Piresented to Che Library of the University of Coronta by The Ontario Research Foundation ees a ps En pees age AD se rs a¥ Ontario a | | g fe JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n. Edited and Published for THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION By J. R. MOHLER, WASHINGTON, D. C. EXECUTIVE BOARD George Hilton, 1st District; T. E. Munce, 2d District; S. E. Bennett, 3d District; J. A. Kiernan, 4th District; C. E. Cotton, 5th District; B. W. Conrad, 6th District; Cassius Way, Member at Large SUB-COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL S. E. Bennett J. A. Kiernan Volume LXI NEW SERIES VOLUME 14 April to September, 1922 WASHINGTON, D. C. 1922 AEE Gk U if { os TEETER 74 SW eet Th ? i R . Or i AUTOS, Bisse ee oe ey LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS REcTaNcuLaR Mount Hypopermic NEEDLE For SuBCUTANEOUs INJECTION OF CATTLE. Figs. 1, 2 and 3, 67, 68. A Srupy or So-CaLtep KENNEL LAMENESS. Fig. 4 ape rib noone 146. Fig. 2 = diseased pelvis, 147. Fig. 3. > le wel normal rib, 149. Fg. 4. Marrow of diseased rib, 149. Fig. 5. Thorax of normal dog, 151. Fig. 6. Thorax of diseased dog, 151. _ Nore on THE Brown ANAEROBE Jar, 189. _ McIntosH anp FILpEs METHOD For OBTAINING SURFACE GROWTH OF OBLIGATE ANAEROBES. Illustration of apparatus, 302. DavaINea ProcLorTina, a PATHOGENIC CESTODE IN AMERICAN PovLTRy, 309. _ OSSIFYING PERIOSTITIS IN A BULL, 318, _ Porrratr or Dr. Burton W. Conran, 331. - Tue VETERINARY OUTLOOK FROM A TEACHER’s VIEWPOINT. Diagram showing attendance at colleges. 357. Cyst-Forminc Protozoa iN REINDEER AND CARIBOU, AND A SARCOSPORIDIAN PARASITE OF THE SEAL. Fig. 1. Pits in bone made by cysts of Fibrocystis tarandi, 375. . 2. Cysts in periosteum, 375. © . 3. Fibrocystis tarandi in periosteum, 377. . 4. Spores of sarcocystis of Soeaeerts 378. . 5. Fibrocysiis tarandi spores, 3 Fig. 6. Sarcocystis richardi spores, pig Fig. 7. Cysts of Sarcocystis richardi, 380. 8. Fibrocystis tarandi and Sarcocystis richardi, 381. _ SARCOSPORIDIOSIS OF SWINE. Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4, 387, 388. RHABDOMYOMA OF THE LUNGS oF A SHEEP, 437, 438. _ A Case or DEMopEcTiC MANGE IN A BULL, 442. - Twix Mare Mute Corts, 458, A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BACTERIOLOGY AND PaTHOLOGY OF STERILITY IN Cows, - Normal follicle, 494. 2. Graafian follicle showing degenerative change, 494. 3. Cystic degeneration of Grnafian follicle, 494. 4. Section through ovary, 494. 5. H inx, 494, 6. Purulent salpingitis, 494. 7. Section through ho yg 494. 8. Dilated uterine glands, 494. 9. Section through wall of uterus, 494, .10. Bacillus evens, 494. 11. Gross specimen of genitalia, 495. SrupiEs orf BIoLoGicaL PREPARATIONS By COMPLEMENT-FIXATION METHops. Diagram showing duration of sensitization to mallein, 509. A New MEetHop For DETECTING THE Eccs oF PARASITEs IN FECEs. Eggs of Ascaris marginaia isolated by author's method, 536. A Cystic-Noputar CONDITION IN AUSTRALIAN CATTLE, DuE To A NEMATODE Worm, ONCHOCERCA GIBSONI. Beef carcasses showing effect of removal of worm. nests, 555. CAESAREAN SECTION IN BircH WITH NINETEEN Pups, 556. THe CONVENTION CITy. Planters Hotel, 568. Tue Crry THAT ONCE was 4 TRADING Post. Views of St. Louis, 584, 585, 587, 589. Porrrarr or Dr. A. T. KINsLEy, 597. | Pretimrnany Report on Equine Borutism in Canapa, _ Microphotograph of Bacillus botulinus from smear from broth culture, 610. RARER ne cial ili A., 68. James F., 550. : . Howard, 305, 441, 443. T.,. 383. Be John G., 145. C. J., 238, Mayo, os S., 191, 19 559. 8, 683. McCoy, J., = MeMillan, H. L., 196, 197. es A., Schalk, A. F., 162, 397. Schoening, H. W., 28 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Papers: Abortion, Bovine Infectious, 133, 460. ‘Abortion Disease, Manifestations in Dairy Herd Without Demonstrable Cause, 15. Abortion Disease of Cattle, Vaccination, 863. Anaerobes, bligate, McIntosh and Fildes Method, 301. * Anaerobic Cultures, Value, 43. Anatomical Instruction and Study, 277. Anemia (Chlorosis) in Dog, 415. Antisera, Aggressins and Prophylaxis, 515. A. V. M. A., Reorganization, Proposed Plan, 192. Bacillus abortus Compared with Other In- vaders, 273. Bacillus botulinus in Swine Diseases, 316. Botulism, Equine, in Canada, 609. Brown Anaerobe Jar, Note, 189. Carbon Tetrachlorid, Efficiency Against Hookworms in Silver Fox, 31. City that Once was a Trading Post, 585. Davainea proglottina in American Poul- try, 305. Diphtheria Antitoxin in Normal Horse Blood, 286. Eggs of Parasites in Feces, New Method for Detecting, 534. Enteroclysis, 311. Forage Poisoning, 411. Fox, Silver, Efficiency of Carbon Tetra- chlorid Against Tapeworms, 31. Glanders Reaction, Reasons for, 295. Grippe, Human and Equine, Comparative Study, 647. Hemorrhagic Septicemia, 2388. Hog Cholera, Period of Incubation, 873. Hygiene and Sanitation in Care of Young Animals, 168. Influenza, Human and Equine, Compara- tive Study, 647. Kennel Lameness, Preliminary Report, 145. Mallein, Antigenic Variations and Stand- ardization, 503. McIntosh and Fildes Method for Surface Growth of Obligate Anaerobes, 301. Miscellanea Anatomica, 277, 544. New York State Veterinary Medical So- ciety, President’s Address, 675. Parasite, New, of Pig, 186. Placenta, Retained, in Cows, Treatment, 243. Pleuropneumonia, Contagious, of Horse, and Human Grippe, 647. Poisonous Plants of Western Ranges, 49. Polyarthritis in Swine, Etiology, 155. Practical Veterinarians, 234. President’s Address, A. V. M. A., 596. President’s Address, N. Y. S. V. M. S., 675. Protozoa, Cyst-Forming, in Reindeer and Caribou, 374. Purebred Sires and Livestock Industry, 423. Rabies, Prophylactic Vaccination of Dogs, 39 Reindeer and _ Caribou, Protozoa, 374. Roup in Birds, 515. Rumen, Impaction and Atony, 620. St. Louis, City that Once was Trading Post, 585. Sanitation, Farm, 431. Sarcosporidian Parasite of Seal, 374. vl Cyst-Forming Sarcosporidiosis of Swine, 383. Seal, Sarcosporidian Parasite, 374. Sterility, Bovine, Treatment, 627. Sterility in Cows, 469. Sterility of Cattle, 254. Stomach Worms, Protection of Lambs, 529. Swine Diseases in Field, 178. Swine Erysipelas Bacillus, Apparent Cause of Fatal Disease of Young Pigs, 540. Temperature, Normal, of Adult Domestic Fowl, 520. Therapeutic. Suggestions, 174. Tick, Dermacentor venustus, Cause of Fatalities to Cattle, 537. Tuberculin, Preparation, 162. Tuberculin Testing, Technique, 636. Tuberculosis, Avian, 397. Tuberculosis, Bovine, Necessity of Regu- lations, 667. Tuberculosis Eradication, Economic Im- portance, 55. Udder Troubles, Experience in Practice, 259. ; Umbilical Hernia Operation in Male Pig, 182. ERE cenG Vertebre, Thoracic and Lumbar, of Horse, 544 ; Veterinarian’s Future, 6. Veterinary Outlook from Teacher’s View- point, 353. ; Veterinary Practice, Observations, 127. — Veterinary Welfare, 683. ‘ Clinical and Case Reports: Acriflavine and Proflavine, 198. Acriflavine in Open Joints, 197. v Australian Cattle, Cystic Nodular Condi- tion Due to Nematode Worm, 554. Cesarean Operation on Bitch, 323. Cesarean Section in Bitch with Nineteen Pups, 556. Canine Practice, Case, 557. meee Cystic-Nodular Condition in Australian Cattle Due to Nematode Worm, Oncho- cerca gibsoni, 554. Demodectic Mange in Bull, 441. Enterohevatitis in Peahen, 443. Forage Poisoning, 64. : Foreign Body Between Teeth of Horse, 200. Fracture of Jaw in Hog, 196. Gongylonema, New Species, from Ameri- can Swine, 68. ; Horse’s Bowels, Overloading with Corn, 321. Hypodermic Needle, Rectangular Mount, 66. Influenza, Equine, Use of Mustard, 444, Obturator Paralysis, 559. Ossifying Periostitis in Bull, 317. Paralysis of Penis of Horse, 686. Parasites. Notes, 553. Pussy’s Perils, 319. Rabies in Man, Fatal Case, 549. Rhabdomyoma of Lungs of Sheep, 436. Sheep Urine, Normal, Chemical Data, 550. Synovitis of Shoulder or Hip of Horse, Allayed by Deep Hypodermic Trritation, 63. Abstracts: Agglutinin Formation After Intravenous Injection of Vaccines, 206. — ee Braxy Vaccine, Preparation, 327. ‘Cancer in Horses, 692. : _ Canine Distemper, 325. Fistula in Cecum of Horse, 202. Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Biology of Causa- tive Agent, 698, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Bovine, Not issible to Man, 71. Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Holland, Re- 201. Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Interchangeable Vaccine Immunity in Cattle and Guinea-Pigs, 689. _ Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Résumé of Ex- SE is ani 446. Salol in Treatment of Avian Cholera, 69. pos Active Immunization -of Horses, Tick Paralysis, e illus, Bovine, Infecti During War, 207. Pebii Tuberculin, Effects, 697. Seticetin Tone tesene e h n ecessity of Killi actors, 692. me asd ‘Tuberculosis Antigens in Milk of Tuber- Cows, 205 Tuberculosis in Cattle in United States Fight Against, 69. : Tuberculosis in Goat, 328. Tuberculosis, Importance of Domestic Ani- mals in Spread, 326. “Ss abrhingge tod a Percentage, 693. accine rus, Neurotropic Affini : Purification, 209. = ee Vaccine Virus, Pure Cerebral, Virulence for Man, 209. Army Veterinary Service: Army Calls, 562. Army Horse Breeding, 330. Buck oeate and ees. 451. : : n Army Veterinary Corps, 451. Meat and Dairy Hygiene School, 81. Amateurs Wanted, 80. Vulliamy, Capt., Decorated, 562. Association News: merican Veterinary Medical Association Applicants for Membership, 212. 64. - Railroad Arratr a Notes, 211, 331, 453. Seeger maa St. Louis, Convention City, 568. INDEX vil Other Meetings Alabama Vet. Med. Assn., 215. Arkansas Vet. Assn., 109, 580. B. A. I. Veterinarians, National Assn., 87, 335. British Columbia Vet. Assn., 90. Central Michigan Vet. Med. Assn., 93. Colorado Vet. Med. Assn., 577. Dairy Cattle Breeders’ Conference, 336. Idaho Examining Board, 455. Idaho Vet. Med. Assn., 218, 575. Tilinois Vet. Med. Assn., 338. Indiana Veterinary College, 456. Iowa Vet. Assn., 95. Kansas Agricultural College, Veterinary Conference, 104. Kentucky Vet. Med. Assn., 104, 705. Maine Vet. Med. Assn., 704. Manitoba, Vet. Assn. of, 91. Maryland Vet. Med. Assn., 712. Michigan Vet. Med. Assn., 101, 332, 702. Minnesota Vet. Med. Assn., 337. Mississippi Vet. Med. Assn., 99. Missouri Valley Vet. Assn., 109. Nevada Vet. Assn., 114. New York City, Vet. Med. Assn. of, 83, 213 North Carolina Vet. Med. Assn., 337. North Dakota Vet. Med. Assn., 337, 711. Northwestern Vet. Assn., 714. Ohio Vet. Med. Assn., 102. Oklahoma Examining Board, 455. Ontario Veterinary College, 220. Pennsylvania. University, Veterinary Con- ference, 106. Pennsylvania Vet. Med. Assn., 100. Practitioners’ Course, Ames, Iowa, 113. South Carolina Assn. of Veterinarians, 338, 717. Southeastern Michigan Vet. Med. Assn., 333 Southeastern States Vet. Med. Assn., 219, 454, 718. Texas Vet. Med. -Assn., 700. Tuberculosis Conference, Eastern States, 338, 569. Virginia Vet. Med. Assn., 94, 707. Wisconsin Vet. Med. Assn., 455. Editorial: All Aboard for St. Louis Convention, 352. Anatomy. Papers on, 236. Animal Pets at White House, 3. Another Misstatement Exploded, 124. Antis Again Active, 593. RB. A. I. Inereased Appropriations, 236. Convention Report Next Month, 591. Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Be on Watch, 119. Motorized vs. Horse-Drawn Fire Appara- tus, 1. Number and Value of Farm Animals, 2. Points of Injection in Immunizing Swine, 12 Purebred Sires, Dividends, 591. Runty Livestock, Cause and Prevention, 123. Sales Policy of Commercial Houses, 231. Swine Industry and Hog Cholera, 464. Technical Terms, Careful Use, 348. Veterinary Opportunities, 347. White Honse. Animal Pets, 3. You Should Go, 463. Book Reviews: Dairy Bacteriology, Orla Jensen, 329. Diseases of Animals in South Africa, 78. Topographical Anatomy of Limbs of Horse, O. C. Bradley, 76. Veterinary Hygiene, R. G. Linton, 210. viii Communications: Advertising Veterinarian Not Authorized to Make Federal Tuberculin Tests, 341. Are You Going to California in June? 224. Diagnosis Questioned, 222. Horse Fifty-One Years Old, 342. Idaho Resident Secretary, 223. Interprofessional Cooperation, 115. Membership, Loss, Etiology, 222. Not Connected with Iowa College, 342. St. Joseph Veterinary College Commence- ment, 582. Tick Paralysis, 457. Twin Mare Mule Colts, 458. Wisconsin Breeders Approve A. V. M. A. Policy Regarding Fake Remedies, 582. Necrology: Brown, Lloyd J., 719. Couture, J. A., 225. Dunkel, Joseph D., 116. Flanary, Mrs. William F., 719. Lewis, Henry S., 116. McVeigh, Charles H., 225. INDEX Perry, Arthur M., 225. Schaufler, Mrs. Margaret C., 458. Schwarzkopf, Mrs. Laleopoldina, 226. - Seay, Melville Thompson, 583. West, William L., 116. Miscellaneous: : Canada Accepts Certificates of Accredit Veterinarians, 235. Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Against Introduction, 228. (Hickman, Dr. R. W., Retires, 227. It’s Botulism, 117. It’s Pyorrhea, 117. Precautions ‘Medical English as She is Wrote, 594. New Livestock Estimating and Reporting Service Planned, 462. Russian Veterinarians, Aid for, 589. Teeth, Symptoms Furnished by, 350. Tuberculosis Eradication, 351. Unknown Disease Kills Many Ewes in ._ Kentucky, 461. Verminous Verses, 459. Worms in Cats, 345. Yunker, Dr., New Position, 344. JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n.) J. R. Mou.er, Editor, Washington, D. C. A. T. Kinsey, President, Kansas City, Mo. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago, Ill. M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn. Executive Board Geo. Hitton, ist District; T. E. MuNce, 2nd District; S. E. Bennett, 8rd District; J. A. Kiernan, 4th District; C. E. Corron, 5th District; B. W. ConrabD, 6th District; Casstus Way, Member at Large é Sub-Committee on Journal S. E. BENNETT J. A. Kiernan The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the Journa., outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application. Vol. LXI, N. S. Vol. 14 April. 1922 No. 1 MOTORIZED VS. HORSE-DRAWN FIRE APPARATUS IN a consideration of the respective value and merit of motor equipment and horse-drawn equipment, one item which is worthy of attention is in connection with fire-fighting apparatus in win- ter. The City of Washington, D. C., has recently suffered from an unusually severe snow storm. For several days after the storm, the fire department has been comparatively ineffective in dealing with fires owing to the inability of the motorized appa- ratus to reach the scene of action. In at least one instance, ac- cording to newspaper reports, a house burned down after three different fire companies had failed to break through the snow drifts to the fire. Some equipment was pulled to.the fire by commandeered horses, too late to be of use. In several instances the heavy fire engines were stalled on snowy hills about the city. About six years ago Detroit had a blizzard with a tempera- ture of 13° below zero and a high wind. At that time the motor- ized equipment of the fire department was practically a com- plete failure. The motors were stalled in drifts all over the city and the horse-drawn apparatus saved the day, so far as fire control was concerned. Other cities have had similar ex- periences. 2 EDITORIAL Such experiences show quite clearly the utter impropriety and inadvisability of complete motorization of fire departments in cities where in any years snow storms of any magnitude are ex- perienced. Under suitable weather conditions motorized appara- tus has a distinct advantage over horse-drawn apparatus. But under other conditions, motorized apparatus may be absolutely valueless and total motorization of a fire department may con- ceivably lead to the destruction of a city by fire. It may be that motorized apparatus capable of quickly reaching fires through snow drifts, in spite of high winds, low temperatures and high hills, may some day be developed, but such apparatus does not exist today. We are confronted by a condition, one which involves serious menace to life and property, and, as matters stand, all cities in the snow belt should retain an ade- quate reserve of horse-drawn fire equipment for emergency use. The cost of maintenance is a small matter compared with the potential loss from the lack of such equipment. This is a matter which deserves the attention and should command the support of veterinarians wherever occasional deep snows occur. The veterinarian should actively combat the complete motori- zation of the fire department in his vicinity under these con-— ditions. We would further suggest that the Horse Association of America compile statistics in connection with losses due to motorization of fire departments and bring their findings to the attention of city authorities throughout this country. M. C. H. NUMBER AND VALUE OF FARM ANIMALS A RECENT Government report gives the following estimates of livestock on farms and ranches of the United States. The abnormal demand for all classes of farm animals which . was caused directly or indirectly by the late war, resulted in a marked increase in the value of livestock as well as other farm products, which could not be expected to continue long after peace was declared. Since the close of the war, there has been a' steady decrease in our production of farm animals. With the exception of swine and milk cows, we produced fewer ani- mals in 1921 than in 1920. The most alarming feature of this report is the great decrease during the past three years, in the Eprrortan 3 value of farm animals. A reduction in the value of horses, cattle, sheep and swine affects the veterinary profession directly as farmers do not give as much attention to the health of their animals as they do when they are more valuable. NuMBERs. VALUES. Farm ANIMALS. EE ‘ Per Cent or Precepinc |TorarNumBen.|!PeErR Heap.| AGGREGATS. YEAR. NN Fe iL Jan. 1, 1922 99.4 19, ,000 $70.48 $1,346,154,000 Jan. 1, 1921 97.2 19,208 ,000 84.31 1,619,423 ,000 Jan. 1, 1920 96.8 19,766,000 96.51 1,907 ,646 ,000 Miulew sui escs5. Jan. 1, 1922 99.7 5,436,000 88.26 479 ,806 ,000 Jan. 1, 1921 100.5 5,455 ,000 116.69 636 ,568 ,000 Jan. 1, 1920 101.8 5,427,000 148.42 805 ,495 ,000 Milk Cows........ Jan. 1, 1922 101.8 24,028,000 50.97 1,224, 767,000 Jan. 1, 1921 99.5 23,594,000 64.22 1,515,249 ,000 Jan. 1, 1920 100.6 23,722,000 85.86 2,036,750 ,000 Other Cattle...... Jan. 1, 1922 98.4 41,324,000 23.78 982 ,666 ,000 Jan. 1, 1921 96.8 41,993 ,000 31.36 1,316,727,000 Jan. 1, 192 99.3 43 ,398 ,000 43.21 1,875 ,043 ,000 Se Peet a ae ee Jan. 1, 1922 96.3 36,048 ,000 4.80 173,159 ,000 Jan. 1, 1921 96.0 37,452,000 6.30 855 ,000 Jan. 1, 1920 96.4 39,025 ,000 10.47 408 ,586 ,000 SRR SE ca een Jan. 1, 1922 101.6 56,996,000 10.06 573,405 ,000 Jan. 1, 1921 94.5 56,097 ,000 12.97 727 ,380 ,000 Jan. 1, 1920 96.2 iemams ea 19.07. 1,131 ,674,000 eS The number not on farms, i. e.. in cities and villages, is not estimated yearly, but their number in 1920 as reported by the census was: Horses, 1,705,611; mules, 378,250; cattle, 2,111,928; sheep, 450,742: swine, 2,638,389. Following changes in farm animals compared with January 1, 1920, are indicated: In total value, horses decreased $561,492,000; mules decreased $325,689,000; milk cows decreased 3811,983,000; other cattle decreased $892,377,000; sheep de- creased $235,427,000; and swine decreased $558,269,000 in the two years from January 1, 1920, to January 1, 1922. The total value on January 1, 1922, of all animals enumerated above was $4,779,- 957,000, as compared with $8,165,194,000 on January 1, 1920, a decrease of $3,385,- 237,000, or 41.5 per cent in the two years. ANIMAL PETS AT THE WHITE HOUSE AS yet the only animals to become identified with the new oceupants of the White House are ‘‘Laddie Boy,’’ the Aire- dale, and ‘‘Oh Boy,’ the English bull dog, presented to Presi- dent Harding. Both dogs are good Americans without aristo- eratic or exclusive notions. Although “Laddie Boy’’ is not what is termed a ‘‘one-man dog’’ and inclined to be friendly with anyone who holds out to him the olive branch, it is said that he is on especially intimate terms with the President, whom he * Since the foregoing was written the President has been presented with “Harbel,” a fine sorrel Thoroughbred gelding from Kentucky, and has resumed horseback riding after a lapse of nearly twenty years, 4 EpIrorRIAL accompanies on walks and whose morning per he carries to the table when breakfast begins. The Wilson experience with livestock was more picturesque than fortunate. When the war came on, Mr. Wilson himself conceived the idea of utilizing the big back White House lawn as a grazing place for sheep. He therefore purchased 14 ewes and 4 lambs from a farm near Bel-Air, Maryland. Contrary to many statements, these sheep were not purebred. They were erade Hampshires. Later one purebred Shropshire buck from New York and one from California were added, but the ewes in the woolly flock which so many visitors to Washington beheld grazing under the trees about the White House and which popu- lar faney described as the very ne plus ultra of sheep society with pedigrees reaching back to England or Spain, were in fact without ancestral distinction. Unfortunately the White House staff did not include a sheep husbandman, and much of the daily care of the flock fell into the hands of policemen and other like herdsmen who did their best according to their lights. A veterinarian was detailed from the Bureau of Animal Industry who looked after lambing and did his best to rid the flock of parasitic diseases which early appeared. The transfer of the animals from the South lot to the North lot, where the shrubbery was surrounded with chicken wire, was a measure taken to pro- vide the sheep with uninfested ground to graze upon. When Mr. Wilson’s sickness came on in the late summer of 1920, the flock, which had increased to more than fifty, was disposed of to several persons. When Mr. Taft was President it was determined suddenly one day to have a cow, and an official of the Bureau of Animal In- dustry was commissioned to make the purchase. Before one was found to suit, however, United States Senator Isaac Stephen- _ gon of Wisconsin presented Mr. Taft with Pauline Wayne, reg- istered Holstein. This famous cow can not be said to have _ been entirely happy while she lived at the White House. She gave birth to a bull calf that was named ‘‘Big Bill,’’ but he only survived several weeks. After a time, Pauline was sent to aug- ment the purebread Holstein herd at the U. S. Soldiers’ Home. In Mr. Roosevelt’s time at the White House, the horse was the animal in: favor. The President was himself a famous rider and his favorite was the sorrel ‘‘Roswell.’’ Mrs. Roosevelt was EDITORIAL 5 an excellent horsewoman and often rode with her husband. Their daughter, Ethel, also rode with ease and grace. She had presented to her a fine Arabian mare, upon which she frequently accompanied her parents on their rides about the suburbs. Quentin Roosevelt had a pet dog, a black-and-tan, which he dearly loved, and he was heart-broken when the dog disappeared. His mother went with him to the municipal pound on a chance that the dog catcher had gathered in the pet, but, although they could not find him, they took back another small dog that within a few hours would have been chloroformed into dog heaven by the pound master. Doubtless other Presidents had animal pets at the White House. For instance, it is recalled by old residents that little Tad Lincoln, as a boy of ten years or so, took great pleasure in a pair of goats that he had hitched to a sturdy wagon. Baby McKee in Harrison’s time drove a single goat about the grounds and adjacent streets, often accompanied by the President. Gen- eral Grant had a magnificent trotting horse, and he liked noth- ing better than to drive him to a light racing buggy, passing most vehicles on the road. Ulyses, Jr., and Jesse Grant drove to school a pair of Shetland ponies hitched to a little wagon. President Arthur and his son Chester A., Jr., were both fond of horses and had many of them. Mr. Arthur sometimes rode along sedately, but liked better to ride behind his four-in-hand bays, almost perfectly matched, and driven by his colored coachman. A Texas paper advertises for sale ‘‘one heifer milk cow.”’ Probably a case of precocious lactation. After a consultation about a patient in Carlsruhe two med- ical men disagreed and one shot the other. In our country of course this would be a breach of medical etiquette—Punch - (London). A traveler in Japan, according to The Veterinary Record, tells of an official municipal notice to motorists which reads as follows: ‘‘If a cow obstruct, toot ’er soothingly; if she continue to obstruct, toot ’er with vigor; if she still obstruct, wait till she Pass away.’’ THE VETERINARIAN’S FUTURE ! By A. T. KINSLEY President, American Veterinary Medical Association, Kansas City, Missourr COMPARATIVELY SPEAKING, America is of relatively recent origin and the United States is but a child among nations. According to history, the progress of the various professions in any country has been in a direct ratio to the development of edu- » cation in that country. A veterinarian is one skilled in veteri- nary science. Veterinary science ‘‘deals with the nature, pre- vention and treatment of animal diseases, the sanitary housing and care of livestock, and similar matters affecting the health of domestic animals and the healthfulness and wholesomeness of their products.’’ Probably the first record of a veterinarian or veterinary serv- ice occurs in the early history of the Roman Empire and refers particularly to the value of the proper care of the army horse by one familiar with the nature of the various plagues. The horse was recognized as an important factor in the conquests of the Old World, and the necessity of the proper care of these animals was fully appreciated by the warriors. The care of the army horse was originally under the supervision of farriers, who were suc- ceeded in more recent times by the veterinarian. Simultaneous with the evolution of the caretaker and farrier to the army veterinarian, there was in the agricultural commu- nities a demand and necessity for someone to treat sick and afflicted animals, and thus originated the empiric practitioner. The increase in the numbers of livestock resulted in an increased demand for men skilled in the treatment of afflicted animals, and - the most successful animal doctors became preceptors and thus demonstrated their methods to students. Knowledge was slowly accumulated and finally schools and colleges were established. With the formation of nations, the necessity for the production of sufficient horses and of foods for both their horses and men was recognized as the determining factor in the success in future wars and the maintenance of their nations. The necessity for 1 Presented at meeting of Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association, St, Paul, January 18 and 14, 1922. THE VETERINARIAN’S FUTURE 7 information of the cause, methods of dissemination and control of animal diseases was recognized by the rules and law-making bodies of progressive nations, and thus originated experiment stations and research laboratories. Information obtained in the various experiment stations and research laboratories clearly evidenced the necessity for the control and eradication of animal scourges, and thus originated the veterinary sanitarian. The desire for information and the exchange of ideas was the prime object that. stimulated the formation of veterinary asso- ciations, societies and other like bodies, and this is also the ex- planation of the origin of veterinary journals and periodicals. Experiment stations and research laboratories demonstrated the value of some biologic agents in the diagnosis and control of certain diseases of animals. In some instances biologic products such as tuberculin and: blackleg vaccine are produced in state and government laboratories. However, when the value of such products is established they are as a rule not produced in such laboratories, and the demand for these products was the reason private laboratories have been established. Thus we have attempted to outline briefly the origin of the veterinarian, and in the discussion various phases of veterinary activity have been indicated. There would appear to be no argument for the necessity for each of the various so-called di- visions or groups of the veterinary profession, and he who attempts to make odious comparisons evidences the magnitude of his power of reasoning in his failure of conception of the in- terdependence of the varied functions of veterinarians and their relationship to the profession as a whole. From the perspective of the livestock industry and the consuming public, each of the various phases of our profession is essential in making the production of livestock a more stable and therefore a more profitable business and in safeguarding the health of the people by efficient inspection of animal products. The evolution of the veterinarian to the present standard has been the result of the properly directed effort and cooperation of the leaders of our profession, and has been as rapid as could reasonably be expected, and compares favorably with the de- velopment of any other profession. The veterinarian’s future will depend almost entirely upon the attitude and relationship that the profession as a whole as- 8 A. T. KiInsLey sumes with the agricultural interests and the conservation of the health of the human, for it is true that the inspection of meat food products and milk is an important function of the veteri- narian and his services in this capacity are now fully appreciated by the consuming public. Educational standard, that is, the requirement in veterinary colleges, is a very important topic in relation to the veterina- rian’s future. The attendance in veterinary colleges has dimin- ished during the last three years, but this decrease has not been the result of the increased matriculation requirement. Other lures of endeavor have been more attractive, especially finan- cially, than the veterinary profession, due to the low prices of livestock and a temporary oversupply of veterinarians. These conditions are only temporary and will soon be adjusted. The small number of students in veterinary colleges is one of the most favorable indications that veterinary activities are adjust- ing themselves. Those engaged in the veterinary profession, whether as teacher, investigator, sanitarian, army officer, practitioner, or producer of commercial veterinary biologics, have an important function. There has been a small per cent of men who were apparently properly prepared who were not successful as veterinarians; but failures in other professions are equally common. Sufficient preparation and adaptability should be the nea for the selec- tion of one’s life work. The reaction during the present reconstruction period has been severe on the veterinary profession, but the same or similar forces that produced the reaction will cause a readjustment, which is already appearing on the horizon, and the future out- look for the veterinarian is attractive. There are many opportu- nities for veterinarians as teachers, investigators, sanitarians, practitioners, ete. There is an actual need at the present time of a larger number of efficient instructors in veterinary subjects. Teaching is one of the ‘most important duties in our profession. The young men who have a sufficient education and adaptability should devote themselves to teaching, for the future of our profession will be largely determined by the efficiency of the veterinary college graduates. Other things being equal, the teacher who obtained his training from several different scientists in as many institu- THE VETERINARIAN’S FUTURE 9 tions of learning has an advantage over the teacher whose edu- eation was completed in a single institution. However, the most successful teacher is not necessarily determined by the number of degrees he may have obtained or the number of foreign ¢ol- leges and universities attended, but is dependent upon ability to impart correct information and cause his students to acquire knowledge. Teachers of such subjects as surgery, practice, therapeutics, pathology and sanitation are more proficient if a portion of their time is devoted to the application or practice of their specialty. The opportunities for investigators on veterinary projects are becoming more numerous as a result of requests from the live- stock producers who recognize the necessity for the reduction of losses in their flocks. Experiment stations exist in practically every State, and much valuable work has been done. The im- portance of the livestock industry to general agriculture and therefore to the welfare of our nation was never more fully ap- preciated than at the present time, and it would seem reasonable to anticipate an increased activity in the investigation of live- stock problems. An efficient investigator is one who has the capacity of determining facts that are the deductions of care- fully planned and technically executed experiments that have been accurately checked before announcing results. Research work requires a certain amount of routine that may be tedious. The investigator of livestock problems should familiarize himself with the usual conditions and surroundings on farms, and ex- perimental findings should be checked under field conditions. There should be a close cooperation of investigators, sanitarians and practitioners, and the efficient teacher is always alert for proven facts from research laboratories. The field for veterinary sanitarians is constantly increasing. The activity of the United States Department of Agriculture in the inspection of meat food products and the control of infec- tions and contagious diseases of animals created a demand for veterinary sanitarians, and at the present time several hundred veterinarians are employed in this service. Various States also maintain departments of animal disease control manned by veterinary sanitarians. A large number of municipalities employ veterinarians in their food and dairy inspection departments. _ Transportation companies, through the Western Weighing and 10 A. T. KINSLEY Inspection Bureau’s veterinary corps, are endeavoring to dimin- ish the losses of livestock incidental to shipping. Livestock ex- changes are recognizing the importance of disease control, especially of tuberculosis, and are employing veterinarians to assist State and Government officials in this important. work. There has been some criticism of the State and Government sanitary officials’ control work because of the infringement upon the duties of the practitioner. In reviewing the governmental and commonwealth activities in animal disease control, it is found that the practitioner had little if any recognition in the eradication of the southern fever tick; but the nature of this problem, coupled with the fact that there were relatively few veterinarians in practice in the rural communities of the tick- infested area, would appear to justify the methods employed. A few years ago hog-cholera control measures were inaugu- rated by the Bureau of Animal Industry in cooperation with various States, and when successful plans of control had been proven, the practitioner assumed the responsibility. As a re- sult of those cooperative demonstrations the practicing veteri- narian has found an increased demand for his services. The more recent campaign of tuberculosis control will in my judg- ment be one of the most important factors in stabilizing veteri- nary practice. The annual tuberculin test of fully accredited herds is now being done by the practitioner. There are some accredited-herd owners who are objecting to employing a prac- titioner to conduct the annual tuberculin test, insisting that the Government and the State established the accredited herds and they should maintain them. Similar objections were made by Swine owners when the practitioner was charged with the re- sponsibility of the control of hog cholera, but the value of the local veterinarian is now appreciated by the swine producer and will likewise soon be recognized by the accredited-herd owner. Further, it does not seem probable that public opinion in this country will permit of the Government or State assuming the responsibility of private enterprises such as livestock production. Technical knowledge, honesty and diplomacy are the prerequi- sites of a successful sanitarian. The duties of a sanitarian are important and interesting. However, there is frequently little variation, and a continuous routine may become burdensome. The sanitarian is the ‘‘go-between”’ of the livestock owner and THE VETERINARIAN’S FUTURE 11 the practitioner, and he who is most successful in control meas- ures cooperates fully with the local veterinarian. In fact, the practitioner is the most important link in the chain that has to do with the control of diseases of livestock. Army service is attractive to some men. There will be a limited demand in the future for veterinarians for army service, and in times of war there may be extraordinary demands. The recent regulations for reserve officers should be carefully con- sidered by the young men in the veterinary profession. Commercial enterprises, such as the production of serum, bacterins and other biologics, offer opportunities to a limited number of veterinarians. The necessity for the commercial en- terprises is fully appreciated at least, by the practitioner and those engaged in the production of livestock. A few veterinari- ans are engaged in the production and distribution of general veterinary supplies, such as instruments, leather goods, ete. The ethical commercial veterinarian is doing a valuable service, and there are some inducements for competent men in this work: The veterinary practitioner is the foundation upon which the veterinary profession has been built. According to the avail- able records, about two-thirds of all veterinarians in active pro- fessional work are engaged in practice. The field of practice has many advantages over the other lines of veterinary activity. A practitioner conducts his own business and is usually an im- portant citizen of his community. The remuneration of the practitioner is usually considerably more than that of his pro- fessional brother who is employed by the Government, State or municipality. The monotony of routine encountered by teach- ers, investigators and sanitarians is rarely experienced by the practitioner. It is true that the practitioner may be called day or night, but there are few night calls in a properly regulated practice. The practitioner has a definite and permanent home,, a convenience not available to some veterinarians engaged in. other lines. Veterinary practice has undergone some radical changes in the last few years. The advent of the automobile substantially diminished equine practice, particularly in cities, and it, com- bined with better roads, also increased the territory of the practitioner, particularly in the rural districts. The increasing knowledge of feeds and feeding by horse owners and operators 12 A, T. KinsLEey has noticeably decreased the number of cases of indigestion, colic and allied difficulties. For some reason there has appar- ently been a decrease in the number of cases of operative sur- gery and dentistry. The diminished demands in equine practice and surgery have been more than equalized by the increased demands of the prac- titioner in the prevention and relief of diseases in the meat-pro- ducing animals. The practitioner of the future has an almost unlimited field if he will apply himself. Much more valuable service can be rendered in general surgery and equine dentistry than has been done recently. Such cases may have been neglected by the practitioner because more -remuneration could be obtained by vaccination of swine and other similar work. The -poultry industry is demanding assistance in the prevention of losses in the flocks, and this is an opportunity for the veterinarian to increase his usefulness and to establish more firmly the necessity for a complete veterinary service in every commuhity. If prac- titioners will assume the responsibility they can be experts in their communities on feeds and feeding problems and on ques- tions of breeding. Unless veterinarians prepare for and as- sume the responsibility on such problems as feeding, breeding and control of poultry diseases, others less capable will assume this role. There may be a possibility of the development of specialists in the various subjects of the practicing veterinarian’s domain, but the livestock industry can not now, and it is prob- lematic whether it ever will, support a specialist to care for each of the various problems that may arise in each community. The general practitioner who will be an asset to his community ' should be properly equipped to render an efficient service. That is, he should be capable, adaptable, ethical, respectable, consci- entious, and’ should have sufficient endurance to enable him to- withstand the hardships of a general practice. There has been a tendency toward commercialism by a few unethical practi- tioners. The commercializing of a profession diminishes the standing of that profession, and it is incumbent upon us to conduct our business in an ethical manner and avoid public censure. A veterinarian either progresses or he retrogresses. Veteri- ~arians progress by comprehensive reading and by association with other veterinarians. Veterinarians who do not read pro- Tre VETERINARIAN’s FuTURE 13 fessional journals and attend association meetings are retro- gressing and are a discredit to the profession. Every veteri- narian in a given State should be an active member of the State veterinary association and the American Veterinary Medical Association. The influence of the American Veterinary Medical Association upon the future of our profession will depend upon the loyalty of veterinarians to that organization. The past accomplishments, educational and legislative, due to the influence of the American Veterinary Medical Association, are well known. The greater the percentage of eligible veterinarians who are members of the American Veterinary Medical Association, the more representa- tive of our profession that organization becomes. Unity signifies. strength. Can a veterinarian do more as a member helping to. shape the destiny of the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion and our profession, or as a fault-finding, censuring, con- demning outsider? If you are loyal to the profession you should be loyal to your State association and the American Veterinary Medical Association, the organizations that have given our pro- fession its recognition and standing. The various activities of veterinarians have been briefly dis- eussed. There are about 12,000 veterinarians in the United States engaged in actual professional work. The average pro- fessional man continues in active service from 20 to 25 years, and if this is applicable to veterinarians there would be between 400 and 600 retiring from the profession each year. There is now a temporary surplus of veterinarians, but on the other hand there are less than 200 veterinarians graduated from all of the veterinary colleges each year. If the present demand con- tinues—and there are no indications that it will not—the sur- plus of veterinarians will soon be exhausted and there will be an inereased attendance at veterinary colleges. In conclusion, it is evident, first, that the veterinary profession will survive, because veterinary service alone insures the live- stock industry against the ravages of disease and is an indis- pensable adjunct in the conservation of the health of the nation; second, that the veterinarian’s future im the United States with its six and a half billion dollars’ worth of farm animals, the constantly increasing demands for efficient milk and meat in- spection, the necessity for State and Government control of in- 14 A. 'T. Kinstey fectious diseases, the army service and the opportunities in co!- lege and research work, should cause little concern provided the various veterinary activities are properly correlated and the services rendered are for the interests of the livestock pro- ducer and the consuming public. COUNTY AGENTS In scanning the corn belt farm papers these times it is ap- parent that many county agents are losing their jobs, for in many counties petitions are being circulated asking county courts or commissioners not to re-employ them and in most cases the petitions are based on the plea that in these strenuous financial times the county agent is an unnecessary luxury, while in others the statement is frankly made that these men are not making good. In our opinion, each agent should be judged upon his merits. We have never been able to understand, for instance, why a county agent should not put in the whole winter making schoolhouse addresses on soil fertility, feeding balanced rations, leguminous crops and other vital agricultural subjects—and if he isn’t capable of doing this, then he isn’t able to earn his salary. From now on farmers are going to vigorously oppose the carrying of ‘‘excess baggage.’’ They are going to demand that those who live on the farmers’ taxes in whole or in part shall earn their money or get off the payroll—and hence the days of the county agent who is merely trying to ‘‘get ia are numbered.—The Missouri Farmer. Prof. John R. McCall, of the Glasgow Veterinary College, in an address before a Glasgow club reviewed the part played _by the horse in the great war. At the outbreak of the war, he said, the British army possessed 25,000 horses. In the first 12 days 165,000 horses were impressed into the army service in Great Britain alone. In 1918, there were more than a million horses and mules in the British army. He said that North America furnished the largest contribution to the horse strength of the British army, and that the best type of horse under the severe conditions of warfare in France was the Percheron cross, thousands of which were brought from North America. ABORTION DISEASE MANIFESTATIONS IN A DAIRY HERD WITHOUT DEMONSTRABLE CAUSE By J. Traum and G. H. Harr University of California, Berkeley, California FROM WORK already carried out, the writers of this re- port are strongly of the opinion that the vast majority of eases of abortion disease in California are associated with in- fection by Bacillus abortus Bang. In a small herd under our supervision several abortions and other evidences of abortion disease have occurred and our efforts to detect the presence of infection with B. abortus Bang or other specific organism have failed. The Division of Veterinary Science has maintained on the Berkeley campus for a number of years a small certified dairy. The herd has consisted of from 24 to 26 cows in the milking barn, 5 to 8 dry cows, and 1 bull. In addition, 6 to 8 heifers are raised each year, making a total varying between 45 and 60 head of animals on the premises. The present bull is a purebred Ayrshire, and was added to the herd in August, 1917. He was raised by the breeder from whom we purchased him, was not one year old until September 6, 1917, and probably never was in service until he came to this dairy. While an effort has been made to keep the dairy supplied with milk cows by raising heifers, it has from time .to time been. necessary to purchase cows in order to keep the milk supply at the desired level. In 1917, for example, prior to the purchase of the present bull, the previous animal had failed to get the cows properly bred. A number were therefore sold to the butcher and ten outside animals purchased. The trouble at this time was probably due to lack of exercise on the part of the bull. He would not serve cows in estrum that were turned in with him. On being shipped to the University Farm at Davis, where proper exercise could be given him, he again became a satisfactory breeder. In 1918 no additions were made. In 1919 one first calf heifer was added. In 1920 four animals were purchased. In 1921 to October no additions were made. In all there were 15 cows and one bull added during the period covered by this report, 11 of which animals are still in the 15 16 J. Traum anp G. H. Harr herd. None of the five cows which were sold for slaughter were disposed of on account of breeding difficulties. Two of them reacted to the tuberculin test, two had mammitis, and one was too low in milk production to keep in the dairy. In the purchase of cows for this dairy care is used to prevent the introduction of tuberculosis, and therefore the animals are usually purchased from small herds close by or from herds the history of which we know something about. Even with these precautions we were not entirely successful in keeping out tuber- culosis, as attested by two of the animals later reacting to the tuberculin test. This is the reason for keeping the herd sup- plied with young stock raised on the premises. During the years 1917, 1918 and 1919 breeding difficulties of more or less magnitude were encountered, such as an occa- sional abortion, retained afterbirth, cystic ovaries and delayed cstral periods requiring expression of the corpus luteum. Ag- glutination tests with Bacillus abortus as an antigen made from time to time on individual animals resulted negatively. Fleisch- ner and Meyer in 1916 made examinations of the certified milk sold in the Bay Cities for the presence of tubercle bacilli. This resulted negatively, but they did find Bacillus abortus a more or less commonly present organism. From the University Certi- fied Dairy it was found in two of three lots of milk collected January 8, 18, and 22, 1917, respectively. Four guinea-pigs were inoculated with each lot of milk. Two of.the four inocu- lated with the first lot and one of the four inoculated with the second lot showed Bacillus abortus infection. The remaining nine experimental animals were negative. All the cows of milking age in January, 1917, except Nos. 1864 and 1869 in Table 1, had been disposed of by August, 1920, and it was decided at this time to make a systematic search for the - presence of this organism in the dairy animals. On August 25, 1920, blood was drawn from the 24 cows in milk, and on August 30 from the remaining 24 head of dry cows, young stock and bull, making a total of 48 head in the dairy at that time. These samples. were tested in four dilutions against three strains of Bacillus abortus antigen. The results of this test are given in Table 1. It will be observed that all of the samples gave a totally negative reaction to this test, except the blood from No. 2057. The serum of this animal gave a ++ ABORTION DISEASE IN A Dairy HERD 17 reaction in 0.04 ¢.¢. and a —-+ reaction in 0.02 ¢.e. against all three antigens. Taste 1.—AcGGLuTINATION Tests oF BLoop SamMpies FROM ALL THE ANIMALS IN THE Damy Herp, Aucust, 1920. ANTIGEN 1 Porcine | ANTIGEN 80 BovinE |Awricen 104 Bovine 0.04 0.02,0.01; 0.005|/0.04,0.02 0. 01, 0. 005 0.04.0.02 0.01; 0.005 Ear Tac No. ritiviiee| | + ESB ae BRR a Os as OLE fi a fo Bs 3s ed eat 9 is Fy (A a Et i kk Hak tO eo Be De | 20 a Pe dt cal: ec Ba a +” Sari | | | ee ne aes SE a ae eee ea es Fe a ia ey Fe J Foes ek ae nt 08 eR a ts Fa ee fl PY ay ee We we YD Fee ses a of ee Wa Wt a fs Fis eh Ye Fe ee Ek ee ef Uc ks 22 hs Gis SR Fa fo ad MB ote C2) PT OP toe a ee Oa es Gt Pe i PEPE UCTUCUETEC CEPT ZEEE E EEE PEEP EEE EEE Leet ee eee teeta bo tale hae tel (ee a oe ae Se ees +, (++ + l (arnt Pete ey ye eet Area Tet ere aoe ea te AIOE HALAS Eee LT et a ee ee et oR ee AE os a te lak Ted eee ia ea) hd bes ANAND ENTE +, ++ , + er 2 et Va US ee a ee ee ea —-+ Teticntad Ugt salicnecinticn lait cupertistant fluid turbid. +-— Indicates more sedimentation than — + but still a faint cloudiness in supernatant ae 2 Eetoetre Sek after cxeenight 1 incubation complete agglutination is Dan nena meg Fig st ae OF eae eee. ne he pee Conti: tat on standing for 24 hours longer the tube cleared up. Animal No. 2057 was a heifer, never having had a calf. She was born in the dairy in November, 1917, but not sired by the dairy bull. Her dam was cow No. 2029, purchased when middle aged, just prior to the birth of this calf in November, 1917. 18 J. TRauM AND G. H. Hart The dam is still in the dairy and has had the following breed- ing record since purchase: Gave birth to calf 2057 shortly after arriving at the dairy, Novem- ber, 1917. Bred March 20, 1918, and calved normally December 28, 1918. Bred March 20, April 24 and May 25, 1919. Pregnant to last serv- ice and calved normally March 15, 1920. Bred April 20 and May 10, 1920. Pregnant to last service and calved normally February 21, 1921. Bred June 2, 1921. Pregnant to this service and at present in milking barn. Heifer No. 2057 later aborted and will be discussed as Case 2. CasE 1 Heifer 2154 was the first animal to abort after the general examination of the blood of all the animals given in Table 1. She was born February 15, 1919, and her dam was Cow 1438, which animal has aborted twice and will be discussed as Case 5. At the time blood was drawn this animal was not thought to be pregnant, as she had never been bred by the herd bull. During the spring of 1920, however, there was a history of a stray bull having gotten into the pasture for a few days where this heifer and some other animals were being kept. On the morning of September 16, 1920, a rider for the water company, whose watershed adjoins our range, saw a heifer in the pasture that had given birth to a premature dead calf, but did not report this until evening. The fetus was seen and cov- ered up with loose dirt by the rider. The forenoon of this same day the dairy foreman noticed Heifer 2154 at the water- ing trough with tail held out and vulva congested, but did not suspect abortion cn account of having no breeding record on the animal. The following day, the water company employee not being available, a search was made of the pasture, but no fetus was found. Coyotes and other predatory animals have _ been trapped and seen in this pasture and their presence may explain the failure to find the fetus. The animals in the pas- ture were brought to the barn and upon examination all that were known to be pregnant were still so. On examining No. 2154, although only about 19 months old, the hand could be readily passed into the vagina. The vaginal walls showed some congested areas but the cervix was closed so that one finger could not be inserted into the cervical canal. The vagina was douched with physiological salt solution, after ig ea a AxsorTION DISEASE IN A Dany HERD 19 which the uterus was examined per rectum and found to be en- larged. By massaging it through the rectum with the other hand in the vagina cupped over the cervix, a small amount of mucus containing flakes of yellowish pus-like material was obtained. ’ This was placed in a sterile bottle and taken to the laboratory. Two guinea-pigs, Nos. 1731 and 1732, were inoculated intra- abdominally September 18, 1920, with the uterine discharge from this heifer. These experimental animals were chloroformed February 7, 1921, and found to be in a normal condition. This heifer was bred again December 17, 1920, February 22, 1921, and March 28, 1921, and is now pregnant to the last service. Agglutination tests made on her blood drawn April 20 and August 20, 1921, resulted negatively. CasE 2 At the time the blood samples in Table 1 were taken Heifer 2057 was pregnant to a service July 22, 1920. She had previ- ously been bred on at least two occasions, June 10, 1919, and August 10, 1919. From the later date to July 22, 1920, she had been on a hill pasture not exposed to a bull. On March 27, 1921, while in the pasture, this animal aborted a male fetus due in May from the July service noted above, and the placenta was retained. The animal was brought to the barn and isolated. On March 29, 1921, the membranes were removed manually with little difficulty, the uterus was douched and several ounces of petroleum oil placed in it, following which no further treatment was found necessary. The fetus was found on the pasture at 4 p. m., March 27, ' with a few blow-fly larve deposited about the nostrils, and was brought to the laboratory at 6:15 p. m. On autopsy it showed sero-sanguineous fluid infiltration of the subcutis espe- cially in the axillary and inguinal regions. The thoracic and abdominal cavities were filled with blood-stained fluid. Some _ gélatinous masses were present around the heart. The spleen measured 20 by 5 by 2 centimeters and showed several sub- -eapsular hemorrhagic blotches. The stomach contents were a stringy turbid mass intermixed with gray flakes and blood. _ The intestines were apparently normal. 20 J. Traum AND G. H. Harr Cultures were inoculated the same evening from the tissues and fluids as follows: Stomach, 1. Shake 2 per cent glycerin, 1 per cent glucose-agar bouillon. Dis- carded May 17, 1921. No growth. 2. Shake 2 per cent glycerin, 1 per cent glucose-agar bouillon plus . serum. No change until April 12, 1921, when a cloudiness was ob- served on the surface. Subculture and microscopic examination failed to reveal any organism; probably a precipitation of the serum. 8. Cooked blood agar slant. Discarded May 17, 1921. No growth. 4. Cooked blood agar slant. Discarded May 17, 1921. No growth. 5. Cooked blood agar slant in CO. chamber.* Discarded May 17, 1921. No growth. 6. Cooked blood agar slant in CO. chamber. Discarded May 17, 1921. No growth. ° 7. Cooked blood agar plate in CO... Seven colonies; 5 varieties de- veloped. April 2, 1921. All discarded April 12, 1921. 8. Cooked blood agar plate in CO. chamber. Many contaminations. May 4, 1921. Discarded April 12, 1921. Liver 1. Shake 2 per cent glycerin, 1 per cent glucose-agar bouillon. Dis- carded May 12, 1921. No growth. 2. Shake 2 per cent glycerin, 1 per cent glucose-agar bouillon plus serum. Cloudiness developed as in same culture from the stomach. Subcultured as above. No growth. 3. Cooked blood agar. Discarded May 17, 1921. No growth. 4. Cooked blood agar slant in CO. chamber. Discarded May 17, 1921. No growth. 5. Cooked blood agar plate in CO. chamber. Overgrown with con- taminating colonies and discarded, April 12, 1921. Spleen 1. Shake 2 per cent glycerin, 1 per cent glucose-agar bouillon. Dis- carded May 17, 1921. No growth. 2. Shake 2 per cent glycerin, 1 per cent glucose-agar bouillon plus serum. Discarded May 17, 1921. No growth. 3. Cooked blood agar slant. Discarded May 17, 1921. No growth. 4. Cooked blood agar slant in CO. chamber. Discarded May 17, 1921. No growth. Intestines (Colon) 1. Shake 2 per cent glycerin, 1 per cent glucose-agar bouillon. Dis- carded May 17, 1921. No growth. 2. Shake 2 per cent glycerin, 1 per cent glucose-agar bouillon. Dis- carded May 17, 1921. No growth. 3. Cooked blood agar, CO. chamber. Discarded May 17, 1921. No growth. 4. Two per cent glycerin, 1 per cent glucose-agar slant. Discarded May 17, 1921. No growth. 5 and 6. Two per cent glycerin, 1 per cent glucose-agar slant and liver agar in CO, chamber. Discarded May 17, 1921. No growth. All of the above-mentioned cultures except those placed in the CO, chamber were sealed with sealing wax as suggested by Theobald Smith. Smears were made from the stomach, 1 Huddleson. Cornell Veterinarian. 1921, vol. 11. pp. 210-215. ABORTION DISEASE IN A Datry HERD 21 liver, spleen and intestinal contents and examined in stained and unstained preparations, but no vibrios or other definite microorganisms could be seen. Five guinea-pigs (three male and two female) were inoculated March 29, 1921, with the tissues of this abort, and one male guinea-pig with colostrum from the udder of the dam, as fol- lows: Guinea-pig 1778 intraabdominally with intestinal content. Guinea-pig 1779 intraabdominal'y with intestinal content. Guinea-pig 1780 intraabdominally with stomach content. Guinea-pig 1781 intraabdominally with stomach content. Guinea-pig 1782 intraabdominally with liver and spleen emulsion. Guinea-pig 1783 intraabdominally with colostrum from dam. These animals were bled April 11, 1921, and the blood gave a negative agglutination test to Bacillus abortus of both bovine and porcine origin. Guinea-pig 1780 was in a moribund condi- tion April 19, 1921, and was bled and killed. The blood gave a negative agglutination test. Postmortem showed many small grayish specks on liver. Lungs contained several small solidified areas. Cultures from liver, spleen and lungs, kept under ob- servation until July 18, 1921, showed no growth excepting that one shake culture developed a surface growth of a Gram-positive coccus. The blood of all guinea-pigs used in this work except Nos. 1731 and 1732 in Case 1 and Nos. 1829 and 1830 in Case 4 was tested for the presence of Bacillus abortus agglutinins’ be- - fore inoculation and found negative. This bleeding was done from the ear vein,’ one-half mil of blood being wiedad, in 44% mils of carbolized sodium citrate saline solution. The remaining five guinea-pigs were bled and killed July 11, 1921. Their blood gave a negative agglutination test. Postmortem notes on these animals were as follows: No. 1778, no lesions found. No. 1779, no lesions found. No. 1781, no lesions found. No. 1782, no lesions found. No 1783, no lesions found; carcass emaciated. April 27, 1921, the genital tract of this cow was examined and found to be normal. Agglutination tests, as shown in _ Table 2, were made on blood drawn from this animal, in addi- tion to those given in Table 1. 1Seddon. Jour. Comp. Path. and Ther., 1915, vol. 28, p. 25. . yp 2 J. TRAuM AND G. H. Harr TaBLe 2.—AsBorTION AGGLUTINATION TEsts, Cow 2057. ANTIGEN Man. 27, 1921 | Apr. 18, 1921 | Apn. 28, 1921 | May 23, 1921 No. 1 (Porcine) O08 esse ++ sHi-F Shi +- OOS) ee sis ++ = saaye = aie APE Soria cy yee _ eens ead * O00. ee ST SP Peeled 9 a Powe fo ete eee e kere ge tae B-104 (Bovine) AS 1 7 Dahaeeare techn ce sella RANI WRN IRI eS es SNP ets tee Ste 0.08 Fo ata Saks ateMRate PPE ORAS arn Cree eee) eel ie tke Cee SE LBD? ee ae rete ET WPAN te a yer a See Ra er 000827240 me RL De Ss aa eee No. 3 (Porcine) OES 6 aes os SE CERT Barter het Pee eer OD eis me SS Se Re SS URS ON eases ec pe OMe sew nis ne raee neem Me EA weiter = Se eee 0,005 oe : En Ce wren remr In han soem Gat ebae Ce Yo No. 2 (Porcine) O84 e 5ae65-45 ++ Se He Las jap co aha coe eee O25. 8s Ne 5 io Sie OR, OP RE a St oe a lee 2 eral IRL | SRS ihe Pe eR ES A - ne tiee ar Lira tere eyes PRE eT OCG 2) ee SW a aer see Le B. A. (Bovine) O06. es. aL mp fe ABS ey -Sie eilela Baus Gk See i pal ah ees a aes +-—— Fiend er ee en ere sd (et OR cy ART tee ee - me Pee ein hh iaree Ska pace emacs O05 _ mT a eh lad eden te eee No. 4 (Bovine) 3 | ea ri a ee a oy ee: SRE (Cree Percy Pare LenS FRI IN POR ee os wie Sa ee eer eee eres ree be pyr 8 rye a} tite dia asa et came me ere prc rere be Un eae irre Fae ys Bei vchane ft. Mee mPa coal cl 0G saad pe 00 re te ng No. 80 (Bovine) oe AMES ee ge Mead a) bog iw Ga AEE | aig ie whale AE Dan Te ee + Eq. BS aes Vs a lay sgn se day oar aikiW ah ate ka ee a be PE. Dehli alec artis (sla aurora ate Aaa [Ae Necenie ss Mi Si hans aE rh WR - OOOB i. cole od. wa Be dD pk a 6 Ei snake Oa 8 an ae A‘sample of milk was taken from her May 6, 1921, and in- oculated into guinea-pigs. This sample consisted of first milk ‘and strippings in approximately equal amounts, total about one quart of the evening milking. Six hundred mils of this were centrifuged and the sediment inoculated intra-abdominally into Guinea-pigs 1795 and 1796 on May 8, 1921. These guinea- pigs were bled July 14, 1921, and again at the time of slaughter, August 30, 1921, and the blood gave a negative agglutination - test to Bacillus abortus of both porcine and bovine origin. Post- mortem examination was negative except for some adhesions from peritonitis in Guinea-pig 1795. Cultures made from the spleens of the animals on blood-agar remained sterile. This cow was sold to the butcher and slaughtered on May 26, 1921, on account of the fact that she was the only animal in the herd giving any semblance of what might be termed an agglutination reaction to Bacillus abortus antigen. Milk was ABORTION DISEASE IN A Dairy HERD 23 again taken from her just prior to slaughter and inoculated into Guinea-pigs 1817 and 1818 in the same manner as the ‘sample taken May 6, 1921, with negative results. Two guinea-pigs, Nos. 1819 and 1920, were inoculated intra- abdominally May 28, 1921, with scrapings from her uterine mucous membrane and supramammary lymph glands. These guinea-pigs were bled June 25, 1921, and again on July 14, 1921, and the blood was tested against Bacillus abortus antigens of bovine and porcine origin, with negative results. They were bled and killed August 30, 1921. Postmortem examinations showed them to be normal. Agglutination tests made on their - blood were negative. Cultures made on blood-agar from their spleens remained sterile. Case No. 3 Cow 2301 was raised at the dairy and had calved normally April 18, 1918, June 15, 1919, and April 30, 1920. Following the last parturition she was bred June 28, 1920, and became pregnant to the service. She was, therefore, 2 months pregnant when the blood samples in Table 1 were taken. On March 30, 1921, this cow delivered dead twins conceived 275 days previously on June 28, 1920. This pregnancy, there- _ fore, terminated a few days prematurely, which may be ac- counted for by the fact that there were twins. The fetuses were male and female and the tissues and organs in both were apparently normal. The membranes of each fetus appeared normal, only one small necrotic area being observed in one fetal cotyledon. The fetuses were taken to the laboratory for further examina- tion. From the stomach and lungs respectively of each fetus the following cultures were made: pivaage ory ean ; ee per cent glycerin, 1 per cen u- cose shake agar Sealed and incubated Gentian violet fetus medium Cooked blood-agar 2 per cent glycerin, 1 per cent glu- Pinel tas OF cae canh COcchan- cose agar slant . Gentian violet fetus medium | ber and incubated Cooked blood-agar plate _ i ’ ees Smears were made from the siriinaals sa eth of both the fetuses and examined in stained and unstained preparation. No definite organisms could be found in them. 24 J. TRAUM AND G. H. Harr All the cultures from the male fetus remained sterile, as well as those from the stomach of the female fetus. The cooked blood- agar plate and the fetus medium from the lung of the female fetus under CO, showed a few colonies of contaminating organ- isms (Bacillus subtilis) of no significance. All the cultures were discarded May 17, 1921. On March 31, 1921, guinea-pigs were inoculated intra-abdomi- nally with tissues of the fetuses as follows: Guinea-pig 1784. Placenta of both fetuses, including a portion of the necrotic area mentioned above. Guinea-pig 1785. Stomach contents of both fetuses. Guinea-pig 1786. Lungs of both fetuses. Guinea-pigs 1784 and 1786 were bled and killed July 2, 1921. Postmortem examination of No. 1784 showed an abscess on the greater curvature of the stomach from which a streptococcus was isolated. Guinea-pig 1785 was bled and killed July 18, 1921. Postmortems of this animal and of No. 1786 were negative. Ag- glutination tests made on the blood of all three animals were negative. EXAMINATIONS OF Mi.K SAMPLES FROM THE HERD On May 25, 1921, milk samples were taken from all the cows in the dairy giving milk at. the time and composite samples were injected into guinea-pigs. The samples were collected as shown below, and two guinea-pigs were inoculated with each. sample, making a total of twenty experimental animals. MILK SAMLES FROM U. C. Datry ANIMALS (Taken from evening milking May 25, 1921. At least 600 c.c. samples centrifuged May 26 and sediment inoculated intra-abdominally into guinea-pigs. May 27, 1921.) Sample 1. Composite of first milk and strippings in approximately equal amounts total about one quart from Cows 2027, 2178, 2299, 1869 and 1662, inoculated into Guinea-pigs 1797 and 1798. Sample 2. Ditto from Cows 1968, 2055, 2068, 1960 and 1967, in- oculated into Guinea-pigs 1799 and 1800. Sample 3. Ditto from Cows 2029, 2301, 1864, 1485 and 1965, inocu- lated into Guinea-pigs 1801 and 1802. Sample 4. Ditto from Cows 1438, 2298, 2300, 2030 and 2026, inocu- lated into Guinea-pigs 1803 and 1804. Sample 5. Ditto from Cows 12238, 2060, 2296, 2177 and 2061, inocu- lated into Guinea-pigs 1807 and 1808. Sample A. From vat after milking of Cows 2027, 2178, 2299, 1869, mee ae and 2063, inoculated intra-abdominally Guinea-pigs 1809 and 1810. Sample B. From vat after milking Cows 2055, 1967, 2029, 2301, ie and 1435, inoculated intra-abdominally Guinea-pigs 1811 an : Sample C. From vat after milking of Cows 1438, 1965, 2298, 2300, ABORTION DISEASE IN A Dairy HERD 25 at Soy ag and 1223, inoculated intra-abdominally Guinea-pigs 1813 an Sample D. From vat after milking of Cows 2296, 2060, 2177, 2061, oe, oe and 1953, inoculated intra-abdominally ’Guinea-pigs 1815 Six of these Guinea-pigs, Nos. 1799, 1801, 1802, 1805, 1810 and 1816, died of intercurrent disease. Blood was obtained from No. 1805 June 16, from No. 1802 June 23, and from No. 1801 June 25, all of which gave negative agglutination tests. The remain- ing 14 were bled June 25, July 14, and before slaughter August 27 and 30, respectively. Agglutination tests made on these blood samples against Bacillus abortus antigens of bovine and porcine origin all resulted negatively. Postmortem notes on these animals were as follows: POSTMORTEM NOTES ON INOCULATED GUINEA-PIGS Guinea-pig 1797. Condition good; no lesions. Cultured spleen on cooked blood-agar. Guinea-pig 1798. Condition good; no lesions. Cultured spleen on cooked blood-agar. Guinea-pig 1800. Condition good; no lesions. Cultured spleen on cooked blood-agar. Guinea-pig 1803. Condition good; no lesions. Cultured spleen on cooked blood-agar. Guinea-pig 1804. Condition good; no lesions. Cultured spleen on cooked blood-agar. Guinea-pig 1806. Condition good; no lesions. Cultured spleen on _ cooked blood-agar. Guinea-pig 1807. Condition good; no lesions. Cultured spleen on cooked blood-agar. Guinea-pig 1808. Condition good; no lesions. Cultured spleen on cooked blood-agar. Guinea-pig 1809. Condition good; no lesions. Cultured spleen on cooked blood-agar. Guinea-pig 1811. Condition good; slight adhesions between left lung and pleura. Cultured spleen on cooked blood-agar. Guinea-pig 1812. Condition good; no lesions. Cultured spleen on cooked blood-agar. Guinea-pig 1813. Condition good; left lung showed adhesions and an abscess. Cultured spleen and lung on cooked blood-agar. Guinea-pig 1814. Condition good; no lesions. Cultured spleen on cooked blood-agar. Guinea-pig 1815. Condition good; no lesions. Cultured spleen on cooked blood-agar. All of the cultures made from the spleens and incubated under 10 per cent CO, pressure remained sterile and were discarded September 23, 1921. The culture made from the abscess in the lung of Guinea-pig 1813 showed a growth after two days of a bipolar organism not considered significant. 26 J. TRAUM AND G. H. Harr CasE 4 Cow 1662 was raised at the dairy. First calf born normally August 16, 1918. Second calf born normally September 23, 1919. Third calf born July 13, 1920. At this parturition the afterbirth was retained and had to be treated and manually removed. The uterus was examined and found to be appar- ently normal August 28, 1920. This cow was bred October 20 and November 10, 1920, and March 1, 1921, becoming pregnant to the last service. Her blood was examined as shown in Table 1 and again April 26, 1921, and gave negative agglutina- tion tests.. The animal was examined and found pregnant July 9. In this examination one hand was placed in the rectum and the other in the vagina. The hand in the vagina clasped — the cervix, fixed it and exerted some traction posteriorly. On the morning of July 29, five months after conception and twenty days following examination, this cow, when brought into the barn, had fetal membranes protruding from the vagina, but a search of the corral failed to reveal the ex- pelled fetus, probably for the same reason as that mentioned. in Case 1. At 4 p. m. this day the cow was examined and the fetal membranes removed. The fetal cotyledons were quite yellow in appearance. The chorion had a light pink color, but on close examination this color was streaked with yellow. In three areas about four inches in diameter the capillary congestion was very marked, being unevenly dis- tributed so that the membrane appeared mottled with reddish spots about the size of a pea. The membranes appeared per- fectly fresh with no odor or evidence of decomposition. Two guinea-pigs, Nos. 1829 and 1830, were inoculated with 1 ¢.c. each of an emulsion obtained by grinding small pieces of tissue from the cotyelodons and membranes with the gelat- _inous material in the membranes and a small amount of sterile physiological salt solution. ‘ Blood was taken from these guinea-pigs by bleeding from the ear August 20, 1921, and the agglutination test with Bacillus abortus antigens of bovine and porcine origin was ap- plied to it, with negative results. ; The guinea-pigs were bled again and killed November 10, 1921. Both were normal on postmortem examination, although ABORTION DISEASE IN A Datry Herp 27 No. 1830 was in poor condition. Agglutination tests made on the blood were negative. Cultures were made on blood-agar plates from the spleen of 1829 and from the spleen and testi- ele of 1830 and incubated under 10 per cent CO, asians in a glass jar. The blood-agar plates were examined at the end of four days’ incubation in the CO, chamber and showed only a few contaminating colonies. The plate from the testicle of No. 1830 showed only ene colony and it was not on the streaked area. These plates were kept in the incubator not under CO, for three days longer and were discarded November 22, 1921, having shown no significant organisms. CASE 5 Cow 1438, the dam of No. 2154, Case 1, was born in the dairy in 1914. Her first calf was born normally in January or February, 1917. Second calf born normally January 28, 1918. Third calf born normally February 15, 1919. Following this parturition she was bred again in May or June, 1919, the exact date not being recorded. December 17, 1919, she aborted twins at about 7 months’ gestation, and the afterbirths were retained, requiring treat- ment and manual removal. She was bred again on February 14, 1920, and became preg- nant to this service. The agglutination test shown in Table 1 on her blood was negative. She calved normally November 10, 1920. This is an unusually good milk cow and she was not bred again until April 4, 1921, to which service she conceived. A second agglutination test was made on blood taken from the animal April 26, 1921, with negative results. This animal was examined for pregnancy by the bimanual method, as in Case 4, September 15, 1921, and found to be pregnant. During the night of Sunday, September 25, she aborted the fetus conceived April 4 and had retained afterbirth which had to be treated and manually removed September 28, 1921. The fetus was brought to the laboratory on the morning of _ September 26, 1921, and cultures were made from the stomach, lung and thoracic fiuid as follows: _ Three glycerin-agar shake cultures. Three glycerin-agar slant cultures. Two cooked blood-agar slant cultures. Three glycerin-agar plate cultures, One blood-agar plate. 28 J. TRAUM AND G. H. Harr All the cultures were incubated under 10 per cent CO, pres- sure. Smears and hanging drop preparations made from the fresh material did not show any definite organisms. The eultures remained sterile- with the exception of two large white colonies on one plate culture and one on another, which were clearly of no significance. The cultures were discarded October 12, 1921, by which time molds had developed on 1 the plates, but nothing in the tubes. Two guinea-pigs, Nos. 1843 and 1844, were inoculated with stomach contents, thoracic fluid and lung of the fetus Septem- ber 21, 1921. Blood taken from these guinea-pigs November 16, 1921, gave a negative agglutination reaction with Bacillus abortus. They were bled and killed December 8, 1921, and found to be in good condition and normal. Their blood failed to react - to Bacillus abortus antigen. Cultures were made from the spleens on cooked blood-agar and glycerin-agar and incubated under 10 per cent CO, pressure until December 19, 1921, but remained sterile and were discarded. OTHER CASES SHOWING BREEDING DIFFICULTIES In addition to the cases reported above, Cow 1869 had a retained afterbirth in 1919 and Cows 1960 and 1965 had re- tained afterbirths in 1920. Cow 1953 had the same trouble in 1921. This latter animal was treated in 1919 for cysts in her ovaries and retained corpus luteum. Following her first ealf, June 29, 1918, she did not come in heat until after treatment on March 12, 1919. She was then bred March 15, April 26 and May 28, 1919, becoming pregnant to the last service. She was born in 1914 and considerable difficulty was caper in getting her pregnant the first time. Following the conception of May 28, 1919, she calved nor- mally March 12, 1920. She was bred again August 25, 1920, to which service she conceived and delivered twins April 18, 1921. At this parturition one of the fetal membranes was retained and had to be manually removed forty-eight hours afterwards. Little difficulty was experienced in removing the membranes, but considerable discharge from the uterus was observed April 27. She was treated April 29 and 30 with warm uterine injections of physiological salt solution followed by 1 per cent Lugol’s solution, after which the discharge ceased. ABORTION DISEASE IN A Dairy HERD 29 FEEDING OF THE HERD The milking cows in this herd are fed dry feed during about nine months of the year, from about June 15 to March 15. During the remaining three months, which constitute our green feed season, they are allowed to run on hillside pasture, getting practically all their feed in this way. The dry feed consists entirely of alfalfa hay as a roughage, with a some- what varying mixture of concentrates. Beet pulp and coconut meal have been regularly fed. During most of the period covered by this report bran has been used as a third concen- trate, but at times this has been replaced with rolled barley. The dry cows and young stock are kept on pasture during all of the year, it being sometimes necessary during the winter to feed them a small amount of hay. The bull is kept penned up during most of the time and fed dry feed. During the green-feed season he is usually given a few weeks on pasture. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION In eonsidering these cases, No. 1 is interesting from the fact that her dam has aborted twice. The possibility of the bovine uterus in some animals being inherently hypersensitive to overdistention to the point that expulsive contractions take place at certain stages of gestation, resulting in premature expulsion of the offspring, as has been observed in the human family, should not be overlooked. Case 2 attracted attention at the time of the general examina- tion of the blood of all the animals in August, 1920. While her blood serum gave an agglutination reaction to Bacillus abortus higher than any of the animals in the herd, it still never reached the point where it could be considered positive. Its agglutinating properties increased somewhat between August 30, 1920, and March 27, 1921, in that the — + reaction in 0.02 dilution of the former date reached a ++ in the same dilu- tion on the latter date. Especial significance was given to this on account of the fact that she aborted on the latter date. The history of the animal does not reveal exposure to Bacillus abortus infection, and the large amount of work done on her fails to incriminate Bacillus abortus or any other infection. Case 3 is of least significance on account of the fact that 30 J. TRAUM AND G. H. Hart there were twins and birth was so nearly at term. Death of both fetuses may have occurred during the parturition, as no attendant was present, and there may have been posterior presentations, or mechanical obstruction of the umblical ves- sels may have occurred. Cases 4 and 5 aborted twenty and ten days respectively after a bimanual manipulation of the genital organs in the diagnosis of pregnancy. These two eases, together with other circumstantial evidence which has come to our notice, lead us to venture the suggestion that such examination may, under certain conditions at present unrecognized, be responsi- ble for abortion. It is the vaginal portion of the examination on which we place the responsibility if any can be placed on this procedure. Its value in the diagnosis of pregnancy in some cattle is so great that it can not well be dispensed with, but if it is a possible cause of abortion, it will have to be done with more care than is at present exercised when the opinion is so generally held that there is no danger of examination causing this phenomenon. . All the cases described in this paper occurred between Sep- tember 16, 1920, and September 25, 1921, a period of about one year. If we exclude Case 3 as being doubtful, there still remain four definite cases of abortion in one year among about forty animals of breeding age. This is, therefore, 10 per cent of premature expulsions of the offspring in this herd without demonstrable cause. In addition we have had several retained afterbirths, failure to conceive, retained yellow body, ete., which conditions are frequently grouped under the manifesta- tions of abortion disease. These animals will form a portion of a large group of animals which are to be utilized in abortion disease studies during the next five years, therefore rendering important a knowledge of their present status in regard to breeding difficulties. What the Cow Gave Want Ad in the Wichita Falls Times: ‘‘For Sale—A full blooded cow, bred milk, three tons of hay, a lot of chickens, and several stoves.’ THE EFFICIENCY OF CARBON TETRACHLORID AGAINST HOOKWORMS IN THE SILVER _ BLACK FOX: By J. A. ALLEN Animal Pathologist in Charge, Fox Research Station, Health of Animals Branch, Canada IN A PREVIOUS COMMUNICATION (1) the economic im- portance of hookworm infestation in silver black foxes in eap- tivity was outlined and the results obtained in experiments with chloroform and thymol were reported. ) In the meager literature on parasitic diseases of foxes there is little recorded as to the prevalence of hookworms. Riley and Fitch (3) state that from the results of the examination of the feces of foxes from a number of farms and the reports in the literature they are led to believe that hookworm infestation is quite common. These writers have observed the presence of Uncinaria polaris in three out of four silver fox ranches ex- amined, and state that this parasite was responsible for the death of young stock, and that the su csaed of the fur of infested animals was affected. When writing our previous paper the information as to the prevalence of hookworms in the ranch fox was incomplete, and since then we have encouraged the ranchers in the vicinity to furnish us with carcasses of animals that die and to submit samples of feces from suspected foxes. In addition a large number of samples of feces have been taken for examination from foxes being exported from Canada. In all 1,422 specimens have been examined, and 345, or ap- proximately 24 per cent, showed the presence of hookworms. In some ranches the percentage of infestation was found to be as high as 65, and only a comparatively few ranches were abso- lutely free from infestation. In a number of cases hookworm eggs were demonstrable in excellent, full-furred foxes. EXPERIMENTS WITH CARBON TETRACHLORID In his experiments with carbon tetrachlorid on dogs, Hall (2) found that this drug administered in capsules in a dose rate of 0.3 mil per kilo removed 34 or all of the hookworms present 31 32 J. A. ALLEN in nine experimental dogs. This worker employed smaller dosage in other experiments, but concluded that 0.3 mil per kilo was necessary to obtain the maximum efficiency. Hall’s report was published in April, when accurate experi- mentation with foxes is impossible because of the difficulty of securing experimental animals. The work had to be held over until the pelting season. It was not known just what effect earbon tetrachlorid would have on foxes, but in the meantime its use was suggested, and it was used with variable results — by a number of fox ranchers. In a number of instances the dosage employed was too small for efficient results. In our present series of experiments we followed the tech- nique as outlined in our previous paper. The drug was given in gelatin capsules, and followed with a small quantity of castor oil to hasten swallowing. The animals were fasted for from 12 to 14 hours before giving the drug. EXPERIMENT 1 In order to avoid eliminative work it was decided to begin our experiments with the dosage found by Hall to be efficacious in dogs, namely, 0.3 mil per kilo (approximately 5 minims for each 2.2 pounds of body weight). Fox No. 249 passed 24 hookworms (20 of which were passed in the first stool) and 3 ascarids. When killed seven days later some petechiz were found in the lower bowel; other organs were apparently healthy. One hookworm was found on post- mortem. This animal was malformed, being nearly as broad as long. Efficiency against ascarids, 100 per cent; against hook- worms, 96 per cent. Se Fox No. 250 passed no worms; none found on postmortem. Organs apparently normal. Fox No. 251, same as No. 250. Fox No. 252, same as No. 250. . Fox No. 253 passed 25 hookworms, and none were found when the animal was killed six days later. Hookworm eggs were seen in the feces for several days after treatment. Organs nor- mal. Efficiency against hookworms, 100 per cent. Fox No. 255 passed one hookworm and one ascarid. Organs found normal and no worms when fox was killed seven days CARBON TETRACHLORID FOR HookworMs IN Fox 33 later. Efficiency against hookworms, 100 per cent; against asearids, 100 per cent. Fox No. 256 passed 3 hookworms in first stool; no worms found when killed five days later. Organs in good condition. Efficiency against hookworms, 100 per cent. Fox No. 257 was found to be free from intestinal parasites; all tissue apparently healthy. Fox No. 259 passed two hookworms. No worms were found on postmortem when held ten days later. Efficiency against hookworms, 100 per cent. Fox No. 260 passed no worms, but had 2 hookworms and 3 asearids when killed five days after treatment. Efficiency against ascarids and hookworms, 0 per cent. Fox No. 261 passed one hookworm; none found on postmortem four days later. Organs normal. Efficiency against hookworms, 100 per cent. ; Fox No. 262. No worms passed; none found on postmortem. Organs normal. Fox No. 263 passed no worms; none were found on postmortem. Animal became constipated ; bowels made to move with difficulty. Fox No. 264 passed 6 hookworms and 4 ascarids. Animal died on eighth day. No worms were found. Animal lost one and one-half pounds in weight from time of dosing until death. Animal was underweight and anemic when treated. Efficiency against hookworms and ascarids, 100 per cent. Fox No. 265 passed 1 hookworm; none were found on post- mortem. Efficiency against hookworms, 100 per cent. Fox No. 266 passed no worms; none were found on post- mortem five days later. This animal became intoxicated and paralyzed before being released after treatment. Artificial respiration employed and animal recovered. Fox No. 267 passed 3 hookworms; none found when suena was killed ten days later. Organs apparently healthy. Effi- ciency against hookworms, 100 per cent. Fox No. 268. Samples of first stool thrown out by mistake. No worms on postmortem. No conclusion. Fox No. 269 passed 1 asearid; none found on postmortem eight days later. Efficiency against ascarids, 100 per cent. Foxes Nos. 270 and 271 were found to be free from worms. Organs apparently normal. 34 J. AY AGLEN Fox No. 272 passed 12 hookworms, and had retained 3 hook- worms when killed seven days later. Efficiency against hook- worms, 80 per cent. Fox No. 273 passed 1 hookworm; none found on postmortem ten days later. Efficiency 100 per cent. _ Fox No. 274 passed 1 asearid. Efficiency against ascarids, 100 per cent. EXPERIMENT 2 In the second experiment, double the quantity (0.6 mil per kilo) of carbon tetrachlorid was administered in capsules to four foxes. Fox No. 275 passed 4 hookworms and retained none, giving an efficiency of 100 per cent. No toxie effects were noted, and the organs were apparently normal on postmortem eight days later. Transitory intoxication; recovered. Fox No. 276, weighing 6 kilos, was given 3.6 mils of carbon tetrachlorid. There were no: immediate or after effects, and the organs were apparently normal when the animal was killed eight days after treatment. No worms present. Fox No. 277 was free from intestinal parasites. Organs nor- mal. Fox No. 278 passed 123 hookworms, 122 of which were voided during the first day after treatment, and 6 ascarids. This ani- mal was stunted and weighed only 3.5 kilos. When killed one 2 RR a Fox No. 278. One hundred and twenty-three hookworms were removed from this stunted and malformed fox during the first day after treat- ment with carbon tetrachlorid. Only 8 hookworms remained CARBON TETRACHLORID FOR HookworMS IN Fox 35 month later no lesions that could be attributed to the drug were observed. Eight hookworms found on postmortem. Effi- ciency against ascarids, 100 per cent; against hookworms, 93.5 per cent. EXPERIMENT 3 In the third experiment two foxes received the carbon tetra- chlorid in drench. The animals were fasted as in the previous experiments and no purgative was given either before or after the drug. Fox No. 279 was given carbon tetrachlorid on the basis of 0.3 mil per kilo. This animal collapsed inside of a few seconds, later became greatly excited, and recovered in half an hour. One hookworm was recovered from the feces, and none were found on postmortem. Efficiency 100 per cent. Fox No. 280 was given carbon tetrachlorid on the basis of 0.6 mil per kilo of body weight. Animal became sick imme- diately. Staggered around pen, but recovered in ten minutes. One ascarid was passed and no worms retained. Efficiency against ascarids, 100 per cent. Discussion OF RESULTS OBTAINED IN THESE EXPERIMENTS In all, 23 experimental foxes were given carbon tetrachlorid in capsules at the rate of 0.3 mil per kilo of body weight, and 13 of these were found to harbor hookworms in numbers vary- ing from 1 to 25. The total number of hookworms present in these 13 animals was 85, and the treatment expelled them all but 6. An efficiency of 100 per cent was obtained in 10 out of 13 cases. Combining the results obtained in all cases, an effi- ciency of 93 per cent was obtained, which is a much higher index than that obtained with any other substance yet used against hookworms in foxes. In Experiment 2 a remarkable efficiency is shown for carbon tetrachlorid in the case of fox No. 278. Only 8 hookworms re- mained after treatment, and 122 worms were removed the first day. This experiment also indicates that double the effective dose as determined in Experiment 1 may be given without produc- ing any apparent injury to the animal, provided the carbon tetrachlorid is carefully administered in capsules. If given in 36 J. A. ALLEN drench, as in Experiment 3, distressing symptoms may be pro- duced. The chief danger lies in the difficulty of administering cap- sules to adult foxes. In their struggle to resist medication, the capsules are frequently damaged by the teeth, and some of the escaping drug may readily reach the trachea. Once carbon tetrachlorid, given in doses mentioned above, reaches the stom- ach, there seems to be little danger from absorption. Fox No. 264 died four days after the administration of the drug, but this animal w ' unthrifty and emaciated when ad- mitted to the experiment In some few eases constipation was produced, but this did 1 | oceur with sufficient regularity to cause much annoyance. In addition to the exj sriments recorded in this paper, 399 adult foxes were treated, under our supervision, by fox ranchers. The dose given was 20 minims, which approximates the average quantity of carbon tetrachlorid used in Experiment 1. The feces were not examined, and no conclusions can be drawn as to efficacy of the treatment; but only seven deaths were reported as a result of the treatment. Although the number of ascarids present in the experimental animals was small, the indications are that carbon tetrachlorid has also a high index against them. This is in agreement with Hall’s findings in the case of dogs. COMPARISON OF CARBON TETRACHLORID WITH CHLOROFORM AND THYMOL Chloroform.—In our previous experiments with other anthel- minties it was found that chloroform was inefficient, removing only 21 per cent of the hookworms harbored by 14 experimental foxes. Fifty per cent of these animals died as a result of the treatment. Thymol.—This drug showed a high degree of efficiency (87.8 per cent) when given to foxes on the basis of 0.138 gram per kilo of body weight, with this dose repeated in two hours. From this dosage a mortality of 18.7 per cent followed, making its use prohibitive except during pelting time when the skins of the animals are marketable. When thymol was used on the basis of 0.065 gram per kilo of live weight and the dose repeated in two hours, an efficiency of 33 per cent was obtained, and CARBON TETRACHLORID FoR HookworMs IN Fox 37 the mortality was reduced to about 6.8 per cent. One dose of 0.065 gram of thymol per kilo of live weight had little or no anthelmintic effect. z SUMMARY 1. When given to foxes at the rate of 0.3 mil per kilo of body weight (5 minims for each 2.2 pounds), carbon tetrachlorid showed an efficiency of 93 per cent against hookworms. 2. Only one death occurred among the experimental animals. This death was attributed to the poor condition of the animal. 3. When foxes are overcome by carbon tetrachlorid as a result of the capsule being broken while being forced into the pharynx, a number of these animals can be revived by artificial respiration. 4. Only 7 died out of a total of 399 foxes treated with 20 minims of carbon tetrachlorid. 5. Carbon tetrachlorid is more efficient and much less danger- ous than either chloroform or thymol. 6. The indications are that carbon tetrachlorid is also efficient when used against ascarids in the silver black fox. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My thanks are due to the fox ranchers of Prince Edward Island, who kindly furnished me with foxes for these experi- ments, and also to Dr. F. Torrance, Veterinary Directory Gen- . eral, Ottawa, and to Dr. E. A. Watson, Chief Animal Path- -ologist, Ottawa, for permission to publish this article. REFERENCES 1. AtteN, J. A. The efficiency of chloroform and thymol against hookworms in the silver black fox. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., April, 1921. 2. HALL, Maurice C. Carbon tetrachlorid for the removal of para- as worms, especially hookworms. Jour. Agr. Research, April, 3. Ritey, WILLIAM A., and Fitcu, C. P. The animal parasites of foxes, with special reference to hookworms. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., June, 1921. The British Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, as a means of helping young veterinary graduates to obtain facili- ties for further study and research work, has awarded two veterinary research scholarships of the value of 200 pounds sterling per annum. PROPHYLACTIC VACCINATION OF DOGS AGAINST RABIES By A. EtcuHorn and B. M. Lyon Pearl Rwer, New York VACCINATION against rabies is one of the oldest methods of immunization practiced. Due to the magnificent work of Pasteur on the immunization against rabies, it is possible to avert the disease even after exposure. Hundreds of thousands of patients have been successfully protected by this form of vaccination, and even today it is considered the most suitable method for the prevention of the disease in man. The Pasteur vaccine is prepared by drying the spinal cord of a rabbit artificially infected with the fixed virus of rabies over potassium hydrate for various lengths of time. Drying of the cord attenuates the virus to a certain degree and makes possible its injection into the exposed individuals with impunity. In the Hogyes method the attenuation of the fixed virus is eliminated. The method consists in grinding the brain of a rabbit artificially inoculated with fixed virus and injecting varying dilutions of this ground brain. Aside from a protec- tive serum, which has also been successfully prepared, al- though found to be of no advantage over the other vaccines, ~ all other methods of vaccination which have been developed and recommended are based on the same principle as the Pas: teur and Hogyes method; that is, the foundation of all the . vaccinations is the inoculation of the patients with the fixed virus. The term ‘‘fixed virus’’ designates rabies virus which by repeated and continuous passages through rabbits has become fixed for those animals in so far that it persistently kills them in from six to eight days. Such virus, through these passages, acquiring a greater pathogenicity for rabbits, is less virulent for other animals and man. It has been found that even compara- tively large doses of such fixed virus will not produce the disease in other animals than rabbits. In taking advantage of this fact, Hogyes developed the dilution method whereby he proved that in successive vaccinations with the fixed virus an immunity 38 c ena PropHyLactic VaccInATION oF Dogs AGatnst Rasires 39 may be produced which will effectively prevent the develop- ment of the disease in man and animals. The first injection is made with the very high dilution of virus and gradually the dilutions are reduced in the successive injections. This method of immunization has also been employed to a very great extent in veterinary practice. The statistical data available show that in approximately 10,000 vaccinations of exposed animals only 28 developed the disease, which must be considered as splendid results, inasmuch as some of the vac- cinations were undertaken after a considerable time elapsed from the time of exposure before the administration of the vaccine. In all the methods, however, especially those employed for the prevention of the disease in man, a great number of vac- cinations are required to produce the desired immunity. This factor naturally has a decided disadvantage in the applica- tion of this treatment in veterinary practice, in view of the fact that the animals in most instances have only an intrinsic value and only in a few cases is there any desire to save the animal for sentimental reason. As a result of this condition, the vaccination in animals has never been generally adopted. If we consider, on the other hand, the causes which are re- sponsible for the existence and the spread of the disease, we - ean not help but realize that the dog is the principal agent in- criminated, and if we could effectively eliminate the prevalence of the disease in dogs there is no doubt that the disease could be controlled and eradicated. The long distances whicli rabid dogs travel, biting animals and persons met on their way, makes the persistence of the disease in localities and countries possible. Sanitary police and other legislative measures em- ployed from the time of the earliest history of the disease could not effect its diminution. Muzzling, quarantining and prohibit- _ ing dogs to run at large have also failed in their purpose. In order, therefore, to control the disease effectively, investigators have aimed to develop a protective vaccination whereby it would be possible to vaccinate dogs against the infection so as to protect them against any natural exposure. The possibility of injecting animals with altered fixed virus suggested itself as a means of an effective vaccination. Various investigators have proved that it is possible to confer upon 40 A. EicHHorN AND B. M. Lyon animals an immunity by the injection of such fixed virus. None of the methods suggested have ever been applied in practice for the purpose of protecting dogs which have not been ex- posed to the disease. More recently,1 however, as. a result of the tremendous spread of the disease in Japan through the war, they felt obliged to adopt some means whereby the ravages of the disease might be checked. Through the application of ex- perimentally effective vaccination of dogs, they have proved in practice that it is possible to confer upon animals with a single injection a sufficient immunity which will protect them for at least one year against any bites to which they might be exposed by other dogs. The vaccination consists of a single injection of a large dose of phenolized fixed virus. It is prepared by collecting and . grinding the brain and spinal cord of a rabbit in which rabies developed in seven days from the injection of fixed virus. To this amount four times its volume of phenolized glycerin water is added. The glycerin water consists of 60 parts of glycerin to 40 parts of water containing 1.25 per cent phenol. This mixture was called the original vaccine and was stored at room temperature of 18° to 22° C. for two weeks, or in an ice chamber 30 days to reduce its virulence. When first used this vaccine was diluted to one-twentieth, but later it was given in a dilu- tion to one-fifth, that is, in its original strength. This vaccine - can be stored much longer than ordinary rabies vaccine, and from data it will remain active two to three months at room temperature. ay Dosage of Vaccine.—When the experimental work was done, the dosage ranged from a fraction of a cubic centimeter up to 6 ¢.c., and the number of injections from four to one, and a dilution of from one-twentieth to one-fifth of the original vac- cine to the concentrated original vaccine itself, which is diluted to one-fifth or 1 to 4. It was finally established that one injection of 5 ¢.c. per 15 kilograms weight of one-fifth dilution should be used, and that for puppies of 4144 kilograms or less one-half the dose of 6 ¢.c. should be given. These findings were based on very extensive experimental work, and only after the experiments had proved the effective- 1A study of the anti-rabic inoculation of dogs and the results of its practical appli- cation, by S. Umeno and Y. Doi, in the Kitasato Archives of Experimental Medi- cine, vol. IV, No. 2, pp.‘ 89-108. PropHyLActic VACCINATION oF Docs AGainst Rapes 41. ness of the method was vaccination undertaken on a large num- ber of dogs in practice. Since that time and up to 1921, 31,307 dogs were vaccinated in the Prefectures of Kanagawa and Tokio, with the results that only one animal died from accidental causes following vaccination and in only one ease did the vaccination fail in pro- ducing a sufficient immunity against natural exposure. On the other hand, the disease continued to rage among the un- vaccinated animals. The vaccination in these two prefectures resulted in a 75 per cent reduction in the number of cases of rabies, the disease occurring only in the dogs which were not immunized. In order to prove whether such a high degree of immunity _ is actually produced by the vaccination, the writers undertook -a series of experiments, the results of which are given in ‘Table 1 and Table 2. -Tasie 1.—Rasres Vaccination Expertmments on Docs. Date Amount | Las- | Date Streer Doc Vacctwe INJECTED | onA- | Virus In- Amount! REsuLTs No.| InsecTrep Suscuta- | ToRY |JEcTED INTRA- ; NEOUSLY No. OCULARLY 1 | Oct. 4, 1921 5 c.c. 16 | Oct. 29, 1921 | 0.05 to 0.1 c.c.| Living Feb. 15, 1922 2 do. do. © 16 ie tie do. do 3 do. do. 16 do. do. do - sa do. do. 16 do. do. do. i do. do. 16 do. do. do. 6 do. do. 16 do. do. do. 7 Control do. do. Died Noy. 13, 1921, : dumb i 8 do. do. do. Died Noy. 14, 1921, : furious rabies? 9 ' do. do. do. Died Noy. 15, 1921, furious rabies? 1 The infective dose of street virus was made up of a suspension of medulla and oh gen i of three different dogs known to have died of street rabies. The was made up in the proportion, of 1 pom ip 1) a vite Diagnosis of rabies verified by microscopical findings and inoculation of rab- K le 2. To verify our clinical diagnosis of rabies in the three check dogs shown in Table 1, in each case the brain was removed, examination for Negri bodies made, and an emulsion from each brain reinoculated Lahn aha into two rabbits each as shown in Table 2. As will be noted from the tables, the six vaccinated dogs successfully resisted the injection of a dose of street virus which proved fatal to the three controls, the latter developing the disease in from 15 to 17 days, which for dogs is considered . Sa i ia ie 3. ane 42 A. ErcHHORN AND B. M. Lyon TaBLeE 2.—Rassit INocuLATIONS TO VERIFY D1aGNnosis or Rasies In Controt Dogs: TaBLeE 1. RABBIT DatTE BRAIN FROM Date No. INJECTED Doe No. Diep REMARKS 1 Nov. 16, 1921 7 Nov. 16, 1921 | Shock from trephining awl do. 7 Noy. 28, 1921 | Rabies! os 3 do. B Ce Sanne eee Living Dec. 8, 1921 4 do. 8 Dec. 1, 1921 Rabies! 5 do. 9 do. do. 6 do. 9 Dec. 6, 1921 do. 1 Diagnosis of rabies verified by microscopical findings. a short period of incubation; therefore, the injected dose of the street virus must be considered as highly infective. These experimental findings would justify the conclusion that dogs vaccinated with a single injection of phenolized fixed virus may be protected against large doses of street virus. These results are of great significance, inasmuch as this method of vaccination offers a possibility of controlling, if not eventually eradicating, the disease. In localities where the disease is very prevalent, its spread might be checked by compulsory vaccination of all dogs. The advantages of a pro- tective vaccination against rabies are not only of great impor- tance from an economical and veterinary police standpoint, but more so for public health reasons. STRASBURG TO CELEBRATE PASTEUR CENTENARY The centenary of the birth of Pasteur is to be observed in May, 1923, by a great celebration at Strasburg, France, under the auspices of the University of Strasburg with the coopera- tion of the Pasteur Institute and the family of the distinguished scientist. It has been decided to erect a monument at the Uni- versity, where Pasteur, as professor, began his career of fame. The ceremonies will include the opening of an exposition of hygiene and bacteriology to show progress due to Pasteur’s discoveries. A congress of hygiene and bacteriology will also be held for the discussion of such problems as tuberculosis, cancer, syphilis, leprosy and filterable viruses. At the last convention of the National Veterinary Association of Italy, held at Ravenna, an increase of membership from 1,300 to 2,000 was reported. The dues include the price of subserip- tion to a professional journal. THE VALUE OF ANAEROBIC CULTURES‘ By Grorce W. ‘Srines, JR. United States Bureau of Animal Industry, Denver, Colorado THE PREPARATION of anaerobic cultures probably does not constitute a part of the daily routine procedure in the average bacteriological laboratory. Doubtless there are exceptions to this general statement ; however, unless one suspects the presence of anaerobes in a particular case, cultures to detect this type of organism are usually neglected. Unless cultures are made to determine the possible prevalence of both anaerobic as well as aerobic organisms, one is not justi- fied in concluding that the specimens under consideration are free from living bacteria or that all organisms present in some portion of the animal have been found. During the past three years nearly 2,000 specimens of vari- ous kinds have been examined bacteriologically in the Denver Branch Laboratory of the Pathological Division, and in many instances, when aerobic cultures only were made, the results from bacterial growth were negative, but later, when some of these same types of tissues were cultured both anaerobically and aero- bically, the results showed the presence of anaerobic organisms only, which specimens would previously have been considered _ sterile when aerobic methods alone were employed. This is particularly true with the investigations being made on sheep losses resembling braxy. In this work the recent dis- closures show the majority of specimens examined to contain but the anaerobic group.* During the month of December, 1920, 13 out of 18 sheep examined showed only anaerobic organisms from one or more of the viscera. In the further discussion of this paper five divisions of the subject may be considered as related to the general theme. I. Kiuuep Sick ANIMALS FOR AUTOPSY According to various writers and personal experience, the selection of proper material is the first essential consideration in the study of any specimen for bacteriological study. 2Presented at the Fifty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medi- cal Association, ie aa So Colo., September 5-9, 1921. 2 Losses among sheep in the Rocky Mountain region. George W. Stiles, Jr. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., June, 1921, p. 322. 43 44 tEORGE W. StTiLEs, IR. Representative cases showing visible evidence of illness from, a herd of infected animals should, if possible, be slaughtered for autopsy purposes. From such carcasses portions of the lung, liver, spleen, kidney, glands, muscle and blood may be selected and preferably cultured at once. If this is impracticable the tissues should be either well iced or packed in a generous quan- tity of dry powdered borax and taken to the laboratory as quickly as possible for making cultures. In a few instances where fresh specimens have shown few, if any, organisms when first received, these same tissues, when held in the ice box for 24 to 48 hours, have shown a greatly increased number on the second examination. Animals dying naturally from disease, particularly if allowed to remain for some time after death, are more liable to show a wider variety of bacterial flora, and especially saprophytic and putrefactive types from the intestinal tract; hence the value of cultures prepared from moribund slaughtered animals; also the chance of foreign tissue invasion is reduced, and the likelihood of isolating the causative organism is made more possible. II. PREPARATION OF CULTURES Doubtless each laboratory worker has his own method of mak- ing cultures; however, one general principle is recognized by all who are engaged in this kind of work. The nature of the cul- ture medium used, its reaction and other characteristics, may vary according to the individual, but by following standard methods the personal element is reduced to a minimum, In brief, one should remove from a specimen enough material by the use of heated spatula, platinum wire and sterilized instru- ments to insure a growth if any appreciable number of organ- isms are present. A small loopful of blood may not contain a single organism, whereas the inoculation of the 0.5 ¢.c. or more may insure growth. In making aerobic cultures, both liquid and solid media are desirable. Anaerobic cultures of course require the exclusion of free air from the medium used. Recently sterilized Smith fermentation tubes have been con- veniently used for liquid media, by introducing a small portion _of tissue with’ sterile forceps beyond the bend of the tube. Vari- ‘ous kinds of liquid culture material, such as plain or sugar broth, THE VALUE OF ANAEROBIC CULTURES 45 milk, egg albumen and other substances, may be used in this manner. Shake agar tubes, ioe plain er otherwise, are often used ta advantage for primary anaerobic cultures. Such cultures may be made in conjunction with the liquid Smith tube cultures. Incubation should be made sufficiently long to permit develop ment of slow-growing organisms, should they be present. III. SEPARATION OF SPECIES The development of primary cultures, whether anaerobic or aerobic, may be a comparatively simple task, but their separation is not always such an easy matter. If aerobic species only devel- op, the plating method by using suitable solid media easily separates the colonies for their growth in pure strains. When mixed cultures develop, containing both spore-bearing anaerobes and aerobes, the problem becomes more complicated. Aerobes may be separated by aerobic methods of growth. The anaerobes will require more skillful methods. Application of heat to the liquid cultures in the water bath may be an aid in separating the various types of bacteria. For example, a liquid spore-bearing culture may be heated at 70° C. for a period of one hour or longer, and subcultures re- moved at intervals of every five minutes’ exposure and trans- ferred by pipette to a sterile Smith broth culture and incubated. This method would separate the nonvegetative, less resistant species from the spore-bearing types. Further purification may be necessary by using a series of dilutions in small shake agar tubes from the heated strain, and selecting a tube showing rela- tively few colonies for additional study. The use of a low-power lens will aid in identifying the various types of deep anaerobic colonies in shake agar cultures. The gentle application of heat from the gas burner to the distal end _of a shake agar culture will expel the contents into a sterile Petri dish. This column of agar containing well separated colonies may then be divided by a hot platinum wire into seg- ments, each containing a single colony. The single fragments of agar containing but one colony are then transferred to suit- able media for development. Several such colonies should be fished from the agar plug, particularly if there appears to be more than one type present, and further studied for determina- 46 GEORGE W. STILES, JR. tion of purity. When a culture is once determined to consist of a single species, then its pathogenic and biological features may be determined. IV. PATHOGENIC PROPERTIES The pathogenic properties of an anaerobic organism are usually determined on guinea-pigs, rabbits, white mice or other small animals. However, it is preferable to test the organism finally on the same kind of animals from which the strain was originally isolated. Having separated the organism in pure culture, the matter of dosage to be given and the manner of administration will vary according to individual cases. Anaerobic organisms are generally injected either subcutaneously or deep into the tis- sues; they probably would not develop if introduced intrave- nously. A careful postmortem examination of the dead labora- tory animal should be made, noting the presence or absence of swellings, gas in the tissues, distribution of lesions, conditions of each viseus, and finally, suitable cultures should be made to recover the strain injected into the animal. V. CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS Having separated the organism in a pure culture and determined its pathogenic properties, its further identification may be accomplished by a study of its biological characters. Staining reactions, morphological characteristics, motility tests, its growth and behavior in various kinds of culture media, its ability to ferment sugars, liquefy gelatin, coagulate milk; all these aid in placing the organism in some known group of bacteria. aR SS AY Bacteriological investigations of anaerobic infections present many complex problems. According to Heller’ it is probable that many of the early anaerobic studies were made with mixed cultures, consequently the conclusions drawn were not justified in the light of more recent disclosures on strains devel- oped from single colonies. _ The recognition of the causative factor in the obscure diseases afflicting domestic animals is necessary before satisfactory 1Etiology of acute gangrenous infections of animals. A discussion of blackleg, braxy, malignant edema and whale septicemia. Jour. Infect. Diseases, vol. 27, No. 5, Nov., 1920, pp. 385-451. THE VALUE oF ANAEROBIC CULTURES 47 progress can be made toward preventing or alleviating such maladies. Through the study of anaerobic cultures, in addition to the usual aerobic methods, it may be possible to gain much infor- mation of value pertaining to these diseases which exact such a heavy toll of livestock annually. RUSSIAN LIVESTOCK RAVAGED BY DISEASE The ravages of animal diseases are not the least of the- troubles that afflict Russia, according to a correspondent of the French Revue Générale de Médecine Vétérinaire. Rinderpest is said to be raging in all provinces and to have reduced the number of cattle by two-thirds. Glanders is widespread among horses. A clinical examination of 5,000 remounts at Kiev re- vealed 800 affected with glanders, and with no measures being taken to combat the disease it was believed to be only a ques- tion of time when practically all of these animals would become infected. Thousands of persons have contracted glanders, and special hospitals for their treatment have had to be provided. The direction of the Russian veterinary service has been con- fided to a former hospital attendant in the Red army. He has established a Bolshevist veterinary school in which the course is reduced to one year. It is easy to see, says the French journal, that the Russian flocks and herds are in danger of almost complete extinction, and that this condition is not without interest to the outside world. Topeka Daily Capital reports that officials of the Russian gov- ernment are purchasing horses by the thousands in Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming, and concludes: ‘‘They are negotiating to have these horses slaughtered and the meat eanned and shipped to Russia in train-load lots.’’ _ The Hon. José M. Collantes, Secretary of Agriculture, Com- - merce and Labor for Cuba, advised Secretary Mayo that a vet- erinarian representing his department will be sent to the next meeting of the American Veterinary = Association in St. Louis. POISONOUS PLANTS OF THE WESTERN RANGES! By C. Dwieut Mars Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. THERE WAS A QUESTION in my mind when I was invited to speak on this subject as to just exactly what I had better say. The subject is a very broad one. I might simply give a list of poisonous plants, but by so doing I would overstep the time. Twenty minutes would not allow me to give a list. I might take one plant and treat of it in detail. I should then overstep my time limit without any questioning. It seems to be wiser, before an audience of this kind, many of whom come from the East and are not especially familiar with western conditions, to speak in a general way in regard to some of the plants which are poisonous on the western stock ranges. I can not speak of all of them, of course. I can not speak of any of them in detail, and what I will say will be non- technical and sketchy of necessity. My idea, then, is simply to go over, very briefly indeed, just a few of the most poisonous plants of the West. There are poisonous plants—plants poisonous to livestock— all over the United States, but the losses in the East are negligi- ble as compared with those in the West. This results from a number of reasons. One is, of course, the different way in which livestock is handled upon the ranges. Cattle are turned loose, sometimes not seen for weeks, perhaps not for months, and drift upon areas of poisonous plants, perhaps at times when there is a shortage of other forage, and many, as a result, are poisoned. Sheep are generally kept under a herder and moved from place to place in more or less close formation. If, through the ignorance of the herder, they move over a patch of poison- ous plants, some of them are likely to suffer. Many of the sheep are moved upon trails over which a large number go. They become very hungry, and if, upon emerging from these trails, they come upon poisonous plants, they suffer. Then there are more poisonous plants in the West than there are in . the East, and they grow in larger numbers; that is, in larger patches. : ~ aol as 1 Presented at the Fifty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medi- cal Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921. 48 Potsonous PLANTS OF THE WESTERN RANGES 49 In general, stock poisoning is due to shortage of food. I make that as a general statement. There are certain excep- tions. For example, stock do get a loco habit; but generally speaking, no poisonous plants are eaten by choice. Shortage of forage is the main cause of the losses from poisonous plants. So far as remedies are concerned, there are few medicinal remedies that can be used under the ordinary conditions of handling livestock. There are certain plants for which we ean have remedial measures, but generally speaking, that is not the case. Reliance must be put upon prevention and not upon eure. > Thinking it might interest you, I have brought in specimens of a few of our more common poisonous plants of the West. It is very difficult to get many of them at this time of the year. (Fresh specimens of the following plants were shown: The whorled milkweed (Asclepias galioides) ; Zygadenus, or death camas; the western sneezeweed, or Helenium hoopesii; the Colo- rado rubber plant (Hymenorys) ; high larkspur and aconite.) _ I will now show a number of lantern slides and go over them rapidly. ZYGADENUS OR DEATH CAMAS Of all the plants poisonous to sheep, probably the one that occasions the greatest loss on the whole is the plant or plants known as ‘‘death camas,’’ or Zygadenus. These plants grow all over our western ranges and are responsible frequently for losses of hundreds of sheep. The largest individual loss that I happen to be personally familiar with was 900 out of a band of 1,900. Similar losses are not at all unusual. The plant is, in the main, a spring plant, and the losses occur in May and June. The first work which was done by the Department of Agriculture on Zygadenus was done on a species growing in Montana, which is the species growing also commonly in Wyoming, and it was as- sumed that all forms of death camas were poisonous. Death camas is ordinarily called lobelia on the Pacific slope. Zygadenus venenosus grows typically. in California and in the States adjoining. It does not grow, so far as I know, in this neighborhood. The plant grows from a bulb and its leaves are grass-like. It has a group of greenish yellow flowers. All the spe- cies of Zygadenus resemble this. This particular species grows in 50 C. Dwient MarsH wet meadows and grows in such masses that it not only poisons grazing animals but sometimes makes the hay dangerous. Zyga- denus poisoning results generally from a dosage of half a pound. The symptoms are salivation, nausea, vomiting, followed by great weakness. Sometimes a sheep will lie for hours or even days before death. Ordinarily, however, these cases are acute. Zyga- denus will poison horses and cattle, too. It does not commonly cause fatal trouble with horses, but does make them very sick. It may also get cattle, but ordinarily, these animals are not seri- ously poisoned under range conditions. Zygadenus paniculatus is the species of death camas that grows in the intermountain region. The leaves are thick and it grows on the dry hills, never in meadows. Zygadenus elegans is the mountain death camas, which, in the West, grows only in the high mountains, 8,000 feet and more above sea level. It grows two feet or more in height. Some botanists name other species of this plant, but these are the generally recognized species. We have been able in the last two or three years to get material of all these species and to de- termine experimentally their comparative toxicity. It has been shown that this particular plant, from which we have warned sheepmen for years, is so slightly poisonous that no stock are ever poisoned by it under range conditions. It has been shown that the paniculatus growing in the intermountain region is only about one-third as poisonous as the plant growing in Montana, or the plant growing in California. The plant growing in Mon- tana is known as Zygadenus gramineus, but it looks very much like the other. These results in regard to comparative toxicity have been very interesting to us, and unfortunate in one way, because we have had to take back what we said before in regard to its poisonous properties. THE LUPINES Next to the death camas, probably the plants that get the most sheep are the lupines, the ‘‘blue bean’’ as it is sometimes called in the West; Indian beans, as we used to eall them in the East. The leaves of this plant are not particularly poisonous, but the seeds are very poisonous to sheep, and the pods are somewhat toxic. It is a curious fact that sheep will graze upon these a whole season without harm if they do not eat a toxic dose within a comparatively limited time. The poison is not cumulative and Porsonous PLANTS OF THE WESTERN RANGES 51 small. quantities are eliminated. About half a pound of the seed will ordinarily poison a sheep. In the fall when they come from summer range and are trailed too rapidly, so that they become very hungry, if they come upon thick patches of lupine in pod, there are sometimes heavy losses. A very unfortunate thing about our knowledge of lupines is the fact that we know so little about the different species. There are about 200 or 300 different kinds. Some of them are poison- ous, some not, and at the present time we have exact knowledge only in regard to a very few of them. An interesting thing about sheep poisoned with lupine is that they are likely to run about in a crazy way, butting into one thing and another. Animals poisoned in the corral will push their heads against the side of the corral and hold themselves in the same position by the hour. THe LAURELS There are in California two or three kinds of laurel that poison a great many sheep in the spring. The black laurels grow in limited patches. They are very easily avoided, but a great many sheep get upon them simply because the herders are ignorant in regard to the character of the plants. In California is an- other plant known as the white laurel (Azalea occidentalis) that gets a great many sheep in the spring. Eastern laurels are also poisonous to livestock, especially the mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) and the sheep laurel (Kalmia augustifolia). CoLoRADO RUBBER PLANT The Colorado rubber plant (Hymenozys flloribunda) is a very interesting kind of plant. As a matter of fact it has rubber in the base of the plant and has been exploited commercially. How- ever, the quantity of rubber was not sufficient to make it profit- able. This grows abundantly in parts of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico and is responsible for losses of a great many sheep, more particularly in New Mexico. The story among many sheep men is that the sheep masticate the roots and sep- arate the rubber, which collects in masses and produces intestinal obstruction. This has no foundation in fact, and the story has probably come from the ordinary hair balls that are found in the stomachs of sheep. The plant, however, does poison and kill them. De C. Dwicut MarsH THE LARKSPURS Of the cattle-poisoning plants besides the loco, the worst with- out any doubt are the species of larkspurs. These larkspurs, for our purposes, may be ealled ‘‘high’’ and ‘‘low.’’ There are a number of species. The low larkspur grows in this neighborhood in May and June. It dies about the first of July and disappears, while the high larkspur keeps on growing during the summer. The low larkspur sometimes grows in masses, and then it does a great deal of harm. A white larkspur grows on the plains from Colorado down as far south as Texas, which is responsible for some losses of cattle. All these larkspurs are equally poisonous. In larkspur poisoning on the range, generally the first thing noticed is that when the cattle are driven, they fall. In corral © cases they step about uneasily, finally their legs double up under them. and they fall, and they are unable to get up; yet they may rise within a few minutes and sometimes nothing more happens, or the thing may be repeated several times. If they are badly poisoned they go down upon the side, vomit, and die of respira- - tory paralysis. Eserin seems a sovereign remedy if given at the proper time. We have 95 to 100 per cent recovery where we have used eserin. Under normal conditions, however, if the animals are left alone with their heads up-hill, so that the stom- ach and intestines can fall away from the lungs, about 50 per cent will recover without any remedy. SNEEZEWEED Sneezeweed grows abundantly in Utah and also in parts of western Colorado. The eradication of this plant is difficult if not impossible, for it is a strong, healthy organism, reproducing both from seeds and from roots, and has no known insect enemies. In many places it has practically taken possession of the range. _ Several years ago, while passing through Utah, we were told of a ‘‘spewing disease’’ of sheep. From the description we thought it was death camas poisoning, and men sent upon the range to examine the plants found an abundance of Zygadenus, and a diagnosis was made of Zygadenus poisoning. When our station was established on the range and we were, able to make a careful study of the subject, it was found that the sneezeweed was the cause ) of the spewing sickness. When i in blossom it Js a a ete ce batt Poisonous PLANTS OF THE WESTERN RANGES 53 very beautiful plant. The effects of the plant are cumulative and permanent, and the microscopic examination of tissues has shown that a cure is probably impossible. I have sometimes seen thirty or forty sheep throwing up their heads and vomiting from the effects of this plant. We had reason to think that the sneezeweed might be poisonous to cattle under some circum- stances, and it was fed out with that in view. Nausea and vomit- ing were produced. Witp CHERRY The wild cherry, which grows East as well as West, gets a great many sheep because of the hydrocyanic acid in it. The most prominent symptom is the gasping for breath because of the lack of oxygen. WHoORLED MILKWEED The whorled milkweed has occasioned much trouble in western Colorado. For many years we had heard a great deal about milkweed poisoning, but until about four or five years ago noth- ing definite was known. At that time some very remarkable cases occurred in western Colorado. Two or three ounces of this plant will poison a sheep and a correspondingly small amount will poison cattle or horses. The whorled milkweed grows in Colorado, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico, and is abundant in the valleys of the Colorado and Gunnison rivers. The plant will grow from a small portion of the root. It is impossible to eradicate it on that account. The whorled milkweed is very poisonous. Poisoned animals have the most violent convulsions. There are several kinds of whorled milkweeds. We have been able in the last two or three seasons to make comparative studies of them. The Mexican whorled milkweed grows abundantly in the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys in California and in some of the neighboring States. The dwarf whorled milkweed grows on the plains. It is only about a quarter as poisonous as, the one growing in western Colorado. There is another one growing in the East that probably never poisons animals at all. While the Mexican whorled milkweed is only a quarter as poison- ous as the Colorado plant, it poisons great numbers of sheep, particularly in California. The dwarf whorled milkweed, grow- ing in the plains region, probably never does much harm because it does not grow in masses. 54 C. Dwiagut MarsH Loco PLANTS The ordinary white loco or rattleweed (Oxytropis' lamberti) of the plains is the most common loco plant and the most de- structive of all, because it poisons cattle, horses and sheep. The plant grows thickly in the Yellowstone Valley in Montana. The Texas loco, also known as purple loco, and sometimes called woolly loco, affects only horses as a rule. It grows in Nebraska and the States south and southwest. We know that there are a number of loco plants. The Astragalus diphysus poisons horses in Arizona and to some extent in New Mexico. It also affects cattle, although it is considered particularly a horse-poisoning plant. It may be called the blue loco. Another related plant poisons cattle and sheep in southern Utah, New Mexico and Arizona. Still another, Astragalus tetrapterus, which is limited in distribution, growing only in Utah and Nevada, poisons sheep and cattle. Locoed animals lose a certain amount of muscular coordina- tion. A comparison of the curves of weights of two young cattle, one addicted to loco eating and the other not, shows that the second animal gained continually, while the first began to lose soon after beginning to eat loco. Loco is a chronic poison af- fecting horses, cattle and sheep. Symptoms appear after eating the plant two months or more. Lambs sometimes will be poi- soned in two or three weeks. Good food and treatment with strychnine for several weeks will go far toward overcoming the effects and make it possible to get meat animals into condition for marketing for slaughter. Dr. R. A. Gregory, formerly with the B. A. I. at Texarkana, Texas, has recently purchased the’ Veterinary Hospital at Rogers, Ark., and has resigned from the Government service to reenter private practice. : Dr. Homer A. Wilson has just been appointed State Veteri- narian of the State of Missouri to succeed Dr. D. F. Luckey. The JOURNAL extends to Dr. Wilson congratulations and best wishes for a successful term. He will make his headquarters at Jefferson City, Mo. THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ERADICATING TUBERCULOSIS * By Tuomas E. WILson President, Institute of American Meat Packers, Chicago, Ill. THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE of eradicating tuberculosis - ean best be appreciated when consideration is given to the enor- mous waste for which this disease is primarily resopnsible. Unlike many of the plagues affecting the animal kingdom, the ravages of this disease are not confined to any certain geographical areas, or to any one species of the animal kingdom, but instead it is widespread in its scope of destructiveness. Tuberculosis, as a factor in our economic structure, cannot be overestimated. It has shattered and destroyed the fond hopes of home and fireside. It has transformed individual initiative and aspirations into lives of utter uselessness with all the ac- companying sufferings and discouragements. It has plucked the bloom of health from thousands of our babes, children, and adults, thus depriving the nation of the man-power represented in a strong and stalwart citizenship that was or would have been. It has transformed successful careers into failures. It has brought suffering, sorrow, misery, and poverty to multitudes without any regard for age, sex, physical condition, or station in life. It has not confined its ravages to the human family alone, but has also extended its avenues of destruction to our domestic animals, thereby proving a menace to the livestock industry, and widening the opportunities for further spread by infecting an essential food supply of our people. It has shown a pref- erence for the family and dairy cow, the foster mother of mil- lions of our babes, and in the milk supply it has found for it- self an excellent medium through which its deadly bacilli—if not prevented—are carried to helpless babes and the unsuspect- ing public. Tuberculosis does not limit itself to: infecting this important food (which also serves as an infective agent for extending its ravages to swine and calves) but further, the tubercule bacilli 1 Presented at the Tuberculosis Eradication Conference, Chicago, Ill., November 25-and 26, 1921. 55 56 THomas E. WiLson find their way into the exereta of the bovine, which greatly adds to the source of infection among swine. The increase of tuberculous infection among swine during the last decade indicates that their eating habits constantly expose them to infection when they are required to associate them- selves with tuberculous cattle. This, I think, constitutes a prob- lem that can be readily solved through the eradication of the disease from cattle, and I therefore feel that the policy that is — being pursued by you gentlemen in centralizing your efforts toward the eradication of the disease in cattle is fully justified. Accepting, as we are obliged to, that the foregoing statements are facts, it would seem that this disease presents two impor- tant aspects, namely: Its relation to the public health, and its importance from an economic standpoint. I will deal briefly with the subject strictly from the stand- point of its economic importance. It can be easily understood how the jeopardizing of the public health affects our economic situation. Anything that has a depressing effect upon our peo- ple cannot help lower the morale, an item which is considered of vital importance to the efficiency of any nation. Tuberculosis saps the vitality and often the life out of those who are unfortunate enough to become infected. It thus reduces the energy of the man-power of the nation to an extent that must be recognized as contributing to a national waste, thereby lowering our standards of efficiency. Lost efficiency from any cause is economically unsound, therefore the eradication of this disease from the human family is of considerable economic im- portance. ee ih) | The history of tuberculosis in the United States indicates that slowly but surely it has been the cause of diverting millions of dollars from avenues of production to that of being used in off- _ Setting its own ravages, which are now recogniged as a great agent of destruction. Sanitariums, special hospitals, isolation camps and farms, milk-pasteurization plants, livestock sanitary and public-health departments, equipment and other expensive quarantine bar- riers and measures, Federal, State, county and municipal appro- priations and indemnity funds, stand as monuments to the on- ward march of this disease. While these investments, equip- ment, organizations and expenditures of mone yare absolutely Economic IMpoRTANCE OF ERADICATING TUBERCULOSIS 57 necessary for properly executing our efforts to control this dis- case, or care for those afflicted, the economic advantages of eradi- cating it must be apparent to all. - As livestock sanitarians, you men are perhaps primarily in- terested in the economic importance of the eradication of this disease in its relation to the agriculture of the nation. The agriculture of the United States is peculiarly one of livestock, for the reason that a very definite percentage of all the grain produced is marketed through feeding it to livestock. Since successful agriculture is so essential to the prosperity of the nation, it is necessary that our attention be directed to the con- servation of our livestock. No one is more familiar than you gentlemen with the losses to the individual breeders and livestock producers as result of tuberculosis. You have seen purebred herds exterminated, that perhaps not only represented the savings of a lifetime, but also the loss of breeding animals of excellent types that represented the application of scientific breeding principles over several gen- erations. Under such circumstances, the loss is not alone with the in- dividual, as such is keenly felt by the general agricultural in- terests of the nation. The production of inferior types or scrub livestock is economically unsound; therefore, the livestock in- dustry can little afford to permit its breeding animals being sac- rificed through the ravages of tuberculosis. The individual and national losses are not confined to animals of pure breeds, but, instead, we know these losses are being ex- perienced by the owners of cattle and swine of all breeds and grades. The authorization of appropriations that permit the pay- ment of indemnities was, I think, one of the best steps taken to encourage tuberculosis-control work. While these appropria- tions serve to reduce the losses to the individual, it must not be overlooked that each payment of indemnity indicates that a loss has been experienced both to the government and to the individual. The economic importance of tuberculosis in its relation to the livestock production in the United States is reflected through the records of the Meat Inspection Division of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1921. 58 THomas E. WiLson During the period there were slaughtered under Federal inspec- tion 8,179,572 cattle, of which 173,328 (which is in excess of 2 per cent of the entire kill) were retained on post-mortem in- spection for tuberculosis. Of the total retained 33,328 of these cattle were condemned outright and destroyed for food purposes by inspectors of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry. With- out giving any consideration to the direct losses represented through the condemnation of organs and parts in the retained carcasses, the total amount of beef represented in the condemna- tion of these cattle based upon a live weight of 968 pounds average on the Chicago market for the same period is equal to 17,421,212 pounds. The hog kill under Federal inspection for the same period equaled a grand total of 37,702,866, of which 4,693,305, or 0.1212 per cent were retained for tuberculosis, and a total of 64,830 hogs condemned outright and destroyed by Federal in- spectors for food purposes. On the basis of the average live weight of hogs sold on the Chicago market for this same period, the loss in the available meat supply showed 10,403,918 pounds. It must also be kept in mind that the total number of organs and parts condemned in connection with the retentions of swine for tuberculosis will far exceed the losses on the condemnation of carcasses. A presentation of the case on the basis of only taking into consideration the losses in the available meat sup- ply from those carcasses which are condemned outright, is in it- self very interesting. Using as a basis the per capita consump- tion of 154.3 pounds of meat per annum, and also that five per- sons constitute the average American family, the amount of meat loss is equal to a supply sufficient to provide the meat diet of 36,063 American families. The packing industry is deeply interested in this great eco- nomic waste, which can not be measured alone in the loss of car- casses, organs and parts, but also added expense of operations in handling this class of carcasses in line with approved meat hygiene regulations. The packing industry, like all other industries, is vitally in- terested in the supply and quality of its raw materials, and it, therefore, has closely observed for many years the changing conditions that have such a direct bearing on the conduct of the business. The industry has observed a gradual increase in the Economic IMPORTANCE OF ERADICATING TUBERCULOSIS 59 public markets, and upon which freight, feed, yardage, and com- mission charges, ete., were paid. The condemned cattle in Fed- erally inspected establishments for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1921, represented 1,515 carloads of animals supposedly healthy and fit for human consumption, but instead of their being converted into meat food products, they were destroyed for such purposes by being consigned to a rendering tank upon their arrival. The total number of hog carcasses condemned in the same establishments covering the same period, reached a total of 997 carloads, and the same disposition was made of them. It is reported that some packing plants have as much as 40 per cent of their weekly kill retained for this disease. Under these circumstances such a plant is operating at a disadvantage, as it ean not serve, to the best advantage, the community in which it is located, because of competition from the packing concerns that are fortunately located in sections of the country where there is less tuberculous infection. One might go on at some length describing the many possi- ble disadvantages and losses brought about by the prevalence of this disease in the United States, yet I realize that you men are here to discuss ways and means of improving upon the com- mendable work that you now have under your direction. I can say to you that the Institute of American Meat Packers is vitally interested in your efforts, and it is the purpose of the officers and members of the Institute to assist you in bringing about a close cooperation between all agencies that are actively engaged in the work looking toward the control and eradication of this disease. The packing industry, I think, has pioneered in connection with the systematic work that has been developed in connec- tion with approved methods of control and eradication. As most of you men know, the industry had representation on the Sanitary Committee of the Chicago Live Stock Exchange, which committee was very active in its cooperative efforts with Fed- eral and State departments in bringing about a recognition of the righteousness of your cause and the financial assistance necessary to inaugurate a general and well-defined plan for com- bating tuberculosis. _ There are no doubt many people still unfamiliar with the im- 60 Tuomas E. Winson portance of your efforts, and I can see the necessity for con- tinuing a campaign of education in order that all elements will become more appreciative of your efforts in the interest of the’ general welfare, which, in turn, should result in improving the well-established operations now in effect. The packing industry, especially in Chicago, has worked very closely with the Sanitary Committee of the Chicago Live Stock Exchange, and many of the different packing companies have for several years been conducting special killing tests of cattle and swine in order to furnish first-hand information to the Live Stock Commissioner of the Exchange, who, in turn, not only used such information for locating points of infection, but also as a basis for getting the community interested in some plan of eradication work. The work of the Chicago Live Stock Exchange has been com- mended by the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry as being very beneficial to them in assisting in bringing about the cooperation necessary to fight tuberculosis. Results obtained through the ac- tivities of this committee were so encouraging that the work was finally taken up by the National Live Stock Exchange, which is now operating a similar cooperative plan on most of the large markets. This work, I think, has a great future, and I hope that, as in the past, it will continue to prove a valuable asset to your undertakings. The industry realizes that tuberculosis presents so many dif- ferent angles that it is necessary to maintain a proper interest and cooperation between all elements concerned. It is gratify- ing to note that many communities have taken up area work, and are demonstrating the practicability of eradicating the dis- ease in certain specified areas. I believe that this plan has many possibilities, and I am quite sure that the packing industry will be glad to cooperate in any way that it can. One of the problems which I know has given you some con- cern is the proper disposition of reacting animals. The Insti- tute became interested in this matter, and by resolution signi- fied its desire to cooperate fully by purchasing all reacting cattle subject to post-mortem inspection on the basis of paying for them the same price that is paid for animals of the same class not known to be reactors. T must not go away from this place today without saying a Economic ImporTANCE OF ERADICATING TUBERCULOSIS 61 few words of commendation for the splendid achievements that have already been realized through your joint efforts. I think the United States is extremely fortunate in having at the head of this important work a man of such exceptional scientific and administrative ability. Dr. Mohler has pointed, and can con- tinue to point the way. All he needs is the unstinted support and cooperation of all elements concerned. I am sure we can pledge this to him. The nation is also fortunate in possessing a wonderful corps of livestock sanitary experts as are gathered here today. Gen- tlemen, we can not content ourselves with our accomplishments thus far, but, instead, we must firmly resolve to go forward. We still have many problems confronting us, and if I may be permitted, it is my desire to briefly mention one or two. Our legislative bodies have been very considerate in legislating in the interest of appropriations and special quarantine laws. These laws in a degree are more specific in their application to the livestock owner than to any one else. I hope to see the day when every citizen in this country will be cognizant of the fact that there are specific laws on our statute books that carry severe penalty for any one who attempts to traffic in tuberculous animals, or who by special knowledge of the tuberculin test, or by other means, will ‘‘plug,’’ or in any way assist in such unlawful traffic. Another matter which I personally feel is presenting a prob- lem is that of bringing our milk supply and the by-products of - ereameries under proper sanitary control. We are all familiar with the fact that these products have an important bearing on the prevalence of this disease among swine and calves. It is extremely unfortunate for the livestock owner who cleans his herd of tuberculosis, only to find them reinfected through the medium of their calves who contracted the disease by being fed ou skimmed milk originating at creameries and which had not been properly pasteurized. I sometimes feel that this question has some bearing on the high percentage of tuberculous herds that your test reveals in various States. My experience with the problems of this disease is very lim- ited. I speak on the subject from a knowledge gained through being both a breeder of livestock and a meat packer. I fully ap- preciate the fact that in this field alone there is yet a great deal 62 Tuomas E. WiLson for me to learn, and I am quite sure that the same is true in the field in which you men are working. The success of this work depends upon each one of you, and I am sure it goes without saying that you are now doing, and will continue to do, your work well. Should carelessness, or in- efficiency of any nature ever creep into the ranks of our sanitary forces, we shall not only lose all that has already been accom- plished, but more important still, possibly unloosen the shackles from a plague that will continue to weaken further our eco- uomic fabric and add to the sufferings and losses in the human family. Gentlemen, you are commissioned in an army that is going forward to give battle to the greatest enemy of civilization. Your generalissimo has the situation well in hand. Your leaders are generals of the best type. Their staff and line of- ficers have won their stripes through practical experience, and every man serving on the front line, or in any other capacity has been thoroughly trained. Your country is loyally supporting you and depending upon you. Your ammunition is the quarantine, the honest and sin- cere application of your scientific tests, and the proper dispo- sition of all agencies of infection. The battle is on, and victory is the reward. Breeder’s Gazette says of serub livestock: ‘‘Not only is there a fearfully expensive set of unprofitable boarders included in our livestock census, but there are vastly too many farms that are not yet even conditioned for the proper maintenance of livestock—either good or bad; all of which means that we have not yet bred up an established race of natural stockmen corre- sponding to the shepherds and herdmasters of Great Britain or the horsemen of the Perche. We have a start, to be sure. For the thousandth time we reiterate: Few farmers are rich enough to afford the luxury of scrubs around their places.’’ The last two horses of the London Fire Department were recently discharged from service with farewell ceremonies. The department is now provided with all motor equipment. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS (Practitioners and others are invitéd to contribute to this depart- ment reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful to others in the profession.) SYNOVITIS OF SHOULDER OR OF HIP OF THE HORSE ALLAYED BY DEEP HYPODERMIC IRRITATION ‘By Jonn W. Apams Professor of Surgery, Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. SHOULDER LAMENESS in the horse is often a synovitis be- neath the tendon of the biceps where it passes through the groove at the upper end of the humerus and just below the shoulder joint (intertuberal bursitis). A hip lameness is often a synovitis beneath the tendon of the middle gluteus where it plays over the convexity of the trochanter major of the femur (trochanteric bursitis). According to Hilton’s Law, those nerves that supply the structures constituting a joint also send branches to all tissues covering the joint, so that stimulation of these branches refiexly produces cellular changes without and about the joint itself. Cutaneous nerves are extremely sensitive and blisters applied to the skin cause much pain and may leave permanent scars. In order to place the irritant closer to the inflamed synovial burs and thereby increase the efficiency of the treatment and incidentally to avoid the pain and possibility of blemish, I have for some years past been using for intertuberal and trochanteric bursitis a subdermal injection of a solution of iodine and potas- sium iodide. After considerable experimentation, I am prepared to recommend the following procedure: To one-half ounce of liquor iodi compositus (Lugol’s Sol.) add one-half ounce of dis- tilled water and five grains of postassium iodide; or to one ounce of distilled water add fifteen grains of iodine and thirty grains of potassium iodide. Cleanse the skin over the point of the shoulder or hip, lather and shave places the size of postage stamp where the needle is to be inserted. On a shoulder I shave ten or twelve spots about two inches apart, the central spot being exactly on the point of the shoulder, 63 64. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS with the remaining spots distributed regularly on all sides of the central spot. Use a fine needle of 19, 20 or 21 caliber and at least an inch long. Apply twitch and hold up the opposite fore leg. Pinch up a fold of skin, pass the needle through the skin and when the subcutis has been reached turn the needle so that it stands vertical to the surface and press it in slowly but firmly till the point abuts against the surface of the biceps tendon, where it will stop. Inject 2 ¢.c. (14 dram) at each point. - Over the point of the shoulder the tendon is near the surface and here the needle will not penetrate far, but around this point the needle will pass deeper, at some points to its full length. There is no danger with an inch needle of puncturing the shoulder or the hip joint, nor would harm be done if the _ joint were entered and injected. After depositing 2 to 3 ¢.c. at each of the 12 or 15 places some 2 to 21% inches apart, smear the injected area with cosmoline or vaseline. After injection the patient may be turned into a loose box. He need not be tied up or put on pillar reins, because he will not rub or bite the part. In 24 hours the injected area will be swollen and hot. Iodine in this strength (214 per cent) will not cause necrosis, For trochanteric bursitis, the central point is the center of the great trochanter, directly over the middle of the tendon of the middle gluteus muscle. The procedure is the same as for the shoulder. Two weeks later, if some lameness remains, the procedure may — be repeated at points between those marking the previous in- jection.— (From the Veterinary Extension Quarterly, No. 5, Jan. 7, 1922, p. 3.) FORAGE POISONING + By W. A. ANDERSON Sleepy Eye, Minn. IN BEGINNING I might say that I have selected a topic for discussion that is more or less familiar to most of us, but still a disease about which little is as yet known. 1Presented at the annual meeting of the Minnesota Veterinary Medical Assotia- tion, St. Paul, Minn., January 138-14, 1922. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 65 During the late Fall and early Winter we have learned to know, in my locality, of what great economic importance forage poisoning really is, and I think I can say conservatively that the loss in livestock in Brown and Redwood Counties in the past three months will amount to many thousands of dollars. This malady was first recognized about 100 years ago, and since that time has been known by a number of different names, some of which are head disease, fever of the nerves, cerebro- spinal meningitis, sleepy staggers, Borna disease, Kansas horse plague, botulism, and forage poisoning. I think forage poisoning the best fitted and the most under- standable name for this malady, although it is understood that the forage itself is not poisonous but is merely a carrier of the toxin. On the morning of October 25, I was called in the country to see some cattle that the owner said had eaten too much corn, and upon arrival I found one cow dead, one stretched out flat upon the ground groaning and grinding its teeth, and a third lying in a natural upright position but unable to rise.- Upon questioning the owner I was informed that these cows appeared in perfect health the evening before and gave their usual amount of milk. By noon the same e day these three cows were dead and a fourth was down. The symptoms manifested were as follows: Animals ‘appeared very nervous, walked about with a trembling, staggering gait, soon lying down, and in a short time unable to rise. After an hour or so muscular twitching was noticed, mostly about the head, neck and shoulders. In an hour or two more the animals were stretched flat upon the ground; respiration labored, pulse fast, temperature normal, glassy expression of the eyes and a watery discharge from nose and mouth. There was some bloating shortly before death, which took place in from six to ten hours. _ the postmortem examination showed petechial hemorrhage in heart, lungs and under surface of ribs. The subeutaneous tissue in the region of the throat and shoulders showed areas of con- gestion. Treatment.—As a preventive cattle were ksi from stalk fields and were fed grain and hay in the barnyard. It is my experi- ence that the treatment of these acute cases with medicine is ineffective and useless. . 66 CLINICAL AND CAsE REPORTS Three herds were treated with botulinus antitoxin. In one herd a cow died from this disease two weeks after treatment. In the other two herds no sickness or death occurred, but these cattle were not allowed to feed in the stalk fields after treatment, therefore the results I have had from the use of the antitoxin is quite indefinite. No poisoning occurred among horses on these farms. RECTANGULAR MOUNT HYPODERMIC NEEDLE FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION OF CATTLE By E. M. NigHBERT United States Veterinary Inspector, London, England THIS NEEDLE, shown in the accompanying illustrations, has solved many of the difficulties for men in injecting large herds of cattle in applying the tuberculin test. Its use makes the work quick, safe and practicable to inject in the region of neck or shoulder, where the injection should be made, in order to observe the point of injection to better advantage. The needle should be strong, sharp, large bore, and not more than one-half inch long from its shoulder. Fig. 1.—Rectangular mount hypodermic needle for subcutaneous injection of cattle By use of the rectangular mount needle it is not necessary to pick up the skin in making the insertion. Simply thrust the needle straight through the skin, slightly lifting plunger-end of syringe, making injection with left hand. No matter what movement the animal may make, the operator always has full control in making the proper and a safe injection, no matter how tough or thick the skin, or how great the sensibility of the animal. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 67 Fig. 2.—Modified mount hypodermic needle for subcutaneous in- jection of cattle It is quite evident that when operators resorted to making injections of tuberculin in the region of the udder or coceyx it was for the purpose of avoiding as many difficulties as pos- sible and making the work more convenient and pleasant, which are great advantages in treating large herds. gular and modified mount hypodermic needle it is now a pleasure for me to inject cattle of various dispositions and under varied conditions of poor light and poor assist- ants, compared with the use of the ordinary equipment. ADVANTAGES OF THE REc- TANGULAR Mount NEEDLE The fingers are in contact with the needle near _ its point, which keeps it in proper position at all times, and the sensation of it pass- ing through the skin is per- ceptible, which assures that the needle.is in proper place and position for making the injection. The danger of. breaking needles or syringes is practi- cally eliminated, simply be- With the rectan- Fig. 3.—Proper position of rectan- gular mount needie for making injection 68 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS cause.one has the syringe in his hand under full control and protection, instead of holding it with the thumb and two fingers, as is the case with the ordinary hypodermic needle used. for subcutaneous work. . PRELIMINARY NOTE ON A NEW SPECIES. OF GONGYLONEMA FROM AMERICAN SWINE By Epwarp A. CHapin Junior Zoologist, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. 8. Department of Agriculture In examining specimens of various species of nematodes from domesticated animals, I have noticed that the species of Gon- gylonema from Sus scrofa domestica in the United States is not the same as that reported from this host in Europe. The worm is.quite common in the pig in this country and in order thatthe literature may not be further confused, a name is hereby given. to it. Gongylonema ransomi-n, sp.: Elongate, thin worm burrow- ing in the mucosa, of the esophagus and tongue of the pig, similar. in appearance to Gongylonema scutatum of cattle. Dif- fers from all species of the genus except G. verrucosum by hay- ing spicules 10.3 mm. long, and from the latter by the lack of the dorsal ala. Type: U.:S.- City, in a leading article in Milk Reporter says of the London milk supply: ‘‘There is sold in the city of London not a single drop of milk that would be permitted to be sold in New York City, even for cooking purposes. Over 10 per cent of the sam- ples submitted contained tubercle bacilli, the germs of dread tuberculosis. When I explained to Lord and Lady Astor the significance of these bacteriological examinations they were shocked beyond measure.’’ Dr. Eugene Ferron arrived in the United States last month, having completed his contract at Guayaquil, Ecuador. He states _ that the Government there decided to discontinue the experi- ment station because of lack of funds. There was little money for the work last year, and the Animal Industry Department of the station was never started. Dr. Ferron’s health has been poor for the past few months, so he decided to return to Phila- - delphia, Pa., and try a change of climate. As soon as he re- cuperates he expects to return to South America with a ship- ment of purebred stock for Ecuador. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE NO AMATEURS WANTED With reference to the issue of medical supplies to stable sergeants and possibly other noncommissioned officers of the line of the Army for the treatment of minor injuries to animals to be included in a wallet to be designated as ‘‘farrier’s wal- let,’’ the surgeon general of the Army is forced to place him- self on record as absolutely opposed to such issue to non-technical troops. He would take precisely the same position if it were proposed to issue medical supplies to the first sergeant of each unit for the treatment of minor injuries of men. His objection is based on the fact that a veterinary service, commissioned and enlisted, is now available throughout the Army for the care of sick animals precisely as such service is available for the care of sick men. Veterinary personnel is assigned to every station of any consequence and will be available with every regiment and larger unit in time of war. So far as known, it has never been proposed to attach medical personnel or to furnish medical supplies to units smaller than the regiment such as the company or troop. Under present conditions practically no sick or in- jured animal need lack the professional care of a veterinary officer and his trained enlisted assistants. It is stated: The surgeon general confesses to a lack of sympathy with a proposal which encourages the practice of veterinary medicine by sergeants of the line under any circumstances. The Army can not, in his opinion, afford to develop and maintain a group of amateur horse doctors whose activities have in the past tended to diseredit the science of veterinary medicine and will doubt- less so continue in the future. The treatment of minor injuries is not a minor matter, because such conditions frequently re- -sult in prolonged disability and loss of life. Minor injuries are aS much within the province of the veterinary officer as major ones. If the stable sergeant is to be equipped for this treatmént there is no limit to the scope of his pseudo-professional activities, and, it should be noted, he serves under the instrue- tion of the unit commander, entirely independent of the vet- ye erinary service, which by regulation is responsible for the care “of sick animals. Without doubt the stable sergeant occupies a broad field of usefulness, in which much remains to be accom- plished, without taking over the treatment of injured animals. The care and hygiene of normal animals is a most important 80 i Na ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE St. matter in which he, under the unit commander, can render most excellent service in keeping animals physically fit. No one else ean do this work. It is vastly more important to keep animals well than it is to cure them after they are injured. It would seem that the best and most useful development of the stable sergeant’s activities would be in this direction and that time and materials spent by him in treating the sick would be worse than wasted. In conclusion, the surgeon general urgently ree- ommended the abandonment of the proposal to issue a packet of medical supplies to line sergeants, confidently believing that the first-aid packet to be developed and supplied every animal, together with the veterinary service now available, will meet every reasonable requirement.—From Army and Navy Register. MEAT AND DAIRY HYGIENE SCHOOL The following is a list of officer students and commissioned instructors in the Veterinary School of Meat and Dairy Hy- giene, General Intermediate Depot, Chicago, IIl.: Students: Capt. Jos. N. Hornbaker, V. C.; 1st Lieut. Joseph H. Dornblasser, V. C.; Ist Lieut. Raymond T. Seymour, V. C.; 1st Lieut. Samuel G. Kielsmeier, V. C.; Ist Lieut. Robert P. Kunnecke, V. C.; 1st. Lieut. Howard N. Beeman, V. C.; 2nd Lieut. James L. Barringer, V. C. — Instructors: Capt. H. 8. Eakins, Ist Lieut. H. J. Juzek. Officer in Charge of Instruction: Major George A. Lytle. Commandant: Colonel Arthur Johnson, Inf. Maj. Andrew E. Donovan, in addition to duties in office of surgeon, 1st corps area, Boston, will render veterinary service at Boston quartermaster intermediate depot, relieving 1st Lieut. Arthur D. Martin, who-will proceed to Fort Niagara, N. Y., for duty as station veterinarian. The editor has received a note from Dr. Olaf Schwarzkopf, Major, U. S. Army, retired, who is now visiting Coblenz, Ger- many. He and his wife left New York ‘by steamer on Novem- _ ber 10, 1921, arriving at Antwerp, Belgium, November 20, and then proceeded by railroad to Coblenz. He has already found many old friends among the officers stationed at that point. He and his wife are located in a ‘‘pension’’ in a country hotel 82 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE within a few minutes ride by railroad to the city. All around them are old ‘‘Burgs’’ of the Middle Ages and even founda- tions of ancient Roman castles. They get their drinking water for the hotel from an old Roman well in the rear of the building. Major George Lytle, in charge of the Animal Food Inspec- tion for United States Army at Chicago, was called to Wash- ington recently to testify as an expert witness in a suit involv- ing a contract for a large amount of bacon. Lieutenant W. R. Wolf of the Army Veterinary Corps, and Miss Marie McCormick of Little Rock, Arkansas, were martied at Little Rock on December 31. Lieutenant and Mrs. Wolf have left for the Lieutenant’s new station at Honolulu, Hawaii, where they will be at home to their friends after April 1. Captain H. S. Eakins of the Army Veterinary Corps and instructor at the School of Hygiene and Meat Inspection, Chi- cago, was married on March 2 to Miss Marcelia Kinkade. Miss Kinkade was chosen ‘‘Queen of the Pageant of Progress’’ that. was held last summer in Chicago. A French army veterinarian has proposed that in the erec- tion of war monuments the services of the horses and mules be recognized by placing a statue of a horse on the heights of Verdun and one of a mule on Hartmann peak in the Vosges Mountains. He quotes a French soldier-author who has written: ‘‘The battle of Hartmann was a combat of the mule against the railway. If a monument is ever erected on Hartmann, it should be a symbolic statue of a mule.’’ It is said that in England a fund of 150,000 pounds sterling has been raised for erecting at London a monument to the memory of the 340,000 horses of the British army killed in the war. Pe) ee ee ET aL ee ee ee ee ee Ee ee Se ae ee ea ee he ee eo ne “3 Spas hr . ¥ bi SAS ai ASSOCIATION NEWS VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK CITY The regular monthly meeting of the Veterinary Medical As- sociation of New York City was held in the Veterinary College building, New York, on December 7, at 8.30. p. m. President MacKellar presided. The minutes of the November meeting were read and approved. Dr. John Payne Lowe, Passaic, New Jersey, read an excellent paper on State and Municipal Milk Control. The doctor said that milk, one of the cheapest and most im- portant foods for infants and invalids, was the most difficult to handle and transport without contamination. It should have its inception in a healthy cow. The problem is largely an educational one and the veterinarian from his training and in- terest, should counsel and assist the dairvmen in his territory in the production of clean milk. He should be advised that it pays to be up to date in the installation of proper equipment and sound sanitary arrangements, and to have his cows regu- larly inspected and reactors eliminated. Milk laws should be ‘ ‘enforced to prevent fraud and misrepresentation. Milk or- dinances at the present time, vary too much. They should be more uniform in the various municipalities, made free from petty annoyances and thoroughly enforced without favor by the inspectors. The doctor considers that not enough weight has been given to the human element in the production of clean milk, and said the product of the most carefully conducted and sanitary dairy could be contaminated by a careless or dirty milker. In the production of clean milk, eight factors had to be con- sidered, (1) medical inspection of attendant; (2) physical ex- amination of cows for udder and general diseases; (3) tuber- eulin test; (4) the water supply; (5) privies and manure re- ceptacles screened; (6) cows thoroughly cleaned and milkers wash hands after milking cow; (7) utensils sterilized; (8) milk cooled to proper temperature promptly. Dairy barns should be constructed so as to be easily disinfected with abund- ant sunlight wherever possible. Separate calving pens should 83 84 ‘ASSOCIATION NEWS be provided with. maximum comfort.for the cow. This paper produced a lengthly discussion by Drs. McKim, Beans, and DeVine. The next speaker was Dr. John DeVine, who gave a splendid © report of the U. S. Livestock Sanitary Association meeting, the Tuberculosis Conference and the Illinois Veterinary Medical — Association—all recently held in Chicago. Under case reports Dr. Mulcahy reported on a mongrel terrier, four years old, which had not passed feces or urinated in ten days. The doctor had given him castor oil, arecoline, jalap, compound cathartic pills, high enemata, exercise, etc., with no results. The consen- sus of opinion was that the dog was suffering from intestinal stasis or possibly a foreign body in the stomach or intestines. The Secretary read a letter from Dr. Robert Dickson, Little Silver, N. J., reporting a case of what he thought was osteo- porosis in a four-months old Airedale terrier. None of the members present could report having seen bighead in dogs. Dr. Victor Carabba and Dr. Frank Weirboar were unani- mously elected to membersip in the association. This being the annual meeting, the reports of all committees were next in order. Dr. Clayton, Chairman of the Board of Censors, reported progress. Dr. Berns, Chairman of Program Committee, said that Shoes had succeeded in securing several good men as contributors to the program during the past year. Dr. McKenney, Chairman of Prosecuting Committee, said they were investigating the case of two illegal practitioners. The accounts of the Secretary-Treasurer having been audited. by the Auditing Committee, he reported a balance in the treas- ury of $125.17. This report was accepted. The election of officers for the ensuing year then took place and resulted as follows: Dr. Robert S. MacKellar was unani- mously reelected President; Mr. William J. McKinney was unanimously reelected Vice-President; Dr. J. E. Crawford was elected Secretary-Treasurer. The following five gentlemen were elected to serve as censors: Dr. Charles E. Clayton, Dr. C. G. Rohrer, Dr. Bruce Blair, Dr. C. W. Shaw and Dr. Edward A. Durner. Dr. Berns announced that a memorial meeting would be eed ae eee ro ASSOCIATION NEws 85. held in the College on December 12, in honor of the late Dean Hoskins. ‘ It was regularly moved, seconded and carried that a hearty vote of thanks be extended to Drs. Lowe and DeVine for their valuable contributions to the program of the evening. No further business appearing, the meeting adjourned. The January meeting of the Association was held in the Veterinary College building on January 4, 1922. President Robert S. MacKellar presided. The minutes of the December meeting were read and approved. A general discussion on cribbing and windsucking, led by Dr. George H. Berns, was taken up. Dr. Berns recited the case of the race horse, Playfellow, which was recently causing a sensation in the newspapers. He said that cribbing and wind- sucking had been recognized for centuries and had been dis- eussed by all the old writers on veterinary literature. He him- self had always been skeptical about a horse being able to suck wind, and that in his-experience of 36 years as a veterinarian, he could not recall a case of flatulent colic due to windsucking. As this vice was chiefly confined to the lighter types of horses, and since his experience was chiefly with the heavy draught horse, he would be interested in the views of men who attended to the Thoroughbred, Standardbred and light delivery horses. He stated that from an anatomical and physiological stand- point, it was practically impossible for a horse to swallow air in any appreciable quantities, that the grunting sound made in cribbing was due to the horse expelling gas from the stomach, - rather than swallowing air. Dr. C. W. Shaw said, in his opinion, there was no question but that a horse can suck wind in large quantities, when he learns the vice, and said he could cite dozens of eases of flatu- lent colic he attended to that were directly due to windsucking and, that when a cribbing strap was worn there was no bloating. Dr. McKinney said that he believed cribbing was due to habit and in a majority of cases to toothache in the incisor teeth. _ He had treated a number of cases of cribbing by cocaining and secarifying the gums of the upper and lower incisors. In the majority of cases this method was successful. He said he sometimes applied a snug fitting muzzle with success. 86 ASSOCIATION NEWS Dr. Slawson said he himself can swallow air and that he can see ‘no reason why a horse can not acquire the same habit. He believes the air is swallowed with the saliva which a crib- bing horse produces by stimulation of the salivary glands. Dr. Reid Blair said that) gum chewers swallowed air with their saliva, and that if horses did swallow air he thought the air would be an aid to digestion, rather. than a hindrance, but that in his opinion, a horse could not swallow air in appreciabl quantities. Dr. Ackerman said he had seen only two horses that could positively swallow air, and that in these cases, he believed it was due to a paralyzed or anatomical change in the throat. Drs. Gannett, DeVine, Fleischman and McKim also joined in the discussion. . Dr. E. B. Ackerman recited the case of a Boston terrier bitch, 5 years old, which came in season about August 1. By October 1, she had all the appearance of pregnancy; he made an exam- ination per rectum and could palpate what he thought was a fetus. By the end of the 10th week of supposed pregnancy, there was no sign of whelping. He advised a Caesarian opera- tion. When he opened the abdomen, he found a large tumor weighing 51%4 pounds, involving the stomach, liver, kidneys and intestines. He sent a section of the tumor to the Pathological Laboratory at Cornell and they pronounced it a spindle cell sarcoma of about 8 weeks growth. Dr. Ackerman also reported the case of a Boston terrier, which, was ill for 9 days with what he diagnosed as acute gas- tritis. Symptoms were constant vomiting, slight abominal pains, thirst and emaciation. The dog was destroyed and a post-mortem held. Stomach, normal; intestines, empty and nor- -mal; liver, considerably enlarged, inflamed and very dark. in color. ° Dr. Higgins, of the Lederle Laboratories, in reply to the question, Is true carcinoma common in animals? said he found epithelioma quite common in hogs, occasionally present in dogs and horses, and that he found carcinoma frequently in fish, as large as a duck’s egg. Dr. Fleischman reported an obscure disease amongst a num- ber of old horses which had been pensioned off on a farm. The ASSOCIATION NEWS Sra: horses were well and liberally fed on good food. Sixteen horses had died in the past 2 months, and the doctor posted three. He could find no lesions. Symptoms.—Recumbent position, unable to get up, would eat and drink water normally, gradually became helpless and death ensued in 48 hours. The consensus of opinion was that the horses were suffering from an obscure form of cerebro- spinal meningitis. Dr. McKim suggested that the Association print a list of members, with names and addresses in booklet form, and then mail them to the members of this Association. The President ‘said he approved Dr. McKim’s suggestion, and asked the Sec- retary to give the matter his attention. The President an- nounced the standing committees for 1922. Program Committee: Dr. Reid Blair, Chairman; Dr. C. W. Shaw and Dr. George H. Berns. Prosecuting Committee: Dr. William J. McKinney, Chair- man; Dr..C. G. Rohrer, Dr. E. A. Durner, Dr. R. W. Gannett and Dr. Thomas E. Corwin. Legislative Committee: Dr. Ray W. Gannett, Chairman; Dr. Robert W. McCully and Dr. Reid Blair. No further business appearing, meeting adjourned. J. Evuiorr Crawrorp, Secretary. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY VETERINARIANS, METROPOLITAN DIVISION A meeting of the Metropolitan Division, N. A. B. A. I. V., was held at the Veterinary College, New York University, New York City, December 14, 1921. Twenty-four members were present with President Dr. N. L. Townsend presiding. : Dr. L. D. Ives called attention of the members to the fact that the By-Laws adopted at the time of organization were now inadequate, and moved that a committee be appointed to draft by-laws similar to those of the National Association, but with such changes as would be applicable to the Metropolitan Divi- sion. Motion was seconded and carried. The President an- nounced that he would name the committee later. 88 ASSOCIATION NEWS In accordance with the plans of the Program Committee, Dr. Mullings read his paper on ‘‘The Technique of Post-Mortem In- spection.’’ In presenting this paper Dr. Mullings stated that it was based largely on the regulations, service and regulatory announcements, and bureau letters of instruction. He an- nounced his intention of distributing copies among the inspec- tors of the Jersey City station for their guidance in conducting post-mortem work and suggested that this also be done at the other stations of the Meropolitan district with a view to se- “euring uniformity in inspections. Dr. Mullings’ paper went into details as to the procedures to. be followed by inspectors in conducting post-mortem in- - spections and it was explained that the procedures described represented the minimum of requirements. In certain cases, as would be readily understood, more extended or detailed exam- inations than those described in the paper would be necessary, as the particular case or judgment of the inspector indicated. Following the reading, Dr. Mullings’ paper was discussed by all the members present. Particular points of interest brought out in this discussion were, the relative merits of palpation and incision in the examination for tuberculous lesions in lymph glands and other tissues; also in conducting post-mortem in- spections of tuberculin reactor cattle; emphasis was placed on the care necessary in searching for lesions and the importance of forwarding specimens for examination in suspicious or doubt- ful: cases. as as In discussing the question of inspection of cervical glands in cattle, Dr. M. Paolone called attention to an important point. He referred to the fact that very frequently the atlantal lymph glands, forming part of the superior cervical chain, remain attached to the carcass when the head is severed. This was » important to bear in mind in rail inspection as the atlantal glands are usually involved when extensive lesions of tuber- culosis are found in the cervical glands. It was agreed by all the members present that the paper read by Dr. Mullings and the discussion following, made this meet- ing a profitable one for all concerned, and the writer was given a vote of thanks. The Program Committee announced that Dr. L. D. Ives would present at the next meeting a paper on the ‘Disposition of Carcasses.’’ PE PE Me ene aS diy inane: ry t oa ASSOCIATION NEWS &9 The February meeting was held at the Veterinary College, New York University, on February 15, 1922. Twenty-nine members were present with Dr. N. L. Townsend presiding. Reports of Committees: The Program, Auditing and Legis- Jative Committees announced through their respective chair- men that there were no reports to present at this time. With reference to the matter of revision of the Constitution and By-laws by a committee, as authorized by resolution approved . at the last meeting, the President announced the appointment of Drs. J. Huelsen, M. J. Murphy and H. S. Weber as members of this committee. Dr. Huelsen stated that he would report progress at this time. However, a meeting of the committee would be held in the near future to work on the revision, which ‘would be submitted to the members at the next meeting. Dr. Huelsen stated that in the meantime the committee would be glad to receive suggestions of the members which would be of as- sistance in the preparation. In accordance with the plan of the Program Committee, Dr. Leland D. Ives presented a paper entitled ‘‘Some Data on the Disposition of Careasses under Regulation 11, B. A. I. Order 2i1.’’ Dr. Ives’ paper was devoted principally to tuberculosis, the most important disease from a meat inspection standpoint. It discussed the regulations pertaining to the disease and de- _ seribed briefly its pathology. In connection with the paper, Dr. Ives exhibited specimens of tuberculosis, Benne vari- ous types of lesions and stages of the disease. The reading of Dr. Ives’ paper was followed by an interest- ing discussion in which all members present participated. Among the points discussed were the interpretation of the terms “‘slight,’’ ‘‘well-marked,’’ ‘‘extensive,’’ ‘‘easeous,’’ ‘‘Caseo- 9? €¢ calcareous, caleareous,’’ ete. During the discussion, differ- - ent cases of the disease showing a varied distribution of lesions, as found on the slaughter floor, were cited and the opinion of the members given as to the proper disposition. At the conclusion of the discussion, the chairman of the Pro- gram Committee announced that Dr. Ives’ paper had furnished a very interesting and profitable evening for the members, to which all agreed. Further, that the importance of the subject warranted an extended discussion for which the limited time 90 ASSOCIATION NEWS available at one meeting had hardly been sufficient. Therefore, the chairman announced it had been decided to continue the discussion of Dr. Ives’ paper, including diseases other than tu- berculosis, at the next meeting. E. L. Sanper, Secretary. BRITISH COLUMBIA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION At a general meeting of the British Columbia Veterinary ~ Association, held in Vancouver on December 17, at which a report was received, as stated at the recent Ottawa Veterinary Conference, that there was a grave lack of attendance at the Veterinary Colleges in Canada, and a consequent scarcity of qualified veterinarians to safeguard the health of the livestock of Canada, the following resolution was unanimously passed : Moved by Dr. Hoggan and seconded by Dr. Strong that this association inform the veterinary colleges in Canada that we do not feel justified in trying to increase their attendance until such time as they make some effort to better the condition of the existing veterinarians, as at the present time there is little inducement to enter the profession, and that this association deplores the lack of support given to the veterinary profession, the veterinary practitioner in particular, by the governments, colleges and daily and farm press, and be it resolved that the various efforts which at the present time seem to be directed to assisting the stock owner to do without the services of the veterinarian, are a detriment to the profession and not in the best interests of the stock owner. And be it further resolved, That we deplore the present tendency of many B. S. A. graduates to pose as veterinary sur- geons and that in the opinion of this association it is more im- portant to see that the existing veterinarian receives a just re- . ward for his skill and services than to turn out a number of young graduates who,,when they experience the true condition of the profession, will leave it in disgust as many older and experienced, capable graduates are doing at the present time, and that copies of this resolution be sent to the Dominion De- partment of Agriculture, the Provincial Department of Agri- culture, the Veterinary Director General, the Veterinary Col- leges, the daily and farm press, and the Canadian Veterinary Record. AES ee Lee Le Pere eS ee Sera ‘ re Tee ee ee oe Die COMER AD tae eT TSE ADT ASSOCIATION NEWS 91 I might add that recently the entrance requirements and length of course at the Veterinary Colleges were raised to equal that of the Medical Colleges, but that there has not been a cor- responding recognition of the increased value of the veteri- narian’s services, which I think accounts for the much smaller number of young.men being desirous of entering the profession. We would like you to assist in placing the veterinary profes- sion in a better position, which it justly deserves. A. J. DaMMAN, President. VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF MANITOBA Members who attended the annual meeting of the Veteri- nary Association of Manitoba witnessed a demonstration of the intradermal and ophthalmic tuberculin tests-and post-mortem examination of reacting animals at Gordon Ironside, con- ducted by inspectors of the contagious diseases and meat in- spection divisions of the health of animals branch of the _ Federal Department of Agriculture. There was a long discussion on tuberculosis in cattle, after an address by Dr. George Hilton, chief veterinary inspector, health of animals branch, Ottawa. The meeting was held at the Royal Alexandra Hotel. **In from 18 per cent to 26 per cent of all deaths of chil- dren in Canada from tuberculosis, the disease finds its origin in milk from infected cows,’’ said Dr. George Hilton, at the opening session. ‘‘The public must be convinced of the dan- ger of milk from infected animals if we are to save the lives and prevent the maiming of thousands of boys and girls an- nually.’’ Investigation by authorities of the New York health de- partment into the origin of human tuberculosis, he stated, had revealed 75 per cent of tuberculosis of the glands and bones in children was of bovine origin; 66 per cent of generalized tuberculosis and 10 per cent of all tuberculosis in children could be traced to the same cause. . Cooperation between veterinarians, cattle breeders, and all parties concerned, he urged, must be secured to combat the disease. . Instancing the ravages of the disease, Dr. Hilton stated that in a small city in Ontario where 800 children were found er ASSOCIATION NEWS to have tuberculosis, federal authorities investigated a dairy whose milk had been recommended by physicians for the sanitary methods. It was found that 50 per cent of the cows of this model dairy were infected. Discussing the control of animal food products, Dr. W. A. Shoults, provincial department of health, Winnipeg, declared that milk was the most valuable foodstuff, and at the same time one of the cheapest, because it combined all the elements necessary for the developiment and nourishment of all organs and tissues in the human body. It was, at the same time, most susceptible to contamination and was responsible for more sickness and deaths than any other foodstuffs. It was the product of an animal susceptible to diseases to which human beings were subject. Of these diseases the most common was tuberculosis, of which there were four kinds, the human, bo- vine, avian and fish, but the last two were not pathogenic for man. Of deaths of human beings, 9 per cent were caused by tubereulosis and 25 per cent of the deaths of children under 16 were caused by the same disease. Many persons, he de- clared, liked to have their milk from one particular cow, but this was a greater source of danger than the market supply, | for the one cow might be suffering from tuberculosis. If the milk from many were mixed, the danger would be greatly diminished. He believed that many cases of septic sore throat were caused by infected milk. Addresses were also given by Dr. N. V. Suen Gladstone, Manitoba, on ‘‘Rare Surgical Cases Encountered in Country Practice’’; Dr. J. Rowe Fisher, Brandon, on the ‘‘Use of the Stomach Pump,’’ and Dr. H. N..Thompson, Virden, Manitoba, on ‘‘Goiter Affecting Livestock.’’ There was a little discussion on the advisability of enti lishing a schedule of-.charges for veterinary services, so that persons employing them for tests and other duties would know that they were not being oreneheree and everybody would be satisfied. A committee of three members was appointed to draw up a schedule. The opening session of the convention was devoted to a business program, at the conclusion of which officers for the year were elected. They are Dr. H. R. McEwen, presi- dent; Dr. J. R. Fisher, vice-president; Dr. J. B. Still, seere- ASSOCIATION NEWS 93 tary and treasurer; Drs. J. A. Munn, W. J. Thompson, W. Hilton, W. A. Shoults, councillors. Dr. Munn, presenting his report as delegate to the convention of veterinary surgeons at Ottawa, stated that the Dominion body had appealed to vet- erinarians throughout Canada to standardize their rates in order that good will might be maintained between them and cattle men. J. B. Sri, Secretary: CENTRAL MICHIGAN VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY “The Central Michigan Veterinary Medical Society held its annual meeting January 6, at the Otsego Hotel, with a very large attendance. In the absence of the President, Dr. H. F. Roberts, Dr. W. N. Armstrong, Secretary-Treasurer of the Society, called upon Dr. B. F. Killham, Chief Veterinarian of the State of Michigan, to act as Chairman. After a few well-chosen remarks, the latter called upon Dr. T. S. Rich, who is head of the Eradication of Tuberculosis in Michigan, to explain the proposed tuberculin test, which is to be started in Jackson’ County. Dr. Rich stated there would be at least 15 Federal and State veterinarians to complete these tests. Roy Decker, Jackson County Agricultural Agent, gave a talk on the Relation of the Agricultural Agent to the Veterinarian, which was well received. Dr. A. B. Curtis of Hillsdale, presented an interesting review of the result of the tubereulin test in Hillsdale County, during which he stated that cattle could not be shipped into the county without the tuberculin test made by approved veterinarians. Dr. C. C. Mix of Battle Creek, gave a splendid talk on the intradermic tuberculin test and its technic. Dr. John Hutton of the Michigan Agricultural College at Lansing, told of the situation of the livestock in relation to veterinary medicine. Statistics show that in 1921 the number of livestock in the United States was 203,355,000 and the valu- ation $6,235,469,000. Milch cows have increased in number 2,498,000, at a valuation of $558,000,000. The number of horses in the United States in 1911 was 20,277,000, and in 1920 20,184,000. Michigan had 602,410 horses at the time of the 94 ASSOCIATION NEWS April census in 1910 and 605,509 in January, 1920. Dr. Hut- ton stated that the draft horse was much more economical than the automobile for short hauls. Dr. H. F. Palmer of Goshen, N. Y. , spoke on whtelebiiite prac- tice in New York State. Dr. H. M. Newton of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Lansing, spoke on hemorrhagic septicemia and necrotic enter- itis in hogs, stating that hog cholera, though quite prevalent in the State, is not alarming at this time. Dr. A. MeKercher of Lansing, had for his subject the oppor- tunities of the present-day veterinarian, which brought out — much discussion. Dr. E. F. Meyer of Jackson, was elected President; Dr. Fred Mains of Albion, Vice-President, and Dr. W. N. Armstrong was relected Secretary-Treasurer. A Program Committee was appointed, consisting of Dr. A. Campbell of Jackson, Dr. John Scott of Jackson and Dr. F. Richmond of Springport. A dinner was served at the Otsego Hotel following the meet- ing, after which several good talks and smokes were enjoyed by the members. A vote of thanks was given Manager Magmer of the hotel for the splendid manner in which the dinner was served. - W. N. Armstrone, Secretary. VIRGINIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The Virginia Veterinary Medical Association met in regular session in Richmond on January 12-13. This was one of the best meetings in its history. The papers and discussions were — of high order. Dr. Kaupp of Raleigh, N. C., gave a very interesting report and discussion on diseases of fowls; Dr. White of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, dis- cussed hog cholera; Dr. Shultz of Goshen Laboratories was rather shy when introduced to the association and simply men- tioned the fact that he was there only as a representative of the Goshen Laboratories, but not to appear on the program. He expressed to the association greetings from Dr. J. F.*Devine, who appeared on our program the year previous. ASSOCIATION NEWS 95 The banquet which took place at 1.30 on the 13th, was the event of the association. We had gathered around the board Governor Westmoreland Davis, Lt. Governor-elect West, At- torney General Saunders, and a number of senators and repre- sentatives. The toasts given by these gentlemen were timely. The association adjourned to meet in Blacksburg, Va., at the Agricultural College on July 13-14, 1922. W. G. Curisman, Secretary. IOWA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The thirty-fourth annual meeting of the Iowa Veterinary As- sociation was held at the Hotel Savery, Des Moines, Iowa, on January 17, 18 and 19. The meeting was one of the most suc- cessful in the history of the association, both from the stand- point of attendance and interest in all sessions of the program. Approximately 350 veterinarians were in attendance. Good fellowship and a general feeling of optimism prevailed. Par- ticularly evident was a feeling that every eligible veterinarian in Iowa should become a member of the association and take an active part in promoting its interests, which are the inter- ests of the veterinary profession. Thirty-six new applicants for membership were approved at the business session, which gives the association a total active membership of 496. Enough ap- plications have been received since the meeting to total 500. Following the meeting in Des Moines, 125 veterinarians at- tended a one day’s clinical program arranged by the Veterinary Division of the Iowa State College at Ames which was devoted to the subject of sterility in cattle. Following the address of President A. Kaderabek of Fort Dodge on the opening day, a paper entitled ‘‘Business Aspects of Veterinary Practice,’’ by Dr. D. M. Campbell of Chicago, Illinois, editor of Veterinary Medicine, was presented. In the afternoon, Professor. John M. Evvard of Ames, an authority on eattle and swine feeding, presented a much appreciated address on “‘The Feeding of Minerals to Livestock,’’ and various other phases of practical cattle and swine feeding. Professor Evvard produced experimental data on results of feeding various ra- tions and mineral mixtures, emphasizing that the veterinarian 96 ASSOCIATION NEws should be as thoroughly familiar with such data as the livestock man to whom he is an adviser. The remainder of the first afternoon was devoted to the sub- ject of tuberculosis. Dr. J. A. Kiernan, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C., presented an excellent address outlining the ‘‘Progress in the Eradication of Tuber- culosis in Livestock,’’ followed by Drs. R. A. Moye, of Manson, and J. H. McLeod, of Charles City, who presented papers en- titled, ‘‘Interest of the Small Town in Tuberculosis Control,’’ and ‘‘The Tuberculosis Situation,’’ respectively, in which phases of the subject were discussed of direct importance to the prac- ticing veterinarian interested in stimulating interest in tuber- culosis control in his own community and with particular em- phasis on methods of promoting public sentiment toward guard- ing the milk supply to the average small town. A general dis- cussion on tuberculosis control followed, led by Dr. Peter Mal- _eolm, State Veterinarian. On Wednesday morning, Wayne Dinsmore, Secretary of the Horse Association of America, gave an illustrated talk on ‘* America’s Greatest Engine—the Horse—An Animal Motor.”’ Mr. Dinsmore emphasized the strategic position which the veteri- narian occupies for encouraging increased horse production in his community and offered to furnish valuable data which might be used in counteracting truck and tractor propaganda, and ~ also serve to strengthen the veterinarian with his clients by fur- nishing him usable information relative to practical hitches, problems of draft, ete. The remainder of Wednesday forenoon was devoted to papers and discussions on surgical topics. Drs. W. A. Aitken and G. W. McNutt of Ames presented an illus- trated talk on the ‘‘Sinuses of the Ox,’’ which was followed by a practical discussion by Dr. H. E. Bemis of Ames, on “‘Some Surgical Operations in Cattle.’’ Dr. Bemis discussed proper methods of draining the sinuses in cattle, also operations on the eye, rumen, removal of actionomycotic growths and other tumors, and surgical drainage of certain areas. Dr. O. N. Schultz of Latimer presented a paper, ‘‘Operative Treatment of Umbilical Hernia in the Male Pig,’’ followed by a paper on ‘‘ Obstructive Hyperemia Treatment in Veterinary Practice,’’ by Dr. W. E. Norden of Avoca. Dr. J. S. Schoenenberger of Winterset gave ASSOCIATION NEWS 97 a practical talk on ‘‘Methods of Animal Restraint,’’ in which time saving methods in general practice were illustrated. On Wednesday afternoon, followmg a number of case reports by Dr. H. L. McMillan of Estherville, on ‘‘ Fractures’’ and ‘‘The Use of Acrifiavine in Open Joints,’’ and by Dr. R. J. Laird of Algona, on ‘‘Hemorrhagic Septicemia in Cattle,’’ a paper en- titled ‘‘Botulism in the Field,’’ by Dr. John B. Bryant of Mt. Vernon was presented. Following this Dr. A. Eichhorn, of Pearl River, N. Y., gave a highly interesting talk in which he reviewed the progress made in the control of infectious diseases of animals, dwelling parti¢ularly on: rabies, anthrax, blackleg, hemorrhagic septicemia and hog cholera. Dr. Eichhorn’s ad- dress brought out many questions and interesting discussion. Thursday forenoon was devoted largely to a business session, ineluding reports of the Committee on Legislation by Dr. C. H. Stange and the report of the Executive Committee by the See- retary, H. D. Bergman. The Secretary-Treasurer’s report showed the Association to be in good financial condition. The following officers were elected for the new year: President, E. A. Buxton, Vinton; First Vice-President, H. R. Wesson, Scran- ton; Second Vice-President, Guy S. Jones, Rockwell City; Sec- retary-Treasurer, H. D. Bergman, Ames (reelected) ; Member of Executive Board, John Patterson, Hedrick. During the busi- ness session considerable interest and discussion developed rela- tive to inviting the American Veterinary Medical Association to meet in Des Moines in 1923. Following discussion by various members and the Secretary of the Convention Bureau of the | Des Moines Chamber of Commerce, the association voted unan- imously to invite the A. V. M. A, to meet in Des Moines in 1923. Following the business session the day was devoted to papers and discussions as follows: ‘‘Our Knowledge of Swine Diseases,’’ by Dr. C. H. Stange of Ames. Dr. Stange emphasized the importance of veterinarians recognizing hog cholera as the most important, most prevalent and highly fatal disease of hogs, avoiding the use of immuniz- ing agents, the value of which is questionable or unknown, and of studying more closely the housing, feeding and care of swine. Dr. Chas. Murray of Ames presented an instructive paper on ‘Diseases of Poultry,’’ in which the importance of this field of practice was emphasized and enumerated the most prevalent 98 Association News diseases of poultry, outlining preventive measures and treat-— ment.. Dr. E. A. Logan, of Kansas City, Kansas, presented an interesting paper on ‘‘Immunity, Its Theories and How Pro- duced.’’ A Question Box opened during the day precipitated some very interesting discussions along various lines of im- portance to the profession. Dr. S. H. Johnston, of Carroll, presented an excellent report from the Committee on Resolutions. One of the important resolutions adopted unanimously by the association was as follows: Wuereas: The objects of this Association are to promote good fellowship; to elevate the standards of veterinary education; to cultivate medical science and literature, to enlighten and direct public opinion regarding state problems of veterinary medicine; to contribute to the diffusion of true scientific knowledge among: its members by the reading and discussion of such papers, and reports of cases as may come before it; and, WHEREAS: It is not the object of this Association to determine proper compensation for services rendered which must vary greatly under different conditions, Therefore, Be It Resolved: That the members here assembled approve and encourage the efforts of our members who by con- duct, professional services and other efforts are endeavoring to strengthen the profession and promote the livestock industry; and, Be It Further Resolved: That we disapprove and condemn the practices and methods of a few who are thereby bringing discredit upon the profession and injury to the animal industry . of the state; and, Be It Purther Resolved: That we Gagnieoes of profiteering in the handling of hog cholera serum and other biologies by the few veterinarians, whether members of this Association or not, who thereby bring condemnation upon the entire profession, and which will interfere with the future confidence of livestock breeders in the work of our profession. No evening sessions were scheduled during the meeting, the evenings being left open for general getting acquainted, class and group reunions, committee meetings and recreation in gen- eral. The open evenings were apparently appreciated and re- sulted in excellent attendance and attention during the day ses- sions, as high as 300 being in attendance at some sessions. H. D. Brereman, Secretary. ASSOCIATION NEWS 99 MISSISSIPPI STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The sixteenth annual convention of the Mississippi State Veterinary Medical Association convened in Gulfport on Janu- ary 23 and 24 with 83 members and friends in attendance. The convention was opened by a fine address of welcome by the ~ Mayor of Gulfport, to which a response was made by Dr. J. A. Barger of Jackson. The following is the program rendered: ‘‘Tubereulosis Eradi- eation and Control Work,’’ Dr. Elmer Lash, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C.; ‘‘The Treatment of Stomach and Intestinal Worms of Cattle and Calves,’’ Dr. Dikmans, Univer- sity of Louisiana, and Dr. Gandy, Assistant State Veterinarian of Louisiana; ‘‘Review of Progress Made in the Control of Infectious Diseases of Animals,’? Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, Pearl River, New York; ‘‘ Anthrax and Its Control,’’ Dr. S. H. Wood, Berkeley, California; discussion by Dr. O. M. Norton, Green- ville, Mississippi; Dr. E. B. Mount, Cleveland, Mississippi, and Dr. C. C. Brown, Assistant State Veterinarian of Tennessee; **Botulism and Botulinus Antitoxin,’”’ Dr. C. E. Salsbery, Kan- sas City, Missouri; discussion by A. Eichhorn, §. E. Osborne and others; ‘‘Things We Are Up Against in Every-day Prac- tice,’ Dr. C. L. Duckworth, Brookhaven, Mississippi, and Dr. I. W. Edwards, Vicksburg, Mississippi; ‘‘Swamp Fever, Differ- ential Diagnosis and Treatment,’’ Drs. W. L. Gates and M. J. Luster, Clarksdale, Mississippi; ‘‘ Veterinary Education,’’ Dr. C. A. Cary, State Veterinarian, Auburn, Alabama. All of these subjects dealt with were pertinent to the prac- titioners of this section and considerable valuable information was obtained. Anthrax, which claims a toll of many hundred animals each year in the delta section of this State, where it is considered _by a great many that the organism is more virulent than in other sections of the country, was possibly the subject given the most attention at the convention, and it is considered for- tunate that Drs. Eichhorn, Salsbery, Wood and Cary were present and furnished additional information regarding the control of this disease.. A large buck deer which had been killed by Drs. E. C. O’Neal, D. J. Bynacker and S. H. Davis the previous day . 100 ASSOCIATION NEWS formed a part of the menu of the sumptuous banquet which was served to the members, friends and ladies at the conclusion of the first day of the convention. The second day was devoted entirely to sightseeing along the Gulf coast, which is known as Mississippi’s winter playground. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Dr. J. A. Barger, Jackson, President; Dr. M. J. Luster, Clarks- dale, First Vice-President; Dr. I. W. Edwards, Vicksburg, Second Vice-President; Dr. H. L. Fry, Jackson, Secretary- Treasurer. : J. A. Barcer, Ex-Secretary. PENNSYLVANIA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association held its 1922 meeting at Harrisburg, January 24 and 25. The week of January 23 is known as Agricultural Week in Pennsylvania, and the State Veterinary Medical Association being one of the Allied Agricultural Associations, holds its meetings at the same time that the other allied organizations are holding their meetings. Holding our meetings at the same time that the other organi- zations are in session has the distinct advantage of bringing the practitioners of Pennsylvania into close contact with the live- stock owners, and gives the stock owners an opportunity to see that the veterinarians are well organized and a representative group of men who are taking their proper places in agricul- tural activities. Pennsylvania cee are very well attended. Our usual place of meeting would have accommodated our own number, but the attendance had been increased to such an extent by live- stock men that this year the committee of arrangements Se- cured the Hall of the House of Representatives in the Capitol Building. This hall was filled to capacity on the second day of our meeting. The program, as Sut itdhad in a former issue of the JOURNAL, was carried out in its entirety. Papers of every-day interest to practitioners were presented by practitioners, and every section of the State was represented. This was made possible by invit- ing the officers of each veterinary club in this State to desig- ee es ee ee a ee ee ee ee ee. ee in, ee er ae ASSOCIATION NEWS 101 nate one man to present a paper at the State meeting and two men to discuss their fellow member’s paper. Any success that the meeting may have attained is due to the good cooperation of the men appearing on the program. It has been the practice of our association to publish the pro- ceedings of our annual meetings, and it is hoped that means will be devised whereby the 1922 proceedings may be published. If this is not accomplished in a single publication, it may be found possible to publish the papers through other channels. Election of officers resulted as follows: President, E. E. Bit- tles, Waterford; Vice Presidents, H. B. Roshon, Reading; B. M. Beattie, Chambersburg; M. A. Davis, Troy; Recording Secre- tary, C. S. Rockwell, Philadelphia; Treasurer, Thomas Kelly, Philadelphia; Corresponding Secretary, R. M. Staley, Philadel- phia; Trustees, John W. Adams, Chairman, Philadelphia; H. E. Bender, Lititz; L. A. Klein, Philadelphia; John Turner, Wellsboro.. R. M. Srarey, Secretary. MICHIGAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION “‘We Represent the Protectors of a Ten Billion Dollar Indus- try,’’ was the wording of a banner prominently displayed in the Surgery and Clinic Building at the Michigan Agricultural College when the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Associa- tion held its 40th annual meeting there on February 7 and 8. ‘The attendance was beyond expectation. There were 110 vet- erinarians registered and 30 wives who attended the sessions for the ladies. Practically everyone present attended the din- ner-dance on the evening of the first day. The papers and discussions manifested the trend of affairs in the profession in this State. They indicated that the profes- sion is changing with the times. Much was said about tuber- eulosis eradication, diseases of dairy cattle, municipal meat in- spection, public health work, poultry diseases and very little about subjects that were commonly discussed a few years ago. The social event of the meeting, which was so. popular a year ago, was repeated this year and was received with even more enthusiasm than last year. A banquet fit for a king, with music by a college orchestra and entertainment by the college yell- master who is a veritable comedian, followed by dancing, cards, 102 ASSOCIATION NEWS smokes and real heart-to-heart talks with old friends, occupied - the whole evening. The ladies enjoyed a theater party, the dinner-dance, a lecture on nutrition in the Home Economics Department of the col- lege, a visit to the Girls’ Practice House, an exhibition of swim- ming by co-eds in the gymnasium-pool, and a luncheon where men were entirely excluded. Clinic consisted of a radical operation for fistulous withers, one for laryngo-hemiplegia, and a demonstration of a treatment for sterility in a cow. The association went on record as endorsing the Sterling- Lehlbach bill for the reclassification of civil employees. It was voted to hold a summer meeting at the college in conjunction with the Veterinary Department of the College, the State Bureau of Animal:Industry and the local branch of the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry. ’ The following officers were elected for the year: President, Dr. J. E. Wurm, Practioner, Pigeon; 1st Vice-Pres., Dr. B. J. Kill- ham, Chief Veterinarian, State Department of Agriculture, Lan- sing; 2d Vice-Pres., Dr. H. Preston Hoskins, Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit; 3d Vice-Pres., Dr. G. W. Cronkite, Practitioner, Sagi- naw; Secy.-Treas., Dr. R. A. Runnells, Department of Animal Pathology, Michigan Agricultural College; Director for six years, Dr. W. N. Armstrong, Practitioner, Concord. i R. A. RUNNELLS, Secretary. OHIO STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The thirty-ninth annual meeting of the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association was held in the Hotel Deshler, Columbus, | February 2 and 3, 1922. It was very largely attended and in _ many respects proved to be as satisfactory as any previously .. held. Ohio veterinarians were fortunate in having the opportunity of hearing probably more good speakers than we have had at any single meeting in the past. Every effort was directed to have the program so balanced that, regardless of what particu- lar line of veterinary work one was primarily interested in, he would find something directly interesting him. The subjects and speakers were: ‘‘The Bull as a Dissemina- _AssocraTion NEws 103 . tor of Genital Infections,’’ Dr. W. L. Williams; ‘‘Botulism,’’ Dr. Robert Graham, University of Illinois; ‘‘Observations of Veterinary Practice,’’ Dr. J. V. Lacroix, Editor, North Ameri- . can Veterinarian; ‘‘Brief Consideration of the Splanchnology of the Fowl,’’ S. Sisson; ‘‘Importance of the Poultry Indus- try,’’ O. V. Brumley; ‘‘The Modern Dairy Goat,’’ William H. Gribble; ‘‘Cooperation and Policies,’’ Bruce Edgington, State Veterinarian ; ‘‘Use of the Stomach Tube in the Horse,’’ C. C. Page; ‘‘Swine Diseases and Management of a Hog Ranch,’’ Donald J. Frame; ‘‘Demonstration of the Examination of the Feces of the Dog for Parasitic Infestation,’? L. W. Goss and j R. E. Rebrassier ; ‘‘Sterility and Abortion from a Practitioner’s | Standpoint,’’ R. R. Laughlin. -In addition to the above-men- tioned veterinary speakers, the Association was addressed by L. J. Taber, Director of Agriculture of Ohio; Wayne Dinsmore, Secretary of the Horse Association of America; Howard C. Barker, Secretary of the Holstein-Friesian Association of Ohio, and Col. D. L. Perry, auctioneer, known well and favorably over the Middle Central States. The reports of the committees were usually good, in that they called the attention of the profession to existing condi- tions of all kinds. The Legislative Committee made a rather detailed report on existing conditions in Ohio with respect to illegal serum and virus sales to nonlicensed ‘‘swine special- ists.’’ The report-was based upon over 100 replies to a ques- tionnaire mailed out January 10. By action of the Associa- tion a special committee was appointed to collect informa- tion upon such illegal sales in Ohio during this year, and to notify the members at least quarterly of all facts learned, in- cluding the names of such firms as sell promiscuously to these laymen without a permit from the State. - In his ‘‘Good Night’’ remarks after the banquet, February 2, Dr. Harry T. Moss announced that those present had just enjoyed filet of Percheron with mushroom sauce, the same having been brought from Lima, Ohio, by Dr. J. H. Blatten- burg. The commercial exhibits were an sncsinshatd part of the meeting. Out of consideration to these firms we offer the suggestion that the secretaries of the various State associations. holding meetings in January and February each year endeavor Se a PO LN Ty ee eee 104 Association News now to select dates which will not conflict, thus enabling each, firm to attend all meetings. The advertising of these same firms goes a long way in supporting many veterinary publications within our country. F. A. Lampert, Secretary. VETERINARY CONFERENCE AT KANSAS ~ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE The first annual veterinary conference was held at the Kan- sas State Agricutural College during Farm and Home Week, ' February 7 to 10, inclusive. More than 250 graduate Kansas veterinarians were in attendance. A very full and compre- hensive program on animal tuberculosis was carried out in every detail. Those who took an active part in the conference were Dean Dykstra, Doctors Bushwell, Leinhardt, Sisson, Kier- nan, Salsbery, Campbell, Muldoon, Stingley, Kinsley, Umber- ger and Mr. Mercer. There were demonstrations and practical exercises in the application of the various tuberculin tests, to- gether with the slaughtering of the reacting cattle and prac- ticum in meat inspection. The Farm and Home Week banquet was a fine diversion which was appreciated by all. The veteri- narians attending this short course in animal tuberculosis were — very much pleased with the material presented and the unani- mous wish was expressed that’ Dean Dykstra would make it an annual affair. KENTUCKY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The midwinter meeting of the Kentucky Medical Associa- ation was held at Owensboro, Kentucky, on February 8-9, 1922. We enjoyed one of the most successful two-day meetings ever held in the western part of the State. ; On the first day Dr. C. W. Fisher, of Danville, presented a paper on Forage Poisoning; Dr. W. W. Dimock, of Lexing- ton, gave an interesting talk on Johne’s Disease; while Dr. G. P. Isbell spoke on Locus Minoris Resistentia. These papers _were discussed by Dr. T. P. Polk, Lexington, Dr. D, E. West- moreland, Owensboro, and Dr. H. Gieskemeyer, Newport. Dr. W. W. Dimock also took active part in all discussions and some very valuable information, as usual, was gleaned. ASSOCIATION NEWS | 105. Thanks to the untiring efforts of the entertainment com- mittee a delightful banquet was served that evening at the Rudd House. The second day was devoted entirely to the subject of tu-~ berculosis. Dr. Elmer Lash, of Washington, D. C., read a most interesting paper on ‘‘The Campaign to Eradicate Bo- vine Tuberculosis,’’ after which.a general discussion followed. Dr. W. H. Simmons, State Veterinarian, read a paper on ‘‘Tu- bereulin Testing of Cattle by the Intradermie Method.’’ In the discussions that followed Dr. W. F. Biles and Dr. E. B. Haskins took an active part. Some very valuable points were brought out regarding dosage, size of syringe, needle. ete. In the afternoon, post-mortems were held on reactors at the field packing plant. This was followed by examinations for ~ accredited herd work, which brought to a close one of the most interesting meetings ever held by this Association. The following resolution was unanimously adopted: Wuereas, The Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture is the largest unit in the world composed primarily of veterinarians, and that this class of scientific employes render an invaluable service to the nation in the protection of livestock against the ravages of contagious and infectious diseases, and _ WHEREAS, the compensation offered by the United States Gov- ernment for this class of professional services is not adequate or in comparison with the training and qualifications required for veterinary positions in the Bueau of Animal Industry, and WHEREAS, the low salaries paid by the Government to its vet- erinarians engaged in the control of animal diseases in the field and in the application of the Meat Inspection Law of 1906, bring about the resignation of many of these trained inspectors each year, lowering the efficiency of public service of this class, therefore, Be it Resolved, By the Kentucky State Veterinary Medical Association in session assembled, that we urge upon the Con- gress of the United States early and favorable action on pend- _ ing legislation which has for its object the reclassifying of the - Department of Agriculture, and Be it Further Resolved, That copies of this resolution be for- warded to Senator Stanley and Senator Ernst. 106 ASSOCIATION NEWS The officers elected were as follows: J. K. Ditto, Pleasure- ville, president; William M. Coffee, LaCenter, first vice-presi- dent; J. A. Austin, Fulton, second vice-president; E. C. Higdon, Madisonville, third vice-president; J. A. Winkler, Newport, sec- retary-treasurer. The midsummer meeting of this Association will be held in Lexington, on July 12 and 138, 1922. J. A. WINKLER, Secretary. VETERINARY CONFERENCE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA On February 28 and March 1 a very interesting conference of veterinarians was held at the School of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania. There were about 175 vet- erinarians in attendance, largely from Pennsylvania, but many from New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia and Ohio. The program provided for the presenta- tion of many phases of the problems connected with the swine and cattle industry by recognized authorities. The speakers. covered their subjects in a masterly manner, and the great. interest of the audience was manifested by the lively discussions which followed. On the opening day, Dr. E. C. Schroeder, of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, delivered a paper on ‘‘The Present Status. of Vaccination Against Abortion Disease of Cattle.’’ He em- phasized the necessity for more knowledge of the nature of the abortion bacillus before the subject can be lifted out of the experimental state in which it now is. He also said that tre- mendous doses of living cultures were necessary in attempting immunization; that an animal so treated would possibly be a spreader ; and that there is no reason to believe. that dead. suspensions of the organism have any immunizing value. Dr. Schroeder told of his study of twenty-four samples (representing five different firms) of anti-abortion vaccines obtained on the market. Of these 15 contained only bacteria identified as the Bang bacillus, 2 contained other bacteria and the Bang bacillus, and 7 contained many other bacteria and a spore. His conclusions were that 44 per cent of these samples were - ASSOCIATION NEWS 107 of doubtful value and 79 per cent were not only doubtful but worthless and dangerous. Following this well-discussed paper, Dr. John P. Turner, of Washington, D. C., gave a very practical paper on ‘‘ Experience in Practice with Udder Troubles.’’ Dr. Turner covered the subject thoroughly, giving sound practical advice on the handling of every possible disease of the udder. He emphasized the importance of preventing mastitis, and advocated a large, clean, disinfected maternity stall for parturient animals; cutting off the hanging fetal membranes and eliminating sucking calves when the teats are sore. He questioned the -.presence of con- tagious mastitis in this country, most cases being sporadic. In the afternoon session, Dr. W. L. Boyd, of the University of Minnesota, talked on ‘‘The Diagnosis of Pregnancy in. Cows,’’ and paved the way for the subject of sterility which he dis- cussed the next day. He does not lay so much stress on the pulsation in the uterine arteries in diagnosing pregnancy as on the mucous plug in the cervix, the corpus luteum and the changes in the uterus. Ballottement is not possible before seven to seven and one-half months, according to Dr. Boyd, who also said that in heifers accidentally bred or if for other reasons it is desirable to terminate pregnancy, it may be accomplished at about the second month by expressing the corpus luteum, after which abortion will follow in about three days. Acting Provost, Dr. J. H. Penniman, gave the attending vet- erinarians a very cordial welcome and spoke in a most appre- ciative manner of the work they are doing and the importance of it. He referred in very flattering terms to the Veterinary School of the University of Pennsylvania and to the fact that the University is proud of its scientific achievements.. A paper on ‘‘ Hygiene and Sanitation in the Care of Young Animals’’ was presented by Dr. E. S. Deubler, of Penshurst Farms, Narberth, Pa. He spoke particularly of handling white scours, and told how he had kept his calves free from its rav- ages by building maternity stalls, with tight partitions, to the ceiling, and disinfecting the same after each calving with for- maldehyde gas. He also urged the necessity of keeping heifers away from abortion infection for six months before breeding and until after parturition. In the evening the conference was delightfully entertained 108 : ; ASSOCIATION NEWS first by Dr. Edward Lodholz, Professor of Veterinary Physiol- ogy at the University of Pennsylvania, on the subject of ‘‘The _ Physiology of the Fetus.’’ Following this entertaining lecture a smoker was given by the Alumni Society of the school. The second day’s program started with a lantern-slide talk by Dr. Boyd, on “The Pathology of Bovine Sterility.’’ He ex- plained thoroughly the slides which covered every conceivable pathological condition related to the subject. Later Dr. Boyd gave a practical demonstration of examining and treating ster- ility on five cases provided for the purpose. He handled the subject in a convineing manner, answering innumerable ques- tions to the satisfaction of all. In discussing this subject, Dr. W. H. Ridge, Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry, gave an interesting talk on prevention. He believes that the douch- ing of all cows with a one and one-half per cent Lugol’s solu- tion from one week to ten days after calving is not injurious but beneficial, and submitted charts of the breeding records of three herds of several hundred animals which he had been treating in this manner for four years, and the proof seemed conclusive that sterility had been reduced to a minimum. Dr. George W. Grim, of Plainsboro, N. J., read a paper on ‘Treatment of Retained Placenta in the Cow.’’ His experience covered 107 cases. Many different methods were reported with the results attending. The conclusion seemed to be that the membranes should be removed as soon as they can be readily separated from the cotyledons. In a number of eases he took them away in twenty-four hours with satisfactory results. The final session was opened by Dr. W. B. Niles, of the U. 8. Bureau of Animal Industry, whose subject was ‘‘Hog Cholera and Other Infectious Diseases of Swine.’’ Among the many important points brought out by Dr. Niles, the following were noted: 1. Hog cholera may be controlled, but it will be many years before its eradication. 2. Owing, to the varied symptoms and lesions, the diagnosis — of hog cholera is often difficult, but delay is dangerous, so use serum alone if not sure of diagnosis, and double treatment if no doubt exists. _3. The administration of the simultaneous treatment a short time after a single (serum) treatment does produce immunity, contrary to the belief of some. 4. ‘‘Breaks’’ are likely caused by insufficient virus or virus ea. Cn re ee ee ee Ey eee eee ASSOCIATION NEWS 109 . “i = potency. Best to handle ‘‘breaks’’ as any other out- reak. 5. Hogs, newly purchased in stock yards, should be given serum. After they are taken home and are over the fatigue of journey, ete., give double treatment. Following Dr. Niles’ interesting and instructive talk, Dr. H. H. Havyner, of State College, Pennsylvania, spoke on ‘‘The Swine Industry in Pennsylvania.’’ He explained how the State Col- lege Extension Department is developing the swine industry in Pennsylvania, and pointed out the difference in the status of this industry in Pennsylvania and Iowa, showing that im- provement must be accomplished by community effort, because rarely does one farmer have enough sows to warrant the pur- chase of a high-class purebred boar. Numerous feeding trials which have been conducted in vari- ous parts of the State were explained, and he showed that farmers who had marketed their corn through their hogs had received twice the market price for it. . It is regrettable that space does not permit the reporting of the valuable and instructive discussions which followed the papers. The conference was considered a great success by the many who attended. V. G. Kimsati, Recorder. ARKANSAS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION - This is to advise that the Arkansas Veterinary Examining Board will meet at Old State House, Little Rock, Arkansas, Thursday, June 8, 1922, for the purpose of examining appli- cants for license to practice Veterinary Medicine. The Arkansas Veterinary Association will meet at Little Rock on Friday, June 9, 1922. A cordial invitation is extended to all veterinarians to attend. Joe H. Bux, Secretary. MISSOURI VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The winter meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Asso- ciation was held at the Hotel Baltimore, Kansas City, January 31 to February 2. The first two days were devoted to papers and discussions, and a: number of especially valuable contribu- tions were made. The last day was devoted to the clinic held at the Livestock Pavilion of the Kansas City Stockyards. 110 ASSOCIATION NEWS President P. L. Cady presided at all of the sessions and de- serves much credit for the able manner in which the program, as well as various discussions and matters of business, was handled. snp ae The program was opened by a paper entitled ‘‘ Cooperation in Animal Disease Control Work’’ by W. T. Spencer of Omaha, Nebraska. This paper made such a favorable impression that it was voted to have copies prepared at once to be supplied to all members of the organization, as well as to the leading agri- cultural publications of the country. The keynote was a strong plea for a more liberal spirit of helpfulness between members of the veterinary profession and the agricultural interests. The author stated that much injury has been done to the profession by petty jealousies and by trouble makers who have taken much pains to create a feeling between veterinarians and agricultural organizations, whose interests, he pointed out, are common. - Dr. E. F. Stewart presented a very interesting paper on ‘‘Milk Goats;’’ giving some information of value pertaining to the various breeds, their productivity and their fitness for a place in the yards of those who are not in a position to keep a cow. Dr. Stewart is a recognized. authority on milk goats. Dr. G. A. Johnson presented a splendid paper ‘prepared by himself and Dr. E. A. Logan on ‘‘Immunity.’’ They gave a complete discussion of the forms of immunity and the methods of producing it. An excellent paper by Dr. S. R. Johnson of Lansing, Mich- igan, entitled ‘‘The Practicing Veterinarian and His Relation te the Public Health,’’ was read by title. Dr. C. P. Fitch of St. Paul, Minnesota, gave a well-written paper on ‘‘The Control of Bovine Infectious Abortion.’’ He contends that the abortion bacillus is seldom transmitted through the genital tract, but that the digestive tract is the principal, port of entry. He regards the serological test as an accurate method of diagnosing infection, but that it is not necessarily an indication that the animal has ever aborted or will abort. He believes that much remains to be learned in connection with the control of the disease, but that sanitation and isolation of af- fected animals are important considerations. This paper was followed by a lively discussion. Dr. 8S. L. Stewart read an interesting paper on ‘‘Interstitial -Mastitis,’’ a condition of which he has been making special study ASSOCIATION -NEWS 111 ‘for some time. He pointed out the pronounced difference be- ’ tween interstitial and parenchymatous mastitis. His line of treatment consists usually in an application of cold packs to the region, followed by mild massage, after which a mammary sup- port is applied. He regards bacterins as an important adjunct te this treatment. Dr. R. C. Moore of St. Joseph, Missouri, read an unusually valuable paper upon .‘‘Orificial Surgery.’’ He took up spe- cifically the surgery of the eye, ear, tracheal openings, uretha, vulva, anus and teat ducts. This paper is one which will be worthy of careful perusal when it _——— in the veterinary press. Dr. L. A. Merillat gave an ckidbiicpmeous address on ‘‘The Prospects of Equine Practice,’’ in which he detailed some of ‘his personal experiences in tractor farming, which only add emphasis to the statements made by others who have either en- gaged in or studied this problem. He believes that we will see both in the city and in the country a pronounced reaction from the tendency toward motor transportation and cultivation of the land. — **Canine Distemper’’ was ably discussed by Dr. J. C. Flynn. He called attention to some of the common dental affections of dogs which may be satisfactorily alleviated by the veterinarian. Among these are irregular dentition, accumulation of tartar, and alveolar periostitis. Dr. F. R. Beaudette of Manhattan, Kansas, gave one of the most valuable addresses of the meeting on ‘‘Diseases of Poul- try.’’ A tabulated list of diseases as indicated by various symp- toms proved to be a valuable aid to a classification of these diseases. Copies of this chart will be supplied to members of the association at an early date. Dr. E. A. Cahill in a paper entitled ‘‘Botulism as it Applies to Swine’’ detailed the results of extensive investigations in connection with the alleged danger of introducing botulism through serums and virus in vaccinating hogs. The results of hundreds of such tests were negative in every case. He con- siders botulism from this source to be a negligible factor and the use of botulinus antitoxin as a preventive of botulism from such cases to be entirely superfiuous. Dr. J. W. Connaway of Columbia, Missouri, presented a series of lantern slides dealing with infectious abortion in swine, 112 ASSOCIATION NEWS which he considers to be specific infection similar in many ways. . to abortion disease of cattle. His studies have been interesting and proved very instructive. : A most valuable contribution was presented by Dr. H. B. Raffensperger of the United States Bureau'of Animal Industry n ‘‘Asearids in Swine.’’ His paper was supplemented by a two-reel motion picture giving the details of the life history of this worm and the control measures which have proved effective. He stated that the identity of Ascaris swum of swine and As- carts lumbricoides of children has been proved. In some eases . ascarid infestation in children may result from exposure to places where wormy hogs have contaminated the soil. The re- cent discoveries regarding the life cycle of the ascarid prove that the young larve migrate into the portal circulation and by this route reach the lungs, where they often cause an intense edema, accompanied by a characteristic thumpy respiration. Compari- sons of hogs infested with ascarids and those kept free from birth showed a very pronounced advantage in favor of the ascarid-free pigs. Pigs can be kept free by putting the partu- rient sows into farrowing pens which have recently been thor- oughly scrubbed with hot water and lye, the sow herself first being thoroughly cleaned and freed from dirt. The brood is later transferred to pasture-in which infested hogs have not previously been run. The ascarid eggs germinate at compara- tively low temperatures and in wallows, mud holes, ete., where some moisture is present, becoming infectious within a few weeks after they reach the outer world in the droppings of infested hogs. They are exceedingly resistant to the action of disinfec- tants and require such measures as hot water and lye to deainer them effectively. Dr. M. Dorset was listed to present the subject ‘‘The Present Status of Hog Cholera Immunization,’’ but on account of his inability to attend the meeting, Dr. W. B. Niles ably substituted for him. Dr. Niles considers that hog cholera is the one great scourge of the hog raiser and that it is usually a safe procedure to vaccinate without waiting for a positive diagnosis of the disease. He considers that the serum immunization is of con- siderably shorter duration than has been generally thought, but that the serum-alone treatment is indicated in those cases where there has been a ‘‘break’’ following regular vaccination. During the clinical program a number of interesting oper- Association NEws 113 _ ations and demonstrations were put on by Drs. Beaudette, Young, Kingman, Merillat and others. The social program was well arranged, and visiting ladies were entertained by the local committee at card parties, theater parties, tours, ete. On Wednesday evening a vaudeville pro- gram and dance were tendered the visitors by the veterinarians of Kansas City and their wives, to whom much credit is due for their well-arranged plans and generous expenditures of time and money to make the meeting a success. -R. F. Bourne, Secretary. PRACTITIONERS’ COURSE AT AMES The annual meeting for practitioners given under the aus- pices of the Practitioners’ Course Fund was held at Ames, lowa, January 20, 1922. The meeting was given over to a con- sideration of the diseases of breeding animals. One hundred and twenty-five veterinarians from the state and surrounding states were present and showed a great in- terest in the subject presented. This number represents about one-sixth or one-seventh of the total number of practicing veterinarians in Iowa and indicates the importance of this ‘subject and the interest being taken in helping to solve the problems of the breeders of livestock. The program for the day was as follows: 10 to 10:30 a. m.—Registration. 10:30 to 12:30—Lecture and demonstration on the normal genital tract of the cow at various stages of the estrus cycle. 1:30 to 5:30 p. m.—Lecture on the most common causes of ' sterility in cattle in Iowa followed by a demonstration of the technique of the surgical treatment of sterility. in demonstrating the normal, freshly dissected specimens, three living animals, and one anatomical specimen of the entire animal suspended in the nermal position in a fresh state with all organs in their normal relation to each other were used. In demonstrating the abnormal, nine clinical cases provided by the clinic staff affected with various conditions, and a num- _ber of pathological specimens in a fresh state obtained through the courtesy of Dr. L. Enos Day of Chicago and Dr. C. W. Deming of Des Moines, were used. 114 ASSOCIATION NEwSs During the latter part of the afternoon, each one present was given an opportunity to inspect for himself each specimen and each case in order that as much detailed information might be given as possible. The snecimens presented illus- — trated a variety of congenital malformations and failures of proper development which result in sterility, cystic ovaries, persisteut corpora lutea, endometritis, pyometra and retained placentae. Also a series of pregnant uteri showing the size and development in the various ages from one to eight months. The clinical cases illustrated cystic ovaries without nympho- mania, cystic ovaries with nymphomania, pyometra, endome- — tritis, cervicitis, and vaginitis in cows, and metritis and con- genital lack of proper development of the genitalia in sows. H. E. Bemis, Chairman. NEVADA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The Nevada State Veterinary Association held its fourth an- nual meeting in Reno on January 31, 1922. The program consisted of an afternoon and evening session. At the first session, Dr. George H. Hart, of the University of California, gave a review of the present status of knowledge re- garding infectious bovine abortion and some of its allied prob- lems. His address was followed by Mr. Chas. E. Fleming, of the Nevada State Experiment Station, on the ‘‘Commoner Pois- onous Plants of the Meadows and Ranges of Nevada.’” Dr. L. R. Vawter then gave a review of ‘‘ Abstracts from Current Medical and Veterinary Literature.’’ oe The evening session, held at the Reno Chamber of Commerce, _ was thrown open to dairymen and stockmen. Dr. Hart spoke on ‘‘The Major Economic Factors Concerned in Dairy Development.’’ Mr. Chas. Noreross, of the Agricul- tural Extension Division, offered some remarks on ‘‘The Finane- ing of Farm Projects’’ and stressed the need of some system whereby the farmer might operate under long-term eredit in the development of permanent farm improvement. The annual election of officers resulted in the selection of Lyman R. Vawter as president, Walter H. Hilts, stationed at — Elko, as vice-president, and Stephen Lockett as secretary-treas- _ urer, STEPHEN Lockett, Secretary. COMMUNICATION INTERPROFESSIONAL COOPERATION To THe Eprror: I am quoting you an extract which I believe should be of interest to readers of THE JouRNAL. It is from an editorial in the current (January) number of The Journal of State Medi- cine, which is the official journal of the Royal Institute of Pub- lic Health, London, of which I happen to be a member— Overseas. : It is as follows: **In view of the increasing importance of a more accurate knowledge of diseases cummunicable from animals to man and the necessarily greater part veterinary surgeons must take in preventive medicine, and further, the now recognized connec- tion of dentistry with child life, the Council has resolved to extend an invitation to veterinary surgeons and registered practitioners in dentistry to join the Institute, by which means they hope to extend its usefulness, and impress the public from a public health point of view of the importance of their respective professional duties.’’ _This sounds good, and I feel that the information ought to be disseminated. | W. H. DALRYMPLE. GIBSON GOES TO ST. JOSEPH Dr. J. I. Gibson, formerly State Veterinarian of Iowa, and more recently a field agent of the Illinois Veterinary Medical Association, has been engaged by the St. Joseph Livestock Ex- change, the Stock Yards Company and related interests to di- rect a campaign to eradicate animal tuberculosis in the terri- tory tributary to the St. Joseph market. He has moved from Bloomington, Ill., and will immediately outline a program of operation for northwest Missouri, Kansas and Iowa. It is probable that Dr. Gibson will proceed along the line of similar work now being carried on under the direction of the Livestock Exchange at Kansas City, St. Louis, Omaha, Chicago and other _ markets. 115 NECROLOGY Dr. Joseph D. Dunkel died on January 29 at his home, 25 Orchard Street, New Rochelle, New York. complete report of the histo- pathology of affected bones. cannot be given at this time, inas- much as ‘this phase is still being studied. It is certain, how- ever, that the .cellular elements.of the diseased bone marrows will show some striking differences compared with the normal. Erronoaic Factors The etiology of this disease offers considerable eround for speculation, and controlled experiments are at present under way which, it is hoped, will throw light on the matter. It - should be emphasized, however, that this condition oceurs almost. A Srupy or KENNEL LAMENESS 149 Fig. 3.—Marrow of normal rib. Note the amount of compact bone substance in the trabeculae and compare with figure 4. (X 50.) I ee ee nS ee Tn Pee en eee Fig. 4.—Marrow of diseased rib. The compact bone substance is present in about one-tenth the amount shown in the normal. (X 50.) 150 BRIMHALL AND HARDENBERGH without exception in mature dogs and should not be confused with rickets. When the bone changes were noted several years ago they were not associated at first with the condition designated as rheumatism or kennel lameness, which was present in some of the dogs at that time. The lesions were first noticed in a series of dogs that had been subjected to considerable roentgen-ray treatment, and it was thought that the excessive application might be responsible. For some months afterward, a like con- dition was not observed, although the average number of dogs with rheumatism was noted. Drug treatment for the condi- tion met with indifferent success, although isolated cases showed marked improvement. In the winter of 1917-1918 animals with lameness were given large quantities of horse meat, besides the regular diet of dog biscuit. They all improved greatly and the majority recovered completely and remained in good condition while under obser- vation, from one to two years. During this period bone changes were found in dogs with rheumatism and the two conditions were definitely associated. The possible etiologic relationship of a deficient. diet was then recognized, although the exact nature of the deficiency is still somewhat obscure. The routine diet of kenneled dogs has consisted, for several years, of dog biscuits broken up and fed in hoppers, so that in many cases the dogs always have food before them. In addi- tion whole milk or buttermilk has been fed to dogs whose con- dition seemed to require it. For several years horse meat has been fed in considerable amounts during the winter months, but only as an adjunct to, and not to replace, the regular diet of biscuits. . At least three possibilities must be considered with regard to the relationship of the diet to a nutritional disturbance re- sulting in the so-called kennel lameness: First, a deficiency of lime’ in the food, or a metabolic disturbance which either inter- feres with the proper assimilation of lime or favors the resorp- tion of lime salts from the bone tissues, with a resultant osteoma- lacia; second, a vitamin deficiency which may be responsible for the metabolic disturbance, and third, bacterial invasion. Hutyra and Marek assert that osteomalacia in dogs is seen only in exceptional cases, while Muller and Glass question the A Strupy or KENNEL LAMENESS 151 Fig. 5.—Thorax of normal dog. occurrence of true osteomalacia in these animals. However, the symptoms and pathology of this kennel lameness point essen- tially to osteomalacia within the general meaning of that term. Since in the latter disease a lime deficiency has always been considered a prime factor, we are at a loss to associate certain phases of the kennel lameness with an actual poverty of lime in the food. The drinking water to which the dogs always have aceess is very hard and consequently rich in ealcium salts. Furthermore, we have recently had a typical case of the disease come to necropsy in which the dog, during the course of an- Fig. 6.—Thorax of diseased dog. Note the poor delineation of the ribs (due to lack of salts?) compared with the normal. The nodules and the bent and twisted appearance characteristic of the condi- tion described are shown. 152 BRIMHALL AND HARDENBERGH other experiment, had been receiving calcium salts far in excess of his bodily needs. In this case, however, as well as with the drinking water, we have no definite assurance that the calcium taken into the organism is in a suitable state for assimilation. Lastly, it seems that if lime deficiency is the cause, we should have a greater percentage of cages than has been thus far ob- served. It has been noted in only 15 per cent of the dogs under observation. Recently the incidence was found to be 10 per cent, and it is interesting to note that this reduction occurred in three months during which horse meat had been fed quite regularly with the regular diet. Steenbock and his co-workers, in reporting an ophthalmie dis- ease seen in dogs that had been fed a diet deficient in fat-solu- ble vitamin, mention the simultaneous development of skeletal deformities, pronounced in one ease, in spite of the fact that the daily ration for each animal contained 5 gm. of preecipi- tated calcium phosphate. This suggests the possibility that they may be observing a manifestation of osteomalacia similar to that seen by us, and modified simply by the age of the animals. Their cases were in puppies, whereas our cases were seen almost exclusively in mature dogs. As pointed out by Friedberger and Frohner, rickets is merely an osteomalacia modified by the con- dition of growth in younger bones; osteomalacia is distinguished by a resoftening of the bones of mature animals, while in rickets the bones of young animals remain soft. As we have mentioned, the ophthalmia seen by Steenbock and his co-workers is occa- sionally seen in our animals, but we believe it to be independent of the condition causing bone changes except as a predisposing factor. It also occurs quite often in well-nourished dogs. We believe it to be an infective condition, and bacteriologic exam- inations apparently support this view. In order to determine the possible etiologic relationship of bacteria to the lameness and destruction of bone tissue, we have routinely cultured the marrow of affected ribs and femurs, also the spinal fluid before and after death, and the heart blood. In two rib cultures a pure strain of Streptococcus hemolyticus was isolated, and in another case a similar organism was obtainea from the marrow of the femur. However, the occurrence of organisms has been very inconstant, and those found have failed » A Strupy or Kennet LAMENESS 153 to produce lesions when injected into dogs and other experi- mental animals. Discussion It should be noted in connection with the occurrence of this so-called kennel lameness that the dogs are housed in clean, warm, well-lighted kennels, the sun on clear days penetrating to much of the interior at some time during the day. The cages in which individual dogs are kept are especially accessible to the sun’s rays and are constructed so that they remain dry. It is possible that some of our cases of incipient lameness are mus- cular rheumatism purely, but such cases do not go on to an ad- vanced stage without showing typical lesions of the disease we have described. It would seem, therefore, that rheumatism as such can be omitted from consideration except so far as it is a descriptive term applicable to certain clinical signs of the major disease. The differences between this kennel lameness and osteomalacia are: (1) The bones are more often pliable than brittle; (2) the skull bones do not bulge and the maxille are unchanged; (3) the long bones do not show changes grossly ex- cept occasionally by a slight thinning of the cortex; and (4) no inflammatory or ulcerative conditions of the joints or articu- lar surfaces of the bones are apparent. Further, it would seem that the incidence of the disease is rather low for true vsteo- malacia, which should not be limited by the factor of an appar- ent individual susceptibility. When animals are all subject to the same conditions, such as those under our observation, they may not show signs of the disease from one to more than three years. It has been observed that except in the very early stages fairly large quantities of meat must be fed for a considerable time in order to effect a cure. It is apparent, then, that what- ever of value may be contained in meat is present in small quantities and the feeding of it alone would not constitute a practical solution of the treatment. However, it is of value in all cases, and we wish to emphasize the proposition that the dog is primarily a carnivorous animal and that meat, judiciously fed, is not harmful and is an essential part of his diet. SUMMARY — 1. A disease is described which occurs spontaneously in dogs and elinically and pathologically more closely resembles oste- - omalacia than any other known condition. 154 BRIMHALL AND HARDENBERGH 2. The disturbance apparently is nutritional in character. 3. Further studies are in progress for the purpose of deter- mining the exact nature of the disease, its cause, and its treatment. _ 4. The term ‘‘osteomalacia’’ is used in its general sense and not in accordance with the textbook conception. Since the lat- ter includes several characteristics which have not been observed in any of the large number of cases that we have studied, it has seemed unwise to designate these cases as a disease of which they are, at best, atypical examples. The disease we describe compares in many respects with con- ditions that are being extensively reported in connection with studies in vitamin deficiency. However, practically none of these studies has been made on mature dogs, so that compari- sons with such findings are not warranted at this time. BIBLIOGRAPHY - 1. FRIEDBERGER, F., and FROHNER, E. Veterinary Pathology. Hayes’s translation of the sixth German edition. London, Hurst and Blackett, 1908, vol. 1, pp. 593-608. 2. Hutyra, F., and MAREK, J. Special Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals. Chicago, Alexander Eger, 1916, pp. 1023-1037. 3. MULLER, G., and GLASs A. Diseases of the Dog and Their Treat- ment. Philadelphia, Franklin Press, 1911, p. 335. 4. STEENBOCK, H., NELSON, E. M., and Harr, E. B. Fat-soluble vitamin. IX. The incidence of an ophthalmic reaction in dogs fed a fat-soluble vitamin deficient diet. Amer. Jour. Physiol., 1921, vol. 58, pp. 14-19. DR. RANSOM HONORED Dr. B. H. Ransom, Chief of the Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, has been elected a Foreign Corresponding Member of the Reale Accademia di Agricoltura di Torino (Royal Academy of Agriculture of Turin, Italy, founded in 1785 by King -Victos Amadeus III of Savoy). THE ETIOLOGY OF POLYARTHRITIS IN SWINE * By Arcurpatp R. Warp Goshen, New York GENERAL CHARACTER OF LESIONS THE AFFECTED JOINTS are more or less enlarged. The stifle, hock, carpal and elbow joints are most commonly involved. On dissecting, the increase in size is found to be caused by ex- cess of fibrous connective tissue and by irregularly shaped bony exerescences, the result of exostosis. In severe cases the exostosis leads to ankylosis. The synovial fluid in the chronic cases with ankylosis is nor- mal in color and amount. In the acute stage of inflammation _ the synovial capsule is distended with a serous fluid containing flakes or masses of fibrinous material. Occasionally the exudate is colored red by the presence of a few blood cells. Of the other blood cells present, lymphocytes are most common and are. ac- companied by a very limited number of Pelee leucocytes. The articular cartilages exhibit erosions which may even exca- vate the bone. The synovial membrane is as a rule highly red- dened and contains an excessive number of synovial villi. PREVIOUS WorK ON ian IN SWINE Glasser (1) describes a fibrinous inflammation of the serous membranes and joints of pigs. The animals are most susceptible during the first three months of life. Shipment and attendant harmful influences are regarded as predisposing factors of great importance. In the affected joints the synovial membrane: is hyperemic and an increased amount of yellowish clouded synovia is present. Fibrinous masses are frequently observed in the _ joints, either lying loose on the synovial membrane or in suspen- - sion in the synovia. The organism regarded as the cause of the affection appeared to be a thin Gram-negative rod. Many rods appear somewhat bent, and a beaded appearance. due to irregu- lar staining is common. 1 The observations herein described were made in the Pathological Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Washington, D. C. The present paper represents an effort to condense into moderate size a report on the subject containing origi- nal observations of autopsy material and animal inoculation {experiments which are entirely omitted here. 155 ° 156 ARCHIBALD R. Warp Stiitzle (2) described similar joint lesions which he attributes to injury occurring during shipment. Attempts to recognize or isolate bacteria were uniformly negative. Olt (3) has observed Bacterium pyogenes associated with polyarthritis in the hog, characterized by the presence of coagu- lated grayish red particles in the synovia, erosions of articular cartilages, excavation of bone beneath erosions, proliferation of the connective tissue of the joint capsule, numerous highly red- dened synovial villi, exostosis with ankylosis and periarticular abscesses. Holth (4) has observed B. pyogenes to be present either alone or in company with other organisms in the inflammatory exudate of suppurative joint inflammations of swine. While the work being reported upon at present was in progress there has come to notice an article on chronic arthritis in swine by Sekiguchi and Irons (5). These writers report upon a num- ber of cases in which short rods were present. They observe that the organism found by them differs from B. pyogenes in its failure to liquefy coagulated serum and gelatin. According to the description the organism in question differs but slightly from the one isolated by the present writer from a series of eases of arthritis herein reported, and is doubtless the same. The present writer has observed a case of arthritis in a hog due to B. pyogenes and has carried out inoculation experiments with this organism in swine and rabbits. This case differs in etiology from a large number of pathological joints examined later, and also in that periarticular abscesses were present. How- ever, it has in common with them the proliferation of bone, of synovial villi and of connective tissue, the erosions of cartilage and the reddening of the synovia and of the synovial villi so often encountered in the series of joints examined subsequently. The observations have been partially reported elsewhere (6,7). The organism in question is a comparatively rare cause of arthritis in swine and further reference here will be limited to the conclusions of the present paper. CuutTuRAL MetrHops EMPLOYED In the work herein described the possibility of encountering Bacterium pyogenes in infected joints was in mind and necessi- pe ETIoLoGy OF POLYARTHRITIS IN SWINE 157 tated the employment of media which would satisfy the cultural requirements of that organism. The cultivation of B. pyogenes required the presence of raw serum in the medium employed. Cattle serum was rendered sterile by filtration through a Berkefeld filter and was distrib- uted with aseptic precautions in small test tubes, each containing about 5 ¢.c. of serum. When attempting to isolate the organism in pure culture, a tube of this serum was added to the cooled agar immediately before pouring the plates. Thus the serum ¢on- stituted from 25 to 30 per cent of the volume of the plating medium. : Serum bouillon was prepared by pouring serum into tubes of common bouillon in an amount to constitute approximately 10 per cent of the volume of the mixture. The tubes of serum bouil- _lon were tested for contamination by incubation. Serum-agar slants for the cultivation of B. pyogenes were pre- pared by adding about 10 per cent of fluid serum to melted agar which had been cooled almost to the solidifying point. ARTHRITIS ASSOCIATED WITH BACTERIUM ERYSIPELATIS-SUIS A series of twenty-two sets of pig legs exhibiting various stages of arthritis were examined, with strikingly uniform bacteriologi- eal results. The first fourteen cases were sent to the writer by _ officials of the Bureau of Animal Industry meat-inspection serv- ice, In response to a request for specimens of polyarthritis with- out specifying the stage of development of the lesions. In con- sequence, a considerable number of joints contained advaneed lesions with prominent bony enlargement. Subsequent experi- ence has shown such joints frequently to be sterile. Material from pigs numbered 15 to 22 was selected in response to a re- quest for joints exhibiting the early stage of distention of the synovial capsule by fiuid. Examination of these joints resulted in the isolation of the same organism from at least one joint of 16 of the 22 sets of legs under consideration. CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIUM ERYSIPELATIS-SUIS The cultures isolated from joints of pigs 3, 5, 6, 8 and 10 to 22 were compared and found to be identical in morphological char- acteristics and in growth upon various media. The observations made are described below. 158 ... . ARCHIBALD. R. Warp .. Morphology.—The organism is a nonmotile rod varying in length from 1 to 5 microns and is slightly less than 1 micron broad. It is stained uniformly by carbol fuchsin and by Léffler’s alkaline methy- lene blue. When stained by the Gram method the color is retained. The organism does not possess the acid-fast characteristic. In a 24-hour bouillon culture some of the longer rods are observed to be slightly curved. The shorter rods show a tendency to cling together in pairs or more rarely in chains. Bouillon—Within 24 hours after seeding, the medium becomes slightly uniformly clouded with the collection of a whitish deposit upon the bottom of the tube. Serum bouillon.—Within 24 hours the medium becomes slightly uni- formly clouded, and a flocculent deposit collects upon the sides and bottom of the tube. At 48 hours the medium is still clouded. After four days the sediment increases in amount and forms a compact whitish mass. Upon rotating the tube on its long axis the sediment rises and forms a cloudy suspension consisting of dark particles of variable size. Agar slant.—Growth is visible after 24 hours, but becomes more distinct on succeeding days. The path followed by the loop during seeding the medium is marked by the presence of numerous small separate grayish colored colonies. These are closely aggregated, be- come confluent to some extent, but the growth remains restricted. Under low magnification the colonies are seen to glisten, are slightly elevated and possess smooth, circular outlines. The water of con- densation is slightly clouded and contains an abundant sediment which upon shaking causes a clouding with irregular shaped flakes. Serum-agar plates.—After 24 hours of growth colonies are barely visible with the unaided eye. Under low magnification under the mi- -eroscope they appear as small granular areas, brownish. in color. After 48 hours colonies are plainly visible to the unaided eye as gray colored spots about 0.5 mm. in diameter. With the aid of a hand lens they appear as gray colored irregular shaped colonies. Under a 16 mm. objective they appear irregular in outline and in general have a granular appearance. The edges are rough and appear as if: minute spines: are projecting. Surface colonies are not detected. Agar plates.—Growth on plain agar is not so rapid as on serum- agar: About three days are required for the colonies to become as distinct as two-day growth on serum-agar. Under a 16 mm. objective they are seen to be for the most part lenticular in shape and appear amorphous or finely granular in structure. The borders of the colonies are smooth and no protruding outgrowths are observed. Six per cent glycerin-agar.—In slant cultures after 24 hours a deli- cate growth becomes -visible on the surface of the medium, consisting of:nonconfluent colonies. After 48 hours the growth increases slightly, but after longer periods no change is noted. 'Serum-agar slants.—In slant cultures after 24 hours, growth be- comes visible in.the form of small, closely aggregated colonies. The condensation fluid becomes clouded with abundant sediment. Gelatin.—In stab cultures after 24 hours at room temperature, a very faint line of growth marks the path of the needle. After three days, growth becomes much more distinct, but no growth is observed on the surface. After seven days the growth along the stab spreads into ‘a broad column of liquefied gelatin * with fine material in suspen- sion. There isa small amount of grayish white sediment in the bot- tom of the liquefied medium. The surface of the gelatin is indented by ‘liquefaction.: : “3 1 Liquefaction is said not to occur when the reaction of the medium is not exactly suityble, in which case the growth resembles a test tube brush. ETIOLOGY OF POLYARTHRITIS IN SWINE ‘E59 In plate cultures after 24 hours a very few colonies are barely visible with the aid of a hand lens. With low magnification under the microscope they appear granular in structure and yellowish brown in color. After 48 hours considerable increase in the number’ of colonies occurs. With low magnification under the microscope they appear granular in structure and yellowish brown in color. After 48 hours considerable increase in the number of colonies occurs. With low magnification under the microscope the colonies appear straw colored, and circular in outline. The structure appears finely granu- lar with delicate thread-like projections radiating from the colonies: © After growth for seven days the surface of the plate when scruti- nized in reflected light shows shallow areas of liquefaction surround- ing the colonies. Under a 16 mm. lens the colonies are straw colored, and display fine, colorless, thread-like projections radiating in.-all directions. Fermentation of sugars.—One per cent of glucose, lactose and sac- charose in fermentation tubes showed no evidence of. growth after seeding and proper incubation. The three fermentation tubes after seeding with B. coli showed characteristic gas production. Solidified cattle serum.—Growth in slanted medium consists of mi- nute isolated colonies. No liquefaction is observed. Milk.—No change is produced in this medium, nor in litmus milk. Potato—No growth is observed. Indol.—No indol production is detected in Dunham’s peptone solu- tion. ANIMAL INOCULATION A pig inoculated intravenously first with a suspension of joint exudate and later injected twice with the organism in ques- tion developed a case of arthritis with extensive bone and con- nective tissue proliferation similar to the natural disease. The lesion was found to be sterile at the time of autopsy. Another pig inoculated intravenously with a pure culture of the organism on two occasions developed arthritis with distention of the ‘synovial capsule, a condition typical of early stages of the nat- ural disease. A pure culture of the organism was isolated from the lesion. Intravenous inoculation of grown hogs yielded nega- tive results. It seems likely that older animals become more resistant to the infection than pigs one or two months old. Re- sults of inoculation in rabbits are given in conclusions Nos. 8 and 9. SIGNIFICANCE OF ARTHRITIS ‘CAUSED BY BACTERIUM esaneaeenmiad Suis The first positive identification of swine erysipelas in the United States was made recently by Creech, who identified Bac- terium erysipelatis-suis isolated from eases of’a chronic form of the disease. This chronic type of swine erysipélas is known as urticaria or ‘‘diamond skin disease’’ because of the diamond- 160 ARCHIBALD R. WarpD shaped lesions on the skin. This lesion has long been well known to Government inspectors in the various slaughtering establish- ments. Hoare (9) describing the disease as observed in England, ob- serves that arthritis occurs in the mild form of the disease. Hutyra and Marek and also Friedberger and Fréhner mention deforming arthritis as resulting from swine erysipelas. The lesions studied by the present writer are typical of those observed with great frequency in the principal hog-slaughtering centers of the United States. The facts warrant the suspicion that the acute, highly fatal type of swine erysipelas may exist in this country, so far un- recognized. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1. Bacteriwm pyogenes has been isolated from one case of multiple arthritis in the pig. The pathological condition of the ease in question differed from others in the series studied, in that periarticular abscesses were present. 2. Pigs inoculated intravenously with B. pyogenes twice de- veloped suppurative lesions in the bones. Those of the legs were usually located at the point of junction of the epiphysis with the shaft. The synovial cavities of adjoining joints exhibited sup- purative conditions and were connected with the bone lesions by fistule. 3. Introduction of cultures of B. pyogenes directly into the cavity of the femoro-tibial articulation of rabbits usually in- duces arthritis promptly. 4. In a large percentage of the jomts examined there was found a small Gram-positive rod-shaped organism identified as Bacterium erysipelatis-suis, otherwise known as Bacterium rhusiopathiae. 5. Positive cultural results were obtained most frequently in cases exhibiting distention of the synovial capsule by serous fluid containing masses or flakes of exudate. Other conditions ob- served were lesions of the articular cartilages, the presence of numerous large synovial villi together with extensive prolifera- tion of connective tissue and bone. The viscid exudate often was slightly colored by the presence of blood cells. Among other cells present, lymphocytes were most numerous. Polymorphonu- Te Oh as Bp ae aah ae ee a ETIOLOGY OF POLYARTHRITIS IN SWINE 161 clear leucocytes were present in only small numbers. Micro- scopic examination of synovial exudate revealed but few of the rod-shaped organisms, if any. 6. In joints exhibiting more advanced lesions such as ex- cessive exostosis with ankylosis the synovial fluid was normal in appearance and generally sterile. _ %. Arthritis has been produced in a pig by intravenous injec- tion with B. erysipelatis-suis, and the same organism was isolated from the lesion at autopsy. 8. The femoro-tibial articulation of a rabbit was infected with the organism in question by direct introduction of culture into the joint cavity. 9. One intravenous inoculation of the rabbit with the organism induced infection of the stifle joint characterized by the presence of an excessive amount of grayish exudate. A pure culture was recovered. 10. It is believed that B. erpsipelatis-suis bears an etiological relation to arthritis in the pig. 11. As all the observations herein recorded are based on ma- terial from abattoirs (leg only), no conclusions can be drawn regarding possible mortality associated with the form of swine erysipelas causing arthritis. 12. It is desirable that field observations be made with refer- ence to the possibility of the oceurrence of outbreaks of swine -erysipelas associated with heavy mortality. REFERENCES 1. GLASseR. Krankheiten des Schweines. 1912. 2. STUTZLE. Polyarthritis serofibrinosa acuta bei Schweinen infolge nachtheiliger Transport-Einflusse. Inaugural Dissertation, Giessen. : 3. OLT. Ober die pyamische Kachexie der Schweine und die schwein- eseuche. Deut. Tierarztl, Wchnschr., Bd. 12, 1904, S. 325. _4. HottH. Untersuchungen uber den Bacillus pyogenes und die durch ihn hervorgerufenen Gewebsveranderungen. Ztschr. Infek- tionskrank. Haust., Bd. 3, 1907, S. 155. 5. SEKIGUCHI and IRONS. Chronic arithritis in swine. Jour. Infect. Diseases, vol. 21, 1917, p. 527. 6. WARD: Suppuration in cattle and swine caused by Bacterium ' pyogenes. Cornell Vet., vol. 7, 1917, p. 29. 7. Warp. Bacterium pyogenes and its relation to suppurative lesions in animals. Jour. Bact., vol. 2, 1917, p. 619. 8. CREECH. The bacillus of swine erysipelas isolated from urticarial lesions of swine in the United States. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Asso., vol. 59 (n. s. vol. 12), No. 2, p. 139. 9. Hoare. System of Veterinary Medicine, vol. 1, p. 554. THE PREPARATION OF TUBERCULINS * By A. F. ScoaukK Director, North Dakota Serum Institute, Agriculture College, North Dakota. THE ERADICATION and control of bovine tuberculosis fun- damentlly involves the use of biological preparations which are universally recognized and designated as tubereculins. While tuberculin was originally prepared by Robert Koch in the hope that its use would result in a beneficial therapeutic action against human tuberculosis, this use has been practically superseded by its use as a diagnostic agent. It is, then, for the purpose of diagnosis that this product finds practically its only use in veterinary medicine. Types oF CuLTURES USED IN THE PREPARATION OF TUBERCULIN Tuberculin is the product of the metabolic activity of Bac- terium tuberculosis. It is essential, therefore, in order to obtain the products of growth of the organism that pure cultures be used in its preparation. While three types, the human, bovine and avian, are quite clearly differentiated by their growth and culture characteristics and their more or less distinct specific pathogenicity for their particular hosts, this specificity does not appear to be followed with respect to the tuberculin reaction. The human type is not only suitable for use in the bovine diag- nosis but is quite generally used for the preparation of tuber- culin because of its more rapid and abundant growth on artifi- cial. media than are bovine strains. The Bureau of Animal Industry in the preparation of immense quantities of tuberculin has quite regularly employed human strains of the organism. Other laboratories employ bovine strains. Our own laboratory uses one culture from a bovine source, originally obtained from © Holland about twelve years ago. The laboratory of the North Dakota State Serum Institute employs a culture of avian origin for the preparation of tuber- culin for use in testing fowls. The corelationship between the various types of tubercle bacilli is such that it is clearly evident that they are closely allied, so that reactions with tuberculin 1Pyesented before the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association. 162 “Hat eee THE PREPARATION OF TUBERCULINS 163. prepared with one strain may be expected where infection exists with the heterologous type as well as with the homologous. The avian type is more differentiated than the other forms, so that it appears that a greater number of positive reactions may be ob- tained in fowls when tuberculin prepared with the avian strain is used. The virulence of a culture is apparently not a prerequisite for its suitability for use in the preparation ofa satisfactory tu- bereculin. Some authorities prefer to use virulent cultures. It appears that cultures maintained for a considerable period of time on laboratory media become less virulent for experimental animals. A more certain criterion of the usefulness of a culture is its ability to produce a tuberculin which gives a strong posi- tive reaction in routine testing of infected animals. Obviously a minimum of nonspecific reactions should be expected. The primary isolation of the organism presents some diffi- culties. Briefly, however, it consists in the inoculation of guinea- pigs with infected material and, after infection has developed, the transfer of small particles of infected tissue to suitable media, of which a number of forms are now in use. Successive cultures usually develop quite readily so that a perceptible amount of growth may be observed on suitable media within ten days fol- lowing inoculation. Cultures of both the bovine and Seiad strains have many characteristics in common and for the purposes of this discus- sion the points of differentiation are hardly of interest. Both strains grow on the surface of the broth which is universally used for the preparation of tuberculin. The film is at first delicate and veil-like, later forming a pellicle of a dull white color. If growth is not interrupted the pellicle becomes quite thick and if disturbed masses fall to the bottom. A peculiar odor quite aromatic and quite characteristic is observed of such cultures. The broth cultures of the avian strain are inclined to be more slimy. While a surface pellicle is formed, growth is by no means confined to the surface as is noted with the human and bovine strains. PREPARATION OF CRUDE TUBERCULIN The composition of the media employed for the cultivation of the tubercle bacillus used in the preparation of tubereulin 164 A. F. ScHALK varies somewhat in various laboratories. Because of the similar- ity In composition of media so employed, it is sufficient to men- tion that that which we use in our laboratory contains in each liter 1 per cent of sodium phosphate (Na, HPO,), 3 grains of beef extract and 5 per cent of glycerol. The reaction is adjusted to faintly alkaline phenolphthalein. The broth is measured into flasks, which are plugged with cotton, sterilized, and then incu- bated for several days to show the presence of contaminating erganisms. Such medium has for a period of several years given satisfactory results in the preparation of tuberculin which ap- parently gives strong positive reactions. The Bureau employs a meat infusion broth, but inasmuch as such animals are largely byproducts of various investigational work, the cost of broth preparation is not materially increased. Inasmuch as tuberculosis is strictly aerobic, the potency of a tuberculin is directly proportional to the surface area of a given volume of culture medium. Erlenmeyer flasks of 300 ¢.c. eapac- ity and containing 100 ¢.c. each of broth fulfill the aforemen- tioned factor. Flasks are seeded by transferring a small amount of growth from a young and actively growing culture to each flask of broth. Care is exercised to float the mass of bacteria and thus permit the more ready growth of the new culture. The flasks are then incubated for a period of about three months. Growth in the meantime should have developed abundantly, with the en- tire surface of the broth covered with a dense, heavy, crumpled, dry appearing pellicle which crumbles when disturbed. ‘The broth beneath the surface growth should remain clear except for precipitated masses of the tubercle bacillus. Cloudiness or tur- bidity of the medium indicates contamination, and such flasks should be rigorously excluded in the final preparation of tuber- eulin. The preparation of crude tuberculin remains today substan- tially the same method as outlined by Koch in 1890. Certain slight modifications have been introduced in some laboratories. This product prepared from the ripe culture broth is designated as crude tubereulin ‘‘brute,’’ ‘‘Koch’s old tubereulin,’’ ‘‘old tuberculin,’’ ‘‘concentrated tuberculin,’’ or as ‘‘O. T.’’ This product is the basis of the various tuberculin preparations used in veterinary practice. The ripe flasks of tuberculosis cultures THE PREPARATION OF TUBERCULINS 165 are sterilized in the Arnold sterilizer for three hours so that organisms are destroyed and are no longer capable of produc- ing an infection. The clean uncontaminated flasks of sterilized culture are then filtered, and the resulting clear amber solution is evaporated on the steam bath to one-tenth of the original volume of the culture medium before incubation. This heavy brown liquid, containing a high percentage of glycerim, is filtered clear, and constitutes the erude tuberculin for further use. The degree of concentration varies among different laboratories, some concentrating only sufficiently to allow for the addition of the preservative. The dosage should be determined as quantity of **old tuberculin,’’ however, for the purpose of uniformity. Kinps or TUBERCULIN USED Present methods of tuberculosis diagnosis involve the use of but three forms of tubereulin. These are prepared from, or the dosage is based fundamentally on, previously prepared crude tuberculin. ; Subeutaneous tuberculin is prepared by diluting crude tuber- ‘eculin with 0.5 per cent phenol so that the desired amount of the crude tuberculin is contained in the usual dosage. The Bureau tuberculin contains 0.5 gram of crude tubereulin in each 4 e.e. That prepared by the North Dakota State Serum Institute con- tains 0.6 gram in each 4 ¢.c. of the final dilution. The clear, diluted subcutaneous tuberculin is distributed in vials or am- pules, sterilized, sealed, and is then ready for distribution. Tuberculin for the intradermal test is prepared from ‘‘old tubereulin’’ by dilution with at least an equal volume of dis- tilled water. A slightly greater percentage of water (80-120) does not decrease the efficiency of the product and yet renders it less viscid, so that it will flow more readily through the smaller caliber needles. Phenol, which is more or less irritating to the tissues, is not added in either intradermal or ophthalmic tubereulins. It is possible that when purified precipitated tuber- culin can be manufactured on a more economic scale this product will be redissolved and used for intradermal purposes. Ophthalmie tuberculin is prepared from partially concen- _ trated tuberculin by precipitation methods. Most laboratories ‘use absolute alcohol for this purpose. The active principles which induce the reaction are carried down with the precipitate 166 A. F. ScHaLK and are incorporated in tablets by the aid of lactose or milk sugar. ‘The precipitation serves to exclude the glycerin, thus making a purer end-product and likewise removing probable sources of error in the interpretation of results. The abso- lute alcohol method of precipitation involves a very expensive process, and it is highly desirable to devise other means by which a potent, purified product can be produced on a more economie basis. STANDARDIZATION The true indication of the potency of tuberculin is its ability to induce vigorous, positive reactions in routine testing under field conditions. Attempts have been made to standardize the product by means of laboratory methods, but so far with little success. Methods have been used wherein tuberculous guinea- pigs were injected with varying doses of tuberculin. The po- tency is then ascertained by the amount necessary to kill in- fected animals. Obviously this method is crude, costly, and dif- ficult of application and is probably but little used. The fact remains that we must still rely very largely for the determination of potency on care and skill in preparation, with the careful ob- servation of certain factors in that process, and the fact that it is efficient when used in the field. THE TUBERCULIN REACTION The biological mechanism of the various tuberculin reactions can best be explained on the basis of the anaphylactic phenome- non. While this is generally assumed, some authorities oppose this view. However, there is certainly a generalized hyper- susceptibility in tuberculous animals which is at least analogous to the phenomenon of anaphylaxis. The tubercle bacilli are con- sidered as stimulating the body cells to produce an antibody or a ferment in the nature of an immune body or amboceptor which splits the tubercle protein, which is of a low degree of organization—probably a polypeptid—liberating a protein poison whereby the various reactions are induced. ‘The general reaction may be explained as due to a general effect of the poison on the body cells. The local reaction is caused by a concentra- tion of the toxic end-products at the site of administration of the tuberculin. The appearance, then, of the local and systemic OO UE ea Ce a eas THE PREPARATION OF TUBERCULINS 167 reactions, which we recognize as positive tuberculin reactions in infected animals, from contact with specific antigenic substances which at least in similar quantities produce no effects in healthy animals, is at least a parallelism if not itself a true manifestation of the anaphylactic phenomenon. ‘Dr. M. J. Harkins, of Conshohocken, Pa., is now engaged in work with Dr. J. A. Kolmar in connection with the Dermatologi- cal Research Laboratories of Philadelphia. Dr. R. W. Pechin was elected Burgess of Phoenixville, Pa., last November. He is the youngest Mayor in the United States. _ Dr. George Hilton attended the ninth annual convention of the Western Canada Live Stock Union, held at Regina; December 14 and 15, and delivered an address on ‘‘The results obtained under the accredited herd plan, and the proper method of hous- ing live stock, with a view to preventing the spread of infection.’’ A meeting of the field officers of the Health of Animals Branch, working in the Province of Ontario, was held in the Toronto office on December 30, to discuss matters relating to the eradication of tuberculosis, at which Veterinary Director General Torrance presided. Dr. J. B. Still, of Winnipeg, addressed the members of the Manitoba Cattle Breeders’ Association at their annual meeting in Brandon, on January 6, on the accredited herd plan. Dr. Seymour Hadwen and W. F. Bancroft, of the Bureau of Biological Survey, accompanied by Dr. B. H. Ransom, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, spent March 13-15 at the Govern- ment Quarantine Station, Athenia, N. J., examining 60 head of reindeer imported from Norway for the State Conservation Com- mission of Michigan. The deer were held in quarantine from _ March 10 to 25, and will be turned loose in northern Michigan for propagation and restocking purposes. These deer are being ‘introduced by State authorities. The Federal work with rein- deer is being carried on in Alaska. HYGIENE AND SANITATION IN CARE OF YOUNG ANIMALS ' By E. 8S. DEUBLER Penshurst Farm, Narberth, Pennsylvania THE SUBJECT of hygiene and sanitation is such a large one that I could not hope to cover it thoroughly, and therefore will speak only of some personal experience in the care and management of farm animals, chiefly dairy cattle and swine. There is no doubt that while the animal is young hygiene and sanitation are of the greatest importance, and that the mor- tality in all animals is greatest during the first month of life. We should even go back to the time before the animal is born and consider the pregnant mother, if we hope to have a good, strong, vigorous offspring at birth. Among the influences of the dam affecting the fetus we can mention food, exercise, stabling, milk production, disease, ete. As we become experienced in handling pregnant animals and young ones we are sure to develop some theories which are hard to prove or disprove, because experiments are hard to control. Therefore I am not sure whether it is safe or unsafe to mention them. The feed of the pregnant dam is important, specially so in handling dairy cows, where the milk-producing funetion has been highly developed. These cows have such a strong tend- eney to convert food into milk that they are hard to dry off, and therefore do not fully nourish the fetus, which is apt to be born emaciated and weak. By widening the ration and feeding only a small quantity of digestible protein, as corn, oats and hay, in liberal quantities, the cow will usually dry off. I am very partial to corn meal or hominy as a desirable feed for pregnant _ cows, and believe that we will usually find most good dairymen feeding too narrow a ration because they are trying to stimulate milk production. It is much easier to make large production records if we disregard the future usefulness of the cow or her breeding functions, and we should be on our guard when am- bitious herdsmen are trying to make big records. +Presented at the Conference of Veterinarians held at the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, February 28 and March 1, 1922. 168 HYGIENE AND SANITATION OF YOUNG ANIMALS 169 On the other hand it is more common to overfeed pregnant sows with corn, ear corn being such a convenient and universal feed for hogs. Breed sows are often fed almost wholly on this grain, with little protein, and consequently get too fat and produce weak pigs. An addition of alfalfa hay, tankage, linseed meal or wheat bran will prove of great value in such eases. Much has been said recently of the value of mineral prepara- tions in the prevention and cure of almost all breeding problems. No doubt there is a field for such preparations, because many rations are deficient in mineral matter, but when one reads in an advertisement, ‘‘Cows supplied with special cattle minerals in- sure strong, healthy calves and all losses from white scours and such conditions are eliminated,’’ we must conclude that the claims are overdrawn. - Exercise of the pregnant mother is important. Cows receiving plenty of exercise as a rule drop stronger, more vigorous calves. _A breeding herd should be turned out every day, if only for half an hour. Some veterinarians claim to have reduced the percentage of retained placenta in herds by abundant exercise of the cows. It is important to exercise the pregnant brood sow, and this may be accomplished by feed in the opposite end of the lot from the sleeping quarters, forcing the sow to walk - for her feed. A dry, well-lighted, well-ventilated stable is without question - conducive to the health of any animal, and especially is this true in the case of pregnant or new-born animals. In large herds the ideal method is to place the pregnant animal in a = dry, clean box-stall a few days before parturition, and feed light, laxative feeds. = At the time of parturition it is well to be present and render such assistance as may be necessary. The usual mistake, how- ever, is to try to aid or interfere too soon and thereby excite the mother. With cows we make it a practice to leave the calf with the dam for three or four days, except in a ease of milk fever, or where the mother would injure her young or for some similar reason. The colostrum is nature’s food for the new-born, but in handling a Bang herd at the State farm we raised many calves that were never allowed to nurse their dams, and found castor 170 E. S. DEUBLER oil would take the place of colostrum where a laxative was re- quired. When it is necessary to feed a new-born calf by hand, give it the mother’s milk if possible, or the milk of a cow fresh for a short time, and be extremely careful not to overfeed. One pint of milk three times a day is enough for the first two days, and then increase very slowly, always reducing the milk promptly on the first signs of indigestion. Two quarts of milk three times daily is enough for a strong calf, two to three weeks old, if the calf is to be raised. Veal calves may have more. The calf should have hay when one week old. The more rough- age it eats the less liable it is to indigestion. The most critical period of animal life is the first few days after birth, and with cattle white scours is the most common disease and the one that causes the greatest losses. The larger and better bred the herd the greater the trouble with white scours, and many men have found it impossible to raise a single ealf for long intervals. I have seen many calves born as strong, large and vigorous as one could wish, and in forty-eight hours be dead with white scours. Some of the calves are very valuable and the owners willing to go to any expense to save them, but they are usually beyond help when the veterinarian arrives. Calf-scour serum was used with some success, but it was neces- sary to inject the calf within an hour after birth. I found the best results with serum by injecting intravenously as soon after birth as possible. Later, I found a 100 per cent perfect method ; of preventing white scours by hygiene, and if you will bear with me I would like to tell you how this method developed. It disproved some old theories about white scours and is so easy - that you would probably not carry out the details completely unless the whole story were told. When calf scours was at its worst in a large herd of 100 pure- ~ bred dairy cows, of which I have had charge for the past ten years, we found that some of the calves born out in the field would live, if we did not put them in the calf barn too quickly after birth. Again, when by chance some cows calved in a horse barn which was used for calving on account of other box stalls being occupied, the calves lived. Therefore in summer we let as many cows calve in the field as possible, and kept calves out until past the scour period, or about two weeks. In winter we HYGIENE AND SANITATION OF YOUNG ANIMALS 171 took cows to the horse barn to calve, but found that when three or four cows had calved in any one box stall, the next calves born in that stall would probably develop scours. Having four or five small barns on the farm, we used all for calving, with like results. We built a new calf barn, light, warm, dry, well ventilated, consisting of two rooms separated by a feed room. In one room were six box stalls with pipe partitions for calving cows and twelve individual calf stalls. The calves did well in this barn for a short time, then all new-born died of scours. We disinfected each stall after every calving, removed all bed- ding, scrubbed floor, side walls and partitions thoroughly with strong disinfectant, but the trouble persisted. We washed the cow before calving, tried to catch the calf on a clean blanket, tied the navel quickly, painted cord with iodin, ete., but still - nearly all died. Occasionally we removed everything from this room, scrubbed thoroughly, sealed doors and windows and fumigated with formaldehyde. Always after such a fumigation the first few calves born would live. We then disinfected as often as possible, but this being the maternity building, we could not vacate it entirely for fumigation as often as we liked. We built a maternity stable and arranged it so that each stall was independent, having an outside door and no direct communi- cation with other stalls. The doors and windows were de- signed to be tightly closed, for fumigation. The cows were put in one of these clean stalls a few days before calving, where they calved, and were left with the calf for a week or ten days, or if the cow was removed the calf was left there until ten days to two weeks old, when it was removed to the ealf barn. The cows are always fairly clean, but were not washed or disin- fected before being placed in the maternity ward or stable. The calf had no special attention; navel was not tied or disin- fected. When cow and calf were removed, everything was re- moved from the stall and it was disinfected and fumigated. Fresh bedding was put in and the stall was ready for another cow. . This plan has been in operation at Penshurst since 1912, with complete success in controlling calf scours and calf pneu- monia, and it has assisted greatly in getting rid of abortion. You might think that the infection has been killed out on the farm, and there was no further danger. I think there is always 172 ; E. S. DevBLER danger of scours in a large herd. We have sometimes left a stall without disinfection and found the calves born in this stall became infected, or we have been obliged to put the young calves in the ealf barn before they were one week old, and some of them have shown symptoms of infection. The same plan has been used on other farms, where the losses from white scours were heavy, and with complete success. Calves older than ten days are subject to other infections, scours, pneumonia, ete., which may go through the entire lot. I have found nothing better to check these epizodtics than to remove the healthy animals to a clean stable and disinfect the infected stable. The stable itself is a big factor in the cause of all these epizodtics, a damp, poorly ventilated stable being an ideal incubator. A few days ago a friend asked me to look at his calves, two of which are now in this hospital. The barn was a new one, well arranged and well built, except the calf stable, which is a one- story wing with wooden walls and roof without air space. There were several large windows but no ventilating system. There was a concrete floor. The wedther had been cold and snow eovered the roof. The walls were soaking wet and drops of water standing over them. It is believed that these conditions had much to do with the cause of the trouble. to P.O. ow 464 en cscs: Albuquerque, N Mex. Mitchell, J. J................ Dept. of Agriculture ..Lansing, Mich. Mockford, J. P............. 2702 Bowland St........Greenville, Tex. Niederauer, J. P....... Pierre, S. Dak. | NSS RRS GS ASRURAESR cei nietoe Al Strole Bur serra atte Winnebago, Minn. a << ee er ASSOCIATION NEWS 213 Pozo, Jose del... Jardin Carlos Pacheco No. 11 Mexico, D. F. Reagor, H. A........940 West Lincolnway...Kearney, Neb. - Saint, F. F......1721 2d Ave. N. W.......Calgary, Alta., Can g Scheibler, J. W....994 Madison St.........Memphis, Tenn. a Sperry, J. R......Off. of Vet-, Schofield Barracks ............Honolulu, H. T. Thurber, G. W....... Loyal, Wis. Turner, W. E National Stock Yards, Il. Warner, S. W........464 Bathurst St.......Toronto, Ontario, Can. Wiest, S- W..........P. O. Box 216... Santa Fe, N. Mex. Wilkins, H. F........... 1015 5th Ave., South...Lewistown, Mont. 4 VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW : YORK CITY The regular monthly meeting of the Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation of New York City was held in the Veterinary College Building, New York City, on Wednesday evening, February 1, President R. S. MacKellar presiding. The minutes of the Jan- uary meeting were read and approved. Dr. Chas. H. Higgins was the first speaker of the evening. His subject was ‘‘Specific Therapy.’’ As an introduction he said we are fortunate that with our present knowledge of many of the infectious diseases of animals we are in a position to com- bat these infections much more readily than is the case with the diseases of humans; that we have repeatedly demonstrated the possibility of complete eradication of infectious diseases in animals, as for instance contagious pleuro-pneumonia and _ foot-and-mouth disease in the United States and glanders in Canada. The latter was eliminated by Dr. Rutherford at a cost to the Canadian Government of $1,500,000. At the present time a very vigorous campaign is being conducted throughout the country for the eradication of tuberculosis through the accred- ited-herd plan. Although contagious abortion was a vexatious problem, he hoped that with a live vaccine we would be able to control it, as was being done successfully in Great Britain. A lively discussion in which a large number of members took part followed. Dr. Reid Blair said that glanders was well under control in New York City; that he had destroyed but 70 cases in the past year, whereas fifteen years ago he destroyed aS many m two weeks. Dr. McKim asked Dr. Higgins about the tuberculosis situation in Canada. The latter said the dis- ease was still rampant, but that a lot of work was being done 214 ASsocIATION NEWws on the accredited-herd basis. The idea is that the Federal government should undertake the original weeding out process and then turn the work over to the local practitioner. Dr. Bruce Blair reported several interesting cases in dogs. A four-months-old Boston terrier puppy was noticed getting fat rapidly for two weeks. Constipation, dull mucous membranes, pale, shallow respirations. Diagnosis: Hydro-peritonitis. Two quarts of fluid was drawn and digitalin was given. 255 estrum or show signs of normal estrum and if bred conceive. Some heifers become nymphomaniacs. There are other cases that show no signs of estrum for ‘ais periods but in which upon careful examination nothing abnormal ean be found, and still others in which a persistent corpus luteum and nothing else can be found, and in some of these the corpus luteum can not be dislodged. . For cases of the nature of those described above we have tried to bring on an estrum and establish the normal estral cycle by the administration of ovaries or ovarian extract, and with apparently good results. We tried the commercial ovarian extract on some cases and it did not seem to bring about the desired results. We then obtained some fresh ovaries from ap- parently healthy sows, chopped them into small pieces, and gave each case about two ovaries in a capsule by the mouth. This treatment seemed to accomplish the desired end. We then used a specially prepared sterile extract, giving each cow the sterile extract of one to two ovaries subcutaneously, with ap- parently as good results. The latter method is more convenient and insures against the transmission of disease. This form of treatment has been given by us to nineteen eases of the nature of those described above, and every case, with the exception of one which is reported below, developed signs of estrum within thirty days. The following cases are representative: Case No. 1 was born in 1913, gave birth to her last normal calf in 1918; aborted in 1919; was bred to be due March 21, 1920; examined March 17, 1920, and found not pregnant; ex- amined June 10, 1920, and uterus found hanging well over the brim of the pelvis; examined July 7, 1920, and uterus appeared normal; examined July 1, 1920, and found corpus luteum in right ovary which eculd not be pressed out; examined August 14, 1920, and could not pass a small catheter; examined De- cember 16, 1920, and could not pass catheter; given two chopped ovaries by mouth December 16, 1920; showed signs of estrum on December 18, 1920, which was the first observed estrum since June, 1919. December 28, 1920, she was examined, the catheter was passed, and the uterus was washed out; the return flow was clean. Everything appeared normal. In 21 days (January 8, 1921) the cow appeared in estrum and was bred; 256 E. ©. DevsiEr examined March 12, 1921; not pregnant; examined June 3, 1921, and showed slight vaginitis. There had been no signs of estrum since January 8, 1921. The cow has not been examined since June 3, 1921. Case No. 2 has not shown signs of estrum for 16 months; left ovary large and hard; nothing else abnormal could be found; had been treated with no favorable results; given two chopped ovaries in capsule by mouth; estrum appeared in 18 days; estrum again in 21 days; cow was bred and returned to the herd. The owner, not knowing that she had been bred, kept her in the herd for three months, during which time she showed no signs of estrum, and thinking she was in the same condition, sent her to the butcher. There was no autopsy. The cow may have been pregnant. Case No. 3 was treated several times for a period of 12 months after freshening, then did not show signs of estrum for a period of four months. At the end of this period she was given chopped ovaries by the mouth; in 20 days showed signs of estrum, was bred, conceived to the first service and calved normally. : Case No. 4 was examined six months after freshening and nothing abnormal could be found; had shown no signs of estrum during period; was given two chopped ovaries by the mouth. Estrum appeared in 18 days. The cow was bred, con- ceived to first service and calved normally. Case No. 5 was born October 10, 1910; gave birth to a normal calf in 1913 and another in 1914; aborted in 1915; calved nor- mally in 1916, 1917, and November 11, 1918, which was her last calf; bred May 23, 1919; June 20, 1919; July 10, 1919; August 2, 1919; August 30, 1919; September 26, 1919; October 6, 1919; November 10, 1919; January 8, 1920; January 30, 1920; March 11, 1920; March 31, 1920; April 19, 1920; May 9, 1920; . May 28, 1920; June 18, 1920; July 10, 1920; July 30, 1920; August 21, 1920; September 10, 1920; October 4, 1920; Novem- ber 19, 1920; January 30, 1921; March 16, 1921; then showed no signs of estrum. May 26, 1921, given ovarian extract sub- cutaneously ; showed signs of estrum June 26, 1921, and bred; showed no more signs of estrum; nothing abnormal could be found at any time; died of impaction during fall of 1921. Case No. 6 was born December 22, 1915; calved in 1918 and again November 12, 1919, which was her last calf; bred April zs I id aie STERILITY OF CATTLE 257 8 and June 7, 1920; showed no more signs of esttum and thought to be earrying a calf until January 30, 1921, when she was examined and found not with calf. On this date a corpus luteum was dislodged from one of the ovaries. She showed signs of estrum February 2, 1921; was bred; showed no more signs of es- trum and was thought pregnant until examination revealed that she was not. May 26, 1921, was given ovarian extract subcutane- ously; estrum appeared June 27, 1921, and the cow was bred. Estrum July 17, 1921, and bred again; no more signs of estrum ; examined October 20, 1921; not in calf and nothing abnormal could be found; examined November 22, 1921, and appeared normal; given extract of two ovaries subcutaneously November 22, 1921; December 5, 1921, estrum, and bred, then no more signs of estrum; examined January 16, 1922, and was thought _ to be pregnant. Case No. 7 was born December 15, 1913; ecalved 1916, 1918 and last May 7, 1919; bred August 30 and November 12, 1919, then showed no more signs of estrum until July 28, 1920, when she was bred. After this date she became nymphomaniac. She was turned in pasture with a bull during the summer of 1921; would not allow the bull to serve other cows and would not stand for service herself. August 27, 1921, was given extract equivalent to two ovaries subeutaneously, after which she quieted considerably but showed no signs of normal estrum. One or the other ovary had been hard and cystic during all this time ; the cysts were hard to break down and often could not be broken down. November 22, 1921, given extract of two ovaries subeutaneously; developed no signs of estrum but has been quiet. Examined January 16, 1922; one ovary apparently nor- mal, the other large and contained cysts which were very easily ruptured; given extract one ovary subcutaneously. Case No. 8 gave birth to her last calf July 30, 1919; became a very bad nymphomaniac in about six months after calving; treated periodically by massage of ovaries; bred May 5, 1920, and July 28, 1921; quieted considerably after last service and not treated since then. December 12, 1921, was given extract of two ovaries subcutaneously and the next day showed signs of estrum; was not bred and has shown no true signs of estrum since. January 1, 1922, showed false signs of estrum—ahout half estrum. 258 Sp E. C. DruBLER Case No. 9 gave birth to her last calf October 28, 1918. She showed no signs of estrum until June 27, 1919, when she was bred; then she became nymphomaniac and was bred repeatedly until a service of November 4, 1920,.after which she no longer | showed signs of estrum. The ovaries were treated regularly until that date. December 12, 1921, she was given the extract of one ovary subcutaneously; showed signs of estrum and was bred on December 23, 1921, and again January 12, 1922. Case No. 10 gave birth to her last calf on July 9, 1919, and became nymphomaniac very soon after calving; was treated periodically by massage of ovaries; was bred September 10, 1920, then became quiet and showed no more signs of estrum. De- _cember 12, 1921, she was given subcutaneously ovarian extract equivalent to that of one ovary; showed signs of estrum and was bred January 6, 1922. UNILATERAL SALPINGITIS Case No. 11 had not given birth to a calf for a period of more than one year; showed false signs of estrum but would not stand for service; examined May 16, 1921, and everything ap- peared normal, except the right ovary and Fallopian tube, which appeared enlarged. On the same date an operation was per- formed through the right flank. The right ovary, which was enlarged to the size of a walnut, and the right Fallopian tube, which was about twice the size of a lead pencil, were removed. The uterus appeared normal. The left ovary was small. Upon examination after removal the right tube showed hydro- salpingitis. The right ovary contained, besides several small cysts, a deeply seated corpus luteum measuring five-eighths by seven-eighths inch in diameter and was surrounded by a ring of rather firm fibrous tissue. In one month the cow showed signs of normal estrum and was bred and is over seven months pregnant at the present time. The French National Students’ Union in its tenth congress at the University of Montpellier adopted a resolution urging that the government veterinary schools create and confer the degree of doctor in veterinary medicine to conform to the doe- tor’s degree given in other countries. At present French vet- erinary graduates are not given the degree of doctor. EXPERIENCE IN PRACTICE WITH UDDER TROUBLES ! By JoHN P. TURNER Washington, D. C. AN EXPERT on sanitary milk production once remarked that as long as a cow’s udder was located so closely to her main excretory parts, the production of such milk would always en- tail considerable labor. Likewise, since the peculiar construction of a cow’s udder permits of such marked changes when react- ing to irritants, mostly bacterial, the successful treatment of mastitis seems to be a problem yet unsolved. The inflammation occurring in the parenchyma causes the milk ducts and acini to become clogged with an exudate which we are powerless to remove to any great extent and almost as powerless to reach the affected part with any medicinal agencies. When we further consider that a powerful, very slightly yield- ing capsule covers the uddér, and how this quality prevents, to a great extent, the proper circulation of blood and lymph in an udder reacting to irritants, it is readily seen how easily such tissues are destroyed and how little hope there is for recovery in many cases of mastitis. When its anatomical formation is noted, considering also the fact that most of our inflammatory con- ditions arise at or just after parturition, when the udder is enormously enlarged and extremely active, it is readily seen that such a gland offers a fertile field for bacterial infection. We know that the normal udder contains an abundant bac- terial flora, and that they may assume a pathogenic character under direct irritation. With the progress of knowledge, and especially of bacteriology, it is generally conceded that bacteria play the all-important cause in mastitis. Many years ago it was thought that heavy protein feeding, especially with very narrow rations mostly made up of corn meal and cottonseed meal, caused mastitis. Then the cold cement floor, exposure and other such causes were brought forward. It is known that these may be contributory causes by lessening the animal’s re- sistance; especially is it known that cold causes a lowering in Presented at the Conference of Veterinarians held at the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, February 28 and March 1, 1922. 259 3) 260 JOHN P. TURNER the resistant qualities of tissues; hence a cold, wet cement floor is an accessory cause. The infection causing mastitis comes most frequently through the opening in the teat duct, and infection is more frequent in the posterior quarters of the udder; hence the danger of per- mitting a rotting placenta to remain swinging to a cow, when it ean be clipped off near the vulva and by vaginal washes kept from putrefying. Again, a solution of continuity of the tissues of the aiaad proper is a common cause of infection, as is also injury to the teats. Thirdly, a group of infections reach the udder from other parts of the body. Such infections as_ tuberculosis, pyemia, streptococcus and staphylococcus are thus accounted for. Mastitis from indigestion is due to an autointoxication from fermented feeds. Occasionally cases of mastitis are directly traceable to septic conditions of the uterus, the writer having such a case under treatment at present. It is needless to say that any attempted treatment of this type of cases must first consist of cleaning up the uterine infection. In this specific case the mastitis commenced several days prior to parturition. When closely studied, mastitis is very much like wound infec- tion. : Other conditions which can be more or less likened to it are bronchitis and bronchopneumonia, only in these conditions it is possible to assist nature in eliminating the plugging up of the alveoli and bronchials by the action of cough. This line of comparison may also lead to consideration of the general treatment of mastitis, where we probably have as much right to hope for more success in the future treatment of this disease than merely depending on local medication. The recent high and more or less artificial development of the milk cow, for the purpose of making an altogether unnatural high butterfat record, during the period closely following par- turition, has produced a condition familiar to all practicing in dairy districts, that of a tremendous edema of the udder, which is so closely allied to a pathological condition that some have called it a physiological congestion. This purely physiological condition usually resolves very promptly in a few days if the cow is given a slight amount of exercise, is placed in a roomy box stall with plenty of water available and is fed a proper Uppsr Trovsiés 261 cooling laxative diet, such as bran, beet pulp and a small amount of linseed meal. When we read the wonderful cures of this and that medical preparation, or hear some veterinarian extolling his success in curing mastitis, we are prone to smile and think of our own early days in practice when we could readily establish a reputa- tion for working wonders with a purely physiological condition. But the experienced owner of high producers does not labor under any such delusions. When his cow develops ‘‘garget,’’ as he calls it, he is neither interested in the fact that it may be catarrhal or parenchymatous or even gangrenous, but his first solicitude is as to whether or not you can cure his specific case. It takes all the strategy possessed by an experienced practi- tioner to handle the owner in these cases, and it is good practice _ to keep your line of retreat wide open before going into action. Mastitis is a disease which can not be treated successfully while one is attired in a silk shirt and linen trousers. The writer dons rubber apron and boots and starts the treatment and gives the owner an example of what is expected of him. Most of us are apt to begin our treatment with a saline purga- tive combined with aloin. While many authorities say the action of salines is too slow, just try it with a quart of hot, strong coffee. Coffee certainly hastens the action of salines. Arecolin in one-half grain to one grain doses hypodermiecally is recom- mended by many and condemned by others. Eserin one-half grain and pilocarpin one to two grains are probably better. Eserin can be repeated if given in the smaller dose until a de- cided action is obtained. It is believed that these rapidly acting catharties are very valuable in acute cases. The writer is a strong believer in hot fomentations to the udder, which is first stripped thoroughly into a bucket contain- ing plenty of lysol, sheep dip, or any such disinfectant, and such bucket should be constantly in use in these cases. A beet- pulp bag opened out by ripping and then both ends eut and two ends tied together over the loins and the other two ends passed between the hind legs and up on-each side of the tail and carried forward, being attached to the ends tied over the loins, is then applied. Holes are cut for the teats to protrude through the sack, and then woolen cloths, preferably strips from a discarded horse blanket, are applied closely to the udder, in- 262 JOHN P. TURNER side’ of the suspensory sack and very warm water applied for at least two hours. When this is done, wipe the udder dry and massage thoroughly with iodized oil and apply a dry sack with some cotton batting around the udder. Repeat this treatment two or three times in the first 15 hours. Before retiring for the night, apply hot antiphlogistine or anti-itis thickly over the in- flamed area, cover with cotton and a dry sack, and in the morn- ing begin again with the hot fomentations, massaging with oil and warm, dry coverings, if the inflammation has not subsided. We bring the hot water to the stable in 10-gallon milk cans, and in this way the water can be kept very warm. Two cans are kept on the kitchen stove or over the dairy heater during the entire process. Some authorities claim that the udder should be kept at an absolute rest, and attempt such treatments as belladonna applied locally to diminish secretions. We think its action very doubtful. The action of heat is well understood, and our massage treat- ment is entirely directed toward exciting increased vascularity with its well-known sequela of increased leucocytosis; hence the matter of the substance used is immaterial, just so it is easily applied. The old well-known turpentine and lard combination has its advocates, but we sometimes get a little too much counter- irritation, hence our use of ordinary cheap petrolatum oil to which has been added a small amount of tincture of iodin. We always endeavor to get all cases of mastitis in quarantine. Put them in a box stall in the horse stable, or build a box stall in a wagon shed—any place to get them away from the herd, as we know too well the danger of promiscuous milking of mas- titis cases in the dairy barns, when floors and gutters become infected and too frequently the infection becomes general in the herd. It is a good practice to disinfect the stall from which a case of mastitis has been removed; the gutter is also disinfected, a practice which should frequently obtain on all well-managed dairy farms. As to injecting disinfecting solutions into the milk cisterns through the teat, we discontinued such a practice several years ago, in spite of its many advocates. Inasmuch as the disease is far removed from where the disinfectant can reach, it seemed futile to continue such treatment. It may possibly aid some eases of catarrhal mastitis where the exudate becomes so thick ‘ 4 : 4 j 4 2 4 ; q i 3 —_ ee ee Upper TROUBLES . 263 that it is difficult to remove through the teats, but in such cases we would use normal salt solution merely for its mechanical aid in diluting and somewhat breaking down any thickened ¢ol- lection in the sinus. We would not use boric acid solution, as it tends to coagulate both albumen and casein. All milk stripped from mastitis cases must be destroyed by disinfection and burial. While we are not yet sure of our position, yet it seems logical to treat these cases by some general treatment. Potassium nitrate has been used from time immemorial on account of its eliminatory action. Urotropin or its cheaper substitute, hexa- methylenetetramin, liberates formalin and in this manner dis- infects the udder during its elimination. ietiss Dr. J. N. Frost of Cornell University recommends formalin very highly in the treatment of mastitis. He quotes Dr. Louis A. Klein that boric acid given by the mouth appears in the milk in 12 hours. Urotropin appears as formalin in the milk in 24 hours. Dr. Frost has given 6 drams of formalin twice daily in oil for two weeks and failed to see that it produced any ill effects on the cow’s general health, either by loss of appetite, constipation or impaction. He has given 114 ounces at a dose without ill effect. Given in oil, we get the laxative effect, which” is beneficial. When 6 drams of formalin was given 3 hours after water and 7 hours after milking, it was found in the milk two hours afterwards, and continued to be present for 48 hours, the largest amount from the eighteenth to the thirtieth hour. — Frost supplements formalin treatment with purgatives arid diuretics, as they increase the interchange of blood in the udder and hasten the elimination of waste products from the body The first day one-half ounce of formalin is given in oil, then one dram three times a day, alternating with one ounce of tur- pentine, all given in oil. Eight days after this treatment no streptococci were found in the milk in a case of mastitis that had thick milk for two weeks and showed pure cultures of streptococcus. We are now using this line of treatment and believe that it is beneficial in many cases. It has been our experience that severe cases of eatarrhal ’ mastitis usually terminate with closure of the milk duct and atrophy of the quarter affected. We formerly passed up cases of gangrenous mastitis, as they 264 JOHN P. TURNER were usually found decubitus and in a very eritical condition. A few years ago, while investigating a typhoid epidemic with a physician, we were hailed by a dairyman and asked to look at a cow that was down and had “‘ garget,’’ as he expressed it— a typical case of gangrenous mastitis, with patient either unable to rise or would not (a cow has a peculiar psychology of her own in this respect). As she looked ‘‘in extremis,’’ we passed it up as usual. After getting into the conveyance, I asked this physician how they would handle such a case in human prae- tice. He replied that either amputation would be tried or deep incisions for drainage to assist nature in a process of enuclea- tion. On our return a few bold incisions were made deeply into the mammary gland and a stimulant of 1 grain of strych- nia sulphate was given hypodermically. In those days one grain of strychnia sulphate hypodermically was the usual dose for cows. We have now changed it to 14 grain after having a few convulsions. A few doses of stimulant were left with the owner, and much to our surprise the cow got to her feet the next day and later was turned into beef. {ts A very recent case of gangrenous mastitis involving the left posterior quarter of the udder was deeply incised, and nature made the most perfect job of enucleation we have ever observed. We had always considered the udder an organ of two parts, anatomically, but in this case nature made a perfect dissection of one quarter. The only error she made was in not sloughing off the blood vessels, which protruded as long finger-like cords, which we eventually had to pull down as far as possible, ligate and excise. This cow milked regularly through the other three quarters of her udder during this period of enucleation. Re- cently we used camphor in oil subcutaneously in these cases as a stimulant. Those cases of subacute mastitis involving the entire udder, where bloody milk is the principal symptom, have not as a rule yielded favorably to treatment. In these cases we apply edld applications, using a solution of alum. Localized mastitis with abscess formation is promptly evac- uated into a pus pan or bucket containing disinfectant. The cavity is swabbed out with dry cotton, and iodin is later ap-. plied to the entire cavity, which is plugged with gauze into which we have worked as much bismuth formic iodide as is SE One gee eee Upper TROUBLES 265 possible. This powder is odorless and used in lieu of iodoform, which is banned on all dairy farms. We plug these cavities to prevent teat or stable infection with pus. We do not use bacterins in treating mastitis, owing to the multiplicity of organisms found in the average case. _ Where mastitis has a tendency to involve other animals we would en- deavor to have a bacterin prepared from the typical cases on hand. Since we can cure only a small percentage of mastitis cases (25 to 35 per cent), and its treatment is always uncertain, la- -borious and frequently unsatisfactory, why not try prevention? Provide clean and well-littered maternity stalls. Give the cows -on the milking lines plenty of space to prevent treading on each others’ teats and bruising udders. Cut off, near the rectum, all retained placente, and keep them from becoming putrid by vaginal washing with normal salt solution. Drain and fill in all filthy barnyards and insanitary water holes to prevent teat in- fection. Recover and destroy all pus in stables. Make a prac- tice of flushing gutters. Prevent sore teats from further infec- tion by eliminating the sucking ealf, and then protect the teat wounds. Where these wounds are so sore as to make milking difficult through attending pain, we wipe the sores with 4 per cent novocain (procain) solution prior to milking. By the ‘time the other three teats, as the case may be, are milked, the sores will be anesthetized and milking can proceed with com- fort to the cow and no danger to the attendant. Such a proced- ure also tends to prevent cows, especially heifers, from becoming confirmed kickers. When teats are sore but still able to be handled, we often dissect off the hard fissure and either apply phenol or touch them with nitrate of silver, to produce a firm proteetive scab. A few years ago our dealer’s barns were infected with a disease somewhat resembling cowpox, but the characteristic bluish ulcers of the latter were not present, nor were any febrile symptoms noted. The disease was more of a vesicular type of the teats and around the base of the teats. The disease readily answered treatment consisting of a local application of glycerin, tincture of iodin and tincture of benzoin compound in equal parts. In some cases we use glycerin and zine ointment. With the advent of cement floors and improved stable fittings 266 JOHN P. TURNER and sanitation, this disease seems to have disappeared in our practice. Infectious mastitis—We have never seen a true outbreak of this form of mastitis, but were called in consultation to a large dairy farm in Pennsylvania, where a disease very similar to it existed. A mechanical milker was in use and probably had considerable to do with the outbreak, due to imperfect cleaning of its parts. Enzootic mastitis—This form has occurred very frequently in our practice during the past 30 years and has been observed twice on one dairy farm. The infection was probably a strep- tococeus infection, as it was very virulent. On the farm where the disease was twice observed several cows died of the infec- tion, the result of secondary invaders. About one-half of the cows were ruined as dairy cows by the first infection, and the herd was practically ruined by the second infection, which occurred three or four years subsequent to the first outbreak. We were called as consultant both times and advised isola- tion, quarantine and,a.general cleaning and reconstruction of the barn. The barn was finally put in sanitary condition by -conereting floors and gutters and putting in modern stanchions and plenty of sunlight. The disease has not reappeared. The methods on this farm were very primitive, and in both outbreaks mastitis cases were never isolated and the same milkers milked sound and unsound udders. If we can impress you with the absolute necessity of quar- antining all mastitis cases, we will be rewarded for our time. An old shed, the horse stable, a tool house—any place where a cow can be snugly kept for a week or two. Milk her after all other dairy work is done, and then wash the hands with soap and water. and some bichloride of mercury solution. Milk this cow _into a bucket containing disinfectant and bury the milk. One of the most frequent conditions we are called upon to treat is partial or total closure of the opening of the milk eanal, caused by local inflammation of the end of the teat, due either to hand infection (pinching, sharp finger nails, ete.) or to exten- sion of inflammation from some vesicular or pustular condition of the teat or in other cases to treading on the end of the teat. In heifers we occasionally see imperforate teats in all four quarters. These cases are treated by using a small cannula and Aid dea gt ha luce nat iim hla tulad UppEer TROUBLES 267 trocar to open the milk duct, followed by the judicious use of a teat plug. In mild recent cases of cartel ghd due to inflammation, we can relieve the condition by immersing the teats in very warm water for a few minutes prior to milking, causing a relaxation of the cireular muscle fibers at the end of the teat. When milk- ing is finished the teat is immersed in iodized oil. When such treatment fails it is necessary either to slit the end of the teat or to ream out the so-called ‘‘spider’’ with a Hug reamer. The latter procedure is usually adopted on farms quite a distance from our office and where any pretense to cleanliness obtains. On the old-fashioned ‘‘cow dung’’ farm we do not attempt teat surgery. The success of any teat operation depends on whether or not a fair degree of cleanliness obtains in the barn, and whether or not the herdsman can be properly drilled into fol- lowing directions. Our technique is as follows: Milk all of the sound udders first, and then the three sound teats of the cow to be treated. Wash the udder and teats thor- oughly with white soap and warm water. Dry. Apply tincture of iodin to the end of the teat. Secure the cow’s hocks with a a. or chain hock hopples, and then have an attendant pinch the nose. Then we wash our hands and introduce the Hug teat reamer, which has been previously kept in a bottle of aleohol and ‘dipped in petrolatum just prior to using. Insert the Hug reamer, going only a short distance from the end of the teat, then open and pull out of the teat; one or possibly two cuts are necessary to open the end of the teat sufficiently wide for easily milking. The teat is now held for two or three minutes in a teacup containing 1-1,000 bichloride of mercury solution. Then we wipe the teat with gasoline to remove all skin fats, and apply a few rolls of elec- trician’s tape around the teat, possibly two thicknesses, and insert a piece of tape which has been doubled on itself and a good-sized hole cut out of it near its end. This piece should protrude almost to the end of the teat. Two or three more rolls of tape are made over this to secure it in place, and then a metal self-retaining loop-end teat plug is inserted into the teat, after it has been immersed in both aleohol and oil. A piece of tape is tied to the plug, and this is tied by a bow-knot to the 268 JOHN P. TURNER extending piece of tape. The cow’s tail is loosely secured to a surcingle, or rope, to one side of the animal, and the hock hop- ples are removed. The herdsman is advised to milk this cow last and after securing her hocks to wash his hands. A small wide-necked bottle of medicated alcohol and another bottle of petrolatum oil and two or three quarts of 1-1,000 bichloride of mercury so- lution are left for treating. If the teat is dirty, it is washed with warm water and soap. If not, it is soaked in a small cup of bichloride of mereury solution prior to removing the teat plug. The latter is removed and placed in the alcohol bottle by simply handling it by the tape. The teat is now milked an” the end is soaked in a bichloride of mereury solution and the teat plug replaced after immersing it in the oil. The cow’s hocks are to be tied prior to any dressing, other- wise the plug is apt to be kicked out of the herdsman’s hands and become infected. He is always advised to follow the pro- cedure heretofore described. If the plug falls or becomes in- ‘fected, it must be washed with hot water and alkali powder and disinfected with alcohol and immersed in oil prior to replacing. This plug can be used for a week and then removed and the _end of the teat dressed twice daily with zine ointment. The same treatment is followed where obstructions exist further toward the base of the teat, but the prognosis becomes more unfavorable as the lesion more nearly approaches the base of the teat. We have never used the teat cannula described by Dr. Charles B. Conger, Richland, Mich., in Veterinary Medicine for April, 1921. We believe one must be within easy distance of the case if it is to be used successfully. Fibrous obstructions of the teat duct—Wherever possible we employ the Hug reamer and use the teat plug as heretofore deseribed. However, there are cases of obstruction near the base of the teat which will not respond to this treatment. Merillat (Veterinary Journal, May, 1916) states that Dr. A. M. Wray regularly operated on such fibrous growths by opening the teats over the obstruction; he only feared those obstructions with a fibrous band high up in the galactoforus sinus. He simply used surgical cleanliness and did not suture Ne eT Ee ee Ee eT ee eT eT en Me TS Me ee ey ee Upper TROUBLES 269 the wound. The teat was earefully catheterized daily and the wound wiped and tincture of iodin. Merillat cites three operations-of his own, where nodules were in the teats. One was three-quarters of an inch from the teat orifice and the two others near the base of the teat. The ani mals were cast and stretched, the udder and teat cleaned an~ painted with tincture of iodin. A 4 per cent solution of cocain: was injected over the seat of the incision. Cut into the teat with one stroke, and the fibrous growth is snipped off with Mayo scissors. An Esmarch tourniquet was kept on the teat for 2 hours and then released. Teat was dusted with iodoform and treated as an open wound. The cases were personally catheter- ized daily by a veterinarian and the wound treated with tincture of iodin and iodoform. Leakage ceased after ten days. “Dr. Moore (American Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Feb- ruary, 1917) treats fresh wounds involving the milk sinus by using a self-retaining milk tube having an opening in the tube just above the retaining bulb. This drains milk which gathers toward the end of the teat. The tube is left in place and re- moved twice daily and boiled 10 minutes. He dresses the wound with iodoform and collodion and bandages. : In teat fistulas he cuts out a triangular piece above and below. the fistula and scarifies it slightly ; does not suture the wound, depending on the cicatrizing of the two new wounds to close the In stenosis of the teats he casts the cow. and slowly inserts a sterile dilator and massages the teat so as to dilate the canal and stretch the tissues without rupturing them. He claims this cures a hard milker. When the opening in the end of the teat is on anatl e uses local anesthesia and slowly introduces a tapering sound into the teat canal. This sound may be from five “sixteenths ‘to three: eighths inch at its widest. ‘In bands at the base of the teat, which prevent the milk from entering the teat from the sinus, Moore pushes a teat slitter through the obstruction and makes the slit as large as possible. Failing in this, he cuts down through the teat and dissects out the fibrous band. In new growths obstructing the canal, he’ euts down and removes the growths. Lactie acid calculi are 270 JOHN P, TURNER removed by using the dilator and pushing out with finger and thumb. Traumatisms of teats involving the milk duct are very fre- quent in our work. When the wound is but a few hours old it is often possible to suture it and get primary healing. . The cow is to be ‘cast and the udder and teats thoroughly cleaned and packed around with clean newspapers or towels during the operation. I have not been able to get primary union by simply band- aging the teat, as has been described by some writers in recent magazine articles, but these refer to surgical wounds in which the edges can be approximated without suturing. More frequently than otherwise, the suturing of these teat wounds is attended with a lacteal fistula due to the fact that the teats seem to have some erectile-like power in their mus- culature, and when the milking process begins the milk sud- denly gushes out of the wound as soon as the milker attempts milking the other teats. Our practice is to introduce a milk tube into the teat before touching the sound teats. The tube is immersed first in aleohol and later in petrolatum oil, it being understood that the end of the teat is to be clean and dipped in bichloride of mercury solution prior to introducing the tube. Sometimes this will prevent this gushing of milk through the sutures. As we have remarked before, the healing of these fresh wounds is very uncertain, and more often than usual a fistula results and is to be operated upon when the animal is dry. AI- ways dry the animal if possible from six weeks to two months prior to parturition, in order to get sufficient time for the heal- ing of the new wound. We use collodium to cover the wound when the sutures are removed. PN : Supernumerary teats are to be removed from all purebred cows. It is far better to do this when they are young heifers, by stretching the small teat, snipping off with a pair of scissors, and touching the wound with either a piece of nitrate of silver or with the thermo-cautery, or we frequently use a small poker heated in the kitchen stove. Occasionally we snip off the small teat and suture the skin with two or three stitches. If not done until they are grown, the operation should not be attempted if the udder is already beginning to fill. It is recommended that Upper TROUBLES 271 at least a month should ihieervas between this operation and freshening. The same rules are to be ihiecseved where small teats are at- tached to the other teats near their base and are to be removed. Cast and stretch the animal, iodin the teat, stretch the at- tached teat, and by holding it with the hand snip off with sharp scissors, making the skin wound as small as possible, and touch with a small needle of the thermo-cautery. It is advisable to put a rubber band around the base of the large teat to control the small hemorrhage during the operation. Cut the band in one hour. - Twin teats can be separated if the joming membrane is thin, otherwise it is best to leave them alone. In any of these teats or udder operations it is essential to have very dry and clean bedding. We frequently cover the straw bedding with plenty of clean newspapers; these can be changed frequently. The tail is to be tied loosely to the side until the patient is well.. Milk cysts following catarrhal mastitis are seen occasionally and are usually left alone. It is preferable to permit the quar- ter to atrophy than to try any meddlesome surgery. Where a quarter of the udder contains milk and a teat is entirely oc- cluded, atrophy of the quarter generally occurs, if meddlesome, -bad surgery does not cause infection. Warts, both diffuse and pendulous, are very common in our practice. Snipping off pendulous warts and a careful touching of the wound with triglacial acetic acid applied with a little cot- ton on the end of a match usually produces permanent results. The surrounding skin is protected with vaseline. Diffuse flat warts yield quite ey to applications of salicy- lie acid and castor oil. Milk fistulas of the teat are not treated until the cow is en- tirely dry. We then cast the animal, using the English hopples, stretch the cow, fastening the hind legs to one post and the fore legs to another. If the cow is horned, we bandage the horns with crimped stiff paper prior to casting. A small amount of 4 per cent novocain (procain) is injected around the fistula after the teat has been thoroughly cleaned and the area iodined. A small syringe used in dog practice, with a small needle, is best in these cases. A milk tube is introduced and the fistulous 272 JOHN P. TURNER opening entirely dissected out with a pair of sharp-pointed scissors. Hemorrhage is controlled, iodin applied, and the wound sutured with fine worm silk, using a small curved needle. If we feel fairly sure of our technique, we apply collodium; if not, a little iodex ointment, and bandage with 1-inch gauze bandage, smearing tar over the latter. Remove stitches in five to seven days. | Some of the small fistulas of the teat will respond to the appli- cation of a caustic or by touching them with the small needle of the thermo-cautery, but this type of treatment is not radical and is not done unless the dairy farm is available. Most of our calls are at quite a distance, and the radical operation must be done on the first visit, as the expense frequently precludes a second visit. In response to an invitation, Dr. B. H. Ransom, Chief of the Zoological Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, read a paper before the American Medical Association at the meet- ing to be held in St. Louis, May 22 to 26. His subject will be, “Recent Additions to the Knowledge of Ascariasis.’’ At the annual meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine held in Washington, D. C., May 2 and 3, Dr. M. C. Hall read a paper on ‘‘Carbon Tetrachloride as an Anthel- mintie.’”’ Dr. R. C. Julien, State Veterinarian of Indiana, spent sev- eral days in Washington during the early part of May, visiting Bureau laboratories, also the experiment station, and conferring with Bureau officials on matters relating to the cooperative tuber- ‘-culosis and hog-cholera work in his State. Dr. Julien also visited the Maryland State Agricultural College at. College Park, Mary- land. _ Dr. T. P. White, Assistant Chief of the Division of Hog Cholera Control, B. A. L., left Washington on April 23 on a -trip through the South to confer with Bureau representatives and cooperating State officials on matters in connections with the hog-cholera work. THE IMPORTANCE OF BACILLUS ABORTUS AS COM- PARED WITH THAT OF OTHER INVADERS By G. E. JorGENSON Clermont, Iowa IN the February issue of the A. V. M. A. JourNnaw there appears a splendid article by Dr. E. C. Schroeder, of the Bu- reau of Animal Industry Experiment Station, describing the meritorious work being done there in the investigation of in- fectious abortion. Meritorious, not only because of the exten- sive work being done, but also for the reason that the results have established certain facts. A careful perusal of this paper will convince one that definite results have been accomplished. One thing that I am satisfied with as having been accomplished is the establishment of the status of the Bacillus abortus of Bang, as far as its mode of dissemination, its mode of entrance and its normal habitat are concerned. The amount of work done in this connection justifies one in the belief that successful con- tradiction of these findings is not possible. It also quite clearly reaffirms the pathogenicity of this organism. However, the ex- tent or prevalence of infections in which it is the etiological fae- tor and the successful acquittal or incrimination of other mi- erobian invaders has not, according to the present writer’s opinion, been conclusively shown, and this question opens up an avenue for further study and investigation. There are two factors quite antagonistic to successful prog- ress in the investigation of genital diseases. One is the lack of proper facilities for study of this question by the field worker. The other is the unfortunate existence of two classes of workers, each ultraradical as far as his views and beliefs are concerned. One is the worker who absolutely insists that no etiological factors are worth considering in genital infections except the Bacillus abortus of Bang. The other is equally insistent that the Bang organism is entirely ignorable and that genital infections are inyariably of other origin, when as a matter of fact if a happy medium, as it were, could be struck something quite defi- nite in the control of this serious insidious malady might be accomplished. A practitioner reads these two diametrically op- posite opinions and: the net result is confusion and a tendency toward the development of skepticism. 273 274 G. E. JORGENSON There are absolutely no facts upon which to base the con- tention that the Bacillus abortus is not capable of causing fetal death and expulsion. Neither is there any evidence to show that other organisms are not equally capable of producing the iden- tical results. Furthermore, there has been nothing developed to show to what extent either form of the presumed etiological factors is prevalent. Some years ago it was ae for granted that the only etio- logical factor worthy of consideration in swine diseases was the filterable virus of hog cholera. Since its control has been accomplished we find ourselves merely on the threshold of the solving of the etiology of swine diseases, and today we are face to face with a most confusing and chaotic situation as far as the diagnosis of swine diseases is considered. It is in my opinion equally fallacious to assume that Bacillus abortus is the only etiological factor worthy of consideration merely on the estab- lishment of its pathogenicity in genital infections. For a number of years the present writer has been focusing his attention and efforts on the eradication or control of re- productive inefficiencies, and it has been his experience that in several herds where numerous abortions were yearly oc- currences the agglutination test failed to give positive results, and it was impossible to demonstrate the Bacillus abortus either microscopically or by attempts at culture, due considera- tion being given to its peculiar physiological characteristics. However, streptococci and organisms identical morphologically and culturally with Bacillus pyogenes were demonstrated both in the infected cows and in the offspring or aborted fetuses. It has also been his experience in other instances that the ad- - ministration of specific antigens both killed and alive gave no résults in herds where the agglutination test was negative, but that the results in herds where the test was positive merited further consideration. Yet the herds seen in which Bacillus abortus could be demonstrated were relatively few as com- pared with those in which other invaders could be demonstrated. Furthermore, in the control of genital anomalies consideration must be given to other factors, inasmuch as the reproductive function is a most complex one. There is not any evidence available to show that the genital system is more resistant to the invasion of pathogenic organisms than the rest of the body, el Ee a ee ae ee ee Bacittus ABORTUS AND OTHER INVADERS 275 henee it may be assumed-with a fair degree of propriety and certainty that the lesions observed by the writer and others who have worked with genital diseases can have some bearing on the reproductive function. When spermatozoa, which, while alive, yet show clearly the presence of pathological conditions, are seen time after time, and clearly recognizable degenerations in the testicle, vas and seminal vesicles, it would seem that when the progeny of such bulls are aborted in the early stage of embryonic life without the presence of Bacillus abortus being demonstrable in spite of careful, painstaking efforts, yet the presence of other invaders is clearly observed, the conclusion that the latter and not Bacillus abortus were the actual etio- logical factors would be most logical. That such infections do occur would seem to be further . strengthened by the statement in Dr. Schroeder’s paper in which he mentions a herd in which a series of abortions followed the purchase of a bull. It was shown that Bacillus abortus was present in this bull’s genitalia. Yet the findings at the station showed conclusively that infection by the genital route of non- pregnant cows was not the rule, and the author assumes that each cow partook of and ingested some of this bull’s penile secre- tion. I will admit that such could be possible, yet to me it appears as highly improbable, and as long as in this case it is a matter of presumption, I should say that this bull harbored some other infection which was able to propagate and cause a disturbance in female genitalia even though it was admitted via the genital route, or that weak and imperfect spermatozoa were the result of weak and nonresistant fetuses being formed. There is no intention on the part of the present writer to dis- credit in any way the work being done by Dr. Schroeder and his coworkers. On the other hand, as one who has worked with this condition for years and who has experienced that bitter feeling of utter defeat and inability to cope with a most insidious and (if that word may be used) mysterious anomaly, I am ina position to appreciate the amount of work which must have been done, the laborious, monotonous and nerve-racking repetition of experiments which have been expended in the results so far established as facts. When the writer considers these features he has nothing but praise and admiration for the laudable eftorts made by these men under the poorly remunerative con- 276 G. E. JoRGENSON ditions of the Bureau and the almost discouraging lack of recog- nition and proper support by the Nation. " The only motive which the writer advances for the creation of this paper is that, besides a desire to express at least his com-. mendation and appreciation for the work which has been done at this station, he desires to point out emphatically that there are, without a shred of doubt, other etiological factors respon- sible for infectious abortion besides the Bacillus abortus. Such at least is the experience of men who have met and grappled with this disease as it exists in the field, absolutely isolated — from the artificial environment of the laboratory. With this expression of his opinion he desires not only to urge these men on to further efforts, but to make the suggestion that careful con- sideration be given to every feature which may interfere with the procreative function. That of course includes not only a consideration of the direct effect of microbian invaders upon the well-being of the young embryo, but also the effect of such upon the specific genital cells before the phenomenon of fer- tilization has occurred. He is as sincere in his condemnation of the worker who can see only organisms not identical with Bacillus abortus as he is of the worker who insists that no other organism except Bacillus abortus is worthy of consideration in fetal death and expulsion. Perhaps when some of the con- certed attention now focused on the Bang organism has been in part diverted to a study of other organisms more definite results may be expected. As a matter of fact, one might assume that other factors have been recognized at the Bureau station, inas- much as Dr. Schroeder states that inasmuch as not every diph- theroid growth in a child’s throat can be laid to the’ Klebs- Loeffler bacillus, so can not all cases of abortion be the. results of Bacillus abortus. If they are not due to this organism it is _ self-evident that.they must be due to other factors; hence the logic and value of a suggestion that such other possible’¢ causes be given due consideration. ris - or a y Mae ci fine De oe Rell SPA Ee Ree ee ee ee Ne MISCELLANEA ANATOMICA I. REMARKS ON ANATOMICAL INSTRUCTION AND STUDY By Septimus Sisson _. Professor of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio IT IS GENERALLY ADMITTED without argument that sound, practical and lasting anatomical knowledge is almost exclusively the product of careful and methodical work in the laboratory. But it is not sufficiently comprehended that such information can only be acquired slowly by the average student, and that it is therefore necessary to make very full provision in the schedule for this work. Still less does it seem to be realized that the training which the student should receive in the anatomical laboratory, in making full and accurate observa- tions on the material and in acquiring the greatest possible skill in handling instruments, is of extreme value in subse- quent courses, especially surgery, physical diagnosis, and path- clogy. In order to make the transfer of this training as complete as possible it is essential that the methods used in the anatomical work should approximate as nearly as is feasible those to be employed in the courses in which the results of anatomical study are to be applied. Probably the best concrete example of what is here intended is the practice of studying the structure of the living animal by careful and thorough inspection and palpa- tion. The writer has advocated this procedure for a good many years and is firmly convinced that college authorities make a very serious mistake if they fail to provide adequate facilities for this most valuable means of correlating the anatomical and clinical branches. In the limits of this report no detailed state- ment can be made of the numerous advantages of the method here strongly recommended. Many of these advantages will be evident at once to any wide-awake clinician and to every ana- tomical teacher who is sufficiently aware of clinical require- ments in this respect. The facilities for carrying out this mode of study and in- ry 4 277 PRR” i =<. 278 SEPTIMUS SISSON struction are essentially the same as those for any other modern and strongly objective method—viz., necessary provision in the schedule for time, adequate quarters and material, and suffi- cient well-trained and experienced instructors. Good results can be obtained only when students are handled in small groups. The number of students in each group should, if possible, not exceed six. Subjects for this purpose should be kept imme- diately adjacent to the dissecting room, so that they are promptly available whenever desired during dissection, thus avoiding loss of time and disorganization of the work. The method should be used in connection with the study of the skeleton and should be continued thereafter throughout the anatomical courses. In this way the student acquires skill and accuracy in observation and palpation as well as genuinely prac- tical knowledge which furnishes a secure foundation for good clinical work. .Scarcely less. important is the fact that he gets an insight into the practical applications of his hard-earned anatomical knowledge and naturally takes a greater interest in his work. Finally, in conformity with the well-established. psychological principle of association, the facts become more firmly established in his mind and ean be readily recalled when needed. ; In the dissecting room the student should use the same kind of instruments as are used in surgery as far as this is possible. At the beginning he usually. needs to be taught how to handle them properly, to keep. them clean and in good working order. Experience shows that very few students know how to sharpen a knife, and instructors should demonstrate this very elementary but essential procedure at once to prevent students getting into the bad habit of attempting to dissect with a blunt scalpel. Seissors—which should have both points blunt—are still not ‘used nearly as much as they should be in dissecting. Perhaps this circumstance has had an important influence on veterinary operative technique. It is a notable fact that many veterinary surgeons use scissors to a very small extent as compared with their confréres in human practice. A very large amount of dissection can be done much more rapidly and effectively with scissors than with scalpels, and the acquirement of skill in this respect is good training for ig re yet clean and safe, operative procedure later on. ES ee ee Oe ANATOMICAL INSTRUCTION AND STUDY 279 The principle and practice of conservation in surgery have long been regarded as fundamental. But there has been little recognition of this-idea in veterinary dissection until recently. Of course in the days of short courses and unpreserved sub- jects, dissection was largely a race against time and decomposi- tion, and speed was therefore a prime necessity. In these days there is no such excuse for rough and slovenly work, at least in those colleges which allot a proper amount of time and in- structional force to the anatomical department. Students should be taught, for example, that careful dissection and study of the fascie are necessary, since they are in many respects of great surgical importance and of much physiological interest. Some of us can recall that in our student days these ubiquitous membranes seemed to be regarded simply as a nuisance which concealed structures of real importance, and were therefore to be dealt with in the most summary manner possible. Similarly the limits of the joint capsules, synovial sheaths and burse should be studied accurately. It seems decidedly advisable to require a student to dissect and learn the larger vessels and nerves even during the first year’s work, when his chief concern is to gain a thorough knowledge of the bones, joints, muscles and viscera. The reasons for this are (1) that he may not get the careless habit established of re- flecting skin, fascie and muscles without looking out for under- lying structures—a habit difficult to overcome later when such procedure will prevent acquiring the kind of anatomical knowl- edge necessary for the successful practice of medicine and surgery; (2) that the student may acquire a sufficient working knowledge to form an adequate basis for good topographic dis- sections and for intelligent use of sections. It would seem that the pedagogic difficulties which confront anatomical teachers are not fully appreciated by college authori- ties or even by their colleagues. These difficulties have increased during recent years until the conscientious teacher sometimes al- most despairs of meeting them successfully. With the passing of the horse-doctor type of specialist and the great extension in the range of anatomical knowledge required in the clinical years of the curriculum, the problem of selecting from the vast array of anatomical facts those which are actually essential tests severely the judgment and courage of the most experienced 280 . SEPTIMUS SISSON teacher. The physiologist, the pathologist, the surgeon, the pro- fessor of medicine each demands that the student must come to him provided with certain categories of anatomical facts. The sum of these irreducible minima is almost staggering, and it must be attained in two years by students fresh from the often painless methods of the high school, who must first be taught how to observe and to accumulate a difficult scientifie termi- nology. Attention may properly be directed here to an unfortunate and quite unnecessary difficulty encountered by instructors and students of anatomy. The reference is to the archaie and con- fused anatomical terminology which persists to a great extent in clinical instruction and literature. This is a serious hardship to the student and should be remedied promptly. It is high time clinical instructors ceased to speak or write of os innomi- natum, extensor suffraginis, flexor metatarsi, Steno’s and Wharton’s ducts, right and left sacs of the rumen, plantar nerves of the fore limb, ete. It should be clearly recognized that the determination of anatomical names and facts is to be left in the hands of their anatomical colleagues. It is true that anatomical terminology has been in a rather fluid state during the past decade, but it is equally true that great progress has been made in this respect in the anatomical instruction of our colleges; many useless synonyms have been dropped, undesirable names eliminated, and a long step taken toward a more uniform and sensible nomenclature. This change has removed a heavy burden from students in this very important branch, thus allow- ing their energy to be devoted more exclusively to the acquisi- tion of really useful knowledge. It is very unfair to the stu- dent and entirely indefensible from:a pedagogic standpoint that clinical instructors should attempt to inflict on him a mass of obsolete terms, many of which are no longer to be found in any anatomical work known to the student—some of them in fact have never occurred in any book on anatomy. Much of our clinical literature is badly in need of revision in this respect, and the opportunity might well be utilized to bring it: up to date in other directions. It is earnestly desired by anatomical teachers that they may have the prompt and thorough coopera- tion of their colleagues in other branches in this matter. But other difficulties are not so easily disposed of. The selec- : : - ANATOMICAL INSTRUCTION AND STUDY 281 — tion of matter is one of the hardest problems, as has already been indicated. We may eliminate minor attachments of muscles (especially those which are deep-seated), ignore the smaller vessels, and deal with the finer structure of the central nervous system and sense organs as briefly as is consistent with the demands of physiological study. On the other hand we may emphasize those regions where injuries and abscess formation are most common and where operations are frequently neces- sary. But shrapnel fragments, barbed wire and other trau- matic agencies do not exercise any perceptible selective action, and in such cases the practitioner usually has no opportunity of refreshing his memory by reference to the literature. The problem would be greatly simplified in some respects if it were known what field of activity the student intended to enter. But this matter is not usually decided till late in the course, and in many cases not then; often radical changes of work are made after graduation without any special prepara- tion therefor. Some of our best medical schools are beginning to offer elective courses, partly to relieve the congestion in the required work, and partly to meet the needs of specialization in practice. Similar action in the veterinary colleges would no doubt be indicated if our students had as good biological train- ing as is now required for entrance to the medical colleges, pro- vided also that specialization in practice was established. Even under our present circumstances a small amount of elective work seems desirable. But this does not help matters much, as such work is chiefly additional and does not replace required - Courses. It has long been customary to devote a considerable part of the time to routine lectures on anatomy. This practice must be abandoned or at least a great reduction made in the time so utilized. It is becoming generally recognized by thoughtful teachers that the lecture method is relatively inefficient and that the time can be much more effectively employed in quizzes and demonstrations. It is sometimes urged that the lecture is the best means by which the instructor can select the ma- terial and emphasize matters of greatest importance. But in general these desirable results can be secured better by the quiz and by laboratory conference and demonstration. In addi- tion the latter methods ‘provide the only adequate and reliable 282 SEPTIMUS SISSON means by which the instructor can keep constantly informed as to the progress of his students, and—a no less important de- sideratum—the student can gauge his success in his work. One of the most valuable features of the recitation is the training it gives the student in expressing himself accurately and clearly. In a properly conducted quiz the student is required chiefly to state the results of his observations in the laboratory, and it should not be possible for him merely to repeat statements which he has read or heard in lectures. It is decidedly stimulat- ing to the student to know that he will frequently be called upon to demonstrate his knowledge of the subject and that his views will be subjected to the eriticism of the instructor and of his classmates. It must be admitted with regret that, with very few excep- tions, our colleges have not made even fairly good provision for successful anatomical instruction. In general, the quarters allotted to the anatomical department are inadequate and not well designed for the purpose, salaries are insufficient to obtain or to retain well-trained instructors, and sufficient funds are not available for equipment and material. This state of things can not be permitted to persist in the development of our edu- cational facilities if anatomical teachers are to be held respon- sible for the proper training of students in this important branch, on which so much of the subsequent work is based in a large degree. It would seem desirable that administrative of- ficers inform themselves as to what has been done in this matter by the better class of medical schools, in which the anatomical department has received its due share of funds and facilities. A good museum has always been regarded as an important feature of the college plant. Too often, however, it is chiefly a store room or a heterogeneous assemblage of curiosities and material of little instructural value. The development of an anatomical collection which is constantly and effectively used for teaching purposes is a very. different matter. Its mainte- nance, growth and utility involve a large amount of expert work and no small expenditure. In order to furnish the desired information and to be directly available for inspection and study, specimens must be carefully selected and prepared, prop- erly installed in containers and cases so as to be visible, and labeled and catalogued in order to be found readily. So far as Fee ee Pe ee ANATOMICAL INSTRUCTION AND StTuDY 283 possible the arrangement should be such that the specimen need not be removed for examination. In some buildings halls and corridors can be used for the installation of cases containing specimens to which reference is frequently desirable. The plac- ing of skeletons and other bone preparations (preferably in cases) in the dissecting room is very useful, as it furnishes the student with the means of refreshing his memory with regard to areas of muscular and ligamentous attachments, vascular and nervous relations to the bones, visible and palpable prominences, ete. In addition to constant supervision in the dissecting room, students should be provided with printed or mimeographed dis- section guides. This insures orderly and effective procedure and trains the student in careful and systematic methods of work. It also conserves the time and energy of instructors and makes it possible for them to demonstrate important points, assist the student in technical difficulties and quiz on the ma- terial in hand. Tact and judgment should be used in answer- ing questions, and students should not be furnished with in- formation which they can obtain without special difficulty. ‘*Spoon feeding’’ is highly undesirable in the case of men who are preparing themselves to solve the problems of medicine and surgery. Another difficulty is the matter of linking up the anatomical work with related branches of the curriculum. The need of correlation is of course unquestioned. The problem is to se- cure this correlation without undesirable overlapping. It has long been customary in anatomical study to deal with the action of joints and- muscles and it is no doubt desirable to allude briefiy to the functional significance of other-structures. Patho- logical and clinical implications may also be mentioned with advantage at certain points. But considerable care is needed in this procedure, as there is a real danger of dislocating the student’s attention from the main object—viz., the acquisition of anatomical knowledge. It seems best to insure a fuller compre- hension on the part of the student of the professional objects of anatomical study and of its relations to the pathological and clinical branches by means of a course in applied anatomy which is organized in content and method for this specifie purpose. In order to keep this paper within reasonable limits it has 284 SEPTIMUS SISSON seemed necessary to confine attention mainly to principles and methods, and thus to omit consideration of some materials of instruction such as X-ray and other photographs, charts, lantern slides, models, ete. Reference to these and other matters of in- terest may be made at some future time. In closing the writer feels the need of emphasizing the essen- tial unity of the whole subject of anatomy and regards as a serious pedagogic error the unnaturally sharp division of the branches of the subject which is still prevalent in the organi- zation and instruction of some of our veterinary schools. In this respect we might well pattern after the methods of the better type of medical colleges, in the great majority of which all of the anatomical work is included in one department. This is necessary in order to attain reasonable efficiency, coincident with the minimum expenditure of effort and money, and for the following reasons: 1. It is the only means by which the proper correlation of the various branches can be insured and the student enabled to gain a comprehensive and connected knowledge of the whole subject. 2. It is the only certain way to prevent unnecessary duplica- tion of instruction and equipment. 3. It is the only favorable arrangement for advanced and graduate work, and thus for the broad and thorough training of men for research and teaching. The foregoing advantages are of the greatest importance and there is little to put on the other side of the scales except prejudice, tradition and inertia—a trio which always stand in the way of progress. Unfortunately the situation is complicated by personal, departmental or college jealousies in many cases, and administrative authorities often prefer to ‘‘let sleeping dogs lie’? in the hope that ‘‘things will work themselves out’’ or that death or mundane translation will remove some obstacles from the path of unpleasant duty. - Probably the only arguments which have been brought fot ward against the modern type of organization that are worthy of any consideration are (1) that it tends to inhibit specializa- tion, and (2) that the practical applications of the subject are sacrificed, while the scientific or morphological aspects are un- duly emphasized. With regard to the first of these objections Pe eee Ae Le Me eee RET NPS RR Tee ee TN SS aT aT Ree eS 2 n ANATOMICAL INSTRUCTION AND STUDY 285... i it may seem to be merely uttering a platitude to say that too early and too narrow specialization is to be avoided, but some- times these obvious facts need to be reiterated. One becomes painfully aware of such need when we are confronted with the pedagogic crime of a man being put in charge of instruction in a major subject or an important branch immediately after graduation! On the other hand, experience has fully demon- strated that in a well-organized department judicious speciali- zation is encouraged and cooperation in teaching and investiga- tion soon becomes habitual. With regard to the objection that in some departments the purely morphological or scientific data and concepts ‘are em- phasized at the expense of facts of immediate professional im- portance and of practical applications, it must be admitted frankly that this is quite too often the case and that it is a very serious defect in instruction. But this is not really a defect of organization. It is essentially a defect of personnel and is one which is by no means confined to the anatomical part of the curriculum. In many cases it is due to the instructor’s lack-of knowledge of the subject, since the instructor, of course, can teach only that which he knows something about. In other cases the teacher has little or no knowledge of, or interest in, the special requirements of veterinary students. Instances are not wanting of a feeling on the part of a professor that it is really beneath his dignity to teach veterinary students and that he can not condescend or trouble himself to organize the work to meet their needs. The incorporation of two or more of these deficiencies in one instructor is by no means uncom- mon, and the embodiment of all of them has been observed. The eradication of rabies from Great Britain has been offi- cially announced, and the muzzling order and restrictions on movements of dogs have been removed. After sixteen years of freedom of the United Kingdom from rabies the disease was re- introduced in 1918 by an imported dog which escaped the at- tention of the authorities. This one case is said to have been responsible for 129 cases of rabies in two counties. Other in- fected dogs were brought in during demobilization. The last known case occurred in June, 1921. ; THE PRESENCE OF DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN IN THE BLOOD OF CERTAIN NORMAL HORSES AND ITS DEMONSTRATION BY THE SCHICK TEST By H. W. ScHOENING Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. IN THE COURSE of experimental work with the Preisz- Nocard bacillus toxin and serum from normal horses it was deemed advisable to investigate the protective properties of serum from normal horses against several M. L. D.* of diph- theria foxin for guinea-pigs. : In reviewing the literature on this subject it was found that considerable attention was being given to the treatment of diphtheria in man in Germany by the use of normal horse serum, this method having been advocated rather strongly by several investigators and data submitted to substantiate their claims that the use of normal horse serum was as efficient as specific antitoxin. Numerous reports on the application of normal horse serum in the treatment of diphtheria in man showed, however, that it was not as efficient as specific antitoxin, while experi- mentally it was proved that normal horse serum possessed some degree of neutralizing toxin, but that it was slight compared to specific antitoxin. Minett (1) has reported the recovery of diphtheria bacilli from the horse. He states that but one previous instance in which diphtheria bacilli have been recovered from the horse is reeorded—that by Cobbett in 1900. The latter also observed at that time that ten out of thirteen horses examined contained antitoxin in their blood. To determine the protective properties of normal horse serum against diphtheria toxin the following procedure was employed: One cubic centimeter of serum from a normal horse was mixed with 2 M. L. D. for guinea-pigs; the mixture was left to stand for one hour at room temperature and then injected sub- cutaneously into a guinea-pig. The M. L. D. of the diphtheria toxin was determined as the smallest amount of toxin which was invariably fatal to medium- 1 Minimum lethal dose. 286 DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN IN NorMAL Horse Bioop 287 sized guinea-pigs in ninety-six hours after subcutaneous inocu- lation. Table 1 shows the results of an’ experiment conducted Sep- tember 23, 1920, in which 2 M. L. D. of diphtheria toxin were mixed with 1 ec. ec. of serum from normal horses, the mixture left to stand at room temperature for 1 hour, and then injected subcutaneously into guinea-pigs. TasBLe 1.—ExperimMent In InNsectinc Guinea-Pics wirh Nornmat Horse SERUM AND | DreaTHERI A Toxin : 1 c.c. serum from | Diphtheria toxin s \| Date injected Result No. Semis No 2 M.L.D. (C. C.) 1 122 0.02 Sept. 23, 1920 Dead Sept. 26, 1920 2 181 .02 do. Dead Sept. 25, 1920 s 185 .02 do. do. 4 192 -02 do. Survived em 268 .02 do. Dead Sept. 25, 1920 6 491 .02 do. do. 7 159 .02 do. Dead ie 27, 1920 8 S-188 .02 do. Surviv 9 216 .02 do. Survived 10 92 .02 do. Dead Sept. 25, 1920 ll A .02 do. Dead Sept. 1920 12 201 .02 do. Dead Sept. 25, 1920 13 188 .02 do. 14 194 .02 do. Survived 15 203 .02 do. Dead Sept. 25, 1920 16 120 .02 do. do 17 126 .02 do. Survived ERs 2Ktk Sea. SHG IS. 3 02 do. Dead Sept. 25, 1920 «SB ee wipes ah Ie A ie aia .02 do. do BSS ee Rees aera .02 do. do. ae ee Bete .01 do. Dead Sept. 27, 1920 Summarizing, Table 1 shows seventeen serums from normal horses in quantities of 1 ¢. ¢., mixed with 2 M. L. D. of diph- theria toxin; the mixtures stood at room temperature for 1 hour and were then injected subcutaneously into guinea-pigs. Of this number, serum from five horses, or about 30 per eent, protected guinea-pigs. Repeated tests on the serums giving pro- tection resulted as originally. Samples Nos. 192, 194 and 126, showing protective properties, and samples Nos. 122, 181, 185, 268, 491, 159, 201, 194, 203 and 120, showing no protection, were obtained from horses on the range of one of the Indian Reservations in Arizona, and had been forwarded to the Pathological Division for the serum test for dourine. These samples had given negative results to the test for this disease. Samples Nos. S-188 and 216, giving protection, were obtained from work horses at the Bureau Experiment Station at Beth- esda, Md. The history of these horses over a period of years 288 H. W. ScHOENING shows that they were never injected with, or ieee ex- posed to, diphtheria toxin or bacilli. One cubic centimeter each of samples Nos. 192, 194, 126, Ss. 188 and 216 was mixed with an L+ dose of diphtheria toxin; the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hour and was then injected subcutaneously into guinea-pigs. The pigs in every case died within the same period as the toxin con- trol pigs, indicating that these serums contained less than 1 unit of antitoxin per cubic centimeter. No attempt was made to determine the amount of antitoxin in these serums by Romer’s method. To determine whether serums of normal animals other than horses, used in quantities of 1 ¢. ¢., would neutralize 2 M. L. D. of diphtheria toxin, the following experiment was made: One cubic centimeter of serum from each of five normal rabbits and one guinea-pig was mixed with 2 M. L. D. of diphtheria toxin; the mixture was left to stand at room temperature for one hour and then injected subcutaneously into guinea-pigs. In no case did any of these serums show any protective properties. TABLE 2.—EXPERIMENT 1N_ INJECTING GutnEA-Pics with RABBIT AND Guinen-Pio ERUM AND DIPHTHERIA TOXIN. r Guinea-pig 7 Diphtheria toxin ae No. 1 c.c. serum 2 MLD. (CC) Date injected Result 1 Rabbit 1 0.08 Oct. 24, 1921 Dead Oct. 27, 1921 2 Rabbit 2 .08 do. do. 3 Rabbit 3 .08 do. : do. 4 Rabbit 4 . 08 do. do. 5 Rabbit 5 . 08 do. unger tes 6 . Guinea-pig 1 } .08 do. do. 1) Tena eeepc 08 : ‘do. he do eT Ag Brees sean 08 do. do DSA alga uedy «seen .08 do. . do. ° RO a NSE, oa ee -04 é do. Dead Oct. 28, 1921 THe Scuick TEST (2) | One cubie centimeter of serum from each of twelve neces pa the Bureau Experiment Station at Bethesda, Md., whose. his- tory over a period of years showed they had never been injected with diphtheria toxin or bacilli, was mixed with 2 M. L. D. of diphtheria toxin, the mixture left to stand at room temperature for 1 hour and then injected subcutaneously into ders «oes The results are shown in Table 3. Of the twelve serums tested, four gave ssanstescuate to guinea- pigs against 2 M. L. D. of toxin. DreHTHERIA ANTITOXIN In NorMAL Horse Buoop 289 — Tasite 3.—Experment in Insectinc Gurnea-Pics with Horse SERUM AND DrentHenra Toxin. Guinea-pig | 1 ¢-¢. serum (Diphtheria toxin, | —_ Date injected Result normal horse ate injec es No. Someta te 2 M.L.D. (C.C.) 1 116 0.08 Noy. 22, 1921 Dead Nov. 25, 1921 2 194 .08 * do. do. 3 241 .08 do. do. 4 242 .08 do. do. 5 243 .08 do. do. 6 244 . 08 do. do. 7 245 . 08 do. do. 8 246 .08 do. do. 9 240 . 08 do. Survived 10 54 .08 do. do. 1l 216 .08 do. 12 128 .08 do. do. > SRT Sh) Fe eo Ree nese .08 ' do. Dead Noy. 25, 1921 ERE Pos ee eke holt yc .08 do. do. See | Rs yee ee mae te .08 do. do. ee pt Gigses © .08 do. do. cy Gal Be: BORER Ee OOS Lay Ge Pare E .04 do. Dead Noy. 26, 1921 _ It was decided to apply the Schick test to all of these ani- mals in order to determine the specificity of the protective prop- erties of these serums. Technic of the Test (3): The Schick test consists in the in- jection between the layers of the skin of a small amount of diph- theria toxin. The test, which is a purely local reaction, de- pends on the principle of the destructive action of diphtheria toxin on surrounding tissue cells with subsequent inflammation of the part. A positive reaction indicates an absence of anti- toxin in the individual, while a negative reaction indicates that the toxin has been neutralized by antitoxin. | In applying the Schick test to human beings it is the usual practice to inject one-fiftieth of a guinea-pig M. L. D. suspended in 0.1 ¢. ¢. or 0.2 ¢. ©. saline solution into the layers of the skin of the forearm below the bend of the elbow. As a control the same amount of toxin heated at 75 degrees C. for 10 minutes ‘(which destroys the toxin) is injected in a similar manner in the other arm. This serves to act as a control on the autolyzed protein of the diphtheria bacillus present in the test fluid. In applying the test to horses it was considered advisable to use as the test dose a larger amount than was used in human beings, the desired quantity being that amount which would give a positive reaction where there was no antitoxin, but not so large an amount as to produce sloughing at the site of in- jection. The proper amount of toxin was found to be 114 M. L. D. for the guinea-pig, suspended in 0.3 e. ¢. salt solution. 290 H. W. ScHOENING The M. L. D. was found to be 0.04 ¢. «. small wriikles on their surface. SARCOCYSTIS IN THE ESOPHAGUS AND OTHER MUSCLES The cysts look very similar to Sarcocystis tenella of sheep. The average length is 0.868 mm. and the width 0.137 mm. The longest cyst found was 2.25 mm. The spores measure 10 microns in length and 4 microns in width. (Fig. 8, 2.) In section from the esophagus the cysts tend to curl and often have a corkscrew appearance. On one or two occasions ‘‘rice grain’’ cysts resembling Balbiania were encountered. These showed the partitions which have been taken as a character separating this genus from Sarcocystis. Authorities are now mostly agreed, however, that the Balbiania-shaped cysts - in sheep are due to S. tenella. The situation in which most of these cysts were found in reindeer was deep in the muscles, es- pecially over the periosteum of the flat bones such as the scapula, where the muscles have a direct attachment. The spores from the Balbiania-like cysts seem similar to-those of the esophagus and voluntary muscle forms. — ae FIBROCYSTIS TARANDI SP. N. Reindeer owners have noticed -an affection called by them ‘‘corn-meal disease’’ which attacks the deer in some of the herds. The appellation is on account of the granular nature of the lesions suggesting the gritty feel of coarsely ground meal. The cysts occur in the fibrous connective tissues, es- pecially in the periosteum and on the surface of the tendons. (Fig. 2.) In a heavily infested caribou killed near Ophir, Alaska, all the bones examined showed cysts, even the mandi- bles. Where the bones were deeply covered by muscles, such as the tibia, the cysts were noticed only on the antero- - ’ internal side, which is only covered by the skin, and on the posterior aspect of the bone none were found. The cysts of the periosteum were mostly under the surface next to the bone, -and after the periosteum was stripped off small pits were found in the cancellated tissue which corresponded with the position of the cysts adhering to the periosteum. The pits are undoubtedly the result of pressure. (Fig. 1.) The periosteum being nonelastic places the cysts under considerable strain. On the outside of the tendons similar pits were also noted. SARCOSPORIDIA IN REINDEER, CARIBOU AND SEAL 377 Fig. 3.—Fibrocystis tarandi in periosteum. (x 9) In reindeer the parasites seem to be identical with those found in the caribou. One case was ‘discovered in a-herd near the mouth of the Yukon, and a number of additional cases are reported from other herds. In the two cases which were ex- amined the cysts were so numerous that the flesh was depre- ciated in value and could not have been sold. The Cyst The diameter of the cysts averages about 0.275 mm., the smallest being 0.1 mm., the largest 0.45 mm. They are gen- erally round, but when several are packed closely together they may show flat sides or become elongate. The cysts have three coats, an outer, thick and fibrous, with a concentric arrange- 378 S. HapwEen Fig. 4.—Spores of Sarcocystis of. reindeer from heart wes muscle, (X 540) : 4. r Fig. 5.—Fibrocystis tarandi spores. (X 540) 3 ; z ™ ES fey a2 3 BD i 3 ‘ - .. SARCOSPORIDIA IN REINDEER, CARIBOU AND SEAL 379 ment of fibers, a clear hyaline ring and an inner lining which surrounds the spores. (Fig. 3.) In having three coats the cysts differ from Sarcosporidia which have only one protective covering. If a piece of the periosteum is stripped off the bone and then is scraped, the cysts may come out of the outer shell which will be left imbedded in the fibrous stroma of the periosteum. The intermediate covering of the cyst is of a trans- parent nature and in the accompanying illustrations (Fig. 8, 4) they can be seen as clear rings surrounding the cyst. The cysts. are apparently not attached to the outer coats by processes, as it is easy to free them. In unstained material the interior of the cyst is dark brown in color. The Spore In alcoholic material the average length of the spore is 7 microns and the width 1.75 microns. (Fig. 8, 3.) There is a well-defined nucleus which is nearly central. The spores are spindle shaped and do not show‘a polar cap like Sarco- sporidia. Small granules occur in the endoplasma. In groups of spores which are packed together the arrangement is such that the nuclei of alternate spores form regular rows. The cyst formation and the shape of the spores recall the forms de- scribed by Gilruth and Ball from the intestine of the kangaroo. The name Fibrocystis i is based on the location of the cysts. Tue PROBABLE Errece. OF ‘THE PARASITES ON REINDEER AND bs i e CariBou ; a De The massive infections found in the two cases examined leave little doubt that the animals were adversely affected. The pits in the bones are suggestive of pain, and as the tendons and sheaths are likewise affected it is evident that if they undergo calcification they would cause trouble. It is probable that in addition to mechanical effects the parasites may also cause injury by their secretions and excretions. Sakcocysris IN ‘SEALs (Puoca RICHARD), SARCOCYSTIS sages Pea RICHARDI SP. N, x “Wore: “examified in Decetiiber, 1920, ” Unalakleet, Alger and Sarcosporidian cysts were found in both animals. In one, the muscles of the diaphragm contained a number of long cysts. (Fig. 7.) The average length of seventeen cysts 380 S. HADWEN Fig. 7.—Cysts of Sarcocystis richardi in muscles of diaphragm. (X 2) ee ey eee ai set Fig. 8.—1, Spores from heart muscle. 2, Spores from Balblania-like cysts. 3, Spores of Fibrocystis tarandi. 4, Cysts of Fibrocystis tarandi. 5, Spores of Sarcocystis richardi. 6, Blood from _ seal. A, Basophile; B, Lymphocyte; C, Eosinophile; D, Neutrophile; E, Nucleated red cells. 382 S. HapwEen was 1.2 cm. The three longest measured over 2 em. in length. The average length of the cysts at once suggests that they are different from those found in the domestic animals. Ac- cording to Railliet, the longest cysts observed in cattle measured 1 cm. im length. Minchin says Sarcocystis tenella in sheep reaches a length of 16 mm. The spores average 10 microns in length by 2.5 microns in width. (Fig. 6.) As Sarcosporidia are classified largely according to their hosts, it seems warranted to suggest the name of Sarcocystis richardi for the seal parasite. (Fig. 8, 5). | : Seat Bioop ~~ ) Smears made from the heart blood of the seals showed a high percentage of eosinophiles. Large numbers of eosinophiles have been noticed in heart muscles infested with Sarcosporidia in other animals, and it is probable that these cells act in a defensive manner against them. In addition to Sarcosporidia, . the seals harbored a large number of a species of Acantho- cephala; perhaps the eosinophiles were more numerous on ac- count of its presence. It is interesting to note that the seal eosinophiles have rather large granules which may be described as intermediate in size between those of cattle and those of horses. The mast cells have. few granules and these are cor- respondingly large. In one of the seals (No. 2) there was a defi- nite anemia. Nucleated red cells were noted with polychro- mania and punctate degeneration. Fig. 8 (6) illustrates the condition. i DIFFERENTIAL COUNTS December 4, 1920 Seal 1 Seal 2 Mononuclears 16 Mononuclears 48 Polynuclears 42 Polynuclears 23 Eosinophiles 38.5 Eosinophiles 16.5 - Mast cells 3.5 Mast cells 12.5 Dr. A. W. Whitehouse, Professor: of Anatomy in the Vet- erinary Department of the State Agricultural College at Fort Collins, Colo., who is on a year’s leave of absence studying for the degree of M. R. C. V. S. at the Veterinary Department, Uni- versity of Liverpool, has recently been offered and has accepted the position of Director of Studies and Professor of Anatomy at the Glasgow Veterinary College, Scotland. SARCOSPORIDIOSIS OF SWINE, ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN THE MUSCULATURE By G. T. CREEcH Pathological Division, United States Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. IN PRESENTING this paper on sarcosporidiosis of swine it is the intention of the writer to record briefly certain obser- vations that have been made in a number of cases of heavy sarcosporidial infections in swine, in which there were also well-marked alterations in the musculature of the affected ani- mal, as encountered from time to time in the regular routine of diagnostic work at this laboratory. Sarecosporidia, which were first observed in the muscles of mice by Miescher in 1843, are now known to be of common occurrence in the domestic animals; and notwithstanding their early discovery, little is yet definitely known regarding the life eycle of these microparasites. Smith (1) succeeded in trans- mitting sareosporidia in mice by feeding infected muscle tis- sue. Négre (2), whose experiments have been repeated by Crawley (3) with similar results, has proved that the feces of mice that have been fed with muscle tissue infected with sar- cosporidia are infective for other mice between the fifteenth and sixtieth days after feeding. While transmission experiments in the larger animals have given either questionable or nega- tive results thus far, yet the results obtained by Négre and Crawley point to the possibility of herbivorous animals infected with sarcosporidia through the medium of herbage, water, etc., contaminated by the feces of carnivorous animals which have devoured infected meat, the parasites passing through develop- mental stages in the epithelial cells of the intestines of the host, involving the production of spores, which pass out of the body in the feces. - The frequency of occurrence of sarcosporidia seems to de- pend somewhat upon the particular species of animal affected. According to Minchin (4), sarcosporidia ‘‘are nearly always to be found in the pig and sheep.’’ The observations made by zoologists in this country, particularly with regard to sheep, 383 384 G. T. CREECH tend to bear out this statement. As to the occurrence of sarcos- poridia in pigs, Bergman (5) found 8,498 cases of sarcos- poridiosis in pigs in Sweden out of a total of 27,751 animals. Neumann (6) states that sarcocysts in the pig ‘‘are very fre- quent—at least in certain countries and at certain periods.’’ Though sareosporidia may be especially common in sheep and swine, they are by no means rare in cattle and horses. In the consideration of the frequency of occurrence of sar- cosporidia it might be well to mention that in a large percent- age of cases they occur only in limited numbers with no ap- parent harmful effects resulting from their presence in the tis- sues. Only those cases will be considered in this paper in which the parasites were present in large numbers in the muscle tis- sues and which were associated with well-marked pathological changes, particularly those of degeneration. The encountering of so many cases in which the limited num- bers of parasites present had caused no apparent alterations of the tissues has led certain investigators to the conclusion that sarcosporidial infections seldom result in damage to the in- vaded tissues. Edelmann (7) says: ‘‘The very fact that the presence of Miescher’s sacs in the muscles does not irritate the latter, nor produce any symptoms of disease in the animals, would lead us to conclude that they are harmless parasites.’” Darling (8) in writing of sarcosporidia encountered in Panama states that according to his observations these parasites dis- played little or no evidence of having induced any tissue re- action, and that sareosporidial infection, though common, ‘‘ prob- ably has very little pathogenic significance or economic impor- tance.’’ He thinks that the reason so little light has been thrown on the subject of sarcosporidiosis is due to this more or less common view that sarcocysts are not pathogenic and are of doubtful economic importance. . There are others who hold similar opinions, notwithstanding the fact that literature records a number of cases in which the affected animals not only exhibited symtoms indicating muscu- lar involvement, but on microscopical examination of the mus- eulature of such animals well-defined pathological changes were noted, with excessive numbers of sarcosporidia present. Oster- tag (9) and others describe cases of sarcosporidiosis, particularly in cattle, in which there were symptoms of lameness. Certain et) See en ae ae an eer a ee sig Sea eh ee Sd a a ae SARCOSPORIDIOSIS OF SWINE 385 muscular changes were noted on postmortem examination, and microscopically large numbers of Miescher’s sacs were seen. In one of these cases there was paleness, loss of striations and granu- lar disintegration of the muscle fibers. Watson (10) describes symptoms and lesions of sarcosporidio- sis in cattle and horses and concluded that ‘‘the parasite sar- cocystis under certain conditions becomes a.very important factor in disease, invading the entire musculature of its host, with serious or fatal consequences. ’’ MeGowan (11) found large numbers of sareosporidia in Eu- ropean sheep affected with ‘‘serapie’’ and believed them to be the cause of this disease. However, his findings have not been confirmed by other European investigators. According to Minchin (4), sarcosporidiosis is sometimes the eause of fatal epizootics among domestic animals. He mentions paralysis of the posterior extremities as one of the symptoms of this condition in hogs. Virchow (12) mentions feebleness, or intermittent paralysis, among the symptoms observed, in a number of cases of sarcos- poridiosis of the pig which came to his notice. Other authorities besides those mentioned are also of the opin- ion that sarcosporidia may at times prove harmful to their host, especially in heavily infected cases. DESCRIPTION OF CASES EXAMINED The cases of sarcosporidiosis in swine which have come under the observation ef the writer have been confined largely to speci- mens of the so-called ‘‘soft’’ or ‘‘mushy’’ hams, more particu- larly cooked hams from meat-packing establishments in different sections of the country which have been forwarded by. Govern- ment inspectors for a laboratory diagnosis. Prior to cooking, these sarcosporidial hams, with an occasional exception, show only slight gross changes, such as a possible softening or flabbiness of the muscle tissue, which may also ap- pear somewhat paler than normal. If the changes referred to are only slight they may be easily overlooked by the meat inspector in his routine inspections of the hams during the course of their preparation, and the ‘‘mushy’’ condition becomes apparent only after the affected hams have been subjected to the cooking process. Even after cooking, the true condition 386 G. T. CrEEcH © of the ham may not be detected until after it reaches the re- tailer, owing to the fact that boiled hams are frequently ‘‘boned’’” and wrapped, sometimes with cloth, which to a large extent precludes the possibility of detecting the ‘‘soft’’ condition until — after the interior has been exposed through slicing, ete. Occa- sionally such specimens are returned to the packer and even- tually reach this laboratory for a determination of the nature and cause of the softened condition. These hams come from lots that have been cured and handled in the regular way, and this tendency of an occasional ham to ‘*fall to pieces’’ has in the past been attributed to different causes, such as overcooking, ete. The process of disintegration is quite marked in some specimens. The muscle tissue of a number of the hams examined presented’ the appearance of having been passed through a meat chopper. In-all the speci- mens of cooked hams that have been received there has been more or less variation in the extent of this disintegrated condi- tion. The few uncooked hams that have been received exhibited a soft or spongy conditon of the muscle tissue and were: quite pale in color. is Siveiiuaci pa: sie hie. Some fifteen cases have been examined histologically, and while it may be said that there were variations in the extent of the lesions and. the number of parasites present; yet there were certain outstanding changes noted which were common to all. This refers particularly to the very marked degenera- tive changes, atrophy, ete., which were present in a greater or lesser degree in all cases examined. In the first case examined difficulty was experienced in finding pieces of muscle still intact sufficiently large for sectioning. Sections from this specimen showed the musculature to be heavily infected with sarcosporidia. The parasitic invasion was accompanied by a myositis, the leucocytic infiltrations surround- ing the degenerated parasites consisting largely of eosinophiles. There was also a very marked degeneration and atrophy of — muscle fibers (Fig. 1). In other cases, in which there was a more extensive involve- ment of the muscle tissue in the degenerative process, practi- eally all of the muscle fibers were affected, showing more or less ‘dissolution of continuity, while’ many of the fibers had under- Pas. a is I 06 + - - a Ma I VE; vad oe < ““ ote + z $'PS - + - - ~ + + a + - + 9 "+= -sad.kq soyqo ‘snoo000[kyderg Sek 4 = + s = + + ie = 55 Oran Teas: = Sa. i ha snainp sn920900] Aydnjg: Z1z a = - - + * + a = og * g =" ody wurares) ‘snoopoo dens I'8t Sie ae ps a + ate a ae hes + ie CAGES Tea ek ed} ejog ‘sno0000}de14g 99 ied oa + + - + = + + > + Dict Se ges odky vydty ‘sn00000;dog 8°18 ~ + + + + _ + + + + + Go eee era squabokd smpong quasesd 61 81 LI 91 ST Il L ¢ v £ z punoy a queo 19g ; aoqeany Oa} soumt J, TWAsIuBsIC) NOILVUNddNg AO SASVS) NI SLINASAY JISOTOMALIVG AO AUVYWWAG—¢ ATAV |, Donaup C. BEAVER a | i= i ie a ae cee pr; a5 Ee aaa oR oe 3 aid 7t 3 ae BR T rar a re ee DasSOd Dyns0,f PCR Ste eT ye ee en oy a oe ee eee Pe ad oe ec Do fettieeeseesn eae Day DUIDIDg Soro So it oO os ee ee ET oe age eet reese eae eioa Bis eg ae et e Hi fan Sy se = 3; aS & Re si my ‘e me a5 Lo ltrrrtttsseseres s1sojnouaqn} “g Pe tee ee eo en pe a ee eo er a Poot oe [oe = wyrsaeses sae +34 99900 siyploUgy ~/+]/-]-]-]-]-/-}4+ 74] 47/4 P+ P+ [+ [4+ | - 1] + | - |. ot |: s0des somo qe ‘snoscoopéqderg ico tere rr er Ss or ee ee pe 71s gaase See Be + ps + + Ee ue a cE oa ie a ee ee * + a vt a Pa eee sauabokd snipoog as ws ops ae os Bs sees be ik 4 Es Se hk Hi 3 ms a ne at = ¥ +++ + 9dAq eururesy ‘sno00001 dang g zs BF ini Ss 5 ee = RS Ec 32 a 5 Ste beens eas Be ot pa SE se a eS adky wleg ‘sno0000;daN1g : 3 bat yt bm tee fee | ee de et ope be be fet be ob te bee g | -1'" eda eydry ‘snooc0e;dang 61 81 LI 9T ST bas €I ae soca = 8 L 9 S v € é I Bones mmsn339 SASV) TITY ONIGNION] SLINSAY Ol90TOIUBLOYG 40 AUVWAAgG—zZ FIV], 7 STERILITY IN Cows 501. examples of a bacteria-free genital tract may be found in the ease reports and as compiled in Table 1. The absence of Bacillus abortus (Bang) supports the previous view, that it is not found in puerperal infections that persist for any length of time, and that it.does not persist, so far as is known, in the genitalia of the cow. B. abortus was not isolated from any of the cases studied. The frequency with which one views degenerative changes in the ovaries of sterile cows can not be disregarded. It seems that in all cases of infection about the genital tract, multiple eystic degeneration of medium-sized Graafian follicles is an al- most constant finding. Until more study is made, especially on normal animals as controls, no definite statement can be made. The uterine tubes, because of their many folds and erypts and their delicate structure, offer the most favorable site for persis- tence of infection. Chronic changes in the genital tract are most frequent in this location and are nearly always seen in the form of hydrosalpinx. In the uterus chronic changes do not readily occur. Only after severe infection over a long period of time are sufficient changes produced to render the organ in- capable of serving its natural use. It does not seem as readily susceptible to persistence of infection as do the uterine tubes. _ The changes noted in the uterus are fibrosis, dilation of glands, atrophy of glandular epithelium, thickening of uterine epith- _elium, ete. The cervix uteri, like the uterine tubes, offers a favorable site for bacterial reproduction. The folds of the mucosa are deep and in the erypts bacteria may gain entrance and multiply. Although accessible to treatment, the deep crypts allow infection to persist and often to extend to other portions of the genital tract. Hypertrophy of the cervical folds is the most constant chronic change. The vagina, because of its smooth, stratified epithelial surface, is not readily infected. It may harbor pathogenic types of bacteria, as commensals, on its surface, in its accessory glands, in the subepithelial lymph follicles or in the urethral orifice. It is suggested that the vagina and accessory structures are the reservoir for organisms which infect the genital tract of the cow, including Bacillus abortus and other types which cause congenital ( prenatal) in- fections. The route of infection may be through the lymphatic system, which is most highly developed about the female genital ‘ 502 DoNALp C. BEAVER tract. The occurrence of parauterine and periuterine infections seems to support this view. -A total of nineteen cases have been studied and presented. The theory of infection does not explain all cases of sterility. Where no evidence of infection, past or present, exists, and the animal is sterile, the ovaries must be looked to as often the cause of the condition. LITERATURE CITED 1. RosENAU, E. C., and Davis, C. H. The bacteriology and experi- ~ “mental production of ovaritis. Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 1914, vol. 63, p. 903. 2. Fitcu, C. P. A preliminary study of the pathology and bac- teriology of ovaritis in cattle. . Report N. Y. State Vet. Col- lege, 1915-16, p. 199. 3. Ew1ne, J. Neoplastic diseases. W. B. Saunders, 1919, p. 562. 4. Lorn, LEO. The experimental production of hypotypical ovaries through underfeeding. A contribution to the analysis of ster- ility. Biol. Bul., 1917, p. 32. 5. GILLMAN, H. L. The diseases of the oviduct of the cow and their relation to sterility. Cornell Vet., 1921, vol. 11, p. 14-20. 6. EacINK, B. Inaugural dissertation. Aetiologie der Metritis beim Rinds. Sneck, 1914. 7. Lucet, A. Recherches bactériologique sur la suppuration chez les animaux de l’espéce bovine. Ann. Inst. Past., 1893, vol. 7, p. 325. 8. Grips, W. Uber eine mit multipler Abzessbildung verlauteaits Pleuritis und Peritonitis der Schweine und deren Erreger. Ztschr. Fleisch. u. Milchhyg., 1898, vol. 8, p. 166. 9. KUNNEMANN, O. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Eitererreger des Rindes. Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierheilk., 1903, vol. 7, p. 325. 10. WatL, S. The alterations in the uterus in epizootic abortion and in other infectious metrites in cows. Proc. 10th Internat. Vet. Cong., London, 1914, p. 292. 11. WARD, ARCHIBALD R. Bacterium pyogenes and its relation to sup- purative lesions in animals. Jour. Bact., 1917, vol. 2, p. 619. 12. Brown, J. H., and Orcutt, M. L. A study of Bacillus pyogenes. Jour. Expt. Med., 1920, vol. 32, p. 219-248. 13. HALLMAN, E. T. Further studies on the pathology of the re- productive organs in sterility. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1920, vol. 58, pp. 8-28. 14. GuaGE, F. Ueber den Bazillus pyogenes suis Grips, den Bazillus pyogenes bovis Kunnemann und den bakteriologischen Befund bei den chronischen, abszedierende Enterentzundungen der Milchkuhe. Ztschr. Fleisch. u. Milchhyg., 1902, vol. 13, p. 166. 15. Brown, J. H. The use of blood agar for the study of streptococci. Monograph Rockefeller Inst. Med. Res., 1919, No. 9. 16. HOLLMAN, W. L. The classification of streptococci. Jour. Med. Res., 1916, vol. 34, p. 377. 17. WINSLOW, C. E. A., et al. Notes on the classification of the white and orange staphylococci. Jour. Bact., 1920, vol. 5, p. 145. 18. MarsHaLL, F. H. A. The physiology of reproduction. Long- mans & Co., 1910. RE oy ts ON Or ee ee, Toe ey RM a oe ie STUDIES OF BIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS BY COMPLEMENT-FIXATION METHODS I. MALLEIN: ANTIGENIC VARIATIONS AND A PRO- POSED METHOD OF STANDARDIZATION * By E. A. Watson, Chief Animal Pathologist, and L. M. HeatH Pathological Division, Health of Animals Branch, Ottawa, Canada THE constantly increasing manufacture and sale of biologi- cal products, the various and often extravagant and unsustained claims that are made for their potency, superpotency and “‘care- ful standardization’’ (?), the divergent or conflicting testimony and opinions with regard to the employment and values of many of these products, all seem to emphasize the need of State or Government control and more satisfactory and accurate meth- ods of fixing standards of potency. We believe that these standards can best be fixed and ex- pressed in terms of units of antigen or antibody, and that com- plement-fixation reactions obtained with a specific antiserum for the biological product under consideration offer a satis- factory method of standardization, more scientific, more uni- form and more precise than any of the methods hitherto em- ployed. Present methods of standardizing tuberculins are based on Koch’s discovery of the reaction of tuberculous animals to an injection of tuberculin. A series of guinea-pigs is used for the standardization tests. There are many drawbacks, however, to this method, with which all who practice it are familiar; such as, for example, the time and labor involved, the varying degree of sensitization, individual susceptibility and resistance, and the large number of animals required. The final reckon- ing, moreover, does not permit of an exact determination of the activity of the product. As regards suspensions of living or tent bacteria, their potency, standardization and dosage seem to be based largely upon the bacterial count. Great stress is laid upon a ‘‘high bacterial count’’ in respect to many vaccines and bacterins put 1Published by permission of Dr. F. Torrance, Veterinary Director General, Ottawa. 503 504 E. A. Watson Aanp L. M. Heatru on the market, as if that were the main indicator of their potency and antigenic value. The virulence, purity and age of the cultures, the composition of. the media on which they are grown, the methods and agents used in attenuating or killing them, and the action of preserva- tives are factors of premier importance. In short, every manipu- lation and step in preparation is apt to influence strongly the properties of the completed product. One suspension of relatively few organisms may, according to the manner of preparation, have very high antigenic prop- erties, while another with ten, twenty or even a hundred times the number of bacteria present in it, but prepared and treated in a different manner, may possess an infinitesimal amount of specific antigen. ; > Discrepancies as regards the determination of antigenic values are common to. all products, irrespective of the method used for standardization, whether it be by the weight or count of the bacteria, the opacity test, or by the use of the nephelo- meter. The true antigenic properties of any preparation must be those present in the finished product and determined by specific immunity reactions. We have begun our researches on mallein, mainly for the reason that no uniform satisfactory method for the standardi- zation of this product has been evolved. The activity of an untried mallein may be indicated by injecting a glandered horse with a diagnostic dose. But it is dangerous and undesir- able to maintain glandered horses for such a purpose. Tests on small laboratory animals are of little and questionable value. Nocard (1): found that 1 ¢.c. of crude mallein was sufficient to kill a rabbit. We have been unable to kill rabbits with the game and double the dose mentioned with both crude mallein and its equivalent in diluted mallein. Hutyra and Marek (2) say: Experimentally infected guinea-pigs react both. locally and gen- erally to injections of 0.2 to 0.5 gm., while the injection of 2.0 gm. into healthy guinea-pigs produces only temporary elevation of tem- perature. (Pearson.) é : es ‘The effectiveness of mallein varies according to the virulence of the strain of bacilli as well as to the method according to which it has been prepared. At present we have no reliable methods of standardizing this material aside from its practical application in testing glandered horses. 1 Numerals in parentheses after authors’ names refer to list of literature at end. of. paper. STANDARDIZATION OF MALLEIN 505 The only attempt, so far as we have been able to ascertain, to standardize mallein in vitro was made by Fava (3). Com- paring the activity of various malleins by the precipitin test and by the intracerebral injection in guinea-pigs, he found that the precipitin test was much more delicate for estimating the activity of mallein. We have employed precipitin tests in our preliminary ex- periments and found the method unsatisfactory for compara- tive titrations. Much difficulty is frequently experienced in reading the reactions, which, with the wide allowance that must be made for individual interpretation, has led us to dis- eard this procedure and to employ the less arbitrary, if more arduous, complement-fixation test, following Watson’s modifi- cation (4). The complement-fixation test is generally accepted as a very reliable diagnostic test for glanders; in fact, it may be said to be the most accurate test known in this respect; but as it is entirely a laboratory test, it has not superseded the mal- lein field test, but is used as an auxiliary to it, especially in connection with a questionable mallein reaction. : cae In employing the complement-fixation test, however, it was very soon recognized that there was a possible source of error in that horses previously injected with mallein are prone to give positive reactions (fixation). In other words, horses could be sensitized to mallein, the sera of such horses containing spe- cific antibodies which would react to mallein or other glanders antigens when brought together in proper combination. This phenomenon has been much studied, and in accordance with the experiments and observations of different workers, vary- ing periods of time have been mentioned for the appearance and disappearance of these antibodies in the blood sera of horses and for the interval between malleiation and a serum test.* With these facts in mind we set to work to hyperimmunize a horse to mallein with the object of obtaining an antiserum which could be utilized for an exact method of titration, and thereby the standardization, of mallein or the products of Bacillus mallei. 1 Author's note on going to press: A paper by Brocq-Rousseu, P. Forgeot and A. Urbain, “Sur la formation des anticorps 4 la suite des injections de malléine” (Ann. Inst. Past., vol. 35, Dec., 1921), has just come to hand. The formation, duration and richness of antibodies in malleined horses is shown by experiments. Forty-five days is given as the necessary interval between malleination and a complement-fixation test. b 506 : E. A. Watson and L. M. Heatu ANTIMALLEIN SERUM The mallein used for immunization is the product of the Bio- logical Laboratory, Ottawa, and from the same stock that is distributed to veterinarians for the diagnosis of glanders in horses. A normal horse received subcutaneous injections of this mallein at intervals of from seven to fourteen days, com- mencing June 10, 1921. After four injections of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 ¢.c. respectively, spread over a period of four weeks, a serum was obtained which in a dose of 0.1 ¢.c. fixed one unit of com- plement in the presence of 0.1 ¢.c. of dilute mallem. ‘Continuing immunization with increasing doses of mallein, serum obtained after the fifth injection of a 12.5 ¢.e. dose, and again seven days after the sixth injection of a 15 ¢.c. dose, gave likewise fixation in a dose of 0.1 cc. After the seventh injee- tion of a 17.5 ¢.c. dose, an interval of sixty days elapsed with- out further injections. A serum ‘test at this time showed a marked reduction in antibody content. A further injection, the eighth, of 20 ¢.c. mallein was given. Nine days later the complement-fixing unit of the antimallein serum was raised to 0.04 ¢e.c.—that is, 25 units per eubic centimeter. A final in- jection, the ninth, of 20 ec. mallein, was given after forty days. This raised the titer of the serum to 0.01 ¢.e. (100 units per cubic centimeter). This titer of the antiserum was main- tained without further injections of mallein for twenty-seven days, when it gradually declined from 0.01 ¢.c. (100 units) to 0.06 ¢.c. (16.6 units) on the fifty-third day, continuing with- out further reduction to the ninety-third day, after which a further gradual decline was registered, namely, 0.08 ¢.¢. (12.5 units) on the 107th day, 0.1 ée. (10 units) on the 119th day, 0.13 (7.7 units) on the 127th day and 0.14 (7.1 units) on the 147th day. (See accompanying diagram.) ELIMINATING NONSPECIFIC FIXATION As soon as a serum that would fix complement in the presence of mallein was obtained, the question of specificity presented itself. Since the media on which Bacillus mallet is cultivated contain a variety of proteins, there was a possibility of these acting as antigens instead of, or in addition to, the speeific product of the organism. We found, however, that glycerin- bouillon, identical with the culture medium in which B. mal/ei is grown for the production of mallein in our laboratory, did STANDARDIZATION OF MALLEIN we not cause any fixation of complement when used as antigen in the same and double the amounts of mallein antigen, nor with a double dose (0.2 ¢.c.) of the antimallein serum. Other biological products such as tuberculin and blackleg filtrate were also employed as antigens, but caused no fixation of the complement. Although there may be some bacteria or bacterial product with antigenic properties similar to those of mallein and capable of combining with antimallein horse serum to fix complement, we have not encountered it thus far in our studies. Moreover, our main object was to eliminate only non- specific fixation that might have been caused by the presence in the culture medium of constituents other than the specifie prod- ucts of the B. mallez. Apropos of nonspecific fixation, we observed a curious fixa- tion phenomenon with the sera of normal rabbits. Among the animals immunized for the production of antimallein serum were two rabbits. Serum collected from one of them after five inoculations fixed in a 0.1 ¢.e. dose, one unit of complement in the presence of 0.1 ¢.c. of mallein. The serum of the normal _ rabbit control likewise fixed complement in the same amount. A repetition of the test gave the same results. To clear up the matter we collected sera from six healthy rab- bits. The rabbits were chosen at random from our pens and bled from the ear. The blood was defibrinated and centrifuged and the clear serum was inactivated at 58-60° C. for half an hour. All these sera fixed one unit of complement in amounts of 0.1 ¢.., in degrees varying from one plus to four pluses, when mallein and tuberculin were used as antigens in quanti- ties of 0.1 «e. Using ordinary glycerin-bouillon as a control antigen in the same amounts, the fixation reactions were weak- ened, and with one serum there was no fixation at all. Table 1 shows the comparative degrees of fixation obtained with mal- lein, tuberculin and glycerin broth as antigens. In all of our complement-fixation tests we have used the ‘“rabbit antisheep’’ hemolytic system. As natural hemolytic amboceptors for sheep cells are present in normal rabbit serum, it might be thought that the addition of rabbit serum (as the test serum) would favor hemolysis. In practice, however, the opposite reaction seems to take place, complement being deviated and hemolysis correspondingly inhibited. It would appear that when both the test serum and the hemo- 508». E. A. WATSON AND L. M. Heatu Tasie. 1—Nonspeciric Frxation REACTIONS wiTH RABBIT SERA AND DiFFFERENT ANTIGENS Serum Antigens Controls Rabbit Cheese | | No. Maltein Tuberculin bouillon Antigen | Serum ae | | test 1 Antimallein....... Ban fae ts Sees ah eS oe Mas eye p veg a _ - 2 Normal.) 34 624 mates ste nian gis | ceo cna | obec ees an i _ | - Second test 3 Antimallein....... ++++ Ra one ee ace ee | — j _- 4 Antituberculin... . Sin i aioe Dr tis: ties caleg ited | ree mien alas | - | — Third test 5 Piormal: 523s. +++ +--+ + Se ess me = 6 Oe ae eee So iste is Psi tae & = 7 5 07s Nema ete cea seats et G ples eae epee a = = 8 PG) ee se ae + ++ _ ~ s 9 DO. esa es ae pesos Oe bs ie ne we = = 10 Do se eee +++ cee a _ _ In the foregoing table and elsewhere in this paper we have indicated the range of reactions pi complete hemolysis and complete fixation by the six signs, —, +—, +, ++, ++4, ae lytic serum are derived from rabbits a precipitin reaction comes into play and causes deviation or absorbtion of complement to a greater or less degree. In fixation tests of rabbit serum the ‘‘rabbit antisheep’’ hemolytic system should therefore not be used, and in all complement-fixation tests it is desirable that the three animal species represented by the complement, red eells and sensitizing serum of the hemolytic system should not include the animal species represented by the test serum. Kolmer and Trist (6) have studied nonspecific fixation by normal rabbit serum and conclude by saying: ‘‘It is to be em- phasized that when rabbits are employed for experimental studies with a view to using their sera for complement-fixation tests, their sera should be tested one or more times, before inoculation, preferably with the particular antigen to be used, and only those selected that react negatively.”’ THe Unir System If the value or strength of antisera and antigens can be de- termined in vitro by laboratory tests and indicated in terms of units, it follows that comparisons, valuations and the fixing of standards become much simplified and easily read. Calmette and Massol (5) employed a unit system in which one unit of antiserum was represented by the minimum dose of complement required in their particular hemolytic system. STANDARDIZATION OF MALLEIN 509 The number of such minimum doses of complement deviated by 1.0 c.c. of antiserum plus antigen represents the unit value of the antiserum. The determination is made in a series of tests using fixed amounts of antiserum and increasing amounts of complement. The maximum amount of deviated complement divided by the minimum dose gives the number of units. - Our own unit system is one in which one unit of antiserum is represented by the minimum dose of that serum which can completely fix one minimum dose of complement required in our hemolytic system, the determination being made by using only one exact unit of complement (the minimum dose) with decreasing amounts of antiserum plus the antigen. It neces- sarily follows that the accurate titration of the complement (4) is most important and essential, a point which can not be em- phasized too much. The diagram shows the minimum dose, Period of immunization, Horse No. l, Dec. 6, 1922, to May 2, 1922. Days after last injection of mallein. ' Unite per c.c, of serun. “| OT pa > oe A 3+ @ © °o oes BO OF. ' ' ' ' t ' ' “| O3T ~|O0ET = |OPT “10ST 10|- | Se rt Diagram showing duration of sensitization to mallein. or one unit (and the computed number of units per eubic centi- meter) of antiserum fixing one unit of complement in the pres- ence of 0.1 ¢.c. of mallein. Eighteen series of tests were made with the 18 different samples of serum obtained from this im- munized horse during a period of 147 days following the last 510 E. A. Watson AND L. M. HeatH injection of mallein. During this period the number of units per cubic centimeter of serum dropped from 100 to 7. Dose of mallein for titrating an antiserum.—The amount of mallein used in the titration of our antiserum was always a fixed dose and equal to one-half of the maximum dose which with the antiserum caused complete fixation of complement and with a negative or normal serum did not cause any inhibition of hemolysis or deviation of complement. This one-half maxi- mum dose of mallein assures the necessary excess or margin of antigen and at the same time eliminates nonspecific inhibitory action. Dose of antiserum for titrating a mallein.—After titrating the antimallein serum and arriving at a unit, our next step was to discover the most suitable number of antiserum units to employ for determining the antigenic unit of mallein. In this work, a serum titrating at 0.01 ¢.c. was used, in two units (0.02 e.c. of serum), five units (0.05 ¢¢. of serum), ten units (0.1 c.c. of serum) and twenty-five units (2.5 ¢.c. of serum). As antigen our own subcutaneous mallein, in dilutions of from 1:100 to 1:600, was employed. The best gradation resulted in the row employing ten units of antiserum. The row in which five units were used is not quite so good, while that with two units gave only a three plus reaction in the first tube. On the other hand the row using twenty-five units, although no inhibi- tion was evident in the serum control tube, has no advantage over the five-unit row. We have not made enough observations on this point to lay down definitely a hard and fast rule for the number of antiserum units that must always be used in the titration of the antigen unit, since it could not be applied to an antiserum of low titer; for instance, one titrating out at 0.08 ¢.¢., as it is obvious that ten units of such a serum would be far in exeess, by volume, of the amount that could safely be used without causing inhibition. However, as an antiserum of high titer can be obtained without much difficulty, ten units should never amount to more than 0.2 ¢.c. by volume of antiserum. To repeat and to make clear our system of titration for de- termining the reactivity of an antiserum and an antigen and for computing the number (N) of units in a given volume (V) of either reagent, the minimum amount (M) of the one which, in the presence of an excess but noninhibitory amount of the er ii. TDD NTT RMIT OP ee TABLE 2.—CoMPAnATIVE Reactions or Dirrenent Mavuerns (ANTIGENS) write ANTIMALLEIN Honse Senum STANDARDIZATION OF MALLEIN +tt++44+44+, F44F4+t 447 FHtHHt 4447 t+tttt+t+ a + gitbtrredt wae SES oa ne Mallein samples (as prepared for subcutaneous injection) ttt anaeeenet Ftt4tt444 7 ee ++t+4++4+4++5 4444444447 ttttettt ty tt+ttt+++ xe + Ftitritiit ce at ++ Hot oa gel Wee Ge ot +47 ++ +4t+t+4+4 5 F44+444+444 7 ceecaneee tttttett+ Dose of antigen (mallein) BSSsusas ale Spee td 50 00 SSS eS eS ee — SSSSSSSSSSS cococcececeoeo 2 tt et eee er" Sue3588 g8seS25=55 i 1In all of these titrations the antiserum was employed in a fixed dose of 0.1 cc., representing 10 units of antiserum (titer 0.01). ae ~ 511 other, will fix one unit of com- plement is said to be a single. active unit. The amount of a given volume of reagent divid- ed by the amount represented in a single unit will give the total number of units (V=N). Ex.: The diagnostic dose of a certain mallein is given as 2.5 c.c. The antigenic unit of this mallein is determined as 0.0033 c.c. V (di i a (diagnostic dose) 2.5 _ 757 M (antigenic unit) 0.0023 ~~ units in one diagnostic dose. THE Reactiviry OF DIFFERENT MALLEINS AS REPRESENTED IN Units oF ANTIGENS Determinations of the units of antigen in a diagnostic dose of mallein have been made with seven samples of liquid mallein and with three samples of oph- thalmie mallein discs. Two of the former, designated A and B, were products of our Biologi- cal Laboratory. The remaind- er, C, D, E, F, G, X, Y, Z, were all of different origin and ob- tained from foreign houses. Mallein A was used for the pro- duction of our antimallein se- ~ rum. The reactions are detailed in Table 2 and the determinations summarized in Table 3. It may-be noted that sample E, a foreign mallein, reacts more strongly than our own product A. This fact should eliminate a possible suspicion 512 EK. A. WATSON AND L. M. HEaru TABLE 3.—SuMMARY OF COMPARISON OF MALLEINS Diagnostic dose Total number recommended by of units Sample! One unit the makers (approximate) Liquid mallein A (our own)........ 0.0033 25.5 Ge: 750 Liquid mallein B (our own)........ 0.002 2.5 c.c. 1,250 Liquid mallein C (foreign)......... 0.0066 4.0 c.c. 600 Liquid mallein D (foreign). ........ 0.01 2.0 c.c. 200 Liquid mallein E (foreign)......... 0.002 2.5 c.c. 1,250 Liquid mallein F poreien sia ened nil, 1.0 cc. nil? Liquid mallein G (foreign)......... 0.002 1.0 cc. 500 Ophthalmic manny (foreign)... .. 0.005 one disc 200 Ophthalmic malleingY foxeten PAE ss 0.02 Do. 50 Ophthalmic mallein'{Z (foreign)... .. 0.002 Do. 500 1 Samples C and X are made by one maker, D and Y by another, and G and Z by a third. 2 Apparently quite inactive. that the antimallein serum used is more specific for our own mallein than for foreign malleins. We have not checked the determinations shown in Table 3 with diagnostic tests on glandered horses, and therefore have not fixed a standard number of units for a diagnostic dose. It is plain, however, that samples D and Y fall far below what may be considered an average standard, while sample F ap- pears to be quite inert. Frozen mallein.—Mallein will readily freeze when exposed to severe cold, a contingency not unlikely during winter transit or storage. We have studied the effect of freezing in regard to antigenic value. A 10 ¢.c. bottle of our own mallein was well shaken and half its contents transferred to another bottle. This was put out of doors and frozen for thirty-six hours, dur- ing which time it thawed once, owing to a rise in temperature. Just before use the frozen sample was thawed at room tem- perature, mixed in dilutions and titrated. Comparing the re- sults with the unfrozen sample titrated at the same time with identical reagents, no difference could be detected in the final results. One may therefore conclude that freezing has no ef- fect on the antigenic value of mallein. The foregoing experiments show that there is a marked anti- genic variation in different samples of manufactured malleins. The number of units of antigen in each prescribed diagnostic dose of these different makes varies between 1,250 and zero. Methods of titration, differing in the procedure followed by us but based on the same principles of the complement-fixation test, may give different results in respect to the total number of antigen units in a given volume of mallein, but the ratio would not be changed. : ius Qn Mr Cali Siete Bh i 4 Efe 2 one eal STANDARDIZATION OF MALLEIN- 513 Working on similar lines in respect to the reactivity of tuber- ‘eulins and certain vaccines, and without going into the details which will be given in subsequent papers of this series, we have found significant ranges of antigenic ‘variations. Assuming that the efficacy of a biological product as a diagnostic, thera- peutic or prophylactic agent is dependent upon and related to its antigenic value, we believe that the standardization of such products by complement fixation methods will give an assurance as to potency and dosage which at present is lack- ing or unwarranted. It would then be possible to substitute for the present crude system of dosage by volume or weight of products of varying and certain strength the more intelli- gent system of dosage by units of antigen. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The criteria commonly adopted for denoting the strength and activity of many biological preparations, so widely exploited for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of animal diseases, are, for the most part, crude and unsatisfactory, and in some cases worthless. The strength and activity of malleins, tubereulins, sera and vaccines or bacterins can best be expressed in terms of units of antigen and units of antibody. _ The horse is easily sensitized to mallein and will furnish an antimallein or sensitizing serum of high titer. The immunity ‘is not lasting and begins to fall, as shown by a gradual diminnu- tion in the number of antibody units, in about thirty days after the last injection of malleim. The immunity can be restored by further injections of mallein. Rabbits have been found unsuitable for the production of a specific antiserum for complement-fixation tests in which a ‘g rabbit-antisheep hemolytic system is employed; that is to say, - the antiserum (test serum) and the hemolytie serum should not Ss both be obtained from the same species of animal. Antimallein horse serum binds or deviates complement in the presence of mallein. It gives no reaction with tuberculin, blackleg filtrate, glycerin-bouillon and other culture media. The reaction is therefore specific for mallein. The antigenic value of mallein can be ascertained by titrat- ing the product with a predetermined, fixed dose of antimallein serum in complement-fixation tests. 014 E. A. Watson AND L. M. Heatu The reactivity of malleins of different origin and manufacture show a wide and significant range of variation. Alternate freezing and thawing does not reduce the anti. genic value or change the reactivity of mallein. Complement fixation permits of a relatively true estimate of the antigenic properties of bacteria and of their specific prod- ucts and offers a satisfactory method of standardization. REFERENCES TO LITERATURE 1. Besson, A. Practical Bacteriology, Microbiology and Serum Therapy, p. 484. 2. HUTYRA AND MAREK. Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals, vol. 1, p. 709. 3. Fava, E.. Determination of the Activity of Malleins. Il Nuovo Ercolani, vol. 24, No. 16, pp. 193-198; No. 17, pp. 209-218. August 31 and September 15, 1919. 4. WaTSON, E. A. Dourine and the Complement-Fixation Test. Parasitology, vol. 3, No. 2, September 20, 1915. 5. CALMETTE AND MAssou. Soc. Biol., January 6, 1912, p. 15. 6. KoLMER, J. A., AND TRIST, M. S. Nonspecific Complement Fixa- tion by Normal Rabbit Serum. Jour. Infect. Diseases, vol. 18, No. 1, January, 1916. The many friends and colleagues of Dr. J. G. Rutherford, C. M. G., Commissioner of the Canadian Railway Board, will be interested to learn that he has been recently advised of his election as ‘‘Membre Correspondant’”’ of the ‘‘Société Centrale de Médecine Vétérinaire de France.’’ This election took place at the annual meeting of the Society . on May 4, 1922. Our English contemporary The Veterinary Journal has or- ganized two interesting tours for veterinarians, one of seven days to Belgium, including the fine Government Veterinary School and the battlefields, at a cost of about $45, and the other of three weeks to Italy, taking in the International Congress of Com- parative Pathology at Rome in September, at a cost of about $180. If similar tours could be made from America at any such low rates it is safe to say that they would be largely patronized. Dr. J. A. Allen addressed a meeting of the local branch of the same association in Charlottetown, P. E. I., April 29, out- lining the work and functions of the Fox Research Station of the Canadian Government. ’ ie sy id ~ 5 re TN ee re ETP ae ee ce eS yh Hn es Mk ee ee ae es ANTISERA, AGGRESSINS AND PROPHYLAXIS, WITH A NOTE ON ROUP IN BIRDS' By J. G. JACKLEY Division of Animal Industry, California Department of = culture, Sacramento, California IN VIEWING the political history of the world one is fore- ibly impressed with the fact that ‘‘history repeats itself,’’ that after every violent advance there is a violent reaction. After the excesses of the French Revolution the people weleomed the iron-handed dictator Napoleon, and after the rule of the Puri- tans the English people flew back with joy to their kings. It is, then, but natural that medical history should also run to . extremes. If we look back over the progress made in medical science we observe that there have come at intervals furors of hope for the ‘‘cure-all’’—the high tide of popularity of this remedy or that method of treatment. Each in turn has en- joyed its high position for a short period and then has been forgotten or succeeded by some newer idea which gained the point of vantage on the stage. With the discovery of the relationship of bacteria and pro- _ tozoa to disease in the latter part of the nineteenth century there ensued an era of unprecedented advancement. As new microorganisms were identified, new curative sera or prophylac- tic methods were devised. Bacterin therapy, serum therapy and chemotherapy became the supreme methods where heroic meas- ures were sought. With these therapeutic measures went hand in hand the antiseptics, disinfectants and sanitary measures for the control and eradication of disease. So popular did these specific methods become that many practitioners almost com- pletely lost the art of drug therapy and in many cases forgot or discarded the usual sanitary precautions required in the control of infectious diseases. For some time, however, a violent reaction has been develop- ing. In certain cases normal horse serum has been substituted for immune sera, with seemingly as good results. There are many who believe now that no results are possible from the 1Presented at the annual meeting of the California State Veterinary Medical Association, Los Angeles, June 6, 1922. 515 516 J. G. JACKLEY use of tetanus antiserum in horses; others are becoming skepti-- eal as to the sole relationship of the tubercle bacillus to this disease, while others have been trying to ereate new diseases when acid-fast organisms corresponding to this group have been found localized in parts not customarily infected. Still others have come to the conclusion that the bacillus of Bang is not the primary cause of abortion in cattle because little progress is being made toward the development of a specific curative product. Others have questioned the relationship of the group of strep- tocoeci and bipolar organisms to specific diseases since these organisms are apparently ubiquitous in nature and are quite generally found upon the healthy mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. So the list might be extended. It is not my purpose to attempt to substantiate or refute these claims. I merely refer to them to demonstrate the strong re- action that is following the advance made by serum therapy— and the end is not yet; the reaction has not yet reached its crisis. Just now the faulty diet, deficiency disease and malnutrition are in the foreground. Since the classic feeding experiments with polished rice and other deficient foodstuffs there have appeared those who believe a solution of all remaining prob- lems in medicine to be here at hand. No one, I dare say, will doubt that there are deficiency dis- eases of dietary origin, notably xerophthalmia, seurvy and beriberi. On the other hand, pellagra, rickets and several other diseases are not yet so proved. Bacterial infections probably play an important réle. At any rate evidence is by no means completely in favor of the unbalanced nitrogenous diet or avita- minoses as having the importance formerly thought. Much progress has been made in clearing certain moot points regarding deficiency diseases, but one should guard against too hasty or too optimistie conclusions. Only recently the United States Public Health service reported that efforts dur- ing the year to discover the unidentified food substance whose absence from the diet predisposes to pellagra have excluded two of the three known vitamins, and a note of warning is sounded against the popular tendency to extol vitamins as a cure-all. During the last twenty years the subject of filterable viruses has been much discussed. Whenever a disease did not readily respond to the usual methods of investigation an easy way out ANTISERA, AGGRESSINS AND PROPHYLAXIS 517 was always the filterable virus. We can now look back and enumerate several diseases so considered at one time but now known to be due to specific organisms. The food poisonings, intoxications, ptomains and forage poisonings are examples of infections due to organisms long known but overlooked because considered saprophytie. I hope that I do not merit the appellation of ‘‘alarmist,’’ but I do believe that the present trend and condition justify some serious thought. Undoubtedly the best balanced individual will prefer to be conservative, to fly neither from the one nor to the other extreme. Bacterins, vaccines and antisera are still excellent tools in the hands of the experienced workman, but he must remember that these products have their limitations. But when rightly — _ used at the right time and in conjunction with all other avail- able means, such as proper sanitary precautions, good nursing and proper food, they serve an excellent purpose. It is probably true that in the past too little thought has been given the subject of proper foods. In veterinary medi- eine as in human medicine the fallacy has been that it was assumed that any diet that contained protein and carbohydrates with a certain amount of fats and salts must of necessity be above criticism. Such a diet, however, may utterly fail to sup- port satisfactory nutrition. _ Proper amounts of the protective foods, the leafy vegetables - and plants, together with milk and eggs, must be consumed, but with these must go the requisite proportion of proteins, minerals and energy foods. The proteins may be derived from. grains or seeds, but should preferably come from _ several sources, in order that if one is lacking in any necessary amino acid this lack may be compensated for by some other protein containing the missing element. It seems logical, in the light of more recent investigations, to conclude that improper nutrition predisposes to infection, rather than that malnutrition itself is the sole factor involved in many so-called distinct disease entities. This brings me to the consideration of a concrete example that I should like to present. Several years ago the writer published a memoir on ‘‘The Etiology of Roup in Birds,’’? in which it tKans. State Agr. Col., Tech. Bul. 4.- 1917. 518 » od. G. JACKLEY was stated that the causative factor of this disease was ap- parently a bacterium belonging to the pasteurella group. The organism can always be recognized in cases of the disease in smears made directly from the lesions; it has been isolated and grown upon artificial media, and finally, the diease has been reproduced with pure cultures and a high degree of protec- tion has been demonstrated against the natural disease after — immunization with pure cultures of this organism. This disease has been the cause of a great deal of contro- versy. There is yet much confusion as to whether roup, as typi- cally represented by the swollen eye and head, is merely another form or manifestation of chicken pox or whether these are separate and distinct diseases. This latter point is of minor importance, however, so far as the problem of roup is con- cerned. It seems not unlikely that they may be caused by ‘different etiological factors, yet this may not be the case. The vital point in the present discussion of roup is its cause. Numerous investigators have studied the disease and numer- ous causes have been brought forward. The causes run from a filterable virus to several species of bacteria, and more recently a disease indistinguishable from roup has been attributed to malnutrition. In fairness to all, the question as to primary etiology continues to be an open one, but the fact still remains that in all the different stages of this disease we find predomi- nating a bipolar staining organism that culturally and _ bio- chemically corresponds exactly to the pasteurella group. Assume for the sake of argument that the true primary cause is a filterable virus or malnutrition or some other un- known organism, and not this member of the pasteurella group. If we can control this pasteurellosis and can thus prevent the complications that this organism undoubtedly is responsible for, it must be conceded that we have accomplished a good deal. - On the other hand, because this organism can not be distin- guished from Bacterium avisepticus or the other members of the group does not argue against its specificity, but rather sup- ports the contention that under certain circumstances these organisms may live a saprophytic existence or they may invade the animal body and become parasitic. We know that the aggressive forces of the bipolar organisms may easily be com- pletely lost when grown upon artificial media, and it would therefore seem logical to believe that the converse might also | At Sees ee ae ot ANTISERA, AGGRESSINS AND PROPHYLAXIS 519 hold true. When the organisms have invaded the living body they may localize themselves and assume a half parasitic réle, causing chronic conditions such as are described for roup, or they may become true parasites and cause the acute forms of septicemia.. The relationship of the pasteurella group to this disease is based largely on the fact that. repeated injections of a killed suspension of the organism, isolated from the eye lesions, does confer a decided protective influence against the natural virus of roup. While some investigators have reported failure to secure appreciable immunity in animals after the use of the various hemorrhagic septicemia bacterins on the market, it must be remembered, in the disease roup and probably in other infectious diseases, that the balance between the aggressivity of the microorganisms and the resistance of the macroorganism is probably very nearly equal. In many eases probably this balance is so nearly equal that but slight assistance to the host under field conditions will suffice to tide it safely over a pos- sible danger period. As a result of more recent work done, the conclusion has been arrived at that curative or prophylactic methods in this disease, as in others, must depend upon the combined use of all meas- ures at our disposal. These methods are: 1. Prophylactic vaccination. 2. Thorough disinfection of buildings and grounds. 3. Properly balaneed ration containing digestible proteins, energy foods and protective nutrients proportionately combined. 4. Isolation of infected animals, together with such treatment as the case indicates. In conelusion I should like to emphasize that it is not the in- tention of the writer to underestimate the importance of the filterable virus, nutritional defects or other factors, but rather to call attention to the need of unbiased and impartial action in the treatment and control of disease. At the recent commencement exercises at Central High School, Washington, D. C., each of the following veterinarians had a son or daughter among the graduates: D. E. Buckingham, H. K. Walter, W. F. Davis. and J. R. Mohler. NORMAL TEMPERATURE OF THE ADULT DOMESTIC FOWL By B. F. Kaupp Poultry Investigator and Pathologist, North Carolina Expert ment Station; Professor of Poultry Science, North Caro- lina State College, Raleigh, N. C. HistTorIcaAL REVIEW THE SUBJECT of the temperature of the domestic fowl in health is of undeniable importance, especially just at the present time on account of the attention paid to it by poultry specialists and veterinarians in the diagnosis of certain diseases of fowls. Observers have not put on record very many or lengthy articles on this subject. There is a gap in poultry lit- erature upon this particular point, and it is with the desire to fill a small portion of this gap that the observations are given below. — Temperatures of the fowl are taken by inserting the ther- mometer in the cloaca. The normal temperature of the fowl is given by Colon (1) as 108° F., while R. Mead Smith (2) and Wesley Mills give it as 107.6° F. Major Frederick Hob- day (3) gave an average of 106.9° F., and a fair range to take when considering fowls at roost and at liberty appears to be between 105.5 and 108.5° F. The temperatures of 12 fowls, which had been at rest one hour, registered an average of 106° F., the temperature of the fowl-house being 39° F. The high- est temperature was 107, the lowest 105.1. The temperatures of 18 fowls taken immediately after going to roost registered an average of 106.5° F.; the highest was 107.1, the lowest 105.6. The temperature of 26 fowls taken an hour and a half after going to roost averaged 106.8; the highest was 108.5, the lowest 105.6. The temperatures of 20 fowls taken an hour and a half after going to roost averaged 106.8, the highest being 108.5, — the lowest 105.6. The temperatures of 16 fowls taken after having been at rest four or five hours gave an average of 106, the highest being 107.1 and the lowest 105. The fowl-house was 70° F. The average temperature of six fowls taken while at liberty, somewhat troublesome to catch, was 107.8, the highest 1 Numerals after authors’ names refer to list of literature at end of paper. 520 NorMaL TEMPERATURE OF ApULT Domestic Fowt 521 temperature being 109.2 and the lowest 107.8. The average temperature of 13 fowls taken while at liberty was 108.2, the highest temperature being 109.4, the lowest 107.2. The average temperature of the duck is given by Cohn at 107.8° F. The average temperature of 24 ducks, taken when fastened up at night and also when at liberty, averaged 107.8; the highest was 109.4, the lowest 106.6. One very excited bird registered 111. The duck appears to have a_ temperature slightly higher than that of the fowl. Major Hobday recognizes the fact that the temperature of the external atmosphere certainly plays some part. In hot, close weather the body temperature is slightly higher than in eold weather, and the rise caused by exercise is much more marked. The writer (4) in 1917 made a summary of the temperatures of 48 fowls. The average temperature was 106.6° F. The breeds of fowls included Barred Plymouth Rock hens 214 years old; Columbian and Golden Wyandotte hens 2% years old; Single Comb Rhode Island Red pullets 8 months old; Single Comb White Leghorn hens 11% years old, pullets 8 months old, and one cock 11% years old; White Faced Black Spanish hens 2% years old; Silver Campine cockerel 8 months old; Mot- tled Houdan hen 214 years old, and a Buff Orpington hen 214 years old; thus taking in both males and females, young ‘and old, and different breeds. In later work (5) it was observed that the temperature of the fowl was markedly influenced by the surrounding atmospheric temperature. During the year extending from November, 1918, to October, 1919, inclusive, the temperatures of 46 Single Comb White Leghorn hens were taken on the first day of each month with the following results: Tasie 1.—Tempernatunes oF Brmrs aS AFFECTED BY THE ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE Durinc THE YEAR. ! | | Average | Hour of | Atmospheric temperature Month : | Year ) taking | temperature of 46 Leg- : | horn hens j : PR | oF, November Sy Rta Tae hg 1918 i a.m. 57 i 108.2 REE ran, Saree ont co et eee ee" | liam. AT | 407.6 EMME? Oro ite a aie | 1919 | llam. | 7 | 107.7 oe Ces FN ESSER EE Oo pan See pe }; 1919 1l a.m. 49 i 107.6 Manhood 1919 | llam. 64 1 407.9 pS ean ae OED Nic ane eee ae 1919 | 1 a.m. 49 | 307.1 RU re AES ee CEES Rees BES OI PS 1919 / 11 a.m. 67 } 107.5 SS TA Sc tne OR eae | 1919 / 11 a.m. 94 | 109.2 Sale ee eer. 1919 | llam. <: "$2 108.1 Disb ee ae | 1919 | llam. 88 b> 208: 5 Pegmer ss Soest ssa 5 et | 1919 | llam. 77 : 107.8 ORE EAS BE Ee pe ae eae age 1919 | ll am. 86 | 108.0 1 3 Seed Kavrr a22 From this:summary table the average temperature for 46 Single Comb White Leghorn hens, taken between the hours of 11 a. m. and 12 m. the first day of each month, was 107.7. It is further seen that the mass effect of temperature fluctuates to some degree with the atmospheric temperature surrounding the hen at the time of taking the temperature. On the days on which the atmospheric temperature ranged from 47 to 49, the average temperatures of the hens were from 107.1 to 107.6. On the days when the atmospheric temperature ranged from 57 to 77 the temperatures of the hens ranged from 107.5 to 108.2, and on the days when the atmospheric temperature ranged from 82 to 94 the lowest temperature of the hens averaged from 107.2 to 109.2. The range of temperature and average tem- peratures are tabulated in Table 2. TABLE 2.—AVERAGE hsseratecseraien or Forrty-Srx one Coms Wuite LecHorn HENS IN DirFerent ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURES. Range of Range of Average atmospheric | temperatures | temperatures temperature of hens se a. a oe 47-49 107.1-107.6 107.3 57-77 107.5-108.2 107.8 82-94 107.2-109.2 108.2 In a study of Table 1 it is of interest to note that on June 1 the atmospheric temperature was 94° F. The temperatures of the hens were taken between 11 a. m. and 12 m. One had a temperature of 110.4, another 110.0, another 110.5, and still another 110. The first of these in January earried a tempera- ture of 107, the second 106.6, the third 108.0, and the last 107.1. The lowest temperature on June 1 was 108. Some of these hens bearing the extreme temperatures June 1 laid that day and from appearance and former and past history were in perfect health. From this we gain the lesson _ that should we find the temperature of a fowl on a hot day as high as 110.5°, or 4.5 degrees above 107, which is usually ac- _ cepted as normal, we would not be justified in saying that she had a fever or abnormal temperature due to disease; so that the temperature taking in birds is certain not to be of so great importance as in man or possibly mammals. Kaupp and Herner (6) of the North Carolina Experiment Station and Manitoba Agricultural College, respectively, in a cooperative experiment determined the temperatures of Single NoRMAL TEMPERATURE OF ADULT Domestic FowL 523: - Comb White Leghorn hens. The hens were all reared at the Manitoba Agricultural College at Winnipeg, Canada. Twenty- five of the hens were kept at Winnipeg and twenty-five at Raleigh, N. C., a difference of 35 degrees latitude. Table 3 gives a summary of the monthly temperatures of the hens kept at Raleigh during the year extending from November, 1919, to October, 1920, inclusive. The weather temperatures here did not go quite so high as in the preceding report. However, one of the hens in June registered a temperature of 110.8, the only one that reached this point during these tests. It is inter- esting to note that on the days when the atmospheric tempera- ture was between 73 and 80, the temperature of the hens, as an average, was 108 or above. All other temperatures were below 108, except on one day when the atmospheric tempera- ’ ture was 71 and the average temperature of the hens was 107.9. The lowest temperature as a monthly average was 107 and the - highest was 108.7. The average of all months and of all hens was 108. Tasie 3.—AVERAGE TEMPERATURES OF TWENTY-FIVE SINGLE oie Ware LecHonn Hens AND ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE. (Temperatures taken first day of each month at Raleigh, N.C.) | Average Month | Year | temperature | A | of hens temperature iy | | | i oF: °F NIN ne re nk ee ne ae nS Se a Se aes | 1919 108.5 81 December.. <0 2222.22. o esters eeeees / 1919 : 107.5 31 4 MONS sore tes ck Spee at te ea Oe Oe ee a eee 7 ia nn See ee ee en ey Pea RSA Spy at cere ee 1920 107.8 29 z IRIS ai i EO Sn AE | 1920 107.9 42 2 Ye | 1920 107.9 71 Te. (| SE Ee eect eer eo Ure cima pear ge ney Rae pe iat Nerc | 1920 108.0 72 2 MUMCRAS EL, oe Pokscas ee Seg ie es eee ; 1920 108.7 84 a RG ete Nom ri ae odeni in ac eh | 1920 108.3 85 1% OTK S oe ob Le LAR ee sock } 1920 108.3 86 RIN oir a eran oT ia ites ook a hoe Be 1920 108.3 86 Ea cia and erate! ot tee ee Pe ees eae bee / 1920 107.0 63 _The temperatures were taken, on the first day of each month, of the twenty-five Single Comb White Leghorn hens kept at Winnipeg. This was done under the supervision of Prof. M. C. Herner. Table 4 gives a monthly summary of these tempera- tures. The average temperature for the twelve months is 107.4. We do not find here the fluctuations from month to month that are observed in the other studies. The average temperatures of fowls as recorded by different authors here cited are given in Table 5. The average for all _ authors and tests to date is 107.4. The average for the present author’s three studies to this point is 107.4. * 524 B. F. Kaupe TABLE 4.—AVERAGE TEMPERATURES OF TWENTY-FIVE SINGLE Comp WuitE LecHuorn HENS AND ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE. ; (Temperatures taken the first day of each month at Winnipeg, Canada.) Average Atmospheric Month Year | temperature | temperature Mz ba | TNO VENDOR «25 cacacw aha a ccwceltgns aS bah lee casa aero teal 1919 108.6 18 Decémber... ok ee a Sa a ee 1919 108.2 —16 1920 107.9 — 6 1920 108.2 18 1920 107.8 30 1920 107.3 38 1920 107.3 62 1920 107.4 62 1920 107.7 82 SPS CUS ato. « Sow Ei bab eee SRR n © Sees Sra Renee 1920 106.9 72 September 1920 107.4 67 October a5). 6 OS eee ee eee 1920 107.1 63 TABLE 5.—AVERAGE TEMPERATURES OF Fowts AS REecornDED BY DirFERENT AUTHORS. Temperature Author determination ids Ce Colon ee a ee ee cea ie 108.0 Smsthiana Vs eA ee eas ay 107.6 Holidays sess a tee ese er sain 106.9 Kaupp (1917 investigations)........... 106.6 Kaupp (1918-19 investigations) ........ 107.7 Kaupp (1919-20 investigations) ........ 108.0 Herner a oes oe en ees OE Pree 107.4 THE PROBLEM The determination of the normal temperature of the fowl is of importance. In the clinical study of disease of fowls a knowledge of the normal temperature aids in determining whether or not the fowl has an elevation of temperature or fever. Our problem consisted in determining the cloacal temperature of different groups and different breeds of hens at different periods of the twenty-four hours, to study further the influ- ence of atmospheric temperature on the temperature of the body and to determine at what time in the twenty-four hours the body temperature is normal, that is, at what hour all sur- plus body heat accumulating during the day is gotten rid of. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS The temperatures were taken with a human size, one-minute, clinical thermometer. After shaking down the mercury below 100 degrees, the thermometer was inserted into the cloaca and allowed to remain for two minutes. The temperatures were taken at 5 p. m., 12 midnight, 5 a. m., and 12 noon. Care was taken not to excite or greatly exercise the hens, as such excite- ment we observed caused a rise of temperature in two or three , ~ NorMAL TEMPERATURE OF ApULT Domestic Fown 525~ minutes. The breeds selected were Single Comb White Leg- horns, Single Comb Rhode Island Reds and Barred Plymouth Rocks. The temperatures are studied in two groups, namely, males and females. EXPERIMENTAL DATA The results are given in Tables 6 to 8 and are summarized in Table 9. TasBLe 6.—TEMPERATURES OF SINGLE Comp Waite LecHorns At DirrEnENtT Hours THROUGHOUT THE TWENTY-FOUR. (Commenced February 20, 1922; completed February 21, 1922.) Sex and No. 5 p. m. 12 midnight | 5 a.m. 12 noon 107.6 104.7 106.7 107 107.6 105.1 106.6 107 E 107.8 105.5 106.2 106 ; 107.4 103.3 104.5 106.7 107 105 106.6 106.3 107.5 105.6 106.7 106.8 106.4 106.4 107.7 107.1 107.8 105.9 106.4 107 107.3 105.9 107.2 107.6 107 105.4 107.3 107.2 107.5 105.2 | 106.5 | 106.8 : Ge a ESSERE BS yareeea clea eres Saar | 107.6 106.8 107.4 | 107.7 ee eck eae s Gad «wed ie re oe Paes os | 106.2 104.8 107.3 107.8 SSSR Sree Me ces ere | 107.6 105.6 105.7 | 108.7 a al NSA ei pee i a ee ye ie 107 104.4 108.3 107.7 SEO Re rege tae Be ape gies ee | 107.1 | 105.3 | 107.1 | 107.9 ‘ Atmospheric temperature................ Ke 59. boa | 57 3 1 This bird was wild and struggled. Ee TaBLe 7.—TEMPERATURES OF SINGLE Coms RuopE Istanp Reps at DirrereNt Hours a THROUGHOUT THE TWENTY-FOUR. ‘ a (Commenced February 25, 1922; completed February 26, 1922.) ze fos ; Sex and No. Spm. 12 midnight) 5 a.m. 12 noon F 107.7 104.2 105.5 106.1 107.2 103.5 104.5 106.1 107 104.3 104.4 106.4 106.8 105.2 105.5 105.9 ; 106.8 104.2 105.1 106.6 : 106.8 104.3 105 106.6 : 106.7 104.6 105.4 106.2 2 106.7 104.6 105.4 106.5 4 107 104.6 105.9 107.1 j 106.2 104.1 104.7 105.9 106.8 104.3 105.1 | 106.3 ne geteth ofy ae ee ge Peart eee ee 107.2 103.5 105.3 105.2 106.8 104.3 105.2 105.8 106.9 | 103.8 105.4 105.4 Observations: The Rhode Island Reds are much more easily handled than the White Leg- 526 B. F. Kaupp TasBLe 8.—Tempenatunes oF Banrep Ptymouts Rocks at DirreneNt Hours TaroucHour THE TWENTY-FOUR. (Commenced February 27, 1922; ag a February 28, 1922. Maximum atmospheric temperature February 27 was 70° F. and minimum 44, with a mean of 57. Maximum temperature February 28 was 60, minimum 46, average 53.) Sex and No. 5 p.m. /|12 midnight! 5 a.m. 12 noon Females Te cs cg Wie pede} yee ah CaS Ue area 106 105.4 106.2 106.9 DOS oe ck ee Ont Ae eae ee 106.3 104.8 105.1 106.4 DIB S60 oS EG 5 os CROs ob a EE eee 106.5 104.9 105.7 106.3 ee ais whe cree eG ear 107.4 105.1 105.3 106.3 |S Sa ena RMR Merion Seer ane SR tee ha Se Sy 105.5 104 105.4 105.5 O65 5 aa SE eee ee 107.2 104.4 105 107.4 S90 he SS a ae eee oes 106 104.8 104 107.2 916 5 OE ESET 106.4 105 105.2 106.7 962 SNS ee eines 106 104.3 104.3 106.2 | if £ RRM MR Ge > ne omen Re ECs chs Ses 2 106 104 104.3 106.2 AN Orage 6352S Ee 1 6.3 104.6 105 106.5 Males oo 3. SS i a eee ae 107.7 °104.5 105.1° 107 es ae eS veal lg ak tc te ea an oa ain weet eee Ne ogg 107.5 104.9 105.4 107.1 PEP Gey NMP as fester aS IIR he ei ad ete Ree Rg SRW 107.3 104 105.1 106.9 Se MR Spo erp tHE EI Sagi Cah tan Pte fe ea 107.5 104.4 105.8 106.3 Average: 3 fo ye rs Ben 107.5 104.4 | 105.3 | 106.5 Observations: The cocks are more excitable than the hens. TABLE 9.—SuMMARY OF TEMPERATURES OF Fow1s TAKEN AT DIFFERENT PERIO‘S OF THE Twenty-Four Hours. Breed Sex 5 p.m. | 12 midnight 5 a.m. | 12 noon S. C. White Leghorns. .............. Hens 107.5 105.2 106.5 106.8- S. C. Rhode Island Reds............. Hens 106.8 104.3 105.1 106.3 Barred Plymouth Rocks............. Hens 106.3 104.6 105.0 106.5 Meetaps. 0. ooo es Hens | 106.8 | 104.5 | 105.5 | 106.5 S. C. White Leghorns............... Cocks 107.1 105.3 107.1 107.9 S. C. Rhode Island Reds............ Cocks 106.9 103.8 105.4 105.4 Barred Plymouth Rocks............. Cocks 107.5 104.4 105.3 106.8 WVOtRES. ©. oo... 2:45 Re Cocks| 107.1 | 104.5 | 105.9 | 106.7 Average of both sexes........... | | 106.9 | 104.5 | 105.7 | 106.6 DISCUSSION The cloacal temperatures of three lots of adult fowls are here summarized. There is apparently no difference between the temperatures of the males and females. The temperatures of these fowls were highest at night, grad- ually becoming lower after the fowl goes to perch till at mid- night all surplus heat from the body is apparently eliminated and the average fell to 104.5° F. Nearing dawn the birds become restless and soon begin to move about, which causes sur- plus heat to accumulate in the body. At this time the average temperature was 105.7. From this time till noon the tempera- ture gradually rose to 106.6 and by 5 p. m. had reached 106.9. _ These temperatures were taken during the month of February, _ hence the fowls were not subjected to high atmospheric tempera- tures and as a result the temperatures are slightly lower than some given in the historical review where at the time of taking the temperatures hot noon-day weather preyailed. The average of the daylight temperatures was approximately 106.8, or 0.6 degree below the average of all authors quoted in the historical review. From all studies recorded it would appear that 107.3° F. is an annual approximate temperature, while this is likely to be slightly more during warmer and less during the colder weather. LATER TEMPERATURES OF SAME FLOCKS The temperatures of the Single Comb White Leghorns re- corded in Table 6 were taken February 20 and 21, and tempera- _ tures of the same flocks were again taken May 25 and 26. On this latter date the atmospheric temperature was higher, and it was the desire to determine if the average temperature of the flock would be higher in keeping with the increased atmos- pherie temperature. Temperatures were also taken at this time of the birds of the flock recorded in Table 7. These later temperatures are given in Tables 10 and 11. Table 12 gives the comparative results of the temperature readings for the two periods. Taste 10.—Temperatures oF SrivncteE Comp Wuire LecHorns at Dirrerent Houns THrouGHOUT THE TWENTY-FOUR. (Commenced May 25, 1922: completed May 26, 1922. Same flock as in Table 6.) No. | 5 p.m. 12 midnight 5 am. 12 noon 106.5 104.9 105 —||s«107 107.2 104.9 106.3. 103.2 107.3 | 1048 105.8 | 107 106.9 | 105.1- | 105.6 |. 107.3 107.4 105.1 1066 = 106.4 107 105 105.2 106.2 107.1 105.1 106 =|, («106 4 106.8 | 104.7 196 =| «106-4 107.5 104.3 105.3 | 106.4 107.4} 105.6 105.6 | 107.1 107.1 | 104.9 | 105.6 | 106.3 108.2 | 105.4 | 106.3 | 107.5 ee ee _. The temperatures taken in May do not disturb the former figures and do not indicate that in 1922 the difference between the atmospheric temperatures of February and May was suf- ficient to cause a perceptible rise in body temperature of the _ flock as a whole. Other records have shown, however, that when 528 B. F. Kaupp the atmospheric temperature rises above 70° F. there is likely to be quite an excess temperature stored up in the body and a rise above the average. TasBLe 11.—TEmMPERATURES OF StNGLE ComB RuopE IsLAND Reps at DiFFERENT Hours THrouGHouT THE TWENTY-FOUR. (Commenced May 24, 1922; completed May 25, 1922. Same flock as in Table 7.) No. 5 p.m. |12 midnight) 5 a.m. 12 noon MMs 0 06s Shon eah = 2 oa ae ee Te ce ee 107.2 105.1 106.3 106.2 AON 0 3S alvin 6 ges os te Bh Ore BOER a ee a ae 106 104.2 105.1 105.9 BAD Ee Dy tee 6 bc en ee ea ee 107 105.7 106.2 107.4 BO as ic's ave ica aap mages eters igen bs ae 106.4 104.5 106.2 106.3 WO sine onic cs Se Te COPE PA Ree ae ae 107.6 106 107.4 106.3 BD sie! cs Gites fou Waorte tt ena Peace eee ae 106.4 | 104.6 106.6 105.9 BOG io ig 6 poe bis as A a ee 107 105.2 107.2 106.2 22 ia vate isrn a sds se geen ea Kee eae ee ae 107.9 105.2 106.4 106.6 PND od cnn. os a High megane eg ag a ner eee AOD: 104.2 105.5 107.1 BAN Bo oo oo eign iT es PE ee 106.6 104.9 105.7 106 BNGCEORC 5. > Salant es ama ee ae 106.7 105 106.2 106.3 Glock Bo. oe EN ee age oe ris 107.4 104.8 106.8 106.5 Cock -G: dbs. Bec ks oo a th ae) Cee hae 107.4 104.8 105.6 106.3 eG. Cock 655 oe a ey is ee cee eae 107.3 104 105.1 106 AVerage 255 5 Se ee eee 107.4 104.5 105.8 106.2 Atmospheric temperature..................4. te 62 82 64 | TaBLeE 12.—CompanrativE RESULTS OF TEMPERATURES OF SINGLE Comp WuitE LEGHORN AND SINGLE ComsB RuopE IsLtanp Rep MaALes AND FEMALES TAKEN IN FEBRUARY AND May, 1922. 12 Breed Sex Month 5 p.m midnight | 5 a.m 12 noon S. C. White Leghorn ....... Hens...) Feb....| 107.5 105.2 106.5 | 106.8 S. C. White Leghorn........ Hens...| May...| 107.1 104.9 105.6 106.3 Atmospheric Temperature. ..|........ Feb.... 72 59 54 57 Atmospheric Temperature...|........ May... 79 70 65 83 es Bake OG) y= ois oan e Hens. Feb 106.8 104.3 105.1 106.3 Bee Rd Red, Sn ees Hens...) May...| 106.7 105.0 106.2 106.3 Atmospheric Temperature. ..|........ BIE OC see 56 51 47 45 Atmospheric Temperature. ..|........ May... 82 64 62 82 S BHO. cil ns Cocks! .| Feb....| 107.1 105.3 107.1 107.9 Si. W. Leghorn 3766 oe. Cocks! .| May... 108.2 105.4 106.3 107.5 8. :CsR Lb Rediio 353s en Cocks! .| Feb....) 106.9 103.8 105.4 105.4 ie, Ab Reds pcan Cocks! .}| May...| 107.4 104.5 105.8 106.2 " Average of both sexes and\|........ Feb..... 106.9} 104.5 | 105.7 | 106.6 RROOUS? oo eS os cee Ws cece rs May... | 107.0 104.9 105.9 106.4 1 Atmospheric temperature same as for hens. LITERATURE CITED . COLON. Traité de physiologie comparée des animaux. vol. 1, pp. 128-131. Vet. Jour., . SMITH, R. Meape. Comparative physiology of domestic animals. Philadelphia. . HOBDAY, FREDERICK. Jour. Compar. Path. and Ther., vol. 9, part 4, Dec., 1896. 1918, pp. 381-406. . Kaupp, B. F. N.C. Expt. Sta., An. Rpt., Office of Poultry Inv. and Path., 1920-21. 1 2 3 4. Kaupp, B. F. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 53, No. 3, June, 5 6 . Kaupp, B. F., and HERNER, M. C. N. C. Expt. Sta., An. Rpt., Of- fice of Poultry Inv. and Path., 1920-21. x THE PROTECTION OF LAMBS FROM STOMACH WORMS By Cooper CurRTICE Veterinary Inspector, Zoological Division, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, Vienna, Virginia IN EXTENSIVE TESTS which have been carried on dur- ing the past eight years at the Bureau of Animal Industry farm near Vienna, Virginia, the use of bluestone solution is the only satisfactory means of controlling stomach worms under practical conditions that has been discovered. By its systematie use throughout the year stomach-worm infection has been easily, economically and effectually kept under control. Directions for the preparation and use of the remedy follow. THE BLUESTONE REMEDY The Stock Solution A stock solution is prepared as follows: Coarsely powdered bluestone (copper sulphate) ...1 pound Boiling water 2 quarts Add the bluestone to the water and dissolve it completely. Replace any water that evaporates to make a total of 2 quarts. Store in glass or stoneware, tightly stoppered. This will keep indefinitely and when diluted for use is sufficient for 400 doses. This is a stock solution and must not be administered in this strength, for it will kill sheep. It must not be allowed to lose water by evaporation. Dilution for Use For use 3 quarts of water is added to 4 fluid ounces of the stock solution for each 25 head of sheep to be dosed. Apparatus The apparatus needed consists of one four-ounce glass grad- uate, one graniteware quart measure, one graniteware gallon measure and one drenching tube. A baby’s graduated nursing bottle may be used instead of the graduate and tube, but it is not so convenient and it takes more time. The drenching tube consists of three pieces fitted together in this order: A hard or flexible rubber or graniteware funnel, a 314-foot rubber 529 530 CoopPeR CURTICE tube and a 6-inch brass tube. The caliber of the rubber tube is three-eighths of an inch; the brass tube and the funnel fit into it. The outside diameter of the rubber tube is five-eighths of an inch. A thinner tube has proved less convenient to handle and less durable. The Dose The bluestone is used only after dilution by the addition of water to the stock solution. Four fluid ounces of the diluted solution is given to each sheep weighing 80 pounds or over. The weight of the sheep may be estimated, but the doses are measured accurately, not guessed at. For a lamb of 60 pounds a dose of 3 fluid ounces = for a lamb of 70 pounds 31% fluid ounces is used. It has been found unnecessary to take the sheep from the pasture until a short time before dosing. A convenient small pen is prepared either within or next to a large one, so arranged that a few sheep may be driven in quickly and individual sheep released outside after dosing. ‘Dosing the Sheep Two persons are necessary to give the dose. One straddles the sheep, holds its muzzle with one hand and inserts the tube four inches into its mouth with the other. The other meas- ures the dose, holds the drenching tube and pours the dose into the funnel. Backing the sheep into a corner helps to steady it. The sheep should remain standing with its head nearly horizontal, and care should be taken not to choke or strangle it. Plenty of time should be allowed for it to swallow. Moving the tube in the mouth often aids in getting the sheep to swallow. More than 50 sheep may be dosed in an hour by ex- perienced operators, but carelessness and haste are dangerous and must be avoided. The dosing should preferably be done under competent veterinary supervision . In any case it should not be entrusted to inexperienced or naturally careless persons. Time of Dosing All sheep on the farm except young lambs are dosed regu- larly every four weeks throughout the year, but pregnant ewes are not dosed within two weeks of lambing. The dosing of the ewes is renewed at the next regular dosing date after lambing. If for any reason it has been necessary to change the date of dos- 3 Prorection oF Lass From SromacH Worms 531 ing, a slightly earlier day has been chosen rather than a later ‘one. Sheep occasionally have been dosed one week after a previous dosing without apparent harm. Under such circum- stances the next dose follows in four weeks. During the grow- ing pasture season three-week intervals between doses are bet- ter than four-week intervals. The regular dosing of lambs is begun as soon as they are weaned. SUPPLEMENTARY CONTROL MEASURES Medicinal treatment of the flock, though it has greatly re- duced losses from stomach worms, even when the same pasture land is used continuously, has given much better results when supplemented by frequent changes to clean or only slightly contaminated pastures. At the Vienna farm it has been found that yearlings and older sheep under systematic bluestone treat- ment may be pastured almost anywhere with little or no dam-— age by stomach worms. Younger lambs, however, may not al- together escape injury unless precautions are taken in addi- tion to the medicinal treatment of the ewes. Young lambs have not become seriously affected with stomach worms while running with older sheep in barns and yards-free from vegetation and from which the manure had been removed prior to lambing time. The important precaution taken in addition to the periodical treatment of the ewes has been to provide for the lambs and ewes pasture that is free or almost free from worm infection. This has been accomplished by utilizing fields of planted crops such as rye, wheat, oats or barley, not occupied by sheep or cattle since the plowing of the fields. Creeps or hurdles to enable the lambs to graze ahead of the ewes and temporary divisions of fields have also been employed as expedients to provide clean grazing for the lambs. Grass land may be used sparingly if there have been no sheep or cattle on it within a full year previously. Cultiva- tion greatly reduces the infection of the soil, and much of the infection dies out on pasture land from which sheep or cattle have been excluded for at least a year. By thus utilizing clean or only slightly infested fields, mean- while not neglecting the monthly dosing of the ewes, and mak- ing sure that they are well fed to favor copious milk produc- ‘tion, lambs born in February and March have been reared to 532 COOPER CURTICE marketable age at the Vienna farm before the most danger- ous part of the stomach-worm season, namely, the period from July to October in the latitude of Washington, D. C. It is true that even with these precautions the lambs have _sometimes picked up a few worms, but these have not been nu- merous enough to do serious immediate damage. Nevertheless, as a few worms carried by the lambs are likely to infect fields or pastures to which the lambs are moved after weaning, it has been assumed that lambs kept continuously on one field or pasture after weaning will scarcely escape further stomach- worm infection, even though the field or pasture is quite clean when the lambs are placed on it. The lambs, having brought with them a few worms that will produce eggs to contaminate the new pasture, pick up young worms resulting from this con- tamination, and these produce eggs to contaminate the pasture still further. Additional infection is then likely to be picked up by the lambs, leading to greater contamination of the pas- ture, and so on, in increasing progression, until the worms be- come so numerous in the lambs as to cause serious damage. fewer eggs are recovered. The same is true if a pipette is used. Thousands of Ascaris eggs can be recovered when present if we mix and stir well a large quantity of horse or hog feces with double this amount of water and strain it through gauze, bringing the four corners of the gauze together and pressing out the liquid. After centrifugalizing at moderate speed for 30 minutes the liquid on top of the sediment can be poured out (keep about 1 to 2 ¢.c.), as it does not contain any eggs. The sediment should be mixed earefully with 114 parts of glycerin _ for horse feces and 3 parts for hog feces by means of a glass rod, again centrifugalized for 15 to 20 minutes and left to settle for a short time. The milky white surface of the liquid, which is light brown, will contain a great amount of eggs if many ascarid eggs are present in the feces examined. The eggs remain a long time unchanged on the surface of the feces thus prepared with glycerin, and the embryos in the eggs develop to a certain degree. In the eggs of Ascaris mar- ginata moving embryos can be detected as early as the sixth day, and they are still motile after a month, because the glycerin does not penetrate into the inner part of the eggs. After standing 3 months a great number of deformed Strongylus eggs with granular protoplasm and even a greater number of Ascaris megalocephala eggs containing nearly unchanged and well-de- veloped embryos were found. All the eggs can be removed from the surface of the liquid by the following method: Fasten filter paper by means of a string at the mouth of a test tube and dip it into the large centrifugal tube which contains the feces-glycerin mixture, until the whole surface of the filter paper touches the surface of the liquid. The filter paper must be dried afterwards. Ascaris eggs can be taken for examination from such filter papers, kept in a well-closed glass, and after 8 months are easily discernible if kept for a short time in water containing glycerin. This method can be put into practice in cases where animals are sus- pected of having ascarids and there is no opportunity to make ‘a microscopic examination on the spot. Instead of sending the 536 THEODOR VAJDA feces, which will rapidly decompose, to the laboratory, we send the filter paper treated as noted above. Fluke eggs can not be isolated by this method. They are de- formed and break up after a few minutes’ exposure to the gly- cerin. I could not increase the resistance of the fluke eggs to the action of glycerin either by treating them with formalin or by boiling them. It would be very interesting to determine by experimentation whether the necessary amount of glycerin introduced into the parecer canal has the same effect on the fluke eggs or not. The advantages of the above-described method are the fol- lowing: 1. A great number of eggs can be isolated even from a very small quantity of feces (44 gram). We counted 1,358 Ascaris lumbricoides eggs in one preparation and 1,130 in another. 2. The eggs become more transparent and their structure is more readily visible. 3. They keep their original form for a long period. 4. The liquid separated from the surface of the glycerin-feces mixture can be examined under the microscope without using a cover-glass.and can be kept for several days without desiccating. A small part of eggs of Ascaris Marginata isolated by the author’s method from 10 grams of fresh dog feces. FATALITIES IN CATTLE DUE TO THE TICK DERMA- * CENTOR VENUSTUS * eS By E. A. Bruce ee Animal Pathologist, Health of Animals Branch, Canadian De- vil. partment of Agriculture, Agassiz, British Columbia THE TICK Dermacentor venustus is found throughout the a greater part of southeastern British Columbia, and in the early ~~ spring frequently causes paralysis and sometimes death in man | and animals. The condition is exceedingly common among sheep, by no means uncommon in children, rare in adults, and | * comparatively rare in dogs. Although this is the commonest tick on cattle, with the exception of D. albipictus, no records have been made as to its causing trouble in such animals. It is’ therefore of interest to note that two fatal cases have Besant ge come to our notice. In sheep, man and the dog it is known, largely through the ~ work of Hadwen, that paralysis and even death may be caused by a single tick. Only the females are incriminated and they- are not liable to cause serious trouble unless feeding fast. I am indebted to Mr. T. A. Moilliet of Vavenby (90 miles north of Kamloops) for information covering the two eases de- scribed below, and for specimens of the ticks, six gorged females and one male of D. venustus being received. Mr. Moilliet is an educated man, and has had some considerable experience with tick paralysis in sheep, the writer having visited his ranch in the spring of 1920, at which time he had had about 300 sheep affected out of a band of 400. It is perhaps of interest to mention briefly this particular outbreak in sheep, as it gives an excellent idea as to how soon the condition may develop after exposure to ticks. Turned out on range April 5. First case, yearling ewe, on the 13th. Two’ eases on the 14th. On the 16th practically the whole band af- fected, yearlings worse than older sheep. On the 17th about © 300 of the sheep were treated around the neck region with a 60 per cent creolin dip solution, the other 100 being treated as the necessity arose, and gorged female ticks being removed by hand. (This treatment is not recommended, as the solution is iPublished by permission of Dr. F. Torrance, Veterinary Director General of 537 538 E. A. Bruce hard on the hands and has apparently no effect on ticks that were already attached.) On the 18th some of the affected sheep were getting better and others worse. On the 19th improve- ment was marked. This continued, and on the 25th the sheep were moved from the hills to meadow land. On the 28th these sheep were seen by the writer. On going through the band a few showing slight symptoms of incoordination were seen, and one paralyzed case was found. This was a yearling upon which 10 females were found gorging, the majority being in the vi- cinity of the spinal column. After careful search all gorging females were removed (about noon), and toward night the sheep was eating, and while distinctly groggy was recovering nicely. CASES IN CATTLE Some affected cattle were imported from Alberta the preced- ing fall. ; Symptoms are said to be the same in both sheep and cattle, the animals falling for no apparent reason, and when down manifesting a continual walking movement of the feet and no movement of the bowels. Case No. 1.—Two-year-old heifer, pregnant, in poor condi- tion. Found dead April 25. .Had probably been dead two days, and judging from the hole it had dug with its feet had been down at least 24 hours before it died. -An area about an inch across was found just back of the horns at the base of the skull, that was covered with the exere- ment of ticks. There were four other places along the spine that showed where ticks had attached either singly or in. small groups. Case No. 2.—Two-year-old heifer, same age and condition as preceding case. When seen April 25 was alive and had been down probably 12 hours.. Was offered water and drank a pail -and a half. About six inches in front of the kidneys and close to the spine a large area about three inches in diameter was found that was covered with ticks. The majority of these were gorged females, but a number were only partially gorged, and several males were noticed to be moving around among the females. It is estimated that. over a hundred ticks were on this area. There was also a much smaller area at the base of the skull, and several other places where ticks were attached singly. As the owner of these cattle lived some miles away, he was ad- Bi, Carrne Farauirres Dur To DERMACENTOR VENUSTUS 539 - vised as to their condition. On my return in ten hours later the heifer was found to be dead. Although these cattle were in poor condition, as is usual at this time of year, they were not so poor as to become weak, and food was plentiful, the bunch grass being four inches high. Neighboring cattle turned out a week earlier in a country where there was less feed but no ticks did well. To sum up, ticks taken off the paralyzed heifer proved to be Dermacentor venustus. Knowing.the dangerous character of this tick and the excellent reputation of the man who reported the condition, there seems to be no doubt whatever that death in the two cattle mentioned was due to D. venustus. The fact that the animals had been recently imported is another strong link in the chain of evidence, as they would not enjoy the same _ immunity as native stock. ae REFERENCES TO LITERATURE HADWEN, S. 1913. On “tick paralysis” in sheep and man following bites of Dermacentor venustus. Parasitology, vol. 6, No. 3. HADWEN, S., and NuTTALL, G. H. F. 1913. Experimental “tick paralysis’ in the dog. Parasitology, vol. 6, No. 3. _ Bruce, E. A. 1920. Tick paralysis in British Columbia. Bul. 28, Health of Animals Branch, Dept. of Agric., Ottawa. A delegation consisting of Drs. MeGilvray and Campbell, Toronto; Drs. Daubigny and Dauth, Montreal; Dr. Hollings- _ worth, Ottawa; Dr. Bradshaw, Manitoba, representing the Vet- erinary Associations of Ontario, Quebec and Manitoba, was re- ceived by the Honourable Mr. Motherwell, Minister of Agricul- ture. The Veterinary Director General and the Chief Animal Pathologist were in attendance. The delegates presented an appeal for better facilities for laboratory work, veterinary research and cooperation to enable the veterinary profession of Canada to extend their efforts towards the welfare of the animal industries. Dr. E. A. Bruce addressed a meeting of the local branch of the Canadian Technical Agriculturist Association in Vancouver, April 4, on problems in animal pathology of special importance - to British Columbia. ‘‘Redwater’’ of cattle was mentioned as a problem in which cooperation between pathologists and soil experts was needed. A FATAL DISEASE OF YOUNG PIGS APPARENTLY CAUSED BY THE BACILLUS OF SWINE ERYSIPELAS By L. T. GirtNer Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. THE ANNOUNCEMENT in May, 1921, by Creech? that ‘‘diamond skin’’ disease of hogs is a manifestation of chronic Swine erysipelas, and since then the report by A. R. Ward? of the isolation of Bacillus erysipelatis suis in certain cases of — polyarthritis in swine, have given rise to much speculation as to whether or not the acute type of the disease exists in this country. Quite recently the writer encountered what he be- lieves to be an essential bacteriemia in a three-week-old suckling pig in which B. erysipelatis suis was the invader. . ISOLATION AND STUDY OF THE ORGANISM The pig died about 10 o’clock in the morning and was brought to the laboratory within less than four hours after death in very good condition, for bacteriologic study. The heart’s blood, lungs, liver, spleen and kidney were cultured at once in beef infusion broth, glycerin agar and serum agar. Examined after about 48 hours’ incubation, all the solid media showed delicate growths suggestive of that of a streptococcus. The broth eul- tures were all faintly clouded. With the exception of a single colony of a contaminating organism in the culture from the heart’s blood, all the cultures were pure. The organisms were found to be non-motile, Gram-positive, slender rods, straight or somewhat curved, and varying in length from 1 to 4 microns. They occurred singly, in pairs, or in short chains of a few elements, and often, in preparations from broth or solid medium cultures, they appeared as a tangled clump of organisms. CULTURAL CHARACTERS The growth on plain agar, glycerin agar or serum agar was essentially the same. In 24 hours there appeared small, round, 2G. T. Creech. The bacillus of swine erysipelas isolated from urticarial lesions of swine in the United States. Jour. Amer, Vet. Med. Assoc., 1921, vol. 59, p. 181. 2A. R. Ward. The etiology of polyarthritis in swine. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1922, vol. 61, p. 155. 540 a ces Le oe erg ea ee Fatau DISEASE OF YOUNG PIGs 541 glistening, grayish white colonies which increased only slightly in size after two or more days’ incubation and tended to remain discrete. The growth was never abundant. In broth there was a slight uniform clouding with a small amount of whitish sedi- ment. The organism developed in milk without producing any change in the medium after several weeks’ incubation. No visible growth occurred on potato. No indol was produced. Lead acetate agar was blackened in 24 hours. In gelatin stab cultures the growth extended outward from the line of inocula- tion in fuzzy branches producing the “test-tube brush’’ ap- pearance described as typical for swine erysipelas cultures. No liquefaction of the medium occurred after 3 weeks’ incubation at 20° C. Solid serum gave a delicate growth with no lique- faction of the medium. The following sugars were attacked with _ the formation of acid, but no gas: Dextrose, lactose, maltose, galactose and levulose. No acid or gas was formed in saccha- rose, salicin, mannite, dulcite, raffinose and arabinose. PATHOGENICITY White mice inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.1 ¢.c. of a 24-hour broth culture succumbed in from 3 to 5 days. Pure cultures were obtained from the heart’s blood and organs of the mice. Pigeons died in about 3 days following intravenous injection of 1 cc. of a 24-hour broth culture. The organism was recovered from the muscles, blood, and liver of the pigeons. Rabbits were made ill for a day or two by intravenous inocu- lations, but recovered. Guinea-pigs proved completely refrac- tery. An eight-weeks-old pig was injected intravenously with 1 ¢.c. of a 24-hour broth culture (second generation on artificial medium), and a boar about 10 months old was intravenously in- jected with 1 ¢.c. of a four-day broth culture (third genera- tion on artificial medium). No symptoms of illness developed in either case during a period of observation extending over 3 weeks. An eight-weeks-old pig inoculated subcutaneously with 1 ¢.c. of a 24-hour broth culture (second generation) re- mained healthy. From the foregoing description it will-be seen that our organ- ism agrees in all essential morphologic, staining and cultural characters, as well as pathogenic properties, with the bacillus of swine erysipelas. 542 L. T. GimuTNeR PostMoRTEM FINDINGS The following notes were taken at the autopsy of the pig: The skin of the snout is slightly reddened. Elsewhere no gross alterations are observed in the skin or subcutaneous tis- sues. The cervical and inguinal lymph glands are somewhat enlarged and reddened. There is a small quantity of clear serous transudate in the pleural cavity. Both lungs are con- gested. A few petechiae are present on the auricles and coro- nary region of the heart. There is no evidence of endocarditis or, valvular lesions. The peritoneal cavity contains a slight excess of fluid. There are several red, eroded areas in the mucosa of the pyloric region of the stomach. The mucosa of the small intestine is considerably reddened for the greater part of its extent. A few petechiae are present in the cortex of the kidneys. No gross alterations are found in the spleen. The mesenteric lymph glands are enlarged and reddened. The carcass is in a very well nourished condition. History The owner of the pig furnished the following history: The farm on which the pig was raised is located in Vir- ginia not far distant from Washington. For about four years previous to last fall, when three purebred Poland-China sows were bought, no hogs had been kept on the premises. The sows, which were purchased with the understanding that they were cholera immune, were placed in the old hog lot, and this spring each sow farrowed a litter of pigs. During the morning of April 1, three of the pigs of one litter, which were apparently healthy the evening before, were found dead in the pen. The pig brought to the laboratory was one of these animals. The sow with these pigs appeared only slightly off condition at this time, but a few days later became very much worse and on . April 6 refused all food. On April 7 the sow’s temperature was 106.5°, and it was thought that she would not survive. Another of the sows was also ill for several days at the same time that the first sow sickened. This animal was dull and off condition, but did not completely lose its appetite. On April 7 its temperature was 104.2°. The third sow, which had not been in contact with the other animals, remained healthy. On April 3 the suckling pigs, 14 in all, appeared well and were injected with 20 ¢.c. hog-cholera serum alone. No losses oe- See E> ape Nn eo ee Oe ee Fe a we Farau Disease or Youna Pies £43 _ eurred amongst the pigs during the following three weeks. On April 7 each of the three sows was injected with 3 ¢.c. hog- cholera virus and 150 ¢.c. serum. The two sows which were ill at this time made an almost complete recovery within about a week and since then have not been off feed. The third sow remained healthy following vaccination. DISCUSSION _ It is unfortunate that all of the material which we had for study was disposed of before we could undertake inoculation tests for determining the presence of cholera virus. The definite exclusion of cholera in this case, we believe, would have ma- terially strengthened the diagnosis of acute swine erysipelas. In spite of the fact that the erysipelas organisms were found in large numbers and in pure culture in the blood and organs of the pig, there may yet be doubt in the minds of some that this is an uncomplicated case of acute swine erysipelas. Dr. G. J. Gruenwald was transferred from Madison, Wiscon- sin, on hog-cholera control to the same class of work in West Virginia, with headquarters at Charleston, effective June 19, 1922. Dr. Herman Greeder, attached to the Bureau force on hog- cholera control in Oklahoma, resigned from the service June 1. The vaeaney thus created is being filled by the transfer of Dr. G. E. Abrams from Pierre, South Dakota. Dr. J. A. Grau, for a number of years assigned to hog-cholera work in Nebraska, is being transferred to Olympia, Washington, to conduct the same class of activities in that State. Dr. J. F. Chipman has been transferred from Frankfort, Kentucky, to Troy, Alabama, effective July 1. Dr. Chipman will continue in hog-cholera work. Dr. H. E. Smith goes from hog-cholera work in Nebraska to — the same class of work in Texas, effective July 1. Dr. E. E. Clore, who has been assigned to hog-cholera work in Indiana since 1918, has been transferred to South Dakota to engage in the same class of activities. Dr. A. M. Meade has been transferred from hog-cholera con- trol work in Illinois to a similar project in Georgia. Dr. Meade reported to Dr. A. L. Hirleman at Atlanta on July 10. MISCELLANEA ANATOMICA II. A NOTE ON THE THORACIC AND LUMBAR VER- TEBRAE OF THE HORSE By Septimus SIsson Professor of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio IN the December, 1921, number of the JourNaL there ap- peared a communication from Dr. Schwarzkopf entitled ‘‘The Occurrence of Five Lumbar Vertebre in the Morgan Horse.’’ This was written in response to a request by the Editor in the September number for information concerning this matter and closely related data. The present writer is somewhat diffident about discussing this topic, since he has had exceedingly little opportunity to make observations on purebred Arab and Morgan horses, and has been unable to obtain’ any considerable amount of data based upon careful studies by competent observers of these types. He has had, however, opportunity to observe the dis- section of a large number of horses of various types during the past thirty years, and during the last decade has been specially interested in the subject of costal and vertebral variations in the horse. A few observations on this general topic may be of some interest. No attempt will be made here to go into the literature of the subject, but a few references will be appended for the benefit of those who may wish to use them. In the first place we must agree as to how exactly we dis- tinguish between thoracic and lumbar vertebra. For the pres- ‘ent purpose at least the usual understanding is that thoracic vertebre are characterized by the presence of facets with which ribs articulate, while lumbar vertebre have instead a lateral extension on each side which is termed the transverse process. This distinction is simple and is sufficient in those cases in which it can be used. But unfortunately this criterion fails in many cases. In many horses there is an ambiguous vertebra at the thoraco-lumbar junction. Most often apparently the atypical vertebra is the twenty-sixth. A simple and frequent form of the variation is that in which the vertebra is typically thoracie on one side and lumbar on the other. Another is the existence 544 i ee aon, a oe I eae ee ee aa THORACIC AND LUMBAR VERTEBRAE OF HORSE 545 of a costiform process or extension of the transverse process on one side or both. This often resembles the usual eighteenth rib so closely that it would be so diagnosed in examining the living subject and might even escape notice or proper interpre- tation in dissection. The costo-transverse process, if we may so designate it provisionally, may be fused with the body of the vertebra or form a diarthrosis with it. In a good many horses the twenty-sixth vertebra has on each side a facet for articulation with a rib which differs in no im- portant way from the usual eighteenth rib. In the great ma- jority of such subjects there are five succeeding vertebre which are typically lumbar. In a small number of eases in the draft, grade and light horses (exclusive of Arabs and Morgans) which the writer has observed these and other variations which ean not be detailed here involve the twenty-fifth vertebra. In them the presacral vertebre which were clearly lumbar in type were usually six in number, but in a very few cases there were only five. The American Museum of Natural History has, it is generally conceded, the best and most extensive osteological collection relative to ancestral and existing Equide. Last spring the writer addressed an inquiry to the Museum for information derived by the Museum workers from this collection bearing upon the topic now under discussion, and asking especially for phylogenetic data which might throw some light on the sig- nificance of the numerical and morphological variations which are observed in existing Equide. Mr. 8. H. Chubb, an ex- perienced member of the Museum staff, kindly replied to this request, and his statement is almost verbatim as follows: It seems to me that the short back, which might tend toward the reduction of ribs, is the more highly specialized type. On the other hand, the occurrence of an extra pair of ribs in the modern Equide is generally, though not always, at the expense of the lumbar region, and hence does not affect the total number of back (thoraco-lumbar) vertebre. - Of course it is the ancestral horses which should be expected to answer this question. Although we have a remarkable collection of fossil Equide, it is unfortunate that in almost every specimen there are a few vertebrz missing, so that they give us little infor- mation on this point. In looking over our collection of about thirty-five specimens of the modern Equidz it is interesting to note that in Equus caballus there are comparatively few exceptions to the rule of 18-6. These excep- tions are included in the inclosed list (vide infra). You will note that the Arab, which we regard as a distinct species, is among these a 546 SEPTIMUS SISSON exceptions. -In looking over my letter I fear I have rather evaded your question, but the truth is there are so many points unsolved even though we have a very good study collection. The table, so far as it relates to existing horses, is as follows: Dorsal or rib-bearing Lumbar vertebrze vertebrz Arabian 18 5 do. 18 5 do. 17 6 Arabian-Trotter crcss 18 5 Common horse 19 6 do. 19 6 do. 19 5 Trotter, probably much Arabian blood 18 5 Morgan, probably much Arabian blood 18 5 Prjevalsky horse 19 5 do. 18 6 do. 18 6 do. 18 6 This table does not, of course, provide a sufficient basis for conclusions of any great value. It tends to indicate, however, the probability that further careful observations may show that purebred Arab horses and others which have in them much Arabian blood commonly possess only 23 vertebre in the back and loins, of which five are usually lumbar. One exception appears among the six listed in the table, that of an Arab with 6 lumbar vertebre and 17 thoracic. The four Prjevalsky horses listed all have 24 vertebre in the back and loins; one of these has the formula 19-5, the other three have 18-6.1_ The writer is inclined to the view that this finding is in pretty close con- formity with the condition found in the majority of existing horses, with the possible exception of the Oriental type. Last month we dissected a grade draft mare (chiefly of Percheron blood) of which the seventeenth vertebra in the back was thoracic on one side and lumbar on the other, and there were five typical lumbar vertebra. Apparently no certain means has been devised by which one may recognize the existence of | the nineteenth rib in the living horse. The evident ex:stence of a rib more on one side than on the other is not diagnostic. It seems plausible to suppose that one could depend on the dis- tanee between the tuber coxe (external angle of ilium) and the last rib, but this does not appear to be a reliable criterion 1Salensky in his monograph on Equus pr, jevalskii gives the number of thoracic vertebre as 18 and the lumbar as 5. hee 4 c ss pa THORACIC AND LUMBAR VERTEBR2 OF HORSE 547. as to whether there is an additional rib on one side or a redue- tion on the other side. It can only be said that experience en- ables one to “guess right’’ rather frequently. Of course the matter could be cleared up by the use of X-rays. It might naturally be supposed that there would be a direct relation between shortness of the loin and the existence of five lumbar vertebre. In the opinion of the writer this inference is unsafe, and he has been unable to find data of scientific value which establish a direct relationship between the length of the back and the number of vertebre. On the other hand we find ample illustration of the lack of such a correlation. The writer is unable to agree with Dr. Schwarzkopf in his view that observations strongly indicate the existence of a tend- ency to eliminate the sixth lumbar vertebra in breeds used under _ the saddle. Numerical reduction could occur by coalescence or agenesis of segments, and the facts in this regard would have to be determined by embryological investigation. Phylogenetic studies might throw some light on the question. The oceur- rence of ankylosis of variable extent in this region is, of course, quite common, especially in old horses. But there seems to be no good reason, at present at least, to assign to this process any significance other than the generally accepted view that it is traumatic. The question of the mechanical value of the short back is one upon which the opinion of a mere anatomical worker is of little value. It would seem that this conformation would be stronger and better adapted for carrying weight, but would be inferior in elasticity, especially if the number of vertebre is reduced. In studying the mechanism-of the back and loins the vertebre should be considered in two other respects: (1) The line formed by the summits of the spinous processes is of course quite evident in the living animal. (2) The direction of a line passing through the bodies of the vertebrz is in great part dif- ferent from the preceding and forms the real vertebral axis. In. the loins and the posterior end of the back the two lines are practically horizontal and -parallel. -The highest point of the withers is preferably about two inches higher than the highest part of the croup. The vertebal axis, on the other hand, curves very decidedly downward in its anterior part. Curvature in its lumbar part is normally slight. Many skeletons are mounted 548 SEPTIMUS SISSON incorrectly in these respects and in other ways as a natural consequence. ; LITERATURE CHAUVEAU, ARLONG, LESBRE. Traité d’Anatomie Compareé, vol. 1, p. 73ff. 1903. | Bossi, CARADONNA, et al. Trattato di Anatomia Veterinaria, vol. 1, p. 228ff. 1909. SussporF, M. Lehrbuch der vergleich. Anatomie der Haustiere, vol. 1; Pp. 124th 1896.3 MopsiLio, C. Variazioni Vertebro-costali Negli Equidi. 1910. GouBAUXx, A. Mémoire sur les anomalies de la colonne vertébrale chez les animaux domestiques. Jour. Anat. et Physiol., 1867-. 1868. LesprE, F. X. Jour. Méd. Vét. et Zootech., 1883, p. 69ff. Precis: d’Exterieur du Cheval. 1920. Moussu AND MoNnop. De la valeur de la région lumbaire comme carac. teristique de races chez les Equidés caballines. CORNEVIN and LESBRE. Bul. Soc. Cent. Méd. Vét., 1897, p. 214ff. DR. MOORE LEAVES ST. JOSEPH VETERINARY COLLEGE Dr. R. C. Moore, for a number of years Dean of the St. Joseph Veterinary College, has discontinued his official con- nection with that institution and turned over its management to Dr. F. M. Cahill. Dr. Moore has suffered a nervous breakdown that was seriously affecting his eyesight and héart, and his physician advised him to discontinue all heavy strain upon his nervous system. He has accepted a position with the Jensen-Salsbery Laboratories, of Kansas City, Mo., and will establish a distributing point in St. Joseph which will furnish him the outdoor exercise recom- mended for the restoration of his health. Advice has just been received from the New York Veterinary College, New York University, New York City, to the effect that _ operations have been temporarily suspended. This action was recommended at the recent meeting of the Alumni Association of that college and was concurred in by the Chancellor of the University. ; George Oberholtzer, a master-truckman of Philadelphia, said at a meeting held in that city, May 10, 1922, ‘‘Three years ago I had 23 motor trucks and no horses, now I have 46 horses and only five motors, and am ready to dispose of these five.’’ Pr eR TP pee RT SM OOS Re ee ie Mee a PRD CR Se MNES 8 Fook a i 2 S - ae 23 Bes 78 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS (Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this depart- ment reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful to others in the profession.) A FATAL CASE OF RABIES IN MAN By B. Scorr Fritz Agent in Charge, Pennsylvania Bureau of panee Industry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania THE HEAD of a dog suspected of rabies was sent to the laboratory of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry _ May 19, 1922, by Dr. Edgar W. Powell, a practicing veterinarian of Bryn Mawr, for diagnosis. The laboratory diagnosis was positive. History—On May 14, 1922, a white beagle dog with brown ears, the owner of which was not known, in the vicinity of Ard- more, bit a child badly about the face. The father of the child that was bitten, being familiar with the danger accompanying a dog bite, informed the police of Ardmore of the case, who caught the dog and turned it over to Dr. Powell, who in turn - held it under observation. On May 19 the dog showed clinical symptoms of rabies and was killed, and the head was forwarded to the above mentioned laboratory for a confirming diagnosis. _ The laboratory diagnosis was positive to rabies and the parent of the child bitten was notified by telephone. An attending physician was called and the Pasteur treatment was given. The treatment, so far as we know to date, was successful. On June 5 a physician at Villa Nova College called this lab- oratory, requesting of us any history of rabies in that vicinity. We informed him of the above mentioned case as cited. He in turn informed us of having under his observation a student at the college showing symptoms of which he was suspicious of rabies, and stated that if he could associate rabies with a bite this student had received on May 14 a diagnosis of rabies would be certain. By investigation through our Bureau, the attending ey si- cian and the Ardmore Bureau of Health, it was proved that the dog wae had bitten the child also bit the student, on i} - B49 550 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS the same date. The student saw the dog lying in the gutter on the morning of May 14, in Ardmore, and thinking the dog had been run over by an automobile, stopped to pet it, and the dog jumped up and bit him on the lip. The student not being alarmed by the nature of the bite, had the wound cau- terized and forgot the incident until being brought under the observation of the physician. On June 7 the student died, showing typical symptoms of rabies. The student’s brain was brought to our laboratory and the physician’s positive diagnosis of rabies was confirmed. Conclusion.—Observe from the case cited that the dog bit the child and the student about five days before having shown clinical symptoms. The Pasteur treatment was given the child immediately after the date of the laboratory diagnosis of rabies in the dog. The student did not receive antirabie vaccine and showed symptoms of rabies in about twenty-one days after the date of the bite, and died on the twenty-third day. > a fence along her borders | = and support her natives ~~ without calling on the eet Ess outside for assistance. Without a doubt particu- lar care would be taken to see to it that the fence included the metropolis of the State on the eastern border—St. Louis. : Laclede and Choutean carried their banks on their backs, or in their canoes, and trade was maintained with the In- dians through gaudy trin- kets, beads and whatnots, as well as with the neces- sities of life and luxuries 586 MISCELLANEOUS which had been brought from the eastern Civilization. What a comparison with our modern business methods and banks. The Government recognized the importance of the St. Louis district and not so long ago awarded a Federal Reserve and Federal Land Bank to the city. Through this award St. Louis became the only city in the Vane States with such Federal bank strength. The strategic position ocean by St. Louis is better real- ized by the knowledge that it is just about midway between the center of population, a short distance east of St. Louis, and the geographical center of the United States, a short dis- tance west of St. Louis. It is located on the Mississippi River, in the center of the Mississippi Valley, and is a railroad center of first importance, with 25 steam railroads and four electric lines, of which the Illinois Traction System is the largest, this latter also being the most important electric system in the United States. By reason of its proximity to the geographical center of the United States, it necessarily follows that St. Louis can be more easily and more quickly reached from all parts of the United States than any other city, without a single exception. St. Louis is modern in office buildings, hotels, beautiful parks, and has many of the first homes in the country, and at the same time is older than the sos States and rich in ro- mantic traditions. The city spreads over 6214 square miles of territory and is within a night’s ride of over 50,000,000 people. Over 37 per cent of the city’s inhabitants are home owners, and the residential districts of St. Louis are among the most beautiful in the United States. The four bridges which span the Mississippi River at St. Louis, including the Municipal Free Bridge, which is the largest double-deck steel-span bridge in the world, are valuable assets and sights visitors should see. The Free Bridge and ap- proach are two miles long. Forest Park Highlands, ‘‘The Big Place on the Hill,’’ is the _ Coney Island of St. Louis. The carnival spirit is always in existence at the Highlands and it is worth a visit for a night of fun. St. Louis learned its lesson through the war. Close coopera- tion in war work taught the merchant, banker, manufacturer and business man that working together produces the right re- sults, and St.. Louis is always ready to turn out to make the visitor feel at home. The city has rightfully earned the reputa- tion of being ‘‘the most hospitable city in the world,’’ and the people of St. Louis work together to preserve the reputation. Twenty-five railroads run through St. Louis to ‘‘every- MISCELLANEOUS 587 where,’’ and the Mississippi fF ; ; offers opportunities for water- if way transportation to Miss- . issippi Valley points and gulf ports. The unusual combi- nation of rail and water facilities without doubt make St. Louis the great central gateway to the Mississippi Valley, Middle West terri- tory and the South and Southwest. The shipping facilities of the city extend in all directions with a clear sweep to the marts of the world and plainly indicate the supreme position held by _St. Louis in the business of the nation. The 124 grade schools, six public high schools, teacher’s college and the junior high school offer additional pleas- ure to those who enjoy in- specting buildings of this character. If you are a lover of the great outdoors you will be in- terested in the parks, of which there are over 2,700 acres. Forest Park, with its rolling woodlands, fast developing zoo; with the world’s largest bird cage, municipal golf links and tennis courts that are artificially lighted, making them available for use at night as well as day, gridirons, baseball diamonds, soc- cer fields and the boats and canoes on the lagoons afford max- imum opportunity for the enjoyment of outdoor sports. In this park you will find the Art Museum, which is the third finest in the country, as well as the Jefferson Memorial with its statue of Thomas Jefferson by Bitter. On Art Hill you will find the heroic statue of Saint Louis, by Niehaus, where at the base was enacted one of the most historic ceremonies in mod- ern times when the French Legion, on its visit here, dipped its colors for the second time in history and honored St. Louis as no other city in the world has been honored. If you are a golf player, the municipal eighteen-hole golf course at Forest Park is the best all-the-year-round golf course in the United States. There is also a nine-hole course, and a midnight sprinkling system is used so that the greens are not 588 MISCELLANEOUS wet for the early morning golfers. The course covers more than a mile from the east to the west and takes in the highest and lowest points in Forest Park. In addition to the municipal golf links there are many courses at various clubs. And if you journey out to Forest Park you should view the only mu- nicipal open-air theater in the world, where operas are shown to the delight of visitors to St. Louis and its citizens. The theater seats 10,000 people and is built entirely of concrete. The great stage is set in the natural woodlands of the park. Volumes have been written in paying tribute to St. Louis for its work along this line and you will do well to visualize the scene of activities. Incidentally, while in St. Louis, if you have the time, pay a visit to the Old Court House, the oldest of St. Louis’ publie buildings, work on the building having been started in 1839 and completed in 1862 at a cost of about $1,000,000. The building is considered by experts to be a splendid example of historical structure with fine architectural qualities and is lo- cated at Chestnut and Market streets, between Fourth street and Broadway, and is in the form of a Greek cross and of Doric order of architecture. The building was made historic by the slave sales which took place on its steps during the Civil War, and also the whipping post was located on this site during the early days of St. Louis. The magnificent frescoes in the dome were done by Carl Wimer, in 1862, a St. Louis artist of note, and they were restored by Edmund H. Wuerpul during the World’s Fair in St. Louis in 1904 and are again being restored at this time of writing. The Missouri Botanical Garden (Shaw’s Garden) is the sec- ond largest garden in the world; it is the largest in America. Only the Royal Gardens at Kew, England, excel it. The gar- den covers approximately 125 acres of ground, and collections from plant life of the world are cultivated by experts at one of Nature’s beauty spots. The garden is one of the show places of St. Louis and visitors are always welcome. The city that once was a trading post has gradually grown great in many things. Today St. Louis is a buying and fashion center, a leader among the world marts, in addition to claiming greatness in industrial development. The city actually rivals Paris in styles in various ready-to-wear lines. St. Louis is a ‘‘home’’ city and its people are God-loving and God-fearing. The houses of worship here are distributed throughout the entire city and run the gamut from old and quaint to new, modern and splendid. The old Cathedral (Catholic) on Walnut street, between Second and Third streets, with its French inscriptions, is one of the historic structures of the city. MISCELLANEOUS 589 The New Cathedral (Catholic) on Lindell Boulevard, is not only the largest church building in the United States, but is also one of the finest. ‘‘Kingshighway,’’ from one royal fort to another during the Spanish regime, and today one of the city’s finest boulevards, is the show street of the churches of St. Louis. The Second Baptist, with its great campanile, is Italian Gothic; St. John’s Methodist is neither pure Greek nor pure Roman, but belongs to the Italian Renaissance of the Fif- teenth century; Temple Israel (Hebrew), with its great col- umns, is pure Corinthian, and the Christian Science is Italian Renaissance. At Thirteenth and Locust streets is the historie Christ Chureh Cathedral (Episcopal), containing master- pieces of stone carving. In this church are to be found the articles of association of the first Protestant Church west of the Mississippi River. In conclusion, please remember that ‘‘the next best thing to living in St. Louis is to be a frequent visitor.” So says our ' Mayor. The 772,897 people of St. Louis, or the 1,250,000 people of this district, are glad that you selected St. Louis for your con- vention. Come often; come early and stay late. AID FOR RUSSIAN VETERINARIANS At an assembly of the Veterinary Surgeon’s Section, held in Simbirsk, Russia, recently, the assembled veterinarians ex- pressed their thanks to the American people for its gifts of corn, through the medium of Edward Fox, of Pottsville, Pa., Super- visor for the American Relief Administration in Simbirsk. Dur- ing the meeting Mr. Fox and his assistants, Mr. Blonauist and Mr. Godfrey, were addressed by the president, Dr. Tourge- vitch. During his talk he mentioned the numerous benefits received by the starving Russian people of America, and expressed the thanks of all Russia for the help that had been extended to 590 MISCELLANEOUS them during the martyrdom of their nation. A translation of Dr. Tourgevitch’s speech is printed below: ‘“‘T am welcoming you in the name of the whole association of veterinary surgeons of Simbirsk district, and am expressing our greatest thanks for the honor you are doing us in taking part in our assembly. ; ‘Tt is a great pity that such an eminent day for us coincides with the difficult time we are passing through; but I am sure, dear guests, that your participation, and the good and generous heart of the American people coming to the help of the Russian martyrs, will give us new courage, energy, and foree to vanquish the misfortunes that have fallen upon us. ‘Tf the merits of the American people in regard to our coun- try are great, so yours, dear friends, are immense. You are far from your country, separated from your relatives, and acquain- tances dear to your hearts, and are passing through many diffi- culties in a starving country only to bring all possible help to the suffering Russian people. ‘‘Such merits of the American people, and yours, dear guests, cannot be forgotten. They will remain forever in the hearts of the Russian martyrs and their descendants, and will be writ- ten in golden letters on the pages of Russian history.’’ DUTCH GUIANA QUARANTINES AGAINST BRAZILIAN CATTLE A shipment of 55 cattle and 83 pigs arrived in Dutch Guiana from Brazil on May 5, 1922. Two days later they were found to be infected with rinderpest and were ordered de- stroyed by the Government. So far as is known the disease has not spread to any local cattle. As a result of this experience the Government of Dutch Guiana has prohibited the further - importation of livestock from Brazil. Dr. Stanton Youngberg, Chief Veterinarian of the Bureau of Agriculture, Philippine Islands, is visiting the United States on a ten-month accumulated leave of absence. He has been renewing old friendships in Ohio and North Carolina and will spend the month of August in Minnesota. Dr. Youngberg has been in the Philippines for the past fifteen years and has not © been in the States for ten years. JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.) J. R. Mou.er, Editor, Washington, D. C. A. T. Krns.ey, President, Kansas City, Mo. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago, IIl. M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn. Executive Board Gro. HiTon, Ist District; T. E. MuNce, 2nd District; S. E. BeENNeErtT, 8rd District; J. A. Kiernan, 4th District; C. E. Corron, 5th District; B. W. Conrab, 6th District; Cassrus Way, Member at Large Sub-Committee on Journal S. E. BENNETT J. A. KIERNAN Thes American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JourNaL, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application. Vol. LXI, N. S. Vol. 14 September, 1922 No. 6 CONVENTION REPORT NEXT MONTH THE A. V. M. A. fifty-ninth annual meeting is in session at St. Louis as this issue of the JouRNAL goes to its readers. There is every indication that the convention will be successful in attendance, program and entertainment. Our next number will contain a general report of the meeting as a whole, together with some of the papers. Other papers and the complete proceed- ings will follow from month to month as rapidly as possible. The fine quality and varied character of the program assure to our readers during the coming months some unusually instruc- tive and interesting material bearing upon all phases of pro- fessional activity and interest. The address of the retiring President, Dr. A. T. Kinsley, is published in this issue. It presents several matters of interest and importance to the Association and the profession in general and makes some good constructive suggestions. It merits careful reading and consideration. DIVIDENDS FROM GOOD PUREBRED SIRES LIVESTOCK is recognized as necessary to permanent well- balanced farming. But the astonishing differences in returns which domestic animals pay their owners is seldom realized, 591 592 EDITORIAL except in experiments or other cases where good and inferior stock is kept at the same time and under similar conditions. Abundant evidence from such comparisons shows that the quality of sires at the head of herds and flocks determines in large degree the amount of returns. In addition the quality of live stock for many years to come depends on the kind of breed- ing animals used now. Following are a few timely facts that show the value of care- fully selecting breeding stock—especially sires: Good dairy sires bred to average cows have increased the milk and butterfat production of the offspring by more than 50° per cent. The increase has been followed by additional gains in subsequent generations. Beef sires of good quality when bred even to nativg cows produce steers of fair uniformity and market value. Good beef bulls are necessary for the production of rapidly matur- ing, meaty, blocky and profitable beeves. A well-chosen purebred boar may be expected to add at least 10 per cent to the market weight of his offspring compared with hogs sired by an inferior boar and receiving the same care and feed. Besides, the better-bred hogs will be more uni- form and of superior market value. Good rams have increased wool production by more than 60 per cent and weight of lambs sired by them to the extent of 50 per cent. In poultry the results of good breeding are especially pro- nounced owing to prolificacy and the short period required for maturity. In an average flock a standard-bred male of a meat breed will add fully one-fourth to the market weight of the first generation. In egg production a well selected pedigreed male may be expected to increase the yield of the first genera- tion of pullets fully 50 per cent. Simple calculations show that purebred sires pay liberal divi- dends even when the purchase price appears high to persons accustomed to scrub values. In brief, purebred sires excel those - of grade or scrub breeding because they increase efficiency in live-stock production. To be sure there is considerable difference in quality among purebreds, but a small percentage of poor specimens must not be allowed to reflect. discredit on the sound breeding principles of grading up. The scrub purebred must be eliminated along with other inferior sires. On the other hand, purebred males of high individual merit mean the estab- lishment of better live stock both for the individual and the entire Nation. The use of inferior sires has been costing EDITORIAL 593 farmers and stockmen of the United States fully a hundred million dollars a year—a loss which has no place in modern agriculture. Better sires mean better stock; better stock means better farms; and better farms mean a better clientéle for the veterinarian. VITAMINS FOUND IN PORK EVER SINCE the discovery of the presence in certain foods of those mysterious beneficial substances now known as vitamins, it has been thought that they were to be found in animal tissue most abundantly in certain of the internal organs, especially the heart, liver and kidneys, but the Bureau of Animal Industry now announces that they exist in the muscle fiber of beef, veal, mutton, lamb, and pork, and that pork is particularly well sup- plied with them. Various cuts of the different kinds of meat were tried, and in every instance pork was found to be relatively rich in vitamins. Pork tenderloin, fresh ham, smoked ham, and pressed boiled ham were tested and the results were much the same with all of them. Beef and veal were relatively lower, while the amounts contained in lamb varied a great deal. The experimental work consisted in feeding tests with rats and pigeons. Growth was the determining factor in the case of rats. In pigeons deficiency of vitamins was indicated by the development of polyneuritis, a disease to which they are pecu- liarly susceptible. Feeds rich in Vitamins are of great help in keeping them in health. This new evidence on the distribution of vitamins in meats should not lead to the conclusion that certain meats are of low nutritive value because they are deficient in vitamins. Meat is one of our most important foods and would continue to be so even though it contained no vitamins. ANTIS AGAIN ACTIVE THE ANTIVIVISECTIONISTS are-at it again—or yet. Un- daunted by numerous and repeated failures to get legislation which will hamper scientific research to accord with their ideas, they are continuing their efforts in a number of States. In Colorado by means of the initiative an antivivisection bill will 594 EDITORIAL come before the voters at the November election. Its provisions are similar to those of the measure that was defeated in Cali- fornia in 1920. If adopted it would abolish all experimental study of problems in general biology and in human and vet- erinary medicine; it would put a stop to modern diagnostic methods; it would prevent the preparation of vaccines and curative serums and the standardization of drugs by animal tests, and it would greatly impair the usefulness of several lab- oratories, including the branch pathological laboratory of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry at Denver. In other States also—Louisiana, Florida, Idaho, Oregon, Washington and California—the antis are getting busy with ‘similar propaganda. A sure way to defeat such efforts is to enlighten legislators and the public. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty. Let us be vigilant. MEDICAL ENGLISH AS SHE IS WROTE “MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY has never distinguished itself by its exactitude, clarity and precision.’’ Beginning with this quotation from the German journal Virchows Archiv, the editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association in a recent issue proceeds to discuss the shortcomings of medical writers in the use of English. After taking a fling at the loose usage of ‘‘eirrhosis’’ and ‘‘apoplexy’’ the Journal continues: ‘‘A difference between infectiousness and contagiousness seems not to exist in the minds of some writers, while others describe the inoculation of animals or patients with serum, as if inocu- lation and injection were synonyms. The distinction between tuberculous and tubercular is apparently too subtle for many, ineluding writers of excellent repute, who seem to forget that if there exist such things as tubercular leprosy, tubercular ' syphilids, and normal anatomic tubercles of many sorts, then the words tubercle and tubercular can not possibly be under- stood to mean specifically infections with Bacillus tuberculosis, even if some of the lesions produced by this germ are tubercu- lar; many tuberculous lesions are not tubercular, and many tubercular lesions have nothing to do with tuberculosis. ‘‘Perhaps the worst of it is that we keep on adding errors and monstrosities to our medical nomenclature, so that sometimes it seems more like a jargon than a language. Take the word EDITORIAL 595 vaccine. The word is as badly misused as the principle. Its classical parent means cow, and ‘vaccine’ was used, of course, because cowpox was the disease transmitted by Jenner in the prophylaxis of smallpox. Certainly the present use of the word vaccination for injection of every possible sort of patho- genic bacteria, to say nothing of pollens and food proteins, has no justification on an etymological basis, and its use for all these things unrelated to the cow is an etymological bull. But, like many another atrocity of the same sort, its careless usage has become so widespread as to fix it, presumably for all time. We are, however, a little encouraged to see that some careful writers have made a slight impression on the prevalent error of speaking of deviation of complement when fixation of com- plement is meant. Some of these errors we owe to the Germans, who are remarkably lax in their scientific terminology, but one particularly grievous sin we get from the German literature through no fault of the Germans, namely, the literal transla- tion of the compound adjective without rearranging it’ into English. From this source we get such sentences as ‘the blood contains bacteria destroying antibodies’ when, of course, the reverse is meant, for the bacteria are destroyed, not the anti- bodies. We read, likewise, ‘albumin containing urine’ or ‘blood destroying poisons,’ phrases that shriek loudly for at least a missing hyphen if they can not have a real English construc- tion. Sometimes it is necessary to rewrite a dozen sentences in a single article just to get around this failure to arrange in English form the translation of the gloriously compounded Ger- man adjective, concerning which Mark Twain wrote so lucidly and with so much feeling. As for the habitual and unlimited misuse and abuse of the words ‘case’ by medical men and ‘oper- ate’ by surgeons, we have on other occasions expressed our views. The observant physician, however, is beginning to real- ize at least the fundamental rules governing their usage.’’ Pennsylvania Farmer says editorially of tuberculosis-eradica- tion work: ‘‘There should be a pronounced campaign conducted by every farm organization for the purpose of enlightening all stock owners on the need of persistent and effective measures to stamp it out. Hence, the aceredited-herd movement is a good one and should have the active interest of every farmer.’’ THE ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT + By AwupBert T. KINSLEY Kansas City, Mo. IT IS gratifying to see so many delegates and visitors at the opening session of the Fifty-ninth Annual Convention of the A. V. M. A. I am not unmindful of the honor you conferred upon me when you elected me President at the Denver meeting. The official responsibilities were assumed and the duties have been discharged with pleasure. Various questions pertaining to policy have arisen from time to time and the decisions were made for the best interests of the entire profession, according to my best judgment. Errors may have been made, but not inten- tionally. The President’s address is a requirement, not a privilege, and unfortunately the constitution does not give specifications as to subject matter, length, style nor delivery. In preparing this discourse, the comfort and personal liberties of the audience have been considered and in so far as possible, burdensome de- tails have been eliminated. It has been assumed that the pur- pose of an address is to review important problems and to in- dicate policies for. the future advancement of the veterinary profession. : The ‘‘evolution of the veterinarian to the present stand- ard has been the result of the properly directed efforts and co- operation of the leaders of our profession and has been as rapid as could reasonably be expected, and compares favorably with the development of any other profession.’’ The veterinary pro- fession is composed of veterinarians engaged in various phases of veterinary activities. The different groups that constitute our profession are interdependent. Regardless of the groups we in- dividually represent, we should have broad enough vision to realize the importance of every phase of veterinary activities. All veterinarians whether they be teachers, research workers, practitioners, sanitarians, army officers or those engaged in com- mercial enterprise, have an important function. Advancement and progress depend upon the harmony existing within and be- tween each group constituting our profession. . * Presented at the fifty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, St. Louis, Mo., August 28 to September 1, 1922. 596 ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 597 DR. A. T. KINSLEY A detailed description of the early history of the veterimary profession in America would be superfluous; however, a résumé of veterinary affairs as they have occurred, particularly m the corn belt during the last two decades, is of interest and worthy of careful consideration because there have been more or less unrest and discententment in our profession during the last twa 598 ALBERT T. KINSLEY or three years and the question, ‘‘What about the future of the veterinary profession?’’ is pertinent at this time. The following remarks are confined in general to the rural practitioner. They are not criticisms, but are the autopsy find- ers of the last twenty years of veterinary activities in the cen- tral states. If we can diagnose the case and identify the cause, the time allotted for this discussion will have been well spent. Until about 1912, practitioners were primarily engaged in the medical or surgical relief of disease; some obstetrical cases, prin- cipally in mares; castration of colts; examination for soundness, with an occasional request for tuberculin testing. During this period or until the perfection of blackleg aggressin and filtrate, blackleg vaccination was done almost entirely by stockmen. Equine practice constituted the major portion of the practi- tioner’s routine business, a very small per cent of his income was derived from services rendered in the control of infectious dis- eases, excepting shipping fever in horses and an occasional en- zootie of glanders. Diseases of cattle other than milk fever and occasional cases of mammary disturbances, and those conditions that could be relieved surgically, were given little consideration. Diseases of swine and poultry were rarely given more than a passing thought. Veterinarians in the Federal quarantine service and those in state service were concerned primarily in the prevention and control of glanders, tick fever and scabies and the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease when it occurred in this country. The Bureau of Animal Industry, several states and some mu- nicipalities had inaugurated tuberculosis regulations, but little effective work had been done prior to 1912. The discovery of the filterable virus of hog cholera by Dorset, McBride and Niles was announced in 1904 and the production of anti-hog cholera serum followed, although this product was not produced in sufficient volume prior to 1912 to be of value in the control of hog cholera excepting in limited areas. From the foregoing, it is evident that the practitioner for- merly confined his efforts primarily to equine practice and prin- cipally to the treatment of individuals rather than herds. Veterinary practice in rural communities in the corn belt is quite different from what it was one or two decades ago. The veterinarian’s services at this time are principally confined to ee ie 3 4 Ye ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 599 the prevention and control of infective diseases of meat-produc- ing animals in herd units, and twenty years ago it was almost entirely confined to the medical and surgical relief of individual draft animals. The successful veterinarian of today is an im- munologist ; the successful veterinarian of twenty years ago was a surgeon. The transition of the veterinarian from a surgeon to an immunologist was a sequence of the development of bac- teriology and the knowledge that was forthcoming relative to the cause and prevention of microbian diseases. This transition was too sudden and complete for the best interests of all con- cerned. For instance, some practitioners practically confine their services to immunization of swine, at least during certain seasons. In some sections surgical operations are so rare that they are a novelty. Was the tendency of the veterinarian to specialize as an immunologist for the best interests of the live- stock producer? Was the service rendered by the practitioner twenty years ago of value to the livestock owner? Have the conditions that formerly required surgical relief ceased to exist? The answers to these questions should give food for thought and will probably give light for our future guidance. In addition to the change in veterinary practice there has been a state of unrest in the American people since the close of the war. This condition permeated practically every business and has delayed the return to normal. The psychology of the post- war conditions is difficult to interpret. The financial depres- sion, particularly, of agricultural commodities, was reflected to the veterinarian and was an important factor in the occurrence of unrest in our profession. Because of the sudden reduction in value of livestock, the farmer and stock producer found it necessary to diminish the cost of production which included veterinary services and particularly the charges for immuni- zation of swine against cholera. The discussion, both privately and publicly, relative to this question, was most unfortunate for in many instances it created an unkindly feeling between stockmen and veterinarians. The livestock producers, in some states, sought relief by legislation, because of an apparent re- stricted sales policy of anti-hog cholera serum and virus. Un- fortunately, there was some discord and strife in our ranks and this was used and proved to be a formidable weapon. This con- troversy was initiated, stimulated and continued by a few indi- 600 ALBERT T. KINSLEY viduals on either side, who we assume had good intentions but the outcome came near being disastrous. This problem probably could have been solved with little or no controversy if the inter- ested parties. would have talked to, not about, each other. The *‘Sin of Pride,’’ according to Dr. Macatee, President of the Med- ical Society of the District of Columbia, was one of the causes of the state of unrest of the medical profession and would it not be pertinent to ask ourselves whether or not this was and is equally applicable to the veterinary profession? The difficulties that our profession has encountered may 7 awe been discouraging but the experience has been valuable. There are periods of depression and perplexing problems to solve in all walks of life. Our moral stability has been strengthened by mastery of the depressing influences and we have developed by the solution of the difficult problems. The future of our profession is dependent upon our atinide toward and relation with agricultural interests: The degree of success will depend upon progressing, not retrogressing; com- mending the good work of others, not in slander; cooperation, not discord and dissolution; and a general service, not in a re- stricted service. We should lend our influences in matters that will make for better livestock production. Every veterinarian should support the cause that is being championed by the Horse Association of America. It must be conceded that the horse is the logical economical power on the average American farm. There will be an increasing demand for good draft horses in the future and the present demand for good saddlers exceeds the supply. The veterinary profession. will survive, because veter- inary service alone insures the livestock industry against the ravages of disease and is indispensable in the conservation of the health of nations. ‘The history and development of the American Veterinary Medical. Association is a matter of record. The accomplish- ments, particularly educational and legislative, due to the influ- ences of this association, are well known. The policies of this organization have shaped the destinies of the veterinary profes- sion in America, as well as paving the way for a closer relation- ship of international veterinary affairs. We should not be con- tented with past attainments but should anticipate and provide for future progress. a iti ean Tee es Te i eM eee eer. op arto cain Bema ee me et ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 601. tn order that an organization of this character be of maxi- mum service, a large percentage of eligible men should be mem- bers. In conformity with this idea a special campaign to in- crease our membership was inaugurated. The various District Executive Committeemen have cooperated with the Resident Sec- retaries in their respective districts and all eligible non-mem- bers have been advised of the advantages of their becoming members. There are only approximately sixty per cent of the eligible veterinarians in North America enrolled as members. There must be some reason why the other forty per cent are not members. The large percentage of eligible non-mem- bers are practitioners. It is difficult for practitioners to attend our conventions and particularly those from the remote sections _of the country. Ways and means could probably be devised for stimulating a desire for more eligible veterinarians to attend cour conventions, and become active members. Our literary pro- grams could probably be made more interesting for practitioners if more men engaged in practice could be induced to present or demonstrate some important practical subject. Round table dis- cussions on practical subjects would be a means of stimulating more interest and therefore a larger attendance. Diagnostic and surgical clinies are attractive to a certain group of men and would, no doubt, be a drawing card for those who are particu- larly interested in practice. The time devoted to our business - sessions could probably be reduced and thus permit of more time for the literary program. Considerable time has been devoted to a careful study of the future possibilities of the A. V. M. A. and it appears to be ad- visable to make some rather drastic changes in our constitution and by-laws, in order that the association can more nearly ap- proach the maximum service. A closer affiliation of this asso- ciation with state and provincial associations would be an advan- tage. The necessity for some change was deemed so imperative that a special committee was appointed to investigate and report at this meeting, and it is recommended that the plan suggested by the committee on closer affiliation of this association with state and provincial associations be received and that a com- mittee of five be appointed to confer with the executive com- mittee for the purpose of perfecting plans for re-organization. There was some discord and lack of cooperation and a tend- 4 602 ALBERT T’. KINSLEY ency for certain groups of our members to form factions. Har- mony and cooperation are essential for the success of any or- ganization. Unity signifies strength. The membership of this association represents every phase of veterinary activity, and- this association is therefore representative of the entire veteri- nary profession. Hach member should consider himself a com- mittee of one empowered to act in preventing and overcoming discord and strife between individuals or groups. One purpose of this organization is to promote good fellowship and how can this be more effectively accomplished than by ironing out the difficulties, imaginary or real, of fellow members. — The unit of our profession is the veterinarian and this asso- ciation is the guardian of our profession. Membership in both the veterinary profession and this association increased by leaps and bounds until 1918. The attendance at veterinary colleges in this country reached its maximum in 1912, since which time it has decreased rapidly. In 1914 there were approximately 750 students who were graduated from the veterinary colleges in this country. According to the report of Dean David S. White, the total enrollment in the thirteen state supported colleges in 1919-20 was 800; in 1920-21, 708; and in 1921-22, 641. The total enrollment in all veterinary colleges in North America in 1920- 21 was less than one thousand. The financial depression incident to the war was the principal factor causing the sudden and phe- nomenal decrease in the number of veterinary students and was also responsible for the closing of several privately operated col- leges. The difference in the number and value of farm animals in 1912, the year of maximum attendance in veterinary colleges, and 1922, the year of minimum attendance in veterinary colleges, - does not justify the apparent decrease in the demand for vet- erinarians and in the number of veterinary students. There are less than 12,000 veterinarians and probably not more than 10,000 in the United States engaged in professional services. The average professional man continues in service from twenty to twenty-five years, and if this is applicable to veterinarians there would be not less than 400 retiring from the profession each year. The number of graduates from all of the veterinary colleges each year is not sufficient to maintain our ranks. There is a noticeable increase in the production of better livestock and ie ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 603 this will increase the demand for more and better vetermary service. The temporary surplus of veterinarians will soon be exhausted and then there will-be a demand for veterinarians and plans should be devised to increase the attendance at veter- inary colleges. Unless there is an increased attendance in vet- erinary colleges, the number in our profession and the member- ship of this association will necessarily decrease. The advertising that was done by privately operated veteri- nary colleges was of value, not only in obtaining students, but also in keeping the veterinary profession constantly before the public. State supported veterinary institutions appear to have been restricted in their advertising. There has recently been such a scarcity of publicity of veterinary colleges that some men who were interested have inquired of veterinary journals and commercial concerns as to the location of a veterinary college. It would appear that the authorities of the state colleges would do wel! in perfecting plans for more extensive advertising. If such an advertising campaign can not be executed by the veter- inary colleges, I would suggest that some committee or the sec- retary of this association be authorized to advertise the possi- bilities of the veterinary profession, referring the inquiries re- ceived from prospective students to the most accessible veteri- nary college. It is not only a privilege but also a duty for every veterinarian to recommend the veterinary profession as a life work to properly qualified young men. In rectnt years, the difficulty of obtaining funds to defray expenses while in col- lege has denied to some young men the privilege of obtaining a veterinary education, and it would appear as though this asso- ciation had overlooked the fact that a fund may have been- made available for this purpose. I refer to the Salmon Memorial Fund and recommend that arrangements be made so that the interest on this fund be made available at once for the use of some deserving student or students. You should be interested in knowing that the Ladies’ Auxiliary has completed arrangements for supplying funds to a veterinary student, thus enabling him tu complete his course of study. This association has continuously labored for a high standard of veterinary education. The progress of our profession has corresponded with the increasing of the educational require- ments of veterinary institutions. Our present rank and standing 604 ALBERT T. KINSLEY which compares favorably with that of other learned professions was attained by increasing our educational requirements. ‘The present standard has been attained by the combined influences of this association, the B. A. I., and the War Department. Vet- érinary colleges should be commended for their cooperation in the advancement of matriculation requirements, in lengthening and broadening cf the course of study. Radical changes per- taining to cducational matters should be avoided; however, it would probably be advisable for veterinary colleges to provide a more comprehensive course on poultry diseases, sex hygiene and feeds and feeding. A course detailing general business methods and the manner in which a practice should be conducted would be of very great value to the embryo veterinarian and should be incorporated in the curriculum. Veterinary colleges are educating men that will enter the various branches of our profession, such as research workers, teachers, army officers, sani- tarians and practitioners. It must be assumed that specialists in a certain branch are familiar with the educational requirements and training that equips men for such service and it is there- : fore recommended that the constitution and by-laws be so amended that the committee on Intelligence and Education con- sist of one veterinary teacher, one B. A. I. veterinarian, one army officer and two practitioners. This recommendation 1s not a criticism of the personnel of this committee or their activities for they have done a wonderful work. The retrenchment policy of the last congress included a re- duction of Army veterinary officers. The necessity for the re- duction in the number of Army veterinarians is regrettable but no doubt the efficiency of the Veterinary Corps will be main- tained. According to a recent report a veterinarian has been selected for director of the Veterinary Corps. This selection is significant as it indicates confidence, not only in the officer as- signed to this duty, but also in the veterinary profession as a whole. This would appear to be a step in preparation for a separate veterinary organization. The detection and control of tuberculosis is progressing rather rapidly. This is primarily an economic problem. The appropriation both Federal and State, has been sufficient to maintain this work on rather an extensive scale. The area plan is apparently gaining in favor. Those in charge of this work a icicle al ER ee ee Oe ee MMe ees oe hs peer sls ey Ny aw LIRR ee cee sp) . rr ro ' r ’ ts. 7 ‘ : ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 605 should not lose sight of the fact that the control of an insidious widespread disease like tuberculosis, depends upon public sen- timent. The livestock producer is more impressed by a realiza- tion of the stupendous financial loss occasioned by this disease than he is by all other propaganda. The packers have recently proposed to give a premium for swine from those counties in which all cattle have been tuberculin tested and in which proper disposition has been made of all reactors. This will be a stimu- lus for area eradication. If effective plans are inaugurated that will be acceptable to the stockmen for the maintenance of tuber- culosis-free herds in tubereulosis-free areas and also accredited herds; the problem of tuberculosis control would appear to be solved, although the ultimate goal is in the future. This is:a sanitary control measure that is of national and international importance and should be supported by our entire profession. Abortion disease constitutes a very serious problem, viewed economically, because of the extensive losses occasioned by it. Investigations tend to show that abortion disease exists in most dairy herds in this country and is observed in beef herds, even on the range, in many parts of the United States. The diagnosis, successful treatment and control of the diseases of swine are engaging the serious consideration of the veterina- rian. According to reports there have been more outbreaks of hog cholera and more swine treated up to this time with serum and virus than for a like period in any previous year. No doubt, hog cholera is responsible for more losses of swine by death, after they are one month of age and until matured, than all other diseases combined. The complex of swine disease is gradually being unraveled. Swine erysipelas has been positively identified in this country and is apparently quite widespread. Veterinarians should familiarize themselves with the symptoms, lesions and control of this disease. Infectious necrotic enteritis and hemorrhagic septicemia are exacting their toll from the swine producer. The most extensive losses of swine so far as numbers are concerned, occurs from the time of farrowing until the pigs are about one month of age. . The little pig losses are largely due to faulty breeding, improper feeding and parasitism and are all preventable. It has been demonstrated on a small scale, that swine production can be increased 50 to 80 per cent by 606 ALBERT T. KINSLEY careful breeding, proper feeding and the provision of sanitary quarters. The interest shown in poultry clinics at recent veterinary meetings indicates the possibilities of poultry practice. Avian tuberculosis, fowl cholera, fowl typhoid, roup and parasitism are some of the diseases that are relatively common in poultry. The intradermic tuberculin test is quite reliable in detecting tuberculous fowls but practitioners are at a loss in disposing of reactors because of the absence of any state regulations. This problem should receive the consideration of state regulatory officials. The investigation of animal parasites has revealed much vai- uable information. The life cycle and methods of control of the ascarids of swine have been determined. A successful. method for the treatment of sheep infested with the Hamonchus con- tortus has been revealed. It has been reported that a method for the relief of red mange in dogs has been found. The eradi- cation of the fever tick will be realized in the not far distant future. Deficiency diseases are apparently increasing in frequency. According to present available information, it appears justifiable to assume that the occurrence of these diseases is intimately as- sociated with a deficiency or absence of vitamins, minerals and sunshine. These conditions are of considerable economic import- ance; in some instances they are difficult to identify. They should be given careful consideration. The importance of a comprehensive knowledge of feeds and feeding can not be overestimated. Many conditions of dietary origin present a chain of symptoms so similar to those of in- fective diseases that they are frequently erroneously diagnosed and improperly treated. The excessive loss of colts, calves, lambs, pigs and chicks is primarily due to disturb apes of di- ‘gestion induced by improper diet. Sex hygiene has been given little consideration by most veter- inarians since the days of extensive horse breeding. The adop- tion of proper breeding methods in meat-producing animals would vastly enhance the returns to the breeder. The low vi- tality of young animals, especially calves, lambs and pigs, is usually directly traceable to pasture breeding or some other im- proper method of breeding. A greater efficiency in breeding is ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 607 one of the most important economic problems of the livestock in- dustry. The rewards of the purebred-sire campaign fostered by the B. A. L., will soon be forthcoming. This movement will exemplify the value of purebred sires in the economic production of a better grade of livestock. An address of this kind would not be complete without commending the activities of the B. A. I. It is not only the largest but also the most efficient organization of its kind in the world. Public service and state medicine, par- ticularly in the last decade through the agency of the veterinar- ians of the B. A. L., state sanitary boards, and municipal health departments, should be given credit for developing public con- fidence in the veterinary profession and thus creating a greater demand for the services of the practitioner. The cooperative ed- cational and demonstrational work on hog cholera control which was done by the Bureau of Animal Industry and various states, paved the way for the extensive swine practice of today. No doubt, the practitioners that are prepared will find an in- creasing demand for their services in tuberculin testing when public sentiment has been more firmly established by the coop- erative testing that is now well under way. Transportation companies in the central and western portion _ of the United States realizing the value of conservation of live- stock have an organization of veterinarians investigating the eause of the losses of livestock in transit and suggesting im- proved methods to the shippers to prevent such losses. In 1914, A. M. Palmer, who was then United States Attorney General and Alien Property Custodian, sold 4,500 chemical patents to ‘‘The Chemical Foundation,’’ a corporation organ- ized to encourage chemical industry in America and not for profit. This corporation was authorized to issue licenses to any competent and properly equipped American individual, firm or corporation on such of the patents as might be utilized in the promotion of American chemical industry. The value of the manufacture of dye stuffs and chemicals to American industries, to scientific and technical investigations and to all phases of the medical profession can not be overestimated. A German dele- gation has recently demanded the return of the patents and a revocation of the licenses issued by the Foundation to various manufacturers. From reports, it is evident that their requests 608 ALBERT T. KINSLEY are being given consideration and it would seem timely for this association to go on record by resolution or in some other way favoring the continuation of the Chemical Foundation. Since our last convention some of our members have completed their journey on life’s highway and crossed to the Great Beyond. Proper resolutions will be presented by the Committee on Ne- crology in due time, paying tribute to those who have gone be- fore. I wish to commend the cooperation and activities of the off- cials, committees and individuals of the association during the past year. ‘The success of the present meeting must be at- tributed to the combined action of all. Before concluding, I wish to compliment the ladies. It is gratifying to see so many in attendance and you may rest as- sured that we appreciate your presence. I trust that the Fifty- ninth Annual Convention of the A. V. M. A. will be successtul and that in all of our deliberations there will be good fellowship. SOME TUBERCULOSIS HISTORY Among the articles of important events happening thirty-five years ago, as published recently by the Newtown (Pa.) Enter- prise, there appeared the following: “Newton Enterprise, Newtown, Penna., June 4, 1887.—Eleven cows and a bull, belonging to C. Sidney Mather, of Middletown township, having been found to be afflicted with tuberculosis were killed in the presence of State Veterinarian Bridge, and all buried in a trench on the farm, after the hides and fat were removed. The herd was attacked with the disease about a year previous and was condemned at a meeting of neighbors, who feared the spread of the disease. The value of the cattle was appraised by Joseph Milnor, Godfrey Schaffer and Samuel M. Fite at $250, to which amount the owner was reimbursed by ‘the community.’’ That was before the days of compensation in such cases by the state. : It would thus appear that tuberculosis was diagnosed in this herd, the cattle condemned by State Veterinarian Dr. Francis Bridge and indemnity paid to the owner five years after Koch discovered the tubercle bacillus in 1882 and three years before tubereulin was first prepared. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON EQUINE BOTULISM IN CANADA ‘* By Cuarues A. MircHEeLL Pathological Division, Health of Animals Branch, Ottawa, Canada IN THE HUMAN FAMILY, especially in those continental countries where meats are sometimes consumed without being thoroughly cooked, food poisoning has long been known. No differential diagnosis was made between different kinds of food poisoning, and not until the science of bacteriology had made considerable advancement were the real causes and differences of the various types of poisoning precisely understood. In com- parative medicine until recent years little or no thought was given to the poisoning of fodder by bacterial invasion and the consequent intoxication of animals eating the same. It is true that a certain set of symptoms which were found in animals and classified under a variety of names were frequently put down to be the result of eating certain fodders. More often they were thought to be the result of bacterial invasion of the brain or spinal cord. The causative agent of botulism was first recognized by Van Ermengen (1)? in 1896. He isolated a bacillus from a ham, portions of which had been eaten by several persons. These per- sons had developed a neuropathic toxemia. The organism was found (though unable to produce a bacteriemia) to exerete an exceedingly potent soluble toxin. Later studies by various other workers confirmed in main the work of Ermengen. Thus from 1896 on, poisoning by Bacillus botulinus from meat sources has been more or less precisely recognized in human medicine. The first suggestion that botulism might occur in animals was made by Pearson (2) in 1901. He drew attention to the clinical similarity between what was known as forage poisoning in animals and that of botulism in man. No definite research work was made to prove or disprove this hypothesis of Pearson *This paper is published by permission of Dr. F. Torrance, Veterinary Director General, and Dr. E. A. Watson, Chief Animal Pathologist. 2Numerals in parentheses following authors’ names refer to list of literature at end of paper. 609 610 CHARLES A. MITCHELL until 1916. This is not to be wondered, at since at that time it was not known that B. botulanus would develop on foods other than meat. Also a number of investigators (to be alluded to later) had succeeded in isolating various microorganisms which were put forward as the causative agent of the set of symptoms which is variously termed forage poisoning, cerebrospinal menin- gitis, blind staggers, cornstalk disease and botulism. In the meantime certain observations were gradually pointing to the fact that vegetables and fodder might be the media for the growth of B. botulinus. Thus Wilbur and Ophuls (3) drew at- tention to twelve eases of botulism in human beings, which was brought about by eating canned beans. Dickson (4) in 1915 was able to show that B. botulism developed on string beans. In 1915 Buckley and Shippen (5) conducted a study of the action of B. botulism on horses. They were able to produce a disease in horses which presented symptoms analogous to those of cerebrospinal meningitis and forage poisoning. A year pre- vicus to this Himmelberger (6) was able to report that a certain mold, Monascus purpurpeus (Went), which on empirical Microphotograph of Bacillus Botulinus. (Taken from smear prepared from broth culture.) a etl ala en ao Equine Borvuuism In CANADA 611 grounds had been charged with causing forage poisoning, was harmless to animals. Graham, Himmelberger and Pontius (7) were able to show that a certain particular lot of oat hay was capable of producing forage poisoning in the animals to which it was fed. In 1918, Graham, Brueckner and Pontius (8) demonstrated the presence of B. botulinus on certain forage that had caused intoxication in Kentucky. Moreover, they grew the bacillus on artifical media and produced the disease by the oral administration of the toxin elaborated by it. About this time Burke (9) of California made several im- portant contributions to the literature on this subject. He dem- onstrated the presence of B. botulinus in nature. He also ac- counted for several vagaries noted in connection with this or- ganism. For example, Dickson had prepared an antitoxin against three different strains of B. botulinus. He found that while two strains were alike, the toxin of the third strain could not be neutralized by the antitoxins of the first two strains. Burke, carrying this work still farther, and using many strains, demonstrated that B. botulinus was made up of two types, which he designated type A and type B. Antitoxin made from type A will not neutralize toxin of type B, and vice versa. An inter- esting point in. this work was the fact that type A seemed the predominant organism on the Pacific coast, whereas in eastern America type B appeared predominant. A recent paper which has just come from the press by Nevin (10) is quite interesting from the fact that B. botulinus was found growing in cheese and also that the work she alludes to - was done in 1914, and therefore, her strain of B. botulinus was the first isolated in America. Allusion has already been made to the similarity of the symp- toms presented in so-called cerebrospinal meningitis, forage poisoning and botulism. Pathological and bacteriological inves- tigations have failed to prove that cerebrospinal meningitis is an infection of the brain or spinal cord. Siedamgrotsky and Schlegel (11) isolated a diplococeus from the brain of an -in- fected animal. Johne (12), working about the same time, iso- lated a coccus from the nervous tissue of infected animals. Os- tertag (13) also isolated an organism which bore a resemblance to the organism isolated by Johne. Harrison (14) of Canada 612 CHARLES A. MircHEL. isolated a different organism which he believed to be the cause of the disease. No investigator produced clinical cerebrospinal meningitis with his organism. In 1919 at this laboratory we isolated an organism which re- sembled the organism described by Ostertag, from the brain of a horse which died of what was diagnosed cerebrospinal menin- gitis. This organism proved nonpathogenic except in large doses. Looking back, we have no doubt that we were dealing with botulism, as there was a clear history of animals having had their feed changed to certain discarded ensilage some days be- fore the outbreak in question. Moreover, a variety of organisms ( streptococci, colon, ete.) have been isolated from brains of ani- mals dying from dourine, swamp fever and other diseases. It is apparent that there is no conclusive evidence that cerebro- spinal meningitis is caused by a microorganism gaining entrance to the central nervous system, and it seems reasonable to classify this disease (since symptoms are exactly similar) as botulism, unless some future bacteriological investigations demonstrate that it may oceur as an infection separate and distinct in itself. It would be better to drop the term ‘‘forage poisoning’’ when poisoning by the toxin of B. botulinus is meant, and to restrict its use to poisoning due to plants such as water hemlock. A great deal of unnecessary confusion in the minds of persons not following the literature closely would thereby be avoided. BoTuLisM IN CANADA For a number of years reports have been received from pri- vate practitioners relative to outbreaks of this disease in differ- ent parts of Canada. The outbreaks were in nearly every in- stance confined to the one farm. Sometimes only a few horses were infected and in other cases almost the entire herd would contract the malady. From these reports which were received from time to time we are able to say that botulism has occurred in Canada for many years. At no time, however, were the losses so heavy that the disease was brought prominently before our Division, and although the losses to some individual owners were exceedingly heavy, to the country as a whole they were much less than from some of the other contagious diseases. STR a oo ee ee Oe Sea EQuINE BoruLisM IN CANADA 613 A Recent OuTBREAK In the autumn of 1921 an outbreak of so-called cerebrospinal meningitis occurred on a farm situated between Ottawa and Kingston. The location of this farm was on dry land, and the buildings were in excellent hygienic condition. On October 12 four horses became diseased simultaneously and died in from twelve to twenty-four hours after the first symp- toms were noticed. The remainder of the animals of the herd showed no evidence of disease at this time. The owner, a week later, purchased one horse and brought him to his premises. On October 27 the three remaining horses of the original herd and the one purchased became suddenly ill, presenting the same symptoms. All animals died in less than thirty hours. Questions directed to the owner elicited the information that the eight horses had been fed from a common hay supply. Four of the animals, which were being worked, were fed oats. After October 12 the water supply was changed. It was therefore ap- parent that the only feed received in common by all horses was the hay. The owner stated that this fodder was cured very rapidly owing to the hot weather during haying time, but with this exception it seemed of the very best quality. ~PostmMorTEM EXAMINATION _ The lesions presented were in marked contrast to the severity of the symptoms. Blood was found in dark color and did not coagulate rapidly. The lungs, liver and spleen appeared normal. The heart presented a slight capillary congestion. The kidneys appeared normal, but the adrenal bodies seemed slightly con- gested. The circulation of the stomach and intestines was con- gested. On opening the cranial cavity a general engorgement of the circulation was noticed. Smears made from the blood, spinal fiuid, brain, liver and spleen were examined, but no micro- organisms were found present. The following materials were collected for laboratory exami- nation: Samples of spinal fluid, pieces of brain, and samples of ingesta from stomach, small intestine,-cecum and colon. LABORATORY EXAMINATION AND ISOLATION OF STRAIN F a The brain was placed in a sterile vial with some sterile bead and a small amount of nutrient bouillon added. This was b Sg x 4 614 . CHARLES A. MITCHELL shaken until the tissue was disintegrated. Small amounts of this material were transferred to tubes containing melted glu- cose nutrient agar. The tubes were shaken and then rapidly cooled. A layer of sterile liquid petrolatum was added to each tube to insure anaerobic conditions. Some of these tubes were incubated at 28° C. while the remainder were incubated at 37° C. No growths occurred. The cerebrospinal fluid was cultured under conditions similar to those described above, and was found to be sterile. Cultures made aerobically revealed a few colonies of Gram-positive diplo- cocci. Inoculated into guinea pigs this organism was nonpatho- genic. The samples from stomach, small intestines, cecum and colon were pooled and cultures made in the following manner: Nutrient bouillon was seeded with the pooled material and in- cubated a few hours at 37° C. It was heated to 60° C. for a short time and then cooled. This process was repeated. The object was to destroy aerobic and facultative anaerobes as far as possi- dle. Quantities of this material were seeded into melted agar. The tubes were gently agitated to mix the material evenly through the medium, and cooled rapidly.