batable question, whether or not calves can harbor the paracoli organisms. The reports in literature are contradictory on this point. Titze and Weichel and Ammann have examined over 304 healthy calves, but failed to find paratyphoid or paracoli organ- isms. Morgan and Eekbert, Horn and Huber and Christiansen, however, state in their reports that they have isolated paratyphoid- like organisms from healthy calves. Christiansen, therefore, draws the conclusions that the paracol organisms are constant inhabi- tants of the intestinal tract and acquire pathogenic properties under certain conditions and are then responsible for the enteritis. It is quite apparent that the explanation given by him is following close- ly the ideas of C. O. Jensen, brought forward by this writer to explain the coli infections in calves. We have no experimental evidence to support or refute this contention, but feel justified from observations in laboratory epidemies in mice in calling attention to this possibility, even though in our limited feces examinations from healthy calves we failed to find the organisms. 'Titze and Weichel on the other hand have shown that calves, recovering from paracoli- bacilliosis frequently eliminate the specific organism for at least 14 days. The danger caused by such temporary carriers is quite ap- parent and does not need further discussion. In this outbreak we were interested to know if such a condition (1) Oldenburgisher Veterinarbericht 1912; referenee. Berlin tierarzt Wochensehr. XXII, 1915, page 354. (2) Arb, ad. Kaiser Gesundhamte Bd. 33, 1910. (3) Deutsehe Med. Wochenschrift 1908, No. 24, (4) Centbl. f. Bakt. Abt. IL Bd, 38, 1905, we INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA IN CALVES existed among the remaining 14 calves and two months after the first death among the calves was recorded, a serum test and a bac- teriological examination of feces of these bovines were made. The results are tabulated in table V. None of the animals showed para- typhoid-like organisms in the feces; four animals (1216, 1219, 1234 and 1235) showed agglutinins for the B. enteritidis and the isolated causative agent of this outbreak. Three of these ani- mals, (1219, 1234 and 1235) were clinically diseased and doubtless infected. The bacteriological examination was only carried out once and is of slight significance, since the organisms of the para- typhoid group are frequently eliminated in intervals only and one examination is insufficient to permit the conclusion that these ani- mals were not latent carriers. The manner by which the infection was introduced in the feed- ing experiment could not be determined, but we feel that the raw milk was probably responsible for the enzootic. V. IDENTITY OF THE ISOLATED B. PARACOLON WITH THE B. EN- TERITIDIS (GARTNER) AND THE MEAT POISONING ORGANISM. The fact that the isolated organism gave all the identity reactions of the B. enteritidis Gartner and behaved serologically as such opens also the question whether or not this organism is identical with the meat poisoning organisms. Most of the German investigators conclude that the B. enteritidis is identical with the B. paracoli of calves, be- cause one is unable to separate the organisms of the Gartner group according to their pathogenicity for laboratory animals. Through epidemiological investigations we have gradually become accustomed to believe that cases of meat poisoning are due to intravital infee- tion of the meat or food stuffs and not post-portem contamination by carriers, but from observations in recent years upon paratyphoid B. infections in man, on the other hand, we know that meat is only responsible for infection in a small number of cases and one feels in studying the recent literature that the early conceptions are gradually being modified. Paratyphoid infections of pork are so common in countries where hog cholera exists that paratyphoid epidemics would be more frequent than is actually the case were the paratyphoid organ- isms from these species pathogenic for man. The same may hold true relative to the paracoli organisms of calves; and even if they are biochemically and serologically identical with the B. enteri- tidis Gartner, they are as a rule little virulent for man and rarely 34 MEYER, TRAUM, ROADHOUSE Gul oe NG Bae ae possess as high a pathogenicity for man as the true meat poisoning organisms. Among the staff of investigators, assistants, stablemen, ete., all of whom came in very close contact with cultures, post-mortem material, feces, etc., only one individual, who suffered from chronic mucous colitis and was therefore abnormally predisposed, contract- ed a severe enteritis in which the paracoli bacillus isolated from calf 1239 was found to be the cause. Inasmuch as the patient completely recovered, and was found to be no longer a carrier, the question of how animal pathogenic B. enteritidis occasionally be- come modified to a human pathogenic organism could unfortunately not be solved. We suspect, however, that under practical epidem- iological conditions the susceptibility of the individual plays an important role in transforming animal pathogenic paracolon to a human pathogenic one. We feel that the above discussion concerning the relation of animal diseases to human infection was appropriate and hope it will stimulate further and more accurate investigations than we were able to conduct. CONCLUSION B. enteritidis (Gartner) is responsible in the United States for certain forms of infectious diarrhea in calves. Our knowledge con- cerning B. enteritidis and paracoli infections, especially in bovines in this country, is very limited. Mohler and Buckley’ report an enzootic among adult cattle from which they isolated as the causa- tive agent, an organism which belongs to the paratyphoid-enteritidis group. During the course of their extensive investigations they infected a five months old calf by intravenous injection, producing visible indications of the disease including scours. The animal died within three days after inoculation. The subcutaneous in- jection into another calf caused loeal and thermic reactions. This calf they subsequently fed with a culture without causing any ill ‘Tt was unfortunate that this feeding experi- ment should have been made with an animal previously inoculated effect and they state with this bacillus, as it seems highly probable that a more or less immunizing was occasioned thereby’’. Reports of human infee- tions due to B. enteriditis (Gartner) are also rare in this country. Hogan* reports food poisoning in California which he attributed 1) Nineteenth Annual Report of the B. A. T., 1902, p. 297-331. California State Board of Health-Bulletin, Vol. IV, Dee., 1908, p. 67-69, AN OUTBREAK OF FOWL TYPHOID 5 a aa TENS TER 2S A to the meat poisoning bacteria, but since serologic tests were not conducted it is not definitely established whether these cases which were thought to be due to the consumption of beef were actually caused by B. enteritidis (Gartner). Torrey and Rohe® in their studies in canine distemper mention B. enteritidis as an important secondary invader. Our observations do not permit definite conclusions as to the prevention and treatment of infectious diarrhea occurring in calves after the first few days of their lives; they do, however, suggest that when milk of an unknown quality is fed to calves it should be fed in a pasteurized condition. Symptomatic treatment is, as a rule, not satisfactory and not much can be expected from either serum or serum and bacterin treatment unless the specific organism is employed in the production of these biologic products. (8) Jrn. of Medical Research XXVIT, 1912, p. 515. ——— 0 = A REPORT UPON AN OUTBREAK OF FOWL TYPHOID* WALTER J. TAYLOR Assistant Professor of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, University of California. Although fowl typhoid has been recognized as such in but few instances in the United States, we believe that in many cases of so- ealled fowl cholera, fowl typhoid was the real cause of loss and was not recognized because this disease has not received the attention accorded to fowl cholera. Attention was first called to this disease in 1894 by Theobald Smith who found it to be present in Rhode Island. The following year Moore studied the same disease in Virginia and the first graphic account of an organism as a causative factor coupled with a descrip- tion of the symptoms, morbid anatomy and the specific organism was presented by him at that time. He isolated and described an organism which he named Bacterium sanguinaritum and which he *Presented at the meeting of the A. V. M. A., Section on Sanitary Science and Police, Oakland, Cal., September, 1915. 36 ’ WALTER J. TAYLOR showed to be the specific causative factor. He suggested the name ‘‘Infectious Leukemia’’ for the disease. Further investigation, however, has shown that the disease is not a true leukemia, but rather a leucocytosis brought about by the infecting organism. Curtice studied an outbreak of the disease in Rhode Island in 1902 and gave it the name of ‘‘Fowl Typhoid.’ This latter nomencla- ture seems to be more applicable and was accepted by Moore in a later publication. In 1913 Pfeiler and Rehse described the Tee anew under the name B. typhi gallinarum alcalifaciens. A brief history of the outbreak which led to the investigation of the disease in California is as follows: In the spring of 1912 a poultry raiser in San Francisco lost several fowls rather suddenly from a disease which seemed to occur sporadically, but which did not spread to other members of the flock. The birds of the flock were kept in small lots of 12 to 25 each. Seven or eight mature hens succumbed to the first attack. A post mortem revealed yolk of eggs in various stages of development and all appeared to be rup- tured. Considerable yolk substance was also present in the abdom- inal cavities of the birds. The owner informed the writer that he attributed the cause of death to ‘‘ broken eggs’’ and thought nothing further about it. The carcasses were buried in one of the yards where the dirt was loose and no further trouble occurred during the year. At the time our attention was first called to the disease the owner gave the following history : “On May 5, 1913, I had 70 hens and pullets one year old and over, 6 breeding males, and 260 chicks of various ages. The birds commenced to die about the 7th or 8th of May, 19138. The first to succumb were laying hens which had been allowed to run outside the yards and had aecess to the burial place of those which died last year. ‘The birds did not seem to become affected in any regular sequence, but came down in bunches of 6 to 10 at a time and at in- tervals of several days. The yolk condition noted in those whieh died last spring was present, also a peculiar pale condition of the kidneys which led me to suspect poisoning. The birds having been given quite a quantity of water cress for green food, I attributed this as the cause of death, because the contents of the intestines had a more or less greenish tinge. ‘An interval of two weeks elapsed before any more birds showed symptoms and these were observed more closely. The first 9 AN OUTBREAK OF FOWL TYPHOID 37 eS UIE IN a ee 2 symptom noticed was the drowsy or sleepy appearance of the af- fected birds. Soon after, the droppings became soft and of a yel- lowish color, oceasionally streaked with green. They were espec- ially green from one male bird. The birds showed a disposition to stay on the roost, unwilling to move about, sleepy most of the time, head down into the ruff or hanging pendent. They would be sick for 5 to 10 days then die. Both males and females were affected. ‘‘Postmortem examination showed kidneys to be from clay to terra cotta colored, sometimes streaked with red showing capillary congestion and the ureters were filled with a semi-solidified urine. Quantities of free yolk were present in the abdominal cavity of the hens and occasionally the mesentery would be dotted with dark spots. Still believing the birds to be dying from some form of poisoning especially affecting the kidneys, I sent the backs contain- ing the kidneys from several birds to the chemical laboratory for analysis, but no evidence of poison was found.’’ It was at this time that the writer was asked to make an inves- tigation of the disease. On visiting the place July 25, we found about twenty-five birds consisting of Rhode Island Reds, Barred Rocks and White and Brown Leghorns, both male and female. Nine Rhode Island Red hens were sick at the time. The runs and houses were dry and free from any decaying matter. The sani- tary conditions were far above the average. The roosts and drop- ping boards were clean and the dropping boards had been freshly dusted. The nine affected hens were housed by themselves and showed the same symptoms as those already described. They had been affected three or four days at the time we saw them. The most striking symptom observed at that time was extreme sleepi- ness and a tendency to remain on the roost. Diarrhea was present in about half of the cases. No young birds were seen as they had been sold for slaughter in an attempt to reduce the economic loss as far as possible. Only a few of the younger birds had died. They appeared to be less susceptible to the disease than the mature fowls. In young chicks, however, the disease seemed to be very rapid- ly fatal. A large percentage of several hatches died in from a few days to several weeks of age, all showing the same symptoms ob- served in the older birds and upon postmortem no pronounced lesions were found, save a peculiar paleness of the intestines and kidneys. 38 WALTER J. TAYLOR Sy wt net ae Disinfection of the pens was advised, also permanganate of potash in the drinking water. Instructions were left to send the first dead bird to us for examination. Postmortem Notes. July 31. Adult Rhode Island Red hen in good condition. Died on the 12th day after symptoms appeared. Comb and skin about head pale.and anemic. Visible mucous mem- branes pale. Peritoneum pale and, showed a yellowish exudate. Intestines pale, contents normal, oviduct somewhat congested. Nu- merous egg yolks present, varying in size from one to two milli- meters in diameter. Some of the larger yolks ruptured. Liver slightly enlarged, very friable, dark red in color with darker red markings occurring in streaks. Indistinct areas of necrosis one to two millimeters in diameter, color of clay evidently under liver cap- sule. Kidneys swollen, of a clay color with a few narrow red streaks on the surface. Spleen slightly enlarged, lungs normal, heart muscle pale with a peculiar irregular mottling of a light gray color. Blood of heart all contained in auricles very thin and watery. Cultures were planted on slant agar from liver, oviduct and heart blood. In 24 hours the cultures from the liver and heart blood showed a growth of a short rod-shaped organism, 1 to 2 mi- erons in length with rounded ends. It grew singly or in pairs. It. took the aniline stains but feebly showing a dark periphery and lighter center. It did not take the polar stain shown by certain species of the Pasteurella group. Cultures from oviduct mixed. Aug. 4. Barred Rock adult hen in good condition. Died on the 15th day. Dead 48 hours when received. Organs practically ‘ same as in the first bird except liver and kidneys. Liver still more enlarged, very friable, red streaks more pronounced. Clay col- ored necrotic areas absent. Kidneys chocolate brown in color and showing pronounced red streaks and congestion. Mucous mem- branes, and peritoneum pale. Cultures made on slant agar from auricular blood showed pure culture of the same organism found in first dead bird. The morphology of the organism isolated from the dead birds, its cultural and biochemie properties, together with the symptoms and morbid anatomy led us to suspect the presence of fowl typhoid. We made a visit to the place where the disease had existed for the purpose of studying the blood of the affected birds, but found that the entire flock had been destroyed, AN OUTBREAK OF FOWL TYPHOID 39 SE a bce | 6 ee In order to ascertain the period of incubation, study the clini- eal symptoms of the disease, carry on some inoculation experiments and verify our pathological findings, we secured a number of fowls of various breeds from a local poultry supply house. Inasmuch as this disease had been described as affecting the normal blood content, the examination of the blood was begun as soon as the experimental birds were inoculated. The results of these examinations were as follows: TaBLE No. I Experimental Fowl No. 1. White Leghorn Cockerel. Date Temp. Red Cells | Leucocytes | Remarks Aug. 8 108.1 | 3840000 20220 Injected 1 ¢.c. 30 hour bouillon culture in wing vein at 6 P.M. Aug. 9 107. 3468000 45220 Aug. 10 109.4 3332000 * 35600 Diarrhea present. Aug.. 11 108.6 3036000 31000 Aug. 12 107.2 2888000 61000 Aug. 13 107.8 Aug. 14 107. 2592000 89440 | Aug. 15 107.2 Writer ill, no further blood Aug. 16 106.5 count made for some time. Aug. 17 106. Aug. 18 | 106.2 Aug. 19 | 106.4 Aug. 20 106. 2780000 62320 Aug. 21 106.4 2924000 51280 Aug. 22 106.5 | At this date we learned that this bird had been fed viscera from a fowl out of the affect- ed flock a couple of weeks be- fore. This bird was in apparently perfect health at the time it was killed and a postmortem examination made. (Aug. 29). The only pathological lesion found was a slightly enlarged and dark colored liver. Cultures were made on slant agar from spleen, liver and kidneys. A pure culture of the organism under observation was obtained from the spleen. The tubes inoculated from the liver and kidneys remained sterile. Plate cultures in series made from the rectum showed, among many others, probably colon, several colonies resembling those of the organism causing fowl typhoid. From one of the colonies, Bac- terium sanguinarium was recovered and was shown by the cultural characteristics and the morphology. 40 WALTER J. TAYLOR Experimental Fowl No. 2. TaBLE No. II Rhode Island Red hen 1 yr. old (fat) Date Temp. Red Cells | Leucocytes Remarks Aug. 9 105.9 3068000 27600 Inoculated in wing vein with 10 min. 24 hour bouillon culture ate duels Me Aug. 10 108.4 2872000 92000 Aug. 11 108.2 2800000 178000 Indifferent to food. Aug. 12 108.1 Aug. 13 107.6 2392000 192000 Many blue stained red cells ob- served Aug. 14 | 104.6 Aug. 15 105-56) 5) At this date writer was taken ill Aug. 16 108.4 and only temperature of bird Aug. 17 110. was observed. Aug. 18 110.8 Aug. 19 igh Aug. 20 Found dead at 8 A. M. PostMorTEM. Comb and skin of head somewhat darkened. Mucous membranes pale and anemic. showed numerous necrotic areas. Liver greatly enlarged and Spleen enlarged to about five times normal size, dark color and of the consistency of the spleens of cattle which have died from anthrax. Intestines pale, petechial hemorrhages on serous and mucous surfaces, kidneys muddy yellow color showing congestion of the capillaries. Lungs normal, heart covered with fat and normal. Blood all in auricles, thin and watery. Examination of smears made from spleen, liver and kid- neys showed the presence of the organism. Pure cultures of Bac- tertum sanguinarium were obtained from liver, spleen, kidney and heart blood. TasiE No. III Kxperiment Fowl No. 3. Spangled Wyandotte Hen. Date | Temp. | Red Cells | Leucocytes Remarks Aug. 20 | 106.4 3740000 21282 Fed spleen and portion of liver | and kidney of Exper. fowl No. 2. Aug. 22 } 107.8 | 3268000 32300 Aug. 24 | 109.5 2017000 74680 Indifferent to food. Aug. 26 108.9 2628000 35620 | Aug. 27 107.2 3332000 32540 Blue stained red cells observed. Aug. 28 | 107.5 Aug. 29 107. 8028000 19100 Aug. 30 107.6 Aug. 31 107.4 | Sept. J 107.1 | 3356000 22440 | Apparently healthy. Sept. 3 107, Apparently healthy. Sept. 15 Remained well. Recovered. LLL AN OUTBREAK OF FOWL TYPHOID 41 TABLE No. IV White Wyandotte hen (Very fat) Experimental Fowl No. 4. Date | Temp. | Aug. 24 | 106.8 Aug. 25 | 107. Aug. 26 | 107. Aug. 28 108.1 Aug. 29 | 109.8 Aug. 30 | 110.2 Aug. 31 111.2 Sept. 1 POSTMORTEM. 3274000 Red Cells _ 2113000 2042000 2000000 1720000 | Leucoeytes 20220 21000 34400 98700 138670 Mucous membranes of head very pale. Remarks Fed culture of Bact. Sangui- narium at 9 A. M. Comb pale. Slght diarrhea. Visibly sick. Many blue stain- ed red cells seen. Found dead at 9 A, M. Intes- tines pale and abdominal cavity contained quantity of straw colored liquid. Contents of intestines apparently normal. enlarged, very friable, and showing areas of necrosis. Liver somewhat Spleen dark colored, greatly enlarged. Heart muscle pale, blood thin and watery and all contained in auricles. Cultures planted on slant agar showed in 24 hours pure culture of the organism.. TaBLE No. V Experimental Bird No. 5. White Leghorn Cockerel. Fed culture of Bact. sanguinar- ium from rectum of Exp. bird Date | Temp. | Red Cells | Leucocytes Remarks Sept. 1 107.8 2874000 17330 IN@,. ik Sept. 2 108. 2532000 47280 Sept. 3 108.4 2068000 72300 *Sept. 4 | *At this date the writer was called to another part of the state so did not have a chance to make daily observations upon this bird. we learned that this bird died on Sept. 9, 1913. On Sept. 20, however, During our investigation of this disease we made differential leucocytic counts upon the blood of fowls affected with the disease and that of healthy fowls. of our results: The appended tables show a comparison TaBLE No. VI Differential Leucocyte Counts upon the Blood of Diseased Birds. Bird No. Red Leuco- Percentage of Varieties Cells cytes | I | Il | Ill | iv. lf 21-200 “See eee oleae 4.8 V 2068000 (2300) ||, 20:5) clits Gla. vented | 0.1 at v—_—_————oeo—o—o——o——— 42 WALTER J. TAYLOR Taste No. VII Differential Leucocyte Counts upon the Blood of Healthy Fowls. : Percentage of Varieties Bird and Breed Leucocytes Lympho- Pile Polynu- rene Mast cytes scl clears ; Cells No, I Wh. Wyan..... | 20220 56.7 6. 33.2 1.9 2.6 No. II Wh. Legh.... 17330 42.7 10.2 41.6 23 3.2 No. III Wh. Wyan... 22440 60.1 8.2 25.5 3.4 2.8 INO servi Be) ROCK ers: 28372 42.2 14.2 35.6 3.9 4.1 INOS Vietiss ROC Ke pmer |> 30017 54.6 6.6 29.3 6.8 20 The above tables show that the increase in leucocytes is con- fined almost entirely to the polymorphonuclear variety which of course affects the total percentage of the other varieties. In view of the fact that our findings differ somewhat from those of Moore and Dawson, we give below what we found to be the mor- phological, cultural and biochemic properties of Bacterium sangui- narvum. MorruHouocy. The individual organisms are short rods with rounded or somewhat pointed ends. They usually occur singly but in clumps or masses from tissue, while in culture they may appear in pairs united end to end. In size they vary from .3 to .5 microns broad and 1 to 2 microns long. There seems to be a peripheral ar- rangement of the protoplasm observed when stained with fuchsin or methylene blue. This is especially noticeable in smears made from diseased tissue. It is Gram negative. CULTURAL AND BIOCHEMIC PRopERTIES. The organism is aerob- ic and facultative anaerobic. It grows readily at from 34 to 37.5 degrees centigrade, somewhat less vigorously at room temperature. Plain Bouillon. Uniform cloudiness in the media appears at the end of 24 hours. Slight friable sediment but on further ineu- bation sediment becomes more pronounced and viscid, showing pel- licle. The reaction is slightly acid during the first 24 hours of growth, later it becomes alkaline. Sugar Free Bowillon. Uniform eloudiness is seen in the tube at the end of 24 hours. Sediment somewhat pronounced and slight- ly viscid. The reaction is at first alkaline but at 48 hours distinctly acid with more sediment, viscid in character. Indol is not pro- duced in this medium, Agar. On agar slant cultures at the end of 24 hours the growth is vigorous and spreading. Growth appears to be made up of indistinct and coalesced colonies. The border is entire and the AN OUTBREAK OF FOWL TYPHOID 43 growth slightly raised. With the hand lens a granular appearance is observed. It also shows some viscidity when touched with the needle. On 1% agar plate cultures, the colonies appear as smooth, round, glistening discs, 5 to 8 millimeters in diameter. They are of a very light chocolate brown color by reflected light, slightly raised and with entire borders. Under a two-thirds objective there is a dark center, outside of which is a finely granular zone shading off into a transparent outer border. Gelatin stab. The growth is moderate, appearing granular all along the line of the needle puncture, slightly spreading at the sur- face. In 48 hours the growth is vigorous along the line of the needle puncture with feathery like projections into the substance of the medium, the surface growth is not more than at 24 hours. Milk. There is no visible change in this medium until a long period of incubation has taken place. The reaction tends as time goes on to become more and more alkaline, and at the end of 32 days distinct saponification has taken place and the reaction is very strongly alkaline. Litmus Milk. The growth in this medium is quite similar to that in plain milk although no saponification has taken place even at the end of four weeks. / Potato. A moderate brownish yellow raised growth appears at the end of 24 hours. At 48 hours the growth is darker in color, slistening in appearance, and old cultures show a muddy brown color. The growth on this medium very closely resembles that of the glanders organism. _ Egg Medium. Very slight blistery appearing growth at the end of 24 hours. In 48 hours the character is unchanged. ACTION ON SuGar. Dextrose. There is uniform cloudiness throughout the tube in 24 hours. The reaction is acid but no gas is formed. On further incubation the acidity becomes more pro- nounced but no gas is formed even at the end of 72 hours. Lactose. A slight cloudiness appears in the open arm and curvature of the tube in 24 hours although the closed arm remains perfectly clear: no gas is formed. The reaction is shghtly alka- line, becoming more alkaline upon further incubation with slight sediment. 44 WALTER J. TAYLOR Saccharose. A very slight cloudiness appears in the open arm of the tube in 24 hours: the closed arm is clear. No sediment oc- eurs: the reaction is at first neutral becoming alkaline in 72 hours: no gas is formed. RESISTANCE OF THE ORGANISM. ‘The action of direct sunlight upon the organism destroyed it in 25 minutes. It will live for 32 hours in the dark in the dried condition. It is killed by a tempera- ture of 60 degrees C. in 10 minutes. A 3% solution of phenol destroyed it in 8 minutes. INOCULATION EXPERIMENTS ON OTHER ANIMALS. Guinea Pig. A female guinea pig of 460 grams weight was inoculated per sub- cutem with .3 ¢.c. of a rich bouillon culture of Bact sanguinarium on Aug. 15 and was found dead at 8 A. M. on Aug 20. The organ- ism was recovered from the tissues. Rabbit. A good sized rabbit inoculated intraperitoneally with 1 c.c. of a 24 hour bouillon culture showed for the first 24 hours a slight rise in temperature, profuse watery diarrhea, and dumpish- ness, but soon recovered and remained well. During the past few years quite a little attention has been ac- corded to a disease of fowls which although primarily being stud- ied as a disease of young chicks is now recognized as affecting adult fowls. This disease is known under the names bacillary white diarrhea in chickens and also as fatal septicemia of chickens. In 1908 Rettger and Harvey published their findings upon the study of this disease and announced the discovery of an organism which they named Bacterium pullorum. In 1912 Jones reported finding this organism in a fatal outbreak of disease in adult fowls. Since Jones reported his findings it has become a well established fact that young chicks which have recovered from this disease may harbor the germ and when mature transmit it through their eggs as adult fowls. Jecause of the similarity to a certain extent of the morbid an- atomy in the disease caused by Bacterium sanguinartum and that produced by Bactertum pullorum in adult fowls, we give below a comparison of the morphology, cultural, biochemic properties, and the resistance of the two organisms: AN OUTBREAK OF FOWL TYPHOID 45 Neen NS a Bacterium sanguinarium Bacterium Pullorum Morphology Rod shaped, 1 to 2 microns in| Rod shaped, average length, ends rounded or pointed. Oc-|3.5 microns long, ends curs singly or in pairs, round, occurs singly or in pairs. Staining Takes a peripheral stain. Stains uniformly. Agar Plates Colonies smooth, round, glisten-| Colonies round, 1 to ing, 5 to 8 millimeters in diameter,|2 millimeters in diam- slightly convex, finely granular. eter, convex, finely granular. Agar Slant Growth vigorous, spreading. Growth moderate, restricted to needle track. Gelatin Stab. Moderate, granular, becoming} Uniform, filiform, feathery. Non-liquefying. non-liquefying. Potato Growth moderate, becoming vig-| Very slight or no orous with age, dark brown color. |growth at all. Milk Not coagulated, saponification. Not coagulated, be- coming slightly acid. Glucose Bouillon | Acid and no gas. Acid and gas or acid and no gas. Lactose Bouillon Remains alkaline. Sediment. Remains alkaline. Saccharose Bouillon| Reaction at first neutral becoming) Alkaline throughout. alkaline, Indol Indol is not produced. No indol produced. Resistance Killed in 25 minutes by direct sun-| Killed in 5 minutes light. by 1% carbolic acid. Killed in 8 minutes by 3% ear- bolic acid. Summary. A eareful review of the work done by us during our investigation of this disease would warrant the conclusion that we were dealing with the disease deseribed by Moore in 1895 as In- fectious Leukemia, confirmed by Dawson in 1898 and studied as Fowl Typhoid by Curtice in 1902. We have found that there are certain differences observed by these writers to which we wish to call special attention. Moore states that ‘“‘diarrhea is not present’? while Dawson observed that “there is a profuse diarrhea.’’ In the same way Dawson describes the organism as ‘‘coagulat- ing milk in one day’’ while Moore announced a ‘‘saponification of milk after a period of incubation’’ and no coagulation, 46 WALTER J. TAYLOR During our experiments and as described by the owner in the outbreak resulting in the investigation, diarrhea was present in about 80% of the cases. Again, we have found the organism to saponify milk in four to five weeks while no coagulation occurred. Moore has called attention to the fact that examination of the blood of a diseased fowl, Toisson’s fluid being used as a diluting agent, showed that numerous red corpuscles appeared to take the blue stain more or less intensely. Ward in his bulletin on fowl cholera draws attention to certain cells not leucocytes, taking the blue stain and described at some length the morphology of these cells. Undoubtedly Ward was describing what later Warthin des- ignated as ‘‘thrombocytes’’. Burnett has called attention to these cells and describes them as being ‘‘undoubtedly the result of de- generation.”’ During the work just completed on this disease, we wish to corroborate the findings of Moore. In making examinations of the blood of diseased fowls, using Toisson’s fluid as a diluent, we have found in every case red cells showing all the characteristics of a normal red blood cell of healthy fowls, except that they were stained more or less intensely blue. As many as nine of these cells have been observed within the 9 sq.mm. ruled space of the Zappert-Ew- ing counting chamber. The so-called thrombocytes were also noted and comparison as to morphology drawn. We have not found these blue stained red cells in examining the blood of normal fowls. CONCLUSIONS A study of the work done by us seems to justify the following conclusions : 1. Fowl typhoid is a specific disease of fowls caused by Bae- terium sanguinarium occurring sporadically and causing heavy losses among affected flocks; and unless properly investigated may easily be mistaken for fowl cholera because of its high mortality. 2. The specific morbid conditions consist of an enlarged liver containing necrotic areas, an enlarged spleen and a general anemic condition of the serous and mucous membranes together with a marked increase in leucocytes and a corresponding decrease of the red cell content of the blood. 4. The increase in leucocytes seems to be confined to the poly- morphonuclear variety. !. lat, well conditioned, adult fowls are more susceptible than young, nearly mature growing birds, AN OUTBREAK OF FOWL TYPHOID 47 5. Birds may contract the disease by the ingestion of pure cul- tures of Bacterium sanguinarium. 6. Birds fed upon the offal of other birds dead of this disease show a mild non-fatal form of the disease tending to recovery. 7. There is evidence that recovery from this mild form pro- duces more or less of an immunity. Further investigation upon this point is needed. 8. The power of some of the red corpuscles of the affected fowls to take the violet stain, when the blood is diluted in Toisson’s fluid is especially noticeable in this disease. 9. While the lesions produced in fowls which are infected with Bacterium sanguinarium resemble in many respects those produced by Bacterium pullorum, and although there is a still closer resem- blance in the biological characters of the two organisms, there is enough difference to warrant the conclusion that they are distinctly different diseases. REFERENCES Moorg, V. A. 1894. A study of a bacillus obtained from three outbreaks of fowl cholera, in bulletin 8, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry. Bulletin 8, 1895, p. 63-70. Moorr, V. A. 1896. Infectious Leukemia in fowls. U. 8S. Department of Agriculture reports of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Bulletins 12and 13, 1895, 1896, p. 187-205. Dawson, C. F. 1898. Infections Leukemia. In U. 8S. Department of Agricul- ture annual report of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Bulletin 15, 1898, p. 350. Curticgr, C. 1902. Fowl Typhoid. Ag. Lx. Station of the College of Agricul- ture and Mechanic Arts, Rhode Island. Bulletin 87. Warp, A. R. 1904. Fowl Cholera. Univ. of California, College of Agricul- ture and Agr. Experiment Station. Bulletin 156. WarTHIN. 1907. Leukemia of the common fowl. Journal of Infectious Dis- eases, Vol. IV, p. 369. Burnett, 8S. H. 1908. The Clinical Pathology of the Blood of Domestie Ani- mals. 4 RETTGER AND Harvey. 1908. Fatal Septicemia in Young Chickens or White Diarrhea. Jour. Med. Research, V. 18, No. 2(No. 6, Vol. 16, No. 2). Moorgr, V. A. 1908. The Pathology of Infectious Diseases of Animals. p. 114. JonES, F. S. 1912. Annual Report N. Y. State Veterinary College, 1912. PFEILER, W., AND REHSE, A. 1913. Mitteilungen des Kaiser Wilhelm Instituts fuf Landwirtschaft in Bromberg., 1213, Heft IV, 306. ——-()-— ABSTRACT OF DISCUSSION Dr. K. F. Meyer: Through the courtesy of Dr. Haring I was able to autopsy, the following year, some of the fowls from the same flock, and I was able to isolate the same erganism and to corroborate his findings. We were vitally interested in this organism from the viewpoint of its relation to the typhoid bacillus and to other organ- * 48 WALTER J. TAYLOR isms, and our work was in progress when a publication appeared in whieh practically all the conditions which we intended to investi- gate were already. thoroughly discussed, namely, this bacillus of fowl typhoid is closely related to the Bacillus tpyhosus. It is grati- fying to find others who support us. We were able to agglutinize this organism very satisfactorily. In regard to the earlier observers of the organism, although they do not agree in all things, it is nevertheless shown to resemble closely the Bacillus typhosus. As Dr. Theobald Smith has pointed out there are typhoid strains. Moore isolated an organism which he thought established leukemia, while Pfeiler and Rehse found a large amount of alkali in the milk. By peptonizing the milk and using sugar, they were able to isolate the typhoid bacillus. Guided by the work of Dr. Theobald Smith and others, my assistant, Dr. Christiansen has conducted some experiments along the line of im- munity, and. if I am not mistaken, we have an organism which is highly pathogenic to rabbits. He is therefore proceeding to test rabbits as to their immunity where various typhoid organisms have been used for their immunization. The question arises, is this baeil- lus responsible in some instanees for typhoid-like infections among men’? Who knows but that this may be the connecting link in the ehain? Dr. Christiansen is making an examination relative to the motility of the bacillus isolated from typhoid cases. Is it not pos- sible that we sometimes look only for the agglutination and some- times only for the microscopic conglutination, and pass over vital points? Perhaps we have overlooked some of the causes of typhoid which might be traced back to chicken salad and other food pro- ducts prepared with chicken material, a very important question for human practitioners. Therefore we have taken up the question as to whether or not the typhoid bacillus can exist in the body of a chicken. Dr, Christiansen will give some of his experiments which bear on the question of the relation of the fowl typhoid bacillus with the typhoid bacillus in the human. Dr. CHRISTIANSEN: In the first place, it is not generally sup- posed that typhoid is able to exist in the body of a chicken. State- ments have been made, I believe, as to the length of time required for the body of a chicken, to rid itself of the typhoid. We found that certain strains of typhoid are much more pathogenic in some chickens than in others. Working with the infeeted strain we found we could recover the typhoid from the blood of a chicken eight hours after inoculation. Furthermore, after nine hours inoculation, the chicken was dead, but whether or not that was due to shock or whether if was due to the toxicity of the typhoid, we are not able to state. Further experiments in this line are now being conducted, namely: we introduced an occlusive sack into the peritoneal cavity of a chicken containing typhoid organism with the hope that pos- sibly the environment would tend to induce or perhaps inhibit the PASTEURIZATION IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR DAIRY HYGIENE 49 motility of the typhoid strain, in other words, would, if possible, produce a mutation of the typhoid into the fowl organism. Another interesting observation is that the agglutination of the typhoid or rather the conglutination of the various strains of fowl typhoid differ from ordinary typhoid serum. For instance, we find that a rabbit immunized with the army and navy strain was protected against a lethal dose of fowl typhoid organism. Still another experiment we have in mind and are now con- ducting is to determine whether or not certain substances found in a chicken’s blood or body tissue, in connection with the tempera- ture of a fowl’s body, will produce mutations in the typhoid organ- ism; that is, by growing typhoid organisms, prepared from chicken meat and containing chicken blood at higher temperatures, or at temperatures of the fowl body, if we cannot inhibit the motility of the typhoid or cause it to lose its motility altogether, and increase the agelutinizing effects of fowl typhoid serum. These experiments we hope to have recorded in the near future. Dr. EicHHorn. I think it would be of interest to mention the experiments which are now being carried out in the pathology di- vision of the Bureau of Animal Industry in regard to the Bacillus pullorum as to its diagnosis in chronic cases. The preparation used is somewhat similar to that for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, but of course it represents only a product of the organism and the in- tradermal test of a chicken is made and the reaction is somewhat similar to the tubercular reaction in fowls. You are no doubt familiar with the work of Mr. Demas on the effect of intradermal reaction in fowls. The results are not conclusive but are very prom- ising and aim to make possible the determination of the disease in its chronic form when usually the ovaries are affected, and in that way separate the diseased animals from the healthy flock and pre- vent subsequent infections. 0 PASTEURIZATION IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR DAIRY HYGIENE* Louis A. KLEIN, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. The most noticeable development in milk hygiene in the last two or three years has been the growth of sentiment in favor of pas- teurization. At one time there was considerable prejudice against pasteurized milk, partly because the process was first used secretly by milk dealers to preserve unclean milk. In the first attempts to make the process really effective in the destruction of harmful *Presented at the meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association, Pittsburgh, Feb. 23, 1916. 50 LOUIS A. KLEIN bacteria, the milk was exposed momentarily to temperatures suffi- ciently high to destroy the bacteria immediately. This method is known as the ‘‘flash’’ or continuous process. The degree of heat necessary to make this method effective gives the milk a cooked taste, prevents the cream from rising, renders the milk less diges- tible by coagulating the albumin, and precipitates the soluble phos- phates, the latter change being held responsible for the occurrence of Barlow’s disease and rickets in infants nourished on such milk. It also destroys all of the lactic acid bacteria while permitting the spore-forming peptonizers to survive, so that the milk does not sour like raw milk but undergoes putrefaction. The process therefore met with considerable disfavor on both commercial and hygienic grounds. Later, it was found that lower degrees of heat continued for a longer time exert a destructive action upon the harmful bae- teria equal to that produced by higher temperatures acting momen- tarily. At the same time, if the temperature does not exceed cer- tain limits, the milk is not changed in any way and some of the lactic acid bacteria survive. Milk pasteurized by this method, which is known as the ‘‘holder’’ process, was much more favorably received, the distributors being particular to keep the temperature below the point at which the cream line would be afiected or a cooked taste produced. Perhaps the greatest factor in the growth of sentiment in favor of the pasteurization of milk was the approval of the process by the Commission on Milk Standards of the New York Milk Committee in 1912. Another important influence was the fact that pasteuri- zation offered to local health authorities a practicable means of pre- venting the spread of typhoid fever, diphtheria and scarlet fever through milk. The infection of milk with typhoid bacilli through the use of infected water to wash the milk vessels or through in- fection carried by returned bottles can be prevented by suitable measures. It is possible also to prevent the direct infection of milk by persons in which typhoid fever, diphtheria or scarlet fever is well-developed, or by persons attending such patients and by con- valescents, but there is no certain method of guarding against in- fection of milk by ambulatory eases and bacilli carriers. Tubercle bacilli are more frequently present in milk than bacilli of typhoid fever and diphtheria or the virus of searlet fever, but the effects produced by tubercle bacilli do not become apparent for some time after infection and are usually of a mild, chronie type, while the PASTEURIZATION IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR DAIRY HYGIENE 51 oceurrence of typhoid or diphtheria bacilli or scarlet fever infection in milk is manifested almost immediately and in a pronounced form ; a large number of the persons ingesting the milk are affected with an acute disease of a serious character and usually some die. Conse- quently, the general public as well as health officials is profoundly impressed with the importance of protecting milk from contamina- tion with the infectious agents of these acute infectious diseases. The approval of pasteurization of milk by the Commission on Milk Standards was qualified by certain requirements, all of which are equally important. It seems to be quite well-known that the Commission stipulated that the milk should be heated to at least 140°F. for not less than 20 minutes and that it provided that the time of exposure can be reduced one minute for each degree the temperature is increased until the temperature reaches 155°F. and the time of exposure is reduced to 5 minutes. But it does not ap- pear to be so well-known that the Commission also laid down certain requirements regarding the cows from which the milk is to be ob- tained, the conditions under which it is to be produced and the bacterial content before and after pasteurization. For Grade A milk it is required that the herds shall be examined every six months by a qualified veterinarian; that the sanitary conditions and methods shall score at least 65 on the Bureau of Animal In- dustry score card, and that the milk shall contain not over 200,000 bacteria per c.c. before pasteurization and not more than 10,000 per c.c. at the time of delivery to the consumer. Milk from dairy farms which do not meet these requirements may be sold as Grade B pasteurized milk provided the cows are submitted to a physical examination once a year, and provided also that the bacteria do not exceed 1,000,000 per ¢.c. before pasteurization and 50,000 per ¢.c. at the time of delivery, but is is urged that these farms be brought up to the A grade as soon as possible. These requirements are too important to be overlooked or ig- nored. The minimum temperature and holding time approved by the Commission is based upon the results of pasteurization experi- ments made by American investigators with the tubercle bacillus. The tubercle bacillus was used in these tests because an amount of heat sufficient to kill this organism will also kill the bacilli of ty- phoid fever and diphtheria and the virus of scarlet fever. Russell and Hastings found that tubercle bacilli added to milk from arti- ficial cultures were killed by a temperature of 140°F. in 10 minutes. 52 LOUIS A. KLEIN Theobald Smith found that tubercle bacilli suspended in physio- logical salt solution were killed when heated at 140°F. for 15 min- utes, while Rosenau found it necessary to heat milk for 20 minutes at 140°F. to kill tubercle bacilli added to it from artificial cultures. These experiments were all made in the laboratory with small quan- tities of fluid heated in a water bath. Subsequently, Rosenau ex- perimented with artificially infected milk in a commercial pasteur- izing plant and came to the conclusion that in commercial pasteur- ization a temperature of not less than 145°F. for 30 to 45 minutes was necessary to kill tubercle bacilli. The Commission on Milk Standards therefore recommended that in order to allow a margin of safety, milk pasteurized under commercial conditions should be exposed to a temperature of 145°F. for 30 minutes. The experi- ments of Hewlett, in England, confirmed those of the American in- vestigators. But a number of other European investigators ex- perimenting with naturally infected milk obtained different results. In some of Woodhead’s experiments a temperature of 140°F. killed the tubercle bacilli in 25 minutes but in others 8 hours were required. In Foster and Rullmann’s experiments, tubercle bacilli remained alive after exposure to a temperature of 140°F. for 45 minutes, while Yersin, Bitter and Bonhoff found that this temperature could not be depended upon to kill tuberele bacilli in less than one hour. The marked differences in the results obtained by the American and Kuropean investigators is due to the fact that the former worked with artificially infected milk and the latter used naturally infected milk. In artificially infected milk the bacilli are naked while in- naturally infected milk the organisms are embedded in masses of mucus, clots of fibrin or shreds of tissue and this albuminous cover- ing protects them to a certain extent from the action of the heat. On the other hand, the European investigators experimented with milk from individual tuberculous cows whereas in practice milk from such cows is diluted with the milk of cows which are not tu- berculous. In neither series of experiments, therefore, did the milk used correspond to infected milk produeed under natural conditions. Nevertheless, the number of experiments in which a temperature of 140°. for 20 or even 30 minutes failed to kill tubercle bacilli, demonstrates that a physical examination of the cows producing milk to be pasteurized is very necessary. An examination of this kind, if properly carried out, will eliminate the cows infeeted with tuberculosis which are most coneerned in infeeting milk with tu- berele bacilli. ur we RESISTANCE OF TWO SPORE BEARING MICROORGANISMS Bacteria which gain access to milk grow and multiply and in their development decompose the milk constituents into various substances, some of which are harmful to the milk consumer; they also form toxins, both endo- and ectotoxins. The extent of this de- composition and the quantity of toxins formed will depend upon the number of bacteria which get into the milk primarily, and the temperature at which the milk is kept. Pasteurization cannot re- pair the damage done to the milk by the operation of the decompo- sition processes nor can it destroy all of the toxins. Hence the limi- tation placed on the number of bacteria permissible in milk to be pasteurized and the requirement that the sanitary conditions and dairy practices on the farms where the milk is produced shall be up to a certain standard. In an effort to guard against inefficient pasteurization and to insure the prompt and continued cooling of the milk, the number of bacteria which may be present in the milk at the time of delivery is limited to 10,000 per ¢.c. for grade A and 50,000 for grade B. There is some chance of pasteurized milk being reinfected during cooling and bottling and for this reason pasteurization in the bottle is to be preferred. Merely heating milk at 140°F. for 20 to 30 minutes is not a substitute for dairy hygiene but is only an additional safeguard against the spread of typhoid fever, diphtheria and searlet fever through milk. ——— Q— A NOTE ON THE EXTREME RESISTANCE OF TWO SPORE BEARING MICROORGANISMS WALLACE V. SMITH From the Laboratory of the Department of Animal Husbandry, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. The spore form of the Bacillus anthracis has long been recogniz- ed as one of the most resistant forms of micro-organie growth. The organism has been widely used to determine the efficiency of germi- cides and other destructive agents. The spores will resist drying at least ten or twelve years. They are killed by dry heat in three hours at 140°C., and by steam or boiling H,O in five to ten minutes, although some resist for much longer periods. A ten per cent so- lution of creolin does not kill the spores and they are able to main- 54 WALLACE V. SMITH tain their vitality in a sixty per cent solution.* The spores of the Bacillus anthracis in a dried state and in the presence of albuminous matter, such as blood, will tolerate a temperature above 100°C., and resist the action of absolute aleohol, of compressed oxygen, complete absence of oxygen, exposure to sunlight, ete.** In the Animal Husbandry laboratory of the Kentucky Agri- cultural Experiment Station, a culture of Bacillus anthracis was desired on short notice. At the time, there were no cultures of the bacillus on hand. There was, however, a slide on the cover glass of which a stain of the organism had been made from a pure cul- ture nine years previously. This slide on being viewed under the microscope showed both vegetative and spore bearing organisms. The organism had been fixed on the cover glass with heat as per the usual technique and stained with plain fuchsin stain. The stain which originally was deep red was not very deep in color when viewed at this time. This was also an indication of its age. The cover glass had been mounted in Canada balsam. The exterior of the slide was washed thoroughly with alcohol. The slide was immersed in warm sterile water for several hours to loosen the cover glass. The cover glass was broken while attempt- ing to remove it from the slide, and the broken pieces were placed directly in plain bouillon. After having been ineubated for the usual length of time, a luxuriant growth appeared in the bouillon which upon examination proved to be a pure culture of the Bacil- lus anthracis. Thus, after having been subjected to a severe direct flame (in fixing on the cover glass), after having remained in contact with the fuchsin stain and Canada balsam for nine years, without oxygen, the spores being brought under favorable conditions grew readily and luxuriantly. The Bacillus subtilis is very closely related to the Bacillus an- thracis. The spore form of Bacillus subtilis is more resistant to heat than the spore form of Bacillus anthracis. The importance of thorough sterilization of linen when used in special cases and the care with which the sterilization is done should be emphasized. O. [2 eee ee Tet et ban 44 7 Cattle 24 OF ss; | oa 10- 5-15 | 0 24 8 Cattle 19 “Aue ae? 7 1— 5-16 0 17 9 Cattle 46 ea Diva aa ara 0 45 10 Cattle 20 Oe ae eal Ol ia: Sate ed 0 20 11 Cattle 18 0 1 Oe: |e rete 18 12 Cattle 40 7 0 Oe eer ae ; 33 oe Se SE Sas ee |e | Dose for cattle 1 ¢.c., Sheep 0.5 ¢.c, subcutaneously. 58 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND FRED. BOERNER, JR. 0 aa el. ae ida es ie Herd No. 1, of 170 animals was pastured on a mountain pasture of several hundred acres in which was a swampy area recently cut over by lumbermen and which showed plenty of rank vegetation. Thirty animals had died prior to vaccination, three were showing clinical symptoms when vaccinated and five died following the vac- cination, including the three which were sick. It is not unlikely that had temperatures been taken the other two animals which died would have showed increased temperatures. This was the only herd in which any deaths followed the vaccination ; although in herds No. 5 and No. 12 three sick animals were injected. In herds No. 2, No. 3, No. 4 and No. 5, the disease was immedi- ately checked without further losses. Herds No. 6 and No. 7 were on farms adjoming that of No. 5 and were given the vaccine as a prophylactic against the disease. In herd No. 8 the outbreak was checked and the sick animals recovered following the vaccination. One animal only was sick and died in herd No. 9. In herds No. 10 and No. 11 a sick animal in each case was treated with iodine internally and both recovered. No further cases developed nor were they vaccinated. ; In the case of herd No. 12 the veterinarian made a diagnosis of anthrax and they were vaccinated for the same, but the deaths continued and the second veterinarian was called and found a typi- cal case of hemorrhagic septicemia. Seven young heifers in the pasture where seven others had died, were sold. No further cases developed nor were they vaccinated. The reports in connec- tion with this herd were incomplete and did not show whether the remaining animals on this farm were exposed to the infection. In summarizing we find that the total number of animals in the infected herds that were vaccinated was 476; number of animals dead prior to vaccination 42; number of animals vaccinated 434; number sick at time of vaccination 6; number of deaths following vaccination 5; leaving a total of 429 healthy at the present time. It is to be regretted that the last four herds not vaccinated and used as control herds did not develop the disease to a greater extent. This may be due to a mistaken diagnosis or they may simply have been sporadic cases,—probably the latter. Meyer be- lieves that a clinical diagnosis is extremely difficult and depends upon autopsies and bacteriological findings. In the ease of but two herds only did we have specimens submitted for a bacteriological THE CHANGED STATUS OF THE HORSE IN WAR 59 examination. The others were confirmed by autopsists familiar with the disease. The herds will be watched during the coming summer for any new cases which may occur and other experiments undertaken in order to further perfect these vaccines and establish if possible the relative values of the immunity conferred. CONCLUSIONS The use of 48-hour cultures of B. bovisepticus subcutaneously in the dose of 0.5 ¢.em. for sheep and 1 ¢.cm. for cattle is harmless. The immunity conferred by this vaccination has not been thor- oughly demonstrated, but the sudden checking of losses in several herds may be evidence of some value. Incubation at 42.5°C. for seventeen days failed to render the strains avirulent for rabbits in the dose of 0.2 ¢.m.* *We are indebted to Drs. Super, Dick, Barnes, and Mitterling for the hearty cooperation and records furnished in connection with this work. ——-0O-— - THE CHANGED STATUS OF THE HORSE IN WAR* By OLar ScHwaArzkopF, Veterinarian Third Cayalry. Fort Sam Houston, Texas. When the present great war broke out in all its fury, one could hear and read almost everywhere, that this was to be a con test of machines. The gasoline engine particularly was to revolu- tionize the old-fashioned fighting on land by speedily moving men and supplies to the front in automobiles and motor trucks. The picturesque fight in the air by aeroplanes was at once enthusiasti- cally cheered by the excited peoples of the world, both belligerent and neutral. It seemed as if the old and beautiful martial phan- toms of despairing soldiers who perceived in the skies angels with flaming swords astride white horses, and leading hosts of armor- clad warriors against the enemy to crush him, were to be superceded by a panorama of wasp-shaped flying machines spitting fire, con- veyed by infantry in armored, tomb-like cars and by artillery drawn by awkward tractors, all spreading destruction. At least *Printed by permission of the Secretary of War, abstracted from Journal of the U. S, Cavalry Association, January, 1916. 60 OLAF SCHWARZKOPF such were the cartoons seen in our magazines and daily papers, and they fired the imagination of the uninitiated populace, draw- ing with them not a few of our less experienced friends in the army. Reduced to its absurdity, this was to be a horseless war, almost a manless war. Little of this fantastic idea has come true. No doubt, this war has developed mechanical combat further than ever before, just as it has reverted to methods of fighting long since obsolete. Military critics have pronounced this struggle not as an evolution of warfare, but asa revolution. Whatever truth there may be in this dictum, we may well investigate and weigh some particular topic as presented by this war, that stands out prominently to men of expert knowledge. There are enough of reports on hand, thrown here and there in our military and other professional journals, to warrant an examination of the subject matter of this article, which we shall consider under the following points: I. The established value of the gasoline driven vehicles for army transportation and their limitations in war. Il. The horse promptly fills the gap left open by the motor car service in this war, and his value increases accordingly. Ill. The combatant capacity of the horse is once more estab- lished and leads to a new status of his humane protection and eco- nomic preservation. I. The established value of the gasoline driwen vehicles for army transportation and their imitations in war. To summarize the first point of this article, the question of mechanical haulage in war, is about as follows: Just as the steam engine is dependent for speed upon a prepared road-bed and steel ‘ails, so the various gasoline driven vehicles can travel only on improved roads and highways. Automobiles, motor ambulances and motor trucks have become valuable auxiliaries in military transportation, because they are able to save time by shortening dis- tances—if favorable conditions prevail. Under unfavorable con- ditions of weather and roads no motor car can be depended upon for reliable service. They deteriorate rapidly by the undue wear and tear demanded in war service, and they are very vulnerable to missiles. Their usefulness in war, therefore, is restricted to well defined road-beds, beyond which other facilities for transportation must be provided. THE CHANGED STATUS OF THE HORSE IN WAR 61 a Il. The horse promptly fills the gap left open by the motor car service, and his monetary value increases accordingly: Numerous reports from the theatre of war clearly state that in order to provide transportation for the endless network of country roads to supply the smaller military units with food and ammu- nition, the horse drawn wagons, horse carts or pack horses were found to be essential. Occasionally even men carriers had to be employed to supply the high mountain trenches. Thus it appears as true as ever that man and horse, the two animated machines that have fought side by side since the dawn of mankind, do still supply the only safe means to draw or carry loads over muddy roads, over ploughed fields, through streams, across ditches, hedges, and up mountains. The motor car, an in- genious machine constructed of inorganic parts and wanting suf- ficient suppleness, was found helpless here. As regards the comparative traction power of machines and horses, mechanical experts have never ceased to figure this out by mathematics. We prefer to consider this question in the light of results obtained by comparative tests. Professor Henry, University of Wisconsin, has lately made such experiments with agricultural tractors and horses and he very briefly concluded as follows: “‘The energy developed by the horse in proportion to the fuel or feed consumed, ranks him very high in comparison with the best modern engines. The horse is a very flexible motor, able to work at varying speeds and to develop an extremely high power for a short time if occasion requires. The ‘motor with the brains’ shows a much higher rate of efficiency that the horse power developed would indicate: Much has also been said by the favorites of the new machines about the great mortality of horses in this war; yet war has always killed men and horses and destroyed all kinds of equipment of the adversary because that is its purpose. The report going through some dailies that two million horses had been killed on the western front can only be judged as a wild speculation. In December, 1914, a French statistician, taking in all the figures made public during the first six months of the war, computed in the Figaro that the average life of a man in this war is six and five-sixth days, and that of a horse four and one-third days; aeroplanes and automobiles lasted three days, and motor trucks less than one day. While these data were perhaps correct for the first rush of the armies, against 62 OLAF SCHWARZKOPF each other in open fields, they are undoubtedly too high and sub- ject to revision after the termination of the war. Still, they may indicate the comparative losses of men, horses and machines as un- favorable for the latter. There is much rejoicing among interested parties about the ex- portation of so many horses to Europe. The deal is being looked upon as a good business, particularly as we are told by our gov- ernment officials, that there are left today in the United States, ap- proximately 21,000,000 horses and 4,000,000 mules; but again numbers do not tell the truth as far as the interest of our army is concerned. Only a comparatively small number of the millions of animals would be found to be serviceable in case of need. About half of this number consists of immature horses and of aged horses, and the rest would show a preponderance of the heavy draught breeds in our fertile agricultural districts. Among the hight and active breeds of horses great numbers are unfit and unsound, and these always glut our markets or are retained on the poorer farms and ranches. Our horse breeders believe, that the horses exported were of medium class only, and the horse dealers acclaim that prices for ordinary horses, such as the army consumes, have correspond- ingly increased. That is as far as breeders and dealers can see. Worst of all, from the army standpoint, little is made in our stock papers of the fact that we have now on hand over a hundred thous- and horses rejected by the foreign buyers. Any officer, who has served on a horse purchasing board, knows that such rejeets are utterly valueless. Yet we must retain and absorb them, and the rejected mares will produce that many more worthless horses. Whatever may be the ultimate result of the exportation of so many. horses, more or less suitable for our own army, we should re- member that the United States exported only 109,839 horses and 81,524 mules during nearly three years of hostilities of the Boer War, and that ever since we have experienced difficulty in procuring suitable horses for our cavalry. That horses will price much higher is certain, and horse breeders already predict that, if the exporta- tion of horses to Europe continues for a year or more, army horses will be worth $250 to $300, as they were toward the end of the Civil War. Ill. The combat capacity of the horse is once more established and leads to a new status of his humane protection and economic preservation: THE CHANGED STATUS OF THE HORSE IN WAR 63 The foreign governments importing our horses for the need of -war, may or may not have especially considered the $130,000,000, or more expended for this purchase. Judging from foreign press comments, however, the armies at war realized again the old value of the horse as a combatant factor, otherwise the strenuous efforts to secure sufficient numbers of serviceable horses cannot be ex- plained. A letter by an American with the British army states: _ “After making a study of horses and motor cars in this war, I am of the opinion that horses, even though erratic, may be de- pended upon to a greater extent than motor vehicles and have proved their worth in this war. Having seen horses in action’ with the Royal Field Artillery of England, it seems that the horses have more brains than some of the men controlling them. They stand still where their mates have been wounded or killed, while under similar circumstances men lost their heads. In rushing over a battlefield a horse will never step upon a wounded or dying man. I heard this before, but did not believe it until I saw it myself.’’ A German officer expressed himself to an American reporter as follows: ‘“The horse is absolutely necessary at the front to haul heavy ordnance into position. Our tractors are excellent, but we keep now always horses in reserve. While I have seen horses trembling from the smell of blood or the sight of other horses disemboweled and writhing in agony on the ground, those in harness kept enough will power and courage to perform the heaviest work with the ut- most assistance tothe men. Iam not a horseman, but I have learned to respect the horse for his behavior in this war, and they are treated by us as comrades.”’ This old truth apparently learned anew in this war, must have been one of the reasons of the sweeping change made by all the belligerent armies, one after the other, for the preservation of horses. The great armies of Europe, well organized as they are in the smallest branches of the service, have always expended consider- able effort to protect horses from the ravages of war. Yet, never before has any army adopted such painstaking methods, or applied so thoroughly practical arrangements for the care and prompt treat- ment of wounded horses than in this war. It is interesting to note how this new care of the horse in war has indirectly been brought about by the influence of humane soci- eties. Always present and persistent in their laudable endeavors, 64 OLAF SCHWARZKOPF they promptly offered their assistance in the care of wounded horses on the battlefield. Of course, horrible tales of suffering of horses had come to their knowledge. An American woman, Clara Barton, admired the world over, contributed perhaps not a litle to this new work of mercy in war, for a letter written by her several years ago, was quoted abroad as follows: ‘‘T have often said, that among the shocking and heartrending scenes on the battlefield, the screams of wounded horses lingered more painfully in my ears, if possible, than the moans of wounded men. I think it is necessary that the veterinary surgeon is com- missioned to follow the army and put an end to the agonies of the poor, wounded animals which from their great vitality and strength will live long to suffer. They die slow and hard if left to them- selves, and I myself have seen the vultures hovering over and tear- ing at them while life yet remained.”’ As now constituted, the arrangement for the care of wounded horses on the British—French front, reported by English Veteri- nary Journals,is as follows: The British army maintains Mobile Vet- erinary Sections for the purpose of relieving field units of wounded and inefficient animals. One mobile section is attached to each di- vision and to each cavalry brigade, and consists of one officer and twenty-two enlisted men of the Army Veterinary Corps, mounted and equipped for emergency treatment. This section is controlled by a senior Veterinary officer serving at Division Headquarters, and is divided into two sub-sections, each with the following duties: Sub-section I. Collects the wounded horses from the line of battle and applies such first aid as cireumstances may permit, or destroys seriously wounded horses. Sub-section IT. Conveys the unfit horses by leading or by horse ambulances to the nearest railroad station, and thence to the Advance Veterinary Hospital. There are ten hospitals in operation, located along the lines of communication. Those nearest to the front are designated as Advance Veterinary Hospitals, and they are only fitted for about one hundred eases. Horses received here are sorted according to the severity of wounds. Those needing prolonged or special treat- ment are transported to one of the Base Veterinary Hospitals with a capacity for about one thousand cases. Irom the Base Hospital such horses as have fully recovered are discharged to the Remount Depot for reassignment to troops, while those needing further re- THE CHANGED STATUS OF THE HORSE IN WAR 65 euperation are sent to the Convalescent Horse Depot, location not given, but which is reported to cover an area of twenty miles, pro- vided with pastures and sheltered paddocks. The personnel of the British Army Veterinary Corps, which is performing such fruitful services at the front, is constituted as follows, according to Royal Warrant, dated October 9, 1903: One Major General, Director Army Veterinary Corps, two Colonels, ten Lieutenant Colonels, twenty-three Majors, forty-seven Captains, sixty Lieutenants, a total of 143 Veterinary officers. There is also an enlisted force consisting of non-commissioned officers and men, graded as stafi-farrier-sergeant, farrier-quarter- master-sergeants, farrier-sergeants, shoeing-smith corporal, shoeing- smith privates. There are also organized Territorial Army Veteri- nary Corps for Canada, India, Australia and Egypt, which have sent mobile veterinary sections to the various British fronts. The arrangements for the care of wounded horses of the French ‘Army are not as well known as that of the British. There appears to have been less preparation in the French Army in this respect at the beginning of the war, but this has been rectified as far as veteri- nary hospital accommodations are concerned, by the assistance of the Blue Cross Society, which is a branch of Our Dumb Animal League of London. A large convalescent station for about two thousand disabled horses has been established at Chantilly, from which cured and recuperated horses are returned to the front as needed. The German Army originally mobilized 1,230,000 horses but owing to the gigantic scale assumed by the Russo-German campaign, this strength was raised to 1,830,000 horses. There have been great cavalry movements over the plains of the Eastern front, and the use of motor trucks on the unimproved roads in Poland is imprac- ticable except for a brief time in summer. The use of aeroplanes is limited on account of the stationary fogs during fall, winter and spring, and cavalry scouting had to be resumed on a large scale. Each German Army Corps has 30,000 horses in war strength; a cavalry division about 7,000 horses. The value of a cavalry horse before the war was 1,500 marks (about $300). According to the Berlin Veterinary Weekly, each Army Corps is provided with one horse hospital (Pferde-Lazaret) and two Horse Depots. The regulations prescribing the administration and work of these hospitals are as follows: I, The horse-lazaret is a collecting station for wounded or 66 OLAF SCHWARZKOPF unfit horses and a dressing station. It is to hold itself mobile and for this purpose is attached to the first étappe. (Gefechtsaffel). It is flying the red-star flag for the orientation of those needing its help. If. The protection of wounded horses is the regulation shelter, or evacuated and disinfected stables or barns, as circumstances may permit. (The movable regulation or shelter consists of prepared piping, screwed together by joints, with canvas roof and curtains to windward. O. 8.) _ IIL. Horses quickly cured in the lazaret and serviceable are returned to their organizations. Seriously wounded horses in agony and incurable cases are destroyed. The corpses are burned or buried well off the lines of communication. IV. Wounded or sick horses requiring more than three weeks of treatment are conveyed to the Horse Depots, which serve as Veterinary Hospitals and Remount grading section combined. The housing of the Depots is to be found in evacuated army stables of occupied cities having railroad facilities if possible. Horses cured and further serviceable are reissued to the troops; those recovered but unfit for further field service are condemned and so branded. They are transported home, mares to be sold to farmers, the rest to traders. V. Veterinary officers in charge will make running reports to the Corps Staff Veterinarians of the number of horses treated, recovered, reissued, destroyed or transported home for sale. VI. Utmost diligence is enjoined to preserve the horse supply in reserve at the Depots. The -assistance of the Animal Protective Societies (Thierschutz-Verein) has been most liberal in furnishing moneys or supplies of woolen horse blankets for winter camps, and many kinds of medicines and dressing that could not be obtained in the occupied territories. In Jena even a hospital for invalid war dogs has been instituted, of which more than 1,500 are employed by the Hospital Corps in searching for wounded soldiers. The ten- dency of the military authorities is to let all this good work go on to its fullest extent. The loss of German Army horses during the first six months of the war has been 9 and 91/100 percent. most of it traceable to the great destruction wrought by artillery fire, which has been often specially referred to in reports; yet this loss is less than in former wars, and it is explained by the painstaking professional care of — THE CHANGED STATUS OF THE HORSE IN WAR 67 wounded and unfit horses in the field hospitals, as no saving of life of horses is authorized to officers of mounted contingents while on forward marches on the battlefield. The number of horses mobilized by the Austro-Hungarian army has been unofficially estimated as one million, and this num- ber also has been considerably increased during the war by re- cruiting from the listed horses. From the Central Veterinary Journal Vienna, it is learned that each army corps is provided with three field hospitals (Feldspital fiir Pferde.) One of these is an advance ‘section, following the battle lines, the other two are of a more stationary character. Several large convalescent depots are located in the plains of Hungary, where over 10,000 horses were kept for recuperation during the summer of 1915. The Animal Protective Societies of Vienna and Budapest have been very active in collecting and forwarding warm horse covers, flannel bandages and other horse protecting equipments to the front in endeavoring to mitigate the suffering of horses in winter camps. As regards the care of wounded horses of the other armies at war, nothing definite has come to our notice. It is a pity, that beside the exalted example of the volunteer work of Humane Societies for the rescue of horses wounded on the battlefield, stands the regrettable fact, that there has been misuse of horses in this war. One of the brightest and well known captains of the mounted service of our army, recently said to the writer: ‘Tf we take the report as correct that the cavalry on the West- ern theater of war was practically dismounted within a month, some hard criticism will be heard at the end of this war of the useless attempt to overrun the enemies country with cavalry pa- trols that lost connection and were bound to be captured; and on the other hand of the adherence to the ancient ethies of dashing charges against unshattered infantry and artillery. If the horses killed by such misuse would have been saved for dismounted cavalry action, the scene on the Western front might look differently.’’ Extreme hardship to horses is also produced by changed meth- ods of marching. The cavalry is ordered off the road and has to ride over ploughed fields to give precedence to the endless caravans of automobiles, motor trucks, ambulances, field artillery batteries, signal corps units, pioneer companies and aeroplane sections. Continued night marches particularly have resulted in heavy 68 te OLAF SCHWARZKOPF losses from breakdowns. It is reported by authentic sources that on arrival in camp in the morning, horses were seen to fall asleep so hard that they could not be aroused, a condition of extreme fatigue termed by soldiers sleeping sickness. Night marching is also extremely injurious to the hoofs and legs of horses. Artillery horses have been reported as having been for seventy-two hours in harness, the batteries only making enough stops to feed the horses from nose bags. Cavalry horses have been kept under saddle for three days or more to guard against an attack by surprise. It ap- pears that the armies at war are more or less guilty of some form of sinful waste of horses, but for reasons of expediency we omit further details. We must also omit the discussion of the peculiar injuries and diseases of horses observed in this war, as this subject does not properly come under the scope of this article. It may be briefly mentioned, however, as of general interest, that British Veterinary officers report great trouble with gangrenous wounds caused by the entrance of dirt from certain soils in France, particularly of the Valley of the Aisne. Shrapnel wounds are often fatal on aec- count of tearing of tissue with consequent infection or from the tedious operation of dissecting out large numbers of fragments, as many as forty splinters having been found in a single horse. The greatest trouble to German Army horses on the eastern front are the indigenous lice of Poland, which once contracted are never got- ten rid of during a campaign. Numerous outbreaks of glanders have been reported as suppressed from nearly all the fronts, and great vigilance is necessary to prevent the development of an epi- demic of this most insidious disease of the horse in war. Anaes- thetics are administered in all painful operations in the hospitals, most of the drugs for this purpose being donated by Humane So- cieties. In summarizing the second and third points of this article, which explained the reasons for the increased demand of the horse at the front and his changed status in war, the salient features ap- pear to be as follows: The horse was found to be essential in properly supplying military units which are disconnected with railroad stations and great highways; horse wagons, horse carts and pack horses remain the surest and most economic means of transportation available on country roads, in hilly sections, and during the seasons of fall, THE CHANGED STATUS OF THE HORSE IN WAR 69 winter and spring. The need of artillery horses, train horses, rid- ing horses and pack mules became so urgent after a few months of hostilities, that British and French government agents purchased in this country half a million horses and mules at a cost to the for- elgn governments of approximately $130,000,000 which took away from us a large number of horses more or less fit for our own army. The combatant capacity of the horse, revealed once more by his willing conduct under fire, leads to a methodical veterinary care of those wounded and unfit, with results appreciated as humane and economic. The saving of lives of horses is accomplished by emergency care performed by mounted veterinary sections follow- ing the battle lines; by mobile veterinary field hospitals and by stationary convalescent horse depots. The Animal Protective So- cieties of the various belligerent countries have received govern- mental permission to collect funds and supplies for the care of wounded and unfit army horses, and their assistance is now appre- ciated by army authorities. In conclusion it may be stated that the results obtained in this highly methodical care of wounded horses in war, appears to be ful- ly appreciated by the foreign governments concerned, if public utterances of high officials are accepted as testimony. For instance, Lord Lonsdale, after visiting the front on a tour of inspection ex- pressed himself on this subject as follows: “‘T think it is only due to all those in the Veterinary Depart- ment and the Remount Department to express the extraordinary energy, the love of the animal, the time, hard work, and forethought displayed by all those connected with these two departments. It certainly was a surprise to me, and I went into every detail, and had every facility granted me, and saw every horse, and I do think that we should be not only satisfied, but most grateful to all officers concerned. ”’ This and other similar reports have had the result of lessening the fear and horror of sympathetic people about the reported suf- fering of horses in war, and they have also led to a due realization of the value of the saving of the great numbers of trained and valu- able horses that otherwise would have been lost to the armies. Impartial reflection, however, must convince our officers to whom such methodical care of disabled horses is novel, that it de- pends upon a properly functioning Veterinary Service. Such we never had ourselves owing to inadequate support from the army and 70 _ THOMAS E. MALONEY AND E. W. BABSON Congress. We cannot plead for the extension of such efficient pro- fessional care of disabled horses to our army, unless we obtain an expert Veterinary Branch, that is permitted to work seriously and fulfill its beneficent mission. This is by right humane in its ten- dency and economic in its effect, as has been exemplified by the new status bestowed upon the horse in this latest and greatest of conflicts, which is rocking the civilized world to its very foundation, spread- ing unspeakable pain, but also producing sublime fortitude and lofty acts towards men and animals. —— O———- EXAMINING BOARDS* THOMAS EK. MALONEY, Fall River, Mass. EK, W. Basson, Gloucester, Mass. The work allotted to your committee, by vote at the joint meeting of Veterinary College Faculties and Examining Boards of North America, held in New York City during the Fiftieth Annual Meet- ing of the American Veterinary Medical Association, September Ist to 5th, 1913, was to inquire into the methods and practices of Vet- erinary Hxamining Boards in the several states and the scope and character of education given at the veterinary colleges of North America. From the information gathered we were directed to present a report embodying a plan for standardizing veterinary examinations, which shall determine the qualifications of per- sons to practice veterinary medicine in all of the states of North America, The committee wishes it to be understood that it purposely re- frains from discussing in this report information received from eol- lege faculties and examining boards. We believe that the purpose of our appointment will be best served by presenting an arbitrary plan for the conduct of Veterinary Examining Boards, which we submit for your consideration and discussion, as follows : Kirst. been , shall, by a majority vote of this board register said applicant without examination, provided however, he shall comply with all other requirements and provisions of the law relating to registration of veterinarians. Chapter ........ , acts OL oe ee and amendments thereof. Section 7. It shall be the duty of said board to keep a register of all practitioners qualified under this act, which shall be open to public inspection, and to make an annual report to the governor, SecTion 8. It shall be unlawful after the ........ day of Fetes Sree MPI in the year ........ for any person to practice veterinary medicine, or any branch thereof, in this ............... who does not hold a certificate issued by said board. SecTION 9. The words ‘‘ veterinary medicine,’’ as used in this act, Shall be construed to include the practice, or diagnosis and practice of veterinary medicine, veterinary surgery and veterinary dentistry in regard to any domestic animal, Section 10. Any person not registered as provided by this act who holds himself out as a practitioner of veterinary medicine, or practices, or attempts to practice veterinary medicine in any of its ‘branchés i “this) /. 15 eee eee shall for each offense be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall upon conviction thereof be punished by a fine of not less than ............ dollars or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding two months, or by both such fine and imprisonment, ~ oO EXAMINING BOARDS Section 11. Said board shall investigate all complaints of the violation of the provisions of section ten of said chapter....... Sere , and report the same to the proper prosecuting officers. Section 12. The provisions of this act shall not be construed to prohibit advice or service, in a case of emergency, by a person not entitled to practice veterinary medicine under this act, nor to pro- hibit farmers from rendering services to their neighbors if they do not hold themselves out as.veterinary practitioners under the provi- sions of this act, and the provisions of sections......... (see below ) relating to the practice of medicine within the ................ by physicians and surgeons shall,so far as they may be applicable, apply to the practice of veterinary medicine or any branch thereof by vet- erinarians. Section 13. Except as otherwise provided herein this act shall take effect upon its passage. Copy oF CHAPTER 76, RevisED LAws or MASSACHUSETTS SecTION 9. The provisions of the preceding sections shall not be held to discriminate against any particular school or system of medi- cine or to prohibit medical or surgical service in case of emergency, or to prohibit the domestic administration of family medicine. They shall not apply to a commissioned medical officer of the United States army, navy or emergency hospital service in the performance of his official duty ; to a physician or surgeon from another state who is a legal practitioner in the state in which he resides, when in actual consultation with a legal practitioner of this ................ Sto a physician or surgeon residing in another state and legally quali- fied to practice therein, whose general practice extends to the border MOMMRCOE UNIS ce ke. if such physician does not open an office or designate a place in such town where he may meet patients or receive calls; to a physician authorized to practice medicine in another state when he is called as a family physician to attend a person temporarily abiding in this ....20252..2.... ; nor a reg- istered pharmacist in prescribing gratuitously, an osteopathist, pharmacist, clairvoyant or person practicing hypnotism, magnetic healing, mind cure, massage, Christian Science, or a cosmopathic method of healing; if they do not violate any of the provisions of section ten. II NOTICE The Association of Veterinary Examining Boards of North America (to be established) has adopted the following schedule of subjects in which candidates for registration in veterinary medicine shall be examined to determine their qualifications: 76 THOMAS E. MALONEY AND E. W. BABSON This board has accepted said schedule and all applicants for registration in veterinary medicine in this state will be examined accordingly. Weight Time Per Cent Allowed Anatomy Anatomy Histology 30 and Zoology Three hours Physiology Physiology Hygiene Embryology Pathology Pathology Bacteriology 25 and Parasitology Three hours Laboratory Meat Inspection Diagnosis Milk Analysis Urine Analysis Drugs Materia Biological products 15 Medica Pharmacology Three hours and Toxicology Therapeutics Mechanics Physical Forces Sporadic Diseases Diagnosis Contagious Diseases 15 and Sanitation Three hours Practice Zootechnies Surgery Surgery Obstetrics 15 and Dentistry Three hours Obstetrics Control and restraint Total 100 Seventy per cent. of total weights are necessary to pass for registration. Kach question shall be marked on a scale of 0-100: The aver- age marks given equals the percentage of weight obtained in each general division. EXAMINING BOARDS 77 TEL STATE STATE ) BOARD OF REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY SEAL ) MEDICINE Office of the Secretary. Se OS te ae eee 19—: Member Chairman Member Secretary Member Member Member EIAs aee Shea beiauten sied aha ws My dear sir: Will you kindly give me such information as you can regard- Peete ClATIN OL 25. lS. ee ee ws of (3). Soa eee to have been a practitioner of veterinary medicine in this state continuous- ly for a period of three years prior to the passage of the act estab- manne this Board, to wit?..{......... dapaob sit. ii Seton She _\ eee Answers to the following questions and such other information as you may furnish, will be appreciated and treated confidentially. Yours very truly, rie a> + + Sees Secretary. PLEASE ANSWER ON THIS SHEET DEE SNS Rat Se day of. . anaes i he Paes Didehe then have an office elsewhere?.......5......0..00ecceee- Was he then generally known as a practitioner of veterinary medi- PROC ee OAM ck . . hs e.g eens oe ag The above information is furnished by............ Gi eet. cs. Eo 8 SDR ee 78 THOMAS E. MALONEY AND E. W. BABSON | GRAS, Hee aR Oy Bo Manny eee SONA Ta hee Ck AE Sa ee LAs Tle IV FORM A. A fee Of Gasca oeecnes must accompany application VA pplication” NOx. 72 caren ae 19. IRECELVEG ©. cise six He cehseeehele eemeestnters nO ee Registered. '.). > -)-\ewusnte eiorimecyeters mnenone LOA ees A PPLOVE » .\. Pcie dchem aera aet a eter Oeste Rejected: iss ost bie se eee aS J nae APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE Town: GRA Givin ane ss cot States hw eee 19. To the Board of Registration in Veterinary Medicine: Ts SoS ode Ee eRe woes iat Of. 204i... Oe ( Write full name, do not use initials) a graduate of a recognized school of veterinary medicine, having power to confer degrees in veterinary medicine, namely........... seein Reece ow ate te , from which I was graduated in........ (Insert name of school.) do hereby make application for a certificate of registration, as pro- vided by section........ se 6) 12H 62) a ae of the Acts o£..7. asee I have practiced veterinary medicine*in this state........ years DD Gishele \aterg sous gical lads (0.7 Jo eee S AVCALS (AG. 6 ius.) yo oiphe ote nee ee My residence is... :ctecpemnerentleeuntn cts street, ..... uw. ee My office is... . 2... AERA IRE NS Str Stat ister ig) aro%e s teaee ee Tam a, member of: ihicgaem ne Sic S vids wns es oes Ob w Soe 6 Sele One a 0 & 0a 6 0 0 © 6 SIMS ERen ee Then personally appeared before me the said................ and made oath that the above statement, by him subscribed, is true. @ © € @ 80 e100 © nk ) 6 Ow 8k OS ee Oe eee Justice of the Peace. EXAMINING BOARDS 79 V FORM B. URC Orie fs MP oa must accompany application (SOLAS Oe iS a 19a. 5 BUMMER cs tgs Uy tae yaks ailerw © ges STE, tok Oeisse ON wa ws pe. 4%. MUMTE AVC coos 55 58s k's. 4 aleve sR aiejs wove 2's s 1 TN hae en's Vidic gine Biel Ms UY J gee APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE MO WAIMORMC diy ia. eer. 8 ws. Stake s Lieto ates TOR. To the Board of Registration in Veterinary Medicine: Oe REESE Ss as a Of |. 1 Meets ene > (Write full name, do not use initials) having been a practitioner of veterinary medicine in this state con- tinuously for a period of three years next prior to................ do hereby make application for a certificate of registration, as pro- vided by section........, Onehapter ys. 62). of ‘the Acts of .....:.1. MeOH E se... aye Obes 6 kn; 19...., 1 was a resident CL . e in this state, and practicing veterinary medicine a ee my jomicesbeme situated Biae> cass 2s eee ged Since then I have practiced veterinary medicine at........... Se remen ee 4) «, (ei 6, 0) (es; e/hae «ae a \6)(0. 4c ci'e's 0 © ‘© » 0 © 0,0 © © © ewe aie © me © 0.0 © 0, 6 « «e6€ “IRS TORS SUP 9101's oo NRO i oie > el eee a amo. 1)..): years of age, my legal residence is............... ER Sk Sere usc acdind se Hy: Olice:-18. at Neamt ee ste 1 Oat sy Bs C100 DPS) aes Ae ea - = 0 nd) 3 StS eke eae SS. oo a aC eon | eee ORR ote Then personally appeared before me the said................ and made oath that the above statement, by him subscribed, is true. O..0 @ & Che ee) e) 8/8/02) ¢ tem urey.ey etree a 6) ms Justice of the Peace, 80 THOMAS E. MALONEY AND E. W. BABSON VI FORM C. A fee of Sere eee must accompany application Application” Now set ene ae bl meere Wecewed. x. -0.: oe ee ee eee ae aie Resistered’ i. 0.. Soa eer eee is). Approved... /. 22a: sees Ries eerie Gs ee Regected: «oss eee Nice Sete 19 2. APPLICATION FOR EXAMINATION FOR REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE TOWN OESOMhy cei cee. ee hates +e ee Uh ae To the Board of Registration in Veterinary Medicine: De seh eh Ls SAR ee eee ee OL. i. Sc tee ; (Write full name, do not use initials) hereby make application for examination, that I may be registered as a qualified veterinarian, as provided by the laws of......... ete Twas’ Dorn ine MbatevOle vans sere . af eects een day, Si See ee month, 10a. My preliminary education was received in the........ schools CON dee enna ston any San cere ; I have received academic or collegiate honors, viz.:........... [ have studied veterinary medicine...... years: with Drage hte eoleeies Of. 0. oom ate. 28 a rece er [ have completed annual courses in the............ Veterinary Show] Wns oe wee a LUG BATS. wi heneas cele eos > GSO: Seen courses UG LAREN ease. Nohc a Veterinary School in......... in the years. ... 0.4 I received the degree of.......... LOM cient ats Veterinary School in the year......... I have: had hospital’ experience, viz.2.....4).. 4.0. 0.8). 4 [ have practiced veterinary medicine........ years 1n\i swore ATU Cs 6 d'e oteie siels\s « & See nam naire Ra, 2A Neh chels e octane aren My post-office addressvisivn ox «ss sts. fad. ve vise ees ST ATR ta ice dae. sai (Signature) + sty Uveae- a2 ae Ren ne SS sina’ 00. «MASUR wi atin’ oh a paws tae Then personally appeared before me the said................ and made oath that the above statement, by him subscribed, is true. Justice of the Peace, EXAMINING BOARDS 81 VII PUBLIC DOCUMENT. vt Ree Lae uba tie ste: ANNUAL REPORT of the SUE et ee Be BOARD OF REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE PORTER YHAR.: ...). 0c STATE SEAL VIII MEMBERS of the gig Sel eee BOARD OF REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE Wedie acs tos Member Chairman. Residence Member Secretary. Residence Member ae Member < Member a IX WS Op RRS OL: 2... See eet ee Dae or REPORT Board of Registration in Veterinary Medicine. pecretary § Office... .....0..25es Seas minis tSCCHleENGY a eh bec. c. ee es Governor. Sir :— (Number of pages necessary ) xX TABLE A | Number Number | Number aa | Examined | Registered | Rejected uly examination ....¢...... | | November examination ...... | | UL? SOS RS 6 Os ae | | | o 82 THOMAS E. MALONEY AND E. W. BABSON XT, TABLE B Schools represented by | Number Number | Number candidates | Examined | Registered | Rejected Se Merckens ee geese cae ee a Mota saint Seishernneoree te eae XII TABLE C Number of Exam- Candidates registered inations held. as result of 7 eo i] | | Seay eae s| 8 Sais ime ie aes el = z Bi. | ey etal get een E| 3 a Se Me pa ey ress el ole tetas ert s Schools represented by E ey tone" coir eels e 3 candidates : @ 1A ew) 3a) SM] Oo Mi) AM | 5 BE ne) HR)! & oS | | | I HOTA Meets teste sisters esse es | XIII FINANCIAL STATEMENT Respectfully submitted, MiGieT: Mik ahs tacks as A ONG Ate Chairman Mé@iibenerG > tea. cee tins Secretary M6naber, <.sa(tred 9 Waeks a MMe? if views Sneed hasnee MeiibGt (Nh cae sive ories a4 EXAMINING BOARDS 83 XIV APPENDIX LAW RELATING TO THE REGISTRATION OF VETERINARIANS Chapters. s vic AGtS OL. yy ceee AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE ESTABLISHING OF A BOARD OF REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE XV PE Soe as VobrA Win (OF... . . <0 6 eee ee BOARD OF REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 1. Applications and fees must be in the hands of the Secretary at least three days prior to an examintaton. 2. Candidates are examined by number only, their names not ap- pearing on examination books, and their numbers being known only to the Secretary. 3. Candidates are not informed of their percentages if they fail to pass an examination. 4. No examination questions are given out by the Board. 5. Information of the illegal practice of veterinary medicine given to the Board is held confidentially. XVI SCHEDULE OF VETERINARY EXAMINATIONS XVII ET ele Sis wieye a's 5 3 BOARD OF REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE Application number........... nriatOne aT. |... 3. 2 . + ee Number of | Per (MesStioNsS . ...,..~. MP2) 3) 4) 5] 6} 7|.8} 9140) — Cent ea) | | ie Markings...... }11/12|13)14)15/16)17|18)19!20 sclera ea aan a r | RI ee I . y ra NG ?xaminer STATE SEAL XVIII INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES FOR EXAMINATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE he Sg AEE SS eae Examinations will begin each day at 10 a.m. and continue until 5) p.m. with one hour intermission for lunch, 84 ‘ THOMAS E. MALONEY AND E. W. BABSON 1. Write your application number (given on your admission ticket) on the outside of the cover of each book before opening it. 2. Write legibly with ink, answer the questions in the order given, and number each answer. 3. The question list must not be detached. 4. Write on both sides of the leaf. 5. The exact time allowed for each book is stated on the question slip. 6. You are at liberty to leave the room when you finish your book, not to return until the hour for the next. 7. Be in your seat promptly at the beginning of the examination hour. 8. Each person is expected to attend strictly to his own work. Communications with others, or attempts to obtain information from the books of others, will be noted. 9. The card designating your number should remain in its proper place during the entire examination. 10. The result of your examination, whether satisfactory or unsat- isfactory, will be mailed to your address in about three weeks from this date. XIX QUESTIONSMNR As. 6 ce aice Time allowed, 3 hours. Dea Sea Rieck oh aie's 6 Yo 2 u's ce ee ee ee ace ne aa ee ? A RP AR RO a ah RE en 2 De eulseib endl

. a. «SRR RPE MERaG ics 0, Can kt ak el es ? ke RPE NY MMR ect AE AI ore ? SW PU ek hy Pm 8 ER ? hr SI i yes eM oe ? 1 ee ee OU ee ee ? 1 I a ee ? (Number of pages necessary ) | Criticisms, suggestions and inquiries are invited. Communi- cations may be addressed to Dr. Thomas EK. Maloney, Fall River, Mass., or Dr, E, W. Babson, Gloucester, Mass. | CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS PERFORATED BOWEL IN THE HORSE A. P. Drew, Grand Junction, Colo, ’ J On November 5th, I received a call from Mr. Whittekein, at . the Durham stock yards, to come as soon as possible and see a horse that had been gored by a steer. Upon inquiring as to the nature of the injury, Mr. Whittekein informed me that while trying to catch a steer that had escaped from the stock yards, the steer had gored his horse, just in front of the stifle and the bowels were hang- ing out about six inches. I directed him to get a clean laundered towel, wrap it around the bowel and hold it from coming out any further until I arrived. Also to boil two gallons of water. Upon arrival, | found an aged bay mare, weighing about. 1000 pounds, perspiring freely, pulse and respiration accelerated, pawing and wanting to lay down. I administered one-quarter grain each of strychnine and atropine, placed my instruments in a pan to boil, then wrapped a sheet around the animal’s abdomen, securely fas- tening it by sewing with strong twine, leaving the towel wrapped around the protruding bowel. The casting harness was then ad- justed, and the animal cast on a canvas blanket. Chloroform was then administered until anesthesia was complete. After thoroughly cleansing my hands I had the sheet and towel removed, the abdom- inal wound was about 8 inches forward of the stifle joint, and some 8 or 10 inches of the small intestine protruding. The bowel was somewhat congested, completely filling the circular wound in the skin made by the steer’s horn. On examining the bowel I found a tear about 2 inches long from which fecal matter was discharging. I then irrigated the bowel and skin in the vicinity of the wound for several minutes with warm, normal salt solution, and placed pads of aseptic gauze, wrung out in salt solution, around the skin wound and bowel. An assistant then held the bowel, grasped firmly be- tween the gauze pads, exposing only the torn surface, while I stitched the wound with an aseptic gut suture, being careful to bring the serous surface in contact, turning the edge of the wound in about one-eighth of an inch. The bowel was again irrigated with warm salt solution, and the skin opening enlarged until the bowel could be returned to the abdominal cavity without using force, 86 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS ee ee eee eee The muscles and peritoneum were found torn for several inches and the skin incision was extended until the peritoneum could be grasped with forceps, and was then stitehed with a chromic gut suture. The muscles were also stitched. with a chromic gut suture, and the skin closed with braided silk interrupted sutures, placing a piece of iodoform gauze at the lowest point for drainage. The hair was then clipped off around the skin wound, painted with tincture of iodine, and dusted with powdered camphalum. The animal lay quiet for about an hour after the chloroform was discontinued, then was assisted to her feet and placed in a box stall. Her head was hitched short so she could not lay down, and food and water withheld for 24 hours. Water was given in small quantities. Food was withheld for another 24 hours. After this a light diet consist- ing of bran mash and a small quantity of alfalfa was allowed, and the wound dusted twice daily with camphalum. November 6th, pulse and temperature normal. November 7th, pulse and temperature normal. Animal very hungry, some edema around the wound. November 9th, pulse and temperature normal, slight discharge of pus from the drain. Administered one ampoule of poly bacterins. Painted wound with tincture of iodine. November 15th, stitehes were removed. Wound healed except small place where drain had been. At this time the animal was turned loose and allowed to lie down for the first time since being injured. Also placed on full ration. I credit the successful termination of this case, first to the ad- ministration of an anesthetic, second, to the free use of normal salt solution, third, not disturbing the hair or skin except to irri- gate it with salt solution, until the bowel had been returned and the wound sutured. SD aa THE TREATMENT OF TETANUS WITH TETANUS ANTITOXIN H. Beran, D.V.S., Suisun, California. On a number of occasions when in attendance on various vet- erinary meetings as well as in a number of personal conversations with other practitioners it has been my experience to hear reports of little or no results from the use of tetanus antitoxin in the treat- CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 87 ment of tetanus in horses. My experience has been so different from the usual reports of such treatment and I have so much faith in proper sized doses of tetanus antitoxin that I want to present this report in defense of tetanus antitoxin in treatment. The first thing I want to say is that if we expect results from the use of tetanus antitoxin in treatment we must expect to give sufficient dosage. It is not uncommon to hear some practitioner say that he gave the antitoxin in a dose of 500 or 1500 units and got no results, which is exactly what one would expect who understands the necessities in connection with this treatment of tetanus. In some sections of the country where the disease is more prevalent and apparently more virulent it is quite possible that even large doses of the antitoxin will not be of a great deal of service. About this I cannot say because I have had no extended experience in differ- ent localities. I do want to make it plain, though, that if you wish to get results you must give a sufficient amount. As a preventive measure I have absolute confidence in the antitoxin and believe that 1500 units should be administered whenever one has cause to sus- pect infection. If we could always do this the disease could be al- most entirely prevented, but unfortunately this cannot be done since very often we do not see the case until the symptoms have de- veloped. The factor of expense, in the treatment of animals with a suffi- cient quantity of the antitoxin to be effective, in the majority of cases, is a thing which is of prime importance and this cost should be explained to the owner of the animal, at the start, to see if he is prepared to spend the amount of money, which may be necessary in giving the animal enough antitoxin to cure the disease if a cure is possible. My experience has been that we should not become dis- couraged if the patient does not show an immediate response. I have found in some of my eases treatment was kept up for as long as six or eight days before good results were apparent. I naturally do not depend entirely upon the antitoxin, as I be- heve in doing everything possible to aid the animal in its resistance. When it is possible to find the seat of infection, I use strong disin- fectants as well as, in many eases, cauterization and the removal of tissues, 1f advisable. Idiopathic cases I treat the same as others. Of course, I use drugs when indicated, but these are used either subcutaneously, intravenously, or intratracheally, never orally. I find also that much better results are obtained when animals are 88 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS EE EEE EE. confined in a dark box stall away from noise and excitement. I fill the ears of the animal with cotton and use every other method possible to prevent the spasms. I inject the serum subeutaneously into the neck, first clipping the hair and further disinfecting the skin. I presume intravenous injections will act more rapidly than subcutaneous ones and in some cases injection into the vein should be employed. My usual dosage is 9000 units daily, divided into three doses of 3000 units each. I give this quantity when neces- sary for four days, then decrease to half this amount, giving 1500 units three times a day. I have been practicing in this one place for the past six years and have had 17 cases. Of these, 12 have made good recoveries treated with the antitoxin as above described. One case diéd after giving 15000 units. Another died after giving 24000 units. Three cases received no serum and all three of these died. I give herewith brief case histories: Case No.1. Oct. 9, 1909. Was called to see a horse which was lame, due to a recent nailprick. Upon my arrival I found a ease of tetanus, and so informed the superintendent, who told me to do the best I could and not hesitate about the expense. I began with 3000 units in the morning, gave the same dose at noon and the same in the evening. This I kept up for four days. The nail-hole was curetted thoroughly and the following dressing was applied: carbolic acid, glycerin and distilled water, then iodo- form gauze, pack and bandage. This I dressed daily. After using 9000 unit doses of serum 4 days, I cut it down to 4500 unit doses for 4 days, then to 1500 unit doses twice daily for 4 days and last about 500 units for a couple of days, twice daily. This mare, weighing about 1800 lbs. made complete recovery and was ready to work within one month. Gave altogether 70,000 units of tetanus antitoxin. ' Case No. 2. Oct. 10, 1909.—Three year old male colt, weight about 900 lbs. When I arrived I saw the colt in the field and was told he had been down about 30 hours. I tried to help him up, but he was as stiff as a board. The horse died that evening, without hay- ing received any antitoxin. This case was idiopathic tetanus. Case No, 3. May 7, 1910.—Old driving horse, snagged be- tween the 5th and 6th rib by limb of a fruit tree. This horse had heen suffering several days from tetanus, according to the history. I! advised the owner that the animal was too far gone for treatment, OLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 89 and as she was only valued at about $40.00, none was given. She died that evening at 6 o’clock. Case No. 4. July 12, 1910.—Four year old heavy draft horse weighing about 1500 lbs. This horse was in the last stages of teta- nus and no antitoxin was used. He died a couple of hours later. Had been down two days. Infection probably oecurred through an open collar bruise. Case No.5. Nov. 14, 1910.—A horse was brought tome. The owner said that the horse could not eat. I at once diagnosed the case as tetanus. We brought the horse into a box stall, with plenty of bedding. Arecoline hydrobromide 1 gr.; strychnine sulphate 14 er.; and atropine 14 gr. was at once administered. Trismus was present so I had not much faith in the case, although the owner wanted me to do all I could for him. I gave the animal the same doses of antitoxin as in case No. 1, with arecoline and strychnine twice daily for 3 days. Trismus gradually disappeared, the horse began to eat and drink and was sent home after making a perfect recovery. This was an idiopathic case. Gave altogether 60,000 units of antitoxin. Case No. 6. Jan. 11, 1912.—A two year old colt contracted tetanus from a nail in the foot 10 days previous. 45000 units of antitoxin were used and the colt made a good recovery. Case No. 7. May 9, 1912.—Was called to Joyce Island to fix a gray stallion’s teeth, (as the Supt. expressed it) and when I got there, told them to back the stallion out from his stall. Noticing his stiff gait as well as the membrana nictitans and other symp- toms, I diagnosed tetanus. They told me that the animal had picked up a nail in the foot about 3 weeks previous. We had to cast the horse to curette his foot and dress it. The stallion made a perfect recovery. Gave 60000 units of antitoxin. Case No. 8. Aug. 13, 1912.—Called to place where they had lost two horses, one and two months previously. They told me over the phone that they knew they had some infectious disease among their horses, but did not know what it could be. Upon my arrival I found a grey horse 8 years old, weighing about 1200 Ibs. suffering from tetanus. I questioned them regarding the other two horses that had died and discovered that the first horse had a col- lar bruise on its shoulder, but they did not think anything of it. The second horse had later on been using the first horse’s harness and contracted a bruise at about the same place. This horse also 90 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS died, having shown the same symptoms as the first one. The horse was examined and I found a bruise about the same place on the shoulder, as had the other two horses which died. I asked to see the harness and then found that the collar was slightly torn and a nasty scab surrounded the tear. My diagnosis in all three cases was probable tetanus. These three horses had been using the same harness. Of course, the collar was burned in my presence and the other collars were scraped and washed in disinfectants. I treated the animal and to the owner’s surprise, he made a perfect recovery. Will add that sometimes preventive measures against tetanus are of great importance as I found out in this particular case. If I had let the tetanus bacilli remain in the old harness, perhaps he would have lost every horse on the ranch. The wound, of course, was treated and the amount of antitoxin used was 55000 units. CasE No. 9. Jan. 28, 1913.—Was called to see an 1000 lb. horse on pasture. The owner told me he had lockjaw. After see- ing the horse, I advised the owner to get a truck and they brought him to his barn. The third day in the morning they rang me up and told me I had better come out and kill him because he was down. I went to see the animal and found that the floor was very slippery. We put in some gravel and straw, got my slings and raised him up, Jetting him hang in the slings four days, after which they were removed as the horse was doing nicely. Made perfect re- covery. Gave 51000 units of antitoxin. Case No. 10. July 29, 1913—Owner came to my office telling me about a fine mule that was not working the way he ought to the last three days; said he had not worked him the last day. I asked him for the symptoms and history. Diagnosed the case as probable tetanus and told him we had better go out at once, which we did and found what I suspected—a well developed case of tetanus. I gave 61000 units of antitoxin. Mule made perfect recovery. Case No. 11. Aug. 8. 1913.—Was called to see a yearling colt. ound the colt affected with tetanus and his foot in a frightful con- dition. The foot was attended to and the leg kept in a strong so- lution of disinfectant for several days. The antitoxin was used, 40000 units in all. The colt made a speedy and perfect recovery. Case No. 12. June 22, 1914—Owner asked me if I could do anything for a horse with lockjaw. I told him | thought so. Said the horse had been affected for 10 days. I found the horse on pas- ture in rather bad shape, although he could walk fairly well. I CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 91 told them that there was a chance of saving him. They did not believe it and decided if I would take the horse away from the ranch I could have him for nothing. I had the animal brought to my hospital and treated him. After giving 55000 units of anti- toxin the animal, a five year old horse weighing about 1250 Ibs., made perfect recovery. Case No. 13. Mareh 9, 1915.—F ound 1500 Ib. horse suffering from tetanus. I had him brought to my hospital, examined his feet and found pus in left front foot, caused from a nailprick. I cut out the nail hole, dressed it daily in the same manner as in case No. 1 and gave 60000 units of antitoxin. He made a perfect re- covery. The owner of this horse is the same party that owned case No. 5, previously described. Case No. 14. July 26, 1915.—Mule with tetanus. I treated the case, which made a perfect recovery, after 60000 units of anti- toxin had been given. This was an idiophatic case. Case No. 15. Oct..25, 1915 at 1:30 A.M. I was called to see a three year old colt, weighing about 1200 lbs. Owner told me over the phone that the colt was suffering from colic, as it was down. Upon my arrival I found a case of tetanus and, as the owner had been away for a number of days and had not known about the condi- tion of the colt and could not obtain correct history from the at- tendant, I was undecided what to do. The poor animal had dug himself deeply into the ground in the corral. I told the owner that [ was almost sure I had a hopeless case to deal with and I ad- vised him what the cost of the serum would be, but if the animal should die, he would die within a day or two. He was very fond of the colt and wanted to try the antitoxin. I told him about what success I had with tetanus and I would not lose my reputation by treating this case and I did not want the antitoxin to be knocked if the animal died. I gave 15000 units and he died. This colt got infected through a bruise of the heel. Case No. 16. Nov. 25, 1915.—I was called to see a large, three year old colt, weighing about 1400 Ibs. suffering from tetanus. I treated the case with success. He made a perfect recovery after 70000 units of antitoxin had been given. The peeuliarity about this case was that on the 5th day the owner rang me up and told me the animal was breathing very heavily and rapidly, was prac- tically unable to stand on his feet. I went out and found the ani- mal was foundered. I told the owner not to worry. Here is a 92 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS case where leukocytic extract (Archibald) was used and six c.c. of the same was given intratracheally once daily, until 42 ¢.c. had been given. This is the first of my cases of tetanus where laminitis was also present. Case No. 17. Jan. 17, 1916.—A ease of tetanus was brought to me. I advised them the same as everybody else about the price, and my success, in those cases, etc. The case was brought to my hospital. A deep wound was found, caused from collar gall. I burned same out thoroughly with a red hot iron, then injected a strong solution of disinfectant. The third evening the animal did not look quite as well as she should. The next morning I saw her early. She was the same as the night before. I watched her, off and on, the whole forenoon. She grew worse and I brought her out to the corral where she fell and I then had her shot. I gave her 24000 units of antitoxin. Doa Case. Jan. 12, 1916 a dog was brought to me with tet- anus caused from a foxtail which had entered between the toes. The only thing I did to him was to operate on the foot, disinfected and dressed it twice. Stimulants were given hypodermically but with no results. The third day I destroyed the dog and just prior to the injection of hydrocyanic acid into the heart, I took a picture of him, which accompanies the story. Notice the tail, the gluteal muscles and the legs. The eyes were almost covered by the mem- brana nictitans. In conclusion [ would say that in spite of all of the reports of unsatisfactory results from the use of this serum, I have the greatest OLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 93 of confidence in it and with very good reason I believe, when the results | have obtained are considered. All of the antitoxin used was made by The Cutter Laboratory at Berkeley, Cal., and upon inquiry I find that it is the usual practice to place a liberal ex- cess of units in each package at the time it is put up to take care of any loss of potency during its market life and, as I obtain the serum in small lots so that it may be as fresh as possible, the actual num- ber of units given in each case is well in excess of the units indi- cated upon the label on the package. The units I have given in this report. I always keep 9000 units on hand in my office. I believe a great many that have reported very poor results will save a good many of their cases if they will use as much of the antitoxin, or even more of it than I have here suggested. —-—{}——- HOW MANY LIVES HAS A CAT? JAMES H. HEstER, V.S., Santa Barbara, Calif. A few months ago a lady brought her pet cat to me for exam- ination, claiming that he was suffering from either a dislocated shoulder or a fracture. A careful examination failed to reveal anything abnormal either with the limb or the eat. As we were discussing the case, the cat which the owner was holding in her arms, made an effort to escape, winced and cried out with pain. Resum- ing my examination I discovered something about one-half inch long between the lower end of the scapula and the thorax which felt as if it might be the first rib broken with end of lower part turned forward. I was told to take the cat, eut down and find out what the trouble was. The cat’s struggles, while the anesthetic was being given, forced the object through to the skin, where a small incision revealed the point of what appeared to be a needle or a pin. Taking hold of this with a pair of forceps I drew out about four inches of a pin which then came to a stop, and although I gave quite a firm pull it would come no farther. Taking up a bistoury I passed it down along the pin, enlarging the passageway, until I drew forth a six-inch hat pin with a glass head about the size of the end of an ordinary lead pencil. I supposed, of course, that it was all off with the cat, but to my surprise he was all right in a few days and has shown no ill effects since. There was no scratch 94 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS or wound anywhere on the body where the pin might have entered. Now the questions before the class are: Where and how did the cat get this pin and where was he keeping it until I found it? The history of the case: Three nights before, the owner went to the show and left the cat alone in the house. Her hat with two pins in it was on the shelf about six feet from the floor. While the owner was away the folks in the adjoining part of the house heard a noise as if the cat had fallen or Jumped from the shelf to the floor. When the owner returned, she noticed the cat retching as if trying to vomit, and put him out of the house for the night, thinking no more about it until I found the pin. After summing it all up, my guess is that the cat, for some un- explainable reason must have swallowed the pin head first, probably fell upon it, which when it passed down as far as it could was forced back by the movements of the body. But how can you explain sneh a migratory trip of the pin without more damage being done to the cat, and why did not the contents of the digestive tract escape through the wound where the head of the pin passed and cause trouble? ———Q--—- ——_ ABORTIVE TREATMENT OF WOUND INFECTIONS CARREL, DAKIN, DAUFRESNE, DEHELLY AND DUMAS The confidence inspired by the use of tincture of iodin and the packing of wounds has disappeared long ago. Experience has shown that the various kinds of military wounds are all infected, and that the application of iodin does not prevent gaseous gan- grene, septicemia, or chronic suppurations. It is also known that such complications cause irreparable lesions and eyen death in a very large number of cases. In 1000 amputations observed by Tuffier at the ‘‘Masion-Blanche’’ the operation was necessitated in about 800 cases, not by the gravity of the trauma, but by infectious complications. In spite of the utter failure of the principles used in the beginning of the war in the treatment of wounds, no new methods were developed. Confusion reigned in the theory and practice of the surgeon. It became therefore, a matter of great im- portance that the treatment given to the wounded should yield better returns. This result could only be obtained by establishing a single method which would be uniformly used by all, in spite of its tem- CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 95 porary and approximate value. In this way the wounded were protected from the therapeutic fantasies due to lack of central di- rection. In order to obtain the maximum results with a minimum of suffering, effort and money, it was necessary to prevent wound com- plications rather than to combat them. It is infinitely more sim- ple to abort an infection in the beginning than to discover effica- cious methods for the treatment of gaseous gangrene, septicemia, suppurations and their sequelae, The principles upon which the abortive treatment of infection should be founded have long been known. But they had not been elaborated into a simple doctrine capable of practical application. The chemical, bacteriological and clinical researches made at the Temporary Hospital 21 of the Rockefeller Foundation at Com- piegne, have shown the conditions under which the chemical steri- lization of a wound ean be realized. It is known that all wounds made by fragments of shells, grenades, ete., are infected. Bacteriological examination made about 6 hours after injury, shows that in all wounds there is a varied microbial flora, aerobic and anaerobic. Two important facts have been ascertained. The first is that the microbes are generally few in number. Sometimes the smear must be moved and several fields examined under the microscope before a micro-organism is found. The second is that the microbes are localized around the projectile and débris. They have not yet had time enough to spread over the entire surface of the wound. If the examination is made after 24 hours or later, the appearance of the smear is al- together different. A very large number of microorganisms are found. They are often so numerous that they cannot be counted. Besides, they are to be found throughout the entire extent of the wound. These observations confirm those made clinically. They show that during the first few hours following trauma it is easy to re- move infectious organisms, while this operation becomes more and more difficult as the organisms are allowed to multiply, diffuse over the surface of the wound and infiltrate its walls. The abortive treatment of infection must therefore be given as soon as possible - after the injury. In what manner shall this be accomplished? It is known that the microorganisms are localized about the infectious foreign bodies 96 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS and in the abrasions in the walls of the wound. While it is easy to remove fragments of shells and débris, it is impossible to mechanically remove small particles of débris and microorgan- isms lodged in the abraded surfaces. It is therefore neces- sary to kill the microorganisms attached to the small foreign bodies and to the wound surfaces by means of a liquid which penetrates and‘will still be in contact with the tissues for a considerable time. The antiseptic method has already rendered immense service. It were folly to question this because of certain laboratory experi- ments made with a technic of doubtful value. In surgery the elini- cal results are paramount. Dakin has found a solution of sodium hypochlorite which has a very energetic antiseptic action, is not irritant and costs little. The solution, prepared by the method of Dakin, may be used of such concentration that it will sterilize every part of the wound with which it comes in contact. Since this solution will penetrate every diverticulum of the wound, a complete sterilization will be obtained, provided the solution be constantly renewed. 1. Precocity of the treatment—At the ‘‘first aid’’ stations, disinfect the skin with tincture of iodin. If the wound be narrow, inject the hypochlorite solution into the crevices. If the wound be large, dress it with gauze soaked in hypochlorite. Do not use water tight material over the dressing. This hasty disinfection is by no means dispensable. It greatly amehorates the condition of the wound. The wounded must be transported as rapidly as possible, to the ambulance or to the hospital where they are to receive complete surgical treatment. Only those suffering from severe hemorrhage or shock are to be treated on the spot. Every possible effort must be made to have the wounded arrive at the hospital not later than six hours after the injury. The future of the wounded depends upon the speed of transportation and treatment of the wound as soon as possible. There are no small wounds; some that are insig- nificant in appearance may be followed by grave complications. All must be completely treated. 2. Mechanical cleaning of the wound.—The foreign bodies, projectiles, débris, ete., are immediately removed. The _ finger, gloved in rubber, is gently introduced into the wound; often the foreign bodies are extracted in this way. Sometimes the radio- graph, etc, are necessary. The wound should be opened sufficiently CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 97 to permit its cleaning and exploration. But it is important to cause no injury, and to renounce such brutal manoeuvres known as curetting, ete. of wounds. The débris, projectiles, and splinters of bone are delicately removed with the fingers or with dis- secting forceps. Hemostasis must be accomplished as neatly as possible. In jagged wounds and especially in fractures, consider- ation must be given to the extent of the shattering and the location of the diverticula of the wound. 3. Chemical sterilization of the wound—An antiseptic acts only at the place where it is applied and then only when applied long enough. The antiseptics used up to the present were very feebly germicidal or too irritant to the tissues. The sodium hypochlorite solution prepared by Dakin is not irritant and its germicidal power is very great. Javel water must not be used. Its content of hypo- chlorite is not constant, it may contain free chlorin or free alkali, especially when it undergoes decomposition. HKvery pharmacist can prepare Dakin’s hypochlorite solution. (Presse Medicale, Sept. 30, 1915). A one-half percent solution is used. This solution is strongly antiseptic and still it may be applied to the skin or to the tissues for several days or even weeks without causing irritation. It must not be used at the same time with alcohol nor must it ever be heated. The solution is injected with an ordinary syringe or with one made of rubber. The hypochlorite should penetrate all the crevices of the wound. It should be continually renewed because it is decomposed by contact with protein material. To instill it into the tissues, rubber tubes are used, having a diameter of about 6 millimeters (14 inch) pierced by a single hole-about 44 centimeter (1-5 inch) from the end. Tubes of different lengths are used, pierced by a hole and provided with attached sponges. When the wound is narrow or a large wound has narrow diverticula, the sponge tubes are introduced into the narrow spaces. In case of fracture the end of the tube should be placed among the fragments. When liquid is passed down the tube, it is imbibed by the sponge and held in contact with the wound surfaces instead of running out immediately. In superficial wounds and in wounds that are large and jagged, naked tubes are applied to the bottom of the wound or introduced into its diverticula. The wound is then filled with gauze. Before finishing the dressing, the liquid is passed into the tubes and the operator assures himself that it reaches all parts of the wound. The dressing is finished with a 98 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS layer of non-absorbent cotton, through which the rubber tubes pass. The liquid is to be instilled through these tubes. The antiseptic must be continually renewed. Every hour or every two hours a sufficient quantity of the liquid is to be injected into the tubes with the aid of a syringe (seringe de Gentile). It is still better to use: continuous instillation. The quantity to be injected depends upon the size of the wound; it is necessary that, the surfaces of the wound be well moistened. 4. Limbs must be carefully immobilized in cases of fracture or wounds of the joints. As soon as possible, plaster dressings en- forced by metal bands must be used. The dressing should be examined every day and changed as often as necessary. Dd. Reunion of the wound.—The lips of the wound must not be reunited until a bacteriological examination has shown that the wound has become aseptic. The time will vary according to the nature of the wound, the nature of the infection, and especially with the length of time elapsed between injury and treatment. Many wounds never become sterile completely, and consequently, must not be reunited. The reunion of tissues must not be made by su- tures. It is sufficient to bring the lips of the wound together with adhesive bands, and to bring the deeper parts of the wound together with an appropriate compressive dressing. The efficacy of the method has been demonstrated by a variety of methods, bacteriological, clinical, ete. The action of the Dakin hypochlorite solution was first studied on suppurating wounds. Comparative tests made on different parts of the same wound or on two similar wounds on one person, showed that in the wound or part of the wound treated by the Dakin solution, the number of organisms diminished, the secretions dried up, while the condition of the control wound or control part of the wound did not change. In these tests it was found that phagocytosis continued and cica- trization took place in spite of the use of the antiseptic solution. Only one rigorously comparative test was made, because it is rare that one finds a case with two wounds that are identical. Sueh a case was found, in which two shell wounds were only a short dis- tance apart, (several centimeters). The wound treated with hypo- chlorite solution through a sponge tube, remained odorless, and without purulent secretions. The other wound suppurated. The observation was confirmed by many other similar ones, but not so rig- orously controlled, because wounds are not easily comparable, CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 99 Generally, reunion takes place 8 to 14 days after the injury. in such fashion that the wounds are completely cicatrized. Wounds will not become sterile unless the hypochlorite solution penetrates all the recesses; however, the infection is considerably diminished when this does not take place. Revue D’Hygiene et de Police Sanitaire, Vol. 37, pp. 1016-1024, 1915. (Work done at the Rockefeller Foundation and Hospital at Compiégne, France). Note by abstractor:—To those not familiar with the metric system of weights and measures, Bureau of Standards Circular No. 47 on Units and Weights and Measures will be useful. A copy can be obtained gratis by addressing a brief note to ‘‘The Director of 1 99 the Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. BERG. ———__0———. REMOVAL OF A SHELL SPLINTER WITH THE AID OF AN ELECTROMAGNET VETERINARIAN RUDERT An officer’s charger had been wounded in the gluteal region, by a shell splinter. When the horse came under observation there was a wound with a purulent opening 12-15 em. long. The gluteal region was shaved, disinfected and a local anes- thetic injected. An electromagnet, obtained from one of the war hospitals, was passed over this region. “A distinct swelling was produced over the splinter... The magnet was removed and an in- cision 3 em. long was made over the site of the splinter. On apply- ing the magnet a second time, the splinter was drawn through the uninjured muscles and completely removed. FRANCO-BELGIAN VETERINARY RELIEF FuNp. It is reported that the Belgian and many of the French veterinarians are in a deplorable condition as a result of the war. A relief fund of 20,000 francs (about $4,000) has already been raised among the over-taxed French veterinarians. Are American veterinarians interested ? The anti-tuberculosis bill of Dr. J. F. Winchester, of Lawrence, Mass. is arousing considerable public interest in that locality. At the first hearing of the bill, is is reported scant courtesy was al- lowed to its advocates. A second hearing has been granted at which it is expected a more favorable sentiment will develop. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE Rocky Mountain Sporrep Fever. A Report or its INVESTI- GATION AND OF MEASURES UNDERTAKEN FOR ITS ERADICATION DURING 1914. Fricks, L. D. U.S. Public Health Rep. 1915, Jan. 15, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 148-165.—This report is mainly concerned with the measures for the control and eradication of the disease in the Bitter Root Valley, Montana. he answered: ‘‘St. Paul, Minnesota; Springfield, [l.; Pear, South Dakota; Bismark, North Dakota.’’ In response to the question, ‘‘Name the martyred presidents of the United States,’’ he answered, ‘‘Willison’’ (Hvidently Wilson). His total rating on all common school subjects was 17.5 on a basis of 100. In response to question calling for a letter of not less than fifty PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 129 words and not more than one hundred words, subject of letter to be ‘Report on Illegal Veterinary Practitioners in Your Locality,’ he answered : Candidate No. 129. “St. Paul, Minn., July 13, 1915. ‘*Minnesota State Veterinary Exam, Board. ‘*Dear. Sir. Meese am PLAcCueine Bi... io... . «2s and am practicing Veterinary **Medicine, I find that their is a quack at.......... sixteen miles ‘south which is doing work and making charges. for his servis. It. ‘‘would be grate pleasure to me a grate help if the Minnesota State ‘*board would tend to this matter. (Copied exactly) In 1904, less than 20% of our American Medical Colleges re- quired more than full high school course for matriculation. In 1911, 33% required one or more years of collegiate work. Later figures are not available. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, you have heard the report. What is your pleasure? Dr. KinsLEY: I move that the report be accepted and referred to the ex- ecutive committee. Seconded by Dr. Hoskins. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Any remarks to be made in regard to referring the report of the committee on colleges to the executive committee? If not those in favor make it, manifest by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no’’. Carried. It is so ordered. That finishes the program for the morning. Be- fore we adjourn, let us fix the time for meeting in the morning. It is scheduled at 9:50. The executive committee has a good deal of work to do yet. I think if you make it ten o’clock that the executive committee will be ready to report at that time. If there is no objection, we stand adjourned until ten o’clock to-morrow. Oakland, Calif., September 2, 1915. The fifth business session of the fifty-second stated meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association was called to order by the President, Clarence J. Marshall, at ten o'clock A. M. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, the executive committee is still in ses- sion. They won’t be through for half or three-quarters of an hour, but in order to start the meeting on schedule time we will not wait for the committee. They will report later. The first thing on the program this morning is the report of Dr. Hoskins, Secretary of the Special Committee on Salmon Memorial. Dr. Hoskins then read the report of the committee as follows: 130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. SALMON MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. Mr. President and Members: Having accepted at your hands the post of secretary of the Salmon Memorial Committee and in that capacity having communi- cated with the other members of your appointment, as well as the reviewing of the extensive communications on this subject that brought forth expressions of favor from representatives of a large proportion of the state associations, some local veterinary organiz- ations, the Bureau of Animal Industry, national organizations, as well as a number of the local branches of this body, with many ex- pressions of individual interest, and a wealth of suggestions, all showing the deepest interest in perpetuating this good man’s name, all of which have been considered by your committee, we beg leave to present for your consideration the following suggestions: First: that the Salmon Memorial Fund shall be undertaken by this body and that a stated committee will be appointed by this organization for the carrying out of the purposes of this movement. Second: that the form of testimonial shall be of an edueca- tional character, that may cover a scholarship, a fellowship, or some advanced or special work of interest or import to the veterinary profession, as may from time to time be recommended by this com- mittee for action of the association. That to this end a sum of monies of not less than ten thousand dollars be raised by popular subscription from the upwards of seven- teen thousand of veterinarians in North America; this money to be invested under the direction of this association so that the income of four or five hundred dollars may be annually awarded to some one or more along the lines above referred to. That said scholarship or fellowship shall be in an American Veterinary College, and if a fellowship, not to be taken in the college of which the successful person awarded the same shall be a graduate thereof. To this end, Mr. President, I am authorized by a committee of Pennsylvania Veterinarians to guarantee the sum of five hundred dollars from that state or one-twentieth (1-20) of the sum of any amount that may be determined upon. [am equally assured by representatives of the New York State Associations that they will raise the sum of five hundred dollars. Many other states have already raised sums of monies for this purpose and some states are endeavoring to secure a contribution from each practitioner in their respective states, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 131 Monies already contributed are in the hands of a number of state custodians waiting some specific action by this body. I have here a telegram saying that the Ohio Association voted one hundred dollars for the Salmon Memorial. Respectfully submitted, W. Horace Hoskins, Secretary. (See the October 1915 number for a more extended report). PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, you have heard Dr. Hoskins’s report. What do you wish to do with it? Is there any discussion? This is an im- portant matter and I hope you will discuss it thoroughly, and that some definite plan will be offered. If any of you wish to speak on the subject, I will be very glad to hear from you. Dr. MurpHeyY: Mr, President, that kind of a memorial appeals to me very much. It seems to me a permanent committee should take it in charge, not only to secure the subscription, but also to decide upon the sort of fellowship to be given along with representative lines of work; not necessarily the same kind of work every year, and not necessarily the same school, but that the mat- ter should rotate and that the investigation work provided for should be done under the masters which we have in this country. I think that one of the greatest handicaps to veterinary education in this country has been the lack of fellowships for students who do not have the ability or means to pay for their own sustenance during the time the work is being done. Dr. Hoskins: Mr. Chairman, the committee deemed it wise to leave the form which the memorial might take, entirely to the recommendations of the association, to be taken up from year to year by the association, and not to recommend any one specifie line whatever; for instance, Dr. Murphey might come in and make a recommendation to the association that would be referred to that committee to investigate, and the following year the work could be carried on in that direction if so desired. I think there should be the widest latitude as to what is the best way. It might be that some young man, a son of a veterinarian, whose father might be sending him through school, might come to the second year without funds, and it might be that $200. or $300. would help that man through, so we think the committee ought to have the widest latitude in this respect. Naturally we have received a great many suggestions from all over the country in respect to this memorial. Some have advocated a memorial statue, ot a memorial arch, or something of that kind, but that sort of memorial did not appeal to the committee whatever. It did not seem to be in accord with the wonderful life which Dr. Salmon led, and the wonderful work which he did. It seemed to the committee that if he had had the planning of it, it would be something along the line to’ advance veterinary education, and we believe the committee should work in that direction. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I would like to ask Dr. Hoskins if the committee worked out any plan for a permanent committee, so that the different organi- zations throughout the country should be combined into an efficiently working whole, 132, : PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M. A. Dr. Hoskins: No, Mr. Chairman, we did not work out any plan, but I have one in mind, and if the incoming administration should see fit to assign me to a place on that committee, I should take up the labor with the keenest delight and pleasure. As I said in my tribute to him, I have spent thirty-five years of my life in close touch with the man, and a better man never lived in our country. We have numerous committees already who are taking up this matter with great enthusiasm, and they are waiting now for some concrete directions from this body. Some have gone ahead and done work and collected money, but I have asked them to postpone any definite action as to how the money should go until this body should act and make some general plan. Dr. TyLterR: The Doctor in his last few remarks touched upon the very point I wish to refer to. Some little time ago the Southern Auxiliary of the California Association received a communication from a coterie of veteri- narians, I believe, from Boston, Massachusetts or somewhere in the Hast, ask- ing for a contribution to this fund. Well, we did not know what we ought to do, but our secretary was instructed to notify the gentleman who did the writ- ing that when the matter took a concrete form we were ready to remit. I do not think that condition is confined to our society alone. I think it holds good in others, and it is my: judgment that it will be necessary to have some permanent committee—somebody to whom the money shall be sent, and who will see that it is properly spent. We stand ready to contribute to this fund to the very best of our ability. ‘ Dr. Fox: Speaking in behalf of the California Association—The North- ern Association, our association also received a communication similar to the one Dr. Tyler has just mentioned. A resolution was passed, after we received this communication, and we advised the person who wrote the letter that we would lend our moral support as soon as the time came when a permanent eom- mittee was in charge of this movement, and that we would also lend our finan- cial support, and so we have been waiting, as have many others, until we knew that the committee had been appointed by this body to take charge of the matter and see that the fund raised is properly handled. You may ex- pect hearty co-operation from the California Association. Dr. RutHeERrorD: Mr. President, although I do not belong to the United States, I feel that this association and the members of the veterinary associa- tions generally, not only in North Ameriea, but throughout the world, owe it to themselves as well as to the late Dr. Salmon to perpetuate his memory in a fitting and becoming manner. Dr. Salmon was the man who put into eonerete form and rendered possible the effective Organization of Veterinary Sanitary Service of Meat Inspection in the English speaking world. Te was the first man who brought order out of chaos in that conneetion. His work has been a model from which subsequent work of a similar character has been planned and carried out. Speaking for myself, I may say that had it not been for the great work which has been already done by Dr. Salmon, at Washington, the task of attempting to organize a Veterinary Sanitary Service of Canada and the Meat Inspection Service of the country would have presented greater PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 133 obstacles—almost unsurmountable obstacles which would have rendered the work which has been done along that line in Canada much more difficult and unquestionably, when completed, much less perfect. I feel satisfied that the very best way in which the name of Dr. Salmon can be perpetuated in the vet- erinary profession is that which has been suggested by Dr. Hoskins. We have already seen that method practiced in the old world, as well as in the new. And again, we have seen statues erected and pictures hung commemorative of great men, but these are local, and after one generation has passed—perhaps even before one generation has passed,—the great bulk of the people who were interested in the career of that man, have lost touch with his memory. Having a Salmon Memorial Scholarship, or Fellowship, and having a Salmon Memorial Fund, which will be known and recognized through the world, the memory of Dr, Salmon will be kept green and fresh, not only in the minds of those who knew him, but in the minds of all those who are to come. I therefore take very much pleasure in moving that the memorial to the late Dr. Salmon take the form as suggested by Dr. Hoskins as chairman of the temporary committee. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The motion has been made and seconded that the suggestions made and read by Dr. Hoskins, chairman of the temporary Salmon Memorial Committee, be adopted as suggested by him. Dr. Faust: Mr. President, I would like to state that at a meeting of the New York State Veterinary Society a committee was appointed with power to work in conjunction with the committee that should be appointed by this association, PRESIDENT MarsHaLu: Any others to speak on this question? Person- ally I have received letters from a number of different people interested in this question and it is the general feeling that the national association should take the lead in concentrating the work of this memorial. I would be very glad to see the recommendations of the committee aecepted. All those in favor of the acceptance of the recommendations as made by the committee, make it manifest my saying ‘‘aye’’. Those opposed ‘‘no’’. Carried. It is so ordered. Now, as I understand the recommendation there is no definite way settled upon for the selection of that committee. Is it to be elected or appointed? Would it be well to have it stated how this committee should be selected? Dr. Hoskins: Our committee felt about that, Mr. Chairman, that we ought to leave that to be determined by the body and not make any specific recommendation. : I do believe, Mr, President, that if the resolution is adopted along the line we propose the committee ought to be a committee appointed or elected for five years. That when charged with that duty it might require five years for the committee to’ get the sum required but it would be possible to report each year, how much money was available and let the association make such recommendations as it might see fit. I believe that committee ought to have some degree of permanence, (To be continued) FROM THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE A. V.M. A. Table showing the proportion of alumni of various colleges with respect to memberhip in the American Veterinary Medical Association. i “Name of College San Francisco Veterinary College Univ. of Pennsylvania, Vet. Dept. New York State Vet. Col. at Cornell Washington State Vet. College Iowa State Vet. College Alabama Polytechnic Vet. College Colorado Veterinary College U. S. College of Vet. Surgeons Kansas City Vet. College Indiana Vet College Ohio State Univ., Vet, Dept. Cincinnati Vet. College St. Joseph Vet. College Grand Rapids Vet. College Michigan Vet. College No. Alumni |No. Members| % Members 198 74. 37 plus 628 181 28 plus 370 103 27 plus 69 17 24 plus 309 60 19 plus 82 15 18 plus 68 12 17 plus 247 42 17 plus 1311 202 15 plus 541 79 14 plus 527 76 14 plus 284 38 13 plus 145 13 8 plus 467 23 4 plus 13 0 0 plus The number of alumni of the following colleges who are mem- bers of the American Veterinary Medical Association has been com- piled from the records of the secretary of the above association. The total number of alumni of these colleges has not been obtained. No. Members in the A.V.M.A. Ontario Veterinary College...... 383 Chicago Veterinary College...... 290 Kensas City Veterinary College.. 202 Univ. of Pennsylvania, Vet. Dept. 181 New York City,( Various Colleges 156 McKillip’s Veterinary College.. 114 Now York State Vet. Col., Cornell 103 College Indiana Vet. College............ 79 Ohio State Univ., Vet. Dept..... 76 San Francisco Vet. College...... 74 Iowa State Vet. College........ 60 Montreal Vet. College.......... 55 U.S. Col. of Veterinary Curgeons 42 Cincinnati Vet. College........ 38 Harvard Univ., Dept. of Vet. Med 31 Geo. Washington Vet. College... 25 Grand Rapids Vet. College...... 23 Washington State Vet. College... 17 Kansas State Ag. Col., Vet. Dept 16 Alabama Poly. Inst., Vet. Dept. 15 College No. Members in the A.V.M.A. St. Joseph Vet. College........ 18 Colorado Vet. College.......... 2 Ohio eVeth> | Collepe engi xpaccren re 10 TavallsUmiversity. costs se eae eae 10 Detroit Col. of Med., Vet. Dept. 8 MoO V.c1Si Lon donicn wae 8 Terre Haute Vet, College....... 8 Columbia University............ i National Vet. College.......... 6 Misaki Coa 5.) Glascow. ne sae 5 MIRC. 8. Edinbureht. okies 5 Veterinary School of Berlin..... 5 California Univ., Vet. Dept...... 4 StuUtt rary vUMLy.oc\ieeapenes Beton 2 New Vet. College.......... Paty pee Vet Gollepe: Tolio.) ain iits tistetats 2 National Vet, College, France... 2 Royal Vet. College, Copenhagen. 2 Various Vet. Colleges represented DY ONG SIMOMDSLrs vss vise tee 7 FROM THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE A. V. M. A. 135 TO QUALIFIED VETERINARIANS Detroit Are you planning to be present at the meeting of the Meeting American Veterinary Medical Association to be held in Detroit, August 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25? All veterinarians of good reputation who are graduates of recognized colleges are cordially invited to attend this meeting. The convention will prob- ably be the largest meeting of veterinarians ever held and the pro- gram will excel any hitherto given. Program Several papers of exceptional interest have already been selected. The clinic will be a special feature this year and will occupy the entire day. Operations on carefully selected cases will be supplemented by lectures and demonstrations, and it is proposed to conduct a question box and open discussion in con- junction with the clinic. Entertain- On account of the day of entertainment to be provided ment - by Parke, Davis Company, it has been necessary to ex- tend the time of meeting to include Monday, Avgust 21st. In addition to the meeting and clinics there are many at- tractions in Detroit of special interest to veterinarians. The Local Committee of Arrangements is perfecting plans to enable the vis- iting veterinarians and their families to enjoy these to the utmost. Improve Your If you are meeting with success in your practice Practice you cannot afford to miss this convention. The association includes most of the successful prac- titioners in the United States and Canada. In fact, it is the largest veterinary organization in the world. Get Out. of If you are not entirely satisfied with the size of your Your Rut practice or your present location you certainly should go to the Detroit meeting where you will have the op- portunity to meet your colleagues from widely separated fields, get new ideas from personal acquaintances which may open opportuni- ties for advancement and wider practice. Keep Up With If you are unable to attend the Detroit Conven- Your Profession tion, you may still have the privilege of reading the proceedings as published in the Journal of 136 FROM.THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE A. V. M. A. Dieses ee Rp the American Veterinary Medical Association which comes out each month to all members of the association in good standing. This Journal, formerly the American Veterinary Review, and recently purchased by the association, has been enlarged and improved. No veterinarian, whether practitioner or inspector, can afford to be without it. In order to retain the confidence and respect of the modern stock-raiser, it behooves every veterinarian to keep right up to the minute on the discussion and developments and discoveries that are new in his profession. Inquire For literature and information concerning the American Veterinary Medical Association, address the Secretary, C. M. Haring, University of California, Berkeley, California. CHANGE OF ADDRESS OLD NEW. Becker, Chas. J. Scottboro, Ala. To 108 Jefferson Co. Sav- ings Bank Bldg., Birmingham, Ala, i) Cleveland, W. J. ralt, Ia. ‘“ Havelock, Ia. Curtis, W. A. Plainview, Tex. ‘* Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, Philippines Davis, L. B. 827 E. Girard Ave., Phila- ‘‘ Twin Oak, Clementon, delphia, Pa. N. J. Earl, W. B. 1113 E. 11th St. ‘« 3741 Broadway, Kan- sas City, Mo. Graff, P. L. Rolla, N. D. ‘‘ Bisbee, N. D. Krieger, Robt. E. Ray, N. D. “<> Wadlastony Neg De Lapple, Edw. 23 Fed’l Bldg., Kansas ‘‘ 132 Exch. Bldg., Sioux City, Kans. City, Ia. Lombard, C, M. Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill. ‘¢ 4502 Emerald Ave., Chicago, Ill. Lothe, Herbert Sharon, Wis. ‘* Waukesha, Wis. MeDonnell, L. E. Hankinson, N. D; ** Audubon, Minn. McFarland, C. M. 217 Fed’l Bldg.. Spokane, ‘‘ 230 Exch. Bldg., Sioux Wash. City, Ia. ° Mitchell, A. Manila, Philippines. ‘* 3d Field Artillery, Ft. Sam Houston, Tex, Rich, T. S. Pueblo, Col. ‘€ 1477 W. Grand B’1’vd, Detroit, Mich. SOCIETY MEETINGS THE COLORADO VETERINARY MeEpDICAL ASSOCIATION The Colorado Veterinary Medical Association held its annual meeting at the rooms of the Gentlemen’s Riding and Driving Club in Denver, Colorado, on January 18th. It was attended by the largest number of Colorado veterinarians which have attended any previous meeting. One important item of business was the apparent oversight of the law makers in leaving the veterinarian out of consideration in formulating the prohibition measure which went into effect on Jan- uary Ist. Apparently under the law the veterinarian has the same right to obtain alcohol or any alcoholic substance that any other citizen has, but is not given the special consideration which is ex- tended to physicians. A committee was appointed to consult with the Attorney General on the matter in order that relief might be had. Six new members were elected. Dr. A. P. Drew, President of the Association, took up the matter of ‘‘Milkweed Poisoning in Cattle’’, a disease which has become quite prevalent in the vicinity of Grand Junction. He gave de- tails of a number of cases where it was quite apparent that poison- ing had been due to this weed (Asclepias verticillata). He had sent a considerable quantity of the weed to the Experiment Station where alcoholic, glycerine and watery extracts have been made and tested on rabbits without any evident results. Not only did this disease seem to affect cattle but was also supposed to kill sheep. Dr. G. C. Lamb gave a very interesting discussion of the pro- ceedings of the U. 8. Live Stock Sanitary Boards, and the special meeting called by Secretary Vrooman to consider foot-and-mouth disease. The paper entitled ‘‘Sundries’’,-which brought out a discus- sion of Azoturia and of ulcers of the intestine of dogs due to strep- tococci, was given by Dr. C. W. Dickey. “Sanitary Police Control of Hog Cholera’’ was given by Dr. R. H. Bird. He advocated much more stringent measures on the part of the state sanitary authorities in controlling hog cholera, and pointed with pride to the results of such control in the San Luis Valley. Dr. Lamb, State Veterinarian, being present admitted that more control was needed in order to eradicate the disease, but he 138 SOCIETY MEETINGS a contended that the impetus must come from the hog raisers them- selves, and that they must take an active interest in the matter if any permanent results were to be secured. He pointed out that the eradication of the disease in the San Luis Valley was due to the efforts of the growers themselves rather than any regulations made by the state. Dr. C. C. Stewart discussed ‘‘A Pneumonic Condition in Young Calves’’ in his district, giving the symptomatology and asking for more information. ‘‘Perforated Bowel in the Horse’’ was discussed by Dr. A. P. Drew, and accompanies this communication. (See Case Reports.) Dr. V. J. Ayers discussed some unusual cases that had oe- curred in his practice. Dr. J. D. Paxton had a paper on a peculiar disease of hogs which the members present were unable to diagnose. The election of officers resulted as follows: ? Bie) oklcy BOs VOR Oa be = save eoeseribcar he: aces President Ee hon Pie bigenie sis soc sie Ist Vice-President Ty be, An SG POCkSy ager kis oy 2nd Vice-President, I. E. Newsom, Ft. Collins....... Secretary-Treasurer The next meeting will be held about the first of June at Fort Collins. Oo-——- Missourt VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The semi-annual meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association held in Kansas City, Mo., February Ist, 2nd, and 3rd, was marked by an unusually large attendance and a program of scientific interest and practical value. About 170 members and 200 visiting veterinarians registered, in addition to a large number of students from the Kansas City and St. Joseph Veterinary Colleges. Thirty-one new members were added to the roll. | The scientific program was as follows:—‘‘ Why the Horse Has Colic More Often Than Other Animals’’, by C. L. Wilhite; ‘‘Some Legal Phases of Veterinary Practice’’, by D. M. Campbell ; ‘* Equine Laminitis’’, by R. C. Moore; ‘‘Poisoning of Animals’’, by N. 8. Mayo; ‘‘Greater Accuracy in Clinical Diagnosis’’, by R. R. Dyk- stra; ‘‘The Anatomy of Cryptorchids’’, by S. L. Stewart; ‘‘Some Things That Happen to Serum Producers and Serum Users’’, by I. K. Glover; “Kansas City’s New Milk Ordinance and how it Oper- ates’’, by W, I. Phipps; ‘‘Observations on the Treatment of Jacks SOCIETY MEETINGS 139 and Jennets’’, by Stanley Smith and H. ©. Carver; Necrobacillosis in Pigs’’, by S. W. Alford; ‘‘Hemorrhagie Septicaemia’’, by Chas. Murray; ‘‘Hemorrhagic Septicaemia in the Form of Mad Itch’’, by J. T. Brown; ‘‘Does Infectious Pneumonia (Swine Plague) Exist in this Country’’, by A. T. Kinsley. Case reports and general dis- cussions of the papers presented added much to the interest and value of the program. The third day was devoted to the clinic and a splendid demon- stration of bovine splanchnology by S. L. Stewart. EPIZOOTIC LARYNGO-TRACHEITIS. (INFLUENZA). For the pur- pose of opening this symposium, I shall refer more in detail to a eatarrhal form of shipping fever w hich was so wide- -spread in the United States about two years ago. Early in 1915 there appeared in the sales stables at the National Stock Yards, Illinois, what was reported to be an unusual contagion particularly among mules, al- though affecting horses as well. The disease spread rapidly to various sections of the country where infected animals were trans- ported, with the result that reports of its occurrence reached the Bureau from various points extending from Texas to Delaware but more especially in Tennessee, North Carolina and Kentucky. The result of such wide-spread dissemination was to make this affection bear the same relative position of economic importance among equine diseases in 1913 as forage poisoning or spinal meningitis had occupied in 1912 In the first of these eases observed, there was considerable swelling of the throat and intermaxillary space, with difficult breath- ing but no abscess formation even in those cases where the throat had been severely blistered. In the earlier stages there was a slight bilateral discharge from the nostrils which at first was watery a SHIPPING FEVER OF HORSES 171 and later became mucoid or muco-purulent. During the onset of the disease the temperature ranged from 106° downward. Fre- quently the animals developed a short spasmodic cough which caused spasms of the larynx and suffocation relieved only by the trache- otomy tube. A marked tenderness of the larynx and trachea could be readily demonstrated. In other cases the first symptoms ob- served would be a depressed condition of the animal with a slight cough and a gradual enlarging edema of the throat and neck, sometimes extending down to the thorax, but more frequently in- volving the head which sometimes became swollen to a considerable size. These swellings did not appear to end abruptly as in purpura, nor did purpura intervene in any of the cases which came under my observation. In those animals showing extensive swelling of the head and throat the tongue protruded from the mouth and became paralyzed making it impossible to swallow either food or water. These conditions gradually became aggravated for from 35 to 5 days during which time pneumonia intervened with necrosis of the lungs noticeable by the offensive fetid breath. In some cases there was a pulmonary edema accompanied by the necrosis of the lung, and the picture then resembled that of contagious pneumonia. On post-mortem the head was found to be very much swollen from the subcutaneous edema, the tongue protruded some inches, extensive necrotic tissue was noted on the base of the tongue, the soft palate and involving the pharynx and occasionally both gut- tural pouches. A sero-fibrinous exudate appeared in the intermaxil- lary space, on the head and in the anterior pectoral region. In one case produced experimentally by inoculating scrapings from the mucosa of the guttural pouch of another animal the horse died on the 9th day and on autopsy showed marked edema of the pharyngeal region with narcotic pneumonia. Where the swellings were present before death, the tissues were found to be filled with straw colored edematous fluid. Occasionally petechial spots were noted in the mucous membrane of the nasal septum. There was no pus found except in one or two cases complicated with strangles. If the ani- mals did not succumb as a result of suffocation from the edema of the larynx, the lungs would show the usual picture of pneumonia with more or less pleuritic involvement. The period of incubation of the disease appeared to be from 3 to 7 days. The outbreak was of a very virulent type and in many cases was complicated as has been stated, by the simultaneous pres- 172 JOHN R. MOHLER ence of strangles and contagious pneumonia in the same stables. The cases assumed various forms in different parts of the country. In Delaware for instance, there were two outbreaks studied where the horses did not show marked laryngeal affection but the disease was just as fatal and the same organisms were isolated as from the heads of the Tennessee and North Carolina cases. As a result of the pathological and bacteriological study the diagnosis of epizootic laryngo-tracheitis was made because the symptoms bear a closer analogy to that affection as described in Volume II of Hutyra and Marek than any other described disease, but with the exception that this epizootic was of a much more virulent form, and from its wide- spread prevalence, contagiousness and symptomatology, it may be well described as a malignant type of influenza. It bears the same relationship to influenza as any other form of the disease such as pink eye, infectious pharyngitis, infectious bronchitis, ete., all of these affections being only varieties of one and the same etiologic entity. In other words equine influenza manifests itself in as many varieties of forms as does its human analogue, la grippe. Erionocy. Positive results from artificial infection experi- ments indicate that influenza is caused by a filterable virus which occurs in the blood and possibly also in other body fluids of affected horses, and which remains for a certain period of time in the animal after recovery. After Dieckerhoff had sueceeded many years ago in transmit- ting the disease by subcutaneous and intravenous inoculation of warm blood from affected horses, Poels accomplished the same re- sults with fresh as well as with filtered semen of a stallion which had been infecting mares for months by the act of coitus. With the blood of artificially infected horses he further transmitted the dis- ease even after the blood had been filtered through a Berkefeld filter. Later Lithrs succeeded in transmitting the disease by sub- cutaneous inoculation of fresh or defribrinated blood, while Basset accomplished this also with filtered blood as well as with blood serum which had been kept for 4 months in an ice box. Similar results were obtained by Gaffky in his transmission experiments in which he observed the development of the disease from subcutaneous injections of 5 ¢.c. of both defribrinated and filtered blood in 5 to 6 days, and from intravenous injections in 4 days. On the other hand, the infectiousness of the blood was destroyed by the addition of citrate of ammonia. £4 VEY ee ee es SHIPPING FEVER OF HORSES 173 From the blood and blood serum which had proved virulent for inoculations it was impossible to obtain cultures of any microor- ganisms. The virus appears to be retained in the body of a horse for a long time in a virulent condition and stallions have transmitted the disease by coition months after they have recovered from the dis- ease. In 1907, the Netherlands Government bought a stallion in France which was passed as sound. When put to stud, he infected every mare, the disease appearing 3 or 4 days later. Our experi- ments have demonstrated clearly that the filtered blood of influenza cases is capable of reproducing the disease in susceptible horses, while the inoculations of various bacteria recovered from such cases have thus far proved negative. In several heads from animals dead of this malignant form of influenza complicated with contagious pneumonia received from Tennessee, there was an intense inflammatory edema, around the region of the larynx and pharynx, and in this edematous fluid were a limited number of hyaline lymphocytes enclosing protozoan-like bodies rod-shaped, pyriform or round in outline. In some of the cells of the greatly swollen pharyngeal lymph glands the same bodies were noted. These were probably the protozoan-like bodies found by Gaffky in cases of contagious pleuro-pneumonia considered by many as the causative agents of this type of pneumonia. This belief has been further strengthened by the splendid results which are being published in all the current German veterinary periodicals from the use of 606 (salvarsan and neo-salvarsan) since salvarsan is known to have great, in fact, specific therapeutic value in many of the protozoan diseases. When Ehrlich’s attention was called to the almost specific action of 606 in contagious pneumonia, he expressed his belief that it was due to the fact that the disease in all proba- bility. was caused by a protozoan. For a concise review of the sal- varsan and neo-salvarsan treatment of contagious pneumonia, you are referred to an article by Schwartzkopf in the American Veteri- nary Review of February, 1914, page 634. TREATMENT. The fatalities from epizootic tracheitis two years ago were very high, although the usual methods of treatment were adopted. These consisted of hot and cold applications, antiphlogis- tine and mustard poultices, blisters and liniments externally, and bacterins, antitoxins, phylacogens, adrenalin chloride, nuclein solu- tion, strychnine, potassium chlorate, tincture of ferric chloride, 174 JOHN R. MOHLER heart stimulants, febrifuges and astringent mouth washes internally. The vaccine treatment for influenza is being given great pub- licity in this country at the present time and is more extensively used for this affection than for any other disease in horses. Various manufacturers of biological products prepare bacterial vaccines for immunizing and curative treatment of influenza. The organisms which enter into the preparation of the vaccines vary not only as to the species but also in the number contained per €.c. All bacterial vaccines prepared for the treatment of. influenza con- tain streptococci isolated from cases of influenza in horses in very large proportion as compared with the number of other organisms used in these preparations. Of the other organisms the staphy- lococcus, pneumococeus and bacillus coli communis are used. Be- sides, one manufacturer adds to the preparation an unidentified rod-shaped bacillus isolated from cases of influenza, and another a bacillus which has been claimed by Dr. Lintz of the Long Island College Hospital as the etiological factor of the disease. Its rela- tion, however, to the disease, has never been satisfactorily demon- strated, and therefore its presence in the preparation is of an un- known value. As we received a number of letters from veterinar- ians regarding a certain vaccine prepared at that time solely from this so-called Bacillus Lintz, I will elaborate more fully on this phase of the subject. In the first place Lintz, in his article, (Footnote: Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. XVII, No. 5, 1913, page 511), con- fuses distemper in horses with influenza. Distemper of horses should be used synonymously only with strangles in horses. The evidence brought forward by Lintz to incriminate the Bacillus of Lintz as the causative agent of influenza in horses is very incon- clusive. This evidence is based upon three propositions: 1. The isolation of the organism from a horse that succumbed to influenza ; 2. The agglutinating power of serum of affected horses for this organism; and 3. The value of the vaccine as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent. | The experimental evidence set forth under the first proposition is based on a single incomplete experiment. The author isolated from the lungs, heart, blood, spleen and kidney of a horse that sue- cumbed to the disease the Bacillus of Lintz, together with a pneu- Atte) a ae " Sl ee C1 SHIPPING FEVER OF HORSES V7 mococeus. He found that colonies of Bacillus of Lintz were more numerous than those of the pneumococcus. This is not strange, since the Bacillus of Lintz is a very profuse grower, while the pneu- mococeus is just the reverse. One horse was injected intravenously with an agar culture, and 24 hours after the inoculation the tem- perature rose abruptly to 105 degrees F’., the horse refusing nourish- ment, and exhibiting marked signs of weakness and constipation. The temperature fluctuated between 103 and 106 degrees for three days, gradually returning to normal at the end of five days. No attempt was made to recover the organism. The disturbance ex- hibited in this experimental horse was probably a result of protein poisoning. This contention is evidenced by Lintz’s own experience with the vaccine upon normal horses when he states, ‘‘They re- acted in various ways, some being slightly, if at all affected. One reacted violently, the temperature rising to 105 degrees F. ten hours after the injection, and presented all the symptoms of the accus- tomed disease, subsiding gradually to normal at the end of four or five days.’’ ; On two different occasions we failed to produce the disease by injecting susceptible horses intravenously with a culture of the Bacillus of Lintz grown on four agar tubes. About thirty minutes after the injection of the first horse, the respirations and pulse be- came greatly accelerated and the temperature raised from 101° to 102.2° F. Two hours after injection the temperature had reached 103.6° F. That night the animal refused its feed. The next morn- ing the fever had subsided and the other symptoms had also abated. The second horse was injected two months later with a fresh culture just received from Dr. Lintz’s laboratory. One and three- quarter hours later the temperature had risen from 100.1° to 103.4° F. with slightly increased respirations and pulse, which quickly subsided and on the following day the animal showed no symptoms which could be attributed to the material injected. It seems evident that the sudden onset of symptoms without any definite period of incubation was the result of a protein poison- ing rather than from the multiplication and activities of the in- jected organism. A bacteriological study of this Bacillus of Lintz shows it to belong to the colon-typhoid group of bacteria, as it was found to be a motile, non-Gram staining, non-liquefying bacillus, fermenting dextrose and lactose, but not saccharose, and acidifying, but not coagulating milk. 176 JOHN R. MOHLER Furthermore, this classification of the bacillus is corroborated by the previously mentioned results obtained by Lintz in horses in- jected with the dead bacilli in the form of a bacterin, as it is well known that the toxin of this class of bacteria is endo-cellular in nature and the injection of dead bacilli produces symptoms almost equal in severity to those induced by injection of the live organisms. The preponderance of evidence appears to be in favor of an ultravisible microorganism as the cause of influenza, the lowered vitality occasioned by this virus paving the way to infection with the colon bacillus, cocco-bacillus, B. necrophorus, B. pyocyaneus staphylococcus, pheumococcus and most important of all the various species of streptococcus. The frequency of these streptococci as secondary invaders in animals dead of influenza has caused the various biological houses to use as many strains of these organisms as possible in the preparation of their polyvalent influenza bacterins. Antistreptococcic serum is also being used to a considerable extent in the treatment and prevention of influenza, although it does not enjoy the popularity of the bacterial vaccines. This no doubt is primarily due to its greater cost and also to the greater inconvenience which the treatment with serum involves. In foreign. countries the serum treatment is given preference to vaccine therapy. It is natural that for curative purposes better results may be ex- pected from the serum treatment than from the bacterial vaccines, since through the introduction of the antistreptococcic serum large amounts of immune bodies are injected into the animal, which im- mediately act favorably upon the disease. It is required,, how- ever, that a considerable quantity of such serum should be in- jected as antistreptococcic serum does not appear to be effective when employed in small quantities. The immune bodies which are injected with the serum exert their action upon the disease and after being used up, or after their elimination from the body, there re- mains nothing to continue to stimulate the production of additional protective substances in the animal. Therefore in the serum treat- ment it is often necessary to repeat the injections until favorable results are apparent. On the other hand, with the bacterial vac- cines the results are not immediate, since the dead organisms in- jected into the animals require a certain period of time to stimulate the body cells in producing protective substances, and they remain in the body fluids for a longer period of time, acting continuously. The results obtained from the treatment of influenza with SHIPPING FEVER OF HORSES Wig: certain biological products appear to be in general satisfactory. The actual value, however, can not be definitely established as the available data can not be considered as absolute evidence of the po- tency of this method of treatment. It may be that a veterinarian in practice will immunize a certain number of horses against in- fluenza and if the disease fails to develop he naturally attributes it to the treatment, while as a matter of fact it may have been the result of absence of sufficient exposure or to a resistance of the ani- mals against existing exposure. The virulence of the disease must also be given consideration in this respect since quite frequently the infection appears to have a very low virulence and the animals affected show only a mild type of the disease, whereas at other times it appears in a very severe form when pectoral complications are especially prevalent, and in consequence the mortality is greater. Since the etiology of equine influenza is not satisfactorily es- tablished and since it appears that the causative factor of the dis- ease is an ultra-visible microorganism, the treatment with biological preparations as employed at the present time does not seem to have a close relationship to the original cause of the disease. Neverthe- less we should not overlook the fact that the favorable results which are reported from the use of bacterial vaccines must have some con- nection with the pathogenicity of the disease. The action of the bacterial vaccines as used at the present time is chiefly to assist in preventing or controlling the secondary infections which are invar- iably associated with influenza, and this opinion is substantiated by the fact that the influenza vaccines when injected in the early stages of the disease frequently result in a mild type of an attack with shorter duration. It will require closer observation and more accurate data to establish definitely the value of bacterial vaccines for the treatment of influenza, but even at the present time their use appears justified, especially for the purpose of allaying the possibility of severe com- plications. The manufacturer of biological products for interstate com- merce has been under the control of the Department of Agriculture since July 1, 1913, and even in this short time a great deal of im- portant work has been accomplished, not alone as to the method of their preparation, but also in eliminating such products in the prep- aration of which bacteria have been used which have no relation to the disease, 178 JOHN R. MOHLER As the use of some of these biological products in the treatment of domestic animals can not be considered as established on a solid foundation, the real therapeutic value of many of these prepara- tions can be determined only by testing the different products on a very large scale. The cooperation of practicing veterinarians is very essential in this regard, since only by careful observations and compilations of the results can the worth of any method of treat- ment be estimated. The prevention of influenza must naturally play an important part in the control of the disease. Infected animals should be sepa- rated immediately from healthy horses. The principal source of the spread of influenza is without doubt in the sale stables and feed- ing barns, and accordingly periodical disinfections of these places would greatly diminish the danger from these sources. Further, disinfection of cars in which horses from such infected stables and barns have been shipped would be an important factor in the pre- vention of the spread of the disease. In the not distant future Congress will no doubt see fit to authorize the Bureau of Animal Industry to supervise the shipping of horses infected or exposed to influenza and the disinfection of contaminated cars, in the same manner as is being done today with cattle mange, hog cholera, sheep scab and Texas fever. A beginning has already been made in cooperation with the State of Kentucky, which by proclamation quarantined against all horse stock coming from St. Louis and the National Stock Yards, unless the animals had been inspected and the shipments made in disinfected cars approved by the Bureau. This cooperation has resulted in a marked reduction of shipping diseases, according to the statement of State Veterinarian Graham, and if other states would likewise quarantine against those horse centres whence their greatest amount of infection originates, [ am sure the Bureau will cooperate to the fullest extent of its power. BACTERIOLOGY OF CATARRHAL FEVER, STOCK YARDS FEVER OR SHIPPING FEVER* A. T. KINSLEY, Kansas City, Mo. The existence of an infectious transmissible disease of solipeds which passes through public stock yards, sales barns and those trans- ported by rail or transport, is common knowledge to horse dealers, shippers and veterinarians. The exact identity of this disease has not been determined. It is an acute infectious disease character- ized by catarrhal inflammation of the anterior respiratory tract, with or without suppuration of related lymph glands and is fre- quently associated with pneumonia or pleuro-pneumonia. For con- venience the uncomplicated form is usually designated as the catar- rhal form and the complicated type as the pectoral form. Catarrhal fever is very prevalent throughout the United States and other countries. As the name implies the disease is more pre- valent in horses that are marketed and more particularly those that are shipped, although it sometimes becomes enzootic in agricultural communities. The percentage fatality varies from one to sixteen. The high percentage fatality occurs in the pectoral form, that is, in those cases that are complicated with pneumonia. The per- centage of fatality, although rather high, is not as serious as is the depreciation due to loss of condition of the affected animals and the further loss of time and amount of feed necessary to put the animals back into condition; and again the disease frequently leaves the animals defective in some ways, as cardiac disturbances, emphysema, ete. Economically considered this disease probably costs the horse industry more than any other disease. The disease under consideration is not the old type of disease known as ‘‘pink eye’’ or influenza, although the two diseases may occur simultaneously. The infectiousness of shipping fever has been recognized since about 1850, but the exact specific cause is still a mooted question. . A variety of microorganisms have been identified with catarrhal fever and probably the large number of microbian agents that oc- cur in this disease explains the multiplicity of lesions that charac- terize the disease. Although results were not published, the author *Presented at the meeting of the A. V. M. A. Section on Practice, Oak- land, Cal., September, 1915. 180 A. T. KINSLEY made some preliminary bacteriologic investigations in 1902-3 and in 1915 in Kansas City, Missouri. The following bacteria were identified :—streptococcus, micrococcus, (staphylococcus) pyogenes aureus, albus and citreus, bacillus pyocyaneus, pneumococcus, micrococcus catarrhalis, bacillus coli communis, and a variety of contaminating non-pathogenic bacteria. The foregoing bacteria were isolated from the nasal and ocular discharges, tracheal smears and jugular blood of the living animal and from lesions of the lungs, bronchial tubes and pleura in the carcasses of animals that were autopsied soon after death. Streptococci were identified in the nasal discharges in over 80% of the cases showing catarrhal condition of the anterior respira- tory tract. The same or a very closely related organism was ob- tained in the blood from 40% of the cases affected with the catar- rhal type of the disease. These streptococci were identical micro- scopically and culturally to a streptococcus that was isolated from the pus of a submaxillary abscess of a colt affected with strangles. Intraperitoneal injections of the streptococci that had been recently isolated from either the nasal discharges or the blood produced purulent peritonitis and in one instance pyemia and death in a. guinea pig. The injections of recent cultures subeutaneously in old horses usually produced abscess formation in from 2 to 5 days. Of the ordinary pyogenic micrococci (staphylococci), the albus was most prevalent, having been identified in the nasal discharge in 30% of the affected animals. This organism was not isolated from the blood of a single case affected with catarrhal fever, al- though it was obtained from the bronchial tubes and lung lesions in two of the cases that were autopsied. Experimental inocula- tions with the Micrococci pyogenes albus resulted in the produe- tion of abscess in experimental guinea pigs and an intense sub- cutaneous inflammation with an occasional abscess formation when injected subcutaneously in old horses. The Micrococcus (staphylococcus) pyogenes aureus was identi- fied in a fraction less that 9% of the nasal discharges of affected horses. This organism was isolated at autopsy from the lung in one case only, and it was not obtained from any blood cultures. The experimental inoculations of the aureus proved its pus produe- ing capacity in guinea pigs and less constantly in horses. The Micrococcus (staphylococcus) pyogenes citreus was obtained in the nasal discharges in only two instanees. It did not develop BACTERIOLOGY OF CATARRHAL FEVER 181 s Se in any of the blood cultures neither was it isolated from any cul- tures made at autopsies. The two cultures of Micrococcus (staphy- lococci) pyogenes citreus isolated had a very low pathogenic power as evidenced by the inoculation experiments. A diplocoeccus which was identified as the pneumococeus was obtained in two instances from blood cultures and from the lung in practically every case autopsied that was affected with pneu monia. This organism showed uncertain and irregular pathogenic power in the inoculation experiments. The Bacillus pyocyaneus was isolated from the nasal discharges in two cases and from a necrotic pulmonary center. Experimental inoculation produced fatal peritonitis in a guinea pig in three days. The cultures of this organism showed the characteristic pyocyanin staining of the culture medium. The Bacillus colt communis was identified in approximately 30% of the nasal discharge cultures, in 10% of the cultures made from lung lesions at autopsy but it was not obtained from the blood in a single instance. An organism very similar and possibly identical to the Micro- coccus catarrhalis was isolated from the nasal discharge in one in- stance. It was probably an accidental contamination possibly ob- tained from the culture taker. Several non-pathogenic microorganisms such as the B. subtilis, B. proteus vulgaris, B. megatherium, Sarcina lutea and other un- identified varieties were obtained particularly from the nasal dis- charges, the B. megatherium being obtained, probably as a contam- ination, in one blood culture. A bipolar staining microorganism was obtained in one blood culture but was considered a contamina- tion. The above findings were the results of the study of 42 cases of catarrhal fever. These cases were in various stages of develop- ment, as they represented cases as they occur in a routine practice. The nasal cultures were obtained from the nasal mucosa about 4 inches above the opening of the nostril and after cleansing the ex- ternal surface with dry cotton. The blood cultures were made from the jugular vein after saturating the skin with alcohol or tincture of iodine. The autopsy cultures were obtained from bronchi or lung lesions immediately after incising the part. Agar, serum agar and bouillon were the usual culture media used. Ferry reported his findings of bacteriologic investigation of catarrhal fever in a paper presented to the American Society of 182 A. T. KINSLEY Bacteriology in December, 1911. From this report and more re- cent literature Ferry gives the streptococcus preference in the causa- tion of ecatarrhal fever. Schiitz in 1888 described the Streptococct equi, Sand and Hensen independently described the same organism claiming it was the cause of strangles. Lignieres and previously Babes have claimed the exciting cause of catarrhal fever was a bipolar staining microorganism belonging to the hemorrhagic septicemia group and the name Pasteurella equa has been suggested. It has been suggested that a filterable virus is the specific cause of catarrhal fever and in this relation Poel’s observation is of inter- est. He observed a stallion that transmitted the disease by copula- tion. This transmission continued for months. The semen from this stallion either entire or the filtrate transmitted the disease and the filtered blood of infected animals also proved infectious. That pyogenic bacteria of the various kinds that have been identified in this disease, are a factor, cannot be disputed. Strep- tococci are frequently responsible for suppuration of lymph glands as is evidenced in colt distemper or strangles and it has been found that streptococci are usually present in the pus of those cases of catarrhal fever in which suppuration of lymph glands oceur. Again it has been demonstrated that the percentage of cases in which there is suppuration of lymph glands can be diminished if not entirely prevented by immunizing susceptible animals with a strepto-bae- terin. The intensity of the catarrhal inflammation is also mater- ially diminished by the immunization of horses with large doses of mixed bacterin prior to their exposure to catarrhal fever. Pneu- monic complications can be largely avoided by the immunization with a mixture of streptococci and pneumococci bacterin. In fact the compheations of this disease, that is, suppuration, pneumonia, and pleuro-pneumonia can be diminished if not entirely prohibited by immunization with a bacterin composed of the’ usual microor- ganisms causing the complications and thus diminish the fatalities of this disease. This immunity is not of long duration as exposed immunized animals may become infected in from six weeks to six months. Ilowever, it must be coneluded that the various identified microorganisms are probably not the only etiologic factors of ship- ping fever. THE TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF SHIPPING FEVER IN RURAL DISTRICTS* J. D. Fair, Millersburg, O. The extent of my experience in the treatment and management vf shipping fever and other serious febrile diseases, as a result of transportation from the farm through shipping centers and again taken to the farm and the tendency of other horses of the farm to which they are taken, to contracting the same or similar disease, has been very extensive. I remember one year, one of my patron’s business, which was the buying, selling, feeding and shipping of horses, amounted to over one million of dollars; also six other patrons that bought and sold horses by the car load. Those men bought their horses in Iowa, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, shipped them to Chicago, lashed them through the Chicago auctions and if the prices were not satis- factory they were reloaded and brought to Millersburg, Ohio, and sold on the block, while others were distributed among the farmers, to be developed for the eastern markets. Fifty per cent of those horses contracted shipping fever and other febrile diseases and infected fifty per cent of the horses on the farms to which they were taken. The etiology, pathology and bacterial findings of shipping fever have been ably discussed by Drs. Mohler and Kinsley, and I will di- rect my attention to the treatment and management. The best methods of shipping to prevent further infection, and the prepara- tion and treatment after arriving at their destination. In the first place I advise a change in shipping. Instead of going to the various horse markets to buy the horses, go direct to the farmer and have him deliver the horses to some shipping point. Instead of shipping by freight, the conservative dealer will ship by express, in a car that is clean, well bedded with hay and somewhat disinfected. Those shipments are rapid and when once started usually go to their destination without unloading or even much de- lay. When horses are shipped by freight, or otherwise, the first few hours they are excited, nervous, they fight and crowd until they perspire freely, and if shipped by freight, they are usually “Presented at the meeting of the A. V. M. A. Seetion on Practice, Oak- land, Cal., September, 1915. 184 J. D. FAIR left on some siding, exposed to drafts, and when started they heat up again, thus preparing the field for the development of ‘‘ship- ping fever, influenza and various complications.’’ If unloaded and left to stand in some sale barn, and lashed through an auction, shipping fever is almost sure to follow, and if those horses are dis- tributed among the farmers the infection is invariably spread to the horses on the farm, wherever they are taken. During latter years the most of our feeders were advised to prepare special stabling, separate and apart from their main feed- ing barn, and to provide water in special buckets, until they re- cover and are acclimated. In this way you can partially prevent the infection to other horses that may be feeding or are otherwise used upon the farm. If the season is favorable, we keep the horses in the open, turn them to grass, plenty of fresh air, water and light grain rations, and if with precaution, and under this management they develop shipping fever and the many complications, I proceed to give them the following treatment. I always considered that shipping fever was due to a mixed in- fection, the germs having a particular desire to search the nervous - system, and if their attention and efforts are directed to one par- ticular organ you have a complication to deal with, besides the gen- eral debility and prostration. In my opinion there is no specific or set line of treatment. The patients must be seen and a physical and clinical examination made and such treatment prescribed as the conclusion of the exam- ination would suggest. First we place the patient in a good box stall, clean and well ventilated, everything in a good sanitary condition, clothe the pa- tient to suit the season of the year,-offer choice laxative food also fresh water in a clean pail. The feed and water I consider very important, also the nursing of the patient. The administering of the medicine must be at regular intervals day and night. Good judgment is a great factor in the successful treatment of shipping fever. When I find a horse with a temperature of 106 to 107, pulse 60 to 72, the respirations rapid, uneasy, shifting of the limbs, general debility, congestion of the upper air passages, just recently shipped, | wrap him in good blankets, administer a diaphoretie, diuretic, febrifuge and stimulant, and locally I apply a good sharp liniment THE TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF SHIPPING FEVER 185 to the throat, from ear to ear, to the breast and over the lungs. I do this effectively. I want the patient to dance and perspire freely, and as a rule in twenty-four hours time you have aborted the disease or at least lessened the danger of complications. If I find a rapid rise of temperature the second or third day, I again repeat the pro- cess of sweating and my theory is this: I distribute the force, de- termination and tendency towards any particular part or organ and at the same time eliminate a great deal of poison. Generally speaking I usually prescribe as follows :— Quinine sulphate 1% oz. Hydrochloric acid dr Sol. strychnia sulphate 2 gr. Fluid ext. digitalis 2 dr. Fluid ext. jaborandi 6 dr. Spr. Frumenti, add q.s. to make 8 oz. Sig:—One ounce every three hours with ounce of water. I always give a laxative, viz: Aloin 30 er. Strychnia 1 gr. Calomel 15 gr. also nitrate and chlorate of potash in the drinking water. I modi- fy this treatment, as I said, before the physical and clinical exam- ination suggests the treatment. After the patient has passed through the acute stage I then give him tonics and stimulants with plenty of fresh air and exercise. I might go on and write on many complications, but time forbids. However, I will call your atten- tion to one: pleuro-pneumonia. If [ see a patient in the early stages I always apply a good mustard blister. I use one pound of Coleman’s mustard. I make a thorough application and cover well with table oil cloth, fasten well with two surcingles and leave in position for three to four days. I hold that this serves a triple purpose. lst. As a result of the irritation, I expect diaphoresis to follow and this has a tendency to relieve the congestion. 2nd. If the external irritation is greater than the deeper seated, the lesser will yield to the greater. 3rd. Again it serves as a good hot poul- tice for three or four days. After this I remove the mustard and try to determine whether I have or am going to get an effusion; if an effusion, aspirate early and repeat if necessary. The medicinal treatment should consist of heart and diffusible stimulants with potass. iodide in the drinking water. Stimulate the appetite, cre- 186 J. D. FAIR ate all the power of resistance possible. By this treatment, some- times varied, I have been able to save a fair per cent of cases. When you find that peculiar complication of influenza affect- ing serous membranes and especially the parietal pleura and peri- cardium, and rarely showing any catarrhal symptoms, a very fatal form, the per cent of mortality runs very high. I never associate this form with shipping fever and consider it a subject by itself and not under the heading of this symposium. If I find a case having a tendeney to transudation, dropsical effusion, great swell- ing of the legs, infiltrated conjunctiva, commonly known as pink eye, it is not considered so fatal, however, the financial loss, if the same be neglected, is great. Special attention should be given to the treatment of the eye. There should be persistent bathing of the eye with hot water at least two or three hours. After bathing I usually place one grain tablet of quinine-urea in the lower can- thus of the eye, after this I use the following preparation :— Adrenalin gr. 14 .Zine sulpho-carbolite gr. 8 Boracie acid ors. 8 Atropia sulphate or Sal Aquae dist. O7s ea Of this solution I drop a portion into the eye every three to six hours. It is necessary to give a laxative, and the surest way is to give, Aloin 30: ers. Strychnia 1 er. Calomel 15° grs. every three hours until you get a free action of the bowels, then this part of the treatment may be discontinued. [ call your attention to this form of the disease for this reason, it is considered by many veterinarians and horse owners as rather a simple trouble. But when you know that a neglected case of con- junctivitis or catarrhal ophthalmia leaves a defective eye or a pre- disposition to recurrent attacks and finally total blindness, it calls for prompt action. In my years of practice I have seen many horses go to market with defective eyes and on some farms nearly every horse blind, largely the result of carelessness and for want of proper and prompt treatment. Of course I give those cases of ‘‘pink eye’’ other treatment, such as, febrifuges, stimulants and diaphoretics: i i i re eae — YI ee ee THE TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF SHIPPING FEVER 187 whatever treatment they need. But I wish to impress upon your minds that it is very important to relieve the morbid condition of the eyes as early as possible. Shipping fever complicated with spinal meningitis or conges- tion of the spinal cord: this is a serious complication. Those cases are up and down, and when down lie flat. They get up but stand only a short time and go down in a heap. They lie too much and finally develop passive pneumonia, become unable to rise and final- ly succumb to the disease. The only suggestion I have to offer is _ to put those cases in slings before they get too weak and have the nurse apply hot packs, counter-irritants, ete., mostly to satisfy the owner. I have no particular line of treatment to recommend, simply treat the conditions as you find them. I might write on other complications or the result of morbid conditions arising from shipping fever, but do not consider them of particular interest. I was requested to give my opinion of the vaccines and anti- toxins for the prevention and treatment of shipping fever. I will give my opinion from my observation and actual experience with the treatment. Some of my eastern friends said, ‘‘We have no sick horses since we vaccinate them’’. I could not reason that way but con- eluded to give polyvalent bacterins, antitoxins and vaccines a fair and impartial trial. I provided myself with vaccines made by different drug firms and other vaccine laboratories and followed out the preventive and curative treatment of shipping fever, influenza and pneumonia. With me the treatment proved a failure. Horses that | immunized and were shipped to the eastern market, developed shipping fever, ete., others that I immunized that were not shipped developed shipping fever and complications to as great a per cent as those that were not immunized. I remember particularly one car load of horses that were bought in Iowa, vaccinated, shipped to Chicago, unloaded and put through the auction. Prices not being satisfactory, they were reloaded and brought to Millersburg. Practically every horse developed ship- ping fever, influenza, pneumonia and other complications, and the curative treatment was no more satisfactory than the immuniza- tion. I do not wish to discourage biological treatment but rather encourage it, and I hope that the products will be standardized so that they are reliable and can be used with confidence and success. During the past few years I have treated cases of shipping fever, 188 SYMPOSIUM ON SHIPPING FEVER and distemper. Cases having a discharge of pus from the nostrils and other pus formations, by following out Dr. Charles H. Dunean’s theory of autotherapy. In my opinion vaccine or toxin, prepared and used in this way, seems to me more plausible and has proven more effectual than any laboratory vaccine that I have used. In conelusion, I will say use rapid and direct transportation, avoid exposure to infected barns and districts, distribute them as much as possible, give them plenty of fresh air and keep them moy- ing; this has proved to be the best preventive management, and if they contract disease, prompt medicinal treatment so prepared to meet the indications and counter-indications of each individual case, with careful nursing, good surroundings has proven to me to be the best in the treatment and management of shipping fever in rural districts. O———- ABSTRACT OF DISCUSSION Dr. O. A. LonNGLEY: Shipping fever on the Pacific coast is unimportant. I will not say that shipping fever, as we commonly call it, never exists on the Pacific coast. It does exist to some ex- tent but it has been of such a mild type that it responds very readily . to treatment. It is very rarely that any precautions are taken in shipping horses up and down the coast. Horses of Washington and Oregon are very commonly interchanged and shipped into California and many carloads of horses go out of California into other states and very rarely is there any trouble in these shipments in the way of shipping fever. The precautions taken are usually those taken for shipping out of any large shipping center lke San Francisco and Los Angeles—using the ordinary test for influenza, antitoxin or the bacterins. Inquiry made in the larger shipping centers will bear out this statement. I have interviewed men who have supervised the shipping of a great many horses in and out of California and the only time that danger is expected from shipping fever is when horses are shipped to this coast from the middle west. We have our common outbreaks of influenza but for the last seven- teen years these have not been of a serious nature and respond very readily to treatment, especially the more modern and up-to- date methods of treatment. Dr. Hoskins: Shipping fever in the Kast is the bane of our existence in dealing with horses in the large markets. I have lived in close proximity to a great sale center in Philadelphia for some thirty years and influenza, or shipping fever, has made up a very large part of my practice. Why, at times, in badly ventilated, badly drained and badly lighted siables, where there are continual shipments day after day, will the disease disappear for perhaps SYMPOSIUM ON SHIPPING FEVER 189 six to eight months and then just as suddenly appear again? Some years there will not be any evidence of the disease whatever and then, when one would least expect the disease, it breaks out in the most virulent form. I have long advocated, in Pennsylvania, that we should take some steps to compel the railroads to disinfect their cars and to establish at the state line some source of inspection that would protect us from the tremendous loss and suffering. I am personally very strongly inclined to accept the theory of immediate contagion; or the immediate transmission of the disease, for I have observed hundreds of outbreaks in thirty years upon the mere intro- duction of a horse from the sale stable and sometimes not with any visible lesions of the disease in that horse, but I have been surprised to find outbreaks follow shortly after his admission to a large stable. I highly approve the suggestion made by Dr. Mohler that the Bureau of Animal industry should take up the matter of this disease and deal with it as it has done with the other diseases he enumerates, because the losses are extremely great in the aggregate to the shippers of mares and horses throughout the land. I do not believe there is a center in the land that sends out as much of this disease as does Chicago. I think they must gather them in from all points of the compass, in all the various forms of the disease and from there they are sent all over the country to the people of the eastern and southern states and the disease is disseminated to an extraordinary degree. That center of dissemination, it seems to me, should be very carefully guarded. I have many times found car- loads of horses numbering twenty-one or twenty-two in each ear, where the entire carload would show temperatures ranging from one hundred and four to one hundred and seven, waiting for admis- sion to a sale stable in the city with the various lesions showing in one form or another, and later to find the great distribution of this disease throughout that entire stable and generally throughout the entire number of stables because there is a constant traffie in horses between dealers and there is the constant transmission of disease from one stable to another, notwithstanding the precautions taken by our great sale stables. It is high time we took some action towards encouraging Congress to give this power to the Bureau of Animal Industry. Dr. KNowtes: I would like to ask as to the kind of vaccines to be used in the prophylactic treatment of shipping fever. Some practitioners have used the ordinary polyvalent bacterins and also the old style influenza vaccine and some use influenza serum. I think it would be well to be informed so that we would know how to differentiate in the choice of the material to be used by the prac- titioner in the field. Dr. Hoskins: I have seen experiments made along these lines and watched others use every one of the various serums that have come upon the market and I have seen apparently good results in 190 SYMPOSIUM ON SHIPPING FEVER a number of ane ane. ‘s and I have witnessed all of them fail at times. I have religiously tried all of them, sometimes for months at a time and had quite as many unsatisfactory as I have had satisfac- tory results. I have come to the conclusion that the many instances where I have used them and seemed to have good results for a long period of time—a number of months—that I did not have inactive organisms to deal with. Here I ask a question, whether it is the belief of Dr. Kinsley or Dr. Mohler, if we had immediate contagion or transmission of the disease or if it was intermediate. If we have intermediate contagion or transmission of this disease in the stables which are uniformly badly drained, badly hghted and miserably ventilated, why then did we often get good results from the use of these vaccines» serums and antitoxins? But if these stables do not contain and give forth from time to time the contagious element, then they were of no value whatever and I am strongly inclined to accept this view, that it requires immediate transmission of the disease from the live animal to the other and that it does not lurk very long after the disease disappears from the stable. This is entirely in accord with what I have observed in many large stables— in stables where I have for more than thirty years dealt with this disease. Dr. TorrANCE: I would like to call your attention to an ob- servation [ made while I practiced in Winnipeg, a large horse market. The horses came chiefiy from two sources; a large num-, ber were brought west from Ontario and a large number were im- ported from the United States, coming from Ohio, Llinois, Minne- sota, and from such centers as Minneapolis and St. Paul. It being one of our regulations to require the testing with mallein of all horses coming across the American border, it was noticed by dealers and by veterinarians that the horses which had been submitted to the mallein test were not so susceptible to the shipping fever and did not have such severe attacks as those that had not been sub- mitted to the test, indicating I think, that a considerable amount of reaction to disease in general was set up by the injection of this biological product. There is no connection, of course, between the biological cause of glanders and of shipping fever but apparently the reaction set up in this process had a somewhat retarding influ- ence which helped to protect the animals against shipping fey er. Dr. MarsHauu: I do not believe there is a disease with which practitioners have to deal that causes them more trouble than true influenza. Ihave not engaged in private practice for three or four years but [ was engaged in that line for fifteen years previously and one of the questions which has caused me more wonderment than any, is in reference to bacteriologic products in the use or treatment of true influenza and as far as my observation has gone | agree pretty thoroughly with what Dr. Hoskins has said. I never used a biologie product in treating influenza when I thought SYMPOSIUM ON SHIPPING FEVER 191 I could get better results by any other treatment which I have been in the habit of using. When I wished to undertake to treat a case of the bacterial form of influenza, those which gave me the most trouble were the ones that had been given the various remedies to prevent influenza. When you get a case of pneumonia and try to treat it, sometimes bacterin will help but I do not find it so. I do not know what to do, whether to give heart stimulants or heart ton. ics. I do not care much for bacterin myself. I have been wondering if it is the experience of the ordinary practicing veterinarian or if any have had good results in treating these cases. I would be very glad to know about it. While we were abroad last year) we visited many of the veterinary colleges and in some of these colleges they had a great deal of trouble with influenza. They had more eases of influenza than we ever had in the state of Pennsylvania. They spoke of using salvarsan, and neo salvarsan, but the main objection to using those things was the ex- pense. It cost about ten dollars for one dose. Of course one dose was usually sufficient but they did not feel warranted in using a dose at that price for a bad case of the bacterial form of influenza. Dr. Loneuey: The fact is very apparent that there is some- thing lacking in our present method of treating influenza. Since the cause, whatever it may be, has never been definitely isolated, treatment by bacterin cannot be successfully carried on to any great extent. It cannot be specific. We have found from experi- ments with cases in the United States that leukocytic extract has given better results than any other kind of treatment used in con- nection with and without bacterins or serums. It can be used in connection with the bacterins and with serums and seems to re-in- force their action. In eases treated with this leukocytie extract alone, the results have been better than the treatment by any other form. It may be possible when used in these different types of ship- ping fever, it may prove to be of much greater value than vaccines or antitoxins. - Referring again to Dr. Mohler’s paper, it seems to be desired in treating cases of shipping fever to stimulate those body cells which will produce immunity and we claim that action for leuko- eytic extract. In fact, it has been definitely proven that injections of leukocytie extract will increase the number of leukocytes and stimulate the action and must of necessity result in beneficial results. Dr. Exuis: In one of the city departments with which I am connected, we have about twenty-five hundred horses distributed in a number of stables under the care of seven different veteri- narians and each veterinarian has a free hand’to use his own meth- ods. When the horses come in they are all put in a receiving stable for a certain length of time and then distributed. Whenever we get green horses soon after the distribution, we usually have this 192 SYMPOSIUM ON SHIPPING FEVER condition to a greater or less degree in the twenty-five stables. Some of them are treated with biologic products and some are not, probably an equal number each way. In fact, I think less of them are treated without it than with it. Some are often treated with autotherapy. The chief veterinarian of our department is an ad- vocate of that method of treatment and the results seem to be about the same in all stables. Whenever the veterinarians get together and talk about their eases they seem to have treated about the same number and have had about the same results, so it does not seem to me there is a large difference in regard to the biologic treatment of this disease. Some are treated to immunize them and some veterinarians of the de- partment claim that they have had more trouble acclimating horses which have been immunized than those which have not. In other words, they claim that immunization is bad, others claim it is good; so there is a difference of opinion. Dr. JENSEN: Gentlemen, I regret very much that these papers could not have been taken up yesterday, for a gentleman who is a member of the corps of British veterinarians, purchasing mules for his government at Sacramento, was here for the purpose of listen- ing to what he could learn and if possible to tell some of his experi- ences. The gentleman bought mules, I presume a conservative estimate would be fifty thousand head, since last October and in such a business he, of course, has had very rich experience in hand- ling a large number of animals. IT expect this gentleman, in particular, while very familiar with the work that has been going on at the purchasing depot at Lathrop, Missouri, has a great fund of information in reference to the value of bacterial vaccines. I believe I can speak with some authority because I have the word of a half dozen men who have used vaccines, that as a prophylactic agent they find it quite valu- able but as a curative agent they have not laid much stress on it and they have a very complete record of the work that has been done The horses and mules bought in Kansas City were most of them immunized with bacterial vaccine. They were then re-shipped to Lathrop, Missouri, as a short trip in the country before having them shipped to New Orleans or other points for shipment across the water, so these men have in their possession reports of all horses and mules vaccinated and those not vaccinated. They also have re- ports from the receiving veterinarians at New Orleans giving the number of cases that took sick after arriving at New Orleans, or on the way or have been vaccinated at New Orleans as well as all animals that were not vaccinated. The reports show very con- clusively that those which had been vaccinated or were treated with one of these biological products, had stood the trip much better, and even a less number became sick although some of them got sick after vaccination, but there was a marked difference in favor of those that had been vaecinated. SYMPOSIUM ON SHIPPING FEVER 193 I will not give you any specifies because I do not know of any but I do feel that the observation of so many hundreds of horses that have been sick ought to be worth something. I was consulted quite often by these gentlemen. They had quite a few losses and the bacterial form of the disease was very much in evidence. There is, by the way, one form of influenza that has not been emphasized. I refer to the enteric form. I do not know whether that was men- tioned by Dr. Kinsley or Dr. Mohler but whenever that condition is present, the animals nearly all succumbed. Very few of them are restored. Coming back to the bacterial form, I may say this, the treat- ment adopted by these gentlemen, to the exclusion of nearly every- thing else, is the intramuscular injection of camphorated oil and the results have been marvelous. I am very sorry Dr. Stent could not be here to tell you about it. They have adopted that treatment to the exclusion of nearly everything else. In complicated forms where there is a ropy nasal discharge and an offensive odor, in place of injecting the camphor intramus- cularly, they have been injecting it into the trachea and in various cases they combine guaiacol and creosote. They have given up the guaiacol on account of the price it has attained since the outbreak of the war. I wish to say that the information these gentlemen have given us was of such value that I think you practitioners ought to know about it and see if you cannot obtain as good results as they have. When these cases are brought to their attention the camphor is given perhaps three times a day to begin with and later just as they need it. Nothing else has been done except to pay attention to the hygienic surroundings and the sanitation. Speaking with the gentlemen who were at the meeting with Dr. Stent, yesterday, what do we claim for camphor? We know it is a satisfactory stimulant to the nervous system. I have used it in my practice a long time. Camphor, besides being one of the most efficient stimulants of the nervous system, also increases leukocytie efforts. Dr. Mouter: The use of large quantities of camphorated oil has been recommended by Dr. Farris of Germany. Dr. FrorHincHAmM: I would like to ask Dr. Marshall what the results have been‘from treatment by that method in Pennsylvania. Dr. MarsHauu: I am heartily in favor of camphorated oil. I believe it is one of the best treatments used. I cannot give the numbers treated, nor the statistics, but just from my general im- pression, it is the best treatment of the bacterial form of influenza. Dr. Hoskins: I want to say that every graduate of the Amer- ican Veterinary College who has gone out of that college during the last thirty years, has been impressed with the high value of camphor in the treatment of pneumonia, and of nux vomica and of 194 SYMPOSIUM ON SHIPPING FEVER creosote in various forms, in all of these conditions and I believe they use it. I believe we have had uniformly good results with that course of treatment. Dr. Knowes: It has been my custom to use camphor in pre- scriptions in the treatment of influenza but I did not understand what Dr. Jensen and others had reference to in the use of camphor- ated oil. I would like to have Dr. Jensen detail the method of treat- ment with camphorated oil. Dr. JENSEN: There is an official preparation in the pharma- copoeia which I would not recommend. The question resolves it- self into how much camphor you want to give and simply make a solution of sterilized oil. Then inject it into the muscle. Use an oil of light specific gravity. The heavy specific gravity oils are not so easily absorbed as the lighter. Pure olive oil is the best. Two grams of camphor dissolved in sufficient oil to make ten ¢.c. You can in- crease or decrease the dose to satisfy yourself. In fact certain German writers suggest giving more than that. It should not be put in the subcutaneous tissue but deeply in the muscle and if you are not careful, abscesses will follow. In combination with creo- sote we take a gram of camphor and a gram of creosote and take enough oil to make a good solution. It is the usual experience to get better results by injeetion directly into the trachea. It does not cause sore tissues. I frequently see reports of the use of com- binations of phenol with camphor by makers of proprietary remedies, Dr. Scuuttz: In 1907, I was in Berlin and I saw Dr. Frohman in his clinic, treating cases of shipping fever with strong camphor- ated oil. The camphorated oil was in a solution of one to four, or five, and steers received in twenty-four hours, 100 grams of cam- phor besides the oil subeutaneously. When I came to the United States I used that treatment but I did not give a gram as stated here. I never thought of giving a horse less than twenty-five grams of camphor in about one hundred and twenty-five of oil subeu- taneously. I had good results and no abscesses occurred. I-gave some intramuscularly but there is more danger of abscess by that method and I follow Frohman in: his therapeutics. His latest book has not been translated yet but he recommends one pound of camphor in four pounds of oil. It is too strong. You cannot get the camphor in solution. I take a bottle of creosote and put cam- phor into that and place it in a warm place. It will dissolve in two or three days and then I simply use that saturated solution of camphor in creosote to put in my oil, but I am surprised that any one has got results from one gram. | would give this camphorated creosote mixture about fifty e.c. taken with about one hundred and fifty of oil, maybe one or two doses a day and I have never had any bad results. our or five years ago when I was in Seattle, I treated a good SYMPOSIUM ON SHIPPING FEVER 195 many cases with good results. I do not think it has any specific influence but it prevents complications. As soon as you have pro- cesses in the lung, a filling up of a part of the. lung but without pharyngeal lesions, the fever varies and the patient is better one day and worse the next—that is when I give camphor and I have very good results. Dr. JENSEN: In regard to treatment and doses, if you are go- ing to compare doses with German writers you will be very much at sea. We American veterinarians do not give as big doses as the Germans do. Twenty-eight years ago a young gentleman came from Sweden. He located in my community and he prescribed three grain doses of eserine sulphate. I think that is too much. First of all, if you try that on an animal you will get out of the notion very hurriedly, and secondly, I de not know whether our horses would stand much of it. I think the idea is not to see how much we can give without killing but rather how little can be given and get good results and I assure you a two-gram dose of camphor has been eminently sat- isfactory. ~ Dr. Exuis: Dr. Jensen’s remarks about the treatment and doses remind me of a discussion we had in our New York City meet- ing at one time on the use of arecolin. Someone told us a dose of arecolin should be two or three grains. He seemed to think two grains would be the minimum dose and the most of us thought half a grain would be about a dose. In the treatment of these cases, I have used for a great many years, eamphor and ether, small doses of camphor, probably fifteen grains of camphor and a gram of ether. In lung cases or with a complh- cation of lung trouble, and in a case of pneumonic influenza, I al- ways thought I had very good success. There is another phase of the influenza cases that has come to my attention as frequently as the bacterial form, and that is the enteric and they did not all die by any means. When they got well they seemed to be subject to colic for quite a long while. They were very troublesome horses and in the treatment of them we found very good results by giving vaseline. We gave an ounce of vase- line by capsule probably three times a day and kept it up for two or three weeks. We have had horses convalescent and going to work which every once in a while, would get colic and we gave this treatment of vaseline for two or three days and longer. Dr. JENSEN: The enteric form I have seen come to a fatal end so rapidly that even camphor would not do any good. As to the vaseline, it undoubtedly has its merits but you do a lot better by giving lquid petrolatum. Dr. R. C. Moore: This discussion of influenza and the state- ments made about the use of camphor and particularly what Dr. Ellis has said about the addition of ether, carries me back to my earlier days in Kansas City. 196 SYMPOSIUM ON SHIPPING FEVER Along about 1896, there was a great deal of influenza in that city. The death rate was extremely heavy, so much so that the horse dealers were fearful that the disease was going to put them out of business. The line of treatment used in those days was al- most entirely sedative. Aconite, acetanilid and other treatment was used to lessen the temperature. About that time a layman who had been working in the stock yards for two or three years, made a trip to the country somewhere out in Kansas, I think, and came in contact with a clever old lady who was running a boarding house. She gave him a formula which she said would positively cure the disease. She made up this form- ula and sold it and that lotion nearly put the veterinarians out of business. This man afterwards sold one-fourth interest in the com- pany which he had established for the making of this preparation, for a quarter of a million dollars. This formula probably con- tained camphor, sulphuric ether and raw linseed oil. I believe the greatest results obtained from that so-called wonderful treatment, was the fact that it stopped the use of those agents that were helping to destroy life. I stopped using the se- dative agents in the treatment of influenza. No matter where the temperature went, I let it alone and if I got hold of a case which had not been tampered with, I rarely had trouble. As to camphorated oil, | have used that and I have used other agents of a mild stimulative nature and usually with good results. > Dr. Hoskins: I have witnessed the death of more animals that were treated with these magic preparations, loaded down with aconite, along about the years referred to, from 1890 up to 1900, than ever died in our neighborhood from the disease itself. In con- nection with the treatment that has been referred to, I wish to say that our college has advocated and has been dispensing barrels of a mixture of sweets spirits of nitre, aqua ammonia, ete. with uni- formly good results. Dr. KinsteEy: In our section—the middle states—some of us are inclined to believe that shipping fever is distinct from the dis- ease ordinarily termed influenza. Influenza, as we usually think of it, is a disease originally known as pink eye, in which there is much edema of the lungs, infected mucosa, particularly of the eye along with very marked depression and rise of temperature. We see this disease still. Possibly I may be mistaken, but we have in our section this other disease, ordinarily termed shipping fever, which is very constant in horses which go through public stock yards and it is not uncommon to find complications of the old type of in- fluenza or pink eye and the so-called shipping fever. Dr. Mohler has in most of his descriptions, described influenza with these complications, due to bacteria that we ordinarily asso- ciated with shipping fever. This season we have been visited with the old fashioned pink eye. SYMPOSIUM ON SHIPPING FEVER 197 = _ —_— To my knowledge this disease extends in all directions from Kansas City. We have also had an abundance of the so-called catarrhal or shipping fever, which is primarily an inflammatory disturbance of the anterior respiratory tract with or without pneu- monia and pleurisy. We have had an abundance of that, caused by the collection of large numbers of horses and mules there to be shipped to Europe for war purposes. So far as the etiological factor, that I have been able to deter- mine, is concerned, I know others have substantiated it, and in fact, I substantiated some other findings. Dr. Hoskins asked whether or not shipping fever could be trans- mitted from barns that have been infected to animals that are taken into the barn. Yes, that has been cbhserved in cases of animals which were apparently healthy. It is not possible to say positively that the animals were not infected when taken in but animals com- ing in from healthy quarters, taken into some of these barns, con- tract this so-called influenza and shipping fever. This is probably due to a filterable virus and is also transmitted from the surround- ings to the animals. At least, that has been our experience in Kansas City. That is the indication. We have not absolute proof that these animals were not infected when they were led in there. They were healthy horses taken from premises where diseases of this nature did not abound and they contracted the disease. I believe the difficulty which Dr. Hoskins and Dr. Marshall and Dr. Ellis have in the far eastern cities is due to the fact that those animals are already intensely infected when they reach those places. A great percentage of those horses are shipped many miles so they are intensely infected when they arrive and immunization of already infected animals with active immunizing agents is not suc- cessful. On the other hand, as Dr. Jensen pointed out, if these healthy animals can be taken in their native state and im- munized, I believe they can be shipped a considerable dis- tance and through the various stock yards, and that they are thoroughly well protected against so-called shipping fever, not influenza, in which the filterable virus is the cause. I believe they can be fairly well protected, but, as I stated in my paper that immunity is of relatively short duration. It is only apparently a passive immunity so far as time is concerned. It stimulates the reaction in the animal’s body. Dr. Torrance spoke in relation to mallein. I cannot quite re- call the circumstances but Dr. Brown of Kansas City, has told me on different occasions, of the influence of the mallein test on these eases of shipping fever. I would like particularly to have Dr. Mohler discuss this problem, for | may be altogether wrong in the assumption that we are facing two diseases. Dr. R. C. Moore: I would like to ask in regard to the state- ment as to short immunity, whether that would apply to the use of bacterins in the prevention of strangles, where it is pure strangles, rather than shipping fever. 198 SYMPOSIUM ON SHIPPING FEVER 2 Dr. Kinstey: My judgment is, it applies to that condition if the animals remain in their norma! habitat. I beheve their immunity is sufficient to guard them in a short time from either shipping fever or strangles but they are usually very susceptible to other diseases. Dr. R. C. Moore: I have been using Dr. Kinsley’s own make of bacterin in treating outbreaks of strangles on farms where there were quite large herds of horses, with very good results but I do not recall a single case where I have treated a whole herd of horses but that the disease was soon eradicated. Within as much as two years, do I recall a single case of an outbreak on those farms afterwards. Whether the immunization was due to the treatment they had re- ceived I cannot say but I asked the question to find out whether the duration of the immunity was as short in that case as it would be in the case of shipping fever. Dr. Monuer: With reference to the question asked by Dr. Knowles, as to the best biological product to be used in connection with this disease, I am not able to answer. I consider the most im- portant organism to be included in this product must be the various forms of streptococcus, which are found in horses infected with this disease and which should be shown to be wholly without other con- taminating organisms. In reference to Dr. Hoskins’ remarks as to the immediate or intermediate transmission of virus; I think it is unquestioned that the animal itself carries more than ninety percent of the virus. In other words, a large percentage of the virus is immediate but the fact that I mentioned, the necessity of disinfection of stables and cars that are carrying the animals to eastern markets is conclusive to my mind that only a part of the infection is immediate. I think that very beneficial results are obtained by disinfection of the stables, cars, and barns, also of the National Stock Yards. The re- sults accomplished in Kentucky by the thorough disinfection of all stock yards, stock barns, and cars which brought horses and other stock into Kentucky, would indicate that a certain portion of the virus was intermediate. With reference to the question raised by Dr. Kinsley, as I have previously stated, the only way I could compare the diseases known as influenza or shipping fever, is to make analogy with the erippe. I believe the pink eye that Dr. Kinsley is referring to as pheumonie conjunctivitis and the associated lesion that we have in the human family of persons affected with grippe, are very sim- ilar. ; The shipping fever which Dr. Kinsley refers to is merely the catarrhal form of influenza as I deseribed it. I think we have a large number of symptoms of influenza which are known by var- ious practitioners under different terms and while I did not mention the intestinal form of influenza, in my paper, I ineluded that also in the etcetera, THE OUTLOOK FOR THE CONTROL OF CATTLE ABORTION* W. L. WituitAmMs, Ithaca, N. Y. No adequate basis can be laid for measuring the possibilities of controlling an infectious disease until the disease itself has been clearly defined. Its geographical distribution must be known, its frequency within the involved territory determined, the character of the disease understood, and the usual time and method of trans- mission adequately recognized. Contagious abortion of cattle has not been clearly defined. Many writers say that contagious abortion is present in a herd when ten to fifteen cows are observed to abort in a herd of twenty- five to forty animals. These writers seem to be very definitely of the opinion that twenty-five or thirty per cent of observed abortions in a herd of twenty-five or more cows is conclusive evidence of the presence of the contagion. If, however, in a‘stable of two cows, one, or fifty per cent, aborts, many of these writers would consider the abortion accidental. The attitude appears very peculiar. In other chronic contagious diseases, we consider one typical case conclusive evidence of its existence, regardless of how many other animals may be present. If we observe one typical case of glanders in a group of one hundred or one thousand horses, it is Just as truly contagious glanders as if there were many cases. Some writers admit that a distinction should be made between abortion, the disease, and abortion, the phenomenon. They admit that the infection may exist and not cause the phenomenon of abortion, but whenever they attempt to measure the intensity of the disease they use the phenomenon of abortion, the death and expul- sion of the immature fetus, as the sole standard. They ignore, when they come to measure the disease, those cases where the infee- tion exists without causing abortion, and they ignore equally all those cases of abortion which are not observed. During the first half of pregnancy, the embryo, or fetus, is so small that it may be dropped in pasture or stable without observation. As the tufts of the chorion are too small to favor incarceration, the fetal membranes are expelled with the fetus and no traces of the disaster are left in the form of retained membranes, Such abortions therefore, “Read at the Conference for Veterinarians at Ithaca, N. Y., Jan, 12, 1916. 200 W. L. WILLIAMS a under the plan named, are excluded in the measurement. After the seventh month of pregnancy, the fetus is frequently expelled alive. This is classed as a premature birth, not as an abortion. The approximately mature fetus may be expelled dead. This is designated as a still birth. Owing to these exclusions during the first half and the last quarter of pregnancy, most writers are led to state that abortion is most common from the fifth to the seventh months inclusive. It would be more accurate to state that, according to the narrow defini- tion which is given of abortion, it generally occurs during this time. Many of our foremost investigators and writers upon conta- gious abortion, as Bang, M’Fadyean and Stockman, Wall, and others, speaking from a pathological standpoint, define contagious abortion as an inflammation of the uterus and chorion in pregnant cows, and either directly state or indirectly intimate that the Bacal- lus abortus, which they assert causes the abortion, can live and multiply only in the gravid uterus. ture, as no trace of it could be found. An observing and careful man continued to work her, wateh- ing her narrowly all the while, she retaining her usual good spirits and flesh, but finally lost her milk and shrank in abdominal girth. The owner consulted me several times in the three months and with- out seeing the case, I each time ventured the opinion that she still retained the fetus. Owner not assenting to a visit, the mare was left to expectancy. No odor or discharge was at any time noticed. This I can not understand. She came in heat regularly, and was served by the owner’s stallion five days before I was called, July 10th. DeBruin states that oestrum may occur regularly with such patients, and that conception is possible. This, I grant, is true but judging by the paucity of the records of such cases, conception must be extremely rare. Over three months beyond time ‘of foal- ing the mare came out of the barn to go to work, having symptoms of slight laminitis. I was called. Ignoring the laminitis, | found upon exploration, the womb open and a transverse dorsal presenta- tion of a slimy and bony vertebral column. In such cases if weather permits, I remove all my clothing, and don a suit of overalls. It 7. = on wh i ee CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 263 required several hours to carefully remove the remains which con- sisted of bones, and several gallons of corruption or completely dis- organized tissue of about the consistency of soft soap, plus the the usual stench. It demanded the assistance of three strong men with a hoist to pull away the vertebral column and pelvis. The womb was then injected with a large tubful of warm antiseptic and deodorizing water. I then used a large tubful of the same on myself, and went to dinner. After dinner we gave her another, but smaller uterine injection, swabbed her feet and left. The next day she was doing well, save having a rather severe case of metastatic laminitis, which in spite of care and rest, lasted until late in the fall, leaving her with slightly ramy hoofs and almost inconsiderable chronic founder. She was given another large injection and released to the owner’s treatment. She is now in splendid condition and has been frequently bred, but up to the present has not conceived. She was very well sold lately at public auction and is a very serviceable animal, all of which is a source of considerable satisfaction to me. BETTER STABLE CONDITIONS FOR Cows. In an article in the Lancaster Daily New Era, Lieutenant-Governor Frank B. McClain calls the attention of the Eastern Pennsylvania farmers to the necessity of different housing conditions for their cows and steer eattle, and if better housing conditions are not provided, the ‘*freight’’ will have to be paid by the person who refuses to recog- nize this necessity. The reason why Virginia cows and Western cows and even Northern Pennsylvania cows have the preference is because in the carcass very few of them show evidence of tuberculosis. The ex- planation of the healthier condition of this class of cows is that they have more outdoor life in day time throughout the entire year, and at night time, in the winter, are not housed in air-tight barns. It therefore behooves the farmer to give some attention to better barn ventilation as a preventive of tuberculosis among his cows and steers, otherwise he will find it expensive when he comes to dispose of his live stock. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE STRYCHNINE POISONING IN A Dog. Henry Taylor, F.R.C.V.S. Veter. Jour—A fox was poisoned with strychnine. A dog came home with the head of a young rabbit in his mouth. His abdomen was distended and full. Had he partaken of the poisoned fox? After remaining quiet for six hours, he suddenly got out and had a fit which soon passed off. Attempts to give him a dose of castor oil failed and a small pill was offered in a bit of meat. He took it. After an hour, he developed the characteristic symptoms of strych- nine poisoning. Chloral hydrate and bromide of potassium in large doses were prescribed. Fit after fit continued but chloral was still administered until after some time the next morning after a series of attacks he was finally awakened from the apparent sleep he was in. He then looked drowsy but gradually improved and got over all his troubles. The interest in this case rests on the length of time which had elapsed between the partaking of the poison and the onset of the first fit, stx hours and the recurrence of the fits while the dog was under the influence of the antidote, viz: large-doses of chloral. A. LIAUTARD. Fae Is LEUCOCYTOZOON ANATIS THE CAUSE OF A NEw DISEASE IN Ducks? Wickware, A. B. Parasitology, 1915, June, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp, 17—21.—(The paper is of considerable interest in the light of recent enormous outbreaks of a fatal disease among ducks in California (Tulare Lake, ete. and Utah.) The author studied an outbreak at a poultry farm, where heavy mortality prevailed. The malady ran a rapid and fatal course. The prodromal symptoms were very slight. Some died in the first attack, others after several exacerbations. The birds lie in a semi- comatose condition, but, if aroused, undergo remarkable contor- tions of the head and body. They lose the power of controlling equilibrium. The recovered birds are stunted and undersized. The mortality is 65-70 per cent. Leucocytozoa (L. anatis) were found in large numbers in: ducks in which the infection ran an acute and fatal course. Transmission experiments were successful in one instance only. The author is not prepared to accept the Leucocytozoon as the causative agent of the disease, but he gives reasons for its probably being the excitant and for the failure to transmit the parasite. The paper is well illustrated, K, F, Meyer, oO ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 26: Enormousty Enuarcep Prostate Apscess IN A Dos. Arthur Payne F. R. C. V.S. Veter. Journ.—Half bred collie, eleven years old. For three months he had been losing flesh, and yet had a good appetite. He passed a small quantity of urine, which was occasion- ally tinged with blood. One day he had more difficulty in micturat- ing and from that day refused all food. On examination per rectum, the enlarged prostate gland was detected. The bladder was congested, and engorged. The dog looked very sick, yet when he was called, he came and urinated freely. Urotropine was prescribed. Finally the poor sufferer died a natural death. At post mortem, one and one-half pint of urine was found in what was taken for the bladder. On the right side of this sae, was one that proved to be the true bladder. The prostate was hypertro- phied. The second bladder which was the normal organ, showed that the first sac had been made by the giving way of some muscular fibres, which had let the vesical mucus pass through and allowed the formation of a pocket, a diverticulum of the bladder. A. LIAUTARD. ee SUR LA CULTURE DU PARASITE DE LA LYMPHANGITE EPIZOOTIQUE, (The Culture of the Epizootic Lymphangitis Microorganism). Négre L. et Boquet A. Bull, Soc. Path. exot. VIII. 1915; 10 fevr—By inoculating the water of condensation of glucose agar and incubat- ing the tubes at a temperature of from 24 to 26 degrees C., the au- thors have succeeded in growing the Cryptococcus farciminosus, The culture was very adherent to the medium and consisted of mycelia and irregularly shaped bodies, varying in size from 4-6 p. Sub- cultures were successful. (The reviewer isolated, in 1912, an organism from typical pus collected from a case of epizootic lymphangitis in Jamaica, which corresponds in every detail with the organism described in the pre- liminary note given by Négre & Boquet.) Inasmuch as Dr. Bridre (from the Institut Pasteur in Mustopha, Alger) stated, in a person- al communication, that at the time of writing—1912—they had not been able to cultivate the Cryptococcus, the reviewer considered his organism to be a contamination. For further information see K. F. Meyer,—Epizootic lymphan- gitis and sporotrichosis. (Studies on American Sporotrichosis II). American Journal of Tropical Diseases and Preventive Medicine. 1915; September ; Vol. III; No. 3; pp. 144-163.) K. F. Meyer, 266 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE L’OFrTALMO E L’INTRAPALPEBRO-REAZZIONE NELLA DIAGNOSI E NELLA DIFFERENZIAZIONE DI ALCUNE TRIPANOSOMIASI. Nova PRE- VENTIVA. (THE OPHTHALMIC AND INTRAPALPEBRAL REACTION IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIATION OF TRYPANOSOMIASIS. PRE- LIMINARY Note.) Lanfranchi, Alessandro. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., 1915, Mar., Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 112-115.—It is frequently impossible to diagnose clinically the various trypanosomiases of animals. With the object in view of finding a simple and certain method of diag- nosis, the author made experiments using the ophthalmic and intra- palpebral reactions. Dogs and horses with surra were employed, healthy animals served together with those infected with 7. brucei as controls. An- tigens were prepared from extracts of 7. evansi in water, alcohol, glycerine, ether and chloroform. The technique was similar to that used in the case of animals infected with glanders and tuberculosis. The conclusions are: using a glycerine or alcoholic extract of infective trypanosomes, it is possible by means of the ophthalmic reaction not only to diagnose surra in the dog, but to distinguish this from other trypanosomiases. In horses: similar results were obtained. The diagnostic value of a slight rise in temperature from the intrapalpebral test during an afebrile period in infected horses has still to be determined. (It would be advisable to investigate the value of this test in cases of dourine). K. F. Meyer. o——-—- CaECAL ADMINISTRATION OF DruGs. Doct. A. Bouchet. Rev. de Pathol, Compar—tThe author proceeds as follows: A horse has colic. Whether tympanitice or not, tincture of iodine is applied to the right flank, in the region where the aseptic trocar is to be intro- duced. The puncture is made. The blade of the instrument is withdrawn and the canula of the instrument left in™place, the mouth of a 10 centiliters syringe is introduced, carrying the drug, which is to be introduced. The injection can be renewed as often as the quantity of the solution requires, the canula of the trocar be- ing left in place even if the animal is restless or while he is walk- ing. Of course, if there is tympanitis the gases are allowed to escape first of all. sy this method, the author has often given tincture of opium chloral, and ether, separated or mixed and has relieved almost im- mediately animals which were suffering with very violent colic, ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 267 He has given in one day 50 grammes of chloral and 80 of ether and obtained complete anesthesia, which lasted 25 minutes. The au- thor has advocated this mode of administration because of the dif- ficulties which some times accompanied the giving of drugs in solu- tion where given per mouth or per rectum. A. LIAUTARD. Field Marshall von Hindenberg’s letter of appreciation of the services of the veterinarians in the German army appeared in the Tierarztliche Rundschau, Oct. 1915, p. 357: September 20, 1915. From the reports submitted it appears that since the begin- ning of an organized campaign in April of this year, aimed at the eradication of glanders and contagious pleuro-pneumonia, diseases most dangerous to horses and to the troops dependent upon them, an extraordinary and permanent suppression of the epidemics has been accomplished. These services of the field veterinary corps ren- dered in the strongly infected Russian field of operations under ad- verse conditions are the results of a specially broad and self saeri- ficing sense of duty. Iam given all the more occasion to express my appreciation of the successful suppression of epidemics because the veterinary corps has also rendered signal services among the troops, veterinary hospitals, military abattoirs, and in other field opera- tions; especially in the preservation and replacement of the valu- able supplies for horses. These circumstances give assurance that in spite of the military campaign in an infected country, with an energetic and foresighted prophylaxis and eradication of equine diseases, especially those that are contagious; the losses in difficult- ly replaceable horses will not exceed the unavoidable losses incident to forced marches and irregularities in feeding. (signed) von Hindenburg. Note by Abstractor. The above letter of General von Hinden- burg should be of special interest to veterinarians in view of the bills now pending in Congress. These bills provide that the United States Army shall have a Veterinary Corps somewhat similar to those already in service in Europe, and that the veterinarians in the army shall have the RANK ,pay, allowance, ete., of officers. In other words, that they shall have rank, which they previously have not had, BERG. 268 . ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE PsycHicaAL TRAUMATISM IN A Horse. Mr. L. Lepinay. Fev. de Pathol. Compar.—Seven year old gelding, returned from the front, in the infirmary of wounded or over worked horses. He was closely examined and presented nothing abnormal. He had no wounds, no elevation of temperature, was in quite good condition, was lively, trotted and galloped easily. He was perfectly quiet. Why was he returned? Watched at feeding time it was noticed that he could not take his food from the ground, nor even from a low manger. Finally he knelt down and reached it. The mouth, throat, ears, neck, anterior quarters, vertebral col- umn were again examined. Not the slightest lesion superficial or deep could be detected. At each feeding time, he tried to take his ration, hesitated, made some attempts and finally spread his fore legs apart, knelt down with a groan and began and completed his meal in that position. After a few days, he gradually improved but it took four or five weeks for all the symptoms to gradually subside and disappear. As he was an artillery horse and in the midst of cannon thunder, the question may be asked, did he get a nervous shock? A. LIAUTARD. O——_- Intravenous Injection of Chloral Hydrate for Operative Pur- poses. Martens. Zeitschrift fiir Veterimarkunde, Vol. 27, p. 302, 1915. A solution of 50 grams of chloral hydrate in 400 ee. of water is used. The casting of the horse is brought about very easily by this method; the injection is stopped when the horse be- gins to sway. The narcosis is sufficiently deep. Undesirable after effects were not noticed. . BERG. 0) Tumor IN THE URINARY BLADDER OF A Mare. Susman. Ber- linger Tiertrztliche Wochenschrift, Vol. 31, pp. 461-462, 1915. I was called to examine a horse which had passed large quantities of blood and blood clots during the past two months. Examination—Mare, over 12 years, emaciated and apathetie. Ixternal genitalia somewhat swollen and bloody. The urine re- ceived in a container was blood colored and contained clots, some as large as the palm of a hand, others as thick as a finger. There was no sediment from which information could be obtained regarding the cause of this abnormal condition. Rectal examination of the bladder ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 269 showed it to be as large as a man’s head, tightly filled and pressed backward toward the anus. This diminished the lumen of the rectum and caused an accumulation of gas and feces on the oral side. The horse was raked to permit closer examination. Slight pressure on the bladder was painful and caused the evacuation of several liters of urine, at first red, later yellowish. After the bladder was emptied in this way, a large compact mass could be felt through the rectum, the significance of which was not apparent at first. A closer examination of the vulva and palpation of the vagina and os uteri disclosed nothing unusual. Catheterizing was easy, a fin- ger could be easily introduced into the urinary meatus. This caused the mare to groan and strain, and some blood was passed. In this way it was found that the swelling was on the ventral sur- face of the bladder. The swelling was hard, like a cauliflower, and extended from the neck to the fundus of the bladder. A limited mobility indicated the presence of a neck or stalk by which the tumor was attached. Diagnosis: Tumor of the bladder was highly probable. I at- tributed the hemorrhages to the rupture of capillaries caused by the distension of the bladder by the retained urime. This in turn could be caused by the movable tumor blocking the internal urethral orifice. Treatment: Although I informed the owner that permanent cure could be brought about only by surgical treatment, and recom- mended slaughter, he requested that medical treatment be tried. I prescribed irrigation with 3% alum solution and daily doses of potassium iodid, 5 grams. As might be expected there was no im- provement, and as a last resort the owner consented to surgery. Operation: This was performed on the horse in the standing position, after rectal administration of chloral hydrate. The uri- nary meatus was stretched until two fingers could be passed through. I looked for the stalk of the tumor and found it. It was as thick as a small finger, and attached to the ventral surface of the bladder, about 3 centimeters from the internal urinary orifice. With the aid of the ecraseur, the stalk was cut and hemorrhage stopped with a ‘Thermocautor’. Healing took place promptly and after effects have not yet been observed. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of tumor, BERG. 270 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE INTUSSUSCEPTION IN THE Horse. P. G. B. Veter. Record. —A six year old cart gelding had always done good work, had no illness and was in very fair condition. He was in the care of a eareful and good driver. Returning from a journey, he showed slight abdominal pains, and got a colic draught. Relieved for the night, the next morning he was off his food, had a temperature of 102° F., cold extremities, ears and legs, his breath was short and he occasionally laid down. He remained in that condition for a few days, then stopped eating entirely but manifested great thirst. He toek water heartily. After a day or two he had a fetid odor from the mouth and a pecular gurgling sound was heard at the base of the neck. A diagnosis was made of abdominal abscess due to external injury. Prognosis unfavorable. The patient gradual- ly lost ground. Violent purging set in. The animal, in walking, had a peculiar rambling gait. The illness lasted ten days and finally the horse was destroyed. The post mortem showed intus- susception of the cecum within the large colon. The whole of the organ was drawn in and between the walls of the two bowels there was about a gallon of pus. A. LAAUTARD. Oo——— THe Lire History or GONGYLONEMA ScuTatuM. Brayton H. Ransom and Maurice ©. Hall. Journ. Parasitology, v. 2 (2), pp. 80-86.—Gongylonema scutatum is the gullet worm of sheep and cattle, a parasite very common in these hosts in the United States and resembling a thread sewed in serpentine fashion in the mucosa of the esophagus. It has been found that the eggs produced by the female worms in the gullet pass out in the manure and are there ingested by the small dung beetles of the genera Aphodius and On- thophagus, either while the beetles are in larval stages or when adult. The larvae from these eggs develop in the beetles to an in- fective stage and the beetles are ingested by sheep and eattle in orazing over fields where these insects are making their flights from one manure deposit to another. As the beetles land on grass or other vegetation and start to crawl toward a manure deposit, the vegetation through which they are traveling may at that moment be eaten by sheep or cattle and it is a matter of common knowledge that these animals do not stop to sort out such miscellaneous objects from their food. The nature of this life history has been demon- strated by feeding dung beetles and the Gongylonema larvae, which are of fairly common occurrence in these beetles, to experiment ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE PAF EAN sheep, and the subsequent demonstration of the adult worms in the sheep. It has also been shown that the larvae will develop in the eroton bug and that larvae developed in this intermediate host will infect sheep when fed to them. In this connection, attention is called to the work of Fibiger and Ditlevsen who have found a similar worm, which they call Gongylonema neoplasticum, in rats, and which appears to be com- ‘municable to rodents generally. G. neoplasticum oceurs in the squamous-celled epithelium of the anterior portion of the digestive tract, including the mouth, tongue, esophagus, and fundus of the stomach. In these regions the worm gives rise to a proliferation of the epithelial elements, originating as a circumscribed or diffuse hypertrophy with a slight inflammation, going on to the formation of papilloma, and terminating in distinct carcinoma with ocecasion- al metastases. This parasite has its intermediate stages in croton bugs, cockroaches, and mealworms. The fact that it bears some etiological relation to the production of cancer is a fact of con- siderable scientific and medical interest. It is also noted that the worm commonly known as Spiroptera obtusa from the stomach (the authors have inadvertently stated that this worm occurs in the intestine) of rats, mice, and other rodents, has a somewhat similar life history, the larvae developing in the mealworm. The feces of the rodents parasitized by these worms are eaten by mealworms and the mealworms in turn eaten by the rodents. M. C. Haun. 0) TREATMENT OF MANGE IN ARMY Horses. Prof. Coquot. Bullet. de la Soc. Cent—Having a large number of mangy army horses to prescribe for, they were divided and classified according to the con- dition of the disease, into three groups: 1—those where the mange was isolated; 2—those where it was well localized; and 3—those where it was general, that is covering a great surface of the body. The three groups were kept separated and out of doors night and day. All the animals had first a free soaping followed by energetic brushing, until the skin was cracking and blood oozing. An ex- posure to the sun with walking dried the animal which was then ready for the anti-parasitic application, To those of the first group the treatment consisted in washing with sulfurous solution and the application of Helmerie ointment. To those of the second group, the same washing, the applica- 272 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE tion of an ointment made of oil, petroleum, benzine in equal parts to which were added soft green soap and sublimed sulphur also in equal parts and sufficient in quantity to make a soft paste. The application dried rapidly on the surface and was left for two days when a general washing removed it. The same treatment was also applied for the animals of the third group. Half of the body being treated first and the other later. Recovery was obtained rapidly in nine-tenths of the cases. An average of from 10 to 20 days being required to obtain it. Gas TUBERCULAR MENINGITIS IN A Cow. J. Bourwan. Vet. News. The cow was six years old and had a ealf 18 months before, coughed only lately. She had been alternately dull and excitable. For eight days she had been standing with the head elevated and ear- ried rather on one side. She ate some, swallowed easily and gave a small quantity of milk. Such was her previous history. She was emaciated, lay on her bent knees and was unable to rise. The head was elevated and carried on one side, the eye-balls were in an oblique position, there was no nystagmus, the cow had now and-then clonic convulsions in the limbs and she was very ex- cited. The next day she was stretched out full length, the head still in the same condition, clonic convulsions were very frequent. She died in the evening. At the post-mortem, the diagnosis of tubercular meningitis was confirmed. The pia mater at the base of the brain and of the hemispheres was infiltrated and presented a compact mass of tubercles about the size of a millet seed. In ex- amining the thoracic eavity the peribronchial and mediastinal lym- phatic glands were found the seat of calcified centers and some of them with purulent foci. ee eS AMPUTATION OF PROLAPSUS REcTI IN A Pony. Dr. A. A. Feist. Alpha Psi Bullet., Vol. I, No. 4—The case was well characterized, reduction had failed and a very grave prognosis was offered. Am- putation was the only chance of saving the animal. It.was per- formed as follows: The colt was nareotized with the injection of 20 minims of fluid extract of cannabis indica intravenously. Chloride of adren- alin was injected in’ the tissues at the seat of operation. The colt was secured, the seat of operation rendered aseptic as much as oe ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE alo possible with solution of kresol, and two hat pins were introduced at right angles to each other at the base of the protruding rectum. A half ounce hard rubber syringe was introduced into the rectum up to the point where the bowel was to be ligated. This was done to support the inner wall of the protruding part and making the liga- tion more effective and the suturing easier. The part hgated, a circular incision was made two and one-half inches from the base. After the portrusion was removed, four sutures were placed in the ends of the bowel, at even distance and four more were placed be- tween these. Silk sutures were used. The ligatures were gradually released and the hat pins removed. ~ : Aborted | 17 | 2| 8-21-12 ae iy nS = | Aborted 18 | 4| 10-2-12 -t se a = | | Aborted ; I 19 | 3{°11-10-12 aie. Rabo ee as Aborted | | | 20) Bl SO -1S 00h) Sam ye 4 s ~ | {Aborted | | | 21 | 2) 2-11-18 (ls te mare Re ON Aborted | | | | 29 S:1-13 Os oes iis os INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE co we or Taste VI—Continued Material Injected Date of Breeding | Subsequent History Dead cultures 6-13 3-9-1383 20 ¢.c. -12-13 Calved normally 2-12-14 ee Aborted 4-12-13 “ 5-14-13 Aborted 12-16-13 — |9-24-13 3-16-13 |Bred several times since without re- OY -25-13 5-20-13 |sults. Sold for beef 8-19-14 Delivered a dead calf 1-26-14 on the a 13 269th day of gestation. Not treated Calved normally 3-16-13 Dead cultures 20 c¢.c. Calved normally 4-11-13 33 Calved normally 10-2-13 Living cultures 10 c.c. 6-8-13 Calved normally 3-12-14 ce 5-22-13 7-2-13 |Calved normally 4-7-14 Dead cultures 20 €.¢. 1-5-13 2-8-13 _|Aborted 7-8-13 a 6-26-13 Calved normally 4-12-14 S 2-16-13 3-5-13 Came in heat almost regularly and 3 5-7-18 served nearly every time up to 8-17-14 2-26-13 3-14-13 - 7-13 5-11-13 |Delivered a weak calf on the 288th day 13 of gestation. Calf died at 24 hrs. old Living cultures 7 pee 10 Ce. 1 17-13-13 Galved normally 4-16-14 ec 2-22-13 3-14-13 |Calved 12-7-13, 33 days earlier. Calf 4-3-13 is alive and doing fine 15 months later. Delivered an apparently mature and strong calf 11-12-13. Evidently con- ___ 2-17-13 «33-11-13 _ {ception occurred at Ist service. Delivered an apparently mature and strong calf 11-12-13. Evidently con- ‘e 2-14-13 3-7-13 |eception occurred at Ist service. 66 5-13-13 Aborted 12-1-13 ot 6-2-13 Calved normally 3-1-14 Cu 6-11-13 Calved normally 3-19-14 336 GILTNER, HALLMAN AND COOLEDGE Part ITT. Recent investigations of Schroeder and Cotton show that the organism causing contagious abortion is frequently expelled from the bodies of apparently perfectly healthy cattle with their milk. Bang, Nowak, M’Fadyean and Stockman, McNeal and Kerr, Good, Giltner, Hallman and others have shown that a pure culture of the organism may cause abortion in the following animals: cattle, sheep, swine, goats, mares, guinea pigs and rats. Melvin suggests that this bacterium may prove pathogenic for human beings. It seems quite probable that if this organism is present in cow’s milk, which is the only food of many infants, it may bring about disease. There is the possibility that its presence in milk may, in part, ac- count for the high mortality of bottle-fed babies. In view of these possibilities it seems important that a further study of the pres- ence of this organism in milk be made. In making a study of the presence of Bact. abortus in milk there are two methods of procedure available. The cultural method of isolating Bact. abortus directly from the milk sediment cannot be depended upon owing to the difficulty of growing the organism - on artificial media. This difficulty of growing the organisms by direct inoculations from infected material is due in part to the facet that it acts in a peculiar manner towards oxygen. It will not erow aerobically or anaerobically, but requires an atmosphere par- tially depleted of oxygen. A number of methods of growing the or- ganisms have been tried by different investigators with but partial success. The most promising cultural method is the growth of the organism in a closed jar with a culture of B. subtilis. B. subtilis gradually uses up the oxygen and for a period conditions are suit- able for the growth of the abortion organisms. The unusual relation of this organism toward oxygen is shown in agar shakes of a pure culture. The growth then occurs in a sharp zone Where the oxygen tension is found to be most suitable. This zone is usually about one-half centimeter below the surface. This organism becomes aerobic after a few generations growth. The other method of study, the inoculation of guinea pigs with milk, while more reliable, is far from satisfactory, owing to the fact that it requires from 8 to 10 weeks for the lesions to develop and it is probable that the organism must be present in large numbers to cause the disease with the 5 ¢.c. of milk used for inoculation. In studying milk from cows affeeted with contagious abortion INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE 337 it was thought that possibly the blood serum tests as used in the study of the disease in cattle and horses might be applied, using milk to replace the blood serum. So far, the complement fixation test has given negative results but further work is to be done with it. Work with the opsonic index, while encouraging, has not been earried far. Work with the agglutination test has given encourag- ing results and it is the object of this paper to tell of experiments. upon the application of this test to the milk of cows affected with contagious abortion or in herds where the disease has existed. The agglutination test used in this work is an application of the serum test used in the study of infectious abortion in cattle. A polyvalent strain of Bact. abortus is used for antigen. Fresh milk to be studied is used to replace the blood serum. Dilutions are made as follows 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500 and 1:1,000. Tests are usually made within 30 minutes of the time the milk is drawn. Cellular counts are made upon all samples. Samples of milk are collected a little before the middle of the milking. It was found that cloudi- ness caused by using the whole milk did not interfere with the ob- servation of agglutination in the dilutions used. Milk studied was obtained from a herd having a record of a number of abortions and in which the blood serum of a high per- centage of the animals gave positive complement fixation and agglu- tination tests. The milk from each quarter of 61 cows has been examined at intervals during the past 10 months. Of these the milk of 18 eows (30%) has given a positive agglutination test in one or more quar- ters at some time during this period. Tests have been made upon all milk giving a positive reaction at intervals of 1 to 3 weeks. Milk giving a negative reaction has been examined at intervals of 3 to 6 weeks. In this way the power of the milk of one quarter to agglutinate the abortion bacterium has been observed to spread to another quar- ter and finally to all four; it has also been observed to gradually die out. In some eases the milk of all four quarters has retained a strong agglutinatinng power during the 10 months. In other eases one lone quarter has remained positive during that period. A comparison of the bacterial count, cell count and original acidity with the agglutination reaction of milk from 7 cows having 12 positive quarters and 16 negative quarters shows a much lower average bacterial count, and cell count, and a slightly lower original 338 GILTNER, HALLMAN AND COOLEDGE acidity, in the agglutinating quarters. These factors, however, apparently have no significance as a positive milk in one case may have a very high bacterial count and cell count and in another case have very low counts. One of the first and most important questions that arises in connection with this work is: Is a positive agglutination test due to a local production of agglutinins caused by the presence of Bact. abortus in the quarter, or are the agglutinins transmitted to the milk from the blood? In connection with this question an attempt is being made to demonstrate the presence of Bact. abortus in sam- ples of milk that agglutinate the abortion bacterium. This work while incomplete has resulted as follows: Out of 18 quarters, the milk of which agglutinates the abortion bacterium, the milk of 14 produce lesions in guinea pigs which are like the typical lesions caused by a pure culture of Bact. abortus. Tests of the power of different portions of an agglutinating milk, to agglutinate the abortion bacterium show that milk drawn about the middle of the milking has the strongest agglutinating re- action. The strippings of a positive milk in nearly every case have a decreased agglutinating power and in many cases are negative. — The fact that in a sample of milk which agglutinates Bact. abortus, the first half, or that portion of the milk which stands in the milk cistern, gives a strong reaction, while the last half or that portion which is secreted during the milking process gives a much weaker or even a negative reaction, points to a local production of agglutinins rather than to their coming from the blood stream. In the 7 cows whose milk has gradually acquired the power of agglutinating the abortion bacterium during this experiment one or both of the rear quarters have been the first to show agglutination, An exception is a case in which a rear quarter and a front quarter showed their first agglutinations at the same time. If we take it for granted that a positive agglutination test points to the presence of Bact. abortus in the quarter this would bear out William’s theory that the greatest source of infection of the udder is through genital discharges gaining the orifice of the teat by means of running down the sides of the udder or by switching of the tail. According to this theory the rear quarters would be more lable to infeetion than the front quarters. From the-rear quarters then, the infection might easily be transferred to the front quarters by the hands dur- ing the milking. INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE 339 The history of a cow whose milk had never agglutinated Bact. abortus is as follows: Cow Light. This cow has had a record of several abortions and her blood has given positive complement fixation and agglu- tination tests for contagious abortion. During a period of eight months samples of milk taken from each quarter have repeatedly given negative agglutination tests. February 25, the right rear quarter was injected with 35 c.ce. of a 48 hour broth eulture of Bact. abortus. The following two days there was partial agglutination by the milk from the injected quarters while the others remained negative. The third day, milk from the right rear quarter gave a strong agglutinating reaction and from the other quarters gave a partial. The fourth day, milk from all four quarters gave a strong reaction. This continued for about a week and then gradually died out until the milk from each quarter was again negative. This seems to show a local produc- tion of the agglutinins due to the presence of Bact. abortus in the milk. The history of two cows whose milk agglutinates the abortion bacterium is as follows: Cow A. A cow that has a record of several abortions, the last, January 1, 1914, has given milk with a strong positive agglu- tinating reaction in each quarter since April 24, 1914, when the first test was made. Bact. abortus was isolated from this milk January 10, 1914. Guinea pigs were inoculated with the milk and became affected with the typical lesions such as are caused by a pure culture of Bact. abortus. Recently, a pregnant guinea pig, inoculated with this milk, has aborted. Cow B. This cow has given milk having a strong agglutinat- ing power for Bact. abortus in each quarter since July 20, 1914 when the first test was made. Milk from each quarter, inoculated into guinea pigs August 4, 1914, produced lesions typical of those caused by Bact. abortus. The cow aborted a 7 month fetus No- vember 27, 1914.—[L. H. C.] The officers elected at the last meeting of the South Carolina Association of Veterinarians are: F. P. Caughman, president; Robert O. Feeley, vice-president ; B. Kater McInnes, secretary-treas- urer, A PUBLICITY POLICY FOR THE PROFESSION: F. F. SHEETS, Van Wert, Ohio. The social and industrial life of America has at no time given gratifying evidence of having gained any very permanent impres- sion of the indispensable share of labor that has been alloted to the veterinarian. ; We, who are sometimes inclined to think that we have spent too ereat a portion of our lives in the insufficiently remunerative work, are repeatedly forced to realize that the public estimation of the men engaged, of the prosession as a whole, is not deeply appreciative of the splendid personnel, of the careful educational preparation, or of the arduous labor involved; all of which should afford us a more stable rating among the men of science whose benefits to mankind are readily obvious. Any means that shall afford the public an opportunity to know more of the activities of a secluded group of men, laboring for the maintenance of health and utility of animals and man, deserves the ereatest consideration if it does not violate that dignity which should’ be conserved in all professional life. Recognizing the value of precept and experience available through the generous offer of cooperation extended by Dr. Fred- erick R. Green, secretary of the Council of Health and Public In- struction, a section of the AMERICAN MepicAL ASSOCIATION activity, it is desired to submit, for more extensive adoption, a policy that has already proven practical in publicity campaign work of a med- ical character. As a matter of practice, advertising might be defined as the means by which the conveyor gets in touch with the prospective customer, and while in the strict interpretation of that term, it has long since been decreed that the veterinarian shall not advertise, the time has arrived when we must get in touch with our clients to the extent that only the intimacy of that term implies. Probably the popular conception of publicity is worthy of our consideration ; it appears to be regarded as a refined type of adver- tising and refers more to a systematized educational campaign on broad lines, in matters not always essentially commercial, while ad- Presented at the meeting of the A. V. M, A. Section on Practice, Oak- land, Cal., September, 1915, A PUBLICITY POLICY FOR THE PROFESSION 341 vertising is the bold, direct appeal calculated to sell definite com- modities. Clever advertising men seem to concur in the opinion that all appeals to that class of men who form possibly, the larger propor- tion of our clients, must be dominated with a conditional offer of free books, free incubators, free ponies, free corn cures, free jewelry and free advice. This extension of what, in the perusal of farm journals, we find they hope shall be accepted as some form of Utopian generosity, ap- pears to be the order of the day with men who are, no doubt, spe- cialists in the matter of effectively addressing the publie. Politicians know the efficacy of playing upon this same credu- lity, but if he cares to sueceed, the veterinarian’s domain is far too restricted to permit him to forget that the best business interests and instincts of his clientele must be appealed to for a commercial deci- sion of the value of professional attention. The economy of early treatment and the pecuniary advantages in the application of preventive medicine principles are the superior arguments by which we can appeal to men. Dependence upon chi- eanery and the temptation to take advantage of the tendency toward superstitious faith in medication, lead to the attainment of a most uncertain standard of professional reputation. There exist few people in rural communities but know, in their own way, something of the value of the services of the local veteri- narian. All too frequently they tell us of live stock disease or in- jury they would have submitted earlier, had they but known that modern scientific developments stood ready to cope with many here- tofore unconquerable conditions. Little do such stock raisers suspect that our knowledge extends far beyond familiarity with some vague group of remedies said to be beneficial in so called colies, fevers and the healing of wounds; even our neighboring physician is usually surprised to find that we are in- formed in: bacteriology, can make practical suggestions regarding production of sanitary milk, or that some of use have the presump- tion to offer some really creditable arguments concerning the asssim- ilation, in opposition to the recently assailed inhalation theory of tubercular routes of infection. The ramifications of the various functions of veterinary activ- ity are so extensive that few of us really appreciate the vastness of our own enterprise. Comparatively few in this busy land of ours 342 fee F. F. SHEETS pause to consider the untold interests of humanity, of producer and consumer served by one or more veterinary divisions of this little ap- preciated branch of the great army of devout men who have enlisted under the red cross emblem of medicine. Food, industry and health are essential to human happiness. Their consideration in a eareless, insincere or dishonest manner is ruinous. We can best serve the economy of national affairs by continually insisting that the public shall realize that the veterinarian is an im- portant factor in all movements contemplating the conservation of the public health. Any one who has been engaged in association activity in behalf of the veterinary profession will confirm the statement that in the numerous efforts to better conditions in many of the states and in the army, our petty numerical strength, our political insignificance and the prevailing unfamiliarity with the importance of our varied functions, has formed, in almost every instance, the obstacle we have never yet successfully assailed. It logically follows then, until we succeed in impressing not only the live stock owner, but all of the public to be benefitted by the measures that are serving to increase our efficiency, we have not made a place for the consideration of our affairs in the legislative bodies of our commonwealths or of the nation; neither have we in- stilled that idea of increased resourcefulness of modern veterinary advice so important to the successful popularity of the practitioner. Just to recount some of the things we accomplish: we select suitable types of live stock from the best offered by this and other lands to become the foundation of the industry in this country ; we reject the diseased animals offered for import ; maintain rational live stock quarantine regulatory measures ; prevent disease and treat un- avoidable outbreaks, heal the wounds, protect the meat supply, pro- mote the dairy industry, and direct the manufacturing and market- ing of its products; we investigate and advise in the presence of poultry disease. . We supervise agricultural education, aid in the development of the science of bacteriology and kindred branches of comparative medicine, and protect the public health from the encroachments of animal diseases that are transmissible to man. We aid the immigrant in his movements of draft and breeding stock; suggest rational care and shoeing of the draft animals; are wo A PUBLICITY POLICY FOR THE PROFESSION 34 - far sighted in our advice concerning breeding and those measures that perpetuate the live stock industry, and cooperate in the work of the humane society. We are in demand when animals are placed before the people in competitive exhibition ; we are the consultants called by the owners of indisposed pets. We have our place in the study of biology and natural history ; must help in the instruction of the agricultural student; serve the army, and aid in the defense of the nation against pestilence. In the annals of human endeavor do you recall a profession of broader accomplishments, prepared to serve in so many fields of use- fulness ; a profession recruited from such as can qualify as scientists and be content with the meager remuneration of mechanies ; college trained men who must violate natural esthetic tendencies and be con- tent with less compensation than is the share of the artisan ? Education is a slow process but its aequirement among men in- terested in live stock production, both owners and veterinarians, is rapidly demonstrating the dependence of one upon the other, and this condition is arising from a commercial rather than any senti- mental view point. No business could have withstood the waste and disregard of business principles as has agriculture and live stock production, de- spite government advice and subsidy, but the old order is slowly changing. Somewhat reluctantly men are comprehending the deep- er significance of the industry until there exists scarcely a com- munity but evinces the influence of at least one trained man. Occasionally, just as in the history of veterinary education, men of few elementary requisites of agricultural proficiency, have direct- ed their efforts in subjects for which they possessed almost no prac- tical attributes, but on the whole the results of progressive agricul- tural education are inevitable. Appealing to men who have insisted that education is impera- tive in the preparation for a medical career to be exerted on animal life, uninformed adventurers into the realms of medical science who depend upon extending the opinion that their ability in live stock doctoring is a miraculous gift, may encounter some difficulty in overcoming the prejudice training affords the farmer, especially if trained veterinarians foster this inclination by proper conduct and a conservation policy for application to all phases of the health and service of the live stock belonging to this class of clients. 344 F. F. SHEETS In short, as we go from case to case, we fail if we but treat the animals immediately presented for our consideration, and neglect to extend the owners conception of the less apparent complications, such as the depredations of infection, the subtle loss of energy in the presence of communicable diseases of even apparently the lowest virulence. A suppurating wound, a mild attack of so called distemper, a slight skin infection, any disease or parasitic invasion among meat producing animals or other live stock, no matter how trivial, is a waste, is money dissipated in a way that never can be recovered and the economy of modern methods is rapidly demonstrating that farm- ing can no more ignore economie business axioms than can any other industry that has a responsibility to the commonwealth. Manufacturers and purveyors are incessantly laboring to sup- ply the market with goods of the best possible quality because ex- perience proves that the character of the demand has had a radieal- ly improved tendeney oceurring within the last few years. Entirely too many of our friends from the farm insist upon flooding the mar- ket with three teated cows, unsound draft animals, diseased beef and hog cholera pork, and credit themselves with a really good deal only on such oceasions when they have succeeded in reaching a market without acquainting the purchaser with the defective conditions. Every transaction of this kind is destroying confidence and ruining agricultural business reputation and has been permitted to survive for no other reason save the imperative demand for food materials. Presuming it is no exaggeration to state that a veterinarian can eo into almost any stable and point out a minimum average loss in excess of one hundred dollars, preventable if prompt attention could be made the order of the day, reminds us that regardless of our party affiliations, we are being forced to realize that modern busi- ness and the trend of the government toward certain socialistic policies, will eventually prompt the commonwealth to further re- strain questionable methods and as a result agriculture will be held for a less wasteful accounting of the stewardship. Individually, in the course of his practice, the veterinarian, in a diplomatic manner, is able to exert a very beneficial influence in correcting conditions that have permitted the live stock owner to re- iain unadvised in the matter of the commercial significance of prompt adequate attention to pathological conditions which he is in- lined to regard as too trivial to demand attention. Even with the A PUBLICITY POLICY FOR THE PROFESSION $45 use of discretion in making suggestions the practitioner encounters the danger of being accused of ulterior motives. Present day advice to farmers through the press and Toe own periodicals, dominated by the prevalent idea of the fascination of the suggested free service, is a joke to the well informed man but a most serious thing to our profession because it places the popular estimation of the veterinarian on no higher plane than that of the disreputable, discredited veterinary column hack who repeats treat- ments and advice that was obsolete long before Heck was a pup. The present practice of the farm press, collecting annually twenty-five cents from Farmer Dupe of Squedunk Corners for the privilege of sending him innumerable pages of high priced advertis- ing matter, paid for on a circulation basis by gigantic business con- cerns, is apparently inspired with the most philanthropic motives to supply the public with all kinds of commodities free. The paper co- operates by a free veterinary advice column sometimes venturing so far as to indorse the nostrums further guaranteed in the advertising section. This palpable duplicity that cruelly caleulates the revenue to be derived from questionable publicity solely because it has gained that dignity that is presumed to come with public print, we might in no very remote time, be able to supersede with practical advice in matters familiar to the veterinarian, presented by some representa- tive members of the profession who have a commercial regard for the permanent value of integrity. The lay reader is not to be interested in a technical description of biological detail explanatory of disease propagation. Loss and nothing but loss and its prevention can gain his attention. In recognition of this fact, knowing the difficulty of maintain- ing accuracy in popular articles, the physician has found it neces- 'sary to select specially trained men, who show proficiency in hold- ing the readers attention by concise statements concerning only such portions of a subject that are so obviously vital to his welfare that no ulterior project can divert his attention. The devastation of hog cholera, so called Kansas horse disease and the continuous subtle destruction wrought by animal tubereu- losis and similar alarming situations, are the active causative agents in the production of periodic hysteria on the part of the editorial and lay writers, who proceed to rejuvenate superstitions, reiterate obsolete theories and advance absurd advice among panic stricken 346 ; F. F. SHEETS owners already rendered incapable of using sane judgment in the presence of an apparently inevitable calamity. \ Comment upon such grave matters, on the part of uninformed men possibly sincere in a few instances in a desire to render service, but frequently impelled by the opportunity to levy tribute, gain un- deserved notice from the chance reader, since such effusions are in- variably prefaced with the inference that the situation is unknown in the annals or beyond the control of the veterinary profession. The resultant injury is two-fold, the owner becomes the prey of the nostrum purveyor and the profession is afforded no ethical op- portunity to justify itself until long after such situatiens have be- come matters of historical interest. The basis available for comparison applicable to our affairs from any publicity campaign work comes from a bureau termed the Coun- cil of Health and Public Instruction, laboring on behalf of the American Mepicat AssocraTion. The data of their four years’ ex- perience proves that articles dealing with disease of present day in- terest, practical suggestions derived from their modes of transmis- sion and precautions for prevention, given the widest possible publi-- cation with the cooperation of the best element of the press, becomes a potent incentive prompting the lethargic physician, who has been content to rely upon the medical information of years gone by, to get in touch with modern teachings that of recent years become mat- ters of almost common understanding. The practicability of such a bureau for our profession would be worth its maintainance in placing fundamental veterinary truths before the public persistently, precluding the possibility of indif- ferent unprogressive men continuing to delude even part of the peo- ple as to what in reality constitutes the worth of modern veterinary services. A profound science is involved in the consideration of the sub- jects of veterinary advice, of live stock hygiene. The incomplete and inaccurate articles now appearing are occasioned because edi- torial attention has not been called to the greater possibilities by rep- resentative members of the profession. Kor instance, in addition to the inexhaustible fund of informa- tion available for publication under veterinary direction, it is a nificant fact that whatever beneficial services might on rare oe- ions be aseribed to the cross roads horse doctor, his limitations, very existence in Ohio and other states is costing more money in A PUBLICITY POLICY FOR THE PROFESSION 347 fatalities and preventable epidemics than the deterioration of any other business could possibly survive. Would it be an interesting comparison to show that the horse doctor quack is the last survival of his species? Voluble illiterates can still go into many communities and find a few dupes who will en- gage them to preside over a critical emergency involving hundreds of dollars in live stock, yet this same type of man would not for a moment be considered to possess sufficient mental capacity for the careful work in making a farm ditch. The proposition submitted is ethical. It has been passed upon by the highest medical court of the land. They have offered the gene- sis of a work that at no distant date must receive associated activ- ity on the part of our profession, for initiatory procedure antici- pating a definite publicity policy. The selection of a publicity representative should be based upon ability to express that valuable consensus of our professional opinion of the commercial importance of live stock sanitation, hygiene and kindred topics, assembled by some one possessed of a vital interest in the practitioner and who is familiar with our situation as viewed by men, who sooner or later will become interested from the broad basis comprehended by comparative medicine. Colleges and state live stock commissions have been engaged in extending information through the channels we contemplate using. Obviously their efforts have been pregnant with the indispensability to the farmer, of the specially trained men who overflow these de- partments. The men who. after all, are up against the daily problems of live stock disease, are lost sight of in political despotism ; else no sin- cere effort to change live stock production methods would gain recog- nition without their support being assured. The efficiency, the purpose of such work as can be done by men acting from state offices, can definitely be measured by their efforts to engage the cooperation of the practicing veterinarian, whose ac- tive interest and local concern for the good of the service will broaden as his advice is sought. Laboratory results are rendered worse than impracticable in the absence of advice from a field man, acquainted technically with the subject and acquainted personally with the people of the locality selected for operation. Do you appreciate the advantage to the farmer, to the live stock interest at large, to the public and to the veterinarian if the 348 F. F. SHEETS innumerable details of mutual concern could be discussed through the daily and weekly press and various periodical and farm jour- nals ; discussed in detail in terse articles presented in a manner that will bring us in an intimate relation with these various groups who shall have a graver appreciation of the veterinarian’s vital influence in matters of public welfare ? The possibilities of the presentation of pertinent matter are in- numerable. We never had a chance for spontaneous recognition, we know we can not depend upon legislating ourselves into business, we do not expect to intrench ourselves and supply openings for the veterinary graduate through the kindly offices of state or federal in- fluence. If efficiency is secured every divergent interest, every state de- partment is deeply concerned in its own welfare, and from them we have that lesson of concentration of definite aims to learn. When are we as a representative business organization of our profession, going to begin taking an interest in the commercial aspect of our own enterprise? We have services to advertise, the practical application of a science to promote, a demand to create; we must cease extolling the other fellow ; we must, for a time, desist in the endless pursuit of the intricacies of hog cholera serum production and exhaustive research work ; devote our energies outside of the further promotion of tech- nical collegiate activities until we have aroused the business instinet that shall refuse to burden our programs with men at variance with our purpose to promote the business interests of the practitioner, and of the veterinary fraternity at large. We want just as large a portion of the people as possible to keenly realize a considerable dependence upon our proficiency. We want to get in touch with the animal husbandryman in a business relation that will make us not his occasional adviser, but an inces- sant confidant because he shall come to realize that indifferent at- tention to animal health is not consistent with good business. Could any conceivable opposition long withstand the efforts of earnest veterinarians to justify their position in a systematic man- ner carefully calculated to inspire the widest interest in articles vital to every live stock owner, if we insist that truth shall be made to pre- vail and all promotion of foibles, fakes and polities shall be elimi- nated ? This honesty of purpose is today appealing to publishers enter- A PUBLICITY POLICY FOR THE PROFESSION 349 ing all fields. They are denying questionable advertisers, exposing fraudulent concerns and for the reader are demanding a dollar’s worth for every dollar expended. We sometimes become so aroused over the atrocious inaccuracies the press fosters upon the reading public, that we seriously challenge the good faith of news paper and farm paper men who permit their columns to carry a class of agricultural matter that even the unin- formed readily recognize as being of the most doubtful value. Our friend of the press immediately counters with the statement that he is compelled to pay his money for columns or pages of this character, the best his bureaus offer, and if the market affords no better he knows no one more to blame than the silent veterinary profession. An overworked publisher can not constitute himself a censor of such technical matter. Admitted then, that the profession is awakened to the possi- bilities, that the press desires an improved source for the live stock and comparative hygienic matter they handle, that the reading pub- lic.is receptive, the natural query arises as to how we shall go about the work and what it is going to cost. To be effective it appears that possibly most of the field em- braced in the domain of the AMERICAN VETERINARY MEpDICAL As- SOCIATION should be investigated in a survey which’ might be con- ducted through the state secretaries. The information derived would serve as a basis for the estima- tion of the number of available publications, their class, the number and character of readers to be served and the possibilities of ex- tending our activities, together with such further data that would become necessary in the labor of inaugurating what should become a very extensive systematized work, embracing every attractive feature that will help present the numerous unheralded functions by which the several branches of the veterinary profession serve the people. — There can be no doubt that the time is propitious to join forees with such a laudable ambition that seeks to place business on a firm basis, regarding the prime requisite of commercial feasibility, granting every concession consistent with ethics, to the intelligent inquirer seeking detail in subjects involving live stock production and comparative preventive medicine. The favorable attitude of the AMERICAN MepicaL Assocta- TION in their desire to promote public instruction is assured 350 FP. F. SHEETS in advance by the many useful details of experience already fur- nished through the secretary of the Council of Health and Public Instruction, Dr. Frederick R. Green, of Chicago, who assures us at the same time, that the facilities of his office are at our disposal that we may, if we desire to engage in work of this character, have the benefit of a proven policy in successful operation now almost four years. Coming as it does from a source high in the council of the representative medical organization of this continent, the kindness of Dr. Green constitutes a rather significant recognition of our pro- fession and deserves the gratitude of the men engaged in the prac- tical application of the principles of comparative medicine as they become available to the veterinarian. Recognizing that it is possibly the assumption of functions of a committee to be appointed by this body, should the promotion of publicity be received with favor as its practicability surely merits, the privilege is yet asked to make suggestions. For the purpose of this and numerous other functions best served through formidable organization activity, would it not be promoting efficiency to encourage the numerous local veterinary medical associations of restricted fields of usefulness located in cities and fractional portions of many of the states, to maintain their present identity but to become subsidary units of their state associations which in turn should be made provincial departments in the various present and future activities of the AMERICAN VET- ERINARY MeEpIcaL ASSOCIATION ? This is another idea stolen from an association that has sue- ceeded in doing more for its membership than ever has been accom- plished for the veterinarian by any measures that have been insti- tuted in his behalf. Finally, in arriving at an estimation of the cost of operating a bureau for promoting instruction relative to the affairs of veteri- nary interest, no approximation is applicable until it could be de- termined as to the extent and frequency with which it would be necessary to forward members of the press we shall gather upon our mailing list, copies of bulletins containing articles from which they desire to select for publication. Dr. Green’s bulletin is forwarded weekly to 5000 publications, dailies, selected weeklies, farm papers, educational papers and a few labor papers are reached at a cost of eighty-two cents each per year, 7 DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST 351 It is probable that the number available for our effective work would be.considerably less and the number of mailings should pos- sibly not be over half as many but we could scarcely hope to in- augurate the work at the above significant figure, because the cost of production is minimized through cooperation of other branches of the AMERICAN Mepicau ASSOCIATION activity. However, the cost of preparation charged as accurately as pos- sible against the number of articles actually given publication is after all what we should really be interested in and estimating as carefully as can be done by the aid of the press clipping bureau, we find that to our amazement this is done at an expenditure of less than four cents an article. Further than this comparisons appear to lose their value and only experience could lead to accuracy. If this project is possessed of merit, and it is; defend it from the jeopardy of him who dares to suggest this announcement comes in advance of its time. The shores to which we point may not be those of Utopia but they appear prosperous and for our transit thence the bird like craft swiftly cleaving the air is early destined to supplant the lum- bering barque that ploughs a troubled sea. — —Qo---—— DISCUSSION ON THE INTRAPALPEBRAL TUBER- CULIN TEST* Dr. Noreaard of Hawai. I began some seven or eight years ago to try to eradicate tuberculosis from Honolulu and the city and county of Honolulu which includes the Island of Oahu. In the province of Honolulu proper, there are some two hun- dred or three hundred cattle but our tests in recent years includes some four thousand or five thousand head of cattle from the Island of Oahu—not dairy kine but cows milked only a part of the time. I began with a subcutaneous test and was sorry to find that we had about thirty per cent tuberculous cattle. We had succeeded in getting the Board of Supervisors of the municipality to pass an ordinance requiring that animals from which milk was being sold must be tuberculin tested. That is as far as it went but I found in the old Statutes of the Territory, a law which made it a mis- demeanor to sell, dispose of in any way, etcetera, any animal in- fected with an infectious or contagious disease, dangerous to human happiness. *The report to which this discussion relates was published in the October, 1915 number, page 121, 352 DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST Cf course we classify tuberculosis as one of those diseases and the first time I caught a man selling milk from tubercular eat- tle that had been tested and branded, I had him brought into po- lice court and fined. Since that time the law has held good and no condemned tuberculin branded reactors are any longer sold for dairy purposes; the carcass can be sold only when slaughtered and sold for beef. DEMONSTRATION OF INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST The following year, that is, after Dr. Ward and Dr. Baker published the article on the intradermal test as first introduced by Mohler and Martin, I took it up immediately and _ re-tested a number of the subcutaneous reactors and found the results were satisfactory. Since that time and for the past five years, we used the intradermal test exclusively and I have so far to find a reacting animal which, on post-mortem examination, did not show the lesions ; ome have been small, others have been large. Of course, during e past three or four years, we have had practically no extensive ‘esions. We did away with them the first three years. DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST 353 Two or three years ago we changed from the injection in the subdural fold to the lower eye-lid and we have used that method exclusively since. A second year’s test gave about seven per cent, the next, five, and the next, four, and our last test, this spring, brought us down to two per cent, maybe 2.8 per cent, that is for all cattle on the island that are being at all used for milk. At the same time, inquiries from the local board of health, two years ago, as to whether there had been any percentible decrease in the number of cases of infantile tuberculosis brought the astonishing result, when looked up, that infantile tuberculosis, that is, all cases of tuberen- losis in children under five years of age have been reduced in the city and county of Honolulu to less than one-third of what it had been in previous years while similar cases have increased in number in all other islands where no effort has been made to eradicate tu- berculosis. The same results have recently been reached in Leeds and Man- chester, where similar conditions existed. Where efforts have heen made to eradicate from the commercial milk the tubereular germ, I may further say that every reacting animal has been destroyed and that not a cent of indemnification has been paid. That may seem a pretty hard proposition, but it can be done. When we started in, the dairy men who cleaned their herds raised the price of milk two cents a quart and I have figured out that the milk consumers of the city and county of Honolulu have paid in that way, at the rate of two hundred dollars per head for every one of the thirteen or fourteen hundred head of reactors that we have destroyed. The cattle probably were not worth to exceed one hundred and twenty dollars nor more than one hundred and fifty dollars per head. The milk consumers have not objected to paying the increased price and, while it is safe to say that all of the money certainly has not come back to the pockets of those who lost the cattle, it has been converted into other channels. I take it, the milk dealers have profited most by it because the milk pro- ducer, even today, does not get more than seven or seven and a half cents for his milk, whereas, it sells for twelve cents. I may add that in no single case has it been necessary to go to the courts about any case. We use the double dise aluminum tag serial number A12909 and we put that in the ears at the time of the injection. When on the third day, we come back to inspect, we have a pair of sharp clamps which are put on the ears of the reactors. If the reactors show we take this clip off by severing it with a pair of forceps and a brand is put on the face. Everybody there knows now that if they try to sell or otherwise dispose of any of those reacting cows (in the first place nobody wants to buy them) they know what the results will be and it has only been necessary a couple of times to suggest that prosecution would be made and things have been straightened out immediately. 354 ; DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST In the city test the two largest losers were the people who could afford it; one of them lost five hundred head, every one of which went to the slaughter house. At the last meeting of our legislature this spring, a member of the Agricultural College, with which I am connected, introduced a bill for the indemnification of those milk producers who had made an actual effort to clean their herds and protect them against rein- fection, where there was no neglect on their part. The bill met with favor and we were promised ten thousand dollars fora starter, when a few of the milk producers took it into their heads that there was not going to be any more tuberculin testing and a few of those people have refused to have their herds tested on various grounds for upwards of a year. They sueceeded in killing that bill. We even went to the Board of Health Association and said to them, “What are you going to do about allowing your clients or patients to let their children drink tuberculous milk again? Are you going back to selling tuberculous cows with the corresponding increase of tuberculosis in children or are we going to get rid of the last two or three per cent we have? They thought that we had better get rid of it, so we notified the obstructionists that their milk would no longer be sold or tolerated on the market unless they had their cows tested. They had them tested. Unfortunately, one of these men had twenty-eight reactors out of a hundred and thirty-eight and another had eighteen out of sixty-four and another had eight out of eighteen but those were only the ones that had let more than a year go since they were tested last and who thought that there would be no more tubereulin testing. All of the rest of them, I am glad to say, sixty per cent of the milk producers had herds absolute- ly free from tubercular animals for two years, some for three years, some for one year and so it came to the point that every one who had a reacting animal was willing to let us make the test every three months until he was clear and until he had the reactors down to three or four per cent. We tested every three months until it was cleared up, then two times a year until we had every man’s herd cleaned up. Now I think we will get rid of the last trace we have and we have taken up the work on other islands where every little cow herd seems to have a considerable amount of tuberculosis. Unfortunately there was considerable opposition to the work but I do believe we shall be able to clean out the disease entirely from the island and without paying any compensation. I may add a few suggestions: if you gentlemen wish to take it up in your special districts, I believe it ean be done everywhere in the world in every country without asking for million dollar appro- priation or for hundreds of thousands of dollars, simply by allow- ug the milk producer to raise the price of his milk and back him up init. This must be done by an ordinance of the municipality DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST 355 or medical board of health. You must have the cooperation of the board of health and of the municipality and most of all the medical fraternity. They are the ones who rule. If they agree to help you and to tell their clients and patients and let them know that milk from tuberculous cows is dangerous to the children, that it is well worth while to, pay a cent or two more for the milk so that it is clean, I am sure you can succeed. The first man who came to the Board of Health and demanded a clean bill of health and cleaned out his herd had one hundred elean Jerseys. He raised his price two and a half cents a quart and in the third month after he received his letter, giving him a clean bill of health, the demand for his milk at twelve and a half cents a quart more than doubled in one month, and as I say the price has been maintained ever since. We have no actual rules or have never enforced any rules to compel a man to take his animal out of his stable. If we had any trouble with a man, our plan was to go and see the people he sold the milk to and have them eall him up on the telephone and say, ‘‘I understand you had your herd tested the other day.’’ ‘‘Yes.’’ ‘‘T understand you have a sick cow.’’ ‘‘Yes.’’ ‘‘Have you still got that cow?’’ ‘‘Yes, I still have it.’’ ‘‘ Well, you need not send me any more milk.’’ Later another party calls him up and the same thing happens, then another customer and probably after that, he will call me up and say, ‘‘For Heaven’s sake, Doctor, I will send that cow to the slaughter house.’’ That is the way it 1s done in every case. That is about all the force we have used. There has been simply moral suasion and it shows you the benefit which can be derived from clean milk from healthy cattle. I wish you gentle- men would get at it because I believe it is up to the veterinarian and the veterinarian alone, if backed up by the local sanitary au- thorities. He ean certainly do it and he must do it. Do not ask for laws and appropriations but get to work. Get the support of your locai papers, put a few articles in now and then, stating what tuberculosis is and how dangerous the germs of tuberculosis are to the children through the milk and the rest will be solved. They will come to get their cattle tested. Tell them to get it out of the consumer by raising the price of milk and that will more than pay for the cost of the cows you have to condemn and remem- ber I started out with thirty per cent. Dr. McNair: I would like to ask Dr. Norgaard if they have there a certified milk supply and also if pasteurization of milk has been practiced. Dr. NOrGaarpD: We have no certified milk but we sueceeded in getting one of the best pasteurizing machines installed over there at the plant of the gentleman | mentioned who lost over five hun- dred head. J believe when he saw how big a percentage of reactors he had, 356 DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST he tried to have pasteurization take the place of purification. Te sent to New York for one of the Boucher electric milk purifiers which I tested thoroughly and am still testing at intervals. It does the work all right, there are ten to one hundred, or something like that, bacteria per c.c. It absolutely cleans every germ and the milk is not spoiled by the test. I will say that seventy-five per cent of the milk consumed in the city of Honolulu passes through that milk refiner and I believe it is clean. The Dairyman’s Association co-operates in this particular, so that about seventy per cent or seventy-five per cent of all the milk used in Honolulu passes through that machine. Dr. V. A. Moore: I would like to say a word in regard to the use of tuberculin. I think Dr. Rutherford brought out a very good point in connection with agents. I think that some of us have lived long enough, and have seen and applied annually, various tests a sufficient number of times so that it is perfectly rational for us to consider some of the limitations of methods that in the past have been relied upon practically as absolute. I think that the papers we have heard this afternoon in connec- tion with the use of tubereulin, and the various methods of applying it, together with the paper which preceded it on the biologics and their effects, cannot but raise the grave question as to why we get these reactions and what their interpretations are. Those of you (and many of you know I have a great deal to do with the testing of cattle especially for interstate trade) who are working along these lines, are interested with me in this question. Some years ago I pointed out that in the assembling of sound herds, it is important to buy animals from sound herds. That a specifie test like tuberculin applied to a particular individual had nothing like the certainty that comes from buying from a sound herd. There are a number of men in the certified milk business who have come to this conclusion. The analyses of failures in the use of tubereulin as a diagnostic agent have given us quite definite information relative to its limita- tions in detecting tuberculous-infected cattle. These may be classi-_ fied into five groups, of which three pertain to the maker and user of the tubereulin and the others to the disease itself. These conditions are as follows, namely : 1. When the tuberculin is made from a strain of tuberele bae- teria not suited to that purpose, or, when the tubereulin, by reason of the method used in preparing it, does not contain sufficient tuber- cle bacteria protein. 2. When in the application of tuberculin sufficient care is not taken to observe its effect upon the individual. 3. When the interpretation of the manifestation of the effect ‘f the tuberculin is not made in accordance with the laws governing he reaction between tubereulin and tuberculous lesions in a living animal, 4 DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST 357 4. When tuberculin is applied during the period of incubation. 5. When tuberculin is administered to animals in which the tuberculous lesions are arrested, healed, encapsulated, very exten- sive or, in any other stage where a reaction may not be possible, the tuberculin fails to give indication of the presence of the disease. The first three of these reasons are so obviously self-explanatory that I need not dwell upon them. The failures resulting from these causes should not be attributed to any limitation of properly pre- pared tuberculin, although in the past many unhappy experiences have been traced to the tuberculin used. The fact that tuberculin is not properly made should not be considered as an argument against it. Likewise, the failure to detect the reaction through incomplete observation or knowledge of the subject, or the failure of an animal to react while in the period of incubation, is not the fault of the tu- bereulin. However, many recently infected animals that are still well within this period have passed the test and subsequently been found to be diseased. Usually the tendency of the purchaser of ani- mals tested at this stage of the disease is to condemn the tuberculin or speak with uncomplimentary epithets of the person who ap- plied it. The early report of the use of tuberculin in this country, to- gether with the pathology of bovine tuberculosis, as published in Bulletin No. 7 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, pointed out the necessity of careful observation of the temperature of the animal to be tested both before and after the injection of tuberculin. Twenty- four hours were considered necessary for pre-injection temperatures and perhaps longer than that after the injection. This procedure, however, did not meet with the approval of the practitioner or cattle owners, because of the time required. Consequently, the method was very soon modified to taking but one or two preliminary tem- peratures and few post-injection ones. The corollary to this was that many cases that would react late were missed. This has given rise recently to important articles calling attention to late reactions. A result of this abridged method is found in many herds that have been tested, the reactors removed and subsequently they were found to be infected from the undetected case or eases that escaped the initial test. While a large majority of reactions will be detected in from twelve to eighteen hours after injecting tuberculin, a few cases will not give a reaction until from eighteen to thirty-six hours after. It is not unlikely that occasionally a reaction will take place still later. Again, the rise of temperature necessary to indicate a reaction was thought to be at least 2° F. above the maximum pre-injection temperature. Then a rise of 1.5° F. was accepted as sufficient evi- dence of infection. The true reaction—namely, a gradual rise, a festidum and a gradual decline—was not seriously considered as the essential indication: of a temperature reaction. However, the one- 358 : DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST time standards for determining a reaction are no longer rigidly ad- hered to. The interpretation of the response of the animal body to tuberculin, be it thermal or organic, is carefully studied and the de- cision as to whether or not there is a reaction is made as a result of the study of the case in its entirety. One of the difficulties in this work is to decide upon the doubtful reactions. This cannot be ac- curately done, except to consider all such cases as questionable and retain them for further study and subsequent testing. There are questions that no man can answer accurately yes or no. The most commonly encountered failure is where the lesions are in such a stage of healing or encapsulation that a reaction does not follow the injection of tuberculin. It often happens that a sub- sequent test will be positive, and that again followed by negative re- sults. These have been very confusing, and in actual dealings they have given occasion to unfounded hypotheses regarding the integrity of one or more of the parties concerned. These failures occur more frequently in herds of long-standing infection or in those assembled by purchasing non-reacting individuals from such herds. The In- ternational Commission of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation for the Study of Bovine Tuberculosis reported that when 50 per cent. or more of the animals in a herd reacted the entire herd should be considered and treated as tuberculous. The limitations of properly prepared tuberculin in detecting tuberculous animals are restricted: (1) to errors in applying it; (2) in failing to ascertain all that it may reveal by way of thermal and organic reaction; and (3) to the failures in securing a reaction when the stage of the disease is such that a reaction does not occur. I believe we could say when the conditions are such that a reaction cannot take place. Concerning these failures we are sure only of the fact that now and then they occur. A true explanation for the non- reaction of tuberculous cattle to tuberculin must wait for the record- ing of further experimentation and study. The limitations of tuberculin do not detract from its use, but add to the importance of a thorough understanding of it. Tuber- culin is conspicuous among diagnostic agents for the great assistance it gives in detecting tuberculous cattle, but it should be recognized as an aid and not as an infallible test. There are two practical les- sons to be taught from the results of experience with and extensive Studies of tuberculin, namely : (1) the danger of buying non-reacting individuals from infeet- ed herds—that is, cattle that have been exposed to infection and (2) the necessity of dairymen, wishing to maintain clean herds, raising their own animals or purchasing them from healthy herds. The unit to deal with in buying cattle is the sound herd rather than ihe non-reacting individual animals. In the dairy to which Dr. Roadhouse referred the loss was very wavy. Tuberculin does not tell us about the lesions, and it is get- DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST 359 ting to a point where veterinarians are being criticised. I have actually heard them accused of wrongdoing because a man had bought an animal that had been tested by a veterinarian, had failed to react, and in six months or a year, perhaps longer, he has retested that animal and it has reacted. He puts the blame upon the man who made the first test, or the man who sold the animal.- He is look- ing for some fraud, some unlawful act, but it may not be that. In a great many of these cases I believe the men were absolutely inno- cent. The supposed error can be explained in many of these cases by their not taking into account the fundamental fact that in cer- tain instances tuberculin cannot give a reaction. Dr. J. TRaum: We have discussed the sub-cutaneous and in- tradermal tuberculin testing of cattle, and the intradermal testing of hogs. In California we are very partial to the intradermal test and do not limit ourselves to either cattle or hogs, but also give guinea pigs the intradermal test. A good many of the laboratory workers are interested in determining as soon as possible by guinea pig inoculation, whether or not the material injected contained tu- berele bacilli. One of the methods of saving time is to inject the animal either subeutaneously or intraperitoneally with about 2 c.c. of ordinary tuberculin and if the animal dies, or is made severely ill within 24 hours, it is considered good evidence that the animal is tuberculous. Those reactions, however, can only be obtained in guinea pigs having rather well developed cases of tuberculosis. The animal would have to remain alive for about six weeks. But with this intradermal test you can cut down the time considerably. In our experience 16 to 20 days after inoculation relable results can be obtained. Romer, Esch and Schnurer claim that determination can be made at the end of ten days. Even with no evidence of lymph gland involvement, they were able to get distinct intradermal reac- tion. I have thus far tested about three hundred guinea pigs that were inoculated with suspected tuberculous material and only one failure is all I have had in this number of cases. The point of in- oculation may be any part of the thorax or abdomen; we prefer a light area, buff or white. The dark area is less desirable because there is a color reaction attached to this test, and while it can be recognized and interpreted very readily in dark areas, the hght area is to be preferred. The area, about two inches square, is shaven, or better still, a depilatory is applied. Shaving sometimes produces breaks in the skin, making proper interpretations at times difficult. The center of the area is injected with one tenth of a e.c. of twenty per cent. tuberculin O.T. We have used 20 per cent. tuberculin O.T. because it was recommended by the workers mentioned and have found no reason to make a change, although we believe that the purified and other tubereulins will give very satisfactory results. Reactions will appear in 24 to 48 hours, but in doing intradermal testing we do not like to interpret results at the end of 24 hours, so 360 DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST we make it a point to make observations at 48 and 72 hours. Non- tubercular guinea pigs as a rule will show no swelling at the end of 24 hours, but sometimes a thickening will be present in such animals which will, however, disappear within the following 24 hours. In tu- bereulous guinea pigs we find three grades of reactors. The XXX reaction, the severest form, consists of a circumscribed edematous swelling (Quaddelbildung) varying in size from a quarter to a half a dollar or even larger. The central portion of this swelling shows a hemorrhagic area surrounded by a porcelain like zone and this in turn is surrounded by another hemorrhagic area. This reaction is very striking, the color changing, becoming purple and green. Such reactions last for several days. I have known the reaction to per- sist for eight days. The second grade, which is described as XX re- action, consists of the same picture, but without the central dis- coloration. The third and mildest form, the X, consists of a large swelling usually about the size of a quarter, but may be a little smal- ler, which persists for at least forty-eight hours. I have found this test of great help in experimental work. Frequently, tests were made when there were no physical indications of tuberculosis in the guinea pigs, and I have been able by the reactions of this test to tell whether or not the material inoculated into these animals contains tuberele bacill. Dr. McNairs Dr. Traum neglected to state one point of inter-. est. With what materials did he produce the disease in these pigs? I happen to know, but I thought that the rest of you might be inter- ested to know. Dr. Traum: These pigs are ordinary guinea pigs used in rou- tine work examining feces, sputum, milk and other secretions from cows. Out of three hundred guinea pigs which have already been tested, practically all have been autopsied. Tuberculin is injected by taking hold of the central portion of the shaven area with the thumb and index finger of the left hand and the use of a twenty-five or twenty-six gauge needle of about a quarter of an inch in length. The needle is slipped into the skin and the tuberculin injected in- tradermally. . A bleb about the size of a pea should result from this injection. This is then carefully massaged or stroked. Dr. Monuer: We have also applied the intradermal test in- oculating tubereulin in guinea pigs with very satisfactory results. Of course this method has been applied before in tubereulin injee- tion, especially by a man we have in North Dakota. He has even found the reaction in a bird, like the golden pheasant. Dr. Alfred Savage, formerly of Macdonald College, Quebec, has been appointed Lieutenant and ‘*V.O.’’ to the 11th Field How- ‘izer Brigade, 3d Divisional Artillery in England, SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH BACTERIAL VACCINES FOR THE CURE OF SPLENETIC TICK FEVER IN CATTLE R. L. RHEA, D.V.S., San Antonio, Texas. G. W. Mackin, V.S., Detroit, Mich. Symptoms: Texas Fever, Tick Fever, Bovine Malaria, Span- ish Fever, Bloody Murrain, Southern Fever. Texas fever is an in- fectious fever of cattle, characterized by high temperature, hemo- globinuria, destruction of the red blood cells, and presence in the blood of a protozoon, known as Piroplasma bigeminum, so called by Theobald Smith, the discoverer, which is transmitted from animal to animal by the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus. An interesting fact of this disease is that cattle raised in in- fected districts, become immune early in life, and carry infection in the blood after immunity has been established, which infection may be transmitted to non-immune animals by artificial inoculation, while they, themselves, remain practically well and healthy. Errotocy: The cause of the disease is an invasion of the blood cells by the Piroplasma bigeminum, which is transmitted to the sus- ceptible host by the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus. These organ- isms pass through the following stages, producing the disturbances enumerated herein, as recorded by Lignieres as follows: Ist: The pear-shaped bodies which are found in the red blood cells are usually connected. 2nd: The round eells with the dividing nucleus. 3rd: Larger infectious organisms accompanied by smaller organisms, which Lignieres calls ‘‘Germs’’. Just what part these so called germs play in Texas fever, we do not know, but we do know the blood from cattle, which have been exposed to the invasion, will, when injected into healthy non-immune cattle, produce Texas fever, and that immunity can be established by the blood inoculation of young cattle. Symproms: In the acute type of the disease, which usually occurs during the hot summer months, the onset of the disease is sudden; the first indication of the disease is a rise of temperature, generally higher in the afternoon, but this variation is minimized later in the progress of the disease, when the temperature remains high—which is usually 105 to 107 degrees Fahrenheit. By use of 362 R. L. RHEA AND G. W. MACKIE the thermometer the elevation of the temperature can ordinarily be detected two or three days before other symptoms appear. Dur- ing the progress of the disease the respiration is quickened and the pulse 80 to 110. Presence of hemoglobin in the urine depends large- ly on the rapidity of the progress and severity of the attack. In mild attacks the hemoglobin may be taken up and destroyed by the other organs and no discoloration be detected in the urine. There is a loss of appetite, cessation of rumination, paleness of membranes —the course of the disease may vary but the continuous high tem- perature usually lasts about ten days—however, death usually comes in from five to eight days. Post-Mortem Lesions: Post-mortem changes take place rapid- ly in cattle dying from tick fever, so all post-mortem examinations must be made soon after death, or-else the lesions found may be misleading. There are no external lesions of the disease—however, occasionally an edema of the subcutis on the ventral portion of the body has been noted. The muscles are pale; otherwise normal in appearance. Internally, the most conspicuous changes are in the spleen; this organ is much enlarged and increased in weight from two to four times; the pulp may be firm, but usually is semi-fluid so that it oozes out when the surface is cut. The liver is extensively af- fected; it is enlarged and congested; the bile ducts are more or less distended; the color is paler than normal. The surface is usually somewhat mottled; the gall bladder contains usually, an abnormal quantity of thick bile. The bladder may be ecchymotic. There are no constant symptoms in the digestive tract, only extreme dry- ness of the fecal matter may be noted from the extreme high tem- perature the patient suffers. Texas fever is strictly a blood disease, so it is there the prin- cipal and most constant changes occur; the blood becomes thin and watery by destruction of the red blood cells. DIFFERENTIAL Diagnosis: Tick fever is usually differentiated from other troubles of infections noted by the presence of the spe- cific parasite on the animal and in most cases by the history of the case. The enlargement of the spleen may be somewhat confounded with anthrax; however, the other symptoms of tick fever counter- balance any similarity. The tests referred to in this report have been conducted during winter months (Note this has been an unusually hot winter), dur- 5 LS SPLENETIC TICK FEVER IN CATTLE 36% ing which time, the violence of attack of tick fever is attenuated by the lack of the high climatic temperature. We do not, however, think the affected animal lives because of the cold weather but the violence of the attack may be increased by the extremely high cli- matic temperature, while an animal may possibly recover from an equally violent attack on account of the degree of depression we find during cool weather. The cases treated with the Streptococcus and Staphylococcus Vaccine Combined (Bio. 828, Parke, Davis & Co.) were cattle vary- ing in age from eight months to aged animals, the temperature vary- ing from 104 to 10714, and in many cases extreme symptoms of the disease were accompanied by emaciation. In many cases hemoglobinuria was present; in some, there was uncertain gait accompanied by extreme weakness, short, quick breathing, high pulse, ete. Concuusions: The body of all animals is at all times the host of microorganisms which are incapable of setting up distur- bances when the body has a high resistance, but if for any reason should the body resistance drop below normal in vitality, these same latent organisms may become pathogenic. The infection producing tick fever primarily is Piroplasma bigeminum; however, when by its action the resistance of the body is reduced below normal, these organisms may cause a secondary in- fection and with their toxins may assist in producing symptoms which accompany tick fever. The fact that the use of bacterial vaccine gives results in Texas fever, we may conclude the germs spoken of by Lignieres may be some unnamed specie of streptococ- cus or staphylococcus. The fact that immunity can be established by blood inoculations warrants us in saying that antibodies may be produced in the blood by proper stimulus, and as the agent used in this test work is a streptococcus and staphylococcus vaccine, so anti- bodies produced by this type of vaccine combat only that type of invasion, so we may conclude they play an important role in this disease. This experimental work covered a period of six months. The number of cases treated were one hundred and forty, of which one hundred and eighteen made good recovery; these cases varied from mild cases to the most severe, we had many eases that would have undoubtedly terminated fatally, in fact the large majority, only a few would have recovered with the old line treatment, 364 R. L. RHEA AND G. W. MACKIE We will classify these cases into three:—A. Class being cases treated with one dose of 1 ¢.c. of vaccine. B. Class those cases treated with two doses, viz; 1 dose of 1 ¢.c. and the second dose of 11% ec. of vaccine—and C. Class, which was treated with three doses, viz; first dose of 1 ¢.c., second dose 1-114 ¢.c., and the third dose of 2 ¢.c. of vaccine. The cases treated with more than one dose received the second or third doses three days apart. In a few instances, we gave a dose of one-quarter grain of strychnine, and in three cases we gave one pound of mag. sulph. No other treatment being given other than the vaccine. Class A. was given but one dose of vaccine, being 1 ¢.c. con- sisting of eight billion dead bacteria. We treated twelve cases in this class; six recoveries and six deaths. This is accounted for from the fact that the majority of the patients were very far gone before treatment was given; for instance, in case No. 10 the temperature was subnormal when we saw the case, being 96°. This patient died the following day. Case No. 11 was very severe, the patient having been ill for some time and the temperature being 108°; this animal died at 4:30 the fol-. lowing morning. In none of the six deaths did the patient live more than two days. These might be classed as hopeless cases. The recoveries in this class were six. Case No. 12 was a very severe one; the animal being unable to walk and in very poor con- dition. We did not see the cow again on account of the distance from San Antonio. The owner telephoned on December 2nd that the patient was in good condition and as well as ever. Case No. 24 was given one ¢.c. of vaccine on March 23rd and the owner tele- phoned on the 29th that the animal had made a complete recovery. In Class B, all of which were given two doses of vaccine, we had twenty-six cases with four fatalities; of these we had five of the most severe type, all making good recoveries. In Class ©, we treated one hundred and two cases, with only twelve deaths; these all received three doses with the exception of six, which received four doses, the most we gave any case. We find the best results are obtained from an initial 1 ¢.c. dose of eight billion, next followed in three days, consisting of twelve bil- lion, and the third dose of sixteen billion killed bacteria. Independent of these reports a herd of non-immune heifers were shipped to the city of San Antonio, These ammals (88 in SKIM MILK AND WHEY AS FOOD FOR CALVES 365 number) received 1 ¢.c. of vaccine each an initial dose, 11% c.c. five days later, and the third dose of 2 ¢.c. of vaccine after a period of five days. These calves, varying in age from six months to two years, have now been in tick infested pastures about 15 days but none have shown any effects from infection from ticks. It was also notice- able, the rapid improvement in general condition these calves made, even on very poor feed. We beg to say that we have no doubt whatever as to the merit and curative value of Bio. 828 in treatment of Texas fever. There were 140 cases treated with 85 5/7 % of recoveries. —-—~ O---—— THE PASTEURIZATION OF SKIM MILK AND WHEY AS FOOD FOR CALVES’ VERANUS A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y. I accepted the invitation of your President to present a paper on ‘‘pasteurized skim milk and whey as food for calyes’’ with considerable hesitancy. The subject comprises questions which are complicated and difficult to explain. They combine principles of sanitation and problems in dietetics. Its execution demands the observance of great care, and patience must be exercised during the development of the best methods for its application. Notwith- standing, the pasteurization of creamery and factory by-products is a practical question squarely before us at this time. The nature of this subject is not unlike many others in sanitary and medical sciences which have presented themselves for adoption before their merits were fully understood, but which have finally become firmly incorporated in our methods of procedure. The application of antiseptics, the preventive treatment for rabies, and the use of antitoxins, each a daily life-saving procedure, involve principles that were difficult to comprehend and_ still more trying to apply. In whatever field of human activity real progress is made, the controlling principle has first to be recog- nized in the hitherto unperceived elements of knewledge and orderly truth crystallized out of what has appeared to be a jumble of facts. *Address given at the Meeting of the New York State Agricultural Society, January 18 and 19, 1916, 366 VERANUS A. MOORE The pasteurization of skim milk and whey as food for calves includes two important factors; namely, the prevention of the spread of the germs of infectious diseases through the milk and whey, and the dietetics of heated milk. From the practical point of view the two must be considered as one problem, but for an understanding of the subject they should be separated and analyzed independently. The principle of pasteurization, and the name itself, comes from the work of Louis Pasteur. From time immemorial the souring of beer and wine baffled all attempts at cure. From 1860 to 1865 they threatened the destruction of these industries in Hrance. Pasteur found that there were two microorganisms involved, one bringing about the satisfactory ripening of the wine, and the other, the cause of the acid, producing sharp or sour wine. By the ex- perimental method which he introduced, Pasteur found that by heating the wine to 60 degrees C. (140 degrees F.) it did not sour, but ripened properly. In other words, the wine could be heated sufficiently to destroy the Mycroderma aceti which caused the souring and not injure the Mycroderma vini that later developed the proper color and flavor. The heating of wine was not a new process, but the finding of the particular temperature to which it could be brought without injury had not been considered until the definite purpose of the heat was determined, and the cause of the souring and of the proper ripening ascertained.* Later, when disease-producing bacteria were found in market milk, Soxhlet (1886) recommended the pasteurizationt of milk for infant feeding. The process here, as with the wine, consisted in heating the milk to a temperature high enough to destroy the *Simple as this process seems there was much opposition to the method proposed because it was thought to affect the flavor of the wine. This oppo- sition became pronounced. To justify his procedure, Pasteur organized a ‘‘tasting’’ experiment at the Hcole Normale, where the erities and connois- seurs were invited. They tasted and tasted of the pasteurized wine and of that which had ripened properly without heat. Some of them pronounced the pas- teurized and others the unheated wine to be preferable. Finally Pasteur pre- sented glasses of wine taken from the same bottle and still the difference of opinion was equally pronounced, some claiming one and some the other to be better. When the erities learned that they were disputing over wine poured from the same bottle they realized the futility of their objection and opposition ceased. (Life of Louis Pasteur by Valery-Radot. 1885.) |Rosenau states that ‘‘ pasteurization as applied to milk consists in heating t at a temperature below the boiling point, followed by rapid eooling.’’ In New York Jacobi had long practiced and taught the wisdom of boiling milk for infant feeding, ‘ aS) a — | SKIM MILK AND WHEY AS FOOD FOR CALVES objectionable organisms and which should not change its physical properties to any appreciable degree. Many physicians objected to heated milk for children. However, the rationale of the pro- cedure began to be understood, and today there are many sani- tarians convinced that all milk for human consumption should be pasteurized. In many cities a large percentage of it is actually subjected to this process. The advocates of pasteurization base their argument not only on the fact that it destroys pathogenic organisms that may gain entrance to the milk directly from infected cows, as in case of tuberculosis, and indirectly from people who handle it, such as earriers of diphtheria and typhoid bacilli, but also that other ob- jectionable organisms, such as streptococci and the colon bacilli, are destroyed. The recorded results show that where pasteur- ization is properly done the children thrive upon the milk equally as well,* and some say better, than they do on raw milk and that in addition the specific diseases are prevented. There are those, however, who believe that pasteurized milk tends to the develop- ment of scurvy and rickets in very young children. These con- ditions seem to have occurred when milk was heated much higher than 140 degrees F. The consensus of opinion of those who have used pasteurized milk is that if it is properly pasteurized—that is, not heated above 140 degrees F.—it can be fed with impunity. There is no doubt that bad results have followed improperly heated milk or that which was not properly handled after heating, but this should not be charged to pasteurization any more than strychnine should be condemned because some individual through ignorance or carelessness takes a lethal dose. The question is, Shall our babies die from infections that come through milk, as in former times; or, shall people responsible for them learn to exercise with care and exactitude methods that will prevent these unnecessary mortalities? For more than twenty years the medical profession has been struggling with this question, but finally the verdict is being pronounced that there is no justification for the death of those who could be saved by the application of reasonable precautions. The demand, is, that for human consumption milk shall be pasteurized, unless properly safeguarded by requirements *The report for the first eighteen months of the ‘‘ Milk Station Babies of Washington’’ shows that the average net gain for all babies, both well and ill, receiving pasteurized milk, was a trifle greater than those receiving raw milk, 368 VERANUS A. MOORE such as those demanded for ‘‘Grade A raw milk’’ or by certifica- tion. There are sanitarians who believe that even these accepted grades of milk should be pasteurized. I have pointed out the principle of pasteurization and its ap- plication to milk for man with the hope of its being of assistance in the solution of the problem before us. The high mortality among bottle-fed infants, and the numerous and often serious out- breaks of diphtheria, scarlatina, and typhoid fever traceable to milk, rendered it imperative that something be done to safeguard the consumer. The real experimental work in the establishment of the principle of pasteurization of milk has, therefore, been done with the human species. There are, however, questions relative to its physiological effect still to be answered, but they must wait for the results of more general and long-continued use of heated milk. In applying pasteurization to skim milk and whey for calves exactly the same principle applies as with milk for humans. There is, however, this difference: with the preparation of the food for the child there is a sentiment to offset the extra labor and cost re- quired in taking the necessary precautions that does not exist in the preparation of food for dumb animals. The problem, however, is the same, for we have, to balance the actual extra labor and cost of pasteurization, a reasonable expectation of growing more and healthier calves and pigs. The difficulty with pasteurization of milk for calves is that people do not understand just what it is, or why it should be done. We are wedded too much to traditional methods. We are told that it is not practical by those who do not recognize that so-called prac- tical men practice the errors as well as the virtues of their fore- fathers. Difficulties are to be overcome and progress made only by those who seek to know why they do things and also how to do them. To intelligently consider the pasteurization of skim milk and whey as an economic as well as a sanitary question in our dairy industry, it is necessary to inquire into the details and ascertain, if possible, the reasons for it. The answers to the following questions may be of assistance in this direction : | 1. What diseases are spread from adult cows to calves through the medium of milk, and to what extent are these diseases actually contracted by this means? 2. What temperature will kill the different pathogenic bae- teria that may get into the milk directly from infected cows ?> SKIM MILK AND WHEY AS FOOD FOR CALVES 369 3. Does pasteurized or sterilized milk afford a satisfactory food for calves ? 4. Which is the more important, the diseases and losses produced by feeding raw milk, or the expense and care in- volved in rendering the milk safe? 5. Are there practicable methods of protecting young calves against these diseases other than by pasteurizing or sterilizing the milk? The experimental work on this general subject has been some- what limited and consequently reliable data are both searee and fragmentary. To answer the questions, therefore, we must draw largely from the restricted experiences of individuals, and the estab- lished facts concerning the spread of disease-producing organisms, as well as the means for their destruction. There are a number of epizootics, the viruses of which are spread through the milk. Foot and mouth disease is a good illus- tration of these. In the recent outbreak of that disease many herds of cattle and swine were infected through separated milk from creameries. While such diseases are not common, they are liable to occur at any time. The common infectious disease that is known to be transmitted to the calf through the milk, is tuberculosis. The maladies that are believed by many investigators to have the same means of entrance for their viruses are: certain forms of enteritis, white scours, and pneumonia in calves, and infectious abortion in cattle. The germs of other diseases, such as anthrax, may get into the milk of infected’ cows late in their course. The extent to which tuberculosis is actually spread through the milk is difficult to determine, but it is known to be very large. I have known on several occasions from 60 to 100 per cent of the calves in large herds fed upon raw milk to react to tuberculin when six months of age. Russell,* of Wisconsin, has pointed out the rapidity with which tuberculosis is spread to the different herds in a community by feeding the calves skim milk from creameries. The almost universal experience of finding growing animals infected when they have been raised on raw separated milk from creameries furnishes additional evidence of the seriousness of this source of infection. The large percentage of reacting eattle that show old *Russell, Bulletin 143. Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station. 1907. 370 . VERANUS A. MOORE and ealcified tuberculous lesions in the mesentery glands points with great definiteness to early intestinal infection. Ostertag* found that badly tuberculous milk will infect when diluted 1 to 1, 000,000. This means that one tuberculous udder, among the cows supplying milk to a creamery, could contaminate all of the separated milk taken from that creamery and infect all the calves and pigs fed upon it. It is generally estimated that about 2 per cent of tuberculous cows have tuberculous udders. The property loss sustained from tuberculosis in cattle was estimated by the Secretary of Agriculture to have cost this country $25,000,000 last year. As New York has fully 6.5 per cent of the dairy cows of the country, we are within our pro-rata limits in put- ting our share of the loss at $1,625,000. In 1908, Professor Willcox estimated that this disease costs our state $3,000,000 annually. As milk infection is one of the most potent means of spreading the disease, the elimination of that source of infection would greatly reduce the total loss. In addition to this, there are large numbers of pigs that contract tuberculosis by eating infected milk. The con- demnations for tuberculosis in swine in the federal inspection last year were 66,023 entire carcasses and 439,915 parts of carcasses. Only about 60 per cent of the hogs are killed under inspection. Evidence is rapidly accumulating that the cause of the fatal white scours and pneumonia of young calves is largely transmitted to them through the milk. Meyer, Traum and Roadhouset have deseribed a serious outbreak of infectious diarrhea in calves due to B. enteritidis which was controlled by feeding boiled milk. The investigations that are being carried out at the Veterinary College at Ithaca by Dr. Williams point to the milk as one of the most important sources of infection with contagious abortion. This disease when taken in its entirety, which ineludes, in addition to the expulsion of the fetus, metritis, premature birth, and sterility, is already recognized as being of at least equal significance with tuberculosis in the losses it occasions. Our investigations are as yet limited, but already Williams has shown that calves raised on raw milk from aborting herds practically all abort in their first pregnaney. The fact that the bacillus of infectious abortion gains entrance to the udder, where it remains for a long time multiply- “Ostertag. Zeitsch. f. Fleisch und Milch Hygiene. Bd. XV (1904), p. 10. |Meyer, Traum and Roadhouse. Proceedings of the Am, Vet. Med, Asso, 915. Jour, A, V. M. A, Mar, 1916. SKIM MILK AND WHEY AS FOOD FOR CALVES 371 ing and infecting the milk, has been known but a few years.* The provisions of nature for protecting the viruses of infectious diseases and enabling them to be perpetuated is just beginning to be understood. In the fortheoming report of the Veterinary College, Williams makes this significant statement : ‘‘We believe it now sufficiently demonstrated that the dis- ease is primarily and chiefly spread through the raw milk fed fo youne calves, * * * ‘“‘The inerease of abortion is generally deplored. Yet dairymen and breeders feed milk indifferently from any cow to all calves; or, worse yet, the milk from a diseased cow, which would justly be excluded from the market, and feed it raw to the calves; or, not having a sufficiently virulent abor- tion in their own herds, they go to a creamery or cheese factory and obtain raw skimmed milk or whey saturated with the most virulent infection, feed it to their calves, and then. wonder why, when they are grown, they abort in their first pregnancy. Why should they not abort?”’ These findings are quite revolutionary regarding the mode of infection, and if further researches show that they represent the rule, rather than exceptional occurrences, raw milk will be incrim- inated as the most important disseminator of the. virus of this serious disease. It is very important that a thorough investiga- tion of this subject should be made. The answer to the second question is not difficult, from a prac- tical point of view, although a large amount of experimental work has been done to ascertain the minimum temperature and time at which tuberele bacteria are killed. In the appendix will be found the findings of numerous investigators on this subject. Thirteen experimenters found that tubercle bacteria were killed at a temperature of 140 degrees F. (60 degrees C.) in from ten minutes to three hours. All competent experimenters have found that tuberele bacteria are killed at 140 degrees F. and upward, the temperature depending upon the length of time the heat was applied. *See article by Moore and Fitch, Report of the N. Y, State Vet. College, Cornell University, 1912-13, for a summary of the findings of abortion bacilli in milk. Evans in a more recent inv estigation | Washington Academy of Sci- ences, Vol. V. (1915) ] has found the Bang organism to exist in the milk of a larger proportion of cows than previous investigators have done, ate VERANUS A. MOORE The abortion bacillus seems to be less variable, although the number of tests that have been made are not so large as with tubercle bacteria. All of the experimental work reported shows that 140 degrees F. (60 degrees C.) for twenty minutes will de- stroy it. The temperature that kills the tubercle bacterium will not only destroy the abortion bacillus, but also streptococci, Bacil- lus enteritidis, members of the colon group and other pathogenic bacteria that may get into the milk, with the exception of the spore bearers, such as anthrax. The results of Dotterer and Breed of the Geneva Agricultural Experiment Station, soon to appear as Bulletin No. 412, are most instructive on the effect of pasteurization of whey on its bacterial flora.* The bulletin also contains valuable information relative to methods of pasteurization. t The important question, however, is the minimum death point of tubercle bacteria. A careful analysis of the methods employed by those who have experimented on this point seems to show that a temperature of 140 degrees F. (60 degrees C.) for thirty min- utes will kill these organisms, provided the milk is covered or properly agitated.* This does not give a sufficient margin of safety when the work is done by those who do not understand the importance of little details. It is believed, however, that with accurate methods it is not necessary to heat the milk higher than 140 degrees F. for thirty minutes. In order to be safe, the law in Denmark requires a momentary temperature of 80 degrees C. *Milk that is properly pasteurized will have such disease-producing bae- teria as those of tuberculosis, abortion, enteritis, ete., destroyed and also many of the lactie acid bacteria and other organisms in the normal flora. Pasteur- ization, however, will not kill B. bulgaricus, or spore- bearing bacteria such as that of anthrax, unless the milk is heated to a high temperature. There are also ‘anaerobic ' spote- bearing bacilli in milk that will not be killed. If the pasteurized milk is cooled quickly to a low temperature, 45 degrees to 50 degrees” ., the bacteria that remain alive in the milk will not multiply. If, however, the heated milk or whey is allowed to stand and cool at room temperature, B. bulgaricus will multiply very rapidly, so that after 18 to 24 hours the milk or whey becomes acid, and contains enormous numbers of this organism. The spore bearers and other living bacteria will also multiply. {The methods that are in-use for heating skim milk and whey are as fol+ lows: (1) By running a steam pipe into the vat through which ‘the steam is admitted into the milk or whey, until it is raised to the desired temperature ; 2) by a double jetting system; (3) by a Vietor pasteurizer; (4) by flash pasteurization; and (5) by holding the heated milk. T. Smith has shown that if milk is not properly covered, tubercle bacteria ill remain alive in the film that forms on the surface of milk when heated at a higher temperature, SKIM MILK AND WHEY AS FOOD_FOR CALVES 373 (177 degrees F.). The four states in this country requiring pas- teurization of dairy by-products have adopted the following tem- peratures: Pennsylvania, 178 degrees F.; Minnesota, 180 degrees F.; Iowa, 185 degrees F.; and Michigan, 185 degrees F. or 145 de- grees I. for thirty minutes. They do not require the milk to be held at the higher temperatures. The physiological effect of pasteurized or boiled milk is more difficult to determine. Again, the difference in the effect of the heat on whole and skim milk needs to be carefully investigated. The literature shows that if milk is not heated above 140 degrees F. (60 degrees C.) it is not changed in its physical or chemical prop- erties, and I ean find no reliable data to show that milk pasteur- ized at this temperature is not readily digested. The digestive troubles, if any, seem to come when the milk-is improperly pas- teurized or handled before feeding, or when it is heated to a higher temperature. If milk is to be pasteurized, the process must be complied with. This is not difficult to do, but it requires care and exactness. We should not criticise adversely a method from the results obtained by those who carry it out only in part. The in- formation at hand shows that pasteurized milk can be fed with im- punity. Henry and Morrison in their work on feeding state that ‘“natrons of creameries should insist that all skim milk be pasteur- ized before it is returned to the farm. This precaution keeps the milk sweet and kills the disease-producing bacteria, thereby lessen- ing the trouble from scours and preventing the possible introduc- tion of tuberculosis.’’ Already at least fifty-five cheese factories are pasteurizing whey and forty-two butter factories or skimming stations are pasteur- izing skim milk in this state.* So far as can be learned the patrons of these factories and creameries are pleased. The Geneva Ex- periment Station has pasteurized the milk for its calves for about ten years with excellent results. In two trials at the Ontario Ag- ricultural College (1899) Dean found that ealves fed pasteurized skim milk (heated to 160 degrees F.) made somewhat better gains than others fed unpasteurized skim milk. At the Kansas Station (Bulletin 126) Otis found practically no difference in the feeding value of pasteurized creamery skim milk and that fed directly from *The 1915 list of the Department of Agriculture gives a total of 716 cheese factories, 234 butter and cheese factories, 290 butter factories and 29 skimming stations. 974 VERANUS A. MOORE the hand separator, except that the pasteurized skim milk caused less trouble from scours. Dr. Way, of the Borden Condensed Milk Company, writes: ‘We cannot advocate too strongly the efficient pasteuriza- tion of all skim milk and whey from milk plants, cream- eries and cheese factories, where this milk is to be fed to calves and hogs. We thoroughly believe that the future of our dairy herds from the standpoint of health depends largely upon this practice.”’ Dr. Marshall, State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania, writes: ‘‘Hor a number of years we maintained a tuberculous herd _of pure-bred cattle at the State Farm. The milk from these cows was pasteurized and-fed to their calves. Our method of pasteurization was crude but effective; live steam was directed into the tank containing the milk until a uniform temperature of about 160 degrees F. was reached. Calves and pigs thrived on this milk and had no digestive disturbances which could be traced to the use of pasteurized milk. ‘“At the Pennsylvania State College they have been feeding pasteurized skim milk to calves for more than five years. Pro- fessor Larsen states that the calves were thrifty and no di- gestive troubles were experienced. ‘About six years ago the owner of a pure-bred herd in Pennsylvania experienced trouble with tuberculosis in his calves but the mature animals were all free from the disease. Skim milk from a ereamery was suspected of causing the trouble. The owner started to pasteurize the skim milk and had no further infections, and no digestive troubles were caused by the pasteurized milk. Other patrons of this cream- ery adopted the same course and finally equipped a creamery to pasteurize the milk before delivery.”’ Experiences of this nature are numerous. There are those who believe the milk should be heated to the boiling point. The temperature insisted upon, from the sanitary point of view, is one necessary to destroy the disease-producing bacteria only. As already stated, by holding and agitating the milk or when these organisms are killed at a much lower tempera- (ure than they are when exposed to the heat for but a moment. Which of these methods leaves the milk or whey in a better econ- dition for feeding must be determined by experience or accurately conducted experiments, Ww “J ou SKIM MILK AND WHEY AS FOOD FOR CALVES The important dietetic question arises when milk is boiled. Rosenau,* formerly of the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, gives the following list of changes that take place when milk is heated to the boiling point : Decomposition of the lecithin and nuclein. Dimunition of the organic phosphorus. Increase of inorganic phosphorus. Precipitation of the calcium and magnesium salts and the greater part of the phosphates. Expulsion of the greater part of the carbon dioxide. Caramelization or burning of a certain portion of the milk sugar (lactose), causing the brownish color. Partial disarrangement of the normal emulsion and coalescence of some of the fat globules. Coagulation of the serum albumin, which begins at 75 de- grees C, The casein is rendered less easy of coagulation by rennet, and is more slowly and imperfectly acted upon by pepsin and pancreatin. Boiling gives the milk a ‘‘cooked’’ taste. The cream does not rise well, if at all. When the milk reaches about 60 degrees C., a scum forms on the surface which consists of : Batiyomatter::. 2... Bei ioe eek els Ree ate votes Bie #52 AS aS aetna UMNO ss). «cece s Woe be eos odes tees Noe ae. + ot BOD 12 3) Oe ee eee pein OA ee, Ge ee is Oe f Bete Milk heated in closed vessels does not form a pellicle even when the temperature reaches 100 degrees or 110 degrees C. Milk heated in the open air after cooling forms a pellicle on the surface which renews itself if it is removed. It seems that this pellicle is due mainly to the drying of the upper layer of the liquid. The cream probably does not rise well in heated milk, owing to the increase in the viscosity of the liquid in which it is emulsified. Whether these changes modify its digestibility for calves to such an extent that it cannot be fed advantageously, must be de- termined by actual experience. There are conflicting reports on this topic. There is, however, a lack of good experimental data on feeding boiled milk to calves. Mr. Tuttle of the Briarcliff farm *Pasteurization. Bulletin 56. Public Health and Marine Hospital Ser- vice, Washington, D. C. 376 VERANUS A. MOORE writes that they have had good results from feeding boiled whole milk to calves after they are from seven to ten days old. Williams recommends boiled milk. Mr. Francisco of the Fairfield dairy writes to ‘‘boil the milk.’’ The unfavorable dietetic effects of boiled milk do not appear to be fundamentally serious, otherwise the difficulty with it would be more uniformly reported. Undoubted- ly all calves will not thrive on boiled milk; in fact some of them die when fed unheated milk. Williams, in a paper read at the Veteri- nary Conference at Ithaca, January 12, stated: ‘‘In our experiment animals, and in some other experi- ments, we have studied the effect of boiled milk. In our own experiment herd, where the degree of infection in most indi- viduals is slight or negative, our calves live well upon boiled milk, and their blood does not react. When we go into other herds however, and attempt to feed calves on boiled milk where par- turition has been tardy and where the afterbirth has been re- tained, the calves very largely succumb to disease during the first few days. If, however, such a calf is started upon raw milk, even though it may be suspicious, and the precautions as to. cleanliness above suggested are taken, the tendency to infection in the calf is less marked. The calf is more vigorous and healthy, and in time, according to the clinical observations, it tends to throw off and annul the comparatively small amount of infection which it has received. When the calf has reached eight to ten days of age, the infection may be further repressed by feeding the calf on sterilized milk, which at this age it bears with impunity.”’ If for economic or sanitary. reasons it is found necessary to heat milk to a high temperature, some methods of satisfactorily modifying it will have to be found if it cannot be fed otherwise. It is more likely, however, that efficient means for holding the milk at a lower temperature, where changes that affect its dietetic action do not arise, but where the pathogenic bacteria are killed, will be worked out. If we are to save our calves from infection, we must be prepared to pay the price, which consists of extra labor and the introduction of definite and accurate methods for properly heating the milk. We eannot expect to solve all the prob- leins connected with this great sanitary subject at one sitting. It lias often taken years to find true answers to questions of less prae- tical bearing than this, SKIM MILK AND WHEY AS FOOD FOR CALVES 377 The question has arisen relative to the pasteurization on the farm of the milk to be fed there. Several dairymen have sug- gested, and some of these have found from actual experience, that if the calves are allowed whole milk from their dams for from seven to ten days they can then be raised on boiled milk without trouble. The crux of this subject lies in the health of the herd. If it contains tuberculous animals or aborters, it is just as im- portant that the milk be pasteurized, as if it comes from a creamery. Many herds are propagating their diseases because their raw milk is being fed to the calves. The answer to the fourth question as to whether the diseases caused by raw milk are of greater significance than the labor and cost of pasteurization, should not be difficult. As already stated the annual loss from tuberculosis, white scours, pneumonia, and other diseases in calves, and abortion in eattle, due to infection from raw milk, is very heavy. All progress and the utilization of all preventive measures have their price, which must be paid in care, labor, money, or in all three. With many of our herds barely able to perpetuate themselves because of their diseases; with the extinction of many valuable strains threatened because of them; and with the possession of definite knowledge of the means by which these infections spread through the milk to other herds, are we _ justified longer in not living up to the knowledge that has been given us and in doing what we can to stop the destruction? Should we hesitate to expend a little money to adjust our methods in such a way that these heavy annual losses may be prevented and our cattle industries saved? Which is better for our dairymen and for the state, to pay a small amount directly for equipment and labor to prevent these diseases, or to sustain the losses caused by them? The cost to the state last year for foot and mouth disease contracted through unpasteurized milk alone, would pay for a suitable equip- ment for a large part of the creameries and factories in the state. The number of cattle raisers who are voluntarily pasteurizing or boiling the milk fed to their calves, because by so doing they are obtaining better results, is increasing rapidly. This would tend to the conclusion that as an economic question it pays. Fur- ther, the heavy losses from disease among food-producing animals are having their effect upon the price of meat. The passing away of the ranges is forcing more and more our beef production within the influence of the dairy herd. Milk is one of the most valuable 378 VERANUS A. MOORE foods that we possess, and further, it is among the cheapest. When our dairies are composed only of healthy cattle, and people are as- sured that the milk is safe, the quantity consumed will be wonder- fully increased, with a corresponding reduction in the cost of liv- ing. This, like many other economic questions, will be settled eventually from experience. The choice of action is clear. We must do one of two things, namely, either prevent the diseases trans- mitted through the milk or bear the losses they occasion. The question has been asked whether or not there is any other method than the pasteurization or boiling of milk to render it safe for feeding healthy calves. For the milk of infected herds, I believe not. If infected milk is to be utilized by feeding, it should first be rendered safe. There is at present no other safe method known for destroying pathogenic organisms in milk to be fed than by heat. With cattle, however, the only serious result of raw milk is the transmission of the germs of the diseases from which the cows themselves suffer. There seems to be little or no danger from the organisms that may be transmitted to them from the attendants through the milk. At present, therefore, we know of no reason why, for sanitary purposes, milk from perfectly healthy cows should be heated before being fed. When the herd is sound, its milk can be fed raw.* When all of the herds are healthy, mixed milk can be fed in the same way. The aim should be to build up sound herds, for it is the herd that forms the unit to deal with, whether in the sale of animals or in the use of their products. I have tried to point out the essential elements of danger in the spread of infectious diseases through the use of raw milk from infected dairies, and the importance of adopting measures to pre- vent the perpetuation of such diseases. For the correction of the difficulties that have arisen there must be continued study, care, and patience. A large amount of experimental work will un- doubtedly have to be done. The losses which our dairymen are now sustaining will disappear when they learn to care for their animals in such a way that the sources of infection naturally provided for the propagation of these diseases will be cut off. “This does not apply to milk for human consumption. One of the essential reasons for pasteurization is to protect the consumer against the infection of the milk from attendants and those handling it who may be carriers of typhoid or other pathogenic bacteria, SKIM MILK AND WHEY AS FOOD FOR CALVES APPENDIX SHOWING THE RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS ON THE THERMAL DEATH POINT OF TUBERCLE BACTERIA Author Year Temperature and Time Results PROMI STEN (1% ieee Me pensracatel s) stars ioyiate, ors 2 1893 60° C. (140° F.), 1 hr Kills SS ea es syoustispersheccv ois sss © « 1899 60° C. (140° F.), 20 min. Kills Farrington. & Russell, 3......... 1899. 60° C. (140° F.), 60 min. Kills Russell & Hastings (a), 4....... 1900 60° C. (140° F.), 10 min, Kills IGLOS ODM ON.) loi eliers « ewte: che) =i» 1900 > 95° Cy Cloh? aE) owns: Kills HG) Gh 60 ete G cle 8 a ciciiots Ge earn 1900 60° GC. (140° F.), 15-20 hrs Kills IBKBSEGs TMS a haces ono COO 1901 60° C. (140° F.), 20: hrs: Kills Russell & Hastings (a), 8......1903 60° C. (140° F.), 15 hrs. Kills lepine, OE Oa postion 5 eee 1905 . 60° €, (140° .4m.)* d-chr: Kills DD negiciis hall nes Aaa eee een 1907 60° C. (140° F.), 40 min. Kills Silane @ei eres Bl Laas Se, Goce een 1910 60° C. (140° F.), 20 min. Kills GREE eA cleo ea eee 1910 60° C. (140° F.), 20 min. Kills Anderson & Rosenau, 13......... 1910 60° C. (140° F.), 20 min. Kills ireemian((D))) aie Sars iis. ec. eis oc 1910 60° C. (140° F.), 40 min. Kills Schorer & Rosenau, 25.......... 1912 60° C. (140° F.), 20 min. Kills PEST Le Comell Gir acepae ean Atecsiisrs ecree shies = «= 1890 68°-69° C., (153.5°-156.2° F.), 30 min. Kills UNDER 1p aereie aro, °c. eae eae 1892 70°C. (158° F.), 5-10 min Kills TESTIS AG) ees Oia oo a ae 1898 68°C. (153.29 F.), 30 min. Kills Onppenhemmenrs dS) sac. 26 oon oe L899) 70° C. (58S on) 30h min: Kills Michigan Experiment Station, 19.1899 68.3° C. (155° F.), 20 min. Kills Farrington & Russell, 3......... 1899 68.3° C. (155° F.), 15-20 min Kills Mion enn O GeO eres spc fake: wpe 2 dove 1900 70° C. (158° F.), 10-30 min.- Kills SATO em eter noncte eet cis si e| of atslise a, elis LOOL. 65° \C. S149 oR RY) ores Kills Sat Oo Oeeptrere haretc scces's Saw oe a 1901 70° C. (158° F.), Momentary Kills ANIC S ease re Aicven ane ver suse gis icleze) + 1901 68°-70° C. (153.5°-158° E.), 20 min, Kills We vyge BUNS 22) vices ace os 1901 65°-70° C, (149°-158° F.), 15-20 min. Kills Banove Stribolt, 23:.:...-..... 1905 --65° CC. (149° Gh), So mun: Kills ‘SiC coa keine Toe oben a ae eee 1910 70° C. (158° F.), 10 min. Kills Bimerci(b p24. ys bss. ON ss 1912 62.779 GC. (145° F.), 30 min. Kills Schorer & Rosenau, 25.......... 1912 62-77° C (145° F.), 30-45 min. Kills Minnesota Bulletin, 26.......... 1912 65° C. (149° F.), 20 min. Kills WenmearkKe(G) jp 2Siereccfeteic = = e+ = += 1898 85° C. (185° F.), Kills Jeleirnnn Oil Pe: 5 =a yoy on eee 1900 71.19 @ (160° E.); 15 min, Kills MIG RETO 36)" os Salata eee 1900 100° C. (212° F.), 3-5 min. Kills Ilene PALS S SGile so Se ae 1900 85° C. (185°-F.), Momentary Kills Barthel & Stenstrém, 30........ 1901 80° C. (176° F.), Momentary Kills” Bem, 20) 66 550 wee eee 1901 75° C. (167° F.), Mementary Kills Wenmearkn (G28 nk. we cs eee 1904 80° C. (176° F.), Momentary Kills Barthel & Stenstrom, 29 ....... 1904 80° C. (176° F.), 1 min, Kills COM OMS Umm beetals sooo 3.00) s ws 1908 Milk must be sterilized or cooked. EUR CH MOIUAS MSE s c5 cers ws leis cies 1909 80° C. (176° F.), Necessary Kills Minnesota Bulletin, 26.......... 1912 g0° C. (176° F.), 5 min. Kills ISLARdiGie, “Bis wis Gore ae oe eee 19LS 77 40 CA GLyao ES) soe min. Kills Michigan Agric. Exp. Station, 19.1899 60° C. (140° F.),10 min. Did not kill Russelligebastings: 4. ...6....- 1900 60° C. (140° F.),5 min. Did not kill GUILT) GUE” 61, 25 Seen ere peecRI one 1900 =75° C. (167° F.), 20min. Did not yill Grelitiones GH cae i Reena eee 1900 85° C. (185° F.),6 min. Did not kill Tjaden, Koske & Hertell, 36..... 1901 98° C. (208.4° F.), Momentary Did not kill Valagussa & Ortona, 37 ........ 1901 80° C. (176° F.), Exposure to aN) ~ =) Did not kill 380 VERANUS A. MOORE Author Year Temperature and Time Results Moreen Otiyno eer pier te <)> 1-1 ane 1901 55°C. (131° F.,) 2hrs. Did not kill ehhivies WO oc onnemoeonooe ss Joc 1901 60°C. (140° F.),15 min. Did not kill Barthel & StenstrOm (e), 38....1901 65° C. (149° F.), 20 min. Did not Kill Rlinranm's (CE) 5159). -s0cvereteltoneoers 1903 65° C. (149° F.),30 min. Did not Kill (a) Milk covered and agitated during heating process. (b) Milk covered during heating process. (c) The Denmark law was revised in 1903 and again in 1904 by requiring the products to be hea‘ed to 80° C.,and adding to these cream used for the manufacture of export butter. The law also requires a pasteurization of 80° on milk and buttermilk to be imported. (a) Milk not covered or agitated during heating process. (e) The milk was from udders in last stage of disease and had suffered great physical and chemical changes. (f) Was agitated constantly during pasteurization. (g) The standard temperatures that have been most commonly accepted up to the present time. (1900) are those of de Man (4¢ch. 7. Ay'e., 1893), who worked with broken-down semi- fluid cheesy matter derived frcm tuberculous udders. They are 55° C. (131° F.) for 4 hours, 60° C. (140° F.) for 1 hour, 65° C. (149° F.) for 15 minutes, 70° C. (158° F.) for 10 minutes, 80° C. (176° F.) for 5 minutes, 90° C. (194° F.) for 2 minutes, and 95° C, (203° F.) for 1 minute. REFERENCES 1. pE Man. Arch. f. Hyg...Bd.XVIII (1893), p. 33. 2. Smiryu, T. Jour. Exp. Med. Vol. IV (1899), p. 217. 3. FARRINGTON & RUSSELL. Wis. Sta. Rpt. (1899), p. 122. ; 4. RusseELL & Hastines. Wis. Sta. Rpt. (1900), p. 147. 5, MorcenrotH. Hyg. Rundschau. Bd. X (1900), p. 865. 6. Hesse. Zeitschr.f. Hyg. Bd. XXXIV (1900), p. 347. 7. Hesse. Zeitschr. Thiermed. Bd. V (1901), p. 321. 8. Russet & Hasrines. Kev. Gén. Lait. Vol. III (1903), p. 34. 9. Hrprins. Jahrb. f. Kinderh. Bd, LXI (1905), p. 365. 10. FREEMAN. Jour. Am. Med. Assn. Vol. XLIX (1907), p. 1740. 11. ScHroepER. U.S. Dept. Agric., B. A. I. Cir. 153. 12. Rosenavu. U.S. Dept. Agric., B. A. I. Cir. 153. 13. ANDERSON & RoSENAU. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv., U. S. Hyg. Lab. Bull. 57. 14. FREEMAN. Jour. Amer. Med. Assn. Vol. LIV, (1910), p. 372. 15. FREEMAN. Arch. Pediat. N. Y. Bd. XV (1898), p. 514. 16. Birrer. Zeritscur. f. Hyg. Bd. VIII (1890), p. 255. 17. Foster. Hyg. Rundschau. Bd. II (1892), p. 872. 18. OPPENHEIMER. Munch. Med. Wochenschr. Bd. XLVI (1892), p, 1462. 19. MicHican Exp. Srarion. U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmer’s Bulletin 107. 20. Bane. Malkeritid. Vol. XIV (1901), p. 677. 21. MarsHaLu. Mich. Sta. Bull. 184, p. 207. 22. Levy & Bruns. Hyg. Rundschau. Bd. XL2(1L901)) sp. 669. 23. Bane & Srripott. Rev. Gén. Lait. Vol. IV, (1905), p. 361. 24. ScHorer. Science, n. ser. Vol. XXXV (1912), p. 222. 25. ScHorer & Rosenav. Jour. Med. Research. Vol. XXVI (1912), p. 127. 26. MINNESOTA BULLETIN. Minn. Batension Bull. No. 32. 27. HamMonpb. Ontario Agric. Col. and Exp. Farm Rep. (1900). 28. DrenmMarRK. Hyg. Lab. Bull, No. 56. 29. BartTHeL & STENSTROM. Rev. Gén. Lait. Vol. IV (1904), No. 5, p, 97. 30. Barruet & StTenstrOM. Centralb. f. Bakt. u. Par. Bd. XXX, Abt. I (1901), p. 429. 31. bE JONG. Milchu, Zentbl. Bd. IV, (1908), p. 13. 2. VAN DER Suiuis. Inaug. Diss. Univ. Bern. (1909), p. 34. }. Havner. Penn. Sta. Col. Bul. 123. 34. Gautier. Jour. Med. Vet. et Zootech. Vol. 1V (1900), p. 1 35. KromprscHer. Ann. Inst. Pasteur. Vol. XIV (1900), p. 723. 36. TsapeN, Koske & Herter. Arb. K. Gesundheitsamte. Bd. XVIII (1901), p. 219. 37. VALAGUSSA & OrTONA. Abs. im Nature. Vol. LXIII (1901), p. 404. 38. BarrueL & StenstromM. Centralb. f, Bakt. u. Par. Abt. I, Vol. XXX, p. 429. 39, RULLMANN. Rev. Gén, Lait. Vol. III (1903), p. 15. PRESERVATION AND IN SITU FIXATION OF VET- ERINARY ANATOMICAL SUBJECTS BY INTRAVASCULAR INJECTION FE. A. LAMBERT, D.V.M. Assistant Professor of Comparative Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Although in situ fixation of anatomical material by intravas- cular injection has been well established in some few veterinary col- leges in this country for more than a decade, nothing relative to the history, technique or advantages of the method has appeared in our periodical literature. This fact and numerous inquiries regarding the technique have prompted the writer to deal with this subject somewhat in detail in the hope that the same may be of value to those more directly concerned and of interest to those in our profes- sion whose vivid memories of the dissecting room are of ‘‘soft’’ ma- terial only. Although the writer has personally supervised the injection of approximately 150 horses, 30 dogs, 12 cows, 12 sheep and 10 pigs during the past six years, he assumes no credit whatsoever for the method, the same having been well established in this department even before his matriculation as a freshman. It is universally accepted, I believe, that gross anatomy is one of the most important, if not the most important, of the foundation subjects in veterinary education. Jn situ fixation by intravascular injection has not only revolutionized our knowledge of some parts of this subject: but it has made possible a much more nearly ideal method of teaching the same. The history of affairs in human an- atomy was identical in this respect. For convenience as well as clearness the writer desires to treat the subject under the following divisions: history, equipment, tech- nique and advantages of the method. History: In the fall of 1961, Professor Septimus Sisson came to the College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, to fill the chair in gross anatomy. Having received his undergraduate anatomical training in the Ontario Veterinary College on ‘‘soft’’ material and having later demonstrated for eight years on the same in that institution, he was quite familiar with the many disadvan- tages of using non-preserved or unfixed cadavers in the dissecting 382 F. A. LAMBERT room. Since intravascular injection for fixation and preservation was then being used in some medical colleges and had been used by Dr. Sisson very successfully on the smaller animals in the Kansas State Agricultural College in 1889 and 1900, he determined to try the same method, using formalin, on the large animals. So successful was he on horses and so satisfactory were the results, to both instrue- tor and students, that the method was perfected and adopted as the regular practice for the preparation of all animals used for dissection and for frozen sections. From time to time this practice, modified somewhat in some cases, has been adopted in most of our veterinary colleges. EquipMeNntT: To carry out the method with which the writer is most familiar and which he believes most satisfactory, one will © find it necessary to have the following equipment or its equivalent: One set of English hopples; two large scalpels; two pairs of large hemostats; one pair scissors; one cannula (14 inch for horse) pre- ferably with an ‘‘olive’’ at each end; three feet of heavy cord (chalk line) ; one ‘‘head’’ chain; one ‘‘rump’’ chain; two one-half ton chain hoists; rings in the ceiling or an overhead track for suspension ; one large needle; one large (20 gallon) galvanized iron tank with pipe leading down to the embalming room equipped with a small hose cock ; rubber hose (14 inch) sufficient to reach from end of the pipe to the subject ; two boards notched with a V at each end, to be used as spreaders for the limbs. Most of the equipment is shown in the accompanying figures and reference to these will enable the reader readily to understand the technique. TECHNIQUE: The following is the procedure indicated for the injection of the horse and the necessary modifications for the other animals will be mentioned thereafter. It has been the practice of the writer to first prepare the fluid to be used for the preservation and fixation. Twenty gallons of a fifteen per cent. solution of formalin are usually made up in the tank. Good results are obtained in favorable weather from the use of a ten per cent. solution and in some cases where distribution was excellent a five per cent. solution gave very satisfactory results. In some cases where subjects were to be used for a long period during hot weather a twenty per cent. solution was used. Stand the subject near a drain in the embalming room; put on a strong halter and the English hopples (king hopple on the right ANATOMICAL SUBJECTS é oO ee ] thoracic digit). It is desirable when casting on cement floor to have three persons if possible; one holding the head ‘‘close’’, one direct- ly behind the animal, and a third to gently ‘‘take up’’ the hopple chain. In this manner the animal can usually be made to “‘sit down’’, from which posture the desired recumbent position is easily secured by pushing him over on his left side. The writer has tried casting on a truck or other methods but none has proven so satis- factory as the above, which in one hundred and fifty cases has led Fic. 1. Showing the method of suspension, the chain hoists, the angles at which they are placed, the ‘‘head’’ and ‘‘rump’’ chains, the limb spreaders, the incision to reach the carotid artery, the cannula and the rubber tube extend- ing to same. to no accidents. With the four feet drawn closely together and se- cured and an assistant on the head, the operator takes his position on the dorso-lateral aspect of the neck. In the posterior half of the jugular furrow make a longitudinal incision about four inches in length through the skin and cutaneous colli muscle, This will expose the jugular vein which is, of course, 384 F. A. LAMBERT to be avoided by pushing to one side. Locate the carotid artery and separate it from the connective tissue and adjacent nerves, avoiding damage to the latter and to any small collateral arteries present. Draw the artery to a more superficial position in the opening and apply the two large hemostats to it about three inches apart. With a sharp scalpel make an incision one and one-half inches long on the superficial aspect of the artery. Removal of the two forceps allows the free bleeding of the animal. In order to avoid clogging of the drain by the coagulation of the blood it is advised to have water running on the floor from a hose close to the carotid incision. As bleeding proceeds the animal is usually inclined to ‘struggle more or less which in turn induces more complete bleeding. In cases where a low vitality is apparent and probability of a thorough bleeding is doubtful, a hypodermic of strychnia may be given just previous to casting. The general stimulant increases heart action and usually ensures satisfactory exsanguination. Casting the subject on the left side and using the right carotid artery for bleeding and injection is preferable in order that the relations of the oesophagus be not disturbed. As soon as the animal is dead, the head and the rump chains are to be placed, viz: The two hooks on the head chain, which is Y shaped, are to be passed from above downward and outward in the temporal fossa under the zygomatic arch on either side of the head ; and the rump chain, provided with one large hook is placed under the last sacral segment. In order to insert the hooks a small in- cision through only the skin and deep fascia is necessary. Connect the lower hooks of the chain hoists with the head and rump chains respectively and proceed to raise the animal to a po- sition as nearly in imitation of the standing posture as is possible. With the board ‘‘spreaders’’ placed to separate the limbs (as shown in Fig. 1) the four digits should just touch the floor. The limbs are spread to facilitate the dissection of the pectoral and medial femoral muscles. If, however, the subject is to be used for frozen section work or for special topographic purposes it is no doubt preferable to have them in as near normal standing position as is possible. Suspension in imitation of the natural standing position, is in the writer’s judgment, preferable to fixation on the back or on the side, as practiced by some. Too much distortion and flattening of the muscles occurs in the latter positions. The writer quite success- fully hardened one horse with the head in flexion by suspending with three hoists, the third being fixed at the withers, ANATOMICAL SUBJECTS 385 Connect one end of the rubber tubing to the hose cock on the end of the fluid pipe and the other to the cannula, applying strong ligatures about both. Turn on the fluid sufficiently to fill the horse, forcing the air out of the latter and also to determine accurately how far the valve should be opened to permit only a very small but constant stream to pass through the hose. Insert the cannula into the earotid artery through the incision previously made directing the former toward the heart. Securely ligate the artery about the eannula and also ligate the artery just in front of the incision. Open the valve in the fluid pipe only enough to allow a small stream to gravitate into the subject. Very undesirable results have been obtained in a few cases where an assistant turned the valve entirely open, causing too great a pressure in the vessels with a rup- ture into the lungs, evidenced by fluid running out of the nostrils and mouth before the tissues were filled. The tank the writer uses is placed on the second floor above the embalming room (approxi- mately twenty feet) which distance gives considerably more grav- ity pressure than is necessary. A height of eight feet should be sufficient. As soon as the injection is started it is advisable to see that the tongue is in its normal position and to fasten the lips together by one stitch through the center of each. The mouth may be hard- ened partially opened, if desired, by placing a small two-inch bloek between the incisor teeth. While the fluid_gravitates into the subject, the operator should constantly observe the distribution of the fluid as determined at first by the twitching of the various muscles and later by the pres- sure in the larger veins—jugular, facial, cephalic, external thoracic and saphenous. These indices should be noted often and whenever an appreciably great distention of the same occurs, the fluid should be turned off temporarily. Otherwise a pulmonary rupture is quite probable, for in the type of horses used for anatomical work pul- monary emphysema and other like conditions are quite common. Good distribution rather than mere amount of the injection is more to be desired. Usually the fixation or contraction of the muscles takes place first in the withers, prescapular region and thoracie limb, followed by either the head and-poll or the pelvic limb. Palpation of the tongue may be used as an index as to the fixation of the head, for it has been the writer’s observation that 386 F.. A. LAMBERT in older subjects the muscles of the cheeks, nostrils and lips are often rather slow in hardening. Usually in the heavy musculature of the thigh, especially the biceps, semi-tendinosus and semi-membran- osus, distribution and fixation are slow to completion. While the distribution and fixation are being determined on the subject, the amount of the injection can be noted on a gauge within the view of the operator. Its construction is simple—a hght chain extends from a float block within the tank up over a pulley and then down into the embalming room, a small weight on the bottom of the chain is raised as the fluid gravitates into the subject. If mathematics fail one in figuring out the scale, empiricism may be employed by drawing out a gallon at a time and marking the gauge accordingly. When a pulmonary rupture occurs the operator may safely as- sume that no further injection of any value is possible. To prevent this accident it is advisable not to continue the injection until the fluid is seen to escape through the nostrils or mouth or both, if the arteries are to be later filled with a colored mass injection for the study of angiology or topographic anatomy. In such cases it is ad- visable to discontinue the gravitation of the fluid when distribution and hardening are satisfactory and the amount of the injection is sufficient to insure preservation. Otherwise the fluid may be shut off permanently when in the operator’s Judgment the animal is com- pletely embalmed. Our experience has shown that it is inadvisable to disturb or work on the subject in less than twenty-four hours after the injee- tion is completed. Two to four days are even better. If the sub- ject is not to be used for a week or more it is advisable to wrap the face and the limbs below the carpus and tarsus with moist towels or sacks to prevent drying, since here the subcutaneous structures contain a minimum of moisture. Continuance of the same until the student comes to the dissection of these parts is a good practice. The following table gives a record of thirty-four horses injected by the writer and used for dissection in the Ohio State University : a | ANATOMICAL SUBJECTS 38 ANIMAL WEIGHT (estimated) AMOUNT OF INJECTION 1—Black mare 800 lbs. 13 gals. 2—Bay mare 750 11 3—Gray mare 800 12.5 4—White gelding 1000 16 5—Black gelding 800 3.5 6—White mare 1050 17 7—Sorrel mare 900 15 8—Black mare 900 15 9—Sorrel gelding 1050 17.5 10—Bay pony mare 800 10 11—Black mare 1250 20 12—Bay gelding 1050 17 13—Black gelding 1250 22 14—Sorrel mare 1050 17.5 15—Black gelding 1100 17 16—Tan pony mare 800 16 17—Bay gelding 1150 16 18—Sorrel mare (2 yr. old) 750 22 19—White gelding 1350 21 20—Bay gelding 1350 17 21—Tan mare 700 11 22—Black mare 950 7 23—Black gelding 1100 14.5 24—Sorrel mare 1000 16 25—Black gelding 900 11 26—Gray gelding 800 11 27—Bay pony mare 600 9 28—Sorrel mare 900 15 29—Brown mare 800 10.5 30—Black gelding 800 14.5 31—Gray gelding 1100 26.5* 32—Sorrel gelding 700 10 33—Bay pony mare 550 7.5 34—Sorrel gelding 750 11.5 *Number 31—Gray gelding, had a rupture of a blood vessel during in- jection resulting in the eseape of approximately four or five gallons of the fluid into the pleural cavity, From the above table the average weight of the subjects used is found to be about 925 Ibs., and the average amount of fluid in- jected 14.5 gallons or approximately 1.5 gallons per hundred weight. To make up 14.5 gallons of 15 per cent. formalin solution 2.175 gallons of commercial formalin are required, which at $.90 per gallon gives us the cost of injection per average head—$1.95. In the preparation of the other animals the writer wishes to briefly state that the same technique is followed out with certain minor modifications. The ox is cast with the single rope method and embalmed standing, a rope around the horns being used in prefer- ence to the head chain, whenever possible. It has been our prae- tice to use the femoral artery rather than the carotid for the bleed- ing and injection of the smaller animals—sheep, dog or hog. As soon as bled these animals are placed in a 90° trough, properly 388 F. A. LAMBERT padded in each case to prevent distortion and flattening, and in this position injected. Not infrequently it has been our practice to make special prep- aration of certain organs previous to the intravascular injection and in situ fixation. To distend the stomach in the horse or dog a 5 per cent. solution of formalin is permitted to gravitate into the or- gan by means of the rubber tubing being passed per os into the oesophagus. The same is sometimes done in the ox to prevent post- mortem fermentation of stomach contents. To demonstrate the more nearly normal size and relations of the lungs a rather thick aqueous solution of corn starch is gravitated by means of a tube passed far down the trachea through a tracheotomy incision in the usual location, or the tube may be passed per os through the aditus laryngis. A common irrigating can and tube are very satisfactory for this particular work. To prepare the blood vessels for topography or for angiology the arteries alone need to be injected since the veins retain enough blood or enough discoloration to make them easily located. The material we use for the injection of the arteries is an aqueous solu- tion of corn starch (two lbs. to the gallon) thoroughly stirred and dry red oxide of lead added until the desired color is obtained. For one subject a three gallon quantity is mixed and the average amount used may be estimated at slightly over two gallons. The injection of the red mass is most satisfactory about twenty-four hours after the intravascular injection of the formalin. By that time the pressure in the arteries has subsided and much less re- sistance to the passage of the mass is encountered. Reference to Figure 2 will adequately explain the equipment used in this pro- cedure. The pump is an Allen’s Rotary Surgical Pump, which forees a Slow and small stream. An assistant should constantly stir the mass to prevent the starch setting in the container. To secure the most satisfactory results the operator must force only a very small but constant stream into the vessels. To attempt rapid injection re- sults often in a rupture either into the lung or into the pleural cavity. To use the pump intermittently often results in the starch setting in the hose or in the carotid artery preventing further in- jection in some cases. If after the injection of the red mass is begun, a distention of the veins occurs as a result of the formalin solution being foreed over from the arteries, one may perform ANATOMICAL SUBJECTS 389 phlebotomy on the jugular, cephalic, external thoracic and saphen- ous veins to lessen the back pressure in the arteries. When success- ful in the use of the red mass injection even very small arteries, the size of a thread, are well brought out. The starch and red lead mags are, in our judgment preferable to others, for soon after in- jection it becomes almost solid and when cut into offers no resis- Fig. 2. tance to the knife, nor does it diffuse into or stain the tissues. The insolubility of the red lead makes it preferable to carmine or other substances used to secure the color. ADVANTAGES...The advantages of preservation and in situ fix- ation of veterinary anatomical material are manifold to the anato- mist, student and the profession alike. Since the writer has never had experience in the dissection of non-preserved subjects, he has made numerous inquiries of men older in the profession, whose 390 F. A. LAMBERT undergraduate anatomical training was on “‘soft’’ material and whose opportunity it has since been to observe the present teaching methods and dissecting room material made possible by preservation and fixation. From these men the writer has received sufficient information, he believes, to permit his making some comparisons, which are not superfluous when we realize that there still exist in veterinary educational circles a few loyal advocates of ‘‘soft’’ ma- terial. At a banquet, recently, one of our most prominent and most widely known teachers of veterinary medicine gave the following brief summary of his experience in the dissecting room :—‘‘ When I was in school we did not have the advantages of embalmed sub- jects in anatomy. We dissected only during cold weather and even then our dissection was the most rapid thing of that age. We brought a cheap horse into the laboratory, bled him, and after placing him on a large table went. to work. Since economy was the keynote in practically all veterinary education at that time, we were required to remove the skin which the college sold. ters in immediate contact with sterilized air. The result was rela- tively fair. It is true that death of the patient took place but there was a prolongation of life that his condition did not justify. Oxygen is tolerated as well as sterilized air. It was indicated because of its antiseptic qualities in the treatment of cerebro-spinal meningitis which could not be treated by specific treatment, by the anti-meningococcic, anti-parameningococcic and streptococcic sera. The author records four cases of meningitis from which 40 centimeters of purulent cerebro-spinal fluid were extracted and re- placed by the injection of 20 centimeters of oxygen. The treatment was followed by complete recovery, as indicated by the clinical symptoms and the clear appearance of the spinal fluid. The intra-spinal injection of colloidal gold is supported better than the intravenous; that of oxygen, providing it is not beyond the volume of the purulent fluid) removed, does not give rise to special reaction. The combined injection of gold and oxygen seems more efficacious than when only one is used. pete ON De ORS 9 ORR Se Is DARN) Sta a 9s AGE ate) Rede Mam eee 2 SPA @ 5 aon Oa en a ey fe, ‘ ‘ ne ’ A eee & She : * + Ay r 1 ' LP , : 4 BF STIR SRG RRS I 1 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 455 " ud alte, Par r ANoTHET TREATMENT FOR Teranus. It is from the Presse _ Medicale that I extract the’ analysis of a recent article entitled Sruptes’ ON Tetanus. After giving in two chapters, general con- - siderations on the development of the infection and on the ¢linical B manifestations of late tetanus, following a preventive injection of — serum, the author in a third chapter considers the use of the per- sulphate of soda in the treatment of the disease. ae a The destructive action of oxydizing agents and especially of — a the alkaline sulphates on the tetanic toxin is well known. After many positive experiments made on several hundreds of animals, injections of persulphate of soda were introduced in human medi- — eime and valuable results have been obtained. Out of 33 cases of ~~ tetanus which were submitted to the treatment, 16 recoveries were obtained, with thirteen deaths by tetanus and four from other dis-_ eases occurring after recovery from tetanic infection. Such re- sults have never been obtained by any other mode of treatment. . The treatment consists of venous injections made once or twice hs. a day, according to the severity of the case, of 20 ¢.c. of a solution e of persulphate of soda, pure and neutral at 5%. These injections ean be kept up for 8 or 10 days, regulating them according to the. . symptoms. They are reduced when the attacks subside or repeated again if they continue. E Immediately after the administration of the injection, the | spasmodic manifestations pass away or are extremely reduced. BE However, some permanent contrac tions do not seem to be affected - by the treatment, the trismus, the contraction of the abdominal muscles and the stiffness of the neck may last for some time. Because of the repeated failures of the treatment now advo- J ; . : % __¢ated, perhaps persulphate of soda may be worth tryimg by veteri- "\ Narians. te Bey A. Liaurarp. ae ¥ The Western New York Veterinary Medieal Association held : its third annual meeting at Buffaio, N. Y., June 28. in intimate contact with the tumor cells. Sarcomata may appear in any tissue or organ of the body. A few observers have claimed to find in and among the cells of the tumor certain parasitic protozoa, but nothing definite is known of the nature of these bodies. Many. cases appear to follow traumatic injury, but the majority arise independently of any recognizable cause. Sarcomata usually occur as rounded, more or less lobulated tumors. Upon section they are usually pinkish grey in color. The sarcomata vary through all degrees of malignancy. Some are rap- idly fatal; others liable to recur after excision. Soft, moist tumors are more apt to be malignant than firmer and more fibrous ones. The general tendency of all the sarcomata is to recur, and the ma- jority produce secondary growths by metastasis. The round cell f type most frequently recur through metastasis. Metastasis takes place almost exclusively through the blood channels, and is most rapid when the blood circulates in indefinite spaces in the tumor mass and is free to detach and transport the cells to other parts of the body. eo of ee ai CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 523 —_——_— AN UNUSUAL MILK FEVER CASE M. H. Reynoups, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn, A very valuable imported Guernsey calf, calved about three months previous, was being fed for a milk record. She showed symptoms suggestive of milk fever on the morning of June 14th. When seen by the writer at about 8:30 o’clock a. m., her tempera- ture was 99.8; pulse about 60, and weak; respirations very shallow. No feces were passed during the night. Milk flow had been greatly and suddenly reduced. This. cow rapidly developed typical symptoms of milk fever. She was lying in the usual position with a tendency to hold the head with a peculiar curve in the neck or around the flank in the usual position. Skin sensation was entirely lost and there was only a rather slow response at the eyes which had a peculiar glassy stare. On trial with plain water it was found that the cow swallowed easily and a dose of linseed oil, turpentine, and aromatic ammonia, was given about 9 a.m. The udder was inflated about 9:30. The cow made a steady improvement following the air treatment. A mild catharsis developed in the latter part of the afternoon. On the morning of June 15th the cow was quite comfortable and in good condition. Uneventful recovery followed. etl, Raa BOTRYOMYCOSIS* R. W. GANNETT, Brooklyn, N. Y. Botryomycosis is defined by Hutyra and Marek as a chronie 1n- fectious disease of horses which may, in exceptional instances, occur in cattle. It usually results in the formation of local tumors re- sembling fibromata and occasionally in the formation of metastasis in the internal organs. It is caused by the botryomyces fungus. The infectious new growth caused by this fungus is known as a botryomycoma or mycofibroma.. It is a neoplasm that occurs very frequently in the horse. It is often malignant in character. Its most common occurrence is in the form of the schirrous cord in the gelding and the cold or deep seated abscess of the levator humeri -muscle at the point of the shoulder of the draft horse. It occurs less *Presented at the February meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City. 524 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS commonly in the pectoral region, at the elbow, skin or subeutem in any part of the body, udder, nasal mucous membrane and rarely in bones. Like actinomycosis it is a wound infection disease but metas- tasis though it often occurs seems to be less common than in the so called lumpy jaw of cattle. Botryomycomata have been observed in swine and recently in man. . Bacterrotocy. Formerly the botryomyces fungus and the staphylococcus pyogenes aureus were thought to be identical, but more recent investigations seem to disprove this idea. The staphylococcus aecording to investigators quoted by Hu- tyra and Marek and also by Frohner forms goldish yellow cultures at any temperature. The botryomyces fungus grows only* at a temperature of 18° Centigrade. They are alike in form, take the same stain and have the same grape-like arrangement in clusters: Their development on gelatin is not the same and blood from rabbits immunized with staphylococcus failed +o agglutinate the botryomy- ces fungus. The botryomyces organism possesses pyogenic proper- ties but it also causes chronic productive inflammation of connee- tive tissue experimentally, a property vhich is not possessed by the staphylococcus. - BorRYOMYCOMA OF THE SPERMATIC Corp. Most cases of schir: rous cord may be regarded as due to the botryomyces fungus. In- feetion no doubt takes place at the time of castration. A hard tumor appears sometimes at once but often months or even years after the testicles have been removed. Adhesion takes place between the stump of the spermatic cord and the tunica vaginalis. Growth is gradual. There may or may not be a purulent discharge. Some- times the growth assumes a malignant character and involves the sheath skin of the scrotum, thigh or abdomen. The cut surface shows numerous purulent or mmueo-purulent areas and also the | smaller yellowish sand like foei of infection. 30YTRYOMYCOMA AT THE SHOULDER. — Botryomycoma involving the levator humeri at the point of the shoulder is commonly called cold abscess or shoulder abscess. Its appearance is often sudden and may in many cases be attributed in part to contusion from the col- lar. After the initial acute inflammation has subsided, growth is vradual but continuous. If neglected the enlargement may become enormous and incurable by involving the carotid artery and jugular vein, It may even extend to the periosteum of the seapula and CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 525 humerus. A botryomycoma in this region seldom if ever fluctuates. It rarely or never recovers permanently without surgical interfer- ence. It is apt to recur if strenuous measures are not taken to de- stroy the organism which is its cause. Kuropean writers have recorded cases of generalized botryomy- cosis affecting such organs as the lungs, kidneys, diaphragm, spleen and liver. Most of them were horses which had schirrous cord. TREATMENT OF ScuirRous Corp. Treatment is entirely sur- gical. The patient should be secured in a reeumbent position and anesthetized. The entire schirrous cord should be removed by dis- secting well into healthy tissue. The emasculator or eeraseur may be used to divide the spermatic cord. If any of the neighboring skin or subeutaneous connective tissue is involved this too must be removed. Hemorrhage is sometimes troublesome. In operating upon cold abscess at the shoulder local anesthesia is sufficient. A single bold vertical incision is made down to the central pus cavity. Often there are two or more pus cavities which may or may not communicate. Jt is never safe to rely upon ordi- nary antiseptics for disinfection; either slough out the diseased fibrous tissue with an escharotic or sear thoroughly with the actual cautery. Botryomycomata in other parts of the body should be operated upon by total extirpation or vertical incision methods, ae- cording as they resemble the type represented by the schirrous cord or the cold abscess at the shoulder. Case Reports. A gray draft mare was presented with an enormous botryomycoma involving the entire pectoral region. The growth had become so large that the collar could not touch the point of either shoulder. There were several discharging seton wounds as well as scars from both line and point firing. The growth was completely removed in three separate operations with the aid of stocks and local anaesthesia. Hemorrhage was severe. The strue- ture of the tumor resembled that of the schirrous-cord. Cicatriza- tion required six weeks. The mare has been working two years and there is no sign of recurrence of the condition. A five year old draft gelding in poor condition was operated upon for schirrous cord. He had been passed as sound by me six months previously and at that time showed no enlargement at the scrotum. Shortly after the operation two round fibrous tumor like growths appeared just above the hock of the affected side. They were incised, contained pus, were cauterized and healed promptly. 526 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS Soon fibrous. nodules of various sizes appeared at the shoulder, all contained pus but. healed under treatment. The animal carried a slight temperature at times. He was mallein tested repeatedly but never gave a reaction. About six months after the schirrous cord operation he was in very poor condition, limbs stocked, staring coat, appetite poor and unable to do steady work. Rest, arsenic, nux vomica and poly-bacterins did not improve his condition. While under treatment a fluctuating abscess of the groin of the affected side appeared. It was lanced, contained foul smelling pus and the wound healed properly but for several months the animal remained in very poor condition, worked half time and had the appearance of a worn out, debilitated old horse. He is now (two years after the operation) in good health and good general condition. A roan draft gelding was operated upon for a large deep seated cold abscess back of the right shoulder blade. The condition had been noticed for several months. . ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 541 anatomy of the organ and was treated so as to give a comparatively satisfactory result. The case was specially presented to show that the examination of the bladder by this method will demonstrate clearly the nature of the internal aspect of the bladder and permit of a positive and sure diagnosis. LIAUTARD. a NYMPHOMANIA IN A 16 YEAR Otp Mare. George Wagner. Miinchener Tierdrztliche Wochenschrift, Vol. 66, p. 553, 1915.— In a 16 year old mare that had had 5 foals and which would not be- come pregnant, after several services, nervous symptoms appeared in the form of extreme irritability, striking and biting other horses or even people. This condition became aggravated during the course of 2 years to such an extent that the mare became a menace to life and had to be sold for slaughter. On the oeecasion of a severe attack, I was called by the owner, and found the animal in a state of highest excitement, dripping with sweat, continually paw- ing with the front feet and with these symptoms there were also erinding of the teeth and contraction of the abdominal muscles. ’ The administration of chloral hydrate and potassium bromide was without effect. Rectal examination disclosed hypertrophy of both ovaries. The owner objected to surgical treatment. BERG. FEE PETECHIAL FEVER AND ENDOCARDITIS COMPLICATED WITH AR- TICULAR RHEUMATISM IN A Horse. Mr. Nieder. Rec. de Med. Veter.—A brown bay gelding, aged eight years, was brought to the writer suffering with high fever 39.6°C and 39.8°C and hyper- leucocytosis (2000). The pulse varied between 48 and 59 a min- ute. Severe prostration, which suggested the idea of influenza, for which indeed the horse had been under treatment for a week. The diagnosis uncertain at first, was established four days after by the appearance of warm, diffused and painful swellings around the left fore fetlock. The myocardium was detected weak and the pulse went up to 90. The horse had myocarditis as a complication of the rheumatism. The endocarditis was not suspected as the beating of the heart remained clear and rhythmical although weak. Aspirin, in 100 gram doses, was given which lowered the temperature but did not affect the pulse. A few days later, the right knee was taken and also the posterior fetlock. The animal was in great pain and could scarcely stand up. Repeated doses of aspirin were followed §42, : ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE by an. anorexia and complete adipsia. Salicylate of soda in 100 gram doses were given by the rectum with good results, the appetite improved but the pulse remained the same. The numerous pe- techial spots appeared on the nasal mucosa on both sides and on the lips. They disappeared with the injection of the serum of Jenser. The pulse was 100 and the heart beat was weak but clear. After a few days death took place with paralysis of the myocardium. The post-mortem revealed an ulcerative endocarditis, which had involved the entire tricuspid and a fibrous chronic endocarditis localized on the mitral. There was hypertrophy of the cardiac muscle and pulmonary edema. LIAUTARD. Oo-——— A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS STRAINS OF THE BACILLUS PSEUDO- TUBERCULOSIS RopENTIUM (PFEIFFER), WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CERTAIN VARIATION PHENOMENA. ‘Shigeshi Kakehi, M.D., (Jap- an). From the Bacteriological Dept., Lister Institute, London, S. W. Jour. of Path. & Bact., Vol. XX, No. 3, January, 1916.— Since the Bacillus pseudo- tuberculosis rodentium was suggested by Pfeiffer (1889) as the active cause of the pseudo-tuberculosis of rodents, a disease which had already been described first by Males- sez and Vignal (1883-1884), and then by Ebert (1885-1886), and Pfeiffer’s theory of its cause was confirmed by Preisz (1894), the character of this organism has been exactly investigated in detail from all points of view by a great number of authors (ef. Poppe’s monograph on ‘‘ Pseudotuberkulose,’’ 1913). Summary. 1. Several strains of the B. pseudo-tuberculosis ro- dentium (Pfeiffer) dealt with are quite aerobic, make broth more or less turbid for a certain time, and turn litmus milk alkaline with- in five days. Further, when they are inoculated in various carbo- hydrate liquid media, they show all the properties already well- known, and, in addition, a slow acid-forming action is invariably seen with adonite, this being readily accelerated by sub-cultivation. 2. When various liquid media inoculated with this organism are incubated for some time and then sown on agar plates, we ob- tain in every case three kinds of colonies. One of these kinds (A- colony type) possesses the characteristics of the usual type of colony of this organism, namely, an almost transparent, slightly bluish shimmer, while the other (B-colony type), which must be considered as a variant form, has a greyish-white, opaque appearance. ‘The third form (C-colony type), which must be considered as a trans- sition stage between A- and B-colony, consists of a greyish-white, opaque centre and an almost transparent marginal zone. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 543 ‘ 3. A-colonies, the genotypical form, when repeatedly sown on agar plates, always produce only the same kind of colonies. B-col- a onies, on the contrary, upon further sowing return to the geno- typical form in certain generations by means of forming the third a form, C-colonies. The peripheral part of these always produces 4 A-colonies, while the central part gives birth to the variant form, B-colonies. 4. The bacilli in B-colonies are definitely distinguishable from those in the genotypical form by some slight morphological differ- . ences and by the fact that they keep broth quite clear from the be- cE ginning and acquire a high viscidity in association with high agglu- . tinability, as well as by showing more slowly their characteristic action on adonite. 5. Some strains of this organism, when repeatedly cultivated on agar in the ordinary way, acquire to some extent at a certain = , stage, properties resembling those of B-colony bacilli. They show a . high viseidity combined with high agglutinability, almost lose the property of making broth ttirbid, and their action is sluggish in fer- : menting adonite, while in other points there is no distinctive differ- ence. Those strains which have been cultivated in various liquid media are much more liable to produce variant forms. a . —_o-—— REICHEL. 4 ForMOoL IN SEVERE CAses oF DistEMPER. Veterinary Major Chouleur. Bull. de la Soc. Cent—Wishing to experiment with the method of Bottini in the treatment of gangrenous pneuimonia, the author has resorted to it with several young horses affected with se- vere distemper and having intra-thoracic localizations. Bottini’s 3 treatment consists in the intratracheal injection of 10 ¢.c. of a so- : lution of formol at 4%. The technic is simple. The anterior face . of the trachea, at its superior third, is shaved and disinfected. With > a fine trocar sterilized and a Pravaz syringe 10 ¢.c. of a solution of 4 grams of formol in 100 grams of distilled water is slowly in- jected. No secondary accidents follow, except that in some animals m short spells of coughing occur. It is essential to resort to this in- jection as early as possible on animals which show alarming symp- toms and before material lesions have taken place. When applied at. the proper time, the formol acts by its antithermic properties es and the temperature which had remained above 40°C for some time 4 will, after the second or third injections, drop to normal. The anti- ry septic properties of the drug will aiso have a powerful influence. yy. LIAUTARD. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (Continued from page 431) Dr. R. C. Moore: It seems to me we will have to modify our minutes a good deal on this morning’s work. If I remember correctly, Dr. Dunphy’s motion was that the members of this committee be elected by the association. Finally that motion was amended and accepted by Dr. Dunphy that a com- mittee of three be appointed to select a group of men from which to select or elect these members. Dr. KINsLEY: There is another motion on record providing that there were to be five on this committee, one to retire each year, and a new man appointed for five years each year, Dr. DunPpHY: Was that resolution put and recorded in the record? © Dr. KINSLEY: Yes, put and carried, Dr. KNowLes: If an amendment could be entertained to this motion now, I would like to move to amend the motion to the effect that the minutes of this morning with reference to the appointment and election of the committee shall read, instead of. five years, seven years, with one member retiring each year. I will offer that as an amendment to the motion. Dr. Mayo: This can be better accomplished by simply accepting the report of the committee and having the resolution read that they accept the committee’s suggestion of seven members instead of five. That is all that is necessary. Then go on and provide that a new member shall be elected each year. They will automatically replace themselves. I also think this resolu- tion should carry with it an amendment that the number suggested by this com- mittee be appointed by this association that appoints the committee at the same time. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Are you ready for the question? All those in favor of accepting the recommendation of the special committee make if mani- The ayes have it. It is so ”” fest by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no ordered. Dr. S. Stewart: I move that these gentlemen be elected to this memorial committee. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: You have heard the motion, that the seven gentle- men named be elected as members of this committee. All those in favor of ”” ’ their election make it manifest by saying ‘‘aye. Opposed ’’no.’’. The ayes have it. It is so ordered. I would like to ask a question in reference to Dr. Winchester,—I wrote him asking him to act as chairman of the committee and I think Dr. Hoskins wrote him. He said he could not act on any committee. It may be he refused because he did not intend to attend, or it may be that he is not physically able to act on the committee. Dr. KNowLES: Whenever there is a vacaney the chairman ean fill it. Dr. Hoskins: I think Dr. Winchester’s feeling was that he could not accept the chairmanship or secretarysip. He has done an enormous amount of work on this committee, a " ‘ P a PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 545 ; Dr. V. A. Moore: I am sure you are all very anxious that the committee shall be an efficient one, and we all know the good Dr. Salmon did for the veterinary profession. He made constant and persistent effort to uplift it in every way possible. The suggestion I have to make is this: that the committee reported by Dr. Hughes be composed of seven instead of five members, be- cause we feel that seven would be more efficient than five. For one reason, we wished to get these people distributed over the country a little better. The point is, we feel very keenly the difficulty this committee is going to have in cireularizing and getting at the individuals who may be willing and glad to contribute money. The New York State Veterinary Society at its meeting the first of August appointed a committee for the purpose of collecting funds for this memorial from the New York people, and the committee was instructed to co-operate with the committee appointed by this association. I think if, when we return to our homes, each member would seek to intere$t his own state society and get it to appoint a committee to collect funds from members in that state, men belonging to the society first perhaps, and then those not belonging, and then if the committee, just suggested, should communicate with the chairmen of these state society committees, we would have the entire country covered. Every practicing veterinarian in the country would have a chance, or an invitation (for I would consider it a privilege) to contribute to this fund. It would hasten matters very materially, and I believe would help us to get a much larger sum than by the solitary efforts of this central com- mittee. Dr. KNOWLES: Dr. Moore’s proposition reminds me of one thing. I am secretary of our association in Montana. I think one way in which this me- morial may be, brought to the attention of the veterinarians is by placing a circular letter, with all the members of the profession in the state, explaining clearly the object and the system and the method by which this is to be earried into effect. Whether each state shall formulate such letters, which must of necessity be of considerable length, or whether this memorial committee shall furnish such cireular letter is a matter of detail to be decided later. If this matter could be taken up by each of our associations and talked over with the members, it will stimulate interest. When it comes to reaching those who are not in the associations, it would take a written request, for a contribu- ‘tion to the Salmon Memorial Fund, containing sufficient information to show what we are trying to do. This would appeal to a good many persons, and I believe it would bring more money from people who would not otherwise contribute. Dr. R. ©. Moore: How do we know, how does the committee know, which members are elected for one year, and which for seven years? Dr. Kinstey: Let them settle that. Dr. HueHes: I do not know whether the committee’s work ceased with the presentation of that report or not. I might mention that the committee arranged the names in the order in which the committee thought it should be done. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Are you willing to leave it to the committee to settle it for themselves? 546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Dr. Jensen: Leave it to the committee. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Is there anything else to be said on this subject? Dr. Campbell just told me that he learned of one other deceased member since he read his report. That is Dr. R. R. Hammond, of Chetopa, Iowa. The next order of business is the report of the committee on resolutions by Dr. Shepard. Whereupon Dr. Shepard read the report of the committee as follows: Whereas, through the foresight and generosity of John D. Rockefeller, by means of the Rockefeller -Foundation, an Institute for research in diseases of animals has been established, and its main- tenance provided for in our country, which is certain to be of im- mense value in the conservation of the livestock interests not only of the United States but of the entire world: Therefore, BE IT RESOLVED, that the A.V. M. A. recognizes its value and appreciates the generosity of Mr. Rockefeller. Dr. KiINSLEY: I move the adoption of the resolution. Seconded by Dr. R. C. Moore. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the reso- Iution be adopted. All those in favor signify by saying ‘‘aye’’; those op- posed ‘‘no.’’ It is carried. Dr. SHEPARD: » Whereas, the livestock interests of this country have recently been menaced by that fatal animal plague, foot-and- mouth disease; and Whereas, the methods adopted by the Bureau of Animal In- dustry, United States Department of Agriculture in the control and eradication of this disease, have succeeded in practically wiping out the infection : Therefore, BE IT RESOLVED: That this association express its hearty commendation of the methods employed by the Bureau of Animal Industry in its monumental task of circumscribing the area of infection as much as possible and thereby aiding in the pro- tection of other sections of the country which otherwise must have shared in the general infection; and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That in the opinion of this association the gratifying results obtained could not have been secured in the time by other means than those employed, nor under other authority than the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry as at present consituted. Dr. KINSLEY: I move the adoption of the resolution. Seeonded by Dr. R. C. Moore, Dr. TorrRANCE: Mr. President, I would like to eall attention to the use of the word ‘‘fatal’’ in deseribing the disease. I think you are all aware that ee a ee . ore —— ae a ia i *. _- ee — en ae ae ee ee ee ee eS PROCEEDINGS OF THE A, V. M. A. 547 the disease is not fatal. I would like to have the word changed, substituting therefor, the word ‘‘serious’’, PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Dropping the word ‘‘fatal’’ and using instead the word ‘‘serious’’, are you ready to recommend the adoption of the resolu- tion? Those in favor of the motion make it manifest by saying ‘‘aye’’. Op- posed ‘‘no’’. The ayes have it. It is so ordered. Dr. SHEPARD: Whereas, the 51st annual meeting of the A. V. M. A., held in Oakland, Calif, has proved an unqualified success, due to the admirable location and other local features, but espec- ially to the splendid efforts of the various local committees, and the hospitality of the good people generally : THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED: That the sincere thanks of this association be extended to all who in any way contribated to the success of the meeting: and BEIT FURTHER RESOLVED: That special thanks are due the press of Oakland for the large amount of space devoted each day to the deliberations of the association; and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That an expression of ap- preciation and thanks is hereby tendered the management of the Hotel Oakland for its efforts toward the success of the meeting. Signed by Drs. Dalrymple, Nelson, Norton, Hnthertese and Shepard, chairman pro tem. Dr. KINSLEY: I move the adoption of the resolution. Seconded by Dr. Hoskins. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: All those in favor of adopting the resolution sig- nify by saying ‘‘aye’’; opposed ‘‘no’’. The ayes have it. It is so ordered. Dr. Hoskins: I move that the report as a whole be accepted. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. - PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the report as a whole be adopted. All those in favor of the adoption of the report signify by saying ‘‘aye’’; opposed ‘‘no’’. The ayes have it. It is so ordered. Has anyone else a resolution to be adopted? Dr. STEELE: Mr. President, I did not hear the names of the speakers at the banquet last night. I think they were Mr. Hunt and Mr. Lively. I think these men should be recognized by a communication from-the A. V. M. A. with thanks. I make a motion to that effect. Seconded by Dr. Hoskins. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that a letter of thanks be sent to Messrs. Hunt and Lively for the interesting addresses they gave us last evening. Any remarks? If not, those in favor manifest it by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no’’. The ayes have it. It is so ordered. There are two or three other matters on the program to be called for. The glanders commitee, for instance, that committee has made no report, There is ~ 548 ‘ PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. —- sh no report from Dr. Milks, the delegate appointed to the American Pharmaceuti- cal Association. That completes the program with the exception of the special business for which the meeting was called. Dr. Newsom: Owing to the fact that the report of the committee on veterinary anatomical nomenclature was not published and it was not deemed advisable to recommend its adoption at this meeting, I want to give notice that after it has been published, I presume a year hence, that motion will be forth- coming, so that you may be thinking about it. Dr. Mayo: I do not understand the Doctor’s statement. The report of the committee has been presented and accepted by the association. I have the report in my possession now. Dr. KiInsLEY: When was it accepted? Dr. Mayo: I say, it was presented to the association, PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I think it was accepted. That is the term which was used, Dr. Newsom: _I did not understand that that carried with it the adop- tion of all those names by this association. I am not complaining if that is the construction put upon it. Racers Dr. Mayo: I understand that the association has accepted this report and has accepted those names because it is practically all names and nothing else. If they accept it they accept the names. Dr. MurpHEY: I was unable to be present when this report was submit- ted, but I have attended previous meetings where a report of this kind has been submitted, and I believe there is a feeling among some of the teachers of anatomy that it is not fair to adopt this until we have had some chance to ex- amine it in detail. There may be some difference of opinion, not only in re- gard to terms but to construction which should be settled one way or another before we finally adopt them. I believe there was a committee appointed at the New York meeting to prepare this report and the committee prepared a report and asked for the publication of it so that it might be submitted to the schools and thus get some concerted action before this meeting. I am informed that the secretary of the association refused to honor the bill for the publiea- tion and refused to allow the report to be submitted to the various colleges, as was the intention. JI do not believe it is fair to consider it until we have had a chance to examine it. Dr. 8S. Srewarr: An acceptance of a report is not the adoption of the re- port. This is a very important matter, and there has been a considerable num- ber of people interested. If this association adopts the nomenclature submitted by this committee, then it becomes an oflicial statement issued by this body. I am in hopes this body will do so. It ought to do so, fully understanding what the adoption of the report signifies. I am glad Dr. Newsom has given notice that one year hence he will move the adoption of that report. Dr. Mayo: The report of the committee as has been fully explained to the association, was presented at the New York meeting, or at least a portion of the report was presented. All that had been completed up to that time was accepted and published in the official proceedings of this association and is a - ae FTE Se } i 4 -< PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 649 _ part of the official minutes. We have already adopted that system of nomen- clature,—all we could. The additional report of that committee was furnished to me, and as there were no funds in the treasury to pay for republishing what — had already been published—over sixty pages of typewritten anatomical] names, I did not think it wise to draw a voucher on an empty treasury, I therefore referred the matter to the executive committee for their action, and in so far as I was responsible for presenting this matter to the executive committee, I assumed that responsibility. The executive committee, however, voted under the conditions, not to publish that and send it to all members of the associa- tion, which would have been an expense of about two hundred dollars or more. Dr. MureHey: Do we consider that this has been adopted officially, or do we not? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: My opinion is that accepting the report does not mean endorsing it. If we wish to make that the official standard of this as- sociation we must do something more. Dr. CAMPBELL: That brings us back to the question that came up before. About the glanders report—lI notice in the treasurer’s report, circulated here, there are a number of expense accounts for that committee. Is that for the present report that has not been submitted, or was that in payment of the ex- pense in connection with the report of the last year? Dr. Mayo: I think that was for the expenses incurred previous to the New York meeting. I think these bills were held over and paid, as I recollect it now, since the last report. I have drawn no vouchers for this present com- mittee. I could tell by looking at my books. Dr. CAMPBELL: I merely wanted to move that the committee be given a further chance to get up their report and hand it in, as we had already spent some money on it, but since we have had our money’s worth, I will not make any motion. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: If there is no further business we will hear the report of the executive committee up to date. Dr. Mayo: Unfortunately the stenographer who took the report this morning has net his notes written up and I have not been able to find him. I can tell you, however, that the executive committee recommends that the list of accepted colleges published in the 1913 report be accepted as the list of ae_ eredited colleges for the coming year. Ontario has already been accepted by special vote this morning. Dr. Hoskins: I move its adoption. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that we accept the report of the executive committee with reference to the aceredited list of colleges. Any remarks? If not; all those in favor of the motion signify by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no’’. The ayes have it. It is so ordered. Dr. Mayo: The recommendation of the committee on colleges that the general plan of submitting the committee report in two sections, one for reading and publication; the other a supplemental report consisting of criticisms and sug_ gestions prepared by the committee for transmissal by the association seecre- tary to the college concerned, be approved and continued, 550 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Dr. Kinstey: I move that the recommendation of the committee be adopted. Seconded by Dr. Hoskins. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the recom- mendation of the committee be accepted. All those in facor of the motion signify it by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no’’. The ayes have it. It is so ordered. Dr. Mayo: The recommendation of the committee on colleges which would provide for a re-organization of the committees on intelligence and education and on college investigation. I will read that part of the recommendation: ‘‘We would again call attention to the overlapping of the committee on college in- vestigation and the committee on intelligence and education, and we again recommend the adoption of some plan similar to that of the American Medi- cal Association, a fairly stable council involving the inclusion of these two committees. We propose the following by-law amendment: Substitute for the 5th line of article 7 the following: Committee on Veterinary Education of 3 members, term of office 3 years, and one membership expiring each year. Substitute for section 2 the following: It shall be the duty of the committee on veterinary education to investigate the work of the American Veterinary Colleges, and to report to the association such general findings, suggestions and criticisms concerning the same as it may deem advisable. It shall also be the duty of this committee to annually recommend to the association a list of vet- erinary colleges for recognition by the association with reference to eligi- bility to membership of their graduates. It shall also be the duty of this com- _ mittee to. keep in touch with the general progress of education in the yeterinary and allied professions, and make such report from time to time as it may deem advisable. ’’ It is understood that it would be recommended to the incoming president to consider this question. Dr. HuGcues: There are several members of the committee on intelli- gence and education present. Is it the idea to pay their expenses incurred in making these examinations? Dr. Mayo: I would say in answer to that, that generally not over two members of the committee visit a college, and sometimes only one of the reg- ularly appointed committee, and a member of the association is appointed from that immediate neighborhood to make the examination, If it is a matter of some distance where the travelling expenseis are great, only one member of the committee has gone, and a temporary member of the committee has been ap- pointed to assist in making the inspection. This temporary member being a resident of the immediate locality, it means the saving of considerable expense. It is the plan of the executive committee that this custom shall be followed with reference to the committee on intelligence and edueation. This arrangement would give five members scattered over a wider terri- tory, so that one member of the committee at least will have an opportunity to visit a college. Dr. S. Stewart; Do I understand that the purpose of this recommendation is to do away with one of the committees, and that by voting in the affirmative we can dispense with one committee and add the duties of the other committee recommendation, make it manifest by saying PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 551 to it at the same time? In other words, whether a motion to that effect can accomplish that end? Personally, 1 should be glad to see the two committees merged but I am not sure but three members on that committee would do more work than five. Oftentimes one man with power to call in help, ean accomplish the same thing. I think three are sufficient. Dr. Mayo: The veterinary college investigating committee is a committee of three. It was the plan of the executive committee to assign their duties to the committee on intelligence and education, It was understood that they would have a sub-committee of three, or use their best judgment in regard to that. Dr. DUNPHY: When this committee was organized or authorized by the association, there was a certain sum, $500 I believe, set aside to defray the expenses. There was no regular rule laid down by any by-law, under which this committee should operate. We met in Chicago and elected Dr. Tait Butler president at that time, and we formulated a certain regulation that we should follow in this work. We found that the funds were not sufficient, unless we divided up the work, and even then we could scarcely reach all the colleges. We divided the work: one member was to investigate a certain college, and the ‘other members of the committee agreed to have some local man in the locality who was not connected in any way with the college to make the second member of that committee to investigate the college. We carried out these regulations. That is, in talking it over with Dr, Reynolds, the chairman of the committee, we decided that the association should have some regulations in the by-laws whereby the duties of this committee should be regulated and we believe, ow- ing to the overlapping duties of the two committees, it would be better to com- bine them in some way, if the committee saw fit, Dr. Hoskins: I move the adoption of the recommendation. Seconded by Dr. Jensen. < Dr. MARSHALL: Does this mean we are recommending an amendment to the by-laws? Dr. Hoskins: No, the special committee is not provided for by the by- laws. The special committee retires, as I understand it, and the regular com- mittee fixed by your by-laws takes on the duties of the special committee. ° Dr. S. Stewart: I would like to know whether or not this committee would have any special funds to do anything with, or whether they will be on the same basis as they are at present? ' PrestpentT MarsHALu: I presume that would have to be taken care of if we dispose of this question. Are there any remarks with reference to the adoption of the recommendation? Dr. Mayo: I will say that in regard to Dr. Murphey’s suggestion on the re- port of the committee regarding provisions in the by-laws, that as the constitu- tion and by-laws were being revised it was thought by the committee that that recommendation would be taken care of in the revision. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: All those in favor of accepting and adopting the oc aye’’; those opposed ’’no’’, It is carried. It is so ordered, 552 3 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Vv. M. A. e That finishes the report of the executive committee. There have been no appropriations made for the various committees. Shall we take that up now, or wait until this evening? It is called for now, so if there is no objection, we will proceed with the matter of appropriations. Do any of you know what will be wanted for these committees? Dr. 8, Stewart: I move that the committee on intelligence and education be appropriated $500 or such portion thereof as nray be needed to carry out the work of the committee. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Was there a recommendation made by the execu- tive committee that all recommendations for appropriations be referred to the finance committee? Dr. Mayo: No. That recommendation was made in the secretary’s re- port, because sometimes toward the close of the session, in the hurry of clos- ing, resolutions are put through appropriating money without due consideration, and in the low state of the treasury it might be rather embarrassing for your secretary to have to hold up appropriations which were made by this associa- tion. It was not because I was not in favor of publishing the reports of the Committees. It was simply because we did not have any funds to publish them with. For that reason, I recommended that all resolutions appropriating funds shouid be referred to the finance committee. I did not think it would make any difference if they were referred to the executive committee, but the finance committee hasn’t much to do, and I did not want them idle. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It seems rather important that we have some check on the appropriations. Each of you connected with a committee is( and very naturally too) exceedingly anxious to have money enough to do the work and do it well, and with your anxiety you frequently go beyond the amount we can give you. Dr. Hoskins: I trust when these resolutions are passed or appropria- tions made, it shall be considered whether that money is actually set aside. IL ran up against a situation where there was $1000 appropriated in 1912 for the entertainment of any delegates from the countries of continental Europe. That $1000 was not utilized at all because there was no one who came over from Europe. That $1000 had been set aside in 1912 to be used in 1913. I went before the association and asked that that $1000 which had been wisely ap- propriated and set aside, should be turned over to the legislative committee to _ continue its effort in behalf of the Army Veterinary Service Bill and to look after such other legislation passing through Congress as might affeet the inter- ests of the profession, and it was done. But I was not able to get that money until recently—some time in May I got the balance of the money. It wasn’t much of a hardship but it happend frequently that the committee .was in my personal debt two or three hundred dollars, Dr. Mayo: No one is more anxious than [ that every bill shall be promptly paid and in the case of every bill that has been presented to me with one single exception, a voucher has been drawn and forwarded through the proper chan- nels immediately to the treasurer, Those of you who know Dr. White know that at the previous meetings he has sat on the lid of the treasury and has repeatedly called the attention of this association to the fact that they were pe PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M.A. © 553 appropriating monies when they did not have any to appropriate. As a matter of fact, when the proceedings of the last meeting were published, the associa- x tion was $3000 in debt. They could not set aside $1000 unless they borrowed it. We borrowed the money to pay the indebtedness. Whether the treasurer has set aside sums for these appropriations, I do not know, but I don’t think he has, because he did not have it to set aside. It is my impression that he has paid the most pressing bills of the association, but those who are long- suffering and good natured, like Dr. Hoskins and some others, have been put off. Dr. Hoskins: I am not complaining, but it seems to me we ought to be able to calculate what our expenses are, and there should be some restraint put on committees. When money is once appropriated, it should be set aside to cover the appropriations for those committees so that they will not be hampered, In the ease of the legislative committee we were not hindered or disturbed in any way. We went right on with the work. It had to be done at that time, and we did it. ‘ ia PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The motion has been made by Dr. Stewart. Was 5 it seconded? Dr. KINSLEY: If it wasn’t seconded, I will. I second the motion. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The motion has been made by Dr. Stewart and - seconded that the association appropriate for the use of the committee on in- telligence and education a sum not to exceed $500. Any remarks? Dr. CAMPBELL: I want to move an amendment of that motion. I have heard other members of the committee state that they would like to bring the appropriation for this committee up to such a sum as would enable them to visit all the schools in one year. I know it has been the custom to visit one school one year and another school another year, and others at another time. I have heard eriticisms of the committee because they could not visit all the schools in one year. It is a hard matter to make comparisons of the different schools when the visits are so far apart, and conditions may be different one year than another. I am sure the work of the committee could be done more efficiently if the appropriation were sufficient to.make it possible to visit each school in a year. Now, if you limit the appropriation to $500 they will not be able to visit the schools all in one year. It will take them nearer three years to make the rounds. I would like to amend that motion to read ‘‘an amount sufficient to permit at least two members of the committee to visit all of the schools published in our accredited list and any ones papas might make ap- plication for listing on the accredited list in one year. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Have you any idea how much that would amount to? Dr. McCain: That brings up the very point we have been discussing, in the matter of appropriations. I am afraid if the appropriations are going that way from the house to the finance committee, it will lead to a great deal of trouble. It has occurred to me to offer the suggestion that the chairmen of the various committees which require appropriations for their work should communicate their desires at once to the finance committee, and let that com- mittee report back to this association with recommendations which can be adopted or rejected as you see fit. - 554 t PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Dr. Kinstey: As the finance committee is listed here simply for the pur- pose of examining the books, and their duties are explained and limited by the constitution and by-laws, I think that will complicate matters more. It seems to me, under the circumstances, if any reference is to be made, it should be made to the secretary and then submitted to the executive committee. At the pres- ent time we have to look after, first of all, the journal. I don’t know whether these gentlemen have determined the amount of money demanded for that. At any rate, they will have a better idea of the financial standing of this organiza- tion than anyone else. I do not see how it will facilitate matters by refer- ring it to the finance committee. Dr. R. C, Moore: As this organization is largely for the benefit and the up building of veterinary knowledge and veterinary science, I believe that our educational interests are one of the first things to be considered, and to do that, we must naturally and inevitably spend some money. I believe great good has come from the work of this committee, and I believe it should be fostered. Therefore, I will offer as an amendment to Dr. Stewart’s motion that this be made $1000 instead of $500. Dr. DunpHY: I see a great deal of force in what Dr. Campbell has said in regard to the work of the committee investigating colleges. The first year the committee had to divide its work up and at the same time they had to post- pone their visits to some colleges for another year. It was fortunate that we had two members with the Bureau of Animal Industry who were going to California on official business, and they made some of the investigations, thus ~ saving us some expense. Then those two members that were appointed by the Bureau of Animal Industry went to Terre Haute, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, and Columbus, and I went with them. That saved the expense of another member of our committee going. When we reached Washington Dr. Eichhorn kindly assisted me with the colleges there. If it had not been for that, we would not have been able to do as much as we did. But for those fortunate cireumstances we could have done little in the inspection of colleges on the amount assigned us. Further I would say that. being a member of the committee for three con- secutive years, I could see that there was a wonderful change on the part of the colleges owing to the fact that they had been investigated by the committee and expected to be investigated from year to year. They had taken advantage of friendly criticism offered by the committee and had improved their insti- tutions in a large measure. I think Dr. Campbell will bear me out in that statement. He was associated with Dr. Reynolds this year in inspecting some of the colleges and Dr. Reynolds no doubt has told him how we found these colleges when we first started in on the work. Dr. Mayo: In appropriating $1000 a year for this work, I want to call attention to a fact which should be borne in mind, and that is the resolution providing for an amendment to the by-laws raising the dues to $5 a year does not go into effect until a year from now, and you are now running on the $3 a year dues basis. You have something over $3000 in the treasury at the pres- ent time—(probably not that mueh when the outstanding bills are paid; I am sure it is not over $2500,) to run this association for the coming year, Don’t forget that, Do not think I am trying to cut these committees down— IT would not for a minute—I would give them $2000 if we had it to give. It is easy to appropriate money, but those of us who have to pay it out when we haven’t it, know how embarrassing it is. It brings this association into dis- repute to have to hold its bills for printing and things of that sort until we can get enough money in the treasury to pay them. It is not right. Dr. 8. Stewart: I would like to modify the amendment of Dr. Moore and my motion. Instead of ‘‘the appropriation shall be $1000 or as much thereof as shall be needed’’, change the wording thereof to ‘‘as much thereof as may be available’’ and leave it that way so that the secretary and the presi- dent and this committee may decide.’’ Dr. KinstEy: I accept that modification. Dr. Mayo: I will not assume that responsibility. Dr. Hoskins: I think this is very unfair to the incoming president or the incoming secretary to put that burden on them. I know how it will be. The committee will do the work; the bills will go to the secretary who will draw vouchers as promptly as they are called for; the vouchers will go to the treasurer; and if the money isn’t at the other end of the line, the voucher will “just stay there. I think it is very unfair. Then again think of the diseord it will create among the committees. If I get the money and the other com- mittee does not, there would be criticism of the officers and I would be aeeused of having a pull. Dr. Mayo: I just want to call your attention to the position such a meas- ure would put us in. For instance; this association votes $1000 to any one committee and the chairman of that committee immediately puts in a bill for that $1000. We will say three committees have $3000 appropriatel, and put in a bill for the full amount of the appropriation and I draw a voucher, and it is taken out of the treasury. Then what are you going to do? Dr. S. Stewart: But if the appropriations are made by the officers who Pe ee. Tee ee ee ee ee ? ‘ . appropriations, because they have the knowledge to do it with? Dr. Newsom: Mr. President: I believe that in the appointment of this committee the president could take into consideration the location of the vari- ous colleges and so arrange the location of the five members on this committee that the investigation could be easily done on $500. Speaking from the stand- point of our school I will say we would like to have all five members of the committee visit us. But as that seems to be impossible under the circumstances, we will be satisfied with one, and I believe $500 would be sufficient for this year. Dr. CAMPBELL: I want to make myself clear to some who may think I am trying to see money going out of the treasury. I think this association has never done any work that is more important than the work done by that committee on college investigation, and I think there is no other work that needs to be done more thoroughly from what I know of the work. I would like to see the association appropriate enough to do it thoroughly, but if funds are not available, then let the committee take longer to do it. I would rather see it done thoroughly once in two years, than to have it done half way in one year. oy Do it thoroughly or not at all. Dr. ELLIS: From the reports we have received from year to year and especially this year from the committee on college investigation, I think they ee | oa 4 re ft Se + wh yes.’ a Lad | + eee. - 7 we Cee %. Po ee Mer ale st - Pale sd 4 Ly os ated it y ¥ a Ff r ay > “s ae \4 ! in PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 555 are in touch with the situation, pro rata, are they not the best persons to make és 5 = _/ 556 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A, V. M. A. ~ have accomplished a great deal on that $500 and TI think it would be very un- wise to cease operations. I would say, do what you can with the $500. They have done wonders. Continue on that line until you can appropriate the $1000 or $2500 if you have it. 3 PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The question is called for. May I speak a min_ ute and not put the question? Our funds are limited, and we have not heard from the other committees. I think we ought to find out what is wanted by all. What is the use of making appropriations if? we haven’t the money to meet them with? I am seriously in doubt whether we can afford to allow this committee $500. It seems to me it would be better if the association had an appropriation committee which would examine into all these matters, hear the different committees as to their wants, and then recommend to the association what, in their best judgment, can be given, and let the association consider the recommendations. I am ready to submit the question if there are no further remarks. Dr. KINSLEY: How would it be to have the president, secretary and treas- urer compose an appropriation committee? The two men at least, and the third being the president, all would be in close touch with the organization and would know what could be appropriated. It seems to me this would be the best way. Dr. MurPHEY: I move a substitute motion; that the finance committee be appointed and the Babson system adopted. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: There is a moticn before the house und unless the movers and seconders are willing to withdraw their motions, I cannot enter-. tain your motion. Dr. Kinstey: Isn’t that a change in the by-laws anyhow? It would have to lay over a year. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: What will we do with the original motion? Dr. 8. Stewart: The original motion seems to stand before the house with Dr. Moore’s modification. PRESIDENT MarsHaun: That was not seconded. Dr. 8. Stewarr: Undoubtedly it would be absurd for this association to make appropriations for this committee next year if our secretary feels sure the bills already incurred and unpaid would not allow any appropriation. Bet- ter not spend money before we get it, and I have felt that we might correct such a possible condition of spending money before we got it by leaving it with the secretary, treasurer and president, and let them be a committee to de- termine whether those funds are really available or not. We want to know, when the meeting is over and the bills are all paid, how we stand. There may not be a dollar left for our committees, after the indebtedness of establishing a journal along the lines contemplated are met. There may not be a dollar available. The committee ought to know whether there is any money before they ask for appropriations. Is it available? The secretary and_ treas- urer can advise us if there are any funds. That was my idea in making the motion, and I made that as a modifieation, subject to the direction of the presi- dent and secretary as to the availability of the money. Dr. Kinstwy: If I seconded the original motion, I will accept that modi- fication. Dr, MAyo: I think the treasurer ought to be on that committee, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 557 _ PRESENT MarsHALL: The president, secretary and treasurer, is that the way you understand it? x Dr. Mayo: Just a word before that motion is put. You know that every committee thinks its own work is the most important work of the association, and properly so. I think that a committee, to be efficient, must have that spirit. Now when the present secretary or rather the executive committee took this matter in hand this year, I know that the committee felt hurt and they had cause. The committee’s report was one of the best committee reports that has been presented to this association, but the executive committee with the seere: tary did not feel that the publication of that report and the expenditure of the money was as important as some other things. It is for you to decide. Dr. R. C. Moore: I would like to call attention to the fact that the com: mittee is appointed to investigate these colleges and is asking for the necessary funds. Does not the association ask the college committee to do this work! Should not the committee be supplied with funds so that they can work? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Are you ready for the question? \ . ‘ Dr. FROTHINGHAM: What is the question? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I will ask Dr. Stewart to state the question again. Dr. S. Stewart: ‘It is moved that we appropriate the sum of $500 ot less as may be needed, by the committee on investigation of colleges, subjeet to the findings of the appropriation committee, composed of the president, see retary and treasurer, as to whether that sum is available. _ PRESIDENT MARSHALL: You have heard the motion as stated by Dr. Stew- art. All those in favor signify by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no’’. It is carried. The motion is unanimously adopted. Dr. Hoskins: I would like to ask for an appropriation of $500 for the legislative committee. I hope ultimately an important work will be done. I feel confident Congress will pass this bill and I offer that as a motion beeause a great deal of this money has already been expended. There will be a new Congress and the work will go on just the same. In December, of course, Congress will meet and the expense then will accrue very much faster. I want to say that the army veterinarians are co-operating with our committee in the matter of work and money and the utmost of their time. PRESIDENT MarSHALL: Will you accept this appropriation under the con- ditions which Dr, Stewart has stated? Dr. HOSKINS: Yes. Dr. KinstEy: I second the motion. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The motion has been made and seconded that $500 be appropriated to the legislative committee under the same conditions stated by Dr. Stewart in moving the appropriation for the college investigation com: mittee. Any remarks? Those in favor of the question make it manifest by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no’’. The ‘‘ayes’’ have it. It is so ordered The time for adjournment has arrived. The session to-night for the elet- tion of officers is scheduled for 7:30. The election of officers is the only thing left. We will begin promptly at 7:30. If there are no objections we will stand adjourned until that time, That means 7:30. Be prompt, gentlemen. (To be continued) ‘\ PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. MEETINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION First Meeting, New York, N. Y., June 9 and 10. Semiannual (comitia minora)—New York, N. Y., Jan. 19. New York, N. Y., March 5 and 6. Semiannual—Philadelphia, Pa., March 15 (no quorum). Annual—Not held, owing to error in date of notices sent out. Boston, Mass. March 25. Boston, Mass., Mareh 16. 558 1863. 1864. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 6. 1865. Semiannual—New York, N. Y., March 7. Annual—Boston, Mass., ‘September 7) 1866. Semiannudl Annual—New York, N. Y.., September 4, 1867. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 5. Annual—New York, N. AY, ‘September 3. 1868. Semiannual—New York, N. Y., March 5. Annual—Boston, Mass., September 1. 1869. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 16. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 21. 1870 ' Annual—New York, N. Y., September 20. 1871. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 21. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 19. 1872. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 16. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 17. 1873. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 17. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 16. 1874. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 17. 1875. Semiannual Annual—New York, N. Y., September 21. 1876. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., Mareh 21. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 10. 1877. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 20 Annual—New York, N. Y., September 18. 1878. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., Mareh 19. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 17. 1879. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 18. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 16. 1880. Semiannual Annual—New York, N. Y., September 1. 188t. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 13. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 20. 1882. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 21. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 19. 1883. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 20. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 18. 1884. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 18. Annual—Cineinnati, Ohio, September 16. 1885, Semiannual—Boston, Mass., Mareh 17. Annual—New York, N. Y., December 15, htt \es aR eee) tee 4 ‘1888. Semiannual PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M, A. 1886. Semiannual—Boston, Mass. No legal meeting held quorum ). Annual—New York, N. Y., September 21. 1887. Semiannual—Philadelphia, Pa., Mareh 15. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 20. Baltimore, Md., March 20. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 18. 1889. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 19. Annual—Brooklyn, N. Y., September 17. _ 1890. | Chicago, IIl., September 16 and 17. 1891. Washington, D. C., September 15 and 16. 1892. Boston, Mass., September 20,21 and 22. 1893. Chicago, Ill., October 17, 18, 19 and 20. 1894. Philadelphia, Pa., September 18, 19 and 20. 1895. Des Moines, Iowa, September 10, 11 and 12. 1896. Buffalo, N. Y., September 1, 2 and 3. 1897. Nashville, Tenn., September 7, 8 and 9. 1898. Omaha, Neb, September 6, 7 and 8. 1899. New York, N. Y., September d, 6 and 7. 1900. Detroit, Mich. , September 4,5 and 6. 1901. Atlantic City, N. J. Sunieuber 3, 4 and 5. 1902. Minneapolis, Minn., September 2, 3 and 4. 1903. Ottawa, Canada, September 1, 2, 3 and 4. 1904. St. Louis, Mo., August 16, 17, 18 and 19. 1905. Cleveland, Ohio, August 15, 16, 17 and 18. 1906. New Haven, Conn., August 21, 22, 23 and 24. _- 1907. Kansas City, Mo., September 10, 11, 12 and 13. 1908. Philadelphia, Pa., September 8, 9, 10 and 11. 1909. Chicago, Ill., September 7, 8, 9 and 10. 1910. San Francisco, Cal., September 6, 7, 8 and 9. 1911. Toronto, Canada, August 21, 22 23 and 24. 912: Indianapolis, Indiana, August a 28, 29 and 30. 1913. New York, N. Y., September 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. 1914. No meeting. 1915. Oakland, Cal., August 30, 31, September 1 and 2. Oo-———- PRESIDENTS 1863-1864. J. H. Stickney, Massachusetts. 1864-1865. A. S. Copeman, New York. 1865-1866. C.M. Woop, Massachusetts. 1866-1867. R. H. Curtis, New York. 1867-1869. R. Woop, Massachusetts. 1869-1871. E. F. Tuayer, Massachusetts. 1871-1875. A. Larae, New York. 1875-1877. A. Liautrarp, New York. 1877-1879. ©. P. Lyman, Massachusetts. 1879-1881. J. L. Ropertson, New York. (no 560 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. VY. M. A. 1881-1883. 1883-1885. 1885-1886. 1886-1887. 1887-1889. 1889-1890. 1890-1892. 1892-1893. 1893-1896. 1896-1897. 1897-1898. 1898-1899. 1899-1900. 1900-1901. 1901-1902. 1902-1903. 1903-1904. 1904-1905. 1905-1906. 1906-1907. 1907-1908. 1908-1909. 1909-1910. 1910-1911. 1911-1912. 1912-1913. 1913-1915. 1915-1916. 1863. 1864. 1865-1867. 1867-1869. 1869-1874. 1874-1877. 1877-1880. 1880-18838. 1888-1893. 1893-1894. 1894—1895. 1895-1902. 1902-1906. 1906-1910. 1918. 1915. 1915-1916. 1910 1913 W. Brypen, Massachusetts. W. B. E. Mier, New Jersey. L. McLean, New York. A. Liautarp, New York. 4 R. S. HumeKcrer, Pennsylvania. C. B. MicHENER, New York. R. S. HuiweKorper, Pennsylvania. W. L. Wiuurams, Indiana. W. Horace Hoskins, Pennsylvania. F. H. Osaoop, Massachusetts. D. E. Saumon, District of Columbia. A. W. CLEMENT, Maryland. Leonarp PEARSON, Pennsylvania. Tait Butuer, Indiana. J. FE. WrincHEsTER, Massachusetts. S. Srewart, Missouri. R. R. Bett, New York. M. E. KNowues, Montana. W. H. Lowe, New Jersey. JAMES Law, New York. W. H. Datrympte, Louisiana. J. G. RuTHERFORD, Ontario, Can. A. D. Menuyin, District of Columbia. G. H. Guover, Colorado. S. Brenton, Michigan. J. R. Mouter, District of Columbia. C. J. MarsHaun, Pennsylvania. R. A. Arcuipatp, California. — 0-——_ SECRETARIES A. Liautarp, New York. R. JENNINGS, New York. C. BurpEeN, New York. J. F. Bupp, New York. J. L. Ropertrson, New York. J. D. Hopkins, New Jersey. A. A. Houtcomse, New York. C. B. MicHener, New York. W. Horace Hoskins, Pennsylvania. T. J. TURNER, Missouri. LEONARD Prarson, Pennsylvania. S. Srewart, Kansas and Missouri. Joun J. Repp, lowa and Pennsylvania. Ricuarp P, LyMAn, Connecticut and Missouri. C. J. MarsHaun, Pennsylvania. . Neuson 8. Mayo, Illinois. C. M. Harinea, California, PROCEEDINGS OF t EA. v. Me ths OFFICERS, 1915-1916 Ae PRESIDENT ) R. A. ARCHIBALD Oakland, Cal. — First ViceE-PRESIDENT _ V, A. Moore Ithaca, N. Y. SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT "Ronee W. Ewvuis New York City Turd Vice-PRESIDENT . _ ADoLPH EI1cHHORN Washington, D. C. KS FourtH VICE-PRESIDENT a0, D. McGitvray Winnipeg, Man. : FirtH VIcE-PRESIDENT — GeorGe H. Harr Los Angeles, Cal eee Be. a SECRETARY ~ C.-M. Harine Berkeley, Cal. ae TREASURER F.. H. ScHNEIDRR Philadelphia, Pa. . LIBRARIAN James N. Frost Ithaca, N. Y. SECTION CHAIRMEN, 1915-1916 s SANITARY SCIENCE AND POLICE : CHariEs H. Hicens, Experiment Station, Ottawa, Ont., Can. | - —s#éPractice of VerertNnary Mepicine AND SURGERY oe - L. A. Meritnat, 1827 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. ——-0——— GENERAL COMMITTEES EXECUTIVE GC. J. Marsuaun, Chairman Perwsarn HUuGuES M. JACOB RicHarp P. LYMAN © : G. H. Roperts C. H. STANGE ‘ _ and the officers of the association with the exceptign of Pitan INTELLIGENCE AND EDUCATION N.S. Mayo, Chairman F. TORRANCE W. B. ee DISEASES J. R. Mouter, Chairman Warp GILTNER Cuas. H. pecan A, T. KINSLEY K. FE. Mryer PROCEEDINGS OF THE A, V. M. A. LEGISLATION D. E. BuckinecHam, Chairman F. A. BOLSER W. G. HouuiIncwortrH JAMES ROBERTSON Hat StMpson FINANCE . °, E. L. Quirman, Chairman F. S. ScHOENLEBER DD heBhox NECROLOGY H. JENSEN, Chairman G. E. LEECH J. C. HARGRAVE Ropert 8S. MAcKELLAR JAMES ROBERTSON RESOLUTIONS JoHN W. ApAms, Chairman LANGDON FROTHINGHAM GrEORGE H. GLOVER GEORGE R. WHITE JOHN L. WHITE LOCAL COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS 5S. Brenton, Chairman, 121 W. Alexandrine Ave., Detroit T. F. Krey, Secretary, 451 Sheridan Ave., Detroit GEORGE W. DUNPHY J. xd Ow JOSEPH HAWKINS G. D. Gipson JUDSON BLACK R. H. Winson J. P. Hurron COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL FREDERICK TORRANCE, Chairman A. R. ARCHIBALD _ W. R. Boar LANGDON FROTHINGHAM M. JACOB H. JENSEN R. P. LYMAN C. J. MARSHALL N.S.’ Mayo V. A. Moore G. H. Roperts C. H. STANGE G. R. WHire A. ErcHuHorn, Secretary SUB-COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL C. J. Marsuaun, Chairman A. EicHuorn, Secretary R, P. LyMan EDITOR OF THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Pierre A. F isu, Ithaca, N. Y. Va - ‘ 3%, y ’ - wa Re 5 oe , a i cs ote et rs ye “Son ve ‘ oro ’ ae 1B = Lace oa v M. 7 SPECIAL COMMITTEES, 1915-1916 SALMON MEMORIAL COMMITTEE | 7a eat J. F. Wincuester, Chairman fee mee Ak. D. MELVIN S. BRENTON hha? d a J. S. ANDERSON J. G. RurHEerForD Dav F. Fox Behe: -W. Horace Hoskins, Sec’y-Treas. D INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS * ae _p Gage J. G. Ruruerrorp, Chairman eS J. J. Ferguson J. H. GrispaALE _ JOHN R. Mounier V. A. Moore 2S De “Mazycx P. RAVENEL E. C. SCHROEDER aie ‘S. F. Toturre T. W. ToMLINSON PF. ToRRANCE : JOHN R. VALENTINE ‘ M. H. Reynoups, Secretary S. Sisson, Chairman ~ u, S. MurPHEY I, E. Newsom AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE INVESTIGATION F. B. Hapuey, Chairman “Wan L. BEEBE A. D. KNowLeEs INVESTIGATION OF GLANDERS E. B. ACKERMAN, Chairman ~. CHARLES EH. Corron A. EICHHORN C. D. McGinvray JOHN REICHEL, Secretary REORGANIZATION OF ASSOCIATION , C. A. Cary, Chairman LATTENBERG Tarr BUTLER M. H. Reynoups HISTORY OF THE ASSOCIATION A. Liautrarp, Honorary Chairman Bee JAMES Law, Chairman ~~ R. W. Hickman R. C. Moore a3 ADVERTISEMENT OF VETERINARY REMEDIES M. Jacos, Chairman Ww. R. Buair _ Lanepon FrorainGHam SELECTION OF EMBLEM O. A. Loneiry, Chairman iD. M. CAMPBELL Davin WHITE ian: Vu “oe 564 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. RESIDENT SECRETARIES, 1915-1916 Alabama—W. W. Wess, Auburn, Ala. Arizona—J. C. Norton, Fleming Block, Phoenix. Arkansas—R. M. Gow, State Veterinarian, Old State House, Little Rock. California—J. F. McKENNA, 616 Eye St.,- Fresno. Colorado—\. E. Newsom, Colorado State College, Ft. Collins. Connecticut—A. T. Giuyarp, Waterbury. Delaware—H. P. Eves, 301 W. 18th St., Wilmington. Dist. of Columbia—H. 8. GAMBLE, 1329 Gallatin St., Washington. Florida—F rep W. Porter, 104 W. Ross Ave., Tampa. Georgia—W. M. Burson, State College of Agriculture, Athens. Hawai—V. A.* Norcaarp, Territorial Veterinarian, Honolulu. Idaho—J. R. FuuuER, Weiser. Illinois—L. A. Meriuit, 1827 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago. Indiana—T. A. Steuer, Greeneastle. Towa—H. C. Simpson, Denison. Kansas—J. H. Burr, Manhattan Kentucky—Ropert GraHaM, Agr. Expt. Station, Lexington. Lowisiana—F RANK Couuins, Monroe Maine—HeEnry B. Wesrcorr, 1008 Congress St., Portland. Maryland—Joun H. ENGEt, 1311 Harford Ave., Baltimore. Massachusetts—Epwarp A. Caninu, State House, Dept. of Animal Industry, Boston. Michigan—W. Austin Ewatr, Mt. Clemens. Minnesota—H. Preston Hoskins, University Farm, St. Paul. Mississippi—O. M. Norvron, Greenville. Missouri—C. D. Fouss, 1336 E. 15th St., Kansas City. Montana—F. S. Gray, Miles City. Nebraska—S. W. Aurorp, State Farm, Lincoln. Nevada—W. B. Mack, Reno, Dept. of Vet. Science, Univ of Nevada. New Hampshire—A. C. Farmer, Berlin. New Jersey—E. T. Davison, Athenia. New Meaxico—G. A. Lipp, Roswell. New York—C. P. Fircu, New York State Vet. College, Ithaca North Carolina—B. F. Kauprr, Agricultural College, Raleigh. North Dakota—C. H. Barcock, New Rockford. Ohio—S. Sisson, Div. of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State Univ., Columbus. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. — Oklahoma—Joseru EB. Nance, Anadarko. _ Oregon—W. Dean Wricur, 1227 Missouri Ave., Portland. <8 — Pennsylvania—E. H. Yunxer, 2344 North 18th St., Philadelphia. ~ _ Philippmes—Wm. Boynton, Bureau of Agriculture, Manila. , Sf Rhode Island—J. 8. Pouuarp, 183 Harrison St. ,Providence. South Carolina—B. K. McInnes, Charleston. oe South Dakota—S. W. ALLEN, Watertown. iy re Tennessee—J. W. SCHEIBLER, 271 Court Ave., Memphis. 7 - Texas—A. A. Foster, Marshall. - Utah—Joun Ernst, Jr., 125 E. 4th South St., Salt Lake City. — -Vermont—F. H, Ricu, Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, a, ~ Burlington. a ~ Virginia—Wru1aM G. CHRISMAN, Blacksburg. Be Washington—Caru Cozimr, Bellingham. av est Virginia—K. Layne, Huntington. i ~ Wisconsin—W. A. Wowcorr, Madison Wyoming—Huveu R. Minuarp, 2507 Central Ave., Cheyenne. CANADA British Columbia—J. G. J ERVIS, 3694 Victoria Drive, Vancouver. a - Manitoba—W. A. Hiuuiarp, 352% Portage Ave, Winnipeg, Man. ae Nova Scotia—Grorce Townsend, New Glasgow. f a, _Ontario—GEorcE Hinton, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. Prince Edward Isle—W. H. Peruick, Charlottetown. ‘ a ~ Quebec—M. C. Baker, 194 Milton St., Montreal. 3 - Saskatchewan—(No one appointed as yet). 566 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. HONORARY MEMBERS —OF THE— AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Apamti, J. GeorGE, Montreal Canada. ; Bices, Pror. H. M., Bellevue Medical College, New York City. CHAUVEAU, Pror. A., Director of Vet. Schools of France, Lyons, France. Dorset, Marton, B. A. I., Washington, D.C... Evans, W. A, 9066 Tribune Bldg., Chicago, Hl. Hoarp, Hon, W. D., Ft. Atkinson, Wis. Hoare, E. Wauuis, 18 Cook St., Cork, Ireland. Huryra, Pror. Francis, Royal Veterinary High School, Budapest, Hungary. Hospay, FREDERICK, 165 Chureh St., Kensington W., London, Eng. LAVALARD, E., 87 Ave. de Valiers, Paris, France. LeCLAINCHE, Pror. E., Toulouse, France. Liaurarp, A., 14 Avenue de |’Opera, Paris, France. McEacuran, D., 6 Union Ave., Montreal, Que. M’Fapyean, Pror. Sir JOHN, Great College St., Camden Town, Lon- don, Eng. Minus, WesueEy, West Mount, Montreal, Que. (Mail returned). _ M6uter, Herr Pror. H., Thierarztlichen, Hochschule, Berlin. Germany. V. OstervAG, R. V., Vet. Dir. Imperial Board of Health, Berlin Ger- many. PrrronetTo, Pror. Royal Veterinary College, Turin, Italy. RaveNEL, Mazyck P., University of Mo., Columbia, Mo. Raymonp, J. H., Polhemus Memorial Clinic, Brooklyn, N. Y. Scumipt, Dr. I. L, Kolding, Denmark. Smiro, Pror. TuHropatp, Rockefeller Inst., for Med. Res., Prince- ton, N. J. SrocKMAN, Sir Stewart, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agri- culture, London, Eng. Tsuno, Dr. K., Vet. Dept., Imperial University, Tokio, Japan. VALUER, H., Director Ecole National Veterinaire, Alfort, France. Wencu, W. H., Johns-Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Wintcox, BE. V., Dept of Agriculture, Honolulu, T. H. Woopwarp, Wo. C., Health Officer, Washington, D. C, Ma , s PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. HONOR ROLL MEMBERS OF THE A. V. M. A. ALLEN, F'. S., 221 Main St., Nashua, N. H. _ Amsier, H. B., Chatham, N. Y. _, Baker, A. it, 2537 State St., Chicago, Ill. ste ~ Bars, HL W 270 Lafayette Ave., New Brighton, Staten Island, © i _ __ Berns, Grorce H., 74 Adams St., Brooklyn, N. Y. ¥ Bie ___ Buanp, THomas, 74 Phoenix Ave., Waterbury, Conn. y. __ Buner, F., (Address not known or whether deceased). i . Burer, Tarr S., 323 Falls Bldg., Memphis, Tenn. + mo. CARY, G. A., Auburn, Ala. : in Coares, W. ca 141 West 54th St., New York City. ‘ © Crowzey, C. W., 2912 Sheridan Ave.,St. Louis, Mo. ¥ _ Emerson, Danten, 16 Barkers Court, Lynn, Mass. : ‘ Eves, H. P., 301 W. 18th St., Wilmington, Del. I ‘Farr, J. D., Millersburg, Ohio. - __ Harrison, Rosert H., 309 Wilder Ave., St. Paul, Minn. > Hickman, R. W., First St., N. W., Washington, D. C. iy » Ho.wiiweworrts, W. G., 54 Lafayette St., Utica, N. Y. BS is _. _ Hoskins, W. Horace, 3452 Ludlow St., Philadelphia, Pa. a; | Howarp, L. H., 187 Huntington Ave., Boston, Mass. 2S ___-Jacoss, J. H., 549 W. 49th St., New York City. (Mail returned). ‘ _ JOHNSON, GEO. A., Exchange Bldg., Sioux City, Iowa. ee. ~ Lows, W. Hersert, 117 Trenton Ave., Patterson, N. J. wee _ Liyrorp, C. C., 821 3rd Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. ; McInnes, Bens., Charlestown, So. Carolina. ae _ McLean, C. Courtney, 1001 Water St., Meadville, Pa. » ee — McLeunan, F. W., 165 Noble St., Bridgeport, Conn. cites ~ McMurpo, C. D., 10th Cavalry, Ft. Huachuea, Ariz. tA Me vin, A. D., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. i Meyers, J. C., Jr., 1111 Walnut St., Cincinnati, Ohio. _ Perers, AustTIN, Harvard, Mass. Pierce, B. D:, 47 High St., Springfield, Mass. Ricwarps, W. H., Emporia, Kans. Ross, E. C., 11 Orange St., New Haven, Conn. ' £'ScHEIBLER, J .W., 271 Court Ave., Memphis, Tenn. ; . » SHaw, WALTER, 114 E. 2nd St. Dayton, Ohio. " E =) SHERMAN, W. A., 340 Central St., Lowell, Mass. # _ STEWART, SESCO, 1336 E. 15th St., Kansas C ity, Mo. ; a STRANGE, A., 322 W. 15th St., New York € ity. i oo. Voar, A. G., 322 Bellevue Ave., Newark, N. J. a " Watter, H.N., St. Joseph, Chiswick, W., England. > Weekes, S. E., Lancaster, Pa. ee Wuire, T. E., 1001 West Broadway, Sedalia, Mo. A ae — Wiuuiams, W. L., New York State Vet. College, Ithaca, N. Y. \oe Wincuester, J. F., Bay State Bldg., Lawrence, Mass. “We Wray, W. H., Red Gables, Speen Princess Risborough, Bucks, Eng. es 568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 7 DIRECTORY OF MEMBERS —OF THE— AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION *The figures indicate the year for which delinquent members last paid their dues. Axspott, ANDREW J., 209 KE. 4th St., Marshfield, Wis. J ABELE, FRANCIS, Jr., 18 Spear St., Quincey, Mass. (Deceased April TOT). ABERCROMBIE, HENRY E.,; Cambridge, Il. ACHEN, F.. W. B., 118 Market St., Kenosha, Wis. ACKERMAN, E. B., 367 Flushing Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. ACRES, GEORGE Henry, Grand Forks, British Columbia. ADAMS, FRANKLIN, 224 W. Washington St., Paris, Il. AbAMs, JOHN Dawson, Genesee, Ida. ApbAMs, JOHN W., 38th and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. AHLERS, FE. R., Lamotte, Ia. AicHEer, Epwarp H., Agricultural College, Miss. (Mail returned) 19412% AIKENHEAD, J. P., Easton, Md. ALBERSHARDT, AuGust H., Indianapolis, Ind. (Mail returned) 1913 ALcoRN, Harvey ALEX, Adair, La. ALFORD, SIMON WAYNE, State Farm, Lincoln, Nebr. ALKIRE, CHARLES N., Big Sandy, Mont. 1913. ALLEN, GEORGE H., So. St. Joseph, Missouri, care B. A: I. ALLEN, JOHN F., 4 Broadway, Greenwood, Ind. 1913. ALLEN, Rouuin M., 412 -N. First St., Marshalltown, Ia. ALLEN, STANLEY W., 115 First St., Watertown, S. D. ALLEN, THomas A., 171 King St., W., Brockville, Ontario. ALMEIDA, ANTON 8., Dixon, Cal. AuTHOUsSE, E. P., 809 Market St., Sunbury, Pa. AmLING, Henry, 4228 Park Ave., New York City. Anpers, T. O., Seattle, Wash., care Health and Sanitation. ANDERSON, CEcIL 8., Ottawa, Ontario, Dept. of Agriculture. ANDERSON, F. E., 180 E. Crawford St., Findlay, Ohio. ANDERSON, F. J., Grand Forks, N. D. 1914. ANDERSON, GEORGE GuILD, 417 West 49th St., New York City. ANDERSON, HERBERT, Dickinson. N. D. ANDERSON, JouN P., 403 South Main St., Rochester, Minn. ANDERSON, Leo J., 2228 California St., Berkeley, Cal. ANDERSON, MetANcruon O., Exchange Bldg., So. St. Joseph, Mo. ANDERSON, J. S.,Seward, Nebr. ; , Anperson, T. K., Bedford, ANpERSON, W. A., Sleepy Eye, Minn. ANDRADE, JOHN S., Huntsville, Ala. ANDREWS, I’ REDERICK W., Box 655, Mt. Kiseo, N. Y. ANNAND, J. ( » Ih 314 W. First St., Duluth, Minn. APPLEGATE, R. he 410 EB. Main St., Bloomfield, Ind, . -BaurHaser, Harry Becker, 762 N. Brooklyn St., Philadelphia, Pa. —— ’ f a2 ~ . Sie PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 569 swig Ft {a Arpurna, JosepH M., Hanford, Cal. Mk ARCHIBALD, R. A., N. E. Cor. 24th and Broadway, Oakland, Cal. — — 3 Armoour, W. G., 114 So. Third St., Goshen, Ind. ~p ArmstroneG, JAMES A., 1767 Broad St., Regina Sask., Can. 1913. 4 ARMSTRONG, J. M., 15 Ist St., E. Providence, R. I. ss ARMSTRONG, WALTER N., Concord, Mich. . ARNoLD, JoHN W., 777 W. 10th St., Riverside, Cal. <4 ASBILL, ARCHIBALD Rurr, State Capitol, Sacramento, Cal. aS ASHBAUGH, FREDERICK M., War Department, Washington, D.C. | ASHBROOK, CLAUDE L., 3425 Berkeley Ave., Chicago, Il]. 1911. AsuHcraFrt, Watt, 310 Hayne St., Monroe, No. Car. Ast, JAcos F’., 1331 Folsom St., San Francisco, Cal. ° pe ATHERTON, IRA K., Spencer, Iowa. Bi: ATHERTON, ONESIMUS, care Fred Eckart Packing Co., Fort Wayne, 3 sind: .1913. ° ATKINS, CuHas. Epw. C., 209 John St., Bridgeport, Conn. Axsy, J. Leonarp, Lawrenceburg, Ind. 1911. Axpy, WiiuiAm A., Harrison, Ohio. AYERS, ADMIRAL Taw, Stock Yards Station, Oklahoma, Okla. AYMOND, SIDNEY CLAy, Bunkie, La. Bass, Geo. F., 310 Federal Bldg., Oklahoma, Okla. ; Bassirt, FranK J., 146 Oxford St., Lynn, Mass. ee « ‘Bascock, Cuartes H., New Rockford, N. D. ae Basson, EuMer W., 341 Washington St., Gloucester, Mass. ‘Bacon, RicHarp M., Fort Saskatchewan, Alta., Can. 1913. BADDELEY, JOSEPH C., Touchet, Wash. Bamey, Leon L., Lowell, Ind. Baker, BENNIE J., Mitchell, Neb. Baker, Eustace, Moscow, Idaho. ; Baker, Guy_G., 514 Main St., Spencer, Ifa. q Be Baker, Horace Morgan, Univ. of Sydney, Australia. (Mail re- turned.) 1913. Baker, M. C., 194 Milton St., Montreal, Can. Baker, Rosert Ernest, Morristown, Tenn. . ; Baker, S. S., 2220 Jackson Blyd., Chicago, IL. c Baker, W. L., 455 Ellicott St., Buffalo, N. Y. 1912. Baues, Haroutp W., York, Ala. BaLkKE, Ernest J., Adam, Nebr. BAMBERGER, GEORGE E., 30 California Ave., Reno, Nev. Bancrort, Ernest, R. F. D. No. 3, Barre, Vt. ok BANISTER, RayMonp, R. F. D., Letts, Ind. a Bannister, H., 11 E. Luck Ave., Roanoke, Va. ae BARBER, James L., Pierre, 8. D. - BarsBer, LEBBENS Buair, Experiment Station, Island of Guam. = Barp, ae Exvporas, City Hall, Warren, Ohio. ee BARKER, FREDERICK ARNOLD, 274 8. Main St., Bowling Green, Ohio. - Barker, Mark, Box 463, Saskatoon, Sask. eS ea ee 570 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. BARNES, CLARENCE L., 152 N. College Ave., Fort Collins, Colo. Barnes, FRANK E., 107 Jackson St., Waxahachie, Tex. BarNnEs, JAMEs F., 1715 Broadway, Toledo, Ohio. Barnes, Miniter F., Agricultural College, Cass Co., N. D. Barnes, Ropert, 237 4th Ave., Ottawa, Ont., Can. Barnett, Enocu, Agricultural College, Miss. 1914. BarneEtTT, FRANK E., 527 S. State St., Painsville, Ohio. Barnett, WimuIAM A., Clemson College, S. C. BarNnuHart, Emmett P., 3292 West 98th St., Cleveland, Ohio. Barr, FBanK H., 112 S. Broadway, Albuquerque, N. M. “ Barr, Oreste Epwarp, 12 Cottage St., Barre, Vt. . Barrett, Cuas. W., 976 N. Chester Ave., Pasadena, Cal. BARTHOLOMIES, GEORGE ERNEST, Sheldon, Mo. 1913. BatTEeMAN, A. JOHN F., Webster and Dana Sts., Berkeley, Cal. 1913. Bates, Evpert M., 814 W. 8th St., Coffeyville, Kans. 1913. Bates, Harry E., P. O. Box 682, S. Norwalk, Conn. BauMAN, SAMUEL H., Birmingham. Ia. 1913. Baywor, THEODORE M., 6245 Kenwood Ave., Chicago, Il. Basincer, H. P., Mitchell, S. D. (Mail returned). 1914. BAYNES, CHARLES, 613 Mt. Helens Ave., Tacoma, Wash. 1911. Beacu, Burr A., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. 1913. Berar, Frep Louis, Effingham, Il. Bear, Harry H., 26 W. Main St., Mt. Joy, Pa. Beatriz, JOSEPH GinMoRE, North Portland, Ore., Box No. 39. ‘BEAvers, GLENN R., Arlington, Ia. BeAvers, JOSEPH A., Canton, Miss. Beck, WAutTER H., Wray, Colo. Becker, Cuas. J., Jefferson Co. Savings Bank. Bldg., Birming- ham, Ala. BecksHAM, Louis EpGar, Tuscaloosa, Ala., 2221 Seventh St. BEcKWITH, JosEPH W., Shullsburg, Wis. . BEEBE, WARD L., Beebe Laboratories, St. Paul, Minn. Bescuy, Levi P., 48 Federal Bldg., Columbus, Ohio. Brere, Cuas. H., Brown Place, Waterbury, Conn. BrEGEMAN, P. F., 316 Live Stock Bldg., Chicago, Ill. 1910. BEHLER, CLAyToN R., Box 338, Sacramento, Cal. BEHNER, CurIstiAN I'rEpDERICK, 414 Main St., Marshall, I. Beunke, A. E., Federal Bldg., Milwaukee, Wis. = BeHrRENS, Epwarp Enis, 2121 N. 7th St., Philadelphia, Pa. BEHRENS, Grover J., 610 South 3rd St., Evansville, Ind. 1912. BELL, JOHN Benson, Health Office, Pasadena, Cal. Betu, Rate Mack, 1102 Hilton Ave., Utica, N. Y. 3ELLOFF, L. J., 65 Peace St., New Brunswick, N. J. Bemis, H. E., lowa State College, Ames, Ia. 3ePNDER, Harry Evusworrn, Lititz, Pa. BENJAMIN, FRANK H., Federalsburg, Md. 1912. Bennerr, S. E., 316 Live Stock Exchange, Chicago, Ill, 1910. iF — 9 : . 1 BS eo - PEARS: tor ares tan ot yy ARS ¥* a PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Benson, Evcene R., 710 Ogden Ave., Superior, Wis. Benson, Lester A., Rolette, N. D. Bere, Apvour, Doylestown, Pa. 1913. Bere, JOHN A., Lock Box 34, Pender, Neb. BereH, HENNING E., Suisun, Cal. BereMan, H. D., 711 Hodge Ave., Ames, Ia. BerNnAtH, Ropert I., Wauseon, Ohio. Bertram, E. L., National Stock Yards, Il. Berscosy, Bernarp A., Emerson, Man., Can. Best, W. R. L., Bureau of Animal Industry, Manila, P. Biwp.e, GLEN, Wauseon, Ohio. 1911. Biees, ANSON W., P. O. Bldg., South Omaha, Nebr. BircH, Raymonp RusseEt1, R. F. D., Ithaea, N. Y. Biro, Rospert H., Greeley, Colo. BIRMINGHAM, CHARLES F., Ovid, Mich. Buack, Jupson, Richmond, Mich. Buackstocok, M. R., Spartansburg, S. C. 1914. ? ‘ ~ ae Saal ato i ee ~ ~ BLACKWELL, JOHN E., care Hull and Dillon, Pittsburg, Kans. 1914. Buackwoop, ALLISTER CHESTER, Coutts, Alta. Buarr, Bruce, 350 Lafayette St., New York City. Buatr, Wm. Rem, New York Zoo. Park, New York City. BuAKELEY, CHESTER L., 306 Main Ave., Gardiner, Me. BLANCHE, GEO. W., Belle Plaine, Ia. BuATCHFORD, FRANK M., Brighton, Mich. BLATTENBERG, J. H:, 128 South Union St., Lima, Ohio. BorRNER, FREDERICK, 5632 Pine St., Philadelphia, Pa. BouENDER, FRED JOURETTE, Brownwood, Texas. Boucer, Davin L., 35 Ash St., Cambridge, Mass. Bouick, Harry P., Mt. Corme, Pa. 1910. Bouncer, A. F., 2218 Albermarle Road, Brooklyn, N. Y. Bouser, Freury A., 1200 Race St., New Castle, Ind. Bonp, JAMES Ratston, Cheyenne, Wyo. Boor, Orvinweé L., 110 N. Walnut St., Muncie, Ind. Borpven, C. R., 7 Adams St., Taunton, Mass. BorneEMAN, Harris S., Norristown, Pa. 1912. Bost, Ropert G., 414 Grand St., Troy, N. Y. Bostrom, A., Lincoln, Nebr. 1912. Borkin, Gipert E., Mooreland, Ind. Boucuer, W. A., 28 Valley St., Pasadena, Cal. 1914. . Bourne, RicHarp F., 1336 East 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. — Boyp, CuHas. W., 825 North Ave., West, North Side, Pittsburg, Pa. ‘ 1912. Boyp, H. W., Nyack, N. Y. Boyp, JAMEs, 505 S. 2nd St., San José, Cal. Boyp, JoHn A., Mason City, Nebr. Boynton, WituiAm H., Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I. ~ Ay BracuH, M. W., Hales Corners, .Wis. Brapirv, Cuas. A., Marion, Ia. Or =I bo PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M. A. "3 BRAGINTON, FrREpD, 1934 N. New Jersey St., Indianapolis, Ind. (Mail returned ). BRAINERD, E., Memphis, Mo. BRaIsTED, WILLIAM, 235 E. 57th St., New York City. (Mail re- turned). 1918. BRANDENBERG, T. O., Lakota, N. D. Branson, Roscoe Artuur, R. D. 1., Wichita, Kans. BrasHierR, Ear 8., 2533 State St., Chicago, II. BRAZENALL, THOMAS, Bury, Que. Brazigz, F. E., Harlan, Ia. Bray, THomas A., Box 364, El Paso, Tex. BREED, C. 8., 645 West 160th St., New York City. BREED, FRANK, Pear] River, N. Y. BRENTON, 8., 121 West Alexandrine Ave., Detroit, Mich. BRENTON, Wiis L., 224 Alexandrine Ave., W., Detroit, Mich. Brett, GEO. W., 1636 30th St., N. W., Washington, D. C, BrIMHALL, 8. D., Mayo Clinie Bldg., Rochester, Minn. Bronson, Exy M., 2946 N, Capitol Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. 1918. BrRooKBANK, Roscoe E., Seville Apts., Washington, D. C. Brooks, 8. S., Hamilton Ave and 16th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Brossarb, G. J., Fiefield. Row, Ashland, Wis. BrotrHeriwce, H. J.,3 16th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1918. Broupbg, Harry F., 516 E. State St. , Harrisburg, Pa. 1913. ; Brown, ArtTHur C., 407 P. O. Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. (Mail returned). 1911. Brown, Evprince N., 316 First Ave., N., Nashville, Tenn. 1910. Brown, F. F., 1336 E. 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. Brown, FRANK H., B. A. [., Danville, Ind. Brown, Hersert Austin, Box 428, Victoria, B. C. . 1910. Brown, LyMAn D., 8S. Broadway, Hamilton, Mo. BROWN, SYLVESTER, 122 S. Union St., Traverse City, Mich. BROWNLEE, Wo. F., Kirkwood, Ill. BROWNING, GrorGeE W., Box 3809, La Grange, Ga. BROWNING, P. H., 66 N. San Pedro St., San Jose, Cal. BRUNER, SAMUEL E Live Stock Sanitary Board, Harrisburg, Pa. Bruns, Georce H., 4 Live Stock Record Bldg., Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Il. Bryans, JosePH W. E., Lansford, N. D. Bryant, Aubert E., Menomonie, Wis. 3UCHER, CLARENCE S., 1743 Warren Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1914. 3UCHTEL, JOHN T., Lockhart, Texas. 1914. sUCK, JOHN M., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. 3UCKINGHAM, Davin E., 2115 14th St., Washington, D. C. Buckuey, JOHN M., 600 Carlton Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1913. BUCKLEY, JOHN S., College Park, Md. BUCKLEY, SAMUEL §8., College Park, Md. 1914. BUENCAMINO, VICTOR, 9999 Aga varraga, Manila, P. I. BuLuer, JoHN J., 944 4th St., Santa Moniea, Cal. ise Re os =. b ~ Sh i Mu » —_ * a t 3 4 * > y ¥ ; A “ SE eit ie =a wf ‘ ite PROCEEDINGS OF THE, A. V. M. A. 573 ees Buutivant, James, Spokane, Wash 1914. seed BULLOCK, JOHN L., Creedmoor, N. C. a _ Bunny, Epwarp A., 2346 Hudson Ave., Ogden, Utah. a Burpert, Cyrin H., 5th and Commercial Sts., Centralia, Kans. a Burke, JAMES W., 2012 Canalport Ave., Chicago. (Mail returned) 1912. oie BurkHowper, Cuinron E., Chief Lake, Mich. 1911. oes BuRKLAND, HerMAN W., 475 N. Boulevard Ave., Atlanta, Ga. ae Buruey, ARTHUR JAMES, 2519 House St., Cheyenne, Wyo. Re . Burnett, J. F., care N. W. Mounted Police, Regina, Sask. 1910. * Burnett, SAMUEL H., 410 University Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. * ie - Burnuam, F. E., 728 Ogden Ave., Superior, Wis. a Burns, ALBERT H., Hepler, Kans. xe Burns, JOHN Ropert, B. A. I., Live Stock Exch. Bldg., Chicago, jm Rie 1912. We Burr, ALEXANDER, Old Court House, Boston, Mass. 1914. | BURROWS, SAMUEL, 2317 East 89th St., Cleveland, Ohio. yx Burson, W. H., Athens, Ga. Burt, JAMES Henry, 800 Poyntz Ave., Manhattan, Kans. BUSHNELL, FRED F., Harvard, III. ‘ BusMAN, Herman, P. O., Bldg., South Side Station, Omaha, Nebr. Butin, Grorce E., 1612 W. 16th St., Kansas City, Mo. 4 Butuer, GeorGe W., 315 Federal Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind. > BUTTERFIELD, ORLIN F’., Libertyville, IIL. b Butters, J., Box 335, Renville, Minn. Butz, Frank R., 3116 Spring Grove Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. : Buzzarp, Davip K., Nappanee, Ind. ByerruM, Roswe.u O., 400 E. 2nd St., Muscatine, Ia. Byers, M. V., Broken Bow, Nebr. _Byrp, ATVILLE, 2406 E. 9th St., Kansas City, Mo. Capy, Bert J., Univ. of California, Berkeley, Cal. ig Capy, Henry, 23 Washington St., Gloversville, N: Y. 2 Capy, P. L., Fremont, Nebr. CAHILL, Epwarp A., Lowell, Mass. Canin, F. M., 9th and Mary Sts., St. Joseph, Mo. CALDWELL, FRED W.,St. Joseph, Mo. (Mail returned). 1912. CALDWELL, J. H., 16 4th St., S. E., Medicine Hat, Alta. = | Catpweti, Won. A., Edgewood, Cal. ‘CALKINS, R. C., Fairbury, Ill. Cauuicorr, J. K., 2 East 4th St., Oklahoma City, Okla. 1913. ; CAMBON, FERDINAND J., 303 Perrin Bldg., New Orleans, La. a CAMERON, ALNE Epwarp, 20 Shaa Road, Acton, London W., Eng. CampseELL, DELWIN M., 9 So. Clinton St., Chicago, Ill. © Cant, W. Joun, Erie, Ill. BS: * Carie, Epwarp C., 2517 Lafayette St., St. Joseph, Mo. 1912. > ; ' Caruisue, T. S., 8425 Germantown Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1910. CarMack, RaupH W., Dana, Ind. ‘> CaRNEY, STEPHEN J., 266 Glisan St., Portland, Ore. 1913, 574 he PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. CARNRITE, JAMES SCHUYLER, Fort Plain, N. Y. Carrouu, THos. B., 106 N. 2nd St., Wilmington, N. C. CARROLL, THOos. E., 518 Wall St., Chico, Cal. 1910. Carson, JAMES R., Cicero, Ind. 1914. CARSTENSON, Li. P., Columbus, Nebr. CARTER, ALVA BS: , Williamsport, Ind. CARTER, BaArRcL AY. Frep, 21 W. Fornance St. , Norristown, Pa. 1912. CARTER, E. B., Austin, Minn. CARTER, Gro. H., 219 Tuscola St., Saginaw, Mich. CARTER, JOSEPH E., 70 4th St., N., Fargo, N. D. 1914. CARTER, Rouua E., 619 Ohio Ave., Long Beach, Calif. Carter, R. W., Rancocas Stock Farm, Jobstown, N. J. Case, C. H., 50 E. Buchtel Ave., Akron, Ohio. Case, J. C., Peconic, Long Island, N. Y. Case, LEONARD N., Honolulu. T. H. 1913. CAsry, CHARLES M.. No. 307 Fabius St., Syracuse, N. Y. CASPER, GEORGE T., 419 W. Fruit Ave., Albuquerque, N. M. Castor, THOs., 4914 Frankfort Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. CasH, Gro. B., 464 Bathurst St., Toronto, Ont. CAVELLE, Epwin B., Northville, Mich. 1912. : Caw ey, A. O., Lewisburg, Pa. Crciu, JosepH D., Waterloo, Ia. CHAMBERLAIN, FRANK W., Box 1022, East Lansing, Mich. CHAMBERLIN, Leroy Myuron, 2503 Hamlin St.,N. E., Washington DEG: CHANDLER, GEORGE H., Marseilles, Ohio. 1912. CHANNING, CHARLES E., Real Estate Trust Bldg, Washington, D.C. CHAPMAN, GEORGE W., Webster, 8S. D. CHASE. CHARLES S., Bay Shore, Long Island, N. Y. CHENEY, ALONZO Henry, Polson, Mont. 1914. CHENEY, Barury E., Health Dept., Corpus Christi, Tex. CHENEY, GEORGE Leroy, 265 Park Ave., New Haven, Conn. CHERRINGTON, KenNerH G., 152 Webster St., Pawtucket, R. I. 1911. Cuesuey, G. E., 215 Huntington St., Roc hester oN} Eaton CHisHoumM, JosePpH P., Lisbon, N. D. CHRISMAN, Wo. G., Blacksburg, Va. CuristiAn, Roserr V., 1018 Houston St., Manhattan, Kans. CHRISTIANSEN, JOSEPH C., Mt. Vernon, S. D. 1910. CHRISTIANSEN, OrEN A., 4319 Calumet Ave., Chicago, II. Curistiz, NORMAN DouGuas, Box 616, Regina, Sask. CHRISTOPHER, Raupu E., 423 Cass St., La Crosse, Wis. Cuancy, J. B., Amberston Farm, Edgemont St’n,, EH. St. Louis, Ll. CLARK, B. L., Monticello, Wis. CLARK, CLARENCE W., Rice Lake, Wis. CLARK, Curtis ALrrep, College Corner, Ohio. CLARK, Davin Bert, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. CLARK, Henry D., 69 High St., Fitchburg, Mass. CLARK, Rens, Elberton, Ga. 1912. . —— se El a | ” é f° ~ < P. g : : : . a 4 - ao 7 = Ke + - CuarK, Roy Rateu, Hampton Institute, Hampton, Va. - Cuark, W. G., Box 196, Marinette, Wis. CuArK, Burnett L., Monticello, Wis. Criawson, C. A., 2445-Talbott Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. CLAYTON, CHas. E., 207 West 55th St., New York. _ Cuemons, W. E., Granville, Ohio. CLERE, RAupH, W., E. Syracuse, New York. CDEVELAND, EpGar CHARLES, Jr., Cattaraugus, N. Y. CLEVELAND, WALTER J., Havelock, Ia. Cuirre, G. W., 119 West Johnson St., Upper Sandusky, Ohio. CLINE, Cumrorpb, M., Box 298, Maryville, Mo. CLINE, Gorpon L., Western, Nebr. 1911. Curing, J. D., Clarion, Ia. CLOSSON, GARDNER W., 131 Philadelphia St., Anaheim, Cal. Ciosz, F. W., Lewiston, Ida. Cocuran, D. W., 19 Vestry St., New York City. CocHRANE, Ropert E., 450 Greenbush St., Milwaukee, Wis. CorrEEN, Ropert J., 225 North 2nd St., Stillwater, Minn. Core, ALonzo B., Montrose, Pa. 1912. CouLeTT, Howarp Barker, care of P. Burns & Co., Calgary, Alta. Couns, FRANK, 320 N. 6th St., Monroe, La. Couuins, Fred W., Madison, Nebr. Coins, GEorRGE J., West Point, Nebr. Couuins, LEONARD, Stanton, Nebr. Couns, Rosert E., 256 Monroe St., Memphis, Tenn. Couron, Cuas. L., 99 Ann St., Hartford, Conn. Commins, FrepeERICK E., 119 Cortland Ave., San Francisco, Cal. Comstock, Davin B., 175 Jay St., Albany, N. Y. Connoway, J. W., Univ. of Mo., Columbia, Mo. ConneLL, Cnare V., N. 2nd St., Decatur, Ind. CONRAD, BurToN W., Sabetha, Kans. 1914. Cook, FE’. G., 220 8S. Main St., Paris, Texas. Cook, J. W., Brownsville, Ore. Cook, L. P., 3116 Spring Grove Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Cooney, A.§., State Veterinarian, Columbus, Ohio. CoorEr, Epwarp, R. F. D., No. 3, Sunman, Ind. Cooper, J. M., 711 Plum St., Cincinnati, Ohio. Coover, W. E., Indianapolis, Ind. (Mail returned). 1912. CoprrHorn, Harry K., Chelsea, Mass. Corsin, Cecit J., Pawling, N. Y. Corsin, BE. A., Tucumeari, N. M. 1912. Corcoran, MicHaen, Box 142, Augusta Kans. Corn, SAMUEL, 5518 Market St., Philadelphia, Pas 1Sis. Cornan, Ernest L., Marietta, Pa. Corwin, GrorGE E., Canaan, Conn. Corwin, Witus T., Pine Island, Minn. Gosrorp, SAMUEL E., Box 322, Beatrice, Nebr. Corton, CuHas. E., 615 4th Ave., Meccan, Minn. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A, V. M. A. 515 576 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. i 3 Corton, Wo. E., 3242 38th St. N. W., Washington, D. C. CortTrith, R. B., Sand Fork, W. Va. CourTRIGHT, JOHN M., Lathrop, Mo. Couture, J. A., 49 Garden St., Quebec, Can. _Cowelui, Dante L., Rio, Wis. Cox, ABRAHAM G., Carlisle, Ind. Cox, Harry B., 1516 Snyder Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1914. Cox, WALTER P., 7 N. Carey St., Baltimore, Md. : Cox, WALTER R., Clio, Mich. Coxe, 8. A., 140 9th St., Brandon, Man., Can. Cozter, Cart, 320 Prospect St., Bellingham, Wash. Craig, Ropert A., 621 Owen St., Lafayette, Ind. Crate, THomas F’., Hampden, N. D. Craia, W. B., 216 Meridian St., Indianapolis, Ind. 1914. CRANE, ADELBERT G., 1639 Wabash Avenue., Chicago, III. Cram, V. E., Calexico, Cal. 1912. CRANWELL, JOHN JAMES, 642 West Pike St., Clarksburg, W. Va. CRAWFORD, Harry C., 38 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y. CRAWFORD, J. H., Harvard, Ill. 1913. CRAWFORD, JAMES E., Far Rockaway, Long Island, N. Y. CREAMER, J. M., 5th and Taylor St., Portland, Ore. CREECH, G. TINSLEY, 4193 8. Halstead St., Chicago, Il. CREWE, W. F’., Bismarck, N. D. CRISLER, Orro §8., 209 E. 4th St., Newport, Ky. Crocker, WALTER James, 39th & Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. CULVER, FREDERICK W., Longmont, Colo. CumMING, Davin, Port Huron, Mich. (Mail Returned). 1911. CUNNINGHAM, A. E., 3826 Carnegie St., S. E., Cleveland, O. CUNNINGHAM, ELMER E., 106 Indiana Ave., Valparaiso, Ind. 1913. ~ CuRRAN, MATTHEW JOHN, 39 N. 6th St., New Bedford, Mass. Curry, J. M., 995 Main St., Hartford, Conn. 1911. Curtice, Cooper, U. 8. Sheep Farm, R. R. No. 2, Vienna, Va. Curtis, WiuBuR A., Plainview, Tex. Cusack, FRANK L., Carrington, N. D. Custis, Howarp H., La Jara, Colo. DaurymMP_eE, W. H., Baton Rouge, La. DaMMAN, ARTHUR J., 749 12th Ave. E., Vancouver, B. G., Can. DanrortH, ARTHUR L., 103 Orchard St., Wate rtown, N. Y, DANIELSON, LEOPOLD A., Madera, Cal. DARRAH, GrorGeE D., 648 Hall St., Manchester, N. H. Darrow, JoHN Henry, Jr., 78 N. Hamilton St., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. DauBER, Cuas. C., 107 N. Clay St., Sturgis, Mich. DauBieny, I’. T., 12 Rue St. Denis, Montreal, Que. 1914, DauGHERTY, T. E., Danville, Ind. 1913. DautH, ALBERT, Coteau, Dulac, Que. 1910. DAVENPORT, Mines L., Fergus Falls, Minn. Davipson, Gores H., Rugby, N. D. Davinson, WiuniAM A., Exchange Bldg., 8. St. Joseph, Mo, —_-——S,” F 2 *) " \ ' = A 2 > io er ee > ’ ee ee nee y e. < oe i Ri Ee i ie tela si Davis, BENJAMIN F.., Box 509, Douglas, Wyo. Davis, Harry Emerson, Arlington, 8. D. Davis, J. E., Hume, Ill. 1912. K ’ y ? ) ’ 4 f ¥ : PROCERDINGS OF THRE A. V. M. A. 577 Davis, WiuiiAmM L., B. A. I. , S. Omaha, Nebr. (Mail Ret.) 1914. Davison, Euwin T., Athenia, N. J. Davitt, M. H., 525 N. Main St., Palmer, Mass. Dawpy, CLARENCE A., Brawley, Cal. 1912. Day, Frank J., 50 Rhode Island Ave., N. W., Washington, D. C. Day, L. Ewnos., 4193 8. Halstead St., Chicago, II. ‘/DEADMAN, CHarueEs A., 311 E. Main St., Madison, Wis. Decker, E. J., 16 William St., Far Rockaway, Long Island, N. Y. Detmine, N. J., Dallas Center, Ia. DELL, JESSE APPLIN, 16th and Pacific Aves., Los Angeles, Cal. Deuuert, R: V., 568 Banning St., Winnipeg, Can. DEMING, CHARLES W., Great Falls, Mont., Box 1287. 1912. Demine, S. A., Ida Grove, Ia. DeMort, Ler, Petersburg, Ind. _ DrEntson, WiuuiAm K., Bemidji, Minn. DeERonpe, JoHN D., 48 East 89th St., New York City. DESeERPA, JOHN A., Box 614, Oxnard,Cal. Desmonp, J., 77 Currie St., Adelaide, 8. Australia (Deceased). Dervusier, Ernest C., Wayne, Pa. DEUBLER, Ezra 8., Narberth, Pa. DEVEREAUX, JOHN L., 20 Brook St., Waterbury, Conn. DEVINE, JOHN F., Goshen, N. Y. Dick, Grorce A., Kane, Pa. Dickey, Gro. W., 319 N. Weber St., Colo. Springs, Colo. Dickson, JouHn, 444 Federal Bldg., Denver, Colo. Dmu, Bennie G., Charleston, S. C. (Deceased Sept. 17, 1915). Dm.AHuNt, Perer A., Springfield, Ohio., R. F. D. No. 7. Ditton, L. Ray, 107 N. Grand Ave., Pueblo, Colo. Dimock, Wm. WALLACE, Iowa State College, Ames, Ia. Dinetey, Ernest C., 5335 Delancey St., Philadelphia, Pa. Dinwipprr, R. R., Ft. Smith, Ark. 1912. Dixwooptr, JoHN T. E., Brookings, 8. D. Direwic, Grorce, B. A. I., Washington, D. C. Dirro, JoHN K., Pleasureville, Ky. Diving, JOHN P., Ballston, Va. 1914. _ Drxon, C. Price, Old Fire House, Charlottesville, Va. 1914. Drxon, H. L., Box 616, Regina, Sask, Can. Dospins, Quincy C., Bedford, Ind. Dosson, CHaruEs C., Muncie, Ind. - Dover, Grorce A., Northwood, la. 1911. Doper, Wiuii1Am H., Leominster, Mass. Donan, Francis F., Willow City, N. D. Donap, JAmeEs S., 213 S. Catherine St., Bay City, Mich. DoNNELLY, GEORGE J., 833 Telegraph Ave., Oakland, Cal. _ Donouve, Rosert JOHN, 506 Alaska Bldg., Seattle, Wash. 578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Doran, JOHN THOMAS, Beatrice, Nebr. Dorian, FRANK P., 35 Franklin St., Yonkers, N. Y. Dovueuass, FRANK J., 1235 St. Andrew, New Orleans, La. Dove, Simon A., 1764 Mission St., San Franciseo, Cal. 1913. Drake, Epw. J., Toledo, Wash. ‘(Mail returned). 1914. Drake, M. W., 1808 Morris, Philadelphia, Pa. DRAPER, JAMES Powe, Lowell, Mich. DREHER, Wm. Henry, Box 1438, Oregon, Wis. DREPPARD, SAMUEL G., Flora, III. DREXLER, JOSEPH L., Thibodaux, La. Drury, JAMeEs, 218 Michigan St., Ypsilanti, Mich. Durresne, A. A., Longueuil, Quebec, Can. Du FRENE, ALFRED J., Glendive, Mont. Du JARDIN, GUILLAUME, 270 Craig St., E., Montreal, Que. 1914. DunuszAvy, M. J., 1324 Acoma St., Denver, Colo. Dunn, Raupu C., College Station, Tex. Dunpny, G. W., East Lansing,. Mich. Dustan, Henry W., 25 DeHart St., Morristown, N. J. Dykstra, RaueH R., 714 Houston St., Manhattan, Kan. Dyson, Orton E., State Veterinarian, Springfield, Ill. EaGan, Paut Herman, 817 N. 7th St., East St. Louis, Ill. HaGuE, ALEX. F., 725 San Jose Ave., San Francisco, Cal. EaGue, JOHN G., 3924 Morrel Ave., Kansas City, Mo. Eaaue, RicHarp F., 1309 N. Ellison St., Oklahoma City, Okla. Kacue, Wo. W., 38rd and Central Ave., Kansas City, Kan. Eastman, O. R., Gadsden, Ala. Exssirt, RicHarp, Naper Arms, Old Castle, C. Meath, Ireland. Eckert, Henry F., Markesan, Wis. Epevin, ALLEN ALFRED, 1602 Lagonda St., Fort Worth, Tex. Epq@ineaton, Bruce H., Reynoldsburg, Ohio. Epmonps, Eumer V., 603 Lineoln Ave., Mt. Vernon, Wash. ‘DMUNDS,: ARTHUR L., Franklin, N. H. ; Kpwarps, Frank, Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I. Epwarps, Ira W., Box 82, Stuart, lowa. Epwarps, W. R., Box 216, Vicksburg, Miss. Eagan, JoHN Minton, 1155 Golden Gate Ave., San Franciseo, Cal. Eean, Peter J., 1155 Golden Gate Ave., San Francisco, Cal. KGan, WinuiAm F., 1155 Golden Gate Ave., San Francisco, Cal. Eepert, Arcu, 411 E. 4th St., Logan, Utah. 1911. EICHELBERGER, A. Martin, Box 488, Spring and Milan Sts., Shreveport, La. KicHHoRN, ApvoupH, B. A. I., Washington, D. C. EISEMAN, FRANK T., 222 East Main St., Louisville, Ky. 1918. KISENHOWER, HLMER C., Gypsum, Kans. NISENHOWER, JAMES M., Schell City, Mo. KISENLOHR, HerMAN M., Larimore, N. D. Eupery, Winton, Audubon, la. ELiAson, Oscar H., State Veterinarian, Madison, Wis, * > - a yr eS i. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 579 EvKIn, Aubert F., R. F. D. No. 1., Smicksburg, Pa. Ekin, Josep Homer, Smicksburg, Pa. ELLENBERGER, W. P., 1359 Parkwood Place., Washington, D. C. Exuiorr, ApAM F., Milton, N. D. Evuiorr, Cuas. M., Seward, Nebr. Euuiorr, CLARENCE L., 5434 8S. 3rd St., So. St. Joseph, Mo. Evuiorr, Epwarp W., Park River, N. D. Euiorr, Haroup B., P. O. Box 167, Hilo, Hawaii. Euuis, Ropert W., 509 W. 152nd St., New York City. Eis, Percy L., Box 272, Merrill, Ia. Esey, Mark A., Marion, Ohio. ELWELL, FRED N., National Stock Yards, St. Claire Co., Ill. ~Evzines, Martin E., 349 La Grave Ave., Grand Rapids, Mich. EMBREE, WARREN J., Aberdeen, 8. D. (Mail returned). 1911. ENGEL, JOHN H., 1311 Harford Ave., Baltimore, Md. 1912. ENGLE, FRANK PHIuuIP, Ft. Worth, Tex. (Mail returned). 1918. Ernst, JoHN, Jr., 125 East 4th South St., Salt Lake City, Utah. Essex, JOHN J., Chevy Chase, Md. Estey, Cyrew B., Box 287, St. Cloud, Minn. ETIENNE, ALBERT A., 67 Drummond St., Montreal, Can. ETTLING, CHRISTIAN C., 910 3rd St., E. Las Vegas, N. M. 1911. Evans, CuristMaN E., 719 Wisconsin St., Racine, Wis. Evans, CaLvIN S., 323 Exchange Bldg., Sioux City, Ia. 1911. Everett, A. T., 24th and North Sts., So. Omaha, Nebr. Ewaut, W. Austin, 22 Grand Ave., Mt. Clemens, Mich. EXLInE, JAMES C., 311 Live Stock Ex. Bldg., Denver, Colo. Fasian, ArtHur H., 421 Walworth St., Lake Geneva, Wis. Far, J. D., Millersburg, Ohio. Fake, CHARLES THOMPSON, Granville, N. Y. FaLconer, THomMAsS, Box 303, Alexandria, Minn. Fauuon, Epwarp J., 3372 A 16th St., San Francisco, Cal. Faruey, A. J., 873 Towne Ave., Pomona, Cal. Farmer, ALBION C., Berlin, N. H. Farmer, THOMAS, Grand Blane, Mich. Farrineton, A. M., 1486 Chapin St., Washington, D. C. Faust, Orro, 209 Union Ave., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Faviuwe, G. C., North Emporia, Va. 1913. FEELEY, Rosert O., Clemson College, S. C. Feist, ARNOLD ANDREW, 156 Aurora Ave., St. Paul, Minn. Ferauson, Cuas. W., Auburn, Ala. Frercuson, THomas H., 421 Broad St., Lake Geneva, Wis. Frercuson, W. P., 316 Second St., Grenada, Miss. FrerRNEYHOUGH, JAMES G., Oak St., Burkville, Va. (Mail re- turned). 1914. FrerNeyvHouGH, R. E., Warrenton, Va., Lee St. FEerNSLER, FRANK U., 32 Sotith 7th St., Lebanon, Pa. Ferrand, WiLuiAM 8., Gilmore City, la. Ferro, R. B., Gordon Hotel, Lafayette, La. 580 , PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. \ FrrHEeROLF, Gro. R., Reading, Pa. 1914. FINDLAY, ALEXANDER, 11 Main St., Camden, N. Y. (Mail re- turned). 1912. . FINKLE, Ray C., Seymour, Wis. FINLEY, Lester C., Lapel, Ind. FiscHER, Caru F., Garden City, Mo. — FIscHER, HERMAN C., Bellair, Mich. 1912. FiscHer, Pau, Reynoldsburg, Ohio. : FisH, Prerre A., N. Y. State Vet. Col., Ithaca, N. Y. FisHer, ADAM, 9 West 4th St., Charlotte, N. C. FisHer, Cary W., 420 A St., San Mateo, Cal. « Fisuer, D. Grandin, N. Dak. FisHer, LAWRENCE W., Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I. 1912 Fisk, ALEXANDER G., 815 Willow St., Trinidad, Colo. Fircu, Cuirrorp PENNy, 107 Brandon Place, Ithaca, N. Y. FWircu, Earu W., Arcade, N. Y. FirzpatricK, DENNIS B., 3225 Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. FLAHERTY, JAMES J., 127 Meadow St., New Haven, Conn. 1913. Fuanary, W. F., St. Charles, Minn. FLEMING, CHARLES I., 20 West 5th St., Terre Haute. Ind. 1912. Fiemine, W. B., 12 Washington St., Montgomery, Ala. 1911. FiLemine, W. R., 25 Live Stock Exchange, Buffalo, N. Y. 1918. FLocKEN, CHARLES F., Experiment Station, St. Anthony Park,. Minn. Frower, EK. PEgrAM, Box 24, Baton Rouge, La. Frowers, Royau G., 3rd and Main Sts., Ft. Worth, Tex. Foein, CHarues W., Leipsic, Ohio. Foust, CHARLES D., 1336 E. 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. Fousom, Epwarp GRAHAM, Watson Bldg., Fairmount, W. Va. Foos, ArrtHur C., 126 N. Laurel St., Hazelton, Pa. Fores, 8. D., 301 Cameron St., Alexandria, Va. Force, Louis A., 561 Washington St., Burlington, Wis. Formap, Ropert J., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. Fospinprer, Harry R., 1622 Cosmo St., Hollywood, Cal. Foster, ALLEN A., 3813 Ross Ave., Dallas, Tex. Foster, Frep, 2nd Field Artillery, Vancouver Barracks, Wash. 1910. : Foster, J. D., 126 N. State St., Newtown, Pa. Foster, JoaB P., Box 27, Bangor, Me. Foster, Ropert J., 9th U. S. Cavalry, Manila, P. I. Fostrr, SAmureL B., 927 Union Ave., North, Portland, Ore. Foster, THomaAs J., Monticello, Ill. Kow er, W. J. R., 52 Pacifie Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Can. Fox, Davin F., Room 423 First Nat’l Bank Bldg., Oakland, Cal. Franets, M., College Station, Tex. MRANCOISE, Wm. I., 605 Kast Ave., Kalamazoo, Mich. 1914. FRANK, JOHN WILLIAMSON, Box 291, Nelson, B. C. FRANZMAN, Perer A., 5966 Lowe Ave., Chicago, Ill. “~ PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 581 _. Fraser, THoMAs, 316 N. Henry St., Richmond, Va. see ie AE ae , a af, pares 5 ices \V* Seong? x S54 Fraser, WAuTER, 13th U. S. Cavalry, Marfa, Tex. Frazier, Cuas., 5052 Cottage Grove Ave., Chicago, III. FREDERICK, CHARLES B., 412 N. Walnut St., N. E., Canton, Ohio. 1914. FREDERICK, Harry, Box 584, Suffern, N. Y. FREDERICK, Hyram, J., College Hill, Logan, Utah. FREDERICKS, Wm. J., Franklin Ave., Delawanna, N. J. 1912. Freep, B. M., 12 South Dock St., Sharon, Pa. ‘FreEeMAN, F. E., Buhl, Ida. FrencH, ALEX. W., Cheyenne, Wyo. FrencH, WM. Haron, Redfield, S. D. 1913. FRESE, GrorGce L., 309 11th St., Toledo, Ohio. Frey, Cuarues T., Box 106, River Point, R. I. FRIEDHEIM, Louris, Box 103, Rock Hill, S. C. Fripirici, Utyses G., 204 Pine St., Tamaqua, Pa. Frost, JAMES N., 919 East State St., Ithaca, N. Y. Frost, Roy C., 1513 U. St., N. W., Washington, D. C. FROTHINGHAM, LANGDON, 335 Bay State Road, Boston, Mass. Fuuuer, CuaupeE E., Beach, N. D. FULLER, GEORGE S., 170 Common St., Lawrence, Mass. FULLER, GEORGE 8., 1715 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, Pa. FuLLErR, JOHN Russen, 101 W. Commercial St., Weiser, Ida. Fuuuineton, Harry C., 6047 Greenwood Ave., Seattle, Wash. 1913. Fuustow, Harry, Norwalk, Ohio. FuNKHoussER, GrorcE M., 410 Main St., Lafayette, Ind. Gain, J. H., State Farm, Lincoln, Nebr. Gartngs, Cuas. H., Chilhowee, Mo. GALL, WM., Mattawan, N. J. GALLAGHER, BerNaArpD A., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. GALLAGHER, JOHN J., Western Ave., Lovelock, Nev. GaLLIvAN, MrcHarn V., P. O. Box 567, Lethbridge, Alberta. GauLoway, Peter F., 318 N. Henry St., Richmond, Va. Gast, Henry S., 13829 Gallatin N. W., Washington, D. C. GamratH, Carn L., 52 E. Washington St., Fairfield, Ia. GANNETT, Ray Wiuuarp, 186 Sterling Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. GARDNER, CHENNIE A., Morris, N. Y. GARSIDE, PETER, Bourbon, Ind. Gates, Wm. L., Clarksdale, Miss. Gay, Cart W., Swarthmore, Pa. GEARHART, FRANK C., Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. L., Box 1362. Gemini, A. D., 220 E. Livingston St., Celina, Ohio. Grorce, Harrison H., 235 Federal Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio. GrorGE, Herpert H. 8., Kamloops, B. C. GeruacH, G. H., Morenci, Mich. 1913. Gipson, A., 1617 2nd St., Birmingham, Ala, 582 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Gipson, Howard Renwick, Algona, Ia. Gipson, G. D., Adrian, Mich. GIBSON, JAMES IRVINE, ‘State House, Des Moines, Ia. GIFFEE, JOE W., (1816 Missouri Ave.) South Side Station, Oma- ha, Nebr. Gincurist, Wm. T., 410 Church St., Norfolk, Va. Gines, WaAuTEeR M., Franklin, Tenn. Giuu, H., 337 E. 57th St., New York City. Git, JosePH C., 2nd and Main Sts., Clarksville, Tenn. 1910. Gintuspin, Joun F., 446 Hudson Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. © Ginuiz, Perer T., 22 E. First St., Mansfield, Ohio. GILLILAND, S. H., Marietta, Pa. GiutNER, L. T., Box 3, Bismarck, N. D. GILTNER, Warp, East Lansing, Mich. Ginyarp, ArTHUR T., 74 Phoenix Ave., Waterbury, Conn. GimperR, W. %., Live Stock Sanitary Board, Harrisburg, Pa. (Mail returned). 1912. GuEAson, MarrHew E., Fowlerton, Tex. GLENDENNING, C. G., 115 W. Washington St., Clinton, Il. Guennon, Henry J., 148 Second St., Newark, N. J. GLENNON, JAMES T., 27 Clay St., Newark, N. J. Guover, ALBERT D., Newark, Mo. Guover, GrorcE H., Fort Collins, Colo. GLYNN, LAWRENCE L., 444 Federal Bldg., Denver, Colo. Goun, Horace M., St. Johns, Mich. Goupine, Cyrin, Tulare St., Dinuba, Cal. Goopwin, JAs. ArTHUR, Lock Box 584, New Iberia, La. Goopwin, Percy W., Wrights, Cal. Gorpon, GrorGe, Hanford, Cal. Gorpon, GEORGE, Gibson City, Il. < GORDON, WALDRON M., 1513 6th Ave., Sioux wpe La: aoe GorpoNn, WiuuIAM D., 268 West Santa Clara St., San Jose, Cal. Gore, TRUMAN E., 111 W. Pike St., Clarksburg, W. Va. GORSUCH, DICKINSON, Glencoe, Md. GOSS, Lon ARD W., Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kans. GouLp, J. H., 2nd F. A., Manila, P. I. GouLb, J. N. Worthington, Minn. Gow, Ron ALD M., State Veterinarian, Old State House, Little Rock, Ark. Gravy, WiuuiAM J., Lankin, Ne iD, oo Grar, JoHN, 2nd Ave., West, Cresco, Ia. Grarr, Caru L. P., Bisbee, N. D. Granam, G. G., 1228 Main St., Kansas City, Mo. Grauam, JAMES, 115 Queen St., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. GrauamM, JoHN J., West Queen Lane, Germantown, Pa. 1914. Granam, Leroy B., 369 8. 18th St., Cedar Rapids, La. Granam, Oswaup Hoop, Clinton, N. C. Granam, Raueu, National Stock Yards, Ll, 1911, yale ey * ae ™ Y ea Na SRF AAR LON a EY 7 if y mt wt [Re de + pay He Sees ate , &! ag Oh ee PY a Pe co ce AN pe TRRROe aro Coss ee ee, ee t OS ER >. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 583 GRAHAM, Ropserr, Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. Grapp, Gustav H., Port Deposit, Md. GRANGE, E. A. A., Ontario Vet. College, Toronto, Ont., Can. GRAU, JEPPE ANDREW, Tecumseh, Neb. GRAVES, FRED W., New Richmond, Ind. 1912. Graves, Henry T., E. 201 15th St., Olympia, Wash. Gray, FRED Sumner, Box 561, Miles City, Mont. GRAYBILL, Guy M., Milford Square, Pa. GRAYBILL, Harry W., 1021 Daisy Ave., Long Beach, Cal. GREEDER, HERMAN, Elkhorn, Wis. GREEN, L. KENNETH, 37 Knight St., Auburn, Maine. GREER, JOHN, Saranac Lake, N. Y. GREESON, J. O., Kokomo, Ind. GRIFFITH, J. W., Cedar Rapids, Ia. GRIFFITH, Roscor C., Jamestown, Ohio. GrRoFF, BENJAMIN WARREN, 20 North St., Massillon, Ohio. GROGAN, JosEPH P., 909 Ashland Ave., Baltimore, Md. Gross, JNO. L., Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I. Gross, R. C., Elizabethtown, Pa. GROSSMAN, JAMES D., 117 Ash Ave., Ames, Iowa. GROVE, JNO. S., 310 Federal Bldg., Oklahoma, Okla, Grover, ArTHUR L., 65 9th Ave., New York City. 1914. GrRovES, JOHN W., 40 York St., Hamilton, Ont. Grups, CHAUNCEY M., Box 202, Rockville, Md. GRUBER, JOHN T., 316 N. Main St., Marion, Ohio. GRUENEWALD, Gero. J., B. A. I., Federal Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio. GRUNER, WALTER H., 225 Mary St., Evansville, Ind. 1912: GRUTZMAN, WALTER R., Ft. Bliss, Tex. 8th Cavalry. Guarp, WinuarD F., Veterinary College, Ames, Ia. GULDAGER, FRED How arp, 304 Ridge St., Sacramento, Cal.. 1913. GuYSELMAN, P. C., Monte Vista, Colo. GysEL, Ropert, 9333 Escanaba St., Chicago, Ill. Hapury, Freperick B., Univ. of Wis., Madison, Wis. Hapwen, Srymour, Agassiz, B. C. Harrer, JOHN W., 49 Pearl St., Paterson, N. J. Harnes, W. ALBERTSON, Bristol, Pa. HauL, ApriAN V., Oxford, Pa. 1910. Haun, OrLAN, Health of Animals Branch, Ottawa, Ont., Can. Hauuipay, Rosert J., 21 West 32nd St., Bayonne, N. J. HauuMaNn, Evam T., 383 Sunset Lane, East Lansing, Mich. HAuuoRAN, JOHN L., Broad St., Stapleton, Staten Island, N. Y. Hauuquist, Raupu A., Box 182, Oslo, Minn. Haustep, WituiAm E., 19 Judson St., Binghamton, N. Y. Hatton, JoHn H., 123 G. St., Salt Lake City, Utah. Hatverson, Haroup M., Box 354, Yankton, S. D. Hamster, C. A., 495 Varnum Ave., Lowell, Mass. Hamiuton, Georce W., 604 N. 10th St., KE. St. Louis, Il. Hamiuron, Hersert B., 79 Hillman St., New Bedford, Mass, 584 ‘ PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Hamiuton, Howarp M., Paris, Ky. Hamiuton, M., 364 Main St., Delhi, N. Y. Haminton, Ropert, 1420 Fort St., Victoria, B. C. 1913. Haminton, Wm. C., Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill. (Mail re- turned). 1912. HammMonp, Harry J., Box 338, Sacramento, Cal. Hanawaut, Davip C., Laurel, Miss. 1912. HANDLEY, JOHN Isaac, Box 8, West Raleigh; N. C. HAnpbDuLEy, JNO. M., Woodworth, Wis. Haney, W. F., 1518 Ninth St., Modesto, Cal. HANNA, Roser LEE., Brookville, Ind. 1912. HANSEN, Hans P.., 216 E. Mill St., Austin, Minn. HANSEN, JAMES W. G., b11 N. Lafayette St., Greenville, Mich. HansHew, E., 125 Carlton Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. Hanson, H, De Darien, Conn. HANvVEY, GEORGE A., 5th Cavalry, Harlingen, Tex. HARDENBERG, JAMES Bau, 39th and Woodland Ave., Philadel- phia, Pa. : HarpMAN, Russet T., Kyger, W. Va. Harcrave, J. C., Dominion Vet. Inst., Medicine Hat, Alta. Haring, C. M., Div. of Vet. Science, Univ. of Cal., Berkeley, Cal. Harkins, Maucome J., care H. K Mulford Co., Glenolden, Pa. Harms,-Herpert F., Pearl River, Rockland Co., N. Y. 1912. Harriss, THos. B., 22nd Divisional Train, B. E. F., France. HarrinetTon, E. T., 873 Broadway, 8. Boston, Mass. 1911. Harris, A. W., 78 Fourth Ave., Ottawa, Can. Harris, E. D., Casselton, N. D. Harris, J. G., me Minn. 1912. HARRISON, James V. 120 South Pitcher St., Kalamazoo, Mich. Harrison, Dead a bbe. Broad St., Bloomfield, N, J. Harry, CHarues Epwarp, Anita, Ia. Harsu, Francis A., 326 Murray Ave., Minerva, Ohio. Hart, CuHarues Henry, Hankinson, N. D. Hart, George H., Health Office, City Hall, Los Angeles, Cal. Hart, Joun P., Winchester, Ind. 1913. Hart, Wo. J., Wetmore, Kans. Harruitt, ALEXANDER, 707 Green St., Louisville, Ky. 1914. Hartman, Tuos. T., 1027 Ann St., Kansas City, Kan. 1910. Hartman, Wo. J., State College of Agriculture, Bozeman, Mont. HaAsseLBaucH, A. E., St. Edward, Nebr. 1914. Hasstocs, Aucust, 400 West 50th St., New York City, N. Y. HarrerscHrip, Cuas. A., Aberdeen, 8. D. 1910. Hawke, Waurer L., Lethbridge, Alta. Hawkh, WituiAM RicHarp, Medicine Hat., Alta. 1912. HAwkINsS, JosepH, 184 Stanton Ave., Detroit, Mich. 1913. Haworru, Cuarues C., Donnellson, Il. Haxny, J. W., 6th St., and 3rd Ave., Clarinda, Ia. Hay, Leoroup, 5th and Ist Ave., Fairbault, Minn, x —_ r ‘ ~ PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A 585 HaAypen, CuHarues Ernest, 108 Irving Place, Ithaea, Nia. Fe ‘Hayes, Frep M., Univ. Farm, Davis, Cal. Hayes, JESSE, Alexandria, Va. Havas, JOHN J., 7 H. 42nd St., New York City. Haze, GEorcE ike ig Bast 83rd St., New York City. 1913. ae Hazten, SAMUEL K., Oelwein, Ia. ee Haziewoon, Rosert V. Bessemer, Ala. =) ‘Heacock, Ciype C., Carlsbad, N. M.. 1913. a ‘Heap, CHarues, Regina, Sask., Can. 1911. i Heatey, THom. W., 461 North 2nd St., San Jose, Cal. _ Hearn, Warren E., Columbus, Mont. __ Heaton, Joun B., Indianapolis, Ind. (Mail returned). 1912. 4 Hecxer, FRANK, 1108 Jefferson Co. Savi ings Bk. Bldg., Birming- , ham, Ala. . _ HEDLEY, CLARK, Marion, S. C. a Heprick, Horace A., 2606 Gilford Ave., Baltimore, Md. oo. HEER, Rurvs S., 115 4th St., Platteville, Wis. Herny, Epcar, Hattiesburg, Miss. ‘HeLMER, Jacos, 327 Madison Ave., Scranton, Pa. Hemmy, CHRISTIAN D., New London, Wis. 1910. P ys HeMNEBERGER, WB Portland, Ore. (Mail returned). 1914. . HEMPHILL, JOUN F., 428 Dexter St., Clay Center, Kans. _ HeEnperson, Levi C., Twin Falls, Ida. = HENDREN, Outver T., 6645 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. = « HeEnpren, S. G., 17 E. Market St., Lewiston, Pa. ’ Hennessy, Wim J., 126 Front St., Worcester, Mass. = | Henricu, Leo. O., Vacaville, Cal. _ . Herszorr, Juuius W., 1336 N. Marshall St., Philadelphia, Pa. HernsHemM, J. T., 6222 Lakewood Ave., Chicago, I. 4 ‘Herr, T. J., 381 E. 88rd St., New York City. HERRING, LAWRENCE JAMES, Wilson, N. C. _. Herron, Moore Bryant, 1282 Pike St., Canonsburg, Pa. = Hersuny, Cas. E., Tiffin, Ohio. Hersuey, Samvuew E., Lock Box 283, Charleston, W. Va. ~~ Hess, Ortanpo B., Dept. of Agriculture, Washington ,D. C. © Hickman, D. Etwvn, 333 W. Union St., West Chester, Pa. = ‘ Hickman, THomas S., 1818 Cherry St., Kansas City, Mo. =~ Hicks, Hazen H., 105 Custom House Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. we. Hicks, TUNIs, 642 Irving St., W ashington, D. CG; me Hicks, THos. H., Milbank, S. D. 1911. = Hmay, Joun L., Fortville, Ind. - Higerns, Cuartes H., Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont., Can. Hint, Anson Harris, Brookings, 8. D. 1911. Him, Grorce H., Atkinson, Il. | ~ Huw, James, Tarlac, Tarlac Provinee, P. I. Hint, James ANDERSON, 2609 E. 14th St., Oakland, Cal. 1910. Hunn, JosepH G., Skaneateles, N. Y. 1913. ‘Hu, Rosert C., West Alexandri ia, Ohio, \ ~~ ae: in PRS oe —— are ae he ‘% eA ‘tos, a oe ay Wi . = | me Pog ae . 586 : PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Hint, WM. Procror, Ft. Riley, Kans. (Mail returned). 1912. _ HinurArp, WinutAmM A., 630 McMillan Ave., Winnipeg, Man. Hinton, Grorcr, 126 Lewis St., Ottawa, Ont., Can. Hinton, Wo., 615 Spence St., Winnipeg, Man. Hiuty, Reusen, 619 Walnut St., Toledo, Ohio. Hinesaucn, T. D., Tower City, N. D. HINKLEY, C. J., Woonsocket, S. D., Box 48. Hoac, Waurer Morrow, 1732 Enterprise St., New Orleans, La. 1910. Hoenn, Auvy M., Ottoville, Ohio. 1912. HoekzeMa, Orro FREDERICK, McBain, Mich. Hoearty, JoHN J., 1724 Webster St., Oakland, Cal. Hoec, Epwin, 29 Butler Ave., Wilkes Barre, Pa. Houpen, E. H., Box 612, Springfield, Mass. Houpen, W. C., 131 No. Camel St., Delphos, Ohio. (Deceased Apel 16> 1916). 1914 Hourorp, Frep DEWitTT, Box 655, Chatham, N. Y. HOLLANDER, FERDINAND, 4616 Corondelet St., New Orleans, La. HouurncswortH, FREDERICK H., 39 4th St., Council Bluffs, Ia. HouurncswortH, J. B., 105 Cambridge St., Ottawa, Ont., Can. Houuister, Wu. L., Avon, Ill. Houmes, WAuTeR Burperre, 225 E. Washington St., Springfield, ll. Hout, CAMPBELL l., Box 465, Norfolk, Va. Hoop, ArcHipaup J., 910 Clauranald Ave., Montreal, Que., Can. Hoopes, Herpert, Bel Air, Md. Hoover, Lee C., 11 So. 9th St., Richmond, Ind. Horr, FREDERICK S., 148 N. Paxon St., Philadelphia, Pa. Hopper, JOHN B., 74 Maple Ave., Ridgewood, N. J. Hopprr, JOHN G., Chesapeake City, Md. 1914. Hornpaker, Jos. N., Front Royal, Va. HorNER, GLENN W., Westminster, Md. Horstman, Epwarp, Newton, Miss. Hoskins, Cueston M., 3452 Ludlow St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1912. Hoskins, H. Preston, University Farm, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Houcuin, A. 8S., Newark, Del. Houck, U. G., Washington, D. C. Howarp, ©. H., 271 Shelden St., Houghton, Mich. Howarb, CLARENCE T., 11 N. Main St., Sullivan, Ind. Howarb, JULIAN, Stanwood, Wash. (Mail returned). 1910. Howarp, Oapen Jay, Coloma, Mich. (Mail returned). 1912. Howarp, W. K., Lock Box 48, Gainesville, Tex. , Howr, Waurer E., 444 Federal Bldg., Denver, Colo, HovyuMAN, JoHN L., Franklin, Nebr. Iloyman, Harry J., Livestock Exchange Bldg., So. St. Joseph, Mo. Huppent, ArtHuR D., 318 E. 2nd St., Los Angeles, Cal. Hupams, Parrick Henry, Box 184, Fredericksburg, Va. (Mail returned), 1911, ys. = y asp ee PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 587 Hupson, Bentuey F'., Moweaqua, II. Hupson, Percy Witeur, Americus, Ga. HuEBEN, FRANK W., 1131 Riverview Ave., Kansas City, Kans. HUEBSCHMANN, JOHN, 625 S. 3rd St., Baltimore, Md. HUELSEN, J., 348 W. 118th St., New York City, N. Y. Hurr, Logan B., Box 227, Aurora, III. Hurr, Wiuson, 401 West Liberty St., Rome, N. Y. HuFFMAN, PLEASANT J., 104-5 Livestock Exchange Bldg., Fort ‘ Worth, Texas. 1913. HUuFNALL, WituiAm THomas, City Food Inspector, Port Arthur, Tex. 1913. ; Hueues, ArtHur D., 4193 8. Halstead St., Chicago, Ill. (Deceased Feb. 15, 1916). HuGHeEs, JOSEPH, 2537 State St., Chicago, Il. Huerns, FRANK AuMon, P. O. Bldg., S. Omaha, Nebr. Huu, Martin, 20 Federal Bldg., Kansas City, Kans. Humpwrey, Earu H., Santa Maria, Cal. 1914. Humpnureeys, J. C., Chula, Mo. ' Hunt, FRANK, 214 Washington St., Jamestown, N. Y. Hunt, J. C., 84 N. Union St., London, Ohio. Hurp, Ray B., 11th St. and 2nd Ave., South, Payette, Ida. Hurtey, Pau C., East St. Louis,, [i]. (Mail returned). 1912. Hurst, Dan W., Box 218, Tecumseh, Nebr. Horst, Wiusur H., Chadron, Neb. Hurt, Lesuiz M., 665 N. Fair Oaks Ave., Pasadena, Cal. HussBanp, AusreY G., 4th St., Belmont, Man., Can. Hurcuison, JoHn, 7045 Emerald Ave., Chicago, Il. Hutruman, G. H., 415 E. 7th St., Portland, Ore. Hutron, JoHN P., East Lansing, Mich. Huyett, Wauter G., East Market St., Wernersville, Pa. Hype, THomas F., Brookville, Ind. HyYLAnpb, EuGenE H., Schuyler, Nebr. Hyuton, Fioyp D., Box 612, Longmont, Colo. Ipz, ALMonp H., 28 Elm St., Lowville, N. Y. Imes, Marion, Federal Bldg., Kansas City, Kans. Ineram, WitiiAM L., Florence, Ala. Irwin, Ivan B., Stonewall, Man. 1912. IRWIN, SAMUEL, 24 W. Jackson St., Battle Creek, Mich. IsBELL, GrorGE P., East 9th St., Hopkinsville, Ky. 1914. IversON, JOHN P., Box 287, Sacramento, Cal. JACKSON, CRAWFORD CHARLES, East Villiard St., Dickinson, N. D. JACKSON, FRANK B., Camden, Ohio. JACKSON, WILLIAM PeErer, 429 Salem St., Chico, Cal. Jacos, M., 312 W. Church Ave., Knoxville, Tenn. JAFFRAY, Davin S., Jr., 209 N. Des Plaines St., Chicago, Ill. Jaco, THomas E., Athens, Ga. JAKEMAN, Harry W., University of Nevada, Reno, Ney. JAKEMAN, WILLIAM, Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Can. \ 588 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M. A. James, THomas D., 1123 Washburn St., Seranton, Pa. JAMESON, JOHN W., 817 Pleasant St., Paris, Ky. JARMAN, G. A, Ghestertown ,Md. JEFFERIES, Jos. R., 1140 Sutter St., San Francisco, Cal. JEFFERSON, JOSEPH H., Chicago Jet., Ohio. JEFFREY, Prep M., 1890 N. 12th St., Toledo, Ohio. JELEN, FRANK, Box 734, Cedar Rapids, Ta. JENKINS, Evpert A., 2027 Morgan St., Shelbyville, Il. Jenks, Raupu C., 78 Croton Ave., Ossining, N. Y. JENNINGS, C. G., Morris, Minn. JENSEN, H., 2468 EK. 28th St., Kansas City, Mo. JERVIS, Horace B., 1205 Lady St., Columbia, S. C. JERVIS, JAMES G., 3694 Victoria Drive., Vancouver, B. C.. JEWELL, CHARLES H., 4th Cavalry, Schofield Barracks, Honolulu, ic Bed be JOHNSON, AARON V., 103 E. Oat St., New Albany, Ind. JOHNSON, ALBERT C., 131 15th St., Portland, Ore. (Mail re- turned) <>: LOt4: : JOHNSON, Aucust F., Memphis, Tenn. (Mail returned). 1913. JOHNSON, JOSEPH, Union Stock Yards, Lancaster, Pa. JOHNSON, Levi E., 429 Pecks Ave., San Antonio, Tex. JOHNSON, Oscar JOSEPH, State Veterinarian, Miles City, Mont. JOHNSTON, NerRus A., 21 Lorne St., Wetaskiwin, Alta. JOLLY, CHARLES R., 19 Exchange Place, Atlanta, Ga. 1912. Jouy, A., 60 Silver St., Waterville, Maine. JONES, ALBERT C., 108 W. Washington St., High Point, N. C. JONES, FRANK R., 742 N. Belmont Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. 1912, JONES, FREDERIC S., 66th St. and Ave. A., New York City. JONES, GEORGE ANDREW, Box 102, Sedro Wooley, Wash. JONES, GEORGE B., Sidell, Ill. Jongzs, JAMES M., Lewisburg, Tenn. JONES, PHturp K., 5604 Harvard St., Pittsburg, Pa. 1913. Jones, W. F., 311 Second St., E., McCook, Nebr. JOPLING, WinuIAM, North Star, Mich. Joy, JAMES J., 2486 Collingwood Ave., Detroit, Mich. Joss, JESSE M., 2318 E. 24th St., Kansas City, Mo. Joycr, C. O., Irvington Sta., Ind. JUCKNIESS, PAun, 617 N. 23rd St., So. Omaha, Nebr JULIEN, Ren C., Delphi, Ind. JuNG, Orro E., 1514 West 380th St., Oklahoma City, Okla. JUNGERMAN, GeorGE T., Morrill, Kans. Kaiser, ALBERT JOHN, Kingsburg, Cal. KauLkus, JuLius, 805 Linden Ave., Pullman, Wash. KAMMERER, R. A., 700 South Kingshighway, St. Louis, Mo. KANN, R. L., Mechanicsburg, Pa. \ KARTRUDE, Hiuert H., Jasper, Minn. KAarTsuNUMA, Tomirzo, U. S. Immigration Service, Honolulu, T. H. Kaupp, B. F., West Raleigh, N. C. a. = wi by Ag, , cis! ee ee ee -* yo =. Tr ae ~~ Pe SI EP eee se es Ee pe EO ~o a Soi ree : PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 589 Kay, Gustave A., B. A. [., South Omaha, Nebr. Kaytor, JAMES M., Barry, Ill. KEAN, THOMAS J., 1630 W. Suydenham St., Philadelphia, Pa. KEANE, CHARLES F’., 1818 Market St., San Francisco, Cal. Keer, E. M., Winters, Cal. KEEHN, Wo. G., 1336 E. 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. KEELEY, PeTer T., 238 N. Elm St., Waterbury, Conn. KEELOR, ALLEN Z., Telford, Pa. 1912. Keetor, J. R., Harleysville, Pa. KEENE, Harry L., Shabbona, III. KEEPERS, Ropert W., Greencastle, Pa. Keer, T. O., Ridgeville, Ind. * KELuy, JAMES Scort, 31 Exch. Bldg., Wichita, Kans. KELLY, STEPHEN G. C., 1600 S. A. St., Elwood, Ind. 1911. Ketiy, THomas, 1204 Pine St., Philadelphia, Pa. Kentuy, WM. Henry, 233 Western Ave., Albany, N. Y. Kerr, Henry O., Box 464, Albuquerque, N. M. Keser, RAymonp A., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. Kesry, Harry R., 1344 23rd St., Newport News, Va. KENELEY, FRANK THOMAS, Twin Falls, Ida. Kennepy, E. D., Ogden, Utah. KENNEDY, JAMES F., Bloomington, Wis. KENNEDY, W. W., 74 E. First St., Fulton, N. Y. KENNEY, THos. G., Bismarck, N. D. Keresey, Dennis L., 15 Bridge St., Danbury, Conn. KERN, CHARLES B., Beloit, Kans. Kern, Harry F., B. Agriculture, Manila, P. I. Ketcuum, F. D., 8. St. Paul, Minn. Kerrienorn, A. H., Broadway, Columbus, Wis. Keys, ArcHripaLp A., 117 N. 10th St., Minneapolis, Minn. KicksuscH, FRANK O., B. A. I., Grand Rapids, Wis. KIERNAN, JOHN A., B. A. I., Birmingham, Ala. Kicin, LAwrENCE C., Lincoln, Nebr. 1914. Kien, THomas F., 102 No. Green St., Tipton, Ind. Kiuie, Witmer B., 127 Grant St., Salem, N. J. Kine, JOHN, Carlisle, Sask., Can. 1914. King, Samueu A., 1208 Orren St., N. E., Washington, D. C. Kine, WinuiAM M., 1671 Folsom St., San Francisco, Cal. Kineman, Harry E., Fort Collins, Colo. Kingman, H. W., 19 West Canton St., Boston, Mass. Kineston, Ricuarp H., 41 Convent Ave., New York City. Kinney, WILLIAM M., 133 So. Grant St., Wooster, Wayne Co., Ohio. Kinsry, GrorGE W., 931 Market St., Wheeling, W. Va. Kinstey, ALBERT T., 1336 E. 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. KINSLEY, CHRISTOPHER C., Oakley, Kans. Kinyon, B. F., Ladysmith, Wis. Kirsy, Basserr, 85 Cooper St., Woodbury, N. J. Krrpy, Amos Couiys, Page, N. D. 590 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. r — $< KJERNER, RupoupH, Chatfield, Minn. Kuern, Louis A., 89th and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Kune, A. J., Fulton St., Wauseon, Ohio. KuipHarpt, Wo. A., 3537 A. Wyandotte St., Kansas City, Mo. Kiorz, JosepH W., Noblesville, Ind. : Knap, ANTON E., Box 1303, Billings, Mont. (Mail returned). 1913. Knapp, Aupert ©., 2414 North Ave., Bridgeport, Conn. Kwapp, G. A., Millbrook, N. Y. Knapp, VALENTINE M., 37 New St., Danbury, Conn. Knicut, Raupu F., 109 W. Henley St., Olean, N. Y. Know es, ALBERT D., 302 S. 4th St., W., Missoula, Mont. Know tgs, M. E., Helena, Mont. KNow.es, Vircit W., 305 Federal Bldg., Oklahoma, Okla. Kocu, Juuius, East Second St., Downey, Cal. Kocuer, Frank T., 1010 E. Market St., Sunbury, Pa. KorHuer, Epwarp F., 6th and Church Sts., Easton, Pa. KOEN, JOHN SrraTtron, Adel, Ia. Koon, Georce H., 12th Cavalry, Hachita, N. Mex. Koonce, LAFAYETTE F., 324 S. Blount St., Raleigh, N. C. Kors, Wauter A., Dept. of Agriculture, Lloilo, P. I. KraaGness, T. A., 6031 Wentworth Ave., Chicago, Ill. Kremer, W. E., Wadsworth, Ohio. Kreuzicer, Martin W., Hotel Randolph, Bowman, N. D. Krey, THeEopvore F., 451 Sheridan Ave., Detroit, Mich. Krieger, Ropert E., Williston, N. D. 1911. Kron, Oscar JAcos, 1386 Goldengate Ave., San Francisco, Cal. Kusin, Epison F., McPherson, Kans. Kuun, J. M., Mercersburg, Pa. Kup, A. I., Adel, lowa. Lacrorx, J. Vicror, 9 So. Clinton St., Chicago, TL. Lapvzon, Tuomas Anritur, Hyattsville, Md. Lamp, CHarues G., 1140 Corona St., Denver, Colo. Lams, Moraan B., Dept of Agriculture, Columbus, O. 1911. LAMBERT, FrepeRIcK Witu1AM, New Windsor, Md. LAmBrecHts, T., Box 71, Montevideo, Minn. Lamess, G., Dysart, Ia. Lampr, W. H. G., 2939 Broadway, Indianapolis, Ind. 1912. LAND, L. M., Limestone and Short Sts., Lexington, Ky. LANDON, FRANK D. M., 16 Pleasant St., Great Barrington, Mass. Lana, Auaust R., 152 Main St., Porterville, Cal. (Mail returned). 1911. Lanacpon, Harry B., Charlestown, W. Va. LANGrorD, SAMUEL M., College St., Martinsburg, W. Va. LANG@TRY, WALTER, Fort Wayne, Ind. 1912. LAPotn te, R., St. Peter, Minn, LAppip, Epwarp, 132 Exch. Bldg., care Northern Serum Co., Sioux City, La. LARGENT, Bert H., Battle Ground, Ind. bh : ' _ Larocue, Omer, 560 Visitation St., Montreal, Can. 1912. _ Larson, Louis N., P. O. Block, Whitehall, Wis. Tae Lasn, Curis. D., care B. A. I., So. St. Joseph, Mo. Lassen, Curistian W., 516 Bush St., Pendleton, Ore. Lauman, Frepericxk J., 2300 Cecelia Ave., Sioux City, Ia. 1912. 1 LaVirrs, WiuuiAM Netson, Berlin, Ohio. 1912. aw, JAMES, Ithaca, N. Y. a Lawton, ANDREW NoBLE, 2 Clinton Ave., Broadhead, Wis. 1914. _ Lawrox, FurrcHer E., 110 Madison St., Greencastle, Ind. ) Dayne, Iirnzst, Huntington, W. Va. - t . Leacn, lpwarp Dantes, 333 Clinton St., Ft. Wayne,Ind. -LECLAIRE, THos. Epw., Alberta, ( Can. P. O. Box 501, Calgary, Alta ES LEE, DANIEL D., 549 Albany , Boston, Mass. Lex, Water Herperr, Betas Ala. aa ‘Lercn, G. Epw., 322 Main St., Winona, Minn. ‘ee LEGENHAUSEN, ADoL PH H., Weldon, Ill. 1913. _Leener, Arruur J., Leland, Ill. SuniGH, Brverny M., 411 20th Ave., Meridian, Miss. 1913. P ze ~ Lernincer, Danten B., 7th Cavalry, Douglas, Ariz. ; ‘Lerrs, F rep J., 1401 Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill. : 3 LEIri, Tuomas Lester, Alliance, Nebr. - LeMry, Gro. GRANT, 2106 Cumming St., Omaha, Nebr. ¥ Len, Roserr C., Mascoutah, Ill. 1912. en LENFESTRY, Joun H., Lyons, Ohio. 4 LENTz, FRANK E., 39th and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1911 — Lentz, Wo. J., 39th and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. le ‘=a Leonarp, Minton M., 18 South Park Square, Asheville, N. C. x e \ LEP, iF Je, 169 West Monroe St., Chicago, Ll. 1910. * o. Linsiin, ‘Gnas. ApELPHU s, 10 Masonic Temple, Deadwood, 8. D. Lert, HAsKeEt, 111 W. 3rd St., Seymour, Ind. i “LETTENEY, JAMES T., 42 Charles St. Rochester, N. H. : LEvTHOLT, Henry, 250 Main St., avis Pa. ai Lewis, Haroup M., 20 Railroad Sq., Nashua, N. H. ; » Lewis, Henry S., 110 W ashington Ave. Chelsea, Mass. ols ' LeEwis, JAMEs, Greenwood, Miss. s d Lewis, Sry Mov r V., Glenwood City, Wis. ; ‘Lewis, Waurer Krys, 901 Union Natl. Bank Bldg., Columbia, S. C. Lewis, Watson F., Waseca, Minn. _ Licrexwaurer, H. W. C., 1215 15th St., Sacramento, Cal. , Licuty, Wm. W., Woodstock, Ill. ' a eS LINBERG, JoHN WiLurAM, 228 W. 53rd St., Philadelphia, Pa. INCH, CHARLES, 123 North Allen St., Albany, N. Y. * me Lincoun Wiis B., Neuhoff Abattoir & Packing Co., Nashville, i bey Tenn. tes Linpsure, 0. Enocnu, 423 N. 10th St., Lincoln, Nebr. 1913. _ «LINbLey, Pau LS§., Paoli, Indi 1012. fe irr, Car FREDERICK, 208 Occidental Life Bldg., Albuquerque, Ri et N. M. $ vie e 4 ‘ ss hee , ut} ‘ ; ‘ aust es 592 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A, } Lipp, CHARLES C., Brookings, 8. D. Lipp, Grorce A., Box 818, Roswell, N. M. LOBDELL, STEPHEN C., 6 S. 3rd St., LaFayette, Ind. Locke, GrorGe H., Lockford, Cal. LocKETT, STEPHEN, Univ. of Nev., Reno, Nev. LockHart, ANDREW A., Carnduff, Sask. Locan, Epwarp A., 3209 Mitchell Ave., St’ Joseph, Mo. LOGAN, JAMES AustTIN, Oakes, N. D. Louuar, Ernest E., Red Cloud, Nebr. Lomparp, CHArues M., 4502 Emerald Ave., Chicago, Ill. Lonetey, Oris A., 24th and Broadway, Oakland, Cal. Western ' Laboratories. LorHe, Hersert, Waukesha, Wisconsin. ‘Louck, Rex Cuark, Clarence, [a. Love, Grover V., Main St., Chalmers, Ind. Love, JAMes R. (address unknown). 1910. LOVEBERRY, CLARENCE, Quartermaster Dept. U.S. Army, SanFran- ciseo, Cal. 1910. Lovesoy, J. O., Federal Bldg., Augusta, Ga. LOvELAND, Grove W., 49 East Main St., Torrington, Conn. LovELL, Roy, 200 W. 5th St., York, Nebr. Lows, J. Payne, 171 Jefferson St., Passaic, N. J. Lowe, W. S:, 17 North Ist St., Phoenix, Ariz. 1912. Lowrey, FrepericK H. 8., 1127 Keele St., Toronto, Ont., Can. LuEpER, CuHarRLes AuGcustus, 752 North Front St., Morgantown, W. Va. Luxes, Harry, 441 Sumner Ave., Springfield, Mass. Luui, Eumer L., Parma, Ida. Lutuer, W. H., Boonville, Ind. Luzapvor, Roy A., Morrisonville, Il. Lyman, Ricuarp P., P. O. Box 1018, East Lansing, Mich. Lyon, H. C., Hutehinson, Minn. Lytir, W. Harrison, Salem, Ore. McAuuister, Rance G., 1259 Fillmore St., Corvallis, Ore. McApory, Isaac 8., Auburn, Ala. McAtping, D., Box 696, Brockville, Ont., Can. McANUuLTtY, JoHN F., 2832 North 6th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1912. McCarrrey, JAMES, Lock Box 83, Red Bank, N. J. McCain, Fart A., Gregory, S. D. 1912. McCarruy, Cuas. F., 1317 Fulton St., San Francisco, Cal. 1912. McCarrtny, FE. H., 317 N. 3rd St., Pottsville, Pa. McCarruy, Henry J., Arlington, Md. McCarruy, THos. A., Livestock Exch. Bldg., Chicago, Ill. (Mail returned). 1914. McCartney, JoHN, Middletown, N. Y. McCaskinu, ALEXANDER WuitNry, Weyburn, Sask., Can. McCavuaeuny, N. W., Church St., Veterinary Hospital, Presque Isle, Me, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M./A. * 593 ee | ~ McCuarn, L. Gorpvon, Manzanola, Colo. 1910. . of McCuenian, Minton Porrrr, 222 Hongus Crescent, Regina Sask, . ~ McCet.anp, ALFRED H., Walton, N. Y. a e\ ~ McCeunann, FRANK E., 455 B llicott St., Buffalo, N. Y. — McCtosxey, ANTHON y J., Chestnut Hill, Pa. ae ee COORD, FR ANK A., 215 Queens Ave., Edmonton, Alta. ~ McCowen, A PD dgeley, N. D. McCoy, ELus K., Canton, Miss. McCoy, HRANKLIN C., 1623 South I St., Bedford, Ind. Bs McCoy, JOHN E. , Box 21, Cawker City, Kans. ; “McCray, J. A,, 79 Sailly Ave., Plattsburg, N. Y. McCuaie, D., McAdam Junction, New Brunswick, Can. y . McCutney, Roper W., 38 Lexington Ave., New York City, N. Y. = McCutioven, Epw. ALEX., 219 McDowell St., Delavan, Wis. ~ McCurpy, FRANK C., 616 No. 10th St., St. Jose ph, Mo. McCusuina, FRANCIS P., 104 High St., Keene, N. H. | McDani1, J. C.,.1319 S. A. St., Elwood, Ind. ~ McDanten, Joun Samuen, East Lansing, Mich. McDona.p, D. M., 3932 Pleasant Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. McDownne.., L. E., Audubon, Minn. McDonovcu, James, 47 Portland Place, Montclair, N. J. ~ McDonoveu, Joun F., 1633 So. 22nd St., Philadelphia, Pa. ~ McDowe tt, CLARENCE, 614 2nd St., Watertown, 8. D. 1911. McDowe tt, Harris B., Middletown, Del. 1912. McEtyra, Lewis Wesiey, Ames, Ia. _McEvers, Aubert E., 349 Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill. (Mail re- turned). 1911. ~ McFaruanp, C. M., 230 Exch. Bldg., Sioux City, Ia. “McFarrwcr, How ARD SIMON A, 30 Argyle St., Halifax, N. S., Gan. McGinvray, CHas. D., Dept. of Agriculture, Winnipeg, Man., Can._ McGiuivray, GrorGE, Box 303, Roseau, Minn. _ McGroarry, BerNarp, Boothwyn, Pa. 1913. McGuire, W. C., Pitt and Second Sts., Conrwall, Ont., Can. ~ MaIynss, BENJAMIN Kare R, 57 Queen St., Charleston, ‘S. C. - McKay, ALEXANDER M., 527 4th Ave., Calgary, Alta. McKenna, JOHN F., 616 Eye St., Fresno, Gal. McKernzr, K. J., Northfield, Minn. McKeon, Wo. Jos., 716 Cambie St., Vancouver, B. C. 1910. McKercuer, Artuur, 115 Ionia St., E., Lansing, Mich. - McKey, Joun, 1926 W. Ist St., Duluth, Minn. McKisein, Davin Jr., 2900 Frankfort Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. McKiuuip, Cuester A., 1639 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Il. McKie, Georce B., 1639 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Til. a McKiuur, Marruew H., 1639 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Il. — McKie, Water J., 1639 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Il. McKim, CHares A., 2737 P. St., Lineoln, Nebr. ~ McKim, Orvitie Ernest, 338 West 56th St., New York City. - McKinney, Wo. J., 585 Driggs St., Brooklyn, N. Y. * y Ri! as of a ew © tt eo eee ea. See fe © cf. Ae eS Ma ae er. eek ee ts: ont oath ay ee de ore ; ae . f ; A ‘ ‘a n i 7 J * 2 ~ v © ~ a i — > 594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. j i ¥ McKinnon, JOHN eel , Land Transportation, Manila, P. I. McLain, JouHn H., Inkster, INS Dy McLean, ADAM T., Truro, Nova Scotia, Can. McLray, JOHN DoNALDSON, Indianapolis, Ind. McLeop, J. H., Charles City, Ia. McMutten, Ropert H., 444 Federal Bldg., Denver, Colo. McNair, FREDERICK H., 2126 Haste St., Berkeley, Cal. McNatty, MicHAsgt, 1412 Pine St., St: Louis, Mo. 1914. McNaventon, D. D., 717 Kelly Ave., Devil’s Lake, N. D. McNen, James C., 3349 Webster Ave. , Pittsburg, Pa. 1910. McNett, JOHN H., S46 Paulo, Brazil, Sg. Ameriea. (Mail returned). 1914. McPIKE, CLARENCE T'. Cando, N. D. MacCormack, ©. Doueuas, North Baltimore, Ohio. MacDona.p, R. W., 522 Brush St., Flint, Mich. (Mail returned). 1911. MacIntosu, Ropert DuncAN, 296 Danforth Ave., Toronto,, Can. (Mail returned). 1914. Mack, C. A., Gilbert Plains, Man., Can. Mack, JAMES F., River Falls, Wis. Mack, WINFRED B., Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nev. MacKeuuar, Ropert S., 351 West 11th St., New York, N. Y. MackKeunar, Wo. M., 219 Federal Bldg., San Diego, Cal. Mackig&, CLEMENT L., Towson, Md. (Mail returned). 1918. Mackig, Frank H., 1035 Cathedral St., Baltimore, Md: Mapson, Wm., Appleton, Wis. Manarry, THomas J., Box 920, Jacksonville, Fla. Manon, JAMES, 40514 Main St., Irwin, Pa. Mair, ALEXANDER M., 1248. Park St., Streator, Ill. MaJor, JOHN Perry, City Bldg., Anderson, S. C. Making, E., Jr., Abilene, Kans. Box 445. Maucoum, Perer, New Hampton, [a. Mauoney, THos. E., 1095 N. Main St., Fall River, Mass. MAUuone, WILLIAM J., Mt. Horeb, Wis. Mancan, Danteu J., 2557 Third Ave.,’ Bronx, New York City. MANSFIELD, CHARLES M., 1344 Newton St., N. W., Washington, D.C. MANUEL, Epwarp A., 232 Park Pl:., Des Plaines, II]. Marks, Danten G., 562 West 12th St., Chicago, Ill 1912. Marquarpt, 8S. J., Barnesville, Ohio. Marquerre, WituiAM M., 240 Hudson St., Indianapolis, Ind. 1912. Marquis, Francis, M., French Camp, Cal. MarsH, Hapieicn, 3401 16th St., N. W., Washington, D.C. MARSHALL, CHARLES WILLIAM, Main St., Brewster, N. Y. MARSHALL, CLARENCE J., 39th and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa, M \RSHALL, Henry, 202 Federal Bldg., Richmond, Va MArsHALL, Herbert, Mechum River, Va. MARSHALL, L. G., Towanda, Pa. 1911. MARSTELLER, Ross P., College Station, Texas, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ES A eens a oe Be ARTIN, Harry D., 481 Rhode Island St. Buffalo, N. Y. ' Martin, Roserr D., 1192 Broad St., Bridgeport, Conn. are Biccdins, Sraniey THom AS, 281 James St., Winnipeg, Man., Can. ' Martin, W. E., 281 James St: Winnipeg, Man., Can. a “Marve, ALEX. L., Owensville, Ind. ~ Mason, “A. iba Oahu, I 3 Op ‘Mason, WILLIAM Dent, Box 488, Elko, Nev. if P res, FB., 187 Grand St. Jersey 8 ity, N. J. MAarrrocce, DANIEL, eSt.. Los Banos, Cal. , ~ Marrson, Wm. jaae Chester Heights, Pa. 1912. aa Cotumsus E., Jeanerette, La. . ' Mautrair, Cuauncey D.,R. D. No. 2, Granville, Hl. 1910, _ Mawer, George C., 9219 Clifton Blvd., Cleveland, Ohio. Maxson, Witeur Bernert, Flemington, N. J. ~Mavnarn, Lee H. P., 1937 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa. Mayo, N. ar 4753 Ravenswood Ave., Chicago, Ill. _ Maze, LUTHER A., eare Parke, Davis & Co., “Rochester, Mich. eadak~ "Mean, R.N., Crawfordsville, Ind. ee, 4 Mrapr, ALBERT M., National Stock Yards, Ill. (Mail returned). Ly I ert 1912. ear _ Meavors, W. H.. National Stock Yards, E. St. Louis, Tl. ¥ -MEabs, FREDERICK F., 123 EK. Randolph St., Enid, Okla. ‘ - Meacuer, Joun A., Box 172, Glendale, Ohio. - 1912. ee oF MEBANE, Wa. Lona, Rockwood, Maine a ee MeEcowan, CuaubeE L., 1021 J. St., Sacramento, Cal. bait Gieanics RF, Boonton, N. J. 1914. Fn a Metsner, H. A., 1133 Hartford Ave., Baltimore, Md. ‘eee - MEIXEL, Gorse A., Aurora, Nebr. 1911. pele Pe - Merinat, Louts A., 1827 Wabash Ave., Chieago, II. . oe * Merca.re, A.R., Van Kleek Hill, Ont., Can. nae _ MEYER, GORGE W., 528.~Washington St., New York City. pe 4 i ie: ~ Merver, Karu F., Second and Parnassus Ave., San Franciseo, Cal. vet. Ns ‘Mrvernorrrer, Jos. STEWART, Weyers Cave, Va. 1911. in: _ Meysr, FRepERIcK W., 144 Bryant St., N. W., Washington, D. e - Micuarn, Leo B., East Main St., Collinsville, Tl. 5 Bs: MICHAEL, Ww. Rosert, Highland, Ll. a* ay “Micuner, Hiram M., North Wales, Pa. 1914. rh 2 Mipp.eron, Asa C., Grundy Center, Ia. me ~ Mirxs, Howarp J., N. Y. State Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y. Li a -Muuarn, Hue R., 2507 Central Ave., C heyenne, Wyo. a MILLEN, CHARLES J., care Jacob E. Decker & Sons, Mason City, Ia. _ Muter, A. Date, 29 Vine St., Dayton, Ohio. 1913. Mrmr, A. W., 4534 8. 18th St., Omaha, Nebr. Mitter, C. A., 411 South Jackson St., Louisville, Ky. ~ Minter, Cuesrer, Elliott & Co., Duluth, Minn. a ~Minuer, Dante 8., 230 Mill St., East Port Chester, Conn. - Miuuer, Freperick A., Fitchburg, Mass. 234 Muner, Harry K., 1: 28 W. 53rd St., New York City. as SS 596 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ' i Miner, JOHN FrRep, 24 New Scotland Ave., Albany, N. Y. Minter, Joun M., 152 Louis St., Grand Rapids, Mich. Miuuer, JoHN P., 46 Reed St., Reading, Pa. 1913. MinurEr, SAMUEL H., 2125 3rd Ave., Rock Island, Ill. 1910. Minter, THomas C., 600 Tribune Bldg., Winnipeg, Man., Can. Mints, C. C., 355 E. Main St., Decatur, Il. Minus, H.: Leer, 118 Pearl St., Burlington, Vt. 1913. Miner, GrorGe H., 180 Claremont Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. Missauu, FRANK CHARLES, Cor. Mill and Pine Sts.,Santa Maria, Cal. MircHeui, Aprran J., Sr., 1219 Peach St., Erie, Pa. 1914. MircuHety, Aqua, 3rd Field Artillery, Fort Sam Houston, Tex. MircHei, Grorce C., Klamath Falls, Ore. MircHeui, Harry Bartus, R. F. D. 2., Wellsboro, Pa: MircHett, JAMES F'RANcIS, Anaconda, Mont. Hotel Montana. MircHELL, J. R., 610 8S. 3rd St., Evansville, Ind. 1912. Mirreruine, Ira, 302 Montgomery St., Hollidaysburg, Pa. Mix, C. C., 110 W. Jackson St., Battle Creek, Mich. Mock, Wmo., 53 N. Fourth St., Easton, Pa. Moraine, RicHarp Emin, 3017 Jefferson Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. 1918. Mouter, JoHN R., Dept of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Mouearp, Peter C., Ruskin Nebr. Mout, Rep 8., Big Spring, Tex. Mooserry, OLIVE WAKON, Morton, Ill. 1912. Moopy, ArrHur H., 402 Armitage St., Three Rivers, Mich. Moopy, Rosert P., 111 Sutton St., Maysville, Ky. Moorg, A. E., 175 Waverly St., Ottawa, Can. Moore, CHaAruEs 8., 5 Oak St., Danvers, Mass. Moorg, Hamuer, 610 N. Rampart St., New Orleans, La. Moorg, Huser O., Box 299, Hattiesburg, Miss. Moors, Roperr C., St. Joseph Veterinary College, St. Joseph, Mo. Moore, SHEARD, 608 Iberville St., Donaldsonville, La. Moors, VERANUS A., New York State Vet. College, Ithaca, N. Y. MoorHouseE, Wm. B., 387 Main St., Tarrytown, N. Y. 1913. Morenouse, WALTER G., 746 Mill St., Salem, Ore. Moreu, Juues F., State Board of Health, Portland, Ore. (Mail re- turned). 1912. Morey, B. FRANKLIN, 235 8S. Main St., Clinton, Ind. Morean, FrRanK W., 6th and Cherry Sts., Chattanooga, Tenn. MorGan, Wo. JEROME, Seaton, Ll. Morin, ©. L., 9 Messenger St., St. Albans, Vt. Morris, Epwarp H., 221 Main St., Derby, Conn Morris, Harry, Experiment Station, Baton Rouge, La. 1913, Morrow, AuBert Catne, Dillon, Mont. Morsr, Joun H., Box 377, Sumter, 8. C. Moss, Harry T., 710 W. Third St., Dayton, Ohio. Mount, Winer C., 1155 Walnut St., Red Bluff, Cal. Mover, B. Franxuin, 3929 Baltimore Ave., Philadelphia, Pa, (Mail returned). 1912. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 597 *~ Moyer, Catvin W., Quakertown, Pa. Moyer, FraNK LEONARD, Carey, Ohio. Moyer, Vincent C©., South Hampton, Pa. (Mail returned). 1914. MuEuter, FerpINAND A., 459 E. Washington St., Indianapolis, Ind. Mutter, J. Herman, Long Green, Md. Motvey, Cuarues J., Mooers, New York. : Mounce, THomas W., R. D. No. 2, Washington, D. C. (Mail re- turned ). Mounce, T. Epwarp, State Livestock Sanitary Board, Harrisburg, Pa. Muncer, Grant B., 2226 N. Illinois St., Indianapolis, Ind. Munn, Atpert A., Kearney, Nebr. Munn, AnizAu, J., Fayette, Mo. Murcu, Aurrep LirrLerreyp, 17 Boynton St., Bangor, Me. 1913. Morison, JAmes J., Manor St., Arcola, Sask., Can. Murpuey, Howarp Syivester, 519 Welch Ave., Ames, Lowa. Murpnry, BERNARD W., 604 N. 11th Sty tes Joseph, Mo. Murpuy, Dante E., Prairie due Sac, Wis. Mourpuy, Francis P., 1813 N. 2nd St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1914. Murpeuy, JosepH Wuirmore, Columbia, 8. C. MussELMAN, S. F., Frankfort, Ky. Myp.anp, Gustav Herman, Everest Kans. Myers, Harry E., 140 S. Main St., Fostoria, Ohio. . Myers, M. J., F't. Payne, Ala. Myers, Sipney D., 215 Walnut St., Wilmington, Ohio. Myers, W. F., Fort Wayne, Ind. (Deceased). NANCE, JosEPH E., Anadarko, Okla. Nasu, Eumer DENNETT, 717 Sixth Ave., Helena, Mont. Natrress, JoserH T., Delevan, III. NAYLOR, RALPH EDELEN, Chey enne, Wyo., Box 397." — * NEILSON, NorMAN, 345 Market St., Colusa, Cal. NEBEKER, SHIRLEY, Lake Town, Utah. 1912. Nerr, S. iC Staunton, Va. 1912. Nextson, Amos F’., 656 E. 21st St., Indianapolis, Ind. Netson, Cuarues A., 224 Front St., Brainard, Minn. : NeEson, Conrap L., Box 691, 8. St. Joseph, Mo. 1918. NELSON, Neuson L., Ames, Ia. NELSON, 8. B., Pullman, Wash. NEvHAvs, Cu. ARLES O., Union Stock Yards, Pittsburgh, Pa. NEwBURG, LOUuISs, : 2442 Forest Ave., Kansas City, Mo. Newcome, Harrie H., National Stock Yards, Ill. NEwcomer, KE. W., Mt. Joy, Pa. NEWGENT Orr AWAY C., 1448 Syeamore St., Terre Haute, Ind. NEWHARD, IRWIN C., 400 Center St., Ashland, Pa, Newman, Luoyp V., 800 Lincoln Ave., York, Nebr. Newsom, I|. ERNE IST, Colorado Agricultural College, Ft. Collins, Colo. Newron, J. V., Erie and Walnut Sts., Toledo, Ohio. \ + ' 598 5 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ' \ Ney, WiuuiAm O., Michigan City, Miss. ‘Nicr, Frank K., 3514 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, Pa. NICHOLAS, GEORGE B., 1404 Holmes St., Kansas City, Mo. 1914. NicHous, Percivau K., 107 Harrison Ave., Port Richmond, N. Y. NicgHBERT, E. M., 211 Federal Bldg., Atlanta, Ga. NiGHBERT, JAMES D., Pittsfield, Il. Nites, W. B., Box 927, Ames, Ia. 1912. Nimpuius, Harry F., 761 EK. 163rd St., New York City. NISSLEY, SOLOMON M., 18 Spring St., Bellefonte, Pa. Niven, ANDREW B., Inspector in charge Hog Serum Station, Hen- derson, Ky. Nrxon, Rospert B., Demopolis, Ala. Noack, Orto G., 548. 6th St., Reading, Pa. NOoBACK, CHARLES V., Otisville, N. Y. Nose, Geo. Epw., 1312 Grove St., Boise, Idaho. Noonan, ALBERT J., Bernard, Ia. 19138. NorpEN, Caru J., 1518 Pasco St., Kansas City, Mo. Noraaarb, Vicror A., Honolulu, Hawaii, Territorial Veterinarian. Norris, CLARENCE L., 4 L. 8. Record Bldg., U.S. Stockyards, Chi- cago, Ill. NortHrup, LEONARD E., 105 N. Davidson St., Indianapolis, Ind. Norton, J. C., Cor. Washington and Ist Ave., Phoenix, Ariz. Norton, Oscar M., 109 Main St., Greenville, Miss. Norton, Ropert S., Velva, N. D. Noyes, Orrin W., Valentine, Nebr. NuupH, PEARLEY E., Crosby, N. D. Nunn, Henry, Box 337, McMinnville, Ore. O’ Banton, ARCHIE i Box 439, Santa Barbara, Cal. O’Brien, Pat. Jos., 732 8. Figueroa St., Los Angeles, Cal. 1912. O'Bryan, SHERID, Pessina tl. O’CoNNOR, JOSEPH, West Hope, N. D. O’DONNELL, MicHaru J., 241 Grove St., Blue Island, Ill. O’Harra, WiuuiAM G., Galloway, Ohio. OpELL, Epwin O., Central City ,Nebr. OESTERHAUS, JOHN H., 465 Livestock Exchange, Kansas City, Mo. OLivER, WAuTER GorDON, 840 2nd St., San Diego, Cal. OLsEN, LuTrHER E., care U.S. B. A. IL., So. St. Paul, Minn. OurHousk, Marvin, Grass Lake, Mich. O’NrEAL, Wo., Newman, Cal. ; O’Remuy, James M., 508 EF. 38rd St., Merrill, Wis. O’Rourke, Micuarnt Joun ,720 Valencia St.,. San Francisco, Cal. OrME, FRANK W., 720 Valencia St., San Fx rancisco, Cal. 1910. Orme, THos. Wuirrietp, 260 5th St., San Bernardino, Cal. 1910. Orr, WinuiAM Crospy, Dillon, Mont. Ortiz, Cartos, 26 Villa St., Ponee, Porto Rico. 19138. Osvorn, Orin L., Paynesville, Minn. O’TooLE, STEPHEN, Agricultural College, Fargo, N. D. Ouruipr, C. B., Salinas, Cal. PROCEEDINGS ea Mi Meck. V aoe JouN C., Box 597, Calexico, Cal. - Patce, James B., Amherst, Mass. oe PAINE, HARoxp, Rosetown, Saskatchewan, be PALMER, Cui'ton Bu pp, 204 Ferry St., Easton, Pa. “=f . PanMer, Donan B., Live Stock Sanitary Board, St. Paul, Minn. ‘n PauMer, FLoyp ELBERT, Owatonna, Minn. ay — Pane, H. F., R. D. No. 2, Parma, Mich. \. Paquin, CHARLES Henry, 17 Fiske St., Worcester, Mass. Reh? , Paquin, LEON A., Box 225, Webster, Mass. *) 5 ee PARKER, JOHN CLARKE, 28 Pearl St., St. Albans, Vt. a Leon L., 439 Main St., Catskill, N. Y. 7S + van - PARKINSON, GEORGE H., Box 799, Middletown, Conn. y Parrish, Roscozp Damron, 1724 Davenport St., Omaha, Nebr. | ‘ (Mail returned). ~ Parrish, WILLIAM WALLER, 2808 Central Ave., Tampa, Fla. c. Parse, FRANKLIN L., Columbia, Miss. A herr Parric, Lewis A., 132 Cedar St., Snohomish, Wash. ae PArric, Murray E., Penn Ave., Greenburg, Pa. ets By. Parrerson, Evisau E., 650 Grand River Ave., Detroit, Mich. PATTERSON, E. 1., Mound City, Mo. et, Pe Purrorson, Henry G., 915 Gravier St., New Orleans, La. 1913. __ Parrison, Homer D., Box 40, Beloit, Wis. is Pau, Artuur, Box 291, Portersville, Cal. Ss ae -_ Pauusen, THomas C., 506 Government St., Baton Rouge, La. 1910. Paxson, Wn. HL, Marietta, Pa. ene ies Paxton, Irvine B., Box 562, Red Bluff, Cal. : ve 4 - PEaRce, ” CHARLES D., 10 Carhart Ave., Binghamton, N. Y. Vanesa - PEARCE, Derr, Box 229, Celeste, Tex ; ey. _ PRARce, FRANK H., Carson, Ia. (Mail returned). + a _ PEARSON, CHARLES, “Amarillo, Bex: Ae ie _ PECK, ‘Epwin d's 3895 W. 34th St., C leveland, Ohio. Spe: wy Peck, Sanrorp ArtISAN, Oak Grove, Mo. Wee a PEDERSON, Gunerivus M., Hamler, Ohio. yeas Peirce, Harrte W., 83 Playstead Road., West Medford, Mass. Yee — Peirce, Lawrence L., 10 Central St., Arlington, Mass. So ee Bi -PENNIMAN, GPG or. Exchange and Commercial Sts., Worcester, ty nie Mass. 8 E a _ Perkins, Cuesrer R., 19 Hillside Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. | 4 _ Perrico, W. H., 580 Ist Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. 1912. fe Perry, Cuas. H., 82 Park Ave., Worcester, Mass. ee aa Perry, F. M., Edgell St., Framingham, Mass. ae a Perry, JAMES Gi, “Box 294, Ennis, Tex. oe - - Pprers, A. sige Box 43, Peoria, Il. wen PETERSEN, THEODORE J., Ukiah, Cal. 1914. 3 - Perprson, W. E., 16 Lyman St., Waltham, Mass. “) eee “4 Be srerrcx, W. H., Charlottetown, PE Isle, Can. eS, * ne a » Perry, CL ARENCE C., Lake Odessa, Mich. > -Prarr, ALBERT WM., "4623 Friendship St., Pittsburg, Pa. oy % 3h 600 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. PFERSICK, JAcosB G., 3 Leonard St., Greenfield, Mass. PHELPS, Cnas. ibys Fifth St., Clear Lake, Ia. PHELPS, OLIVER JAY, Mill St. , Lexington, Ky., Y. M. C. A. Bldg. Pues, Cuas. S., Mt. Vernon, Wash. Puiuuirs, J. M., 3732 West Pine Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. . Puiuuirs, 8S. C., Sheridan, Ind. (Mail returned). 1914. PuitpottT, LuTHER B., 248 West 4th St., Provo, Utah. 1911. Puiup, Fred W., Box 204, Mineral Point, Wis. PHYFE, WALTER H., 9 Grove St., Middletown, N. Y. Pratt, D. A., 1706 2nd Ave., Birmingham, Ala. PICKENS, Earn Max, 106 Cook St., Ithaca, N. Y. PYIELEMEIER, Henry, R. D. No. 1, Solsberry, Ind. Pierce, Foster H., Faulkton, 8. D. 1914. PIErRET, Wiser, B. A. I., So. St. Joseph, Mo. PIKE, FREDERICK, 817 Ist Ave., , Spokane, Wash. 1910. PINE, Henry E., Carrizozo, N. M. 1914. PINKROss, Ror D. , Camp Dennison, Ohio. 19138. PIRIE, LESLIE D., 172 Garfield St., Santa Cruz, Cal. Pistor, ADOLPH H. , B. A. I., Washington, D. C. PLANTZ, JOHN FRANK, 50 E. Buchtel Ave., Akron, Ohio. Puatt, Ropert M., Coldwater, Kans. Puaypon, C. H., Reading, Mass. PuumMeEr, ALEX., 1140 Sutter St., San Francisco, Cal. Pos, C. E., 113 E. Franklyn St., Hagerstown, Md. POLLARD, JOHN SAMUEL, 183 Harrison St., Providence, R. I. PomFret, Henry, 158 Athole St., Winnipeg, Man., Can. 1914. Pooury, JOHN R., 820 S. 14th St., E., Cedar Rapids, Ia. Pops, Grorce W., 1340 Meridian Place, N. W., Washington, D. C. Porr, LEMUEL, JR., Orleans, Mass. 1912. Porter, E. C., 120 N. Mercer St., New Castle, Pa. Porter, FRED W., 104 N. Ross Ave., Tampa, Fla. Ports, THomas B., 4925 Park View Place., St. Louis, Mo. Porrrer, Gro. M., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. Porter, JASPER S., 226 S. Capitol St., lowa City, Ia. PoucueEr, M. M., 182 West 3rd St., Oswego, N. Y. PoweE.., E. W., Box 61, Bryn Mawr, Pa. Power, CLINTON W., 218 Perry St., Attica, Ind. Powrrs, Maurtce Ray, Norwalk, Conn. Presuer, H. A., Fairbury, Il. PRESTON, Marvin JAMES, Moosomin, Sask. (Mail returned). 1914. Price, Cuas. E., 310 East 5th St., Santa Ana, Cal. 1911. PRICE, JOHN O. F., Morris & C 0., ‘Memphis, Tenn. Prmen, Orro Louis, Box 626, Laramie, Wyo. (Mail returned). 1912. PRIEN, RouANp H., R. F. D. No. 31, Morgan Hill, Cal. 1912. Priest, BenJ. H., 501 Flower St., Kern Branch, Cal. Prior, Roper, 214 8. 2nd St., North Yakima, Wash, 1912. PrircHarp, JouN W., Fessenden, N. D. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 601 PrircHArD, Wo. T., North Platte, Nebr. PritcHetTtT, LAMAR F., Auburn, Ala. Prouse, Harvey Ler, Allen, Nebr. Prouse, Wm. C., 615 4th Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. Prucua, JosepH V., care Dr. Howe, Denver, Colo. _ PueH, WALTER Maurice, Powers Lake, N. D. Pueu, Wo. T., 57 Elm St., South Bridge, Mass. PuuLAM, JOHN H., Santa Ana, Cal. Punver, Wu. A., Wamego, Kans. PURCELL, JNO. T., Federal Bldg., Rapid City, S. D. Purpy, Marion ALEXANDER, 621 10th St., Shelbyville, Ky. QuieLEY, Rosco—E Murruy, Cor. Logan Ave. and Herold St., Ty- rone, Pa. 1914. Quin, ABNER H., Creston, Ia. Quinn, JAmeEs E., Antioch, Cal. Quinn, P. E., 682 W. Washington St., Indianapolis, Ind. Quinn, THos. F., 70914 9th St., Greeley, Colo. 1910. ~ Quitman, E. L:, 1514 West VanBuren St., Chicago, Ill. Ravcuirr, Burperr D., 108 Franklin Square, New Britain, Conn... Raver, Epwarp B., Clinton, Wis. 1910. Rarrer, Epwarp, Hamburg, N. Y. RaGan, JAMES A., 510 Liberty St., Morris, Ill. ~ Rachann, Marcus J., Salisbury, N. C. Ramsey, R. A., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. Ramsey, SAMUEL A., JR., 234 Third St., Terre Haute, Ind. 1913. Ramsey, SAMUEL V., 234 South Third St., Terre Haute, Ind. Ramsay, Wmo., J. C., Box 481, Watsonville, Cal. Ranck, Epwarp M., Agricultural College, Miss. RansoM, SHERMAN, 1923 3rd St., Vancouver, B. C. (Mail re- turned). 1913. Raque, CuHas. A., 219 Federal Bldg., Spokane, Wash. Reap, H. W., 27 Court St., Freehold, N. J. READHEAD, Wo., Lenox, La. ReGAn, W. J., 606 River St., Patterson, N. J. REARDON, JOHN D., Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I. 1913. REBER, Abram N., 2104 N. Tremont St., Kansas City, Kans. | REBoLp, GrorGE P., 4553 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Tl. (Mail re- turned). 1911. Recorps, Epwarp J., Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Ney. REDHEAD, Wm. H., Dept. of Health, Clev eland, Ohio. 1914. REED, Raymonp C., Newark, Del. REEFER, LEON N., 1405 Chapline St., Wheeling, W. Va. REICHEL, JOHN, care H. K. Mulford Co., Glenolden, Pa. REICHMANN, ANDREW FR ancis, Armour, 8. D. REICHMANN, FERDINAND A.., Geddes, S. D. Rei, WiiAM, Yorkton, Sask. REIFSNYDER, Irvin S., Collegeville, Pa. REIHART, OLIVER F., 835 N. D2nd St., S. Omaha, Nebr. 602 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Reno, JoHN 8., Southport, Ind. Renter, Emer J., 767 Delhi Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. RENTER, WALTER W., 2632 W. Sixth St.,.C incinnati, Ohio. RENTSCHLER, MANpDON D., 232 N. Front St., Punxsutawney, Pai Revercoms, Gro. ARCHIE, Lewisburg, W. Va. Rey, CHares R., Tulare, Cal. Rey, GrorGE S., 8. Court St., Visalia, Cal. Reynoups, Francois H. K., B. A. I. Quarantine Div., Washington, iC: REYNOLDS, Howarp C., Factoryville, Pa. Reynoups, M. H., Experimental Farm, St. Paul, Minn. Rue, R. Lee, Houston & Bowie Sts., San Antonio, Tex Ruoaps, WarREN L., Lansdowne, Pa. ‘1913. Ruopes, C. J., Beloit, Wis. Rice, JoHN M., Cambridge St., 8., Lindsay, Ont., Can. Rice, Ray D., Maple Rapids, Mich. 1913. RICEBARGER, BENJAMIN F., 200 W. Main St., St. Charles, Il. Ricu, Frank A., Agricultural Experiment Station, Burlington, Vt. Ricu, THEODORE S8., 1477 West Grand Blvd., Detroit, Mich. Ricuarps, THos. H., 1127 Keele St., Toronto, Ont., Can. Ricuarps, Wm. R., care W. N. Neil, So. Omaha, Nebr. 1914. RicHarps, WruutAmM Wiuson, Manila, P. LI. Rippeuyi, Roser, 460 Chester St., Victoria, B. C. Rice, WinuiAM H., Maple Ave., Somerton, Philadelphia, Pa. RiepEn, Puiip H., 1401 Roache St., Indianapolis, Ind. Rietz, J. H., 635 Crawford Ave., Ames, Ia. RIKE, Harry W., 735 Linden Ave., Burlingame, Cal. (Deceased). Ritey, Epwarp H., Experiment Station, 3ozeman, Mont. Rrorpon, J. J., Beverly Farms, Mass. 1914. Riorpon, Wo. F., Gilroy, Cal. RisHet, ALBERT E., care U. S. Consulate, Liverpool, Eng. Risuey, Harry B., 74 Adams St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Rirrer, Pomp, 1609 Hast 37th St., Kansas City, Mo. Rirrer, Roy W., Holtville, Cal. Rivers, Reupen N., Lansdale, Pa. 1913. Roacu, Frank, Box 489, Pendleton, Oregon. Roapuouse, Custer L., College of Agriculture, Berkeley, Roserts, Guy A., Agric sultural Experiment Station, W. N.C. Ropers, Grorce H., 2242 Park Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. Roverts, J. H., 64 King St., Northampton, Mass. Roserts, JAMES WiuLIAM, Davis Creek, Cal. Rospertson, JAMES E., Monona, La. od Ropertson, JAMES, 735 East 44th St., Chicago, III. Cal. Raleigh, Ropverrson, JAMES L., 409 9th St., New York City. (Deceased). Ropinson, Beate A., 310 N. 8th St., Independence, Kans. Rozpinson, Epwin A., 214 Bollingsbrook St., Petersburg, Va, Rosinson, JoHN W., Garrison, N. D, art tan ei } J ee bf t Daniele, Ar, ‘Aa ae of a “y es mage Wye is is Mom ET < } % poy ve, <, Ls ane | PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ene sory JouHn W., 2nd, 3 Lineoln St., Natick, Mass. ; Denison. Pau L., 535 Public Ave., Beloit, Wis. 1913. BS ARoEINSoN, THOMAS E., 65 Main St., Westerly, R. I. — Rosrnson, Wo. By, 72 Maysville St., Mt. Sterling, Ky. Rosryson, W. H., 87 Leland St., Portland, Maine. Rock wet, Arcuim Merrirr, Eleanor, Ill. Be eopaens, J. C., 715 Jackson St., Anderson, Ind. 4 Rocers, ARTHUR B., Live Stock Exchange, Sioux City, Ia. Rogers, Burron R., St. Joseph Veterinary College, St. Joseph, Mo. | Rogers, Howarp P., 68 Cochituate St., Saxonville, Mass. a 3 Rowrer, C. G., 128 W. 58rd St., New York City. | i Roie, CHrsrrr A., 173 Carroll St., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. < e Rome, Jonny, Germantown, Md. é __ Ropp, Harry B., Cor. Church and 2nd Sts., Ashland, Ohio. -RosenprerGer, Artuur ©., Box 1091, Stockton, Cal. RosENBERGER, Guy W., San Diego, Cal. ___-Rosensercer, Maynarp, 219 Federal Bldg., San Diego, Cal. — Rosentiez, Cuas. H., 125 Wyandotte St., Freeport, Ti. __ Rosnon, Harry Brown, 1131 Greenwich St., Reading, Pa. Ross, Crirrenven, 695 St. Nicholas St., New York City. Ross, Harry H., 133 Kennedy St., Winnipeg, Man., Can. Ross, H. H., 4 Resson Bldg., Brandon, Man., Can. __. Ross, James D., 796 William Ave., Winnipeg, Man., Can. 7 _ Rose, THomas P., Gresham, Nebr. » Roswe.n, Wm. L., 122 4th Ave., Corry, Pa. ©. Rous, J. F., Monroe, Wis. : Rovecue, R. C., 1382 W. 73rd St., Cleveland, Ohio. Royer, B., Franklyn St., Shawano, Wis. if Rumpaven, Grorce H., Millersburg, Ohio. RUNDLE, THOMAS TueEopore, 435 First St., Oxnard, Cal. a _ RUNGE, WERNER, 130: Union St., Newark, N. J. ae Runyon, Peter F., 24 E. Main St., Freehold, N. J. =i - Russeuz, E. Everert, 69 Perham St., Farmington, Maine. im - ee RussELL, Fay FRANKLIN, 214 W anger St., Jamestown, N. Y. a ES. Rusrap, “ALVIN O., 303 Bismarck St., E., Fergus Falls, Minn. / =Rurs, Tuomas H., DeSmet, S. D. ne om, J. G., Canadian Pacific Railway Co., Calgary, Alta. 4 _ Ryan, Epwarp T., 83 Washington St., Brookline, Mass. ¥ = RYAN, eet Ne ., Middletown, Md. : a J. F., 2525 Indiana Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1913. x t 2ag Ryper, ae AN R., 5719 W. Superior St., Chicago, Ill. re } ee _ Ryper, J. E., Forest Hills Inn, Forest Hills Garden, | a a ie ae ee ~~. Sapuer, Ernest D., Wagner, S. D. ‘: ~ SALLADE, J. W., Auburn, Pa. a : -Sauspery, C. E., 4220 Chestnut St., Kansas City, Mo. a: Sanpers, Aurrep E., 1033 Shelby St., Indianapolis, Ind. 1914. _ SANDERSON, WILLIAM, Sidney, Ohio. ce - Sanrorp, E. F., 115 Sterling Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. Pw aie 604 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ~ ; 4 SAUNDERS, CHAs., 215 E. Central Ave., Eldorado, Kans. 1911. SAVAGE, ARTHUR J., 414 E. Pikes Peak Ave., Colo. Springs, Colo. SAVAGE, WILLARD A., Box 527, Tucumeari, N. M. Sawyer, FE. N., Bakersfield, Cal. Sayre, B. HArry, Brookings, 8S. D. ScHADER, Curtis H., Sunnyside, Wash. SCHAEFER, Epw. H., 3215 Anderson Ave., Kansas City, Mo. 1914. ScHAEFER, G. L., Tekamah, Nebr. SCHAEFER, VALENTIN, Tekamah, Nebr. ScHAFFTER, E. P., 408 P. O. Bldg., Detroit, Mich. ScHaik, ArtHur F., Agricultural College, N. D. SCHAUFLER, CHas. A., 1338 Hunting Park, Philadelphia, Pa. 1912. SCHERMERHORN, Ropert J., 106 E. Citrus Ave., Redlands, Cal. ScHLEICH, I’ReED Harrison, Williamsport, Ohio. ScHLOEMER, CHas. C., 602 River Terrace, Hoboken, N. J. Scumipt, Hupert, College Station, Tex. SCHNEIDER, ERNEST, Kulm, N. D. ScHNEIDER, F, H., York Road and Erie Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. SCHNEIDER, FREDERICK L., Box 464, Albuquerque, N. H. ScHNEIDER, FRANCIS O., Nicholasville, Ky. Box 504. SCHOENING, Harry W., B: A. I., Washington, D. C. SCHOENLEBER, F’. 8., 805 Houston St., Manhattan, Kans. ScHRECK, Oscar, 94 William St., New Haven, Conn. ScuHroepber, EH. C., B. A. I., Experiment Station, Bethesda, Md. ScHUCENGOsT, RopeERrT HUNTER, Swea City, La. Scuun, Herman L., 152 Louis St., Grand Rapids, Mich. ScHuLTzZ, Cuas. H., Box 84, Seattle, Wash. ScHUMACHER, WILHELM, 1450 Park Ave., Durango, Colo. ScHwarze, Herman R., 500 8. Douglas Ave, Springfield, Il. ScHWARTZ, JOHN A., Lawrence, Ind. 1912. ScHWARZKO?PF, Oxuar, Fort Sam Houston, Tex. ScHWEIN, Payson E., Elkhart, Ind. Scorr, Cart J., Knoxville, Ia. Scorr, Gro. A., Waterloo, Lowa. Scort, JoHn, 236 Eaton St., Peoria, Ill. Scott, JoHN A., Waverly, Minn. 1913. Scort, M. W., 24S. 6th St., Vincennes, Ind. Scorr, Wn. A., 1407 1st Ave., Columbus, Ga. SrELEY, James T., No. 1101 Westlake Ave. N., Seattle, Wash. SermBert, WALTER D., 808 Howard St., Petoskey, Mich. 1913. SELBY, Orvau C., Worthington, Minn. SELF, Presuey M., Karmersburg, Ind. SENSEMAN, Bens. F., 1723 N. 55th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Srevercoon, Lucius A., 217 Lake Ave., Elyria, Ohio. SrvERIN, JOHN R., 2014 So. Olive St., Sioux City; Lowa. Srverovic, Mirko F., 1833 Blue Island Ave., Chicago, Ll. Sevenster, JOHN, Washington St., Hamburg, Ia, Sexmiru, A. B., Charlotte; Mich, eo Teall 4 i Sexton, Micuarn J., 819 Marquette Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. SHAFFER, DALLAS W., 4035 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo. 1910. Swann, JAmMEs Reip, U. S. Army, Tientsin, China. SHARP, WALTER E., Newton, Ia. SHARTLE, WALTER W., 413 N. New Jersey St., Indianapolis, Ind. SHAw, CHARLES W., 200 W. 78th St., New York City. SHAw, CLARENCE E., 115 Sterling Place., Brooklyn, N. Y. Saaw, WituiAm Harvey, Pawnee, Ill. SHEALEY, ALONZO 8., Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I. SHEARBURN, THOs. O., Walnut, Il. SHELDON, THOs., Rhinebeck, N. Y. 1911 SHELTON, J. E., Box 308, Arkansas City. Kans. SHEPARD, E. H., 2027 EK. 105th St., Cleveland, Ohio. SHEPPARD, Wa., Neck Road, Sheepshead Bay, Long Island, N. Y. SHERIDAN, GEorGE, Ashland, Nebr. SHERWOOD, ARTHUR M., Naperville, III. SHEVALIER, EUGENE D., Escanaba, Mich. SHIGLEY, RaupH E., Kenmare, N. D. SHIKLES, ErNestT Apair, Dearborn, Mo. SHILLINGER, JAcoB E., Easton, Md. Surry, Levi U., Sheldon, Ia. SHIPLEY, TRAJAN, Live Stock Exchange, Sioux City, Ia. SHIPMAN, Ouiver B., Hilo, T. H. SHONYO, JOHN Howarp, 35214 Portage Ave., Winnipeg, Man., Can. SHORE, CHALMER S., Lake City, Minn. SHore, Howarp J., Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. SHREVE, RAYMOND M., Vine and Chureh Sts., Panora, Ia. SHULER, C. C., Eaton, Ind. - Ssaumway, Danien G., B-4 Carlton Court, Buffalo, N. Y. SHUTTE, VERNON D., Voleano House, Kau, T. H. SieLer, THos. A., 114 N. Jackson St., Greencastle, Ind. SieMOnpD, CHas. J., Box 80, Pipestone, Minn. SILFVER, Oscar, Norwood, La. Smnverwoop, Hervert, 331 Clackmas St., Portland, Ore. Srauer, C. J., 7th and Everett Ave., Kansas City, Kans. Smumms, BENNETT THOMAS, Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Ore. Srmmons, WinuiAM Herpert, 2344 W. Chestnut St., Louisville, Ky. Smmpson, C. Rowxanp, 123 N. Broadway, Los Angeles, Cal. Simpson, Hat C., Box 69, Denison, Lowa. Smumpson, Wm. H., 45 Dartmouth St., Malden, Mass. Sims, FRANK C., Aurora, Nebr. Sims, THos., Woodburn, Ore. Sisson, Septimus, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Skerritt, Henry W., 315 Columbia St., Utiea, N. Y. SKINNER, JOHN FREDERICK, Box 167, Morris, Man., Can. SLATER, J. Harvey, 3012 Holmes St., Kansas City, Mo. Starter, Leroy E., 1115 Prospect St., Indianapolis, Ind. i ‘ 606 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. : SLAWSON, ALEXANDER, 24814 St. Nicholas Ave., New York City. 1912. SLOULIN, G. H., Aneta, N. D. ©1912. SMEAD, MorGan J., Parkedale Farm, Rochester, Mich. ‘SMELLIE, JAMES, Kureka, ll. ° SmitH, A, W., Farmer City, Ill. SMITH, Bert C., Brigden, Ont., Can. SMITH, CLARENCE E., Dept. of Public Health, Greenville, S. C. SMITH, FLETCHER [uGENE, 4801 Evanston Ave., Seattle, Wash. SmirH, GrorGe F., Vicksburg, Miss. 1914. SMITH, Gro. W.., 157 6th St., Hoboken, N. J. SMITH, HERBERT M., 407 Federal Bldg., Providence, R. I. Smiru, Henry V., 90 Wildmere Ave., Detroit, Mich. SMITH, JESSE P. F, 2310 Central Ave., Kansas City, Kans. SmirH, Roper P., Wendell, Ida. Smiru, R. V., 17 Court St., Fredericl , Ma. SMITH, STANLEY N., 112 C ollege eee Columbia, Mo. SMITH, S. P., Cando, N: D. SmitH, T. K., 309 Barrow St., Jersey City, N. J. SmitH, Wm. B., Interlaken, N. Y. 1911. SmitH, Wricut J., 260 Clinton Ave., Iingston, N. Y. SMYTHE, FRANK R., 1523 Groesbeck Rd., Cincinnati, Ohio. SNYDER, Rupoupn, 444 Federal Bldg., Denver, Colo. SOcKMAN, CLIFFORD CLiypE, Deshler, Ohio. SOLLBERGER, R. J., 1412 8. 8th St., St. Louis, Mo. Soneer, LEE C., Dept. of Agriculture, Olathe, Kans. Sout, C. H., Arlington, Ohio. SORENSEN, ANDREAS I., R. F. D. No. 6, Stockton, Cal. SORRELL, WARREN, Willard, N. M. SPADE, Prep A., Constantine, Mich. SpauuinG, N. C., 760 W. Center St., Somerset, Colo. SPEAR, WM. H., 122 Cumberland ‘Ave., Portland, Me. SPENCER, H. F’., 1415 J. St., Sacrame nto, Cal. 1910. SPENCER, H. H., 429 W. Adams St., Jacksonville, Fla. Spencer, Tracy N., 7 W. Depot St., Concord, N. C. SPRAGUE, JOHN D., Seward, Nebr. SPRINGER, C. W., 48 Morgantown St., Uniontown, Pa. SPRINGER, SAMUEL HH., B. A. L., S. Omaha, Neb. SprINGER, U. S., 27-29 Hastings St., bet. Canal and Ottawa, Grand Rapids, Mich. STAAB, JOHN J., 1422 W. 65th St., Cleveland, Ohio. STALEY, Raymonp M., Camp Hill, Pa. Sramp, ASHLEY G., 198 Candler Ave., Highland Park, Mich. SrancurF?, Ray J., 15th Cavalry, Fort Riley, Kans. STANFORD, JOHN F., Fayetteville, Ark. 1911. StTanace, ©. H., lowa State College, Ames, Ia. Srartes, Wo. D., 1818 Quintard Ave., Anniston, Ala. States, Harry E., 93 Bagley Ave., Detroit, Mich. 1912, \ \ ’ PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 607 Sreppon, R. P., 1468 Harvard St., Washington, D. C. STEEL, Epwarp R., Chester, Nebr. STEELE, Harry F., Ft. McIntosh, Laredo, Tex. STEELE, JoserH G., 217 Exchange Bldg., Ft. Worth, Tex STEHLE, FREDERICK, Jr., 5145 Pine St., Philadelphia, Pa. STEINBACH, FREDERICK G., Oak and Pacific Ave., Wildwood, N. J. STEPHENS, RusseLu A., B. A. L., Cincinnati, Ohio. 1910. STEPHENS, GEORGE, 18 Maplewood Terrace, White River Jnet., Vt. Stetson, Henry G., 24 Cliff St., St. Johnsbury, Vt. Stevens, Crecit H., Box 106, Stevensville, Mont. STEvENS, Guy G., 20 Park St., Groton, N. Y. Srevens, Hervert L., 192 Limerock St., Rockland, Me. STEVENSON, GEORGE T., Burlington, Vt. 1913. STEVENSON, JAMES A., Gretna, Man. Stewart, C. E., Chariton, Ia. Stewart, H. L., Chariton, Ia. Srewarr, SamMvueE. L., 3335 Brooklyn Ave., Kansas City, Mo. STEWART, WALTER C., West Union, Ia. STEWART, WALTER ae 4352 Montgomery St., Oakland, Cal. STICKEL, WILLIAM E., Etna Mills, Cal. STINER, JARVIN O., Lindsay, Cal. Stinson, WiuuiAm, Chelsea, Mass. 1910. Stiver, M. B., Elgin, Man. 1911. Strokes, WILFRED J., Ft., Riley, Kans. Stone, Garry T., Sidney, N. Y. StroupEr, Kirk W., Ames, Ia. Srourrer, Davin F., Bellevue, Nebr. Srover, JOHN Price, Shady Grove, Pa. STRAYER, JOSEPH Epw., Hartineton, Neb. STRERTS, JNO. JAMES, Box 87, Ventura, Cal. STRIBLING, WM. E., New Enel and, N. D. SrRICKLER, C. M., 25 Elm Lane, Greencastle, Pa. Srrincer, N. I., Lock Box 195, Stewartville, Minn. 1912. SrroprMan, Oris E., 211 E. 5th Ave., Arkansas City, Kans. 1912. STROUP, Wo. Li; Corinth, Miss. STRUTHERS, GHas. E., Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill. (Mail re- turned). 1912. Srupps, Evan Ler, State Farm, R. D. 3., Media, Pa. Srupps, GEORGE W. , Opelousas, La. 1910. Suac, REDDING 58., 243 Market St., Washington, N. C. SULLIVAN, JAMES, 807 N. Eldorado St., Stockton, Cal. 1911. SULLIVAN, WALTER A., Box 666, Twin Falls, Ida. SUMMERFIELD, Jas. J.. Main and First Sts., Santa Rosa., Cal. SUNDERVILLE, EAru, Forest Home, Ithaca, N. Y. Surrpr, Erroup, Beach, N. D. 1913. Surron, Ovis L., 1701 Kinney Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. SWENERTON, 10% DaNieL, 500 8th Ave., E. , Vancouver, B. C. 1913. SwEnson, Sigwart R., Maddock, N. D. A 608 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. | J i Switzer, WiLu1AM B., 50 East 7th St., Oswego, N. Y. SYLVESTER, JOHN FLETCHER, Langdon, N. D. TADE, JAMES M., 518 N. Ist St., Vincennes, Ind. TALBERT, JOSEPH F'., 721 W. 8th St., Kansas City, Kans. TauBot, Percy R., Box 703, Edmonton, Alta. TAMBLYN, Davin S., Box'616, Regina Sask., Can. 1914 TANSEY, Epwarp J., Monrovia, Ind. Tayor, Cuas. H., 632 Sycamore Rd., DeKalb, Il. Taytor, Gro. C., Redding, Cal. TayLor, LAWRENCE L., Condon, Ore. TAYLOR, WALTER J., Dos Palos, Cal. TrIE, JOHN A., Hatton, N. D. TENCHNICK, DERK, 1639 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. . 1912. TENNENT, J. H., 275 King St., London, Ont., Can. THACKER, THOMAS, Renfrew, Ont., Can. 1913. THOMPSON, CHAs. GorF, 204 E. Main St., Little Falls, N. Y. 1910. THOMPSON, JOHN A., Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. LI. THOMPSON, JOHN B., Harvey, N. D. THOMPSON, JOHN S., 903 East 5th St., Moscow, Ida. THOMPSON, JOSHUA P., 16 Grand Ave., N. Billings Mont. 1911. THOMPSON, Muurorp C., Box 145, Sharon, Conn. THOMPSON, Warwick M., 1210 Main St., Red Bluff, Cal. THOMPSON, WiuLIAM, Box 145, Laredo, Tex. THomMAS, RAYMOND F., Canton, Miss. 1914. THORNTON, Epwarp L., Fort Kent, Me. TIEFENTHALER, FRANK, Cambridge City, Ind. 1912. TILLMAN, ALBERT C., Earlville, Ill. Timmons, WILFRED H., Box 254, Madison, Ind. Tipton, WinuiAM B., Emporia, Kans. Topp, Ropert 8., New Milford, Conn. ToumMigE, S. F., Box 1518, Victoria, B. C. Tomuinson, W. J., Williamsport, Pa. 1914. Tompkins, LELAND J., Walton, N. Y. ToourEy, JAS. WM.. 38 4th St., Fond du Lac., Wis. Torcerson, Henry E., Gilroy, Cal. TOPMILLER, ALEXANDER C., P. O. Box 224, Murfreesboro, Tenn. Torrance, I., Veterinary Director-General, Ottawa, Ont., Can. Torren, G. I., 410 Fulton Bldg., Pittsburg, Pa. Tow, Epwarp, 1415 J. St., Sacramento, Cal. 1914, TOWNE, GreorGE V., Box 54, Thompson, Conn. TOWNER; ALBERT N. ,Towners, N. Y. TOWNSEND, GEORGE, New Glasgow, N. 8., Can. TOWNSEND, Norris L., 104 W. 42nd St., New York City. Tracy, ANGus W., Sherbrook, Que., Can. TrAINOR, Peter F., 42 Mercer St., Jersey City, N. J. 1913. Traum, Jacon, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Cal. TREADWAY, CHarues R., 2488 Prospect Ave., Kansas City, Mo. Trickerr, ArTHUR, 1336 E, 15th St., Kansas City, Mo, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 609 ee Trica, WinuIAM SrarK, Aiken, S. C. r _ TRIPPEER, H. A., 219 Newell St., Walla- Walla, Wash. | te, ~ Truax, Buair W.., Burr Oak, Kans. = = -TURLINGTON, Joun A., Melfa, Va. +4 - Turner, H. A., Rose Ave., Pleasanton, Cal. ei _ TURNER, Hpnry W., New Hope, Pa, TURNER, JOHN E., 204 S. Detroit St, Kenton, Ohio. oa TURNER, eG Ovst..N: W:, Washington, Diet: a fee LUTTE, Cras. Di Canton, Seb. 19i0: ; . Turrte, Lyrorp E., Grafton, N. H. en lux, A. J., 5 Lincoln St., Auburn, N. Y. f _. Tyuer, JoHN Lou, 125 8S. Main St., Pomona, Cal. _ Tyner, AuPpHEUs L., R. R. 4, Kempton, Ind. Piha Upatn, D. H., N. Y. State Vet. College, Ithaca, N. Y. ax UNDERHILL, B. M., 3 West 3rd St., Media, Pa. z. Urt, JAMES GARFIELD, 721 G. St., Sacramento, Cal. Vati, Irvine Ror, 20 George St., New Haven, Conn. — Vain, WALLACE F., 267 Greenwich Ave., Greenwich, Conn. 1910. _VANS DE Ere, JAcos, Sherwood, N. D. Vans AGNEw, Ropert, Ft. Leavenworth, Kans. ' YVAN EENENAM, JOHN, Salem, S. D. 1910. VAN Ks, L., M. D., Agricultural College, Fargo, N. D. “a _ VEIT, Wo., 240 N. 52nd Sf. Philadelphia, Pa. ee bs VELDHUIS, ZACH: ARY, 408 P. O. Bldg., Detroit, Mich. . | VENZEE, Harry E., ‘Garretson, S. D. (Mail returned). 1912. i VeERMILYA, Raupu F., Minnehaha Apartment No. 25, St. Paul, Minn. hg IMTS VIGNEAU, JosEPH H., Union Market Hotel, Watertown, Mass. Vuzir, Geo: B., 202 Baldwin St., Hackettstown, N. J. ae VOLLMER, CARL G., _Bryans, Ohio. VooRHEES, KE. R., 87 E. Main St., Somerville, N. J. “ VuLuaMy, H. F. , Plaqueimine, La. 1914. , ~ WADDLE, GrorGE, Kalamazoo, Mich. 1912. ~ WaAGAMAN, Grover M., 210 W. Superior St., Kokomo, Ind. _ WAGNER, CHARLES W., Elkton, Ky. : Waconer, C. Orro, 121 S. 10th St., Richmond, Ind. — WALCcH, Cuemence C., _B. A. I., Exchange Bldg., S. St. Joseph, Mo. — Watcu, Cras. Ira, 4823 King Hill Ave., St. Joseph, Mo. Warxer, R. G., 238 Aberdeen St., Chicago, Il. 1914. WALKLEY, Seymour J., 185 Northwestern Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. : ~ Waumstey, F. D., 924 Rutyer St., Utiea, N. Y. “. . WALTERS, Percy Knigut, Suite 11, Argyle Court, Calgary, Alta. - - : Be Arse, Ernest J., Minot, N. D. - ~ WALsH, L. S. N., 4225 Delmar Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. a ~ WaALrTers, Percy Knieut, Suite 11, Arey le Court, Calgary, Alta. “ > Warn, ArcuipaLp R., B. A. L, Washington, D. C. Fi Warp, Grorce R., 494 Persia Ave., San Francisco, Cal. ‘s : Warp, Harry C., Fulton, Mo. 610 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M. A. : 7 2 aoe Varp, JOHN E., 12 E. Crescent St., Grand Rapids, Mich.” H ARD, S. H., State Capitol, St. Paul, Minn, | Warp, Vicor, Paso Robles, California. Warner, Cuas. G., 701 S. 4th St., Padukah, Ky. 1913. Warnock, Davin, House of Commons, Ottawa, Ont., Can. WASHBURN, Henry J., 704 B. St., S.. W., Washington, DAG: WasHsurn, W. B., 172 E. Market St., Tiffin, Ohio. Waters, R. E., 28 Village Rd., Gravesend, Long Island, N. Y. 1913. Watson, Epwarp A., Box 567, Lethbridge, Alta. Watson, THos. W., Kerens, Tex. Waueu, JAmMss A., 1100 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. Way, Cassius, 108 Hudson St., New York City. Wess, A. J., 2347 Hudson Ave. peden, Utah. Werp, JAMES CLEVELAND, Piedmont it, Ala. Werp, WiLuiAM T., Quarr yville, Pa. Wess, W. W., Auburn, Ala. WEBBER, CARR R., 135 Crossman Terrace, Rochester, N. Y. WEBBER, ORRIN B., 69 Front St., Rochester, N. Y. WEBER, HENRY STANLEY, 6128 Park Ave., Weehawken, N. J. WEBER, JOHN H., Boise, Ida. WEBSTER, JOHN H., Y. M. C. A., Reno, Nev. WEBSTER, WILLIAM OweENs, Utica, Ohio. WEEKES, CoRNELIUS C., 309 3rd St., N. W., Washington, D. C. WEHLE, FRANK A., 586 Sayre Ave., Lexington, Ky. WEIGEL, Marion 8., Cromwell, Ind. WEGNER, EArt Epwarp, Pullman, Wash. WEINMAN, JOSEPH E., Arcadia, Neb. Weir, Ropert, 84 Grove St., Rutland, Vt. WEITZEL, Frep, 100 Parkway West., Pittsburg, Pa. WE cH, Guy Nose, 39 Union St., Northfield, Vt. WeE.LcH, JOHN, Rolland, Man. 1911. We .cH, Wm. B., 353 W. Arrow St., Marshall, Mo. Weis, THomAs Grover, Arthur, Ill. 1914. WENDE, BERNARD P., 101 Florence Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. WenpeE, Horatio 8., Tonawanda, N. Y. 1914. WERNTZ, Harvey Grant, E. Liberty, P. O. Box 321, Pittsburg, Pa. WersHow, Max, Veterinary Clinie Bldg., Columbus, Ohio. WERTZ, SIDNEY S., Kenesaw, Nebr. Wesrcorr, GrorGe F., 1008 Congress St., Portland, Me. Wesrcorr, Henry B., 1008 Congress St., Portland, Me. West, JAY P., 121 Monona Ave., Madison, Wis. WESTERHEIDE, Hpwarp Francis, Minster, Ohio. 1912. WESTGATE, SAMUEL S., Box 1763, Grafton, N. D. WHEELER, A. 8., Biltmore, N. ¢ WHITCOMB, Rares 8., Livestock Sanitary Board, St. Paul, Minn, Waite, D. 1656 Neil Ave., Columbus, Ohio. WHITE, Hae A., 1283 Dry ade St., New Orleans, La, J PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 611 ! a 4 Wuirr, GeEorGE R., 1314 Adams St., Nashville, Tenn. a Wuire, JOHN L., 5327 Union Ave., Chicago, Il. . Waite, Loean A., Sioux Rapids, Ta. » Waite, StepHen A. K., 114 St. Andrew St., Victoria, B. C. | Waite, V. C., Blackfoot, Ida. _ Warre, Wii T., 4 Edinboro Place., Newtonville, Mass. 7 WaHirEnoussE, Arruur W., Ft. Collins, Colo. _ Warreman, Harry Jounson, 1301 Ligonier St., Latrobe, Pa. WHITESELL, Roy B., 2 So. 4th St., Lafayette, Ind. Wg WHITESTINE, OrvILLE G., 47 E. Washington St., Huntington, Ind. _ Wuirtney, A. Homer, Narka, Kans. — Wuairney, Harrison, 20 George St., New Haven, Conn. © Wairney, J. C., 3 West St., North, Hillsdale, Mich. _ Watney, JOHN GreGorY, 26 Summer St., Montpelier, Vt. - Wauirtiesey, R. Tsaun, 714 E. 7th St., Los Angeles, Cal. 1911. Waytt, JoHN D., 315 Sixth Ave., E., Calgary, Alta. y Wient, W. E., 237 McKee Place, Pittsburg, Pa. — Wicks, A. G., 23 N. College St., Schenectady, N. Y. ae Wiey, Morris C., Trinidad, Colo., B. A. I. ' WItILKINs, JoHN E., Johnson and Jordan Sts., Greenville, Tex. > Wi41, Evan J., Harrisonburg, Va. WiueTt, FREDERICK C., Henry, Il. WiuuiAms, Gro. M., 611 College St., Boone, Ia. WIuumMan, Eart Leroy, Ohio City, Va. Wuuis, Harry 8., Orange, Va. Wits, J. G., 27 Matilda St., Albany, N. Y. ’ WitLyoune, Lester E.; 11th Cavalry, Ft. Oglethorpe, Ga. - -Wison, CLAuD, 113 So. State St., Greenfield, Ind. Witson, FRED O., 314 Madison St., Greenbay, Wis. Witson, JoHN Oscar, Box 714, Miles City. Mont. : - Wiuson, Rosert H., care Parke, Davis & Co., Rochester, Mich. ~ Wintrant, Frank Apam, 16 Washington St., Wilkes Barre, Pa. _ Wine, CHARLES Ce McCloud, Cal. 1914. WINSLOE, To At EL. Cooperstown, ND: » WINsLow, C., Rockland, Mass. Be: WInstow, J OSEPH H., Lamoure, N. D. ~ Winstantey, Joun H., 119 S. 37th St., Philadelphia, Pa. _ Wrvver, Howarp E., 132 E. Second St., Pl ainfield, N. J. WINTERINGHAM, Harry Barker, 118 Western Ave, Petaluma, Cal. Weer, J. D. C., Belgrade, Mont. _ WISE, WintiaM re 246 W. Liberty St., Medina, Onid: WISNER, Scorr, Omega, Neb. Wirmer, Hervey W., Bradentown, Fla. WITTE, CHARLES R., New Britain, Conn. 1913. ae, aicicor, Leroy B., ., Shelton, Nebr. mee Wotcorr, WALTER A., 713 East Johnson St. , Madison, Wis. » Wor, OrrHo Cx West 7th St., Ottawa, Kans. Woon, A. L., Hampton, la. — n= . te } 612 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ’ ‘ i = _ Woob, Ezra P., 415 Market St., Charlottesville, Va. Woop, FREDERICK Wm., Cutter Laboratory, Berkeley, Cal. Woop, Pau Ewrne, Ottawa, Ohio. 1912. ‘ Woopen, Morris, Wardman Court, Washington, D. C. 1912. WoopuiFrFE, Marx J., 637 E. 20th St., Denver, Colo. Woopsipk, JAMES H., Auburn, Wash. Woopwarp, B. T., Pennsylvania Ave and 28th St., S. E., Washing- ton, D. C. Woo.FroLk, Gro. H., Pottsville, Pa. Worcester, Harry, 118 W. 3rd St., Middletown, Ohio. Worms, ALBERT C., 2932 Broadway, Chicago, Ill. Wray, A. M., Denver, Colo. Wrieut, C. C., Health Bureau, Portland, Ore. Wricut, Lesuie A., Water St., Columbus, Wis. Wricur, NorMAN, 137 20th St., West Saskatoon, Sask. Wricut, W. DEAN, 1227 Missouri Ave., Portland, Oregon. WourM, JoHN E., Pigeon, Mich. YANCEY, WILLIAM E., 864 S. Virginia St., Reno, Nev. Yarp, Wimui1AmM W., Hotel Ayers, Denver, Colo. 1913. Youne, GreorGceE D., 9945 S. Irving Ave., Chicago, Ill. Youne, G. R., 4602 Center St., Omaha, Neb. Youne, Huupert, 515 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Md. Young, JOHN M., 419 6th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Younc, WiuuiaM A., Prospect, N. Y. YOUNGBERG, STANTON, Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I. YuUNKER, ELKAN H., 2344 N. 18th St., Philadelphia, Pa. ZEILER, JOHN Lewis, Orosi, Tulare Co., Cal. ZeLL, CHARLES AuGust, 4362 Kenmore Ave., Edgewater Station, Chicago, Ill. ZICKENDRATH, Ernest G., 101 Middlefield, Road, Palo Alto, Cal. a iy Sa AND THE arn? Sie WITH THE a MEMBERSHIP OF THE AMERICAN ae VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION COMPARED VALUE OF THE LIVESTOCK ee « ee Sys Jee (Compiled by the Secretary of the American Veterinary Medical JS ae ity Association, June, 1916). ft No. of Practicing No. of A.V.M.A. Percentage of Total Value Value of Livestock STATE Veterinarians* Members A. V.M.A. Members Livestock? per Veterinarian ~ Alabama 150 22 14.6 $65,595,000 $ 437,300 < “Ariz. and N. Mexico 49 18 36.7 69,546,000 1,419,306 © My Arkansas 213 3 1.4 74,058,000 347,690 — ny — California Si 140 3G. 127,600,000 343,935 Colorado 80 32 40.0 70,161,000 877,012 Connecticut 109 33 30.2 14,164,000 129,944 elaware 16 4 25.0 6,817,000 426,062 | — Dist. of Columbia 25 dA 176.0 153,000 6,120 © Florida 47 5 10.6 20,591,000 438,106 am cE 69 10 14.4 80,394,000 1,165,130 cs: Tdaho 71 15 21.1 49,775,000 701,056 me ~ Tilnois 919 126 TSG 308,805,000 336,022 ‘Indiana 725 107 14.7 173,860,000 239.806 = lowa 650 78 12.0 393,003,000 604,620 Kansas 570 53 9.4 253,524,000 444,778. -- Kentueky 264 21 7.9 117,487,000 445,026 ie Louisiana 59 22 ST2 44,699,000 757,610 ~ Maryland . 118 30 25.4 32,570,000 276,016 a Massachusetts 450 55 12.2 20,741,000 46,091 “ Michigan 445 68 15.2 137,804,000 209,671 4 Minnesota 306 55 17.9 161,641,000 528,238 Mississippi 132 21 15.1 75,247,000 570,053 Missouri 351 71 20.2 285,839,000 814,356 Montana 68 21 30.8 See 1,259,750 fet, \. Mame 84 13 15.4 25,162,000 299 547 _. Nebraska 349 69 Oe, 222,222,000 636,739 ‘Nevada 15 10 66.6 19,214,000 1,280,983), yee _ + New Jersey 165 36 21.8 24'589.000 149,024 ~ » - New York 637 152 23.7 183,091,000 287, 4eee “North Carolina 92 15 16.3 62,650,000 680,978: ae North Dakota 158 61 38.6 108,250,000 685,126 — _ New Hampshire 58 9 15.5 11,910,000 205,344 Pi. Olio 682 105 15.3 197,332,000 289,343 5 Oklahoma 288 8 27 152,433,000 529,281 0 Oregon 83 22 26.5 59,462,000 716,409 2 Pennsylvania 548 154 26.2 141,480,000 OSB 175 Ge ae er Rhode Island 33 6 18.1 3,276,000 99,879" Age So. Carolina 281 1 Fed 45,131,000 160,608 ee ‘So. Dakota 180 31 17.2 127,229,000 706,827.) Youre Tennessee 173 14 8.1 110,706,000 639,919 ie, Texas 437 33 7.5 318,647,000 729,169 eae tah 31 9 29.0 28,782,000 rates —-Virginia’ 103 27 26.2 74,891,000 27,097 Vermont 33 12 14.4 22,643,000 272807 Washington 125 29 23.2 48,865,000 390,920 West Virginia 25 13 5.1 43,336,000 172, 653 - Wisconsin 461 59 12.7 158,529,000 343,880 aes — Wyoming 38 6 aL pye 65,606,000 1,726,473 en - *Ineludes only those veterinarians in each state who have registered this year under the Harrison Narcotic Act, presumably all in active practice. _ Probably this does not include many municipal, state or federal employees or veterinarians connected with labor atories. tFrom Year Book, U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture, 1914, P. 642, SOCIETY MEETINGS British COLUMBIA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION A public meeting on matters relating to the public health was held under the auspices of the British Columbia Veterinary Associa- tion in the Board of Trade Rooms, Victoria B. C. on Friday, May 19th, 1916, and was well attended both by the general public and the aldermen, councillors, and health officials of the city and sur- rounding districts. The programme consisted of address of welcome by the Presi- dent, Dr. S. F. Tolmie, explaining the objects of these public meet- ings. The first address was by Dr. Knight on Dairy Inspection in its relation to the Public Health. The second address was by Dr. Jagger entitled the Relation of the Veterinarian to the Public and to the Stockman. This was followed by an address by Dr. Jervis, illustrated by lantern slides made by himself, on meat inspection and its value to the public health, pointing out the limitations of the present system as far as inspection of locally consumed meat is con- cerned, and advocating civic inspection of all meat sold for food. Prof. McDonald, Provincial Live Stock Commissioner, then gave a short account of what occurred at the recent convention of the Pacific Northwest Association of Dairy and Milk Inspectors, which he attended, being retiring President of that Association. Various questions were asked the different speakers and interesting discus- sion and information followed, bringing a very successful meeting to a close. K. Cuestrer, Secretary. ——0—-— VETERINARY Mepican AssocriATION OF New York Curry MINUTES OF THE Marcu MErrrine The regular monthly meeting of this association was called to order by the president, Dr. Goubeaud at 8:45 p. m. The prosecuting committee reported progress and stated that they had about $600.00 in hand. Dr. McKinney mentioned the fact that Dr. Wertheimer had been arrested for practicing illegally and said that his health is poor, Stated that he intends taking the State Board and suggested that prosecution be held in abeyance, Ps SOCIETY MEETINGS 615 —_. Dr. Griessman stated that Dr. Wertheimer has had ample time in the past two years since his last prosecution, to qualify and sug- gested that he be placed under bond until he takes the State Board - examination. 4 Dr. Goubeaud then gave a very complete and detailed report of k i the Trichiniasis cases which have recently occurred at Far Rock- : away, New York. Stated that in one family four deaths had oe- curred and said that the convulsions preceding death were horrible to witness and the pain intense. partment of Health at the Post-mortem examination and the worm was found in the deltoid muscle. It is stated that if the female trichinia is swallowed it will give birth to from 1300 to 1500. Hogs affected with this disease seem to thrive and do not show physical symptoms. — Dr. Chas. S. Chase of Bay Shore, New York, then read an in- teresting and instructive paper entitled ‘‘ Interesting Characteristics of Animal Parasites’’. Among others the doctor mentioned the evolution of the Bot CE I ny ee OR Te ane ‘ed — zn : tioned the peculiar condition of the Filaria immitis or so ealled heart worm which leaves the internal organs for the periphery at k night. Cited a clinical case in a dog, which could be plainly seen of under the lens. 4 Also gave the history of the development of the common house fly, stating that it is estimated that the progeny of a pair of flies in fe one season will reach into the trillions. ‘- The most fatal enemy of the fly is an intestinal fungus which by fr the formation of gases causes the death of the fly. To the common fly can be traced the spread of such diseases as -—___ typhoid, anthrax, leprosy, ophthalmia, small-pox, diarrhea in chil- bs dren and may be the cause of parasitic diseases. The doctor urges & * all veterinarians to use every means in their power to destroy flies. M4 _ Exhibited a fine specimen of Filaria immitis removed from the *. heart of a dog. SI i Dr. Gannett mentioned lice and said that it is stated that blue = ointment rubbed in back of the ears once every five days will rid the 5 animal of lice. A general discussion of azoturia then took place, Was present with Dr. Silkman, chief veterinarian of the de- ; fly, also the Tseste fly, which causes sleeping sickness. Also men- a 616 SOCIETY MEETINGS Dr. Goubeaud opened the discussion by citing several cases of this disease. One of these cases, affected in the nigh front limb, was given oil and turpentine—exercised the next day, developed the disease be- hind, went down and died. Another case was found on arrival to be nearly dead. Gave physie, olive oil and turpentine, got up the next day and made a good recovery. A third and fourth case was treated with arecoline in solution and small doses given orally every two hours with good re- sults. Dr. McKinney stated that following the last Christmas holiday season he had fourteen cases of azoturia and had excellent results from the result of physic, oil and turpentine and chloral hydrate. In some of these cases bleeding was resorted to, and the animals given four grains of morphine and one grain of strychnine. Dr. Schroder mentioned an odd case of a horse that was down in the street for three hours, received a strong electric shock from a trolley, got up and recovered. Dr. De Vine said that he uses salt and avoids irritation by adding syrup or some other mucilaginous mixture. Mentioned one case in which femoral paralysis resisted treat- ment for a long time, had a second attack, was down for three days, got up and paralysis was gone. Dr. Wolters stated that in the case of paralysis following azoturia, it is best to work the animal as soon as possible. Dr. Goubeaud said that it is best to turn them out to pasture and keep them out. This opinion was endorsed by a number of those present. Dr. Gannett mentioned one case that had paralysis of both hind limbs. Turned out for eight months and recovered. The question of certain breeds being more subject to this dis- ease than others was also mentioned. Percherons are said to be more subject to this bane of horse flesh than the Clydes. No one present however claimed to have found a specifie for this peculiar disease, so after a short general discussion the meeting adjourned. Rost. S. MacKeunar, Secretary. The Conneeticut Veterinary Medical Association will hold its summer meeting at the office of Dr. EK. I’. Schofield, at Bruce Park, Greenwich, Conn., July 25, Ra Oc: aera nae” ND Ge a oe i in 2 * - ~d, & 3 . ty 3 qe SOCIETY MEETINGS 617 ; VETERINARY MepicAn Association OF New York Curry ~ Minutes oF Meerine, Marcn 28, 1916, A special meeting of this association was called by order of the president, Tuesday evening, March 28, 1916. Dr. Goubeaud, who had just returned from Albany, explained that the object of the meeting was to devise ways and means of de- feating the pending veterinary bills which had been introduced in — both bodies of the state legislature. Stated that in company with Drs. Berns, Ackerman, Way, Brotheridge, McKinney and Cochran, he had attended the hearing on these bills held by the Senate Committee. é Dr. Goubeaud said that. the committee seemed convineed that this is special legislation and these bills should not have been in- — troduced as the fact was brought out that one of these bills was in- troduced in the interest of J. L. Shorey of Schenectady, New York. Owing to the possibility of these bills still being reported out of committee the following resolutions were unanimously adopted : That this association goes on record as protesting against the passage of Senate Bill No. 537 now known as Senate Bill and As- sembly Bill No. 709 now known as Assembly Bill No. 1041, and pro- ~ test against the lowering of the standard of veterinary education and the requirement to practice veterinary medicine and surgery in the State of New York. It was further resolved : “That this resolution be referred to the Judiciary Committee directing them to draft a suitable letter to be printed, and sent to each member of this association, and all qualified veterinarians in - New York City and vicinity, who in turn are to forward the same with a personal letter, to their representatives in the Senate and As- sembly, or any others who are interested.’’ The secretary was also instructed to write Wm. A. Orr, secre- tary to the Governor, requesting him to notify the association at once should any of these bills be passed and come before the Goy- ernor for his signature. Meeting adjourned : Rosr. 8S. MacKetuar, Secretary. F. 8. Jones, V.M.D. of the Rockefeller Institute is to go to Patagonia, South America to investigate a disease among sheep. Ae DG a ob Du Pr * = ~ “~s ry, a. aoe a SNS * ‘sy. et on oe de '~ 618 SOCIETY MEETINGS / VETERINARY Mepican Association OF NEw York CITy Minutes or Meerine, Aprit 5, 1916. The regular monthly meeting of the Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation of New York City, was called to order by the President, Dr. Goubeaud, at 9 p. m. Dr. D. H. Udall of the New York State Veterinary College had very kindly consented to make the journey from Ithaca,.to address this meeting, and gave a very interesting and instructive talk on ‘“Contagious Pleuro Pneumonia and Influenza.”’ The doctor deseribed the conditions found in this disease from its inception. I: is nearly «tways ushered in with a chill, tenpera- vure 105°, but sometimes a lower temperature is found. High pulse yate 1s always oresent. The typical fever of lobar pneumonia is found. Another characteristic is the high grade icterus of the mem- branes of the eye due to the breaking down of the blood and not to any disease of the liver. The lemon yellow exudate is also another peculiar symptom which is sometimes present. Examination of the chest by striking a heavy hammer blow will immediately cause coughing. Mortality ranges from four to twenty per cent. Treatment depends largely on the condition of the heart. The general treatment consists of the use of quinine, potassium, iodide, oil of camphor under the skin, camphor, caffein, digitalis ;— good hygienic quarters, fairly warm and airy but no draughts. In the Prussian army, salvarsan has been used quite extensively. In Germany strict quarantine regulations are enforced at the very first when any suspicion of the disease takes place. Dr. Udall then took up the subject of influenza and said that it is transmitted very easily and the incubation period is only forty or fifty hours. One attack is supposed to produce immunity, but this is not always the ease. It is one of the predisposing causes of pleuro-pneumonia., This disease is found most often during the winter and spring. When Dr. Udall had concluded his interesting and instructive address a number of the gentlemen took part in the discussion. Dr. Gill said that Dr. Udall had covered the subject very thoroughly and speaking of pleuro-pneumonia said that in the cases brought to his attention, the left side was much more tender than the right and on post-mortem more lesions are found on the left side. a =e me ‘ a ee ite Lt z +o Ss son) — IT Eee ees haben a ——— —EEE — ——E ————— — —— Said there ought to be some Federal Regulations regarding this disease to protect innocent purchasers as influenza and its complica- tions cause great financial loss to horse owners every year. Dr. Berns said that he distinctly remembered the so-called epizootic of 1873 and said that it was characterized by a copious dis- charge from the eyes and nose, accompanied by sore throat but the mortality was low. Dr. MeCully also gave a short concise report of his experience with influenza. Dr. Ackerman spoke of the use of the biologic products in this disease but said that in his hands the results were not satisfactory. Stated that recently he had drawn blood from a horse and used the attenuated serum to re-inject the same animal with the result that a full recovery resulted in a week. This same serum was used in other horses with good results. Dr. Kingston stated that he has very good results from the in- travenons injection of a 214 to 5% solution of protargol. This it is stated will often give beneficial results and shorten the duration of the disease. Dr. Ackerman asked in cases where digitalis is used if it does not cause or increase diarrhea. Dr. Gannet stated that in his ex- perience it does not. It was suggested that the attention of the proper authorities should be called to this disease and measures taken to prevent the great losses to horse owners. Crowded shipping conditions were also condemned. A letter from Dr. J. G. Wills in which he called attention to Assembly Bill No. 1895 and urging this association and its members to oppose it was read. It was on motion regularly made and seconded: That this as- sociation go on record as being opposed to the passage of Assembly Bill No. 1895 and that the secretary be instructed to write the chair- man of the Assembly Public Health Committee informing him of the action of this association, unanimously carried. The proposed amendments to the by-laws and code of ethies were then taken up. Dr. Chase and others spoke against changing the date of the meetings of this association, and after a general discussion Dr. Gill moved that this resolution to amend the by-laws be referred back to the program committee for further consideration and to decide what is best for the interests of this association, seconded and carried. SOCIETY MEFRTINGS 619 af*® i 620 COMMUNICATIONS The proposed amendment to the Code of Ethies making it a breach of the same for any member to employ a non-registered as- sistant, was after a rather lengthy discussion, not adopted. Dr. Ackerman, chairman of the program committee, announced that at the May meeting Dr. Way had arranged to give an illustrated lecture, by the aid of moving pictures on ‘‘The Production and Handling of Clean Milk’’. The secretary was instructed to invite the Commissioner of Health and other city officials as well as the heads of the different milk concerns and any others interested in this important work. A rising vote of thanks was tendered Dr. Udall for his valuable contributions to the program of the evening. Meeting adjourned : Rosr. 8S. MACKELLAR, Secretary. O COMMUNICATIONS Editor of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, Ithaca, N. Y. Dear Sir :— I have read with much interest and pleasure the valuable article of Dr. K. F. Meyer entitled: Studies to Diagnose a Fatal Disease of Cattle in the Mountainous Regions of California. The discussions of Drs. Dunphy, Eichhorn and Simms (on this subject) are most excellent; but that of Dr. Kinsley is of especial value. It seems evident from the heading and throughout the whole article of Dr. Meyer that some doubt has been experienced concern- ing the nature of the disease. I quite agree that the symptoms of hemorrhagic septicemia in some cases are not well pronounced and do not throw much light upon the nature of the disease and may even offer in several instances points which lead to a mistaken diag- nosis; but this as a rule does not apply to all cases of hemorrhagic septicemia, on the contrary many cases are readily recognized and a clinical diagnosis is not impossible. I may further state that I have the opportunity of dealing with several outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and Barbone in buffalos and believe to have had no difficulty in diagnosing the disease. I must confess though that in all the cases I have observed, none presented the intestinal form. In cattle the pectoral form was nearly always seen independently and in rare cases accompanied with the exanthematous form; in buffalos the exanthematous or edematous was the only form seen ; in this form the local swelling of the throat is so intense and promi- nent that no difficulty is exercised in giving a prompt diagnosis, . > } e ye ~ COMMUNICATIONS 621 It is, by the way, interesting to note that owing to the later swelling the Egyptian (fellah) farmer calls the disease ‘‘Khonag”’ which means strangulation; this seems to be quite an appropriate name; as it indicates the seat of trouble and helps diagnosis. Now for the bacteriological examination, I personally believe that the presence of the B. bovisepticus bi polaris in the blood or tis- sue of the affected animals is quite diagnostic of hemorrhagic septi- cemia. It is useless to collect blood films for examination unless the animal is at the point of death, as the blood is only then virn- lent; therefore it is more advisable to collect films from the gelatin- ous substance generally found in the edematous swelling of the throat. The inoculation of this gelatinous substance is supposed to kill rabbits in from 8 to 12 hours; and the organism of hemorrhagic septicemia in blood of inoculated rabbits is so abundant that. it could be easily detected even without staining. eo Pret Bey* seems to be quite convinced that the source of trou- ble in this affection is the watering of animals from stagnant water, and that is why he directed his attention and made some efforts towards digging wells near the bank of a canal, so as to get its water by filtration through a thick layer of earth or making some water pumps so as to allow the animals to drink pure and non-contam- inated water. This way seems to put an end and stop the spread of the contagion. This has been tried for some years and seems to have answered quite satisfactorily in checking the further spread of the disease. The mortality in cases of hemorrhagic septicemia in the loeali- ty where this way of watering was appled, amounts to 2-3%, while in places where this measure was neglected, the mortality went as high as 30 to 40%, bearing in mind that the sanitary po- lice measures were properly carried through. Dr. J. E. AGHION, Veterinary Inspector State Domains, Sakha, Egypt. ——0-—-——_ ~ THE NECESSITY OF A LIVE STOCK SANITARY COMMIS- SION OR BUREAU IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK. Editor of the Journal of the A.V.M.A., Ithaca, N. Y. Under Chapter 9, of the Laws of the State of New York, Con- solidated Laws, we have the Agr icultural Law. This law deals with the title and general provisions of the fifteen articles, only one article, No. 5, deals with Diseases of Domestic Animals. The Commissioner of Agriculture is not a veterinarian, nor physician, but must seek advice on disease of our domesticated ani- mals from a veterinarian. *Literature consulted: Le Barbone du Buffle, par J. B. Piot Bey, Diree- teur du service. veterinaire. Domaines de L’Etat. Extrait du Bulletin de 1’In- stitute Egyptien. Année 1889, “] 622 COMMUNICATIONS ! i A large responsibility is imposed upon the commissioner, in his duties to look after dairy products; adulterated vinegar; preven- tion of fraud in the sale of Paris green and other substances ; sale and analysis of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs; sale, adul- teration or misbranding of food and food products; sale and analy- sis of commercial fertilizers; turpentine, linseed or flaxseed oils; apples, pears, peaches, quinces;State Fairs, and other miscellane- ous duties. In justice to the commissioner, it is advisable to create this new commission or bureau, where the live stock problem of this state, could be handled and so regulated as to be of extreme benefit to the state and to the publie. Quoting from a bulletin of the United States Census, for the State of New York, I use their figures. In 1900, the value of live stock, New York State, was $125,583,715; in 1910, the value was $183,090,844, showing an increase of 45.8%. This increase is given as 44.7% of live stock during the same period, but the major per- centage is 82.8% in poultry value and poultry stock. We have a decrease in all cattle in this state, a total of 173,- 386 in ten years. There is a slight increase of 7986 dairy cows. A decrease of 37,430 horses in ten years, not including the amount of horses that have been exported during the past year and a half to the warring European nations; a decrease of 10,460 swine, and a very large decrease of 615,446 sheep. There has been a general decrease in the live stock in this state as is Shown, and,as I am given to understand, a very large decrease in all live stock from 1910 to 1915. Under our present Agricultural Law, the owners of cattle and horses are indemnified for the slaughter of cattle suffering with tuberculosis, and horses infected with glanders. From 1909 to 1915, 17,146 cows were slaughtered suffering with tuberculosis for which the State of New York paid $812,944.48 in six years and during the same time 7221 horses were killed, diseased with glanders for which the state also paid $494,524, making a total of $1,307,468.43 in return for which these owners did not even con- tribute a single cent. I propose and suggest a direct tax on the owners of live stock, as they are the only ones benefitting by the state indemnity. We have, according to the figures below, the following live stock in this state and a small tax per head will bring an income into the state treasury of over $3,000,000 a year. Horses 591,008. Proposed tax $1.00 each $591,008.00 Cattle 2,423,003. Proposed tax .50 each 1,211,501.50 Dairy Cows 1,509,594. Proposed tax — .50 each 754,797.00 Swine 666,179. Proposed tax .25 each 166,544.75 Dogs 350,000. Proposed tax 1.00 each 350,000.00 (my figures ) cai eS eS $3,073,851.25 2 > ayes be Vane STN Bele, ing a ae nT, we gels voy ‘ tan a Aas 8-4 oe oe wea COMMUNICATIONS 623 | #. tet Mies This additional income to the state would defray the expense of this department and leave a sum of money approximately about “ $2,000,000 to indemnify for the actual loss of tubercular cows, glandered horses and diseased swine. I suggest that there be three directing veterinarians at a pro- posed salary of $3500.00 and field veterinarians, one hundred or more at $1800; experiment stations for the study of these diseases, state laboratory at the State Veterinary College for the examina- re tion of specimens, for the analysis of blood, the manufacture of ~ Ay. Ses + cs eg eek —" . immunizing serums, anti-toxins and viruses. i ~The Commission or Bureau should have the absolute right and q power to control the suppression and eradication of contagious or infectious diseases of animals in this state, and to work in harmony aad with the animal division of the United States Department of Agri- “las eulture. The definite law or regulation as to the quarantine of a animals; the compulsory testing of cows and horses for contagious %, or infectious diseases; regulating the shipping of.live stock into ‘ ‘and without the state and within the state from one county to \ ae another county; the issuing of live stock health certificates; that. . no horse, cow or pig could be sold without a health certificate, is- r sued by the said bureau. + Inasmuch as the public has the benefit of the Pasteur treat- ee ment at the expense of the state, it is Just that the owner of a dog i shall pay to the state a tax of one dollar a year, and that the com- — > mission shall have the power to keep all dogs muzzled, so that rabies aera “shall be entirely wiped out of the state of New York. + haa! The directing veterinarians shall lecture on live stock, on the ai question of breeding, suppression of disease, sanitary conditions ela and good meat supply. The bureau or commission shall have the = supervision of the local slaughtering houses for the inspection of or meat. ; ; Employment of veterinarians shall be from the state civil ser- Foe vice list, and ‘all veterinarians required to report once a year in writing as to their post office addresses. Bulletins shall be sent out at such times to all veterinarians, ‘. _ informing them of any change in rules or regulations. ‘ Veterinarians shall have control as to the testing of live stock - and in the event of their failure to make true and accurate tests 4 and reports, to have the right to have the individual veterinarians’ ad licenses revoked. cs It shall be a misdemeanor for anyone other than a licensed or 3 _ registered veterinarian to inject any tuberculin, mallein or virus we: or toxin for the purpose of establishing the fact that said animal is =o suffering from any disease. c The various health departments or bureaus in the differ- 5 ent cities or towns, having veterinarians in their employ shall come under the supervision of “the said commission or bureau, and they shall do the work as if in the employ of this commission or bureau, 624 Aes COMMUNICATIONS and the head of that division shall make weekly reports to this commission. The reason for the above is that it shall not be necessary for two departments to do one act, and the state shall not be encum- bered with the payment of a salary for unnecessary work that is and had been performed by the local health bureaus. The control and shipment of the manufacture of antitoxins, vaccines, or any serums shall come under the supervision of this department, that is, where they are manufactured within the state, or that the standard of any such vaccines or antitoxins must come up to the standard of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. Any fake remedy for the so-called cure of diseases in animals shall be under control. There shall be compensation to veterinarians for the reporting of any contagious or infectious diseases. Louis GRIESSMAN ——— ()——_— Editor of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, Ithaca, N. Y. Enclosed herewith please find my personal check for two dol- lars ($2:00) with which to be the nucleus and start a fund for the expense necessary to have moving pictures made for the A.V. M.A. and subsequent state meetings, of the various operations by expert veterinarians as indicated in the close of the paper which I gave at the Missouri Valley Veterinary Medical Associa- tion in July, 1914, entitled ‘‘The Sturdy Farm Boy, ete.’’ I note that the idea was successfully carried out at the Ameri- can Medical Association and the veterinary profession ought to be able to do the same. Burton R. Rogers. | Epvrcr’s Nore:—Dr. Rogers’ communication reached us just before the later forms of the Journal went to press. In order that the idea may not be delyaed we are publishing his letter. If other donations are received they will be held until some definite plan is arranged. If the plan does not materialize the donations will be returned to the senders. | The mid-summer meeting of the Illinois State Veterinary Medi- cal Association will be held at Peoria, Ill., July 19th. The officers are F. H. Burt, president; A. W. Smith, vice-president; lL. A. Merillat, secretary-treasurer. The annual meeting will be held at Chicago, Ill., December 5, 6, and 7. The next meeting of the Montana Veterinary Medieal As- sociation will convene in the Capitol Building, Helena, September 2¢ and 28, cee Lee hee et ow a a " 4, ie sea. By taht? by Md, ae . ry’ @ . _ = oF iv, rod 7 - ae 5 f ™ Sus ‘ . me “ if * * rly > “ <¥ Was % olp*. : y ~ é ae % f > = % - ay “oe REVIEWS ae * = my VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS “vA ---- te EK. WALLIS HOARE a Alex. Eger, Publisher, Chicago, Il. “* 7 HY : : : ; ae - Zs. * This book is now in the third edition. It contains 943 pages | ie and covers the ereater part of the entire subject of Veterinary eet Therapeutics. The text is divided into three parts. tr Part. I. This contains chapters on the general diagnosis of ~— diseases; care, management, and nursing of sick animals; actions pie * and uses of drugs and veterinary pharmarcy. a The chapter on general diagnosis of diseases treats of the usual oa . . . . e . . > physical examination, examination of the urine and an interpreta- = tion of various symptoms of disease. The ground is covered quite ie thoroughly but of course is not so complete as the usual texts on = . the various subjects. aes The chapter on the care, management and nursing of sick ani- wer mals includes specific directions for each group of patients, includ- 4 ing birds. It is composed of several articles by different men who as are evidently specialists on the various subjects. Thus, Hoare is | probably the author of that part pertaining to horses, Hugh Begg, for cattle; Henry for dogs, cats and birds and G. Mayall for sheep and swine. These articles are all very complete and contain a vast amount of information not usually found in such a book, although a there is considerable material which is foreign to the subject. foo 2 The sections on the actions and uses of drugs includes diseus- i = 4 sions on the general effect of drugs, methods of administration and a brief discussion of the different classes of drugs grouped accord- ing to their action. The last part is very brief and amounts to but little more than definitions and examples in many cases. Part II. Materia Medica. This is really pharmacology and general therapeutics. It discusses the physiological actions and the uses of the individual remedies which are of importance in veteri- nary medicine. The author has included, not only most of the official and more popular drugs, but many proprietary and semi- proprietary remedies. The subject matter is fairly complete, but ~ + the grouping is such in many eases as to render it difficult as a text. << Part III. This part is devoted to the treatment of those dis- = eases most commonly found in veterinary practice, minor surgical ae operations and a formulary of prescriptions for various ailments. 626 ‘ REVIEWS 6 - The final chapter on vaccine therapy is written by W. M. Scott and includes a valuable discussion on immunity together with articles on the more commonly used immunizing agents. The dis- eases are grouped under the general headings: diseases of the digestive system, ete., and sub-headings devoted to the different species of animals, horses, cattle, dogs, etc. The greatest emphasis is based upon the treatment of the various diseased conditions, but, in many cases, the causes and symptoms of the disorders are briefly reviewed. 3 2 . The minor surgical operations include such common operations as firing, passing the probang and stomach tube, puncturing the in- testines and rumen, and catheterization. Very exact directions are given for these procedures, but the reviewer is not competent to give an opinion of them. It seems, however, that the average prac- titioner, should already be familiar with most of the operations de- scribed and this text cannot in any way take the place of several texts on surgery. Finally, there is an appendix of some 40 pages of formulae for various conditions. : Veterinary Therapeutics is evidently a valuable addition to veterinary literature but, in the opinion of the reviewer, attempts to cover too briefly many subjeets which are more thoroughly dis- cussed in special texts on the subjects, and with which practicing veterinarians should already be fairly familar. Furthermore, it does not appear that it ean take the place of our texts on physi- cal diagnosis, urine analysis, pathology and surgery, so that cer- tain parts although exceedingly valuable should not be utilized as text books. This book should prove valuable to any practitioner, although unfortunately the subject matter and prescriptions are based upon the British Pharmacopoeia instead of that of the United States, a fact that will tend to cause confusion to American Practitioners or pharmacists. The Maine Veterinary Board of Examiners met for the purpose of organizition in Augusta on June 14. Dr. I. L. Salley of Skow- hegan was elected president. Dr. W. H. Lynch of Portland was elected seeretary, Dr. W. TH. Robinson of Woodfords, treasurer. A meeting of this board for the reception of candidates will be held in the last week of July at Augusta, q STE A NECROLOGY A. L. HOISINGTON Dr. A. L. Hoisington died in March at Fremont, Ohio. ROY N. DRAKE Dr. Roy N. Drake of Reno, Nevada, a member of the A.V.M.A, died April 11, 1916. Dr. Drake was a graduate of the College of Veterinary Medicine at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1898. CHARLES H. BAGNELL Dr. Charles H. Bagnell, a graduate of the Chicago Veterinary College, aged forty-six years, died at Oil City, Pa., June 7, follow- ing an attack of tonsillitis. HENRY GAY CARPENTER Henry Gay Carpenter, publisher of veterinary text books, died suddenly at Ithaca, N. Y., June 21. Mr. Carpenter although handi- eapped by ill-health for several years devoted himself to his busi- ness until the end. Those privileged to know Mr. Carpenter, and who have experienced his uniform courtesy in business affairs, can testify to his interest in matters pertaining to the veterinary profes- sion. As a friend he was considerate and unselfish and his loss is to be greatly deplored. SERRE PR SA The Fourth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Animal In- dustry for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has been received. It is a neat cloth bound volume of 62 pages in which Commissioner Lester H. Howard gives much useful information. Nine applicants took the examinations given by the State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners of Montana, May 15 and 16. The following have been granted licenses: N. T. Gunn, Butte; L. G. Helterline, Plains; E. S. Mohr, Plentywood; |. W. Vinsel, Plevna; Chas. H. Wight, White Sulphur; H. F. Wilkins, Laurel. The Southern Tier Veterinary Medical Association will hold its annual meeting at Owego, N. Y., July 1. The forenoon clinic will be held at the hospital of Dr. Vorhis. The program in the after- noon includes papers by Doctors De Vine, Zimmer, Pearce and Cas- terline. fe "VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS” I In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being ve . great value to their Association, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us ‘ of the dates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included in the following list: | ] E ; Name of Organization aon ee Meeting Name and aries of scorys Alabama Vet. Med. Ass’n..|...-.......... Auburn ....'... C. A. Cary, Auburn Alumni Ass’n College of Vet W. R. Hobbs, care O. 8. U., Med. O. S. U 1917, Jan, 10. ./Columbus...... Columbus, Ohio. eee eee ee ee os Alumni Ass’n, N, Y.-A. V.C Alumni Ass’n U. S. Coll. Vet. Surgeons American V.M. Ass’n..... Arkansas Veterinary Ass’.n. B. A. I. Vet. In. A., Chicage. B. A. I. Vet. In. A., S. Omahe Buchanan Co. Vet. Ass’n... California State V. M. Ass’n Central Canada V. Ass’n... Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Assn Chicago Vet. Societ Colorado State V. M. Ass’n. Connecticut V.M. Ass’n... Delaware State Vet. Society. Essex Co. (N. J.) V. M.A... Genesee Valley V. M. Ass’n. Georgia State V. M. A Hamilton Co.(Ohio) V. A Feb. and July. elie) 0.0 okies ea Bile) eile April 14, 1917 1916 Aug. 21-25 Janz Ona 2d Fri. each mo. 3d Mon.each mo. Monthly ...... June and Nov.. 2d Tu. each mo. 1916, July 25.. Jan. Ap. Jul. Oct 3d Mon. each mo 1916, Aug. 23-24 Mirdsonk Valley Vici Ac. a0. Siete ie arece ist ere Idaho Ass’n Vet. graduates {1917, Feb. 4-5.. Tilmo Vet. Med. Ass’n...... DOGS Saete reer Illinois State V. M. Ass’n...{1916, July 19.. Indiana Veterinary Ass’n...}1917, Jan. 9-10 Iowa Veterinary Ass’n.....j1916 ......... Kansas State V. M. Ass’n. !Jan. 3-4, 1917. Kentucky V. M. Ass’n..... Oct. & Feb.. -. Keystone V. M. Ass’n...... 2d Tu. each mo Lake Frie V. M. Association}/Pending ..... Louisiana State V.M. Ass’n.{1916 ......... Maine Vet. Med. Ass’n.. Maryland State Vet. Society Massachusetts Vet. Ass’n... Michigan State V. M. Ass’n./1916 Minnesota State V. M. Ass’n| July 12-13 [th Wed. ea. mo. Mississippi State V. M. Ass’n{1917 Jan. 10, 11 Mississippi Valley V. M. Ass’n|Semi-Annually Missouri Valley V. Ass’n.. Missouri Vet. Med. Ass’n... Montana State V. M. A.... Nat’J]Ass’n B.A.I. Employees|1916 New York 8. V. M. Soe’y... North Carolina V. M. Ass’n. North Dakota V. M. Ass’n.. North-Western Ohio V. M. A.|1916 Ohio State V. M. Ass’n.. Ohio Soc. of Comp. Med.. Ohio Valley Vet. Med. Ags? n Oklahoma V. M. Ass’n..... Ontario Vet. Ass’n Pennsylvania State V. M.A. .| 1916, July 10-11-12 rae 1916 Aug. 2-4 .|Anually Fall, 1916 ove eee Midkie ne [ wre pa eR b ape pee T. E. Munee, Harrisburg _ .|Ottawa 2: .| Portland .|Ithaea 141 W. 54th St. Washi DiCs.- Detroit, Mich... Little Rock.... Chicago 3. Omaha, Neb.. St. Joseph seer ow fel preven: Syracuse Chicago Greenwich .... Wilmington .... Newark, N. J... Rochester Savannah ecfas Ele sie ope 's ote anew ietesn | spe ehh ties, ere ere) = Boische nee Peoria, Il.. a Indianapolis ... Des Moines.... Wichita _|Lexington ..... Philadelphia ... Pending Lake Charles ... alle 64s © © Baltimore Young’s, Boston Lansing ..|Minneapolis ... Clarksdale ..... Galesburg, IIll.. Omaha, Neb.. Bozeman. ‘ ; : , 4 New York, N.Y. Wrightsville Beach, N. C.. 1916, July 18-20|)Fargo ........ sa akan eke MIOLGGO! s5-ssistvicws -| 1917, Jan. 11-12/Columbus ..... (Omaha City.. ‘Toronto Pee ichols, Pt. Richmond, C. M. Mansfield, Wash., D. C. C. M. Haring, Berkeley, Cal. R. M. Gow, Little Rock : Chas. E. Schneider, Chicago. J. V. Giffe, So. Side, Omaha F.W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo. F. M. Hayes, Davis. : A. E. James, Ottawa. WB. Switzer, Oswego. D. M. Campbell, Chieago. I. E. Newsom, Ft. Collins. Yate Ke Gilyard, Waterbury. A. S. Houchin, Newark, Del. — J. F. Carey. E. Orange, N. J. O. B. Webber, Rochester. P. F. Bahnsen, Americus. Louis P. Cook, Cineinnati. W. H. Kelly, ‘Albany. C. V. Williams, Blackfoot .|L. B. Michael, Collinsville, 1. L. A. Merillat, Chicago. |A. FP. Nelson, Indianapolis. — EH. B. Treman, Rockwell City. J. H. Burt, Manhattan. Robert Graham, Lexington. C. S. Rockwell Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk,O. Hamlet Moore, N. Orleans, La, ; ; 4 M, E. Maddocks, Augusta | Si eh, Counselman, See? y: 2a EK. A. Cahill, Lowell, Mass. W. A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens. G. Ed. Leech, Winona. EK. 8. Norton, Greenville. G. E. McIntyre, Alexis, Tl. . R. F. Bourne, Kansas City, Mo. Chas, D. Folse, Kansas City. AyD: Knowles, Missoula Ss. J. Walkley, 185 N. W. Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. C. P. Fitch, Ithaca, N. Y. J. P. Spoon, Burlington. W. J. Mulroony, Havana Paul KE, Woods, Ottawa F. A. Lambert, care O. 8. U,, Columbus, Ohio. BS ah Sheets, Van Wert, Ohio, G. J. Behrens, Svansville, Ind, .C. I. Steel, Oklahoma City. L. A. Wilson, Toronto, b 4 Ce * ° . ‘ . ( 7 ; , - A ad ‘ : i : 3 ) all q be —yer y.<8 sah ia a eee Bon; eo pce ee 6 oa er ey rm" 7 A . : y : bead La . was t) ‘ : 2 ‘ a" ‘ i * : F ' - ‘ ' , ‘ xu P a. \ : . . 9 . _ é - g ' ad et . i *& ; : © f ay = i P i\ mh a j } cad ¥ ‘4 L a 1% ; é . ? ‘ all 7 : ( ; } as » 1 . = ii t 4 * ; ‘ | Peg i f 5 ' F aos! j 7 te) _ : j i , = oe 7 = - . ret Wiha 7 HE, = a ' of bd el - 7 > A \ 5 s a R. A. ARCHIBALD President of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1915-1916 JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N. Y. Committee on Journal F. TorRRANCE, Chairman, A. EICHHORN, Secretary, C. J. MARSHALL, W. R. BLAIR, R. A. ARCHIBALD, M. Jacos, N. S. Mayo, G. R. Wuite, V. A. Moorz, L. FRoTH- INGHAM, C. H. Stance, H. JENSEN, G. H. Roserts, R. P. LYMAN. Sub-Committee on Journal C. J. MARSHALL, Chairman, R. P. LYMAN, A. E1cHHORN, Secretary The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JouRNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Wine LXaoN=.S.. VOL. IT: AucustT, 1916. No. 5. Communications relating to membership and matters pertaining to the American Veter- inary Medical Association itself should be addressed to Secretary C. M. Haring, University of California, Berkeley,.California. Matters pertaining to the Journal should be sent to Ithaca, N. Y. OFFICIAL PROGRAM OF THE A. V.M. A. FOR THE DETROIT MEETING MONDAY MORNING, AUGUST 21 Meeting of the Executive Committee at 8:00 A. M. in Parlor C, Hotel Statler. Persons who desire a hearing are requested to re- port at this time. ; OPEN MEETING—10:30 A. M. Detroit Board of Commerce Auditorium. Call to Order by the President. Address of Welcome to Michigan, Hon. Woodbridge N. Ferris, Governor of Michigan. Address of Welcome to Detroit, Oscar B. Marx, Mayor of Detroit. Response to Address of Welcome. Address by the President, R. A. Archibald, Oakland, California. Roll Call. Submission of the Minutes of Previous Meeting as published in the Journal. Report of the Executive Committee. Unfinished Business, 630 EDITORIAL MONDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 21—2:00 Detroit Board of Commerce Auditorium. Unfinished Business. Report of the Executive Committee. Report of the Secretary—C. M. Haring. Report of the Treasurer—F. H. Schneider. Report of the Librarian—J. N. Frost. Report of the Committee on Diseases—J. R. Mohler, Chairman. The Efficiency of the Various Disinfectants, Charles H. Higgins. Hemorrhagic Septicemia in Cattle in the Middle Section of the United States, A. T. Kinsley Hemorrhagic Septicemia with Special Reference to its Economic Importance J. R. Mohler Non-Specific Treatment of Infectious Diseases in Animals, K. F.. Meyer. A Study of the Milk in Bovine Infectious Abortion. Ward Giltner. (This paper will be read by title and referred to the Chairman of the See- tion on Sanitary Medicine to be read at the proposed symposium on that dis- ease). Report of Committee on Intelligence and Education—N. 8. Mayo, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Re-Organization—C. A. Cary, Chairman. MONDAY EVENING, AUGUST 21—8 :00 Reception and Ball in Ball Room, Hotel Statler. TUESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 22—S :30 Report of the Executive Committee. Report of the Committee on Finance—K. L. Quitman, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Necrology—H. Jensen, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Salmon Memorial—.J. F. Winchester. Report of the Committee on Selection of Emblem—Otis A. Longley, Chairman. Report of the International Tuberculosis Commission—J. G. Ruther- ford, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Journal—F. Torrance, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Advertisements of Veterinary Rem- edies—M. Jacob, Chairman, EDITORIAL 631 Report of the Special Committee on Agricultural College Investi- gation—I". B. Hadley, Chairman. Report of Committee on Glanders—E. B. Ackerman, Chairman. Report of the Special Committee on Veterinary Nomenclature—S. Sisson, Chairman. TUESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 22—2:00 Joint meeting of all Sections in Ball Room, Hotel Statler, to hear papers on infectious abortion. For detailed program see page 632. TUESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 22—8:30 - Meetings of various Alumni Associations and Class dinners. WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 23—9 :30 Meeting of the Section on General Veterinary Practice in the Ball Room on the second floor, Hotel Statler. For detailed program of this Section, see page 634. Meeting of the Section on Sanitary Science and Police in the Banquet Room on the second fioor, Hotel Statler. For detailed pro- eram of this Section, see page 635. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 23—2 :00 Meeting of Section on General Veterinary Practice in Ball Room on the second floor, Hotel Statler. Fer detailed program of this Section, see page 634. Meeting of the Section on Sanitary Science and Police in Ban- quet Room on the second floor, Hotel Statler. For detailed program of this Section, see page 636. WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 247 :30 Banquet in the Banquet Room, Hotel Statler. THURSDAY, AUGUST 24 The entire Association, including ladies and all registered visit- ing veterinarians, will leave on the steamer Britannia for Parke, Davis & Company’s plant on the river front. During the entire day the association will be guests of that company. They will visit the Laboratories and sail on the Lake and the River St. Clair, 632 EDITORIAL THURSDAY EVENING, AUGUST 24-7 :30 Ball Room, Hotel Statler. Report of the Committee on Legislation—David Buckingham, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Resolutions—John W. Adams, Chairman, Further Report of the Committee on Re-Organization. Report of the Committee on History Reports of Delegates to Conventions. Unfinished’ Business. New Business. | Election of Officers—1, President; 2, First Vice-President; 38, See- ond Vice-President; 4, Third Vice-President; 5, Fourth Vice- President; 6, Fifth Vice-President; 7, Secretary; 8, Treas- urer: 9, Librarian. James Law, Chairman. FRIDAY, AUGUST 25 General Assembly of the Association. Unfinished Business. Installation of Officers. Clinic and Demonstrations throughout the Day. Adjournment. SATURDAY, AUGUST 26 The members of the Association who will be passing through Chicago have been invited by Sears, Roebuck and Company to visit their establishment at 10:30 A. M. and be their guests at luncheon. LITERARY PROGRAM TUESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 22—2 :00 Joint Session of all Sections in Ball Room on the second floor of Hlotel Statler. SYMPOSIUM, CONTAGIOUS ABORTION 1. The Death and Expulsion of the Immature Fetus as a Standard for Measuring the Prevalence of Infection of Cattle Abortion. W. L. Williams, Ithaca N. Y. 2. Some of the Advantages of Sanitary Precautions in Cattle Breeding. John IK. DeVine, Goshen N. Y, EDITORIAL 633 3. Contagious Abortion from the Practitioners’ Standpoint. ©. A. Cotton, St. Paul, Minn. 4. The Bull as a Disseminator of Contagious Abortion. K’. B. Hadley and H. Lothe, Madison, Wis. Now that the causative organism of contagious abortion of cattle has been isolated and reliable methods of diagnosis have been perfected, means are at hand to control accurately and to interpret correctly the results of experiments designed to shed light upon the question of the ability of both mechanically infected and systemically infected bulls to transmit abortion by cohabitation. This paper discusses an experiment, based upon practical and scientific knowledge, in which abortion-infected bulls were bred to non-infected virgin heifers. The authors among other conclusions state: (1) That the bull is less susceptible to abortion infection than the cow. (2) That if the bull does become naturally infected by the abortion ba- cilli the infection usually runs a course much more benign than in the cow. (3) That the soiled bulls with systemic infections used in the experi- ments were ineapable of disseminating the abortion disease by cohabitation. 5. A Study of the Milk in Bovine Infectious Abortion. Ward Giltner, L. H. Cooledge and I. F. Huddleson, Lah. : of Bact. and Hygiene, East Lansing, Michigan. The paper deals with various aspects of cows’ milk in its relation to bo- vine infectious abortion and to human health. It is shown that the introdue- tion of Bact. abortus into the udder of a cow causes the appearance of agglu- tinins in the milk; that agglutinins are always found in milk capable of pro- ducing typical lesions of Bact. abortus in the guinea pig, but that the reverse is not true. No proof is found that Bact. abortus is pathogenic for man, but antibodies for the microorganisms appear in the blood of man as a result of feeding naturally infected milk, probably representing a passive immunity in man. Results are reported also on the, (1) effect of feeding infected milk to rabbits; (2) to guinea pigs; (3) to new born calves; (4) significance of the matting of the hairy tufts around the sheath and vulva of calves. 6. The Present Status of the Abortion Question. Adolph Eichhorn, Chief of Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, and Geo. M. Potter, Veterinary Inspector, Bureau of Animal Industry, Path. Division. This paper recounts briefly the history of the disease, quoting authors and setting forth the essential contributions of each; points out the difficulties associated with the investigation of the question; reports some of the work, and conelusions of the Bureau of Animal Industry; and finally outlines meth- ods which have been in a measure successful in controlling the disease. 7, Discussion to be opened by V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y, 634 EDITORIAL 8. Experiments with Equine Abortion. J. B. Hardenbergh, Philadelphia, Pa. (Ten minutes) This paper outlines experiments in connection with equine abortion. It also gives data relative to the vaccination practiced in this disease and also ophthalmic experiments. WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 23—9 :30 Ball Room, on second floor, Hotel Statler. SECTION ON GENERAL VETERINARY PRACTICE L. A. Merillat, Chicago, Chairman. 1. Lost Opportunities. David S. White, Columbus Ohio. 2. Local Anaesthesia in Animal] Dentistry. H. E. Bemis, Ames, Iowa. 3. Teaching Pharmacology. H. Jensen, Kansas City, Missouri. 4. Business Methods in a Veterinary Practice. D. M. Campbell, Chicago, Hlinois. Topographic Anatomy of the Anterior Part of the Head—An Illustrated Lecture H. 8. Murphey, Ames, Iowa. ON WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON—2:00 Ball Room on second floor, Hotel Statler. 1. Shipping Fever of Horses. J. R. Mohler, Washington, D. C. 2. Shipping Fever of Horses from the Army Standpoint. C. J. Willgans, Kansas City, Mo. 3. Shipping Fever as Seen from a Large City Practice. G. B. MeKillip, Chieago, HL. 4. Nymphomania of Mares. H. Fulstow. Norwalk. Ohio. D. Paraphimosis of Domesticated Animals. J. V. LaCroix,Kansas City, Mo. 6. Surgery of Paraphimosis. John Adams, Philadelphia, Penna. i. Recommendations for the Control of White Secours. A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City, Mo: 8. Some Physiological Experiments in Breeding. H. D. Bergman, Ames, Lowa. 9, Treatment of Equine Pheumonia R. C. Moore, St. Joseph, Mo, EDITORIAL 635 WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 23,—9:30. Banquet Room on the second floor, Hotel Statler. Be? SECTION ON SANITARY SCIENCE AND POLICE C. H. Higgins, Ottawa, Chairman. 1. Osteomalacia or ‘‘Cage Paralysis’’ in Primates. W. Reid Blair, New York, N. Y. - 2. Studies in Canine Distemper. John A. Kolmer, John Reichel, George H. Heist and Maleolm J. Harkins. “4 (From MeMann’s Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, University of 3 Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., and Mulford Biological Laboratories, Glen- olden, Pa.) | 3. Hypodermal Anaphylaxis. S. Hadwen, Veterinary Research Laboratory, Agassiz, B. C. (Lantern slide demonstration of experimental data). 4. Hog-Cholera, Transmission Through Infected Pork R. R. Bireh, Ithaca, New York This paper deals with the possibilities of spreading hog cholera by means of infected pork trimmings in garbage. It includes experimental data ob- tained by killing hogs in various stages of hog cholera, and feeding small por- tions of the hams from which the samples were taken when fresh, while others were refrigerated or cured before portions were removed for feeding. Special consideration is given to the relation between meat inspection and this means of hog cholera transmission. 5. Results of the Use of Hog Cholera Globulin on 3,000 Hogs in the Field Robert Graham, Lexington, Ky. : , (Ten minutes) Hog cholera globulin was used under field conditions in controlling hog cholera in infected herds as well as herds apparently free from the infection. In non-infected herds virus was simultaneously administered in conjunction with the globulin. Hogs immunized by the simultaneous method were later hyperimmunized in some instances. Comparative results of the use of hog cholera globulin and unrefined hog cholera serum indicated that hog cholera globulin in small doses has protective powers against hog cholera equal to those of the unrefined serum. 6. Further Studies with Hog Cholera with Reference to Spiro- chaeta Hyos Walter E. King and R. H. Drake, Detroit, Mich, (Ten minutes) 636 EDITORIAL 7. The Follow-Up and Combined Systems of Tubereculin Testing George H. Hart and J. Traum | Data showing that no one method will produce 100% reactions in tuber- culous cattle and that probably 85% represents the efficiency by the ordinary technic used in routine work. Tuberculous cattle frequently react to one form of the tuberculin test and not to others. In the elimination of tuberculosis from certified and accredited herds the writers advocate the combined method. of tuberculin testing, using three meth- ods at once or, preferably, if time permits, the follow-up system, by applying _ the ophthalmic test twice at intervals of one week, followed immediately by the intradermal method, and after the lapse of three or four weeks testing by the subeutaneous method all animals that have not been removed by the previous tests. In routine testing in certified herds alternate semi-annual tests by the subcutaneous and intradermal methods have been used, supplemented by the follow-up method in those herds where over 5% of reactors were found to be present. The intrapalpebral method is considered to be in principle practically the same as the intradermal. In practice we have found the injection required more time than labor, and was objected to by cattle owners as causing too much disturbance in the barn. Slight local reactions in the subpalpebral in- jection are more difficult to recognize than those in thesubcaudal fold and there is a higher percentage of doubtful cases to retest. 8. Studies in Forage Poisoning Robert Graham and L. R. Himmelberger (Ten minutes ) Continuing bacteriological studies of an oat hay which proved poisonous to horse and mule stock, previously reported at the United State Live Stock Sanitary Association meeting 1915. The pathogenic properties of a bacillus isolated from the oat forage as well as from another forage in a remote out- break are described. Small animals, ineluding guinea pigs, rabbits, chickens and white mice, were apparently immune while horses were apparently suscep- tible. Bovines, sheep, and goats less so. Filtrates of this bacillus grown in Uschinsky’s protein-free medium on being injected intravenously into horses from day to day resulted in manifest symptoms, coma and death. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON—2 :00 SECTION ON SANITARY SCIENCE AND POLICE Banquet Room on the second floor, Hotel Statler. ARMY Service, Remounts, Horst BREEDING AND ALLIED Topics 1. An Army Veterinary Corps C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia, Pa. By a Veterinary Corps is meant a department of the army having its own organization and head. Its purpose is to insure the purchase of sound horses and eare for those that are injured, sick or inefficient. In order to be of the greatest value in re- ducing the amount of suffering to the minimum, in preventing the spread of A! } EDITORIAL / 637 : transmissible diseases to animals and human beings in the army and in civil life during the war and after it is ended, in removing from the fighting and working lines the animals that are not able to work and thereby interfere with progress, it is imperative that a sufficient number of men should be properly educated, organized, equipped and clothed with abundant authority. . From observations made in the field the Veterinary Corps is the most efficient organization for looking after this important branch of the Army Service. All charity and assistance contributed by humane societies or indi- viduals to alleviate the suffering of animals should be conducted and handled under the supervision of the Veterinary Service. 2. The National Horse R. Vans Agnew, Army Service School, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. _ The improvement of the present stock for breeding the light horse. The giving of government premiums in all states for the best type of stallion, mare and foal. The present remount depots and the class of animals sent to them. The fallacy of the present contract system. The evil of shipping fever in econ- nection with it. Some suggestions for a remount organization to take the place of the contract system. Cooperation from the State Veterinarians and Agricultural Farms. The types and their crosses for remounts. What has been done in some states to improve the type. The real type and what it is called upon to do in peace and war. 3. Remounts, their Care in Depots and in Transit D. Warnock, British Remount Station, Dixie, Que. 4. Remounts Jas. N. Hornbaker, Front Royal, Va. In the papers announced there will be new developments con- cerning infectious abortion, tuberculin testing, canine distemper and non-specific methods of treating infectious diseases. A dis- cussion of Duval’s prophylactic for hog cholera will be arranged if possible. Beyond the fact that every effort will be made to have the clinic up to its usual high standard, it can be stated, at this time, that among the new things to be demonstrated are: William’s uterine irrigations; Bemis’s dental anesthesia; and McKillip’s ventricular cauterization for roaring. After August 7th, address all communications to the Ameri- can Veterinary Medical Association, Hotel Statler, Detroit, Michi- gan. By that date the president and secretary will be en route from California. Beginning August 18, the secretary will hold office hours at the Hotel Statler, Detroit. On August 19 and 20 the executive committee and the com- mittee on reorganization will be in session at the Hotel Statler, Detroit. 638 EDITORIAL A FINAL APPEAL This is the last opportunity we shall have to appeal to the loyalty of the members of the A. V. M. A. and others of the profession to attend the meeting of the association at Detroit, be- ginning August 21. Rates, as favorable as possible, have been obtained from the Trunk Line Association. This association grants a rate of “‘two cents per mile in each direction, going and returning via same route only ; tickets to be sold and good going August 19 to 21, and return- ing to reach original starting point not later than August 29.” When purchasing tickets, the reduced rate should be asked for. The hotel rates are moderate as compared with other cities, although one may spend as much as he pleases. If you have not yet made your hotel reservations, do so at once, as a very large number of conventions are booked for Detroit this summer and it is advisable to avoid any difficulty in getting located. Rooms may be reserved at any of the hotels mentioned in the June issue. If this is done you may dis- miss the matter from your mind and rest assured that yeu will have comfortable quarters upon your arrival. Splendid lake trips may be made from many points and it would be advisable for those so inclined to make arrangements with the various railroads via lake steamers and also reserve state rooms on the steamers in advance. Full information of these trips can usually be obtained from the excursion bureaus at the various rail- road or steamship offices. : The local committee of arrangements reports that matiers are progressing as satisfactorily as can be expected. They are over- looking nothing that will add to the comfort and entertainment of the visiting members and their wives and friends. The efforts put forth to make this meeting a success are shown in the official program The program speaks for itself. The officers and committees have given freely of their time and labor and now cooperation is required from the members of the association, by their presence at the meeting, to insure a complete success. We are perhaps entering upon a new era in veterinary pro- gress. This year nearly all of the veterinary colleges are pre- senting a four-year curriculum; army veterinary conditions will undoubtedly be improved, as the result of favorable legislation ; our country has been freed from the ravages of foot-and-mouth BY EDITORIAL 639 disease. This should be a thanksgiving meeting. Show your ap- _preciation by attending, and remember in this connection that your wife has earned a vacation and this is an unusually good opportun- ity to reimburse her, in part, for the assistance she has rendered ~you.. A more ideal place than Detroit could not have been selected. The association expects every member to do his duty. ——_0O——_- A WORTHY TRIBUTE TO A WORTHY MAN - * On June 20 there was unveiled a tablet to the memory of Dr. Leonard Pearson, formerly a professor in the veterinary school, at the University of Pennsylvania, and dean of its faculty. The ex- -ercises were held in the library of the veterinary school. Dr. L. A. Klein, the present dean, spoke on ‘‘Leonard Pearson—His Work for Education for the State and for the Nation’’. William H. Cald- well, secretary of the American Guernsey Cattle Club, spoke on “Leonard Pearson—His Interest in the Farmer and His Prob- lems’’.. Dr. C. J. Marshall, state veterinarian, spoke on ‘‘ Leonard Pearson—The Man’’. The tablet was presented on behalf of the Guernsey Breeders’ Association by Dr. E. T. Gill and accepted on behalf of the university by Provost Edgar F. Smith. The tablet, which is erected in the archway of the veterinary building, is in- seribed as follows: ‘‘To the s:cxcory of Leonard Pearson. B.S., . V.M.D., M.D., Eminent as a Veterinarian, Scholar, and Lover of _Mankind, through whose breadth of vision and untiring efforts these buildings were made possible; whose appreciation of the needs of Animal Husbandry kept him in sympathetic touch with the farmer, and whose achievements will always be an honor to his Alma Mater, this tablet is affectionally dedicated by the GUERNSEY BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION.’’ ce The addresses gave eloquent testimony to the broad scope and value of the work accomplished by Dr. Pearson; to his modest demeanor and sterling character. , Dr. Pearson possessed unusual ability which was developed by extensive educational application at home and abroad. He was the first to apply the tuberculin test to cattle in this country and his.researches, in the great bovine scourge, were those of a master. He has been secretary and president of our A. V.M.A. Aside from his great technical knowledge he was a man among men. His foresight, sound judgment and industry naturally compelled suc- ? 640) EDITORIAL cess. The University of Pennsylvania has reason to be proud of him. It was the writer’s privilege to know Dr. Pearson, in his pre- veterinary days while he was working out his university course. No dne appreciated more than he the importance of educational train- ing and the value it has in fostering and developing natural talent. We are not surprised at the eminence he attained; knowing some of his earlier characteristics, we do not see how it could have been otherwise. The tablet is a worthy tribute to Dr. Pearson. It indicates the esteem in which he is held by others than those in the veteri- nary profession. It will perpetuate his memory and his worth, and yet there is a tinge of regret :—that his fellow-veterinarians could not have been represented in this token of merit. PAR ——--Q-—----- APPOINTMENT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVESTOCK SANITARY AFFAIRS The Secretary of Agriculture has appointed the following named members of the Bureau of Animal Industry as an advisary committee on Live Stock Sanitary Affairs: Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Indus- try, Chairman, } Mr. Geo. M. Rommell, Chief, Animal Husbandry Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Mr. B. H. Rawl, Chief, Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Dr. R. A. Ramsay, Chief, Field Inspection Division, Bu- reau of Animal Industry. Dr. R. W. Hickman, Chief, Quarantine Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. The committee will act in an advisory capacity on all live stock sanitary questions and will consider such matters as may be referred to it by the chairman or by the Secretary. Also on its own initiative it will consider related questions, suggest means for the control and eradication of animal diseases, and recommend such measures as seem best suited for live stock sanitary control work and for the general welfare of the animal industry. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES ie Bois Jerome. POLYVALENT SERUM AGAIN. In my duties as chronicler, l have to avoid all appearance of favoritism and as much as possible must i present to those who do me the honor of reading my communications, the various_aspects under which the subjects I consider are related hy by others. on. Such is the necessity and the opportunity that present them- “a selves from the proceedings of a meeting at the Societe de Chirurgie, ; yi where the treatment of fistulous osteitis by the polyvalent serum of — Leclaineche and Vallee was under consideration. a” Having recorded in other chronicles the great advantages that i i were claimed for it by veterinarians and human surgeons, I extract . from a report made before said society on this subject. i First, the reporter refers to the utility of the serum, which is obtained from horses, immunized against the aerobic and anaerobic germs of many suppurations: staphylococci, streptococci, cali ba- i 4 eilli, pyocyanic, perfringens, septic vibrios, ete., and he then exam- ines the effects of the polyvalent which when applied to infected wounds, change them, dry them and then promote cicatrizaticn. The technic of its application is considered and well known and ve I pass to the important part, the consideration of the report, which — dy constitutes the ‘‘reversed side of the medal,’’ presented from the successful trials recorded. In another communication made some time previous, 282 old . wounds out of 421 were reported as having recovered in three | months and a half. Investigation of these cases showed that a cer- tain number. presented had only superficial lesions, and the cicatrix had reopened. Again a larger number was found in which, after a short time, the old wound was suppurating freely, with fetid dis- charge, sloughing of the walls of the fistulous tracts, sequestrum of bones and even foreign bodies. M Therefore, if small necrotic parts may slough out readily, itis ST not demonstrated that merely by the local action of a drain. moist » with serum, a larger one might not. On that account, the reporter explains the frequency of complications such as lymphangitis, sloughing of the skin, etc., that he has observed. Not only these conditions have been observed but others more serious have followed the use of the polyvalent serum, such as sup- -purative arthritis, osteomyelitis, septicemic manifestations, ete. ¢ 642 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Is it possible, continues the reporter, to explain these accidents, some of which are slight and others severe and even fatal, as being the result of a defective application of the serum? It is possible, but they exist nevertheless and must be considered, and as a conclusion he (the reporter) would not be inclined to immunize wounds with a serum which, directly or indirectly, renders the pyo- genie microbes able to promote abscesses, sometimes severe, around foreign bodies encysted for months. ; One of the members present at the meeting made the remark that ‘‘we know nothing of this new polyvalent serum, recommended in practice without its action having been demonstrated by con- clusive experimental researches. ”’ This severe statement should have been unnecessary if it is re- membered that the two veterinarians who discovered the said serum are sufficiently known to prove that all the experimental researches necessary and their conclusions tested have been made. At any rate, one of the critics of the polyvalent serum and one who was most severe and unwilling to accept its value, in @ subse- quent meeting withdrew all objections and acknowledged that the ‘‘serum was a marvellous preventive agent and was especially to be recommended in the prophylaxis of gaseous gangrene.’’ the corresponding region on the opposite sound leg; one often finds ~a change in the shape, volume, direction or in the continuity of the “part; or other modifications in the sensibility, consistence, or tem- perature of the part. One can sometimes observe a symptom which _ is characteristic of disease of a definite region, by the way the leg is held while at rest; if while pointing the weight is borne on the whole . sole, the pain is not in the hoof but is frequently in the shoulder; rf the pain is caused by a contusion or articular disease the weight will be supported on the toe. A painful fetlock indicates some lesion of the tendons or patellar region. A dropping of the shoulder and sup- porting the leg on the anterior surface of the hoof indicates a dis- ease of the muscles in the olecranon region. In the hind leg the fact of having the foot raised indicates pain in the hoof; holding the leg in abduction is a symptom of pain in the hock. re 2 The examination of the veins and especially of the arteries often shows the seat of an incipient lameness. This examination is made in the fore leg on the interior surface of the cannon, in the hind legs just below the heads of the small metatarsal bones. This method may often reveal the presence of nail punctures, detach- ments of the sole or wall, contusions or even torsion of the fetlock. Slight symptoms during exercise are sometimes of diagnostic importanee, as for example, in sprains of the fetlock, one sees a characteristic oscillation of this region, an uncertainty accompanied by pain when the foot is placed on the ground. In luxation of the patella the leg is dragged during progression and the anterior sur- ___ face of the hoof and. phalanges rub on the ground; there is a loss in the action of the extensor muscles of the leg. In flexing the hock or knee the animal does not show the difficulty to which he is put, ~ as shown by the circle which the leg describes, usually outwards. Rupture or paralysis of the olecranon muscles is accompanied by _ relaxation of the fore leg, rupture of the tendon of the flexor meta- tarsi (tibial pre-metatarsal), founder. Certain fractures show cer- _ tain characteristic symptoms during progression which are sufficient to make a diagnosis. d : One frequently observes that pain in the upper part of a leg ~ immobilizes that leg to a certain extent, but there is no general or » J . . oo * . * . i. conclusive evidence of its being a rule. An animal which one has ~ _ been led to believe is lame in the shoulder, proves to have a pain in - - \ 652 ; F. T. DAUBIGNY the hoof. In the same way the act of mowing, that is, of describing circles outwards while walking, the movement originating in the upper part of the leg’ was supposed to indicate disease of the shoulder. One finds, however, that it also occurs in cases of pain in the olecranon region, or beneath the shoulder. The same is the case for the hind legs. Many a horse has been treated for hip lameness that had a lame fetlock; it is often necessary to have the animal walk slowly and to notice alternately the action of each joint, and to compare it with the sound leg, trying to find some difference. To find whether the animal is lame in the foot or in some other region, it has been proposed to have the animal walk on a thick dung heap; thé halting diminishes or disappears when it comes from the foot, persists or is aggravated when from some other cause. If one makes the animal travel down hill the pain is increased if it is in the foot; it is decreased if in the shoulder; on uneven ground one notices frequent stumbling in horses that have a phal- angeal sprain. One must look to the hoof especially in lameness of the fore legs. The hock is most frequently the seat of pain in the hind legs. An important point in removing the shoe from a lame foot, is to remove each nail after its rivet has been cut, so as to prevent shocks which are always painful. Whatever one knows of the injured spot he should thin the sole till it gives at all points under the thumb. One examines it all over especially at the juncture of the sole with the frog which is the most dangerous part. There are frequent cases in practice where one is unable to find the seat of lameness, and is forced to adopt conjectures, to say that there is rheumatism, or an incipient spavin. In such eases it is advisable to make use of cocainization, beginning with the foot and working up to the shoulder. 3. ‘To determine the nature of a lameness. This is closely re- lated in most cases to the finding of the seat of lameness. The seat once found the nature of the disease is at onee apparent. Certain lamenesses which are purely nervous or rheumatic, have no true seat, at other times they have variable seats. There are some lame- nesses that are symptoms of other diseases, such as glanders, farey purulent infections. These lamenesses are frequently due to arter- itis or more commonly to fibrin clots especially in the femoral artery. \ aad VE Ll eee Sey el oe ee ee arte ee 6 oe ee Oy Ne ee Oa ole EE a c ike berated ie Be, FST pe ah es Wepre j ses igs ry : i ; aa a Ag i? i ‘ ’ fr " - ‘ . | ‘ A +e 7 - a ’ . é ; 4 ¢ ¥ Jae : i d , al he LAMENESS AND ITS MOST COMMON CAUSE 658574 * ee ee The causes of lameness are very numerous and varied. Some- times lameness is due to malformations, shortening of the leg, lack in development, crooked legs, ete. These are inherent to the indi- vidual. External causes as shocks, blows, slips, nail punctures or shoeing may be a direct cause; certain services which we demand from the animal; bad roads; rains and drought may be causes of lameness. | Editor’s note: This article was submitted in French and was translated by Dr. J. P. Scott. | es ee LAMENESS AND ITS MOST COMMON CAUSE Tr JAMES MceDonouGH, Montclair, N. J. Having devoted forty years of my life to the study of lameness and its cause, I beg the indulgence of the members of my profession while saying a few words about a condition, that in my opinion, is the most common cause of lameness in the horse. I do not refer to my long period of study as proof that my opin- ion should be accepted, or even seriously considered, but as an apology for asking that it be read and considered by those better qualified to pass upon this subject. Lameness is caused by the presence of a condition that renders some part of the limb unable to perform its work with comfort; it “may be a departure from a healthy condition, or the overtaxation of a healthy part. Of course, there are causes which are constitutional, but, by far, the most common causes are local, and the direct result of an injury to that part of the limb. This leads up to the cause of injury, which I will attempt to simplify by excluding accidents, and will refer only to those caused by the animal’s efforts to perform ordinary work. When the injury is severe or persistent, its location can usually be determined by the presence of some abnormal condition—as exostosis, or heat and swelling of the soft tissue. When we have proof of its location, we find that it is usually located upon the side of the limb, and must be caused by the pres- ence of some condition that increases the work of the limb at that place. 1 654 JAMES MC DONOUGH When the work of but a part of the limb has been increased it becomes evident that the relation of the parts to each other has been changed, and as the relation of the parts to one another is dependent upon the support furnished by the base or foundation upon which the limb rests, we must look to the hoof for the cause. Fic. I. All columns, placed in a vertical position and supporting weight are provided with a base or pedestal of sufficient size and of proper shape to insure their stability. If the equilibrium of the column will be preserved, the base must rest upon a surface with a diameter equal to that of the base. If a horse’s hoof—the base of the limb—rests upon a surface as shown in Fig. I, it will give to the limb all the support that it is possible for it to receive from a base of that size and shape. If rested upon three little piers, as shown in Fig. II, it is evident that ed i LAMENESS AND ITS MOST COMMON CAUSE 655 there is nothing to support the limb at either side. As this is sure * to result in injury to the limb, something must be done to correct it, for there is no one who would think of using a horse with his four feet resting in this position. Fié. ITT. We will first attempt to correct this condition by attaching to the bottom of the hoof a flat piece of iron (a shoe). If we new rest the shoe upon the piers, as shown in Fig. III, we find that it will rotate with the hoof, as it is a part of it. Fic. IV. We will now attach the shoe to the httle piers and. we have a three-calked shoe; but we again fail to change the condition as the nat enim s 656 JAMES MC DONOUGH calks also now become a part of the base and move with it. The relation of the hoof to its supporting surface when it first rested upon the piers has not been changed in the least, as it is now just as easy for the calks to rotate upon the surface below as it was for the hoof to rotate upon the calks. See Fig. IV. Our very apparent failure to support the lLmb by the use of three calks suggests the use of more calks, so we will place one under either side (Fig. V) and the stability of the hoof and com- fort of the limb is now assured. All of our previous efforts to accomplish this seem like kin- dergarten exercises, as the placing of a support under either side ~ would be the first thought of any six-year-old child of average in- Fic. V. telligence. But as ridiculous as it. may appear, the undeniable and indisputable fact remains that for hundreds of years horses have been compelled to travel and work with all four feet resting up- on three little piers, whose shape, position and relation to the bot- — tom of the hoof are identical with the condition shown in Fig. II. And we of this Twentieth Century continue to do this in the y presenee of the most convincing proof of its injurious effects seen upon the limbs of every horse that has performed six months of any kind of service, while shod with three-calked shoes. For some un- known reason we think that that part of the shoe extending past the calks at either side gives support to the hoof at that place, and these simple illustrations are given to make plain that it is impos- sible for any part of the shoe, extending past its point of contact * sl WK rie, het Bt ee ee , un Fata t DOF noe My eee Oe PMI ge ita ye Bs) PRL IN WON, wb FX S's SSE. wei ft c Z ie F 4 LAMENESS AND irs MOST Comizon CAUSE 657 E ey oath the ground, to give the slightest support to that part of the hoof resting upon it. gs: Before making any part of a machine intended to performa eg “certain work, we will first determine the amount of power neces- | ee EiSaty for its performance and then make all parts strong enough to Be a stand the strain to which it is possible for a machine of that power — q : fe to subject. them. If the many parts of the machine are properly — constructed, and carefully adjusted, they cannot be injured by the work possible for a machine of that power to subject them. If the Wg - work exceeds the power of the machine, it simply stops without i in- org 3. ae . ory “ jury to itself. : eae i‘ Kotinee a > ie e Yeap HO Fo my. * * . Soy \ - fae Re bays as F LS Ae oe a ie Fic. VI. es. 7 - y *. + f= So it is with the horse. While its limbs remain in their — y normal position it is impossible for him to be injured by any — te amount of power of which the animal is capable. -And for this re: reason any injury to the limb, barring accidents, can be ae cepted — pgs as proof that the adjustment of the limb has been disturbed, for | we cannot question its construction, and the injuries will exist up- . ‘<= on that part of the limb where the work has been increased. SS As the displacement of the limb must be in the direction of | that part of the limb where the injury oceurs, the part or parts in- : jured must occupy a position corresponding to the direction of the : % _ displacement. a [will here refer to a report made by a committee of veteri- Reh -narians appointed by the New Jersey Veterinary Medical Associa- he tion to examine the limbs of a number of horses. Upon the limbs of the one hundred and six horses examined, they found 428 perm- ‘ / f 658 ° JAMES MC DONOUGH anent injuries—(puffs not included). Of this number, 412 were situated upon the sides of the limbs. Twelve of the remaining six- teen were on the front of the knee and probably caused by the animals falling or striking the knees against the manger (accident). One hundred and fifty-three of the 212 front limbs and 209 of the 212 hind limbs (the propelling levers of the body) were injured to the extent of rendering all of those animals less serviceable, and some unserviceable, at an average age of nine years, which should be the most serviceable period of the animal’s life. It will be seen by the above report that 412 of the 428 injuries were caused by the displacement of the limbs in the direction of their sides—the result of insufficient support at that place. Had the hoofs been given support at the quarters, there is no reason why the limbs of those animals would not remain sound, and con- tinue serviceable during the life of the animals. The old-fashioned calked shoes have been universally used for so long a time that it is no easy matter to convince ourselves that they are positively injurious to the limbs of our animals. But the length of time they have been in use cannot possibly change their principle of support, and unless there is some one. prepared to explain in what way it is possible for three-calked shoes to give support to the hoofs at either side, or show how it is possible for the limbs to perform their work, and escape injury, in the absence of support under either side, we should take some action that will cause the discontinuance of this diabolical and brutal practice. If we will do this, it will add. 100% to the value of horses by doubling their present period of usefulness, and relieve them of the sufferings we have so long compelled him to endure in silence. Will someone give just one reason why shoes having but three calks should ever be used or will anyone offer a single objection ta the use of two additional calks? Dr. P. Tl. Egan, who has spent the winter in lowa and. Kast St. Louis, Ill. examining, immunizing and supervising the ship- ment of horses for the war in Italy, has located at Nashville, Tenn., 122 Fourth Ave., N. GLANDERS IN WILD ANIMALS KEPT IN ZOOLOG- ICAL GARDENS GrorGE H. Hart, V.M.D., M.D., Los Angeles, California. In the city of Los Angeles, and close to its borders, there are probably a larger number of wild animals kept in captivity than in any other city in the country. These are owned by the moving pic- ture companies, by circuses wintering here, and by the city. One motion picture company has 800 head of wild animals connected with its picture studios, being the largest collection of privately owned wild animals in the world. The alligator farm, a place of great interest to tourists. main- tains 500 head of alligators. The city, in its large 3000-acre Griffith Park, with its rugged, mountainous topography, has an ideal location for the keeping of a zoo under natural conditions. In all there are five collections of animals here permanently, and one or, two added to these during the winter season, making a total of from 1500 to 2000 head. Within the past few years two serious outbreaks of glanders have occurred among these animals, the first one being in a picture company’s animals, and the second one in the animals owned by the city of Los Angeles. Source OF INFECTION. With so many. animals to feed and : "< thls ou ® a i So at t one of importance. As a great many of the animals are carnivor- ous, meat constitutes one of the main items of diet. On account of the fact that equine fiesh can be secured at a very great saving as compared with bovine flesh, the former has Ce ee eS eT AS been used exclusively for the meat supply of these animals. The horse slaughter houses have been conducted by laymen with absolutely no supervision. The horses have been purchased from horse traders, peddlers, ete., the animals being usually old or crippled, and in sueh con- dition that they are no longer of any value for work. These horses bring from $2.50 to $10.00 a head. It can readily be understood, however, that among this class of horses the incidence of glanders is the highest, Therefore, in a community where glanders is more or less prevalent as it is in ~ care for, the question of a sufficient and economical food supply is 660 GEORGE H. HART Southern California, such horse flesh feeding can only be done with any degree of safety under the strictest supervision by qualified - veterinarians. The feeding of horse flesh killed without any such supervision has been the cause of both outbreaks of the disease. History OF THE OuTBREAK. The first outbreak occurred three years ago, entailing an animal loss of 14 lions and an economical | loss of approximately $20,000.00, some of the lions being esy:ecially trained for moving picture work. The recent outbreak in the City Zoo appeared in November, 1915. The first animal to show the disease was a Russian wolf, which broke out with sores on its body, and was destroyed by the attendants without the true nature of the trouble being suspected. Shortly following the death of the wolf a honess became affected, and an animal man was called in, who diagnosed the case as an ab- scess of the head, from which supposed infection she finaily sue. cumbed, and no post-mortem examination was made. The next animal to be affected was one of the finest specimens of male lions in captivity. The animal was valued at $2,000.00, and it was with him as a model that the hon statues at the Panama Pacific Exposition were made. This being such a valuable and docile animal, a great deal of treatment and nursing was given him, but he died early in January, 1916; and still the true nature of the disease was not ascertained. This animal’s death, however, was rapidly followed by two other lions and three leopards coming down with the same ailment, and then a more careful investigation was decided on by the City Park authorities. This investigation was done by Dr. L. M. Hurt, County Livestock Inspector of Los Angeles County, Dr. R. T. Whit- tlesey, and the writer. Symproms. The symptoms in these animals in several cases began with lameness, due probably to enlarged lymphatic glands. This was followed by lack of activity and customary hfe in the animal, and almost complete loss of appetite, with resulting rapid emaciation. From this point on, the disease assumed two distine- tive forms, one being the nasal glanders and the other farey. In the nasal eases there was noticed a mucous discharge, which goon became streaked with blood. The animal would sniffle as though it had difficulty in breathing through its nose. The blood streaked mucus became more pronounced with a particular increase in the amount of blood, until at times hemorrhages would occur ~ GLANDERS IN WILD ANIMALS 661 from the nose. The extension of the inflammation to the conjune- tival mucous membrane in some cases occurred late in the cisease, and blood streaked mucus flowed profusely from the inner canthus of one or both eyes. The emaciation progressed rapidly, and these animals died in the course of two or three weeks from the time the symptoms ap- peared. _ In the farcy cases the nodules were not easily visible on ac- count of the long hair, until after they had broken, when they ap- peared as deep ragged ulcers, with no tendency to heal. They formed on the inside of the legs and along the abdomen, and in one leopard just behind the ear. The general condition of the animals with this form of the disease did not decline so rapidly as with the nasal form, and both animals showing farey were destroyed before the disease had run its course. Diacnosis. The positive diagnosis of the disease is more diffi- cult than in domestic equine animals, because they do not respond to the ordinary tests so readily. The history is very important, and when a number of the carnivorous animals are showing any of the above symptoms, with a history of having been fed horse meat, — glanders should at once be suspected. The ophthalmo-mallein test in these cases, as well as in the outbreak of three years ago, gave inconclusive results. Two lions and one leopard affected with the disease were tested. One lion showed a lacrimation with no pus formation, while the other two showed absolutely negative results. This is probably to be ac- counted for by the fact that the infection was so overwhelming and advanced that the animal organism could not respond to the bio- logical test as is frequently seen with the tuberculin test in cattle with advanced cases of tuberculosis. Four male guinea pigs were inoculated intra-abdominally with discharge taken from the nasal cavities, and two with secretions from the farey ulcers. Four of these experimental animals died before sufficient time had elapsed for the orchitis to develop. The remaining two, however, lived for 72 hours and showed no inflamma- tion of the testicles. This tended to confuse the diagnosis, and more guinea pigs were injected. -In all, twelve male guinea pigs were inoculated and the typica! orchitis was obtained in two of these ani- mals. These were inoculated with an emulsion of a very much en- larged and congested posterior pharyngeal gland obtained on post- 662 GEORGE H. HART mortem examination of one of the animals. This reaction confirmed the clinical diagnosis of glanders. Blood was drawn from two of the animals and forwarded to the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington for the complement fixa- tion test. These samples never reached the Washington laboratory, and it is supposed they were in some mail bag lost during the Janu- ary floods. This test, where available, is probably the most satis- factory means of establishing a diagnosis. Post-Mortem Examinations. The carcasses of the animals dying from the disease were emaciated, with marked edema of the subcutaneous tissues. The lymphatics throughout the body showed evidence of a severe infection, with enlargement of the glands and chorded condition of the lymphatic vessels. The characteristic glanders nodules in the lungs were absent, probably due to the acute nature of the infection, terminating fatally in so short a time. The farey ulcers were very deep, with irregular edges and chorded lymphatics leading from them. The most typical glanders lesions were found in the nostrils of the nasal cases. Here the entire mucous membrane covering the nostrils and turbinated bones was eroded into one large ulcerated area, with profuse blood streaked discharge. TREATMENT. In this outbreak, as soon as the diagnosis was made, all affected animals were at once destroyed. It has been re- ported that feline animals have recovered from glanders, but in this case four had died before a positive diagnosis was made. Two of these had been given such careful treatment and nursing that it was not deemed advisable to risk the danger of infection of atten- dants and other animals by keeping visibly affected ones on the premises. Since the sick animals, numbering four lions, three leopards, and one wolf have either died or been killed, and the premises dis- infected, three months have elapsed and no new cases have developed the disease, and it is now hoped none of them are infected. PREVENTION. The prevention of this disease is easily accom- plished by not feeding horse flesh to these animals. If the number of animals is large, and horse flesh must be fed for economie reasons, then it should be accompanied by strict veterinary supervision, The killing for the entire community should be done at one slaughtering establishment, This establishment should be equipped DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES 663 with adequate cold storage equipment to chill and keep the meat a reasonable time. It is possible at times to purchase a considerable number of horses, and at others they are difficult to obtain. By having cold storage the supply and demand can be more readily regulated, the meat is in better condition, and the cost of feeding the horses on foot after purchase is eliminated. The slaughtering establishment should also have separate and individual corrals or stables where incoming horses are kept. until they are ascertained to be free from glanders; and then a general corral or stable to which they are removed while awaiting slazghter. The veterinary inspection should consist of an ante-mortem examination with the application of the ophthalmo-mallein test or the complement fixation test, or both. A post-mortem examination should also be made as a further precautionary measure. Under such restrictions I feel sure horse flesh could safely be fed to wild animals, and its great saving in cost over beef would amply justify the added expense in equipment and maintenance. These restrictions could be self-imposed by the companies having the wild animals to feed, and would not have to be under public supervision. AN THE RELIABILITY OF CELL PROLIFERATIVE CHANGES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES J. B. HARDENBERGH AND B. M. UNDERHILL (Laboratory of the Penna. State Livestock Sanitary Board). Philadelphia, Pa. Essentially, the relative value of factors bearing upon the diagnosis of rabies can only be determined by careful comparison and confirmation of laboratory findings, one with the other. and of these with the clinical record in each case. Obviously, again, the value of our conclusions will depend upon the number and char- acter of cases submitted. Primarily these factors fall under two heads,—those ante-mortem and those post-mortem. Prior to the year 1900 there was practically no method other than diagnostic inoculation for the confirmation, or otherwise, of conclusions drawn from ante-mortem observation. Babes, in 1892, was first to utilize for purposes of diagnosis, certain cellular changes which had previously been observed in 664 J. B. HARDENBERG AND B. M. UNDERHILL ‘ the brain and cord of dead rabic animals. In 1900 Van Gehuchten and Nelis, working on subjects dead from rabies, announced their observation of atrophic cellular changes in the plexiform ganglon with proliferation and invasion of cells evidently from the capsule and lymph channels. In the same year Ravenel and McCarthy, by their investigations in the Laboratory of the State Livestock Sani- tary Board, the first in this country to take up this method, fur- ther advanced the diagnostic importance of these tissue changes, establishing them as the most accurate and rapid means then at hand for the post-mortem diagnosis of rabies. The changes were found to be especially marked in the plexiform ganglion of the pheumogastrie nerve and in the gasserion ganglion. Under nor- mal conditions the nerve cells of these gangha are held in a sup- porting tissue, each cell surrounded by a capsule consisting of a single layer of endothelial cells. * The alterations brought about by the rabie virus seer to in- volve the latter cells particularly, their abundant proliferation causing them to crowd upon and overlie the nerve cells which, at the same time, undergo a degeneration leading to their complete destruction. Exceptionally the process may be so far advanced. and widespread as to involve the obliteration of all of the ganglion cells, the whole neural cellular structure giving place to the round cell invasion. In most cases a number of the nerve cells will be but shehtly changed, while, again, the process may be confined to well defined areas. As a quick and reliable means for the diagnosis of rabies, these findings were of much value in that, under ordinary condi- tions, the examination could be completed in from twenty-four to forty-eight hours after the death of the animal. In cases returned as positive by this method, treatment of persons bitten and the establishment of quarantine measures could be proceeded with at practically the initiation of the uncertain period of incubation, while heretofore such action, based upon positive laboratory find- ings, had to be delayed pending the result of diagnostic imocula- tions. In 1908 Negri demonstrated the presence of certain bodies in rabic brain and ganglionic nerve cells which he claimed as proto- zoon and as the speeifie cause of the disease. As to the eoneomi- tance of these bodies with rabies, the findings of Negri have since heen substantiated by investigators throughout the seientifie DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES 665 world. To most pathologists, however, the evidence has as yet. been insufficient to verify his claim as to their organic identity, or that they are the specific causative agents of the disease. Upon these phases there is considerable contemporary investigation, and much has been written for and against Negri’s conclusions. Bodies similar to Negri bodies have been reported as having deen found in the brains of animals, especially dogs, dead from cther causes than rabies. Within the past year, with a view to securing some ¢xperimental data as to this, we asked the Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, te send to the i:aboratory the brains and ganglia of dogs dead from ~ eauses known to be other than rabies. Thirty-three such speci- nens were submitted from each of which there were made smears and sections of the hippocampus major and cerebellum and sections from the ganglion nodosum (second ganglion of the pneume gastric; plexiform ganglion). A thorough search of this materval failed to reveal any intra- or extra-cellular structure that could be regarded as a Negri body, and in no case were there changes in the ganglia. Our present unsatisfactory knowledge as to the nature and specificity of Negri bodies will not admit of denial that identical bodies may occur in the central nervous tissue of animals dead from other cause than rabies. That certain elements in smear prepara- tions and extruded nucleoli within the nerve cells of sectioned ma- terial might, under certain circumstances be misleading, is certainly true. To trained and observing laboratory workers in this field, however, differentiation in such cases presents no great difficulty. The definite morphological characteristics and staining af- finities of Negri bodies, together with the fact that they have not been proven to exist in any other disease, make them so conelu- sively diagnostic that their detection in material submitted to the 4 : laboratory of the board suffices for an immediate positive report. If these bodies are not found after careful search of smear ; A preparations from the hippocampus major and cerebellum, the material, together with the ganglion nodosum, is sectioned and stained according to Mann’s method and with haematoxylin-eosin,. Ordinarily where no bodies are found after this treatment the case is reported as negative to laboratory findings indicative of rabies, a further test by inoculations being made if requested. A conclusive laboratory diagnosis, however, is often beset with difficulties or found quite impossible, due to various hinder- ia, 1 > - z4 , tv 666 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND B. M. UNDERHILL - ing conditions of material submitted. Advanced decomposition ~ or extreme mutilation in the destruction of the animal may be mentioned among these. Under such conditions it is necessary to refer a final opinion in the case to the following diagnostic “actors, either singly or in relation to each other: Ist. History and clinical symptoms alone, or in relation with gross post-mortem findings. 2nd. Bodies of uncertain but suspicious nature in decom- posed, contaminated, or otherwise unsatisfactory brain material, alone, or in relation with the first. 3d. Changes in the ganglion nodosum alone, in relation with the first, with second, or with both first and second, 4th. Diagnostic inoculations. In many cases where the brain has been shot away, or from other causes is in unsatisfactory condition for examination, the ganglion nodosum is available, and on microscopic examination will show the distinctive changes if rabies be present. These may be fairly well marked even though the brain has undergone ad- vanced decomposition with complete disintegration of the nerve cells. How dependable a diagnosis based upon examination of this ganglion alone may be, could only be determined. by careful comparison of findings by this method with those of other meth- ods in the same case throughout a long series. With a view to investigation along this line, a series of ob- servations have been carried out at the laboratory for a period cover- ing the two years from April 1, 1914 to April 1, 1916. 453 brains and ganglia were examined, smears and sections being made from the hippocampus major and cerebellum, and sections from the evanglion in each case. The appended table summarizes our ob- servations from this material : (a) Smears and sections positive, ganglia positive. .22: (b) Smears and sections negative, ganglia negative. .187 (¢) Smears and sections positive, ganglia negative... 9 (d) Smears and sections negative, ganglia positive.. 34 Total brains and ganglia examined........ 453 Oy tA vy, DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES 667 Considering series ‘‘a,’’ ‘‘b,’’ and ‘‘e,’’ only, the discrepancy as between brain and ganglia approximates 2.2%. In series ‘‘d’”’ much of the brain material was not in condition for satisfactory examination, which, in such instances, may account for the nega- tive findings, while in other cases it is quite possible that changes — may have been so scant and obscure as to have escaped observa- tion. Furthermore, brain preparations regarded as suspicious have been recorded experimentally as negative in this series. The _ positive ganglia in series ‘‘d’’, therefore, should not be included with the negative ganglia in series ‘‘e’’ as showing a distinct dis- agreement with the smear and section preparations. From the numerous cases of suspected rabies submitted for examination, numbering from about 25 to 40a month, it is our inten- tion to accumulate further data as to both of these lines of investiga- tion. The results above recorded we regard as pointing to the following conclusions: 1. That ‘‘Negri-like’’ bodies may occur in smear and section preparations from brains of animals dead from other causes than rabies, and also in association with Negri bodies in such prepara- tions from rabie brains. 2. That true Negri bodies are only present in the central _ nervous tissue of animals which were suffering from rabies at the time of their death. 3. That in all cases submitted for diagnosis the ganglion nodosum should be preserved and, in the event of negative brain findings, examined for proliferative changes. 4. That section preparations of the ganglion nodosum show- ing diffuse or. distinct localized proliferative changes warrant a da- agnosis of rabies, though other material may be negative or not available for examination (tabular series ‘‘a’’ and ‘‘b’’). 5: That in cases where the brain material is negative and the ganglion shows distinct proliferation, it is probable that the Negri bodies escaped observation, or that the brain, through de- composition, mutilation, or other cause, was unsatisfactory for ex- amination (tabular series ‘‘d’’). ; 6. That rarely section preparations of the ganglion nodosum may not show proliferative changes, though Negri bodies be pres- ent in the brain. Therefore a negative diagnosis should not be based upon a negative finding in the ganglion alone (tabular ser- des ‘‘e”’ -2.2%). 668 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND B. M. UNDERHILL REFERENCES RAVENEL: Rabies-Report of Penna. Dep’t of Agriculture, 1901. MonHLeR: Cause and Prevention of Rabies. Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry: SUNDERVILLE AND Fitcu. Note on the Anatomical Relationship and Nomencla- ture of so-called Plexiform Ganglion of the Dog in connection with Diag- nosis of Rabies. Report of the New York State Veterinary College, 1911- 1912. REICHEL: Diagnosis of Rabies. American Veterinary Review, Jan., 1911. EXPLANATION OF PLATES No. 1. Sections of hippocampus from brain of dog which had died from rabies, showing Negri bodies. H. & E. High power. A. Cell with four inclusions. B. Cell with one inclusion. No. 2. Section of same from another case. Oil immersion objective. H. & E. A. B. and C. Negri bodies, two being shown at C. D. and BE. Nucleoli. No. 3. Section of normal ganglion nodesum from dog. H. & E. Low Power. No. 4. Section of same from dog which had died from rabies, showing degenera- tive changes in the nerve cells, and, at A, three distinct areas of localized proliferation. H. & E. Low power. No. 5. Section of same from another case, showing further degenerative changes and four distinet proliferative areas. H. & E. Low power. No. 6. Section of same from a third case, showing advanced degeneration and obliteration of the nerve cells with diffuse proliferation. H. & E. Low power. Nos. 1 AND 2. a PLATE I. PuaTE II. Nos. 3 Anp 4. ie 3 “ oy abt 2 Pe Ye > “Si > Be ‘ i ¥ 2 THE MILK SUPPLY OF NEW YORK CITY—A LES- im ys | SON IN MUNICIPAL SANITATION! wag % ei SL A, 4h Les M. Srrcxen, D.V.M., New York City. w! he ~ aes ¢ *“She can milk; look you, a sweet virtue in a maid with clean hands.’’ ey —Shakespeare; ~ zy a” To furnish an adequate supply of pure milk to more than five * ; million mouths is a task as difficult as it is interesting. The prob- SP 4 lem of New York City’s milk supply presents one of the most im- a¢ 3 “ha - a -. portant chapters in the complexities of modern urban life. Ke Far back in the early times, everyone had milk from his own 2 cow. Later, a few received it from their neighbors in exchange ; for other products. As time progressed and villages and towns be- ; came more populated, some people made it their business to supply Us milk to the others.- So far the consumers had more or less personal control of the milk supply, as each family patronized that dairyman, who they were confident would furnish them with pure milk, or at times they visited his farm to convince themselves of the purity of | the product. However, as town grew into cities, and cities became larger and larger, and the supply of milk had to be brought fron: more distant sections, the old intimacy between the producer and ihe con- le sumer disappeared. A new regime of milk distribution sprang up. New factors had to be reckoned with, namely, the creamery, the railroad and the city distributor. Civilization, with its accompanying improvements, exacts a penalty for any benefit it confers. While the housewife has been relieved of the responsibility of caring for her own cow, or select- ing the dairyman—by having her milk delivered to her door—other drawbacks present themselves, principally in that the milk is often much inferior in grade, though the physical appearance is not changed. : Not so long ago it used to be a common practice to addy water ; to milk, or to take off part of the cream, or even both at the same ; time. Furthermore many producers and dealers, in order to pre- vent the milk from souring, would make liberal use of chemicals such as starch, boric acid, formalin, ete. This practice went from — + 1 The photos illustrating this article were supplied to Dr. Steckel through oa the courtesy of the New York City Department of Health, . 670 LEE M. STECKEL } Fic, 2, Modern sanitary dairy barn, THE MILK SUPPLY OF NEW YORK CITY 671 a form of milk supervision which consisted of a chemical analysis of the milk and the setting of a minimum standard for the water, fat, and solid content. During many years it became apparent that the infant mor- tality in the large cities, especially in the congested sections, was appalling, and it dawned upon public spirited citizens and health authorities, that perhaps this useless loss of life resulted from the unsanitary and impure milk supply. Investigations and experi- ments were inaugurated and the fact was substantiated that the high percentage of infant mortality was, in a great measure, due to impure and adulterated milk. It was found that in proportion as the milk was filthy and contaminated with millions of bacteria, the diarrheal diseases among infants were increased; furthermore, that such diseases as tuberculosis, typhoid fever, diphtheria, septic sore throat and scarlet fever were disseminated through milk. IJ¢ became apparent that, in order to imsure a pure milk supply, the supervision must extend from the time the milk leaves the cow until ut reaches the consumer. This was no small undertaking when you consider that New York City consumes over 2,000,000 quarts of milk daily, produced by about 350,000 cows, scattered on 44,000 farms located in six states, is passed through 11,000 creameries and then shipped to New York, a distance of from 50 to 450 miles (in over 250 special milk cars); requires more than 6,000 wagons to deliver this milk in Greater New York, while there are about 14,000 stores retailing milk. All in all, it requires an army of 200,000 persons to earry out this gigantic task daily. Unlike other food supplies, milk is one of the most essential articles of diet, since our very existence depends on it. In this twentieth century the majority of women cannot—and some do not want to—nurse their own babies, and therefore cow’s milk is the only food on which to raise our children in order to perpetuate mankind, at least until some savant creates a substitute for cow’s milk. The city baby, hving in more confined quarters, with lack of air and sunshine, needs a thousandfold more care than its coun- _try cousin. As milk is practically the infant’s only food, especially during the first year of its life, when it consumes close to 500 quarts ous frauds perpetrated upon them, and a clamor arose for milk inspection. Soon the state and municipal authorities inaugurated 672 LEE M. STECKEL of milk, the necessity for a pure and wholesome milk supply cannot be emphasized too strongly. Little does the mother dream that the apparently clean, white bottle of milk, delivered at her door, may harbor millions of filthy germs, which when fed to the baby may cause indigestion and other Bottling miii:— New York City supply. Fie. 3. troubles. Or, what is still worse, that this milk may be contam- inated with infectious disease germs, and her baby, instead of thriv- ine when fed with this life-giving fluid, may be taken sick and die. The color of the milk has long acted as a veil for many impurities contained in it. It is far more important to know the condition of THE MILK SUPPLY OF NEW YORK CITY 673 i ; the milk from a sanitary and bacteriological standpoint, than to know its chemical composition. The new science of bacteriology Bia 3 has contributed a great deal toward procuring a pure milk supply. : The number and kind of germs contained in the milk bear a direet relation to the manner and method of its production, handling and age. Though, for a number of years, public spirited citizens and health boards have advocated stricter regulation of the mi'k sup- ply, it was not until the general public became possessed with a strong desire for hygiene and sanitation, that the new methods of — milk control were put into operation. Now, not alone is the milk examined chemically, but its purity is tested from a saniiary and bacteriological standpoint, and special stress is laid upon its freedom from germs. It took years of hard work to bring about this reform. The fight was a three-sided one—with the farmer, the milk company and the consumer. As difficult as it was to in- duce the farmer to inaugurate sanitary methods in his dairy, it was a harder task to bring about the reform in the transpcrtation and distribution of milk. The milk would come to the city at a high temperature, in dirty cans with broken covers. The dealer in turn would keep the milk an indefinite period and handle it recklessly while in process of dis- tribution to the stores and homes. In the stores too, it was-handled carelessly and exposed to contamination from dust, dirt and flies. The mother who would purchase this milk would keep it uncovered and in a warm temperature and feed the baby in a negligent and slip-shod manner. Often when the baby would not consume the entire contents of the nursing bottle, the mother would keep the balance of the milk for the next feeding. All this time the milk - would be exposed to contamination from dust and flies. Tremendous changes have taken place recently in the more ade- quate provision for pure milk in New York City. Millions of dol- lars have been spent in the building and equipment of dairy barns, milk houses, creameries, pasteurizing plants and milk cars. The- old sign ‘‘Keep out, this is private,’’ is a thing of the past. In- stead the public is cordially invited to visit and inspect every part of the work connected with the milk industry. With all precau- tions, it was still found that it was almost impossible to secure milk free from contamination with infectious disease germs, such as. tuberculosis, typhoid, diphtheria, scarlet fever, etc., so the New 674 LEE M. STECKEL York Department of Health recently ordered that all milk received in New York City must be pasteurized, with the exception of the so- called grade A raw, guaranteed and certified milk. It has been ascertained by noted sanitarians that the pasteurization of milk, that is, heating it to a certain temperature, 145 degrees Fahrenheit New York City Dept. of Health Inspector taking milk samples. Fic, 4. f germs, including those causing for 30 minutes, will destroy many 2 infectious diseases. The milk which arrives in New York City to-day is practically supervised from the time vt leaves the cow until it reaches the con- sumer. All cows producing milk for New York City must be ex- mk See Stee Se: {HE MILK SUPPLY OF NEW YORK CITY 675 amined by a graduate veterinarian and their state of health ap- proved. Board of health inspectors visit the dairy farms and see that the barns are kept in proper and sanitary condition, that the water supplied to the cows and used for washing the milk utensils, is pure, and that the milk is kept covered and at the proper tempera- ture. Both the farmer and his employees must present a clean bill of health. In the event of illness either in the farmer’s family or in the herd, the milk may not be sent to the city. The inspection is fol- lowed up at the creamery, where the same sanitary precautions are observed. In transit, on its arrival at the city depots, at the pas- teurizing and bottling establishments and so on until the milk reaches the house of the consumer, the inspectors keep careful watch. Full control is kept over the product by means of a score eard or check system, and by samples of milk taken at each stage of its journey for chemical and bacteriological examination. There are now three grades of milk sold in the city. Grade A, both raw and pasteurized—for infants. The raw milk must come from cows free from tuberculosis, as shown by a tuberculin diagnostic test, it must conform to strict sanitary methods of pro- duction and handling, and must not contain more than a limited number of germs. It is distributed in bottles. Pasteurized milk comes from healthy cows and must be produced under sanitary eon- ditions. The germ content is hmited. It is also delivered in bottles. Grade B—is pasteurized milk for use by adults only. This milk comes from healthy cows and is produced under careful methods, but the germ content may be larger than in Grade A milk. Grade C— is milk which is not produced under as careful methods as the above grades. It must be pasteurized or boiled and be used only for cooking and manufacturing purposes.. Aside from these grades there is the so-called certified milk which is produced under the most stringent sanitary methods, and must be certified by a medi- cal Commission. . It will*thus be seen that the milk which is received in New York City to-day is produced under quite different methods from those in vogue a few years ago. The inspection begins on the farm and does not end until the milk reaches the consumer. In order to ship milk to New York City, the dairyman must have healthy cows, clean barns, pure water supply, clean utensils, milk with clean hands, he must discard any abnormal milk, and he must keep the milk cold until delivered at the creamery. He must not 676 LEE M. STECKEL ship the milk if there is an infectious disease at the farm. At the creamery too, the milk must be kept cool until pasteurized and must be bottled under strict sanitary conditions. During trans- portation on milk trains, the milk must be kept cool and tightly covered. In the city plant, on the wagons, at the stores, sanitary \ | iil See Model milk store—New York City. HE FIG. measures must be adhered to, in order to avoid any possible con- tamination. The great chain of this pure milk problem has only one weak link, and that is the consumer. He has as yet not learned that some responsibility devolves upon him in this important question, Free THE MILK SUPPLY OF NEW YORK CITY 677 instruction as to the proper care and feeding of the baby is given to mothers at the milk stations, maintained by philanthropic agencies and by the Department of Health for the distribution of pure milk to the poor and needy. But this is not sufficient. A more ener- getic campaign should be inaugurated among housewives, as to the proper care of the milk after it reaches the home. Particularly should the housewife remember the three C’s: Clean, Covered, Cool. The fight for a sanitary milk supply for this city has finally been won. All factors are now harmoniously working together in an effort to supply New York City with the best milk obtainable. In my investigations of this question, I find that in comvarison with other large cities, the milk in New York City is of a high stand- ard. As milk is a cheap, a nourishing and a wholesome food, people would do well to use it liberally in their daily diet—American Medicine. Hon. T. J. Steele; of Iowa, in a speech on ‘‘Government Aid to the Farmer and Stock Raiser in Suppressing the Foot-and Mouth Disease’’ in the House of Representatives said, relative to the Bureau of Animal Industry: ‘‘Instead of knocking the men who worked day and night, Sundays and holidays to accomplish these results, let us show them our appreciation of their efforts, even though they, like others, have made a few mistakes; and I ean ae- sure you that if this herculean task had been accomplished in one of the European countries, these men, whom some of you have so se- verely criticised, would be wearing badges of honor or of merit for the results obtained.’’ Bureau. of Animal Industry. Amendment to Regulation 9, sec- tion 2, paragraph 5.—Animals which are offered for ante-mortem in- spection under this regulation, and which are regarded as immature, shall be marked ‘‘U. 8S. Suspect,’’ and if slaughtered the disposition of the carcasses shall be determined by the post-mortem findings in conjunction with the ante-mortem conditions. If not slaughtered as suspects, such animals shall be held under Bureau supervision and after sufficient development may be released for slaughter, or may be released for any other purpose, provided they have not been exposed to any infectious or contagious disease. Animals found dead or in a dying condition on premises of an official establishment shall be marked **U. 8S. Condemned’’ and disposed of in accordance with section 8 of this regulation, \ THE VALUE OF EFFICIENT, COMMERCIAL PASTEUR- IZATION IN SAFEGUARDING MILK NATURALLY INFECTED WITH TUBERCLE BACILLI J. TRAUM, Veterinary Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, G. H. Hart, City Veterinarian, Department of Health, Los Angeles, California. The necessity of pasteurization in safeguarding the milk sup- ply has become universally recognized. One of the main reasons for such procedure is the frequency with which bovine tubercle bacilli are present in ordinary market milk. The claim has been made, however, that pasteurization as commercially carried on in large city milk plants does not render milk from tuberculous cat- tle safe. In reviewing the literature on the thermal death point of tubercle bacilli, it becomes evident that the difference of opin- jon on this question is great. The American workers seem to accept the view that tubercle bacilli are not more resistant io heat than non-spore bearing organisms, while some Europeans hold the oppo- site view. Below is a brief review of the most important literature on this subject : SmitH, THEOBALD: The Thermal Death Point of Tuberele Bacillus in Milk and Other Fluids. Jour. of Experim. Med., Vol. 4, 1899 pT: He suspended tubercle bacilli in milk, water, salt solution, ete., and exposed these to a temperature of 60° C. (140° F.) for various periods. Tubercle bacilli suspended in water and salt solution were destroyed in 15 to 20 minutes. ‘To determine the viability of the organisms he made cultures and guinea pig inoculations. Controls were also inoculated. Tubercle bacilli were also suspended in milk and exposed to 60° C. in ordinary tubes with cotton plugs or glass stoppers. In one instance he was still able to produce generalized tuberculosis in guinea pigs even after milk was exposed 60 minutes. When he used sealed tubes and immersed them in the water bath, tubercle bacilli suspended in milk were no longer capable of pro- ducing tuberculosis in guinea pigs after being exposed for 17 min- utes. In one instance, however, heating at 60° C. for 17 minutes caused, in the inoculated guinea pig, a suspicious subcutaneous lymph node from which he made no reinoculations. ‘‘ Lesions were, however, so light,’’ he says, ‘‘if due to living organisms, that one bacillus may have caused it.’’ Caseous material from tuberculous bovine ling was suspended in bouillon and was destroyed when exposed to 60° C for 20 minutes. [lis conclusions contain an explanation for the resistance of tuber- cle bacilli in milk in unsealed tubes, ba PASTEURIZATION IN SAFEGUARDING MILK 679 Conclusions: 1. Tubercle bacilli, when suspended in dis- tilled water, normal salt solution, or bouillon, and milk, are de- stroyed at 60° C. in 15 to 20 minutes. The larger number are de- stroyed in 5 to 10 minutes. 2. When tubercle bacilli are suspended in milk the pellicle which forms during the exposure at 60° C. may contain lving bacilli after 60 minutes. Russevt & Hastines: Thermal Death Point of Tubercle Bacilli under Commercial Conditions—Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion of University of Wisconsin 17th Annual Report, 1900. These observers confirmed Smith’s work. In five series of ex- periments, milk was inoculated with pure cultures of bovine tuber- ele bacilli and heated at 60° C. (140° F.) in a commercial rotary pasteurizer (Potts) and kept at that temperature for various lengths of time from 5 to 45 minutes. To test the thermal death point they inoculated guinea pigs intraperitoneally. Control guinea pigs were inoculated with unheated milk. ‘‘The conclusions from these ser- les indicate that an exposure of 10 minutes at 60° C. (140° F.) is sufficient to destroy the vitality of the tubercle organism so com- pletely that large doses inoculated in the most susceptible portion of a very susceptible animal (guinea, pig) fail to produce any de- velopment of the disease, while unheated samples of milk and those exposed to 60° C. (140.° F.) for 5 minutes produced the disease without exception.”’ In another experiment consisting of two series of tests, a com- parison was made of heating milk at 60° C. in the commercial pas- teurizer and in open bottles placed in a water bath. In the latter case the milk remained in a quiescent condition and was exposed to the action of the air which permitted a film to form on the sur- face. Where the milk was exposed in a quiescent condition as in a glass tube or bottle, tubercle bacilli were more resistant than where the milk was in a closed receiver and agitated. While all tubercle organisms were destroyed in the commercial pasteurizer in ten min- utes, neither an exposure for this period nor for 15 minutes sufficed to destroy the same lot of organisms when the milk was kept in a quiescent condition at a similar temperature in vessels to which air had more access. The exposure in these two series at 60° C. was not continued longer than fifteen minutes. They conclude, ‘‘It is recommended in order to thoroughly pasteurize milk, so as to de- stroy any tubercle bacilli, which it may contain, without in any way injuring the creaming properties or consistency, to heat in closed pasteurizer for a period not less than 20 minutes at 140°F. (602C@.).”? These workers have further shown (On the Increased Resis- tance of Bacteria in Milk Pasteurized in Contact with Air——Agrie. Exp. Station of University of Wisconsin 18th Annual Report, 1901) that the pellicle formation or scalded layer increases the resistance 680 J. TRAUM AND G. H. HART not only of tubercle bacilli, but of other organisms. In their case they were working with cocci. M. J. Rosenau: Thermal Death Point of Pathogenic Microorgan- isms.—U. S. Hygienic Laboratory Bulletin 42, 1908. Rosenau performed a series of 9 experiments with 5 different virulent bovine strains. These were suspended in 15 to 20 ¢.e. milk, rubbed up in mortar, and heated to 60° C. in open test tube disre- garding scum formation. The temperature was 60° C. unless other- wise stated. Guinea pigs were inoculated intraperitoneally with 5 @e. The experiments were checked and secondary inoculations were made 1n all suspicious cases. lst exp. Milk exposed 5 minutes produced tuberculosis in 2 inoculated guinea pigs. Exposure for 10 minutes failed to pro- duce tuberculosis while exposure for 20 minutes produced tuber- culosis in one pig and questionable results in the other; reinocula- tions from latter caused generalized tuberculosis. 2nd exp. Milk heated for 12 minutes produced tuberculosis in inoculated guinea pigs while exposure 15, 18 and 20 minutes, re- spectively, failed to produce the disease. 3rd exp. Milk exposed to 65° C. in this test and it took 5 min- utes to heat to 65° C. Guinea pigs inoculated with milk after it reached 65° C. and thereafter in 1, 5, 8, 10, and 15 minutes re- spectively, failed to develop tuberculosis. 4th exp. Milk exposed 2 and 5 minutes respectively produced ~ tuberculosis in inoculated guinea pigs. Milk exposed 10, 15, 18 minutes, ete., respectively, failed to produce tuberculosis in inoculated guinea pigs. 5th exp. (Temperature in this experiment 64.8 to 65.1). Milk inoculated when it reached 65° C. which took 5 minutes, failed to produce tuberculosis in inoculated guinea pigs. Exposure to 65° C. for 2, 3, 5 minutes respectively, also gave negative results, — 6th exp. Two minutes exposure at 60° C. failed to destroy tubercle bacilli. 3, 4, and 5 minutes respectively, destroyed tu- bercle bacilli, and failed to produce tuberculosis in inoculated eulnea pigs. 7th exp. Milk exposed 1, 2, 3, and 4 minutes respectively, failed to produce tuberculosis in inoculated guinea pigs. It took 414 minutes for milk to reach 60° C, Sth exp. Milk inoculated into guinea pigs that had reached 60° ©. which took 5 minutes, failed to produce tuberculosis in these animals. With milk exposed 1, 3, and 4 minutes respectively, nega- tive results were also obtained. 9th exp. Milk exposed 3 minutes at 60° C. produced tuber- culosis in inoculated guinea pigs. 4, 5, 6, and 8 minutes’ exposure destroyed tubercle bacilli organisms as evidenced by guinea pig inoculations, c ’ ’ ee Se On ee Mey eh ve AlAs ; d a ae a ie ‘ , . + ; : ; , f vow PASTEURIZATION IN SAFEGUARDING MILK ; 681. eae - a a ye Pes a Te, +» Tt is somewhat difficult to reconcile Rosenau’s findings with Se those of Smith and Russel & Hastings, since these workers, espee- 5 ially Smith, insisted that unless pellicle formation was prevented we tubercle bacilli would sometimes withstand long exposure to 60° C., a4 and in one of his experiments heating for 60 minutes at 60° C. € failed to destroy the tubercle bacilli, Ss Rosenau’s article reviews practically all the recorded work on “Thermal death of tubercle bacilli’’ done up to that time. The a difference of results is marked and it is unfortunate that work was ay not done under like conditions. The fact that guinea pig inocu- he % _ lations are necessary to establish the viability of the organism may : ree, ae explain the many positive results since, as is pointed out by Rosenau AR and demonstrated by others before, dead tubercle bacilli are capable + of producing tubereular-like lesions even with caseation. Organ- we isms from such lesions may be demonstrated microscopically, but = animals inoculated from such lesions show no evidence of tubercu- losis. The following excerpts from his review seem most important: = SCHROEDER’S work is of interest since he thought that by heat- =e, ing milk at 60° C. for 15 minutes he would destroy other organisms, oa but not tubercle bacilli. All his guinea pigs receiving such milk, however, failed to develop tuberculosis, even those milks that were 7 artificially infected with tubercle bacilli. bon MarsHaAuu or MicuiGan, 1899: Sterilized milk infected with iz, tuberculous material of cows and placed in shallow vessels and put 7, into pail sterilized, and when exposed at 68°C. for 20 minutes the tubercle bacilli were killed. Animal inoculations were used to ~ demonstrate the vitality of the organisms. ae RasryowircH, 1900, made the statement that recent investiga- tions at Institute fiir Infektionskrankheiten in Berlin had shown bs that tubercle bacilli are surely killed only at 100° C. Her results ~~ recalled the fact that tubercle bacilli like other organisms con- 4 taining fat are more resistant to heat and that this may account for < irregular results obtained by investigators. (The original was not consulted.) We Herr in 1901 shook up cream with tuberculous sputum and placed it in sealed tubes containing 4 ¢.c. each. The tubes were brought to desired temperature and maintained in water bath at % desired temperature and length of time. The following exposures effectively destroyed tubercle bacilli . as indicated by animal inoculation: 65° C. for 15 minutes; 68° C: wy for 15 minutes; 70° C. for 7 ES 72° C. for 7 minutes; 75° C. for 3 minutes; 80° C. for 3 minutes; B5° GC. for-5 seconds ; 85° Cs aoe for 5 minutes; 89° C. for 30 seconds; 90° C. for 5 seconds; and — 95° C. for 5 seconds. 80° C. for 5 seconds still produced tuber- culosis. . aa | - 682 J. TRAUM AND G. H. HART Herr recommends 85° C. for two minutes as the most practical exposure for cream from which butter was to be made. This is accomplished by the continuous pasteurizer. Hess, 1901, inoculated sterilized milk with human tubercle bacilli. The samples were then sealed up in small tubes and drop- ped into a sterilizer and kept there for 20 minutes at 57°, 58°, and 60° C., respectively. Guinea pigs mnoculated with milk exposed at 57° and 58° C. developed tuberculosis, while animals inoculated with 60° C. heated milk did not develop tuberculosis. | LEvy AND Bruns, 1901, showed that a yD eeaee varying be- tween 65° and 70° C. and operating for 15 to 25 minutes effectually killed human and bovine tubercle bacilli in milk. Pellicle forma- tion was prevented in their experiment. Bana, 1902: Pellicle formation prevented, obtained following results with rabbits inoculated intraperitoneally : 60° ented tuberculosis in 2 animals, but 2 others became slightly tuberculous. 65°—0 to 15 minutes—FEffectually prevented tuberculosis. 70, 75, 80 and 85 momentarily, effectually prevented tuber- culosis. ; From these and feeding experiments on rabbits and hogs Bang concludes that while heating at 60° C. for 15 minutes does not pre- vent peritoneal infection, it weakens the bacteria so that they are innocuous by way of the alimentary tract. In testing the viability of these organisms on glycerine bouillon cultures he found cultures failed to develop after exposure to 60° and 65° C. for five minutes, although unheated controls grew well. RussELL AND Hastrines, 1904: Milk infected with human and bovine tubercle bacilli, guinea pig inoculation being used. Ex- posed in continuous pasteurizer, where it took °4 of a minute to reach desired temperature when exposed for 1 minute at 160° FP. (71.1° C.) it was freed from living tubercle bacili. The authors do not unreservedly recommend this temperature and exposure for routine practical pasteurization without further investigation. An interesting mention is made in Rosenau’s review of Barthel and ‘Stentroms’ work in 1901 when he says, ‘‘They report some ~ preliminary work which must be interpreted as showing the influ- ence of coagula in protecting the tuberele bacilli from action of heat. This clot formation was probably due to the abnormal re- action of the pathological fluid from tuberculous udders employed. Animals injected with this material became tuberculous after it had been heated to 75° for 15 minutes and to 80° for 10 minutes.”’ In 1904 BarrueL AND STeNTROM continued their work relative to the effect. of milk reaction upon resistance to heat of contained tubercle baeilli. Two milks were used, one neutral whieh withstood 90° ¢ without coagulating and the other abnormally acid which coagulated ° rate na ia © a tg ie by a mB a PASTEURIZATION IN SAFEGUARDING MILK 685 at 60° C. At 80° C. one minute exposure killed in uncoagulated milk, but not in coagulated (acid) milk. At 85°, momentary ex- posure failed to kill in either. One minute exposure killed in un- coagulated, but not in coagulated milk. Rosenau concludes, ‘While these experiments are very limited in scope, they at least suggest a source of error in the work of those who used the seere- tions of tubercular udders in their experiments. Such material is prone to he abnormal in reaction and protective clots may have been formed.”’ Since Rosenau’s work, very little other work on this subject could be found in the literature. Interesting among the more re- cent publications is a controversy over the thermal death point of tubercle bacilli in milk between Professor Forster of Strassburg and Basenau of Amsterdam. Professor Forster concluded from some of his work that bovine tubercle bacilli in milk contained in a bottle and subjected for 30 minutes to 70° to 72° C. were destroyed. This assertion caused Basenau to take issue with Forster especially in view of De Jong’s and Van der Sluis’ findings. (These findings are given later.) Basenau concludes that milk naturally infected with tubercle bacilli cannot be made (‘‘Krankheitsfrei’’) non- pathogenic by exposure at 70° to 72° C. for 14 hour, and the danger from such milk is only lost after heating at 80° C. for 1 hour. Pro- fessor Forster’s answer to this is contained in Beitrage zur der Abtétang von Tuberbacillen durch Erhitzung, Centr. Bakt. Abt. I, origina! Vol. 55, 1910. Among other tests the following were performed by Professor Forster: He obtained naturally infected milk, placed in 1% liter flask and exposed under water heated at 65 to 66° for 15 minutes in one instance, and for 20 minutes in another. Both exposures destroyed tubercle bacilli as indicated by intraperitoneal ‘nocula- tions into guinea pigs with centrifuged milk. Experiments were carefully controlled and reinoculations in suspicious cases were made with negative results. De Jong’s view is contained in Pasteurizierung der Milch in Ruhe und Abtétung von Tuberkelbacillen. Centralbl. fiir Bakt. Abt. 1 originale 48, 1908-09. He concludes: 1. Not only do tubercle bacilli from bovines, but also those from the horse, goat, sheep. man, swine and cat withstand pasteuri- zation of 71 to 72° C. for % hour. 2. The same resistance is shown in naturally infected tuber- eulous milk as in milk infected with natural tuberculous products. 3. The mentioned pasteurization cannot, under all conditions, destroy tubercle bacilli. ; 4. Milk so heated must not be considered as pathogenic free and should not be sold under such name. He draws the above conclusions from results of expcriments in which he used naturally infected milk and artificially iofeeted 684 J. TRAUM AND G. H. HART : . milk with tuberculous uterine seeretions. Such milks were heated in 1% liter flasks and placed in Oswald water bath and temperature regulated by Toluol. Exposure was for at least 14 hour at 71 to 72°. Van der Sluis’ work Uber die Abtétung der Tuberkelbacillen im natiirliche infizierter Milch und tiber die Pastewrisierung der Milch. Centralbl. fiir Bakt. abt 1, originale 50, 1909. The importance of obtaining naturally infected milk anpealed. to Van der Sluis and he used such eases as he was able to autopsy soon after obtaining the milk, and demonstrated the extent and localization of the tuberculous infection. With the exception of a few cases the milks experimented with were shown microsecpically to contain tubercle bacilli. Only such milk was used as was normal in appearance and which did not coagulate or thicken upon heating. The warming of the milk was done in the usual way as is the custom in most of the large Holland dairies. The usual milk bottles with a patent stopper (Bigelverschluss) were filled with milk and put into a pasteurizing apparatus under water and then brought to the desired temperature for a fixed time. Milk was then quickly cooled. Extra precautions were taken in procuring the milk, such as cleans- ing and disinfecting the udder and hind quarters and disinfection of milker’s hands, ete. Five ¢.c. of milk were injected into right and five ¢.c. into left inguinal region in each test. This 10 cc. of milk was obtained from 100 ¢.c. of centrifuged milk, using both. sediment and cream. Finding that exposure to 65 and 70° for 4% hour failed to destroy tubercle bacilli, he exposed the milk to 70° C. for one hour. This also proved insufficient to kill the tubercle bacilli. 75° C. for 1% hour caused the development of tuberculosis in 45% of the inoculated animals. For an hour at 75° C. it failed to prevent the development of tuberculosis in 46% of the guinea pigs. 80° C. for 4% hour also proved insufficient to destroy tubercle bacilh. 80° C. for one hour, however, proved sufficient to prevent tuberculosis in the inoculated animals. He says, ‘‘The entire re- sults can be summed up: That naturally infected milk coming from animals with udder tuberculosis in general can be made free from living tubercle bacilli by heating to at least 80° C. for at least one hour, under the conditions of this experiment whereby the milk was heated in flasks, therefore in a quiescent state.”’ He proved that in milk infected artificially, tuberele bacilli are less resistant than in naturally infected milk. In the former case the bacilli were destroyed at 70° C. for an hour, while in the latter, as already observed, it required 80° C. for the same time. He however agrees with De Jong’s findings. In the 1908 edition of Kolle & Wasserman’s Handbuch der Pathogenen Microorganismen, Corner & Meryrr, after quoting various works, most of which were mentioned above, sam up the subject by stating, ‘*The following general conclusion can only be drawn: ‘To destroy tubercle bacilli in fluid media (culture, milk) 1 a Ser we ea a OR. gt mee Ese alee ake eR Peek Phe fe LihGo, SO Wes ae at Raye Nee . i a PRS hg hy 5 ’ ne r ) << % Dag he 7 f lalt Aha . why 3 ; hese ’ cate “ . ‘y Ne = ' ‘ , . j : ; spd ‘ i : ‘ . > ih ‘ y ; \ ¢ cit ; ' Beas ; ; PASTEURIZATION IN SAFEGUARDING MILK 685 ge" * ie ' 3 i: the following exposures are necessary: 4-6 hours at 55° C.; 1 Fe hour at 60° C.; 10-20 minutes at 70° C.; 5 minutes at 80° C.; 1-2 t minutes at 90° ©, VAR In the 1913 edition of this work, Corner & Kosser, take a different view. They state regarding the resistance of tubercle bacilli i milk to heat, that works on this subject do not altogether agree, and in part, this disagreement may be explained by Theobald Smith’s observation where he claims that the pellicle formed by the heating of milk encloses some of the bacteria which avoid tha — destruction. They quote many of the works reviewed in this pro- ject and conclude that the manner of heating the milk in these ex- periments must be taken into consideration in interpreting the re- sults. — . “ScuHorer, E. H. & Rosenavu, M. J. Tests of the Efficiency of Pas- teurization of Milk under Practical Conditions. Journal of Medical Research, Vol, XXVI,-‘No. 1.N.S. Vol. XXI, pp. 127 —. 2 to 158. ee These workers in testing the efficiency of practical pasteuriza- Ae, tion used a holding system which consisted of a receiving vat, a milk pump, a heater and a holding tank. The heating was done by pumping the milk over the outside of the heating drum in the inside of which was steam heated water and a layer of steam above - the water directly under the drum. From this heater the milk — flowed into a holding tank and was held for various lengths of | time at 140° to 145° F. The batches of milk tested were artificially inoculated with B. - typhosus, B. diphtheriae, B. tuberculosis (human, bovine). \ With this type of pasteurization which is now largely diseontin- -é ued, the desired temperatures were not obtained because the milk in running over the drum was not heated uniformly and formed in layers in the holding tank, the coldest being on the bottom and was drawn. off first. The results show that in two tests with B. diptheriae, ‘one failed to destroy this organism, in two tests with B. typhosus similar results were obtained, in two tests with B. tuberculosis (human) both failed to destroy the organisms, and in two tests with B. tuberculosis (bovine) one failed. It is very evident that the failure recorded by these experiments was due to the inability, with the machinery used, to obtain and maintain the desired tem- : peratures. a The objection to the above experiments is that not only do c they disagree as to the thermal death point of the tubercle bacillus but they were in no case dealing with naturally infected milk pas- iad teurized under commercial conditions such as prevail today in all . large modern city milk plants; and which is the vital point that . concerns us. An opportunity to obtain this desired information was 686 J. TRAUM AND G. H. HART presented to the writers by the following conditions: in the latter part of 1913 the University of California and the Los Angeles Health Department began semi-annual tuberculin testing of a herd of 825 head of dairy cattle, which were known to be heavily infected with tuberculosis. The land occupied by these cattle was divided by a railroad right of way into two distinct ranches. Following the first and each subsequent test all reacting animals were kept on one ranch and all healthy animals on the other. Calves fromi both herds were kept on the healthy ranch, raised on pasteurized milk, tested when large enough to turn out on pasture, and the non-re- actors used to replenish the great losses to the healthy herd which the first and subsequent tests caused. This produced a herd which. at the time of its greatest numerical strength numbered 500 head of cattle, all tuberculous, which were under constant-observation and the milk from which was allowed to be sold in the city of Los Angeles after it had been pasteurized. This work was done under a voluntary agreement with the owner and had for its object the determination of the practicability of changing an extensively tuber- cular herd into a sound one without any great financial loss or in- convenience to the owner. ; Animals in the reacting herd, as soon as they showed apparent evidence of tuberculosis were removed, but no special means of ascertaining such cases by ausculation, percussion, or laboratory ex- amination of secretions and excretions were resoried to. The milk from this herd was pasteurized in one of the large city milk plants in the regular routine manner of pasteurizing all milk going through the plant, and no special treatment was given it. The fact thus became apparent that here was an ideal oppor- tunity to study the effect of ordinary pasteurization in 2 large, well equipped, modern city milk plant on tubercle bacilli, gaining access to the milk under natural conditions from a tubereulous herd. MernHop or Procepure: Collection of Samples: The volume of milk coming from this tuberculous dairy amounted to from 350 to 500 gallons per milking. It was cooled on the ranch with an ordinary tubular milk cooler, run into ten gallon cans and brought to the city milk plant twice daily. As this milk was being run from the weigh tank into the clarifier samples were taken ,this consti- tuted our raw milk samples mentioned below. When elarified samples were desired they were obtained as the milk flowed from the clarifier into the pasteurizing vat. a PASTEURIZATION IN SAFEGUARDING MILK 687 The pasteurizing in this plant is done in a battery of three large rectangular vats, each having a capacity of 500 gallons. These vats are insulated on the sides and top with a three-inch layer of hair felt. On the bottom is a five-inch water jacket. Through the center of the vat is a revolving multiple feed worm coil of two-inch tinned copper pipe, having a diameter of 24 inches, which keeps the milk in constant agitation while it is being heated, and thus prevents pellicle formation and insures uniform heating of the en- tire volume of milk. When the milk flows from the clarifier into the vat, steam is turned into the water, which is cireulated by means of a suction tee from the 5-inch water layer on the bottom of the vat through the coil, so that the heating surface includes the entire bottom of the vat in addition to the coil area. Steam is turned on as soon as milk begins to flow into the vat and from 20 to 30 minutes is required to fill the vat and bring this large volume of milk to the pasteurizing temperature. During this heating per- iod each vat of milk is sampled, and either milk or cream added, as the occasion may require, to bring the butter fat content to 4.2%. Connected with each vat is a self-recording thermometer which keeps record of the temperature of the milk at all times while it is in the pasteurizer. When the desired temperature is reached, the steam is turned off and the surrounding insulation holds the milk at an even temperature for the pasteurizing period, ranging from 20 to 30 minutes. The exit valve at the bottom is then opened and ° the milk flows over a cooler, which brings the temperature down to 40° Fahrenheit. From 15 to 20 minutes is required to empty the vat, so that the last milk leaving gets this additional time in the heating chamber at the pasteurizing temperature. The object of having three vats is to keep a continuous flow of ’ pasteurized milk into the bottle fillers. At the beginning of the sample collecting, the temperature of the recording thermometer was used as the guide. In checking this with the actual temperature of the milk there was found to be a variance at times of seve ral degrees, due to slight movement of the arm of the pen point in remov ing old record sheets and replacing them with new ones. This method of getting temperatures was therefore checked with temperatures taken direct by means of raising the lid of the pasteurizer and placing a tested thermometer directly into ane milk. Also, the first samples taken were dipped from the vat , \ \ / 688 J. (RAUM AND G. H. HART sae In ale eA sc RU Loi Sak VIE NS t Fa nl Sop and placed in the 110 ¢.c. glass bottle without cooling. This was also discontinued after December 1, 1915, and the remaining sam- ples collected at the expiration of the desired time by dipping the sample bottle directly into the pasteurizing vat. When full. it was corked and immediately plunged into ice water previously pre- pared, and thus cooled down very rapidly on account of the small volume. The samples were preserved at the beginning of the work by the addition of .5% boric acid, which later, commencing with sample No. 16, was increased to 1%. The samples were forwarded for examination to the Division of Veterinary Science, University of California, at Berkeley by parcel post. EXAMINATION OF SAMPLES: The milk reached the Veterinary Science Laboratory within 24 to 48 hours after collection. Upon the arrival of the milk at the laboratory or as soon afterwards as possible, about 90-95 ¢.c. were centrifuged for 20-30 minutes at a speed of 2700 per minute. The cream and sediment resulting from such centrifuging were inoculated subcutaneously or intramuscu- larly into two or three guinea pigs. Since the only practical meth- od to determine definitely the presence or absence of tubercle bacilli in milk collected under ordinary conditions is guinea pig in- oculation, this was done in all cases, the entire data of which is contained in Table I. Tubercle bacilli were demonstrated in the guinea pig lesions in all cases where a diagnosis of tuberculosis was made. In all cases with suspicious lesions, which consisted almost entirely of enlarged local lymph glands, reinoculations were made, even though tubercle bacilli were not demonstrated microscopically. SumMMARY AND Conciusions: ‘To determine the efficiency of commercial pasteurization in killing tubercle bacilli, 61 samples of milk were used. All these samples were from a herd consisting entirely of cattle which had reacted to the tuberculin test. Two or three guinea pies were inoculated with the cream and sediment ob- tained by centrifuging 90 to 95 ¢.c. of each sample. Of the 24 samples of raw milk used, all except one (sample No, 5) produced tuberculosis in the inoculated guinea pigs. In this one case both inoculated pigs died from septicemia. y G9G PUB gOC TETMOSNUIBAYU] CI-TIX-L ‘89S LOYZOo Tes Of pourezoy) CLIX £96 ‘SISO[NIAAGNZ Pozt[Vaotay) TeMOSMIURAPUT CT-TIX-V ‘29S | “OT-IL-TT Peutioforopyo yoG pus g9G snoourpnoqng CL-IIX-T ‘99¢ "PoOyTrepa ynq “PZ sv oulng ST-IIX-T GG “SISO[NOLeGN} PosZzt[ Blows) IBTOOSNUB.AVUT CT-IIX-T ‘S9c | | OT-II-T petttozoroTya Ccgg puUv Pos snoouepnoqug CL-IIX-1. ‘F9S_ | MOY STILX-T FG : | ‘“ToOFT 78 “SISOTND.LOGNY LOT VATPESIN IBTMOSNULBAZUT CT-IX-92 ‘9G SoaqnuTUt EZ 1oF poztinoy rag “OL-[-aa peuLlofoioyyo Egg puR ZgG snoourpnoqug CGT-IX-94 ‘39S -sed ‘gz pue [Z sv oulrg CI-11X-96 £6 “potsdoyne JON “CT-ITX-@ pep 19g SNOVTIBIJNIGUS CI PXGOG Oe “STSO[ND.1eqny PaZzt[e -l9uet) “GT-[IX-T§ Peulsofo.topyo QOG IBTODISUUTBAPUT CT-IX-9Z °09¢ “poylivpo nq ‘TZ SB OUR OT-1X-93 GE I “STSO[NO 3 ~ -laqu} pezipeieuer + “OT-[T-¢ petp BGG} avpnosntmeaquy GT-IX-93 ‘6&S : ‘SISO[NAAIGNY PeZzt[e | -I9uary) "CT-TITX-Tg poulaozosopyo gcg snosuRpnoqug GT-IX-93 ‘8c¢ | MVY OT-1X-92 IZ | “HoGPL 7B Son ‘8 *SISO[NIIOGNY 1OF OATZVSIN, IB[NOSNUTBAPUT GT-IX-FZ “Ece |-urut 0g AtoZ poztanoysed ‘OT-I-g peullozo1ojyys CccEe pure FgGG snoosuRyoqug GL-IX-#2. “PSG \qnq “6T Pur BT SB oulEs CT-IX-F2 0% a. ‘SISO[NALAGN} PoZI[B.1euery snosuRqnoquyg GL-IX-F3. “SEs + | ‘CL-TIX-£ powlsozoi1opyo ggg puw Zee} AvlnosnuBAqUy CL-IX-F2 '3G¢ | ‘poytaep Sgt sv oureg CT-IX-FZ 61 "a “SISO[NA.Laqny PaeztT Blower) snoeurpNoqug GL-IX-Fe ‘TSS “CT-ITX-0€ pouttozo.1olyo Teg puw ggg) Ae_Mosnureazuy CL-Ix-te “OSS MUY GT-IX-¥G ST < IBMoOsNUBIUT CT-X-08 ‘Seg sgt *SISO[NALOGN} 1OF OAT}V.ION IB[NOSMUBAZUT GT-X-08 ‘LES \\ToOPFT 9B Soynuru OZ LOZ 5 ; “OT-I-€ PoUlLoFor1o[ Yo Beg puew LEG ‘9¢¢| SHOsTBANIGNS CI-X-0& ‘98 |peztaneysed ‘+ gT sB oulng cT-X-0€ LT SiS IBPMOSNUIBAZUT GI-X-0€8> “LFS ; Ss ee “sisofmoioqny peztjeiewer) “CT-JIX | TBPMOSNUIRAZUT, CL-xX-06 “OFS “i “TE Poul1ofoLopyo TFS Pue OFs 688) SnosuBpNIquy cT-xX-0€ “6&S MBY GT-X-06 9T +2, SYIBUIAY 1oYIOQ PUB s}NSexy | WoTpE[NooUT FO ov pus MIN FO omngen ‘poeaterayy eyed opdureg ’ Iequinyy Stq vous) ‘ JOON Se Pe oe POS KL NE IP a aed - ¥ gs poet mre + ras yee oe diss A EPI ie AO te et ey SPIED, PNR ‘SISO[NO1IGNy LOF OATZ "e88N ‘QL-TII-9 poutrogorotya Ege 480} UT[NI1aG NY [VULIOPVAZUL OF S}[NSeI ATVB SOT OARS sS[eUIUB oSsey} Yo_q ‘opvul AIM SUOTPLNIOUTEL OU PUB pPUNOT OOM TI[LOVG apoteqn} ou ynq ‘toTy -eynaout Jo qutod ye sseasqe [pews GB poMoys {OT-[[]T-9 poullozotolya ggc "STISO[NaLeqny PaZt -[RIOUNH) “OT-[]-g powozFoOLOTYyD Fee ‘SISO[NI.ALoqny pozryV -1omas) “OT-T]-fFZ poultozoropyo ege “SISO[NIA19GN} Poz[Bilouod+) “OT-IL-FG pouloyporoyyo zee pue TRE “SISO[NALAGN4 10 OATZBIIN ‘OT-IT-OT pottsoporopyo Ogg pue B1G “STSO[NOLOGNy poZt “OT-1T-GT Poullozo.opya 916 “STSO[ND.L0q sd POZtTeLOUes) =~ “9I-L-0. Pep. 22S ‘SISO[NDLOGN} PoztpRaoway ‘OTII-TL pewmrosoxolyo 97¢ pus cy¢ -[R.19W94) ‘SISO[NIIAGNY LO OATZVSIN ‘OT- TI-0[f peutaozo.otyo FLG pue eye GaA “STSO[NAIOGNY PoZtpe.coa+ry) OT-IT-1T powlsozoaoptyo WaLG pue Z1¢G ‘SISO[NDLOGNY PoZzt[BLeud+) ‘OL-IT-OL Pemees Ca01N T1¢ aes OLS ess 2 a a SYARWMOY 1oyZOQ puB syynsoy IB[NOSNUIB AUT GI-IIX-F ‘98¢ SHOIULAMIGUG CT-IIX-? ‘S8c TeTMOSNUIBAZUT, CT-I “$C snosuRPIGug CT-IIX-& “8g IVTDISNULB APU] SNOOURPWIGUG CTIIX-F “css CELE NCo Pigs EOS IBTMOSNUBAPUT CT-IIX-£ ‘086 snovuRqynaqug CL-IIX-& ‘61¢ TBLMOSUULB. AUT snosurynaquyg CT-TEX-@) we IBTMISNUB.LQUT GT-IIX-& ‘94¢ snoourynoqug CT-IT) 5GiG IB[MOSNUBAZUT CT-IIX-3 ‘PLS SnoauRyNqug GT-TIX-Z “&1¢ snoouRynaqnug GT-IIX-2 ‘“W21S IB[MOSNUBAZUT GT-TTX-Z “ZLS SnosuRyNaqug GT- fee WK IB[NOSNUTBAZUT GT-I1X OLG *Y[LUL .1ay4o [es OF pure pue ¢¢ SB OUILS "[RS OPP Pourey -109 ‘“\ToOFT 38% seqyn UU QZ LOF PoZtAneysed *poyraeypa ynq SB oluBg MBY “YUU 1oyqo “[Rs 06 puv TE pus OE se OUBS "[BS NOP poureyzUoD pue ‘olf 3B sogn UU QZ AOF Poztanoysed ‘poylieypo yng ‘og sB olweEg MB *y[ruUE WTyS JO [Vs OT snid gg pure 2z sve oweg ‘seynurut OZ OF “\ToOFT 38 poztaneyseg *pogiieyps yng “7% se oulRg MUVY CTL XS. ST-ITX-¥ CT-ILEX-P STAUIEXSE ST-IIX-€ cT-OX- CT-IITX-6 CT-ILX CT-IIxX- 6G WoTyepnooUuT FO ajyeq pure JOG(WUN Stq vdurnsy MIN FO GAN QEn poatadoy oye “SOINULML JYSIO LOF GFL OF SUIStt oangriodursy JO yuNode UO poye[nodoul you o[duies poziunoysed, y “BULY[IUL JuaLayip WOay SUM AUP ST} UO PoAloodad YIU MBA OT, “SISOTNI.ALOGNZ TOF OATPRSON “OT-IIT-GG PeuroFor0T YO 909 PUe GOO ‘SISOTNIAaGNy PoztpRiauay ‘OL-11-6G peusozo10yyO FOO PUR LOO “SISOPMA.LOGNy LOF a PATBDON “OT-AT-GT powtsozo.opyo pue OT-TIT-2 ¢69 std voums po -je[noouy “WorZeTNoouT Jo 4urod 4x sseosqe {Q[-[][][-L poulaozosopyo (09 “SISO| (LOA SIL 9T-TIIT-Z wo | -noaieqn} 10F osATpeVsON : uo paulLozOLOTyo pue ae : 169 std voums pozyenoouy ‘snd . YStMoyoA Suturezuo) ‘worepns0 . . -ut Jo yutod 4v afupou pozts [YUE] S, PEeMOYS !OT-TIT-L Peusozosopy GEG) "SISO[Na.leq Z Ny poztpesemar) “9T-[T-FZ Pep g6g ¥ “SISOTNO.ALOq Ny poztyeisuey “CT-[]-9Z PEP 16¢ ‘SISO[NdALaqny poztyV -1dU08t) “QT-[]-6Z PolIopOAOTYD GE ‘SISO[NALaqny poeztpe -1aue®) “GT-]J]-9T poulsozolopyo CEE ‘ “SISO[NALOGNy poze =, 7 -19Ua) “OT-T]-9Z poullofororyo FEE a ‘SISOTNALOqny poztpe Se lame) “eATpIsod !9T-[]-F3 PIP 6G — ‘SISO[NAALAqN} pozipR1ouUdsry STIL-9 pewrosoropyo 06S PpuUe 68S *r er: Syleuley 10q{Q PUB sq[Nsexy IBTMOSNULBAZUT Ssnoourynoqua IBPMOSMUBAVUT snooungnoqug snoourgnoqng IB[NISNUIB.AZUT] TBLDOSUULE AUT SHOVUBINIGUG IB[NOSNUIBAZUY snosuRqnaqua SHOoURILAGng Ie[DOSNUBAVUT shoouvqnaqug WOTR[Nd0UT JO oyeq pur 1oquUINN St vournsy ‘pasn sv afduirs poylarpo ayy ATWO ynq ‘eyRp SIyy UO poAtodod so[duUNs dad py Pedilexs el 57 al De I STIIXSIE SELEX Or ST-ILX- 0 IX-OL [inal LIIX-0f e g ST-IIX-6 SIL-ILA-6 ST-ITA-6 STILX-6 Sj UAE} “909 “G09 “FO9 “E09 “009 66¢ “LoOFL ye sojnurm QZ 10, pozt -inoeysed qnq, ‘Tp se eurRG My “\WLoOFT JB soynulul YZ AOF PoZt -ineysed gnq ‘6S SB OUTBS WG MvY *poylieps gnq ‘ye se eureg MY peyley[p jo o1nyeN ATTN hey lig We] Ly CELEXA. Sf a El Gat] ST-IIX-OT CT-TIX-6 CT-I1X-6 OTL 8h xe peatadoy o7eq OF 6 e Gokok LE 9E 5 apdureg FO “ON ‘potsdoyne you SGT-ITX-0€ Pep Be9 ‘sISOTNALeqny} pozipRieuey “OT-T “13 wTNosoqny ‘oo T Aq porlP{ TE9 ‘potsdoyne you !CT-TTX-8z Pep 09 “STSO[NA.LOG NY PoZztpB.oulat) ‘aATyIsOd !Q]-[][][-F PoUlloFoLoT YD GZ ‘STSO[NDLOGN} LOF OATPRGIN ‘OL-IITI-L powttozouopyo gzg pure 129 “SISO[NALOqNy} PozIpRilauay ‘QT-II-66 PoUtLoforoTyo 969 Pus Goo ‘SISO[NDLaqny Poze ‘QL-I1-6¢6 Poullozoro[yo Peg “SISO[NO1Iqn} Pozi "OT-IL-66 PIUOFOLOTYD Es -[B.1owe+) -[B.1oud4) “STSO[ND.LOGN} 1OF IATPVSIN “GT poutlozoloyyo + 9T-III-L +69 poyepnooulat fpoesaepua — spueyps [eantootd !9QT-T]]T-9 pouLLozoLopyD Zzg "SISO[NOALOqN} LOF IATy QTL-TLIES pemxroforoy,yo 169 2 ‘sTSO[NO.Loqny poztpeleuer SOE -L1-9) Peuloforolqo= 969 PUL 619 ‘SISO[ND.Laqn} paztpe -19to) “O[-[]][-F PewlaofFor0opya gg ‘potsdoyne you !9T-][-¢ petp 119 SOU NE -B59N snoourjgnoqng CT-ILX-LzG IV[MOSNUIBIYUT GT-[TTX-12 “Te9 AIBMOSMUUBIYUT GT-[TTN-12 “0&9 SHOIABINIGNG CT-l1X-¥2 * snoauepnoqug TET NOSNULBAZUT CL-IIX-¥6 869 CL-LIxX-¥6 “L169 SsnovURgNoqna Chal PKarGe 1069 TBPNOSUUTBAPUT GILEXcra. “Seo IB[MOSNUVIYUL GL-lIX-Fs “F39 snoouepNagug Ie[MosnWMIVIyUT GT-[IX-€3 339 snosuLgnoque CI-LEXs Eo. ~ 149 TB[DOSNUTRAVUT CRIES lou 069 SnosuTeInyqGua CT-1LIX-&6 “619 snoeuvqnoqua CT-LIX-€6.. 8 LBPUOSUUIBAZUT ) CTESWEXS SG CTALUEXS Ges G69) | ‘poytavpo yn ‘gp sv oulEg MEY *Y[LUIL-WIL YS "TBs OF pue pp pue OF SB ouUVg “TBs YOT pourtey 10d PUL *\ToOFT #8 Sqn Ul QZ LOF Poztaneysed ‘poylieps ynq ‘gp sev auieg MBA *H[TUL-WUTYyS “TRS OF pues Fr pue Ep sv oUeg [Vs HOF pourey “109 PUG “YoOFT FB Soyn UU QZ AOF Poztineysed| *poylieps gnq “ef sv swWleg) MBY ST-I1X-Z6 CT-IITX-26 Gal 8 BGs 6 ST-IIX-Fe CL-ILX-¥6 CL-IITX"&6 ST-ITX-&6 CLIIX-€e OS 6F SyIvUIdy 1dyZQ puew szpusey uolyB(nodoUuT JO oJVq pue LOQGUUN Stq wournsy MIN FO vinpen paataey Vd ajdureg JO “ON . is F “s SYIEUIAY JoYJZQ PUB sz[Nsey 1 WOTZR[NI0UT JO eyRCE pure To(UINN St vourns) ae * x; - a - aan? Tee A x Ms t ‘ iiivd + , , ; 7 ; " - \ J i ie \ r 7 Atk < , i. Westen | ‘oOFL 4" ‘SISOTNOLOGN 1OF OATPVSAN IBMOSMUBAYUT ~—s GL-T TX-6S “GPO = Soy YZ a0F poztanoy “OL-TIL-GS poulsosoropyO GPO pur gPg Snoouvynoqng CT-TIX-6Z ‘St9 -S¥q “9G puL ce su ouILg *SISOPMILOGNY poze [eso “OT-TI]-F powuozoropyo CFO) AB[MOSNUTBAGUT ~—- GT-TTX-6S “EPO *SISO[NO.Laq 0} poztsieuey = “OT-III-S Pep FF9 SnoodeNoqng GT-TIX-63 "FF9 “paytavpo ynq ‘ce sv oung *SISO]NIAIGNZ poztpB.ie -uary) ‘“Apoatgoedsar O]-[]]T-Ez% pure IBMoOsnWUBIyUP = GL-T TX-6S) LEO OT-III-ZT peutsofso1opyo LEO puv OFO snoouejnoqngy ST-IIX-6¢ ‘9F9 MUY ‘ “y[UUL-UTys "785 OF pus EG pue ZG se “STSO[NO oUeVg [Vs OOP pourey -Iaqu} 10F oATPVSoN ‘oyRystur Aq IvpnosuUe.yUy = GT-TIX-8Z ‘EF9 |-woo puw qooFT ye soyn ‘OL-IT-§ pewsozo1opy» CFO pue TEO snoouvgnoqng CTTIX-83 “G9 |-urut 0% OJ poztinoysvq ‘SISOTNIAIGNY PoZtpRgaudr) IBpMosnUIBAZUT GT - ee “LPO OL-III-F Poetttofotoryo TFO puke OFO} SNoouvgnoqng CTITX se “OI |:paytaeys ynq. ‘ge sev oureg *SISO[NDALOGN} PaeZzIpBilauery AVTONOSNULE AYU] CTstix= “OED “OL-IIL-F peultoso.1opyo GEG PUR gEeg SnoouRpnoqug Gi] Exes ‘8e9 MB -ainqesodutay ayy toype AlTquioeidde JOU PIp UBaLId FO WOT4IP -py ‘loouoy ‘Uru FL LOF ~ oOFT ye ydoy ofoyas “SISO[NDIaqn} 1LOF OATJVSON SORA ay} Wet} £ (poztanoysed “CT =peutlozoro[yo -9T-TIT-L €69 Ayquqoad weed) poppe “ON PopB[NoOOUlo.l ‘spurys [eantooad uooqd pRy Weeds [es i pesiv[use :9T-[TI1-9 Peullofo1o[yo FEO —avfMosMRAQUT ~—«sYGT-TTA-22 “FEO |'HoOFL FB SePUUTIN g 40} . FV CYLW-WPyS [es Op “SISO[NOIOGN TOF OAT, pue 0G pure BP Sv ouleg “BBaN ‘OT IIL-9 pourtofoxo0[yo. -§ 9 SNODUBINIGUS STEEXALG 2669. [BS OOF “poztinoysed MI FO oangeNn CL-IILX-66 CT-IITX-66 CT-IILX-66 ST-ITX-86 CT-ITX-86 CLLLXe ST-ITX-46 poataodey oyeq Lg (.SIso[nodeqny pamoys [[e ayep 07 poysod puvy FLL poYUvpo YBLM pozepNooul ssid yous 9oUIs pasn JOU JNq PoAteded Y[LM Paylaey,)) 7 “\ToOFT ¥2 2 "SISO[NILOGN} 1OJ PAWSON “OT snoeuvynoqug GT-[IX-T&°V1G9 |seqynutut 9g 1oF poztmey . -TI1-ZS PIlttofoloyyo WLCO puew W9C9 TVTOOSNUBAVUT, CT-IIX-TE& V9S9 |-seq ‘09 “ON SB oUleg) F 3 < “sTSO[NO -1eqny paztpeiouer ‘oarpisod !gT IeTMoOsNMVIyUT GT-[LTX-1E§ “VSs9 -[I-E pewWtoForolys Wooo pue Weg snooueynoqug CT-TIX-T& “VPrs9 MBY % | "y[IU WTS JO ‘[vs OF pue ge sB | oueg ‘TBs Ogg peuTey | ‘SISO[NOLOGN} LOF AATJRBIN snosuvqnoqng CT-IIX-0€ ‘“TS9 |-tod pue -\YFoOFT #8 Sen | ‘OT-IIL-9 pewtozoroTYyD Tog puv Ogg) ABlMosnwVIzUT CT-TTX-O0& “OG9 |-urmt QZ IOF poztinoysed ‘sISO[NoIaqny peztpeiouer) ‘eatytsod repnosnuierjzuy = GT-TTX-08 “EG9 SOT-II-€ Ppewtiozostolyo EGg pue Zoo snoouvpnoqng GT-[[TX-0£ “seg MB SyAvUIeNT I > Sas uoTyepNoouyT FO oye puv < OInveENr SyIVUVY I9GJQ pues s}pUsody requmnng Sq ouiny MIN JO MyBnN CT-IX-Té ST-ILXs1¢ ST-ILX-06 CT-ITX-0 peatodoy ajdueg ¥ PASTEURIZATION IN SAFEGUARDING MILK : - 697 After clarification fourteen samples of the same milk produced tuberculosis in all the inoculated guinea pigs in all but three cases. In one of these, No. 6 (same milk as sample 5 after clarification) both inoculated guinea pigs died of septicemia. From the other two — samples (Nos. 22 and 50) one guinea pig in each case developed tu- berculosis while the other died soon after inoculation. After pasteurization twenty-three samples of the same milk (plus the required amount of milk or cream to standardize the vat as indicated in our table) failed to produce tuberculosis or cause death from inoculation in a single instance. Twelve of these were heated above 140° F. and held for a longer period than 20 minutes. The remaining 11 were definitely known to be heated to 140° F. and — held for only 20 minutes. The above findings indicate first, that pasteurization at 140° F. for 20 minutes kills tubercle bacilli in naturally infected milk. - The pasteurization of milk from non-tuberculin-tested cows by heat- ing it uniformly for 25 minutes at a temperature of 140° to 145° F., as provided for in the new California State Dairy Law, wilk render ~ ~ such milk free from tuberculous infection. Second, that with a properly insulated tank in which the heat- ing and holding are done in the same tank, while the milk is being constantly agitated, we were able to produce and hold the tempera- ture of all the contained milk at the desired point and for the de- sired length of time. Third, that clarification of milk naturally nifebied with tubes ele bacilli fails to render it innocuous to guinea pigs. A self-recording thermometer is necessary in a large plant to control the temperature of milk in the vats, and is essential for — proper official supervision. The recording thermometer should frequently be checked with the actual temperature of the milk in the vat, and especially after placing each new record sheet in the case. It has occurred to us that at least two conditions may arise in the process of pasteurization, such as used in this work, which would permit some of the milk to pass through the apparatus without be- ing properly heated and this fact not be detected by the examina- tion of the recording sheets. (a) After 140° F. has been reached and maintained for 10 to 15 minutes, milk or cream not previously pasteurized may be added to the vat for standardizing purposes without sufficiently affecting the temperature of such a large volume vi ‘wee, VA cele See. vite f 67897) 2 AY esa oa ee Z °C 1S ee ee eo gill, Serine Bi Ys) phe eas tae 8 Ths lee ae ak Veet! 4: y ~698 J. TRAUM AND G. H. HART S & of milk, to cause a noticeable decline on the recording sheet. (b) Unless the recording thermometer is placed at the top of the vat in- stead of the bottom, as is the regular practice, the exit valve may be opened soon after 140° is reached, and the length of time re- quired to empty 500 gallons of milk will cause the thermometer to record a 20 minute period before the level of the milk drops below the mercury of the thermometer, thus permitting a large volume of the milk to be removed after being heated for less than 20 minutes, - Tubercle bacilli are not destroyed in milk samples preserved with one per cent. boric acid, and yet such preservation is sufficient to allow samples to be shipped considerable distances without their undergoing undesirable changes which interfere with laborafory ex- ~ aminations and e@uinea pig inoculations. In two eases, 14 and 16, when we used 200 ¢.c. of 10% solution of antiformin to each 100 ¢.c. of milk, tuberculosis failed to develop in the inoculated guinea pigs (529, 530, 542 and 5438), while the un- treated milk produced tuberculosis in all (6) inoculated animals. In view of these findings together with the excellent results with 1% boric acid preservation we do not recommend the antiformin treatment of milk intended for guinea pig inoculation for the de-- tection of tuberele bacilli. LEGISLATION ON Tick ERADICATION IN LouIsiANA. The New Orleans Times-Picayune devotes some little space to the favorable comment of Dr. W. H. Dalrymple on the work done by the General Assembly in passing legislation which will help very materially in the tick eradication work in Louisiana. percentage of our students, nor do I believe that our students should return home to ‘‘quack’’ for fifty per cent. of each year. They are really qualified for no line of practice until after the completion of the junior year, and, even then, they should have the association of a good practitioner. The four sessions of nine months each would, I am sure, tempor- arily reduce the number of students, but it is my observation that there is no scarcity of veterinarians anywhere. The most practical part of veterinary education appears to me to be balance, with the quality rather than the quantity of ous grad- uates being the end sought. VALIDITY OF THE FEDERAL Narcotic Law. The Supreme Court has decided that possession of the affected narcotic drugs is only unlawful when had by persons required to register by the provis-. ions of Section 1, and who have not so registered. In other words, possession by the consumer, by any person who does not deal in these drugs and who is not required to register, is not wnlawful. This decision weakens to a considerable extent the act, and no doubt additional legislation will be devised to remedy this defect. The twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Missouri Veterinary Medical Association was held at Neosho, Mo., July 27 and 28. The program contained iumerous interesting papers and discussions. bee + a. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS ‘¢ Knowledge is born in laboratories and in the experience of the thoughtful. It develops form in the journals and ‘when dead it is decently buried in books’. oa ODD OBSTETRICAL CASES JAMES A. WAUGH, Pittsburgh, Pa. Case No. 1 was a white poodle bitch, age 3 years, weight seven ~ pounds, pregnant full time. Labor began at 9 a. m., presentation of both fore feet in ea further progress unsatisfactory, and I was Mi +e called at 10 p. m. Digital examination revealed fore limbs lodged as ‘in vaginal een ribs of chest wall could be felt indicating body ay . 4 presenting transversely, and impossible to deliver in the ordinary _ way. I deemed it expedient to delay operation until next morning, a and had the patient brought to my office. Laparotomy revealed a ee - cornu, fore feet presenting through os uteri, and body bent and lodged in the other cornu, thus forming a sort of letter U-shaped condition of fetus located in both horns of the uterus. Performed es - hysterectomy, removing fetus; saved uterus and horns; placed lig- ature around vagina. deroned surgical dressing and gave suitable - internal treatment. Patient seemingly did well for about 24 hours, _ but finally suecumbed to surgical shock. She was an old lady’s _ house pet, idle, and over-fat; lacked exercise and condition. Sent specimen with surrounding beige to the Veterinary School of > - University of Pennsylvania. Williams’ ‘‘ Obstetrical Operations” oy f describes and diseusses bicornual pregnancies. + mh. Case No. 2. Dairyman called me at 10 p. m. one rainy night a last winter to see a fresh cow with retained placenta; calf born at ~9a.m. and playing about the place; dam prostrate and extremities - extended; thin, and unable to arise; aged, and body poorly nour- ished. bass stimulants and tonics, left treatment, and advised de- _ following day revealed another calf retained in the uterus with head _ bent back on one side of neck, thus obstructing delivery. Cow still ‘ hind extremities about three feet, then with arm and hand intro- - duced, I pushed body of fetus forward, while a strong man pushed his arm and hand alongside mine, thus getting his hand in the mouth Bina extending the head, straightening the neck that way; applied _ bicornual pregnancy with head and neck curved forward in one Sivine further intervention until daylight. Examination on the | * prostrate and unable to arise. Block and tackle were used to elevate. 702 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS small ropes on fore feet and hook in lower jaw, and effected delivery ina short time. Douched uterus with permanganate of potash solu- tion; gave suitable internal treatment at proper intervals, but patient remained prostrate and succumbed in 48 hours. Moral,— examine all cases carefully in due time. Williams says, ‘*‘ Deviations of the extremities of twins are subject to the same rules as those of single pregnancies’’. RO FISTULOUS WITHERS IN THE HORSE AND ITS OPER- ATIVE TREATMENT R. MAYER Instruments for the removal of necrotic spinous processes are wanting. The Hauptner bone forceps cannot be used in most cases. For lack of better equipment I resorted to the use of the hoof knife, hoof forceps and key-hole saw to sufficiently open the skin and the necrotic parts to permit free flow of the secretion and relaxation of the tissues. In some eases healing occurs, when only the uppermost part of the spinous process is involved. The use of the hoot knife in the removal of necrotic bone has this disadvantage, that the remaining stump of the spinous process may be loosened; and often the hgamentum interspinosum is torn loose. This leads to further formation of pus pockets clear to the bodies of the vertebrae, and it is only a question of time when they become affected. I have seen cases in which the pathological pro- cess had penetrated to the cord, resulting in unexpected paralysis and death. In the use of the hoof forceps,—when there is any success at all in removing pieces of bone, leading to further necrosis. Least dangerous is the keyhole saw (fret saw, graft saw) be- cause it makes a comparatively smooth cut. Its use does not entirely exclude the tearing and the shock to the inflamed tissues’ above de- scribed. Aside from this, the saw can be used only when the withers are high; there must be a free operative field, freedom of movement, and large incisions. Consequences are, large gaping wounds and long period of healing. As the result of these experiences it has become a common the ends of the processes are crushed, | CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 703 practice to let the diseased bone and ligament extrude themselves. The drainage of pus is looked after, the rest is left to nature. The results of this method are the above mentioned severe cases of ver- tebral caries; oftener there is subfascial phlegmon, the therapy of which is still a problem. With the use of instruments which I have constructed and tried in 150 cases I believe that a middle course in the surgical technic is possible. First, the large gaping wounds are avoided; second, ne- erotic tissue is removed without danger. This method is followed by a rapid healing and does not necessitate the frequent after-treat- ments. I have found that the radical operation,—the bold removal of altered tissues with sharp instruments,—results in a larger per- centage of cures than the more conservative, nursing treatment on the natural line of demarcation. If the losses of skin have been large, I use Forceps No. 1. This is used mainly to cut the loose necrotic spinous process. It is” brought down vertically from above and closed with a slow power- ful grip in order to make a smooth cut. If the ligaments were not cut by the forceps, this is not accomplished by using the forceps with leverage, but they are cut by scissors. The cut with the forceps is to be made under the necrotic parts, so that thoroughly healthy bone is cut. (This is a straight pair of forceps, the jaws and handles lying in the same plane. The cutting edges are placed as in any ordinary forceps; the edges and the serew at the joint of the forceps are parallel). Forceps No. 2 is so constructed as not to destroy areas of skin. The plane of the jaws makes an angle of about 30 degrees with that of the handles. On account of this bend it may be introduced into a constricted fistula, pushed quite far to the front or rear without much injury to the skin or musculature. As before, after cutting the spinous process, any adherent muscle or ligament shreds must be removed with scissors. The shanks of the scissors should be somewhat long, to facilitate work. To determine which of the spinous processes are affected, pal- - pation is best. All parts that feel rough must be removed. The second, not less important part, consists in the drainage of the resultant cavity. Particular care must be taken that the drain- age begin at the deepest part, close to the cut process. If the pus eet as Cen a 104. = CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS has not travelled down behind the scapula, the drainage canal may be made with a seton needle. y To lay the drainage tube when there has been deep sinking of pus, I use instrument No. 3 (a needle, with slight double curvature, 50—60 cm. long). With this length of the needle it is in every case possible to make an opening ventral to the scapula, and either an- terior or posterior to it. For drainage a piece of fenestrated rubber tube (not soft) is used. This is introduced into the fistula with the ~ aid of the needle, blunt end foremost. To prevent the tube from | sliding through the fistula, a small piece of wood is introduced into the upper end of the tube. Drainage with heavy walled tubing of large bore is absolutely unecessary. Such good drainage is never obtained by the use of gauze bandages drawn through the fistula. The rubber tube is to remain as long as possible, at least three weeks in severe cases. Irri- gation with disinfectant fluids during the first eight days is better omitted. Only the wound is cleaned, treated with Lugol solution ; and the cavity filled with cotton sponges drenched in Lugol solution. Sometimes the rubber tube must be opened by the cautious intro- duction of the blunt end of the seton needle. After the first eight. days, the rubber tube may be irrigated; there is then little danger of the fluid infiltrating the surrounding tissues. _ I have obtained excellent results with this treatment. The instruments are made by Hauptner, in Berlin.—Zeitschrift fiir Vet- erindrkunde, xxvii, 321-324, 1915. BERG. ———_0-———_- TRIPLETS H. B. Brapy, Lancaster, Pa. Sometime ago, a cow, a few miles away from the city, gave birth to three heifer calves. They grew up into three fine cows and each has given birth to calves. They are all standing dry now ready to become fresh at any time. They are so much alike that they cannot be told apart except for the fact that one wears a blue ribbon, an- other a red ribbon and the third none. This seems to be the only way to identify them. The mother of the triplets is still living and doing nicely. a i _ ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE BroKEN Back. P. G. Bond, M.R.C.V.S. Veterinary Record: A big gun wagon army mare, seven years old, sound and good _ worker, had been 16 months in the service. One day marching near _ side wheeler, in turning around, she slipped, fell and went down on ‘her hind quarters, spreading the legs. She got up, was lame and stiff behind. She was walked home, three miles, put in her stall and _ fed. The next morning she still showed more stiffness. On trying to move, she swayed for a time and then went down. She got up my - with difficulty and had to be helped but she went down again. Diag- nosis of paralysis was made. There was loss of sensibility to the pricks of pins and the animal struggled much with her fore feet. She was destroyed. The post mortem showed the 9th vertebra of _ the dorsal region completely shattered and broken into five pieces with the spinous process separated. The 8th vertebra showed also a repaired fracture. LIAUTARD. % % uf gi i 0 — 3 , TREATMENT OF Morst EczeMAs IN THE Horse. Zaruba, Karl. | Wiertrztliches Zentralblatt, Vol. 39, pp. 52 53, 1916. The various | forms of eczema are a frequent trouble in horses in the military field. To these should be added burns, frostbites and various other corrosions of the extremities. In the clinic and in practice a large variety of therapeutic agents are at the disposal of the veterinarian. But in the field, conditions are different. The veterinary medical depots are none too well sup- plied and the, veterinarian is obliged to use a restricted number of therapeutics of known value. As the result of extensive field experience, I propose the use of the following liniment, which seemed to possess an almost specific healing action in an astonishingly large number of cases of moist. eczema. a My supply of medicaments was limited, tar liniment and pyok- tanin happened to be plentiful. Bearing in mind that the old school treated eczemas with tar and sulfur ointments, I used applications. of Vienna tar liniment to which there had been added an equal volume of 214% aqueous solution of pyoktanin. Following is the _ prescription : : s Ce we ae oe Ay Ea ag a ithe, : ere ola i bt id ‘ ae one ‘hy in| : pe i os pe Up c cs ’ es ! rte ¥ . t . ih bes ‘ \ , Ba. '? Ae = 4 4 ~ ae 706 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE R Pyoktanin 15.0 or 3 SS. Pic. liqu. Sultsubleaar- be LOO Os rote eens 5 Iv. Sapo viridis Spir, denat! nas: 2000... 22. s. . udders. Whatever the variety may be, conditions in the udder are favorable to multiplication, and frequently large numbers are elim- aa ie inated in the milk. . ee _ “The pathogenic properties of the streptococci and bacilli com- b — mon in milk when it leaves the udder are not discussed in this paper, re é but they, also, are parasitic in their nature. ‘“When a bacterial culture is tested for its pathogenie prop- erties, the body tissues and fluids are exposed directly to the toxins of the culture in question. When organisms enter into the digestive tract with the food the circumstances are different, for the bedy tissues and fluids are protected by the mucous membranes against the ravages of the bacteria that enter with the food. Therefore it cannot be assumed that bacteria which are pathogenic to inoculated laboratory animals would be injurious to human beings when pres- ent in the milk consumed. It is a subject worthy of investigation. But since the bacteria of the udder are parasitic in their nature, and since pathogenic varieties are sometimes eliminated in consid- erable numbers from healthy udders, the data here reported add evidence to the growing conviction that all milk is safer for con- sumption after it has been pasteurized’’, C. Pe Firce. 201 RF 5000 50/000) Se Ms 10,000 10,000 ee 710 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE DeatuH FROM LighTNinG SrroKe. H. A. Reid, F.R.C.V.S. Veterinary Journal. A brief but severe thunder storm killed two cows and several others were affected. Post mortems were made. There was no outward indication of any injury, except in one on the right ear where there was a small hole like one which might be pro- duced by a high velocity bullet. The venous system showed a very marked engorgement. The jugulars standing out as if injected and uncoagulated blood escaped freely when they were incised. Rigor mortis did not exist, the limbs were pendulous and easily bent at the joints. The whole of the muscular tissue of the neck and fore limbs was congested and blackened. The tendinous portion showed numerous hemorrhages, which were net present on the serous. The heart appeared dilated and filled with partially clotted blood The abomasum mucosa was slightly inflamed. The liver was soft and very friable. On one of the cows the current had been received in the region of the jaw. The muscles in that region were swollen and discolored. The other cows seemed to have recovered from the shock or fright they had received. LIAUTARD. eff Rarity Farau Resuuts or BEE Srines iy A Horse. Kiithe Zevtschrift fiir Veterindrkunde, Vol. 27, pp. 329, 330, 1915. A horse standing near a bee hive, was stung by a large number of bees. The bees were finally driven off by rubbing the horse with vinegar. Her entire body was covered with bee stings. There was profuse sweating. Conjunctiva dark red; pulse, very weak, 90 per minute. Respiration spasmodic, 40 per minute, groaning. Defecation and urination were painful. The feces soon became watery. Vaginal mucous membrane strongly reddened. The movements of the horse were peculiar; frequently throw- ing herself. The animal died in 114% hours. Treatment consisted of applications of Burow’s Sclaticn (aluminium acetate) and sub- cutaneously, camphor oil and morphine. Unfortunately a post- mortem could not be held. Another horse stung by bees made a slow recovery. ‘Treatment consisted of cloths soakel in aluminum acetate solution apphed ex- ternally ; internally large doses of aleohol, and for heart weak- ness, digalen and camphor were administered. See also Jour. A. VY, M. A. p. 418, June, 1916, BERG, > ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE TAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF GLANDERS IN MEN. Dr. E. Gildemeister and Dr. Jahn Posen. Berl. Klin. Woch. 1915, Nr. 24, S. 627-630. Abstracted from Berl. Tier. Woch. No. 30, July 29, 1915, XX XI. The authors have had within a short time the op- portunity to observe three cases of glanders in men. It appeared interesting to bring serological investigations together with bae- -teriological studies at the same time. Controls comprising a cer- tain number of healthy individuals and individuals with other dis- eases were studied. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. In three cases of glanders in man the serological methods of investigation, agglutination, complement fixation and con- glutination reaction have proved to be valuable diagnostic aids. 2. It is recommended in every case of glanders in man to- gether with the bacteriological demonstration of glanders bacilli the testing of the suspected serum with the aid of the agglutina. tion reaction and complement fixation method. In place of the complement fixation method the conglutination reaction can be em- ployed. In the agglutination test attention is to be given that ag- glutination of 1-100 and 1-200 should not be considered diagnostic, 1—400 suspected glanders and 1-800 as strongly positive. Abstracted by SustTMANN. Translation by ReEIcHEt. ——_Q——— THREE Cases OF TUMOR OF THE SMALL INTESTINAL WALL AS ImpaAcTION Conic IN THE Horse. E. Frohner. Monatshefte fur Praktische Tierheilkunde; Vol. 27, pp. 105-104, 1916. The usual impactions of the small intestine are caused by fecal stasis or a cicatricial stricture of the ileum, when they are not caused by changes in position (volvulus, incarceration, lipoma pendulans, ete.) Less frequently, tumors in the wall of the small intestine are the cause of impaction. Generally these tumors cannot be diag- nosed during life. Usually only the diagnosis of impaction of the small intestine can be made. In only one of the three cases tumor was to be suspected because of the peculiar results of rectal exam- ination. - 1. Carcinoma of the Small Intestine. Brown gelding, with a clinical picture of simple impaction of the small intes- tine. On rectal examination; in front of the pelvic inlet a crooked portion of the small intestine could be felt, which was round, as stout as an arm, long, and with the consistence of a sack “t 712 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE filled with wet sand. One of the ends terminated abruptly. At this end the contents of the tightly filled intestine were most closely packed together, so that the inserted hand could scarcely make an impression with the finger. At this same end, a boil-like swelling, as large as a walnut, could be felt. Symptoms of disten- tion ot the stomach soon appeared, i. e., belching, vomiting through the nostrils, and the horse suddenly died in spite of treatraent on the same day. On autopsy an adenocarcinoma, as large as a hen’s egg, was found in the wall of the jejunum, which was the cause of the impaction of the jejunum at the same place where the boil-like swelling as large as a walnut was felt on rectal examination. In front of the carcinoma, there was a mass 80 em. long, consisting of almost dry, compressed masses of food. 2. Sarcoma of the Small Intestine. Brown gelding, to be treated for impaction of the small intestine. Rectal examination, negative. Died two hours after arrival; clinical picture, rupture of the stomach. On autopsy, the cause of the impaction was found to be a fibrosarcoma as large as an apple on the wall of the jejunum, with a secondary rupture of the stomach. The lumen of the small intestine was constricted by the fibrosarcoma; in front of the con- striction the small intestine was tightly filled with fluid from its origin down to 4 meters past Vater’s ampulla. 3. Myoma of the Small Intestine. Brown gelding, to be treated for impaction of the small intestine, died 12 hours after arrival. Rectal examination disclosed two parallel loops of the small intestine, distended with gas and lying anterior to the pelvie floor. On autopsy, the cause of the impaction was found to be a myoma, as large as a duck ege, in the wall of the jejunum. In front of the tumor there was a dried fecal mass 14 em. long, in which region the intestinal mucosa was hemorrhagic and inflamed. Bere. ——_ Q-——_— Purpura Hemorruacic. J. B. Wolstenholme, F.R.C.V.S. Veterinary Journal. Record of a six years old Shire gelding which received a severe wound over the pyramidal process of the off hind foot. Suppuration was abundant and of a bad nature. There was much pain. Treated with antiseptic fomentations and borie wool poultices, the process went on satisfactorily After three weeks time, purpura developed. Pulse beeame weak and quick, characteristic swellings took place on the four legs, the face, the \ ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 713 breast and beneath the abdomen. Petechiae were present on the visible mucous membranes. ‘The temperature varied between 101.6° and 102° being the highest on the fifth day of the disease. The weakness of the horse was such that he had to be placed in slings. He was convalescent and in fair health after three weeks. LIAUTARD. —0 JOHNE’s DISEASE, OR WHAT, IN THE Dog? Henry B. Eve, M. R.C.V.S. Veterinary Journal. A pedigreed brindle bull dog was in poor condition. He appeared unthrifty, tucked up in the flank, his appetite was unimpaired and worms were suspected as the eause of the condition. The coat was staring, itehy and had an odor like ‘‘urinous eczema’’. The nose was moist, eyes bright but sunken. There was edematous swelling in the intermaxillary space and under the sternum. Although there was great thirst, there was no fever. Feces were frothy and contained undigested par- ticles of food. There was intermittent diarrhea, recurring every 3 or 4 weeks. The pulse was weak and fast. There was a slight cough. The dog had a straddling gait, with back arched and he urinated like a female. Blood stained mucus existed in the feces. Nothing apparently abnormal by auscultation but there was gen- eral dullness on percussion. Treatment: The dog was _ isolated and treated for worms first and then internally received diarrhea tablet triturates (Parke, Davis and Co.) opium, camphor, ipecae and lead acetate. Afterwards lactated pepsin, creosote, and pe- troleum emulsion and finally stomachics and tonics. His diet con- sisted of: glaxo, barley water, raw meat, tripe, codliver oi] and rice, The dog improved but the author thinks this is only temporary and that the trouble will return again. LIAUTARD, Seay eee THe THEORY OF THE FrEE-Martin. Frank R. Lillie. Set- ence, Vol. XLII, No. 1113, April 28, 1916, p. 611. ‘‘The term free- martin is applied to the female of heterosexual twins of cattle. The recorded experience of breeders from ancient times to the present has been that such females are usually barren, though cases of nor- mal fertility are recorded. This presents an unconformable case in twinning and sex-determination, and it has consequently been the cause of much speculation.’’ The author refers extensively to the abstract in ‘‘Seience Vol. XLII, p. 177, Febuary 4, 1916”’ on Leon J. Cole’s paper before 714 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE the American Society of Zoologists on ‘‘Twinning in Cattle with Special Reference to the Free-Martin’’. ‘“There is space only for a statement of the conclusions drawn from a study of these cases, and of normal pregnancies. In eat- tle a twin pregnancy is almost always a result of the fertilization of an ovum from each ovary; development begins separately in each horn of the uterus. The rapidly elongating ova meet and fuse in the small body of the uterus at some time between the 10 mm. and the 20 mm. stage. The blood vessels frem each side then anastomose in the connecting part of the chorion; a particularly wide arterial anastomosis develops, so that either fetus can be in- jected from the other.’ The arterial circulation of each also over- laps the venous territory of the other, so that a constant inter- change of blood takes place. If both are males or both are females no harm results from this; but if one is male and the other female, the reproductive system of the female is largely suppressed, and certain male organs even develop in the female. This is unques- tionably to be interpreted as a case of hormone action. It is not yel determined whether the invariable result of sterilization of the fe- male at the expense of the male is due to more precocious develop- ment of the male hormones, or to a certain natural dominance of male over female hormones.’’ REICHEL. o---—— FRACTURE OF THE PARIETAL BONE IN A Dog. J. W.H. Veter- inary Record. A well bred collie was struck by a light engine and was carried home. The next morning he was visited by the au- thor who noticed a small incised wound in the sagittal direction be- hind the mid point of the left frontal crest. There was much swell- ing all round the wound, which was dry and caked with mud. The dog was unconscious, with eyes open, corneal reflex absent, and marked internal strabismus of both eyes. Opisthotonos spasms occurred now and then and there were continuous choreiform move- ments of the head. The dog barked and moaned frequently. There was rhythmic pawing of the left fore and hind limbs. The right legs seemed paralyzed. Pulse was frequent and_respira- tion accelerated. Temperature 99.7°F. After cleaning the wound the examination revealed a fracture of the left parietal bone with- out displacement, subdural hemorrhage was suspected. Jodine ointment was applied to the wound and morphine given subeutane- ously. This seemed to cause some improvement and hopes for re- covery were entertained. Three-quarters of a pint of a 5% =— — on ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE salt solution was injected by rectum. Atropine 1/50th of a grain was injected subcutaneously. The second day after the accident the patient regained consciousness, his eyes were normal and the pulse was good, temperature 100° F. Paralysis was improving and gradually with iodide of potassium given for a week and after arsenic and quinine, recovery was complete with the exception of occasional choreic twitching of the head. LIAUTARD. Oo————_ ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOUS CarTLE From MintcH HeErps. A.V. Tracy, D.V.S. The Public Health Journal, Feb., 1916. In 1911 the city of Sherbrooke, Que., passed a by-law compelling the removal of all cattle from herds supplying the city with milk. which reacted to the tuberculin test. Of 650 head, 13% reacted; these were removed and replaced by others. A second test of these 8 months later gave 114% of reactors. A third test 18 months later gave only 4 reactors out of 674 head, a percentage of 14. Compen- sation for the destroyed cattle is not advisable, as it would tend to promote carelessness on the part of the owner. The following regulations are important: Window lighting equal to one-tenth the area of the stable floors, lime washing of interior twice yearly, cleaning and grooming of cattle, covered pails, sterilization of milk utensils, removal of manure and the erection of special buildings for the handling and storing of milk. The best temperature is 50 degrees F.. in a well ventilated stable. REICHEL. —_0—_——_- CANCER OF THE Tatu. Recueil de Med. Vet. Prof. G. Moussu of Alfort has recently published a case of cancer of the tail in a cow in which the histological examination revealed a typical epithelium in which the epithelial tissue, while it formed the predominating element in the mass, contained also bony sarcomatous elements and others which made the whole a true heteroplastic tumor, which was impossible to classify. The cancer was in an aged cow, which when presented to him showed in the middle of the tail, a large round tumor, spreading on its borders, so as to entirely surround the lateral parts of the caudal appendage. The external posterior surface was still covered with skin, coated with hairs, but the anterior surface was ulcerated and with several fistulous tracts, running in its depth, and giving escape toa bloody, purulent, grayish discharge having a repulsive odor. The erowth on palpation gave the sensation of semi-fluctuation. The lower part of this tail seemed intact, not inflamed or even edema- 716 ABSTRACTS FROM REGENT LITERATURE ious. The upper segment of the organ was much enlarged and in- filtrated and inflamed. Around the anus in the ischial fossa, there was a small tumor, a diseased anal lymphatic gland. Rectal exam- ination showed that generalization had not extended to the glands or organs of the pelvie cavity. Amputation of the tail was performed for experiment and ob- servations of generalization. Nothing abnormal occurred until 15 or 20 days after. when the left rump began to swell and then rectal examination showed a marked bulging of the ischiatic hgament. The swelling of the rump fluctuated and was punctured over the trochanterian sum- mit, when a flow of sanious, gray-reddish, odorless fluid escaped with pieces of necrosed tissue. Then the rght anal gland under- went suppuration. Ultimately the animal was destroyed. At post- mortem it was found that the generalization had not spread further than the pelvis, that a large purulent collection had formed through the left gluteal muscles and that the sublumbar lymphatic glands were involved. Certainly the generalization would have ex- tended had the animal been allowed to live longer. LIAUTARD. EO Se DESTRUCTION OF DISEASED ANIMALS TO PROTECT PUBLIC HeautH. (Durand et al. vs. Dyson et al. (Ill.) 111 N.E.R., 148). Jour of the Amer. Med. Assoc., Vol. LX VI, No. 13, March 25, 1916, p. 981. The Supreme Court of Illinois, in affirming a decree in favor of the defendants, the state veterinarian and the members of the state board of live stock commissioners, holds that they and their agents and employees should not be enjoined against slaughter- ing, in accordance with the statute, a herd of cattle afflicted with hoof and mouth disease. The court says that cattle afflicted with a dangerous and contagious disease are public nuisances as de-' fined by the common law, and under the common law sueh a nuisance could not be legalized because it invaded the peace and safety of the people. Prevention of the spreading of dangerous diseases among cattle is now universally recognized in this country as within the domain of the police power, as it is so essential to the publie safety and health. It is also now generally recognized that where the disease amone cattle is so very dangerous and of so contagious or infectious a character as to be communicable to human beings through the consumption of the flesh or milk of such animals as have the disease, as the foot-and-mouth disease is generally considered. may ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 717 a | aii to be, legislatures may, and should, confer on boards or commis- f ‘i be sions the power to destroy animals afflicted with such a disease when thought to be necessary to public safety. A Massachusetts case | _ upholds a statute authorizing summary proceedings to kill horses - with the glanders. Proceedings for the destruction of property in many cases must necessarily be summary and without a previous _ trial or hearing. It would certainly not be contended by any one that a hearing ought to be had before demolishing a building in the path of a conflagration that was rapidly destroying a city, in case of the isolation and confinement of a person afflicted with smallpox or with the bubonic plague, or before the destruction of a dog suf- fering with rabies. In some cases hearings may be reasonably had before the destruction of property, but when the question is one regarding the destruction of animals or food which is not only - unfit for human use, but may be fatal to those who use it, the em- » oy -ergency is such that the legislature should have the entire disposi- |. tion of the matter without being subject to being reviewed and its acts declared void by the courts. REICHEL. - ore ‘8 IneuINAL TRAUMATIC Hernt IN A 15 Montrus Cour—Bmart- he _ ERAL Castration—Recovery. Mr. E. Jacquot. Rec. de Medic. | Veter. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I would like to know if you are all satisfied. Shall- Pg My __we allow nomination speeches, and if so, how long shall they be? Dr. MoHLER:. I move that the nomination speeches be limited to two ‘minutes. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. #4 PRESIDENT MARSHALL: You have heard the motion, that the nomination speeches, if any, be limited to two minutes. Those in favor of the motion manifest it by saying ‘‘aye’’. Those opposed ‘‘no’’. The ‘‘ayes’’ have it. It is so ordered... ; The first man to be nominated is the president. Whom will you have for president? g z Dr. LoncitEy: For fifty-two years in the history of this association no one has been elected to the presidency from the territory west of the Mississippi River. This territory comprises a considerable number of square miles and contains a large percentage of the members of this association. The Pacific coast has selected a man they would like to place before this association, and he comes from this part of the State of California,—a Native Son. I take pleasure in presenting the name of Dr. R. A. Archibald. Dr. V. A. Moore: I second that nomination. Dr. Roprnson: I take pleasure in presenting the name of George Roberts of Indianapolis. Dr. HuGcHes: I would like to second the nomination of Dr. Archibald also. I have known Dr. Archibald for a great number of years and he is well known 790 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. to this association. Dr. Archibald is a practitioner; he is a» scientist; he is one of the best all-round representatives of this profession; and a gentleman. You will not make any mistake if you elect him to this high position—the high- est this association could possibly give any man. I think Dr. Archibald will hold the position with credit to the association. Dr. RoBINSON: I renew the nomination of Dr. George Roberts of Indian- apolis. Dr. ——-——: I wish to second the nomination. Dr. HucHes: I move that the nominations be closed. Dr. V. A. Moore: I second the motion. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: We have two nominations; one for Dr. Archibald and the other for Dr. Roberts, and the motion is now made to close the nomi- nations, which motion has been seconded. Are there any remarks? All those in favor of the motion make it manifest by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘» abt OA Ace | 3 Let oe rs Ro “hh A EN a or 4 ; y . { ; ad 6 iy A \ ra PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Dr. Hoskins: I desire to second Dr. MeGilvray’s nomination, Dr. MurPHEY: How many vice-presidents do we elect? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Five. Dr. McKenna: I would like to place in nomination the name of Dr. Adolph Eichhorn for vice-president. ral Dr. EICHHORN: Thank you very much, but I had the honor to serve the is. year before. Dr. SCHNEIDER: I nominate Dr. W. H. Robinson of Maine. Seconded by de f ‘Dr. Hart. gone Dr. Torrance: I would like to place in nomination Dr. Dalrymple of . Louisiana. A2e Dr. DaLRyMPLE: If Dr. Torrance has no objection I would like to with- v4 draw my name. eet % Dr. ErcHHORN: I would like to place in nomination Dr. George Hart of - Los Angeles. Seconded by Dr. Fox. Dr. Kinstrty: I move that the nominations be closed. Seconded by Dr. — Hughes. iy pe ~ PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the nomina- _ tions be closed. Any remarks? All those in favor of the motion signify it by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no’’. The motion is carried. I would like — to appoint as tellers on this vote Dr. Lockett, Dr. Schroeder and Dr. Shepard. A Dr. Mayo: It has been customary in the past for each member to vote for five men, and the five having the highest number of votes have been considered elected. The one receiving the highest number of votes will be first vice-presi- dent; the one receiving the second highest will be second vice-president; and iay,. 80 on. =) Fela Ss PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Are. you ready to proceed with the vote. The tellers appointed to count the vote for president are ready to report. ie MG iRotalinumbenr OL VOtes Casts. 02 sete IW9 +E DrwpAmehi bald received: 51h.) s//-) sin.) alatorcasee tutte eeeiete 86 etd Wrechoberts TECeived -'.. Ln. 2.04 ee ee ale a 23 Dr. LyMan: I would like to move that the election of Dr. Archibald be made unanimous. E ahd PRESIDENT MarsHALL: All in favor of making Dr. Archibald’s election unanimous signify it by saying ‘‘aye’’; opposed ‘‘no’’. It is unanimous. The next officer to be elected is the secretary. Whom will you nominate = for secretary? . Dr. Stance: I have in mind a man who has made great personal saeri- f a, fiees 4 great many times to attend veterinary meetings and otherwise done much Pe for the welfare of the association. I think it is very essential that the secre- eS ‘tary and president should be in close touch with each cther. I therefore take =~ great pleasure in nominating Dr. C. M. Haring. Seconded by Dr. Longley. ‘ Dr. Kinstey: I grant you it certainly is advisable to have the president KS _and secretary in close touch, but im view of the services rendered by our present — 722 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. ¥. M. A. secretary, and in view of the fact that he is centrally located, I take pleasure in nominating Dr. N. 8S. Mayo. Seconded by Dr. S. Stewart. Dr. KNOwWLEs: I have the name of a western man who is also eminently qualified and who has had much experience in secretaryships as secretary of the Washington Livestock Sanitary Association and of the Northwestern Live- stock Sanitary Association, Dr. S. B. Nelson, one of the strongest and soundest livestock growers of this country. Dr. —————: I second the nomination. Dr. Fox: I wish the opportunity of seconding the nomination of Dr. C. M. Haring. Dr. MurPHEY: I move that the nominations be closed. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the nomina- tions be closed. All in favor of the motion signify it by saying ‘‘aye’’; op- posed ‘‘no’’. It is carried. I will appoint Drs. Moore, Knowles and Stange to act as tellers. Are you ready to cast the vote on secretary? If so, the tellers will take their positions and you can pass around again. Have you all voted now? If so, the vote for secretary is closed. The next in order is nomination for treasurer. Dr. BLATTENBURG: I have the extreme pleasure of nominating a gentleman from Pennsylvania whom you all know, and who is a mighty good man for the job, Dr. F. H. Schneider. Dr. FROTHINGHAM: I second the nomination. Dr. MuRPHEY: I move that the rules be suspended and that the nomina- tions be closed, and that the secretary be instructed to cast the unanimous ballot of this association for Dr. Schneider. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Those in favor of the motion make it manifest by saying ‘‘aye’’; opposed ‘‘no’’. The motion is carried. Dr. Mayo: Im accordance with the vote of the association I cast the unanimous ballot of the association for Dr. Schneider. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: And I as president declare him elected. Whom will you have for librarian? Dr. Mayo: I nominate Dr. J. N. Frost of Ithaca, N. Y. as librarian. Dr. Kinstey: I move that the rules be suspended and the nominations closed, and that the secretary be instructed to cast the unanimous vote of the association for Dr. J. N. Frost as librarian. Dr. MurpHEY: It seems to me in view of the action of the association in taking up the matter of the publication of a journal that the editor of this journal should act as librarian for this association. It seems to me that would avoid unnecessary duplication. I do not know by just what method we would do that, and whether it would be possible to do it under the present constitution or not, but if proper, I should like to move that the editor of the Journal should act as librarian of the association. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: There is a motion before the house. Your mo- tion has not been seconded, has it, Dr. Kinsley? PROCEEDINGS OF THi*A. V..M. A. 723 Dr. HuGHes: I think I seconded the motion. I will now anyhow. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: You have heard the motion. It has been moved and seconded that the rules be suspended, the nominations be closed, and that the secretary be instructed to case the unanimous vote of the association for Dr. J. N. Frost of Ithaca, N. Y. as librarian. All those in favor of the mo- tion signify it by saying ‘‘aye’’; opposed ‘‘no’’. It is carried. It is so ordered. Dr. Mayo: In accordance with the instructions of the association I cast the ballot of the association in favor of Dr. J. N. Frost of Ithaca for librarian for the coming year. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: That finishes the election. The tellers appointed to count the vote for secretary are now ready to report the-results of that vote. I am not certain whether a plurality or a majority vote is required. Can any- body tell me? The vote is as follows: EOLA VOLESHCASE. sc’: che cle s_-yakueeepam neice eerste 103 DrerElarin o-TeCelVed|..-45). < i=: celeritete. eee 47 DESMA OM Sov oncr del t. eee at o's! « eertotent ce Pathe ROM 44 IDPS BNC) en Ores PR PR ok! Grenier Sis share 12 Therefore Dr. Haring is declared elected. Dr. R. C. Moorze: It takes a majority, Mr. President. Dr. Haring has a plurality, not a majority. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: We will have to vote again on secretary and the same tellers will please act. Dr. MoHLER: Whom are we voting for? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: For the two receiving the highest vote. Dr. R. C. Moore: I think the rule has been, as far back as I ean re- member, that the low man drops out. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: We will proceed to vote for secretary. The tellers will please take their places. Have you. all yoted? If so, the vote for secre- tary is declared closed a second time. The tellers will proceed to count the vote. I understand the tellers are now ready to report the vote for vice-presidents. The men receiving the five highest votes are: Moore 86, Ellis 77, Eichhorn 70, McGilvray 67, Hart 62. There were 109 votes cast: I presume it is not necessary to read the balance of the vote. I therefore declare Doctors Moore, Ellis, Eichhorn, MeGilvray and Hart elected as the five vice-presidents. The tellers are ready to report on the second vote for secretary. Haring receives 55 votes, Mayo 41, and Nelson 3. I therefore declare Dr. Haring elected as secretary of the association. I think it is now in order to appoint a committee to escort the new offi- cers to the platform. Dr. ARCHIBALD: Mr. President, do you propose to install the new officers this evening? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: We should do that, I suppose. Dr. ARCHIBALD: J understand the executive committee has to meet to- night and if you install your officers, you will not have any executive committee. 724 PROCEEDINGS*OF THE A. V. M. A. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: That meeting as I understood it was not a meet- ing of the executive committee but a meeting of the committee on journal to consider its affairs and later report to the association. Dr. McKenNA: The program for to-morrow provides for installation of officers on the Fair Grounds. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: What is your pleasure gentlemen? Will you in- stall your officers to-night? ; Dr. STANGE: It seems to me if the committee on arrangements has planned for the installation of officers we ought not to change the program. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Does anybody wish to speak on the subject? If not, is it your desire to have the program carried out as printed? Dr. JENSEN: I move we adjourn, Mr. President. Seconded by Dr. Hart. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that we adjourn, oa Gentlemen, we All in favor signify it by saying ‘‘aye’’; opposed ‘‘no’’, stand adjourned. 5 Uae! | The following papers presented at the Oakland meeting have been published elsewhere as follows: Cardiac Insufficiency Due to Altitude, I. E. Newsom, American Journal of Veterinary Medicme, November, 1915. The Diagnosis of Open Cases of Tuberculosis, D. H. Udall, Report of the New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y., 1918-1914. Rabies, Diagnosis and Treatment, C. A. Zell, American Journal of Veterinary Medicine, November, 1915. oan cement REPORTS OF THE RESIDENT SECRETARIES OF THE A. V.-M. A. ARKANSAS J. FE. Stanrorp, Fayetteville. Jeing Resident Secretary of Arkansas I am directed to report to you on the condition of live-stock in Arkansas during the past year. The state of Arkansas is in many ways making rapid progress along the improvement of live-stock. Many pure bred herds of cattle are being distributed over those counties that have revently been placed above the National quarantine line established to pre- vent the spread of Texas ever in cattle. Many new counties have asked to be permitted to vote taxes to aid the Bureau of Animal Industry in the eradication of the cattle tick, which transmits the cause of Tick Fever and the tick is being eradicated in these counties PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 725 as rapidly as money can be raised for this purpose. The sentiment for tick eradication and the growing knowledge of the necessity for tick eradication. is all due to a prolonged educational effort made in years that have passed both by the State’s official through personal letters to the cattlemen and by personal visits and demonstrations by the Bureau Veterinarian in charge of such work. The losses from hog cholera could be checked in a great measure but the state has been unable to do much officially because of lack of funds in making, distributing and using anti-hog-cholera serum in sufficient amounts. The last legislature, however, did something for this cause and it is hoped that. we will be able to render a better report on hog cholera in our next annual report. Tuberculosis exists to a limited extent among the dairy cattle in dairies located in or about our larger cities. The city veterinary officials are eliminating the small per cent of infection that is present. The cases of influenza or infectious pleuropneumonia among horses and mules has not been as great this last winter as in past years. The types assumed in the few cases observed by the writer were pleuropneumonia paralysis of the larynx, pharynx or eso- phagus with very few cases of abdominal complications or what might be called catarrhal fever. Black-leg in cattle in various parts of the state has been re-_ ported but the losses were small due to rapid and efficient work on the part of practicing veterinarians. Anthrax has made its appearance in two or three counties of the state, but was fairly well controlled by the State’s official veter- inarian and his deputies. The outbreak was largely due to the neglect of the stockmen to keep their stock vaccinated annually as they were advised years ago to do, after having suffered greatly from the appearance of this disease. Glanders in horses and mules in the state is not so common as in the four or five years past, this is due to the requirement for in- spection of all horse stock shipped into the state. This association could improve the interstate inspection regulations of live-stock by eoing on record as disapproving the appointment by state veterinari- ans of undergraduates as deputy inspectors which is done by some state veterinarians solely for political prestige. The licensed under- graduate is not properly qualified for this class of veterinary work. Through the efforts of a few of the faithful veterinarians of 726 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. the state and after a prolonged fight extending over years of time, Arkansas has a veterinary practice law. While the law is not what it should be, still we are proud of the start we have made and are sure that our veterinary board by careful watching will be able ‘to weed out many of the undesirable quacks that our law allowed to register without examination. The Veterinary Medical Association of Arkansas is in a flour- ishing condition. The regular annual and call meetings are well attended and it is the desire to soon have a state veterinary asso- ciation composed only of graduate veterinarians. ais ARIZONA. J. C. Norton, Phoenix. Though for many years I have been resident secretary of Arizona and part of the time of New Mexico as well, I have not made a report every year because there was nothing special to re- port. I will state, however, that conditions in Arizona this year as regards veterinarians is about the same as it has been for ten years past, though our population has increased each year, there are only comparatively few cities located in irrigated valleys where there is sufficient practice to warrant a graduate veterinarian’s time. Several new graduate veterinarians came into the state recent- ly and quite a number of quacks, the latter largely because more stringent practice laws are being enforced in other states. I think there is no state in the union where the automobile has affected vet- erinary work on horses as much as in Arizona. Our country is one of lone distanees, that is, different settlements may be separated many miles by deserts, and as our roads are fairly good and we have but little rain and no snow in most of the state, the automobile can be used every month in the year. Live stock sanitary work in the state is still well eared for under state laws similar to those enforced when Arizona was a Territory. Your humble servant held the position of Territorial Veterinarian for 19 years and resigned when Arizona became a state, and was succeeded by Dr. W. E. Severn who now holds the position of state veterinarian. This state is practically free from all of the more im- portant contagious diseases of live stock. There is no State Veterinary Medical Society in Arizona but a few veterinarians drafted a law the past year with a view to i PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 727 governing the practice of veterinary medicine but it failed to pass. Though I am not in active practice at the present time, | am in touch with the live stock conditions in the state and visit most portions of the state each year, and if [I can be of assistance in answering any questions or advise any fellow veterinarian of con- ditions in Arizona, the youngest state in the union, I will be glad to do so. ———- Q0— ——_ COLORADO CHARLES G. Lamp, Denver. . Nothing of special moment has occurred in veterinary matters since the last report. No additions or amendments to the present veterinary practice act were attempted during the session of the last legislature. The present law, if it were enforced, is fairly satisfactory. A bill was introduced requiring that the State Meat and Slaughter Plant Inspector should be a veterinarian, but it failed to pass. A bill was passed, however, giving the State Veterinary Surgeon authority to appoint graduate veterinarians in various por- tions of the state as deputy state veterinarians to receive compensa- tion only when employed. This will enable the state veter‘narian to have all cases of reported diseases investigated without loss of time, which will be of great advantage many times. The state is comparatively free from live stock diseases at the present time. Mange in eattle, which has been a bugbear for sev- eral years, is practically eradicated and scab in sheep is rapidly being exterminated. These results are largely due to the efforts of the Bureau of Animal Industry working in conjunction with the state authorities. Only a few cases of glanders have been discovered and these in isolated cases and nothing resembling an epidemie. Blackleg has been quite prevalent and of a particularly viru- lent type, deaths continuing in spite of vaccination. A few deaths from anthrax have been reported but from a portion of the state which has for some time been infected and where deaths occur nearly every year. Hog cholera is more or less prevalent in all portions of the state though less this year than last. As in other states there is a great difference of opinion among hog owners as to the advisability of vaccination and of the comparative merits of single and double treatments, ’ 728 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. FLORIDA F’. W. Porter, Tampa. As a state, Florida has little to report in veterinary progress ; or if it has, your resident secretary has failed to find it. Florida has no law that any white man need respect and as a profession, the veterinarian has no legal recognition at all. The drug clerk who fills his prescription must show that he is qualified to do so; but the darkey on the street or the stable roust-about is presumed to be fully qualified to write said prescription. During my residence in Tampa, Florida, dating from 1914, I have made an attempt at each session of the state legislature to get a veterinary practice act passed. Up to the session of 1913 I was unable to get any help whatever from the few professional veterinarians: in the state. During that winter Dr. Charles F. Dawson of our State Board of Health, a few others and myself, formed a nucleus of what we hope will develop into an active state association. In the winter of 1912 a meeting, attended by nearly al! of the most prominent stock growers of Florida, was held at the State University, at Gainsville, Florida in the interest of tick eradiea- tion. Representatives of the Bureau of Animal Industry were pres- ent and government aid offered but no advantage of the offer was taken by the state legislature at its meeting in the spring of 1913 and of course no government aid was given. Since then some thirty or forty vats have been built in different parts of the state and the work is progressing slowly. Two of these vats are near Tampa and while at first used only by the owners and visited by the neigh- bors from curiosity; these neighbors are now watching for a dip- ping, to send their own cattle through. It is a noticeable peculiarity in this region: that, while we have about all the infectious diseases that our class of patients are sub- jeet to, such infections are almost always in mild form. I am in- formed that the same rule holds true in human practice also. For years elanders was always present in Tampa, yet never epidemic. About three years ago we abolished the open, street drinking foun- tain and, with it, glanders. We now have a few specially designed fountains about the city which have proved very successful. I have a model with me, for the inspection of any who may be in- terested. Rabies, also is always with ws but very seldom seen except in PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 729 the form of ‘‘Dumb Rabies’’. In 1912 this disease did become highly prevalent and resulted in the destruction of a large number of worthless curs and the practical elimination of this very danger- ous disease. ‘‘Black Tongue’? (Hepatic Stomatitis of Mueller) has taken a heavy toll among our more valuable dogs but recently we have found that a large per cent of the cases will make a rapid recovery when given the thymol treatment for hook worm. In this connec- tion I wish to report that the only cases of chorea I have ever been successful with, have yielded to the same treatment. The most troublesome local condition that we have to contend with in Florida is a ray fungus infection locally known as ‘‘Leeches’’. Its habitat is ponds and marshes and it is usually a rainy season difficulty. One is apt to meet it at any season and once introduced into a stable, it remains there. It is readily carried by flies from a seat of infection to any open wound. The small, black, biting fly, common around stables and dairy barns can and does inoculate it. Cattle suffer very little from these sores, for if the in- fection does occur where the animal can get it with the tongue, that rough tongue will do its own surgery. The growth is very re- sistant to treatment but can be destroyed by caustic potash, in any form, or applied with arsenic. This latter method gives a very slow healing. A fresh infection, that has not gotten deep into the tissue will sometimes yield to chrysophanie acid. Zine, either the oxide or the chloride or in combination, are also sometimes successful. Silver nitrate is a first class fertilizer for this condi- tion. Where surgery can be applied, either with the knife or by actual cautery, it is by far the best method. When the hoof is at- tacked, treatment is almost useless; although I have had one case where I destroyed the entire outer quarter of the hoof, cutting out the plantar cushion and the coronet half way to the toe and then got complete healing. But it took three years to get it. The animal is now in good service and the present owners have recently refused an offer of $250. for him. This report was originally prepared to be presented at the pro- posed meeting at New Orleans in December, 1914. Since that time, on February 15th, 1915, the FLorma VETERINARY MepicaL Asso- CIATION was duly organized in the city of Tampa with Dr. Chas. F. Dawson, veterinarian for the State Board of Health as president, Dr, F, A. Armstrong as vice-president, and Dr, Fred W. Porter as 730 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. secretary. The first act of the new association was to prepare and present a bill for the control of the practice of veterinary medicine in this state. The House of Representatives of the Florida Legislature has again set us aside; (June 15th, 1915) this time because the eugross- ing clerk left out the enacting clause. We shall try again two years hence. In the meantime, Florida will continue to be a very pleas- ant dumping ground for our neighboring states, all of which have practice laws on their statute books. SP IDAHO EK. T. Baker, Moscow. About one-fourth of the graduate veterinarians in Idaho are members of the American Veterinary Medical Association. The status of the veterinarian is being gradually raised in this state by the veterinary practice aet passed by our legislature three years ago. While some rather undesirable men secured licenses, it will have a tendency to discourage emigration from neighboring states, as Idaho has long been the dumping ground of the northwest in this respect. At the present time politics have too large a part to play in our state legislation, but this apples to more states than ours. The condition of our live stock is better than for several years. Among horses, sporadic cases of glanders, pernicious anemia and mange have been reported. Cattle are remarkably free from tu- berculosis, due to a majority of them being of the range type. Dairy regions, however, have their quota of it, and also contagious abortion. We have been free from foot-and-mouth disease—the nearest cases being at Spokane, just over the line in Washington. A few epidemics of blacklee occurred, but were quickly controlled.’ In hogs, cholera continues to cause the most excitement, especially in the southern part of the state. Due to federal and state efforts, combined with rigid quarantines prohibiting the shipment of hogs in from the middle west on account of foot-and-mouth disease, it is being rapidly eradicated, although it is probable that we shal! always have it. Sheep are very free from disease, practically no scab being reported. This is a fortunate condition, for with the high price of mutton and wool, the sheepmen have made up for the lean years of the past, ' PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Fou Our non-contagious diseases keep our veterinarians fairly busy, being mostly digestive disorders and barb wire cuts in horses; udder and calving troubles in cows; forage poisoning in sheep, and worms in hogs. We have a wide variety of ailments, and are often called on to diagnose some diseases among turkeys and chickens, Idaho being a large poultry producer. —---Q————_ MASSACHUSETTS FrANcIS ABELE, JR., Quincy. As resident secretary for Massachusetts I offer the following report: ; Since our last meeting the office of Chief of the Depart- ment of Animal Industry has been transferred from a layman to a veterinarian. We credit the layman with securing double the former salary, which makes the office more of an attraction. Dr. Howard, the new chief, is a long-time member of this association, and came into office January 2, 1915. His predecessor had a com- plete outfit of assistants, not all of whom were veterinarians. Dr. Howard has appointed no new ones. At present our big cattle mar- ket at Brighton is closed. We expect that in the future a tag saying, “‘tested at Brighton, Mass.’’ will mean what it says. In 1914, 1948 cattle were killed for tuberculosis Massachu- setts, of which 654 were from outside the state. There were 857 eases of glanders in 1914 of which 352 were from Boston, a de- crease for that city of 39% from the previous year. This was evidently due to the closing of the water troughs. In the rest of the state the-decrease was only 6% with troughs not closed. Rabies has been on the increase of late and in Boston dogs are on leash. In 1904, 250 dogs, 3 cattle, 8 pigs, 1 horse and 1 cat died with this disease. As foot-and-mouth disease will be discussed by others, I wil only say that up to June 22, 1915, 2114 cattle, 6116 swine, 77 sheep and 11 goats were killed on 98 premises for this disease. The long delays before killing, allowing a saturation of the premises, during the early part of the trouble, has been remedied, so that twenty-four hours from the time of reporting the infection of the premises, it is eradicated. It is probable that no upstate cattle will be at our fairs this fall. Even local cattle may not be there. It is possible that the cattle market may open in September. At 732 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. VY. M. A. present cattle are shipped in, to private parties on permit and quar- antined for 15 days until released by the state. A milk bill, looking to the inspection of out of state dairies, similar to our state inspection, failed to pass. Rebellious farmers caused the overthrow of the old State Board of Health which persecuted them. They see the same old faces and the same unreasonable treatment. Until a practical veterinarian is appointed on that board, who can see facts as farmers see them, there must be conflicts. The Massachusetts veterinarians feel highly elated at the sue- cess of their association during the last year. In 1914 they ad- mitted five new members, in the first five months of 1915 they admitted fourteen new members. At their annual banquet, Dr. idein of Philadelphia, was the invited guest, and for the first time in its history, the Governor of the state graced the meeting. This was held in the new Boston City Club house, the largest in existence. The Governor expressed his appreciation to the veteri- narians’ services to the state, in a whole souled manner. o——_ MINNESOTA G. Ep. LeecH, Winona. The state of Minnesota has reason to be proud of the fact that she has passed through the scourge of foot-and-mouth disease. which has swept over the country, and surrounded her on all sides, except Canada, and remained a free state, during it all. This may be due to one thing or another,-perhaps more particularly to the vigilance of the Live Stock Sanitary Board and their corps of in- spectors. However, there has not been a single case within its borders. Our greatest trouble has been with hog cholera, which is still to-day a menace in spite of all the advanced thought in hog chol- era research work. Out of over eight hundred cases reported, from different sources, but forty-three were found to be glandered and destroyed, showing a large falling off in this particular ‘disease. Dourine gave us some trouble last year, on the western border, but this year none has been reported. Influenza and strangles have been the principal ailments over the state this year, and have taken on complications in the forms of bronchitis, laryngitis, and pharyngitis, with a great many losses reported, Ks ea | ey EE d ‘ 4 >. Pe 2 ~~ i “gf e yrds f Ln s ai “ af Da ‘ at ii PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ey 733 » ca 4a ae Our state veterinary society is in a most flourishing condi- tion, and taken all together, the Minnesota profession is generally in a prosperous and thrifty condition, and invites you all to our an- nual meeting in January, 1916. 4 =O ‘ OKLAHOMA Cuas. H. Jeweun, Fort Sill. The question of a report on veterinary matters in this state L ~ shall have to confine to such information as I am able to obtain from others and for such I am indebted to Dr. E. V. Robnett, State Veterinarian for Oklahoma, who kindly furnished me with a brief report from his office. The state veterinarian was fortunate in obtaining ten thou- sand dollars to make a fight against foot-and-mouth disease and re- ports that not a single case has been found in the state. There were several reports of a suspicious nature but these proved to be either mycotic stomatitis or cases of animals suffering from necro- bacillosis. On account of the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in four counties of Kansas, a very rigid quarantine was estab- lished by the state against interstate shipments and proved effec- tive. During the year sixty-seven (67) head of horses and mules have been killed for glanders and the state veterinarian has several others which have reacted and are being held in quarantine for future action. The state now requires that all horses and mules entering the state be subjected to the mallein test. The Oklahoma State Board of Agriculture recently passed a resolution requiring that all dairy cows furnishing milk for public or private consumption shall be given either the intradermal or the thermic tuberculin test, de- _pending in each case which might be the most practical to admin- ister. Since this order went into effect thirty-two (32) reacting cows have been killed under federal post-mortem inspection and every one of them was condemned to go to the fertilizer tank. All testing is done by veterinarians who are recognized by the State Board of Agriculture and the reports so far show a very small per cent of reactors, estimated at one-half of one per cent, and those reacting are usually found to be animals shipped in from northern states. The native stock which has never been subjected to hous- _ ing are found to be practically free from tuberculosis. ~ 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. During the past year there has been one outbreak of coital exanthema and this originated from an infected stallion and he transmitted the same to thirty-one (31) mares which had been bred to him. Hog cholera has caused extensive losses within the state and has been prevalent in every county. Considerable vaccination has been carried on and the results have been highly gratifying, es- pecially when carried out before the disease had made too much headway. The simultaneous method is the one which seems to have given the best results and is most generally the method employed by the veterinarians within the state. On account of the extensive trade in horses and mules, due to the demand abroad for war animals, there has been a constant gathering together of large numbers of animals and this has re- sulted in numerous outbreaks of shipping fevers such as influenza, strangles and catarrhal fever with their numerous compleations, such as pleurisy, pneumonia and hemorrhagic septicemia; which entailed heavy losses for the dealers. There have been numerous reports of blackleg and a considerable number of Texas fever. The state law relating to inter-state shipping seems to be work- ing smoothly and good results have been obtained with very little friction. There are two state veterinary societies, one composed of gradu- ate veterinarians and the other of non-graduates, the latter out- numbering the other many-fold. ; Practice, from what I can learn, has been very good during the past. year and there is a great demand within the state for live energetic qualified practitioners. -——_0-——-—- NEVADA. Winerrep B. Mack, Reno. As there was no meeting of the association in 1914 no report was made for that year. Therefore this report covers the years 1914-15. The legislature of 1915 created a State Veterinary Control Service and a State Board of Live Stock Commissioners. The first provides for the diagnosis of infectious diseases of animals and the preparation and distribution of sera and vaccines for their con- PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 735 trol. The work is done in the veterinary bacteriological laboratories of the University of Nevada. The writer was appointed director of that service and becomes by virtue of such appointment, ez-offi- cio State Quarantine Officer, a position created by the act The appointment is made by the President and Regents of the Univer- sity, this arrangement removing the quarantine power from political influence. The duties are similar to those of a state veterinarian. The Live Stock Commission cooperates with the Director of the State Veterinary Control Service in the control and eradication of outbreaks of infectious disease. They may levy special taxes on live stock to combat infectious diseases and have authority over all live stock matters except sheep, the latter being handled by a State Sheep Commission, created in 1907. The financial arrangement is flexible; under normal conditions nominal sums will be raised, suitable to meet those conditions, but in case of emergency larger amounts will be available. Provision is made for cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry when their assistance is needed. With high prices for live stock and a gradual improvement in the care of animals together with the development of the dairy- ing and hog-raising industries the conditions for practice continue to improve. Several men have established successful practices here and there is room for a few more well qualified men. The health of Nevada live stock is proverbial. The reputation of our meat animals in this respect is not exceeded by those from any state. In the abattoirs which draw their supply of cattle and sheep from Nevada, condemnations by the meat inspectors at time of slaughter are almost unknown. While the list of diseases with which this report deals may appear formidable, this is due rather to a close watch for their occurrence in an adequate control sys- tem rather than to an undue prevalence of those maladies. Much of the veterinary activity of the state centers about the University of Nevada. Their veterinary department was estab- lished January Ist, 1907. For eight years it was a one-man affair devoting its energies and resources to research and instruction, gradually undertaking to assist in control work as the demand in- ereased. In 1913 the responsibility for quarantine and control was vested in a State Quarantine Board, of which the writer was chairman. He assumed the full responsibility for that work in 1915 as above noted. In January, 1915, two veterinarians were added to the department, a laboratory man and a field man, the 736 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. latter in cooperation with the Agricultural Extension Division of the University. A second laboratory man has been secured re- cently, making a staff of four veterinarians. The department thus undertakes teaching, research, quarantine, control and eradication of infectious diseases for the state, employing, in addition to its staff, the various practitioners upon a per diem basis as needed. This organization is rendering efficient service to the live stock industry of the state, reducing the losses from infectious diseases to a mini- mum. © met. ey, Laws direetly affecting the practice of veterinary medicine and __—__—rveterinary practitioners in this state have been introduced before e the legislative bodies of New Mexico at the past two meetings and me ~ although no direct laws governing practice or protecting the quali- ie 4 fied practitioner have been enacted, several acts, such as providing hy for veterinary inspection of hogs; the mallein testing of horses; a the testing of cows for tuberculosis; and the stallion registration law, which provides for the certification of all stallions and jacks within the state doing public service to be certified and passed upon by qualified veterinarians; have a tendency to raise the standard of practice for the qualified man. ee % The control of animal diseases in New Mexico is in the hands i. of two boards which are respectively known as the New Mexico Sheep Sanitary Board, with jurisdiction over sheep and goats; and ia the New Mexico Cattle Sanitary Board, dealing with matters affect- f 740 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ing the health of horses, mules, cattle and hogs. Each board is empowered to formulate regulations as conditions may require. There is no state veterinarian. The number of qualified veterinarians, (class A. school men) now engaged in private practice in New Mexico is about seven. The United States Bureau of Animal Industry employs approximately fifteen in its cooperative work within the state. The New Mexico sanitary boards at this time recognize and have commissioned all private practitioners within the state who have previously satisfied the boards regarding their fitness and who have shown that they are graduates from class A. schools. Veterinarians employed on state work are reimbursed on a per diem basis including expenses. Such per diem rate compares favor- ably with that provided for by other states doing similar work. The field for the general practitioner is necessarily somewhat limited owing to the sparsely settled condition of the country, how- ever qualified men at present with the aid of state work make the practice of their profession a fairly remunerative work and are eradually enlarging their scope of usefulness. The field of veter- inary practice in this state is well covered by qualified practitioners ; the non-graduate veterinarians, of whom there are several, do not find business at all lucrative. Relative to animal diseases within the state it can be stated that our live-stock generally is very free from contagious and infectious diseases. Cattle in general, as in the case of range stock in other western range sections are particularly free from disease ; especially tuberculosis. However, considerable tubercular infection is being found in dairy cattle recently shipped into the state. Horses are quite free from glanders; only three cases having been recorded with- in the past four years. An outbreak of dourine has occurred on the Navajo Indian Reservation in western New Mexico, the original infection having been introduced in a stallion originating in the state of Wyoming. Above situation is at present being handled by the Office of Indian Affairs cooperating with veterinarians of the Hederal Bureau of Animal Industry. Contagious abortion of cattle is at a minimum and only occasionally is there being reported spor- adic outbreaks of hog-cholera. The quarantine regulations affecting the entrance of live-stock into the state have been considerably modified the past year in order to meet conditions relative to the prevention of the spread of foot PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 741 and mouth disease. Copies of any state regulation may be had by application to the secretary of the particular board governing the kind of live-stock in question. Both boards maintain offices at Albuquerque, New Mexico. In conclusion I am pleased to report that legislation is con- templated looking toward a workable practice act and it is very probable that when passed will also provide for the office of state veterinarian. Inasmuch as it is generally conceded that state-wide measures affecting the health of live-stock should be in the hands of the qualified veterinarians, so here in New Mexico, even though there is no state association efforts will constantly be made to keep the profession in public demand, and so ever increase the usefulness of local practitioners as well as eventually having the problems of state sanitation devolve upon the qualified, professional men. eee NEW YORK C. D. Prarce, Binghamton. As far as diseases of domestic animals in the Siate of New York are concerned, conditions probably have not materially differed from past years. The most serious proposition, however. which has confronted us within the past twelve months was the outbreak of feot-and-mouth disease. At present everything looks extremely favorable for the complete eradication of this plague. The total number of animals destroyed in New York State was 5709 cattle, 498 swine, 150 sheep and 38 goats, involving a total expenditure of about $27,000 for indemnities, expenses, ete. During the past few weeks we have had one or two isolated cases of foot-and-mouth trouble. These latter cases do not show in the above figures. Bovine tuberculosis, has, as heretofore, occupied much atten- tion. Legislation has been proposed looking toward more practi- cal means of controlling or eradicating the disease. A commission was appointed by the Governor in 1913, which made a careful study of the situation and issued a rather complete report. Certain changes in the law were suggested, which will perhaps be enacted during the coming legislative session. The number of animals tu- bereulin tested has increased, while the percentage of reactors has decreased. The total number, however, that are examined each year by means of this test, is but a very small percentage of all cattle in the state. It seems to be the consensus of opinion by those who 742 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. have studied this question that skim milk is an important means for the distribution of this disease, and that complete pasteuriza- tion of such milk before feeding to hogs and calves is necessary as one of the means of checking bovine tuberculosis. Glanders is still prevalent in our larger cities, but the per- centage of clinical cases of this disease is less than heretofore. The ophthalmic test has been generally recognized as an official test in the state and is very satisfactory because of its ease of operation. There is a tendency toward decreasing indemnity allowance by the state for clinical cases of glanders. Rabies exists in New York to a considerable extent. Owing to the local system of control over dogs and to the lack of interest on the part of town and municipal authorities, it has gotten some- what beyond control and is apparently more prevalent than for some time. Legislation looking to a more drastic supervision over this disease is necessary to control the spread of rabies. An outbreak of swamp fever occurred in the northern part of the state. Drs. Udall and Fitch, of the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, were called to investigate the cause of horses dying in this section and finally made the diagnosis of swamp fever, and by inoculation reproduced the disease in well animals. No one suspected swamp fever as this is the first known outbreak to have occurred in the East. The district is now under quarantine by the State Department, and it is hoped that the disease may be confined to that section of the state. Its introduction into New York is supposed to have been brought about by shipments of western horses. Anthrax and blackleg are still quite prevalent, but because of prophylactic measures now generally employed are less serious than in the past. Hog cholera seems to be increasing. The serum treatment is the only method generally advised by the state authorities, but the simultaneous treatment may be used under proper supervision. Recent investigations at our State Veterinary College at Cornell University indicate that this disease is being spread to some ex- tent by pork scraps, ham rinds, ete., from affected hogs. Other diseases have not been reported to any alarming extent, with the exception of contagious abortion, which is fairly general throughout the state and is productive of much loss. It is diffieult to control and is one of the big problems of the dairy industry. Dr, ~ PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 743 Williams, of the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell Uni- versity, and others interested are working on this problem with a view to controlling this wide-spread disease. In regard to changes in the veterinary laws, there are three changes which have occurred recently : In the appointment of the State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners, there is to be a board of five veterinary medical exam- iners holding office for five years as heretofore, but beginning with August 1, 1915, the board shall be appointed so that the term of one member shall expire each year, which has not been the case hereto- fore. Furthermore, the New York State Veterinary Medical So- ciety shall at each annual meeting nominate five examiners. These names are annually transmitted to the State Board of Regents who shall appoint from this list the examiner whose term expires and fill any other vacancies which may occur. Another change or addition to the old law occurs in the article under registry. It requires that every person who lawfully prac- tices veterinary medicine in the state of New York shall report an- nually during the month of January, under oath, to the State Board of Examiners, any facts required by the board, shall pay to the Regents a registration fee of one dollar ($1.00), and shall receive a certificate of registration that must be conspicuously displayed to- gether with the original certificate of registration. Heretofore it has not been necessary to register annually. The third change in the veterinary laws refers to the article on penalties and their collection. Heretofore any person practicing veterinary medicine within the state without lawful registration or in violation of any provision of this article forfeited $50.00 to the county in which said violation occurred for each violation and for every day of such unlawful practice, and any incorporated veteri- nary medical society of the state or any county veterinary medical society of such county entitled to representation in a state society, might bring action in the name of such county for the collection of penalties, and the expenses incurred in such prosecution might be deducted from penalties collected and the balance turned over to the county treasurer. Under the changed law,.the portion of the article referring to the above reads: every person who shall practice veterinary medi- cine within the state without lawful registration or in violation of any provision of this article shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and 744 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ‘ shall forfeit to the people of the State of New York, the sum of fifty dollars for each offense, which may be paid to the board or sued for and recovered in the name of the people of the State of New York in an action brought therefore by the attorney general. This makes the attorney general the prosecuting attorney. One other item which may be of interest is the fact that for the past year or two the veterinarians have been active in organiz- ing local veterinary societies, taking their members from one to sev- eral counties and holding meetings at stated intervals. The districts covered. by these local veterinary medical associations practically cover the whole state. Besides the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, we have in the state the following: The Southern Tier, the Western New York, the Central New York, the Genesee Valley, the Hudson Valley, the New York County, and the Rock- land County Veterinary Medical Associations. The Genesee Valley and the New York County Societies have been organized for some time. eet pees NORTH CAROLINA G. A. Roperts, Raleigh. Early history of the veterinary profession in North Carolina has chronicled the residence of Dr. D. E. Salmon at Asheville m 1875. In 1893 Dr. T. B. Carroll returned to his home town, Wil- mington, N. C., having obtained his D.V.S. from the Veterinary Department of the Baltimore Medical College. In 1896 Dr. J. W. Petty received his degree from the National Veterinary College and after a short practice at his home town, Winston-Salem, moved to Greensboro and later to Durham. In 1897 the North Carolina Veterinary Medical Association was formed, its members consisting of the above two veterinarians, — two M.D.’s and four others. Dr. Ellis, M.D. of Charlotte was made its first president. In 1898 Dr. Cooper Curtice was elected by the State Board of Agriculture as the first State Veterinarian and Animal Husband- man of North Carolina. After some two years of service as such he accepted a position with the Rhode Island Experiment Station. In 1901 Dr. Tait Butler became State Veterinarian and Ani- mal Husbandman to which was added Director of Farmers Insti- tutes. It was in this capacity that he became popularly known as PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. \A. 745 ‘“Tick’’ Butler for his demonstrating the feasibility of eradicating the fever tick. As Director of Institutes he became as widely and favorably known perhaps as any individual in the state. After filling this capacity for seven and one-half years he re- signed in December, 1908, to become associate editor of the Pro- gressive Farmer. In March, 1903, a veterinary practice act was passed by the legislature and while it contained no penalty clause till 1913 it served as a good ‘“‘scarecrow’’ to many. It recognized the associa- tion as a body politic and gave us a State Examining board. The first Board consisted of Dr. J. W. Petty for 1 year; Dr. T. B. Carroll, 2 years; W. C. MeMackin, Raleigh, 3 years} B. L. Griffin, Concord, 4 years; and Dr. Tait Butler, 5 years. It was six months following the passage of this law before the writer appeared in North Carolina upon the scene of action. We now have fifty graduates in the state, all but four or five of which are members of our state association and nine are members of the A.V.M.A., with others seeking admission. Four B.A.I. men are employed at present on tick eradication. Twenty-eight counties of the one hundred in the state are still tick infested. One B.A.I. man is engaged in hog cholera serum demonstration work. Six non-graduates have been licensed to practice in the state by the board for diplomatic reasons. Some twenty-five men have registered under the ‘‘grand father’’ clause of our law. We have ‘quite a variety of diseases in North Carolina, yet we are free from some serious maladies and suffer little from others. Anthrax: No authentic reports, though one or two suspicious cases. Black Leg: Considerable in the mountainous region of the sete, several recent reports. Occasionally seen in the central part. Black Tongue in Dogs: (Southern Dog Plague) continues to baffle the investigator and the practitioner in spite of the fact that frequent reports announce positive causes and other ‘‘sure cures”’. Bursatte: Horses and mules are occasionally afflicted with stubborn ‘‘summer sores’” that are only certainly relieved by cool weather. Forage Poisoning: One of our most serious losses comes from 746 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. \ ‘ ; t r this source. A great deal of investigation has been made concern- ing its etiology and therapeutics but little more information has been obtained than formerly possessed. The mortality is very high, yet a greater number of recoveries are being obtained by early purges and stimulants than formerly. Glanders: Despite the fact that a very large per cent of our horses and mules are shipped into the state and without any cer- tificate of health, very few cases of glanders are to be found. Hemorrhagic Septicemia: A number of us have diagnosed this trouble in cattle occasionally from clinical and autopsy symptoms but none so far as I know have been verified by laboratory findings. Parasites: As naturally to be supposed parasites are very com- non in the South. The most detrimental are those affecting calves and lambs such as stomach worms, hook worms and nodular disease worms. Rabies: Among dogs this trouble is very common and several cases in cattle have been observed by the writer. One or two other troubles in cattle, as yet not fully determined from which recovery often occurs, have to be differentiated from it. The State Laboratory of Hygiene has administered the Pasteur treatment to 1335 patients during the past seven years and to 206 during the past twelve months. Strangles: As in most every state we have some of this trouble but perhaps because of so little colt raising it is not so common as in the central west. Tuberculosis: This scourge is to be found in a number of dairy herds and a few other places, yet it is not the menace that it is in many states. Most of the larger dairy herds in the state are now free. Public opinion is causing the milk supply for many towns in the state to come from tubercular-free cows. Hog Cholera: This disease takes quite a little toll from the © state, but it exists very largely only in the eastern free range see- tion where many of the hogs are of little value. During the winter season, and occasionally at other times when hogs are being marketed the disease spreads to the central and mountainous parts of the state. Influenza: This disease is very common though ordinarily is of little consequence. For the past three years, however, it has been complicated with so called ‘‘epizootic-laryngo-tracheitis, and the mortality from such has been very great. A few veterinarians have reported excellent results from the use of guaiacol in glycerine, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. VY. M. A. 747 Mange: A few cases are to be found in nearly if not all classes of animals. The sarcoptes is rather common in the dog and cat. | -‘The demodex is occasionally seen in dog and hog. or Milk Sickness: From the mountain section of the state fre- | quent reports come, that certain coves harbor a trouble called re “milk sick’’ affecting cattle and also people using the milk products ie of affected cattle. It is still undetermined whether they all refer to a single entity or whether a number of different troubles may ‘: not be included in this same category. a Jordan and Harris reported several years ago the finding of a Ne specific organism, B. lactimobi, in suspicious eases of milk sickness Pa in New Mexico and in Tennessee, but their findings do not seem to [ be generally accepted as the causative agent for all cases. | ae Venereal Diseases of Domestic Animals: For several years past we have been led to believe from investigation and from writ- ings of others that perhaps every class of domestic animal like man had its own venereal diseases. It is quite possible, and perhaps bi positive, that the infection may enter the system through other j avenues than the genital and by other methods than sexual inter- S| course. The serious results following the infection, however, must = involve infection of the genital organs. Out of several thousand head of cows and unbred heifers ob- * served all over the state during the summer not more than one-half < dozen were free frem symptoms of granular vaginitis (of vulva). | -«-We are inclined to believe that this venereal infection is character- i. ized by the following lesions and symptoms and that few cases oc- cur from other causes: (1) granular vaginitis; (2) abortions s. (premature births, still births, and births of weaklings) ; (3) re- tained fetal membranes and metritis following parturition) ; (4) F sterility, temporary and permanent, requirmg more than one ser- Ka a nVICe. if Methylene Blue and phenol per orem nor the latter hypoder- a mically will be of any service in its control. La Meat and Milk Inspection. Federal Meat Inspection is con- templated at Wilmington, N. C., at an early date, oy - Municipal Meat and Milk Inspection is maintained at the fol- | lowing places: Asheville, Charlotte, Durham, Fayetteville, Golds- Pua boro, Greensboro, High Point, Kinston, New Bern, Raleigh, Wil- ay ~ ok, — y* . . — mington, Wilson, and Winston. Other places are considering such / __—s AMspection, 748 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ONTARIO, CAN. D. McAtping, Brockville. It affords me much pleasure to report the prosperous condi- tion of the live-stock interests of Ontario, and the prosperous and contented condition of the veterinarian of the provinee, which naturally follows in high valuation of stock. Our contagious diseases are under the control of the Federal Department of Agriculture at Ottawa and the Veterinarian of the Health of Animal Branch has been able to handle in a very efficient ianner any outbreak that has existed within the province. Rabies gained quite a foothold a few years ago but by rigid quarantine and the muzzling of all dogs the officers were able to con- fine it to a definite area in the western part of Ontario. Hog chol- era has made its appearance on several occasions but it too has been stamped out by the same rigid methods. Glanders is very seldom heard of now. Tuberculosis has the attention of every veterinarian within the province and it is of very great importance to the dairy industry, especially in the northern climate where the cattle are closely housed for six months each year. Our federal government has seen fit to formulate a plan of co- operating with the municipality in precuring a clean, healthy milk supply. It should be far reaching and do much gocd in the way of eradicating bovine tuberculosis from the dairy herds. It should be considered by every one having at heart the sanitation of the muni- cipality in Ontario. We have two associations in the province of Ontario; The Vet- erinary Medical Association, which meets in the western part and enjoys a large membership, and the Central Canada Association, which meets in Ottawa twice yearly; the C..C. V. A. has a member- . ship of about forty and, from an educational standpoint, has done much for the profession in the East. The mid-winter meeting is divided into reading papers previously prepared by the members and then taking up and discussing the different points pertaining to them. The mid-summer meeting is a clinie and general discussion tending for the welfare of the veterinarian and, if not enjoying so large a membership as its fellow association in the West, it makes up in enthusiasm, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 749 It is to be regretted that there is not more personal interest displayed by some of the members of the association in the wel- fare of this work, carried on by the active members and the com- mittees of this association. It is hoped that every veterinarian in the province will feel it his personal duty to become a member; all of which will help to raise the standard of the profession and give the members a better opportunity to become more familiar with the work and also become better acquainted with one another. ——— Q—_— OREGON W. DEAN Wrieut, Portland. The veterinarians of Oregon are enjoying an area of prosper- ity; practice is good; increased consideration is being given the - profession, and a number of veterinarians are exerting a dominant influence in executive and sanitary matters. At the election held in 1914, Dr. James Withycombe, a veterinarian, was elected Gov- ernor by one of the largest pluralities ever recorded in an Oregon election; the legislature extended the scope of the Live Stock Sanitary Board in that it was empowered with the execution of the Brand Inspection Law. The city of Portland has been active in the support of vet- erinary sanitation. A veterinarian is Chief Sanitary Officer of the Portland Board of Health. A municipal meat inspection ordinance patterned after the federal meat inspection regulations was unanimously passed by the Portland Commission and is now on the city statute books, but its enforcement has been delayed on account of ltigation—the supreme court is considering, under appeal, the constitutionality of the or- dinance. It seems only a question of time until municipal meat in- spection regulations will be operative in Portland. During the dis- cussion of the ordinance, while it was in legislative status, consider- able feeling was in evidence. The butchers who conduct small slaughtering plants, with but little regard for sanitary or health con- ditions bitterly opposed the enactment of legislation that would curb or interfere with their business, but the entire public, with few exceptions, rallied to the support of the ordinance and veteri- narians received their just quota of commendation. Publicity was given to most every phase of the inspection of meats and, for the public’s benefit,a system of educational enlightenment was conducted 750 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. through no small amount of newspaper space being devoted to its consideration and the people as a whole quite well understood and appreciated the benefits derived from a workable municipal meat inspection. | During the Pacific Northwest Live Stock Show a great number of interested people visited a modern abattoir working under the supervision of federal inspectors and took great interest in the explanation of the different phases of the inspection system, while at the same time viewed the exhibit of pathological specimens taken from diseased animals slaughtered in the regular course of the establishment’s operations. This gave the public a very vivid and lucid idea of what meat inspection really is and how meat in- spection protects the public health by eliminating such meat and meat food products that are detrimental to human consumption. Through the discussion given the proposed municipal meat in- spection regulations, the veterinary profession was thrown in the lime-light of publicity and the attendant results augurs well for veterinarians. The municipal milk inspection ordinance enacted a few years ago likewise has resulted most favorably to the veterinarians’ credit. A small corps of veterinarians are employed in administering the tuberculin test to animals furnishing Portland’s milk supply, and in executing sanitary supervision over the production and distribu- tion of Portland’s milk. Within the last year 2455 cattle have re- ceived the tuberculin test. 233 have reacted and have been isolated from other susceptible animals, 302 tubercular reactors have been slaughtered and of this number 35 have been entirely condemned. The extent of the post-mortem lesions is not so pronounced as in the early part of Portland’s milk inspection history. This has been attributed to the frequent inspections that detect the disease before it becomes advanced and the immediate separation of known dis eased animals from other dairy stock. Portland’s first milk show proved a decided success. It is estimated that 60,000 people were in attendance and by the dis- semination of information concerning the production, distribution and consumption of milk, the milk show acted as the greatest eduea- tional factor in furthering the clean milk problem that has ever been offered to the people of Portland. Pertinent milk questions were brought before the public’s attention, such as—‘The present milk supply’’, ‘‘Pure milk’’, ‘Infant mortality and the milk ques- PROCEEDINGS OF THE A, V. M. A. 751 iad ‘AR tion”’, milk’’, ‘‘Milk problems in relation to health’ he production of clean milk’’, ‘‘Methods of producing ’, ‘*The relation of milk to tuberculosis in human beings’’, and ‘‘What the inspectors do and why’’. Films and slides were displayed daily at one of the motion picture theatres. The Pacific Northwest Association of Dairy and Milk Inspectors held their second annual meeting, which was a decided success from every standpoint. Numerous papers dealing with different phases of the milk inspection problem were presented by different members, which were fully discussed. Several papers were read on tuber- culosis. The competitive exhibit of milk from the different municipali- ties produced no small amount of interest. Portland won the grand prize and carried off more honors than all the other contestants combined in the milk contest held at the Panama Pacific Exposition in San Francisco. The gold medal and the $100. cash prize were awarded Portland’s exhibit. The decision was based on the highest average score for ten regular exhibits of milk. Portland’s average was 95.7, and its bacteria count was the lowest of all cities com- peting. Milk as a possible carrier of disease was evidenced in the epi- demic of typhoid fever that obtained in Oregon City. One-third of all consumers which one dairy company served have fallen vie- tims to the disease. Out of the 117 persons who were on the regu- lar routes of the dairy, 38 cases of typhoid were directly charged to the contaminated water that the dairy used to wash its milk cans. Rabies has been checked in the vicinity of Portland, due no doubt to the prescribed muzzling of dogs in that vicinity, but in the eastern part of the state, where the infected coyote still proves an uncontrollable menace, the situation is more serious, numerous animals having been sacrificed by the ravages of positive rabid cases. Oregon is rapidly extending more area to hog raising and the. question of cholera is co-existent with the increased hog production. The North Portland Serum Company has erected and now has in operation an anti-hog cholera serum plant adjacent to the Portland Union Stock Yards, Portland, Oregon. This establishment has been of appreciable service in the suppression of this disease. The serum plant, when working to its full capacity, has an output of 60000 ¢.c. of serum per day, and has distributed 75000 ¢.e. of serum PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ~ oi to per month to the infected areas scattered throughout the different parts of the state. Sheep scab obtained in a shipment of sheep from Douglas County. The geographical situation in that county is of such a mountainous nature that some sheep practically run wild through- out the year and to collect for effective dipping all sheep in that district is a task of no small magnitude. Foot-and-mouth disease has not yet been evident within the borders of Oregon, although a stomatitis simulating the infectious foot-and-mouth disease caused some little anxiety at the time. All stock yards and stock pens within the state were disinfected as a precautionary measure. The Oregon State Medical Association meets annually and has a membership of about 35 veterinarians. At a meeting held in Corvallis, June 9, considerable enthusiasm was evidenced by the various members on account. of this association again meeting at a Pacific Coast pomt that is accessible to most all veterinarians in the Pacific Northwest. oe a PENNSYLVANIA F. H. ScHneiper, Philadelphia. The Pennsylvania Act of Assembly approved July 22nd, 1913, is a codification of all former Pennsylvania Livestock Sanitary Laws with sufficient new features to make it one of, if not the best, State Livestock Sanitary Laws in existence. Under i%, practitioners of veterinary medicine are required to report to the State Livestock Sanitary Board all transmissible diseases of animals. The State Livestock Sanitary Board’s appropriation for con- ducting the work for the next two years is $157,000 less than was allowed for handling the work during the past two years. The state veterinarian was, however, very promptly given all the money asked for to pay bills incidental to foot-and-mouth disease eradi- cation—625,000 was appropriated to carry on that important work. Much has been said and written regarding foot-and-mouth dis- ease and we feel it will be sufficient to mention in this report that there were seven hundred and eighty-eight (788) cases in thirty- four (84) counties. The last case was reported April 25th, 1915, and the state is now free from quarantine. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 753 There have been no serious outbreaks of the ordinary trans- missible diseases. At the present time no funds are available for payment of in- demnity for animals condemned to prevent the further spread of transmissible diseases. Heretofore tuberculous cattle, and horses and mules affected with glanders were appraised and paid for by the Commonwealth. The present policy is to quarantine animals condemned on account of the above named diseases if the owner is not willing to destroy them without receiving indemnity. TupercuLosis. Tuberculin tests are no longer conducted on native cattle at state expense. Quite a few herds are being tested at the owner’s expense. The state furnishes tuberculin to approved veterinarians free of charge and all tuberculin tests are required by law to be reported within one week from date of test. All con- demned animals are quarantined until disposed of under official supervision: The new act made some material changes in the then existing law relating to interstate transportation of domestic animals. The state veterinarian is enabled to exercise extensive jurisdiction over interstate transportations and the examination and tuberculin ¢test- ing of interstate cattle is now being conducted on a much more satis- factory basis than was possible under the old law. About one- half of the imported cattle are tuberculin tested before shipment by federal inspectors or by veterinarians who have been approved by the livestock authorities of their respective states. In ease of a sus- picious or improper test, the state veterinarian has the autority to refuse such test and order a retest at destination by an agent of the State Livestock Sanitary Board. Cattle which are imported on a permit without examination and tuberculin test, are held in quarantine at destination and tested by a designated agent; the ex- pense of such test is borne by the state. The tuberculin test is compulsory on interstate cattle which are not to be used for im- mediate slaughter, but it is optional with the owner of a native herd. GLANDERS was prevalent to a somewhat less degree than usual in the larger cities and with the exception of a chain of cases in Laneaster County, we had very few cases of this disease in the rural districts. ANTHRAX and BLACKLEG were confined to localities in which these diseases have existed for years. There were no new centers of infection. An annual spring vaccination against both of these dis- 754 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. u eases has been carried out for years with marked success. The losses are kept at the minimum and comparatively few cases of either disease are reported between the annual spring vaccinations. HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA has caused fewer deaths in the last two years than in the previous two years. Our laboratory has been prepared to send out a vaccine for the treatment of animals affected with this disease and for the protection of exposed animals. We have not had an opportunity to use this treatment, neither have we had an opportunity to use the permanganate of potash treatment which is reported to have given good results in Germany. Hoag CHOLERA has not exacted the heavy toll that it did in pre- vious years. Pennsylvania has never been heavily infected as com- pared with the hog raising states, and we, therefore, have been get- ting gratifying results from the use of the serum alone treatment combined with the enforcement of strict sanitary precautions. Every advantage has been taken to impress upon the stock owners the necessity of the destruction of carcasses of swine that die. They have also been told regarding the necessity of frequently cleaning and disinfecting pens and lots. With the advent of foot-and-mouth disease and the cessation of shipments of livestock, hog cholera practically disappeared. With the resumption of shipping and the holding of public sales, cholera again made its appearance but we have not had anything approaching an epidemic of this disease. Rapies is reported frequently from various sections of the state but the good effects of the strenuous campaign which was waged in 1911 and 1912 are still apparent. During 1911 rabies was prevalent to an alarming degree in our mining districts and larger cities. That year, and the following one, numerous general quarantines of one hundred days’ duration were established and all dogs within the quarantined area found running at large, not muzzled in such a manner that would effectually prevent them from biting, were destroyed by state agents who patrolled the quarantined areas armed with shot guns. Contagious ABORTION causes heavy losses in the dairy districts. Some of our best herdsmen have tried out the various treatments recommended in recent years and feel that the only effectual treat- ment is strict sanitation. Others report good results from the methylene blue treatment but these men have also carried out the sanitary precautions. It is an established fact that tuberculosis is disseminated to a PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 755 UE EERE considerable extent by feeding skim milk to calves and swirie. The new law provides that creameries, cheese factories, ete., must pas- teurize skim milk and separator slop before returning same to pa- trons for feeding purposes. Considerable opposition has been en- countered in the enforcement of this portion of the law both from creamerymen and patrons. It is notable that after a proper system of pasteurization has been installed, all objections are re- moved and the patrons of a creamery will not accept unpasteurized skim milk. The pasteurization law was aimed primarily at tuber- culosis but its value in the control of other diseases is evident. This was amply demonstrated during the recent epizootie of foot- and-mouth disease. A considerable number of infections, involving different creameries, were directly traceable to the use of unpas- teurized skim milk. Our new law which pertains exclusively to the health of domestic animals is very comprehensive and has en- abled us to handle every phase of this work in a satisfactory manner ; but we are greatly handicapped and embarrassed by the deficiency of a law to govern the production and handling of milk for human food. It is generally recognized that this phase of milk hygiene should come under the jurisdiction of the livestock sanitary authori- ties and should be looked after by veterinarians who have an inti- mate knowledge of animal diseases and sanitation. Our Livestock Board conducts this important work under a law which was enacted ten years ago and which has not been amended to meet the present day requirements. This law limits the activities of the board to cooperation with local boards of health. Under this plan, continuous inspection of milk supplies has been maintained in a few boroughs and good results obtained; but in general, it is difficult to obtain cooperation with local boards owing to the expense. Notwithstanding the inadequacy of law, considerable progress has been made in milk hygiene work through a campaign of edu- cation involving producer, dealer and consumer. Better results will be obtained after the consumer shall have been made to under- stand the value of clean milk and demand the enactment and en- forcement of proper laws. The 1915 legislature passed a new meat hygiene law. It is an improvement on the 1907 law, which it repeals. In addition to in- cluding the best features of the old law, the new act makes it man- datory upon the butcher to prevent prospective purchasers and all unauthorized persons from touching or handling meat or meat pro- 756 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ducts and to so equip his establishment that meat and meat pro- ducts will be properly protected from flies, animals or fowls. It makes it unlawful to sell, offer for sale, or to expose for sale, any meat or meat food product from swine to which have been fed any carrion (dead animals). Another point worthy of mention is that it is unlawful to feed offal or slaughter house refuse to swine with- in a specified distance from an establishment, and finally, any qualified agent of the State Livestock Sanitary Board can serve as agent under it. The old law limited the force of inspectors to ten agents. cir iN TEXAS R. P. Marsrevuer, College Station. As resident secretary for the state of Texas, I beg to submit the following report: Veterinary medicine and sanitation has received greater en- couragement during the last two years than it has ever experienced. This is manifested by the wide-spread interest in live stock sanita- tion. Never before has such great interest been taken in the control of hog cholera, tick eradication and anthrax. At times, during the past years, it seemed that all efforts to arouse the enthusiasm of the people on these important questions were futile, but the earnest efforts of the officers of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, the Live Stock Sanitary Commission, and the Federal Gov- ernment have been rewarded. The preparation of hog cholera serum was begun by the Agri- eultural and Mechanical College about seven years ago. At first, the public had little faith in it, but, at this time, serum is used effee- tually in nearly every county in the state. The successful use of hog cholera serum has not only protected a great many hog raisers, but also inspired much public confidence. It was necessary to gain the public confidence, before it could be interested in the importance of sanitary measures in the control of diseases of live stock. Tick eradication is being carried on by about fifteen counties, and many others are considering holding elections on tick eradi- cation. The control of anthrax is one of the most perplexing problems, but the public is being impressed with the importance of controll- ine outbreaks, rather than wholesale vaccination. With the eco- PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 757 operation of the public, this disease will be under control in a few years. The thirty-fourth legislature gave the Agricultural and Me- chanical College of Texas an appropriation of $100,000.00 to estab- lish a veterinary college. This, with the present equipment of the veterinary department, should provide ample facilities for start- ing the freshman class in September, 1916. The law, regulating the practice of veterinary medicine in Texas, still gives the untrained men an opportunity to practice in Texas. It is noted that public sentiment is rapidly demanding the very highest class service and advice. The qualified veterinarian of regular business method need not fear that his services will not be appreciated and his interests protected. The Texas Veterinary Medical Association held its annual meeting at College Station, Texas, May 17-18, 1915. It was one of the most interesting and instructive meetings in the history of the association. The following officers were elected : President, Dr. J. S. Watson, Mexia, Texas. First Vice-President, Dr. Frank Barnes, Waxahachie, Texas. Second Vice-President, Dr. W. F. Hayes, Farmersville, Tex. Secretary, Dr. A. A. Foster, Marshall, Texas. Treasurer; Dr. J. A. Gossett, McKinney, Texas. Texas veterinarians are looking forward to the time when it will be their pleasure and good fortune to entertain the American Veterinary Medical Association within the borders of the State of Texas. ——— 0---—— UTAH. H. J. FREDERICK, Logan Not much has been accomplished along veterinary lines in Utah during the last season. During the last session of the state legislature a new livestock sanitary bill was passed combining the present sheep law and other livestock laws into one and creating a livestock sanitary board to look after all livestock interests. This would have been a great improvement over the existing conditions, but this bill was vetoed by the Governor. Therefore our livestock sanitary situation in Utah is the same as formerly and a long way from being satisfactory. Veterinarians and livestock men are doing the best they can under existing conditions and are determined to 758 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. improve them as soon as possible. A new board of veterinary ex- aminers was appointed and quite a number of applicants have taken the state board examination. The Bureau of Animal Industry has done efficient work in this state in eradicating scabies among sheep and also in running down other contagious and infectious diseases. The veterinary pro- fession is making advancement and also material increase in its members. All veterinarians have been invited to join the A.V. M.A. The State Veterinary Association meets annually for the election of officers and interesting programs are carried out. Other meetings are held occasionally in different parts of the state where the veterinarians of that locality take part. There are no new diseases prevalent in this state at the pres- ent time. During the past spring and summer there has been an epizootic of influenza among horses, in a mild form. Hog cholera has been quite prevalent in some parts of the state during the past year, but this was practically stamped out by applying proper sanitary measures and anti-hog cholera serum. This work was done under the supervision of the Agricultural College Extension Division in connection with its county demonstrators. Black leg> still makes its appearance in some localities, but stock men are learn- ing that it is necessary to have their young cattle vaccinated. There have also been a few cases of anthrax and glanders. Abortion still exists, as well as tuberculosis. There are occasionally small outbreaks of forage poisoning or cerebro spinal meningitis. Quite a number of animals die yearly as a result of poisonous plants on our ranges. The Stallion License Law is being enforced and is doing much to improve the horse industry. There has been a great demand for army horses in this section, and draft stock is constantly sought. Although the motor car is displacing many horses, the demand for horses is greater than ever before. There are many good dairy herds and we are fast becoming a dairy section, all of which helps the veterinary practitioner. The Utah Agricultural College is continuing its educational work among the people, instructing them regarding diseases and ad- vising them to call in competent help for their animals when neces- cary. Quacks are fast disappearing, and qualified men are getting most of the work. Prospects for the future of the veterinary pro- fession in this state seem very good, ’ PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 759 WASHINGTON. J. T. Sreuy, Seattle. By virtue of a bill passed at the last session of the legislature we now have in this state a Department of Agriculture; the head of the department is known as the Commissioner of Agriculture. He has under him three assistant commissioners; one whose duties are with the horticulture division, a second in behalf of pure foods, drugs, oils, ete., and a third to guard the live stock industries. Dr. H. T. Graves was elected to head the department of dairy and live stock and he is making a very ereditable showing in view of the fact that he has been badly handicapped for lack of funds, as the appropriation for this department is insufficient. In any progressive movement, as a rule, the good things come slowly. The state of Washington for a comparatively new state is doing quite well in legislating in behalf of the live stock interests, but we who are conversant with the actual conditions are aware that we are stopping far short of our goal; it is difficult to convince men, who are not familiar with the live stock situation, that a size- able appropriation is absolutely necessary in order to combat con- ditions which come to our attention daily, to say nothing of em- ergencies. We hope to see several amendments to our veterinary law at the next session of the legislature that will work to the ultimate benefit of the stock owner, and at the same time give. the depart- ment explicit power so far as controlling or coping with energencies. Hog cholera: there have been several outbreaks of this dis- ease in different parts of the state but it has been handled by the department judiciously and well by the usual methods of quaran- tine and in some instances with the assistance of serum. Glanders: this disease makes its appearance from time to time, clinical cases being destroyed immediately and suspicious ones dealt with according to the usual procedure. , Rabies: this disease has given us considerable trouble west of the Cascades, the cities being the principal battle ground, hun- dreds of cases being reported in dogs; as a rule the dumb form has prevailed with the furious cases the exception; in the neighborhood of fifty people have been exposed and taken the treatment. The state department was unable to enforce its regulations owing to a weakness in the law, while in the city of Seattle there was 760 ; PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. so much agitation that the council would not pass a muzzling ordi- nance; lobbying was the common thing daily by the sentimental dog fanciers, with the result that the disease gained a foothold and having no power with which to regulate conditions the veterimarians were compelled to use their own diseretion in handling the situation. Tuberculosis: the department is after this disease with as much vigor as their limited appropriation will permit and dairy cattle coming into Washington must be accompanied with a chart showing them to be free from this disease. It is unlawful to bring stock into this state until they have been examined and found to be free from the following diseases: elanders, farey, tuberculosis, actinomycosis, rinderpest, foot-and- mouth disease, contagious abortion, contagious keratitis, scabies, maladie du coit, swine plague and hog cholera. ee 0 el WEST VIRGINIA L. N. Recrer, Wheeling. In making my report as resident state secretary for West Virginia, I am delighted to say that, after many useless efforts, we have been rewarded by our state legislative bodies in having passed for us a veterinary practice act. We were obliged to accept it in its patehed-up condition or go without any; but we considered that _as it is, it is better than none at all. Dr. J. J. Cranwell, Clarksburg, W. Va. is president of the examining board and Dr. W. E. Lang- ford, Martinsburg, W. Va. is its secretary-treasurer. The West Virginia Veterinary Medical Association held its annual meeting in Parkersburg, W. Va., on July 6th, 1915 and elected as its president, Dr. O. C. Bradley and its secretary-treas- urer, Dr. Layne of Huntington, W. Va. After hard work on the - part of the Commissioner of Agriculture, Hon. H. E. Willams, we have nuw a live stock sanitary act, which is being enforced to the . SD letter, and in the future it is hoped that West Virginia will no longer be the dumpine ground for diseased animals. tom) t=fais' The Proceedings of the Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation contains 161 pages of papers and discussions given at the first annual meeting held at Madison, January 18-20. The papers are of much interest and the volume is a credit to the association, SOCIETY MEETINGS Fourth Joust MEETING OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE VETERINARY Mepicau ASSOCIATION AND ITS SOUTHERN AUXILIARY, HELD IN Los ANGELES, JUNE 21-22, 1916. When Pres. W. R. Carr called order in the Assembly Room of the Chamber of Commerce, Wednesday, June 21st, 1916, he opened the fourth and largest joint meeting of these associations, and after ‘a short eddress appreciative of such a full attendance, all eager to take up the program he introduced Mr. John S. Mitchell, President of the Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Mitchell, in his usual happy manner, welcomed those as- sembled to the city to which President Roadhouse of the Northern Association, very ably replied. Dr. R. A. Archibald, President of the Western Laboratories, then read his very able paper on ‘‘A Brief Review of some of the Late Developments Along Immunological Lines’’ which was fol- lowed by a most interesting paper on ‘‘ Hemorrhagic Septicemia”’ by Dr. J. P. Iverson, Deputy State Veterinarian. The discussion of these papers continued up to the noon hour. After luneh all took automobiles to ‘‘Santa Anita Rancho,’’ the Country Estate of Mrs. Anita Baldwin, which was formerly the home of her father, known to the turf as ‘‘ Lucky Baldwin’’. Here Professor J. I. Thompson and Professor Major, present and former Professors of Animal Husbandry, University of California, enter- tained with demonstrations of Live-stock judging, using the pure bred animals of which there were plenty. In the evening all met at the Hollenbeck Hotel at the banquet, and every chair prepared was occupied. At the close of the ban- quet, Toastmaster J. L. Tyler, called on R. A. Archibald, President of the A.V.M.A., who gave us some past, present and he hoped, future, of that association, to which Dr. C. M. Haring, Secretary of the A.V.M.A., also responded. Dr. L. M. Powers, Health Commissioner of Los Angeles, then read a paper on ‘‘ Fields for Veterinarians in Preventive Medicine.”’ Other cities have their health officers, but none has one that is a better friend or more appreciative of the veterinarian’s services than Dr. Powers, and in his paper he cited many ways by which the departments of food, health, and sanitation could be assisted by the yeterinarians, i 762 SOCIETY MEETINGS J. Traum, Bacteriologist, Divisicn of eter:nary Science, Uni- versity of California, followed with a very complete paper on ‘‘Methods of Diagnosing Tuberculosis.’ His wide experience giv- ing him ample material to take up ihe various forms of applying the tubevculin test as well as physical examinations: The discussion of this paper consumed the balance of the evening. The morning session, June 22nd, was opened at the Chamber of Commerce by a paper on ‘‘ Anthrax Serum and Spore Vaccine’’, by F. W. Wood of the Veterinary Department of the Cutter Lab- oratory. This paper was thoroughly discussed, especially by state and county veterinarians present. L. M. Hurt, Los Angeles County Live Stock Inspector, then read his paper, ‘‘ Illegal Practitioners and Steps to be Taken to Cor- rect this Evil’’. This was presented in such a manner as to cross the live wires of discussion to the extent of carrying it over to the afternoon session, which convened at the Hospital of Drs. Carr & Stevens, at 1.80 P. M., for the clinic and conclusion of the session. The discussion of Dr. Hurt’s paper included the County Farm Adviser and higher education for the veterinarian, and a motion was made and passed that resolutions be framed and presented to the Regents of the California State University, urging the establishment of a veterinary school at that institution. Drs. Archibald and Longley, the two remaining active members of the State Veterinary Examining Board, announeed their intention of resigning from that board, and requested that the association take some action calling the attention of the Governor to appointing a new board. A committee was appointed to draft and present such resolu- tions. The publication committee was instructed to publish the pro- ceedings of the meeting and all meetings for the coming year. ' At the clinie Dr. G. T. Irons, Inspector in charge, Los Angeles Station U. S. Bureal of Animal Industry, presented an exhibit of pathological specimens found in meat inspection. It was a museum in itself and appreciated by all. Dr. J. R. Beach from the University Farm, demonstrated the inethod of preparing and administering chicken pox vaccine, which being a new field, was very interesting to all present. A cholera pig was procured, and Dr. Bert J. Cady, of the Field Dept. of the Bureau of Animal Industry, posted it calling attention SOCIETY MEETINGS to the most minute pathological conditions which made it very in- structive. Dr. W. R. Carr operated on a roarer which required the double operation, and this closed the meeting. J. A. Deu, Secretary. Oo—— Nationau ASsocIATION BuREAU or ANIMAL INDUSTRY EMPLOYEES The following is a synopsis of some of the business to be tran- sacted at the Third National Convention of the N. A. B. of A. I. E., at New York City, August, 1916: ‘1. Reports of officers. 2. Considering question of whether or not the N. A. B. of A. I. E. shall publish an official organ. 3. Considering question of amending Article 3, Section 1, of our National Constitution to provide for the Bi-ennial sessions, in- stead of Annual Conventions. 4, Amending National Constitution to provide for Bureau Employees affiliating with the N..A. B. of A. I. E. through office of National Secretary as members-at-large, in cases where not prac- ticable to form a branch and apply for charter. Such affiliations to entitle members to all the rights and privileges of the association except representation at National Conventions. 5. Considering question of forming a National Ladies’ Aux- iliary of the N. A. B. of A. I. E. 6. Devising ways and means of increasing the membership of N. A. B. of A. I. E., in order that the moral and financial burden in the struggle for a classification bill may be more evenly distri- buted among those who would derive benefit from the enactment of same. At present this campaign is being conducted and financed by ‘‘the faithful few’’. 7. Devising ways and means of having all B. A. I. employees affiliated with and cooperate more thoroughly with the National Association of Civil Service Employees, with the view of hastening the enactment of equitable retirement legislation for Civil Service Employees. 8. Amending Constitution to provide that branch secretary in remitting per capita tax shall enclose a list of the names of members covered by the remittance. 9. Considering question of increasing the per capita tax of this association. 10. Election of officers, J. E. Gipson, President. 764 SOCIETY MEETINGS New YorK State VETERINARY Mepicau Socinry The twenty-seventh annual meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society will be held in Ithaca, August 2, 3 and 4, 1916. The program contains the following papers: Observations on the Treatment of Fis‘ulous Withers W. J. Wadsworth Practical Dairy. Inspection. -3+2 %, taupe ee ve F. D. Holford Some Common Diseases of the Ear of Small Animals. H. J. Milks and W. E. Muldoon. What the Breeder Expects of the Veterinarian....A. L. Brockway PheiKaisine ot Eealthy Calvesssacrn swoon ao. W. L. Williams Treatment of Navicular Disease by Shoeing........ Henry Asmus Modern Requirements in the Shoeing of Horses for City Use . R. W. Ellis Turther Studies in X-Ray Diagnosis in Veterinary Medicine Louis Griessman Renrarks on. Hog Cholera =.2 ea). nee et = shenatwaes R. R. Birch The Requirements of the Physical Examination of Dairy Cat- tle in Accordance with the Regulations of the State and Gatiyes COG es etree sik heccsev ans arate sts eas ie eae A. Silkman Exhibition of Greatly Enlarged Kidney and Bile Duet Dis- tended with Ingesta........ G. S. Hopkins and E. Sunderville Distribution of Communicable Diseases of Animals by Means Ol, C OngMLONy Ca TRIE TS cracls 20 leaker ee See Semen J. G. Wills On the evening of August 2nd, following a dinner at the Ithaca Ilotel a symposium will be held on Laws Regulating Veterinary Practice. The committee on legislation will report at that time and Dr. Augustus S. Downing, Assistant Commissioner of Education of Albany, N. Y., will address the gathering. Senator Morris Halli- day and Assemblyman Casper Fenner will also speak. Dr. C. J. Marshall of the Veterinary College of the University of Pennsylvania will give a lecture during the evening of August 3rd. His topie will be ‘‘The Care of the Horse in War’’. — Dr. Marshall has recently made a tour of some of the recent battlefields of Europe. Entertainments are being arranged by the local ecom- mittee for the ladies in attendance. The outlook now is for a large and enthusiastic meeting. C. P. Fircu, Secretary. SOCIETY MEETINGS 765 WASHINGTON Stare VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The Washington State Veterinary Medical Association met in Mt. Vernon, Washington, on June 21 and 22. The attendance was good although many of the old members who live at a considerable distance did not appear. It is interesting to note that a large number of veterinarians — attended who were not members but every one became a member be- fore he left, and one who could not come sent in his application for membership by telegraph. This is the first time that every attending veterinarian became a member. The distinctive feature of this meeting was its discussions. In almost every instance the discussions occupied more time than the papers did. The secretary thinks there was no one present who did not take some part in them. They were marked by a cordial and universal interest that was certainly most gratifying. The papers read and discussed were: ‘‘Control of Bovine Tu- bereulosis in Washington,’’ ‘‘Colics in the Horse,’’ ‘‘ Case Reports,’ ‘“Medication of Ruminants,’’ ‘Hemorrhagic Septicemia in the Skagit Valley’’ and ‘‘Changing Therapeuties.’’ All but the first will appear in the ‘‘ Proceedings.’’ Pullman, Wash., June, 1917, was chosen as the place and time for the next meeting. The officers for the coming year are: president, Dr. E. E. Wegner, Pullman; vice-president, Dr. L. C. Pelton, Enumclaw; sec.-treas., Dr. Carl Cozier, Bellingham. The clinic was not as good as expected inasmuch as several sub- jects engaged ‘did not arrive. Cart Cozirr, Secretary. —_—-O-—_———_ SOUTHERN TIER VETERINARY MepicaAL ASSsocIATION (NEW YorK) The second annual meeting of the Southern Tier Veterinary Medical Association was held in Owego, N. Y., July 1st. During the morning a very interesting clinic was held at the Hospital of Dr. BE. F. Vorhis, 52 Central Avenue. Drs: J. N. Frost and W. E. Muldoon performed the operations, consisting of one for poll evil and one for roaring. Dinner was had at the Ah-wa-ga Hotel. At 2:30 P. M. Presi- dent E. F. Vorhis called the meeting to order. Roll call showed 766 SOCIETY MEETINGS See ee ee — ae thirty-five in attendance. After routine business was transacted the program was opened by Dr. J. F. DeVine of Goshen. The title of his remarks was ‘‘Some Advantages of Sanitary Precautions in Cattle Breeding’. Dr. DeVine gave a very practical talk which was listened to attentively by all present. The next paper was by Mr. E. R. Zimmer, Manager, Farm Bureau of Tioga County. He spoke on the subject of ‘‘The Veterinarian and the Farmer’’, He pointed out that the interests of both were common in many re- spects and that the veterinarian should educate the farmer as to the proper care and feeding of live stock. Dr. C. D. Pearce of Binghamton read a paper on ‘‘Veterinary Dairy Inspection with Special Reference to the Physical Examination of Cattle.’’ Dr. Pearee has had much practical experience in this work and his paper pointed out just what should be done in examining cattle whose milk is to be used by the public. Each paper was freely discussed and many points of interest brought out. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Pres., Dr. C. D. Pearce, Binghamton; Vice-Pres., Dr. L. 8. Matthews, Cooperstown; Sec’y-Treas., Dr. C. P. Fitch, Ithaca. On the invitation of Dr. A. W. Baker and Dr. P. J. Axtell. it was voted to hold the next meeting in Binghamton. Nine new mem- bers were added to the roll of the association. C. P. Fircu, Secretary. o-——- CEentTRAL New YorK VETERINARY MeEpIcAL ASSOCIATION The 7th annual meeting of the Central New York Veterinary Medical Association was held at Syracuse, N. Y., June 29th, 1916, with the following members present: Drs. W. G. Hollingworth, Utica; H. A. Turner, Syracuse; W. B. Switzer, Oswego; F. E. York, Earlville; J. A. Pendergast, Syracuse; J. M. Currie, Rome;- EK. E. Cole, Manlius; A. J. Tuxill, Auburn; J. G. Hill, Geneva; K. EK. Dooling, Syracuse; Wilson Huff, Rome; Frank Morrow, Rome; W. M. Pendergast, Syracuse; Wallace Anthony, Poplar Ridge; A. H. Ide, Lowville; J. C. Stevens, Cortland; H. B. Cran- dall, Syracuse; J. K. Bosshart, Camden; M. W. Sullivan, Mareel- lus; D. O’Laughlin, Oneida; R. C. Hartman, Pulaski. A very successful and interesting clinie was the feature of the morning. It was held at the infirmary of Dr. H. A. Turner, at 938 South Salina Street, beginning at 10:00 A. M. The subjects follow: - SOCIETY MEETINGS 767 CasE 1. Black gelding—owned by the Syracuse Fire Depart- ment——injury to foot caused by toe clip—Surgeons: Drs. E. E. Dooling, J. A. Pendergast and H. A. Turner. Case 2. Gray gelding—bone spavin—cauterized with thermo- cautery—Surgeons: Drs. Frank Morrow and M. W. Sullivan. CasE 3. Black mare—tumor in breast—Surgeons: Drs. J. C. Stevens and Roy Webber. Case 4. Chestnut gelding—quittor of side bone Drs. J. K. Bosshart and J. G. Hill. Case 5. Black gelding—lameness from side bones—double neurotomy was performed—Surgeons: A. H. Ide and Otto Faust. Case 6. Black gelding—double fistulae of withers—Surgeons : Drs. W. M. Pendergast, F. EK. York and J. K. Bosshart. Case 7. Brown gelding—trephining for ulcerated tooth geons: Drs. H. A. Turner and J. A. Pendergast. | Case 8. Black mare—acute indigestion—stomach washed out and trochar and canula inserted—results favorable—treated by Drs. J. G. Hill and J. A. Pendergast. ’ Case 9. Roan mare—acute indigestion—treated by Drs. H. A. Turner and J. A. Pendergast. Case 10. Black gelding—owned by the Syracuse Fire Depart- ment—foot operation—Surgeons: Drs. J. G. Hill and J. A. Pen- dergast. CasE 11. Black gelding—quittor—Surgeons: Drs. J. K. Boss- hart and J. G. Hill. The committee on arrangements had provided several other cases but owing to lack of time it was impossible for attention to be given thereto.. Lunch was served at the infirmary during the pro- gress of the clinic. The business session was held at the St. Cloud Hotel, being ealled to order by Dr. E. E. Dooling, president of the association. Dr. Otto Faust, of Poughkeepsie, President of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, Dr. Roy Webber of Rochester, member of the Genesee Valley Veterinary Medical Association and Dr. O. P. Jones of Manlius were present as guests. At the close of the meet- ing the application of Dr. Jones for membership was received. The President’s address embodied very profitable suggestions relating to preparedness for future clinics. The secretary-treasurer, W. B. Switzer, reported verbally as to the secretarial work of the year and submitted a financial report Surgeons: Sur- 768 SOCIETY MEETINGS showing a balance in the general fund of $87.35, in addition to the sum of $85.90 held in a special fund for the protection of members from malpractice suits. Both reports were approved. The officers elected for the ensuing year were: president— Dr. Frank Morrow, Rome; vice-president—Dr. W. M. Pendergast. Syracuse; sec.-treas——Dr. W. B. Switzer, Oswego; Censors—Dr. H. A. Turner, Syracuse; Dr. J. M. Currie, Rome; Dr. J. C. Stev- ens, Cortland; Dr. A. H. Ide, Lowville; Dr. W. L. Clark, Seneca Falls; Dr. W. G. Hollingworth, Utica. Owing to the lateness of the hour the reading of papers was dispensed with. It was decided to open future clinics at 9:00 o’elock, A. M., to provide more time for the business session and papers. A permanent committee on arrangements, to consist of Syra- cuse veterinarians was decided upon, with Dr. E. E. Dooling as chairman, he to appoint his own assistants. Drs. Turner and J. A. Pendergast were selected by the chairman. It. was also resolved that at future meetings all members shall provide themselves with their own suits and instruments to be used at the clinic. ‘ Dr. Faust was called upon and responded very courteously, complimenting the members on the clinie of the morning and dis- cussing the new state law legalizing the registration of some eight men and also opening a discussion on the Harrison law relative to nareoties. This last law was reported by Dr. Hollingworth to have been held unconstitutional in its application to physicians and vet- erinarians and to apply only to druggists and those dealing with nar- cotics commercially. Dr. Webber also spoke briefly, telling how he dealt with the problem presented by the new law on narcotics. Papers for the November meeting were offered as follows: Dirt Ac PEN Ger east yc, 6 rutrnts at eke oa Case Reports Dx A-besDanforthinc Leica wen ae cane eee Wounds of Feet De Do Othauehlinks vactes ...(To report subject later) Dr) APs Eder Soca eh ias at ton eee Umbilical Hernia Dr. Wi Or Sbev Gnesi huts ns wan epee ine Respiratory Diseases Dr. M. W. Sullivan, Rupture of Pre-pubian Tendon of Cow This closed the business session. Dinner followed at the St. Cloud, of which 13 of the members and visitors partook, SOCIETY MEETINGS 769 This meeting marks the close of the seventh year of the exist- ence of this association. We believe few societies of the profession can point to a more enviable record than that which we have made during the years since our organization. Sustained interest on the part of the members, the power to attract the interest of the lead-— ing men of the profession throughout the state to the end that our meetings may be made more profitable, these are our great achieve- ments. We feel that what we have accomplished in that respect proves the value of the work we are doing. Every Central New York Veterinarian should be with us, both for his good and for the good of the profession. W. B. Swirzer, Secretary. O—. KENTUCKY VETERINARY MepICAL ASSOCIATION At a recent meeting of the Kentucky Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, the following officers were elected: President, Dr. Alex. Harthill, Louisville; First Vice-President, Dr. M. A. Purdy,-Shel- byville; Second Vice-President, Dr. H. K. Ditto, Pleasureville ; Third Vice-President, Dr. J. T. Chawk, Louisville; Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. D. E. Westmoreland, Owensboro. Our next meet- ing will be held at the Kentucky State Fair Grounds on September 14. D. E. WESTMORELAND, Secretary. j has ie SECOND PAN-AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS At the second Pan-American Scientific Congress the following recommendations were made: a. Hack country should maintain a well-organized and compe- tent live-stock sanitary service comprising executive officers, field inspectors, and a laboratory force ; b. Hach country should enforce live-stock sanitary laws and regulations with the view of preventing the exportation, importa- tion, and spread within the country of any infectious, contagious, or communicable animal disease by means of animals, animal pro- ducts, ships, cars, forage, ete. ; c. Each country should maintain a thorough live-stock sanitary survey to determine what communicable diseases of animals are present and the localities where they exist. This information should be furnished regularly to each of the other countries at stated periods as a matter of routine; SOCIETY MEETINGS ~? bas | > d. Each country should refrain from exporting animals, ani- mal products, forage and similar materials which are capable of conveying infectious, contagious, or communicable animal diseases to the receiving country ; e. Each country should enforce measures to prohibit the im- portation of animals, animal products, forage, and other materials which may convey diseases from countries where dangerous com- munieable diseases such as rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease, and contagious pleuropneumonia exists, and which have no competent live-stock sanitary service. Animals, animal products, forage and similar materials from countries maintaining a competent live- stock sanitary service may be admitted under proper restrictions, regulations, and inspection, imposed by the importing country. f. Each country, through its live-stock sanitary service, should endeavor to control and, if possible, eradicate the communicable animal diseases existing therein. There should be an exchange of information as to the methods followed which have proved most successful in combating animal diseases ; g. Members of the live-stock sanitary service of each of the American Republies should meet at regular intervals to consult and inform each other regarding the measures taken for furthering ¢o- operation in protecting the live-stock industry of the American countries. The annual report of the chief veterinary officer (Sir Stew- art Stockman) of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, Great Britain, for 1915, contains references to foot-and-mouth disease ; swine fever; swine erysipelas; tuberculosis in swine; glanders; anthrax; sheep scabs and rabies. Towards the end of 1915 a serious outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease occurred in the south-_ west of England. The number of animals slaughtered as affected or to prevent further spread of the infection was 1,267 cattle, 482 sheep, 382 pigs and 1 goat. The original source of infeetion was not discovered. A case of rabies developed in an imported Irish terrier during its period of quarantine at one of the prem- ises authorized for the detention of imported dogs. House Resolution No. 253 by Mr. Hull of Iowa provides for adopting the decalogue and Jesus Rules as standard measures for laws and regulations of the Goyernment+of the United States, ral Box pa od 7 - - - eS ra 7 * sade aa. Pe « 7 ‘iS ¥ Ss et eS ise Toe ee od REVIEWS A TEXT-BOOK OF MEAT HYGIENE. WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERA- TION ON ANTE-MORTEM AND POST-MORTEM INSPEC- TION OF FOOD PRODUCING ANIMALS. RICHARD EDELMANN, Ph.D., Medical Veterinarian, High School, Dresden. _ Third Revised English Edition and authorized translation revised for America. By John R. Mohler, A.M., V.M.D., Assistant Chief, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry and Adolph Eichhorn, D.V.S., Chief Pathological Division, U.S. Bureau of Animal Industry. Octavo 452 pages, with 161 illustrations and 5 colored plates. Cloth $4.50 net, Lea and Febiger, Publishers, Philadel- phia and New York, 1916. The third edition of this deservedly popular book will be welcomed by all who have to do with the inspection of meat or meat products. The German text of Edelmann’s Meat Hygiene was closely followed in the,two previous editions but in this, the third edition, all reference pertaining to German conditions espee- ially in regard to the disposal of diseased animals has been disre- garded. This book as now presented, is based strictly on the rules governing meat inspection as formulated by the Bureau of Animal Industry. It will, therefore, be of greater value to those in this class of work in the United States. The subject matter has been divided into fifteen chapters each of which treats of an important phase of inspection work. The method of arrangement of the text is excellent and deserves special commendation. Ii is especially good from a pedagogical standpoint and also permits of ready reference. The book has been brought up to date in regard to the pathology of the various diseases and several new diseases have been included in this edition. In the final chapter the authors have added information concerning the practical side of meat inspection with special reference to the prep- aration and inspection of meat-food products such as the Curing of Pork and Beef, Sausage Making, Manufacture of Lard, ete. Much interesting and valuable information is here presented. This is an excellent book and should have a wide circulation. Cab: NECROLOGY PAUL PAQUIN Dr. Paul Paquin died, at the age of 55, June 22, in Christian Church Hospital, Kansas City, Mo., of tubercular meningitis. He eraduated from the Montreal Veterinary College in 1883 and later (1887) graduated from the University of Missouri at Columbia. He obtained the degree of M.D., and for several years was pro- fessor of comparative medicine at Columbia, Mo. He was state veterinarian for a time and wrote extensively on his investigations in the diseases of live stock, and produced a serum from the blood of asses for the treatment of human tuberculosis. He, later, devoted himself to human medicine; published a quarterly journal—the Bacteriological Index, and was secretary of the Missouri State Board of Health from 1896 to 1899. For a time he was a resident of Ashe- ville, N.C. At the time of his death he was director and executive officer of the Hospital and Health Board of Kansas City. JOHN FRAZIER John Frazier was a native of Ireland, 88 years of age. He was said to be the oldest registered non-graduate practitioner in Western Pennsylvania. His death occurred July 8, at his home in Butler, Pa. —0--—- JOHN JOSEPH GALLAGHER Dr. John Gallagher, of Lovelock, Nevada, died at San Fran- cisco, California at the age of forty years, following a_ner- vous breakdown. Dr. Gallagher was a graduate of the New York State Veterinary College at Ithaca, N. Y. He was sheep commis- sioner of the state of Nevada and had extensive mining interests. MISCELLANEOUS Dr. Paul R. King, formerly of Kansas, is now stationed with Remount No. 2, at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. About 6000 head of horses and mules are on hand and additional supplies of about 600 a day are being received. Influenza, with its complications, is the disease requiring most attention. The twenty-second annual meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association was held at the Hotel Castle, Omaha, Neb.; July 10, 11, 12. The ninth semi-annual meeting of the Genesee Valley Vet- erinary Medical Association was held’ at Tegg’s Veterinary In- firmary, Rochester, N. Y., July 13. Dr. A. B. Niven, after nearly fifteen years’ service in the Bureau of Animal Industry, has resigned and entered practice at Crawfordsville, Indiana. His former address was Henderson, Ky. The U. 8. Department of Agriculture has issued the Reports of Drs. Veranus A. Moore, Mazyck P. Ravenel and William T. Sedgwick upon the federal meat inspection as circular No. 58. The reports commend much of the work that is being done and offer suggestions for further improvement, some of which have already been acted upon. Doctors J. D. Moore of Albion, N. Y. and J. W. Ardell, of At- lanta, N. Y. have been engaged in army veterinary service work at the Training Camp at Tobyhanna, Pa. They have the rank of Second Lieutenants. A Boarp OF VETERINARY EXAMINERS FOR Porto Rico. The Legislative Assembly of Porto Rico has enacted a bill providing for a board of veterinary examiners. The bill provides for the appointment of ‘‘three skilled and capable veterinarians who shall be graduates of colleges of good reputation, etc.’’ The veterinarians so appointed are to hold office for five years. The board will accept only those candidates for examination who have diplomas from the colleges recognized by the A.V.M.A., and Bur- eau of Animal Industry. Juan Varas Catala, Ohio State Uni- versity, 1910, is a member of the board. Porto Rico is to be con- gratulated on the progressive step that has been taken, 774 MISCELLANEOUS Dr. C. J. Marshall gave an address on ‘‘Observations on Army Veterinary Hospitals and Systems Abroad’’, at the last meeting of the Alleghany Veterinary Club. The third National Convention of the National Association of Animal Industry Employees will be held in New York City, Monday, August 14. The Hotel McAlpin, Greeley Square, 34th Street and Broadway, will be the convention headquarters. Con- gressman Lobeck will be a guest of the convention. Other promi- nent officials have been invited. The Report of the Practitioners’ Short Course held at Ames, Iowa contains a number of interesting and important articles. The illustrations are numerous and excellent. The marriage of Miss Gladys Howell Warrick of Cayuga, N. Y. and Dr. W. W. Williams of Ithaca, N. Y. has been announced. The ceremony occurred July 1, at Yonkers, N. Y. The veterinary inspectors classification bill was introduced in the U. S. Senate June 22, by Senator Hitchcock and on the 27th by Senator James Hamilton Lewis. The bills are identical and all Bureau employes are urged to write to their senators” urging them to support the bills. It is also urged that veterinary colleges; alumni associations ; state and county veterinary societies and veterinary students write their congressmen and senators to enlist their support. The number of employees in the Bureau service on June 1, 1916, who would benefit by the passage of these bills, which are the same as the Lobeck bill, are 3150. The Report of the Bureau of Biological Survey on the Rabies Eradication Campaign in the State of Nevada, calls attention to the fact that while no accurate figures are available, it can safely be said that predatory animals and rabies have destroyed a quar- ter of a million dollars worth of live stock in Nevada since last September, when the disease first attracted serious attention. In the effort to combat the spread of rabies, the Biological Survey now has about 143 hunters in Nevada. These men are devoting their time to poisoning, trapping, and den-hunting coy- otes, bobcats and other predatory animals, which are largely re- sponsible for the spread of rabies, in addition to the havoe which they annually work among the live stock of the western ranges. / MISCELLANEOUS y dy G5" Cooperating in the work is the Nevada Rabies Commission which is composed of Governor E. D. Boyle, Dr. W. B. Mack, Mr. J. H. Clemmons, Mr. George Russell, Jr., and Mr. W. M. Me- Gill. Laws of Ohio Regulating the Practice of Veterinary Medi- cine and Surgery provide that the board of agriculture shall ap- point three men who shall constitute a state board of veterinary examiners, one to be appointed for two years, one for four years and one for six years, and biennially thereafter one shall be ap- pointed to serve for a term of six years. They must be graduates of reputable, but different, veterinary colleges and be persons skilled in their profession and of good moral character. The state veterinarian shall be ex-officio a member and secretary of the board. Examinations will be held’in April and July of each year. The secretary is also to report violations of the laws. Ap- plicants must be graduates of colleges recognized by the board of examiners. The law also provides that any person who, within six months after the act becomes effective, submits satisfactory evidence to the board of examiners that he was engaged in the practice of veterinary medicine and surgery in the state prior to May 21, 1894, and who pays a fee of $2.50, shall be entitled to practice in the state and shall receive a certificate to that effect. The certificate of a veterinarian may be revoked: for failure to report dangerously contagious and infectious diseases that are prescribed as such by the board of agriculture; for dishonesty in applying the tuberculin test in cattle, such as injecting tuber- eulin within six weeks prior to an official tuberculin test, know- ing that application has been made for such official test, or mak- ing false record of such test; gross malpractice or violation of criminal laws. Whoever engages in the practice of veterinary medicine or surgery in violation of any provision of law, shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than twenty-five dollars, and for each subsequent offence shall be fined not less than fifty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars or imprisoned in jail not more than sixty days or both. The present board of examiners consists of: Dr. Reuben Hilty, president; Dr. C. W. Fogle; Dr, J, D. Fair, and Dr. A. 8. Cooley, secretary, ex-officio, DIRECTORY OF STATE VETERINARY OFFICERS Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississipi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Jashington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming C. A. Cary W. E. Severn R. M. Gow Chas. Keane Chas. G. Lamb Hon. J. O. Phelps H. P. Eves A. D. Melvin W. C. Woodward Chas. F. Dawson Peter F- Bahnsen H. G. Bodle O. KF. Dyson A. F. Nelson J. I. Gibson J. H. Mercer S. F. Musselman KE. Pegram Flower Boyden Bearce l,. Hickman Lester H. Howard Geo. W. Dunphy H. H. Halladay S. H. Ward FE. M. Ranck D. . Luckey W. J. Butler J. S. Anderson W. B. Mack J. J. Gallagher Andrew JL. Felker Jacob C. Price Franklin Dye W. J. Linwood R. H. Crews J. G. Wills B. B. Flowe W. F. Crewe A. S. Cooley F. M. Gault W.. H. Lytle Cc. J. Marshall John S. Pollard R. O. Feeley A. E. Beaumont M. Jacob KE. F. Jarrell J. H. Avery. A. Carrington Young State Inspector A. A. Callister F. I). Davis J. G. Ferneyhough J. H. Perkins H. 5. Williams O. H. Eliason B. F. Davis H. R. Millard Auburn Phoenix Little Rock Sacramento Denver Comm’r on Domestic Animals Hartford Sec’y State Live Stock Sani- Wilmington tary Board Chief, Bureau of Animal Ind. Washington Health Officer Washington Veterinarian, State Board of Jacksonville Health State Veterinarian i a « a “e « State Veterinarian Atlanta i ai Boise pr . Springfield ne a3 Indianapolis pak “s Des Moines State Live Stock Sanitary Topeka Commissioner State Veterinarian Frankfort Executive Officer, State Live Baton Rouge Stock Sanitary RPoard Live Stock Sanitary Comm ’r Augusta Chief Veterinary Inspector Baltimore Comm ’r of Animal Industry Boston State Veterinarian Lansing Pres. Live Stock Sanitary Commission Lansing Executive Office Live Stock Sanitary Board St. Paul State Veterinarian - Columbia State Veterinary Surgeon Helena Deputy State Veterinarian Lincoln State Quarantine Officer Reno Executive Officer of the State Lovelace Sheep Commission Commissioner of Agriculture Concord Sec’y State Board of Health Trenton Sec’y Commission on Tuber- culosis Trenton Sec’y Cattle Sanitary Board Albuquerque Sec’y Sheep Sanitary Board Albuquerque Chief Veterinarian Albany State Veterinarian Raleigh " on Bismarck ms Columbus Pres. State Board of Agri. Oklahoma City State Veterinarian Salem a ss Harrisburg Provide.sce “a “ Sec’y State Live Stock Sani- Pierre tary Board State Veterinarian Nashville Fort Worth Chairman Iive Stock Sanitary Fort Worth Comniission Salt Lake City Sec’y State Board of Sheep Salt Lake City Commissioners Live Stock Commissioner State Veterinarian Richmond Commissioner of Agriculture Olympia Commissioner of Agriculture Charleston State Veter narian Madison ca > Cheyenne Sec’y State Board of Sheep , Commissioners Cheyenne Agricultural College Clemson College White River Junct, JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N. Y. Committee on ournas F. TorRANCE, Chairman, A. EicHHorn, Secretary, C. J. MARSHALL, W. R. Buair, R. A. ARCHIBALD, M. Jacos, N.S. Mayo, G. R. Wurst, V. A. Moore, L. FrRorH- INGHAM, C. H. STANGE, H. JENSEN, G. H. Roperts, R. P. LYMAN, Sub-Committee on Journal C. J. MARSHALL, Chairman, Eve P. Lyman, A. EICHHORN, Secretary The American | eee Medict il Association is not Seneanie for views or statements published in the JOUR NAL, outside of its own authorized actions. VoL. XLIX. N. ‘S. VOL. SEPTEMBER, 1916. No. 6. Communications es to membership and matters ST aecrannne to the American Veter- inary Medical Association itself should be addressed to Secretary L. A. Merrillat, 1827 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. Matters pertaining to the Journal should be sent to Ithaca, N. Y. THE ANNUAL MEETING AT DETROIT The indications for a successful meeting were evident from the start. At the opening exercises there was some disappointment at the non-appearance of Governor Ferris and Mayor Marx, who were to deliver the addresses of welcome. Official duties were responsible for this; Mr. Lee appeared as the representative of the Mayor and delivered a well chosen and hospitable address. This was responded to in an appropriate and agreeable manner by Dr. Tait Butler of Memphis, Tennessee on behalf of the as- sociation. To demonstrate that his interest in the veterinary pro- fession was more than a perfunctory one, Governor Ferris came to the association headquarters Tuesday evening and entertained the members with an address which, with numerous humorous allusions, showed his appreciation of the relation of the veterinary profession to the commonwealth, the progress it has attained and the impor- tance of a sound educational foundation preliminary to yeterinary training. Dr. J. G. Rutherford of Calgary, Canada, whose oratorical ability has been well tested ‘on numerous similar occasions, followed with a speech which ably supplemented that of the Governor and conveyed the thanks and good will of the members for the interest EDITORIAL ~] =~] Go and trouble taken by the Governor to keep his belated engagement. Social entertainment was afforded Monday evening by a re- ception and ball. Tuesday evening there were various alumni suppers and gatherings in addition to the Governor’s address. On Wednesday evening a very enjoyable banquet was held in the ball room. Dr. Dunphy officiated very acceptably as toastmaster. This list included remarks by Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, Dr. Tait Butler, Dr. Kedzie, Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, Dr. J. G.. Rutherford, Dr. E. M. Ranek, and Dr. J. W. Adams. The speeches were enter- taining and uniformly brief. Entertainment was provided for the ladies by a sight-seeing trip of the city, including Belle Isle, and a very enjoyable theatre party. On Thursday the associa- tion was the guest of the Parke, Davis Co. The company was a bountiful host. After conveying the members and friends by boat to their manufacturing plant, numerous guides were furnished to pilot the visitors through the various departments. There was much to interest and instruct. The remainder of the day was spent in a boat ride up the river into Lake St. Clair, on the steamer Britannia. Boxes containing an appetizing lunch were served on steamer to 1000 or more guests. The bounty of the hosts will long be remembered by those fortunate enough to be present. The papers on the program were ‘of timely interest and im- portance and received appropriate discussion. Undoubtedly the ereatest interest centered around the business session of Thursday evening, at which the new officers were elected and the report .of the Committee on Reorganization was presented. Dr. C. E. Cotton of Minneapolis was elected president without opposition. The vice-presidents chosen were: Doctors G. W. Dunphy, Michigan; F. A. Bolser, Indiana; S. Hadwen, Canada; V. A. Moore, New York; L. H. Howard, Massachusetts. There was some rivalry. for the secretary’s office. The names of Doctors Merillat and Mayo were presented. Dr. Haring announced that he was not a eandi- date. The vote turned in favor of Dr. Merillat and upon motion of Dr. Mayo his election was made unanimous. Dr. Schneider was re-elected treasurer and Dr. Frost librarian. The report of the committee on reorganization aroused ani- mated discussion. A report, so comprehensive in seope involving some new and untried features, is naturally susceptible to eriti- cism. It was the endeavor of the committee, as announced by Chair- man Cary, to profit, as much as possible from the efforts of EDITORIAL 779 former committees without losing sight of whatever merit was pos- sessed by the old constitution. As previous notice had been given, the report was presented for adoption at the Detroit session. Dr. Campbell, of Chicago, submitted to the members printed copies of a pamphlet on ‘‘A Plan for Reorganizing the American Veteri- nary Medical Association’? based upon his service on previous committees. An amendment to the report offered by Dr. Klein, to the effect that the curriculum of twenty-eight months, involvy- ing four collegiate years, should @o into effect in 1916-1917 in- stead of 1917-1918, was passed by the association. Much of the debate centered around the requirement of one year’s high school work or its equivalent in studies taken in other preparatory schools. The report was adopted. Among the new features is a member at large on the ex- ecutive board to be elected at an annual meeting, the other five members being elected by mail ballots from districts based on geographical arrangement. The former honor roll was omitted and these members, like all active members, will hereafter pay their annual dues. To replace the honor holl and as a recognition of long and faithful service, the former honor roll member is to be designated as a Fellow of the A.V.M.A., a certificate to that effect being issued by the secretary. The executive committee, formerly appointed annually, is to be replaced by an executive board to be nominated and elected by mail ballot from five districts, each district to elect its own mem- ber. In addition there is to be a member at large elected by the association at an annual meeting, making a board of six members. The term of office of each member is five years; so that, after the plan is organized, one member will drop out each year and a new one elected by the constituents of the given district. This arrangement gives greater continuity of service and should pro- mote efficiency and yet arranges for the introduction of new blood from one of the districts annually. The chairman is to be elected by the members of the board. A new feature is a committee on budget. This is to consist of the president, secretary, treasurer and chairman of the exeeu- tive board, those most familiar with the financial condition of the association. The function of this committee is largely to keep the expenditures within the income, 780 ‘EDITORIAL ‘ The committees on intelligence and education, and legislation. are arranged for continuity of service similarly to the executive board, except that the members of these committees are appointed by the president. After organization one member will drop out each year and the president will appoint his successor for a term of five years. Although it was voted at the Oakland meeting that the annual dues should be increased to five dollars, a point had arisen, which questioned the correctness of the action. On this account notices for the 1916 dues had not been sent out by the secretary previous to the meeting. The matter was decided in favor of the $5.00 dues. The fact that the treasurer’s report showed a balance on hand of $1349.00 with the 1916 dues as yet uncollected, and while the association was still on the basis of three dollar dues, reflects much credit upon the efficiency of the outgoimg administration. The possession of a balance or reserve fund is necessary for the success of any organization but it also has its dangers. If more money should, perchance, be available, more methods may be devised for dissipating it. A suecessful organization is measured more satisfactorily by the results accomplshed rather than by the amount of money it can spend. Under all conditions it is desirable that there should be suitable ballast to keep the ship of state properly balanced. Approximately 400 members, 300 visiting veterinarians, and 275 ladies were in attendance, a total of nearly 1000. The association received invitations to hold its next meeting at, Mobile, Alabama, and Kansas City, Mo. The claims of each were eloquently presented. Dr. Archibald, Secretary Haring and the other officers are to be sincerely congratulated on the suecess of their administra-_ tion. Much effort has been expended in making this one of the most successful meetings in the history of the association both in attendance and in the results accomplished. The new administra- tion will have new problems to solve, new difficulties to overcome. We know their standard is progress and with the proper coopera- tion of the members every effort will be made to maintain the standard that has been set, and, if possible, advance it. Py A EDITORIAL 781 THE STERILITY OF THE FREE-MARTIN When twins of different sexes are born of cattle the female is called a free-martin. In rare instances cases of normal fertility have been recorded but the general experience of breeders for some centuries past has been that such female twin is sterile. Sta- tistical evidence has not been abundant and such as there is, is not exempt from confusion. Twins may be produced from a single ovum ‘‘identical twins’’ in which case they are always of the same sex, or they may be produced from separate ova, in which case they may be either of ~ different sexes or of the same sex. In any case if the twins are of the same sex (homosexual) they are likely to be fertile, but if of different sexes (heterosexual) it is the female which is barren, except in rare instances, in the case of cattle. Statistics do not throw much hght upon the causes which produce the free-martin. These must be sought from the embryological side. In a recent paper by Dr. F. R. Lille (Science, April, 1916) some interesting facts are presented which appear to offer a ra- tional basis in this matter. He has examined forty-one cases of bovine twins in utero and found fourteen homosexual males, six homosexual females and twenty-one heterosexual twins: the sum of the homosexual being about equal to the heterosexual twins. If the sterile free-martin and its masculine mate could arise - _ from a single ovum they should be included in a single chorion and there should be but a single corpus luteum present. If they arise from separate ova we should expect two separate chorions and two corpora lutea. The condition of a single chorion, however, he does not consider a conclusive test of origin from a single ovum as two chorions originally independent may fuse secondarily. The ob- servations in his forty-one cases showed that about 97.5 per cent of the bovine twins possessed a single chorion, but in spite of this condition nearly all of the twins developed from separate ova. The basis for this belief is that he found a corpus luteum present in each ovary. In normal single pregnancies in cattle there is never more than one corpus luteum present. He beleves there- fore that in cattle a twin pregnancy is almost always a result of the fertilization of an ovum from each ovary. Development be- gins separately in each horn of the uterus. When the embryos meet in the cavity of the uterus, the blood vessels from each side 782 EDITORIAL then anastomose in the connecting part of the chorion; a particu- larly wide arterial anastomosis develops, so that either fetus can be injected from the other, the arterial circulation of each also over- laps the venous area of the other, so that a constant interchange of blood takes place. If both are males or both are females, no harm results from this; but ¢f one is male and the other female, the re- productive system of the female is largely suppressed, and certain male organs even develop in the female. This result he believes is unquestionably to be interpreted as a case of hormone action. (A hormone is a substance which is capable of exciting chemical- ly other substances.) It is not yet determined whether the invari- able result of sterilization of the female at the expense of the male is due to more precocious development of the male hormones or to a certain dominance of male over female hormones. Steinach’s experiments in changing the sexual characteris- tics of young rats by the implantation of parts of the sexual ap- paratus from the opposite sex appear to have a confirmatory bear- ing upon this view. It is reported that sterile free-martins are very rarely found in sheep. In four twin pregnancies in sheep examined by Lillie, he found in each instance a single chorion for each fetus and that each had developed from different ova; the circulation was there- fore confined to each fetus. Fundamentally, then, the conclusion seems to be that when the twins are of different sexes and the chorions fuse and the cir- culations of each fetus overlap, the female results in a sterile free- martin, because of the male hormones. This condition is more common in cattle. If the chorions do not fuse and the circulation of each fetus is closed, then the female is fertile. This condition is more common in sheep. In the very exceptional cases in cattle where the female of the heterosexual twins is fertile, it is to be assumed that the chorion and circulation for each fetus remained separate, as is usually the case in sheep. P, Ak The marriage of Miss Anna Lisabeth Corwin and Dr. John D5 McCartney is announced. They will be at home at ‘‘The Franklin,”’ Middletown, N. Y., after Oct. 1, EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Bois Jerome. GLANDERS IN MAn.—It is very fortunate that the contagion of this disease to human beings is of very rare occurrence, and when such takes place and a veterinarian is the victim, the fatal end is generally recorded. Sometimes a full and long description of the sufferings of the patient are given in, at least, the professional papers and yet in other cases the sad news is scarcely mentioned or perhaps treated briefly in an obituary. Cases of recovery. from an attack of glanders in man, when the nature of the disease has been established in a positive manner, have not, I believe, been recorded. Years ago there was a report of one recovery spoken of and published in the pages of theAmeri- can Veterinary Review. But unless I am in error, this is the only one I ean allude to. For these reasons, I confess to neglect in overlooking the au- thentie case described in the Journal of Comparative Pathology, nm 1913. In the March number of this year of the same Journal the case is de novo brought before the attention of the readers and this time I will notice it. In 1913 Mr. S. H. Garger, M.R.C.V.S., then in the military service in India, reported the full history of an infection with the Bacillus mallet from which he had suffered. At that time he thought it had terminated in recovery after a series of suffering and various manifestations, lasting a period of two years and four months. The main.features of this first attack as published were: ((a) ‘‘Tnfeetion occurred by way of the alimentary canal: (b) a period of three weeks elapsed before the disease became visibly localized, during which time there was high fever and rheumatic pains and a diagnosis was impossible: (¢) the disease localized itself in the left hand, after a slight blow: an acute infection setting in by way of the lymphatics with the hand lesion as its starting point: (d) this acute lymphatic invasion was overcome and a chronic form of dis- ease supervened, frequently aggravated by unavoidable surgical interference: (e) an oceasional blood infection occurred, causing lesions in remote regions of the body, such as the right wrist, and left ankle, these then forming new centers from which the disease developed locally, and from which it was conveyed by way of the 784 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES \ lymphatics to groups of glands nearer the body: (f) the larger number of the lesions were connected with the lymphatic system, either in the glands or on the course of the vessels, their predilection seat being the neighborhood of joints, the ankle, wrist and knee especially: (g) the disease lasted for a period of nearly twenty-~ eight months and nearly proved fatal on two occasions, namely, during the first acute attack and at a eritical period a few weeks after the left arm was amputated: (h) the total number of opera- tions was forty-five, of which twenty-seven were done under chloro- form: (i) the treatment was surgical, vaccinal and general.’’ After such a terrible experience the author considered himself cured because of the sound healing of all the local lesions, the dis- appearance of all traces of inflammation, the gradual whitening of the scars, the return of almost complete freedom of movement in all the parts affected and the complete return of a former fit con- dition and an increase of weight to above the normal. But all of these were subservient to an essential condition it seemed, namely: that the defences of the body should not become weakened by another attack of some disease. Garger was still in India and an attack of malaria developed and then, the apparent recovery from glanders, considered complete in June, 1912 and which had lasted until the middle and latter part of February, 1914, disappeared as manifestations again became evi- dent. Garger was again admitted to the hospital on March first. A period of a little over seven months had elapsed between the two attacks of glanders. Then began a long series of various symptoms of suppurations, of synovitis, of periostitis and necrosed bones, of rebellious nasal hemorrhages, of neuralgia, of formation of abscesses demanding several surgical interferences, ete. The manifestations of temperature varied from day to day and accordingly the developing of the lesions. As to the form of treat- ment followed, this was altogether according to the indications and certainly these were many if one reads of the great variety of drugs which were administered or applied: soothing lotions, dressing with tincture of iodine, applications and injections of peroxide of hydro- gen. Internally, purgatives, calomel, arsenic, aspirin exalgine, phenacetine, caffeine, morphine, heroin, bromides, chloral, adrena- line, strychnine, digitalis, ete. | cannot follow the minute description so thoroughly given by / EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 785 the author in his sojourn at the Lahore Hospital and the Walker Hospital, Simla, until his return to England, nor the detailed pre- sentation of the ravages made by the Bacillus mallet found at each examination but will remark that this wonderful condition has at last come to an end. During the first attack, forty-five operations were performed and during the second thirty-seven. contrary, but because of the street conditions. Let us try to meet them as much as possible by shoeing. It is the only way that we can do it. PROBLEMS IN MILK PRODUCTION* Hi; Ei: Coox, Canton, N.Y: [ early became mixed up in the milk business. All my life in one way or another I have been interested in milk, in manufae- turing butter or cheese or other products of milk in some form, Considered as a whole, the milk business is one of the most compli- cated and difficult of solution of any industrial question before this country today. Milk is our most perishable food product. That makes its handling very complicated at the start. So many people are en- gaged in its traffic; that adds to its complication. Then the nature of the business; its origin and development add not a little to the difficulty of solving the problems. “Delivered before the New York City Veterinary Association, May 3, 1916, PROBLEMS IN MILK PRODUCTION 797 It has partly, at least, come about in this manner: farmers had to have plant food. They wanted fertilizers and so they kept cows. As a result cows have been kept, raised and milked in such vast numbers that milk became a by-product and manure the es- sential product. A fundamental factor in the law of economies is that the value of a by-product has no relationship to the cost of raw material from which it is made. Hence,we found ourselves produc- ing milk at less than the actual cost of labor, feeds and other over- head charges incident to the business. The only way found to save the farms in New York was to introduce dairy cows. Cows were rushed on to farms all through the east and to the middle west, not to make profit, but to make fertilizers until we had so much milk we did not know what to do with it. We know now how to grow crops without cows, but we have learned these things only in recent years. The producers, however, did not handle and sell the milk; they turned that over to other people. That gave rise to new problems. Then came laws to control the quality of milk. These laws have been conducive of wholesomeness and purity but not in ad- vancing the price, yet price advances have taken place in respect to all other products. People accept these advances without a word. If, however, a small advance is suggested in the price of milk, the air at once is disturbed with protests. The city papers ery out to the effect that the milk trust has shown its teeth, encircling out im every direction those words spread. The fact is,not one quart of milk in ten quarts that goes into New York City has charged against it the total cost of production. If all legitimate charges were made and paid, producers would go bank- rupt. The milk that goes to the city trade is the work of the family, —father works, mother works, the children work. Suppose the milk checks are paid. Is the wife or the children paid for the labor they put into the production of milk? The fact is, these workers are unpaid and every day their labor is put into milk production without full compensation for what they do, but people won’t do this always. Uprisings are occurring in the country. Wives and chil- dren some of these days are going to strike. It will not be a ques- tion of higher wages but of payment of wages for labor actually ex- pended at nominal prices for it. I believe dealers are working on small margins in handling milk. This is not the rural belief or sentiment, but, nevertheless, all things considered, the profit that the dealer makes on each quart 798 H. E. COOK of milk is small. What is, therefore, the logical conelusion? Just this: consumers must pay more for milk or they must be content with cheaper methods in its production. It won’t be the latter, hence milk must go up in price. Farmers are entitled to a labor compensation and a fair return on their investments. Cheaper methods of distribution are pos- sible, but cheaper methods of production are not possible. The average good dairyman can not possibly lessen the cost price of his milk. Producers are entitled to as much profit and consideration as either the carrier or the distributor. I am interested to know if transportation can be lessened. Apparently the railroads are getting more than their fair share, providing they were paid enough at the outset. The transportation is now efficiently organized, long trains are handled, it is an every day certainty and does not have to be exploited. Producing milk is a business and to produce clean milk costs more money; yet the fact remains that but little more is paid for clean milk. Moreover, the men who produce clean milk are from the very nature of the business, a class of producers whose stan- dards of living are high. They refuse to be classified with incom- petent producers or submit to a low scale of living. |. 2-19-16) 106.43) 7.) se 72170, tS BOM ee 127 | 132 | 7625 | 50/| 2-19-16] 106.0 | 7 |K 7 128 7) 7431-1) 69011117215). 109.6 ||. 8) 8 1 Bie OR eee 128 7 | 7441 | 42 |11-17-15| 107.4 | 7|K 8 128; | 102.) 7627.1 50%), 9-19-16) 106.8157) 1K 9.5 Sy alf).8 128 | 102 | 7622 | 67 | 2-19-16] 106.2 | 8 | K 12 129 | 49 | 7642 | 52 | 2-19-16] 108.2 | 7 | K 11] 11.5 | 13.0] +15 129 49 | 7632 | 72 2-19-16} 106.4 {fio ed Gana le | ‘Inerease or decrease in virulence, expressed in days. —loss; + gain. toe wr ea # faer> 7 OBSERVATIONS WITH HOG CHOLERA VIRUS 825 Errect or INsEcTIONS OF Various AMOUNTS OF VirUS BY DIF- FERENT Meruops. The amount of virus injected, or the manner of introduction into the body of the pig, seemed to be no factor in the appearance of symptoms following inoculation. Two cubic centi- meters would invariably bring a pig down as soon as ten eubie centimeters, and intravenous injections did not seem to shorten the incubation period, when compared with intramuscular or subeu- taneous injections made with the same virus, at the same time, on pigs in the same group. STU T HINT I NUH LN Lt th Hu re = = ry vhs SSS mes HL SUNTHEUTALUTANUAL ALCAN , Hy v Jo 4 o || LUTTE TTT 3 TET eee i cirii a BE TTT TTT A RT et cs mer its SeS2S= T= =. f= ZR Seee=S= Z EAP \ === = verse ne sas. ES = = iV s2SS=5 se == an fe ae ie Ch ===_—==2===_=——= ces a == a = = ZA SS aire fi \=] fp SAN \ S = BS= i == 2S 2S 2 = 108 == roo 22> == = = A I — - == 1 = SSS SSS: tacen : =5e == = pS 5! a= = <4 tk = = = = Pie Sai ant Ev WIT ty 1h! = oc = == eS eS \ = = a ===S= aon = SS Se _ anne = 6 === = er a-2 — aa =: r= 4 aes — a= a StSs Fai = = =S=S==S'5 6 — = ——t = = =. = J = = = tt | = = a = Be —— 1 AA ifn Aan a SNe at a AMA et eee ss ON ANS i ev Hie AEE I Fa = = eS ce TN NEE ge = AM A it so A aE AA a A a NENENENENSHEIE aR RTT ATM iil! The 390 pigs which failed to suecumb are not considered in ariations in virulence of a strain of hog cholera virus, through 60 passages (generations), extending over Showing v CHART 1. a period of two years, 2410 pigs having been used during this time, computing the averages. 828 H. PRESTON HOSKINS = The accompanying chart (No. 1) shows that the majority of the 2410 pigs were killed on the eighth or ninth day after inocula- tion. The virus obtained was used for hyperimmunization purposes at the rate of five to six cubic centimeters per pound body weight, and the resulting serum proved to be quite uniformly potent, when the hyperimmunes were bled on the eleventh, eighteenth and twenty- fifth days following hyperimmunization, and the serum subjected to the standard test of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The middle line in the chart is the average number of days after inoculation before the pigs died or were killed, all pigs in- oculated with a certain passage of virus being placed in one group, and the number of pigs in such groups varying from 2 to 91. The upper line is the maximum number of days in each such group, and the lower line is the minimum number of days in which a pig was killed from each group. If a pig was killed or died later than the nineteenth day, it is not included. Likewise, pigs dead or killed be- fore the fifth day are excluded, on account of the probability of prior infection or some other cause for death. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. The author takes this opportunity to thank Dr. H. C. H. Kernkamp, who was associated with him for about eighteen months of the time covered by this report, and Dr. J.T. E. Dinwoodie, also associated with him for about nine months, for valuable assistance rendered in making inoculations, holding autopsies and recording the lesions found. SumMaAry. 1. Of 2800 pigs inoculated with a virulent strain of hog cholera virus, 890 (13.9%) failed to suecumb to the infection. 2. Reactions shown by the inoculated pigs which failed to succumb, varied between wide limits, indicating all grades of sus- ceptibility and immunity to hog cholera. 3. No pigs survived a temperature higher than 107.4°F. 4. Pigs weighing between 40 and 50 pounds showed greatest susceptibility, only 8% of the pigs inoculated at this weight sur- viving. 5. Pigs weighing between 50 and 60 pounds at the time of in- oculation apparently showed the greatest resistance, judged by the percentage which failed to succumb, resistance slowly decreasing as the pigs became heavier. 6. Pigs which failed to sueeumb reached the height of their reaction (temperature) most frequently on the sixth day. 7. Pigs which died or were killed when moribund reached the height of their reaction most frequently on the seventh day. P hee OBSERVATIONS WITH HOG CHOLERA VIRUS 829 8. By frequent passages of a strain of virus through suscep- tible pigs, and carefully selecting the seed virus pig from each group, a virus has been obtained which can be depended upon to bring pigs down on the eighth day with a fair degree of regularity. 9. Pigs inoculated with virus of different ages, up to 162 days, succumbed quite regularly, within a few days of the time necessary for the same virus to bring the pigs down when comparatively fresh. 10. Virus 216 days old had apparently lost its infectivity. . 11. Pigs inoculated with varying amounts of virus (1.0 to 10.0 ¢.c.) came down in the usual length of time, regardless of the amount injected or the manner of introduction. Concuiusions. 1. On the average it is safe to assume that about 14% of pigs weighing between 40 and 140 pounds have suffi- cient natural immunity to resist fatal infection with virulent hog cholera virus. This fact should be kept in mind in all experimental work with hog cholera, especially the testing of anti-hog cholera serum, and conclusions should not be drawn from experiments made on a small series of pigs. 2. Pigs appear to be most susceptible during the period be- tween weaning time and when they reach about 50 pounds in weight. Pigs of this size, however, are not economical for routine virus pro- duetion. Pigs as heavy as 120 pounds show as great a degree of susceptibility as the younger pigs, according to our observations. 3. Virus pigs will usually show the height of their reaction at or about the sixth or seventh day. For some unexplained reason the pigs which failed to succumb reached the height of their reac- tion a day earlier, on the average, than those pigs which died or were killed. _It may be that the reaction to the filterable virus oc- curred before the pig was sufficiently weakened to invite the inva- sion of secondary organisms from the intestinal canal, in which case recovery followed. 4. With certain restrictions attached to the meaning of the term ‘‘fixed virus’’, such a virus for hog cholera may be obtained by frequent passages through susceptible pigs, the number of such pigs being large enough to allow considerable choice in selecting the seed virus pig from each group. REFERENCES 1. Craig AND WHITING. Hog Cholera. Jnd. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 173. 2. Hoskins. : FRACTURE OF THE OLECRANON PROCESS OF THE ULNA. J. Fox, M.R.C.V.S. Veterinary Record.—Case handsomely illustrated by a double inside and outside view of the fracture resulting in a six year old, well bred draught gelding, from a kick received during the night. There were small wounds on the outside of the fore arm and no lameness. The animal was put to work as usual but the next day he was very lame. At rest, the horse stood squarely on all four and apparently in no pain. In moving the affected — lee was carried well, On manipulating, very little could be noticed and it was only on minute examination of the point of the elbow that the diagnosis was made with extreme difficulty for detection of the crepitation. The olecranon process at the post- mortem was found fractured into five fragments. LIAUTARD. ia a EPIEMIOLOGY OF EQUINE INFLUENZA. (Pink Eye, Brustseuche). Dr. Macek. Wiener Tierdrztliche Monatsschrift, Vol. 2, pp. 553- 567, 1915.—In their recent investigations of equine influenza, Gaffky and Liihrs summarize their results ‘as follows: 1. The transmission of influenza ordinarily takes place from horse to horse, without an intermediate carrier. 2. The incubation period is at least 16 days, in most eases be- tween 20 and 40 days, and more than this in a few eases. 3. The inflammatory alterations begin in the finest alveoli in the lungs and may spread through the lung to the pleura. 4. About the fourth or fifth day of the disease, other bac- teria, (streptococci) may invade the inflamed lung areas and cause necrosis. 5. The disease is not transmissible to healthy horses by in- oculations from blood or organs of diseased horses. But the trans- mission may be made, though not always suecessfully by inoculating the bronchial secretions in the nasal cavity of a susceptible animal, without any trauma whatsoever. 6. In the ciliated epithelial cells found in the plentiful bron- chial secretions of diseased animals, structures are noticed which may represent degeneration processes; and probably are not para- sites. The authors believe, however, that parasites were found in other cells throughout the respiratory tract, ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 849 © According to these authors, the causative agent of influenza localizes in the epithelium of the finer bronchi and alveoli without entering the general circulation. There the agent develops a toxin which causes influenza. - The following observations were made during an epidemic of influenza in 1913-14, and are of interest because they were made under natural conditions. There were 380 horses of which 76 were affected with typical equine influenza (Brustseuche). 1. The incubation stage in influenza is by far longer than has been supposed. In working horses it is from 3 to 4 weeks, while in resting horses twice this period may elapse before the outbreak of visible signs of the disease. This may account for outbreaks caused by bringing horses, quarantined for 4 weeks, into contact with healthy horses. Generally, during a 4 weeks quarantine, the disease will make itself manifest. 2. An infected horse can infect another horse not alone when distinct clinical symptoms of influenza are present, but also in the incubative stage, when it is apparently in good health and espec- ially in the last.few days preceding the outbreak of the disease. 3. The spread of influenza may be checked with certainty if the first cases are promptly isolated, thus preventing contact be- tween infected and non-infected horses; the isolation stall need not be far from the others. It may be among them, just so long as healthy animals are not exposed by contact. 4. Influenza is transmitted mainly from horse to horse. In this connection the intermediate carriers play an unimportant role (i.e., the stall, people, dirt, straw, feed, rats, mice, sparrows, blankets, harness, pails, etc) Apparently, the causative agent of influenza soon dies outside of the body of the horse. 5. The spread of influenza from place to place is to be ex- plained according to the previously made observations, i. e., that horses having a long incubation period transmitted the infeetion to other horses with which they had come in contact. 6. Reconvalescent, symptomatically treated horses should not be permitted to come in contact with healthy ones, until 4 weeks after fever has subsided. On the other hand, in animals that have received neosalvarsan injections, fever subsides in 36 to 48 hours after injection and 8 days after this subsidence of fever, the ani- mals may be released. Generally a single dose of 4.5 g. neosalvarsan was sufficient to reduce the fever in 24 to 36 hours, BERG, 850 ' ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CERTAIN NATURAL FLAGELLATES OF IN- SECTS IN THE EVOLUTION OF DISEASE IN VERTEBRATES. H. B. Fan- tham and Annie Porter. Journ. Parasitol., June, 1916, V. 2, No. 4, pp. 149-166.—In this paper the authors have summarized the work so far accomplished in showing the relation of the flagellates para- sitic in insects to the flagellates parasitic in vertebrates. The very interesting fact has been demonstrated by a number of workers that many of the flagellates which are insect parasites, especially flagellates of the genus Herpetomonas and Crithidia, may be intro- duced into vertebrates, either by feeding the parasitized insects to the vertebrates or by subeutaneous or intra-peritoneal inoculation, and that these flagellates will develop and multiply in the new host and exert pathogenic effects. Thus Laveran and Franchini have infected dogs with flagellates from dog fleas, and have infected rats and mice with flagellates from the fleas occurring on these animals. Fantham and Porter publish a rather extensive lst of experiments where they have introduced various herpetomonads of insects into different vertebrates and produced conditions resem- bling leishmaniases or kala-azar. The authors believe that the various herpetomoniases, imelud- ing the leishmaniases, in vertebrates are the result of the intro- duction of the flagellates of insects or other invertebrates. The pathogenicity of these forms is explained on the basis that ‘*The newer a parasite is to the animal harboring it, the less it is in harmony with its environment. The consequence is that its discord with the host is manifested by pathogenie effects and the latter ani- mal succumbs. Chronic maladies are usually correlated with greater powers of adaptation of the parasite to its host, with the period that has elapsed since the original introduction of the para- site to the host, and with the relative resisting powers of the host to the specific action of the parasite.’’ Thus certain trypanosomes appear to have developed from the flagellates of certain insects (as Drosophila), and these insect para- sites in turn appear to have developed from free-living forms, the flagellate becoming increasingly pathogenic in its evolution from a free-living form to one parasitic in vertebrates. The writers be- lieve that the malarial parasites represent a similar development from a coceidian. In the writers’ experiments the inoculation of insect flagel- lates into vertebrates resulted in an active multiplication of the ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 851 parasite, giving rise to diseases running an acute or chronic course. Natural infestation of vertebrates with herpetomonads which were apparently from invertebrate sources is also known. The evidence is complete, according to Fantham and Porter, that the important group of diseases known as leishmaniases are really invertebrate- borne herpetomoniases, the parasites having evolved from flagel- lates of invertebrates. This is a very interesting collateral development of the tre- mendously important subject of arthropod transmission of disease, and suggests the need of prophylaxis directed against arthropods as transmitters of pathogenic protozoa which are just becoming parasitic in vertebrates. M. C. Hat. GLANDERS DIMINISHING IN NEw York Ciry. The administra- tive measures enforced by the Department of Health embrace the sanitary control of all stables in the city, the closing of public horse troughs, the making of specific diagnostic tests for glanders of all horses exposed to a proved case of glanders, the destruction of all reacting animals, the supervision of all horse-shoeing establishments, and the distribution of circulars of information ‘on glanders to all horse owners, stable keepers, horse shoers, ete. CASES OF GLANDERS IN NEW YORK CITY 1914 1915 1916 Barsh: quarter. 43.4): 34 229 232 127 Second quarter...... 313 161 82 WinirlgAanter 2% v.03 227 145 a Fourth quarter...... 384 166 _-- Mobtals” ccgscers 1,153 704 209 In an article on Municipal Abattoirs—A Community Necessity, by Alex. Grouchy, Jr., Mayor of Baton Rouge, La., the following statement is made: ‘‘The municipal abattoir of Baton Rouge, is a monument to the constant, earnest, intelligent recommendations of Dr. W. H. Dalrymple of the Louisiana State University, strongly seconded by Dr. Oscar Dowling, President of the Louisiana State Board of Health, and represents a giant step forward in matters of health regulations.”’ ASSOCIATION MEETINGS AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION - ADDRESS OF WELCOME JAMES H. Lex, Detroit, Mich. Mr. Chairman and Ladies and Gentlemen of the fifty-third Annual Convention of the American Veterinary Medical Associa-— tion: It is a pleasant duty this warm morning, perhaps the warm- est we have had in Detroit this summer, to extend to you a wel- — come on behalf of the Mayor of the City of Detroit. Mayor Oscar B. Marx is at the present time very busy, and it was an ab- solute impossibility at ten o’clock this morning for him to make arrangements to be here and welcome you in person, as he very earnestly desired to do. So he requested me to come here and in his behalf extend to you ladies and gentlemen who are entering upon this five-day convention in our city, a welcome. In respect to the profession which you gentlemen represent, we here in Detroit through Dr. H. E. States, the veterinarian con- nected with the Board of Health of Detroit, have done much work along the line of conserving the public health through the veteri- nary profession. We are helped a great deal in this respect by the twelve government inspectors who work in conjunction with the Detroit Board of Health. My attention has been called by Dr. Patterson, a local veterinarian of very high repute, to the fact that the horse doctor of olden days has been relegated to the past; that the man who could go out and practise your profession without a scientific education, without a state examination, and a diploma, has gone the way of the old time lawyer who could be admitted to the bar upon motion. It was my privilege about five years ago as a member of the state senate, to go into some of the laws governing your profession. did that in conjunction with an effort to pass a bill relative to raising the standard of the legal profession by making it compul- sory that candidates for admission to the bar in the state of Michi- gan pass a bar examination. At that time I found that every pro- fession with the exception of the profession of the law, required that a man have a scientifie education, that he pursue a certain course in his chosen profession in a standard school, and that he then take an examination. I was agreeably surprised ‘to find, ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 853 at the time, because I had the prevailing idea that the veterinarian was simply a horse doctor, I say I was agreeably surprised, ladies and gentlemen, to find that the standard here in Michigan for admission to this profession is very high; that a man must have a college course in this work of, I believe, four years, and must then take an examination before a state board before being admitted to practice. It speaks well for the growth in popular es- timation, and for the growth in professional standing, that this pro- fession has attained. To digress a minute to the City of Detroit, of course without saying it, you all know we have the most beautiful city in the world. Anent my being here this morning, I want to tell you a story. It used to be the custom of the municipality to have upon the city hall a large electric sign, reading ‘‘Welcome’’. That was stationary, stood there throughout the summer months and then underneath it, we would put the names of the various conventions that were meeting in the city; but conventions got to be so numerous, and so many came here simultaneously, that a little jealousy sprang up, and if we would say, Welcome to the Veterinarians of the World and the physicians happened to be here in session at the same time, you can see there would be jealousy. We found it impossible, having only one sign, to accom- modate all conventions; and we then came to the conclusion that hot air was cheaper than electricity and could be more easily dis- pensed, and so we now come around to welcome you in person. I want to have you ladies and gentlemen get around our beautiful city. I want also to extend to you a cordial invitation to come and meet his Honor, the Mayor. He wants you to eall upon him, if you have an opportunity, either individually or in a body at the city hall—which is quite centrally located, just a block or two east—before you go away, so that he may shake your hands, and extend to you a welcome in person. In closing I simply want to say that we give to you the full freedom of our city. We want you to have a good time. We want you to see some of the wonderful industries that we have here. We do not want you to forget that we are not only the greatest automobile city, but that we have the largest pharmaceutical works in the world. We want you to remember that we have the largest stove works in the world. We want you to remember that we have some of the finest boulevards. We want you to remem- ber that we have some excellent water trips. 854 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS We want you to take in everything you can and enjoy your- selves, and when you go away you will say indeed our motto was a true one, that, ‘‘Detroit is a place where life is worth ea Ladies and gentlemen, I thank you. RESPONSE TO THE ADDRESS OF WELCOME Tait S. Burter, Memphis, Tenn. Mr. President, Mr. Lee and Ladies and Gentlemen: Since ar- riving in the city, or rather since leaving St. Louis yesterday morning, I have been trying to figure out this anomaly, this hot air prop- position that Detroit is furnishing us; and | am glad that our friend, Mr. Lee, has stated the explanation. Certainly you will agree with me that it is sufficiently hot. I was interested in knowing the reason of that hot air, and we have just been told that Detroit has the largest stove factory in America here. I think they must all be at work. That statement may seem rather strange to you, as I come from the south, where we think it is hot, but we are not going to enter into any competition with Detroit along that line. It is peculiarly fitting, it seems to me, that the American Veterinary Medical Association should meet in Detroit. We have heard repeatedly that the object and chief concern of our business was going out; and that Detroit was playing the chief role in putting the faithful horse out of business. This, my friends, is the answer of the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion to all those false claims. Today there are more horses at work for man than ever before in the history of the world. Some of them, true, are working to his destruction, but by far the larger num- ber are working for man’s betterment. And this magnificent pro- fession, splendid in its attainments, has progressed steadily for the protection and the development of the faithful friends of man, the live stock on the farm. It seems to us that the future of the American Veterinarian is particularly bright. Perhaps it does not occur to you that of all the means of economically maintaining soil fertility—and by the way, the American acre only produces about one-half as much as the Kuropean acre—it is a fact, however, that among all the other means of building up and maintaining soil fertility economically, ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 855 that live stock has become recognized by all the authorities as one of the chief agents. Therefore, instead of having a small number of animals in this country per capita, the time is not far distant, certainly the time is coming when the number of domesticated animals in America will be doubled and trebled, they must be quad- rupled, in proportion to the per capita, to what they are now, and the American veterinarian must profit in the same measure by the increase. I am a substitute this morning, my friends, as was the gentle- man who made the address of welcome. I have not the ability to express to Mr. Lee the appreciation of our welcome to Detroit. We have been here before. Sixteen years ago we were in this city. I remember it particularly for good and sufficient reasons. I am sure everyone who was here on that occasion has not failed, dur- ing all these past sixteen years to have in his heart a warm place _for the veterinarians and the people of Detroit. I wish to assure you, Mr. Lee, that we accept your kind wel- come in the spirit in which it is given; and we feel confident, from past experience, that we shall have a splendid time in the city of Detroit; because as you have so truly said there is not a more beautiful city on this American continent. Long before I had ever seen Detroit I had heard of its beautiful streets, its splendid boulevards, its magnificent buildings, and when I came here I was not disappointed. I had not conceived that there was an American city so clean, so well built, so beautifully located with such picturesque parks and highways. Therefore we feel certain we are going to have a splendid time in this city of Detroit at this fifty-third meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association; and I wish to thank you on behalf of my colleagues and the ladies and gentlemen here assembled, for your splendid address of welcome. —=—_—_——EEE ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE A. V. M. A. R. A. ARCHIBALD, Oakland, Cal. Fellow Members of the American Veterinary Medical Association and Friends: 7 By reason of the high honor you conferred upon me a year ago, I am privileged to follow the time-honored custom established by my distinguished predecessors of addressing you this morning. 856 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Before proceeding, however, I desire to take advantage of this opportunity in attempting to express my heart-felt appreciation for the great honor conferred in being elected to the office of President of the largest veterinary association in the world. I am keenly conscious of the fact that this honor was not bestowed upon me be- cause of any intrinsic merit I might possess, but rather I desire the privilege of considering it a well deserved recognition of the yeomanry service in the work of upbuilding the veterinary pro- fession in North America by the veterinarians of the Pacific Coast, particularly those of California. | California, even though somewhat isolated by location in the far west, has for the past few years ranked among the first two or three states in point of membership in this association. This should be looked upon as remarkable, and more credit is due when we con- sider the veterinary population of the State of California as com- pared with the veterinary population of such states as New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, lowa, Ohio, and others. As this condition of affairs cannot be ascribed to accident, it demonstrates that the work of organization along veterinary lines in California has been prosecuted unceasingly for the past twenty-five years. x From an analysis of the work accomplished by this association during the past twelve months, the following achievements stand out most prominently:—The acquiring of an official scientific Journal for this organization has been for many years a crying ne- cessity and that this administration has been able to purchase the American Veterinary Review and successfully finance and edit the same for the past year as its own publication in the face of in- numerable difficulties, must be considered gratifying in the ex- treme. When it is realized that in previous years this association was frequently in such financial straits as to make it necessary to borrow money in order to meet its obligations, makes this achieve- ment still more impressive. We believe nothing has been done in recent years that will do more towards concentrating and cement- ing the interests of the veterinary profession in this country than the continued successful publication of this heretofore much needed veterinary literature. As you all know, our efforts to obtain legislation for the army veterinarian has been finally brought to a successful termination, and while this administration desires as much credit as possible for the consummation of this desired recognition of our profession, ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 857 —————— we do not wish in any way to undervalue the work of those who for years have untiringly waged a campaign to obtain this recognition for our army veterinarian. We realize very forcibly that many of our members have toiled faithfully for years to lay a foundation for this legislation and perhaps we have been undeservedly for- tunate in being able to step in at the psychological moment and reap the reward for our army confreres that has long been their due. While considering legislative matters we must not overlook the fact that a campaign is being waged to provide legislation whereby proper classification of employees of the Bureau of Animal In- dustry may be legalized and we sincerely hope and trust that the so-called ‘‘Lobeck Bill’’ will meet with a success similar to that of the army bill. While we in the far West have only vague ideas of the intrica- cies of the sanitary and police problems which arose incidental to the late outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the east and middle west, we do believe we are sufficiently alive to the situation to unqualifiedly commend the work of our Bureau of Animal Indus- try whose destinies are watched over by our Drs. Melvin, Mohler, and an efficient corps of trained veterinarians, for the splendid manner in which it assumed the work of control and eradication. As a result of the firm stand adopted in the handling of this dis- ease, the results accomplished by our Bureau will go down in the archives of veterinary history as one of the remarkable scientific achievements of all time. While great credit is due the federal authorities in this con- nection, we must not overlook the splendid work performed by members of: the profession occupying semi-official or perhaps un- official positions. With few exceptions these men when called upon to assist at great personal and business sacrifices contributed their time and energy with only one objective viewpoint: viz, the eradi- cation of aphthous fever from this country. Regarding the control of tuberculosis, it is quite apparent that we can only report progress at this time. It is hoped, how- ever, that the International Commission on Bovine Tuberculosis will submit at this meeting data and advice that will tend to guide our footsteps over the many obstacles this problem presents, as it has done on several occasions in the past. Hog cholera is another disease that should receive more study and consideration. We trust that some action will be taken during 858 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS this meeting towards laying a foundation for the control and use of anti-hog-cholera serum and virus, particularly virus. It has un- doubtedly been shown in some states where the use of these biolo- vices is properly controlled, that the most encouraging results have been obtained, whereas in communities where their use has been placed in the hands of the laity and other scientifically irrespon- sible individuals, the results have been disastrous, detracting as a result from the confidence that should and would be placed in_ these prophylactic agents if they were properly applied. Little need be said with reference to the next most important disease, namely, contagious abortion. The program committee has arranged for a symposium upon this vital question and there is no doubt but that the ground will be thoroughly covered both by scien- tifie papers and discussions. Only passing mention of the above named disease is made, as it is realized that the various committees appointed for the specific purpose of considering the same will deal with them at such length and in such a manner as could not possibly be attempted in an ad- dress of this character. A matter that is dear to our heart and which is considered’ pertinent to an address of this nature is the tremendous progress being made in the solving of problems underlying the question of immunity. As probably you all know the theories of Metchnikoff, Erhlich and others, while they have served as stimulants and have laid a foundation for research and study, later developments have shown that such theories have failed to furnish logical explana- tions for the changes an animal undergoes during the progress of an infectious or toxemie disease. The work of Vaughn, Peterson, Wright, Jobling, Abderhalden, Bordet, Friedberger and many others have shown that the theory of phagocytosis of Matchinkoff and the side chain theory of Ehrlich have not been entirely satis- factory, and as a consequence they will have to undergo modifica- tion or even give way to the newer theories which deal with the physio-biological factors designated as ferments and antiferments. These elements are attracting the attention of physiologists, biolo- gists and pathologists almost to the exclusion of all the hypotheti- cal factors heretofore considered. The fact has already been estab- lished that normal balancing of these elements has a vital bearing on normal metabolism and that the therapeutics of the future will be largely confined to an attempt to regulate the normal balanced ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 859 i ——— relationship between these elements. In other words it becomes more and more apparent that upsetting this balanced relationship is the main factor in bringing about pathological conditions, and in controlling pathological conditions, the big problem confronting the medical world to day is how to rationally maintain the normal bal- ance between the ferments on the one hand and the antiferments on the other by increasing or decreasing either as the occasion requires. The action of these ferments and antiferments, as research has shown, is not necessarily specific in character, hence, while specific reactions and changes are not denied, they are not the only factors involved in the process of immunity. The lesson to be learned here is that those of us who have been pinning our faith on specific therapy in the treatment and control of infectious diseases and relying upon the doctrine of specificity to explain the changes occurring during the progress of acquiring immunity and in our study of immunology, must prepare ourselves to accept and to understand the principles involved in the newer ideas gained from actual experimental research and clinical appli- eation of the knowledge acquired by a study of the role played by the physio-biological elements known as ferments and antiferments. The man who endeavors to keep up with the progress of scien- tific medicine of today has his work cut out for him, and in order to keep pace with modern progress, he must be endowed with ex- traordinary energy, in fact must be of an exceptional character and be fortified with a mentality that is capable of being stimulated by association and contact with those who are interested and are work- ing along similar lines. No man who is devoting his life to the work, study, and elucidation of the many questions concerning the control and eradication of disease can hope to make progress along these lines unless he mingles with his fellow-men whose mission and life work is devoted to the solving of these problems. Our main object in calling attention to these facts is to en- deavor to show that the big problem of the man who is working along scientific lines today, even though he may be engaged in con- | structive work himself, is to keep abreast of the tremendous progress that is being made and to emphasize the fact that he who does not exert every energy he possesses with this object in view, will fall by the wayside or will at least become a nonentity in his community as far as the medical profession is concerned. 860 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS If these be the facts, it 1s quite evident that the veterinarian who desires to be alive to the issues of the day and remain in the mareh of progress, must take advantage of the facilities afforded by mem- bership in the American Veterinary Medical Association and to use to the fullest extent the meetings of this association ‘as a medium — to commune and exchange ideas with his fellow-workers. Coming down to a consideration of the future as it pertains to the welfare of this organization, the first problem that strikes us most forcibly is that of reorganization. It is self-evident that this association should proceed as rapidly as constitutional prac- tice and parliamentary law will permit to change the present meth- ods of conducting its ultra business affairs which have proven to be entirely inadequate to handle the enormous amount of business that is forced upon us as the result of rapid growth, increased membership and responsibilities. Reorganization of this associa- tion therefore, bringing it up to a standard commensurate with its size and future aims and objects, is unquestionably the most. vital problem confronting us during this session. If this body should do nothing else during the next few days but reconstruct its consti- tution and by-laws, rendering them adequate to meet the necessities of such an organization as ours, we will feel when adjournment is reached that we have witnessed the conclusion of the most success- ful meeting in the history of this association. While we have no doubt that the committee on reorganization will submit a complete report dealing with this problem, we feel that the experiences of the past year have given us some insight as to the inadequacy of our present constitution and by-laws to meet the necessities and particularly the emergencies that crop up from time to time. In this connection therefore, I desire the privilege of submitting to you and to your executive committee, certain recommendations or suggestions. We believe steps should be taken to interest all state associa- tions in national association work, for if all state organizations be- came component parts of this association, it would solve the problem of controlling the personnel of our membership and in this way it could be readily determined whether or not a prospective member was or was not an association man and whether he was a man in good standing in his own community. The eustom followed by the American Medical Association of electing its president one year prior to the actual assumption ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 861 of the duties of his office should be adopted by this organi- zation as we do not believe, judging from experiences gained during the past year, that any man should be injected into or be required to assume the duties and responsibilities incidental to the office of president without some time for preparation. Some arrangement should be made to better control the indis- criminate use of the association’s money, more especially in the matter of regulating appropriations and controlling the unauthor- ized contraction of bills by the various committees and resident state secretaries. The finance committee should be properly con- stituted and be required to pass upon all proposals for appropria- tions before such proposals are submitted to the association for final action. The committee on finance should also have jurisdie- tion over all matters pertaining to the finances of the association and should be empowered to employ an expert accountant to ex- amine the books of the association at least once a year. Regarding this would also suggest that all moneys collected in the name of the | _- association be placed in the hands of the treasurer and its use be controlled by the administration at all times. It appears that the time has arrived when it is absolutely im- perative to have a full time secretary elected for a period of not less than five years, whose office should be located where he would be in almost daily contact with the editor of our Journal. It is essential that a fixed policy be adopted in regard to the matter of dues as it is quite evident that the present chaotic condi- _ tion of affairs in this connection is, to say the least, deplorable. Your secretary in his annual report will probably have something to say on this question. Associate members should be provided for as there are many men whose qualifications do not enable them to active membership, but whose support and co-operation would be invaluable from a scientific standpoint. One of the most pressing needs is the early selection of a busi- ness manager for the Journal. At present such duties devolve - upon the editor. We think it is the experience of all who are a familiar with journalistic work that the functions of editor and business manager have seldom, if ever, been carried on success- fully by one person. If this is true, the future suecess of our Journal necessitates the immediate selection of a business manager, whose mission it will be to take charge of the business features of the publication. 862 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS The suggestion is made that all papers and committee reports presented to the association be copyrighted and that only original papers be submitted to this body for consideration or to the Journal for publication. In view of the tremendous change in the character of veteri- nary practice, especially in rural districts, conditions that are largely due to the passing of the horse, it would not only seem de- sirable but in fact especially necessary for this association to take a decided stand in requiring veterinary colleges to supplement regu- lar veterinary instruction with a course on animal husbandry, par- ticularly with reference to the breeding and care of meat and milk producing animals. If this policy is carried out, the veterinarian of the future will be enabled to oceupy the position in farming com- munities that is now indifferently filled by the so-called Farm ad- viser or agricultural graduate. The various veterinary educational institutions of this coun- try should also be required to change their curricula so that stu- dents could acquire, at least, a fair working knowledge of problems incidental to veterinary sanitary science and police and public health matters in general. ; This thought is suggested because in recent meetings called for the purpose of dealing with problems connected with animal husbandry, and sanitary problems incidental to the production of meat and milk, the veterinarian instead of being the leader or a prominent factor in such movements is only ‘present by courtesy or as an invited guest. The program committee has labored hard to prepare a splendid literary banquet for this meeting and bearing as it does, the names of the men who are constantly doing things, it is hoped that all will take advantage of the occasion presented to obtain all possible benefits therefrom. This opportunity is taken to express my deep sense of apprecia- tion for the splendid support accorded me during the past year by both officers and members of the various committees and I par- ticularly desire to express my heart-felt appreciation for the sup- port and assistance accorded me by your secretary, Dr. ©. M. Har- ing, who has been untiring in his efforts not only to assist me with counsel and advice in the hour of need, but also for the vast amount of time and energy he has displayed in condueting the | ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 863 Se Ee ee ee affairs of the association with only one thought in mind, the best interests of the profession we have the honor to represent. I realize fully that your time is altogether too valuable to be taken up by me in the discussion of generalities so I will close by expressing the hope that this meeting will be a success and will be marked by harmonious deliberation so that our thoughts will not be swayed by personal grievances and desires, but will be centered upon the business at hand for in that way only can the best possible _ interests of the veterinary profession as a whole and the individ- ual as a unit be conserved and promoted. REPORT OF THE TREASURER OF THE A. V.M.A. RECEIPTS FROM Oct. 4th, 1915, to AuGust 2nd, 1916. 1915 Oct. 4, Balance in bank as per report of George R. White, : ae Treasurer, as of August 30th, 1915............... $ 1,192.27 Oct. 18, Received from C. M. Haring, Secretary.........--.-- 2,740.60 “Dee. 4, Received from C. M. Haring, Secretary.........-.--- 349.00 1916 Jan. 8, Received from C. M. Haring, Secretary.......--..---- 166.30 Feb. 24, Received from C. M. Haring, Secretary......-...-.-- 700.00 r Amt eRaste frome DANK) 6.3 5 —_— WISCONSIN VETERINARY MEpICAL ASSOCIATION The semi-annual meeting of the Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Association was held at Menomonie, Wis., July 26-27, 1916. When President L. J. O’Reilley sounded the gavel on the morn- ing of July 26th, in the Chamber of Commerce Parlors, he called to order one of the largest and most instructive meetings our asso- ciation ever held. The forenoon of the first day was taken up by a general business session, and the reports of several standing and special committees. The program which was carried out in full for the balance of the meeting consisted of the reading and discussion of the following papers: Torsion of the Uterus in the Mare, Cow, and Sheep...... _ Ee IER ee pee emia shat ie ain ane Ed. Boesewetter Néeroforus Infectionim* Colts ..5 0.2.00. fs. O. A. Rabe Pourine’ (Maladie du coit) ais sc ee). Se S. H. Ward State Veterinarian of Minnesota CROLL SW SAE 2 AMR Eas A H. Gutschenritter ‘The Bulli as a Disseminator of Contagious Abortion...... Shel Ae ts A ae Ne ae aR F. B. Hadley and H. Lothe An Indication Signified by Bowel Palpation............. oa ANE tis AG OSS ai A ene oe J. W. Beekwith An Interesting Case Report on Sterility in a Stallion.... EP eter er Me pee a2 ahs Sn oe + ie (> ae einen 375, C. W. Brown Paresis in Swine due to Constipation.......4 A. E. Fabian A question box, creating a prolonged discussion on questions of vital importance. We were exceedingly fortunate in having Drs. C. E. Cotton and S. H. Ward of Minnesota with us. The part they took in our pro- gram and in the general discussions was greatly enjoyed by all \ 876 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS N present. To show their appreciation, the association elected them to Honorary Fellowship in our Society. One half day of the session was given over to a clinic which was arranged for by Dr. J. D. Lee, and held at his infirmary. The amount of material and kind of subjects selected surely did credit to Dr. Lee and his assistants. Out of the ordinary was a stock judging demonstration by Prof. Pickford of the College of Agri- culture. The meeting was closed on the afternoon of July 27th, with a short business session, at which time the association passed a reso- lution setting permanent dates for our annual and semi-annual meetings for the third week in January and July of each year. With many thanks to the citizens of Menominee and Dr. J. D. Lee for courtesies rendered the meeting closed with a smoker ten- dered by the Chamber of Commerce on the evening of July 27th. Adjournment was taken to meet at Madison, January 16, 17 and 18th, 1917. W. A. Wo.cort, Secretary. Missourt VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION : The Missouri Valley Veterinary Association held its 22d an- nual meeting at Omaha, Nebraska, July 10, 11 and 12. The meet- ing was well attended and was in every way a success. In the absence of Mayor Dahlman the address of weleome was made by City Attorney Tepole. Dr. R. C. Moore, one of the three charter members present, responded to this address, briefly review- ing the work of the association and calling attention to present con- ditions as they pertain to veterinary progress. Some very interesting reports and papers were read and valu- able discussions were elicited. Among the newer ideas introduced might be mentioned Dr. Bemis’ method of producing local anaes- thesia for equine dental operations. This consists of injections of cocain or similar agents along the course of the maxillary and man- dibular nerves near the points where they enter their respective foramina in the jaw bones. Another comparatively new procedure introduced was the immunization of cattle against blackleg by sim- ultaneous vaccination with virus and hyperimmune serum. This has been worked out by the Veterinary Department of the Kansas State Agricultural College and was presented to the association in a paper by Dr. IF. S. Schoenleber. ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 877 A splendid paper entitled ‘‘Important Essentials in Profitable Horse Production’’ was read by Dr. C.W. McCampbell, Secretary of the Kansas Livestock Registry Board. He pointed out that it is costing American farmers more to rear the average colt than the animal is worth upon reaching a marketable age; he showed that a colt from a grade stallion is worth about half what a colt from a pure bred sire is worth, both from the same dam and reared under like conditions. His plea was for a higher standard in our breed- ing stock, particularly in stallions. Other papers of merit were read by Drs.'J. I. Gibson, 8. W. Alford, Henry Hell, E. A. Logan, C. F. Nord, E. L: Quitman, N. S. Mayo, C. J. Norden, W. W. Dimock and C. A. Langenfeldt. The clinic, which was held on the second day, was unusually well attended and a very full program was provided by members of the local committee. A young sow with eversion of the vagina was operated on by Dr. Shipley. This case was interesting be- cause it was one of a herd of forty or more, nearly all similarly affected. Several members reported the sporadic appearance of this condition in their respective localities. It seems to be not he- reditary or due to any anatomical deficiency, but rather to some form of dietary intoxication. Dr. E. L. Quitman, assisted by Dr. D. M. Campbell, demonstrated a new method of inducing anaes- thesia in dogs. Initiation into the Ak-Sar-Ben, the unique booster organiza- tion of Omaha business men, and a banquet at the Hotel Castle were the most notable features of the social program. Resolutions of condolence to the relatives of deceased members were adopted.. Other resolutions proposed and adopted are as follows : RECOGNITION OF THE FINAL ERADICATION OF Foot-AND-MouTH DISEASE FROM THE UNITED States. Whereas the livestock industry was severely affected by the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth dis- ease ; Whereas the disease has been successfully eradicated by the Bureau of Animal Industry through cooperation with the various states concerned ; Whereas the work was successfully consummated with a lim- ited loss of livestock considering the extent of the outbreak and at a less expenditure of money than in any similar outbreak on record ; Therefore be it resolved that this association express its grati- 878 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS fication and confidence in the ability of the veterinarians taking part in this work; And be it further resolved that this association further appre- ciates the cooperation of the livestock interests which facilitated the prompt eradication of the disease ; And be it further resolved that a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to the Secretary of Agriculture, U. S. A. PASSAGE OF THE ARMY Bitu. Whereas the Congress of the United States has seen fit to recognize the importance of the army veterinary service by commissioning the army veterinarians; Whereas the Honorable James Hay and Dr. W. Horace Hos- kins, many Senators, other Representatives, veterinarians and mem- bers of the army legislative committee, devoted much time and en- ergy in support of this bill to its suecessful passage ; Therefore be it resolved that this association express its appre- ciation of this recognition ; And be it further resolved that this association express its ap- preciation to the various parties for their services to the army vet- erinary corps and the profession at large. m: Hog CHOLERA ConrroL Work. Whereas hog cholera is a seri- ous and widespread disease and has for the last few years caused serious losses. However, through the untiring efforts of the veteri- nary profession, it has been kept under control with diminished losses ; Whereas the veterinarian alone is especially fitted by virtue of his education and training to cope with the prevention and treat- ment of hog cholera; Whereas there is considerable agitation to transfer government hog cholera control work from the Bureau of Animal Industry to another department. Whereas the Bureau of Animal Industry through cooperation - with the various state organizations and veterinary practitioners has successfully eradicated pleuropneumonia and foot-and-mouth disease from our country and has materially diminished the scabies and tick infested areas and has made material progress in the con- trol of hoe cholera, thus demonstrating its efficieney ; Therefore be it resolved that this association express its con- fidence in the Bureau of Animal Industry and urge the Secretary of Agriculture to use his influence for the continuation of hog cholera control work by the Bureau of Animal Industry ; ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 879 Be vt further resolved that a copy of this resolution be sent to the Secretary of Agriculture, U. S. A. Be it resolved that this association commends all the good work accomplished by the county agricultural agent movement, and especially in those instances where the county agents have cooper- ated with the local veterinarians ; Be it further resolved that this association deplores the fact that in some instances county agricultural agents have assumed to render services that only qualified veterinarians are prepared to do. Therefore, we urge that the Secretary of Agriculture issue instructions to all county agents to refrain from treating diseases of livestock unless such agents are qualified veterinarians ; Be it further resolved that a copy of this resolution be sent to the Secretary of Agriculture, U. S. A. Whereas the American Veterinary Medical Association has not held a meeting in the Missouri Valley since 1907; Whereas the number of veterinarians has increased materially since 1907 and the profession is benefitted by such an association meeting in its territory ; Therefore be it resolved that an invitation be extended to the American Veterinary Medical Association to convene at Kansas City in 1917. Be it resolved that we sincerely thank the retiring officers and committees for their successful efforts in the carrying out of their various duties ; Be it further resolved that we express as an association our ap- preciation of the very excellent way in which the local committee ‘on arrangements has provided for the meeting and extend to its members our thanks for their thoughtfulness for our welfare and entertainment. Officers for the ensuing year are: President, R. C. Moore, St. Joseph; Vice-President, C. C. Hall, Omaha; Secretary-Treasurer, R. F. Bourne, Kansas City. Trustees: H. R. Morris, Omaha; D. H. Miller, Council Bluffs; Joseph Hughes, Chicago; J. H. Scott, Princeton, Mo.; B. W. Conrad, Sabetha, Kans. R. F. Bourne, Secretary. - “_ 880 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS TENESSEE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OFFICERS, 1916 President, Dr. J. H. McMahon, Columbia, Tenn.; Vice-Presi- dent, Dr. E. M. Culley, Paris, Tenn.; 2nd Vice-President, Dr. G. P. Whittington, Morristown, Tenn.; Secretary, Dr. F. W. Morgan, Chattanooga, Tenn.; Treasurer, Dr. W. P. Coplin, Humboldt, Tenn. Executive Committee: F. R. Youree, 8. H. Woods, J. W. Scheibler. ; Legislative Committee: M. Jacob, P. J. Landes, A. C. Topmiller. Finance Committee: Wm. Murray, J. J. Gregory, Jas. M. Jones. Resolutions Committee: Geo. R. White, C. E. Kord, G. B. Blackman. Ethics Committee: Geo. R. White, F. W. Morgan, G. B. Giltner. The annual mid-summer meeting of the Illinois State Veter- inary Medical Association was held at Peoria, Ill., July 19. Among those on the program were Doctors Dyson, LaCroix, A. H. Baker and Mayo. At the clinic held at the veterinary hospital of Doctors Scott & Brown, numerous demonstrations and surgical operations were performed by Dr. L. A. Merillat. It is said that more than 250 were in attendance. The next meeting of the California State Veterinary Medical Association will be held in San Francisco Sept. 13. The semi-annual meeting of the Oklahoma Graduate veterinary Medical Association was held July 19. After committees had been appointed, the visitors were treated to an automobile ride, a trip through the Sulzberger plant and the serum laboratories at Pack- ingtown. The marriage of Miss Julia Swan and Dr. D. W. Hurst occured July 20. Dr. Hurst is a graduate of the Ames, Ia. Veterinary Col- lege and is in the employ of the goverment in connection with hog- cholera work. They will establish their home at Tecumseh, Neb- raska after August 15, REVIEWS DISEASES OF THE DOG AND THEIR TREATMENT Dr. GEORGE MULLER Professor Director of the Clinie for Small Animals at the Veterinary High School at Dresden and ALEXANDER GLASS, A.M., V.S. (MeGill) ; Professor of Canine Medicine in the Veterinary Department University of Pennsylvania Fourth illustrated edition, revised and enlarged. Alexander Eger, Publisher, Chicago, 1916. The fourth edition of this book has just come from the press, “and shows some important changes. The most notable of which are to be found in the chapter on Infectious Diseases, which contains considerable new material on canine distemper, and a discussion of Infectious Hemorrhagic Gastro-enteritis. These two diseases are of great importance to the veterinarian, and dog fancier, hence, a timely revision of this chapter. These diseases are handled accord- ing to the present day knowledge of vaccines and serum-therapy. The chapter discussing the diseases of the digestive system has been re-written, and particularly, that portion dealing with in- testinal parasites has been remodelled, and enlarged, so as to include the latest investigations along this hne. This subject has been pre- sented in a comprehensive manner so that it will be of inestimable value to both the student and practitioner. Several new things have been added to this chapter, which greatly increase its value over the third edition. A number of new illustrations have been added to this edition, which will make the book more interesting and valuable, especially to the student. The author is to be commended for his efforts in bringing forth ‘this revision of such a valuable treatise on the Diseases of the Dog. The book as a whole is well bound, is neat in appearance, and should be well received by the student and practitioner of veteri- nary medicine. O. V. B—ZJ.N.S. 882 REVIEWS \ A LABORATORY MANUAL IN.GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY WARD GILTNER Prepared by the Laboratory of Bacteriology, Hygiene and Pathology, Michigan Agricultural College, Ward Giltner, Head of the Department. Pp.. XVI, 418. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. Price $2.50. As the title indicates, this volume is a laboratory manual in general microbiology. It is the outgrowth of experience in teach- ing this subject in the Michigan Agricultural College and in its preparation a number of those who have been engaged in the De- partment of Bacteriology in that institution have taken more or less part. The book is divided into three parts. Part one consists of 53 exercises on general morphological and cultural methods; part two contains 33 exercises on the physiology of microorganisms ; part three pertains to apphed microbiology and is made up of ex- ercises on the following topics: air microbiology, water and sewage microbiology ; soil, dairy, and plant microbiology, animal diseases and immunity. These are followed by an appendix giving an out- line for the study of microdrganisms, a table for the identification of bacteria and the examination of polluted waters, and directions for the preparation of special culture media, various formulae and other topics of general interest. As suggested in the title, this book covers a large uumber of | subjects. It is impossible to discuss extensively such a variety of topies fully in the space that can be allotted in a laboratory man- ual. The text contains 74 illustrations, nearly all of which are ex- cellent and well chosen. It is natural that in the choice of subject matter and in the methods recommended, differences of opinion exist. There are, however, very few changes or additions that sug- gest themselves. The author seems to have chosen wisely and it is doubtful if an aggregate of 100 exercises could be selected that — would be more helpful to the student of general microbiology than those outlined in this volume. The author is to be congratulated in his choice of topics and the clearness with which he has outlined | them for the help of the student. These directions can be highly recommended to those who desire to study general bacteriology, including certain of the higher forms. At the end there is a valu- able list of text and reference books. The publishers have done their part most satisfactorily. V. A.M, REVIEWS 883 OUTLINE OF LECTURES IN SPECIAL PATHOLOGY SAMUEL HOWARD BURNETT Professor of Comparative Pathology in the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Carpenter and Company, Ithaca, W916.) Pp. 64. The teaching of special pathology or the structural changes, including the changes in funetion, of the several organs and parts of the body is a somewhat difficult task. It is, however, exceeding- ly important that the student of veterinary medicine should have as clear and definite a knowledge of the various changes that may take place in the different organs and structures of the bodies as possible. It is these changes that the practitioner has to take into account in formulating a successful method of treatment. In the teaching of pathology it has been found desirable to divide the subject into three parts, namely, general pathology, special pathology and the pathology of the specific infectious diseases. The first gives the causes and explains what the structural changes are. The second deals with the diseases that affect the different organs. The first two make it possible to differentiate from changes due to general causes, the lesions peculiar to invasion of the body by specific eti- ological factors. For some years the author of this book has given a course of lectures, supplemented with laboratory exercises, on special path- ology. These lectures are devoted to the cardio-vascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system and the skin. Under each of these general headihgs is a carefully arranged synop- sis of the changes that may take place in each organ and membrane. _ A list of the more important text and reference books on compara- tive pathology is appended. The purpose of this synopsis is to enable the student to follow the subject and to be able to select from the enormous literature the topics that are of the most importance. This synopsis indicates, in a logical manner, the tissue changes that are known to occur in each organ and tissue. While this volume was prepared primarily for _ students taking their lectures on special pathology, it would be _ very helpful to any person who wishes to study the subject. As _ the author is among the best comparative pathologists and a good _ teacher, the work embodies both the facts based on scientifie research and the perspective of the teacher. V.A.M, SAA NECROLOGY S. M. SMITH Dr. 8. M. Smith of Mitchell, South Dakota died very suddenly _ of acute indigestion on the 23d of last March. CHARLES BEECHER POTTER Dr. C. B. Potter, aged 48, died suddenly of heart trouble at his home at Ithaca, N. Y. He was a graduate of the N. Y. State Veterinary College in the class of 1899, and served for a time as U.S. Veterinary Inspector at Chicago, Ill. ROMANZO PERKINS Dr. Romanzo Perkins, aged 71 years, died March 15 at his home at Warsaw, N. Y. Dr. Perkins had been in poor health of late years which resulted in a general break down. ———— EDWIN J. PECK Dr. Peck died in August at Cleveland, Ohio from typhoi fever. Dr. Peck was a graduate of the Ontario and MecKillip Veterinary Colleges. He was stationed at Cleveland as an U. 8. Veterinary Inspector. _————— ee THOMAS GREGOR BRODIE Dr. Brodie died suddenly in London, England, August 20. He has been Professor of Physiology at the Ontario Veterinary College at Toronto since 1908. Previous to that he had been Pro- fessor in the Royal Veterinary College in London for a number of. years. He was one of the foremost physiologists and devoted much of his time to research. At the time of his death he was serving as a captain in the Canadian Army Medical Corps. K. LAVALARD Dr. EK. Lavalard, an honorary member of the American Veteri- nary Medical Association, died at Paris, France, May 29, 1916. 20h ES SD MISCELLANEOUS Dr. H. E. Lent, formerly of Sauk Center, Minn., has removed to Akeley, Minn. The death of Dr. J. B. Powell of Pueblo, Colorado is reported. Dr. Julius Stotchik has taken a position with the Horse Aid Society of New York City. Dr. George L. Schaefer was seriously injured in a motor ae- cident near Omaha, Neb. He is reported to have sustained a broken arm, a broken leg and other injuries. Dr. Elinor McGrath of Chicago has the distinction of being the first woman veterinarian elected to membership in the Ameri- can Veterinary Medical Association. The twentieth annual meeting of the United States Live Stock _ Sanitary Association will be held at Chicago, December 5, 6 and 7. Dr. Hoskins reports an increase of $700 in contributions to the Salmon Memorial Fund. Dr. C. A. Fast has removed from Haviland, Ohio, to Van Wert, Ohio. Dr. Carl W. Gay, for a number of years head of the Depart- ment of Animal Husbandry at the Veterinary College at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, has resigned to take a position at the Uni- versity of Minnesota. Dr. Gay was active in procuring the law regulating the registration of stallions. He is the author of two recent books on Animal Husbandry and is regarded as an authority in his department. Dr. Wiliam V. Lusk, Veterinarian of the 2nd Cavalry has been transferred from Fort Ethan Allen, Vt. to Fort Riley, Kansas. Dr. E. Perroncito, Professor of Bacteriolgy at the University of Turin, Italy, and an honorary member of the A.V.M.A., has been elected foreign member of the Paris Academy of Medicine. An outbreak of anthrax has been reported near Hartford, Conn. - Dr. M. E. Dennington has located at 20 Charlotte St., Bald- winsville, N. Y. Dr. M. L. Plumer has removed from Branchville, N. J. to 206 So. 36th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Dr. M. F. Barnes, formerly of the North Dakota Agricultural College, has removed to 11th and Buffalo Sts., Franklin, Pa, 886 MISCELLANEOUS Dr. W. E. Stribling has removed from New England, N. D. to Clarence, Ia. Dr. H. Preston Hoskins has severed his connection with the ; University of Minnesota to take a position in the Research Labora- tories of Parke, Davis & Co., at Detroit, Mich. In the speech of the Hon. William Hughes of New Jersey in the United States Senate, the following remarks were made relative to the Army Veterinarian: ‘Tt has ben stated that there is a tendency to bestow rank on men who are civilians and men who constitute no part of the fight- ing forces. Yet in the present war the Austro-German forces have. lost by death 247 veterinary officers. The German Army is not a soc- ial organization; and it has clothed these men with rank and au- thority higher than that sought to be bestowed under this amend- ment. They rank from colonel, heutenant colonel, and major on down to second lieutenants. The British Army has done the same thing, as has also the French Army. The Australian and Canadian Armies—in fact, every one of the armies fighting now on the battle fields of Kurope—have recognized the important service that can be, and ought to be, discharged by men doing this work.****** Before I close and submit this matter to the Senate, I desire to read a marginal note that was placed by the Kaiser on the bill re- organizing the German veterinary service, which sets out much bet- ter than I can do the regard in which these men are held in the coun- tries where fighting is a profession : Upon the veterinary officer devolve high moral, physical, and technical demands in peace and war. Only such young men are to be selected for the military veterinary career who possess a high mind, tact, mental versatility, physical activity, and pride in their profession. A HORSE’S EPITAPH Soft lies the turf on those who find their rest Beneath our common mother’s ample breast, Unstained by meanness, avarice, or pride; They never cheated, and they never lied. They ne’er intrigued a rival to displace ; They ran, but never betted on the race ; Content with harmless sport and simple food, Boundless in faith and love and gratitude ; Happy the man, if there be any such, Of whom his epitaph ean say as much. LorD SHERBROOKE, gu QR i SF 601 PLEASE PRINT HEAVILY iar ve4 UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY cop Hicliorary 2 = ; AUTHOR Cone lis Coreen, Cle2ee. O w - < > a STCRAGE i Wi ok Potbanironnn tt oe sa Solna artnet eet Pathe ee